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<CC{ca3o J^ietoticat ^ocxH^'b

COLLECTION

Vol. IV.

l-r"tn ,1 I'lintt) liy f. D, Mosher, Chicijio. lit ni^*.

t'liLago 1'|i(ito-C*ravurc C*n

Au^. -->.-•, i803. — Sept. 14, 1886.

' i ts-^-uW'C/Sl. SoClM

H V R ! ^

'^T '■

i.Ai.n .\v. JJj'N'OIS

Kt^T'^'.i \xfi

M PA N Y.

f^ ■;''

■^P

*c *j

/ *

'•'■^\ '.^■-,

s" .v.

•■';-.■:/■

*> . ■

-i '

Ciih \i;i' IIivrnKicAi. Sm ir.iNs ( "oi, i, i:( i i(i\. \'<>\. W

HARLY

CHICA(;0 AND ILLINOIS

KdITKI) AM) AnNdIAI I l>

r.v KDWARl) (".. MASON,

rki^iiji.si 111- iiii: riia Ai.o lliiniKii Ai. SntiKn.

I'Ur.I.IMII H Al IIIK ClIAKi'.K 1)1 nil. Jii\AlllAN-ni UK iM'.NI).

CIIlCA(iO: .
1 r, K(;U.S PRINT! XC. COMl'ANV.
1890.

COMMITIKK Ol I'llllUAIfOV;

]':i)\VAKi) G. Mason,
Gkorok \V. SMriii,
Lkvi X. Lkitkk.

CONTENTS,

Inscription, ..... . . vii

Preface, ........ Ix

List of Illustrations, . . . v

Chicago Historical Society, Officers, November, 1889, xi

Past Officers, ....... xii

Members, Honorary Life ..... xiii

Life, ...... xiv

Annual, ..... xvi

Associate, . . . . . xx

, Honorary, ..... xxi

Corresponding, ..... xxii

Hubbard, Gurdon S., by Hon. Grant Goodrich, - 9

Arnold, Isaac N., by Hon. E. B. Washburne, - - 37

Tributes of Hon. Thos. Drummond, Hon. VanH. Higgins,

and Hon. Wm. F. DeWolf, . . - . 46

Skinner, Mark, by E. W. Blatchford, - - - - 54

Washburne, Elihu B., by Gen. Geo. W. Smith, - - 78

Tribute of William H. Bradley, - - - - 98

Carpenter, Philo, by Rev. Henry L. Hammond, - - loa

Stone, Samuel, by Mrs. William Barry, ... 130

Menard, Pierre, Sketch of, by Edward G. Mason, - - 142

The First Lieut. -Gov. of Illinois, by Hon. H. S. Baker, 149
Pierre-Menard Papers : Ante-Nuptial Contract between Pierre

Menard and Miss Therese Godin, June 13, 1793, - if>2

Pierre Menard's Commissions as Major of Militia, - 166
Pierre Menard's Commission as Judge of the Courts of

Randolph County, - - - - - - 168

Pierre Menard and John Edgar's Commissions as Asso-
ciate Judges, Criminal Court, Randolph County, - '68
Pierre Menard's Commission to take Testimony in Land-
Office Claims, ------ 171

Pierre Menard's Commission as Judge of Court of Com-
mon Pleas, Randolph County, - - - - 171

Pierre Menard's Commission as Lieut. -Colonel First Reg't

Randolph Co. Militia, under the Laws of Indiana Terr'y, 172
Pierre Menard's Commission as Captain of Infantry in

Louisiana Territory, ----- 173

Pierre Menard's Commission as Lieut. -Colonel First Reg't

Randolph Co. Militia, under the Laws of Illinois Terr'y, 175

Pierre Menard's Commission as Indian Agent, - 176

KAkl.V CHICAGO AM) II.l.IXOIS.

Pierre-Menard Papers: Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard's Com-
missions to make Indian Treaties, - . - 176
Record of Marriage of Pierre Menard's Parents, - 177
Record of the Baptism of Pierre Menard, - - 178
Record of the First Marriage of Pierre Menard, - - 178
Record of the Burial of Pierre Menard, - - 180
Vasseur, Noel le, by Stephen R. Moore, - - - 181
Lists of Early Illinois Citizens, Introduction by E. G. Mason, 192
Heads of Families in Kaskaskia in or before 1783, - 198
Inhabitants of Prairie du Rocher and St. Philips in 1783, 203
Heads of Families in Cahokia and its Environs in 1783, 204
Heads of Families at Cahokia. Prairie du Pont, etc., 1783, 206
Liste des Habitans resident aux Kaskaskias en 1790, 209
Capt. Piggot's Company in First Militia Reg't, Apr. 26, 1790, 213
Roll of Capt. Francois Saucier's Company, August i, 1790, 216
Roll of Capt. Jean Baptist Dubuque's Company, Aug. i, 1790, 217
Roll of Capt. Philip Engel's Company, August i, 1790, 219
Roll of Militia of Kaskaskia, August i, 1790, - - 220
Roll of Militia of Prairie du Rocher, August i, 1790, 222
General Return of St. Clair County Militia, August i, 1790, 224
Petition of Certain Inhabitants of Vincennes, - - 228
Jones, John Rice, by W. A. Burt Jones, . . . 230
Jones, John Rice; Gen. Augustus; Hon. Myers Fisher;

Gen. Geo. Wallace; William Powell; Eliza; and Harriet, 260
Jones, Rice, by W. A. Burt Jones, - - - - 271
Todd, jr.. Col. John, Sketch of, by Edward G. Mason, - - 285
John Todd's Record-Book: Gov. Henry's Instructions to Col. Todd, 299
List of Commissions, Military and Civil, - - - 294
License for Trade, ..-.., 296
Letter to the Court of Kaskaskia. . - . . 297
Plan for Borrowing $33,333', of Treasury Notes, both be-
longing to this State and the United States, - 298
Copy of the Instructions, etc., on the Borrowing Fund, 299
Bond of Commissioner, ----- 300
Proclamation of, prohibiting New Settlements, - 301
Warrant for Execution: John Todd to Richard Winston, 302
John Todd to Nicholas Janis, - . . - 302
Proclamation of, concerning Continental Money, - - 303
Order to Hold Court, ----- 304
Letter to Spanish Commandant at Ste. Genevieve, - 304
Proclamations of, concerning Provisions for Troops, - 305-6
Notice concerning Called-in Currency, - - - 307
Record of Order on Governor of Virginia, - - 307
Condemnation Proceeding; Court Record, - - - 308

CONTKNTS.

Ill

John Todd's Record-Book : Oath of Allegiance ; Court Record, 309

Peltry Account, ..--.. 31^

Entries by Col. Todd's Successor, ... 315

John-Todd Papers : Col. John Todd, jr., to Governor of Virginia, 317
John Page, Lieut. -Gov., to John Todd, Co. Lieut, etc., 320
Col. John Todd, jr., to Col. P. Legras, - ■ - 320
Col. John Todd, jr., to Oliver Pollock, ... 321
Oliver Pollock to John Todd, County Lieut, of 111., acknowl-
edging receipt of his, by the hands of Mons. Perrault, 323
Col. John Todd, jr., to Gov. Jefferson, ... 323
Gen. Geo. Rogers Clark to Col. John Todd, - - 325
Lieut. -Col. J. M. P. Legras to Governor of Virginia, - 328
Thos. Jefferson to the Hon. the Speaker of House of Delegates, 329
John Dodge, Indian Agent, to Gov. Jefferson, - - 330
Col. John Todd, jr., to Gov. Jefferson, - - 334-5-41-2-6

Richard McCarty to John Todd, Esq., -
Richard Winston to Col. John Todd,
Col. John Todd to the Governor of Virginia,
Board of Commissioners to Benj. Harrison, Governor of
Virginia, concerning Col. John Todd's, jr., Accounts, etc..
Col. John Montgomery to the Hon. the Board of Commis-
sioners, for the Settlement of Western Accounts,
Thomas Jefferson to Col. Todd, ....

British Illinois —Philippe de Rocheblave, Sketch by E. G
Rocheblave Papers : Sir Guy Carleton to Rocheblave,
Richard McCarty to Rocheblave,
Petition to Carleton concerning Rocheblave,
Declaration of Gabriel Cerrc, . . -

Rocheblave to Lieut. -Gov. Hamilton,
Rocheblave to Lieut. -Gov. Abbott,
Sir Guy Carleton to Lord George Germaine,
Rocheblave to Lord George Germaine, - - -

Inhabitants of Peoria to Rocheblave, ...

Examination of Henry Butler before Rocheblave, at Ft. Gage
Rocheblave to Carleton, -----
Rocheblave to Lord George Germaine, - - -

Rocheblave to Bosseron at St. Vincennes,
Rocheblave to Lieut. -Gov. Hamilton, - . -

Rocheblave to Lieut. -Gov. Abbott, . - .

Rocheblave to Thomas Dunn, Treasurer, Quebec,
Rocheblave to Carleton, - - - -

Court of Enquiry at Fort Chartres, 1770, by Hon. John Moses,
Index, .---.-..

336
338
343

348

351

- 357
Mason, 360

- 382
383

- 385
389

- 391
392-3

- 394
395

- 397
398
401
407
•oS
409
410

410-11

412-1S

420

487

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Arnold, Isaac N., from a photo. I)y Alex. Ilesler, in March, 1881, 27

Carpenter, Philo,

'-----. 102

Hubbard, Gurdon S., from a photo, by (_'. I). Mosher in 1880, Frontispiece
Jones, John Rice, from a iiortrait by Dauberman, in winter of 1823 4,

owned hy his son, lion. Ceo. W. Jones of Iowa, . 230

Menard, Pierre, from a portrait by Cliester Harding, in Chicago

Historical .Society, . .

Menard's, I'ierre, House, from a photo, by Thomas .Smith, in 1884. 152
Proclamation of Col. John Todd, jr., June 15, ,779, fac-simile from

Autograph Letters, Chicago Historical Society, \'o|. 72, . ,1)2

Skinner, Mark, from a photo, by .S. M. Fas<ctl, in 1874. . 54

Stone, Samuel, fnjm a photn.. ... .-.^

Vasseur, Noel le, .. . . ^ „

Washburne, E. B. o

j::--*5;:j5.:C»* J.**— — •-• ,^«s».

Tins VoM-M,.: ,s [nsckimk,. n, ,„,; MKM.„n .„

Jonathan Burr,

Horn at Hkhkikwaikk, Mass., Uauui 6. ,794;

liia-AMi: A Rksidkni „i.- Chuaco ix ,848;

WhKKI; UK DlEI,, Fkurlakv 4, ,869.

He was a highiy-estoenied citizen, distinguished for his hencN
olence. iJy his last will he distributed the bulk of his fortune
amount.ng to more than two hundred thousand dollars, among
'l>c pubhc mstitutions of Chicago. To the Chicago Historical
Socety. of which he was an honorary life-member, he bequeathed
tlic sum of two thousand dollars in trust to invest the .same -md
to use the annual income thereof at its discretion toward defray-
>"g the expenses of its publications. He expressed the desire
tlut the prmopal sum so bequeathed should be made the foun-
dation of a perpetual fund, the income of which should be
expended for this purpose. The cost of printing this volume
lias been provided for by the income of this fund.

PREFACE.

THK i)resent volume is the fourtli in order of publication of the
collection of the Chicago Historical Society. It has been
the intention of the committee in charge, in arranging the material
at hand, to print first that relating to our own time, then matter of
earlier date in the present century, and finally that relating to the
last century. 'i'his material also lends itself readily to another
arrangement; first, of papers immediately concerning Chicago; next,
of those having more reference to the .State of Illinois, and the
various territorial organizations comprising its area; and lastly, those
relating to the period of the possession of the Illinois country by
(Ireat Britain. Other documents of the days of British and of French
Illinois, which the limits of this volume did not permit to be printed
now, are reserved for future publication.

Of the six memoirs of deceased citizens of Chicago included in
this volume, that of (Jurdon S. Hubbard is by Hon. Crant (Good-
rich; that of Hon. Isaac N. Arnold is by Hon. Elihu B. Washburne;
that of Hon. Mark Skinner is by E. W. Blatchford; that of Hon. E.
B. Washburne is by Gen. Geo. W. Smith ; that of Philo Carpenter,
Esq., is by Rev. Henry E. Hammond; and that of Samuel Stone,
Esq., is by Mrs. Wm. Barry. The portraits which accompany them
are for the most part gifts to the Society from the relatives or friends
of those thus commemorated.

The address upon the first lieutenant-governor of Illinois, Pierre
Menard, is by Hon. H. S. Baker of Alton, 111., by whom it was de-
livered at the unveiling of the statue of Menard, presented to the
St?'" of Illinois by Charles Chouteau, Esq., of St. Louis, Mo., and
standing in the capitol grounds at Springfield, 111. The memoir of
the pioneer trader, Noel le Vasseur, is by Hon. Stephen R. Moore
of Kankakee, 111. The biographies of John Rice Jones, the earliest
and foremost lawyer in the Northwest Territory, and of his family
are by his grandson, Mr. W. A. Burt Jones of St. Paul, Minn., and
the portrait is from an original in the possession of his only surviv-
ing son, Hon. George W. Jones of Dubuque, la.

l'KK|-ACi:.

■ I

The introduction to tlie Lists of Karly Illinois Citizens, and tlie
sketches of I'ierre AFenard, John 'I'odd, and l'hilii)|)e de Rochehla.e,
are by Mr. E. (i. Mason, 'riie jjortrait of Pierre Menard, tlie view
of his residence at Kaskaskia, and tiie fac-similes of Col. Joim
'IV)dd"s proclamation in French and Knglish are from originals in the
possession of the Chicago Historical Society.

For several of the letters printed in the John-'rodd Papers, we
are indebted to the invaliial)Ie "Calendar of Virginia State-Pai)crs, '
IHiblished under the authority of that State, and for others hitherto
mipublished to the kindness of Wm. Wirt Henry, Ksq., of Rich-
mond, Va.

For the remainder of the John-Todd Papers, and for all of tiio
Rocheblave Papers, we are under obligation to the "Ca^-
Archives," and the copies of the Haldimand Collection there pic-
served, and especially to the archivist, Douglas Hrymner, Es(|.
His labors in obtaining these copies, his admirable calendar of the
collection, and his courtesy in niaking it accessible entitle him to
the gratitude of all who are interested in our history.

The remarkable collection by Sir Frederick Haldimand of his
correspondence and official documents during his service in America,
and particularly as governor of Canada, from June ,?o, 1778, until
the latter part of 1 784, comprising two hundred and thirty-two vol-
umes, was presented by his nephew to the British Museum in 1857.
Since that time it has been known to a few scholars, but it was not
until Mr. Hrymner's reports on the "Canadian Archives "' for 1882
and subsecp'.ent years were published that there was any general re-
cognition by historical students of the exceeding value of this col-
lection. It is not too much to say that the light it cast.s, particularly
upon the period of the Revolution, necessitates the rewriting of that
part at least of the history of the Northwest. Selections from this
collection have been printed by the historical societies of Michigan
and Wisconsin, and now by that of (Jhicago. It would be a fitting
and worthy work for the State of Illinois to undertake the publica-
tion of this entire collection, which contains the most authentic and,
to a great degree, the only record of the early days of the Illinois
country.

Chicago, January i, 1890. ' .

izens, and tlie
Ic Rochehla-.L',
nard, the view
of Col. Joliii
)rigiiials in tlie

Id Papers, we
State-Papers,'
others Iiitlierto
vsq., of Ricli

for all of the
lie "Ca-- ■■
Ion there pie-
hymner, Es(|.
ilendar of the
:ntitle him to

imand of his
:e in America,
o, 1778, until
;hirty-two vol-
ieum in 1857.
JUt it was not
^es" for 1882
iiy general re-
e of this col-
5, particular!)-
•riting of that
ins from this

of Michigan
d be a fitting

the publica-
uthentic and,
f the Illinois

OI'FICERS

<'l IHK

^vHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY

El.KCTKI. NOVKMIIKR I9, 1889.

I'KKSIDKN'T,

KDWARI) (;. MASOX.

■^IM

VICE-PRKSrOENTS

ALEXANDER C. McCLUR(;

GEORGE \V. SMITH.

SECRKTARV AND MliKARlAX,

JOHN MOSES.

TKKASUKKR,

GILBERT n. SHAW.

Ex^:curIVK co.mmii-iki;:
Edward C. Af aso.v, Chairman nv of/ich

Gkorgk L. Dl'm.ai'.
Edward H. Shki.dox,
I)a\[i:i, K. Pkakson-s,

Samuki, H. Kkrioot, 189,

I':i<\VAKD E. AVKU,

Gkorck W. .Sai

n II.

1S92
'893

TRUSTKHS Ol- THK (;i|,l.,N y^^^,.

K-v,x H. SHK.Dox, Ar.asirs H. H.k,.kv,

^™ '-''"' HkxkvJ.Uhux.;.

Wu.D (;. Mas,.x and Au.:x. C. McCuK., .v,^..

List of Officers of the Cliicajio Historical Society

As Shown iiy i is kKtoRns:

,1 ■

Vtws

1856.

■857.
1858.
1859.

x86o.
1861.
■ 863.
1863.

1864.
1865.
iS66.
1R67.
1 868.
i86g.
1870.
1874.

«875-
1S76.

1877.

1S78.

1879,

1880.

1881.

1882.

1883.

1884.

1885.

1886.

1887.

1888.

PrpNl<li>iit.
Will. II. I'.riiwn.
Win. H. Itrciwii.
Will. II. ltrt»Mi.
Win. H. liriiMii.
\Vm. H. Hrii«n.
W. I,. Ne«l)erry.
W. I.. Newberry.
W. I.. Newberry.
W. 1.. Newberry,
W. I.. Newberry.
W. I.. Newberry,

W. I.. Newberry.

W. I.. Newl)crry.
Died Nov. 6, 1868.
J. \. Scimunon.
Kesit;»eil Nov., 1870,

Kdwin H. Sheldon.

(No Klection.)
Isaac N, Arnold.

Isaac N. Arnold.

Iwac N. .Vrnold.

Isaac N. Arnold.

Isaac N. Arnold.
Died Apr. 24, 1S84,

K. H. Washbiirnc.
E. U. Washburne.

E. B. Washburne.
Died Oct. 2a, 1887.

Edward O. Mason.
Edward (1. Mason.
Edward *.'•. Mason.

rin>-Prr»M»iit«.

( Win. II. ( )«den.
( J. V. Scainnion.

• Wm. II ( )«den.
"i J . Y. Scainmon.

t W. I.. Newberry.
I Win. H. ( )K<len.
I W. I,. Newberry.
1 Win. H. ( )Kden.
( W. I,. Newberry.
( Win. H. ( )Kdeii.
j Wm. II. Ondcii.
( (leo. .Manicrre.

( Wm. II. ()«dcn.
I (leo. Manierrc.

(Wm. H. Ondeii.
( J. V. Scainmon.

t Wm. H. OHden.
I J. V. .Scammon,

( Win. It. ( )Kdcn.
(J. V. Scammon.
(Win. H. Ogden.
( J. Y. Scammon.
(Wm. B. OKden
( J, Y, .Scammon.

J Wm. H. Ogden.
( J. Y. .Scammon.
\ Edwin H. Sheldon.
( Thomas Hoyne.
( Thomas Hoyne.
■( Ezra B. McL'ags.
( Thomas Hoyne.
( Ezra B. McCagg.

( (!eo. K. Rumsey.
( Robert T. Lincoln.
( Thomas Hoyne.
( Robert '1'. Lincoln.
( Thomas Hoyne.
(William Hickling.
( Thomas Hoyne.
'( William Hickling.
( Thomas Hoyne
'( William Hickling.
( Thomas Hoyne.
'( E. H. Washburne.
( Thomas Hoyne.
( E. H. Washburne.

j E. B. Wa;;hbii.iic.
( John Wentworth.
( A. C. McClurg.
'( (leo. W. Smith.

( Edward G. Mason.
■( A. C. McClurg.

( Edward (>. Mason.
'( A. C. McClurg.
j A. C, McClurg.
I Ceo. W. Smith.
( A. C. McClurg.
( Oeo. W. Smith.

Mrr'jr anil Librarian.

William Harry,
Samuel Stone, As^'l,
William Harry.
Samuel Stone, Ass't.
William Barry.
Samuel Stone, Ass't.
William Harry.
Samuel Stone, .Ass't.
NVilliam Barry.
.Samuel Stone, .\ss*t.
William Harry.
Samuel Stone, .Ass't.
William Barry.
Samuel Stone, Ass't.

• William Harry.

j- William Barry.

William Barry.
Resigned June, i8eJ6,

> Thos, H. Armstrong.

Thos. H. Armstrong.

Resigned .Sept., 1868.
I
\

I. W. Hoyt.

Win. Corkraii.

I. W. Hoyt.

Wm. Corkran.

- Heldeii K. Culver.

.Samuel 1), Ward.
.Samuel I). Wanl.
Samuel I ». Ward.
Edward I, Tinkhain.
Edward I. Tinkhani.
William Hlair.

Eraiiklin Scammon.

Eranklin .Scammon.
Died Keb. 10, 1864

(ieo. F. Rumsey.
Thos. H. Armstrong,

Belden E. Culver.
Resigned May 12, '77

■ .Albert D. H.-iger.
Albert D. Hager.

[■ Alljert D. Hager.
[■ Albert D. H.iger.

.Albert I). Hager.

Albert I). Hager.

Allrert D. Hager.
[•Albert X). Hager.

Albert D. Hager.
Albert D. Hager.

( A. C. McClurg.
"( Geo W. Smith.

John Moses.
f John Moses.
J- John Moses.

Robert Reid.
Edward I, Tinkham.
.Solomon A. .Smith.

- Solomon A. Smith.

Solomon A. .Smith.

( Solomon A Smith.
( Died Nov. 5, 1879.

Byron I.. Smith.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. N'asli.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H. Nash.
Henry H, Nash,
(iilbert H. Shaw.

MKMHKRS

fH' TliK

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIKTV.

HONORARY LIKJCMKIMHICRS

I<cs,d.„..Mc„,bo. or Lifc-Mc.be. .v„o l.avc co„tnb„.ed
$500 or more to the Society: '""'""=''

NAMK

William Jtarry, (Kev.)
Jonathan Jiurr
Mrs. William llickliny
Ihomas lloyne
Len Z. Leitei .
i-'Javel Moseley
Albert A. Miinger
•Samuel M. Nickersoii
Daniel K. Pearsons
Allen Robbins
Kdwin H. Sheldon
Mark Skinner
Byron Laflin Smith
Samuel Stone
ilenry J. WiUjng

(res.)
• (res. )

(life)
(life)

(life)
(life)
(res. )

(life)
(life)

(res.)

(life)

(res.)

HI.ECTEl)
1856
1858
1883
1857
1864

'859
I87I
1864
1877

•857

1858
1856
1879

•857
.877

Jan. 17, 1885
'''el). 4, 1S69

July 27, 1883

•"^ept. 29, 1865

Oct. 3, 1864
Sept. i6, 1887
■'^fay4, 1876

So
75

66
67

74
7&

-ft;

Xlll

XIV

ciiUAco iiisTouuAi, N(Kii;rv.

LIFK-MKMHKRS.

Those

Isaac Newton Arnold
Timothy II. Itlackstonc
Kliphalet W. lllatclifonl .
(ieorge M. llogue
Lucius li. Iloomer
t'haunccy T. llowcii
James II. Howci •

William llross
Arthur (iilman Hurley
William Findtay CoolbauKh
William M. Derby .
Hugh Thompson Dickey
Oeorge I,. Dunlap .
J. Alden MIlis .
David J. Kly .
I lenry Farnum
William Whitman Farnum
Charles Ucnjamin Farwell
John Villiers Farwell
Marcus A. F'arwell
William Henry Ferry
Marshall Field
John F'orsyth .
Samuel W. F'uller
Alex. Nathaniel Fullcrton
Henry (ireenebaum
Walter Smith ( lurnee
Henry H. Honore
Thomas Iloyne
F.giJcfi L. Jansen
.Samuel Johnston
Samuel H. Kerfoot
Niithan 1!. Kidder
John Harris Kin/ie
Mrs. Jesse l?ross l.loyd
Horatio Gates Loomis
l^zra llutler McCagf;
James H. McVickcr .
Arthur 1>. Meeker
Robert F. Moss
Walter Loomis Newberry

contributing

$300,

M.li 1 Kli

nii'ii

Aim

i8s(.

April 24, 18S4

(.8

. 1S70

1S6.)

. IS(K,

1871

.March (>, iSSi

.S5

. IS61)

|S()()

May 1, iSSi

5»

. |S6^

1871

lS()y

Nov. 17, 1877

.S7

1870

. 1X58

18(19

. 187,

186s

Feb. 24. 1877

• . 1SS7

Oct. 4. 188.?

1864

. i86<j

1 86(1

. 1870

l86()

.March 2O, 1880

<>i

i8()y

1869

Sept. 22, 1885

. 1868

Oct. 25, 1873

1870

Sept. 2.5, 1S80

. 1870

1857

. 1864

1857

July 27, 18S3

. 18O1)

1869

Oct. 5, 1886

. 1S69

i86()

June 27, 1S75

. . 1856

June 21, 1865

1870

■ 1857

iS.sC)

. 188.?

1864

. 1870

. . >857

Nov. 6, 1868

!i ■

MST OK AIK.MIlKKs.

William lluiler OgUen
Maliion Dickinson Ojj.lfn
llcnjnmin \'. |'a|,'e
William (. (Juan .

Hwiianiin Wrif-lu KaymomI

Joseph Sampson Rod

Koliert Koiil

<ii;o.«e I'rcdcrick Kiiuisey

Josopli Turner kycisun

louis Sapichii

< liarles 'J-. Scamniou .

I'ranklin Scaninion . [

.f"nathan \-oun>; Scaiumon .

Mrs. Maria S. Scammon

Mark Skinner

Aivin I'ldmoiid Small

I'erry H. Smith .
Jesse SpaMintj
"anic! Thompson
Harvey M. 'Ihonipson
.I"liii l!ycu Turner
John 'lyrrell .
<;eorj;e C. Walker
!ohn W'enhvorth
•aivin T. Wheeler
I 'tier Lynch \oc

. 1856
1856

. 1 8(»4
1871

• tM4
1868
1868

'«S7
1864
1 870

iSOj
I86j
1856
1870
1856
1870

1 87,

1867

1 864

18O9

1869

1871

1869

1867
1869
187,

mill
^"K- .?, 1877
'''el>. I J. 1 880

'M'ril S. i88j

June 17, 1881
March 9, i88j

^"K- 2j, 1876
l'"el). 10, 1S64

■■^ept. 16, 1887
IJec, 29, 1886
March 29, 1885

I'el).

2(>, I St I

7»
68

Oft. Ui, 1 888

H
H
$7

l/'

XVI

CHICAGO IIISTORICAI, SOCIKTV.

RESIDENT OR ANNUAL MEMBERS.

(Dec, 1889.) Annual dues,

NAME

William K. Ackerman

George I'A'erett Adams

John Mc''ret;or Adams

James M. Adsit .

Gwen 1'". Aldis

(Jeorge Armour .

Philip D. Armour

Benjamin K. Ayer

Edward 1'',. Ayer

William T. Itaker

Alvin C. IJartlett

Samuel K. Harrett

Henry W. lUshop

John C. IJlack .

I'khvard T. Blair

Frank M. Blair .

William Blair

Kollin r. Blanchard

Kufus Blanchard

James VanZant Blaney, M.l).

William H. Bradley

Mason Brayman

William Hubbard Brown

Isaac Howe Burch

Augustus Harris Burley .

John B. Carson .

Frank K. Chandler .

Samuel Blanchard Chase

F^Uis Sylvester Chesbrough

Augustus Louis Chetlain

George C. Clarke

John M. Clark .

J. Thorn CMarkson .

Lewis L. Coburn

Charles Counselman

Mrs. Caroline Fairfield Corbin

Burton C. Cook

Henry Corwith .

Ambrose Cramer

John Crerar

Shelby M. tlullom

5 per

annum.

Kl.Ki: IKli

t HASKIl

AQB

1879

resigned in 1889

1879

1882

resigned in 1880

1888

resigned in 1889

1879

died June 13, 1 88 1

1882

1869

1 888

1888

1882

1888

1870

1888

1884

I88I

1858

1883

withdrawn, 1888

1877

trans, to (,!oi responding

1856

died Dec. 12, 1874

1878

1856

died June 17, 1867

1857

died .\pril 9, 1884

1864

1888

resigned

1869

1877

IS69

died Aug. 17, 1886

7.^

1878

1877

died April 5, 1887

1888

1877

1888

1883

resigned in 1888

1883

diedSejit. 15, 1 888

1888

resigned in 1889

1867

died Oct. 19, 1889

1889

I.IST OF MEMBERS.

XVll

NAME

Helden Farrand Culver
Nathan Smith Davis, M.D.
John DeKoven .
Oscar C. DeWolf .
William Elkanah Doggett
J. Hall Dow .
John High Dunham .
James Sears Dunham
John Villers Farwell, Jr.
Nathaniel K. Fairbank
C Norman Fay .
George Harris Fergus
Henry Field
John Herbert F'oster
John W. Foster .
Allen Curtis Fuller .
Charles \V. Fullerton .
Lyman J. Gage
John J. Glessner
Joseph O. Glover
FJdward Goodman
Daniel Goodwin
William Cutting Grant
Samuel C. Griggs
Charles F. Ciunther
Albert David Hager
€halkley J. Hambleton
Charles D. Hamill .
Amos J. Harding
John Charles Haines
Charles M. Henderson
William G. Hibbard
William Hickling
^■anHolst Higgins
Ceorge .M. Higginson
Jolin High, jr,

Harlow N. Higinbotham
'^Iiarles Hitchcock .
Ma.\ Hjtirtsberg .
Charles B. Holmes
Charles L. Hutchinson
Edward S. Isham
Henry ]'. I^ham
Ralph N. Isham
Huntington W.Jackson
<^)badiah Jackson ,

El.ECTEll

• '857

1856

. 1888

I8S2

. 1864

j8Si

. 1862

1879

1884

1879

188S

1880

1882

'857

1857

1883

1881

1882

1888

1S83

1S69

1887

1882

1861

1883

1877

1888

1882

CEASKI)

trans, to Corresponding

a<;e

resigned.Nov., 1888
died April 3, 1S76
died May 12, 1886

1881

'S57
1882
1882
1S70
1856
1869

'857
1882
1869
1878
1 882
1888
1864
1879
1879
1888
1869

trans, from Associate

died May 18, 1874
died June 29, 1873

resigned in 1887

died Sept. 25, 1887
resigned

died July 29, 1888

74
58

trans, from Associate
removed

died Aug. 25, 1881 68

trans, to Corresponding

died Oct. 19, ,857 50

died May 6, 1881 54

died May 15, ,880 _

died March 13, 1878 41

XVUl

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETV.

(!!

John J. Janes
William Sage Johnson
Daniel A. Jones
Mahlon Ogden Jones
Krancis H. Kales
Kdson Keith
William D. Kerfoot .
Charles P. Kimball .
William W. Kimball .
Henry W. King
Mdward Channing Lamed
Ldward F. Lawrence
John T. Lester
William Lill .
Robert Todd Lincoln
Haines H Magee
Cieorge Manierre
( leorge Manierre, Jr.
lOdward Gay Mason
Henry Hurall ^Llson
Roswell B Mason
Franklin McVeagh .
Alexander C. McChtrg
Cyrus Hall McCormick
Cyrus Hall McCormick, J
Leandt.T J. McCormick
Samuel H. McCren
Henry G. Miller
John Moses
Charles 11. MuUiken
Henry H. \ash .
Murry Nelson
J. J. r. Odell
William A. Otis
I'otter Palmer
Abram M. Pence
Krskine M. Phelps
Henry II. Porter
Sartell Prentice .
(Jeorge M. Pullman
Charles Henry Ray, M.I
Ldward Kendall Rogers
Julius Rosenthal
Julian Sidney Rumsi y
Horatio N. Rust
Arthur Ryerson

1884
1877
1882
1879
1869
1888
1883
1883
1888
1877
1882
1889
1888
1850
1869
1859
1856
1889

1879
1 888
1883
1S82
1878
1877
1882
1877
1880
18S8
1887

1879
1880
1888
1888
1888
1879
1880
1880
1883
1879
1882
1856
1862
1869
1871
1877
1883

died March 21, 1882

died Jan. 11, 1886

resigned

died Nov. 9, 1883

resigned

died Sept. 18, 1884

died Aug. II, 1875

died Jan. 16, 1S79
died May 21, i86j

died May 13, 1884

resigned in 1889
resigned in 1887

59
79

<'7

/5
46

died Sept. 44, 1S70 49

died May 2, 1 883 72

trans, to Corresponding
died April 28, 1886 (.3

removed

59
79-

Homer K. Sarjjeni

Sidney Sawyer . ,

(iilbert H. Shaw

James Wasliington Slieahan

Henry M. Siierwood .

Stephen V. Shipman

John G. Shortall

lOdward A. Small

William A. Smalhvood

(Jeorge W. Smith

Solomon A. Smith

Orson Smith .

Alexander C. Soper .

Franklin V. Spencer

Albert A. Sprague

Otho S. A. Sprague
James Landon Stark

Ralph Edward Starkweather,

Kdward S. Stickney
Joseph Stockton
-Melville E. Stone
Woolsey M. Stryker
i:iisha U. Talbott
John II. Thatcher .
John Leverett Thompson
i:dward Islay Tinkliain
Lambert Tree
John A. Tyrrell
William M. VanNortwick
Francis L. Wadsworth
James .M. Walker
John Richard Walsh
Samuel Dexter Ward
j;zra J. Warner
J. Esaias Warren
ICliliu IJenjamiii Washburne
llemijstead Washburne
i:iias T. Watkins
Joseph Dana Webster
George Henry Wheeler .
Julius White
Norman Williams
Sidney Williams
Simeon I!. Williams
Benjamin M. W..son .

5T OF MEMBERS.

EI.KLTEr) (EASED

. 1865

1878

. 1889

I87I

died June 17, 1SS3

. 1882

resijjned Nov., 1889

1877

resigned

. 1888

1877

died Jan. 13, 1882

• 1857

died Jan. 2, 1867

1867

. 1869

died Nov. 25, 1879

ISS8

. 1880

1882

resigned

. 1886

1886

. I86I

died Feb. 17, 1873

r.I>. . 1 888

• 1877

died March 20, iSSo

IS8I

resigned in 1887

. iSSo

1S82

resigned

. 18S0

resigned in 1888

• '877

resigned in 1888

. 1S67

died Jan. 31, i888

185C

died Dei-. 2, 1873

. 1881

1864

died July 8, 18S7

. 1888

i88,j

• '877

died Jan. 23, 1S81

1SS2

■ '857

1 888

. 1S84

resigned in 1887

18S1

died Oct. 22, 1SS7

. 1SS2

resigned in 1S88

1S69

• '857

died March 12, i,S7(>

1 888

. 1S80

trans, to Associate

1S67

. 1888

1S8S

. 18S8

Khc

Aam

3,1

(>t

'I?

CIHC.UiO IIISTOKICAF, SOCIKTV.

ASSOCIATK MEMBERS.
This classification of members has been abolished.

Mrs. Margaret Maria O'Donohue

Cliarles \. Fes.send

en,

^^> John Newell,

Augustine W. Wright
fiilius White.

HONORARY MEMBERS:

Samuel Greene Arnold Providence, K.I. ,878 Feb. ,3, ,880 9

<.eorge Bancroft Washington, D.C. ,861 ^^

J:";r";.'""t-: 'ielleville, 111. .. ,856 Mch. .8, .860 49

Henry Williams liiodgett Chicago . ,882

Sidney Hreese Carlyle, III. .. ,878 [une 27, .878 78

Ss^S';;:;;:: liS^ - - •- ^-'-^ ^«

-Hardco.den...-::::::::S;, :: :: llZ ^-^I;:!^ ::

hdwa«l Coles Philadelphia .. ,861 Ju5y 7, 1868 8

l^'^^l^'^'^^S Alleghany, Penn. ,882

Stephen Arnold Douglas Chicago .. .. ,857 June 3, .86, 48

Thomas Drummond Chicago .. .. ,882

Edward Everett lioston .s/;-^ i

T, ,, , ,, . , iJosion .. .. i860 Jan. 15, j86i; 71

Thomas I.oey(hishop) Chicago .. .. ,870^^,9,879 56

J-adyJanel-rankhn ,,„g,and ,860 July ,8? ,875 3

Samuel Smith Ilarris (Bishop)... Detroit, Mich... ,879 Aug. 2, ,888 4

.u don Saltonstall Hubbard Chicago .. .. .877 Sept. ,4. ,886 86

;'""«:--.- Newport, R. I. .. ,878 Mch. 7, 1882 70

Ihnr km" ^'''''^'*«° - - '863 Sept. ;5, .870 64

John George Kohl Bremen, Germany ,856 Oct. 28 ,878 70

Abraham Lincoln Springfield, 111. ,86, Apr. ,4 ,865 56

Pierre Margry p^Hs, France .. ,879 ^

W '^'!I ^T.'r/''"'"^ Lexington. Va... ,86, Feb. ,, ,873 67

^^m. Edward McLaren (Bishop). .Chicago ,878

rh^^'n'M'"/"""""^ Davenport, la... ,879 July 4, .883 5.

Charles D. Mosher Chicago . ,880

D.tTx"^^'°!''' Dorchester. Mass. ,863 May 29, ,877 63

rederick Nolte Paris, France .. ,88, ^^

Richard James Oglesby Klkhart, 111. ,864

William Frederick Poole ...Chicago ,877

wT'° ')';';7''' Bridgeport, Conn". ,88,

A\illiamHickl.ng Prescott Boston .. ,8.7 Tan 2818=0 f.^

Cha.le.s Rogers ,,;„g,,„d ^^^^ ^'

James .Savage ].„st^„ MchS.S-, s,

;^°'t!"«r'' Toronto, Ont. :.■ ,864 ' '' '

NVilliamT'^; Cambridge, Mass. ,860 Mch. ,4, ,866 77

U 111 am L. .Stone jer.sey City, N. L ,88,

Charles Sumner Boston, Mass. .. ,86, Mch.,, ,874 6-

Lyman IrumbuU Chicago .. 186, "' '«74 6,

Henry C. VanSchaack .Manlius, N. Y. . . ,878 Dec ,6 ,887 S-

JamesBarr Walker (Rev.) Wheaton. 111. .. ,877 Mch t ,887 s'

Kobert Charles Winthrop Boston, Mass. . . ,86^ "'^'- '' "'^ ^'^

Kichard \ates Jacksonville, 111. ,863 Nov. 27, ,873 58

xxi

}

' f

xxu

CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS:

SAMK KKS[l)liNCK lilKL TKl) KIKI)

Alfred T. Andreas t'liicai;o .. .. 1879 -

Thomas II. .Vrmstroiig Chicago .. .. 1879 May 3, 1884

Henry Asbury Chicago .. .. 1883

Samuel T. Atwater liiiiralo, N.Y. ..1878

Henry Samuel liaird (ireen Hay, Wis. 1864

David Jewett 15aker Alton, 111 1856 Aug. 6, 1869

George H. 15aker New-York City 1887

Henry IJannister ICvanston, 111. .. 1859 Apr. 15, 1883

John Stetson Harry (Rev.) Wakefield, Mass. 1857 Dec., 1872

John Russell IJartlett Providence, R.I. 1857 May 28, 1886

Edmund Mills IJarton Worcester, Mass. 1887

Oliver L. Huskin Chicago .. .. 1879

Hiram Williams lieckwith Danville, 111. .. 1879

John II. lieers Chicago .. .. 1884

Rufus lilanchard Chicago .. .. 1877

Daniel Honbright ICvanston, 111. .. :88i

lienjamin Nicodemus IJond Stanberry, Mo. 1880

Henry R. Boss Chicago .. .. 1879

lienjamin L. T. Bourland Peoria, 111. .. 1889

Jonathan Howman Kilbourne City, Wis. 1888

C. Davis liradlee (Rev.) Boston, Mass. .. 1857

Wesley Raymond Brink Edwardsville, 111. 1881

Charles Brooks Medford, Mass. 1863 July 7, 1S7J

.Mrs. Harriet C. Brown Chicago .. .. 1881 Sept. 11, 1883

Orville Hickman Browning Quincy, 111. .. 1857 .Vug. 10, 1881

Edmund Bruwaert Chicago .. .. 1882

John Howard Burnham Bloomington, 111. 1879

Mrs. Pamelia C. Calhoun... Chicago .. .. 1880 Aug. 14, 1889

Frank Cantelo Peoria, 111. .. 1889

Mrs. Maria G. Carr Chicngo .. .. 1887

John Dean Caton Chicago .. .. 1859

Charles C. Chapman Chicago .. 1880

Frank M. Chapman Chicago .. .. 1886

George Churchill I'roy, 111 1856 Aug. 11, 1872

.Samuel Clarke Clarke Marietta, Ga. .. 1857

.Vugustus Hammond Conant( Rev. ) Rockford, 111. .. 1856 Feb. 8, 1863

Belden Farrand Culver Chicago .. .. 1857

Henry B. Dawson Morrisania, N.Y. 1880

William Frederick DeNVolf Chicago .. .. 1878

Charles H. G. Douglas Chicago .. .. 1879

Lyman Copeland Draper Madison, Wis. .. i88o

Henry T. Drowne New-York City 1877

76
7<i
7t

!.!!

:• i

lit

MST (.)I- MKMIIKRS. xxiii

{• \- ^^"""' •''■ Indianapolis. Ind. ,889

Reuben T. Durrett Louisville, Ky. .. ,88;

Daniel S. Dunie Madison, Wis. .. ,880

/ebma Eastman Maywood, 111. . . ,866 June .4. -SS, 68

Joseph II. Eaton U.-.S. Army .. ,856

^enjam.n Stephenson Edwards... Springfield, III. ,857 Eel,. 4. .886 68

N'lnian Wirt Edwards Springfield, 111. .8. .Sept. a. ,889 o

•S. Hopkins Emery Taunton, Mass. ,8,7

Jiernard EeLsenthal Chicago . ,866

Corneli,^ Conway Eekon Cambridge, Mass. ,857 Feb. 26, ,862 55

Robert l-ergus Chicago ,879 ^^

ff'[ !,'"■" Washington, D.C. ,857 Jan. 2,. ,868 78

•f'^'^"'^ f^°"ke Vandalia,Ill. .. ,879

Asa Bird Gardner Xew-Vork City 188,

Joseph Gillespie Edwardsville, 111. ,857 Jan. 7, 1885 76 '

^^'^.'■''^^ ^"'P'" - I'hiladelphia, I'a. 188. ^

Kichard A. Gilpin ij^a^ y^ ^gg^

Albeit A. (iraham Columbus, O. . . ,879

James Duncan Graham Hoston, Mass. . . ,857 Dec. 28, ,865 66

•'""'" ,^:^>; Urayviile, 111. .. ,863 Oct. 29, .865 _

Samuel Abbott (;reen,M.D Hoston, Mass. ,86,

Mrs. Rose E. I lager Chicago ,88-

S H!:ir''°"' """" Waukegan, 111. ,865 Apr. 25, .889 69

James Hall Cincinnati,©... 1857 Tulv q ,868 --

<ieorge H. Harlow Chicago .. ,89 -""'^ 5' "^^ '^

Uobert J. Harmer Chester, 111. . ,870

Charles Harpel Chicago .. ,88^

Ozias M Hatch .Springfield, 111. ,864

-Samuel toster Haven Worcester, Mass. .S57 Sep,. 5, .88, 75

John Howard Hickox Albany. \. V ,8,7

Kichard Hildreth MassachiKPHs ,«r, 11

Henry II Hill Massachusetts.. .857 July n, ,865 5S

ciiry 11. niii Chicago .. .. 1880

George M. Iligginson Chicago ,869

Adolphus Skinner Hubbard San Francisco, Cal. ,879

-dwin Hubbard liennington, Vt. ,878

Miss Eaui-a M. Hubbard Chicago ,87c,

lo'""rn'"""T '"'""''" '8S6 Mch. ,6, ,860 76

.oseph Hunter (Rev.) London, Eng. . . 186 May 9 861 S

Henry II. Ilurlbut Chicago . ,880 "'"''"" '"

^^f.''"^ «• I^ham Xew-Vork City ,884

Gabriel S. Jones. Chester, III. ,879

D'",!'Tr'/-T nuincy. III. .. ,877 Au,. 20. .880 ..

wight H.kelton ^uincy, Mich. .. ,886

William II. Kimball Concord. X.H. ,88,

1 1

1,1

XXIV CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIIiTV.

NAMK KESIDEMK EI.HCIHII

Henry Clay Kinney (Rev.) Chicago .. .. 1879

Arthur M. Knapp Uoston, Mass. .. 1880

George S. Knapp t:hicago .. .. 1887

Ebenezer Lane Chicago .. .. 1856 June

Increase A. Lapham Milwaukee, Wis. 1856 Sept.

Joseph P. Leavitt Chicago .. .. 1881 Dec.

Benjamin F. Lewis Chicago .. .. 1886

Washington Leverett Alton, 111 1886 Dec.

Charles K. Lippincott Chandlerville, 111. 1883 Sept,

Thomas Lippincott (Rev.) I'ana, 111 i860 Apr.

Stephen Harriman Long Alton, 111 1859 Sept,

Henry Loomis Burlington, Vt. i860

Anthony Johnson Ludlam Atlanta, 111. 1879

George Perkins Marsh .Rome, Italy .. 1859 July

James McGovern (Rev.) Lockport, 111. .. 1886

Sterling Voung McMasters St. Paul, Minn. 1857

Eliza Meachem New Haven, Conn. 1 886

Peter A. Menard Kaskaskia, III. 1886

Frederick Metzger Kaskaskia, 111. 1879

.\nson S. Miller Wright, Cal. .. 1864

(Jeorge Henry Moore New- York City 1863

Edmund B. O'Callahan New-Vork City 1857 May

William Butler Ogden New-York City 1888

William J. Onahan Chicago .. .. 1880

Nathan H. Parker St. Louis, Mo. .. 1866

Peter Parker Washington, D.C. 1857

Francis Parkman Boston, Mass. .. 1857

Robert Wilson Patterson (Rev.).. Chicago .. .. 1878

John Mason Peck (Rev.) Rock Spring, 111. 1856 Mch

Stephen D. Peet Clinton, Wis. .. 1881

William H. Perrin Louisville, Ky. .. 1881

Amos Perry Providence, R.I. 1878

J. Watts de Peyster New- York City 1 880

William Pickering Albion, 111. .. 1865 .\pr.

(ieorge W. Prickett Chicago .. .. 1882

John Russell Bluffdale, 111. .. 1856 Jan.

William Henry Ryder (Rev. ) Chicago .. .. 1863 Mch,

Henry R. Schoolcraft Washington, D.C. 1857 Dec.

John Wilson Shaffer Salt-Lake City . . 1866 Oct.

John R. Shannon Chester, III. .. 1879 Dec.

( ieorge E. Shipman Chicago .. .. 1857

John C. Smith Chicago .. .. 1879

Robert Smith Alton, 111 1857 Dec.

Miss Ann Elizabeth Stone Chicago .. .. 1880

William H. Swift New-York City 1857 Apr.

Harriet .\. Tenney Lansing, Mich. 1886

12, 1S60 67
14, 1875 64
23, 1882 —

13, 18S9 84
II, 1887 62
13, 1869 —
4, 1864 80

23, 1882 81

29, 1880 77

IS, 1858 69,

22, 1873 —

21, 1863 —

8, 1888 66

10, 1864 71

30, 1870 —

13. >882 56

21, 1867 65
•- 1888 —
7. 1879 79

1, II

AOK

1. 1ST OF .ME.MHliRS.

Keuben G. Thvvaites Madison, Wis.

< aleb B. Tillinghast Boston, Mass.

Alpheus Todd... Ottawa, Ont.

Uistavus Unonius Lpsala, Sweden

'•-- s^ 1. Lpioii CiiicEKo .

Addison VanName New I laven, t 'onn.

Ihomas A. M. Wan! Philadelphia, Pa

'1 ownsend Ward Chicago

Hooper Warren Umry Co., Ill

James Waterman Sycamore, 111.

Wmslow C. Watson Pon Kent, N Y

Albert E. Wells Central City, Neb.

William Harvey Wells Chicago

Henry Benjamin Whipple Faribault, Minn.

Samuel Willard Chicago

•'• ^'*='<=''e'- Williams St. Paul, Minn.

Charles Lush Wilson Chicago

James Crant Wilson New- York City"

John McNeill Wilson Englewood, 111.

Robert J. Woodruff Chicago

x.w

KI.Kt lEri JUKI. AI.K

1889
I8SO

1864 Jan. 22, 1S84 65

1857

1866

1886

1877

1 86s

1 86 1 Aug. 25, 1S64 74

1881 July ,9, 1885 _

1859

1880

1857 Jan. 21, 1S85 73

1864

1880

1864 Mch. 9, 1878 60

1880

•879 Dec. 7, 1885 81
1886

66
56

65
79

i»'.i

CmcAiiii II IS roKicAi, Socikty's Coi.i.fa tion. — Vol.. IV'.

KARLV CHICAGC ) AND ILLINOIS

CrRDOX S. Hl'lSliAKl).

A Settler of Chicago in iSiS.

Hv Hon. Gk.vnt Goouuicii.

Ri';i(l IpLfurc the I'liicanii Historical Sorii-iy, Ncivciiiljcr 16. i386.

C^URDOX SALTONSTALL HUH15ARD. the sub-
T jcct of this nieiiioir, was born in Windsor, \'t., Aut^.
22, 1802, his father, ICUzur Hubbard, and mother, Abi_tj;ail
Sa<^e, were natives of Connecticut. They had six children,
^foiir girLs and two sons, of whom Gurdon was the eldest.
His father was a lawyer by profession, but through unfort-
unate speculations became poor, and could afford his son
only the advantages of a common-school education, e-xcejit
about a year in the his/her branches, under the tuition of
a cler<fyman. His father, hoping to better his condition,
removed with his family to Montreal, Canada, in Ma)*,
18 1 5, but on his arrival found the Canadian laws pro-
hibited him to practise his profession until after a residence
of five years. Every effort, therefore, became necessarj- to
support the family, and young Hubbard here practised his
first lessons in trade. He borrowed twenty-five cents of a
friend, and on this capital commenced the purchase of arti-
cles of food from farmers, coming to market, and selling
them at a profit, and during the winter, made profits of
from $80 to $100, mostly contributed to the family treas-
ury. In April, 1816, he obtained a situation in a hardware
store, his board being his only compensation. By his
faithful attention to his duties he won the confidence of his
employers and the clerks in the store. He also became
2 9

.f.

'I,' \

KAKI.V CIIUACO AND ILLINOIS.

;ic(|uaintccl with William Matthews, a^ciit of the yXmcricati
Fur-Company at Montreal.

In the fall of 1817, John Jacob i\.stor, president of the
company, ordered Matthews to employ twelve young men
as clerks, and one hundred Canadian voynj^viirs to report
to Ramsey Crooks at Mackinac. A clerk in the store,
eighteen years old and the youngest of all, was the twelfth
engaged. On learning of his engagement, young Hubbard,
though not si.xteen years old, resolved to obtain a situation
in the expedition. As was to be expected, his father and
mother refused their assent; but .so persistent was he, they
finally agreed he might go if he could procure an appoint-
ment, knowing the number required was full and believing
it impossible for him to do so. He applied to Matthews
and pleaded with him so earnestly that he finally agreed
to take him into the service of the company for five years
at $120 a year, if he could obtain the consent of his par-
ents, which he thought unlikely. His parents kept their
promise, and though his friends pointed out the dangers,
fatigues, and exposures to which he would be subjected,
he persevered, and entered into the required agreement,
thus overcoming what seemed insurmountable obstacles
by an address, judgment, and persistency indicative of the
character and success of his maturcr years.

On April 13, i8icS, the expedition embarked from Mont-
real in open boats, loaded with goods and supplies for
Mackinac, the capital of the American Fur-Company, from
which all expeditions were fitted out for the entire North-
west, to collect and bring back furs to that place, to be
assorted and prepared for market. The fatiguing labor of
pushing their boats up the strong current, and dragging
them over the foaming rapids of the St. Lawrence, and
then carrying them overland to Lake Simcoe, and thence
over the portage to the Nottawasaga River, by which
they reached Lake Huron, can be better imagined than

./'

'i\

CIKDON SAI.TONSTAI.I. IlUnilARn.

I I

Mont-
lics for
from
lorth-
to be
libor of

le, and

Ithence
which
than

described ; but it was accomplished, and they readied
NTackinac, July 4. Tiie fare of the clerks was tea, su^Mr,
iiardbread, and salt pork. Youn^ Hubbard endured the
labors and braved the dangers of the vinaije without a
murmur of complaint, and at Mackinac entered with cheer-
fulness upon the performance of the duties assigned him,
in which he was enj^M^ed from five in the mornini^ to seven
in the evenini;, with one hour's interval for dinner. We
are prepared to e.xpect from one so youn^ who thus volun-
tarily left friemls, home, and the comforts of civilization,
with full knowledge of the privations, toils, and certain
perils inseparable from the life of a fur-trader, something
of tiiat wonderful courage, judgment, and ski'l which were
so conspicuously displayed in his subsetpienl life. Any
suspicions that his action was insjiired by the spirit of
youthful romance or the love of wild adventure, is dissi-
pated by the fact, that in obedience to the promptings of
filial duty, he at once ordered $So a year of his salary paid
to relieve the wants of his family, and continued to do so
during all the years of his apprenticeship.

Mr. Hubbard has left an intensely-interesting record of
his life and adventures of the first two or three years while
in the employment of the fur-company. I could delight
you with numerous extracts of most thrilling interest, but
I must content myself with allusions to a few which best
serve to illustrate some prominent characteristic of the
man, or are necessarily connected with the conquest of the
Northwest from its savagery by the forces of civilization,
or will enable us to appreciate the quality and discipline
of the school in which he received his business education.

The company employed four hundred clerks and two
thousand voyagciirs. He was assigned to a brigade — as
each outfit was called — to trade at Fond du Lac. He
found a young man anxious to exchange places with him,
which was done. This young man was frozen to death

EARLY CHICA(;0 AND ILLINOIS.

»»!

]'>.

the succeeding winter. Young Hubbard was transferred to
the brigade of Antoine Deschamps, a man of education and
experience; they were to operate in northern lUinois, and
left Mackinac, Sept. lo, arriving in Chicago, Oct. i, 1818.
The only dwellings then outside of the garrison enclosure
were of logs, one occupied by John Kinzie, one by Antoine
Ouillmette, and one at Bridgeport, then called Hardscrab-
ble. Aftt'r resting a few days, they proceeded up the
south branch of the Chicago River, and through Mud
Lake into die Desplaines River, and thence into the Illi-
nois, and down that rivci to Fort Clark, now Peoria. The
French settlers at Peoria hat' been suspected of sympathy
with the British in the War of 18 12-15, ''>"d had been
driven from their homes by the government, causing a
bitter feeling, which extended to some of the Indians.
Though Mr. Deschamps had informed them that he had
brought this young man from Montreal, and he was his
adopted son, they doubted the truth of his statement,
insisting he was an American; and a young Indian brave
sought to provoke a quarrel with him. Deschamps left
him in the boat in charge of one of the men, and what
occurred I give in Mr. Hubbard's own language: "The
Indian, using the man as interpreter, saying I was an
American, took from his sack, one after another, several
scalps, and showing them to me, said they were the scalps
•of my people. I was trembling with fear, which he ob-
served, and drawing from his sash a long-haired scalp, he
wet it and sprinkled the water in my face. In a moment
my fear turned to rage, and seizing Mr. Deschamps
double-barrelled gun which lay in the bottom of the boat,
took deliberate aim at him and fired; the man left with
me, seeing my intention, struck up the barrel and save '
the Indian. Hearing the report of the gun and the con-
sequent confusion created, Mr. Deschamps and the men
with him came running back to the boats, and after a short

CURDOX SALTONSTALL HUI515AR1).

consultation, ordered them pushed out and started down
the stream."

Few instances can be found in boy or man of more
daring resistance of intended insult, and which not to have
resisted would have provoked a grosser repetition. This
was the first exhibition of that personal bravery and steady
courage so often exhibited in his eventful life, and which
commanded the respect of friends and foes. It attracted
the notice and secured the life-long friendship of that noted
Indian chief Shau-be-na, and also of Waba, the chief of
the Indians in the vicinity of the trading-post where he
was stationed, who called to see the " little American
brave," and Waba, who had recently lost a son, adopted
him as his son. Before the hunting-season commenced he
was permitted to visit his father and brother at St. Louis,
who were on their way to Arkansas to locate there. He
says there were then about eight hundred inhabitants in
St. Louis, composed of French, British, Spaniards, and
Americans. Cahokia, on the Illinois side of the river, was
then the larger place, containing about one thousand peo-
ple. On his return from St. Louis, he went to his trading-
post on the Illinois opposite the mouth of the Bureau
River, one mile above the present town of Hennepin; it
was in charge of Mr. Beebeau, and young Hubbard was
the bookkeeper. His time was mostly spent in acquiring
the Indian language and in hunting, at which he became
expert, being able to travel forty and fifty miles a da)'.

In the succeeding spring, the boats from all the stations
having been collected, they started on their return, and
passing through Chicago, coasting the eastern shore of
Lake Michigan, arrived at Mackinac about the middle of
May, 1819. He here learned of the death of his father,
and feeling it his duty to go to the relief and comfort of
his mother tendered his resignation to the company, which
was refused. His skill in assorting furs doomed him to

tmmm

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I,
■I

that laborious and responsible position during this and
subsequent years.

When the outfits for the succeeding winter were ar-
ranged, to his surprise and regret he was ordered to take
charge of an expedition and post about sixty miles up the
Muskegon River, having for his aid a Frenchman, Jacques
Dufrain, well acquainted with the Indians of that part of
Michigan. The appointment to such a position of a youth
of seventeen with only one year's experience is the most
emphatic evidence of the high estimation entertained by
his superiors of his ability, prudence, and fidelity; and,
though he shrunk from assuming such a responsibility, Mr.
Crooks refused to reverse his decision, and about the mid-
dle of October he started for his destination, in company
with the Illinois brigade. Storms and adverse winds pre-
vented his reaching the mouth of the Muskegon until Dec.
18, when he found it frozen over. His wonderful endur-
ance and perilous exposures in protecting his employers'
interests and preserving the life of his companion in this
first test of his quality for command, proved him to have
been a born leader, and justify me in giving some of the
particulars.

The ice rendering it impossible to ascend the river, they
repaired an abandoned trading- house a short distance
above its mouth. No Indians had been seen, they being
absent at their hunting-grounds, and communication with
them was a necessity. Dufrain was dispatched with a
package of goods, with the two men under his charge,
to seek the Indians, leaving young Hubbard the solitary
occupant of their cabin, his only supply of food being a
little corn and flour brought from Mackinac. At first he
was able to kill a few rabbits and squirrels, but the fall of
a deep snow prevented further hunting. Having read of
how the Indians caught fish through the ice, he prepared
himself as best he could to practise their device, and after

GURDON SALTONSTALL HUHRARD.

repeated failures, succeeded in acquiring the art, and re-
lieved himself of the danger of starvation. He graphically
describes his intense yearning after companionship, the
loneliness and horror of his situation, which, coupled with
the prospective failure of his first trading adventure and
the ridicule he feared he would meet on his return to
Mackinac, drove him nearly to distraction. When the
thirtieth day had come he resolved to go in search of his
absent men, but on that day, to his unspeakable joy, they
arrived with a very rich collection of furs. He resolved to
start the next day for a camp of Indians, which Dufrain,
who was well acquainted with the country, thought the}'
could reach by night. Young Hubbard being unu.sed to
walking on snow-shoes, and as traveling in the snow ren-
dered them necessary, Dufrain protested against his going,
but the recollection of his former loneliness prevailed, and
they started with their packs, leaving one man behind.

The first day was one of intense misery — every few mo-
ments he tripped and fell, and could only regain his ft^et
with the aid of his companions — and when they had trav-
eled only six miles he was so exhausted they were forced
to camp. The pain was so severe in his strained muscles,
he slept but little, and in the morning Dufrain insisted he
should return, but his indomitable resolution was unsub-
dued and they started on. He had caught some of the
motions requisite in traveling with b.iow-shoes, and though
suffering intense pain, they made nine miles that day.
The next day it snowed, and being warm, the snow stuck
to their shoes, retarding their progress and increasing their
fatigue, and the third day they camped with nothing to
eat. The next day they reached an Indian camp, where
they were treated to bear meat and corn soup, and though
his feet and ankles were badly swollen, threatening inflam-
mation, they were relieved under the treatment of a kind-
hearted squaw.

I'.

|ii I!'

S'll!

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

He at once commenced practisinj^ with hi? snow-shoes,
and at the end of five days, when they departed, could
keep up with his companions without weariness. One
man was sent with a guide to one Indian camp, and
Dufrain and Hubbard started in a different direction for
another, which Dufrain thought they could reach in one
day. The snow was deep and the traveling heavy, and at
noon it was evident Dufrain had lost his way. They lay
down at night weary and supperless. The storm con-
tinued the next day, and though they pressed on, they
were certain they were lost. The ne.xt day Dufrain be-
came weak and faltering, but about ten o'clock of the
fourth day the clouds broke and the sun came out, which
enabled them to direct their course for the river, and
toward evening they reached the Muskegon, which they
forded with the icy water up to their waist, and reached a
deserted Indian camp with their clothes thoroughly frozen
and shivering with cold.

Collecting wood for a fire, Dufrain found he had lost
their flint and steel, and being exhausted, gave up all hope
and began crossing himself and saying his prayers in prep-
aration for death. Though this veteran, with years of
e.xperience in forest life, was ready without further effort
to lie down and die, the spirit of his young companion
was unsubdued, and he resolved to continue the fight for
existence. Procuring hemlock boughs, he made a bed
upon the snow, and placing on it some mats left by the
Indians in their camp, he opened both packs and took out
all the blankets and woolen clothing, and lying down close
together and piling them over their bodies, they soon
found the ice began to melt from their clothes and warmth
was diffused through their chilled frames, and they soon
sank to sleep, from which tl.ey did not wake till morning.
Though without food for four days, they did not feel
hungry, but excessive weariless and e.xiiaustion, and that

•

GURDON SALTONSTALL HUBBARD.

tempted them to lie in their warm bed until death relieved
them.

The thought.s of his responsibilities and the claims of
his widowed mother and of his sisters upon him, aroused
young Hubbard to a renewed effort for life. He arose and
searched in all directions for a path, which the snow had
covered all traces of; observing, however, some broken
twigs and feeling the snow around them, he found the
path covered by the newly-fallen snow, and following it
came to a blazed tree, which indicated the direction of
an Indian camp. Returning, he with difficulty aroused
Dufrain, and leaving their packs they started, and about
noon struck a fresh track, which they followed back,
knowing it would lead to a camp. This good fortune did
not seem to arouse Dufrain — he was sleepy and inclined
to stop and, unperceived, fell behind out of sight — his
companion was tempted to leave him and use his fast
failing strength in quest of help, but went back and found
him asleep upon the snow, and every effort to arouse him
ha'ing failed, he dug away the snow around him and
adding his own blanket to his covering, left him to make a
final effort for assistance. He says: " I felt no hunger but
was very weak — the perspiration ran from every pore, and
at times everything seemed to swim before me with
momentary darkness. I seemed almost to faint, still I
moved on, reeling like a drunken man. Coming to new
tracks and hearing the barking of a dog told me I was
nearing a lodge and gave me new strength to advance."

In a few moments he was seated on a bear-skin in a
solitary Indian hut, in which was a middle-aged Indian
with a bandaged arm, a stjuaw, and three or four children.
After sitting silent for a time, as was the custom, expect-
ing to be invited to eat, he told the scjuaw he had not
oaten for four days and was hungry; she replied they were
hungry too, that her husband had broken his arm and

EARI.V CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

could not hunt; but she took from a sack a little dried
corn, and boiling it with water, gave him a small quantity.
He sipped a little, but found it difficult to swallow, at
which he became frightened, and lay down and fell asleep.
After some time he was awakened and given more broth,
which he took with avidity and asked for more, which was
refused. At short intervals he was awakened and given
more until revived.

The Indians knew Dufrain, and he told them of his
condition, and the squaw agreed to go with him when the
moon arose and help bring him in; she prepared all the
n they had left to take with them. Their son, a youth,
iiad gone out to hunt and returned with a bear cub he had
killed, and volunteered to go with him to find Dufrain.
Against Tuc protest of the squaw and her husband, though
hardly able to walk, he persisted in going, for he knew if
alive no one but he could induce him to move. Shortly
after midnight they started and when they found him he
was apparently lifeless. After great effort he was made
to speak, but refused to move and dropped off to sleep
again. It required their united efforts to force him to his
feet and by short stages get him to the lodge, where they
arrived about sunrise. By administering a little corn broth
at intervals he revived, but his feet and limbs were so
badly swollen they had to cut the coverings to get them
off, and the strings of his moccasins had so cut into his
toes the blood oozed out through the coverings, and worst
of all, he was severely ruptured. It was a week before he
could sit up and would evidently be a long time before
he could endure the journey home. His companion realiz-
ing this with the aid of the Indian boy constructed a
sledge on which to carry him if he should elect to go.
The country to be traveled over to reach the station was
rough and hilly and much of the way covered with thick
undergrowth. Though only able to sit up an hour a day,

GURDON SALTONSTALI, MUI5BAKI).

the sledge

and

he chose to go, and they laid him upon
aided by the boy reached the station in three days, draw-
ing him all the way. Dafrain never left their cabin until
carried to a canoe on their departure for Mackinac, which
he never reached, having died upon the way.

If in ancient Greece or Rome a youth of his years had
exhibited such undaunted courage, such heroic endurance,
wisdom, and resources in dangers, and such self-sacrifice
at the eminent peril of his own life to save that of his
companion, if not deified, his deeds and memory would
have been perpetuated in bronze and marble and glorified
in historic song. Yet this is only one of the many kindred
acts he performed in the seclusion of the dark woods, with
only the humble trapper and wild Indian as witnesses.

In the closing year of his apprenticeship he was sent to
conduct a trading-station on the Iroquois River in this
State. He remained in the employment of the American
Fur-Company as superintendent of all the posts on the
Iroquois and Kankakee rivers and their tributaries until
1827, having his headquarters near Danville. During this
year he was admitted to a share of the profits in the com-
pany, and in 1828 he bought out the interests of that
company in Illinois, when he removed to Danville, built
and run a store until his removal to Chicago in 1834.

On the breaking out of the Winnebago W^ar in 1827, he
learned through Shau-be-na that Big Foot, a chief of a
tribe of Indians located at Geneva Lake, intended to
engage in hostilities again.st the whites. The soldiers had
been removed from Fort Dearborn which left Chicago
unprotected. Great alarm prevailed and Mr. Hubbard,
who was then at Chicago, in order to meet the threatened
attack, left there between four and five o'clock in the
afternoon on horseback and taking what was called the
Hubbard Trace, reached his Iroquois post at midnight, a
distance of more than sixty

miles, and there changing his

KARl.V CIIICA(;o AM) ILI.INOIS.

tl)

!, )

horse, rode on until stopped by a tree which had fallen
across the ford of Sugar Creek. At daylight he swam the
stream and at noon reached the house of Peleg Spencer,
whom he sent to beat up volunteers to meet at Danville
the next evening with five days' rations. At the time
appointed one hundred men organized, chose a captain,
and started that night for Chicago, and though it rained
frequently and hard, on the seventh day he was back with
his company of relief. I will quote the encomiums given
him by H. W. Heckwith in his account* of this expedition,
who says. "I will here say that a better man than Mr.
Hubbard could not have been sent to our people; he was
well known to all the settlers. Mis generosity, his quiet
and determined courage, and his integrity were so well
known and appreciated that he had the confidence and
good-will of everybody, and was a well-recognized leader
among us pioneers."

On the breaking out of the Black- Hawk War in 1832,
he induced Col. Isaac R. Moore, of the V^ermilion-County
militia, to call out his regiment and march at once to the
scene of hostilities, himself furnishing provisions, ammuni-
tion, and transportation wagons. Three days after the
news of the outbreak was received, they departed and on
reaching Joliet built a .stockade fort, and leaving a com-
pany there, proceeded to the east Dupage, where a similar
defence was constructed and garrisoned, and the remainder
marched to near Starved Rock, where they were disbanded
Mr. Hubbard then joined a company of scouts for sixty
days, which was disbanded at the end of that time. At
one time he was an aid to Gov. Duncan, from which he
derived the title of colonel.

In 1832, he was elected a member of the legislature for
Vermilion County, and when it met introduced a bill for
the construction of the Illinois-and-Michigan canal which

Fergus Historical .Series," No. 10, ji. 49.

r.UKDON SAI.TONSTALI, nUIiI!ARI).

passed the house but was defeated in the senate. He
substituted a bill for a railroad, which was defeated in the
senate by the casting-vote of the presiding-officer of that
body. He attended every session of the legislature after
to urge the passage of a bill for the construction of the
canal until it passed in 1835-6.

In 1834, he removed his business to Chicago and erected
the first large brick-building in the place, on the .southwest
corner of South-Water and LaSalle streets. In 1836, he
sold out his mercantile business and built a warehouse
fronting on Kinzie street and the river; embarking in the
forwarding-and-commission business, he became interested
in a large number of vessels forming the " l^agle Line,"
employed in the carrying-trade between Buffalo and the
upper lakes. In 1835, he was appointed by Gov. Joseph
Duncan one of the commi.ssioners of the Illinois-and-
Michigan Canal, and in the location and construction of
that great work so eminently promotive of the growth of
Chicago he was signally active and efficient, At the cele-
bration of the commencement of the canal, July 4, 1836, he
was one deputed to excavate the Jirs/ shovelfuls of earth.

In this year, as agent of the /Etna Fire-insurance Com-
pany of Hartford, Conn., he wrote the first fire-insurance
policy ever issued in Chicago. He was a director of the
Chicago branch of the State Bank of Illinois. He was
one of the incorporators of the old Hydraulic Company
whose works, northeast corner Lake-st. and Michigan-ave.,
supplied the south and part of the west side of the river
with water until its works and fran^^hiscs were purchased
by the city in 1852. In 1848, he aided in the organization
of the Board of Trade. In connection with A. T. Spencer
& Co. he established a line of steamers to Lake Superior,
employing the Lady Elgin, owned by himself, and several
other steamers in which he was part owner. As early as
1 83 1, he brought to Chicago and slaughtered for the garri-

•A'

\i ir

KAkLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

son a drove of hogs, and soon after his removal to Chicago
lie engaged in packing beef and pork, which he continued
on an extensive scale until the destruction of his packing-
house by fire in 1863; after which he engaged with others
in the direct importation of tea from China; he also had a
bonded warehouse more especially for South -American
products. The great fire of 1871 destroyed his warehouse
and broke up all these interests and .so crippled him that
he retired from active business.

There are few of the numerous veins of commerce and
wealth -producing industries, that draw to this pulsating
heart of the great West that boundless agricultural and
mineral wealth which through iron arteries and water-craft
is distributed to half a world, that have not felt the inspira-
tion of his genius and been quickened by his enterprise
and energy. The assertion that in the progress of events,
one who has reached the ordinary limit of human life in
this age, has lived longer than the oldest antidiluvian is
surely verified in the life of Mr. Hubbard. What mar-
velous transformations he witnessed. When he reached
Mackinac at scarce sixteen years of age, save in the
vicinity of Detroit, Michigan, the northern part of Indiana
and Illinois, all of Wisconsin, and the limitless West that
lies beyond, except here and there a trading-post, was an
unbroken wilderness, pathless except by lakes and rivers
and the narrow trails of the Indian and trapper.

Sixty-eight years have passed, and what a change; it
challenges all historic parallel. Before the march of civil-
ization the wild Indian has disappeared or been driven
toward the .setting sun; the dark forests and prairie gar-
den-fields where he roved in undisputed dominion, have
been transformed into harvest-fields, dotted with villages
and <:ities, .some of them crowded with hundreds of thou-
sands of inhabitants, where the hum of varied industry is
never silent and the smoke of forges and factories darkens

I-'

GURDON SAI/rONSTALL MUHBARD.

the sky. The canoe and open boat have given place to
thousand-ton vessels and steamers of twice that burden;
the narrow trails over which the Indian trotted his pony
are traversed or crossed by roads of iron, on which iron
horses rush along with the speed of the wind. This amaz-
ing change may be more strikingly realized when we
remember that while within the present limits of Cook
County there were then only three dwelling-houses of
white men outside of the garrison enclosure, there now
dwell more than eight hundred thousand people; and that
the seat of political power in this great Nation has been
transferred to the valley of the Mississippi; that it has
made it possible to scale the heights of the Rocky Moun-
tains \.ith railroads, and bring the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans into near neighborhood, and bind the East and
West together with bands of steel.

History has made immortal the names and achievements
of men who have subdued or founded states and empires
by force and sanguinary war. Do not these early pioneers
who, armed with the arts of peace, bravely met the dangers
and endured the toils necessary to subjugate the great
western wilderness for the abodes of peace, with blessings
of education, enlightened freedom, and the elevating appli-
ances of civilization, merit equal admiration and gratitude
as lasting .-• Those who believe that in the world's coming
history its crowned heroes and benefactors are to be those
who win the bloodless victories of peace, and by acts of
self-sacrifice and beneficence scatter widest the blessings
of Christian civilization, will hold these men, and Gurdon
S. Hubbard as a prince among them, in highest honor and
esteem.

We turn now to the personal, social, and private life of
Mr. Hubbard. While perfection can be claimed for no
man, he appears to have borne himself in all the duties
pertaining to these relations in a manner deserving com-

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9^95

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•"•'■,

24 EARI-Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

mcndation and respect. In iSji.he niarried Miss ICleanor
lierry of Ohio, who died a few days after the birth of «-heir
son, Gurdon S. Mubbard, Jr., born, Chicago, Feb. 22,
November 9, 1843, he married Miss Mary Ann Hubbaru of
Cliicago, who through the years of his lielpless blindness
attended upon his every want with the constant devotion
of a true and loving wife. In the discharge of his filial
and fraternal obligations he set an example of highest
admiration. As before stated, during his service with the
fur-company he gave $80 a j'ear of his wages of $120
toward the maintenance of his mother and dependent
sisters, and afterward, when his income was increased,
enlarged their allowance and until his mother died was
their main support, which was continued to his sisters
down to his death ; and to provide against all contin-
gencies, by a deed of trust executed some twenty y s
ago and also by his last will provided for their su
during life.

Socially, he was genial, sympathetic, and affable; his
remarkable life and experiences made him interesting and
instructive — he was thoroughly careful of the feelings and
charitable to the faults of others — firm in his convictions
and principles but never intolerant, he was always the dig-
nified and courteous gentleman. As a neighbor he was
kind; and as a friend, faithful and confiding. His heart
overflowed with sympathy for the poor and unfortunate,
and his hand was always open for their relief. As a hus-
band, he was carefully tender, loving, and true; as a parent
affectionate, generous, and indulgent. As a citizen, he
was patriotic and earnest in the promotion of what he
believed for the best interests of his country.

These worthy traits of character are the more remark-
able when we remember that his youth and early manhood
were spent away from parental restraints, and amid scenes
of temptation and influences so adverse to strict morals

GURDON SALTONSTALL HUHIlARn.

and Christian obligations ; but the religious principles
imbibed from his mother's lips and the schools of those
early days seem to have exercised a controlling influence
over him. I think it due to him I should give the follow-
ing extracts from letters of Ramsey Crooks, the active
head of the fur-company, and one from Mr. Stuart, the
secretary, to his mother. Under date of April, 1820, Mr.
Crooks says: "Gurdon has thus far behaved himself in an
exemplary manner for one of his age." In a letter of
March, 1826, urging Mrs. Hubbard to visit her son, he
says: "You will see him at his daily duties, and you will
see what will gladden the heart of a Christian mother, how
faithfully he performs his daily duties, how much he is
loved and respected by his employci and friends." Aug.
3, 1 82 1, Robert Stuart writes her: " lie spends his winters
with an old gentleman of finished education and correct,
gentlemanly manners. His account of your son is as flat-
tering as a fond mother could wish. * * He is strictly
sober and I believe a great economist; I feel that I state
the truth when I tell you I think him exempt from the
vices which too frequently attend youth of his age." These
commendations speak for themselves.

In his church associations he was an Episcopalian. He
was one of those who organized St. James' Episcopal
Church, the first of that denomination existing in Chicago
and of which he subsequently became a communicant.

In January, 1883, he was taken with chills, and in the
following May lost the sight of his left eye, from which
time he suffered from blood-poisoning and frequent ab-
cesses, and from almost constant pains in his eyes and
neck. In the succeeding April, the eye was removed, and
though eighty-two years old, without an anesthetic of an)'
kind or any one to hold his hands, the steady nerve and
self-control that so distinguished him in his earlier years
enabled him simply to lie down and have his eye cut out.
3

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IWii U i

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EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

In July, 1885, the sight of his remaining eye was extin-
guished, leaving him in the horrors of total darkness.
About one year ago his remaining eye was also removed,
greatly relieving him from torturing pains.

Such a calamity and rayless darkness can neither be
imagined or described. But in him the fruits of the disci-
pline of suffering were beautifully exhibited in uncom-
plaining submission to the divine will and patient endur
ance of his affliction through all the long night of hi:>
blindness; in his grateful sense of the sympathy of friends
and tender thankfulness for the helpful care and attentions
of his loved ones. It was manifest that while material
things were excluded from his sight, his nature was more
fully conformed and assimilated to that of his Divine
Redeemer by the contemplation of the spiritual and un-
seen; and on Sept. 14, 1886, at the age of eighty -four
years, he fell peacefully to sleep, with the full assurance
he would awaken into supernal light with restored and
immortal vision.

It is to be hoped his friends will at no distant day have
a life of Mr. Hubbard prepared and published. It is not
only due to his memory, but the truth of history, for the
history of Chicago and the Northwest can never be fully
written without it; and if properly prepared it will be
found more interesting than a romance.

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ISAAC N. ARNOLD,

A Settler of Chicago ir. 1836.

By Hon. E. B. Washburne.

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD, president of the Chicago
Historical Society, died at his residence in Chicago,
April 24, 1884. At the first meeting of the Society after
his death. May 20, 1884, the following resolution, offered
by Judge Skinner, was adopted:

Resolved, That Hon. E. B. Washburnc be requested to
prepare and deliver before this Society, at his conven-
ience, a Memorial Address, commemorative of the life
and character of the late Hon. Isaac N. Arnold.

Before the adjournment, Mr. Washburnc, the acting-
president of the Society, said:

"I am certain that all the members of the Chicago
Historical Society, and all others present, will have
heard with emotion the resolution in respect to our late
President, first presented by Judge Mark Skinner.

"The Society has met with a great and almost irre-
parable loss in the death of Mr. Arnold. Long identified
with it, giving to it his attention and his services, he has
done much to elevate its character and increase its use-
fulness. We can never forget with what courtesy and
dignity he presided at our meetings. Dying, as it were,
in the harness, he has left us the recollection of an honest
man, a cultivated gentleman, a good citizen, and an
honored public servant. At some time in the future, the
Society will pay appropriate honors to his memorj'."

A regular monthly meeting of the Society was held
at its rooms, 142 Dearborn Avenue, Tuesday even-

BSr

mmm

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

ing, October 21, 1884. After the disposal of the prelimi-
nary business, Mr. VVashburne delivered the following
Address:

GeNTI.KMEX ok TlIK ClIICAC.O HiSTORICAI. SOCIETY, AND

Ladies and Gentlemen:

The Chicago Historical Society has been called upon
to mourn the death of our esteemed and distinguished
associate, Hon. Isaac Newton Arnold, its late president.

On the evening of May 20, 1884, the Society passed
the following resolution, introduced by our honored
friend and fellow-member, Judge Skinner, the contempo-
rary and almost life-long friend of Mr. Arnold:

Resolved, That in the removal by death of Hon. Isaac
N. Arnold, the Chicago Historical Society mourns the
loss of one of its original founders, of one of its most
active, efficient, and reliable members, and its honored
and greatly-respected president. During all the active
years of a long and well-spent life, Mr. Arnold had been
a citizen of Chicago, contributing by his indefatigable in-
dustry, his unimpeachable intregrity, his patriotism, his
public spirit, his rare abilities, his great acquirements,
his spotless moral character, his high social qualifications,
and his instincts as a thorough gentleman to give lustre
to the city of his residence and to the generation to
which he belonged; a successful lawyer that stood in the
front rank of his profession; a cautious, far-seeing, and
wise legislator, distinguishing himself in the halls of legis-
lation. National as well as State; a successful public
speaker and a writer of great power and wide-spread
popularity, he has left to the generations that succeed
him the legacy of a noble example and a good name.

At the same meeting, another resolution was passed
requesting me to deliver before the Society a "Memorial
Address commemorative of the Life and Character of

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD,

lublic
bread
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isscd
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Hon. Isaac N. Arnold." It would have been well if that
could have been confided to some older resident of
Chicago, and one better able to do justice to the memory
of Mr. Arnold. I overcome my hesitation, however,
when I consider the opportunity it gives me of appreciat-
ing the character of a man to whom I was allied by so
many ties of friendship and whom I held in highest
esteem for his private and public virtues, for his ability,
his statesmanship, and his patriotism.

At the thrcshhold of my remarks, I may perh ips be
pardoned for recalling an incident which took ^lace a
few months prior to Mr. Arnold's death. About Christ-
mas time, 1883, he sent me an elegantly-bound copy of
the "Proceedings of the Royal Historical Society," which
contained his admirable paper on Mr. Lincoln, and which,
on the invitation of the Society, he went to London to
read. In a letter written on December 20, last, I ac-
knowledged the receipt of the address, and said:

"I have re-read your paper w-ith renewed interest,
one of the most complete and most polished productions
that I now recall to mind. The simple and eloquent
story of Mr. Lincoln's life awakens in me some of the
most pleasant as well as some of the saddest memories of
that remarkable man. You know what answer Queen
Katherine made to Griffith after his eulogy on Cardinal
Wolsey. I would say with her, substituting Arnold for
Griffith:

" After my death, I wish no otiier herald,
No speaker of my living actions,
To keep mine honor from corruption,
But such an honest chronicler as Griffith."

In answering my note on December 20, Mr. Arnold
said :

" How strange, as I write, Lincoln's Shakespeare, given
me by Mrs. Lincoln and Robert, with his autograph, lies

■■i^ I

msmm

KARLY CHICAGO AND II.LTNOIS.

before me; the book which so familiarized him with the
great poet. You, his friend and co-laborer, quote from
it. I can only promise in reference to him that I shall
try to be like Griffith, 'an honest chronicler'. But I
have this great advantage: VVolsey's character was made
up of good and evil, and although he was

' A scholar, and a ripe and good one,'

yet he had his faults; but of Lincoln,

'All the ends he aimed at were his Country's, God's, and
Truth's.'

And so the ' honest chronicler ' has but the simple truth
to tell.

"You are younger than I, and in the course of nature
will survive me. Whoever goes first, the survivor will
speak some kind words."

Mr. Arnold has preceded me to that undiscovered
country from whence no traveler returns. On April 24,
1884, in peace with himself and all the world, at his resi-
dence in this city, surrounded by his sorrowing family, he
died, fearing God. Surviving him, and with a heart
filled with sadness, it now conies to mc in this presence,
to " speak some kind words " of my friend and our late
president.

Hon. Isaac N. Arnold was born Nov. 13, 18 13, in the
town of Hartwick, Otsego Co., N. Y. His father was a
country physician, who while conscientiously attending
to the demands of his profession added something to his
limited income by cultivating a small farm in a town
where all the people were devoted to agriculture. In
that beautiful county of Otsego, with its picturesque
scenery, its clear and limpid lakes, and its extensive
forests, amid a population made up of the best type of
the American character, Mr. Arnold first saw the light of
day. It was in that comparative solitude that he drew

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

his earliest inspirations and laid the foundations, deep
and broad, of that future life, distinguished for so much
honor and illustrated by so mrui)' virtues. Thrown upon
his own resources at an early age, he became the arclii-
tect of his own fortune, and has furnished an example to
the young men of the present day, who can see in his
career that the pathway to greatness and usefulness is
open to all who enter upon it in a spirit of loyal devo-
tion to the great objects of life.

Having prepared himself for the study of law, he first
commenced his studies under Richard Cooper of Coop-
crstown, N. Y., and afterward continued them in the
office of Judge IC. B. Morehouse of the ;ame place, until
he was admitted to the bar in 1835, at thr age of twenty-
one years.

Taking up his residence in Chicago in 1836, his career
from that time was one of honorable success ; and at the
time of his death no citizen of Chicago was more widely
known and more highly respected and esteemed than
■was Mr. Arnold. The story of his professional life must
be told by some one of his associates at the bar who had
personal knowledge of his ability as a lawyer and of the
distinction he acquired in the practice of his chosen pro-
fession.

Interested always in questions of great public interest,
he often stepped outside the limits of his profession to
make himself heard and his influence felt. When the
question of the repudiation of the State debt arose, as
Avas natural for a man of his stamp, Mr. Arnold revolted
against the proposition, and gave the influence of his
high character and great ability to sustain the public
faith. He made himself known to the people by voice
and pen in his efforts to sustain the honor of the State
and to have the people stamp out the dishonorable but
insidious proposition to repudiate the public debt.

L-iUll^i

^^^^^^BWtf^H^lBKf

IW>L- 1 ^

EARLY CHICAGO AND IM-INOIS.

i '.I

In the session of the legislature of 1842-3, Mr. Arnold
rendered a great and inestimable service to the State in
carrying through that Canal-Bill which laid the founda-
tion of our State credit and which contributed so much
to make Illinois what it is to-day, the pride of all its loyal
sons and the admiration of our country and the world.
On all questions of good-faith and public morality, Mr.
Arnold was always on the right side; and for the con-
spicuous service he rendered the State and the cause of
honesty, both in public and in private life, in a most criti-
cal period of our history, his memory deserves to be
always honored by every citizen of Illinois.

As we all knew him, Mr. Arnold was a man of great
independence of character, thought, and action. Making
up his mind as to what was ri^/if, he always acted up to
his convictions. He never pandered to low tastes or
popular prejudices. There was not the slightest tinge of
the demagogue in all his composition. The quotation
from Horace, made by Morris Birkbeck for the encourge-
ment of Gov. Coles during the great slavery-struggle in
1823-4, when that great and good man was so fiercely
assailed by all the worst elements in the State for his-
efforts to prevent slavery from defiling the soil of Illinois,
might be applied to Mr. Arnold with great force:

"Justum et tenacem propositi virum,
Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
Non vultus instantis tyranni,
Mente quatit solida." *

I now approach that portion of Mr. Arnold's life and
career with which I was most familiar and in which I
have always had the greatest interest. At the same
election that Mr. Lincoln was elected president, in i860,

* " Neither the ardor of citizens ordering base things, nor the face of the
threatening tyrant, shakes a man just and tenacious of principle from his-
firm intentions."

I ;

ISAAC NKWTON ARNOLD.

Mr. Arnold was elected a representative in the thirty-
seventh congress from the Chicago district. I had known
him before as a gentleman and a lawyer, meeting him
frequently at the sessions of the supreme court at Spring-
field and Ottawa. That congress met in extra session on
the Fourth of July, i86l. Its meeting was one of the
most momentous events ever recorded in the history of
our country. President Lincoln, great, magnanimous,
peaceful, patriotic, just, had made every effort consistent
with his duty and his oath to support the constitution
and enforce the laws, to bring the rebellious states back
to their allegiance. The rebels, lawless, defiant, aggres-
sive, had spurned every proposition that might lead to an
understanding between the sections. Therefore, it was
that at the opening of this congress, Mr. Lincoln's ad-
ministration was confronted by an open rebellion. Blood
had been shed and the flames of a civil war had been
lighted in the country. It was under such circumstances
Mr. Lincoln had convened congress in extra session.
The members of the senate and house of representatives
met under this call for an extra session under a weight of
responsibility which has rarely rested upon public men.

At such a crisis men became naturally allied to each
other. Intelligent, patriotic, courageous, firm of purpose,
and of undying loyalty, Mr. Arnold took his seat in that
celebrated congress and then commenced an intimacy
and friend.ship between us, existing unbroken to the day
of his death. The president and Mr. Arnold had known
each other long and well. They had been associated as
lawyers in the trial of causes and had been opposite
counsel in important litigation. This long association at
the bar had made them to know one another well, and
had engendered mutual respect and mutual regard. Mr.
Lincoln hailed the election to congress of Mr. Arnold
with pleasure, for in him he saw the faithful friend, the

i I

KAKl.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

wise counsellor, and the loyal and patriotic citizen. And
hence it was, during all his administration, that he gave
to him his fullest confidence and extended to him so
many evidences of the high regard in which lie held him.

Though a new member, the consideration in which Mr.
Arnold was held by his colleagues was shown by the
unanimous request made to him that he should pro-
nounce the eulogy in the house on behalf of Illinois on the
occasion of the death of Stephen A. Douglas. His ad-
<.lress was a glowing and merited tribute to the memory
of that distinguished man. Trained in the arts of legis-
lation by his service in the Illinois legislature, conscious
<if his own ability and capacity, Mr. Arnold participated
at once in the business of the house. On July 29, he
entered intt) the discussion of the Internal-Revenue Hill,
and in a short and apt speech which convinced the house
of his ability as a debator, and what was to be his useful-
ness as a legislator.

The regular session of the thirty-seventh congress
met on Monday, December 21, 1861. The country had
then been plunged into all the horrors of a bloody civil
war, and the loyal people looked forward to the opening
of this regular session of congress with the most intense
interest. Mr. Arnold appeared and took his seat. He
had felt his way somewhat cautiously in the extra session,
but now he believed himself equal to taking a more
prominent part in the legislation of the house. He partici-
pated in the discussion of nearly all the important ques-
tions which came up for action, and he soon took rank -a^
one of the ablest members of the body.

I was in the house of representatives for <5ixt»-f"
and during the most important epoch o; > >

history and at a time when so many of i ablest en
of the Nation were members of the house ol rcprc cnta-
tives, and was in a position to estimate and judge ot men;

'II

ISAAC NKWTON AKNOI.l).

and I can conscientious!)- say that I consider that Mr.
Arnold was one of the ablest, the most useful, and most
conscientious members with whom I was associated.
Always at his post in the lu)usc anil in the committee-
room, he shunned no labor nor left anj- dutj- unperformed,
lie studied all questions and wei^died all the ar^nniients,
pro and con, on every subject on which he was called
upon to act. And then in deportment and bearing he
Avas what every public man should be, amiable, courteous,
affable, polite, and always a [gentleman, making himself
■esteemed and respected by all who had the good fortune
to know him. I have sometimes thought that Chicago
never did full justice to its congressmen in those two cele-
brated congresses during the war. In the e.xcitement of
the time and the whirl of events, men were often U)st
sight of Mr. Arnold never dazzled by brilliant speeches,
made for effect and to gain popular applause and cheap
glory, but he devoted himself rather to the serious sub-
jects of legislation with assiduity and intelligence. The
Congressional Globe, during his term of service, is an en-
during monument to his great and useful labors, and that
will remain as long as this Republic shall endure.

In all matters of local importance before the congress,
as in all matters in which his constituents were interested,
cither in the departments or in congress, Mr. Arnold was
especially active and efficient. He gave the Ship-Canal
Bill a warm support, and his speech on the subject was
one of the ablest which was made.

Coming from good old Revolutionary and Rhode-
Island stock, born and bred among the freedom-loving
people of Northern New York, it could hardly have been
otherwise than that Mr. Arnold should have imbibed the
strongest feelings of hostility to human slaverj*. Through
all his political associations, neither his opinions nor
actions on that subject ever changed. He always acted

^SSa

mmam

E/RLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

II- !

with the anti-slavery men wherever he found them, and
when slavery raised the standard of rebellion against the
government, he took the most radical ground on the
subject. He voted for the abolition of slavery in the
District of Columbia, and as early as March, 1862, he in-
troduced a bill, sweeping in its provisions, to prohibit
slavery in every place subject to national jurisdiction.
This bill was stoutly resisted, but Mr. Arnold pressed it
with ability and persistence, and after some amendments,
it became a law, June 19, 1862. He made a speech in
the house on this bill. May 19, 1862, and from a man of
his naturally calm and conservative temperament, it was
not only very able, but very radical and aggressive. He
denounced slavery as a monster attempting to destroy a
government which it had so long controlled. He said no
man who loved his country and the constitution could
hold any other position toward it than one of hostility,
and that every effort should be made to weaken and de-
stroy it. " Whenc^^er we can give it a constitutional
blow," he exclaimed, "/ci us do it." And it may be said
to his honor, few men in congress, or out of congress,
dealt harder blows at the institution than he did.

The ablest and most notable speech that Mr. Arnold
made while a member of congress was that on the bill to
confiscate rebel property, made May 2, 1862. After
passing in review the wickedness of the rebellion, and the
inhuman manner in which the rebels had conducted the
war, and the necessity of prompt and vigorous action, he
addressed himself to the legal questions involved, in an
argument of great ability and research, and which chal-
lenged the attention of the lawyers of the house. He
was an able la yer, and legal questions to which he
gave his attention he treated with conspicuous ability and
with a felicity of language quite rare in the discussion of
points of law.

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

From the high standing of Mr. Arnold in the house,
and the advanced position he occupied on the slavery
question, it was fitting and proper that he should take the
initiative in a great measure of legislation with which his
name will ever be honorably associated, and which was
the foundation of an enactment of more transcendent
importance than any which ever adorned the statute-
book of any nation.

On February 15, 1864, Mr. Arnold introduced into the
house of representatives a resolution, which was passed,
declaring that the constitution should be so amended as
to ABOLISH SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES. This
was the first step ever taken Dy congress in favor of the
abolition and prevention of slavery in the country. The
ball was set in motion — the popular branch of congress
had made a solemn declaration which sent a throb of joy
and hope to the heart of every lover of human freedom.
The senate was then so constituted that the two-thirds'
majority, necessary to submit a constitutional amend-
ment, was easily obtainable. The house having led the
way by passing the declaratory resolution of Mr. Arnold
in favor of a constitutional amendment, the senate passed
the resolution April 8, 1864. But it failed to pass the
house at that session, and it was not until the next ses-
sion, on February l, 1865, that the two-third majority
was obtained in the house, and in the homely language
of Mr. Lincoln, " The job finis/icd."

In the debate in the house, Mr. Arnold made a pas-
sionate appeal for the passage of the joint- resolution.
Warming up in his remarks, and in a tone of true elo-
quence, he exclaimed: "In view of the long catalogue
of wrongs that slavery has inflicted upon the country, I
demand today of the congress of the United States, the
death of slaver)'. We can have no permanent peace

hil

e slavery lives.

now

reels and statrcfers in its last

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

\'-\

death-struggle. Let us strike the monster this hist
decisive blow. Pass this joint- resolution," he contin-
ued, "and the thirty-eighth congress will live in history
as that which consummated the great work of freeing a
continent from the curse of human bondage. The great
spectacle of this vote which knocks ofif the fetters of a
whole race, will make the scene immortal." And further
on he continued: "I mean to fight this cause of the
war — this cause of all the expenditure of blood and
treasure from which mv country is now suffering; this
institution which has filled our whole land with sorrow,
desolation, and anguish. I mean to fight it until neither
on the statute-book nor in the constitution shall there
be left a single sentence or word which can be construed
to sustain the stupendous wrong. * * * Let us now,
in the name of liberty, of justice, of God, consummate
this grand revolution. Let us now make our country
the home of the free!'

No member of the house of representatives who was
present when this resolution passed can ever forget that
scene. Mr. Arnold was full of rejoicing. In a graphic,
racy, and interesting paper, entitled " Reminiscences of
Lincoln and of Congress during the Rebellion," read by
him in July, 1882, before the New- York Geneological
and Biographical Society, he gave an account, among
other things, of the passage by congress of the "joint-
resolution to submit to the states the amendment to the
constitution abolishing slavery." After seeing the great
work, so near to his heart, accomplished, he tells of the
steps he took to obtain certain souvenirs conected with
the legislation. V'.'hen the resolution had been engrossed
he procured an exact duplicate of the original, which was
to go on file in the department of state, and to that ob-
tained the signatures of all the members of both houses
who had voted for it, to be treasured up as a memento of

ll.

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

the occasion; and with sadness he tells the story of the
Chicago Fire, which consumed that and so many other
treasures. Profiting from his inspiration in this regard, I
followed his example and procured precisely the same
thing for myself; and looking at the names of all the
members of both houses, in their own proper handwrit-
ing, who voted for the resolution, there will be seen the
name of Isaac N. Arnold, written in his own bold, clear
hand. Now that he has passed away I never look upon
it without emotion.

It is impossible in the limits of this paper to do full
justice to Mr. Arnold's congressional record. The Con-
gressional Globe shows with what zeal and ability he en-
tered into the business of the house, and what light he
shed on all subjects V which he gave his attention. He
went to congress to serve the country in its hour of peril
and not for the objects of an unworthy ambition. His
colleague and his friend, I know how conscientiously and
laboriously, how honestly and ably he discharged his
every duty. To those who knew him it goes without
saying, that he was thoroughly incorruptible. There
was never a lobyist or corruptionist bold enough to ap-
proach him with even the slightest suggestion as to any
action on his part favoring any object for private gain,
and not for the public good. Such was his high charac-
ter, his incorruptible integrity, and his elevated code of
morals, that no man ever dared to approach him with an
improper suggestion in respect of his official action.

ressional career ended with the
March 3, 1865. During his
whole term of service, not only from a sense of duty, but
from his high personal regard for the president, he had
given the administration of Mr. Lincoln a loyal, able, and
an efficient support. It was a matter of great regret
and disappointment to that distinguished man, as well as

Mr. Arnold's con ,
thirty- eighth congress

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLIXOIS,

\t \

to all of his colleagues, that he did not return to congress.
He had served his country and his constituents so faith-
fully and with such marked ability that he had challenged
the respect and confidence of all familiar with his public
career. On his return to his home in Chicago, at the ad-
journment of the long session of congress in July, 1864,
he was tendered a magnificent reception, and a vote was
passed, giving to him the thanks of the meeting for the
able and valuable services he had rendered his country
and his constituents in congress. While not a candidate
for re-election in 1864, he entered into the canvass for
the re-election of Mr. Lincoln with great spirit, and his
voice was heard in many states urging the people to sus-
tain him in the great work of suppressing the rebellion.

After the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Arnold
being then already engaged in writing a " History of
Abraham Lincoln and the Overthrow of Slavery in the
United States," he accepted the appointment from Presi-
dent Johnion of auditor of the treasury for the post-office
department, as a residence in Washington afforded him
a more ready access to documents necessary for him to
have in preparing his work. Subsequently, differing with
President Johnson in respect of the policy he had
adopted, he resigned the office which he had received
at his hands. Returning to his home in Chicago in 1867,
he completed his " History of Abraham Lincoln and the
Overthrow of Slavery." He brought to the preparation
of that work the qualities of an able and conscientious
historian, who wrote very largely from personal knowl-
edge and personal observation. His long and intimate
acquaintance with Mr. Lincoln had given him a thorough
knowledge of his ch iracter and his mode of thought and
action. As a. member of that congress for four years
during the war, and which had accomplished such prodi-
gies for the country, he was from his own participation
in it enabled to speak with authority.

•i (•

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

bus

inci

I have recently read again this work and am more im-
pressed than ever with it as a work of surpassing interest
and of exceptional historical value. Nowhere else can
be found a more just appreciation of Mr. Lincoln and a
more graphic and truthful recital of events then trans-
piring in congress and on the theatre of military and
2:)olitical action throughout the country. Important and
interesting facts are to be obtained therein which are not
to be found elsewhere.

Resuming his law-practice in Chicago in 1872, Mr.
Arnold continued actively in his profession for two or
three years, when failing health compelled him to aban-
don it. From that time till his death, he lived the life of
a retired gentleman in his pleasant home on the north-
side, among his books and papers, where, surrounded b)'
his interesting and amiable family and congenial friends,
he dispensed an elegant and gracious hospitality. It was
then he found leisure to devote himself to favorite literary
pursuits. With an inclination for historic research, with
that power of analysis which a long practice at the bar
had given him, and with a rare felicity of composition, he
devoted himself to historic themes.

It was in 1880 that Mr. Arnold brought out his "Life
of Benedict Arnold — his Patriotism and his Treason," a
most comely volume of more than four hundred pages.
The book has been e.vtensively read in the most intelli-
gent circles. While it provoked a certain measure of
criticism in some quarters, yet it was generally com-
mended for the ability, fairness, and independence shown
by the author. It was perhaps a bold undertaking to
write the life of a man whose name and memory were so
loaded down with infamy as were those of Benedict
Arnold. But the author frankly tells us in his introduc-
tion what led him to undertake to tell the story of Bene-
dict Arnold's life, truthfully and impartially. He was

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

conscious of the deep and universal prejudice existing
atjainst him, and was aware that the American people
would listen with impatience to his narrative. He had no
desire to change the indignation and resentment felt
against him, nor could he either excuse or extenuate his
guilt. He wished "to make known his patriotic services,
his sufferings, heroism, and the wrongs which drove him
to a desperate action and induced one of the most heroic
men of an heroic age to perpetrate an unpardonable
crime." Influenced by such considerations, and responsi-
ble only to himself for his opinions and judgments, Mr.
Arnold did not hesitate to write the " Life of Benedict
Arnold." It is the province of history to record facts, to
pursue investigations, and narrate circumstances without
regard to the characters of individuals. To sum up, Mr.
Arnold has given to the world a book of exceptional
historic value, and for which all the lovers of biography
and students of the history of our Revolution must be
grateful. ,

It is not the first time that there has been written the
life of a man who has been set up in the "pillory of
history." Dr. Robinct never lost anything in the estima-
tion of the French people by writing the memoirs of
Danton, nor Ernest Hamel for his history of Robespierre,
nor Alfred Bougeart by his life the monster Marat.
Everywhere, Mr. Arnold has added to his reputation
among literary, thoughtful, and reading men, by his "Life
of Benedict Arnold." In the somewhat- heated contro-
versy which arose over the question of Gen. Arnold's
military services, the historian fully vindicated the posi-
tions he had taken, for no man was more successful in
marshalling facts or in presenting deductions from estab-
lished premises.

But the great work of Mr. Arnold's life, and upon
which his reputation as a biographer and historian must

ISAAC NKWTON ARNOLD.

-re,
rat.
ion
,ife
tro-

d's
osi-
in

ab-

pon
uist

rest, is his "Life of Abraham Lincoln," now in course
of pubHcation. His "History of Abraham Lincohi and
the Overthrow of Slavery," though an able, valuable,
and interesting work, was never entirely satisfactory to
the author, so far as it treated Mr. Lincoln. He deter-
mined, therefore, two years since, to write anew the
" Life of Abraham Lincoln," in the light of all the new
material he had gathered. Stimulated by his admiration
and friendship for that illustrious man, he devoted him-
self to the preparation of a life of one of the greatest
men who ever "lived in the tide of time" — a man whose
name is on all our lips and whose memory is in all our
hearts — Abraham Lincoln. He entered upon the work
co)i ainorc, and devoted to it all his efforts and all his
thoughts. The preparation of the work occupied all his
time and absorbed all his attention. So closely did he
pursue his labors, and so intently were iiis thoughts occu-
pied thereon, that his health, at no time rugged, within
the last few years, began perceptibly to give way. Still
he persevered, and still he labored on, till the last chapter
was finished, and the last finishing touches given. Never
shall I forget the last interview I had with him only a few
days before he died, as he lay pallid and emaciated on his
bed of death. Knowing all the interest I had felt in his
book, he began to speak of it in feeble and even plaintive
tones, and closed by saying: "It was only when I had
completed the last chapter that I collapsed." And so it
was, strengthened and buoyed up in his purpose to com-
plete the great work of his life, when the task was finished,
he laid down to die. The hour of his earthly existence
had come finally to strike. Neither the prayers of wife
and children, who did so much to sooth the pangs of his
parting life, nor all their love, care, and devotion; neither
the hopes of friends, nor the skill of physicians could stay
the hand of death. His work was done, and peacefuU)'

EARLY CniCACiO AND ILLINOIS.

and calmly and in Christian resignation he )icldcd up his
soul to the God who gave it.

Mr. Arnold's "Life of Abraham Lincoln," enriched b)-
a captivating style, carefully studied and drawn from the
most reliable sources of information, will become the
standard life of a man whose name, linked in glory to that
of Washington, will go down to the end of all the ages.

Of an active mind, taking an interest in all passing
events, Mr. Arnold always found some subject to occupj-
his attention and engage his pen. Independent of the
books he had written and published, he was the author of
a great number of sketches, papers, biographies, and re-
views, many of which have been published, and all of them
are interesting and valuable in a ])ersonal and historical
point of view. Associated for half a century with Illinois,
and having been long and honorably identified with the
State, he was always interested in all that appertained to
our history and our public men. As a member of the
legal profession, and as a man in public life, he was closcl)-
allied to many of the lawyers and judges, and to many
men in official stations in the State, and he was never
happier than when recounting the reminiscences of his
earlier professional and political life.

To everything he undertook, Mr. Arnold brought the
qualities of a ripe intelligence, great vigor, and a sound
judgment. When at an age when most men rest, he was
pursuing to its legitimate honors and rewards the career
of a man of letters and of a historian. Of the produc-
tions of Mr. Arnold's busy and gifted pen which have
been published in pamphlet form, I may mention:

1. His "Address before ♦^he Chicago Historical So-
ciety" of Nov, 9, 1868, giving a history of the Society,
etc.

2. "Sketch of Col. John H. Kinzie": read before the
Chicago Historical Society, July ii, 1877.

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD. >•

3._ "Recollections of the Early Chicago and Illinois
^ar : a lecture before the Chicago Bar Association. June

4- "Reminiscences of the Illinois Kar Forty Years
Ago : read before the Bar Association of the State of
Illinois, at Springfield, Jan. 7, i8.Sr.

5. A paper on "Abraham Lincoln": read before the
Royal Historical Society in London. June 16, .881

6. A Paper on "William B. Ogden": read before the
Chicago Historical Society. Dec. 20. ,88r, on the presenta-
tion of a portrait of Mr. Ogden. by Heal)-, to the Histo.i-
cal Society.

7. "Reminiscences of Lincoln and of Contrress dur '
|ng the Rebellion": being the anniversary address, de-
hvered before the Neu-York Geneological and Biographi-
cal Society, April 15, 1882. ^

th!'"V^'lT ^*'"'" '' ^^■•-toga": reprinted n-om
c United Service." "Reply to John Austin Steven.s.
and new evidence of Mr. Bancroft's error "

1883 before the Chicago Literarj' Society

Was Dr. De Koven legally elected Bishop of Illinois^"
^nr- . n '^"' ''''' ^'^'"■" "^" ^■''''^•'-^^ Philosophical

Mr A Ti ',°' T'' "^'^'"'' "^''^ '^^y"^^^^ Faith."
Mr. Arnold has been one of the founders of the Chi-
cago Historical Society, and served many years as one of
>ts vice-presidents. On Dec. 19. 1876, he was elected
president, . k1 held the position uninterruptedlv until the
day of his death-a period of about seven and one-half
years. So long identified with the Society, and giving to
. his attention and services, he did much to elevate its
character and add to its usefulness. We can never forget
he regularity of his attendance upon all the meeting^'of
the Society, his watchful care over all its interests, no'r the

EARLY CIHCACIO AND ILLIN(3IS.

dignity and courtesy with which he presided over our
deliberations.

With an intellectual and finely-chiseled face, of an
erect and well-formed person, of quiet and gentlemanly
manners, and courteous carriage and bearing, Mr. Arnold
was a man who always attracted attention. He was the
soul of probity and honor. Neither the purity of his pri-
vate life, nor the integrity of his public conduct was ever
challenged: but in every position of life he stood before
the world as an honest man, a cultivated gentleman, a
good citizen, and a public servant without reproach.
Those of us who have known him so well in this Society
and in the daily walks of his life and conversation, will
always guard for him a profound souvenir of respect and
affection.

Husband, father, friend, neighbor, citizen — his ashes re-
pose on the shores of that lake where he had passed a
long and an honored life, and its waves shall forever sing
liis rcquiiin.

TkinuTE OF Hon. Tiio.mas Drummoxd.

\. I

Mr. President: — I propose only to make a few general
remarks, leaving details to others.

When Mr. Arnold came to Chicago in 1836, if some one
had asked what were the qualities which would make him
one of the principal men who would form and influence
the elements of the growth of a great city, he would have
said: that as a professional man, he must be able and true
to his clients; as a public man, conscientious and faithful
in the discharge of all trusts committed to his hands; and
as a citizen, honorable in all the relations which attach to
that name. Mr. Arnold in his life, from that time, when
tried in these various positions, proved that he possessed

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

all these ijualities, and he was thus one of the leading men
of the city, whose influence was always exerted for good.

Hy his talents, and industry, fidelity, and conscious that
success was with him a necessity — for it is not those who
have, but those who gain a competence who achieve great
distinction at the bar — he became one of the most eminent
lawyers of the city and of the State. No man ever had
his heart more in his cause, or more fully bent every fac-
ulty of his mind to succeed.

As a public man, the sphere of his usefulness was
greatly enlarged. He, as a member of the legislature and
as a citizen, made the most strenuous efforts and exhibited
great ability in his arguments and speeches to maintain
the honor of the State in its dealings with its creditors.
As a member of congress, he gave the whole energy of his
mind and heart to sustain the administration of Lincoln;
to uphold the rights of man; to destroy slavery; and to
preserve and consolidate the union of these States. We,
who were accjuaintcd with him in those trying days, know
with how much devotion he sought to accomplish the^e
great objects. A warm personal friend of Lincoln, he was
one of his most trusted counsellors and advisers.

It would be difficult to overrate the value of his services
which he rendered to his State and the Nation while in
public life.

As a man and a citizen, his influence and efforts were
always exerted in favor of sound moral and good govern-
ment. When we look back to the condition of affairs that
existed here nearly fifty years ago, we can appreciate the
effect produced on professional, social, and political life by
the character, habits, and conduct of Mr. Arnold, and can
say, as the influence of a man so conspicuous is all-pervad-
ing, that the world is better for the life of such a man.

Is is fitting, therefore, that there should be placed on re-
cord, and especially in this Society, in which he took so

KARI.Y CIIKACO AND If.LINOIS.

■

['■<

deep an interest, and of which he was so lon^ the presid-
ing officer, an enduring nieniori.d of the estimate which
has been formed of his life and public services by his con-
temporaries, in order that those who come after us here
may know that he, of whom we now speak, was, in our
judgment, thus of record, an eminent lawyer, a true patriot,
and an honorable citizen.

Tkihutf. ok Hon. VanH. IIicoins.

Mr. Prksidknt:— I feel great distrust and diffidence
in my ability to say what I think ought to be said of the
honored deceased, whom I had known since his early man-
hood, now more than forty years, and with whom I had
been on terms of great intimacy and friendship for more
than thirty years. I am proud of that intimacy and friend-
ship. I am proud of his record as a man and as an hon-
ored citizen of Chicago, and I am grateful for the example
of his life and character. We owe a tribute of rcs[)ect to
the late Isiiac N. Arnold, who devoted the best energies of
his whole life to objects of benevolence and to the advance-
ment of the cause of human freedom. I lis patriotism and
devotion to the cause of the Union and its preservation
were untiring and ceaseless. In congress and out of con-
gress, he was ever active and zealous, watchful and con-
stant. In the beginning of the great struggle for the pre-
servation of our national existence, Isaac N. Arnold was
foremost in all that could be done to preserve and perpetu-
ate this Union. Chicago had no truer patriot, no better
friend of the enslaved negro, no more .sympathizing friend
of the wretched and suffijring everywhere and at all times,
than Isaac N. Arnold. Although I had known him in all
the relations of life, socially, politically, and professionally,
I am here to speak only of his professional life, and of

ISAAC NKWTON ARNOLD.

Isaac N. Arnold as a lawyer. Other friends more clotjuent
will speak, I am sure, of the usefulness of the life of the
deceased, of the beauty and loveliness of his general char-
acter, which, during a long lifetime, so gained and held our
love and affection. They will spoalc of him in the domes-
tic relations of his life, as a trusty friend, a faithful
husband, a kind father; as a distinguished and honored
citizen ; as a true gentleman, pure and spotless in all
things, and in all the relations of life. They will tell of
his philanthropy. Isaac N. Arnold was from his youth a
philanthropist. lie was the friend of enslaved and wretch-
ed bondsmen. He consecrated his best energies during
his whole life to the emancipation of the poor slave, one
of the noblest objects within the range of human benevo-
lence. It was in the cause and interest of the poor slave
that his heart swelled with more tenderness and his purse
was open more freely than in any other. They will speak
of his great and untiring efforts in his early manhood in
originating and organizing the Free-soil party of the
United States. They will speak of patriotic, unselfish,
and untiring devotion to the Union cause during our late
struggle, and of his active, constant, zealous, watchful care
of the public interests and the public trusts confided to
him; of his eminent and useful services throughout a long
life, and of him as a citizen of whom Chicago has always
been proud.

I will not attempt to speak of the honored deceased save
of him in his professional character as an advocate and as
a lawyer. Mr. Arnold, in his early life, was not favored by
fortune. He had not the advantages of a collegiate edu-
cation. He had only such opportunities as were aftbrded
by the country-schools and village academy. These he
improved to such an extent as to fully prepare him for the
prominent positions which he afterward occupied during
his life, and which he filled so creditably to himself and so

EARLY CHlCAdO AND ILLINOIS.

¥ '

satisfactorily to his fricMids. At the early age of fifteen
years, young Arnold found himself thrown upon his own
resources, and from that time began the struggle of life for
success and for fu .ure usefulness. He was emphatically
"the artist of his own fortune." From seventeen to
twenty, he occupied his time in teaching half the year, to
enable him to pursue his studies the other half Me di-
vided his time during this period between academic study,
teaching, and reading law. During this period he entered
the lavv-office of Richard Cooper of Cooperstown, N. Y.
He subsequently became a student in the office of Judge
E. B. Morehouse. In 1835, when he had scarcely attained
his majority, he was admitted to the Supreme Court
of New York. He immediately thereafter formed a
partnership with Judge Morehouse, which continued until
his removal to Chicago. In 1837, he formed a partnership
with Mahlon D. Ogden of this city, which continued for
several years, building up a large and lucrative business.
While a member of that firm in 1841, Mr. Arnold, being
then only twenty-seven years of age, commenced and car-
ried through to a successful termination, unaided and
alone, the celebrated case of Bronson 7's. Kinzie, which
was finally determined by the Supreme Court of the
United States in the winter of 1S42. I mention this case
because of its being a leading case in this country, among
its celebrated cases, and because of its involving grave con-
stitutional c]uestions which Mr. Arnold was able to grapple
with at that youthful period of his life, arguing this case at
twenty-seven years of age in the highest court in the
world, and contending against the ablest lawyers in the
Nation. It demonstrates the li\irning and capacity, the
courage and fixedness of purpose of the young lawjer
more satisfactorily than any words of eulogy.

Mr. Arnold was more than a powerful and successful
advocate and trial-lawyer. He was a learned lawyer — a

ISAAC NEWTON- ARNOLD.

jurist, ill the just sense of that term. For more than thirty
year.5 Mr, Arnold stood at the head of the Chicago bar.
As a nisi-prius or trial-lawyer there was scarcely his equal
in the State; probably it can truthfully be said that he was
one of the most successful, ingenious, and powerful jury-
lawyers in the Western country. The records of the vari-
ous courts. State and Federal, show Mr. Arnold to have
had an extensive and varied practice. Few lawyers in this
or any other city have had a greater number of cases be-
fore the courts ^hat Mr. Arnold, and these cases were gen-
erally of great importance, and involved the most varied
learning, and called for the application of the most intri-
cate and abstruse questions of law. For a time, Mr. Ar-
nold made a specialty of criminal practice, and such was
his success for many years that no man defended by him
was ever convicted. His first important criminal case was
the trial of a negro named Davit, who was accused of
murdering his brother. Mr. Arnold being satisfied of his
innocence, volunteered to defend him, and procured his ac-
<iuittal. Among other noted criminal cases in which he
appeared as counsel, that of Taylor Driscoll, charged with
the murder of John Campbell, the leader of a band of
"regulators" in Ogle County, 111., is perhaps the most
noted. He defended many other persons charged with
murder in this and other counties, and, except in the case
of Geo. W. Green, in this city, in 1854, who committed
suicide before the final trial, it is believed he was successful
in every instance.

There is no one of the older members of the Chicago
bar but will accord to Mr. Arnold Uie credit of having bei;n
one of the best trial-lawyers that ever belonged to the
Chicago bar Mr. Arnold attained in life and in his profes-
sion all that an honorable and well-ordered ambition could
hope for, lie attained great eminence and distinction in
his profession and as a citizen. 1 le acquired a compe'tenc)-,

KARLV ClIICACO AND ILLINOIS.

and his later years found him enjoying the comforts which
wealth brings. He was a marked and conspicuous figure
in the growth and development of our city, and his name
will long be remembered as one of the originators and
members and as the president of this Society, and as be-
ing connected with nearly every enterprise of benevolence,
culture, refinement, and growth developed in our city since
he has been among us.

I may say of him as a lawyer and as a citizen, in the
language of l^dmund Burke: "In all the qualities in which
personal merit has a place, in culture, in erudition, in genius,
in honor, in generosity, in humanity, in every sentiment
and every liberal accomplishment, he was the peer of any
man."

Hon. Wm. F. Dc .Volf, then offered the following resolu-
tion:

Rcsoh'id, That the thanks of the Chicago Historical
Society be and are hereby presented to Hon. E. B. Wash-
burnc, Hon. Thomas Drummond, and Hon. VanH. Hig-
gins for their graceful tributes to the memory of our late
president, Hon. Isaac Newton Arnold, and also to Hon.
John Wentworth for his tribute to the memory of our
late vice-president, Hon. Thomas Hoyne ; and that the
Committee on Publication of the Society cause these
tributes to be printed, for the use of the Society, in
pamphlet form.

Tkihute of Hon. \V.\l F. DlWolf.

In connection with this resolution in respect of Mr.
Arnold, ma)' I be permitted to say a word expressing my
love and admiration for our departed friend and president.
It was my great privilege from the time I came to Chicago
to be able to call him my friend. We lived many years

ISAAC NEWTON ARNOLD.

adjoining neighbors. Our children grew up together, lov-
ing and beloved, until at last I came to look upon him as
my best fnend outside my own family. I dare not trust
myself to relate his acts of kindness. You will pardon me
for thus alludmg to what, perhaps, some might think had
better be sealed within the sacred precincts of individual
memory. Our doors were open to each other, and we went
•" and out without restraint. In his family. Mr. Arnold
came up to the highest standard of husband, father
and friend. He did "not dull his palm with entertainment'
of each new-hatched, unfledged comrade, but the friends
he had. and their adoption tried, he grappled to his soul
w.th hooks of steel." "He was the son of his own works "
and those works live after him and will always remain to
testify to his worth and praise him in the gates.

' I

MARK SKIXXER.
liy E. \V. Blatchford.

Kcad l)cfiire llic Cliicagf) Hi-torical .Sij<.ietj', December 13, 18S7.

ARK SKINNKR was born at Manchester, Vermont,
September 13, 1813.

His father, Richard Skinner, one of the prominent men
of New England in his day, was born in 1778 at Litch-
field, Conn., at whose celebrated law-school he was edu-
cated, and where he was admitted to the bar in 1800. He
removed to Manchester in 1802, where, at this early age his
rare character was recognized, and honors were rapidly con-
ferred upon him. He was elected State's attorney for
Bennington County, and judge of probate; was a member
of the general assembly in 18 15-18; and the last term was
speaker-of-thc-house; was member of congress, and as-
sistant-judge of the supreme court. He was elected chief-
justice, but declined; afterward, however, accepting the
high office, in which he served for five years, when he de-
clined a reelection. From 1820 to '24, he was governor of
the State. He was a prominent member of the Congrega-
tional Church, in Manchester. As a jurist, a statesman, a
christian gentleman, he left an enduring record. He died
May 23, 1833. At the same time that Richard Skinner
held the office of governor, his brother Roger was chief-
justice in the State of New York. The grandfather of
Judge Skinner, Gen. Timothy Skinner, was a soldier of
the Revolution. He and his ancestors for several genera-
tions, resided in Litchfield, Conn., or in its neighborhood.

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4 I

MARK SKINNER.

born in New Haven, Conn., in 1782. She was descended
from a long line of distinguished ancestors — the family be-
ing traced from Sir Hugh de Picrrepont, of the Castle* of
Pierrepont, in the south confines of Picardy, A.D. 980.
His grandson, Sir Robert de Pierrepont, came over from
France to Iviigland, 1066, as a commander of the army of
William the Conqueror.-t* by whom he was ennobled for his
conduct at the battle of Hastings. Descended from him
was John Pierrepont, the first of the name in this country,
who settled near Boston, in 1640.:!: Mrs. Richard Skinner
was a W'tinan of rare character — a devoted mother, an
earnest christian, exercising a commanding influence in
the conmiunity, where her memory is still revered, though
nearly half a century has elapsed since her beneficent
life ended.

In a home, presided over by such parents, united in har-
monious and consecrated purpose, should we not expect
the development of a character like that to which we to-
night pay our tribute of honor and aftection.'

Mark Skinner was the only son who grew up to matur-
ity, his brothers having died in infancy. He received a
thorough education. At the age of ten he was placed in
a school at Bennington, and subsequently in one at Troy,
New York. His preparation for college was received at
the Pittsfield Academy, Mass., then under the charge of

* The place derived its name from a stviic hridgc, with which Charlemagne
supiilicd the place of a ferry. — " Tlie I'ierpont I'amily. Compiled by Kdward
J. -Mu'ks, New Haven, iSSi." I'age I.

t From whom he rece'ved great estates in tlie counties of .Suffolk antl
.Sussex, amo.ig which \v., the Lordship of I hirst i'ierrepont, (or planting of
I'ierrepont) — J/nJ, page l.

J lion. John I'ierrepont, liorn in Lond >n, 1619, settled near Boston in
1640, leaving his father in London. In l()56, he purchased three hundred
acres, now the site of Roxbury antl Ljrchester. Died, Dec. 7, 1682, having
been an influential citi/en of Roxbury, and a representative of the general
court. — //'/(/, page 18.

5fi

KARl.V CIIICAOO AND I l.l.IN'(JIS.

\-l

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Ir I

Prof. Dewey, an eminent teacher of that day. In 1830,
he entered the sophomore chiss of IVIiddlebury College,
Vt., then in the height of its prosperity, under the able
presidency of Rev. Joshua liates, D.D., and after Yale and
Harvard, equal to any of the New-l-lngland collej^es, a
statement abundantl>- verified b)' the list of distintjuished
graduates, who in the different professions have retlected
lionor upon their a/z/id iiiatir and their native State.

Inheriting from his father a predilection for the law, im-
mediately upon his graduation, in 1833, he entered upon
the study of his profession. Two years were spent at .Sara-
toga .Springs, with Judge ICzek Cowan, eminent as a jurist
and author, and continued his studies in the office of
Nicholas Hill of Albany, one of the most accomplished
lawyers of the New- York bar. One acquainted with Mr.
Hill characterized him to me as "at the front of the bar of
Albany, and one of the foremost lawyers of the State of
New York." A third year was spent at the New-Haven
Law-School, attached to Yale College, under the instruc-
tion of Judges Daggett and Hitchcock.

At the comi)lction of his term of study, he was strongly
urged by Mr. Hill to join him in a co-partnership for the
practice of law in New-York City; but a friend, who had
spent a short time at the West and in Chicago, returned
with such glowing accounts of the wondrous possibilities
of this new city, with its inducements to young men of
energy and enterprise, that he was led to change his
partly-formed plan i, and in July, 1836, came to Chicago.
He was admitted to the bar immediately on his arrival,
and in the autumn entered upon the active practice of the
law, associated with George Anson Oliver Beaumont, as
partner. In 1839-40, during the mayoralty of Alexander
Loyd, he was elected city attorney, and transacted the
law business of the city with eminent success. He was
master-in-chancery for Cook County for many years, but

MARK SKINNKU.

his first purely-political appointment was that of United-
States district attorney, by President Tyler, to succeed
Justin Ikittcrfield ; the district then embracing the entire
State. Havint^ held the office and familiarized himself
with its routine of duties, it was only natural that he
should desire to retain it, and when Mr. I'olk's administra-
tion came in, he sought a second term, his claim bjinij
contested by Isaac N'. Arnold. The contest between the
two applicants was a very protracted and animated one —
so animated, indeed, that a compromise was effected by
conferring the office upon a third party — but the struggle
had given Mr. Skinner an impressive view of the descents
a man must make to obtain the federal patronage, and he
resolved that this struggle for federal office should be his
last.

The year iiS4i was made memorable to him, in his
truest life, by his marriage, on ]\hiy 21, to I'Hizabeth
Magill Williams.

Mr. Skinner was elected a member of the Illinois legis-
lature in 1846, the session being held from the first Mon-
day in Dec. (7), 1846, until March 1, 1847. In the light
of subsequent history, we recognize the priceless value of
the arduous, broad, and enduring work accomplished b\'
him during this brief period. "He was made chairman of
the committee on finance, at that time the niost important
committee in the house. During the time that he occu-
pied this position, he drew up and procured the passage
through the house of a bill refunding the State debt — a
bill which was far-reaching in its influence upon the finan-
ces of the State. It reduced all the multiplied forms of
State indebtedness — there being six or eight different
styles of State bonds — into a convenient and manageable
shape, ascertained the limit of the debt, and effectuallj' cut
off the possibility of frauds in issuing new and unauthorized
issues of bonds. In fact, the bill evoked method and sys-

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EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

tem out of financial chaos, brought the debt of the State
into an intelligible condition, and, correspondingly, placed
its credit upon a healthy basis. This session was also
memorable as the one calling the State convention which
formed the second State constitution. Upon the question
of apportionment of delegates to this convention. Northern
and Southern Illinois were arrayed against each other. The
southern members claimed that the apportionment should
be made upon the basis of the census of 1840, which
would have given their section — that is, the counties south
of Springfield — the majority in the convention; and, tice
ii'fsa, the northern members claimed that it .should be
made upon the basis of the census of 1845, which, in turn,
would have given the northern counties thf majority. As
the cons':ruction of the phraseology of the old constitu-
tion could be made favorable to either side, the contest
was naturally a very excited and bitter one. The cham-
pionship of the northern side of the question In the house,
by tacit consent, devolved upon Mr. Skinner; ind, after a
long struggle, his energy and excellent management car-
ried the day. At this session, also, Mr. Skinner's influence
was felt in the passage of the measure to recommence a
partial payment of the interest on the State indebtedness.
Up to that time the interest had been in default for many
years, with a disposition to repudiate, which had long been
manifest in some quarters, thereby giving the State credit
a very unfavorable reputation at the financial centers of
the country. It was this same question of the State debt
which gave interest to the sectional contest on the appoint-
ment of delegates to the State convention, and entailed
upon this apportionment the most important financial re-
sults; for, however the southern counties might stand upon
the question of payment of the debt — and there were
grave fears as to their attitude — it was very well known
that the northern counties were unanimously in favor of

MARK SKINNER.

paying the interest in full, and of liquidating the principal
at maturity, or as soon thereafter as the condition of the
State finances would admit.

"In 185 1, Mr. Skinner was elected judge of the Cook-
County court of common pleas, now the superior court
of Cook County. He declined a reelection in 1853, on
account of ill-health. The labors of the bench at that
time were almost i»''st pportable, especially when one's
strength was limited. Judge Skinner was the sole judge
of the court, and practically did the business appertaining
to the higher courts of the county at that time, the cir-
cuit court holding but two short terms annually, and the
recorder's court not yet being in existence. All the
criminal and nine -tenths of the civil business of the county
was transacted in this couit, and imposed an enormous
burden of care and responsibility." I make the above
e.xtract from a writer familiar with those early days.

Seldom is it that a professional career, so limited in
time, leaves so profound and lasting an impress as did these
seventeen years which included his practice at the bar, and
his occupancy of the bench. During this period, he was
associated with a body of men who did honor to the legal
profession in Chicago. Among them are the familiar
names of John Dean Caton, James H. Collins, J. Young
Scammon, Justin Butterfield, Buckner Smith Morris,
George Manierre, Ebenezer Peck, Isaac N. Arnold, Richard
Jones Hamilton, Grant Goodrich, Samuel Lisle Smith,
Norman Buel Judd, Thomas Hoyne, Edwin Channing
Lamed.

In the State too. Judge Skinner wa;; brought into con-
tact with men whose names are known beyond the limits
of State and Nation, an association brought about by the
extent of the jurisdiction of both the United-States and
State judicial circuits. The fifth judicial circuit under the
"Statutes of Illinois" embraced fifteen counties. The

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

United-States circuit and district court — called the Dis-
trict of Illinois, held their terms at Springfield, the seat of
government. If T may trust the legal annals of those
days at hand, with the testimony of men still living, who
were actors, there was no state west of the Alleghanies
which possessed a body of men equal to those who prac-
tised law in the courts of Illinois. There were Thomas
Drummond, Charles S. Hempstead, Hlihu li. Washburnc,
Joseph P. Hoge, Joseph B. Wells, Benjamin Mills, and
Thompson Campbell of Galena. Of Quincy: Archibald
Williams, Chas. B. Lawrence, Orville H. Browning, Nche-
miah Bushnell, Isaac N. Morris, aiid Wm. A. Richardson.
At the Springfie)'^ bar were Stephen Trigg Logan, Abra-
ham Lincoln, Kdward Dickinson Baker, John Todd Stuart,
Stephen Arnold Douglas, John J Hardin, and Lyman
Trumbull; and at Peoria: Lincoln B. Knowlton, and On-
slow Peters, Norman H. Purple, Amos L. Merriman, Julius
Manning, Thomas Ford, and William L. May. Among
these. Judge Skinner stood a peer.

In looking at his legal career, I may say that litigation
for its own sake, possessed for him no attractions. He
could only enter the arena and deal vigorous blows when
convinced that justice was his ally. His thorough educa-
tion in the principles of law and equity, secured for him,
under all circumstances, the respect of the bar and the
bench. He had a stronghold on his clients, through an
unbending rectitude, a shrewd insight into the cardinal
principles involved, and also a delicate sense of honor.
With an unusual quickness of perception he united moder-
ation in actioii — a rare combination.

The same cause which led Judge Skinner to decline re-
election to the bench, operated to prevent him from resum-
ing the general practice of his profession.

During Judge Skinner's residence in Chicago he had
been frequently consulted by Lastern capitalists in regard

MARK SKINNER.

re-

Ull-

had
fard

to investments here both in purchases of real estate and
loans. His comprehensive knowledge of the law, as ap-
plied to real estate, and his accurate business habits, emin-
ently fitted him for the successful management of such
business. It may be stated, on good authority, that no
person in this country has invested for non-resident capi-
talists anything like the amount of money that has passed
through the hands of Judge Skinner; and in individual in-
stances, single sums, ranging all the way from $5000 to
$600,000, have been carefully and judiciously loaned. Spe-
cially prominent was his long and honorable connection
with the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company;
and here, I am permitted to read a Memorial presented to
the board of directors of this company, on the occ sion of
Judge Skinner's death, and prepared by his warmly-at-
tached friend, the president, Col. Jacob L. Greene — a docu-
ment, I am quite sure, wholly unprecedented in the history
of trust relationship:

"The directors of this company having learned of the
death of the Hon. Mark Skinner, who was for more than
thirty years its financial correspondent, and their own
trusted, confidential advisor at Chicago, entered upon their
records this minute, desiring thereby to recall and to mark
their sense of the peculiar importance and value of his
services to it in that relation, involving the investment of
over $27,500,000, the acquistion by unavoidable foreclosure,
and the subsequent sale of large amounts of real estate,
and the personal oversight and handling of these great in-
terests during all the dangerous and trying vicissitudes,
which fell upon the country at large, and upon his own
city in particular, during that most eventi\al period; the
singular intelligence, foresight, sound judgment, delicacy,
courage, fidelity, and single heartedness with which he
treated every question, faced every emergency, and dis-
charged every duty; his untiring watchfulness of every in-

KAKLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

terest involved; his equally wise and kindly zeal for the
welfare of the company's debtors in times of financial dis-
tress; that unfailing courtesy which made a long associa-
tion with him a pleasure as well as a high privilege; and
their deep sense of loss and their sympathy with his be-
reaved family" — a document impressive even to a stranger,
'lut of vastly increased significance to those who know
from personal acquaintance its absolute truthfulness.
These duties, so conscientiously performed, and in their
broadening scope making large demands upon time and
strength, he was compelled, on account of increased deli-
cacy of health to resign on June 30, 1886.

There is another trust of which I would speak, to which
Judge Skinner gave his best thought, and perhaps no
other work of his will project itself forward with more
enduring and potent influence upon our city and country
— I refer to his work as executor and trustee under the
will of the late Walter Loomis Newberry. He was,
during the long years of their residence in this city, Mr.
Newberry's intimate friend and confidential adviser. He
drew his will, and how much we are indebted to him for
the munificent bequest which in the establishment of the
Newberry Library is now being executed, we may never
know. It was so clearly drawn that its validity has never
been assailed. A purely collateral question, touching the
time for the division of the estate, after one of the severest
contests known in our State courts, was decided against
the contestants, in favor of the plain intention of the
testator, as evidenced in the language of the will. In
the simple and broad provision for the establishment and
conduct of the library, enabling those upon whom may
devolve the important trust of it- development, to meet
the varying and unknown exigencies of the future, we see
his sagacity, and his thoughtful appreciation of this grand
provision for the interests of literature and sound learning.

MARK SKINNER.

Thus from various sources is briefly sketched the
distinctively professional and business life of Judge Skin-
ner. His connection in both spheres were extensive.
While not entering the field of politics, which at one time
opened to him, or the attractive field of authorship or
journalism, for which his thorough historic studies, and
careful observation of current events, with his masterly
command of the pen so rarely fitted him, his influence
was yet more potent and extended than that of the poli-
tician, or orator, or journalist, in shaping the history of
this city; and erecting for Chicago and the Northwest a
standard of life and morals whose influence will be felt as
the years roll on.

Of the political views of Judge Skinner, one who knew
him in the early years of his residence in Chicago, writes:
"His character and education gave him a leading position
as a straightforward, reliable member of the democratic
party, although it can not be said that he has ever been a
professional politician."

At a later date, when the conflict which distinctly
involved the anti-slavery sentiment of the country had
begun, the following incident indicates Judge Skinner's
attitude: "In April 1854, a meeting of prominent Chicago
and State politicians, including democrats and whigs who
were opposed to the course of Stephen A. Douglas in the
senate, was held in room 4, Tremont House. There were
present, Abraham Lincoln, Lyman Trumbull, Mark Skin-
ner, Orville H. lirowning, John T. Stuart, David Davis,
Norman IJuel Judd, J. Young Scammon, Francis C. Sher-
man, and others equally well known. Those present
pledged themselves to the support of an anti-Nebraska
party, and appointed a committee to agitate the subject.
This led to that fusion of sentiment that revolutionized
the politics of the entire northern part of the State."

Two years after, on Saturday evening, May 31, 1856,

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

one of the earliest and most enthusiastic Kansas meetings
ever gathered in the Northwest, was held in the court-
house square. Here Norman B. Judd presided, and the
following resolutions were adopted:

"Resolved, That the people of Illinois will aid the free-
dom of Kansas.

Resolved, That they will send a colony of five hundred
actual settlers to that Territory, and provision them for
one year.

Resolved, That these settlers will invade no man's
rights, but will maintain their own.

Resolved, That we recommend the adoption of a simi-
lar policy to the people of all the States of the Union^
ready and willing to aid; and also, a thorough concert
and cooperation among them, through committees of cor-
respondence, on this subject.

Resolved, That an executive committee of seven, viz.:
J. C. Vaughn, Mark Skinner, George W. Dole, Isaac N.
Arnold, Norman B. Judd, and Edward I. Tinkham, be
appointed with full powers to carry into execution these
resolutions."

A finance committee was also appointed to raise and
distribute material aid. The resolutions were passed
amidst the most enthusiastic and prolonged cheering.

The deep conviction thus wrought into Judge Skinner's
life prepared him to take the strong position he assumed
as a member of the republican party when the civil war
came upon us. During a journey taken with him to
Washington, in the summer of 1861, after the commence-
ment of hostilities, in the prosecution of the duties
devolved upon us in connection with the needs of the
army, I well remember his emphatic and clear exposition
of the underlying principles of the great conflict — his
abhorence of the injustice and unsound philosophy of the
state -rights views, advocated by the Southern leaders.

MARK SKINNER.

then widely disseminated in this country and Kngland;
and the manner in which his acute mind stripped off
every specious pretense from their plausible reasoninjj.
In contrast, he dwelt upon the principles of right enun-
ciated in the then recent action of congress, and their
accordance with the truths laid down by the founders of
our government, of which the constitution was the legiti-
mate and beneficent outgrowth. All this made upon my
mind an indelible impression.

The large demands made upon private means for aid
in the outset of our war, found in Judge Skinner a gen-
erous response. And here we naturally turn from a con-
sideration of his business and professional career to his
work as a philanthropist.

I notice first that which Judge Skinner himself consid-
ered, in many respects, the most valuable work of his life
— his connection with the United-States Sanitary Com-
mission. This is not the occasion for the statement of
the momentous and hurrying events, which made neces-
sary this service, auxiliary to our military department.

From a peace basis, which gave employment to a few
thousand troops, there suddenly sprang into existence
an army of a hundred thousand men, finally increased to
a million, utterly uninured to the trying vicissitudes of a
soldier's life. Bloody battles soon followed, creating
necessities on the field and in hospitals with which our
recently-improvised medical bureau was unable to cope.
Then came the call for aid which found quick i-esponsc
among all patriots, especially in the hearts of loyal women
whose dearest ones were at the front.

On June 9, 1861, the secretary of war issued an order
appointing certain gentlemen "a commission of enquiry
and advice in respect of the sanitary interests of the
United-States forces." Work for the sanitary needs of
our soldiers was at once undertaken, much was accom-

6C>

KAKI.V ClIICAdO AND Il.l.lN'niS.

plishcd durin^j the niontlis that followed, and on Oct. 17,
the orjjanization of the Norllnvesterii Sanitary Commis-
sion was effected at an enthusiastic public meetin^jj held
in our city. A committee of seven was chosen, who at
once orj^anized by the election of officers, Judj;c Skinner
being the unanimous choice for president. Time forbids
that I should even outline the steps by which from mod-
est beginnings, this beneficent work developed into its
wonderful proportions. In it all, especially in securing
the large benefactions from city and country, which made
such success possible, we recognized our indebtedness to
the influence, the words, the pen of our honored President.

As an interesting illustration of his conception of the
duties of the Sanitary Commission, and also ot the pru-.
dence and tact wliich he brought to tliat most difficult
and delicate department of work — army and hospital
inspection — I quote from his letter of instructions to the
gentlemen who made the first inspection t)rdered by the
commission, of our suffering troops in Missouri.

* * * "From Sedalia your route will naturally be,
as is supposed through Warsaw to Springfield, the head-
quarters of the army under the command of Maj.-Gcn.
[David] Hunter; with whom and with Dr. [Joseph K.]
Barnes, we trust you may have such conference, and
from whom obtain such information and suggestions, and
also such authority for yourselves, for this Commission,
and for its authorized agents hereafter to be appointed,
as may best conduce to the carrying out of the charita-
ble objects we have in view.

"Your special attention is called to this branch of your
instructions, as the future operations of the Commission
must depend in a great measure for success on the facili-
ties which the military authorities extend to the Commis-
sion, in the way of securing prompt and safe transmission
of stores, safe and proper passage of our agents and

MARK SKINNKK.

inspectors, and tlicir respectful treatment by officers of all
^'rades, soldiers, and others in the employ of the govern-
ment.

"Vou will inform yourselves as accurately as possible
where the places of ^^reatest destitution on the part of
the sick and suffering soldiers are, what particular points
will be most proper as locations for our inspectors, what
articles arc most needed for the relief of the sick and the
wounded, and, j^enerally in what way our Commission
can render the most efficient aid in the relief of, and pre-
vention of, suffering by our troops.

"It is desired that no communications for the public
press be furnished by you, unless the suggestion should
come from Gen. Hunter, or other respectable authority.
It is also requested that in your intercourse with the
soldiers, criticism of the conduct of officers be avoided.
Thorough intjuiries, however, should be made, as to the
causes of disease, the kinds of disease, the competency
of surgeons of all grades, and the care and conduct of
officers in regard to the health and comfort of the troops
under their command."

Among the many irreparable losses resulting from the
Great Fire, there was perhaps none more serious to his-
tory, than that of the archives of the Northwestern Sani-
tary Commission, comprised in several hundred carefully-
indexed volumes. Here were gathered reports, letters, doc-
uments, detailing events on the march and in camp, on the
battlefield and in hospital, in every department from the
valley of the Mississippi to the ocean, written without fear
or favor, by the faithful agents of the Commission; and
here too were copies of the letters of Judge Skinner,
correspondence, embracing the whole work of the Com-
mission. These letters, written often under pressure, and
upon subjects requiring peculiar delicacy of treatment,
were models of epistolary style. They were direct, clear.

KARLY cmCAtJO AND ILLINOIS.

*f..

forcible, udmirublc in diction, and on all occasions char-
acterized by that true courtesy which insured their candid
consideration.

Until early in the year 1864, Judj^e Skinner remained
at the head of this patriotic work, whose grandeur, like
mountain ranges, grows more impressive as they recede.
Impaired health compelled his resignation at this time.
The blessing of thousands is the reward of such self-
denying labor.

Let me here c|uotc a characterization of this work, a.s
presented on a recent occasion, by Judge Skinner's past«)r:

"We can not forget — we who love these United States,
we who bless that Omnipresent wisdom that went forth
with our armies, that it was this man who represented the
heroic love of this great Northwest, as the indefatigable
head of that Sanitary Commission whose heart and hand
went forth to mother those devoted legions, whose front
of loyalty held the Thermopylae of civilization."

In recognition of these patriotic services, the Loyal
Legion of the United States, in accordance with the pro-
vision of its charter, elected Hon. Mark Skinner and
ICzra Butler McCagg, his equally zealous successor in the
presidency of the Commission, companions of the order.
Hy an extended notice and resolutions adopted Oct. 13,
1887, the State Commandary fittingly testified to his
character and services.

I may not forbear to speak of the greatest gift, which
as a father, he bestowed upon his Country in her hour
of need. Richard Skinner his only remaining son, who
had recently, with honor, graduated at Yale, heard the
call of duty and responded to it. After brief and honor-
able service he fell in the trenches before Petersburg,
June 22, 1864.

So far as I can discover, with every philanthropic
agency in the history of this city, broad, true, permanent

MARK SKINNl'.R.

ill character, do \vc find Jud^,'c Skinner associated cither
ofTicially, or throu^^h personal influence, or by financial
aid.

I'Vom the first years of his residence in Chica^^o, he
was the reliable friend of the common school. His early
Neu-Knyland associations naturally produced his high
estimate of education. In I1S42, he was elected one of
the »even school-inspectors, of whom J. Younj; Scanimon
and Grant Goodrich still survive. Upon the city schools
and the conservation of the school-fund he bestowed
much time and thought. His broad views during those
formative years of our public-school system were shown
by his interest in securing cooperation amt>ng the friends
of education throughout the State. This was accom-
plished by organizing school-conventions, in which the
Teacher's Institute had its origin, which has continued as
a \alucd educational au.xiliary to the present time. At
one of these early school-conventions held at Peoria,
Oct. 8, 1854, Judge Skinner attended as delegate from
this city, accompanied by such men as William H. Hrown,
William Jones, Richard J. Hamilton, John H. Kinzie,
Norman H. Judd, Isaac N. Arnold, J. Young Scammon,
and others. We turn with gratitude to these men who,
at a sacrifice of time and money, as well as personal
convenience, laid foundations of strength upon which
afler-gcnerations have built. In 1859, the city did itself
honor, in perpetuating the services of a faithful citizen,
in naming one of its most commodious school-buildings
— erected at the southeast corner of Aberdeen and West
Jackson streets — The Skinner School. To this school
his gifts have been frequent, especially to its carcfulh-
selected library — the last bill for books, amounting to six
hundred dollars, being paid by his order, while he was
upon his sick-bed at Manchester.

In the earliest effort made for the intellectual and

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

social improvement of the young men of this city, Judtjfe
Skinner took a prominent part. On the evening of Jan.
lo, 1841, a few gentleman met in the hardware-store of
Scth T. Otis, to take measures for securing a reading-
room and library. Judge Skinner drew up a subscription
paper and all present signed it. This preliminary meet-
ing was followed by another on the 30th of the same
month, held in t'-e chamber of the common council, in
which the organization was completed under the name
of The Young Men's Association of Chicago, afterward
changed to The Chicago Library Association — the pre-
decessor of the present Public Library. There were
present at this meeting, Walter Loomis Newberry, Hugh
Thompson Dickey, Peter Page, Walter Smith Gurnce,
and William Linna'us Church. Mr. Newberry was elected
president, Mark Skinner vice-president, and Judge Dickey
corresponding-secretary. Thus was established the first
reading-room in the city, at the southwest corner of Lake
and Clark streets, which was furnished with the principal
newspapers and periodicals of the day. The nucleus of
a library was furnished by a selection of books presented
to the association by Walter L. Newberry, on April 24,
succeeding.

The Chicago Lyceum had been instituted on Dec. 2,
1834, of which the late Thomas Hoync stated: "It was
the foremost institution in the city when he came here in
1837." At that time, he says: "Not a man of note, not
a man in the city of any trade or profession, who had
any taste for intellectual and social enjoyment, who loved
books, conversation, and debate, but belonged to the
Lyceum," of this Lyceum, Judge Skinner was a leading
member.

Judge Skinner was ever alive to calls for alleviation of
suffering. The County Hospital was first opened March
30, 1847, and two years after, on Oct. 29, 1849, was incor-

MARK SKINNER.

In of

irch
:or-

poratcd under the name of The Illinois General Hospital
of the I.akc, the charter-trustees beinj; Hon. Mark Skin-
ner, Hon. H.T. Dickey, and Dr. John Evans. Dr. Nathan
Smith Davis delivered a course of four lectures in the
city hall for its benefit, and the hospital was opened in
the old Lake House, with beds for twelve patients on
Nov. 23, 1852. On Nov. 30, the board of trustees met,
and adopted a code of by-laws for the government of the
hospital, and elected Mark Skinner president. Dr. John
Evans secretary, Capt. Richard Kellogg Swift treasurer,
Dr. Daniel Brainard surj^eon. Dr. Nathan S. Davis physi-
cian, and Dr. John Evans physician to the female wards.
On the opening of the Mercy Hospital in 1853, this
general hospital was discontinued.

The Chicago Home for the Friendless was organized
in 1858. To this Judge Skinner gave his advice, and
experience, and was one of its early presidents, in 1 860-1.

The Illinois Charitable Eye-and-Ear Infirmary — an
institution now known in two continents — was opened in
May, 1858, in one room, in a small wooden building, at
Go North-Clark Street, on the northeast corner of Michi-
gan. Judge Skinner was a member of the first board
of trustees, of which W. L. Newberry was president. Of
that board and officers but one now remains — Ezra B.
McCagg, long its treasurer.

Judge Skinner was one of the incorporators of The
Chicago Relief -and- Aid Society, whose charter was
granted in February, 1857, and in the autumn of the same
year it was thoroughly organized, a board of manage-
ment was elected, and the constitution, general rules, and
by-laws were adopted. To its early management and
plans he gave much attention and wise direction. At
first, voluntary visitors were engaged to examine into the
wants and worthiness of applicants, but this was soon
found to be an unreliable method, and paid visitors were

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

employed by the society, with a general superintendent,
and persons in charge of its special relief. The strength
and wisdom of the management thus adopted, was evi-
denced by the fact that ten years later, the three other
organizations of relief work in the city, the Christian
Union, the Citizen's Relief, and the relief department of
the Young Men's Christian Association, called a meeting
for consolidating their work with that of the Chicago
Rclief-and-Aid Society, which was accomplished. Little
did those founders anticipate the vast work for which
they were preparing so efficient an organization.

Judge Skinner took a prominent part in the founding
of the Chicago Reform School, whose location, many of
us remember, in the southern part of the city, now Ken-
wood, and whose influence for good we could ill-afford to
spare. No institution has since filled its place in our city.
He was made the first president of the board of direc-
tors, a position for which he was eminently qualified, and
which he held for years. To the organization and man-
agement of this excellent institution he devoted time and
personal attention without stint. " He visited and inspected
the reformatory institutions of the Eastern and Middle
States, and carefully studied the documentary records of
similar schools in England, France, and Germany. The
result was a decided conviction that the family system of
reforming juvenile offenders was infinitely preferable to
the congregated system in practice in this country. He
labored zealously to effect this change, and finally suc-
ceeded in grafting the system upon our own institution.
The result of Judge Skinner's labors supplementing those
of the admirable superintendent, Geo. W. Perkins, whom
he secured, was a school for reform, which was truly
considered the first of its class in this country."

Of Judge Skinner's intimate connection with the
Chicago Historical Society, our records bear constant

MARK SKINNER.

the

int

testimony. In its original planning and organization, in
the growth of its collections and the building erected
before the fire, and in the restoration since, his wise
counsel, his active cooperation, and liberal contributions
have been recognized.

At the earliest meeting, held at the suggestion and
through the efforts of Rev. William Barry, April 24.
1856, which resulted in the organization of The Chicago
Historical Society. William H. Brown was elected
president, William B. Ogden and J. Young Scammon
vice-presidents, Samuel Dexter Ward treasurer. Rev.
William Barry recording-secretary and librarian, and Dr.
Charles H. Ray corresponding-secretary. In addition to
the above, first on the list of members was the name of
Mark Skinner. Of these first officers and members, I
believe there now remain with us four — J. Y. Scammon,
S. D. Ward, Dr. N. S. Davis, and E. B. McCagg.

On Feb. 7, 1857, the society was incorporated. Judge
Skinner being one of the incorporators; and of the names
here appearing, the same four, I believe, are the only
ones living. In a copy of the "Constitution and Bj-
Laws of the Society, with a List of Officers," issued in
1856 — Judge Skinner is chairman of the Committee on
Library and Cabinet, with Mr. McCagg and Rev. Dr. A.
K. Smallwood associates; and also chairman of the Com-
mittee on Civil History, with J. Y. Scammon and E. B.
McCagg associates. In the list of officers for 1858-g,
Judge Skinner appears on the Committee on Publica-
tion with Rev. Wm. Barry and Dr. Hosmcr A. Johnson
associates. In the years since then, we have all appre-
ciated his constant interest in this institution — at the time
of his death, he was a member of the Executive Com-
mittee and a trustee of both the Jonathan Burr and
Lucretia Pond Funds. His estimate of the value of the
Historical Society was high. We have often heard him
6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

express in his emphatic way, his clear conception of its
important function in the community, as the conservator
of material for the history of our city and country.

In this connection it is natural to speak of Jucl<j[e
Skinner's love of books, and his cultivated, literary taste.
His library was his chosen retreat. Its richly-laden shelves
now bear witness to his scholarly taste and historic
research. Particularly choice is the large collection of
Americana, for whatever related to early New-England
history and literature had for him a keen attraction. The
total loss of his book and art treasures by the great fire,
was a subject on which he could not speak unmoved.
From his own lips I know of the persistency with which
he dung to his early-formed habit of studious reading,
even in the midst of the busy life which pressed upon
him. Hence the enjoyment derived from this source in
later years. He experienced the truth of Cicero's words:
"Hacc studia adolcscntiam alitnt, sauctutcm oblcctant."

For New England, for its early history, for the develop-
ment of civil and religious liberty in the mother country,
for the struggles of the founders on these shores, where
nature and savage man j jined forces to oppose, Judge
Skinner ever cherished th : most profound and reverential
affection. He was one of the founders of the New-
England Society of this city, as I learn from the records,
and nearly forty years since, on Dec. 22, 1848, he deliv-
ered an address before the society, which at the request
of a large number of citizens was published. '"A Vindi-
cation of the Character of the Pilgrim Fathers' was the
theme, and in close historical study of the subject, in
clear convincing argument, and eloquence of diction, the
oration was one of the most remarkable addresses deliv-
ered in Chicago."

In this connection should be mentioned the peculiar
attachment he cherished for his early home — Manchester,

MARK SKINNER.

uil

;\v-

iv-

the

iv-

iar

Vermont — a love so deep and stron<; that it constituted
a part of his very hfe — drawing him year by year, as a
devoted son, with irrestible attraction, from the pressure
and care of an active life to feel the renewing touch of
beautiful nature, intensified by the treasured associations
of childhood and youth.

One of his last drives, was to the home of relatives,
a short distance south of the village. It was a brilliant,
August day. He rested, seated upon the piazza. Behind
him stretched the Taconic Range, crowned by Mount
Equinox, its king. Before him lay in incomparable
beauty the valley of the Battenkill, and the Green-
Mountain Range beyond. In quiet thought he sat, his
eye commanding the line of hills for a distance of forty
miles, from north to south. Then memory awoke, of
boyhood, manhood, age, and from Mount Anthony on
the south overlooking the battlefield of Bennington, to
Mount Tabor, which terminates the field of vision to the
northward, did he point out each peak, telling its former
and present name, the historical associations and tradi-
tions, with memories of men, who had among them lived
and died — a scene which will to man}' loving hearts ever
make consecrate this spot.

Of Judge Skinner's religious life, I may briefly speak,,
though in a true and lofty sense, all his life was religious
in his allegiance to duty. Upon the organization of the
Second Presbyterian Church in 1842, under the pastorate
of Rev. Robert Wilson Patterson, D.D., he became a
regular attendant, and was for several years a trustee.
He united with the church on profession in May, 1858,
and in 1866, was chosen a ruling-elder. After the remo-
val of his residence to the north side, he transferred his
church relationship to the Fourth Prcsbj-terian Church,
in which he was an elder at the date of his death, which
occurred at Manchester, Vermont, on September 16, 1887.
The struggle was a long and painful one, but met with

EARLY CIIICAf.O AND ILLINOIS.

the fortitude and submission of a christian. Into that
chamber, whence the freed spirit took its heavenward
flight, and into the home thus stricken, I may not enter.

On that September day, under the trees shaded with
autumnal tints, ail that was mortal of Mark Skinner, was
carried by loving hands from the house in which he was
born, to the resting-place chosen by himself beside his
parents and sons. This sacred spot in the guardianship
of the eternal hills, will ever speak of his loving thought-
fulness and generous gifts, which make it a consecrated
memorial. As we urn away, there comes a voice of
peace and consolation suggested by the sculptured angels
which guard the gate of entrance: "I am the resurrection
and the life, whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall
never die."

Thus have I attempted to bring before you, with such
inadequate portraiture as limited time and material have
allowed, the varied activity of this earnest, useful, and
consecrated life — a life which, in the formative period of
our city and country, has touched so many interests, and
touching has transmuted perishable material to gold. In
him we see exemplified what each one of us is called up n
to achieve, character — the noblest product of humanit}-
when obedient to the gracious intimations of the divine
will — character, subtle as the fragrance of the flower, yet
pervasive as the atmosphere, and more potent than the
mightiest forces of art or nature.

"The world wants men — true men —

Who can not he bought or sold:
Men who will scorn to xiolate trust —
Genuine gold.

Tile world wants men —pure men —

Free from the taint of sin:
Men whose lives are clean without,

And pure within."

MARK SKINNER.

You who knew Judge Skinner, will recall the character-
istic traits which combined to make him the man he was
among us — the delightful companion, the faithful friciid
and counselor, the strong reliance in the hour of exigency,
the honored example. Yet it was not his conversational
powers and flashing wit alone, though these he possessed
preeminently; it was not his fidelity and wisdom alone,
though in these, few equalled him; it was not insight into
character and thoughtful consideration for the needs and
the weaknesses of others, though many can testify to
these traits; it was not his consistent christian life alone;
but it was the harmonious blending of all these native
gifts and acquirements which makes us mourners for his
absence, as we meet tonight.

Many and large have been the gifts of New England
to the West. Her means have builded our railroads,
tunneled our mountains, spanned our rivers with structures
which challenge the wonder of the world. Her wealth
has done more, it has furnished our school-houses and
academies, it has endowed our colleges and seminaries,
has given books to our libraries, and builded our churches;
but greater than all these has been the gift of her sons,
of men educated in New-England principles, who have
brought them hither, and on prairie and in city have
taught them, po.ssibly not by pen or tongue, but by that
most potent of all influences — the logic of a true life.
Thus today are Harvard and Yale, Amherst and Middle-
bury, Dartmouth and Bowdoin, speaking in living words,
reiterating in the valley of the lakes and the great river,
on the plains and beside the mountains, and on the
Pacific Coast, the principles of truth, energy, integrity,
perseverance, learning, Christianity. Such a gift to our
young city in days long gone was Mark Skinner, in such
utterance will he be heard, as time rolls on.

■ I

E LI H U H. WASH l\V RN K
By Gen. Gkokck W. Smith.

AT a special nicctin<f of the Cliica^o Historical Society,
L held at its rooms, Friday eveninjj, December i6,
1887, its president, Kdward G. Mason, spoke as follows:

This special meetinsf of the Society has been called,
that its members may take appropriate action concern-
ing the death of its late eminent president, Hon. IClihu
lienjamin Washburne. His prominence in the political
life of our Coiintr)', in its statesmanship, and in its diplo-
macy, as well as his relations to this .Society, make it
particularly fittiiii; that he should be remembered here.
To this end, at the request of the Society and of friends
and relatives of Mr. Washburne, a memorial address has
been prepared, and will be delivered this evenin^.^ by Gen.
Geort^e \V. Smith, whom I now introduce to you.

Gen. Smith then delivered the foliowin<f Address:

] , A I > I I', S A N I ) ('• V. N 1' 1 . 1 ■. M K N :

The speaker has lately had the. privilege to turn over/
but not the time to examine carefully, the collection of
manuscript letters addressed to the late Mr. Washburne,
which consists of those that have escaped destruction,
although but a small portion of those received during his
lifetime. Those still preserved cover a period of some
fifty years, embrace letters from !:is family, constituents,
senators, congressmen, judges, diplomatic officers, officers
of the army, and distinguished citizens and officials of
both hemispheres. They constitute in all a library of

IS,

:r.s
of
of

.^^

^" ^#.

hy.

I'/i/'U'^^'^'

■i

I. I.I M I H WAS !t i; i RN \l,
iJy tien. Grokck W •mitii

AT ii special incc(in>; 'A the Chica^;o 4 listorcnl Society,
i. V hclri at its rooms, KricUy cvcnii)^. Dc. unber 16.
18X7, its president, Kdw-irJ (j. Mason; s|V'HO ju I'oUows;

.This spciial nicctinf; <'f the Society has been <.alkd,
that its nicnibtM may takr appropriate action concern-
ing- tlje death of its i.ile fmincnt pr,psideiu, Hon. I",liliu
Benjamin Washburne. Hi*; pr<»niincr.L«-' in tlic political
lifi- of our (.'ourrVi-y.'in (t<« r*tates:nanship. and in its riiplo-
nmcy, as. well a* hi'i ri. vit — * 'h- - tc'v-.u , mak^: it
parlicularlj litlmg that h' .nli'.cd here.

To tivis end, at the icquc>t of th« Sr f fr.icnds

and relatives of Mr. Waslilnirnc. ;•. uivnion.. iU«jrcs» has
bfcn prcjiarod, anil will bo dt'Iiv«;r'.d tin's rvcninj; 'y ^ien.
GdM'cje W, Smith, whonj I now 'at induce ni you.

Gen. Smith then deli*. < red the (ollovvinj^ Address:

L\i>tKs AM) (iirrri I'.MKN :

■ The speaker lias lately had the jiriviU-^u'; to turn over/
h ]>o time to •examine carcU.lly, \\\e ciloct-jon o(

111 a letters addressed to thv late 'Mr Wa'^hburnc,

vvi tt ,ists jf those that have tscrped destruction,

alth'uj^h h'.tt a iimali portion of those r?'i.eivc*d durin.i:; his.
lifetime. Those still preserved cover i period of 'jome
iifty years, -'mbrace letters from his (amilv, t.i;nstituerits,>.
.senators, f ii'^ressmen, judi^cs, tliploin.itie (jlTicers, officers
of the .irmx , and dsstinf^uishcd citizvii^ .hk\ officials of
both hemispijeres. They conititiite in all a librlirv o(

• 78

. t

i^mmm

IJJIIU IIKNJAMIN WASIIIirUNK.

iiiiK'tj'-cijjht volumes, and contain nuich that will be useful
to a future Macaulay.

Witii them rise a vision of the past, the period of 1854,
1.S56, and i860; one remembers the men of that time,
Sumner, Wilson, 1 lale, Collamer, Kessenden, Wade, Ciiil-
dinjjs, Seward, Andrew, Chase, and others, who battletl for
free-speech, and Stevens, Toombs, Mason, Slidcll, I'Mojcl,
lUitler, and Hrooks, with their friends and allies. They
have lonjj passed away, so lonj^j that there remains not a
vivid remembrance of their personalities and characteristics.
Their names are in the shadows of the past. Yet he who
hitely died was the companion and associate, or the ojipo-
nent of these men. With them he was a man of might,
and of them the peer.

The group of brothers of the Washburne family, sturdy
champions as they were, of the right, must always be a
picturescpie feature of American history. iJescendants
of John Washburne, first .secretary of the Council of I'ly-
inouth, on the paternal, antl of Sanuiel Henjamiii, an
officer in the revolutionary army, who was of I'ilgrini
stock, on the maternal side. Their native town was Liver-
more, originally in the county of O.xford and district of
Maine. Sterile in food, it has not been .so in men. Its
gifts have been, to Maine si.\ governors, to other states
four, and to the Nation a vice-president — Hannibal Ham-
lin. In has furnished four senators and many members
of congres.s, and lawyers and writers of distinction and
note.

The father, Israel Wa.shburne, was a merchant and
ship-builder. He died in Livermore in 1876, at the age of
ninety-two years, having lived for nearly eighty years in
that place. A voluminous reader, with rare conversational
gifts, he was, as his sons have said upon the monument
erected to his memory, "a kind father and an honest man."
The mother, Martha lienjamin, daughter of Samuel, was

i^«i

■«■

mmm^mmmmmmmi^

U\ h

EARLY CHlCAfiO AND ILLINOIS.

born in 1792. She was a woman of great energy, deci-
sion, and sweetness.

At the dedication of the Washburne Memorial Library,
— at the homestead now called Norlands — in 1885, Mr.
Hamlin said:

"Livermore has cruly sent into the world many distin-
guished men who have made the town historic, but the
Washburne family have towered above all others in adding
not only to the fame of Livermore, but to the State and
county as well. It was a most remarkable family, and
such another could not be found in the whole history of
our country. They were all born and reared in the house
raised by my father, and on the spot now occupied by the
present elegant mansion. It is a spot of that great and
marvelous beauty which is a joy forever.

"The record of the family has no precedent. There
were seven brothers, one never entered public life, but was
always known as a man of strict integrity and superior
business habits. In the other six brothers, wc find mar-
velous record — two governors of states, four members of
congress from four different states, one secretary of state
of the United States, two foreign ministers, two members
of state legislature, one major-general in the army, who-
was also a military governor, and a captain in the navy.
Indeed could Martha Washburne be proud of her family.
But that for which she might feel the highest pride was
the fact that every son of hers, in whatever position, has
d ^charged all his duties with distinguished ability and
with an untarnished record, without even a stain on the
hem of his garments."

To understand the development of character that made
the subject of this sketch what he became, it is necessary
to recall in strict brevity the narrative of the rise of
slavery in our country, opposition to the demands of
which grew to be his opportunity and pleasure.

ELIIIU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE.

The so-called compromises of the constitution, by which
it was provided that representation and direct taxation
should be in the same ratio, and in estimating them, five
slaves should be reckoned as three freemen, and that the
importation of slaves into the states then existing, should
not be prohibited before 1808, were supported by some of
the Northern States, and laid the basis for political con-
trol by the Southern States, even as against what had
been the general opinion and sentiment concerning the
institution of slavery. The Missouri Compromise of 1820
by which, except in the State of Missouri, slavery was
prohibited north of latitude 3630' in territory to be newly
acquired, proved to be an expedient. Nothing was gained
by it but present peace.

The new anti-slavery movement began in 183 1. In
1835 and 1836, occurred the Vermont, Ohio, New-York,
and Illinois riots, and, in those years, as against the right
of petition, the inviolability of slavery was formally enun-
ciated and insisted upon in congress.

On the other hand — "Elsewhere," says one writer, "than
in congress, events were constantly occurring at that period
and from that time forward were constantly cumulating to
intensify the public excitement and to strengthen the
North in the final struggle which was at some time inevi-
table, and it was now evident could not be long delayed.
Not that such events had not happened before, but that,
to the awakened observation, and conscience, ^'' "' " such
events no longer passed by unheeded."

In 1839, came the demand upon Gov. Seward of New
York by the govern ^r of Virginia for the rendition of
three sailors charged with aiding a slave to escape. Gov.
Seward's reply that the laws of New York did not recog-
nize property in man, was in advance of the thouglit and
in contravention of the action and disposition of most of
his own party.

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

The debates in congress and discussions throughout the
<:ountry upon the fugitive-slave question and the nature of
slave-trading laws were intensified by threats of secession
and dissolution.

The second Seminole war, then in course of prosecution,
which was waged for the possession of lands of the natives
of Florida, arose out of a desire to reduce the Maroons of
Florida to slavery, and the determination of South Caro-
lina and Georgia not to have so near their borders an
asylum for fugitive slaves.

Had not the efforts of its senators been thwarted, the
State of Illinois, admitted into the Union in 1818, might,
notwithstanding the Ordinance of 1787, have been a slave-
state. Nominally free, the majority of its people were
of southern sympathies; settled for the most part in its
central and southern portions, its principal towns were
upon its rivers; its conmierce was with the South and the
centres of population felt the influence of that section.

In the year 1S40, there were but 3000 miles of railway
in the United States, and in that year the telegraph was
initiated by the grant of a patent to the inventor Morse
for an apparatus for communication over areas by Ujcans
of electricity.

Elihu B. Washburne came to Illinois at this time. His
birth in 18 16, had preceded the admission of Maine into
the Union, so that strictly he can not be called a native
of that State.

His life to that time had been that of the boy and man
of work in his father's store and as a printer that had,
as instinct and impulse lead him, made available such
means of study and instruction as were afforded in a rural
community of Maine. He had attended a course of lect-
ures upon the law at Cambridge, and came to Illinois to
practise his profession. Chicago was then comparatively
unknown and he passed by it and on to Galena by way of

ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHHURNE.

«3

the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This was the year of the
Harrison-and-Tyler campaign, in which, the slavery ques-
tion played no conspicuous part. In it as a whig, Mr.
VVashburne took part. Illinois, however, true to its predi-
lections, with four or five other states, refused to be moved,
and adhered to VanHuren and the democratic party.
This was the election in which the liberty party, as such,
cast seven thousand votes.

Mr. Washburnc continued to be active in politics and in
1844 was a supporter of Henry Clay in the convention at
which he was nominated.

The scheme for the declaration by Texas of its inde-
pendence of Mexico, and its subsequent annexation by the
United States, as a measure for the recovery and preserva-
tion of power to the South, culminated in 1845, after the
election of Polk over Clay. Then followed the intrigues by
which the war with Mexico was precipitated, the acquisition
of New Mexico and California, the discovery of gold, and
the admission of California. The Wilmot proviso, moved
in 1846, was intended to exclude .slavery in all territory
accjuired from Mexico, and when introduced commanded
almost every northern vote. During this period, the
bankrupt bill, the tariff, the Oregon boundary, and many
other questions were subjects of discussion by legisla-
tures and congress. In 184S, the whigs, disreginxling the
claims of Clay and Webster, who had then fallen into some
disfavor at tlve North, nominated Taylor and Fillmore.

The following letter from the original manuscript, shows
the friendship, that had, at an early date, sprung up
between Mr. Washburne and Abraham Lincoln, and which
never ceased but grew in intensity, until the martyrdom
of the latter. Written not in the tone of a state-paper,
nor in the lofty language of diplomatic communication, it
exhibits the quaintness and shrewdness of Mr. Lincoln:

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

;

"Washington, April 30, 1848.

Dear WasHHURNE: — I have this moment received your
very short note asking me if old Taylor is to be used up
and who will be the nominee. My hope of Taylor's nomi-
nation is as high — a little higher — than it was when you
left. Still the case is by no means out of doubt. Mr.
Clay's letter has not advanced his interests here. Several
who were against Taylor, but not for anybody particularly,
before or since, are taking ground, some for Scott and
some for McLean. Who will be nominated, neither I nor
any one else can tell. Now, let me pray to you in turn.
My prayer is, that you let nothing discourage or baffle
you; but that, in spite of every difficulty, you send us a
good Taylor delegate from your circuit. Make Baker, who
is now with you, I suppose, help about it. He is a good
hand to raise a breeze. '^ * "•''

"Gen. Ashley, in the senate from Arkansas, died yester-
day. Nothing else new beyond what you see in the
papers. Yours truly,

A. Lincoln."

"Old Taylor" will be recognized as Gen. Zachary Taylor,
and Baker as the gifted orator, who afterward fell at Ball's
Bluff. In 1850, the compromises were proposed by Mr.
Clay, which included the new fugitive-slave law, and pro-
posed to establish territorial governments, without legisla-
tion regarding slavery. Their proposal was followed by the
famous Qth-of-March speech of Mr. Webster in support,
which excited great indignation, and contrary to the intent
of its author quickened the anti-slavery movement. In
1852, Mr. Washburne carried his district for congress by
286 majority against Thompson Campbell. His energy,
persistence, boldness, and earnest sympathy with free-
state thought gave him the victory.

The death of Taylor and the accession of Fillmore

ELIIIU BENJAMIN 'VASHBURNE.

«5

occurred, and the election of Pierce was followed by the
proposal by Douglas, in January, 1854, of a bill for the
admission of Nebraska, accompanied by a report ques-
tioning the validity of the Missouri compromise, and
declaring that the compromise of 1850 left the question
of slavery to the decision of the people residing in an>'
given territory.

This was the doctrine known as squatter sovereignty.
Throughout all the discussions of tho.se years Mr. Wash-
burne was outspoken and pronounced. A politician, he was,
nevertheless, courageous and bold. In 1856, he was instru-
mental in bringing Illinois as a State into Republican
control; in 1858, he continued active, being in close com-
munication with Mr. Lincoln, at the time of the memor-
able debates of that year, and in i860 was one of Mr.
Lincoln's hearty supporters. He was, as his earnest nature
would naturally lead him to be, in advance of the latter,
as the following letter indicates:

"Centrama, Sept. 16, 1858.
Hon. E. B. Wasiihurne,

Dear Sir: — Yesterday at Jonesborough, Douglas, by way
of placing you and me on different ground, alleged that
you were everywhere, pledging yourself unconditionally
against the admission of any new slave-states.

"If his allegation be true, burn this without answering
it. If it be untrue, write me such a letter as I may make
public with which to contradict him. Yours truly,

"Address to Springfield. A. Ll\C(.)I.\."

Time will not permit to follow closely the events of the
year i860, but throughout Mr. Washburne was a counsellor
and advisor, not only of Mr. Lincoln but of many others
of the then leaders.

In the fall of that year, Mr. Lincoln's growth of convic-
tion as well as his determination, in advance of what was

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

generally known of them, were shadowed forth in the
following:

"Springfield, III., Dec. 13, i860.
Hon. E. B. Wasiiburne,

My Dear Sir: — Your long letter received. Prevent, as
far as possible, any of our friends from demoralizing them-
selves and our cause by entertaining propositions for
compromise of any sort on slavery extension. There is no
possible compromise upon it, but which puts us under
again, and leaves also our work to be done over again —
Whether it be a Mo. line or Eli Thayer's Popr. Sov., it is
all the same. Let either be done, and immediately filibus-
tering and extending slavery recommences. On that point
hold firm, as with a chain of steel. Yours as ever,

A. Lincoln."

Passing Mr. Lincoln's journey to Washington and his
inauguration, the details of which and of Mr. Washburne's
connection with them will never cease to entertain, we
come to the outbreak of the civil war and the outward
manifestation of another friendship, destined to be long
continued and intimate.

Writing in 1864, Gen. Winfield Scott said —

"West Point, N. Y., July 2, 1864.
Hon. E. B. Washburne,

Mv Dear Sir: — I heard a short time ago that some
one had informed Lieut.-Gen. Grant that I had spoken
slightly of him as an officer, and it is probable that your
frank may enable this letter to reach him. I beg leave
to say to him through you that I have never uttered an
unkind word about him. The inquiry has frequently been
add''cssed to me. ' Do you know Gen. Grant .-' ' I have
■: wcred that he made the campaign of Mexico with me,
i.A \ as considered by me, and I suppose by all his broth-

ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE.

ers in commission, a good officer, and one who attained
special distinction at Molino del Rey. Of his more recent
services, I have uniformly spoken in terms of the highest
admiration, and added that in my opinion he had richly
earned his present rank, and hope he may speedily put
down the rebellion. Very truly yours,

VViNFiELD Scott."

Capt. Grant, resigned from the United-States Army, and
Mr. Washburne were neighbors at Galena. The latter,
three years or more before the writing of the letter of Gen'
Scott, believed he saw signs of merit^in the former; but it
IS better to let Gen. Grant tell the story. In a letter from
Cairo, in this State, under date of September 3, 1861 this
language occurs: "In conclusion, Mr. Washburne. allow
me to thank you for the part you have taken in givino-
me my present position. I think I see your hand in it and
admit that I had no personal claim for your kind office in
the matter. I can assure you, however, my whole heart
IS in the cause which we are fighting for, and I pledge
that, if equal to the task before me, you shall never have
cause to regret the course you have taken."

The victory of Fort Donelson in February, 1862, thrilled
the heart of the loyal North. It was the bright omen of
hope after the disasters in Virginia of 1861. Gen. Grant
after that battle, again wrote:

"Fort Donelson, Texn., Feb. 21, 1862.
Hon. E. B. Washburne, Washington, D.C.,

Dear 5/>.-— Since receiving your letter at Fort Henry
events have transpired so rapidly that I have scarcely time
to write a private letter. «• - That portion of your letter
which required immediate attention, was replied to as
soon as your letter was read. I mean that I telegraphed
Col. C. C. Washburne, Milwaukee, Wis., asking him to

EARLY CHICAGO AND n,I,INOIS.

H i

accept a place on my staff. As he has not yet arrived, I
fear my dispatch was not received. Will you be kind
enough to say to him that such a dispatch was sent, and
that I will be most happy to publish the order the moment
he arrives, assigning him the position you ask.

"On the 13th, 14th, and 15th, our volunteers fought a
battle that would figure well with many of those fought
in Europe, where large standing-armies are maintained.

" I feel very grateful to you for having placed me in the
position to have had the honor of commanding such an
army, and at such a time. I only trust that I have not
or will not disappoint you. The effect upon the com-
munity here is very marked since the battle. Defeat,
disastrous defeat, is admitted.

"Yesterday I went to Clarkesville with a small escort, two
of our generals having preceded me. Our forces now
occupy that place, and will take possession of a large
amount of commissary stores, ammunition, and some
artillery. The road to Nashville is now clear, but whether
my destination will be there or further west, can not yet
be told. I want to move early, and no doubt will.

"1 want to call your attention to Gen. C. F. Smith. It
is a pity that our service should lose so fine a .soldier from
a first command. If major-generals are to be made, a
better selection could not be made than to appoint Smith.

Yours truly, U. S. Grant."

The correspondence was continued and communications
were frequent. These only will be read :

On July 25, 1863, after the capture of Vicksburg,
Senator Henry Wilson had written from Natick, Mass.,
to Mr. Washburne, congratulating him on the success
of Gen. Grant, and complimenting the fidelity of the
former to him in time of trial. He suggested that the
report was out that Gen. Grant, had been invited to take

ELIHU HENJAMIX WASHBURNE.

command of the Army of the Potomac, and added "I am
satisfied his success has excited envy and that if an
opportunity should offer he would be sacrificed."

This letter Mr. Washburne sent to Gen. Grant, for we
have that of the latter as follows:

"ViCKSHURG, Miss., Aug. 30th, 1863.
Hon. E. B. Wasiiijukne,

Dear Sir: — Your letter of the 8th of August, enclosing
one from Senator Wilson to you, reached here during my
temporary absence to the northern part of my command,
hence my apparent delay in answering. I fully appreciate
all Senator Wilson says. Had it not been for Gen. Hal-
leck and Dana, I think it altogether likely, I would have
been ordered to the Potomac. My going could do no
possible good. They have many able officers, who have
been brought up with that army and to import a com-
mander to place over others certainly could produce no
good. Whilst I would not positively disobey an order I
would have objected most vehemently to taking the
command or any other, except the one I have. I can do
more with this army than it would be possible for me
to do with any other without tim-:; to make the same
acquaintance with others, I have with this. I know that
the soldiers of the Army of the Tennessee can be relied
on to the fullest extent. I believe I know the exact
capacity of every general in my command to command
troops and just where to place them to get from them the
best services. This is a matter of no small importance.

* * * Your letter to Gen. Thomas has been delivered
to him. I will make an effort to secure a brigadiership
for Col. Chetlain with the colored troops. Before such a
position will be open, however, more of these troops will
have to be raised. This work will progress rapidly.

The people of the North need not quarrel over the
7

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

i 1

institution of slavery, while Vice-President Stephens
acknowledges the corner-stone of the Confederacy is
already knocked out. Slavery is already dead, and can
not be resurrected. It would take a standing army to
maintain slavery in the South if we were to make peace
today, granting to the South all their former constitutional
privileges. I never was an Abolitionist, not even what
could be called anti-slavery, but I try to judge fairly and
honestly, and it became patent to my mind, early in the
rebellion, that the North and South could not live at
peace with each other except as one Nation and that
without slavery. As anxious as I am to see peace
reestablished, I would not, therefore, be willing to see any
settlement until this question is forever settled.

Rawlins and Maltby have been appointed brigadier-
generals. These are richly-deserved promotions. Raw-
lins, especially, is no ordinary man. The fact is, if he
had started in this war in the line instead of in the staff,
there is every possibility he would be today one of our
shining lights. As it is, he is better and more favorably
known than probably any other officer in the army, who
has filled only staff appointments. Whilst others give
respectability to the position, Rawlins is in the latter
class. My kind regard to the citizens of Galena,

Your sincere friend, U. S. GRANT."

Again:

"Chattanooga, Tenn., Dec. 2, 1863.
Hon. E, B. Washuurne,

Dear Sir: — -» * * por the past three weeks I
have not only been busy but have had company occupy-
ing my rootns making it impossible for me to write
anything. Last week was a stirring time with us and a
magnificent victory was won. I am sorry you could not
be here. The spectacle was grand beyond anything that

VAMIV IIKN'JAMIN WASHIIURNE.

lNT.

ks I

lupy-

Iwrite

Ind a

not

that

has been, or is hkcly to be, on this continent. It is the
first battlefield I have ever seen where a plan could be
followed, and from one place the whole field be within our
view. At the commencement the battle line was fifteen
miles lon<j;. Hooker, on our right, soon carried the point
of Lookout Mountain, and Sherman the north end of
Missionary Ridge, thus shortening the line by five or six
miles and bringing the whole within one view. Our troops
behaved magnificently, and have inflicted on the enem\-
the hardest blow they have received during the war.

"Your (jalena friends with us are all well and wish to
be remembered. Yours truly,

U. S. Grant."

In the following year he had accepted the inevitable,
had gone to the Potomac, and was fighting the campaign,
commencing with the Wilderness. He wrote:

"City Point, Va., Aug. i6, 1864.
Hon. E. B. Wasitburni:,

Dtar Sir: — Your letter asking for autographs to send to
Mrs. Adams, the wife of our minister to England, was
duly received. She had also sent to Mr. Dana for the
same thing and his requisition, he being with me at the
time, was at once filled. I have directed Col. Bowers to
send with this a few of the original dispatches telegraphed
from here. They have all been hastily written and not
with the expectation of ever being seen afterward, but
will, I suppose, answer as well as anything else, or as if
they had been written especially for the purpose of send-
ing.

"We are progressing here slowly. The weather has
been intolerably warm, so much so that marching troops
is nearly death.

"I state to all citizens who visit me that all we want
now, to insure an early restoration of the Union, is a

y 1

' I

KAKI.V CIIIC.U;o AMI IM.IN'nlS.

if'

!, I

determined unity of sentiment North. Tlie rebels have
now in their raid<s their last men, The little boys and
old men are <;uardin^ prisoners, railroad - brid<;es, and
forming a good part of their garrisons for intreiichetl
positions. A man lost by them can not be replacctl.
They have robbed the cradle and the grave ciiually to
get their present force. Hcsides what they lose in frequent
skirmishes and battles, they arc now losing from desertions
and other causes at least one regiment per day. With
this drain upon them the end is visible if we will but be
true to ourselves. Their only hope now is in a divided
North. This might give them reinforcements from Ten-
nessee, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri, whilst it would
weaken us. With the draft (piietly enforced, the enemy
would become despondent and would make but little
resistance.

"I have no doubt but the enemy are exceedingly
anxious to hold out until after the presidential election.
They have many hopes from its effects. They hoj)e for
a counter revolution. They hope for the election of the
peace candidate. In fact, like McCawber, they hope for
'something to turn up.' . .

"Our peace-friends, if they expect peace from separa-
tion, arc much mistaken. It would be but the beginning
of war with thousands of northern men joining the South
because of our disgrace allowing separation.

"To have peace 'on any terms' the South would
demand the restoration of their slaves already freed.
They would demand indemnity for losses sustained, and
they would demand a treaty which would make the
North slave-hunters for the South. They would demand
pay or the restoration of every slave escaping to the
North. Yours truly, tj g Gr\NT"

The following also appears in the Washburne coUec-

'^^-

KLIIIU HKNIAMIN WASIIHURNK.

tioii, headed "cypher." It is no doubt the original of a
dispatch to the president:

"CiTV r(.)iNT, Va., July 19, 1.S64.
A. Lincoln, President:—

In my opinion there ouj^ht to be an immediate call
for say 300,000 men, to be put in the field in the shortest
possible time. The presence of this number of reinforce-
ments would save the annoyance of raids and would
enable us to drive the enemy bade from his present front,
particularly from Richmonil, without attacking fortifica-
tions.

"TheTencmy now have their last men in the field.
ICvcry depletion of their army is an irreparable loss.
Desertions from it are now rapid. With the prospect
of large ^^additions to our force their desertions would
increase. The greater number of men we have the
shorter and less sanguinary will be the war.

"I give this entirely as my view, and not in any spirit
of dictation, always holding myself in readiness to use
the materials given me to the best advantage I know how

U. S.Grant."

During those days when Grant was in Virginia and
Sherman was making his way to Atlanta, when upon
every hillock there was a rifle-pit and behind it an armed
foe, when every thicket was filled with rebel-guns, when
movements forward were for days and week.> more like
the appearance of a siege than movements in the field,
when time'was given to reflect, it was a cause of specula-
tion whether^or not the Union army would at its home
be sustained or by its own people be compelled to turn
back, but of the district which Mr. Washburne had con-
tinued to represent there was never a doubt. Illinois itself
might fail, but Washburne's district never! The leader,

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

the district, and the cause were inseparably blended in
thousands and tens of thousands of anxious minds.

Gen. Rawlins of Galena and afterward secretary of war
was also a friend of Mr. Washburne.

A few lines from him:

"Head Qr. Mil. Div. of the Miss.,

Nashville, Tenn., Jan'y. 30, 1864.
Dear Washburne: —

On my return from the North, I was pleased to find
your very welcome and interesting letter of the 30th nit.,
and I hasten to assure you, your friendship for the gen-
eral, your devotion to our common country and heroic
manifestation of interest in the welfare and success of our
army here, through evil as well as good report, in the dark
of the Nations's despondency as well as in the light of its
victories are truly and honestly appreciated, and to you,
more than any one in congress, the great heart of this
army warms with gratitude as the true representative and
bold and uncompromising defender. * ^^ * So give
yourself no concern in the matter of the Cavalry regiment
you speak of, for the general fully understands your
motives, and knows them to be prompted solely by a
desire for the public service and in friendship to him.

* * * "I see by the papers the bill creating a
lieutenant-generalcy is still undisposed of. As far as Gen.
Grant may be regarded in connection with it, I only say
that if the conferring of the distinguished honor on him
would be the taking him out of the field or with a view
to the superseding of Gen. Halleck, he would not desire
it, for he feels that if he can be of service to the gov-
ernment in any place it is in command of the army in
the field, and there is where he would remain if made a
lieutenant-general, besides he has great confidence in and
friendship for the general ■ in - chief and would, without

ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE.

ir
a

in
a

regard to rank, be willing at all times to receive orders
through him.

"The advocacy of the Neiu- York Herald and other
papers of the general for the presidency, gives him little
concern; he is unambitious of the honor and will volun-
tarily put himself in no position nor permit himself to be
placed in one he can prevent that will in the slightest
manner embarrass the friends of the government in their
present grand effort to enforce its rightful authority and
restore the Union of the states. Of his views in this
matter I suppose he has fully acquainted you.

"The presence of Longstreet in East Tennessee is
much to be regretted. Had Gen. Grant's orders been
energetically, and with a broader judgment, executed by
Gen. Burnside, Longstreet wouid have been forced to
have continued his retreat from Kno.wille lo beyond the
Tennessee line. The general's official report will show
the facts and orders and will be satisfactory, I have no
doubt to the government. Our forces in the Holston
Valley, east of Knoxville, have been compelled by Long-
street to fall back toward Knoxville. Whether he intends
to again undertake the capture of that place, or simply
to extend his forage ground, is not as yet known. In
either design, he must be foiled. Gen. Grant, Gen. W. F.
Smith, and myself go forward tomorrow to Chattanooga
that the general may be enabled to give his personal
attention to affairs in the direction of Knoxville.

"Hoping to hear from you soon, I remain your friend,

Jno. a. Rawlin.s."
"To Hon. E. B. Washburne, M.C., Washington, D.C."

Mr. Washburne remained in congress until 1869, "lerving
upon the important committees of appropriation and
commerce — a recognized leader — not only by virtue of his
term of service, but by ability.

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

In the latter years he is described as large, broad
shouldered, with light-gray eyes, and iron-gray hair, worn)
long and falling on the neck, plain in attire, without a
beard.

One writer says of him: "The expression of his face
in repose is rendered almost untranslatable by his intense
industry, which being of a nervous sort keeps him screwed
up to a headlong gait all the while. He never listens to-
hear his brother speak more than a few minutes, being
brimful of things to do and say, and the lines across his.
forehead deepen and thicken as he scratches away with a
pen, tears the wrappers off newspapers, whistles for a page,
leans over backward to talk quickly, and nervously jumps
up to object or interject remarks." Another:

"His voice is full and deep when he wishes it to be so.
His style of oratory is easy, off-hand and more convincing
to my mind than that of any other member of the house.
He is earnest and forcibly decided in his expressions and
goes into an argument or a debate with the honest enthu-
siasm and thrilling excitement, characteristic of his section.
His gestures are wild in the extreme but one soon becomes
accustomed to them."

He was the enemy of all schemers and the opponent
of waste; and as some one has said, he had an inflexible
contempt for one who sought to live by the blindness
of the government.

The period from 1840 to 1869, marked an epoch in the
history of the United States, more important in what was
attempted and accomplished, and in its results, than the
thirty-years' war or the contest of parliament with the
house of Stuart. Fortunate to have lived in it, more
fortunate to have had a share in the work, more fortunate
still to have been a promoter of thought, foremost among
among great men, a factor in the strife; such was Mr.
Washburne, and well might he then rest upon laurels,
already won.

'^"1

ELIIIU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE.

less

he Is.

Called in March, 1869, to the office of secretary of state
by G'Ti. Grant, then president, he soon after resigned, for
the sake of rest. He accepted the position of minister to
France, no doubt thinking it should prove a place of quiet
repose.

But the French - and - German war came, and again
there was a manifestation of the same regard for human-
ity, the same heroism, the same persistence and persever-
ance that had been his on the prairies of Illinois and in
the halls of congress.

The story of his conduct prior to and during the siege
of Paris has been often told and is a household word.
His recollections lately published are an important and
most interesting contribution to the annals of that time.

He is remembered today as the minister who knew and
dared to do the right. Since Benjamin Franklin, a printer
also, no minister has drawn to himself so much renown,
none will be so remembered. This is true of a service
which has included an Everett, a Bancroft, an Adams, a
March, and, it is not right to omit, a Lowell.

While in Europe, Mr. Washburnc did much for this
Society using his private purse to purchase what was rare.
Through his action its collection of French and British
maps was secured.

His official life ceased in 1877, after which he was active
for he could not be otherwise. Making his home at
Chicago, he wrote, edited, and delivered lectures. It
would be impracticable to attempt to number or to indi-
cate the scope of his papers and addresses. The " Life
of Gov. Coles" and recollections of his ministry, are per-
haps the most important, although none arc without inter-
est, both in subject and style. At last, he could do no
more, and we meet tonight, the Society of which he was
the president, because in his life he was an honor to the
Nation, to his community, and to ourselves.

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Mr. VVashburne was thrifty and prudent. At an early
day he appreciated the future of lands in the Western
States and became the purchaser of considerable tracts,
for which he paid as modest saving would allow. In this
he laid the basis of a considerable fortune. He was also
one of the legatees of his brother, Gen. Cadwallader
Washburne, who had been a successful man of business.

His life was long and remarkable. As time grows, and
to those who shall call him in memory or learn of him
from annals, he will appear even greater than at this pres-
ent period.

One feature of the man, perhaps that in which all others
blend, will always shine out, and that a quality not
peculiar to those who are American born but here instinc-
tively recognized, appreciated and approved, courage —
courage of conviction, courage in expression, and courage
in action. These were not wanting in the president who
was greater than language can portray him, or in the
general greater in war than Napoleon because he fought
not for conquest, or in Washburne. As in life they were
united, so in death they should not be divided. The
beautiful park which lies to the north of our city, in which
now stands the striking statue of Lincoln, and in which
that of Grant will shortly be placed, will not be complete
until there also shall be erected a monument to the mem-
ory of Elihu Benjamin Washburne.

Tribute of William H. Bradley.

Mr. President: — I desire to move a vote of thanks
to Gen. Smith for the admirable memorial paper, to which
we have listened with so much pleasure; and that he be
requested to furnish the original, or a copy of the ..ame,
as a permanent contribution to be preserved among the
archives of this Society.

ELIHU BENJAMIN WASHBURNE.

the

I will also, with your permission, Mr. President, add a
Avord of personal thanks to Gen. Smith for his labor of
love in this behalf. His appreciation of the more salient
points in the character of Mr. VVashburne, show a dis-
crimination which renders his tribute the more valuable.
An acquaintance more or less intimate with Mr. VVash-
burne, covering a period of nearly forty-eight years, has
left an impress on my mind of a character, which stamps
Mr. VVashburne as a great man, and in some respects
he must, I think, be classed as a genius.

Mr. VVashburne arrived in Galena, where I was then
residing, April i, 1840, a young man, boyant, full of life
and energy, and ambitious in his chosen profession of the
law. He at once settled himself to business, and very
soon established a reputation for indomitable industry
and perseverance. He found a bar at Galena which for
ability, in proportion to its numbers, was probably as able
as any in the State. Among whom were Charles S.
Hempstead, subsequently a partner of Mr. VVashburne,
almost the Nestor of the bar in this State, having been
admitted to practise in the Territory of Missouri in 18 14,
and also in the Territory of Illinois in the same year.

There was also John Turney, Joseph P. Hoge, Thomas
Drummond, Joseph B. Wells, Thompson Campbell, and
others, who achieved more or less celebrity at the bar and
in political life. Of the members of that bar in the spring
of 1840, two only survive. Hon. Thomas Drummond of
this City and Hon. Joseph P. Hoge of San Francisco, Cai,
The population of Galena at that time did not e.xceed
two thousand. The mining of lead ore and the furnaces
for reducing or smelting it in the adjacent ridges and
ravines gave employment to a large industrious and thrifty
population. Galena being the centre of trade for that
mining region, the port for receipt of supplies and the
transshipment of the lead, made it a place of remarkable

"* i!-H i B I Mi lWii

ICX5

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

business activity. The people there indulged in very
sanguine hopes of a prosperity and growth, which perhaps
unfortunately for them, has never been fully realized.

Mr. Washburne and Charles S. Hempstead soon formed
a co-partnership for the practice of the law, and together
built up a large .nd lucrative practice. The old custom
of traveling the circuit and with the judge visiting the
adjoining counties, where the terms of court were held,
had not ceased in the earlier years of his practice, and to
Mr. Washburne, as the junior member of the firm, fell the
duty of visitin .e •ci^liboring counties in Wisconsin, and
also the adjoining i in the old sixth judicial-circuit

in this State, and nius ciiiarging their business and reap-
ing the fruit, resulting from much hardship and toil.

Mr. Washburne. prrT'^ssioia' duties did not hinder or
deter him from an active participali:),! in political affairs.
The memorable Harrison campaign of 1840, was exciting
great and increasing interest through the country, when
Mr. Washburne arrived in Galena; and he entered heartily
into the canvass, with so nmch of zeal and enthusiasm as
to greatly strengthen the hope and confidence of the
people — especially in Jo Daviess County — in the ultimate
success and triumph of the whig party.

Mr. Washburne was a member of the national conven-
tion which nominated Henry Clay for the presidency in
1844. He was an enthusiastic admirer of Mr. Clay, illus-
trating in his devotion, the power of the magnetic attrac-
tion, which so strongly bound Mr. Clay's many admirers
to his personal and political fortunes.

During the first fifteen years of Mr. Washburne's resi-
dence in Galena, the commercial and business relations
and intercourse of its citizens, were close and quite inti-
mate with St. Louis and New Orleans, and many of its
business men migrated from the Southern States, and as
a consequence the pro-slavery feeling and sentiment

■::

KMIIU 15ENJAMIN WASIIIJURNE.

lOI

■esi-
ions
nti-
its
as
icnt

among the people, was decided and strong. Mr. Wash-
burne, however, for political success or otherwise, never
pandered in the slightest degree to that sentiment or
prejudice. On the contrary, he never failed at all times-
and under all circumstances in unmistakable language, to
avow his anti-slavery convictions, and to declare freely his
his utter detestation of both the theory and practice of a
system which recognized any human being as a chattle or
property of his fellowman.

It was not at the bar, neither in the turmoil and excite-
ment growing out of any local political canvass, that Mr.
Washburne achieved his greatest distinction. His quarter
of a century of public service, from 1852 to 1877, gave
him a field for active and honorable usefulness more to
his taste, and at the same time in the line of an honorable
ambition. He had a firmness of character that never
wavered in devotion to the principal or the policy that
inspired his action. His habits of self-control and mental
discipline, largely acquired in his application — the previous
twelve years — to his professional duties undoubtedly
helped to qualify him for the successful discharge of the
more important public duties which subsequently devolved
on him through the favor of his friends and fellow-
countrymen.

Throughout the struggle in our country for the preser-
vation of the Nation's life, his patriotism was all aflame,
giving occasion for the manifestation of that high-moral
courage for which he was eminently distinguished. In the
life of Mr. Washburne, this State has a legacy, which for
fidelity to duty, for extraordinary and indomitable cour-
age, in honorable achievements, and in public life will com-
pare favorably with that left, by the greatest men, who
have distinguished themselves in the formative period in
the history of this their adopted commonwealth.

II'

N»

If'

PHILO CARPENTER,

A Settler of Chicago in 1832.

By Rev. Henry L. Hammond.

Read l)eforc the Chicago Historical Society, July 17, 18

PERSONAL acquaintance of thirty years, official con-
nection in the Chicago Theological Seminary, sketches
of his life in the "Leading Men of Chicago," "United-
States Biographical Dictionary of Eminent and Self-Made
Men," and in various papers carefully compiled by Mrs.
W. W. Cheney, "Records of Chicago Presbytery," ch irch-
records, and conferences with his children and friends, are
the sources of my information. I have not hesitated to
appropriate whatever I have found that appeared essential
to the completeness of this Memorial. Accuracy and
fulness have been sought rather than originality.

A good and wise man is a blessing to his generation.
But he dies and the generation passes away. Apparently
the blessing dies with him. Not so. The world is better
for his life. Not Chicago only, but every part of the land
which Chicago influences is other than it would have been
but for the work of Philo Carpenter; and that though not
one word more should ever be written of him, though no
portrait or bust should show us how he looked, and no
stone should tell us where he sleeps. Yet a true historical
sketch of the man will be welcomed by coming genera-
tions, and this Society would not be faithful to its mission
if it did not seek to perserve for thein such a memorial.

It is natural to ask first after a man's antecedents, and
trace his lineage. It is pleasant to note that Philo Car-

102

<«v..,

;, official con-
nary, sketches
go," "United-
nd Sclf-Made
)iled by Mrs.
tory," ch irch-
d friends, are
; hesitated to
ared essential
iccuracy and
ity.

s generation.
Apparently
|rld is better
of the land
|d have been
though not
, though no
|ked, and no
e historical
ing genera-
its mission
lemorial.
jcdcnts, and
Philo Car-

. VSi'

■■^

mvmmmmwm^

ill

All

V\\ ILO CARri' NTK li,

,A Hetlier of (hicnfo >f> 1832.

"Hy Pcv. Henry L. Hammond.

Kciiil Ijcd.ri i: r K ,iiai(jo MiitoiirAl Society, July ty, i83S.

i^J'-^^^'-^NAL atqivaintancc of thirty years, official con-
X ncction in tin; ( n c,.g"o Tlu.olo^fical Scininarv .sketches
of his lif<- in tiv" " l-,c'adinjj Men of ChicaijOi" "Unitod-
Statos Biographic ;'• Dici:ionarv of Kir.irj'.iit and,Sc]f-M;(-le
Men," and in v'a^^ou.s papers carefully compiled by Mrs.
\V. W, Cb« iiey, "Records', of Chicago IVresbyiL-iy," church-
record'^ ai .1 conferenc-s with Ins children and friends, are
the soiuccs of my in! )iniatii,>n. I h?.ve not hesitated t<v
a] propriatc whatever I h»ve found that appoari^'d essential
to the completeness of ihis Mi morial. Accnrac)' and
i'ulness hav< I^een -jonj^ht rather than originality.

A good and wi'se man is a blessing to his generation,
V'Ut he dies and the gencr.ition passes away. Apparently
tiie blessing dies with him. Not so. The world is Uettcr
for his life. Not Chicago only, but every part of the l.md
which Chicago inlUicnces is other than ii would have been
but for the work of Philo Carpenvcr; and that though n .1
one word more should ever be written of him, though no
portrait ur bust .should show i.js how he looked, and no
stone siiouUi tel' as when he sleeps. \ el a true hi.iloric.d
sketch ' f the man will be welcomed by coming genera-
tions, and this .Society would not be faithful to its mission
if it did iJ< : ■cek t<. pt --serve fir them such a memorial.

It is natut'a! to as;-- first after a man's antecedents, .md
trace hi.s Uiu.i ;<r. It is plea,sant to note that I'hilo Car-

i02

ie&ijt..

•^twrifiiNKiiPMiili

l>tf^^^^4«»i*i te ii rfH^, -

i838.

, ufucial con-
lavv sketclics
JO)" "Unitod-
iKl,Sclf-M;i*le
ilcd by i^'Irs.
.eiy," churcli-
d frieiKls, an-
hesitiitid tc
iivd essentia!
cci:racy' and

^4Cncr;ition.
Xjiprnontly
'\ is lu'ttcr
' '1' the lAiid
have been
though not
thoiij^h no
:cd, and no

hi.-jlorical
iig gcnera-

s mission

moria).

onts, and
li'hilo Car-

*-.

rilll.O CAUriCNTER.

103

pcntcr came from New I'Jijrland, and from the Berkshire
Hills of New I'Jiylatul; and looking further back, that the
line runs among the heroes and patriots of the last cen-
tury. Both his grandfathers were in the army of the
Revolution. Nathaniel Carpenter resigned a captaincy in
his majesty's service and raised a company for the Con-
tinental army, fought through the war and at its close
was a major in command of West Point. An earlier
ancestor was William Carpenter, a pilgrim who came from
Southampton, England to Weymouth, Mass., in 1635, in
the ship /nz'i's.'^

In 1787, the family came to western Massachu.sctts then
a wilderness, where the subject of this sketch was born in
the town of Savoy, Feb. 27, 1805, the fifth of eight child-
ren of Abel Carpenter. One only of the eight is still
living, Mrs. Emily C. Bridges of Oak Park, 111., who is
with us this evening. Philo lived on the farm with his
father till he was of age. He received little money from
his parents, but did receive those greater gifts, good blood,
a good constitution, a good common -school education —
supplemented by a few terms at the academy at South
Adams — and habits of morality, industry, and economy.
He made two trips as a commercial traveler as far south
as Richmond, Va. But having had his thoughts turned
toward medical studies during his stay at South Adams,
he went to Troy, New York, and entered the drug-store
of Amatus Robbins, where, in connection with a clerkship,
he continued his .studies, and at length gained a half-
interest in the business. He was married there in May,
1830, to Sarah Forbes Bridges, but she died the following
November.

It was at Troy that young Carpenter experienced that

* Rev. Edward Ilildreth, son-in-law of Dea. Carpenter writes: "I myself
found at Plymouth an original appraisal, dated 1664, one nf the items being a
pair of leather breeches, with name of William Carpenter attached. "

mrnmssBmrn

104

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

great change which gives permanence to all the natural
virtues and fixes the character on the bed-rock of Christ-
ian principle. In March, 1830, he joined the First Presby-
terian Church, then under the pastoral care of Rev. Dr.
Nathan S. S. Beman. As the record shows that thirty-six
other persons joined at the same time, there must have
been a revival then. Perhaps it was in connection with
the labors of the brilliant and eloquent young preacher
from Albany, Rev. Edward N. Kirk, who aided Dr. Beman
in revival work about that time. Certain it is that not
long before, that First church had fallen under the mould-
ing power of the greatest evangelist, preacher, and ' heolo-
gian, which perhaps this country ever has known, Charles
G. Finney, and had become noted for its fervor and
religious activities.

Well was it for the man who was to be a pioneer, that
his Christian life in its very beginnings was stamped with
the positiveness of such spiritual leaders, who tolerated
no time-serving, no half-heartedness, no cowardice in the
convert. Every spiritual child was expected to be a
soldier from the day of his birth.

It is not surprising that such a young man should listen
to the call for missionary labor in the great opening West.
There was patriotic blood in him, pioneer blood, and new-
born Christian zeal. The return of a cousin, Isaac Car-
penter, who had explored the West, on an Indian-pony,
from Detroit to St. Louis, and his report of the land to be
possessed, and especially of the favorable opening at
Fort Dearborn, was the immediate occasion of young
Carpenter's decision to come hither. He closed out his
business early in the summer of 1832, shipped a stock of
drugs and medicines to Fort Dearborn, took the short
railroad then built to Schenectady, thence took passage
on a line-boat on the Erie Canal to Buffalo, thence on the
small steamer Enterprise, Captain Augustus Walker, to

■■'%

PHILO CARPENTER.

105

Detroit, thence by mud-wagon, called a stage, to Niles,
Michigan, thence on a lighter belonging to Hiram Wheeler,
afterward a well-known merchant of Chicago, to St.
Joseph at the mouth of the river, in company with
George VV. Snow; thence they had expected to sail in a
schooner to Fort Dearborn, but on account of the report
of cholera among the troops there, a captain, one Carver,
leTused to sail and had tied up his vessel. They however
<:ngaged two Indians to tow them around the head of the
lake in a canoe, with an elm-bark tow-rope. At Calumet,
one of the Indians was attacked with cholera, but the
druggist-doctor prescribed for him and they kept on till,
just fifty-six years ago this evening, they were within sight
of the fort, at about the present location of the Douglas
Monumer:, when the Indians refused to proceed. But
Samuel Ellis lived there who had come from Berkshire
County, Mass. They spent the night with him and he
brought them the next morning in an ox-wagon to the
fort, on the i8th of July, i832.'*

There were then here, outside the fort, less than two
hundred inhabitants, mostly Indians and half-breeds, who
lived in poor log-houses, built on both sides of the river
near its mouth.

The cholera-f- was raging fearfully among the troops, and
Mr. Corpenter engaged at once in ministries for their

* Rev. Mr. Ilildreth reports this trip a little differently ; — "At .St. Joseph
a Frenchman told them of a 'very nice way to <^o;' they hired the two Ind-
ians, left .St. Joseph Monday, July 16, 1832. First night stayed in a place
where a vessel had been beached. Tuesday night, reached a deserted house at
Calumet. Wednesday morning, pusheil along and breakfasted with .Samuel
Ellis. After breakfast, Mr. l^Uis brought them with their trunks into Chi-
cago, reaching thereabout noon, Wednesday, July 18." It is interesting to
note that the late Ciurdon S. Hubbard made twenty-six such canoe voy.ages
from Mackinac to Chicago, on the east shore of the lake from iSiS onward,
in the service of the American Fur-Company.

+ Rkv. II. L. IIammonI) — DMr Sir: Will you permit a stranger to express
her grateful appreciation of the Memorial of the late I'hilo Carpenter, re-
8

P^r" T* *'- ** . ^y n wi

-^^K: i»i!! jj-^iaKSi

1 06

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

V {

relief. Detecting life in one young man, supposed to be
dead, he saved him from a premature burial.

With a Methodist brother and an officer of the fort,,
he held a prayer- meeting the first evening after his
arrival.*

At the end of the first month, vie: on August 19, a
Sunday-school was regularly organized, of which he was
chosen superintendent. • That Sunday-school still lives in
the First Presbyterian Church of this city, whose pastor is-
Rev. Dr. John H. Barrows.-f*

cently read by yourself before the Chicago Historical Society. It was a grat-
ification to hear a tribute so truthful paid to the memory of one who was so-
truly a friend of humanity.

During the dread summers of 1849 and 1850 it was my privilege to be a
member of his family, and to know how tireless were his efforts in behalf of
the sick and suffering. Fearless of disease himself, he seemed to lead a
charmed life among the abject poor, with all their wretched surroundings. It
was impossible in many cases to obtain a physician's attendance, and here
Chicago's first druggist did their work as necessity forced it upon him. His
devoted wife, while greatly fearing for her husband's safety, never sought to
restrain him in his work of mercy, but with her own hands prepared nourish-
ment to be used in his daily ministrations aijiong the cholera-stricken to
whom he was doctor, nurse, and minister. Said the Rev. Dudley Chase, the
rector of the Church of the Atonement: "I never visit the stranger, the
sick, and the poor, but I find that Deacon Carpenter has been there before
me. He ought to be ordained." It is not strange that such devotion was
unrecorded, for this man in the quietness of his daily life shu ned the breath
of praise more than that of pestilence. * ♦ * Vours l<espectfully,

CiiicAc.o, July 3c i!i88. SoriiiA T. Gkiswoi.d.

* " In<|uiring if then was any preaching on Sunday, he was told there was
preaching neither .Sundays lor week-days; and he began public service, July
22, 1832, reading a sermon in the absence of a minister. This was tlie begin-
ning of uninterrupted public worship in Chicago." — Rev. Hildreth.

+ "'rhis school was organized one .Sabbath morning in the month of
August, 1832. 'l"he i)lace of meeting was an unfinished building owned by
Mark Heaubien [a Catholic] now living at Naperville in this .State, situated
east of Michigan Avenue and south of Randolph Street. The following per-
sons participated in the organization: Luther Childs, Mrs. .Seth Johnson,
Misses Llizabeth and Mary Noble, and myself. Thirteen children were pres-
ent. The next Sabbath the school met at the house of Mark Noble, where

PHILO CARPENTER.

107

onth of
■netl by
situated
ing per-
ohnson,
ire pres-
where

When Mr. Carpenter's goods arrived, he opened the
first drug-store in a log-building on Lake Street near the
river, where there was a great demand for his drugs,
especially his quinine. The anticipated opening of the
Illinois-and-Michigan Canal, a bill for which, introduced
by the late Garden S. Hubbard, passed the Illinois' house
of representatives in 1833 — though it did not become a
law till 1835, and the canal was not actually commenced
till Mr. Hubbard removed one of the first shovelfuls of
dirt, July 4, 1836 — turned attention to Fort Dearborn,

the weekly prayer-meeting had been previously established." Both were con-
tinued with slight interruptions during the fall and winter of 1832-3 in various
places. An English friend b ihe name of Osborn helped much in the sing-
ing, John Wright and John Stephen Wright, his son, came and became
efficient helpers in the school ; the latter being librarian brought in a silk hand-
kerchief the few books we had, which were a donation from Capt. Seth John-
son. The school afterward found a home for awhile in the log-house of the
venerable Jesse Walker, a Methodist preacher, near the corner of Canal and
Fulton streets ; and later still over the store of Philip F. W. Peck, southeast
corner of South- Water and I.aSalle streets. There two gentlemen from New
York, Charles Hutler and Arthur Bronson, visited it, and seeing the meagre-
ness of the library, made a donation of fifty dollars for its increase. This was
a gi at encouragement to both teachers and scholars. There Jeremiah Porter
found it, and soon had an organized church.

"Another incident in the early history of the school, I will mention. A
chief of one of the Indian tribes made his appearance in our school and being
able to converse somewhat freely in English, he listened to the reading of
Christ's words when he taught us to love one another and even our enemies,
and after soir>e remi-rks on the mission of Christ to this world to save sinners,
his voluntary humiliation and death to accomplish so great an object, he pro-
nounced it 't,'oi>ti' and called repeatedly at my place of business for me to read
and converse with him on that interesting subject, and expressed a wish that
he might have a bible, that he might learn to read it himself; but a bible
could not be found for sale in Chicago at that time, and a few months later I
purchased one for him in New York and i)resented it to him. He declined to
receive it without paying for the same and expressed regret that he had not
known more of this divine message in his earlier days. lie was fre(|uently
seen in our meetings until his tribe were required to leave this section of country,
which they had ceded to the government, and enter upon lands designated for
them in the Far West. " — Extracts from an address by I'hilo Carpenter to the
I'irst Presbyterian .Sunday-school in 1868.

io8

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

increased the population rapidly, and Mr. Carpenter's
business prospered. He soon removed to a larger store
vacated by George W. Dole, also a log-house, and enlarged
his stock with other kinds of goods. He bought a lot on
South-Water Street between Wells and La Salle and there
built a frame-store, the lumber for which was brought from
Indiana on a "prairie-schooner" drawn by ten or twelve
oxen.*

In 1833, he also built a two-story frame-house on La
Salle Street opposite the court-house square, and having
been married again in the spring of 1834, to Miss Ann
Thompson of Saratoga, New York, he made there his
home. Seven children were the fruit of that marriage,
only two of whom, Mrs. W. W. Cheney and Mrs. Rev.
Edward Hildreth, and the children of a third, Mrs. W. W.
Strong, survive him.

In 1842, he removed his business to 143 Lake Street;
the next year he sold out to Dr. John Brinkerhoof; some
of the fixtures are thought to have remained in use till
consumed in the great fire of 1871. After the sale, Mr.
Carpenter confined his business to the care of his real
estate, which had then become considerable, as he had
appropriated all his spare funds to its purchase. He had
sublime faith in the future value of Chicago real estate.
He early acquired a quarter- section, ten miles up the
north branch of the river, -f- and another quarter on the

* "Indiana contributed many customers, and it is noteworthy lliat in those
primitive days the Iloosiers never wanted a bill; they would buy a pair of
boots, pay for them, carefully pocket the change, set the 'understandings' in
one corner, then buy perhaps a bolt of sheeting, pay for that in the same way,
and so on to the end of a list of a dozen or more articles. These were curi-
ous customers, but they were a peculiar people. One of them came into the
store one day shaking with fever and ague, which was also a peculiar western
institution, and announced as he sat down on a candle-box, '.Say, stranger,
I'm powerful weak.'" — "Leading Men of Chicago," page 8.

t Col. Richard J. Hamilton, Capt. .Seth Johnson, Lieut. Julius J. I.ackus
Kingsbury, and Philo Carpenter bought each a quarter-section of timber-land

PHILO CARPENTER.

109

west side, which he afterward subdivided as Carpenter's
Addition to Chicago. It is that part of the west side
now bounded by W.-Kinzie Street on the north, Halsted on
the east, W.-Madison on the south, and a line between Ann
and EHzabeth on the west. He went to Washington and
.secured a patent for this quarter-section signed by Andrew
Jackson, which his heirs still possess.* Few shared his
sanguine expectations when he preempted this tract as the
foundation of his fortune. "It was so far from the village."
"It would never be wanted except for farm pnrposes, and
was too low and marshy even for cultivation." "In the
spring of the year it was often under water and could be
crossed only by boat," and "there was little prospect that
it could ever be plowed except by anchors." Rev. Flavel
Bascom tells us that when he first came with his wife to
Illinois and was being carried by Philo Carpenter in a
two-seated buggy across the mud bottoms of West Chi-
cago toward the interior, at one place Mr. C. stopped,
pointed to a marsh and said: "Here I have preempted a
quarter-section of land which I expect will make me rich
some day." The young minister and his wife on the back
seat exchanged significant glances at the visionary antici-
pations of the good deacon.

About 1840, Mr. Carpenter removed his residence to
the west side, built a fine house as it was then thought, in

from Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, paying him two hundred dollars each, a
dollar and a quarter (ler acre. This was the government price. The two lots,
forty feet, he bought on South-Water Street, cost him seventy-five dollars.
One lot on La -Salle Street, 25x180 feet, he bought of Mark Hcaubieii for
twenty-five dollars worth of goods. Beaubien had won this lot in a raffle,
but he carefully concealed the fact from the Deacon till the bargain was
completed.

* It was probably on that journey to Washington, which occupied three
weeks, that he set out at the same time with an U.-S. officer who traveled
on the Sabbath in his haste on public business, but the deacon kept his con-
science as well as holy time, and tho' he apparently lost three days, he yet
rode into Washington on the same train with the official. — Rev. Hildreth.

'wat^w^WBi'WP^

■^

l'"i 1

IIO

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

the middle of one block of his addition, which is bounded
by VV.-Randolph Street on the north, Morgan on the east,
W.-Washington on the south, and Carpenter on the west.
There I found him when I came to Chicago in 1856 — one
of the earliest acquaintances I made here thirty-two years
ago. I could but admire the place, for he had tried, as he
told me, to plant in that block every kind of tree and
shrub found in this region, and he showed his good taste
by allowing them all to grow naturally. Not one was
trained into any fantastic shape, or deformed with shears.
That was long the most prominent house on the west side.
It has lately been removed and the entire block offered
for sale by the heirs. It is greatly to be desired that it
should be bought by the city for a park — a little breathing
place of convenient access to the people amid many
blocks of buildings. It should be improved after his
plan and called Carpenter Park, as a perpetual memor-
ial of the good pioneer. And better still, if some tablet
could tell that this was the resting-place of good men and
women coming to the West for its salvation from barbar-
ism, intemperance, and infidelity, who were refreshed by
the generous hospitalities of Mr. Carpenter and his worthy
wife, and sent on their way with a hearty God speed.

And another tablet should tell of it as the hiding-place
for the colored emigrant from the South, whom this
officer on the underground railroad piloted by night to
Canada-bound vessels, as they were seeking that liberty
which was then denied them under the stars and stripes.*

There he lived till 1865, when with the hope of benefit-
tinp" his wife's health, he reniv^ved to Aurora, 111., where
she died six months afterward ;i* and for the last twenty
years of his life he was alone in his pilgrimage.

• Two hundred fugitives it is said were thus helped to a land of liberty, and
it is not known that one of them was ever recaptured.

t Only the angels know how much of the usefulness of this good man was

PHILO CARPENTER.

II I

He returned to the city to spend the last twelve years,
but not to the historic block. His health was delicate.
He was unable to undertake n'^-.v business, but lived
quietly with his children till Aug. 7, 1886, when he pas.sed
to his eternal home.

•wrought by the prayerful influence of his sainted wife, Ann Thompson Car-
penter. So symmetrical was her character in all the womanly virtues, so
«xalted her standard of personal piety, that one, who had known her intimately
for years, hesitates to tell the simple- truth lest the words find no credence.
There was an indescribable charm in the house over which she presided, and the
wanderer and the wayfarer always found a place and a welcome. In all the
trials of life, in the sickness and death of three children there was the same
unmurmuring spirit, the same loving submission to the will of God. In
perfect sympathy with her husband in every work of reform, she was ever fear-
ful that his zeal should find some hasty utterance that would wound the feelings
of another. He was a person of strong convictions, she, of deep sympathies.
While he denounced sin, her mantle of charity was covering the sinner. It
is not too much to say, that in her sweet spirit every Christian grace had
special prominence. *

As one, who in the press of life.
Had touched the Garment-hem,

Then passed away, as angels may.
To wear a diadem;

As one belov'd, at whose approach.
The gates wide open spring.

We dream of thee, thus welcomed home,
O! Daughter of the King.

The dead, departed in the Lord,

Are blest beyond compare;
Vea, saith the Spirit, for they rest

From all their toilsome care.
While, one by one her works of love

The angel reapers bring.
How blessed her reward above,

This daughter of the King !

Yet long and selfishly we mourned

That Heaven's high behest
Had quenched the love-light in our midst.

And lulled her to her rest.
• The breath of song and tenderness — ,

The sweetest notes of .Spring,
Recall thy spirit loveliness,

O! Daughter of the King. — "P.vui.in'A."

H?"^*iW«W"*!'^^"WWOHB"Wi*U mOLM LLTja

112

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I '.

I have briefly followed the outline of his life with the
intention to go back and speak more particularly of his.
characteristics and his labors:

I. He was a pioneer of the best things. His coming
here at that early day, that prayer - meeting the first
evening, that first organization of a Sunday-school have
already been mentioned. When Rev. Jeremiah Porter was
considering the question of accepting a call to labor in
Fort Dearborn, he was told, "There is one good man there
who has organized a Sunday-.school." He came, found
the man and the school, and began his labors. Mr. Car-
penter and a few others, under the guidance of the young
minister, formed the first church here, the First Presbyter-
ian, of which he was chosen one of the elders. The date
of the organization was June 26, 1833. Dea. Carpenter
wrote and circulated the first temperance pledge, and
delivered the first temperance address. A meeting had
been arranged, and a lawyer. Col. Richard J. Hamilton,
engaged to deliver the address, but at a late day, the
lawyer declined to speak. Our pioneer hastily prepared
himself and filled the gap.*

He was one of the first officers of the Chicago Bible-
Society, founded August 18, 1835.

He early interested himself in the cause of education,
earnestly opposing the sale of the school - section in
Chicago, and pleaded that only alternate blocks should
be put on the market. Other counsels prevailed, and all
but four blocks of the tract, botrnded north by Madison,
east by State, south by 12th, and west by Halsted Streets,
were sold for less than $40,000 dollars. But few years

* "He used to laugh about the literary quality of the address, but the
house was crowded and not a few items of interest have survived." — Hildreth.

The meeting was held in the log -building of Rev. Jesse Walker. An
Indian chief was persuaded to practise total abstinence and appeared to be
a .sincere Christian while he remained under Mr. Carpenter's influence.

I'HILO CARPKNTKK.

113

elapsed before the 138 blocks sold were worth many
millions. For ten years he was a member of the board
of education. His connection did not cease till his
removal to Aurora in 1865. On his return from Europe
in 1867, he found one of the palatial school-houses of the
west side, at Centre Avenue, corner West- Huron Street,
named in his honor, the Carpenter School, for which he
gave $1000 as an endowment for text-books for indigent
children.

The first "one-horse shay" that made its appearance ir»
Chicago in 1834, contained Philo Carpenter and his
newly-married wife. The first dray was introduced by
him; and the first platform-scales, which are now in pos-
session of Daniel Warnc of Batavia, 111., which can weigh
up to 750 pounds; also the first fire-proof safe.

He was one of the original members of the Third Pres-
byterian Church, formed July i, 1847, and was one of its
elders. He was one of the first corporate members of the
Chicago Eye-and-Ear Infirmary, and one of the founders of
the Chicago Relief-and-Aid Society. He was the leader in
the formation of the First Congregational Church in May,
185 I. And as that event gave him special prominence in
that denomination and in the country, the circumstances
are worth noting. He had long been interested in the anti-
slavery cause. He was a patron of the Alton Obsci^'cr,
Elijah Parish Lovejoy's paper; he helped to establish
Zebina Eastman's paper, the Western Citizen, here in Chi-
cago. His activity in behalf of fugitive slaves has been
already mentioned. He was a delegate to the Cincinnati,
convention, held in April, 1850, which resolved:

"That the friends of pure Christianity ought to separate
themselves from all slaveholding churches, ecclesiastical
bodies, and missionary organizations that are not fully
divorced from the sin of slave-holding; and we who may
be still in connection with such bodies, pledge ourselves

ill

'' i]

(

fl»

114

EARLY CMICACIO AND ILLINOIS.

that \vc will, by the aid of Divine grace, conform our
action in accordance with this resolution, and come out
from among them, unless such bodies shall speedily sepa-
rate themselves from all support of or fellowship with
slaveholding."

He was not a man to vote for a resolution in public and
forget all about it in private, and as the general assembly
of the Presbyterian church, which met in Detroit in May
of that year, failed, in Deacon Carpenter's view, to take
right action, he led the church to adopt a minute that they
would not be represented in presbytery, synod, or general
assembly till right action was taken. This minute* was, of
course, entirely unpresbytcrial and unconstitutional. Nev-
ertheless it was adopted by forty-eight out of sixty-eight
resident members. The presbytery, after giving them a
little time to rescind their vote, were compelled to treat the
majority as seceders, and to recognize the minority as the
Third Church — an act supposed to be ecclesiastically right,
although it involved turning the majority of the church
out of the building they had in great part erected, and to
which they thought themselves justly entitled.-f

* Minute of the majority of the Third Presbyterian Church in reference to
fellowship with slave-holders: i. Ke.whed, That this Church holds that in
the languag'.- of the Scripture, (iod hath made of one blood all nations of the
earth. 2. AVWrri/, That chattel slavery is blasphemous toward (iod, inhu-
man and cruel to our fellow-men, and that Christians are especially called on
to discoutenance it and and have no fellowship with those who participate in
its abominations. 3. A'fsoh'ei/, That this Church are dissatisfied with the
present position of our general assembly on the subject of disciplining those
guilty of holding their fellow-men in bondage; that their last acts at Detroit
have been construed to represent black or white as suited the different sections
of the church. 4. Kesol-'eJ, 'I'hat this Church, so long as this vascillating
policy is pursusd, hereby declare their determination to stand aloof from all
meetings of presbytery, synod, and general assembly, and thus, as they
believe free, and relieve themselves of all responsibility."

+ "History of the Chicago Presbytery," pps. lo-ii. "At a meeting of the
presbytery, called to investigate the difficulties in the Third Presbyterian
■Church, May 2, 1851, it appeared that a majority of that church had voted

1 i

PIIILO CARPENTKU.

There was, however, an addition to the church which
the Deacon had himself built for a session-room, which
had not been turned over to the trustees. He therefore
gave notice that Divine service would be conducted as
usual in the session-room.*

A council was soon called, and the First Congregational

to stand aloof from all meetings of the presbytery, synod, and general assem-
bly, so long as the assembly should maintain its then present attitude in
relation to slavery. A committee appointed to confer with the church found
that the majority would neither rescind their resolution of withdrawal, nor
consent to an amicable separation and an e(|uitable division of the property,
and so reported. Therefore the presbytery appointed a committee, Kev.
Henry Curtis, D.I)., chairman, to consider the whole matter and report.
The committee in due time reported that in their judgment the action of the
majority of the church involved secession from the Presbyterian church; and
that the majority by this action and by refusing to rescind their resolution,
did hereby disqualify themselves to act as members of the Presbyterian
church, and recommended that the session, viz: the pastor and those ciders
who did not vcite for the resolution aforesaid, be directed immediately to
inform the majority that if any of them still wished to walk in fellowship with
this church under the constitution of the Presbyterian church, their wish
should lie granted; and that those who should not express such wish within
two weeks, be regarded as adhering to their previous action and the session
bo directed to strike their names from the roll of the church. " This report
was, after full discussion, adopted.

The records of the presbytery show that there was a proposal to end the
strife in the Third church by an amicable division of the church and its
property. Hut as the difficulties of the majority were not with the minority,
but with the whole church as represented by the general assembly, no division
of the Third church could meet the case; moreover, .as the majority were
declared to h.ive dis(|ualilied themselves to act as members of the Presbyterian
church, how they could liave been received into the presbytery as perhaps a
Fourth church does not appear. They were also exhorted by presbytery to
study the things that make for peace," etc. I'he inspired precept, however,
"first pure, then jjcaceable, " restricted such studies. There is no record of
any proposition to divide the property after the majority decided to become
congre^^ational in polity. In fact the minority retained it all.

* While the divided congregation were worshiping, a part in the audience-
room and a part in the session-room, one family at least was divided, and a
young man was asked on his return: "Well ! how did you get along in the
kitchen to-day?" "Very nicely," he replied. "The best things all come
from the kitchen."

!>!

rr-

!■

116

KARLY CHICACO AND ll.FJNOIS.

Church of Chica^^o was formed, May 22, 185 r. The names
of Philo Carpenter and Ann Carpenter stand first and
second on its roll of members. He was elected deacon,
and retained the ofTicc till he removed to Aurora, and after
his return was made deacon iiitrritiis*

Oi two wooden church edifices erected for their accom-
modation, larj^ely at the expense of Deacon Carpenter,
one which was occasionally besmeared and called "Car-
penter's niyger church," was burned to the ground on
a Sunday night after Rev. Joseph \'\. Roy, who had just
come from an ICastern seminary, had preached in it his
maiden western sermon. Whether the fire was communi-
cated by a spark from the young man's discourse, or by
an incendiary, or was purely accidental, does not appear.
The other on Green Street, near West Washington, was
soon outgrown — Rev. Geo. W. Perkins was then the pop-
ular preacher — and a permanent house of rock-faced stone

* From records of the I'irst Congrc^jational I'hurch, Wcdncsd.iy evenin(,',
July 19, 1882. At the prayer-meeting tliis evening, on motion duly madi; and
seconded, the Church by a rising vote unanimously adopted the followiiig:

IV/iaras, Our brother Thilo Carpenter, has just completed fifty years of resi-
dence here, during which time all that is now called Chicago has come inlu
existence, and all the history of the city has been made; and

ly/iereas, In addition to his public and private life and lalxjrs, for which we
in common with all our fellow-citizens do him honor, we desire to make
grateful special mention of his relationship to this ch\irch : therefore,

/'«('/?■('(/, That we recognize iu him the Father of this church, not only as
first member on its records, but the one who above all others is to he regarded
as its founder and its earliest benefactor and friend.

Resolved, That we put on record our appreciation of his faithfulness to
principles of right which led to the formation of this church, and our most
hearty congratulations that his life has been spared, not only to see the fteble
church of thirty years ago become the strong body it now is, but also to see
the Nation adopt the principles he then labored and suffered for, by the inci-
ting away of slavery.

Resolved, That this church in appreciation of its regard for Deacon Car,
ter and of his long connection with it, does hereby elect him Deacon Emci ,.
for life, and the clerk is hereby instructed to forward to him a copy of this.
action duly attested. (Attest) J. VV. Sykks, Clerk. — v.

rim.O CARPKNTKR.

117

was put up on the corner of Wcst-Wasliinjjton and Green
streets. Deacon Carpenter advanced most of the nione)-,
and waited on tlie society many )'ears for its re[)aynieMt
without interest.*

A Httle hiter he united witli Joseph Johnston, Rev. Joiin
C. Holbrook, and Chas. Goodrich Hammond in starting; the
first denominational paper here, the Coiigrcgatiotial Herald.
In 1855, he was one of the incorporators of the Chicago
ThcoloLjical Seminary, and for many years was one of its
board of directors and chairman of its executive com-
mittee. He afterward engaged with great zeal in oppos-
ing secret, oath-bound societies. In early life, before he
came West, his indignation had been aroused by the
abduction in Western New York, of William Morgan, for
publishing a little book revealing the secrets of I'ree-
masonry. The abducted man was never found or heard of
after, and was supposed to have been murdered. The
j)cr|)etrators of the crime escaped justice, and public
sentiment held the Masonic fraternity responsible for their
escape. Deacon Carpenter suggested the establishment of
a paper to oppose all such secret societies, and gave the
money for the publication of the first number of the
Christian Cynosure, and provided headquarters for the
movement at a cost of $20,000. He bought for gratuitous
circulation 1000 copies of Finney's book on Masonry, and
wrote and distributed tracts of his own on the subject.
Few of his colaborers in other reforms partook of his
zeal in this, and the methods of some of the friends of the
reform he could not approve, yet he continued the war
undaunted while he lived, and provided in his will for its
continuance after his death.

Surely we have here specifications enough to show that

* A second stone building was erected at the south-west coiner of West
Wasiiington and Ann Streets in 1870; destroyed l)y fire January 16, 1S73,
rebuilt and is now occupied by the church.

pp^

^1 ii

» t :

;

Ii8

EAKLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

from first to last he was a grand pioneer of the best
things.

2, Philo Carpenter was a wise man. With rare sagac-
ity he foresaw the future of Chicago, discerning the
great city through the small trading-post; and his con-
fidence never wavered. He wisely bent his energies to the
establishment of the most useful institutions for the
coming city. His sagacious forecast for this trading-post
is proved by its growth in a little more than half a
century from two hundred souls to threc-qua*'':ers of a
million, and his judgment of the first institution needed
has been confirmed by the establishment of nearly three
hundred Sunday-schools in it, and more than four hundred
in Cook County; our citizens have indorsed the church by
founding more than four hundred of them of all kinds.
That First Congregational Church has here some fifty
junior sisters. The public-school has been approved by
the creation of nearly one hundred of those tci.iples of
learning, which are the pride of the city and the Meccas
of the children. The need of that temperance pledge is
sadly evinced by our four thousand saloons still foolishly
patronized; his opinion of slavery became the opinion of
the Nation a quarter of a century ago. During the war^
Deacon Carpenter and one of the elders who remained in
the Third Church were reading together from the bulletin
at the Tribune ofiice, when the elder, giving him his hand,
said; "Deacon, you were right and we were wrong." That
Theological Seminary has sent out more than three hun-
dred graduates, has more than one hundred regular stu-
dents, and nine professors and teachers, .some of whom
have obtained a national reputation. Four or five other
denominations have imitated the Cony egationalists in their
zeal for theological education in this metrop lis of the
West. As for secret societies, though our brother "received
not the promise," he yet "died in the faith;" and we may

PHILO CARPENTER.

119

say "the end is not yet." The Masonic fraternity could
not do now what it was accused of doing in i8j6, without
being swept from the land by a cyclone of public opinion.
Who shall say that the good man could, on the whole,
have more wisely used his time, his strength, and his
money .'

3. Deacon Carpenter was an honest man. The finan-
cial crash of 1837 found him an indorser on paper of
unfortunate friends. He made no effort, as is oftci done,
to evade his responsibilities, but borrowed the money and
met the claims. When it became necessary to pay what
he had borrowed, and money could not be procured, he
spread out a full schedule of all his real estate, and
allowed two disinterested men to select from any part of
it what they deemed a fair equivalent for the debt. It is
astonishing to note how much they selected, evincing, as it
did, the immense depreciation of western lots and lands
after 1837, vie; 960 acres in Fayette County, Illinois, four
and a half blocks in Carpenter's Addition, half a block in
the School Section, three lots on Washington Street near
the Cha'iiber of Commerce, and a house and lot, his
homestead on LaSalle Street, opposite the court-house —
property that was soon prized at more than one million
dollars— to pay a claim of $8600! However excessive he
may have thought the award, he faithfully carried out the
agreement. Probably the severest thing he ever said
about the award was: "I should have
might have left me my home!"

My neighbor, the late James Ward, well
nection with the public-school buildings,
located in Chicago against the earnest remonstrances of
my father, who thought it a den of thieves, and could not
believe there were any honest men here. I bought a lot
of Philo Carpenter and partly paid for it. My father, hesi-
tatingly, sent me her- the East money to complete the

thought

they

known in con-
told lie: "I

I20

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I I

payment. I took the amount to Mr. Carpenter. He
received and counted it, then took out his pencil and
began to figure. I feared I had made some mistake, and
asked him if there was not enough. He replied, 'Yes;
more than enough, for there is a premium on Eastern
money.' He computed the sum and passed it back. I
wrote to my father that there was at least one honest man
in Chicago."

A Milwaukee lawyer, who did not know him very well,
once wrote him that through a defect in th conveyance
he might recover possession of some property he had sold,
which had greatly appreciated. He came out of his office
holding the letter in his hand, with that look of scorn
which meanness always evoked, and said to his wife:
"Hear what a shyster lawyer has written to me." "Well,
you will pay no attention to it, of course.'" she replied.
"This," said he, "is my answer: 'Sir, I made that sale in
good faith, and in good faith it shall stand.' "

I do not find that Mr. Carpenter ever engaged in any of
the questionable enterprises and speculations that abound
here. He did not lend his name to the baseless mining,
banking, insurance, and other schemes. He did not
dabble in stocks. He was not in any combinations to
corner the market and force up the prices of the neces-
saries of life. He did not operate on the Board of Trade,
although, as it seems to some of us, a too- lenient public
sentiment tolerates there what is not thought honest in
the common walks of life.

He held a large amount of real estate, on which he put
his own price — a higher price often than the estimate of
his fellow-citizens, liut this is not strange for one who
had his remarkable faith in the future of Chicago, and
who had seen those values arise from nothing. We think
it not at all extravagant to point to him as an "Israel-
ite, indeed, without guile."

THILO CARrENTER.

121

4. rhilo Carpenter was a benevolent man. Probably no
object of charity, public or private, which he deemed
worthy, ever appealed to him in vain. It is impossible to
estimate the amount of his benefactions. They were a
steady and ever-increasing stream, from the organization
of that first Sunday-school in 1832, to the date of his last
will and testament. No computation is known of the
amounts he gave to the earlier churches with which he was
connected, but it is known that he gave to the First Con-
gregational Church, first and last, more than $50,000. To
the Chicago Theological Seminary, he had given before
his death more than $60,000, and in his will made it the
residuary legatee of his estate, which, it is expected, will
amount to not less than $50,000 more. To the American
Home Missionary Society, the American Board, and the
American Missionary Association he deeded, several years
ago, each a three-story brick-house on Ann Street, avail-
able after his death. To the National Christian Associa-
tion he had given property worth $40,000 or $50,000, and
his will added $6000 to the objects it represented. Rela-
tives and friends had been freely aided during his life,
and were provided for after his death. One-quarter of
all his real estate was given to benevolent objects in his
will. As the gross amount was about $400,000, this
turned $100,000 into the channels of benevolence.

5. Philo Carpenter was a modest man. He was always
unassuming. He never put himself forward. When there
were reproaches to meet and trials to brave, or burdens to
carrj' he never was found in the rear; but when there were
honors to gain he never crowded to the front. While a
member of the board of education, he declined the presi-
dency, and could be prevailed upon to accept only the
vice-presidency. He never was elected to a civil office,
and never ran for any.

In the church, though its founder and wealthiest men:-
9

I 22

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

^ ii'

ber, he never sought to control, never claimed any superi-
ority over the poorest of his brethren. I can emphatically
say that in all my intercourse with him I was never once
made to feel that I was the poor man and he was the
millionaire. Where no principle was at stake he was
deferential to others, polite, courteous — in short the true
Christian gentleman.

6. Some of you may be surprised to hear me speak
next of his great moral strength.

A quiet, modest man, who pursues the even tenor of his
way without noise, without bluster, without ostentation,,
seldom gets credit for his strength. People often forget
that real power is best evinced by doing one's work easily^
calmly, and uniformly. In all questions of reform or
practical morality, everybody knew where Deacon Carpen-
ter would be found. Nobody thought of the possibility
of his yielding to the solicitations of the saloon, the
fascinations of the private wine-cup, the excitement of the
race-course, or the gamester's table. One instance of the
kind would have brought all busy Chicago to a standstill,
in perfect wonderment at what would occur next. Why
so.' How did it happen that with all the temptations of
this great and wicked city, and so many lamentable
examples of weak yielding to the strong current, Deacon
Carpenter stood often alone, unmoved as old Mackinac,
upon which the winds and waves of Lake Michigan come
three hundred miles from the south and surround it, the
northeasters from Lake Huron drive their floods into the
Straits, the northwesters, roaring the three hundred and
sixty miles down Lake Superior heap their waters high
about it, but the little rock-rooted islan'i stands as firm as
when it was first discovered, some thrtv, hundred years
ago!

Such examples of moral power are by no means too
common in this generation. We do well to mark and

I'HILO CARPENTER.

123

honor them. Doubtless other citizens of Chicago — Gur-
clon S. Hubbard, William B. Ogden, John VVentworth, J.
Young Scammon, Roswell B Mason, Charles G. Ham-
mond, and others — did more directly to establish business
enterprises of various kinds in this city; but in laying the
moral foundations on which so much of the real prosper-
ity of a city depends, no man probably equalled Philo
Carpenter. To do and say the right thing at the right
time has ever been considered an important element of
strength. The story is told that when, after a day of hard
fighting and terrible suffering in the Wilderness, Gen.
Grant summoned his officers to receive orders for the
morrow, and all were thinking by what route they should
retreat, they were astounded to receive the order: "Ad-
vance all along the line by break of day to-morrow morn-
ing!" When Gen. Lee heard of it he is said to have
exclaimed: "The Federal army has at last found a
general."

Smaller matters can illustrate great principles. When
Philo Carpenter and hh little band met a presbytery to
whom ecclesiastically they were amenable, and who,
backed by all the authority of the great general assem-
bly of the Presbyterian Church of the United States
of America, declared them "disqualified to act as mem-
bers of the Presbyterian church, and no longer to be
recognized as such," and his friends were wondering how
they should avert or survive the terrible blow, they must
have been astounded when he arose and calmly an-
nounced: "Divine service will beheld in the session-room
next Sunday at the usual hour." It might well have
been said at that moment, "This little band has a great
leader." For that simple notice was stronger than the
whole general assembly.

7. Yet withal he was a man of peace. Radically as he
differed from men, and earnestly as he sought reforms, he

124

KAUIA' CHICAOO AND ILLINOIS.

had no personal quarrels. The entire absence of litiga-
tion during his long life is proof of his pacific disposition.
He never sued a man, and he was never sued but twice in
his life. One of them was about a dog, and the plaintiff
was non-suited.

Musicians tell us that there must always be some dis-
cords in their anthems to make the music effective, and in
theory I am greatly opposed to indiscriminate commenda-
tion of even the best men; and I frankly confess to you
that I have sought for the needed discords in this anthem,
but with less success than usual.

Sometimes, indeed, Mr. Carpenter was supposed to be
deficient in business enterprise — especially that he did not
improve more of his property, and provide himself with a
greater income. But listen a moment to his own explana-
tion: "I can't get money enough ahead, besides paying
my taxes and assessments, to erect many buildings, for as
soon as anything comes in, somebody wants it for a
church, for a college, or for a seminary; or some friend
gets into trouble and wants help in meeting a note, or
releasing a farm from mortgage; or there comes some
special appeal for our benevolent societies who arc in
straits, and the money seems imperatively needed else-
where." In the later years of his life he made more
improvements, but still left much unimproved property.

Philo Carpenter was sometimes called "a man of one
idea," but the record we have rehearsed shows, we think,
several ideas — as man>, indeed, as most men have, arid all
good ones. They might perhaps all be reduced to the
"one idea" — that grand one of loyalty to the right, loy-
ally to God and humanity. Oh! that we had many more
such men with "one idea." Ho was sometimes called "an
extreme man." If that means that he was in the front
rank of progress, at the head of God's marching columns,
we accept it as true, and no reproach, but a great honor.

I'lIlLO CARl'ENTER.

125

Without such men Iiow could there be any advance in the
church or the world? Events have proved that he was
only ahead of his generation. Almost every one of his
positions, once thought extreme, have been reached and
occupied by his brethren and his fellow-citiz.ens.

But the good man was very far from thinking himself
perfect, and he would be the first to frown upon us if we
should presume to represent him as without fault. We
will only quote the closing sentence of the minute adopted
by the First Congregational Church soon after his decease:
"Without claiming perfection for our brother, we would
rejoice in the invaluable legacy to this church of his faith
and life, and praise our God that by His grace, No. 1 on
our rolls, went in and out before a great and wicked city
for half a century and left a record unstained."

Deacon Carpenter was a man of commanding presence,
in stature about six feet high; not being corpulent and
continuing erect to the end of his life he seemed even
taller. His normal weight was about one hundred and
seventy-five pounds. He had a light complexion, dark-
brown hair, a mild blue eye, a countenance singularly
benignant, pure, and inspiring confidence. No one could
see him and not trust him. As he never drank intoxi-
cants, nor used narcotics, there were no blotches to mar
his face, which grew more serene and heavenly to the last.

The afflictions which deprived him of his wife, and re-
duced his seven children to two, and brought severe ill-
ness upon him, diminished his strength and made him in
his last years somewhat averse to society. He did not
appear much in public, but as long as enough strength
remained he attended public worship and retained to the
last his interest in "the dear old First Church," as he lov-
ingly called it. An affection which the church recipro-
cated, as we have said by making him Deacon Eiiicritiis.

The Chicago Congregational Club, the first year of its

126

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

existence, 1883, elected him an honorary member, "in
recognition," as they said, "of his more than fifty years of
residence in this city, of his leadership in its early relig-
ious enterprises, of his faithfulness to the cause of freedom
when it cost greatly to be faithful, and especially in grate-
ful recognition not only of his being the first member of
our First Church, but of his being the father of Congre-
gationalism in this city."*

On the fiftieth anniversary of his arrival in Chicago,
July 18, 1882, a large number of our citizens called at his
residence to do him honor. His death, August 7, 1886,
resulted from a severe cold taken some time previously,
terminating in congestion of the lungs. His body was
embalmed and the funeral was postponed till August 15,
awaiting the arrival from California of his daughter, Mrs.
Rev. Edward Hildreth.

In the absence of Rev. Dr. Goodwin, the pastor, the
funeral was conducted by Rev. Dr. Franklin W. Fisk of the
Chicago Theological Seminary, assisted by Rev.Drs. Havel
Bascom, and Joseph E. Roy, and Rev. H. L. Hammond.
The deacons of the church were pall-bearers, with E. W.
Blatchford, Carlisle Mason, Judge Wm. W. Farwell, Dr.
John H. HoUister, and Professors Hugh M. Scott and Jas.
R. Dewey, honorary pall-bearers. A very large congre-
gation was in attendance, including especially the old resi-
dents of Chicago. The services were short, as a further
memorial service was anticipated after the return of the

* "The Chicago Congregational Club, March 21, 1883.

Dea. I'Hii.o CarI'ENTkk, Dear Sir: — At the meeting of the Club last even-
ing, at the suggestion of the executive committee, the following was adopted :

Kesolred, That in recognition of his more than fifty years of residence in
this city, of his leadership in its early religious enterprises, of his faithfulness
to the cause of freedom— when it cost greatly to be faithful, and esp. cially in
grateful recognition not only of his being the first member of 01 ■ First
Church but of his being the father of Congregationalism in this city we do
hereby elect Dea. Philo Carpenter an honorary member of this Club.

J. W. Sykes, Sec.etary. C. G. Hammond, President.

PHILO CARPENTER.

127

pastor. They included, however, the reading of a very
cordial appreciative letter from the First Presbyterian
Church,* of which Mr. Carpenter, as already told, was
one of the founders and first elders, and the singing of a
touching hymn that had been a favorite of Mr. Carpenter,
of which a manuscript copy was found in his memoran-
dum book after his death :

"This is not my place of resting,
Mine's a city yet to come;
Onward to it I am hasting,
On to my eternal home.

In it all is light and glory,

O'er it shines a nightless day,
Every trace of sin's sad story.

All the curse hath passed away.

There the Lamb our Shepherd leads us

By the stream of life along,
On the freshest pastures feeds us,

Turns our sighiug into song.

Soon we pass this desert dreary.

Soon we bid farewell to pain.
Never more are sad or weary.

Never, never, sin again."

* "At our meeting in the First Presbyterian Ciiurch, last evening, notice of
Deacon Carpenter's funeral was given. Eulogies were given of his grand
and noble life, his spotless character as a Christian gentleman, and his great
benovelence and usefulness as a citizen, through all the trying periods of our
city's history were acknowledged by all.

It gives us great pleasure as a church to send a committee to represent us
at his funeral, and to extend to his family and his friends our sympathy and
condolence. The following gentlemen were appointed on the committee :
O. D. Ranney, James IloUingsworth, li. Chamberlain, II. M. Sherwood,
H. W. Dudley, and D. W. Irwin.

The writer has known Deacon Carpenter more than thirty years, and were
I to select an exemplary man, one whose life and character I could point to
with pride, that life would be that of our dear brother Philo Carpenter. "

Chicago, Aug. 11, 1886. D. W. Irwin.

128 r.AUi.v CHICAGO and ii.mxois.

The appointed nieiiiorial service was held by the pastor
after his return, early in September. Text, Prov. V., 7,
"The memory of the just is blessed." His sermon on
that occasion was extensively reported in the papers.

The mortal remains of this pioneer,* Sunday-school
superintendent, church founder, deacon, abolitionist,
reformer, philanthropist, and Christian brother, sleep in
Graceland, but his spirit, who can doubt, is with the blessed
on high.

Among the bequests of Deacon Carpenter^ was one of

* Resolutions of Sunday-school Teachers at Kaiwell Hall, Chicago, Aug.
8, 1 886: --/f// ?/-<•(/,?, The officers and teaches of the Saturday noon-meeting,
held in I'"arwell Hall, have heard of the death of Deacon I'hilo Carpenter, at
the ripe age of 82 years, therefore,

Kesolvcil, That we place on record our appreciation of his /eal and faithful-
ness in organizing the first Sunday-school in our city in the fall of 1832, of
which he was the first superintendent.

Kesoh'ed, That we commend the cxamjile of his Christian activity and large
benevolence through a long life as worthy of imitation by the young men of
our city.

h'esolved. That we extend our sympathies to his bereaved family who have a
priceless heritage in the memory of his faith in and loyalty to Christ. "

t "His estate was valued at, personalities $100,000; real estate from $400,-
000 to $500,000. The personal estate is to be divided between his two
daughters and the children of a third; the real estate is to be divided into
four equal parts, three of which are to be given to the heirs, and the fourth,
hfter taking out some legacies, among which are $500 each to his old friends,
Revs. Jeremiah I'orler and Flavel Hasconi, 1). D., is to be devoted to religious
and educational work as follows: to Oberlin College, $2000; Ripon College,
$2000; Iowa College, $2000; lierea College, Ky., $5000; Chicago Theologi-
cal Seminary, $2000; the library of the Chicago Theological Seminary, $1000;.
New-West Education Commission, $2000; Chicago Historical Society. $1000;
Chicago City .Missionary Soc'y, $2000; .American Congregational Union, $2000;
Illinois Home Missionary Society $1000; Can\p-Nelson Academy, Ky. , $250;
Rev. Joseph K. Roy, in trust in opposition to secret societies, $2000; .\merican
Board of Foreign Missions, $2000; American Missionary Association, $looo;
.\merican Home Missionary Society, $1000; .Vmcrican Christian Union, $1000;.
to his d.iughters to be used in opposition to secret societies, $4000; Chicago
Theological Seminary, to endow an alcove in Hammond Libraiy, $5000; and
the balance to the Chicago Theological Seminary. "

■PiFwinM

I'lIII.f.) CARl'KNTER.

1 29

$1000 to the Chica-o Historical Society, which has been
already paid over to the treasurer. The daiif,rliters Mrs
Wm. VV. Cheney of Chicago, and Mrs. Rev. Kduard 'llild-
reth of Los Angeles, California, now have the pleasure of
personally presenting a bronze bust of their father. The
cast for this bust was taken after his death b\- Lorado
Taft of this city. From it one of marble, made in Paris
has been already presented to the Chicago Theological
Semmary. This of bronxe was cast by the American
IJronze Company of Grand Crossing, Ilydc Park, and is
certainly a creditable work of art that will be recognized
at once by all who ever knew Deacon Carpenter. If any
miss the benignity of his e.xprcssion and the kindness of
h.s mild blue eyes, the difficulty of reproducing these
things in bronze must be remembered. A photograph of
the old Carpenter homestead will also be an object of
interest now and hereafter.

SAMUEL STONE.

By Mrs. WILLIAM Barry.

Kc.kI liy Hki.dkn F. Lri.VKn, before the C'hicagd HisKirical Suricty, J.iii. 15. 1878.

For several years
When his school

ON May 4, 1876, at the Grand-Pacific Hotel, Chicago,
passed away from earth one whose life had been a
succession of noble, disinterested deeds and generous sac-
rifices, known only to those who had been brought into
near personal relations with him — Col. Samuel Stone.
He was born in Chesterfield, Mass., December 6, 1798.
Left an orphan at the early age of seven years, his pater-
nal uncle, Samuel Stone of Oxford, Mass., took him
to his home and became his guardian,
he attended the Academy at Leicester,
course terminated, his uncle placed him in a large whole-
sale store in Boston, where he remained until 18 17 — being
then nineteen years of age. About this time, he left
Massachusetts and went to Rochester, N. Y.; his father
having possessed interests there connected with the orig-
inal "Holland Purchase." When he became of age he
took possession of his patrimony, and engaged in mer-
cantile pursuits on his own account. He soon began to
take a very active interest in the military service of his
State, and after passing through successive grades, he was
commissioned by Gov. De Witt Clinlon, in 1830, as lieu-
tenant-colonel of a regiment of riflemen — a position which
he held until 18.54, when, by his own request, he was hon-
orably discharged.

The following extracts from "Notes and Incidents of
Rochester in the Old Time and New, by an Old Citizen,"
will show the estimation in which he was there held : —

130

'■:f.^x

Jan. 15. 1878.

;1, Chicago,
had been a
nerous sac-
rought into
luel Stone,
ler 6, 1798.
;, his pater-
took him
jveral years
n his school
arge whole-
817 — being
me, he left
his father
th the orig-
of age he
ed in mcr-
n began to
vice of his
des, he was
30, as lieu-
sition which
le was hon-

Chl.-«t(< FtiCT.. (.

ncidents of
Id Citizen,"
held:—

^'C^--^/ -i ' -fxyt^"

r-xjc.

Dtr. 6, f79S. — fifay 4, sS^d.

ffr

i'l

'■ By Mrst. VVii.UAM l^ARiiV.

ke.id !)%■ BKi.Difs t > •■ »•. Iwfor': thi-. Chir.aiiO llistoii -al So'.iely, .|i\n. i}. r'l;,'.

ON May 4. \, *t the C. rand- Pacific Hotel, Chicayc,
pcissed !,)!n c^arth one whose life liad been a

succession ''f ' ■* •.. -, isiuterestcd deeds and ^•encrous sac-
rifices, k»u)v*.'n ' n:j I those who had been brought into
near personal reiui'^'is with him — Col. Samuel Stone.
lie vtX'i born u\ l ',c 'cfftcki, Miss., December 6, J 798
Left, an orphan at the early aj^c of seven years, his pater-
'nal unclt, Sanu-.ti Stone «>»■ Oxford, Mass., tcKi' hir-
to hi.s home , »'-) '•rcmie hi.s gviurdian. I'or several year<
he attended ' t!; . '^. \ .1 my at Leicester. AVhei» lily school
OLir.sc term-'natc'i, his <i.tc\L placed Jiiin i;! a I.tr<.re while
,sa|L' store in Boston, wjs' •<■ '1.: rf.niained \intil 18^7 -beinp^
tlien nineteen \ car.i <A -■':■ .Vbout this time, he left
]\Ia.sbachusetts and vent ».• K -.eheste' V V ■ his falhei'
!ia\inrf possessed interc; rs there conn ih liir ori :

.ina! "Holland Purchase.' When In- became of alje h'
took possession of )ms patrin.ony, and enj^ac^ed in m-r-
oantilc pursuits on hisOwn account. He soon be^an ti
tdsL' a ve/y active- intercut in the uiilitc\iy service <t' 'li-
S(at<;, <iiid iifter jjassing throuf^h sa cessive grade-, he ^vas
commissioned by (iov lie Witt <.'Hntou, in Ic^50, a> lien-'
venant-coionel of a r.;^Mnie-.t of riilenien-'-a position wiiicl'
h' lifid until l"S_i4, when, be liis t.wn r.iciuest, hi. was hon-
■,r..bl) (!i:-c!iar,';ed.

I'hc *oi.(nvin:^ e.vtrac .-^ froru "Not -s and ln<.n.k')ts of
Kir.'jcs .r w the t >Id 1 in;i: .luii N'. w, I>y an Old Citi.'er., '
Will .ho.! th..,: eslimatiuii 111 whicJ) lu; v.as lliere held.

• < -3

,M1. IS. I^ji.

1, Chicago,
i;id been a
icrous iiMC-
oiight into
uel Stone,
er 6, J 798
, his patcr-
tcxv*' hir;'
vcral year-
» his school
^ir;j;c wh'-lc
S; 7 --being
r.if. he left
his fallier
1 ihr ori.T-

1 in nv I

Mis

lie \V

;is

lii.u'ii \*;iicl'
was liun-

its of

iti.'

Chic,»nu

Pli.it. -<;r.i\urf Co.

/O/c^yTn^r^-^^^^^^^rXj^ .

Dei. 6, jy^8. — Miiy 4, 'S7(>-

"'il"

W n:i

■■.!'

• ft I

SAMUEL STONE.

"S ill. Stone was a jolly, good fellow. He now lives in
Chicago —a very old man. Years ago he was a leading
merchant in this city. The writer was a long time his
agent, and knew his general kindness of heart, and that
many poor and needy ones had his sympathy and lived
on his generosity. Though it is many years since, our
intercourse has been only though correspondence, and Mr.
Stone is very aged, I send him my most cordial greeting,
as one of the best of my old friends and most revered.
May his remnant of life be peaceful and his death, when
it comes, radiant with hope."

The writer adds in a foot-note: —

"Since this was written Samuel Stone has taken his
plac* among the silent sleepers of Mt. Hope. Only a few
we ks aip he died in Chicago, and his faithful daughter
brougliL his remains to be deposited among kindred gone
before, in our beautiful city of the dead."

His life in Rochester was always full of interest to him.
Here came to him his greatest joy and his greatest sor-
row. He married Miss Caroline Alcott, a lady spoken
of by old citizens there as "one of the beautiful and
accomplished young ladies of Roc;;jster." She lived but
few years after their marriage. Of four children born to
them, two sons died in infancy, two daughters still survive.
His great bereavements, together with financial disappoint-
ments and impaired health, led him to give up his con-
nections there and devote some time to travel and recu-
peration.

About 1843, he went to Detroit. Here he entered act-
ively into the new life about him, and aided in developing
some important public interests. He was chosen secretary
and treasurer of the Board of Internal Improvements,
which embraced among other public objects what was then
in their inception, and is now known as The ]\Iichigan-

132

EARLY CHICAGO A\l) ILLINOIS.

Central and Michigan-Southern railroads. He filled
these important and responsible trusts with the ^nergy and
fidelity which always characterized him. But the labors
proved too arduous, and li,' health again gave way, forc-
ing him to relinquish his post. In 1849, he removed to
Milwaukee, where he associated himself with the late
Ezra Cornell in the telegraph enterprise, and invested
.somewhat extensively in telegraph and railroad stocks.
He assisted in building a telegraph line between Mil-
waukee and Chicago which, unfortunately, involved its
projectors in expensive litigation on account of disputes
about the right of way. His enterprises in Milwaukee
proving unsuccessful, he abandoned them, and, taking the
remnant of his fortune, removed to Chicago in 1852.
Here he continued to live \wM\ his decease, with a daugh-
ter, who had accompanied liim with filial devotion,
through all the vicissitudes of his changeful fortunes.

Having no special business of his own, and always car-
nest and active, he at once devoted himself here, as he
had done elsewhere, in his energetic but unostentatious
way to great public objects of interest — chiefly historic,
scientific, and humane; rendering material aid when it was
in his power to do so, and, when that failed him, giving
counsel and personal eflbrt.

After the organization of the Chicago Historical Society,
in 1856, he was one of the first to visit its rooms, and
was the bearer of one of the first books presented to its
library — a valuable and rarely-obtainable work on the
"Antiquities of Wisconsin," by his brother-in-law, Increase
A. Lapham, published by the Smithsonian Institute.

This became an introduction to long and unremitted
services in various ways for the benefit of the Society and
in aid of the librarian, to whom he became personally
attached in a friendship that continued during the remain-
der of his life.

SAMUEL STONE.

133

In March, 1867, he was elected resident member of the
Society, to whose various interests he continued to devote
himself actively and ^gratuitously. Probably no one better
than he comprehended and aj-preciated the original plan,
purpose, and scope of the librarian's operations. He was
especially helpful in arranging the rapidly-increasing
material, thus relieving the details of the librarian's labors
and giving him more time for his special work of collec-
tion and correspondence.

In order to facilitate his labors for the Society, and to
enable him to act in the absence of Mr. Barry, the princi-
pal secretary and librarian. Col. Stone was appointed, in
1858, assistant-secretary and librarian, and from that time
Mr. Barry was enabled to make frequent journeys to
different parts of the country, when some of the most
'mportant additions were made to the Society's collections.

In recognition of the long and devoted service rendered
by Col. Stone, by a unanimous vote of the Societ\-, March
15, 1859, his name was enrolled among the a.ssociate life-
members, exempting him from all charges and permitting
him to retain his privileges as a resident active member.

As he was one of the first to assist in laying the founda-
tions of the Society, so was he the last to leave the burning
building with its priceless treasures when the great fire of
October, 1 87 1, swept them all away.

The following vivid account of his experience at that
time was written in a private letter to Mr. Barr}-, then in
luirope, dated March 26, 1872:-^

"Between one and two o'clock on the morning of the
9th of October, 1871, I was awakened by a violent ring-
ing of m)- house-bell. On jumping out of bed I was
told that the city was on fire. As soon as possible, I
dressed and hastened from my house. No. 612 North-
Clark Street. I went down to Clark-Street brid;."', \\h(n
I found that and everything t>> the eastward en\ eloped

134

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

in flames. I hastened at once to the historical rooms,
where I found Mr. Wm. Cochrane, the hbrarian at that
time, and who slept there, in the act of receiving trunks,
boxes, bundles, etc., through the basement-door for
deposit. Sparks of fire were then flying i.'l about the
building, and I told Mr. Cochran of the danger of allow-
ing any more goods to be deposited there, especially such
as were ignitible. I proceeded at once to take charge of
the basement-door. Mr. Cochran went out, and as pack-
ages and bundles were brought, and I was urgently
pressed to receive them, my sense of the danger and of
my duty led me stubbornly to refuse to open tiie door.
For this I received much abuse. As I could not close
and lock the door, on account of some object outside
which prevented, I was obliged to stand and press
against it. After a few minutes Mr. Cochran called to
me from the outside, saying that the sidewalk was on fire,
and the janitor wished to come in to the base ..icnt
hydrant for a pail of water. He was admitted, but I
have no further recollection about him.

"The last person who came to the door was a Mrs.
Stone, who cried to me with a loud voice, begging me to
take a small box, which I did. At this time voices from
without called to nio that I was in danger. I then
pitched a heav\ trunk against the door to secuie it a.s
well as I could, and, seeing a window open in the north
end of the basement, I mounted the upper shelf on
which were the newspapers, and lying on my back. I
closed it with my feet. Here I observoil in the rear the
heavens full of flying sparks, and firebrands falling in
yard. I hurried at once up one flight of stairs to
the reception-room, and thence into the upper library-
room. At this moment a terrible blast of wind, fire,
and smoke filled the street, and the entire casement of
the window was in a blaze, hanging ikc feath<rs on

SAMUEL STONE.

every inch of the window. I immediately hastened
down to the reception-room to get the record book, and
the Lincohi prochimation,"'^' which had been deposited
there for safe-keeping by the Soldiers' Home, to whom it
belonged. Not finding the record, I attempted to break
the frame of the proclamation and take it out. lint the
frame was so stout it was not easily done, and just as I
was making the attempt, there came another blast of fire
and smoke, filling the whole heavens, and frightfully dash-
ing firebrands againet the reception-room window. I
heard at the same time a chinking sound overhead, prob-
ably from the breaking in of the window or falling of the
roof. Ik^lieving that a minute more in trying to save the
proclamation would make it too late for my escape, I
made for the basement-door, stamped out the fire from
two bundles, pulled away the trunk, and attempted to go
out, but the suffocating smoke outside prevented. I tore
open a third smoldering bundle, snatched from it a shawl
— a camel's hair it was — covered my head, and sprang out
with as much speed as possible. Glancing around, I could
see the steps overhead, the sidewalks, front fences, Mr.
Girard's cottage, and every building south, one mass of
flames, while firebrands were flying in every direction.
My only way of escape was by the rear of Mr. Girard's
cottage. I had no time for the gate, but with a bound
sprang over the low picket-fence into North-Dearborn
Street. lust then a blaze of flre struck me with such
force I f>:lt it to my skin. I dropped my burnt shawl and

* This, the original copy of the eniancip.ition proclamation, with all of
its interlines and erasions, had been donated by President Lincoln to the
North-western Fair, for the sanitary commission, held in Chicago, Oct. 26,
1865. Mrs. Thomtis B. 15ryan, president of the Soldiers' Home, purchased
and presented it to that institution ; and "to create a fund for the erection and
maintenance of a permanent Home for Sick and Disabled Soldiers," per-
mitted Jac-similes to be taken and sold. At a subsciiuent meeting of the
board of managers it was decided to place it in the rooms of the Chicigo
Historical Society.

■aww

mim

1^6

EARLY (.IlICAOO AND II.MNOIS.

ran toward ICric Street, a poor bellowing cow with a
scorched back following nie through North-Dearborn
Street; another blast of wind and flame and the poor
cow was out of sight in the dense smoke. Such was the
force of the blast I purposely dropped down upon my
hands to prevent being blown over. After this, I
mounted some high, stone steps on l^rle Street, in the rear
of the historical building, to take a last look of the
destruction of our fifteen years' labor of valuable gather-
ings. The entire building, and everything surrounding it,
was one mass of flames, the fire burning every brick
apparently, as there was no woodwork on that side of the
building. It was a painful sight to see it. The heat
becoming too intense to bear, I was obliged to leave.
There were no persons near me — every house was aban-
doned. As I came to the corner of North-Dearborn and
Erie streets from the historical building, I saw a woman
running directly cast into the fire. I have since been
told a woman was found there burned to death. At this
moment a great blast of wind and fire and smoke — the
blaze being apparently about two or three hundred feet in
length and about one hundred and fifty feet in height —
went over mc to the right, and passing over two entire
blocks, poured the full volume into the top of the spire of
the Church of the Holy Name. In an instant the top was
in a blaze. There were times when I saw buildings melt
down in from three to five minutes. Such sights I never
saw before. Had I known the speed and the heat of the
coming fire, I could have left my post at the basement-
door earlier, and could ha\'e secured the records and
proclamation, but it was beyond all my experience. The
fact of the Mrs. Stone, above-mentioned, calling me by
name and giving her own name in the hearing of persons
near her, probably gave rise to the rumor through the
press that, 'Old Col. Stone and Wife perished in the
flames.'

SAMUEL STONF,.

137

"In regard to others having taken shelter in the build-
ing, if there they would have been seen by me, unless
they were hidden in the lecture or wash-room. It is fair
to presume that I was the last person that left the Histor-
ical building. I have given all the facts that I can
remember from the time I entered the building until I
left. I do not wish to come into any controversy with
others, nor to have my letter appear sensational to call out
sympathy, but to be credited, if thought worthy, after
reading the above statement.

"V^ery truly yours,

"Saml. Stone."

One of the first telegraphic despatches announcing the
rav:.ges of the fire reported that Col. Stone and wife. Dr.
Joseph W. Freer, and others — fifteen in all — had perished
in the flames of the Historical building. A few days
later, when he with a party of friends went to visit the
rliins, then guarded by some of Gen. Sheridan's troops, on
account of the treasures that had been deposited there
during the fire, he was asked if he had any interest there
— if he were looking for anything. "Yes," he replied,
with his characteristic facetiousness, "I am looking for my
ghost. They say I was burnt up here."

After leaving the burning building of the Historical
Society, instead of returning home he went at once to the
Eye-and-Ear Infirn^ary, rescued two of the books of
record, and assisted r.iany of the blind to escape. He
then went home, and, in a state of extreme exhaustion
but great excitement, cried out: "The Historical building
is gone!" This was his all-absorbing tiiought.

Devoted as he was to the success ot the Chicago His-
torical Society, he was scarcely less interested in that of
the Chi..ago Academy of Sciences. One can not more
briefly or pertinently speak of his relation to thit institu-
tion than by quoting from its records the tribute deserv-
10

K>l

,^»mm^^^ ^ ,^ . ^ -.

138

KARLY CintA(;(; AND ILLINOIS.

cdly rendered to him after liis death, which is as follows: —
"This Academy is a^ain called to mourn the loss of one
of its most valuable members in the death of Col. Samuel
Stone. For several years he has been one of its most lib-
eral supporters, contributinj,^ freely of his money to sustain
it, and presenting to its collections one of its most costly
and important fossil specimens. If possible, always pres-
ent at its meeting's, his wise counsels and apt suggestions
added efficiently to the intc.est and the progress of this
institution; therefore,

"Kisolved, That the Academy gratefully recognize the
services of Cul. Stone, and that the secretary be directed
to spread this tribute to his memory upon the records of
the Academy."

After the death of Col. John W. Foster, which occurred
in 1873, appreciating warmly the services, he had rendered
to the Academy and to science in general. Col. Stone pro-
posed that his bust should be placed in the museum of
the Academy; and with his accustomed liberality at once
subscribed five hundred dollars toward it — the amount
required being twelve hundred. It will be remembered
that since Col. Stone's death the bust has been completed
and unveiled w'th m^'Testing ceremonies.

It was through his generosity, also, that the sketch of
Col. Foster's life, vich its accompanying engraving was fur-
nished to the "United States Biographical Dictionary."

Col, Stone was a member of thv^ Chicago Astronomical
Society, and a trustee of the Chicago Charitable Eye-and-
Ear Infirmary before it became a State institution.* He

* From the foundation of the Infirmary, in 1858, till 1871, he was the sec-
retary of the board of trustees. During this jieriod he manifested a warm
interest in the welfare of the institutiom by his regular attendance at the
meetings of its officers, by his wise counsels, and by his gifts. He was ever
interested in the labors of the surgeons, and expresed his sympathies with the
patients whenever he met them during his private visits to the institution.

W'J

SAMUF.r, STONK.

139

ical
id-
IIc

sec-

,varm

the

evei'
h the

was also an active and generous member of the Illinois
Humane Society.

It may not be inappropriate to state, as an illustration
of his patriotism in ailvanced years, that in a published
notice of his life it is related of him that early in the late
civil war "he went into Camp Douglas, and there assisted
in organizing and drilling the regiments — a gratuitous
service, which he rendered with a skill acknowledged as
unsurpassed."

Though not a scientist in any specialty, he was warmly
interested in all scientific researches and discoveries. He
never feared any conflict between them and the higher
truths of the spiritual revelation, with which he felt they
must go hand in hand — as all emanated from the same
Source. He was, however, particularly fond of experi-
menting with the microscope and the electric battery, and
though but an amateur, he pursued his investigations with
the enthusiasm of an expert. He made the lake water a
frequent matter of microscopic investigation, as also the
stagnant deposits in drains and pools, so liable to affect
unfavorably the city's health.

Col. Stone was a man of strong characteristics — sharp-
cut and incisive, thus giving to each trait the appearance
of a leading feature. But, perhaps, the most marked wa.s
his wonderful retentive and exact memory. He never for-
got anything he ever knew, and what he knew he knew in
such detail that his mind was a volume of unerring records
of facts, events, and chronological dates, always open at
the right page, making him a reliable arbiter of disputed
questions.

His geographical information was of rare extent and
accuracy. He often seemed to know more about places he
had never seen, in all parts of the world, than those who
had visited them, or had been born there. It is related
of him that on one occasion he was conversing with a Lon-

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23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580

(716) 872-4503

H^P

140

EARLY CHICAGO AND H.LIXOIS.

doner, to whom he made some statements about the city
of London, the accuracy of which the former disputed in
a peremptory manner. The colonel said: "I know I am
right." "When were you there last?" asked the English-
man. "I never was there, but I have read about it, and I
am positive as to what 1 say." Returning home the Lon-
doner investigated the matter, and discovered that the
colonel was correct. Yielding manfully, as ICnglishmen do
when they must, he wrote a letter of apology, and sent the
colonel a beautiful chart of the city as a te.stimonal of his
regard for a man who knew more about London, a place
he had never seen, than one who was born there.

He was a keen observer of men, and scrutinized char-
acter with rare penetration. While his soul was full of
sweet humanity, "with malice toward none and chanty for
all," he hated shams and pretension, and all sorts of crook-
edness. Too modest to assert his own claims, he was jeal-
ous of the rights of others, and loved to bring fc ward and
aid unrecognized merit.

Such is a sketch of the outward life and circumstances
of this good man. One always approaches the inner
realm with timidity and reverence — especially that of one
whose sensitive modesty so shielded it even from those
nearest to him. Standing aloof from creeds and dogmas, he
sought to do justly, to love mercy, and to walk humbly.
He visited the fatherless and widows in their affliction, and
went about doing good with liberal hand. To be doing
something for the world in which he lived was his delight,
and the ample fortune he enjoyed during the latter part of
his life enabled him to indulge his benevolent impulses.

If his name is not emblazoned on the tablets of fame
— in the houses of widows and orphans, of the desti-
tute and friendless — the angel has recorded it on the page
with Ben. Adhem's, as "one who loved his fellow-men."

And while loving and blessing his fellow-men he sought

SAMUEF- STONE.

141

ibly.
and

oing

ies.
fame
csti-
page

to find out God and His method in the works of creation.
Born among the inspiring hills of Massachusetts, he early
imbibed that love of nature which followed him to the end
of his earthly career. And v/hcther he regarded the
heavens and called the stars by name, or viewed the great
mountains and rivers of the far West, a; it was his privi-
lege to do a few years before his death, or studied the mys-
teries of a drop of water as revealed by the microscope, he
sought in all the thought Md method of the Creator, and
pursued his researches with earnestness and enthusiasm.
For many y^ars befc'e his death he was a great sufferer
from painful physical infirmity. But this could never
have been suspected by those who saw his active useful-
ness — heroic self-forgctfulness and devotion to duty.

His most striking moral characteristics may be summar-
ized as unassailable integrity, fidelity in trusts, intense
humanity, steadfastness in friendship, and absolute unsel-
fishness.

He is gone from us. We feel no more the warm,
friendly grasp of his hand. We hear no more the accents
of his kindly, cheerful voice; but he has left a record with-
out spot or blemish, and though dead, he yet speaketh in
all that he was and all that he did, and the hearts of mul-
titudes whom he blessed in his life respond in grateful
remembran :e.

)ught

^f^f^m

mfm

■

PIERRE MENARD.

PIICRRE MKNARD was born Oct. 7. 1766, at Saint
Antoine upon the river Chambly or Richelieu, in the
Province of Quebec, in Lower Canada. The historians
of Illinois who mention him have uniformly described
him as a native of the City of Quebec, born in 1767.'
But these staternonts are shown to be erroneous by the
rej^istcr of his baptism, still preserved in the parish
church of Saint Antoine, which states that in 1766, on
October 8, was baptized Pierre, born the day before of
the lej;itimate marriajje of Jean Baptiste Menard, called
Brindamour, and Marie Fran(,-oise Ciree, called St. Michel?
And the ante-nuptial contract between Pierre Menard
and Therese Godin, found among his papers? as well as
the register of their marriage in the Church of the Im-
maculate Conception at Kaskaskia, Ill.f both signed by
him, alike descrilje him as a native of Saint Antoine. in
Canada.

The village and parish of Saint Antoine are situated
in the Seignory of Contrecceur and County of V'ercheres,
thirty-five miles from the City of Montreal, upon the
north shore of the river Richelieu, and the place is usually

' Reynolds' " I'ioneer History of Illinois," iiaj^e 242; Mont.ngue's "Directory
and Historical Sketches of Randolph County," p. 3S; "llistory of Randolph,
Monroe, and I'crry Counties, Illinois," p. 306; Davidson iV .Stiive's "His-
tory of Illinois," p. 297.

* Parish Retjistcr of .Saint Antoine de Richelieu, October 8, 1766.
•'' Original contract in Cliicago Historical Society's possession.

* I'arish Register of Church of Immaculate Conception, Kaskaskia, Illi-
nois, June 13, 1792,

142

>, at Saint

lieu, in tlie

historians

described

1 in 1767?

3US by the

the parish

1 1766, on

' before of

lard, called

St. Michel?

•e Menard

as well as

of the Im-

si^ned by

ntoinc, in

■r'

>tv-

e situated

V'ercheres,

upon the

: is usually

e's "Directory
uf Kandulph,
tiive's " His-

, 1766.

jii.

i^knskia, Illi-

r I I P K K M i:'\ A R 1).

I)I1.K1<E MKNAkJJ was born Oct. 7. 1766, at Saint
Antuint up^i the I'ver Cl\ambiy <:ir Richelieu, in the
Province of* Quebec, ir l^ower Canada. The histori.ins
of Illinois who i. iiiun l>im have unifornil) Ji.sciibt.d
'l.ini as a luitivc ■ ; 'he ■ ity of Quebec, biru. in ijtj}
Hut these statetiv'*', are •ibt>wn to be erroneous by the
regi.-.ter of his ba;>y*m, -till preserved in tlie parish
churc!; of S.tint A»i*" .U", uhich states that in 1766. on
October S, was bap; . ' Picric, born the ci.iy before of
the lejfitiinfite inarri.- t |e .r. Haptiste Menard, called
Brindaniou;, and Ma. -i ire«^ called St. Michil*

And the anle-nuptial > •.. 'net belw'fn Pierre Menard
and'Therese G'-dsn, found < uontj his papcr-s.'as well'a'S
tl\e re;/istei of their 'narria ■ 'he C'hurcli of the Im-
maculate Conception at K^j t li!;; '>iUi ■ji'Mud by
iiitn, alike describe him as a nattv*' of - tOiHe, in
Canada. ■

The village and parish of .Saint .'irl'.>ine arc situated
in the Seii^nory of Conlrecct-ur ani! ». ounty of V'crchcr' s,
thirt\'-fivc miles from the City nl Mon;:eal, upon the
north .shore of the river Richelit u, and the place is usually

' Ueynol''*' " t'ionecr ! I istory '.f lUinois," pnjje 242;-Montii);no's " Directory
aiid I Mstoi i(:i(] Sketches i Kamiolph i.'ounty," p. 38; "HiMoiy of HAtidolph, '
MwiuMj. ai'il Ivrry ij^outuies, Illim>l«<,'' | J06; iJavidson & .Stuve'ft 'His-
tory ih' Illinois," p. 197.

* I'iiii-ii K«, Mer tf Saint Autoiae <i>' Kiciielieu, OcfoUor S, 17O6.
•((ri--"' •■■■;\c-t m Chicago liistoricul Soi'iety's pu^session.

• l'»ri I'f Church of (mmaculate Conception, Kask8.'>kia, Illi-
nc's, June .j, i/.ju.

143

5, at Saint

lieu, ill the

histtvi.ins

dcsLrif)«.d

II. in 1767?

.HIS by tlu-

thi- parish

11 f766. on

' before of

lard, called

St. Michil*

•e Menaid

as well" as

•I the im-

f'nrrl bv

>w. iii

tuated

crcheri's,
upon the
is ij'^ualiy

. 'ircctory

'■• viidolfih,

■\ •llii,-

ki.i, I Hi- ,

1^-

*f.

Or/.'/.r/U:''^'^a^

"wi iLii wm.u\ ,m»

wmmmmmm

riKRRE MKNARI).

143

known as Saint Antoinc de Richelieu." This river, takin^j
its name from the fort at its mouth, called after the
famous cardinal, was also known as the Sorel, from M.
de Sorel, who commanded at that fort? and as the Cham-
bly, from M. de Chambly, who was once in command uf
a fort built at the foot of the rapids on this stream. It
has also been called the St. Louis and the St. John?

Pierre Menard's father, Joan Baptiste Menard, called
Brindamour, was the son of Jean Haptiste Menard and
Madeleine Reboulla, who were of the parish of Saint
Hypolite in the diocese of Alis? This diocese was prob-
ably that of Alais, in France, founded in 1694, and in the
Province of Narbonne, in Southern France.'^ There is a
village of St. Hypolite in this diocese, in the modern
'department of Gard, which probabi)- was the birth-place
f Pierre Menard's father, who described himself as a
.lative of Lanj^uedoc, in France, the ancient name of
that reyionf" The yountrcr Jean Baptiste was born in
•735< ''i"d was in the French service as a soldier in the
regiment of Guienne. On February 14, 1763, when he
was twenty-eight years old, he was married at Saint
Antoine to Marie Fran^oisc Ciret^, then twenty-two years
of age, daughter of Jean liaptiste Ciree, called Saint
Michel, and of Marguerite lionin of that parish. Of
this marriage were born five sons, the two elder at Saint
Antoine, Jean Marie on April 2, 1765, and Pierre on
October 7, 1766. The three younger sons were born at
St. Denis de Richelieu ou Chambly, opposite Saint An-
toine, on the other side of the river Richelieu, to which
place their parents had removed. Their names and dates

' liouclietle's " Topographical Dictionary of Lower t'anada," article St.
Antoine. " Charlevoix's "History of New IVance," (•^hea), HI, 8j.

' Houchetle's "'I'opographical Dictionary, " article Richelieu.

* I'arish Kcjjistor of Saint Antoine, February 14, 1763.
' Letter of John Ciilmary Shea, I^'elmiary 2, iS8y.

• Letter of Mrs. Augustine Menard, I'V'bruary 5, 1889.

144

KARI.V CHICA(;() AND ILLINOIS.

of birth were: Ilypolitc on January 8, 1770, Michel oit
January ii, 1772, and Jean Fran<,ois on January 26, 1775.'
The family subsequently resided at Montreal, and at St.
I'hilippe, LaTortue, and La I'rairie, places in the nei^di-
borhood of that cityf Jean Haptiste Menard was in
several engaf^tmcnts, and is said to have taken part in
the campaign about I'ort DuQuesne. When the Revo-
lutionary war broke out, he joined the American forces
and fought under Montj^oniery at Ouebec;'

It was from Montreal that the young Pierre Menard
went forth to seek his fortune, and found his way to V'in-
cennes certainly as early as 1788. A letter to him from
his father, addressed to Mr. Pierre Menard, clerk for Mr.
Vigo at "I'oste V'insenc," is indorsed by him as received
April 28, 1788; and a letter from his mother, dated at
Montreal, June 9, 1789, refer.i to a letter from him of July
6 of the year before. The mother's letter is addressed
to Mr. Pierre Menard, called Hrindamour, at the house
of Mr. V'igo at Poste de V'insenne:* These epistles and
others from his parents, treasured by him to his death,
breathe a spirit of the tenderest affection for the absent
son, and those of his mother, especially, show the writer
to have been a person of superior intelligence and educa-
tion. She died at LaPrairie, a village on the south shore
of the river St. Lawrence, nine miles from Montreal, Sep-
tember 19, 1807.'

Pierre Menard, while living at Vincenncs in 1789, accom-
panied Pran<^ois Vigo across the Alleghany Mountains
to Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where they had an interview
with President Washington in relation to the defence of
the Western frontier? He subsequently removed from

1 Parish Register of Saint Antoine.

' Letters from I'ierre Menard's parents in Chicago Historical Society's
possession.

» Reynolds' " I'ioneer History of Illinois," p. 242; letter of Mrs. Augus-
tine Menard, Feb. 5, 1889. * Letters «/ j«/;vi. * Ibid. " Ibid.

I'IKKKK MKNARI).

•45

Viiiccnncs to Kaskaskia, where he was married, June
13, 1792, to Miss Tiiercsc (lodin. then nineteen years
of a^,a'. tlaii^'hter of Miciiel (lotlin, called Tourantjeau,
and Tlicrese St. ( jc-ninic lieaiivais.* I'lie civil contract
relating; to their propert)' matters was entered into the
same day before Mr. Carbonneau.\, the notary-public
of the County of St. Clair in the Country of the Illinois;
and the orij^inal document, preserved amonjf his papers,
is an interesting instance of the late e.\istence of I''rench
law and custom in this region. Tlu' marriaj^e ceremony
was performed at the church of the Immaculate Con-
ception at Kaskaskia, by the Rev. Father Saint I'ierre.
Amon^ the witnesses were (len. John ICdjjar and his wife
Rachel I'Alt;.ir, William St. Clair and his wife Jane St.
Clair, and William Morrisson, all well-known names in
the early history of the Illinois Territory. Mrs. Therese
Godin Menard died in 1804, leaving four children.

On Sept. 22, 1806, Pierre Menard was married the sec-
ond time, at Kaskaskia, in the same church, to Anj^eliquc
Saucier, dauj^hter of Franc^ois Saucier and Angel icpie La
I'ensee, and granddaughter of Frant^ois Saucier, once a
French officer at Fort Chartres, who resigned and settled
in the Illinois Country. The ceremony was performed
by Donatien Ollivier, the priest of the parish.^* Mrs. An-
gelique Saucier Menard was born at Portage des Sioux,
March 4, 1783, and died February 12, 1839, leaving six
children, and was buried in the Menard burial-ground at
Kaskaskia.*

During his long life in Illinois, I'ierre Menard held
many positions of trust and honor, among which were
the following: October 5, 1795, he was commissioned a
major of the first regiment of militia of Randolph County
by Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory;

• Parish Register, Kaskaskia, June 13, 1792.

t Parish Register, Kaskaskia, .Septeml)er 22, 1806.

i Letter of Mrs. Augustine Menard, November 25, 1888.

146

KAkl.Y ( IIICAr.O AND ILMNUIS.

August I, 1800, he was n^ain commissioned to the same
office by John Gibson, acting-fjt)vernor of the Indiana
Territt)ry; I'ebruary 5, 1801, he was appointed one of
the judges of the court of common pleas of Randolph
County by William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana
Territory; September 24, 1802, he and John ICdgar were
associated by the same governor with John Griffin, one
of the judges of the territorial supreme court, on a com-
mission of inquiry concerning crimes in the Territory;
December 14, 1805, he was appointed by the commis-
sioners of the land-office for the district of V^incennes, a
commissioner to take depositions and examine witnesses
within the County of Randolph; December 27, 1805, he
was again appointed by Gov. Harrison one of the judges
of the court of common picas for Randolph County;
July 12, 1806, Gov. Harrison appointed him lieutenant-
colonel commandant of the first regiment of militia of
Randolph County, a position formerly held by John
Kdgar; April I, 1 8a), Meriwether Lewis, governor of the
territory of Louisiana, appointed him captain of infantry
in a detachment of militia on special service; May 6th,
1809, Nathaniel Pope, secretary of the Illinois Territory
and acting governor, again appointed him lieutenant-
colonel of the first regiment of Randolph County militia;
April 2, 18 1 3, he was made United States sub-agent of
Indian affairs by John Armstrong, secretary of war; and
on May 24. 1828, he and Lewis Cass were appointed
commissioners to make treaties with the Indians of the
Northwest by John Ouincy Adams, president of the
United States.* Of his territorial and state offices, and
public services, and of his life and character, an interest-
ing account will be found in the address of Hon. Henry
S. Baker, delivered at the unveiling of the statue of Pierre
Menard at Springfield, 111., and printed herewith.

Two of Pierre Menard's brothers, Hypolite and Jean
* Original commissions in possession of the Chicago Historical Society.

riKKRK MKNAKI).

•47

Francois, followed him to IlliiK^is and settled at Kaskas-
kia. Tlie former was a successful farmer, and the other
a famous iiavij^ator of the Mississippi, lioth led useful
and honored lives, lived to an advanced age, and both
rest near their brother Pierre in the old cemetery at Kas-
kaskia.* A nephew, also, Michel Menard, having as well
the family patronymic of Hrindamour, who was born at
Lal'rairic, December 5, 1H05, made his way to Illinois at
the age <>f eighteen. l''or several years he was employed
by his uncle Pierre in trading with the Indians. He
obtained great influence among them, and was elected
chief of the Shawnees. It is said that he almost suc-
ceeded ii. uniting the tribes of the Northwest into one
great nation, of which he would have been king. In
1833, Michel went to Texas, was a member of the con-
vention which declared its independence, and of its con-
gress. A league of land was granted to him, including
most of the site of the City of (ialveston, which he
founded, and where he died in 1856. It is related that the
Indians said of him, as of his uncl> Pierre, whom in many
respects he resembled, "Menard never deceived us."-f*

Pierre Menard died at the good old age of seventy-
seven years and eight months, on June 13, 1844, and was
buried, June 14, 1844, in a vault prepared under his own
supervision in the graveyard of the Church of the Im-
maculate Conception, at Kaskaskia. And the parish
burial -record says: "Thither he was accompanied bj-
an immense concourse of people. "j

His children by his first wife were:

I. Odile Menard, born at Kaskaskia in 1793; married
in 181 1 to Hugh H. Maxwell, a native of Ireland, deceased
in 1832. She died October 8, 1862. They had twelve
children, of whom two are living. Col. L. Maxwell of

• Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois," 2d ed., p. 294.
t"Appleton's Cyclopadia IJiography," IV, 295.
Z I'arish Register, Kaska.skia, June 14, 1844.

148

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

if!

New Mexico, known in connection with the "Maxwell
land-^rant," was their son.

2. Peter Menard, born at Kaskaskia in 1797, married
first Carohne Stillman, in 1830, at Peoria, where she died
in '847; and second, Emily Briggs, at Tremont, 111., in
1850; she is still living with two children. He died in
Tremont, November 30, 1871.

3. Berenice Menard, born at Kaskaskia in i8or, mar-
ried in 18 19 to Fran(;ois C. Chouteau, deceased in 1836.
She died at Kansas City, Mo., November 19, i888, at the
age of eighty-seven years, leaving grandchildren, but no
children surviving her.

4. Alzira Menard, born at Kaskaskia in 1802; married
in 1824 to George H. Kenneriy; and died at Carondelet,
Mo., in 1885, leaving five children.

His children by his second wife were:

1. Francois P. Menard, born at Kaskaskia in 1809, and
died in January, 1831.

2. ICdmond Menard, born at Kaskaskia, February 8,
18 1 3, educated at Mount St. Mary's College, Emmetsburg,
Maryland, and died at Kaskaskia in July, 1884.

3. Matthew Saucier Menard, born at Kaskaskia, April
22, 1817; married at Ste. Genevieve, Mo., to Constance
Detchemendy; and died September 29, 1832, at St. Louis,
Mo., leaving no children.

4. Louis Cyprien Menard, born March 2, 18 19; edu-
cated at Mount St. Mary's College, iMiimetsburg, Mary-
land, and admitted to the bar at St. Louis, Mo., in 1843.
He was married Oct. 15, 1845, to Augustine Ste. Gemme,
and died June 2, 1870, leaving his widow and si.\ children.

5. Aniedee Menard, born in 1820, and died in 1844 at
Peoria, 111.

6. Sophie A., born November 13, 1822; married, in
July, 1843, to John D. Radford of St. Louis, deceased in
1868. She died June 22, 1848, and none of her children
survive. E. G. M.

THE FIRST LIEUT.-GOV. OF ILLINOIS.
By Hon. Henry S. Baker, of Alton.

Rend l,c.f„rc.lK. Illinois State Har Associa.i,.,,, at .Springfield. T.iesday, Jan. ,o, ,888.

Pl-LLOW- CITIZENS: Charles P. Chouteau of St.
A Louis, Mo., having presented to the State of Illinois, a
statue of Col. Pierre Menard, the first lieutenant-governor
of our State, we have met here for the purpose of unveiling
that statue and of paying a becoming respect to the
memory of the man whom it is intended to commemorate.
By a joint-resolution of our legislature in 1885, it grate-
fully accepted the generous donation, on behalf of the
State, and directed that the statue be placed in the state-
house grounds. This being the first historic monument
placed within those grounds, a greater degree of interest
might, therefore, be taken in its erection than perhaps
would otherwise attend it. In connection with the event
the duty which I have been called upon to perform, had
been assigned to the late Elihu B. Washburne of our State.
His untimely death, however, not only delayed this cere-
mony, but disappointed us all in that behalf and deprived
him of an opportunity of expressing his thoughts upon
the completion of an event so dear to his heart.

Why I have been called upon to supply his place, arises
I presume, from the fact that I had the good fortune of
being born and raised in the old town of Kaskaskia, and
m my boyhood days was personally acquainted with Col
Menard and his family, and therefore, if, perhaps, I could
not perform this duty with equal ability, I could at least
perform it with equal pleasure. For there is a witchery

149

ISO

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

attending the hallowed memories of old Kaskaskia; with
it, the dreams of romance become realized and the prose
of life transformed into poetry. It is a legend of the old
place that, in those days, every man was brave and every
woman beautiful.

Kaskaskia is the oldest town in the Mississippi Valley.
It was founded in the year 17CXD, although visited prior to
that by Marquette and Joliet in 1673, two hundred and
fifteen years ago. By the right of discovery, France, dur-
ing the reign of Louis XIV, acquired title to all our vast
northwestern territory. At the close of the French-and-
English War in 1763, all of that territory, with the Cana-
das included, was ceded to Great Britain. At the time
of the cession, Vincennes was the centre of authority in
the Northwest Territory — and so remained until 1809,
when the Illinois Territory was carved out from it; and
Kaskaskia made the capital of the new Territory. If but
little is known, prior to this event, of old Kaskaskia, it
is to be attributed to the quiet and peaceful virtues of its
people; for the faults of men, and not their virtues,
become the records of history.

In those rudely-refined days, when bravery was a quality
to be respected and virtue a beauty to be admired,
education was not regarded a necessity, much less a luxury.
During that early period, there were but few schools or
school-teachers. The priest of the mission was the prin-
cipal teacher by whom the young were taught the rudest
fragments of learning and the sublimcst articles of faith.
In connection with this portion of our early history, and
which is germane to the immediate subject of this address,
I may say that during that long time, extending over a
century, as between the Indians, who owned and occupied
the soil, and the Canadians, who came to make their homes
among them, there were no troubles; their relations were
the relations of peace and good - will. Wherever, the

I'lKRRli MENARD.

151

Canadian made his appearance, the pipe of peace was
presented as a token of good-faith, and the salutation
was, "the sun is beautiful, Frenchman! and when you
come to visit us all our tribes attend you, you shall enter
in peace into all our cabins." History affords nothing
more touching than this rude and friendly salutation. The
first lesson which the French Jesuit sought to impress upon
the Indian was, that the French King was their father and
would care for them and protect them. Thus it was that
the descendants of the proud aristocracy of the days of
Louis XIV, dwelt in peace and harmony with the wild
and rude Indian of our American forests.

To our shame be it said, that the red man of America
never knew what it was to be cruel and merciless to
strangers until he came in contact with Spanish pirates
and British fortune-seekers.

At the close of our war of the Revolution, the confed-
erated States of America acquired title to the northwestern
territory, then claimed by Great Britain under the treaty
of Paris, 1763. This, of course, did not embrace the Can-
adas; they still remained a part of the British Empire.
Four years after the confirmation of the treaty of 1763,
Pierre Menard was born near Quebec. He was the son of
Jean B. Menard, an officer in the French-Canadian army;
so that after all, it would appear that Col. Menard was a
quasi-Briton, at least, that he was born a British subject.
When he was some twenty-one years old, he left his home
and went to Vincennes, then the capital of our entire
northwestern territory. This was in 1787, the year of the
adoption of the Constitution of the United States of
America. Why he sought his home within the jurisdiction
of our American Government is easily explained: next to
France, he admired the people who had trampled the lion
and the unicorn into the dust. While at Vincennes, he
engaged in dealing in furs and pelts, and acting as an

»52

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

agent of our government, in our relations with the Indians.
After remaining at Vincennes some four years, he went to
Kaskaskia in 1791, where he continued to reside up to the
time of his death. In making his home in our American
RcpubUc, as was most natural, he made his home among
those akin to him in nationality and religious faith. At
Kaskaskia, he continued his old business, of trading in
furs and pelts, and subsequently established one, of the
most extensive trading- houses in all our western terri-
tories, in connection with Francois Valle. Their boats
and barges extended north to the land of the Dakotas
and south to the Gulf of Mexico.

Col. Menard had resided, however, only a short time at
Kaskaskia before the people began to recognize the
quality of the man, and soon demanded of him duties
other than dealings in furs and trading with Indians. He
was a plain and modest man. What he did not know he
did not assume to know. From his knowledge of himself
he believed that he knew more in regard to the quality of
furs than he did respecting the qualities of legislation —
but the people who knew him better than he knew himself,
thought quite differentl , and as early as 1 795, as appears
among the records of Randolph County of our State, he
held the office, in connection with others, of United-States
justice and member of the court of common pleas, which
office he continued to hold until 1803, when he was sent as
a delegate to the territorial legislature, which sat at Vin-
cennes. In 1809, Illinois was erected into a territory of
itself, but it was not until 18 12, that it had its own territor-
ial legislature. That legislature was composed of two
houses — a council and a house of representatives, the
former consisting of five and the latter of seven members.

The territorial government continued from that time
until the close of the year 18 18, when Illinois was admitted
as one of the states of our Union. During the entire

e Indians,
le went to
: up to the
American
me among
faitli. At
trading in
)nc of tlic
stern terri-
heir boats
le Dakotas

;ort time at
;ognize the
him duties
idians. He
ot know he
e of himself
ic quality of
egislation —
lew himself,
as appears
State, he
nited-States
eas, which
was sent as
sat at Vin-
territory of
Dwn territor-
sed of two
itatives, the
n members,
that time
Lras admitted
the entire

:,' :i:-. ■ f :. ■ '"Ti) .S^.y<, rrf%' ;

^m X

tv^yl.

■ItfJ*

^9^' ■

!■'...■ t

L^i*.-.-,

V ' J

KARf.V I H!, ,o \\I 'MINOIS.

aj^eiil of our gOvei-'-nei: , nour rcl.itions vvitli the Indians.
After rem. limns ^^ Vin-.- • les i )nie four years, \k went to
Kaskaskia in I79t, t>.(iefc hv continutd to reside op to tlic
ti'nc of liis death ,\' ^TiHicing his home in our Arnericar
Republic, as v/a^ ir\i " *iatural, he made liis home am<nij.',
those akin to i tni in i.iti Miaiily and rehfjioii.s faith. At
Kaskaskia, he i:«-Mtr ..t his. old business, of trading in
furs and jicits, .i«" ' >ubsequf;nt!y (\stablished one of the
most extxMisivt . -fv^ luju-es ir all our wc-tern terri-
tories, in ' onne ' ' witli Frinr-ois Vaile. Their boats
and barges cxt«. a\1\ t(-j tho lau 1 of the Da.kotas

and ^^nlth lo the d • Mexico

Cul. Mt-nar*! had. > ii, howi-ver, only a short 'time nt
Ka.ska>.kia bi^fore 'h' nple bejjan to recognize the

4uali'L\- of thv man. i. • .on ilemanded of him (iiitics
other than (lea!in:fs in fur - i tradin<^- witli Indians, lie
was a plain and ni'vl'jst n.m >Vhat he did not know he
did not assume to know. Frorr mS knowledi^e of himself
he believed that he knew niorc is. te^ Jnl lo the quality >>f
furs than he did rcspcc'ini;- the i|u.ii!ti' ' of ic^ishUion
but the people who i^new him bett<!r thai, he knew him.« ''if,
tliought quit;' differently, ajid as cariy as J 795. as app .irs
among. the recc>rds -jf Rar.dolph ''ounry '>f o>.r Slate, he
held the ofifice. in connection with •)t';;'rs of United-States
justice and mitmbcr of i!te court of common pleas, \^hich
office he coDtinucd to li '!d until iSo^, uhcn he was sent as
a dtleg.itc- to the territorial legislature, whicli .'^at it \'in-
cennc-. In i8oc), Illinois wa? eri.c'Lcd into a ten it.oi y ol
itself, but it was not uutd i'<i3, tjjat it had its own teniror-
ial legislature. Tiiat !egi;^!ature w.'^- composed of two
houses — a couhcil and a house of repivsentatives. the
foriiter condsting of five and rhe latier of .-even members.'

The territorial governnien; contiaued from that time
imtil the clo A' of the yeai i^ty, when Illinois was adnutted
as cflc of th'.' states of our Union. During the entire

le Indian*?,
le went to
jp to the
Aincricar
nu- am<in}.',
faith. At
UMcIing in
)nc of the
item terri-
hcir boats
c l^dkotas

ort "time at
ognizc ihe
him (iuties
dians. He
)t know he
: of himself
c quality ''f
Igish'.tion -
e\v him^ 'if.
is ;M)p ars
S'.att. he
ted-Slatcs
i; us, \*hich
us soiit as
it It Vin-
cnit.on ol
11 f ruror-
l of two
ati^'cs, the
niembeis.'
that iime
s idmittev.1
the entire

I'lERRE MENARD.

»53

period of our territorial government, Col. Menard was the
presiding officer of the council; that is, he was the second
official in our territorial government. This makes a period
of twenty-three years, during all of which time in the
government of our western territories. Col. Menard
occupied positions among the highest and mo.st honorable
known to the law. During all that wild and unsettled
period he proved himself a man without a peer for the
occasion.

Up to the admission of Illinois in l8i8, as one of the
states of our Union, and in the formation of our State
government, there was no dividing sentiment as to the
man who should occupy at least the second position in the
formation of that government; and by universal acclama-
tion, Col. Menard was declared to be that man. A
difficulty, however, seems to have presented itself relative
to his eligibility. The constitution of l8l8 provided, that
the governor and lieutenant-governor should each be at
least thirty years old, and thirty years a citizen of the
United States. Col. Menard was not naturalized until the
year i8l6, and therefore was not eligible to the office
which the voice of the people called upon him to assume.
The constitutional convention, however, was equal to the
emergency, and in the schedule to the constitution it was
provided, that any person thirty years of age, a citizen of
the United States, who had resided in the State two years
preceding the election, should be eligible to the office of
lieutenant-governor. This provision was, of course,
intended for the benefit of Col. Menard, and in it the
convention only echoed the voice of our people. Was
there ever such a tribute paid to a man.' — and that, too, by
the voice of a free and independent people.' There is no
precedent in history where the organic law of a free people
has been changed or modified for the benefit of one not
seeking the benefit of that modification. If there is any-
II

154

KARIA' CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

thing wanting to declare and perpetuate the high regard
in which Col. Menard was held by those who knew him
best, this .schedule to the constitution of 1818, will remain
greater and grander and more enduring as a monument to
his memory, than the one we are this day unveiling. Col-
umns, arches, and statues moulder and decay, and the
memorial and the event are alike forgotten. Legislation
is a memorial more enduring than either; coming ages can
read it and ponder over the circum.stances which gave it
birth; it defies the crumbling mould of age and scorns the
withered finger of time.

In September, 1818, Col. Menard was elected lieuten-
ant-governor of Illinois on the ticket with Gov. Shadrach
Bond, and in the October following, entered upon the
duties of his office, which he held with credit to himself
and honor to his State until 1822, when he was succeeded
by Adolphus Frederick Hubbard of Gallatin County. Dur-
ing the time that Col. Menard held the office of lieutenant-
governor, a series of laws were adopted for the government
of our young State, which laws have, to a great extent,'
become the foundation of all subsequent legislation. That
first and last legislature, held in the old town of Kaskas-
kia, was in session about two months, and at an expense
to our state of only a few thousand dollars; it enacted 156
laws, out of raw material, at an expense that would not
run a modern legislature over one week. The business of
our legislature, in the days of Col. Menard, was to make
necessary and salutary laws for the government of our
people and then adjourn. The business of modern legis-
lation would seem to be the reckless distribution of public
funds and to see how long the body can remain in session
without putrefaction.

During the time that Col. Menard presided over the sen-
ate of our first legislature, nothing remarkable, outside of
the ordinary transaction of business, occurred until in 1821,

I'M'.RKK MKNARD.

155

when the legislature created the State Bank of Illinois,
and sought to induce the United States government to
receive its notes as land-office money. Col. Menard had
more common-sense than the entire legislature upon that
subject, and was opposed to the whole scheme. He was
emphatically a hard-money man, and had no faith in bank-
note promises. Under our present system of Uiitional
banks, his objection would not lie; for there is a difference
as wide as the sea, between the wild-cat money of 1821
and the notes of our present national banks, based upon
the faith of our national government. The measure, how-
ever, passed over his protest and became a law.

Gov. Ford, in his "History of Illinois," relates an anec-
dote respecting Col. Menard alleged to have occurred in
the senate chamber upon the passage of the bill. The
anecdote, to a great extent, must be one of Gov. Ford'.s
own making; for no one seems to have been aware of it
until related by him, and it certainly is not in keeping
with the character of Col. Menard. He was too dignified
and polished a gentleman to act unbecomingly while pre-
siding over the senate. A man who had served in legis-
lative bodies consecutively for twenty-three years- — ten
years of which as presiding ofificer over our territorial
council — would .scarcely be the man to perpetrate jokes
while in the discharge of official business, or act in an
undignified manner. He was too earnest a man for that.
The absurdity of the joke is patent on its face; in legis-
lative bodies bills are passed on a call of the ayes and nays
and not on a viva-voce vote. This anecdote, no doubt, has
its origin from a transaction which occurred, some time
after the adjournment of the legislature, when in a contro-
versy relative to the policy of the measure, he wound up
the dispute by offering to bet one hundred dollars that the
notes of our State Bank would never be received as land-
office money. Offering to bet in those days was much like

156

KAKI.Y ClIIC Alio AND ILLINOIS.

it is at present — tiie unanswerable arj^iimcnt, and cut off
all further debate. The language in which the anecdote is
told, is equally not in keeping with Col. Menard, as he
spoke the French and Knglish languages correctly, and
did not make a mongrel of it.

With the close of his term of office as lieutenant-gov-
ernor, in 1822, closed the official life of Col. Menard. For
twenty-seven years he had been a public servant of our
people, faithful, honest, industrious, respected, and loveil
by all; and when we reflect that his time, thus devoted,
was not only detrimental to his personal affairs, but con-
trary to his tastes and wishes, it is not surprising that,
when he sought repose in his quiet home, it was one of
peace and beauty, with the blessing of our people upon
him.

As a man, Col. Menard was greater than he was a poli-
tician. He knew nothing of the diplomacy of politics, he
knew honesty and fair-dealing, and that is what political
diplomacy seldom comprehends. "To the victor belong
the spoils," was a lesson which he never learned at the
chancels of his political faith. He was not familiar with
the liquid language of office-seekers. His plain and solid
thoughts were expressed in plain and solid language.
The people and the poor understood him, and his wisdom
and his virtues went with him, hand in hand, down the
silent river of time. On his retirement from public office
he devoted his time not less to his own private affairs than
to the good work of charity among the poor and the
unfortunate, and if there ever was in Illinois one who did
more in that direction, his name has not been written.

Col. Menard was married to his second wife at St. Louis
in 1806. She was Miss Angelique, daughter of Francois
Saucier, a lady noted for her generous hospitality and her
elegant and refined manners. Her charities were the gifts
of silence; unknown to the world, they were dispensed with

I'lKUKK MKNAKI).

i$7

a loving hand, to the poor and unfortunate. A true French
lady, she could not forget her I'Vance nor the halo which
siiovvn around its throne, hy this wife, Col. Menard was
tile father of five children, three sons and two daughters, all
of whom are now dead. The last of his surviving children
was Edmund Menard. His father had taken great pains
in his education, and he graduated at one of the most
learned universities. He was a man not only of learning,
but of refined tastes, Years ago he served a session in
our legislature, as a member from Randolph County; but
disgusted, he withdrew from politics, and made a hermit's
home in the decaying ruins of his father's mansion. Piece
by piece the roof-tree fell; a few years ago he died, and
nothing now remains of the old home and its people,
except the ground upon which it rested, and their silent
memories.

Col. Menard was a man of wonderful public enterprise,
and the especial friend of schools and education. There
was no movement in the direction of learning or of public
morals in which he did not take an earnest interest. A
true and faithful Catholic, he did not confine morals to the
dogmas of the church, nor education to its teachings. He
had a great and enduring faith in the ultimate greatness of
this country, and a belief that that greatness was to rest
upon the education and morals of its people; and that
those qualities were not confined.

Col. Menard di?d at his home, opposite Kaskaskia, on
the eastern bank of the river, in 1844, at the age of 7 J
years, and was buried upon the banks of that quiet river
which flowed near his home.

Well might it be said of him:

All private virtue is a public fund ;
As that abounds the State decays or thrives;
Each should contribute to the general stock,
And who lends most, is most his country's friend.

158

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILMNOIS.

( • t

In those early days, before steamboats plied our West-
ern waters, and when our traffic upon them was carried in
keelboats and canoes; Kaskaskia, on the western bank of
the river of that name, a few miles from where it joined
the Mississippi, afforded one of the safest harbors and
largest markets in our entire Northwest Territory.

The honest and simple-minded Canadian had no con-
ception of boats being propelled by any other power than
by the wind or by oars. No wonder, then, that when the
first steamboat undertook to make a trip up the Kaskaskia
River, the innocent Frenchman thought it was a sawmill.
The only thing he had ever seen worked by steam was the
sawmill at St. Vrain, a mile on the river above the resi-
dence of Col. Menard. An honest-hearted race of brave
and hardy men; they did not know the difference between
a steamboat and a sawmill ; but one thing they did know
and fully understand, and that was the difference between
the noble generosity of poverty and the skimping grudge
of millions of meanness. They were a people modest in
their virtues, but heroic in their duties; they would divide
their last pone with the needy, and yet fight the aggressor
to the bitter end. In their silent graves, could they but
hear the roar of our present trade, it is doubtful whether
they would ever pray for a resurrection. The very river
upon whose placid waters they paddled their light canoes,
has become the bed of the wild currents of the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers, and that beautiful and rolling penin-
sula whereon the old town was located, has become a
desert island. The history of the world affords no parallel
to the rapid and absolute desolation of old Kaskaskia.
Towns and cities have gone down to ruin, but yet have
left some traces of their former greatness. Not so with
old Kaskaskia; the very earth upon which she stood has
become a desert and a desolation. Night and ignorance
have wrapped themselves around her, and she rests alone

PIERRE MENARD.

159

in the memories of the past. It is scarcely beyond the life
of those now living, when she was the most important
place in our Western territories, the centre of trade in Illi-
nois, the capital of our Territory, the capital of our State,
and, with a population of about 3000 people, embraced a
large proportion of the wisdom and learning, wealth, and
elegance of Illinois. In 1824, more than a quarter of a
century before railroads were known, Gen. Lafayette trav-
eled over 800 miles to pay his respects to the people of
that old town. No wonder that it has hallowed mei.iories.
In those halcyon days, she numbered among her people
those not unknown to fame. There was Gen. John Edgar,
the friend of Gen. Lafayette, and one of the largest land-
holders who ever resided in Illinois. There was Shadrach
Bond, the first governor of our State, with his tall, majes-
tic bearing, with a countenance severe, but a heart warm
and generous. There was Pierre Menard, our first
lieutenant-governor, whose virtues and whose memory we
are thi;; day seeking to perpetuate by the dedication of
that statue we unveil. There was Judge Nathaniel Pope,
our first delegate to congress, while we were yet a Terri-
tory, and by whose wisdom and perseverance we acquired
the great city of Ciiicago. There was Elias Kent Kane,
among the first and most illustrious of our United States
senators, and who went down to the grave at his post of
duty, in the early prime of his manhood. There was
William Morrison, the rival of Col. Menard in mercantile
enterprises and the baronial cultivator of land. There was
Robert xMorrison, the brother of William, who managed
the transportation of our .nails through the then almost
untrodden forests of our State. There was Sidney Breese,
not less illustrious as a senator in congress, than as a
learned and accomplished jurist, one who during a long
and laborious life as a justice of our supreme court, threw
rays of light and beauty upon the rasping dogmas of the

i6o

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

law. There was David Jewett Baker, who, by appoint-
ment from Gov. Edwards, occupied a seat in the United
States senate, and who, during a long life devoted to his-
profession, brought to the learning of the law, the wisdom
of its accuracy.

There were the St. Vrains, the elder brother of whom,
for years, acted as the United-States Indian agent for Illi-
nois, and was so cruelly murdered by his Indian guide
during the Black-Hawk war. There was lldward Hum-
phrey and Miles Hotchkiss, the receiver and register of
the land office for our entire State. There was John A.
Langlois, the financial agent of the firm of Menard &
Valle. There was Edward Widen, the polished gentleman
and enterprising merchant. There was Hugh Maxwell,
the son-in-law of Col. Menard, an extensive merchant and
a planter; the father of Lucien Maxwell, the only man
who ever yet owned an estate in our government equal to
the entire New-England States. There was Thomas
Mather, who never could make his paper money, land-
office money; and James L. Lamb, and Roberts, and
Owen.s, and others who abandoned the doomed old town
and removed to Springfield when it was made the capital
of our State.

There arc hundreds of others, whose names might well
be named in connection with the early history of Kaskas-
kia, but must, upon an occasion like this, be foregone.
They were the pioneers in the early history of our Terri-
tory and of our State. They were the men, the "Illinois,"
who planted the germs of our present greatness, and it
well becomes us that we should perpetuate their names in
monuments and statues. The footprints which they have
left behind them, should not be lost, and the memory of
their virtues should be preserved. This statue, which we
unveil is to represent and perpetuate the memory of one
who did his part like a man and a hero in the fierce
battles of life.

PIERRE MENARD.

As I have heretofore said, by a joint- resolution of our
legislature, it was directed that this statue should be
placed upon the grounds surrounding the capitol of our
State. It is the first to be placed upon these grounds, but
should not be allowed to be the last. Monuments,' and
statues, and columns, and arches, are the open books of
civilization ; with their neglect and decay, ignorance and
vandalism supply their places. Here in the beautiful city
of Springfield, the centre and capital of our State, a
beginning has been made to perpetuate the memories' of
those who have been true and faithful in the battle of life.

To Charles P. Chouteau of St. Louis, we are indebted
for this historical statue. Let us not forget the example
so nobly set before us; and let us, not from our plenty, but
from a love for all that is noble and generous, raise
monuments to the memory of our illustrious dead, so that
future generation.s may read in them the wisdom of life
and the immortality of its virtues.

PIERRE MENARD PAPERS.

From the originals in the possession of the Chicago Historical Society.

Ante-Nui'Tial Contract isetwken Pierre Menard

AND Miss Therese Godin, called Tour-

anceau, June 13, 1792:

(Translated from the French. )

BEFORE the Notary Public of the County of St. Clair in
the country of the Illinois. The undersigned, residing
in the parish of the Immaculate Conception of Our Lady of
the Kaskaskias, the place of meeting, and the undersigned
witnesses were present. In person Mr. Pierre Menard,
bachelor, having attained his majority, legitimate son of
Mr. Jean Baptiste Menard, called Krindamour, and of Dame
Marie Fran^oise Ciree Saint Michel, his father and mother,
native of the Parish of Saint Antoine upon the river
Chambli, Province of the holy diocese of Quebec in
Canada, a trading merchant living in the said Parish of
Kaskaskia, agreeing for himself and in his own name for
one part.

And Miss Therese Godin, called Tourangeau, daughter
of the late Mr. Michel Godin, called Tourangeau, and of
Dame Thesese Ste. Geme Beauvais, her father and mother,
living in this before-mentioned parish of the Kaskaskias.
The said Dame Therese Ste. Geme Beauvais agreeing for
the said Miss Theresa, her daughter, aged nineteen years,
in her name and with her consent for the second part.

Which parties, to wit, on the part of the said Mr. Pierre
Menard, Mr. Francois Janis, Esquire, Captain of a Com-
pany of Citizen militia of this parish, Messrs. Pierre Bon-
neau, and Pierre Latulippe his witnesses and friends:

And on the part of the said Miss Therese Godin Tour-

162

I'IFRRE MENARD PAP, T<S. '

angeau, Dame Thcrese Ste. Geme Beauvais, her mother;
Charles Danis, her maternal uncle, as having married the
late Miss Ursule Ste. Geme Beauvais; Nicholas Canada,
her maternal uncle, as having married Miss Marie Helene
Ste. GcMiie Beauvais; Ambroise Dagne, her cousin; Jean
Baptiste Cailliot Lachanse; all her relatives and friends,
which parties by the advice and consent of their relatives
and '"riends herein named having knowledge of it, have
agreed to have made between them the agreement and
articles of marriage as follows, to wit:

The said Dame Therese Ste. Geme Beauvais promises to
give and deliver the said Miss Theresa Godin, her daugh-
ter, with her consent, to the said Mr. Pierre Menard who
promises to take her for his true and lawful wife and to
cause to be celebrated and solemnized the marriage in the
presence of our holy mother Church Catholic, Apostolic,
and Roman, the rather that doing so would be what one
of the parties would require of the other.

For to be, the said future husband and wife, one and the
same in all property personal and real increase and acqui-
sitions, present and future, without being held for the
debts, the one for the other, made and incurred before the
celebration of the said marriage, and if any are found,
they shall be paid and discharged by him or her who shall
have made and incurred them and from his own propert>-
without the other or his goods being at all held for the
same.

The said future husband and wife lake each other with
their goods and rights actually belonging to each, such as
have come to them through inheritances or as gifts and
those that may fall due in the future in whatever sum they
may amount, and of whatever nature and value they maj-
be, and in whatever place they may be found located,
which shall become wholly in common from the day of the
marriage ceremony.

164

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

In consideration of which marriage the said future hus-
band has endowed and does endow the said future wife,
with a thousand livres of fixed dower paid at one time to
have and to take out of all the property of the said future
husband without being held to make demand for it in
court, to be enjoyed by the said future wife and her chil-
dren, according to the custom of Paris.

The marriage-settlement provision shall be equal and
reciprocal to the survivor of them to the amount of five
hundred livres to be taken by the said survivor in per-
sonal property from their common stock, or the .said sum
in full in cash at the choice or option of the said survivor.

It shall be lawful for the said future wife, the said future
husband happening to be the first to die, herself and her
children to renounce the present community of goods, and
of it to retake and hold in renouncing it all she will be
able to prove she has contributed to it, with her dower and
marriage settlement provision such as it is hereinbefore
written free from all the debts of the common stock except
if .she was bound for any of them, or had been impleaded
or adjudged to pay any of them, in which case she and her
children shall be indemnified by the parents of the said
future husband, and out of his property.

In consideration of which marriage and for the good
true afifection which the said future partners feel the one
for the other, they have made and do make by these pres-
ents free gift pure and simple and for ever irrevocable, and

form in which a eift can be made to

the most binding

the last survivor of them, all and ever their property real
and personal increase and acquisitions which the first one
dying shall leave at the day and hour of decease to enjoy
by the last survivor in full property, and as to whatever
bcion- '■■ that one this present deed of gift is thus made
Icir i"'e .nc ipun the understanding that there is no living
0'.!;d boir >r to be born of the said marriage; in which

riERKE MENARD I'Al'ERS.

165

case of a child the said deed or gift will be wholly null it
being well understood that the property of the patrimonial
inheritance of the one and the other shall return to their
family.

And in order to place on record these presents at the
registry of this district in the aforesaid place at the date
of these presents, they have constituted their procurator
the bearer of these presents. For thus it has been agreed
upon. Promising, etc.. undertaking, etc.. renouncing, etc
Done and decided in the house of the said Dame Therese
Ste. Geme Beauvais. widow of the late Michel God in Tou-
rangcau at the said Kaskaskias. the year one thou.sand
seven hundred and ninety-two, and the thirteenth day of
the month of June, in the afternoon; the sixteenth year of
the Independence of the United States of America in
the presence of the relations and of friends of whom
some have signed with the future husband and wife and
we the notary have subscribed and the others have made
their ordinary mark, after reading made according to the
ordinance. (Two witnesses in the margin are approved )

FRAN901S Janis.

Nicolas ^l' Canada.

mark

J. Bte. x' Laciian.se.

Pierre Menard.

TlIERREUESE GoDIN.

ve GoDiN.
Pierre .x" Bonneau.

mark

Pierre '"' Latui.ippe

mark

Amhroise n' Dagnet

i66

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

PiKRRK MkNARD's CoMMLSSIONS AS MAJOR OF MiLlTIA:

Territory of the United States ) Arthur St. Clair Esquire
Northwest the River Ohio j Governor and Com-
mander in Chief of the Territory of the United States
North West the River Ohio. To I'eter IMenard l^squire:

You being appointed Major in the first Regiment of
Mihtia of the County of Randolph by Virtue of the Power
Vested in me I do by these presents Reposing Special
Trust and Confidence in your Loyalty Courage and good
Conduct, Commission You Accordingly. You are there-
fore carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of a
Major — in leading — ordering and exercising Said Militia
in Arms both Inferiour Officers and Soldiers and to keep
them in Good order and discipline. And they are hereby
Commanded to Obey you as their Major — and you your-
selfe to observe and follow Such Orders and Instruction.s
as you Shall from time to time receive from me or your
Superiour Officers.

Given under my hand and the Seal of the Said
Territory of the United States this fifth day of
October in the year of our Lord one thous seven hundred
and ninety-five and of the Independence of the United
States the twentieth. Ar. St. Clair.

[Endorsed:] Before me John I'klgar Lcut. Colonel Com-
mandant of the first Regt. of Militia of the County of
Randolph by Virtue of a Dcdiiiius Potcstntcm to me and
Lordner Clark directed or either of us I'ersonly appeared
Peter Menard who being duly Sworn did take the oaths
pr'^'Jrribed by an Act of the United States entitled an Act
to regulate the time and maner of administring certain
Oaths and the Oath of Office. In Witness Whereof I have
hereunto set my hand at Kaskaskias the 25 day of Octr.
1792.

[Seal]

I'IKRRK MKNAKD I'Al'ERS.

t57

By John Gibson, J-:sq'r, Secretary and now acting as Gov-
ernor and Commander in Chief of the Indiana
Territory:

United States, j To Peter Menard, !< sq'r, of the County
Indiana Territory, j of Randolph. Greeting:—

you being Appointed a Major of a Regiment of the
M.ht.a m said County. By Virtue of the power Vested
ni me; I do by these presents, (reposing special Trust and
Confidence m your Loyalty; Courage and Good Conduct)
Commission you accordingly; You are therefore carefully
and diligently to discharge the duty of a Major in leadin-
ordering, and exercising said Regiment in Arms, both
inferior officers and Soldiers; and to k-eep them in good
order and discipline; And they are hereby commanded to
obey you as their Major. And you are yourself to observe
and follow such orders and Instructions as you shall from
time to time receive from me or your Superior Officers :_

[Seal] ^"'''"" ""'^'"' "^y ''^"^^ ''^"d the seal of said Terri-
tory, the first day of August in the Year of
our Lord one Thousand !• ight hundred and of the Inde-
pendence of the United States of America, the Twenty-
fifth. T. ^

Jno. Gib.sox.

[I-ndorsed:] Peter Menard. Esq'r. Major.

Before me, John Edgar, Lieut'-Colonel, Commandant of
he iMrst Regiment of Militia of the County of Randolph
by Virtue of a IJ^dm/^- Potcstatcm to me directed Person-
al y appeared Peter Menard who, being duly sworn, did
take the Oath prescribed by an Act of the United States
entituled an Act to regulate the time & manner of admin-
istering certain Oaths & the Oath of Office.

I" Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand this
Tenth day of September in the Year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred. j ^.n^wx

i68

KARLY CIIICAr.O AND ILLINOIS.

If '

|!^

PiKRUK Mknard's Commission as Judck of the
Courts of Ranuolimi County:

William Henry Harrison, Esq., Governor and Commander

in Chief of Indiana Territory,

_ ,. ^ . (To Peter Menard, Esquire, of the

Indiana Territory, i ^ . r r, % ^ \ j #- ..•

' l County of Randolph sends Greeting:

Know you that reposing Especial trust and confidence
in your abilities, integrity and judgement, I, the said William
Henry Harrison have appointed, and do by these presents
appoint and commission you, the said Pf.TKR Mknaru, to
be one of our Judges of the court of common pleas, in
and for our said County, hereby giving and granting unto
you full right and title to have and Execute all and singu-
lar the powers. Jurisdictions and authorities, and to recieve
and enjoy all and singular the Emoluments, of a Judge of
the court of common pleas, of a Judge of the Orphans Court,
and of a Justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions of the
peace in and for the county aforesaid agreeably to the
constitution of the laws of this Territory to have and to
hold this commission and the office hereby granted to you
so long as you shall behave yourself well.

Given under my hand and the seal of the Ter-

[Seal]

ritory at Vincennes this fifth day of February

in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and
one and of the Independence of the United States the
twenty fifth. By The Governor, JNO. GlHSON, Secretary.
[Endorsed:] Commission Peter Menard, Esq.

Pierre Menard and John Edgar's Commissions as
Associate Judges, Criminal Court, Randolph Co.:

Indiana ) ,, William Henry Harrison Esquire, Gov-
Territory j ' ernor and Commander in Chief of the
Indiana Territory, to John Edgar and Peter Menard of
the County of Randolph Esquires, Greeting:

riERRE MENARD PAPERS.

109

)V-

Ihc
of

Whereas we assigned the Honble. John Griffin ^'.sqr. one
of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the Indiana Terri-
tory, our Justice to enquire by the Oaths of Honest and
Lawful Men of the County of Randolph, by whom the
truth of the Matter may be better known, of all Treasons,
Insurrections and Rebellions, and of all Murders, Felonies,
Manslaugl'.tcrs, Hurglaries, Rapes of Women, unlawfull
uttering of Words, unlawful assemblies. Misprisions, Con-
federacies, false allegations. Trespasses, Riots, Routs, Con-
tempts, falsities, Negligences, Concealements, Maintainces,
Opressions, deceits and all other Misdeeds, Offences &
Injuries whatsoever, and by whomsoever and howsoever
done, had or perpetrated and Committed, and by whom, to
whom, where, how and in what Manner the same have
been done, perpetrated or Committed and all and singular
the premises and every of them for this time to hear
and determine according to Law, and to cause to be
brought before him all the prisoners who shall be in the
Jail of the said County together with all and singular the
Warrants, attachments. Mittimuses, and other documents,
touching the said prisoners, and for this time to deliver
the Jail of the said County of all the prisoners in the said
Jail, for all and every of the said offences, according to
Law. And we have associated you the said John Edgar
and Peter Menard to act in the premises with the said
John Griffin. Yet so, that if at certain days and places,
which the same John Griffin shall appoint for this purpose,
you shall happen to be present, then that he admit you a
Companion, otherwise the said John Griffin (your presence
not Being expected) may proceed to act in the premises.
And therefore we command you and each of you that you
attend to act with the said John Griffin in form aforesaid
in the premises For we have Commanded the said John
Griffin the admit you as a Companion for this purpose as
aforesaid.

[Seal]

KAKl.V ( inCAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Witness: William Henry Harrison I'"s(iiiire Gov-
ernor and Coinniatuler of the Indiana Territory
at V'incennes this 24th Se[)teniber 1.S02 and of the Inde-
pendence of the Ignited States the Twenty Seventh.
Hy the Governor, V O ^

J NO. GlIlSdN, i<A^^^ A^<^i2±^ y^^^-M^f * ^>^
Secrcty. •— -^

Indiana | ,. William Henry Harrison ICsfiuire Gov-
lerritory ) "■ crnor of the Indiana Territory to the
Honble. John Griffin l',s([r. one of the Jud^^es in and over
said Territory and John lul^ar and Peter Menard ICsquires
of the County of Randolph, Greetinj^:

Whereas, we have assijjned you the aforesaid John Grif-
fin our Justice, to Inquire more fully by the Oaths of
Honest and lawful men of the County of Randolph, by
whom the Truth of the Matter may be Better known, of
all treasons, Insurrections and Rebellions, and of all Mur-
ders, Felonies, Manslaughter, liurglaries. Rapes of Women,
unlawful Uttering of Words, unlawful Assemblies, Mis-
prisons, Confederacies, Maintainances, Oppressions, deceits
and all other Misdeeds and offences and Injuries, whatso-
ever and by whomsoever, and howsoever done, had, \)cx-
petrated or Committed and all and Singular the premises
and every or any of them for this time, to hear and deter-
mine according to Law. And afterwards associated the
said John I'klgar and Peter Menard with you the aforesaid
John Griffin in the premises. We Command you, that if
You all cannot conveniently attend to act in the premises,
that you or any two of you, who shall happen to be pres-
ent, of which we will that you the said John Griffin be
one, proceed to act in the premises according to Law.

Witness William Henry Harrison Esquire Gov-
ernor of the Indiana Territory at Vincennes this
Twenty Fourth day of September in the Year of our Lord

[Seal]

I'FKKUK MKNAklj I'Ai'KRs.

'c^

171

onr tli..„saiul ciKHit huiulrcil ami two aiul .,f tlu- Indoncn-
clcncc of tlu' United States the Twenty Seventh.

Hy the (iovernor. (sd) Wii.i.m. Hknky IIaukison.
J. No. (illtsox, Secrety.

PiKKRH Mknakd's Commission to takk Testimony

i\ I.a\I)-Om.|(|,; Claims:
To Pierre Menard, JCsiiuirc

Reposing- full Confidence hi your Intecrrit\-, we liereby
appoint yo„ a Conunissioner to examine witnesses and
take Depositions within the County of Randolph, in sup-
port of Claims entered in the Rej,nsters Office of the Dis-
trict of Vmcennes. (iiven under our Hands this .4th day
of December 1 805. JOIIN Badoi.i.kt

Natih.. C. Pkixc;
Commissioner of the land office

for the District of Vinccnnes. '

PIKKKK MkNARI.'s COMMISSION AS JUI.GK OF CoURT

OK Common- I'i.kas, Randoi.i.h Couxtv:
William Henry Harrison. (Governor, and Commander in
Chief of the Indiana Territory. To Pierre Menard
It-squu-e. of the County of Randolph, sends (^,reetin<r- J
Know you, That reposing special trust and confidencJl^ in
your ,nte.r,ty,judcrn,ent and abilities. I have appointed
and by these presents I do appoint and commis'fon you

I leas m the sa.d County of Randolph, hereby c^ivinc^ and
grant,„g to you. as judge of the common ^leas f"
nght and title to have and execute all and singuh. t
powers jurisdictions and authorities, and to receive and
enjoy all and singular the lawful emoluments of a judge

■)\'

;■ f

172

EARLY CHICAGO AND II.IJNOIS.

of the said court of common pleas: to have and to hold
this commission, and the office hereby granted to you, the
said Pierre Menard, so long as you shall behave yourself
well.

Given under my hand, and the seal of the said

'• J territory, at Vincennes, this Twenty Seventh

day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand

eight hundred and Five, of the independence of the United

States of America the thirtieth.

This Commission to be in force from and after the ist
day of January, 1806.

By the Governor's Command,

J NO. GlB.^ON, Secrcrary.

[Endorsed:] Peter Menards Commission as Judge of the
Court of Common pleas.

Indiana Territory ) , Before me, Michael Jones (duly
Randolph County 3 authorized to administer the oaths
of office to all officers civil & Military of said County, by
Dedimus potestatem from the Governor of said Territory
dated the third day of May 1806), personally appeared
Peter Menard l^squire, and took the oaths of office as
Judge of the Court of common pleas for said County as
required by law.

Given under my hand at Kaskaskia the eighteenth
day of July 1806.

Pierre Menard's Commission as Lieut.-Colonei,
First Regiment Randolph County Militia,
under the Laws of Indiana Territory:
William Henry Harrison, Governor and Commander in
Chief of the Indiana Territory, to Pierre Menard,
Ksq'r, Greeting: —
Reposing special trust and confidence in your fidelity,
courage and good conduct, I have appointed you a Lieu-

PIERRE MENARD TAPERS.

i;3

tenant Colonel Commandant of the first regiment of the
Militia of the county of Randolph and you are hereby
appomted accordingly. You are therefore carefully and

diligently to discharge the duty of a Lieut.Colo.Commandt
m leading, ordering and exercising the said regiment in
arms, both inferior officers and soldiers, and to keep them
m good order and discipline, and they are hereby com-
manded to obey you as their Lieutenant Colo. Commandt
and your are yourself to observe and follow such orders
and instructions as you shall from time to time receive
from me or your superior officers.
[Seal] ^^ testimony whereof, I have hereunto caused
the seal of the territory to be affixed, the
twelfth day of July in the year of our Lord one thousand
eight hundred and six and of the Independence of the
United States of America the thirty first.

VViLLM. Henry Harrison.
tiy the Governor's command,

ri.- J , n J^°- Gibson, Secretary.
LLndorsed:]

Indiana Territory, K^ Before me the subscriber (author-
Randoph County, j i,ed by Dc^tmus Potcstatcm

from the Governor of said Territory, dated the third day
of May, 1806, to administer the oaths of office to all offi-
cers civil and military of said county) personally appeared
I e er Menard Esquire, and took the oaths of office as
Colonel of the first Regiment of Militia of Randolph
County as required by law. Given under my hand at
Kaskaskia the i8th day of July, 1806. MiCM. Jones.

Pierre Menard's Commission as Captain of
Infantry in Louisiana Territory:
Meriwether Lewis, Governor and Commander "in Chief
of the Territory of Louisiana, to all who shall sec
these presents, Greeting:—

174

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Know ye, that reposing special trust and confidence
in the patriotism, valour, fidelity and abitities of Peter
Menard I have appointed him a Captain of Infantry in a
Dctachmt. of Militia, on special service he is therefore
carefully and diligently to discharge the duty of Captain
by doing and performing all manner of things hereunto
belonging, and I do strickly charge and require all Officers
and Soldiers, under his command to be obedient to his
orders as Captain and he is to obey such orders and direc-
tions from time to time, as he shall receive from me, or his
superior officers. This commission to continue in force
during the pleasure of the Governor of the Territory for
the time being.

^, „ In Testimony Whereof, I have caused the Seal

rSeall

'■ J of the Territory to be hereunto affixed this

first day of April in the year of our Lord one thousand

eight hundred and nine and of the independence of the

United States the thirty third.

Mlriwether Lewis.

By Frederick Bates, Secretary

of the Territory of Louisiana.

[Endorsed:] Territory of Louisiana, &c., Personally
appeared before me, the subscriber duly authorized to ad-
minister the several oaths to Office within the Territory
aforesaid, Peter Menard who took the Oath to Support
the Constitution of the United States as well as the oath
faithfully to discharge the duties of a Captain of Militia
on special service to the best of his abilities, skill, and
judgment, and in conformity to the within Commission.

Given under my hand at St. Louis this i8th of May,
1809.

TllOS. F. RiDDICK.

pierre menard papers.

Pierre Menard's Commission as Lieut.-Colonei,
First Regiment Randolph County Militia,

UNDER THE LaWS OF ILLINOIS TERRITORY:
Nathaniel Pope, Secretary of the Illinois Territory, and
exercising as well the Government as Commander in
• Chief of the Militia thereof, To all who shall see
these Presents, Greeting: —

Know ye, that reposing special trust and confidence in
the patriotism, valour, fidelity and abilities of Pierre
Menard I have appointed him Lieutenant Colonel of ist
Regiment of Militia of Randolph County he is therefore
carefully and diligently to. discharge the duty of Lieuten-
ant Colonel by doing and performing all manner of things
thereunto belonging, and I do strictly charge and require
all officers and soldiers under his command to be obedient
to his orders as Lieutenant Colonel and he is to obey such
orders and directions from time to time, as he shall receive
from the Commander in Chief, or his superior officers.

This commission to continue in force during the pleas-
ure of the Governor of the territory, for the time being.

[Seal] ^" Testimony Whereof, I have hereunto affixed
my private sea!, there being no seal of office, at
Kaskaskia, the Sixth day of May, in the year of our Lord
one thousand eight hundred and nine and of the Indepen-
dence of the United States, the thirty-third. Nat Pope.
[Endorsed:] Lewtenant Colo. P. Menard.

This day came before me the within named Piere Men-
ard and took an oath to support the Constitution of the
United States.

Kaskaskia May 26th 1809

I li:

176

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Pierre Menard's Commission as Indian Agent:

War Dept, April 2nd, 18 13.
Pierre Menard Esqr.

Sir — You are hereby with the approbation of the Presi-
dent of the United States appointed sub agent of Indian
affairs.

In discharging the duties of this appointment you will
be governed by such instructions as you shall receive from
this Department or from General William Clark, Agent of
Indian Affairs at St. Louis, M. Territory.

Your compensation will be at the rate of Six hundred
dollars per annum, to commence on the date of your enter-
ing upon the duties of this appointment.

[Seal]

Given at the War Office of the United States^

this Second day of April, eighteen hundred
& thirteen. John Armstrong.

Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard's Commissions
TO make Indian Treaties:

John Quincy Adams, President of the United States

of America, To all who shall see these presents,

Greeting: —

Know Ye, That in pursuance of the Act of Congress

passed on the twenty-fourth day of May, 1828- entitled

"An act to enable the President of the United States to

hold a treaty with the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pattawattimas,

Winnebagoes, Fox and Sacs Nations of Indians," and

reposing special Trust and Confidence in the Abilities^

Prudence and Fidelity of Lewis Cass of the Territory of

Michigan, and Pierre Menard of the State of Illinois, I

have nominated and by and with the advice and consent

of the Senate, do appoint them Commissioners of the

United States, with full power and authority to hold con-

mmmmm

inniBHSI

riERRE MENARD PAPERS.

177

ferences and to conclude and sign a treaty or treaties with
the Ch.ppewas, Ottovvas, Pattavvattimas. Winnebagoes
tox and Sacs Nations of Indians, of and concerning all
matters interesting to the United States, and the said
iNations of Indians, transmitting the same to the President
of the United States of America, for his final ratification
by and with the consent and advice of the Senate of the
United States. This commission to continue in force
durmg the pleasure of the President of the United States
for the time being.

[Seal] ^" Testimony whereof, I have caused these Let-

TT • . o ^^'^ '° ^^ "'^'^^ P^^^"*' ^"^ the Seal of the
United States to be hereunto affixed. Given under my
hand at the City of Washington, the twenty-fourth day of
May, A.D. 1828; and of the Independence of the United
States, the fifty-Second. j_ q Adams.

By the President, H. Clay, Secretary of State.

Extracts from the Parish Registers of Saint
Antoine de Richelieu ou Chambly, Province
DE Quebec, Comte de Vercheres, Canada:

RECORD of marriage OF PIERRE MENARD's PARENTS:
Le 14 Fevrier, 1763, J. Bte Menard dit Brindamour soldat
du regiment de Guienne, ag^ de 28 ans, fils de feu J Bte
Menard, et de Madelaine Reboulla ses pere et ni^-re de la
paroisse de St. Hypolite Diocese d'Alis, ^pousa Marie
l^ran^oise Ciree, agee de 22 ans, fille de J. Bte Cir^«e dit
St. Michel, et de Marguerite Bonin, de cette paroisse.

(Translation:)

The fourteenth of February, 1^63, J. Ikptiste Menard,
called Brindamour. soldier of the regiment of Guienne
aged 28 years, son of the late J. Baptiste Menard and of

III

178

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Madclaine Rcboulla, his father and mother of the parish
of Saint HypoHte, diocese of Alls, married Marie Fran-
^oise Ciree, aged 22 years, daughter of J. Baptiste Ciree,
called Saint Michel, and of Mar<rucrite Bonin of this
parish.

RECORD OF THE lUITLSM OF PIERRE MEXARD:
"L'an mil sept soixante et six le huit d' Octobre par
Nous pretre soussignc cure do cette paroisse a ete baptise
Pierre ne d' hier au so a ^' jstime mariage de Jea.i Bap-
tiste Menard dit Brindamc • '- Marie Franqoise Ciree
ditte St. Michel. Le pei..ni .t etc Pierre Vandandaigue
dit Gadbois, et la marrainc Luuise Ciree ditte St. INIichel
tante de 1' enfant qui ont C ':lar.' ne su /.- signer.

J. B. Menard. (;i:.r\ \ise, P'tre."

Cl'ianslation :)

The year seventeen hundred and sixty-six, the eighth
of October, by us the undersigned priest, vicar of this
parish, was baptized Pierre, born yesterday evening of
the legitimate marriage of Jean Baptiste Menard, called
Brindamour, and Marie Fran^oise Ciree, called St. Michel.
The godfather was Pierre V^andandaigue, called Gadbois,
and the godmother Louise Ciree, called St. Michel, aunt
of the infant, who have declared that they do not know
how to write.

J. B. Men.^ri). Gervaise, Priest.

Extracts from Parish Reglsters of the Church

OF THE LMM.VCULATE CONCEPTION AT KASKAS-

kia, Illinois:

RECORD of the FIRST .MARRIAGE OF PIERRE MENARD:

"L'an mil sept cent quatre vingt douze, le treize de

Juin apres avoir donne dispense de trois bans de mariage

PIERRE MENARD PAPERS.

entre Pierre Menard fils legitime de Jean Menard et
Pran^oise Cireey, natif de la paroisse de Saint Antoinc
en Canada, Commer^ant de ce poste, ct Tlu'rcse Gaudin
Durangeau fillc legitime de defunt Michel Gaudin dit
Durangeaii, et Theresa Raphael, native de eette paroisse,
ne s'etant decouvert aucun cmpechemcnt, j" ai recju leur
consentement mutuel, et leur ai donne la Benediction
nuptiale selon les ceremoines de notre Sainte mere I'Eglise
Catholique et Romainc, ct ce en presence des temoins et
leurs parents reciproques selon 1' ordonnance aprd^s lecture

faits.

TlIERESE GODIN,

. Pierre Menard,
B. Tardiveau,

dan IS

Francois Janis,
Jeane St. Clair,

De Saint Pierre,

Miss, apost.
Jn. Edgar,

William St. Clair,

W. Morrisson,

la marque

de + Nicholas Canada,

Elisabeth Maxwell."

(Translation:)

The year seventeen hundred and ninety-two, the thir-
teenth of June, after having dispensed with the three
bans of marriage between Pierre Menard, legitimate son
of Jean Menard and Frangois Ciree, native of the parish
of Saint Antoine in Canada, trader at this post, and
Therese Gaudin Durangeau, legitimate daughter of the
deceased Michel Gaudin, called Durangeau, and Theresa
Raphael, native of this parish, not having discovered any
impediment, I have received their mutual consent and
have given them the nuptial benediction according to the
ceremonies of our holy Mother the Catholic and Roman
Church, and in the presence of the witnesses and their
respective parents, according to the ordinance after read-
ing made.

By Saint Pierre,

Mission Apostolic.

1 80 EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

RECORD OF THE BURIAL OF PIERRE MENARD:

"On the fourteenth of June, 1844, I the undersigned
Buried the remains of Colonel Pierre Menard in his vault

in the graveyard of this Parish, thither he was

accompanied by an immense concourse of People.

"He died yesterday the at i}4, having

previously received the last sacraments, he was 72 years
old. J. M. J. St. Cyr, parish Priest." *

• The blanks in the above entry represent words in the original entry
which can not now be deciphered. The statement of his age is manifestly
incorrect, and some one has scratched with a lead pencil the figure " 2 " in
the original entry and has written " 6 " over the " 2 ", and has also written " 76 "
in pencil over the " 72 ". This approximates to the truth, but Pierre Menard's
exact age at the time of his death, as shown by the register of his baptism,
was seventy-seven years, eight months, and six days. e. g. m.

II ii

ENARD:

Jndersigned
in his vault
lier he was
3ple.

J K> having
as 72 years
Priest." *

original entry
5 is manifestly
figure " 2 " in
3 written " 76 "
ierre Menard's
r his baptism,

E. G. Jl.

. I. I 9tm w ■ -'ipr-

I I

t I

^i.

Dec. /2,/»79

Noel le Masseur.

K JL Jiii.-^J55!"

I i

• " ' ' LE vass.l:u k,

';y Stkphen K. Moore of K;w.kakeo. Illinois.

AT ;i mcttinq of the Old Setters' Asi;ociation of Iro-
' » l"*"' ^^''""^>'' '^^""^^ "" .the groimd where Gordon
b. Hubbjrd ami Nod Iv Vasscur, in the UTvice (,f the
Aaurican i-iir-Comp-iny, had a stock of inercliandisc and
established a trading^.pust with the Fotiawat{.mic Ind-ans
Mr. Hubbard said that he first visited thiy- site in 1822
Noel It' Vasseur chjittted to the , .vriter of this sketch, that
he came Jo tlu.* place in 1820, and at 'one of the old
•ettlvrs' nie«ing..>, v.hich lie attended. I .^pokc for him
and made this stalv.tnent. at his request, and he point cc!
out the tfiouud on the south side of the Iroqu-ts R.vcr
uliere Mr Hubbard lud him.self buil^ the first dty-j-ood^
store, m the tcrritor>- tributary to Chicago

it will be difficult to reconcile with *:xactiiess th • drtci
of the pioneer lives of Hubbard and Va.sseur in their fvst
'^'■''-'"■- ' -Allans in Illinois. T ^hall briefly tnvo

the evenb -and times as I gathered t' f,i from the "lip.s

■ ■; Mr Va^seur It is possible that Hl^bb.ird may have
■s-nf: Va.s.saur to Illinois two \'ears before li. went there*
Ip this conpr-ctioii it is well to ?.tat • thit Mr. Vasseur had
"" ' ' <1 ad v:\ntagcs, .uld neither read no*
■.vnle, and hence he relied whoJh upon memory to frx

•'tOS.

ill -ilogTcabin at Saint Michel d' Yaniaska, Canada, .vn
Chnstmab- ni-ht, \;cj(^, was born the subject of this memoir.

' Since writing ihealiove, Jam positively informed that iMt. Vasw,. ,>:«-
-UNl Mr. Hubbard lo Illinois two years, and i. therefore ihc „iu«... „er.

■ ." tncj trader for t!us part of the iNoahwest. -S. R. MooBE. Mjr. j. i;iB^

l\y

I .

f,.

Ij... ... f^;

t^loel le Vaa^eun

NOEL LE VASSEUR,
By STEPHEN K. MooRK of Kankakee. Illinois.

AT a mcetin- of the Old Settlers' Association of Iro-

c w ?r" ^''""^^'' '''^''^ ''" ^^"^ Sround where Gurdon
S. Hubbard and Noel le Vasscur. in the service of the
Amcncan Fi.r-Company. had a stock of merchandise and
established a trading-post with the Pottawatomie Indians
Mr. Hubbard said that he first visited this site in 182-'
Noel le Vasseur claimed to the writer of this sketch that
he came to this place in 1820. and at one of the old
ttlcrs meetmgs, which he attended, I spoke for him
1 made this statement, at his request, and he pointed
-.t the ground on the south side of the Iroquois River
where Mr. Hubbard and himself built the first dry-^oods
store, in the territory tributary to Chicago. *"

It will be difficult to reconcile with exactness the dates
of the pioneer lives of Hubbard and Vasscur in their first
trading with the Indians in Illinois. I shall briefly give
the events and times as I gathered them from the lips
of Mr. Vasseur. It is possible that Hubbard may have
sent Vasseur to Illinois two years before he went there *
In this connection it is well to state that Mr. Vasseur had
no educational advantages, and could neither read nor
write, and hence he relied wholly upon memory to fix
dates.

In a log-cabin at Saint Michel d' Yamaska, Canada, on
Christmas night, 1799, was born the subject of this memoir.

• .Since writing the above, I am positively informed that Mr. Vasseur pre-
ceded Mr. Hubbard to Illinois two years, and is therefore the pioneer me -
chant and trader for this part of the Northwest. -.S. R. Moork, Mar 5 ,889

181

III

2-i

182

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I 1
■ 1

'\^

t I

His parents were poor and unlettered. They commemo-
rated the event by caUing the boy Noel, which means
Christmas. He led a quiet and uneventful life on the
farm until May, 18 17, when he astonished his parents by
announcing to them that he had entered the service of
one Rocheblave,* in company with eighty young men,
who were hired to go into the West to <:rade with the
Indians. His parents were startled at this unexpected
announcement, and sought to dissuade him from going.
The love of adventure was too strong for the parental
love and authority, and without a penny in money or a
change of clothing, in his seventeenth year, he sought his
fortune in the great and unknown West.

They left Montreal, May 15, 18 17, and embarked on the
St. Lawrence, with two years' supplies of food and cloth-
ing, destined to reach Mackinac. I do not think that
Vasseur knows the route followed to reach the Straits of
Mackinac. He was certain they did not come by way of
Niagara Falls. He said the company made two fatiguing
portages with their boats and supplies, and, after undergo-
ing very great iiardships they reached Lake Huron and
again embarked for the Straits.-f* John Jacob Astor had
established a trading-post and depot of supplies at Macki-
nac, and when they reached there, in the summer of 18 17,
Rocheblave sold all his rights to the services of his men
and his outfit and supplies to the American Fur-Company,
and Vasseur and iiis companion^ passed into the service
of this powerful association.

These Canadian 7'oyagairs soon learned that all was not

* This is tiie name of the last governor of the Illinois under British
authority, who was in Canada and in trade after the war of the Revolution,
and it is possible that this is the same person or his son. — K. c. M.

t This party doubtless went up 'he Ottawa River to the Malta wan, by
tills stream and a portage to Lake Nipissing, and thence tlown I''rench Ri\ t
to the Georgian Bay of Lake Huron, a route explored by Champlain in
1615, and often used by the early traders. — k. c. m.

NOEL LE VASSKUR.

183

;^old that glittered. The labor was very severe and often-
times perilous, and the fare coarse and frequently scanty.
Vasseur's love of adventure was not satisfid; he had met
an Indian who told him of a beautiful land in the West
and the greatest river in the world, and he invited Vasseur
to go with him. Actuated by a spirit of adventure which
seems almost foolhardy, young Vasseur and a companion
left the i;:rvice of the Fur Company, and in company with
their Inaian friend, in a slight Indian canoe, started "to
go West. ' They followed the west shore of Lake Michi-
gan until it led them into Green Bay. They ascended
Fox River to where Portage City now stands, made the
portage, and embarked their little craft on the Wisconsin
River, on which they floated down to the present site of
Prairic-du-Chien. The Indians claimed they were the
first white men who had ever made the voyage over the
l''ox and Wisconsin rivers.* Vasseur said he found the
Indians exceedingly friendly, and he became a great favor-
ite with the chief of the tribe. He taught the Indians
many useful things in fishing and hunting, and he accom-
panied them on their annual fall hunt, when they were
making provision for a winter supply.

When spring came, he concluded to return to Mackinac.
Here an unexpected obstacle presented itself. The Indian
chief refused to let him depart. He claimed to have
adopted him into his tribe. The outlook was not very
encouraging to a boy eighteen years old, and many thou-
and miles away from home, and in a country that he knew
but little of. Vasseur and his companion had learned
much of the Indian language, but the Indians had not
learned their language. While appearing to be willing to
remain, they were forming plans to get away, and in the
French tongue freely discussed the ways and means to
accomplish it.

* It is evident that the Indians were deceiving their young white friends,
or had never heard of Joliet and Marquette, and their successors. — K. u. M.

ll\\

'? 1

184

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

They supplied themselves with some dried venison and
smoked coon meat, and seizing a favorable opportunity
they started on foot for Green Bay, following the course
of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers, and after many weary
days of travel they reached the bay, in an almost starved
and naked condition. The rivers abounded with fish, and
they were able to secure enough to keep them from starv-
ing. Fortunately a temporary camp had been established
at the mouth of Fox River by the American Fur-Com-
pany, and in this camp they were given shelter and pro-
visions, and sent to fur-company headquarters at Mackinac.
He went to work again for the company, and was em-
ployed in assorting and packing the furs for shipment
East. F"requently during this and the succeeding year he
was sent out to distant posts to trade with the Indians.
He had learned to talk with the Indians while at Prairie-
du-Chicn, and this knowledge was valuable to the com-
pany, and gave Vasseur a wider field of operations. With-
out affirming it as a positive fact, it is my impression that
he met Gurdon S. Hubbard at Mackinac for the first time
in the fall of 18 18, and this was the beginning of a friend-
ship very dear and an intimacy lasting as long as they
lived. Mr. Hubbard did not leave Montreal in the service
of the fur company until April, 18 18, and reached Ma.ki-
nac, July 14. which was shortly before the time Vasseur
had returned from Prairie du-Chien.

In 1820, the compan)- determined to establish a trad-
ing-post in Illinois, with il:" Pottawatomie.s, a tribe that
was reported to be very strong and very successful in
securing furs. In the winter of 1819 or spring of 1820,
young Vasseur, under the direction of Gurdon S. Hubbard,
started around Lake Michigan, bound for the Illinois coun-
try, with an outfit of provisions and a stock of goods
suitable to trade with the Indians. He took with him
sufficient men to man the boats, and they followed the

trad-

that

Iful in

1820,

)bard,

Icoun-

foods

him

Id the

NOEL LE VASSEUR.

185

west shore of Lake Michigan until they reached Chicago.
They proceeded up the Chicago River as far as they could
go, and then made the portage to the Desplaines River,
and thence down that river to its junction with the Kan-
kakee. The descent to the Kankakee was easily accom-
plished. At this point the real hardship of the voyage
began. The water was high and the current very swift.
They had engaged an Indian guide before they reached
Chicago.

The Kankakee River was ascended partly by rowing,
sometimes by wading along the shore and dragging their
boats, or getting along-side and pushing them. Frequently
but a few miles could be mad*" in a day. When they
reached the Iroquois, the river was narrower and the cur-
rent .less swift, and its ascent was not so difficult. In the
fall of 1820, they landed on the bank of the Iroquois
River, at the point where the Cincinnati, Indianapolis,
St. Louis & Chicago Railroad crosses the river. For
many years thereafter the place was called Bunkum. It
is now called Iroquois. As all roads now lead to Chicago,
then all trail- led to this crossing on the Iroquois.

There was a trail running west and south from this
point, following the river to Spring Creek, and then up
the creek and westward toward where Paxton now stands.
Another trail went north and east, following the sand
ridges west of lieaver Lake in Indiana, crossing the Kan-
kakee west of the state line, and on northward to Lake
Michigan. Another trail led north and west, following
the Iroquois River to the Kankakee, and alcng the Kan-
kakee through Bourbonais' Grove; then to Rock Village,
the home of Yellow Head, an Indian chief; then to Hick-
ory Creek, in Will County; and then to the Desplaines
River, and on to Chicago. Another trail branched oft" at
Rock Village, going south and west near to where Ottawa
is. A trail went almost due south through Danville, and

It f

1 86

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

then south to southern Illinois. The most important trail
ran south and east to the Wabash River, where was fought
the battle of Camp Tippecanoe. This point was in the
heart of the Pottawatomie country, and was well chosen
by the fur company, as an advantageous point to establish
a trading-post.

At the old settlers' meeting, heretofore referred to, Vas-
seur pointed out the exact spot on the south bank of the
river where they built their storehouse, which they com-
pleted and occupied before the cold weather set in, in the
fall of 1820. The Indians were very friendly to the white
men, and a very successful commerce was carried on. The
furs were assorted and packed, and for ten years or more
were carried to Chicago by the same route they had come.
As early as 1823 or 1824, they packed to Chicago on In-
dian ponies and returned with goods. From whatever time
Hubbard came to the Iroquois, Vasseur assisted him in
conducting the American Fur-Company's business in Illi-
nois. They feared no danger from the Indians. The white
traders could have been destroyed at any moment, but the
Indians looked upon the traders as their best friends.
Vasseur was never threatened by them but once.

In 1822, he went to Rock Village, on the Kankakee, to
open a trade with the Indians congregated there. The
Indians were in receipt of an indemnity from the general
government, and were supplied with gold and silver. He
took two men with him, and an outfit of merchandise and
two kegs of "life water," as it was called by the Indians.
This was his mistake, and it nearly cost him his life. He
is not the only person who has made a mistake in the use
of "life water." The Indians discovered he was supplied
with it, and refused to trade until they were given some
of this water. He had concealed the precious stuff in the
woods. The Indians refused to be comforted. The chief
approached him and said they had made a vow to the

\fi

NOKL LE VASSEUR.

187

Great Spirit, which could not be broken, that they would
buy nothing until he brought out the kegs.

Vasseur had to yield. They formed a circle around him
and praised his great qualities as a good friend, until they
drank the kegs empty, and all became magnificently drunk
and fiercely warlike. Yellow Head, their chief, foresaw
the trouble that was coming, and helped Vasseur and his
companions pack up their goods and move a dozen miles
away before they camped for the night.

So well were the white traders liked, that Hubbard mar-
ried the daughter of one of the head men, in 1824. Her
name was Watseka. She was a very beautiful girl, with
features and form more like the Caucasian than the Indian.
Hubbard maintained wifely relations with her until he left
the service of the fur company, and went to Danville to
live. After Hubbard went away, Vasseur carried on the
business of Indian trader until the tribe removed West,
after the treaty of Camp Tippecanoe, in October, 1833.
Hubbard had an Indian divorce froi.i Watseka when he
went away. The year following, V^asseur married her, and
she bore him three children.

Just what the ceremony of an Indian marriage and the
process of an Indian divorce was, I am not advised. But
it was all done in accordance with the customs of the
Indians, and was entirely satisfactory to their chief men.
Nor let it be inferred that Watseka held immoral rela-
tions with these men. She was a true woman, and faith-
ful to her husband while he remained her husband. And
she was equally faithful to Vasseur, and he ever spoke
kindly of her, and when he left her he gave her a large
fund amounting to several thousand dollars. A better
civilization would condemn such easy marriage and easy
divorce, but when I see how easy marriage and divorce are
made in Illinois, I do not think we have made the same
progress in this line as we have in commerce and trade

1 88

EARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

since the days of Hubbard and Vasseur on the banks of
the Iroquois River.

Vasseur says that the Indians told him tliat formerly
game was very abundant on these prairies, and that great
droves of buffaloes made this valley their home. They
spoke of the Storm Spirit getting very angry at the In-
dians, and sending a great snowfall and very cold weather,
and this storm drove the buffaloes away, and they never
returned. He locates the time of the great storm between
1770 and 1780.

Vasseur made several trips to Mackinac, where he per-
sonally superintended the shipment of furs and the selec-
tion of goods suitable to the wants of his Indian friends.
He had learned the Indian language, and, with Hubbard,
was employed by the United-States commissioners as in-
terpreters in the negotiations of the treaty of Camp Tip-
pecanoe, conducted October 20, 1832, and ratified January
21, 1833.

By this treaty the United States received a magnificent
territory, and the Indians were induced to give up the
finest hunting and fishing ground that ever exi.sted. The
Kankakee River and its tributaries and creeks abounded
with the mink, musk-rat, raccoon, otter, and beaver, while
the deer were as plenty as are now the horned cattle.
The river was the home of the salmon, black-bass, rock-
bass, and pickerel.

The two leading chiefs of the Pottawatomies were Sha-
bonce and Sha-wa-na-see. They were warm friends of
Hubbard and Vasseur, and were known to be the friends
of the w' ite men. In the Black-Hawk war, the Sacs and
Foxes tried to form an alliance with the Pottawatomies,
and made two visits to Shabonee and Sha-wa-na-see to
induce them to join in the war, but it was of no avail.
There is no doubt that Hubbard and Vasseur had much
to do in influencing these chiefs. Had they joined Black

''\,

I 'I

NOKL LK VASSEUR.

189

Shel-
ls of
lends
i and
mics,
ee to
avail,
much
Mack

Hawk, it is certain the contest would have been prolonged
and many lives would have been lost. The secret of their
great influence over the Indians was the lact that they
treated them fairly, gave them full value for their furs, and
under no circumstances would they ever deceive them.

By the treaty of Camp Tippecanoe, the Indian title was
extinguished to all that tract of land included within the
following boundary, virj.: "Beginning at a point on Lake
Michigan, ten miles south of the mouth of the Chicago
River; thence in a direct line to a point on the Kankakee
River, ten miles above its mouth; thence down said river
and the Illinois River to the mouth oi the Fo.x River,
being the boundary of a cession made by them in 1816;
thence with the southern boundary of the Indian territory
to the state line between Illinois and Indiana; thence
north with said line to Lake Michigan; thence with the
shores of Lake Michigan to the place of beginning."

For this magnificent domain, this government gave the
Indians an annuity of $15,000 for the term of twenty
years, and the further sum of $28,746 was applied to the
payment of certain claims, and $45,000 in merchandise to
be paid immediately, and $30,000 in merchandise was to
be paid them in Chicago in 1833. Inasmuch as the party
of the first part put its own price on the merchandise, and
Mr. Indian did not know the true value thereof, the mer-
chandise docs not count for very much in this trade.

As a recognition of the friendly character of Indians
during the late war with the Sacs and Foxes, the treaty
contains this clause: "The said tribe [of Pottawatomies]
having been faithful allies of the United States during the
late contest with the Sacs and Fo.xes, in consideration
thereof the United States agree to permit them to hunt
and fish on the lands ceded, as also on the lands of the
government on Wabash and Sangamon rivers, so long as
the same shall remain the property of the United States."

: I

I'lii

1
V

193

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Inasmuch as the poor Indian was sent west of the Mis-
sissippi River the following year, and there were no bridges
across the river, and civilization had taken possession of
the state bordering the river, and it was quite unhealthy
for an Indian to travel eastward, it is not perceived that
this clause was of much benefit to the tribe.

A much more practical clause was placed in the treaty,
allowing them pay "for horses stolen from them during
the late war," wherein we find the cheapest horse stolen
by the United States "during the late war" was $40, and
the highest was $160, with a general average of about $80.
Since the United States had obtained the land so chcrp,
they could afford to be liberal in making restitution for
stolen horses.

Among the moneys to be paid is an item of $5573 to
Gurdon S. Hubbard, and to Noel le V^asseur, $1800. Hub-
bard and Vasseur had rendered the government valuable
services before and at the time of the Black-Hawk war.
They learned through Shabonee and Sha-wa-na-see the
plans of the hostile tribes, and Hubbard, in person, com-
manded a company of scouts, that went to the relief of
the settlements in LaSalle, and these payments were made
to them in compensation for such services, as well, also,
for acting as interpreters in the negotiation of the treaty.

Vasseur was appointed the agent of the United States
to remove the Indians to their reservation at Council
Bluffs, Iowa. This work was completed in 1836. Many
of them did not want to leave Illinois, and made many
objections thereto. Who can blame them .' They had
sold their lands for a mess of pottage, and they knew it.
Vasseur accomplished this difiicult uudertaking without
any acts of violence and to the entire satisfaction of the
government. In the meantime he had made a purchase
of soine land at Bourbonais Grove, where St. Viateur's
College now stands.

1!
1

NOEL LE VASSEUR.

191

In 1837. he married Miss Ruth Bull of Danville. She
died in i860. He had eight children by this marriage,
four boys and four girls. The oldest, Edward, was a mem-
ber of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, and died in the service;
George died in Memphis, in 1871, with yellow fever; Wil-
liam died while very small; and Alfred died in 1876. The
girls died after reaching woman's'estate, except the young-
est, Mrs. Dr. Monast, who now lives in Chicago. Father
Perry, connected with the catholic bishop of Chicago, is
a. grandson.

In 1861. Vasseur married Miss Klenore Franchere of
Chicago, who now survives. This remarkable man died
in 1879, at his home in Rourbonais Grove, in the eightieth
year of his age. He was a devout adherent to the tenets
of the catholic church, and lies buried in the church-yard,
but a few steps from where he made his home in 1837.

Mr. le Vasseur was a man of strong individuality. Had
he been an educated man, he would have been an explorer
of world-wide renown. His love of adventure was a born
passion. He knew no fear, had unbounded confidence in
himself, and overcame all obstacles. His success with the
savage men by whom he was surrounded lay in his integ-
rity and simplicity. He joined them in their hunts and
took part in their sports. He was a second William Penn,
but greater than Penn.

The friendship of Hubbard and Vasseur was knit to-
gether by the hardships they had endured, and was as
lasting as that of Jonathan and David. They died, carrying
to their graves the stories of many adventures and historical
facts, which are now forever sealed to us. The true lives
of these men in Mackinac and in Illinois will read to our
children more like a romance than a reality. It is due to
history, it is due to these pioneer lives, that a complete
biography of Gurdon S. Hubbard and Noel le Vasseur
shall be written. The writer has only touched upon a few
points in the remarkable career of the latter.

' r

( »

> »

LISTS OF EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

SOME thirty years ago. or about the year 1858, VVm.
H. H. Terrell, afterward the secretary of the Histor-
ical Society of Indiana, purchased at Vincennes in that
State, fifteen manuscripts relating to the early history of
what is now the State of Illinois. From him these papers
were acquired in 1883 by the Chicago Historical Society,
and they proved upon examination to be of decided
interest and value. They comprise four lists of heads of
families in Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Pont, Prairie
du Rocher, and St. Philip in the Illinois country in or
before the year 1783; three general returns or rolls of the
militia in the counties of Randolph and St. Clair in Illinois
Territory on August i, 1790, a list of the names of the
persons returned as entitled to the donation of ICXD acres
of land for militia service in the counties of Randolph
and St. Clair; five rolls of militia companies at Kaskaskia
and in the county of St. Clair in the year 1790; a petition
of certain citizens of Vincennes, formerly of Kaskaskia,
concerning donation lands, dated October 26, 1797; and
an original proclamation with a duplicate in French, relat-
ing to public lands, dated at Kaskaskia, June 15, 1779,
issued and signed by Col. John Todd, jr., civil governor
and commandant of the county of Illinois, commonwealth
of Virginia.

These documents are important as showing the names
of many of those residing in Illinois at the close of the
war of the Revolution, the probable white population of
that region in the last decade of the last century, and the

192

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EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

193

beginnings of republican government there. They have
another attraction in that they bear the autograph signa-
tures of some of the most prominent of the early citizens
of Illinois, of John Todd, jr., its first governor under the
authority of Virginia, and of the first governor of the
Northwest Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, in whose chi-
rography one at least of these papers is written.

These lists of heads of families and militiamen were
prepared in order to secure the benefit of certain legisla-
tion originating with the Continental congress under the
Articles of Confederation. That body transacted but
little business in the last year of its feeble existence, but
among its few acts during that period we find some
relating to what is now Illinois. The year after its adop-
tion of the great Ordinance of 1787, this congress had
before it a memorial of one George Morgan, and his
associates "respecting a tract of land in the Illinois
country on the Mississippi." And on June 20, 1788, the
committee to whom this matter had been referred reported,
among other things, resolutions that "separate tracts shall
be reserved for satisfying the claims of the ancient settlers"
in the Illinois country, that "measures shall be immediately
taken for confirming in their possessions and titles, the
French and Canadian inhabitants and other settlers on
these lands, who on or before the year 1783, had professed
themselves citizens of the United States or any of tiicm";
and that three additional reserved tracts shall be laid off
"adjoining the several village.s, Kaskaskies, La Prairie du
Rochers and Kahokia," * '^ " "of such e.xtcnt as shall
contain 400 acres for each of the families now living at
either of the villages of Kaskaskies, La Prairie du Roch-
ers, Kahokia, Fort Chartres, or St. Philips. The additional
reserved tract adjoining the village of the Kaskaskies shall
be for the heads of families in that village; the tract
adjoining La Prairie du Rochers fo.- the heads of families

194

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

i I

in that village; and the tract adjoining Kahokia for tlie
heads of families in that village, as also for those at Ft.
Chartres and St. Philips" and "that the governor of the
western territory be instructed to repair to the French
settlements on the Mississippi, at and above the Kaskas-
kies; that he examine the titles and possessions of the
settlers * * and that he take an account of the several
heads of families living within the reserved limits." * ■"
And congress resolved to agree to this report.*

On August 28, 1788, the Continental congress again
considered the Morgan memorial and resolved to change
the location of the three additional tracts of land to the
east side of a certain ridge of rocks instead of the west
side as provided in the act of June 20, i" and on August
29, it was resolved that measures be taken for confirming
ill their possessions and titles the French and Canadian
inhabitants and other settlers at Post St. Vincents who
on or before the year 1783, had settled there and professed
themselves citizens of the United States or any of them ;
that 400 acres of land be reserved and given to every head
of a family of the above description, settled at Post St.
Vincents; and that the governor of the western territory
cause to be laid out a tract of land, ac.joining Post St.
Vincents, sufficient for completing the above donations.
And the governor was instructed in the same resolution to
proceed without delay to the French settlements on the
Mi>sissii)pi in order to give dispatch to the several measures
to be taken according to tlie acts of June 20 and August

28, 1788, to report the whole of his proceedings to con-
gress, and to take Post St. Vincents on his return and pur-
sue the measures directed to be taken by the a' i of Aug.

29, and report his proceedings accordingly. :J: Tii^se were
among the latest proceedings of the congress of the con-

* Journals of Congress (of the Confederation), XIII. 30-32.
t lb. l>. 90 J 11). pp. 91, 92.

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

195

federation which transacted its final piece of business
October lo, 1788, and expired November i, of that year
for the want of a quorum.* Arthur St. Clair, governor of
the Northwest Territory pursuant to the last -mentioned
resolution, and also in obedience to the instructions of
President Washington of October 6, ijSg.-f set out for
Kaskaskia, and arrived there March 5, I790.:J: On March
7, he issued a proclamation calling on the inhabitants to
prove claims as provided for in the act of congress of
June 20, 1788, and he directed measures to be taken to
confirm the titles of the inhabitants who had professed
themselves citizens of the United States, and to lay off
the tracts of land to furnish the 400-acre donations pro-
vided for in said act. On April 5, the governor visited
Cahokia for the same purpose, stopping at Fort Chartres
and Prairie du Rocher by the way, and appointed militia
and other officers, and embarked at Kaskaskia on his
return journey on June i i.sl}

It appeared from his report and that of Winthrop Sar-
gent, the secretary of the Northwest Territory, that
further legislation was needed, and on March 3, 1791,
the congress of the United States passed "an act for
granting lands to the inhabitants and settlers at V'in-
cennes and the Illinois country in the territory northwest
of the Ohio, and for confirming them in their possessions."
This provided among other things, that 400 acres of land
should be given to each of those persons who in 1783,
were heads of families at Vincennes or in the Illinois
country on the Mississippi, and who had since removed
from one of said places to the other, and that heads of

II). 126 7.

t "St. Clair Papers," II. 125.

* (iovcrnor .St. Clair's Report to President Washington of oflkial Proceed-
ings in the Illinois ("oiintry, ".St. Clair Papers," II. 164.
S lb. pp. 165, 1C6, 169, 179.
II Ibid and ".American State Papers. Public Lands," I. 5-16.

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196

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

families at either of said places in 1783, who afterward
removed without the limits of the territory were notwith-
standing entitled to the donation of 400 acres of land pro-
vided by the act of congress of August 29, 1788, and
also to the lands allotted to them before 1783 according
to the laws and usages of the government under which
they had settled. This act also gave 400 acres of land to
each person who had not obtained any donation of land
from the United States, and who on August 7, 1790, was
enrolled in the militia at Vincennes or in the Illinois
country, and done militia duty. And it once more changed
the location of the three additional tracts of land set
aside for donations, and directed them to be laid out as at
first provided in the act of June 20, 1785.*

It was to obtain the gifts of 400 acres of land to heads
of families, and of 100 acres to those enrolled in the
militia, provided for by one or more of these various acts,
that the lists before us were compiled. Governor St. Clair
revisited the Illinois country in the fall of 1795, and, as
we learn from two of these militia rolls, he was at Caho-
kia, September 28, and at Kaskaskia, October 4, of that
year. The list of Capt. James Piggott's company at the
former place, and of Capt. John Edgar and Capt. Franc^ois
Janis' companies at the latter place were sworn to before
him on these dates, respectively. In his report of official
proceedings in the Illinois country at this time, made to the
secretary of state in 1796, Gov. St. Clair says — that the
donations to the heads of families were not yet laid out,
although ordered in 1790, owing to the lack of a surveyor,
the poverty of the people who had no means to cultivate
new lands, and doubt as to the proper party to issue the
patents. But as to the donations to those enrolled in the
militia he had no difficulty, and had ordered these to be
laid out, and enclosed a list of the persons cntitled.^f' It

* " U,-S. Statutes at Large," I, 221. + ".St. Clair I'apers," II, 398, 4<x).

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

197

ate

the

is piobable that at this time he prepared the Hst of names
of th:: persons returned as entitled to the donation of 100
acres of land for militia services in the counties of Ran-
dolph and St. Clair, among the documents in question,
which is without date or signature, but bears an endorse-
ment stating it to be the handwriting of Gov. St. Clair.
All of these documents seem to be originals, doubtless
once preserved in the archives of the Northwest Territory,
and then scattered abroad by accident or official careless-
ness.

And three of these papers are i'i the handwriting of
John Rice Jones, the earliest and ablest lawyer in the
Northwest Territory. Those which he wrote are: i. "The
List of the Heads of Families in Kaskaskia on or before
the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty three and
who professed themselves citizens of the State of Virginia;"

2. "List of the Inhabitants of Prairie du Rocher and St.
Philips who were heads of families therein on or before
the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty three;"

3. "General Return of the Militia enrolled in the (no\/)
County of St. Clair on the first day of August one thou-
sand seven hundred and ninety." Accompanying these
three documents, when they came into the possession of
the Chicago Historical Society, was a memorandum stat-
ing them to be in the handwriting of John Rice Jones, and
they have since been submitted to his only surviving son,
Hon. George W. Jones, formerly United - States senator
from Iowa, now residing at Dubuque in that State, who
was born at Vincennes, Indiana, April 12, 1804. He has
indorsed upon each of the lists last above named, a state-
ment subscribed by him, that it is the handwriting of his
deceased father, Hon. John Rice Jones. In this connection
it seemed appropriate that some memorial should be pre-
served in this volume, of a man who took so prominent a
part in the early history of the Illinois country. And at

1 1

-"^ ■ ■AiBHa^ ggg

!; t.

198

EARLY CHICAOO AND ILLINOIS.

the request of the Chicago Historical Society, a portrait
of John Rice Jones and a sketch of him and his eldest
son, Rice Jones, have been furnished by his great-grandson,
VV. A. Burt Jones, of St. Paul, Minn., and will be found
at the close of these Li.sts of Early Illinois Citizens.

E, G. M.

LIST^ of the Heads of Families in Kaskaskia on or
before the year one thousand seven hundred and
eighty three, and who had professed themselves Citizens
of the State of Virginia:

Nicholas Janis.'''
Antoine Bauvais.
rtjean Bap. St. Clem Bauvais.
rtVital Bauvais.
Catherine Duplasi. widow.
Joseph Baugi.

^Nicholas LaChance, Senior.
Jerome Danis.
Thereze (jodin, widow.-*
Jean Baptiste Delisle.
Marie Louise Delisle, widow.
Louis Delisle.
rtStanislas I-evasseur.

Marie Louise Bauvais, widow.
rtMarieLouiseCharleville, widow ^Nicholas Levasseur.
Jean Baptiste Creli. Joseph Doza.

Jacques Thuillier, Arcange Doza, widow.

[a "Removed into foreign parts."]

[' This list is written on eight pages of old, laid paper, water-marked
"J. .S. O. G." It is indorsed "List of the Heads of Families in Kaskaskia
on or before 1783." The list, note, and affidavit are all in the same hand-
writing, which is stated in a pencil memorandum to be that of John Rice
Jones. And this document now bears the further indorsement : " The within
lists are in the handwriting of my deceased father, Hon. John Rice Jones, who
died at St. Louis, Missouri, on the 1st of Feb'y, 1824, he being at that time
a justice of the supreme court of the State of Missouri. Dated at Dubuque,.
Iowa, this 8th day of Feb'y, 1889. Geo. W. Jones."]

[* Nicholas Janis was appointed, by Col. John Todd, Jr., captain of the first
company of the militia of Kaskaskia, May 14, 1779.]

[^ Mother of Pierre .Menard's first wife. The same person described in other
lists as the widow Tourangeau, the latter name being a souirii/uet of her
deceased husband, Michel Godin.]

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

199

first

other
her

Blaize Barutel.
Jean Baptiste Tauniur.
Joseph Lonval.
Louis Lonval.

Louis Brazot.
Antoine Bienvenu, Senior.
rtPaul Deruisseau.
*'rimothe Demumbrun.'-^

^L1rie Louise LaChapell, widow. Philip Rocheblave.'*
Magdalen AngeliqueMiot, widow. Pierre LaCoste.
Francois Derousse St. Pierre. Arcange Chenier, widow.
Etienne I'age.

Daniel Blonin.^

Joseph Marrois.

Henry Richard.

Nicholas LaChance, Junior.

Pierre Richard.

Joseph Miault.

Pierre Langlois.

(/Ichabod Camp.

Michel Danis.

Antoine Bienvenu, Junior.

Jacques Mercier.

Marie Rose Fortin, widow.

*Alexander Douglas.

Baptiste Laderoute.

Guy Jarrad.

Charles Delisle.

Marie Racine, widow.

Alexander Lalande.

Peter Duniont.

Joseph Dupuy.

rtAntoine Morin.

John Baptiste Gandron.

Antoine Chenier.
Charles Charleville.
Francois Charleville.
Louis Charleville.
Gabriel Obuchon, Senior.
Paul Reaume.
.Antoine Antaya, Senior.
Antoine .\ntaya, Junior.
Michel Antaya.
Anthoine Buyat.
Louis Buyat.
Francois Corset.
Joseph Toulouse.
Pierre Provot.
Antoine Cassou.
Catherine Cassou, widow.
Aniable Gagne.
Claude Lemieux.
Charles Renoue.
Charles Dany.

i '!

Jacques Conand.

Raymond Normand Labriere.

John McEl Duff.-i

[' A man of ability and much influence among the French inhabitants of
the Illinois. As their representative, he petitioned the British crown for a
better form of government.] [* Americans.]

[^ .Successor of John Todd, Jun'r, as county lieutenant or governor of Illi-
nois under Virginia.] [' The last British governor of the Illinois.]

[■• The leader of the party of hunters met at Fort Massac by George Rogers
Clark on his way to the Illinois, and who gave him the latest news frorr»
Kaskaskia.]

200

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

* Henry Smith.
Archibald McNabb.
<?'l'homas Hughes.'
^ejames Wiley.

* Peter Pressley.
David Pagan. 1
James Curry.
James Orr.
Alexis Heauvais.
Nicholas Canada.
Jean Larue.
Antoine Renaud.-
<jJoseph Bonvouloir.
rtAntoine Arkouet.
Alexis Lapljinte.
Jean Baptiste Janis.
Jean Baptiste Montreuil.
Louis (lermin.

Marie Cagnon, widow.

Richard Winston's Widow.
</Jean Baptiste Lafifont.
Domitilde Alary, widow.
<7john Dodge.'
Ambroise CUinel.
Antoine Lavigne.
I'rancois I )rouard.
Francois Barrois.
Louis Pierre Francois Carbon-
Joseph Page'.
Mary Rocheblave.
^Charles Duhide.
Ambroise Lavigne.
Jean Andre.
Charles Woods.
P^lizabeth Labiche.

* David Hicks.

Josei)h Libberville.
"Mathais Barker,
rf Pierre Cure',
f/ Pierre Cailloux.

* Daniel Murray.
+ Catherine Lasource, widow.
+ Helen Lasource, widow.
James Watts.

Michael Derousse St. Pierre.
Francoise Tonton.-
Lardner Clark.
*William Wykoff.
James Piggot.'
Jacob (Irotz.
*Charles Valle.
Shadrach Bond.'
James Moore.'
James (larretson.
Benjamin Joseph Byram.
rt Tobias Brashears.
<?John Allison.
<?John ^\'illiams.
*John Montgomery.'
William Drury.
*John — McCormick.
■'James Kincaid.
Charles (iill.
*Windsor Pipps.

[neax. <?Ceorge Camp.'
Nicholas Smith.
*Daniel Flanary, Junior.

* Elijah — Flanary.
'Thomas Flanary.
*Samuel Handley.
aLouis Villaret.
*John Harry.

[1 One of Clark's soldiers in his expedition to the Illinois.]
['] To receive Don[ation at] Vincennes.

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

201

Mayfield.
, his son in law.

Joseph Morensi.

Francois Charpantier.

Michel Danis, Senior.

Andre Fagot.

^Alexander McLosky.

Joseph Ciagne.

Jean Beaudoin.

<rJoseph Maisonville.

*James Morris.

Joseph Richard.

Jean Baptiste Tomur, Sen'r.

<7EIijah Nelson.

Jean Baptiste Perrin.

*John Clark.

§Jerome Creli.

Joseph Tellier.

-f- Marie Anne Taumur.

II Jodouin, widow.

Larkin Rutherford.^
Elizabeth Raine, widow.
Pierre Picard.

iiWilliam Brocus.

* Richard Brashears.
*John Holloway.
Patrick Kennedy.^
* Trentham.

* Thomas Bentley.'**
^Israel Dodge.
Henry O'Hara.

Bellow.

*Heaton Wells.
Catherine Sanba.
Joseph Chauvin Charleville.
Jean Baptiste St. Onge.
tBaptiste I^source.
tjacque Lasource.
Charles LaChapelle.
Alexander Hilaire.
rtMartin Carney.
^Charles Robin.

N. B. Those marked with asterisks thus * are Ameri-
cans and the whole as is now believed now residing in

[' Author of a journal of an expedition in the year 1772 from Kaskaskias
village in the Illinois country to the head-waters of the Illinois Kiver. It is
printed as an appendix to the third edition of Imlay's " Topographical Descrip-
tion of the Western Territory of North America," published in London, 1797.]

[' A trader at Kaskaskia who incurred the enmity of Rocheblave, and was
by his orders arrested and sent to Canada, whence he escaped. A voluminous
correspondence concerning this matter is preserved in the Haldimand papers.]
[' One of Clark's soldiers in his expedition to the Illinois.]
t These persons supposed by Col. [Winthrop] S [argent?] to have died
before the Country came into the possession of Virginia or the U. States &
that their widow's names are inserted on the opposite page [200] — a cross
against their names — they can't all be entitled.

t This is the same situation of 15apt. & Jacque Lasource, there is a -t-
opposite the widow, her name is Marie Ann Taumur, widow.

[§] To receive I )on[ation at] Vincennes. !1 Error, in Prairie du Kocher list.

202

EARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

the United States. The Heir at law of Charles Vall<5 one
so marked was brought up at Vincennes and now is and
for some years past has been at Dickenson Colledge in
Carlisle in the State of Pennsilvania. None of them have
claimed their Donation Lands, e.xcept an application made
on Behalf of Mr. Vallc s heir at law.

Territory of the United States north west of the Ohio,
Randolph County, ss.

Be it remembered that on the twenty-third day of
September one thousand seven hundred and ninety seven
before us the Subscribers two of the Justices of the peace
of the said County personally came Louis Pierre Francois
Carbonneaux Esquire notary public at Kaskaskia in the
said County and Jean Baptiste Gendron of the same who
made oath according to Law and say that they have been
Settlers and Inhabitants of the village of Kaskaskia afore-
said for upwards of thirty years last past, and that the
persons whose names are contained on the left side of the
foregoing six pages were Settlers and Heads of families
in Kaskaskia aforesaid on or before the said year one
thousand seven hundred and eighty three and had pro-
fessed themselves Citizens of the State of Virginia And
that those persons whose names are contained on the right
hand side[*] of each said Page have since removed into for-
eign parts and have not by themselves or Heirs returned
into Kaskaskia aforesaid to the Knowledge of these Depo-
nents on or before the third day of March one thousand
seven hundred and ninety six.

Sworn the Day and year )
above mentioned Before us i Carbonneaux

JN. Edgar
Wm. Morrison The mark of

Jean Baptiste Gendron

[* In the foregoing list these are indicated by an a.]

■ i

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

303

LIST* of the Inhabitants of Prairie du Rocher and St.
Philips who were heads of families therein on or
before the year one thousand seven hundred and eighty
three:

Catherine Perier, widow.

Louis Lassonde.

Joseph Blay.

Jean Uaptiste Barbaii, Senior. t

Jean Baptiste Barbau, Junr.

Joseph I-avoie.

Gerard Langlois.

Ayme' Comte, Senior.

Antoine Louvier, Senior.

Louis Dorc.

Joseph Tangue.

Margaret Cochon, widow.

Degagne, widow.
Jacque Degagne.
Elizabeth Cotinault, widow.
Gabriel Docochi.
Antoine Domingue.

Jacques Lasablonier.

Charles Laforme.

Marie Labrosse, widow.

Clement Urury.

Charles Cadron, called St. Pierre.

Charles Ainie.

Joseph Defj-elle.

Girardot, widow.
Pierre Chevalier.
Antoine Louviere, Junior.
Louis Levasseur D'BvSpagne.
Jean Flandre.
Francois Bousseau.
Joseph Bellecour.
Pierre Louviere.

Jodouin, widow:
Pierre Allard.

Jean [Baptiste erased] Dumartin. Antoine Cotinauet.

Pierre Degagne.
Francois Camus.
John Cochran.
Francois Thibault.
Pierre Laroche.
Jean Baptiste Degagne'.

Jacque Bouteillet.
Jean Baptiste Daniour.
Joseph Crely.

Leniay.

Marechal, widow.
William Drury.

)RON

* This list is written upon three pages of a sheet of piiper simihr to that
of the last mentioned list, and is wholly in the handwriting of fohn Rice
Jones, as appears from the certificate of his son, Hon. Geo. W. Jones, now
appended thereto. It is indorsed "List of heads of families in Prairie du
Rocher and St. Phillip on or before 1783."

+ Appointed commandant of Prairie du Rocher and captain of the militia,
May 17, 1779, by John Todd; and later, elected one of the judges of the
court of Cahokia by the people. In 1790, he was chief-justice of the court
for the judicial district of Prairie du Rocher.

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Jean Baptiste Jacquemin.
Catherine Tangue, widow.
William Jean
Josette Dilailite, widow.
Thereze Lajoie, widow.
Pierre Gibault.*
Joseph Tangue, Senior.
Nathaniel Hull.

Catherine Ryan, widow.

Josiah Ryan.

Henry Golding.

Charles Renoux.

Mary Louise Aubuchon, widow.

Jean Baptiste Richard.

Jean I/Allemand.

Lawrence Kenyon.

Territory of the United States north west of the Ohio,
Randolph County, ss.

Be it remembered that on the twenty fifth Day of
September one thousand seven hundred and ninety seven
before us the subscribers two of the Justices of the peace
of the said County p_rsonaIly came Jean Baptiste Barbau
the elder of Prairie du Rocher Esquire and Jean Baptiste
Barbau the younger of the same Esquire who made oath
according to Law that the several persons whose names
are contained on the two sides of this sheet of paper were
the heads of families in Prairie du Rocher and St. Philips
aforesaid on or before the year one thousand seven and
eighty three.

Sworn the day and year above ] BakkaU.

mentioned — Before us — J Bak1!AU, fils.

Jn. Edgar.

Wm. Morrison.

lili i

Listf of the Heads of Families in Cahokia and its envi-
ron? in the Illinois Country in the year One Thousand
Sf ven Hundred and Eighty Three, viz:

' I'riest at Kaskaskia from 1768 to 17S3, and rendered efficient service lo
< leorge Rogers Clark.

t This list is written on a full sheet of crown water-marked paper, imprint
1794 in water mark, and the letters (J. K. nearly cut away. It is indorsed
"Lists of Heads of Families in St. Clair County."

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

205

tnvi-
band

iprint

irsed

Jean Bap: DuEuque.
FrarK^ois Le Fevre alias Courier,

Seiir.
Fran^;ois Longval, Senr.
Louis Gaud.
Joseph Lambert.
Charle Ducharme.
Louis Le Compte.
Widow Beaulieu.
Jean Bap: Saucier.
Fran(^:ois Saucier.
Mathieu Saucier.
Jean Bap: Dumay.
Alexis Tabeau.
Joseph Le Page or his Heirs.
Joseph Cecire.
Joseph LaPensee.
.\ntoine Boyer.
Joseph La Bu.\iere.
Gabriel Barron.
Jean La Pensee.
Jean Bap: Barron.
Pierre I -a Fleur.
Widow Rassette.
Louis Le Brun.
Fran(;ois Trotier, Senr.
Michel La Grave.
Jean D'Hay.
Chirle Le Fevre.
Paul Poupard.
Jean Bap: Mulote.
Thomas Brady.
Marianne Le Bneiif, widow.
Louis Chatel.
Clement Allary.
Joseph Bissonet.
Louis Gagnion.

Therese Pancrasse.

Louis Trotier.

Louis Pilet.

Widow Turgeon.

Widow Wattape.

Jean Bap: Bergeron.

Joseph Butteau.

Jean Marie Dorion.

Marie, widow of Jos: Allary.

Antoine Harmand.

Isabel Bequet, widow.

Jean Bap: Allary.

Laurent Amelin.

Joseph De'loge alias Poirier,

Charle La Croix.

Joseph Beguiere.

Pierre ^Lartin.

F'ranij'ois Gerome.

Louis De Longchamps.

Joseph Pelletier.

Michel Pelletier alias Antaya.

Phillip Fngel.

Michel Girardin.

Ardouin.

Josepli Boisverd.
Phillip Gervais.
Charle Germain.
Widow Cabassier.
Antoine La Course.
Catherine Chartran.
Joseph La Couture.
Widow of George Blin.
Josei)h La Lancete.
Jean Bap: Mercier.
Catherine Langlns, widow.
Fran(^ois Turgeon.
William Biggs.

^^K

^^ui

i'i

ft'

1':

206

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Pierre Gatien.
Bartholomew Dumas.
Raphael Gagnie.
Mary Crow, widow.
Rene Locat.
Pierre Roy alias Cadien.
Rene' Bouvet.
Jean Bap: Perio.
Mary, widow Mercier.
Joseph Dutremble.
Michel La Gaudmiere.
Mary Jeane Loisie, A\'idow.
Mary Louise Le ^Lly, alias
Theophile.

Mary Moony, widow.
Peter Zippe.
Pierre DurBois, Senr.
Isaac Levy.
Joseph Vaudry.
Jean Marie Le Fevre.
Antoine Girardin.
Joseph Andrews.
Fran^;ois Chevalier.
Pierre Guittard.
Mary, widcv; Chartran.
Charle Butteau, Senr.
Jean Bap: Boisverd.
Leon Le Page.

Personally appeared before me, William St. Clair, duly-
authorized by His Excellency the Governor of the Terri-
tory to take proof of those persons who were Heads of
Families vt Cahokia and its environs in the Illinois Country
in the year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty
Three, Jean Bap: Du Buque, Jean Bap: Saucier, Esquires,
and Charle Ducharme, ancient Inhabitants of Cahokia,
who severally made Oath that the persons on the foregoing
List were Heads of Families in the Illinois Country in the
year One Thousand Seven Hundred and Eighty Three.
In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my Hand at
Cahokia, this Thirtieth day of September, 1797.

William St. Clair.

List* of the Heads of Families at Cahokia, Prairie
dupont, and the Americane Setlements of the present
County of St. Clair and who were heads of Families in the
year 1783 — viz:

* This list is written on all four pages of a large sheet of old paper, water-
marked with the crown and "(i. R. 1794.
of Families in 1783."

It is endorsed " Lists of Heads

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

207

Jea"" Baptist I)u rque.

Jean Baptist Sauciei.

Phillip Engel.

Antoine Girardiii.

Mathew Saucier.

Jean Baptiste AUari.

Charles Germain.

Phillip Gervais.

Francois Saucier.

Franois Lefevre alias Cburie.

Francois Longval, Senr.

Louis Gaud.

Joseph Lambert.

Joseph I'nupard alias Dornieur.

Charles Ducharme.

Louis I-eCom c.

Widow Beaulit. *

Jean De May.

Charles Lefevre.

Paul Poupard alias Lafleur.

Jean Baptiste La croix.

Thomas Brady.

Widow of Phillip Leboeuf.

Louis Chatel.

Clement AUari.

Heirs of Joseph Bissonet.

Widow of August Rasset.

Heirs of Louis Gagnion.

Heirs of Widow Pancrass,

maiden name [Pa — r. blotted].
Louis 'I'rotier.
Louis Pillet.
Jean Baptist Mulote.
Widow Nickolas Turgeon.

Felicite' Antalliard, Widow of J. Heirs of Michel Ciiarli.

Bt. Dumas.
The Heirs of Alexis Tabeaux.
Charles Cadron alias St. Piere.
Widow Lapage.
Joseph Cecire.

The Heirs of Joseph Lapence.
The Heirs of Antoine Boyer.
Joseph Labuxiere.

Jean Baptist Bergeron.
Joseph Butoe, Junr.
Jean Mari Dorion.
AV'idow of Joseph Allari.
Antoine Harmand alias Sanfacon.
Heirs of Jean Ba; . Bequet.
Lawrent Amelin.
Joseph Poirie alias Desloges.

Widowof Gabriel Barron[erased]. Charles Lacroix alias Hagon.

Jean Lapence.

Jean liapt. Barron.

Louis Le brun.

Heirs of Francois Trotier.

Michel La Grave.

Joseph Biguiere.

Piere Martin.

Francois (ierome alias Lafleur de

Pois.
Louis Delong Champ.

* The Widow Heaulieu was the daughter of a French otTicer once stationed
at Fort Chartres, named Chouvin, who settled in the village of St. I'hillippe.
I.'ere his daughter was born in 1742. She was educated at (Quebec, and
cet.irned to Cahokia, to wiiich place her father had removed, where she mar-
ried M. lieaulieu. She lived a long and useful life, and died at tiie age of
•eighty-four in Cahokia.

208

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

0':,

Joseph Peletier.

Michel Pettier ahas Antaya.

Heirs of Ardoin.

Heirs of Joseph Cabassier.

Widow Chartran.

Antoine Lacourse.

Joseph I^Couture.

Antoine Lamarche.

Widow of (ieorge Plain.

Joseph La lancet.

Jean Baptist Mercier.

Heirs of Joseph Dutremble.

Michel La Gaudiniere.

Widow of Louis LeMay alias
''"heophile.

Heirs of Michel Girardin.

Joseph Vaudiere.

Jean Baptist BoisVene.

Joseph BoisVene.

Widow of James Mooney.

Shadrach Bond.

Bartholemew Dumas or his heir.
Therese Poupard Widow Lang- Widow of James Moore.

lois. Peter Zippe.

Raphael Gagnie. James Piggot.

\V'idow Crow. Nickoias Smith or his heirs.

Heirs of Renne Locat. Heirs of Jncob Groots.

Heirs of Piere Roy alias Cadien. William Biggs.
Heirs of the Widow of Jean Heirs of Belew.

Bapt. Chartran. Shadrach Bond [erased].

Heirs of Isaac Levi. Elisabeth Raine.

Renne Bouvet. James Garatson or his heirs.

Leon Lepage. Giroux.

Claude Chenier,* proved by the oaths of Brady and Pierre la pope
to have been living in 1783 and had a numerous
family, tho' omitted in this list.

St. Clair County, ss.

Personaly appeared before me, Jean Bapt. Dubuque and
Charles Ducharnie, Ancient Inhabitats of the Village of
Cahokia, who being duly sworn do declare that the within
Li.st to the best of their Knowledge is Just and True and
the erasures made at their Desire, in Testimony whereof I
have to this set my hand Seal this 25th Apl, 1796.

Cii. DuciiARME. William St. Clair.

J. B. DUKUQUE.

* Thii memorandum upon the original list is followed by this unsigned
statement: "This memorandum is in the handwriting of (iovernor St. Clair."

-Yi -J 1

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

209

eir.

St. Clair County, ss. '

Personaly appeared before me, Jean Bapt. Saucier,
Mathevv Saucier, Jean Bapt. Allary, and Charles Germain,
ancient Inhabitants of the Village of Prairie du pont in
the County of St. Clair, who being duly Sworn did declare
that the within list is Just and true to the best of their
Knowledge, in Testimony whereof I have hereunto set my
hand and Seal at Cahokia, this 25th Apl., 1796.
Mth. Saucier. J. B. Saucier. William St. Clair.

I do hereby Certify to have examined the within list
and find it just to the best of my Knowledge and Remem-
brance — in Witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand
at Cahokia, this 25th day of apl. 1796.

A. Girardin.

)pe

3US

nd
of
in
id

Liste* Des habitans Resident aux Kaskaskias en 1790 —
Savoir:

Pr. Compagni.
John Edgar.t Capfn. [ ^.j^^^ ^^ ^^^j,,^^
Toimetre antaya. )
1 Antoine LaChapelle,:): Gar(;on, Ensign.

* This list is written on a slieet of narrow, dark-colored paper, and en-
dorsed "List of the two Companies of Militia at Kaskaskia the first of Augt.,
1790.

t John Edgar was a native of Ireland, and once a British naval otilcer.
At the beginning of the Revolutionary war he resided at iJetroit, and was
sent a prisoner to <Juebec on account of his sympathy with the colonial cause,
which his American wife encouraged. Making his escape Ijy the way, he
joined the troops of the colonies, and in 1784 s'"ttled at Kaskaskia. He was
for many years the wealthiest citizen of Illinois, was elected a member of the
legislature of the Northwest Territory, and one of the judges of tiie St. Clair
circuit court, and held other offices. The county of Edgar is named for him.

* Antoine LaChapelle died in 1804, at Natchez, on his way from New
Orleans in charge of u consignment to Wilh .m Morrison. He was a son of
Hasil LaChapelle, who, with his eleven brothers, scoMved from Canada to
Kaskaskia.

2IO

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Louis Jermain, Chef de fam.
Nicola Canada,* idem.
Michel St. Pierre, idem.
Mad. V ve. Lachapelle, idem.

2 Lachapelle Bazille. \

3 Baptiste Lacliapelle. VGar^ons.

4 Jn Lachapelle '
John Cok, Ch^.f de famiUe.

5 Cook, fils, [erased]. \

6 Henry Bienvenu. \- Gargon.

7 Michel Bienvenu. .'

Etienne Page', Cbaf de faniille a militaire.
Baptiste alary, idem.

8 Bazil Alary.

9 Jerom St. Pierre.

10 Philipe St. Pierre.

1 1 Alexi Doza.

12 Fransois Lemieux.

13 Louis Lemieux.

14 Louis Jermain, fils, [erased].

15 Novel Toulouse.

16 Pierre Toulouse.

17 Jn. Longvalle.

Antoin Provant. \

Labrierre.

John Rise Jons.t j

Bienvenu PeTe. ^

Provau Perre. J Chef de famille.

Louis Louvalle. '

P. Janis, [erased]. — Tran ''lorte en L'autre Part.

Cjar<^on.

Chef de famille.

* Nicliolas Canada was an uncle of "4rre Menard's first wife, and one of
the witnesses at their marriage, on behalf of the bride.

t I'loperly John Rice Jones, the famous lawyer above mentiuiM^i, wh>i
removed from Vinccnnes to Kaskaskia in I7(— . wid » Itorne on the militia
rolls of both places in that year.

:;i

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

211

tia

Chef de famille.

Suite De I'autre Part
Blaise Barutel.
Glaiul Lemieux.
al.exi Beauvais.
fs. Derouse, Dit St. Pierre,
fs. Tibeaux.
Pierre Richard.
i8 Anbroise Delinel. \

19 fs. Carboniiaux. Gar9on.

20 Aantoine Lavigne. J

2me. Compagni. Savoir:

21 Fr. Janisse,* Capt'n Des millise, gar^on.
Bpte. Lachanse,t lieutenant, Per de famille.

22 Jac (iautiaux, Enseigne, Gar^on.

Baptiste Montureulle. ]

Jemi Core'. j

Antoin Bienvenu, fils. [. Per de famille.

Michel ])anis. |

Jerome Danis. I

23 Jn. Danis.

24 Andre Sonn.

25 Phiiipe RocheBlave.i

26 Antoine Bahatie, neveux. i. Tous Garcon.

27 Baptiste Gendron, fiU.

28 Jn. Quiquette.

29 Jerome Tibeaux.
Antoine Bayatte.
Jac Devaignais.
Jac Moraniy.

* Francois Janis, one of the witnesses at Pierre Menard's first marriafje.
on his behalf. '' '

• of the witnesses at the above marriage, on behalf of the bride.
; I'hilipe Rocheblave was the name of the last governor of the Illinois for
Great Br.tam, and if this be the same man he must have returned to Kaskas-
kiii after the Kevolutionary war.

Chef de famille.

2 I 2

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Michel Antaya.
Louis Laderoute.
Baptiste Laderoute.
Bte. Toniure.
Bte. Gendron Pene.

r Clief de famille.

Garqon.

Transporte cy Contre.

Suite I)e Cy Contre.
Bhertelmi Richard. 1

Paul Nehaume. |

Baptiste Degonier. \ Chef de famille,

Made.vve.Tourangaux.*
Charl I)ani.s.t J

30 Vital Ste. (leiiime Bauvais.;}:

31 Gabriel .\ubuchon.

32 Jn. Calais, rezidant Sure L'autre rive.

33 Pierre Menard.§

34 James McNabb.

35 .Alexr. McNabb.

Alaint. Chef de famil.

Pierre Cristopher, Garcon, [erased].

36 Jacque Laderoute, Idem.

37 Pier le basejue, gar<j,on.

* Madame Tourangeau, the widow of Michel (iodin, was the mother of
I'ierre Jlenard's first wife, and at her house in Kaskaskia their marriage
cimlract was signed.

t Charles Danis, an uncle of Pierre Menard's first wife, and one of the
witnesses at their marriage in her behalf. Doubtless a descendant of the
Charles Danis to whom the first-recorded land-grant at Kaskaskia was made,
May 10, 1722.

i Vitol Ste. GOme Beauvais. One of the six sons of Jean Baptiste Ste.
(jime, called Beauvais, from his native place in France, who settled at Kas-
kaskia about 1750. Ho bought the property of the Jesuits there on its sale
under the decree for the suppression of that order, and became the wealthiest
citizen of his time in Kaskaskia. Vitol Ste. Gtme Beauvais was one of the
judges of the court of Kaskaskia, elected by the people, under the governor-
ship of Col. John Todd, Jr., and afterward resided at Ste. Geneviev.. Mo.

§ ,\fterward the first lieutenant-governor of the .State of Illinois.

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZLNS.

!I3

he
lie
e,

,s-
le

le
r-

Chcf (le famil.

Liste Des Personnc Etable Depuis (790.— Savoir:

Jonatame Hauslay. |

Marcjue Navelle. \ ^''

Antoine Navelle. \

Pierre Heguain. [• (lar^on.

Etienne Parard. )

fs. Charleville. \

Jams Dunn. '• Chef de faniille.

r Chef de famiJIf.

Mark Tomas. J

Wlliam Morisonne.*

Jac Lasabloniare.

Jan Corner.

Jan Bte. Normand.

fs. St. Pierre, Chef de famille.

Michel Lasassese.

38 Jo.seph Page, liarson.

39 Fran^:ois Janis.

Before me, Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory
of the United States northwest of the Ohio, personally
appeared Francois Janis, Captain of a Company in the
M.l.tia of Kaskaskia and being duly sworn deposeth and
sayeth that the Persons whose names are inserted in the
foregoing list, and opposite to which the word (Garron) is
written, were all borne on the Militia Rolls of the said
Village on the first day of August, 1790. In Witness
whereof. I have hereunto set -ny hand at Kaskaskia, the
4th day of October, 1795. Ak. St. Clair

A listf of Capt. Piggofs Companey in the firjt- -ecriment
of mihtia of the county of St. Clair, the 26 Day of'^Anril
1790: '■ '

• William Mo^rison emigrated fron. Philadelphia to Kaskaskia al.out
.790. and became a leadmg merchant there. He died and was l.uried ia
the old graveyard at Kaskaskia in 1837.

t Thi.s list is written upon a sheet of old foolscap paper, water-marked with

214

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

1 James Piggot,^ Captn.

2 George Atchison, Lent.

3 Nathaniel Hull,- Ensn.

4 lienjamin Ogle, Sergnt.

5 Shadrik Bond,'' Do.

6 Thomas Todd.

7 John Mordock.*

8 Samuel Morris.

9 Jesse Waddel.

10 Isaac Enix.''

John Simpson [erased].

1 1 Joseph Ogle — Senior."

-Junior.

12 Do.

13 Edward Todd.

14 Leonard Harness.
iSOeorge Hendricks.

I.arkin [erased].

1 6 Benjaman Rogers.

17 James Henderson.

18 Jamos Lemmon."

19 Peter Casterlin.

20 John Moore.

21 (leorge Biggs.

22 William Piggot.

the word ROMAN I upon one page ami on the other with the letters T. R,
It is endorsed "A list of those persons enrolled in the Militia in the Company
of Captn. riggott, in St. Clair County, on the first of Augt., 1790," and in
another handwriting, "Certified by (iov. St. Clair. " lielow is written, appar-
ently by ('apt. I'iggot, "List of I'iggot's Company for the year 1790."

' James Piggot was a native of Connecticnt, and early in the war of the
Revolution engaged in privateering. Later he removed to Pennsylvania, and
commanded a company of troops from that State at the battles of lirandywine
and Saratoga. He followed Clark to the West, ami was for a time in co]ii-
mand of Fort JelTerson on the Mississippi, a few miles below the junction of
the Ohio. He had served under Gov. St. Clair, who appointed him judge
of the St. Clair County court.

- Nathaniel Hull was born in Massachusetts, and was one of the first
Americans in the Illinois. He was a noted leader in Indian warfare, and in
•793 commanded a party of eight whites who defeated twice their number of
red men in a desperate conflict at the Big Spring, in what is now Monroe Co.

' Shadrach IJond, .Senior, one of Clark's soldiers, came to the Illinois in
1781, was a member of territorial legislatures, judge of court of common pleas
of St. Clair County, and uncle of Shadrach Uond, first governoi of the State
of Illinois.

^ John Mordoch or Murdoch, a famous Indian fighter, who swore unend-
ing vengeance on the red men because of his mother's death at their hands.

' Probably Isaac Enochs, a Kentuckian, celebrated for his contests with
the Indians, and as the first convert in Illinois to the Haptist persuasion.

" Joseph Ogle was one of Nathaniel HulPs party in the Indian fight at
Big .Spring in 1 79 1.

' James Lemen, a Virginian, soldier of the Revolution, one of Hull's party
at Big .Spring, and a leading Baptist preacher. .

KAKLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

215

23 Laton White.

24 William Murry.J

25 Henerey oharo.

26 John ohairo.

Jesse Ronn [erased].

27 (leorge Wilkison — left the

Country soon after.

28 Clement Drury.

29 Ralph Drury.

30 James Scot.

Thomas Hradly [erased.]

31 \Villiam Chaffm.

32 .Samuel Worley.
James Hard [erased].

33 Josiah Ryan.-

34 Lawrence Kenon.

35 Daniel Shoultz.

36 Daniel Raper.-

37 David Guice.

38 Peter Zip.if

Thomas Marr [erased].

39 John Suli])hon.

40 (Jeorge Powers.

41 William 'I'obins.

42 Ele.xandcr Denis.'*
\\'illiam Jones [erased].

43 Isaac brison — left the Coun-

try about a year afterwards.

44 George J>unceford.'

45 John Porter.

46 Charles CJill.-

47 Robert Sybold.'

48 John— Jack.

49 Michael Hufif.'^'

50 libeneazar Sovereigns.

51 James brian — left the Coun-

try.

52 Isaac West.

53 James Garison.

Before me. Arthur St. Clair, Governor of the Territory
northwest of the Ohio, personally appeared James Piff.rot
Captain of a Company of Militia in the County of St'
Clair, and being duly sworn, deposeth and sayeth that the
List of Names above written, is the names of the Persons
enrolled as Militia, in the Company commanded by him
on the first day of August, one thousand seven hundred
and ninety. In Witness whereof I have hereunto set my
hand at Cahokia. Septr. 28th, 1795.

Ak. St.Cl.vir.

• One of Clark's soldiers. a Onp nf H„ii'c ,..., 1

a i-:ii 1 J , , , . vjne 01 Hull s party as above.

to Kastl:::' ''''''' '' ''- ^-^'^-^ '- '^'^^- -^ ^^^ ^-^ ^-- ^^--^ Desi,„

in Isnl""' ''' "'' ''"""^^^^""'^ ^"dians. returning from Cahokia to Chicago
in 1802, near present town of Edwardsvllle, 111.

-> Killed by Indians in 1794, on the road between Prairie du kocher and
Xaskask.a. Step-father of Maj. John Moredock or Murdoch.

» s

IMAGE EVALUATION
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t lis ilM

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Photographic

Sciences

Corporation

^^^

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^ .'^^^

23 WEST MAIN STREET

WEBSTER, N.Y. 14560

(716) 872-4503

<'■

2l6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

SI"

I-

Roll* of the Company of Militia of the first Regiment
of the County of St. Clair Commanded by Francois
Saucier, the first day of August, 1790:

Francois Saucier, Captn.*
Bapt. Saucier, Lieut.-
Phillip Gervais, Ensgn.
Louis Lebrun. .
Piere Lajeunesse. |
Baj)t. Mercian
Paul Poupard. /
Joseph Trotier.'^ ^ Corpls. Sons

• Sergts.

Clement Trotier. '
Francois Trotier. |
August Trotier. ''
Louis Trotier, Junr.
Thomas Brady.''
Louis Chattel.
Clement Allary.
Louis Trotier.
Piere Tecier.
Louis Pilett.

Francois
Trotier.

Jean Bt. MuUote.

Jean Bte. Bargeron.

Joseph Buteau.

Jean Marie Dorion.

Antoine Lamarche.

Phillip Le Boeuf.

Francois Trotier, Son of Louis.

Andrew Bequette. ^

Louis Pansinneau.

Jolin Ritchy.

Louis Lamarche.

Louis Laflame.

Francois Grondine.

Joseph Grondine

Jaque [Bte. erased] MuUote.

N<cholas Turgeon.

GaL."i«*' Marleaux.

Joseph Trotier, Son of Louis.

• This roll is written on two pages of a single sheet of narrow paper of
unusual length, bearing the water-mark of a crown and the initials G. K,, and
is endorsed " Koll of Saucier's Company. "

' Fran<,-ois .Saucier was a son of Jean Haptiste Saucier, once a French
officer at Fort Chartres, who, after the country was ceded to Great Britain in
1763, established himself at Cahokia. Francois and his brother Matthieu
Saucier founded the village of I'ort.ige des Sioux, in Missouri. Pierre
Menard's second wife was a daughter of Frani;ois Saucier.

• A brother of the foregoing.

• A Canadian who settled in Cahokia in 1775, and conducted a large
trading business with New Orleans.

'' A Pennsylvanian, one of the only two residents of Cahokia at this time
not of French birth or descent. He led a party of sixteen volunteers in
1777 to the capture of the Hritish jwst at St. Joseph, and on his return was
taken prisoner on the Calumet River by a pursuing force, but escaped and
returned to Cahokia. Later he was made sheriff of St. Clair County. He
was commonly called '"Mr. Tom."

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

217

Alexis Chartran.

Piere Lize.

Joseph I^chance.

Jean Le Renard.

Francois L'Abb*?.

Dennis Valentine.

Francois Pencrass.

Jean Bte.Riipalais, alias Gonevi!e.

(la'.riel I^nglois.

Julieue Mercier.

Louis Gervais.

Pascal Letang.

Louis St.dermain.

Antoiae Kellecour.

Alexis Courtois.

Joseph Beland.

Constant Loncting.

Charles Pilet.

Etienne Nicolle.

Julian Nicolle.

Rene Tureau.

Jean Bt. Chartron— alias La

Becasse.
I^urent Jeunbergere.
Piere Antoine Tabeau.
Isedore I -a Croix.
William Todd.
John Hays.*
Joseph Vizina.
Jean Marie Comparet.

Personally appeared before me, Wm. St. Clair, Lieut.
Col., Commandant of the first Regiment of the County of
St. Clair by Virtue of the powers Invested in me by his
Kxcellency the Governor of the Territory, Jean Bt. Sau-
cier, who being duly sworn did Declare that the above is a
True Roll of the Company of Militia under his command
in August, 1790, In witness whereof, I have hereunto set
n»y hand and seal at C iiiokia, the 13th day of Apl., 1796.

VVflli.vm St. CLAik.f [seal]

Roll* of the Company of Militia of the first Regiment
of the County of St. Clair Commanded by Jean Baptist
Dubuque, the first day of August, 1790:

* John Hays is said by Reynolds to have emigrated from New York to
Cahokia in 1793. This shows him there at least three years earlier. He was
sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818, supposed to be the longest
term of office ever held in Illinois.

t .\ son of James St. Clair, once captain in the Irish brigade in the service
of France. Willianj St. Clair was the first clerk of the court and reconler of
St. Clair County.

* This roll is written on two pages of an unusually long sheet of old

i^lMI

218

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

« if

Jean Baptist Dubuciue, Captn,
Joseph LaPencee, Lieut.
Mathew Saucier, Ensgn.^
Francois Xavier

Lapencee.
Joseph Mendoza. }■ Sergts.
Piere LaPerche.
Michel Beaulieux.
Joseph Manegre.
Antoine Lepage.
Bartholomew <• Corpls.

Prevost.
Francois Villareyt
W'Uiam Arundel."*
Joseph Marie.
Bazile Laflame.
Josiah Bleakley.
Francois Demet.
Hubert Delorme.
Joseph Hymen.
Francois Longvall.
Hippolite Longvall.
Francois Campeau.
Jaque St. Aubin.
Joseph Demarais.
Piere St. Aubin.
Louis Bergeron.
Louir- I^abuxiere.

^ Antoine Labuxiere.
Joseph Pariesien. ,
Michel Pilet.

Francois Lefevre — alias Courier.
Joseph Lepage.
Joseph Chenie.
Baptist Chenie.
Dennis I^Vertue.
Louis Gendron.
Joseph Touchett.
Louis Rouliard.
Piere Cleremont.
August Cleremont. .
Piere Picard.
Louis Gaud, Junr.
Louis Relle.
Jean Beaulieux.
Bazile Beaulieux.
Piere Chretien.
Joseph Goneville.
Joseph Perie.
Joseph Laplante.
Kdward Hebert.
Charles Buteau.
Jean Baptist Mitot.
Louis Hermand.
Pascal Lefevre — alias Courier.
Piere Durebois, Junr.

English paper, water-marked with the crown and "G. R. 1794." It is en-
dorsed " Roll of Dubuque's Company. "

> Probably a relative of Julien Dubuque, who lived at Cahokia before he
established himself on the site of the City of Dubuque, Iowa, which is named
for him.

* A son of Jean Uaptiste Saucier, above mentioned, who afterward lived
at Portage des Sioux in Missouri.

' The only resident of Cahokia at this time not of French birth or descent,
except Thomas Hrady.

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

119

Ktien Cadron.
Charles Cadron.
Louis liourassa.
Francois Chevalier.
Jean Munier.
Jean Baptist Hermand.
Antoine Hermand, Junr.
Michel Longvall.
Henry liirron.
Oabriel Tellier.
(ilaiide Chenie.
Piere Chartie.
Louis Gaud, Senr.

Francois Longvall, Senr.
Charles pucharme.
Louis LeCompte.
Antoine Boyer.
Jean Baptist Barron.
Francois 'I'urgeon.
Joseph Poupard.
Amable Macon.
Joseph Archambeau.
Simon Lepage.
Louis Coste.
Piere Pecard [erased].
Louis Genvile.

Personally appeared before mc, Wm. St. Clair, Lieut.
Col., Commandant of the first Regiment of the County of
St. Clair, by Virtue of the powers Invested in me by his
Excellency the Governor of the Territory, Jean Bt. Dubu-
que who being duly sworn did Declare that the above is a
True Roll of the Compy. of Militia under his Command
in Augt., 1790. In Witness whereof, I have hereunto set
my hand and Seal at Cahokia, the 1 3th day of Apl., 1 796.

V^'lLLIA.M St. Cl.AIK. [seal]

en-
he
ineil

Roll* of the Company of Militia of the first Regiment
of the County of St. Clair Commanded by Phillip Engel,
the first day of august, 1790:

Philip Kngel, Capt.
Jean Bapt. Allary, Lieut.
Charles Germain, Ensn.
Baptist Chartran.
Joseph I-alancet.
I'iere Cabassier.
Piere Godin.

Sergts.

Tousaint Chartran.
Piere Martin.
Jean Guitare.
Jean Noel Godin.
Jean Bapt. Lalande.
Ja<iue Letourneau.
Raphael Daubuchon,

Corpls.

• This roll is written on two pages of a long sheet of old paper, water-
marked with the letters T. U., surrounded by scroll work.

m^^mmm'

mmmm

■■

220

EARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Josei)h l^mbert.
Joseph Desloges, Senr.
Joseph Deloges, Junr.
Jacque Mayiot.
Piere Martin, Junr.
Francois Noize, (lit L'abbt'.
Thomas Chartran.
Thomas Winn.
Amant Tellier.
Jean Bapt. Cabassier.
Michel Chartier.
Franois Renousse.
Joseph LaCouture.
Antoine I-aCourse.
•Charles Cabassier.
Antoine Cabassier.
Joseph Cabassier.
Charles Gill.
Andrew Marlow.
Michel Mitevur.
Renne Bouvet.

Franois LMay.
Joseph BoisVenc.
Francois Cabassier.
Louis Bisson.
William Crow.
Ignace (Irondine.
Louis Grosle.
Jean Lapence.
Andrew Be(|uet.
Joseph .Pettie.
Lawrent Anielin.
I-awrent Lefevre.
Charles LaCroi.v.
Piere Guitar, Senr.
Piere Guitar, Junr.
Michel Antaya.
Louis Vadbonctur.
Paul Desloges.

Rock.
Piere Buteau. '

Personaly appeared before me, VVni. St. Clair, Lieut.
Col. Commandant of the first Regiment of the County of
St. Clair, by Virtue of the Powers Invested in me by hi.s
Excellency the Governor of the Territory, Jean Baptist
Allary then Lieut., now Capt. of said Company who being
duly sworn did declare that the within is a just Roll of the
Company then Commanded by Phillip Kngel, in august,
1790. In Witness Whereof I have hereunto set my h.ind
and seal at Cahokia, this 25th day of april, 1796.

William St. Clair.

Roll of the Militia of Kaskaskia who were duly enrolled
on the 1st day of August, 1790, and had done Militia Duty,
and who have not obtained any Donation from the United
States :

KAKLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

221

just,
.md

)lled
•uty.
litcd

Kartholomcw Tardiveau.

Francois Janis.

Antoine I^Chapelle.

Bazile I^Chapelle.

Baptiste I^Chapelle.

Josejjh LaChapelle.

Louis LaChapelle.

Francois Leniieii.\.

Michael St. Pierre.

Henry Cook.

John Cook.

Adam Cook.

Philip Derousse St.pierre.

Jerome Derousse St.pierre.

Joseph Derousse St. Pierre.

J ean Baptiste Derousse St. Pierre.

Henry Bienvenu.

Michel Bienvenu.

Bazile Alary.

Jean Baptiste Alary.

Ale.xis Doza.

Nicholas Cassou.

Louis Lemieux.

Charles Danis, fils.

William Morrison.

John Rice Jones.

Jean Baptiste Germain.

Louis Germain.

Noel Toulouse [erased].

.Antoine Barutel, called Noel

Toulouse.
Pierre Barutel Toulouse.
Henry Barutel (Toulouse.
Francois Barutel Toulouse.
Jean Baptiste LaChance.
Jactiue Gossiaux.
Joseph Danis.

Joseph Anderson.

Anthoiny Buyat, Junior.

Augustin Royer. [oute.

Louis Seguin otherwise Lader-

Jaccjue Laderoute.

Louis Allaire.

John Baptiste Gendron, Junior.

Joseph Thuillier.

Jerome Thibault.

Pierre Basque.

Gabriel Obuchon.

Pierre Menard.

Vital Bauvais, Junior.

Michael Lasource.

Louis Buyat, Junior.

Charles Robin, Junior.

Pedro Christofal.

Alexis Morris.

Jean Baptiste Morris.

Philip Galloher.

Thomas Callahan.

Levy Theel.

Joseph Calais.

Joseph Lonval.

David Gray.

Jean Baptiste Thaumur, Junior.

Antoine Labriere.

Hipolite Laforme.

Jacob Judy.

Samuel Judy.

Francis Clark.

Louis Charleville.

William Young Whiteside.

John Rnaresborough Simpson.

Hugh McDonald Chissolm.

Joseph Fernande.

Francois Dion.

n^^n^^^w^fmm

■PM

■I

mmmmmmmm

222

EARLY CHICAGO AND IM.INOIS.

Pierre (irenier.
Francis Montrie.
Ignace I^gauterie.
James McNabb.

Alexander McNabb.
Joseph Tellier [erased].
Joseph Chevalier.
Manuel Portugais.

Territory of the United States Northwest of the Ohio. —
Randjtph County, sc.

He it remembered that on the twenty third Day of
September one thousand seven hundred and ninety seven
personally came before us the subscribers two of the Jus-
tices of the peace of the said County, Antoine Peltier,
called Antaya, of Kaskaskia in the said County, a Capi-
tain of militia in the said place, who made o.ith on the
holy Evangelists of Almighty God that the several persons
whose names are contained on the two sides of this sheet
of paper were on the first Day of August one thousand
seven hundred and ninety enrolled in the militia at Kas-
kaskia aforesaid and had done militia Duty as such and
also that the said several persons have not to the Know-
ledge or Helief of this Deponent obtained a Donation of
four hundred acres of land from the United States.

Sworn before us the Day & ) The mark of

year above mentioned. 3 X

J. Ed(;ak. Antoine Peltier

Wm. Morrison. called Antaya.

Roll of the militia of Prairie du Rochcr in the County
of St. Clair on the first Day of August, one thousand
seven hundred and ninety who had done Militia Duty:

Charles Laforme, junior
Jean Baptiste oniier
Andre Roy

(Jabriel Decochy, junior
Joseph Blay, junior

Joseph Lavoye, junior
Raphael Drury
Francois 'I'hibault, junior
Louis Blay, junior
Andre Barbau

KARI.Y ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

223

Jean Haptiste Perin
Francois 'i'angue
Joseph Tangue, junior
Joseph Levasseur
Ambroise I^evasseur
Joseph Comte
Pierre Camus
Francois (lerard
Etienne Langlois
Jean Haptiste l,ajoye
Pierre I^joye
Nicholas Witmer
Augustin Atlard
Antoiue UuClos
Ayme Comte, junior
George Wittmer, junior
Nicholas Olivier

Francois Julien
Joseph Ferrier
Joseph Genereu
Pierre Picard
Jean Haptiste Thibault
Louis Levasseur
Augustin Girard
Jean Bapte. Culmaut*
Pierre Comte*
Jean Baptiste DuClos
Charles Chevalier
Tousaint Bavarel
Simon Toiton
Charles Thibault
Francois Coline
Jean Gomes

Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio.
Randolph County, ss.

Be it remembered that on the Twenty Second day of
October, in the year One Thousand Seven hundred and
Ninety Seven, personally appeared Jean Bapt. Barbeau,
Junr. Esquire, Captain of Militia at Prairie du Rochcr
aforesaid, who made oath according to Law that the sev-
eral persons above and within named were on the first
day of August, One Thousand Seven hundred and Ninety
•duly enrolled at Prairie du Rocher aforesaid and had
done Militia Duty therein, and also that the said Several
Persons have not received or obtained any Donation of
Lands from the United States to the knowledge or belief
of this Deponent.

Sworn the Day and Year above mentioned, \
before me a Justice of the Peace of the J-BakhaL', fils.
said County of Randolph. )

J. Edgar.

* These two are on the Captain's list.

^^IMMHUHNP

mmmm

^nms

mmmm

224 EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

General Return^ of the militia inrolled in the (now)
County of St. Clair on the first Day of August one thou-
sand seven hundred and ninety:

.vCapn. James Piggot.
I.ieutt. (leorge Atchison,
.r* Ensign Nathaniel Hull,
Thomas Todd.
John Moredoch.
Samuel Morris.
Jesse Wadle.
Isaac Enox. [Enoch]
Joseph Ogle, Senr.
Joseph Ogle, Junr.
Benjamin Ogle.
Edward Todd.
Leonard Harness,
(ieorge Hendricks.
Benjamin Rodgers.
James Henderson.
James Lemen.
Peter Casterline.
John Moore.
{ Ieorge Biggs.
William Piggot.
Eaton [Leighton] White.
William Murray.-
Henry O'Hara, Junr.
John O'Hara.
( Ieorge Wilkinson.
.vClement Drury.

'Raphael Drury.
James Scott.
William Chalfin.
Samuel Worley.
*Josiah Ryan.
•Lawrence Kenyon.
Daniel Shultz.
Daniel Raper.
jvDavid Guise.
A-Peter Zippe.
John Sullivan.
(Ieorge Powers.
William Robins.
Alexander Dennis.
Isaac Bryson.
Oeorge Luntsford.-
John Porter.
tCharles Gill.
Robert Seybold.'-
John Jack.
Michael Huff.
Ebenezer Severns.
James Bryan.
Isaac West.
James Garretson.
David Wadle.
George Ware.

* In I'rairie du Rocher list.

[jc] "Received Donation."

t On the Donation list.

[ ' This list and accompanying affidavit cover seven pages of old crown water*
marked paper. The part of the sheet which in a corresponding list contained
the initals "G. R. " has been cut out. The names are all in the handwriting
uf John Rice Jones, and so certified by his son. ]

[* One of George Rogers Clark's soldiers on his expedition to the Illinois.]

KAKI.Y ILLINOIS dTI/.KNS.

225

er-
led
ng

s.}

Kl)cnt'/er Bowen.

James Mc Roberts.

Isaac Chalfin.

John Worley.

Thadious Bradley.

William Jones.

Christopher Smith.

Henry Mclaughlin.

William Grotz.

Alexander Wadle.

Levi I'iggot.

Alexander Atcheson.

'I'imothy Ballew.

AVilliam Moore.

James Head.

Jesse Ray nor.

Hardy Ware.

Thomas Mars.

.vCapn. Jean Baptiste Dubuque.

.vLieutt. Joseph Lapence.

■vKnsign Matthew .Saucier.

Francois Lapence.

Joseph Mendoza.

Pierre Laperche.

Michel Beaulieu.

Joseph Manegre.

Antoine Lepage.

Bartholomew Provost.

Francois Villaret.

William Arundel.

Joseph Marie.

Bazile Laflamme.

Josiah Bleakly [erased].

Francois Demete.

Hubert Delorme.

Joseph Hymen.

Francois Longval.

Hippolite Longval.

Francois Campeau.

Jacque .St. Aubin.

Joseph Demaret.

Claude St. Aubin.

Louis Bergeron.

Hubert Long Vail.

Louis labusiere.

Antoine Labusiere.

Joseph Parisicn.

Michel Pilet.

Francois Lefevre, alias Courie,

Joseph Lepage. [Junr.

John Baptiste Chenie.

Joseph Chenie.

Dennis Lavertu.

Louis (lendron.

Joseph Touchet.

Louis Rouliard.

Auguste Clermont.

Pierre Clermont.

Pierre Picard.

Louis Gaud, Junior.

Louis Rohle.

Jean Beaulieu.

Pierre Chretion.

Joseph Goneville.

Joseph Poirie.

Joseph Laplante.

Fid ward Hebert.

Charles Buteau, Junr.

Jean Baptiste Methode.

Louis Harmand.

Pascal Lefevre.

Pierre Dubois, Junior.

Ktienne Cadron.

Pierre Bourassa.

236

KARLV IIIICACO AND ILLINOIS.

;

Charles Cadron, Junior.
A:Kran(,ois Chevalier.
Jean Munier.
Jean Haptiste Harmand.
Antoine Harmand, Junior.
Michel Longval.
Henry liiron.
(iabriel Tellier.
Claude Chenier.
Pierre Chartier.
A- Louis (laud, Senior.
.rFrancois Longval, Senior.
A'Charles DuCharme.
A-Louis LeCompte.
.vAntoine Boyer.
.vjean Baptiste Baron.
A Francois '^urgeon.
Ajoseph Poupard.
Ainable Ma^on.
Bazile Beaulieu.
Joseph Archambeau.
Simon Lepage.
Louis Coste.
Louis (loneville.
Antoine Clrandbois.
Jean Baptiste Fleurant.
Jean Baptiste Champlain.
dabriel Marleau.x, Junior,
•Jean Baptiste Marleaux.
Pierre Roilhe.
Francois Ldbuxiere.
Sanson Canadien.
Ale.\is Brisson.
Louis Beaulieu.
Pierre Jacques Foubert.
August Biron.
Raphael Langlois.

Ix)uis Clermond.

Louis Pierre Levy.

Jacijue I«imarche.

Jean Baptiste (lirard St.

John Lyie. [Jean Pierre.

A°Ca])tain Francois Saucier.

A'Lieutt. Jean Baptiste Saucier.

AKnsign Phillip Clervais.

A'Louis Lebrun.

Pierre I.ajeunesse.

A'Jean Baptiste Mercier.

APaul Poujjard.

Joseph Trotier.

Clement Trotier.

Auguste Trotier.

Louis Trotier) Junior.

AThomas Brady.

ALouis Chatele.

AClement Allary.

A'Louis Trotier, Senior.

Pierre Texier.

A'Louis Pilet.

Ajean Baptiste Mulotte.

Ajean Baptiste Bergeron.

Ajoseph Buteau.

.rjean Marie Dorion.

A'Antoine Lamarche.

Philip Lebceuf.

Francois Trotier, son of Louis.

Andre Boijuet.

Louis Panconneaux.

John Ritchie.

Louis Lamarche.

Louis Laflamme.

Francois Grondine.

Jacque MuUote.

Louis Giroux.

EARLY ILLINOIS (.ITI/.KNS.

;27

Jean Ha|)ti.ste Lcblanc.

Nicholas 'I'lirgecm.

(labricl Marleaux.

Josepli 'I'rotier, son of Louis.

Alexis Chartran.

Pierre Lize.

Joseph I^Chancc.

Joseph (irondine.

Jean LeRenard.

Francois Labbe.

Dennis Valentin.

Francois Paiicrass.

Jean Bapti.ste Ra|)elais alias

(Jabriel Langlois. [Genville.

Julien Mercier.

Louis (Jervais.

Pascal Letang.

J.ouis St.dennain.

Antoine Helcour.

Ale.xis Courtois.
Joseph Ueland.

Constant Longtemp.
Charles Pilot.

Etienne Nicholle.

Julien Nicholle.

Rene Zureau.

Jean 15ap. Chartran, alias Labou-

Laurent Jean Berger. [asse.

Pierre Antoine Tabeau.

Isidore LaCroix.

William Todd [erased].

John Hays [erased].

Jose|)h Vizina.

Jean Marie Com pare t.

Jean Marie Bissonet.

P'rancois Young.

Louis Morin.

Joseph (Irenier.
Hubert Mercier.
Ktienne Pinsonneau.
Joseph Vaudry, Junr.

Al|)honso.

John Brady. vV
Antoine (Jerardine, Jr.
-vCapn. Philip Kngel.
.vLieiitt. Jean Baptiste Allary.
.vKnsign Charles (lermain.
Jean Baptiste Chartran.
x Joseph Inilamet.
Toussaint Chartran.
.vPierre Martin.
Jean Noel Codin.
Jean Baptiste Lalande.
Jaccpie Letourneau.
Raphael D'Aubuchon.
•xjoseph Lambert.
Pierre Godin.
.rjoseph Deloge, Senior.
Joseph Deloge, Junior.
Jac«iue Mayiot.
Pierre Martin, Junior.
Francois Lubbe [erased].
Thomas Chartran.
Thomas Winn.
Aniant 'I'ellier.
Jean Baptiste Cabassier.
Michel Chartran [erased].
P'rancois Ranousse.
.rjoseph LaCouture.
A-Antoine LaCource.
Pierre Cabassier.
Charles Cabassier.
Andrew Marlow.
Michel Metioier,

fr ^ ' ?fc:.tt"L*

228

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

.vRen^ Bouvet.
Francois Lemay.
.vjoseph Boisver.
Francois Cabassier.
Joseph Cabassier.
Antoine Cabassier.
Louis Bisson.
AWiiliani Crow.
Ignace Grondine.
Louis Grosle.
-vjean Lapense.
Marrain Pancrass.
A-Joseph Peltier,
.s; Francois Gerome.

A-Laurent Amelin.

Laurent Lefevre.

Charles LaCroix.

*Jean Guittar [erased J.

Pierre Guittar, Junior.

.jrMichel Antaya.

Louis Vadboncueur.

Paul Poirier.

Jean Francois Perrey [erased].

Jean Baptiste Provost.

Louis Bibeaux.

Pierre Locuyer dt St. Sauveur.

Michel Roche.

Jean Vandet.

Personally appeared before me William St.Clair Duly-
authorized by his Excellency the Governor to take proof
of the Claims appertaining to the Militia of the County
of St.Clair James Piggot Jean Bapt. Dubuque Jean Bapt.
Saucier and Jean Bapt. AUary who severally affirmed that
the Within is true Rolls of their respective Company of
Militia in the Month of August one thousand seven hun-
dred and ninety. In witness whereof I have hereunto set
my hand at Cahokia this thirteenth day of Septe. one
thousand seven hundred and ninety seven.

William St.Clair.

To the Honorable Winthrop Sargent, Esquire, Secre-
tary of the Territory of the United States Northwest of
the Ohio, now vested with all the Powers of the Governor
thereof

The Petition of certain Inhabitants of Vincenncs,
Most respectfully showeth:
That your Petitioners were heads of Families at Kaskas-

* On Vincennes list.

EARLY ILLINOIS CITIZENS.

229

kia in the Illinois Country in 1783, where they are entitled
to the Donation of the United States of Four hundred
acres of land each.

That previous to the year 1791 they removed thence to
this Place, where they have fixed their Residence.
They therefore pray that your Honour would be pleased
to cause to be laid out for them, their respective Dona-
tion lands adjoining those already laid out for the heads
of Families at Vincennes, agreeable to an Act of the
United States, passed the third day of March, One Thou-
sand Seven hundred and Ninety-one. And Your Peti-
tioners will ever pray.

X Jerome Crely.
X Francoise T(JNT0N.
X Antoine Renaud.
pro. CiiARi.oTE Renaud,
his heir at law

POSTVINCENNES, 26 Octor.
1797-

JOHN RICE JONES.

A liRIEK SKKTCH OF THE LIFE AND PUBMC CAREER OF THE
FIRST I'RACTISINO LAWYER IN ILLINOIS.

By VV. A. Burt Jones of St. Paul, Minnesota.

* * ".\ friend to truth, of soul sincere.
In action faithful, and in honor clear."

JOHN RICE JONES was born in Mallwyd, a beautiful
village on the "niuimuring Dyfi," in that wildest and
most picturesque of all Welsh counties, Merionethshire,
February ii, 1759. He was one of fourteen children and
the eldest son of John Jones, Esq., a gentleman in good
circumstances and of highly respectable social standing,
belonging as he did to an ancient and honorable family
celebrated in the history and poetry of his native country,
"fair Wales, the land of song."

John Rice Jones received a collegiate education at 0.x-
ford, England, and afterward took a regular course in both
medicine and law. He then established himself in the
practice of the latter in London, where, in 1753, in St.
George's Church, Hanover Square, his parents had been
married, and where a number of relatives and friends
resided. In a deed dated in 1783, and conveying to him
certain property in Brecon, Wales, he, then a resident of
the British metropolis, is described as "John Rice Jones of
Thanet Place, in the Strand, in the Parish of St. Clement
Danes, in the County of Middlesex, gentleman," which
locates him pretty closely in the great city a hundred
years ago.

He came to America in February, 1784, and located in
Philadelphia, where he engaged in the practice of his pro-

230

iS.

CAREER l)K THE

INOIS.

Minnesota.

sincere,

ear."

wyd, a beautiful

that wildest and

Merionethshire,

en children and

itleman in good

• ! ■

social standing,

onorable family

i native country,

lucation at Ox-

■ ' ■

r course in both

himself in the

"•;'■ ..

in 1753, in St.

'.'1.

rents had been

'es and friends

' j^

iveying to him

n a resident of

^ - W

n Rice Jones of

of St. Clement

tleman," which

:ity a hundred

and located in

tice of his pro-

^m^

^. '-y^^ "f^m'', ^^-V%v-

^ ■ •

. 3» tCT, 1 ^

■m

'i\

JOHN K ICl- J().\ US

A e.RIKl SKKICM OF.TirE I.U>. ANIt PUISI.Ii; CARF.KK OK I! iC
KIR.*^! HRA' TISlNt; I. AW VI K !\ ||,L1N<.)JS,

hy W. \. tU;Ri- Jones o! St, Paul, Minm-soia.

• * "A IVit-nd to truth, of soul si mere,
' • 111 art.O! faith! .1, and In honor ciiMr.

JOHN RIC K' lC)Ni:s wasborn in M.ilhvyd, a beautiful
villat^e or< th- "■;iu mnrin^ l-'yfi," in that wildest. :»
most picturov^iR- o; all Wcbh counties, Menoncth>h'»c,
February \l (73 . He was cnn of fourteen children .*nd
the eldest son of Job' Jones. K;iq., ,1 j^entltinan in {'ood
circumstaitceij .iml ot .ujjhly nspectable soci'il atandin-^,
belonging as he dhi in an Ancitiit and honorable fnnnily
celebrated in the hn'.or> jnd \xtctry of his native (.ountr>,
"fair Wales, thr lanJ uf >n^."

John k ice Jones rccivc* a c<7!!icjiate L-ducation at Ox
forvi, Kngl.'tnd, an(i -.MtvjrwanJ took . ''ei»ular course in both
medicine and law, . lie then est'ibli-hed himself in the
practice nf the latt«'r in London, wht-re, io 1753, in St
Geor ;e's Cluirch. Hanover Siiuare. hi' parents had been
married, anti wlic.e a 'lutnt,:^."- of t'-dtives and friends
resid-d Inadr<d datid in 1783, and conveying to hiui
certaui propcrt\ in J^recon, Wales, hi , then u n-sident of
the British metropolis, is described as "John Rice Jones of
Thaiiet Place, m *Jv: Strand, in the I'arish of St. Clement
Danes, in the L i «nlv ot Middlesex, gentlemat!," wh'ch
locates liim pretty cioseiy in the great city a Imnurcd
years ago.

He came to America u\ February, 1784, and located in
rhil.idt.lphia, wlierc he en':;aged in the niattice of his i)ro-

^30

F' S.

C/\RF,KK Oh CJiJ
1\■^)IS.

Minnesota.

sin< ere,

kMr." •

v.yd, a bcanti^nj
that wildest :\ ;

Merioneth.' u,
en childrfo :\nd
tleinan in f;ood i
soci'd atatKiir::^,
onorablc Timilj'

i.itive (.■ountr>,

ion ;it Ox-

i i..»iiisc in both

hiins-'ir in the

•<> »;53. in iJt
rents had boon
es anrl friends
tve\'ing to bitii
I I icsidcnt oi'
1 i'icc Jones of
of .<(. Clement
imi.." \\l;Lh
a iiumircd

• ' located in
of his i)ro-

JOHN RICE JONES.

231

fession, and made the friendly acquaintance of Dr. Benja-
min Rush, Benjamin Franklin, Myers Fisher, the eminent
lawyer, and other distinguished men, to some of whom he
had letters of introduction. He remained here some two
years, when, having long heard of the wonderful Far West,
and evidently having strong confidence in the greatness
and importance it would assume in the early future, he
there decided to cast his lines, and accordingly set out on
the long and tedious journey of over eight hundred miles
to Louisville, Ky., his objective point, and then the most
important American settlement west of the Alleghany
Mountains, the trip to which was fraught with many perils
and discomforts, yet which, we are told, was in many ways
extremely interesting and enjoyable in a pleasant season
of the year.

It is not known whether he came with his family from
Philadelphia to Fort Pitt^— now the city of Pittsburg, in
the centre of a vastly-extended civilization, but then an
isolated and lonely military post on the remote frontier —
and thence down the Ohio River by boat, or came entirely
overland by the only other route to the West, whicli
crossed the Blue-Ridge Mountains above the head-waters
of the Potomac, then led down between that range and
the Alleghanies to old Fort Chissel, and thence via the
Great Wilderness road, which admitted of only horseback
and foot travel, through Kentucky by way of Cumberland
Gap. He reached his destination in safety, however, as,,
after his departure from Philadelphia, we next meet him at
the Falls of the Ohio, or Louisville, where, in Sept., 1786,.
he joined the army of one thousand men raised and com-
manded by Gen. George Rogers Clark, under the authority
of Virginia, for the suppression of the hostile Wabash
tribes of Indians. Gen. Clark proceeded into their coun-
try some distance above Vincennes, when it was deemed
inexpedient — owing to the partial loss of supplies, shipped

53:

KARI.V CHICAdO AND II.LINDIS.

n:\

after them via the Ohio, and to the discontent and deser-
tion of some of the troops — to proceed further, and the
little army, abandoning the expedition, fell back to Vin-
cennes. Owing to the exposed condition of that post at
the time, it was considered advisable to establish there a
military garrison, and the project was determined upon
and carried into execution at once by a council composed
of the field-officers of the Wabash expedition, the garri-
son, it was decided, to consist of three hundred men — two
hundred and fifty infantry, and a company of artillery
under Capt. Valentine T. Dalton. Gen. Clark assumed
the supreme direction of the corps, and levied recruits,
appointed officers, and impressed provisions for their sup-
port* Of this garrison, John Rice Jones was appointed
commissary-general, in place of John Craig, Jr., who was
first appointed but did not act.f

At this time, negotiations ^vere pending between the
United States and the court at Madrid relative to the con-
cession by Spain of the right to the navigation of the
Mississippi River by the Americans. This privilege had
always been vigorously denied the United States by the
Spanish government, and had become not only a bone of
diplomatic contention between the two countries, but a
fruitful cause of ill-feeling between the citizens of the one
and the subjects of the other living and intermingling on
the borders of the western possessions of the nations con-
cerned. The Spaniards there had repeatedly confiscated
property of and committed other outrages upon Ameri-
cans, and when an unfounded but readily-credited rumor
came that congress had conceded everything to Spain, and
thi.t in consequence the citizens of the Far West would
thenceforth have to champion their cherished cause alone
and take care of themselves and their interests generally,

* Dillon's "History of Indiana."

t Dunn's " Indiana : .\ Redemption from Slavery. "

JOHN RICE JONES.

233

intense excitement and resentment followed and prompted
measures of summary retaliation for the depredations com-
mitted upon them in the past.

A systematic and vigorous course was adopted at Vin-
cennes by Gen. Clark, under whose direction the garrison
troops seized upon all Spanish property at the post and
the Illinois, very considerable and valuable altogether, and
turned it over to John Rice Jones, who as commissary-
general, by regular appointment of Gen. Clark, retained
a proper portion of the contraband property for garrison
uses, and disposed of the remainder at auction* for the
partial indemnification of citizens whose possessions had
been as unceremoniously appropriated by Spanish pil-
lagers. John Rice Jones was at this time only twenty-
seven years of age, and his abilities and character must
have been very marked to have secured for him in a brief
period his considerable local prominence and, above all,
the confidence and esteem, which he undoubtedly possessed,
of such a man as Gen. Clark, "the Washington of the
West, whose genius, abilities, and bravery, that elevated
him above his ftllow-men," rendered his friendship an
honor to any man upon whom it was bestowed.

John Rice Jones .seems to have become thoroughly im-
bued with the martial spirit of the period and country in
which he lived. First we find him as a member of Gen.
Clark's army, recruited at the Falls of the Ohio for service
against the Indians of the Wabash; next as commissary-
general of the Vincennes garrison; and after an interval of
four years — a period in Mr. Jones' military history which the
writer has no data concerning, but one in which the former
no doubt continued his connection with the garrison until
its dissolution in the summer of 1787, and from that time
with local militia organizations — we accidentally discover
him, so to speak, as one of "the effective men belonging

* Dillon's "History of Indiana," and Dunn's "Indiana."
16

J34

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS,

■<

to Capt. Pierre Gamelin's company at Post Vinccnnes,
July 4, 1790."* This company was a militia organization
designed to serve at home or in the field against the
Indians, who throughout the spring and summer of 1790
"continued to wage irregular war against emigrating fami-
lies and settlers along the borders of the Ohio, from its
mouth to Pittsburg."

Their harassing hostilities occasioned Gen. Josiah Ilar-
mar's famous but fruitless expedition against them in the
fall of this year, and called forth, under Maj. John Francis
Hamtramck, the local militia, including Capt. Gamelin's
company, iat the post, in addition to the regular United-
States garrison under him, which garrison was established
in July, 1787, by the then Col. Harmar, to succeed that
of Gen. Clark's creation. Hamtramck's expedition as
ordered by Gen. Harmar, who himself operated against
the Miamis, was directed against the Wabash tribes. Be-
fore the approach of this command, which is known in
history as the "Wabash regiment," the Indians, not stay-
ing to do battle, fled precipitately, deserting several vil-
lages and their contents, which were destroyed by the
white troops. Mr. Jones probably took part in other cam-
paigns against the Indians, but the writer has had access
to but few manuscript records, official or otherwise, which
are scattered, and has not chanced to find any published
work giving further information on the point.

In accordance with the act of congress of March 3, 1791,
John Rice Jones received from the United States govern-
ment a grant of one hundred acres of land, located near
Vincennes, Northwest Territory, for his services as militia-
man, as also did three of his brothers-in-law, the Barger
brothers, as will hereafter appear.f He had before this
probably acquired considerable real possessions, and in a

* Law's "Colonial History of Vincennes."

+ "American .State Papers — Public Lands," Vols. I and VII.

JOHN kICE JONES.

23S

few years became an extensive land-owner, as the early
territorial records of both Indiana and Illinois, as well as
the general government archives, abundantly attest. The
Ordinance of 1787 imposed the ownership of considerable
real estate conditional to eligibility to the higher civil
oflfices, as it did in a smaller measure to the right to hold
lesser ones, and even to the right of suffrage. It is likely
that in those days of scarcity of money, John Rice Jones
frequently had to take real property, or claims thereto, in
exchange for legal services, and by that means, as well as
by purchases outright, accumulated his many thousands
of acres of land. In 1808, he paid taxes on 16,400 acres
in Monroe County alone; he and Pierre Menard, Gen.
John Edgar, Robert and William Morrison, James O'llara,
Richard Lord, and a few others, being heavy owners.

Unlike most pioneers, he did not engage in promiscuous
pursuits, as trading with the Indians, hunting and trap-
ping, cultivating the soil, merchandising, and so forth, but
devoted himself entirely to the practice of his profession,
in which he was very able, and to politics, in which he
was as accomplished as he was influential, and cut an
important figure. He very soon acquired and always con-
tinued to enjoy an extensive and lucrative law -practice,
and this professional success combined with his reputation
as a classical scholar, as a man of varied and extensive
learning, of practical knowledge of men and affairs, and
of great ambition, coupled with a mental activity and an
energy of character equally remarkable, soon placed him
among the mo.st prominent men in a country where those
of his qualifications and qualities were the exception and
not the rule. As such a character he was found by John
Gibson, secretary of the newly-formed Indiana Territory,
on his arrival at Vincennes, in July, 1800. With Mr. Gib-
son he early formed a close personal and political friend-
ship, and similar relations immediately grew up between

236

KARLY CIIICAfin AND ILLINOIS.

him and Gov. William Henry Harrison, after the arrival
of the latter, in January, 1801, to assume the administra-
tion of territorial affairs.

(lov. Harrison at once recognized his abilities, and in
the latter part of January or early in February, commis-
sioned him attorney-general of the Territory, the first civil
office ever held by Mr. Jones, so far as we are informed.
V\'e have it on the authority of historians that John Rice
Jones not only enjoyed the political confidence of Gov.
Harrison, but that their personal relations were of a very
intimate nature, and that Mr. Jones exercised a by no
means inconsiderable influence as an adviser of the gov-
ernor up to the time of their rupture, in 1807-iS. He
•continued attorney-general until the date of his appoint-
ment as a member of the territorial legislative council, in
February or March, 1805, and therefore filled the former
office for a period of exactly four years.

In December, 1802, there convened at Vincennes the
famous slavery convention of that year, which, outside of
the general assembly, was the first public body of a univer-
sally representative character to formally discuss the deli-
cate question in all its bearings, and to lay the sentiments
and wishes of the majority of the people of the entire
territory before congress. The delegates, twelve in num-
ber, were chosen by the people in a regular election, held,
pursuant to proclamation of the governor, simultaneously
in the several counties, and who, of course, represented the
predominating sentiment among their respective constitu-
ents. The members "ranked among the most intelligent
and public-spirited men of the Territory," and were Gov.
Harrison, Col. Francis Vigo, Wm. Prince, Luke Decker,
Pierre Menard, Robert Reynolds, Robert Morrison, Jean
Francois Perry, Shadrach Bond, Maj. John Moredock, and,
it is thought, Davis Floyd and William Higgs. All are
now historic names, and all were strong pro-slavists except

JOHN RICF, JONES.

^17

the last two, or whoever were the two representatives from
Clark County.

Gov. Harrison was president and John Rice Jones secre-
tary of this convention, which continued in session ei^ht
days, and on the last day, December 28, agreed on a
memorial and petition, probably the work of the skilful,
able, and fluent pen of their secretary, to congress. They
prayed for the suspension for ten years of the si.vth article
of the Ordinance of 1787, "the Magna Cliarta of the West,"
which prohibited, but did not prevent, slavery in the ter-
ritory; and among many things, recommended Gov. Har-
rison for reappointment and John Rice Jones for chief-
justice of the territorial court. Only two of the requests
were granted: that for the payment of a salary to the
attorney-general — to which office, then held as from the
first by John Rice Jones, it is presumed fees had been
attached — and that for the right of preemption to actual
settlers on public lands.

John Rice Jones strongly favored the advance of the
territory to the second grade, or representative form, and
used his influence toward the accomplishment of that end,
which was achieved by a majority of one hundred and
thirty-eight of the freeholders of the territory at the elec-
tion held September 11, 1804. Members of the house of
representatives were chosen at the election of January 3
following, and that body convened at Vincennes on Feb-
ruary I, and, in accordance with law, nominated for coun-
cillors ten men whose names were forwarded to President
Jefferson, for him to select from them those of five men
to compose the legislative council. The president returned
five commissions with the spaces for names left blank, with
instructions to Gov. Harrison to choose out of the ten
nominees the five best fitted, in the governor's opinion, for
the responsible offices, rejecting "land-jobbers, dishonest
men, and those who, though honest, might suffer them-

238

EARLY CMICAGf) AND ILLINOIS.

selves to be warped by party prejudices." Those selected,
one for each county, were John Rice Jones, Benjamin
Chambers, Samuel Gwathmey, John Hay, and Pierre
Menard, all assuredly able men, whose superiors intellect-
ually and morally it would have been difficult to find
anywhere.

John Rice Jones was appointed from Knox County, the
seat of government of which was also the territorial capi-
tal, Vincennes, and continued its representative in the
council until October 26, 1808, when the governor, for
reasons that appeared to him sufficient, permanently dis-
solved the general assembly — an act that was premature,
in that it left no authorized body to organize the first
legislature of the new Indiana Territory, as contemplated
by law, and rendered special congressional legislation nec-
essary in the matter.

During the second and last session of the second general
assembly, which was the last held under the old organiza-
tion, and which second session began on September 26,
1S08, and continued exactly one month, John Rice Jones
was president of the legislative council, the three preced-
ing sessions of that body having been presided over by
Benjamin Chambers. Immediately after the expiration
of his service as councillor, extending over a period of
some three years and seven months, John Rice Jones
removed to Kaskaskia, the seat of government of the
newly-erected Illinois Territory, whither he had removed
from Vincennes in 1790 and where he continued to reside
till about the beginning of 1801, when he returned to
Vincennes. His son, Rice Jones, had located at Kaskas-
kia in the practice of law in 1806, and had become very
prominent politically, having in the election of July, 1808,
been chosen to represent Randolph County in the lower
house of the general assembly, which office he continued
to hold till the dissolution of the legislature in October

JOHN RICE JONES.

239

following, as before mentioned. John Rice Jones contin-
ued to make his home in Kaskaskia, after his removal
thither in the fall of 1808, till his removal to St. Louis
some two years later.

In 1805, a memorial to congress in favor of domestic
slavery in a modified form and against a division of the
Territory was introduced into the general assembly, but
defeated; not on the slavery question, for both houses
were overwhelmingly pro-slavery, but because a majority
of the representatives in the lower house were friends of
division. A petition embodying the slavery part of the
memorial was afterward signed by a large majority of the
members of both houses, in a non-representative capacity,
and duly forwarded to Delegate Benjamin Parke in con-
gress. Among the signers was John Rice Jones, a consist-
ent pro-slavist, whose name, it appears, was affixed to
various memorials and petitions presented to congress at
different times in favor of the temporary abrogation of
the niuch-discUssed sixth article of the Ordinance of 1787,
but who, so far as the writer has discovered, was neither
a fanatic on the subject nor a holder of slaves, though he
was abundantly able, as a man of wealth, to be an exten-
sive owner.

If it was a heinous crime to advocate the legal suspen-
sion, by act of the supreme legislative body of the Nation,
of the slavery-debarring provision of the ordinance under
which the territories came into being, what was it to hold
and traffic in negro bondsmen, in direct violation of an
existing law, though that law was questionable as in itself
a violation of three antedating promises and guarantees
most solemnly made .' Yet a great majority of the fore-
most men in the territories of Indiana and Illinois were
slave-holders — men equally conspicuous for their intelli-
gence, patriotism, and social respectability, as well as for
their political prominence.

IBI

240

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

;

Ill

■ !

1*. I

W i

wml .

Among the leading public men besides John Rice Jones
who were pronounced pro-slavists, were such characters as
Gov. VVm. Henry Harrison, Secretary John Gibson, Dele-
gate, afterward Judge, Benjamin Parke, councillors Benja-
min Chambers, Pierre Menard, Robert Reynolds, Samuel
Gwathmey, and John Hay; Col. Francis Vigo, Judge
Jesse B. Thomas, Hon. Shadrach Bond, Gen. John Edgar,
Gen. Washington Johnston, Judge John Johnson, and hun-
dreds of other eminent public characters, extending down
to the time of and including such men as Gov. Ninian
Edwards, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Hon. Sidney Breese,
Sccretary-of-State Elias Kent Kane, and, in short, almost
every man of public note throughout the Indiana and
Illinois territorial periods, and many for long years after
the admission of Indiana into the Union.

Such was the exalted public and private virtues of these
men that they were then good enough company for any-
body, whatever his pretensions to moral worth, intellectual
attainments, or patriotism, to be in, and however such
company might now be esteemed by a more virtuous age.
All these men went to their graves honest believers in the
perfect propriety of slavery, and while the institution as a
political establishment has since been forever abolished by
constitutional amendment and swallowed up in an ocean
of precious blood, shed in part by some of those men's
descendants, arrayed against one another in the deadly
strife of fratricidal war, it is alone the province of that
Judge before whom they have been called, as all others
must be, to pass judgment upon their "iniquity" as abso-
lutely conscientious upholders of a principle and practice
their opponents could not possibly more honestly condemn.

Amid the discharge of his duties as councillor, his activ-
ity in politics, his attention to his professional business,
always large, and to private affairs, and his domestic con-
cerns as well, John Rice Jones still found the time to

JOHN RICE JONES.

241

revise and prepare for publication — in conjunction with
Hon. John Johnson, another able lawyer and a member of
the house — the statutes of the Territory, under the follow-
ing title: "Laws of the Indiana Territory, comprising those
Acts formerly in force and as Revised by John Rice Jones
and John Johnson, and passed (after Amendments) by the
Legislature; and the Original Acts passed by the First
Session of the Second General Assembly of the said Ter-
ritory, begun and held at the Borough of Vincenncs on
the i6th day of August, A.D. 1807." This revision had
been adopted by the general assembly with but trifling
amendment, "was a careful and thorough one," says Judge
Howe,* and was long the main substance of the statute
laws of both Indiana and Illinois.

In an act passed by the general legislature in 1807, in-
corporating the Vincennes University, now represented by
both the Vincennes University at Vincennes and the Indi-
ana State University at Bloomington, "for the instruction
of youth in the Latin, Greek, French, and English lan-
guages, mathematics, natural philosophy, ancient and
modern history, moral philosophy, logic, rhetoric, and the
law of nature and nations," John Rice Jones, who had
been one of its most zealous promoters, as would be
naturally expected from one of his broad education, was
named as one of the first board of trustees, which was
composed of William Henry Harrison, Thomas T. Davis,
John Gibson, Henry Vanderburgh, Waller Taylor, Benja-
jamin Parke, Peter Jones, James Johnson, John BadoUet,
John Rice Jones, George Wallace, William Bullitt, Elias
McNamee, Henry Hurst, Gen. Washington Johnston, Fran-
cis Vigo, Jacob Kuykendall, Samuel McKee, Nathaniel
Ewing, George Leach, Luke Decker, Samuel Gwathmey,
and John Johnsonf — "men who had large and liberal ideas

• Howe's "The Laws and Courts of the Northwest and Indiana Territories. "
t Dillon's "History of Indiana."

242

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

of education, and who reflected the true spirit of the
framers of the Ordinance of 1787."

An important piece of business to come before the
second session of the second general assembly, begun
September 26, 1808, was the election of a successor to
Hon. Benjamin Parke, who had resigned as delegate in
congress to accept a seat on the territorial supreme judici-
ary bench. Prominent among the prospective candidates
before the legislature was John Rice Jones, who had been
solicited by a great many friends and admirers to enter
the contest. Local politics had become many sided and
decidedly mixed; there were both pro-slavists and anti-
slavists who were opposed to division, and also members
of each of those factions who were in favor of that meas-
ure; and in this state of affairs the selection of a delegate
was sure to be a prolonged fight, though the divisionists'
success was assured. As an able man and an ardent friend
of division, John Rice Jones was "the favorite of the peo-
ple of the Illinois country, but the anti-slavery people
would not support him because he had long been identi-
fied with the Harrison party, and was a pronounced pro-
slavery man."*

Among other leading candidates was Speaker-of-the-
house Jesse B. Thomas, who, though no less an out-and-
out pro-slavist than divisionist, was finally compromised
on by the antagonistic elements of his party, and elected ;
but not before John Rice Jones, who as president of the
council or as a controller of other men's votes, evidently
held the balance of power, had, conditional to his support
of Speaker Thomas, required and extracted from him the
most solemn pledges of fidelity to his party.-f Remaining
true to these promises, Delegate Thomas worked for and
speedily secured the division of the Territory, to the hu-

• Dunn's "Indiana."

t Dunn's "Indiana," and Ford's "History of Illinois."

JOHN RICE JONES.

243

niiliation of the Harrisonians, whose chagrin and rancor
led at Vincennes to the hanging in effigy of the offending
delegate. At Kaskaskia the feeling was equally bad, and
produced among other serious incidents the passing of a
challenge between Hon. Shadrach Bond, afterward gov-
ernor of Illinois, and Rice Jones, ex-representative in the
territorial legislature of Indiana, and a son of ex-councillor
John Rice Jones, and finally ended in the deplorable assas-
sination of Rice Jones by a dastardly partisan, who by
instant flight from the country undoubtedly saved himself
from summary punishment at the hands of an enraged
community.*

Reference having been made heretofore to the rupture
between VVm. Henry Harrison and John Rice Jones, and
several historians deeming it a subject of sufficient interest
to the public of today to call for more or less extended
observations on their part, a few words on the subject will
not be inappropriate in this sketch. One writer, whose
strong prejudices, if not malicious motives, are evident,
predicating a theory upon what later and obviously more
just and careful historians consider imaginary grounds, for
they declare that there is no documentary evidence as to
what the real cause of the falling-out was, refers the
"important event," as a judicious writer-f- terms it, to dis-
appointment on the part of John Rice Jones, growing out
of his failure to secure the bestowal of greater patronage
of Gov. Harrison ; and then in the same spirit this amiable
writer proceeds to say that John Rice Jones made it appear
that the ostensible reason for his disagreement with and
consequent opposition to Harrison was a difference of
opinion as to the expediency of the advance of the Ter-
ritory to the second grade of government as early as that
step was consummated.

* Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois."
■f Dunn, in his "Imliina,"

• <

1 1 I

244

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

This statement is palpably false, inasmuch as all accounts
agree that John Rice Jones was conspicuous as an active
and zealous promoter of the second-grade cause; and if
further refutation of the infamous charges,* direct and
indirect, of the writer in question were needed, it would be
only necessary to state the notorious fact that for years
after the Territory had entered the secondary form of
government, its executive and the subject of this sketch
were on terms of close personal and political friendship, as
reputable historians declare, and as is incontrovertibly
proven by Gov. Harrison's appointment of John Rice
Jones to high office in those later years.-f as also by the
testimony to their cordial relations up to a date so late as
1807-8, by other writers on Indiana history who have
anything to say on the subject.^

To the writer of these pages, the most simple, reason-
able, and natural explanation of the rupture between Gov.
Harrison and Councillor Jones was the question of the

* To asperse and misrepresent a living man on the anonymous charges and
insinuations made against him by a partisan foe during the excitement of a
heated political per''.d, or by a personal enemy at anytime, is bad enough;
but to assault the character and violate the memory of a man long dead
through the mediumship of just such irresponsible and infamous attacks, is
infinitely worse, is the part of neither an honorable man nor a gentleman, l)ut
rather that of a vile traducer, and should be far beneath the dignity of anyone
making pretensions to the claim of being an historian. In reference to such
slanders, a man's friends may pointedly ask, in the words of Hon. Kdward
Everett, in a speech once delivered by him in the national house of represen-
tatives, "can any gentleman tell me how long it is since an anonymous mis-
creant, in the papers, accused Thomas Jefferson of having pillaged thirteen
hundred dollars, I think it was, from the public chest? Has any gentleman
forgotten that pathetic complaint of Ceorge Washington, that he had been
assailed in language fit only 'for a pick-pocket — for a common defaulter?'"
Verily, " He thou chaste as ice, as pure as snow.

Thou shalt not escape calumny. "

t The second grade of government was entered upon September 11, 1804,
and four months later Harrison appointed John Rice Jones a member of the
council — a favor he would hardly have bestowed upon a political and personal
enemy. J Dunn, in his " Indiana," page 361, for instance.

•>■:

JOHN RICE JONES.

245

division of the Indiana Territory. This question, as is
well known, divided the people latterly into violently an-
tagonistic factions, whose clashing sentiments on this one
subject caused the severing of personal attachments be-
tween many individuals whose political opinions on other
measures were either in perfect harmony or temporarily
adjustable, but who were uncompromising on this; engen-
dered wide-spread and all-pervading excitement and par-
tisan feeling; produced in connection with the indirectly-
involved slavery question, pro and con, strange combina-
tions and associations of men and sentiments, and charac-
terized the campaign preceding an election of two repre-
sentatives to the general assembly, which chanced to
become necessary at the time, as the most animated and
bitter one that ever occurred in the Territory, before or
afterward, or in that of Illinois. The successful candidates
for the legislature in the election in question were Rice
Jones in Randolph County and John Messinger in St. Clair
County, both of whom were zealous divisionists.-'

As has been intimated, the defeat of the Harrisonians
or anti-divisionists was a cru.shing disappointment to them,
for the results of the election placed the balance of legis-
lative power, by a slight majority, in the hands of the sep-
arationists, and the loss of the election drove the rabid
partisans among those who were opposed to divisii.n to
extravagant expressions, actions, and acts, among the last
the disgraceful proceeding at Vinccnncs, indicative of their
despair and fury. John Rice Jones, who then lived at
Vincennes, the seat of the territorial government, and in
the county of Knox, the governor's favorite county and
the stronghold of the Harrisonians, was as a pronounced
divisionist and a distinguished character, doubly conspicu-
ous as an object of dislike and abuse on the part of

* Edwards' "Illinois, "p. 30; Address of Welcome by Citizens of Randolph
County to Gov. Ninian Edwards, June, 1809.

'mmmn^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

246

P:ARLY CIIICAdO AND ILLINOIS.

f»'k

many of those of opposing sentiments. Under the pecu-
h'ar circumstances prevaiUng, no two men could be friends
who openly avowed and publicly advocated conflicting
views on the burning division question, and therefore John
Rice Jones necessarily experienced a rupture with Gov,
Harrison, who was, as is equally a matter of record, a
radical anti-divisionist, using all his personal and official
influence to defeat the friends of the Illinois-Territory
project, as it was to his selfish interest to do.

From the date of their first acquaintance, early in
1 801, up to the time that the question of the separation
from Indiana of the Illinois country and its erection into
an independent territory assumed importance in the public
mind and began to be seriously agitated among the peo-
ple, which was probably early in 1807, John Rice Jones
and Gov. Harrison were personally and politically inti-
mate, and they continued to be friends until probably
about the middle of 1808, when their split upon the rock
of territorial division became complete, and very naturally
their relations afterward were not amicable; John Rice
Jones, as he had the inalienable right to do, opposing, and
that ably, and not alone but with thousands of his fellow-
citizens, the policy and plans of the Harrison party, whose
speedy overthrow in the latter part of 1808 may reasona-
bly be accepted as a proof of the weakness and injustice
of their cause.

John Rice Jones had not only been a personal friend of
Harrison's, but also an able and valued coun.sellor of the
administration, as well as a man of very considerable per-
.sonal influence with the people. Consequently, as a recent
careful writer* observes, "he was no small loss to the Har-
rison party. He was at that time a councillor, with more
than two years to serve; he had a full knowledge of the
inside workings of past political movements; he had the

* Dunn, in his "Indiana: A Redemption from Slavery."

JOHN RICE JONES.

M4^

ability to use his knowledge to the best advantage; and
he was absolutely tireless in his political work." We thus
see that he was qualified to make a powerful opponent of
the Harrisonians, and indeed it is a matter of record that
he and other leaders of the opposition "goaded their ene-
mies almost to madness," and also gathered the people in
such numbers to their support as to defeat the Harrison
party in the memorable election of July 25, 1808, which
gained for the victors their coveted object of territorial
division, on February 3, 1809, by congre.ssional enactment.

From an early day to the time of his removal, in 18 10,
to Louisiana, afterward Missouri, Territory, John Rice
Jones enjoyed an extensive and lucrative practice at law,
his eminent professional ability being universally recog-
nized and in frequent demand. His practice extended
from Cahokia to Louisville, embracing besides those places
Kaskaskia, Prairie du Rocher, Vincennes, Shawneetown,
and Clarksville, and also trans-Mississippi points, as St.
Louis and Ste. Genevieve, especially after the cession of
that country to the United States, in 1803, by France.*
No writer in speaking of him has failed to pay the highest
tribute to his jurisprudential learning and ability, all agree-
ing with one who has declared him "a scientific and pro-
found jurist, and through life a sound and enlightened
expounder of the law;" and his contemporary political
and personal enemies, like his post-inortcvi defamer, all
conceded his preeminent talents and legal attainments.
He was the first English-speaking lawyer in Indiana, and
the first to practise his profession in Illinois, locating at
Kaskaskia in 1790, and frequently attending court there
and at other extreme western points after his return to
Vincennes, some ten years later, to reside.

His knowledge of various national laws was remarkably
extensive, embracing not only a familiarity with American

* Reynolds, Dillon, Dunn, et al.

248

KAkIA' ClIKACiO AND ILLINOIS.

? ; !

principles and procedure, but also a thorough acquaintance
with Spanish and French laws, particularly concerning the
intricate subjects of land-grants and titles in the West;
while as a consequence of his legal education and practice
in England and Wales, he had a clear and full understand-
ing of the principles and rules of law and courts of those
countries, as references in some of his opinions as a justice
of the supreme court of Missouri in a measure bear witness.*
In addition to his legal erudition, he was deeply versed
in mathematics, "which he preferred to any other science,"
and was also an accomplished linguist, thoroughly grounded
in Greek and Latin, and perfecliy conversant with French
and Spanish, as well as Welsh — his mother-tongue — and
English, learned early in life. His knowledge of French
and Spanish enabled him to transact business with great
facility with the large portion of the inhabitants of the
far-western country who understood only those tongues,
and who did not often find a competent interpreter in their
dealings with the English-speaking authorities and Ameri-
cans in general. His intimate and correct knowledge of
the latter two languages was not only of very great advan-
tage to him in his law practice and private business affairs,
but caused his services to be often sought as an expert
translator of old documents and interpreter in courts for
non-English speaking people. He was for some time
official interpreter and translator of the French, by regular
appointment, to the board of commissioners at Kaskaskia,
appointed under act of congress of March 26, 1804, for
the adjustment of land titles and claims in that district.f
All historians also agree that he was a brilliant speaker,|
and in oral debate and controversy, as also with the pen,

• See "Missouri Reports," 1820 24.

t "Annals of Congress," 15th cong., 2d sess., Vols. I and 11; also "United
States Statutes at Large — Private Laws, 1789-1845."
t Reynolds, Williams, McDonough, Dunn, et al.

JOHN RICE JONES.

249

for
inie
liar
<ia,

for

)cn,

"a perfect master of satire and invective." One who knew
him personally declares that while "his friendships were
ardent and sincere, his hatred and anger were e.xcessively
scatiiing for the moment," and that "when his feelings of
ire were excited, his words burnt his victims like drops of
molten lead on the naked skin."*

In December, 1808, occurred that melancholy event here-
tofore alluded to, the assassination of Rice Jones, the
talented son of John Rice Jones, at Kaskaskia. This
lamentable tragedy, about which we shall have more to
say in a sketch of its victim, was a terrible blow to his
father, as may be easily understood, and its associations in
Illinois were of such a sickening nature as to render a
continued residence there objectionable. At this time, the
upper Louisiana Territory, rapidly developing under the
quickening influence of the United States government,
but a few years previously extended over it, was attracting
very considerable attention and emigration from the older
settled sections eastward; and in the summer of 1810, in
response to the earnest recommendation and urgent invi-
tation of personal friends, Mr. Jones removed thither with
his family, first locating at Ste. Genevieve, thence in a
short time going to St. Louis, and after a brief residence
there, removing to and settling at Mine ;'i Breton, subse-
quently incorporated as Potosi, and which became the seat
of Washington County on its organization in 1813.

Here he at once became largely interested and system-
atically engaged in the mining and smelting of lead ore,
fir.st in company with the celebrated Moses Austin and
subsequently in connection with his sons. With Mr. Aus-
tin he erected the first cupola or reverberatory furnace
ever constructed in the United States,* which was greatly
superior to the primitive furnace that had been in use in
the mines since the time they were first opened, about

• Reynolds' " Pioneer History of Illinois. "
17

- I

■ ■^mmltitmi'

*- ^»ti «99imu '» * »nM 'mii»'^iiimm

[p 1

W-

250

KARLY CHICAGO ANU ILLINOIS.

1765, by Francis Hrcton, as well as throuj,'hoiit all the
Icad-iniiiiii^ districts in the country. Me probably brou^^ht
with him fronj Wales, in a large part of which mining of
different kinds was then as now an important industry,
some practical ideas on the subject.

The learned Menry R. Schoolcraft visited the i'otosi
mines in 1S19, and in an interesting work* published
shortly afterward, in describing the more important mines
operated by "persons of intelligence and capital," says:
"John Rice Jones, Kstj., is engaged in penetrating the rock
in search of ore, with the most flattering prospects, and is
determined, as he informs me, to sink through the upper
stratum of limestone and to ascertain the character of the
succeeding formations. It is highly probable, reasoning
from geognostic relations, that the lower formations will
prove metalliferous, yielding both lead and copper, and
such a discovery would form a new era in the history of
these mines. The present mode of promiscuous digging
on the surface would then be abandoned, and people made
to see and to realize the advantages of the only system
of mining which can be permanently, uniformly, and suc-
cessfully pursued, t'l.':.: by penetrating the bowels of the
earth." The success of the experiments of Mr. Jones and
Mr. Austin, each then operating independently and being
the first to so experiment, had the effect of making deep
mining popular, as predicted by Mr. Schoolcraft, and more-
over rendered the entire mineral region a profitable field
for operations for many succeeding years.

John Rice Jones' intimate and critical knowledge of the
lead-mines of the district, including their output, state,
value, characteristics, and the subject of the industry in
all its a.spects and stages, from the crude ore in the mines
to the commercial article of pig-lead, with the items of
cost of manufacture, transportation to foreign markets,

* "A View of the Lead-Mines of Missouri," etc.; New York, 1819.

JOHN RICE JONES.

251

.>ld

the
:atc,
in
mes
of
ccts.

etc., of the latter, etc., etc., is shown by a lenjjthy and
e.xhaiistive report made by him under date of "Mine a
lUirton, 6th Nov., 1816," to Hon. Frederick liates, St. Louis,
recoriler of land-titles in Missouri, at the hitter's retjuest,
and which Mr. liates forwarded bodily to the commissioner
of the j^encral land-office, Washin{^ton, as his own report
on the subject, which had be--n called for by the commis-
sioner; Mr. Hates' report proper bein^ a brief communica-
tion openint; thus: "Sir:— While I was preparing; to trans-
mit to you my own opinions in; answer to your inciuirie*
of the 3d of July last [i<Si6], I received a letter from John
Rice Jones, lvsc|., who is a man of extensive and accurate
observation, joint claimant with Mr. Austin in the Mine ;V
Jiurton tract, ami conversant, as I am told, with all the
economy of mineral operations. After so minute and
comprehensive a statement as he has ^iven, nothing re-
mains for me except a more special reply to your third
in(iuiry." This third intjuiry related to the "state of the
land-titles j^enerallj'," which Mr. Jones forcbore to answer,
"as it would be indecorous for an individual, even were he
both competent to the task and possessc' of the necessary-
information, to attempt to enter into a particular investi-
j^ation of any land-titles," as he states in his letter to
Mr. Bates.*

John Rice Jones became largely interested in mineral
lands and other landed property while residing at Mine a
Burton. By a legal instrument dated at "Mine a Burton,
District of Ste. Genevieve, Territory of Louisiana, Nov. 8,
1810," it appears that he and Moses Austin were then
joint owners of "the Mine a Breton tract" of land, "three
miles square" (nine .square miles, or five thousand seven
hundred and sixty acres of rich mineral lands), for an
interest in which and certain lots in the town of Hercula-
neum they had been offered $150,000, a large sum of

* "American State Papers— Public Lahds," Vol. Ill, pp. 700 3.

^^1

4 ' 1

■^''^iW'!'''*''?- .

■

252

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

i >

i i

*-' I

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money in those days, and for the purpose of engaging in
the extensive mining and smelting business on which they
at that time were about to consummate the formation of
a powerful chartered corporation — the legal document
named constituting an important preliminary step to that
end. Mr. Jones died leaving a claiii bv^fore congress for
a tract of several thousand acres c^ \aiuable land in Illi-
nois, on an appeal from the arbitrary ruling of the Kas-
kaskia commissioners, which claim was .allowed his legal
representatives so late as 1854.

John Rice Jones, who soon became distinguished in
Missouri for his legal acquirements, his intelligence, his
sound judgment, and his force of character, was, as one of
ihe three representatives from Washington County and
one of the forty-one that composed the body, "a wise and
efficient member" of the convention that framed the first
constitution of the State of Missouri. The convention met
in St. Louis on June 12, 1820, and completed its labors
July 19 following. After its temporary organization, he
was one of a committee of five appointed "to draft and
report rules and regulations for the order and government
of the convention." He was one of four candidates before
the convention for its permanent president, and, though
defeated, he received a complimentary vote for the posi-
tion. "The constitution was a model of perspicuity and
statesmanship, and withstood all efforts to supplant or
materially amend it until the celebrated 'Drake conven-
tion' of 1865,"* and as Gov. McNair declared in his first
message to the first general assembly under the new form
of government, was "a statesmanlike instrument that did
honor to its framers and to the infant State for which it
had been framed."

This first general assembly met in St. Louis in Septem-
ber, 1820, and among its first and most important duties

* Switzler's " History of Missouri. "

JOHN RICE JONES.

253

;m-

ties

was the election of two United -States senators. Hon.
David Barton, a great and good man, was chosen on the
first ballot, but the filling of the remaining senatorship
was not so easily nor in the end unanimously accomplished.
For that honor there were five aspirants, namely: John
Rice Jones, Col. Thomas H. Benton, Judge John B. C.
Lucas, and Messrs. Henry Elliot and Nathaniel Cook.
John Rice Jones received a handsome vote, as also did
Messrs. Cook and Elliot; but it becoming evident that the
contest would inevitably narrow down to a struggle be-
tween Judge Lucas and Col. Benton, who were mortal
enemies, the latter having a few years previously slain in
a duel a gifted son of the former, the other three candi-
dates withdrew, and according to their sentiments j"oined
the Lucas or the Benton party. Though Col. Benton was
finally chosen over his able and noble adversary, by very
considerable manceuvring and by a slim majority of one
vote, the contest for the prize was prolonged, spirited,
bitter, and in some of its phases intensely dramatic, and
forms one of the most remarkable and interesting episodes
of the kind in the political history of the West. "The
balloting continued through several days without success,
and the excitement that prevailed has not been excelled
by any senatorial election which has since occurred in this
or any other state," says one historian.*

Of the two votes that elected Col. Benton, one "was that
of a Frenchman, Hon. Marie P. LeDuc, who had repeatedly
declared that he would suffer the loss of his right arm
rather than vote for Col. Benton, and who only changed
his mind after subjection for a prolonged period to inces-
sant argument, persuasion, and entreaty by a powerful
combination of personal and political friends; the other
vote, that gave the bare majority of one, was cast by Hon-
Daniel Ralls, who, unable from illness to attend the joint

* Switzler, in his "History of Missouri."

' '1

ill

-'•mtkf*^..

^«MHMiMM*i

254

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

fc^l

session of the legislature, was finally carried on his death-
bed, by four large negroes, from his room to the legislative
hall, both in the same building, and was just able to vote,
dying a short time after being returned to his chamber.*

At the same session of the general assembly, John Rice
Jones was appointed one of the three justices of the
supreme court of the new State, Mathias McGirk and
John D. Cook being the other two; and after four years
of service, alike creditable to himself, the bench, and Mis-
souri, in this exalted position, he died while in office,
February i, 1824, at St. Louis, within ten days of the
completion of his sixty-fifth year, at which age the consti-
tution excluded persons from the supreme bench, and
deeply lamented not only by the bench, bar, and general
public of Missouri, but by a wide circle of personal friends
throughout the country, among them many prominent
men of the day. Conspicuous among those whose distin-
guished friendship he had enjoyed, were Hon. Henry Clay,
Col. Richard M. Johnson, Hon. Pierre Menard, Hon. David
Karton, Judge Alex. Buckner, Judges Mathias McGirk and
John D. Cook-^his associates on the supreme bench. Col.
Henry Dodge, Hon. Edward Bates, Col. Thos. H. Benton,
Hon.Wm. T. Barry, Judges Jas. Haggins and Jesse Bledsoe,
Judge James H. Peck, Hon. Henry S. Geyer, Hon. John
F. Darby, Hon. George F. Strother, Gen. Wm. H. Ashley,
Hon. John Scott, Judge Nathaniel Pope, Judge Samuel
McRoberts, Gov. John Reynolds, Hon. Ninian Edwards,
the distinguished Morrison and Parker families of Kaskas-
kia and Lexington, respectively, and a great many more,
whose friendship and esteem would have honored any
man on earth.*f-

Having sketched Judge Jones' public career, as well as

* Dai by's " Personal Recollections. "

t Letter from ex-U.-S. Senator (ieorge Wallace Jones, who personally
knew all the gentlemen named, and to whom they often spoke of his father.
Judge John Rice Jones, in terms of respect and admiration.

JOHN RICE JONES.

255

our imperfect data would admit, it now remains to briefly
consider his character and more personal traits, from the
stand-point of those who knew him well in life, and who,
therefore, may be considered competent authorities on the
subject. Perhaps no fuller and more reliable description
of him is available than that given by ex-Gov. John Reyn-
olds of Illinois, in his valuable "Pioneer History." The
author of that work knew Judge Jones personally and also
was well acquainted with many men who knew him inti-
mately — Hon. Robert Reynolds, the governor's father, and
an old pioneer, among them — and as an unquestionably
honest, truthful man, a close observer of excellent judg-
ment, an indu.strious gleaner of facts, and a conscientious,
tareful historian, his statements are entitled to the fullest
credit. This work of Gov. Reynolds has been largely
drawn on by all subsequent western historians for bio-
graphical and other data preserved nowhere else, and his
descriptions of many prominent men of early days if not
all that is knowable about them are, at least, the founda-
tion of all biographies of them.

This authority states that Judge Jones "possessed a
strong and active mind, was rather restless, and excessively
energetic. * * He always employed his time in some
honorable business, and never permitted himself to be idle
or engaged in light or frivolous amusements. Like most
of his countrymen, he possessed strong passions, and at
times, although he possessed a strong mind, his passions
swept over his reason like a tornado. When his feelings
of ire were excited, his words burnt his victims like drops
of molten lead on the naked skin. He was mild and
amiable until some injury or insult, as he supposed, was
offered him, when he burst asunder all restraints and stood
out the fearless champion of his rights, bidding defiance
to M opposition. He possessed a great degree of personal
courage. * * The death of Judge Jones was regretted

;{i

1 ;i
i ^

■ J

■' 'i

2S6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

• ti

I
I

by a wide circle of friends and the public generally. His
integrity, honor, and honesty were always above doubt or
suspicion. He was exemplary in his moral habits, and
lived a temperate and orderly man in all things. * * He
was perfectly resigned to his fate, and died with that calm
composure that always attends the exit of the noblest
work of God, an honest man. * * The person of Judge
Jones was small, but erect and active. His complexion
was dark, and his hair and eyes very black. His eye when
excited was severe and piercing."

We thus have a graphic moral and character portrayal
and a life-like physical portrait of Judge Jones that must
be gratifying to everyone interested in the distinguished
subject of this sketch. The just eulogistic utterances of
Gov. Reynolds could not be enhanced by the most ardent
of friends and admirers, while to the personal description
nothing is to be added of particular historical interest
except, perhaps, that Judge Jones was very dignified in
his manners, refined in his tastes, scrupulously neat in his
person, and very particular in his dress, a part of which
was the old-time knee-breeches, so closely associated in the
modern mind with the antique cue, in which style he
always wore his hair; and that besides being erect and
active, as age advanced he developed that style of portli-
ness that adds so much to the dignity of presence and
manners.

John Rice Jones was twice married. His first wife was
Eliza, daughter of Richard and Mary Powell, a native
of London, born May 24, 1759, and married in St. Mary's
Chapel — Church of England, to which both families be-
longed — in Brecon, Wales, January 8, 1781. Of this union
there was the following issue:

Rice, born at Brecon, Brecknockshire, Wales, September
28, 1781.

John, born at Brecon, Feb. 10, 1783, and died in infancy.

JOHN RICE JONES.

257

Maria, born at Brecon, March 21, 1784.

Myers Fisher, born at Vincennes, Northwest Territory,
U.S.A., March 1 1, 1787, and died at an early age.

The mother of these children was an accomplished and
refined woman of gentle birth, and died at Vincennes, now
in Indiana, March 1 1, 1787, deeply mourned by her devoted
husband and children. A biographical sketch of Rice
Jones, the eldest child by this marriage, follows in this
volume.

Maria, the only daughter, who was at the time of the
removal of the family to America, in 1784, too delicate, as
declared by a medical adviser, to bear the fatigue of the
long ocean voyage, was left with friends in Wales. It was
the father's intention to return for her when older and
stronger, but the early location of the family in the remote
West, and the death there of her mother a short time
afterward, precluded the execution of this cherished pur-
pose while she remained a child, and when she was old
enough to make the j'ourney alone, she had become so
beloved and loving a member of the most estimable family
with whom she made her home as to induce her to con-
tinue a member of that household, though she subse-
quently paid several protracted visits to her relatives in
America, between whom and herself there ever subsisted
the tenderest attachment. In 1834, her half-brother Wil-
liam Powell Jones, U. S. N., visited her in Wales, subse-
quently accompanied her on a tour in France, and thence
conducted her to the United States. Her deep and fer-
vent piety and genuine Christian spirit, combined with a
charming sweetness of disposition, great nobility of char-
acter, and cultivated intellect, secured her many devoted
and undying friendships wherever she was known. She
never married, and died among relatives and friends in
London at an advanced age.

The second wife of Judge Jones was Mary, eldest

258

EARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

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■ ^

daughter of George and Margaret Barger, whom he mar-
ried at Vincennes, Northwest Territory, February ii, 1791,
four years after the death of his first wife. She was A
woman of many virtues and of those sterling quaUties of
character that were developed in all women subjected to
r.he refining and strengthening ordeal of the peculiar vicis-
situdes and conditions of life and society in the early
West, whither her father with his wife and a large family
of children emigrated from Pennsylvania and settled in
i"he country northwest of the Ohio at a very early day.
I .'; . Bargers were of German ancestry, whose language
fh.: ' poke as well as the English and French. It is
likely tnat the German was the first learned and for years
til'; household language of the family, as the children of
Mary v' irgt-r) Jone.- relate that she always, even in age,
.said her prayers, learned at her pious mother's knee in
childhood, in that tongue, though she was thoroughly con-
versant with both English and French, which she com-
monly spoke. Her father, George Barger, with other
members of the family, were among those who had their
claims under French or English grants confirmed by Gov.
St. Clair of the Northwest Territory, under the resolves of
congress of June and August, 1788,* and later by the
U.-S. commissioners, appointed for the purpose of adjust-
ing the old colonial claims; and her brothers Frederick,
Peter, and George Barger, together with her husband,
John Rice Jones, were members of Capt. Pierre Game-
Jin's company of militia at Vincennes, in i/QO.'f and as
such took part in Col. Hamtramck's campaign against the
Wabash tribes in the fall of that year;:J: and for these,
if not for other services against the Indians, they each
received from the genera,l government donations of one

"• "American State Papeis — Public Lands," Vol. I, pp. 509-10.
t Law's "The Colonial History of Vincennes."
t Dillon's "History of Indiana."

!;!

•JOHN RICE JONES.

2 59

hundred acres of land, conformably to the act of congress
of March 3, 1791, as "militiamen duly enrolled in the
militia at Vincenncs on August i, 1790, and who had done
militia duty."*

It is a fact sufficiently curious and interesting to merit
mention in this connection that no two of the four sisters
married men of the same nationality or blood — Mary
marrying a Welshman, John Rice Jones; Christina a Span-
iard, a Mr. Roderiques; Elizabeth a Frenchman, liaptiste
La Chapelle, a descendant of that Bazyl La Chapelle who
settled in Kaskaskia about 17 10; and Susan, the youngest,
an Irishman, William Shannon, a merchant and banker
and highly-esteemed citizen of Ste. Genevieve, and the
early friend and patron of the late U.S. Senator Lewis
y. Bogy of Missouri.

. Mary (Barger) Jones was rather small and slight in form,
and had regular features and very black hair and eyes.
She was of a very gentle nature, and highly regarded by
all who knew her. She wa.s born in Pennsylvania, May
17, 1767, and died at Potosi, Missouri, at her home with
her son, Gen. Augustus Jones, on Jan. 6, 1839, having lived
to a gpod old age and survived her husband some fittecn
ye^rs. Following is a list of the children of John Rice
and Mary (Barger) Jones, with dates and places of birth:

John Rice, born Jan. 8, 1792, at Kaskaskia, N.-W. Ty.

Eliza, born Jan. 10, 1794, at Kaskaskia, Northwest Ty.

Augustus, born I"eb. 18, 1796, at Kaskaskia, N.-W. Ty.

Harriet, born Oct. 16, 1798, at Kaskaskia, Northwest Ty.
• Myers Fisher, born Oct. 19, 1800, at Kaskaskia, Indiana
Territory. , ,

George Wallace, born April 12, 1804, at Vincennes, In-
diana Territory.

Nancy, born June 17, 1806, at Vincennes, Indiana Ter-
ritory; died young.

* "American State I'apers — Public Lands," Vols. I and \'II.

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260

EARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

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William Powell, born May 13, 1810, at Kaskaskia, Illi-
nois Territory.

Of the above children, the following are brief biographi-
cal notices that may not be without interest in this con-
nection:

Gen. John Rice Jones, the eldest son, served under
Capt. Henry Dodge in the war of 1812, and removing to
Texas, then a Me.xican state, as early as 1831, became iden-
tified with its struggles for independence; which gained, he
became postmaster-general under the three forms of the
Republic, provisional, ad interim, and constitutional — '
proof enough of his ability and fidelity — in the cabinets
of as many of its. executives, namely, Gov. Henry Smith
and Presidents David G. Burnet and Mirabeau B. Lamar,
respectively, and was a personal friend of and fellow-
patriot with those men and their compeers, Hon. Stephen
F. Austin, "the father of Texas," and his dearest of friends;
Gen. Sam. Houston, Col. Wm. B. Travis, Col. James Bowie,
Col. David Crockett, Col. Benjamin R. Milam, and the
many others whose memories are justly dear to the people
of Te.xas, and whose names are as "familiar in their
mouths as hou.sehold words." Gen. Jones was one of the
two executors of the will of the heroic Col. Travis, the
other being ex-Gov. Henry Smith.

Locating in 183 1 at San Felipe de Austin, he was one
of the first settlers of that place, which, as Austin, is now
the capital of the great Lone-Star State, and for years
was one of its prosperous merchants. He died in Fayette
County, Tex., on his plantation, "Fairland Farm," in that
eventful year in which the Republic he loved so well and
had so long and faithfully served ceased to exist on be-
coming a state of the American Union — 1845 ; and having
married a daughter of Maj. James Hawkins in Missouri,
in 1 8 18, he left a large and respectable family of children

JOHN KICE JONES.

261

to cherish the memory and contemplate with just pride
the record of a devoted father and a noble man.

Gen. AudUSTUS Jones, the second son, was a private
soldier in the second war with Great Britain, entering the
service at the age of sixteen, and belonging, with his elder
brother, to Capt. Dodge's company. For many years he
was largely interested in mining, milling, and mercantile
operations, and became a wealthy slave-owner and landed
proprietor in Missouri, and later in Texas. He was a per-
sonal friend of Gen. Jackson, and during both terms of the
latter as president served as United -States marshal of
Mis.souri, during which period his valuable services, involv-
ing the performance of many daring deeds, evoked the
formal acknowledgments of congress. He was for years
major-general of the Missouri state militia; by a small
majority was defeated on the Calhoun, or anti-l^enton,
democratic ticket for congress in his district, in Missouri,
in 1844; commanded a company of volunteer cavalry in
the Mexican war, during which he was for a time military-
governor of Santa Fe, and in his younger days partici-
pated, as principal or second, in a number of duels. One
of these was the fatal affair between Lionel Brown of Potosi,
of whom Gen. Jones was second, and the noted Col. John
Smith T.* Mr. Brown was a lawyer and a nephew of the
famous Col. Aaron Burr, the slayer of Hon. Alexander
Hamilton. The duel took place on the Illinois shore of
the Mississippi River, at a point opposite Herculaneum,
Mo., and resulted in the death of Mr. Brown, who at the
first fire received a bullet in the centre of his forehead.

Gen. Jones died in February, 1887, at the age of nearly

* John Smith T was the odd name of Col. Smith. To distinguish himself
from the many of the name, and also to indicate that he was from Tennessee,
he had the "T" affixed to his name as a regular part thereof, by legislative
enactment, in accordance with the laws of Missouri. lie is said to have
killed thirteen men in duels, and never to have missed his mark.

nti

262

KAKLV CIIICA(]() AND ILLINOIS.

■n I !

'i|

ninety-one, at Columbus, Texas, whither he removed in
1851. He was a freemason of high rank for nearly seventy
years. He was thrice married, and left numerous descend-
ants of great respectability. Among the sons was Augus-
tus Dodge Jones, an able editorial writer and the talented
author of the ingenious pamphlet "The True Method of
IClecting the President and Vice-President of the United
States," which attracted considerable attention some years
ago. He removed to California in 1850, where he resided
some twenty years, and held various positions of trust, and
edited and published a number of newspapers there and
in Nevada and old Mexico, as also later in Arkansas. For
some time he was deputy-surveyor of the port of San
I^'rancisco, and for many years was grand worthy patriarch
of the order of Good Templars of the State of California.
He died in St. Louis, Mo., in December, 1885.

Another son, William Ashley Jones, is well remem-
bered as an early Iowa and Minnesota journalist and poli-
tician, and as a principal projector and executive officer
of the first Minnesota railroad, the Winona and St. Peter
— an enterprise in which he lost a large fortune. He was
for years — in the '50's — a deputy U.-S. land-surveyor, as
such subdividing extensive portions of Minnesota and Wis-
consin; was one of two U.-S. commissioners appointed in
1855 by President Pierce to adjudicate the claims of the
mi.xed-bloods of the Sioux nation of Indians to the great
Lake- Pepin reservation, in Minnesota Territory; has held
a number of honorable elective public offices, and at pres-
ent is president of the Yankton, Okobojo & Port Buford
Railroad Company, a late project which has its head-
quarters at Pierre, South Dakota. A daughter became the
wife of Dr. Stephen D. MuUowney, an able physician, a
lieutenant in the Mexican war, and at the time of his
death, in 1856, U.-S. consul at Monterey, Mexico. An-
other daughter married John P. Dunklin, a nephew of Gov,
Daniel Dunklin of Missouri.

JOHN RICE JONES.

263

lOV.

Hon. Myek.s Fi.siiKR Jones, the third son, named for
one of his father's distinguished Philadelphia friends, was a
man of excellent mind and heart, and in the '20's and '30's
prominently engaged in iron-smelting, milling, stock-deal-
ing, and farming — with his slaves — in V/ashington County,
Mo., which county he for a period represented in the state
legislature. As an enterprising business man and citizen,
he was selected as one of the rejjresentatives of his county
in each of the two great internal-improvement conventions
that met in St. Louis in April, 1835, and June, 1836, re-
spectively, and Vv-hich were composed of delegates, many
in number and conspicuous in character, from every county
in the State. They were the first important public meet-
ings to discuss the railroad question in Missouri, and by
projecting several lines of railway, " foreshadowed the
system of roads now existing in the State and inaugurated
the net-work of intercommunication which at this day
encompasses the whole State." He was a member of the
important committee appointed by the last convention "to
raise means for a complete reconnoissance and survey of
the routes of the two proposed roads, to secure the ser-
vices of skilful and competent engineers, and to cause the
work to be done with as little delay as possible" — duties
which the committee duly performed. •

Mr. Jones removed to Texas in 1839, where he became
extensively engaged in farming and stock-raising on an
eight-thousand-acre tract of land he had purchased, and
also became locally conspicuous in defending frontier set-
tlements against the frequent pillaging incursions of Ind-
ians or Mexicans, or both, he with his company at one
time being absent from home three months in pursuing
and punishing a desperate band of raiders, many of whom
were killed and taken prisoners. He died in Texas in
1846. Twice married, he left numerous descendants of
worth and most respectable character. One of his sons,

«■■!:■"

264

KAULV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Oscar Peery Jones, served three years in the Mexican
war, and another, Andrew Thompson Jones, was a younjj
officer in the confederate army and tw ce made a ' ""ler-
of-war.

Gen. Georgk Wai.lack Jonks, the fourth son, named
for another esteemed friend of his father's, George Wallace,
son-in-law of Hon. John Gibson, secretary of the Indiana
Territory, was educated at Transylvania University, Lex-
ington, Ky., whence he graduated on July 13, 1825. lie
was bred to the bar, but ill-health prevented him from
practising. He was clerk of the U.-S. district court for
Stc. Genevieve County in 1826; served as aidr-dc-cainp to
Gen. Henry Dodge in the Black-Hawk war, in several
engagements in which he took a prominent part, in one
having his horse shot from under him; was chosen colonel
of militia in 1832, and subsequently major-gene- also
as judge of the county court, by appointmen
George B. Porter of Michigan, at the unanimous i
of the bar.

In 1835, he was elected delegate to congress from the
territory of Michigan, and served two years as such, and
two years as delegate from Wisconsin Territory. In 1839,
was appointed by President VanBuren as surveyor-general
of the Northwest; was removed in 1841 for his politics,
but reappointed by President Polk, and remained in office
until 1849. In 1848, was elected United-States senator
from Iowa for six years, and reelected on Dec. 20, 1852,
for six years more, officiating as chairman of the commit-
tee on pensions and enrolled bills and on the committee
on territories. At the conclusion of his last term, he was
appointed by President Buchanan as minister to New Gra-
nada, now United States of Colombia, South America.
Recalled by President Lincoln in 1861, he was on his
arrival in W^ashington most kindly received by that great

Gov.
cition

mmmmmm^mmsm

JOHN RICE JONES.

265

tor

ica.
his
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man, and feted and feasted by the powers that were, in-
cluding Sccretary-of-statc Seward, who subsequently issued
an order for ex-Minister Jones' arrest after the latter had
departed for his home at Dubuque, Iowa, uad had him
imprisoned, for reasons never made known, in Fort Lafay-
ette, where he remained, for sixty -four days, until the
accession of Secretary Stanton, who caused him to be
immediately released.

Gen. Jones was the second of the lamented Hon. Jona-
than Cilley, M.C. from Maine, in his fatal duel, in 1S3.S,
"on the Marlboro road to Baltimore from Washington
City," with Representative William J. Graves from Ken-
tucky. In an article on "Senate I'Zras," in T//c Dubuque
Times some years ago. Gen. M. M. Trumbull, a graphic
writer, thus refers to the subjeci of this sketch:

"Gen. Jones is today the most historic and perhaps the
most remarkable character in the West. He .sat in the
senate with Clay and Webster and Calhoun, with Silas
Wright, Benton, Crittenden, and Jefferson Davis, with Sum-
ner, Seward, Chase, and Douglass. In the early part of
the century, when Gen. Jack.son was president, he sat in
the house of representatives with Henry A. Wise and
John Quincy Adams. His district included all of Michi-
gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota. It now has over
thirty representatives in congress. He left the senate, not
because of personal defeat, but because his party had gone
out of power in Iowa. The intimate and trusted friend of
Andrew Jackson, the partner of Daniel Webster, he re-
members Jefferson. On terms of personal acquaintance
with nearly all of our celebrated warriors and statesmen,
he numbered among his friends and enemies the mighty
red kings, Black Hawk, Keokuk, and Poweshiek. A
drummer-boy in the war of 181 2, Gen. Jones is a young
man yet. He walks erect without a cane, with a light and
springy step, and claims none of the indulgence and im-
18

% •

266

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

munities of old age." The distinguished gentleman is still
in the possession of full mental and physical vigor at his
home in Dubuque, and bids fair to enjoy life for many
years to come.

Of Gen. George Wallace Jones' sons, George Rice Gra-
tiot Jones was a raptain of artillery in the confederate
army, and as such taken prisoner at the surrender of Fort
Henry and sent as the latter to the Union prison on John-
son's Island, in Lake Erie; another, Charles Scott Dodge
Jone.s, also served in the Southern army, as an aide-dc-
camp on the staff of Maj.-Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson, until
the former's capture in battle as a prisoner-of-war by the
federals, who confined him in Fort Delaware for many
months; while the other son, William Augustus Bodley
Jones, being opposed to secession, early entered and served
in the Union army. The first two were graduates of the
Western Military Institute at Nashville, Tenn., in which
Hon. James G. Blaine was at the time a professor, and the
third named was partially educated there. Prof. Blaine
was there introduced to Gen. Jones by Hon. Henry Clay,
in 1850-1, as Mr. Blame some years ago in Washington
reminded Gen. Jones.

William Powell Jones, the fifth and youngest son,
at the date of his untimely death, in July, 1834, from
cholery, which he took when crossing the Mississippi River
in a canoe at Dubuque, then in Michigan Territory, and
died of shortly after reaching the western shore, was a
passed-midshipman in the United States navy, and very
shortly would have been commissioned a lieutenant, in
which capacity he had acted in regular service at sea.
He had just returned from a prolonged tour on the Conti-
nent and in England and WaL", for which he had obtained
leave of absence for a year, and was visiting his relatives in
the West before again reporting for duty at his post. Of a

JOHN RICE JONES.

267

bright mind, high-toned, and very ambitious, as well as of
most engaging manners, he was a very promising young
officer, as existing testimonials of his superiors in rank
declare, and, if spared, in all probability would have in
time attained an enviable rank and name in the history of
the naval service of his country.

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Eliza Jones, the eldest da ighter of Judge John Rice
Jones, was married, in Missouri, to Hon. Andrew Scott,
who was a native of Virginia, where he fitted himself for
the law. He removed to Missouri at an early day, and
was elected clerk of the house of representatives of the
first territorial general assembly, and acted in the same
capacity for that body at several succeeding sessions. In
1820, he was appointed, by President Monroe, U.-S. judge
for Arkansas Territory, and as such officer organized that
territory at "the Post of Arkansas." He was a man of
much legal and juridical ability, and of the highest char-
acter, and throughout a long life a universally-respected
citizen of Arkansas.

One of the historical incidents in his life in Arkansas
was his killing of Gen. Hogan* in a personal rencontre at
Little Rock, in 1827. Gen. Hogan, who was a large and
powerful man, while Judge Scott was only of medium
size, attacked the latter, and knocking him down with
a tremendous blow of the fist, killed him it was thought
by the by-standers. Recovering in a moment, however^
he sprang to his feet, and drawing the blade of his sword-
cane, then commonly carried, quickly advanced upon Gen.
Hogan and drove the long, slender, keen weapon entirely
through the latter's body. Gen. Hogan received a mortal
wound, from which he a minute or two later dropped dead
at his antagonist's feet, but not before he, Hogan, had
desperately drawn the reeking blade from his body and

* It is believed by the writer that this was his name.

V i :

1;
1,:

268

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

1 1 I

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with it made a frantic lunge at Judge Scott, which would
have instantly killed him by piercing him through the
neck had not the innumerable folds of a fine Italian silk
cravat, worn by Judge Scott, effectually turned aside the
deadly weapon from its fatal course. Judge Scott imme-
diately surrendered himself, and on his trial was acquitted
by the jury without leaving their box in the court-room.

Among many descendants of Judge Scott are his chil-
dren: Hon. John R. Homer Scott of Russellville, Ark., an
ex-state senator and a captain in the confederate army;
Mrs. J. Russell Jones, wife of the U.-S. minister to Belgium
under his warm personal friend, President Grant; and the
late Mrs. Benjamin Campbell, wife of the ex-U.-S marshal
for the northern district of Illinois,* both of which latter
gentlemen reside in Chicago.

Harriet Jones, the second daughter of Judge Jones,
was twice married. Her first husband was Thomas Brady,
who for many years was a prominent merchant and busi-
ness man of St. Louis, as a member of the old and wealthy
firm of McKnight & lirady.i* He never held any public
office; was born in Ireland, March 17, 1781; married to
Miss Jones in Missouri in 1814; and died near St. Louis,
October 11, 1821. This unior. was blessed with five chil-
dren, one of whom beramc the wife of Col. George W.
Campbell, deceased, late of Chicago; one the wife of Dr.
Jacob VVyeth, a naJve of Canbridge, Mass.; and another
tliv. wife of Mr. Ferdinand Rozier of Ste. Genevieve.

* Mr. and Mrs. Campbell aie tb.i parents of Mrs. tlen. O. E. liabcock,
widow of one of Gen. Grant's stafT-oflicers.

+ The members of* this firm were John McKnight and Thomas lirady, and
are not to be confused with their respective brothers, Thomas McKnight ami
James lirady, who under the style of Hrady vV McKnight were a later-formed
firm than the preceding, though latterly contemporaneous with it. Says
Darby: "The early records of deeds still show the immense amount of real
estate owned by these firms in St. Louis city and county, and other counties
of the State. In their day and lime they also did the largest mercantile
business in the City of St. Louis. "

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iiuile

JOHN RICE JONES.

269

Some years after the death of Mr. Brady, his widow
became the wife of the celebrated Hon. John Scott of Ste.
Genevieve, an eminent lawyer and a successful politician,
who figured prominently in the early history of Missouri
as territorial councillor, delegate in congress for four
years, a member of the first State constitutional con-
vention, and representative in congress from 1822 to 1826.
He was a native, as was also his brother Judge Andrew
Scott, of Hanover County, Virginia, and a graduate of
Princeton College. Says a recent historian:* "John
Scott, a great lawyer, would have been noticeable any-
where, with his long white cue of hair hanging grace-
fully '^own his shoulders, or else clubbed and tucked up
with a comb. A man whose conversation would interest
you even in a fit of the toothache — a suave, courteous,
peppery gentleman of the old school, who bowed and com-
plimented and swore, as might be expected from the son
of a planter of 'the slashes of Hanover,' who always car-
ried dirk and pistol on his person, and was always ready
to give and receive a challenge." He died at Ste. Gene-
vieve in 1861. His descendants are numerous and highly
respectable, among them the wife of Hon. .Samuel Mont-
ford Wilson, the eminent lawyer of California, who for a
time was influentially recommended for the position of
secretary of the interior in President Cleveland's cabinet.

The daughters of Judge Jones were high-spirited women
of marked intellectuality and character, and, like their
brothers, were "a credit to the stock from which they
sprung." In concluding this imperfect memoir, we repro-
duce the following observations, made by a well-known
writer,-f last above quoted, who in speaking of Judge Jones'

* Scharf in his " History of St. Louis City and County. "

t Franc li. Wilkie — "Poliuto" — the talented and versatile author and
journalist, in a biographical sketch of Gen. George Wallace Jones, in The
Chicago Times of February 20, 1886.

^^mum

270

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

children, says: "It is rare in the history of families that
so many sons have been born who were so even in their
developments, and of whom each was characterized by a
high order of ability both from nature and acquirement.
Each of them rose far above the average level of men,
and each played a conspicuous part in the drama of life."

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RICE JONES.

A BRIEF MKMOIR OF THE LAST REPRESENTATIVE OF RANDOLPH
COUNTY IN THE INDIANA TERRITORIAL GENERAL ASSEM-
BLY, AND THE VICTIM OF AN HISTORICAL
TRAGEDY OF EARLY ILLINOIS.

By W. A. Burt Jones of St. Paul, Minnesota.

* * * "Oft and well
Remembrance shall his story tell,
Aftection of his virtues speak,
With beaming eye and burning cheek."

RICE JONES, the gifted son and eldest child of John
Rice Jones, by his first marriage, was born at Brecon,
Brecknockshire, Wales, Sept. 28, 1781. In the autumn of
1784, he accompanied his parents to Philadelphia, whither
the husband and father had preceded the wife and son in
the foregoing spring to first satisfy himself as to the advis-
ability of locating his family in the United States, and a
few years later removed with the family to Vincennes.
At an early age he was matriculated at Transylvania
University, Lexington, Kentucky, the alma mater of so
many eminent public men, and in due time graduated
therefrom in letters and with much distinction. He sub-
sequently took his degree in the medical department of
the great University of Pennsylvania; but forming a dis-
like for the medical profession after a brief practice, he
abandoned it and entered the celebrated law- school at
Litchfield, Conn., at that time "the first institution of the
kind in the United States,"* and which he quitted with
increased honor after a period of intense application to

* American reprint of " Chambers' lincyclopa'dia. "

271

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

study.* Returning to the West, he opened an office at
Kaskaskia toward the close of 1806, and began the prac-
tice of law.

The career that opened before this extraordinary young
man, intellectually brilliant, broadly educated, thoroughly
equipped for his chosen profession and a life of usefulness
and honor, and filled with the noblest aspirations, was
indeed most promising, and moreover one that would un-
doubtedly have been realized in all respects but for his
unfortunate active engagement in local politics, which then
and for some four or five years later gave rise, in the west-
ern counties particularly, to party spirit of an intensely
rancorous nature, and which raged with aa unrestrained
and almost incredible violence. Bitter partisanship on
both sides characterized all the prominent politicians, con-
spicuous among whom was Rice Jones, who, though still
very young., had risen by force of talents, zeal, and energy
to the leadership of his party.*

It is not absolutely clear just what all the political
differences between the parties were, but it is sure that the
Indiana- Illinois territorial division question was a leading
issue, coupled with the long-prominent slavery question,
and equally certain that in time a great deal of personal
jealousy and animosity aggravated, if it did not quite
supercede, the political feeling. The long-continued ex-
citement reached its greatest height in and immediately
succeeding the memorable election of July 25, 1808, in
Randolph and St. Clair counties, which was recognized as
a life-and-death struggle between the pro-divisionists and
their opponents throughout the territory of Indiana, and
in which, as has been stated in the biographical sketch of
John Rice Jones, victory perched upon the banner of the
divisionists or anti-Harrisonians in both counties. In
Randolph County, Rice Jones was triumphantly elected

* Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois."

RICE JONES.

273

representative in the lower house of the general assembly,
and John Messinger, a member of the State constitutional
convention of 1818 and otherwise prominent, was chosen
to represent St. Clair County in the same body.

It was a self-evident fact, in view of the then composi-
tion of the legislature, that the triumph of the Illinois
party would result in the final overthrow of the Harrison-
ians, hence the bitter fight and feeling; and this was con-
summated by the election, at the next session of the
general assembly, as delegate in congress of Hon. Jesse
B. Thomas, speaker of the house, afterward president of
the first State constitutional convention, and a judge of
the first territorial court of Illinois, who speedily secured
the separation of Illinois from Indiana Territory and its
erection into independent autonomy. This fidelity to
principle, and also to his plighted word and written bond
— for John Rice Jones, then a councillor, to make assur-
ance doubly sure, is said to have required both from him
before agreeing to his election* — brought upon his devoted
head the execration of the anti-division party throughout
the Territory, who, while they justly recognized him as
the final agent in their defeat, very unreasonably and irra-
tionally charged him, a notoriously avowed and foresworn
divisionist, with perfidy, and in one community, Vincennes,
carried their malevolence to such an excess as to hang
him in effigy.

At Kaskaskia, the Harrisonians' chagrin and keen dis-
appointment, both personal and political, at defeat in the
county election and that of Delegate Thomas, assumed
the character of deep-seated hate in sonic whose rage
could scarcely be contained, and personal conflicts between
gentlemen on either side were constantly imminent. This
state of afiairs continued to grow from bad to worse, until
it culminated in the assassination of Rice Jones, a leading

* Dunn's "Indiana," and Ford's "History of Illinois."

274

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

member of one of the parties, which in a measure satisfied
the maUgnity of the one side, warned the other as to what
they might reasonably expect from their unscrupulous
enemies if the antagonistic conditions between them were
maintained, and "quieted the party feuds for a time," if
not practically permanently.

In order to review all the circumstances immediately
connected with the killing of Rice Jones, we must turn
back to an hour in the past period of the heated political
•canvass preceding the election named, in which a challenge
to mortal combat under the rules of the code duello passed
between Rice Jones and the Hon. Shadrach Bond, an ex-
representative in the territorial legislature, afterward a
delegate in congress from Illinois Territory, and the first
governor of the State of Illinois. Rice Jones accepted
the challenge, named pistols as the weapons, and at the
-appointed time the principals, with their attendants, Wm.
Morrison as Jones' second and Dr. James Dunlap as Bond's
second, and their surgeons, met on an island in the Missis-
sippi River between Kaskaskia and Ste. Genevieve.

In those days, pistols and guns were provided with the
now obsolete hair-trigger, which, as defined by Webster,
was "so constructed as to discharge a fire-arm by a very
slight pressure, as by the touch of a hair," and when the
parties had taken their respective positions and were pre-
paring to be in readiness for the word "fire," Rice Jones
inadvertently touched the sensitive trigger of his weapon,
which instantly exploded. The fact that the bullet from
the exploded pistol entered the ground a few feet from
Rice Jones and not in the direction of Mr. Bond, perfectly
satisfied the latter that the shot was totally accidental,
and, high-toned gentleman that he was, he so unhesitat-
ingly declared it when his second, the infamous Dr. James
Dunlap, exclaimed that the accidental explosion was Jones'
fire, and that Bond might and should fire at his adversary

■ H-Ul.ttJMi. ,1 HI. ■-jt.'.a'

Mi!

RICE JONES.

275

in return. The contemptible proposition was scorned by
Mr. Bond, and the difficulty between the principals was
settled on the spot on terms equally honorable to both.

The difficulty between them had been entirely of a
political nature, or at least not resultant from a deep-
seated personal enmity, and therefore was susceptible of
comparatively easy adjustment; but such was not true
with regard to the ill-feeling which had long existed be-
tween Rice Jones and Dr. Dunlap, and which became more
intense as a result of the latter's unmanly position on the
subject of the unfortunate accident on the duelling ground.
There ensued between them a bitter controversy, which
was taken up by their respective friends, and that extended
to an angry newspaper contention, in which the scathing
and acrimonious pen of Rice Jones, particularly as em-
ployed in the composition of a certain satirical poem,
drove his adversaries to a pitch of fury closely bordering
on mania, and evoked from them dire threats of personal
violence upon the object of their rancor.

The ill-feeling of older standing, above referred to, had
its origin in the arbitrary official conduct of Michael Jones*
and Elijah Backus, land-commissioners at Kaskaskia, to
which they were appointed in 1804; conduct which was
deliberately pursued with the purpose to militate, as it did
greatly, against the interests of not only Rice Jones and
his father, but many of the people of the district, large
numbers of whom, as their personal and political enemies
the commissioners, especially Jones, taking advantage of
their official position to wreck vengeance upon the objects
of their dislike, years subsequently "branded w'x'Ca. perjury
and forgery to an alarming extent — many of the best citi-
zens in the county being stigmatized with those crimes,
without cause, and when they had neither means nor man-
ner of defending themselves "f against the infamous and

* No relation of Rice Jones.

t Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois," pp. 297-8.

276

KARLY CIIICACO AND ILLINOIS.

b ■

ill,

unfounded charges. Such men as Michael Jones* and
Elijah Backus were the friends of Dr. Dunlap and other
mortal enemies of Rice Jones.

The arbitrary conduct first referred to was justly strongly
resented by many, among them John Rice Jones and his
son Rice, who were not the men to tamely submit to the
gross impositions of the commissioners or any one else,
and who in consequence were thereafter made the special
victims of the official despotism of the commissioners in
(juestion, so far as it was possible for them to exercise it;
and the later political popularity and triumph, in July,
1808, of Rice Jones tended still more to make him the
particular object of the dislike of his political and per-
sonal enemies, prominently among whom were the above-
named Michael Jones and Elijah Backus, who, as is a
matter of record, deliberately "urged Dr. Dunlap and
others to persecute Rice Jones in every way imaginable.''^
A part of this persecution was a newspaper attack by
them upon him, who, as has been stated, got the better
of them in his replies and retorts. Their threats then
made against his life became, in November, 1808, so
open and loud, and rumors of the existence of a plot
to kill him so definite, as to no longer be endured with
the silence with which they had up to that time been
treated. John Rice Jones, who had just removed with his
family from Vincennes to Kaskaskia, accordingly addressed
the following note to Elijah Backus :

"Kaskaskia, 25th Nov., 1808.
"Sir: — I have just heard of your threats of yesterday,
that if my son did not go out of the country he should in

* It should be noted that Michael Jones was the Harrisonian candidate for
delegate to congress, in October, 1808, and that his defeat only tended to
more greatly incense him against his political opponents and those who were
so unfortunate as to fall under the ban of his vicious displeasure.

t McDonough's "History of Randolph County," p. 105.

RICK JONF.S.

277

a few days be put out of existence — '// ^vill be doin; it
shall be doiu\ I i\o\v inform you that he will remain here,
and if he should be murdered, either by you or through
your instigation, I shall know where to apply. I must,
however, confess that the threats of poltroons can be con-
sidered in no other light than as those of assassins.

"Yours, John Rice Jones."

It is not known what immediate effect this communica-
tion had upon the conspirators, but it did not prevent them
from carrying into execution to the letter their diabolical
plot, for on December 7, following. Rice Jones was shot
down in cold blood in a public thoroughfare of Kaskaskia,
by James Dunlap, the cat's-paw of his co-conspirators,
none of whom had the nerve to assume the responsibility
of the enactment of the bloody deed they were capable
of conceiving in the wickedness of their hearts.

The following particulars of the deplorable event are
taken from a detailed account of the murder and circum-
stances attending it, contained in a book found some years
ago in the old mansion of Judge John Morrison, in Water-
loo, Monroe County, Illinois, when that structure was being
demolished to make room for other improvements. Ex-
tracts from "Judge Morrison's old musty record of the
killing" were published in T/ic Belleville Nn^'s-Detuocrat
of February 18, 1887, and are here reproduced. This
singularly-preserved, detailed, and authentic account, evi-
dently made not a great while after the assassination, and
in the place of its occurrence, from oral accounts of eye-
witnesses of the tragedy, and by a man minutely informed
on the subject, possesses a great historic value and sheds
new light upon the sad occun'encc. It testifies that:

"Rice Jones was shot down bj- Dunlap about six yards
above the old elm tree. Dunlap came out of E. Backus'
house about ten minutes before he shot Jones. He (Dunlap)

7«

EARLY CIlICAdO AND ILLINOIS.

was there in company with Backus. John Menard was
at Dunlap's when he came {galloping home from killing
Jones, and told his wife, in the presence of John Menard,
that he had 'killed the rascal Jones.' John Clino, living
with James Gilbreath, and Robert Morrison saw Dunlap
shoot Jones. McCall was talking at the picket fence of
James Gilbreath's yard, McCall on the inside and Dunlap
on the outside of the pickets, when Rice Jones passed out
of Robert Morrison's yard, going down to J. Edgar's, when,
after he had passed Uunlap and McCall down the further
side of the street, Dunlap jumped off his horse and hitched
his bridle on the pickets where he and McCall were talk-
ing, and started after Jones, who was walking down the
street, when he crossed the street up behind him, a dis-
tance of one yard, and Dunlap told him to stop. Jones
immediately turned around, and Dunlap said: 'I am going
to revenge myself,' and instantly fired his pistol, about
three feet from the body of Jones. The ball entered his
body on the right side, just below the collar-bone, and
came out behind, about five inches below the top of his
shoulder, close by the backbone. William Morrison and
McCall ran to Jones, and several persons asked him what
was the matter, and he replied: 'That rascal, Dunlap, has
shot me.' And Morrison asked him for what reason, and
Jones answered: 'I don't know;' and said: 'I am gone,'
and expired in about five minutes.

"The moment Dunlap shot Jones, he ran back to his
horse where McCall had stood, jumped on him, and gal-
loped off as fast as possible to his house, where he told hi'-

nu[j

ith

wife, in presence of John Menard, that I'
rascal Jones,' and immediately loaded 1
off down the road toward the Point,
Porter, and has never been seen since.

Here the account goes on to say:

"It is well known that Backus, Robinson, (iilbreath.

•''*WS;?5

KICK J(;XES.

a?»

Finney, Michael Jones, and Langlois were in Cahise's
holding counsel to kill this man Rice Jones. The day
Diinlap sent a challenge to William Morrison, liackus,
Robinson, and Gilbreath were at Dunlap's, with T. Smith
holding the door fast, while Capt. Hilderback stood at the
door a long time and could not get in, although his daugh-
ter was at the point of death. At last Dunlap opened the
door, and said 'the men were in council for that purpose'
intimating the killing of young Jones, and Gilbreath an-
swered Hilderback and said his daughter would not die
for one hour. J. I'ldgar saw these men go down to Dun-
lap's that day and remain nearly two hours, and from the
movements of these men back and forward from Dunla|)'s
house for some time before that day and on the very day
Jones was shot, [there was no doubt] that these men were
accessories to the death of Rice Jones."

If there were lacking anything to thoroughly convince
the world that the persons who compassed the death of
Rice Jones were actuated by the most virulent passions,
the measure of proof would be filled to overflowing by
the following blasphemous and altogether unparalleled
utterances, quoted from the Morrison record, of one of
them, whose spirit may be presumed to have characterized
all of the conspirators: "James Finney "'' said in Folk's
'that if he met Jesus Christ in the street he would give
his hand in preference to Uunlap, and if Dunlap went to
hell he would go to hell also in preference to going to
heaven; and if Dunlap was to go to heaven, he would get
a higher seat in heaven than Jesus Christ, and be set at
the right hand of God for killing Rice Jones.' "

The friends of Dr. Dunlap farcically pretended to claim

* This James Finney is presumed to be the one of that name who from
1795 to 1803 was one of the twelve men who constituted tlic Kandolph
County court of common pleas, other prominent members of which were
Justices John Edgar, Pierre Menard, and Robert Reynolds.

28o

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

J i

that he did the killing in self-defence, but eye-witnesses
declared it, as do all historians, a deliberate and cold-
blooded murder, by the law of both God and man — a fact
of which Dunlap was perfectly well aware and knew would
be easily proven, as is evidenced by his immediate aban-
donment of wife and children and flight to far-off Texas,
as was subsequently learned, whence he never returned to
answer for his crime in the temporal courts of Illinois.
It was no doubt a part of the prearranged plan for Dunlap
to flee the country, that he could not be brought to trial,
in which his evidence would have hopelessly implicated
his companions in crime as immediate accessories to the
assassination. The case was brought to the attention of
the grand jury, which, after bringing in an indictment
against Dunlap for murder, also indicted Michael Jones,
because "he did, on the 6th day of December, 1808, incite,
move, aid, and abet, feloneously and with malice afore-
thought, the said James Dunlap ^o commit the crime of
murder."

When the case of The United States -('ersus Michael
Jones was reached on the calendar of the territorial circuit
court, in September, 1*^09, Judges Alexander Stuart, Oba-
diah Jones, and Je.sse B. Thomas presiding, the prosccut-
iiig-attorney, B. H. Doyle, presenting an affidavit of Archi-
bald McKnabb, "an important witness," to the effect that
he was too sick to attend court, asked for a continuance
of the trial, which being granted, Michael Jones was ad-
mitted to bail in the sum of $3000, his sureties being John
McFcrron, Shadrach Bond, jr., Thomas Leavens, Henry
Leavens, Henry Connor, and Samuel Cochran. The post-
poned case came up for trial on April 10, 18 10, before a
jury consisting of \vm. Rector, Paul Harralson, Thomas
Wideman, Wm. McBride, Johr, Anderson, George Frank-
lin, David Anderson, John McFerron, Henry Connor, Geo.
Creath, Jacob Funk, and James Fulton, who brought in a

MilMfflffffi *fiir^'^ "^ ^^LLlliatS^?iJlIfr?tf"^-

■I' W t' iW ' iWftff WWK

RICE JONES.

281

verdict of acquittal. As "there were probable grounds for
preferring the indictment," the court "exonerated the prose-
cutor — John Rice Jones ? — from paying the costs!"*

The fact that among the jurors were two of the accused
man's bondsmen and sympathetic personal friends, and
other peculiar circumstances of the conduct of the case
and trial, may not have any significance; but it is fair to
infer that men who would be so far influenced by "hate
that sins" and rank envy as to coolly plot the deliberate
murder of a fellowman, would not scruple to avail them-
selves of any foul means that could be employed toward
the acquittal of one on trial for complicity in a crime to
the committing of which they all contributed and in the
perpetration of which they gloried — the death of one whose
brilliancy, virtues, personal popularity with the people,
and promise of great political and professional success,
filled his enemies with a jealousy which, with the disap-
pointment of political defeat and the pruriency of personal
enmity, simply made the matter of his removal impera-
tively necessary to their peace of mind. These are the
conclusions that force themselves upon the mind when the
facts and circumstances preceding and attending the mur-
der are studied in their true relations.

While it is a matter of historical record that "the whole
community mourned the death of this fine young man,
cut off in his prime by an assassin," it is equally certain
that the finding of the jurj'' was not in accord with the
popular verdict; for familiar as they must have been, from
the notoriously open threats and malevolent actions of
the enemies of the murdered man, with the circumstances
leading up to the killing, the people knew, however a jury
might decide, that James Dunlap was guilty of murder in
the first degree, and that Michael Jones, IClijah Backus,
James Gilbreath, James Finney, and their worth)- confrircs

* . 'cDonough's "History of Randolph County, 111."

282

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

were immediate accessories to the atrocious crime; and as
such they will go down in history — gloriously to them, in
their own estimation, be it said, if they died entertaining
the shocking sentiments heretofore quoted as expressed
by the blasphemous Finney, one of the immortal band.

Of the abilities and qualities of Rice Jones, it is here
and now unnecessary to speak at length, as all writers
concede his extraordinary capacity, his brilliant talents,
and his varied mental attainments; while his noble per-
sonal characteristics were sich as to greatly endear him
to the mass of the people, whose hearts were not of that
unhappy kind that beat in the breasts of his implacable
enemies. However preeminent a man may be intellectu-
ally, if detestable traits and odious conduct distinguish
him, "the entire community" in which he dwells never
grieves for him, as did the people of Kaskaskia and the
county of Randolph for Rice Jones. While they abhorred
his slayers and their bloody deed, they mourned his death
and his tragic fate, because

"His life was noble, and the elements
So mixed in him, that Nature might stand up
And say to all the world, This was a man.''

Ex-Gov. Reynolds of Illinois, who knew him personally
and was intimate with many public men and others who
knew him well, writing so kite as 1852, declares that
"judging from the character he acquired at school and
from what was known of him at Kaskaskia, it is not
improbable that his superior was not in the country before
or after his death. '^ '" He possessed a strong intellect
and was also endowed with an excessive ambition, together
with an ardent and impetuous disposition that showed the
Welsh temperament more than his father," and that, alto-
gether, "he was a young man of exceedingly great prom-
ise." Another historian, in concluding a notice of him.

RICE JONES.

283

declares that in his untimely death "the bar of Illinois
was deprived of one of its most promising members and
politics of a bright particular star;" and all writers who
have occasion to speak of him, without exception, express
similar glowing opinions of him.

One of his classmates at the Transylvania University,
who afterward became nationally eminent as a U.-S. sena-
tor from Kentucky and as vice-president of the United
States, the learned and brilliant Col. Richard Mentor John-
son, often spoke of him to Gen. Geo. Wallace Jones, who sat
with Johnson in the national senate and was a half-brother
of Rice Jones, and declared him, the latter, one of the most
gifted men he had ever known. Such having been the
case, who can help but think that had he not fallen a
victim to -the deadly hatred of assassins he would have
become one of the most distinguished sons of his adopted
State, and left a name that she would have proudly cher-
ished forever among those of the illustrious men who have
made her history so glorious. Yet she will not forget him
whose able and zealous advocacy of her claims to recogni-
tion as a territory was largely instrumental in defeating
the machinations of her enemies and speedily placing her
on the way to early admission and that proud place among
the sisterhood of states which she soon achieved, has ever
maintained, and will continue to grace.*

* The address of welcome of the citizens of Randolph County to Gov.
Xinian lulwards on his arrival in Kaskaskia in June, 1809, opens thus: "I're-
suming that you may be in some degree unacquainted with the feelings and
sentiments of the citizens at this important crisis, we can not forbear to
express our hopes that you will take into consideration that the majority,
whose incessant exertions effectuated a division of the territory, have a claim
on your excellency for the calumnies, indignities, and other enormities which
those who opposed that measure never ceased to heap upon the friends and
advocates of the present system of our government. In announcing these
truths, while we deplore that the gentleman [Jesse 15. Thomas] who was
elected to congress and ultimately succeeded in obtaining justice for us, was
hung in eiligy at Vincennes, by the opposers of the division, and that one

284

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Ifti

'i,

Still he died neither unwept nor unsung, and chroniclers
of early Illinois history will continue to pay that just
tribute to his talents, his character, and his patriotic ser-
vices first contained in the writings of that impartial histo-
rian and nobleman, the late ex-Gov. John Reynolds. Well
may each one who has honorably figured in the history
of his country, his state, or his community,

"Wish no other herald,
No other speaker of his living actions,
To keep his honor from corruption,
Than such an honest chronicler."

To this day, the spot near "the old elm tree," where
Rice Jones fell njortally wounded and a moment afterward
expired, on that memorable December day, full four score
years ago, is pointed 'out to visitors by the people of Kas-
kaskia, where

"The soft memory of his virtues yet
Lingers, like twilight hues when the bright sun is set."

of the warmest friends and ablest advocates of the measure [Rice Jones] was
assassinated at Kaskaskia, in consequence of their machinations, we derive
great consolation from a firm belief that your excellency will gratify the virtu-
ous majority, to whose patriotic exertions the citizens are indebted for the
government of their choice, and your excellency your high station, with that
honorable indemnity which is in your gift, and which would be considered by
them as a remunerr.tion for all those indignities, and a pledge of their future
support to your administration." — Edwards' "History of Illinois," pp. 29 30.

Note to be read after second paragra|)h on page 239 :

Since writing the above, the author has learned from a reliable source that
John Rice Jones owned slaves at Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Ste. ( ienevieve, and
Potosi, or during the entire period datin;^ from shortly after his coming to the
Northwest Territory, in 1786 .'' not before, to the time of his death, in
Missouri, in 1824. All of his ci dren were likewise slave-owners.

JOHN TODD.

JOHN TODD, the first civil governor under the laws
of Virginia of the region of which the State of Illi-
nois is a part, was born in Montgomery County, Pennsyl-
vania, on March 27, 1750. He was a son of David Todd
and Hannah Owen, and was early left an orphan. He
and his brother Levi came under the care of their uncle,
Rev. John Todd, in distinction from whom the subject of
this sketch was known as John Todd, Junior. He received
his early education at the classical academy of this uncle,
in Louisa County, Virginia. This county adjoined that
of Hanover, where Patrick Henry spent his early life. Mr.
Henry was elected to the house of burgesses, by Louisa
County, and he afterward removed there. In its courts
he practised law, and it is probable that he thus became
acquainted with John Todd in his youth, and his early
impressions of him may have had something to do with
his after-selection of Todd for the important position of
county-lieutenant of Illinois.

Todd studied law with Gen. Andrew Lewis, and prac-
tised his profession for a short time in the counties of
Botetourt and Bedford, in Virginia. He served as aid to
Gen. Lewis at the battle of Point Pleasant and in the
campaign of 1774 against the Scioto towns. In the fol-
lowing year he removed to Kentucky, and joined in the
establishment of St. Asaph Station. He was one of those
who met at Boonesboro' on May 23, 1775, "under the great
elm tree near the fort," to establish the proprietary govern-
ment of the so-called colony of Transylvania, comprising
more than half of the present State of Kentuckv; and

28s

B '

286

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

was a leading member of its assembly, the first legislative
body organized west of the Alleghanies. He established
himself at Todd's Stat'on, near Lexington, Kentucky, in
1776, and in Decembei of that year, with nine others, went
through the wilderness to bring the powder which Virginia
had granted for the defence of the frontier, from Limestone
Creek to the Kentucky forts. His party was defeated on
Christmas day by the Indians at the Blue Licks, and he
narrowly escaped death near the very place at which he
was destined to fall a few years later.

In the spring of 1777, he and Richard Calloway were
chosen the first burgesses from Kentucky to the general
assembly of Virginia, and made the perilous journey to
Williamsburg to perform their public duties. He rendered
efficient aid in bringing about the expedition of George
Rogers Clark to the Illinois, in 1778, and was with that
famous soldier at the capture of Kaskaskia and of Vin-
cennes. This has been doubted, but the fact is estab-
lished by family papers that Todd accompanied Clark in
this campaign, and there is a tradition that he was the
first man to enter the fort at Kaskaskia when it was taken
from the British.

In October, 1778, the general assembly of Virginia
passed "an act for establishing the County of Illinois, and
for the more effectual protection and defence thereof" It
provides that all the citizens of Virginia settled on the
western side of the Ohio shall be included in a distinct
county, to be called Illinois County. This practically
included the whole region afterward known as the North-
west Territory. Of this county, the governor of the State
was authorized to appoint a county-lieutenant or comman-
dant, who could appoint and commission deputy comman-
dants, militia officers, and commissaries, and pardon all
offences except murder and treason.

On December 12, 1778, Patrick Henry, as governor of

JOHN TODD.

J87

Virginia, by virtue of the aforesaid act, appointed John
Todd county-lieutenant or commandant of the County of
Illinois. He repaired to his new post in the following
spring, arriving at Kaskaskia in May, 1779. He was ex-
ceedingly busy with the duties of his government during
the greater part of that year, and evidently found his
position distasteful, for in a letter to the governor of Vir-
ginia, dated Kaskaskias, August 18, 1779, he asked per-
mission to attend the session of the legislature in the
following spring, and "get a discharge from an office which
an unwholesome air, a distance from my connexions, a
language not familiar to me, and an impossibility of pro-
curing many of the conveniences of life suitable, all tend
to render uncomfortable."

Col. Todd, however, does not appear to have been granted
this permission, or to have availed himself of it, and during
the few remaining years of his short life, although he seems
not to have been in Illinois after 1779, his correspondence
shows that he was earnestly attentive to its interests. In
1780, he was elected a delegate from the County of Ken-
tucky to the legislature of Virginia, and was married while
attending its session of that year, to Miss Jane Hawkins.
In the summer of 1 781, Gov. Thomas Jefferson appointed
Todd colonel of Fayette County, Kentucky; and in May,
1782, he was made one of the trustees of Lexington, in
that State, by act of Virginia. In the summer of that
year, as senior colonel, he commanded the little force of
one hundred and eighty men who went in pursuit of the
Indians retreating from Simon Girty's famous raid on the
settlements south of the Ohio, and on August 19, 1782,
he died heroically at the disastrous battle of the Blue
Licks. His only child, Mary Owen Todd, was married
first to a Mr. Russell, and afterward became the second
wife of Robert Wicklifte of Lexington, Kentucky, and
died childless.

288

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

The original record-book kept by Col. Todd during his
residence in the County of Illinois has been preserved to
our time by the merest chance. In November, 1879, a
a visitor at Kaskaskia learned that the old documents
formerly kept there had been removed to the neighboring
town of Chester, when it became the county-seat of Ran-
dolph County, Illinois. Upon inquiry at the latter place,
he was informed that several chests of thcje papers had
stood for years in the hall of the court-house, until the
greater part of their contents had been lost or destroyed.
A small box had been filled with tho.se that remained a
few years before, and placed in one of the rooms of the
building. These also had disappeared, and it was finally
ascertained that they had been distributed among the
different offices to be used as kindling, and all had been
burned except one old book, which was found in a recep-
tacle for fuel in the county-clerk's apartment. And this
upon examination proved to be Col. John Todd's Record-
Book, which subsequently, by vote of the commissioners
of Randolph County, was deposited with the Chicago His-
torical Society for safe-keeping. Its contents are of suffi-
cient interest and value, in connection with the early
history of Illinois, to justify its publication in full in this
volume. And in connection with it, such letters of Col.
John Todd and those associated with him as could be
found in the Canadian and Virginian archives are also
published herein.* E. G. M.

•Authorities: — Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois," second edition;
John Mason Brown's "Address at the Centennial Commemoration of the
liattle of the Blue Licks"; and letters from John Mason Brown and William
Wirt Henry.

^mmmmmmm

mmmmmmmmmmmmt

JOHN TODD'S REC0RD-I3 00K."-

[Writtcn on the inside of the front cover of the book:]
Kaskaskias in the Ilinois 29th april 1782. Eighty and
touce. This day 10 oClock A:M Jc vas Taken out of my
house by Isreal Dodge on an order Given by J no. Dodge
in despite of the Civil authoroty Disregarded the Laws
and on ther Malitious acusation of Jas. Williams and
nicheul pevante as may appear by their deposition Je vas
Confined By Tyranick military force without making any
Legal aplication to the Civil Magistrates 30th the attorney
for the State La Buiniere presented a petition to the
Court against Richard Winston State prisonner in their
Custody the Contents of which he (the attorney for the
State) ought to heave Communicated to me or my attor-
ney if any J had.f

[Gov. Patrick Henry to John Todd, pages 1-6:]

_ W^'burg, Dec'"- 1 2th, 1778.

To John Todd, Esqr

By virtue of the n-*- of Genl Assembly which estab-

* This book contains thirty-nine j iges of 10 x 15, laid, ledger-ruled paper,
with water-marked "crown", enclosi . in paste-board covers.

t This memorandum has no co lection with the other contents of the
Record-Book, and was apparently i cribed by accident on its cover. Richard
Winston, by whom it was written, • as living in the Illinois Country as early
as July, 1773. He was appointed jy John Todd captain and commandant at
Kaskaskia, May 14, 1779; was a' sheriff-in-chief of that district, elected by
the people, and was left in comm; i at Kaskaskia by Todd, during his absence
in June, 1779. In January, ly? Winston was still commandant at Kaskas-
kia. This memorandum conts , the only information we have concerning
the revolution in his affairs whi- made him a State prisoner in 1782.— e. (;. m.

289

290

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND II.I.INOIS.

■fi ;
'I •

li\

■'!l|;.

lisliLs the County of Ilinoies, you arc appointed County
Liut. or Command' there, and for the genrall tennour
of your Conduct I refur you to the law.

The Grand Objects which are disclosed to the View of
your countrymen will prove lienificial or otherwise accord-
ing to the Valine and Abilities of those who are called to
Direct the affairs of that remote Country. The present
crisis rendered so favourable by the Good Disposition of
the French and Indians may be Improv'd to Great pur-
poses, but if unhapily it Should be lost, a returne of the
Same attachments to us may never happen. Considering;,
therefore, that earley Prejudices are so hard to weare Out,
you will Take Care to Cultivate and concilate the affec-
tions of the French and Indians.

Altho Great reliance is placed on your prudence in
managing the people you are to reside amoung, yet con-
sider'g you as unacquainted in some Degree with their
Genius, usages, and maners, as well as the Geography of
the Cuntry, I recommend it to you to consult and advise
with the most inteligable and upright persons who may
fall in your way.

You are to give perticklar Attention to Colo Clark and
his Corps, to whome the State has Great Obligations.
You are to cooperate with him on any military under-
taking when necessary, and to Give the military every Aid
which the circumstance of the people will admit of. the
Inhabitints of the Ilinoiss must not e.xpect setled peace
and safety while theire and Our enimyes have footing at
Detroit and can Intercept or Stop the Trade of the Mis-
sissippi. If the English have not the Strength or or
Courage to come to warr against us Themselves, there
practice has been and Will be to hire the savages to com-
mit murders and depredations. Ilinoiss must expect to
pay in these a large price for her freedom unless the
Iinglish can be I^xpelled from Detroit, the means of

JOHN TODDS KKCORD-IiOOK.

291

Effecting this will not perhaps be found in your or Col"
Clark's power, but the I'rench inhabitinj^ the neighbour-
hood of that place, it is prosumed, may be brought to
see it Done with indiferrcnce or perhaps Joync in the
Knterpri/e with pleasure, this is but conjecture, when
you are on the Spot you and Cob Clark may Discover
its fallacey or reallity if the fcjrmer appeares. defence
only is to be the Object, if the latter or a good prospect
of it, I hope the Frenchmen & Indians at j-our Disposial
will shew a Zeal for the affaire eacjuel to the Benefits to
be Derived from Establishing Liberty and permanent
peace.

One Great Good expected from Holding the Ilinoiss is
to overaw the Indians from warring on our Settlers on
this side the Ohio, a close attention to the Disposition,
carcctor, and movments of the Hostile Tribes is therefore
nessary for you the forces and militia at Ilinoiss by be-
ing placed on the back of them may inflict timly Chase-
tizement on these enemies, whose Towns are an eas)-
prey in absince of their Warriors.

You perceive by these hints that something in the mili-
tary line may be Expected from you so farr as the Occa-
sion calls for the assistance of the people composing the
militia it will be necessory to cooperate with the Troops
sent from here, and I know of no better Genl Direction
to Give than this, that you Consider yourself at the head
of the Civill department, and as Such having the Comni''
of the militia, who are not to be under the Comm'l of the
military untill ordred out by the Civil Authority, and to
Act in conjunction with them.

You are on all Accatons to inculcate on the people the
Value of liberty and the Dififerrence between the State
of free Citizens of this Comonwelth and that Slavery to
which the Ilinoiss was Destined. A free & equal repre-
sentation may be Expected by them in a little Time, to-

29^

KAKI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLlNUlS.

gcthcr with all the improvm's in Jurisprudence and police
which the Other parts of the State enjoy.

It is necessary for the Hapincss, increase, and prosperity
of that Cuntrey that the Greaveances that obstruct these
blcssinjjs be known in order to their removall, let it there-
fore be your Care to obtain information on that subject,
that proper plans may be formed for the Gencrall Utillity.
Let it be your Constant Attention to see that the inhabi-
tints have Justice administred to them for any Injury
rec'l from the Troops, the omission of this may be fatall.
Col" Clark has Instructions on this Head, and will, I
Doubt not. exert himself to curb all licentious practises
of the Soldiery, which if unrestrained would produce the
most banefuU effects.

You will also Discountincnce & punish every attempt
to Violate the property of the Indians, perticularly in
their lands. Our enemys have alarmed them much on
that score, but I hope from your prudence and Justice
that no "grounds of CompU will be administred on this
Subject.

You will embrace every opertunity to manifest the hi<^h
reguard and frendly sentiments of this Commonwelth
towards all the Subjects of his Catholic Majesty, for
whose safity, prosperity, and advantage you will give
every possible advantage. You will make a Tender of
the Frendship and Services of y"" people to the Spanish
Commandant neare Kaskaskia, and Cultivate the Strictest
Connection with him and his people. I deliver you you
a letter which you will hand to him in person.*

The Ditaile of your Duty in the civil Department I
need not give you, its best Direction will be found in

* At this time the whole region west of the Mississippi was under the
dominion of Spain, and "the Spanish commandant neare Kaskaskia" was
stationed at Ste. Genevieve, in what is now Missouri, a few miles southwest
of Kaskaskia, and on the other side of the Mississippi River. The position
at this date was occupied by Monsieur Cartabonne. — e. ci. m.

JOHN TODDS KKCOKD-llOOK.

293

y innate love of Justice and Zeal, to be intencively use-
full to your fellow -men. A general Direction to act
accordinji to the best of y Judgment in cases whe'e
these Instructions are Silent and the laws have not Other-
wise Directed is given to you from the necessity of the
Case, for y Great Distance from Goverm' will not per-
mit you to wait for Orders in many Cases of Great
Importance.

in your negociations with the Indians confine the stip-
ula" as much as possible to the single object of obtaining
peace from them. Touch not the subject of land or
bounderies till pertick"" Orders are rec^^; where necessity
requfs it, presents may be made, but be as frugall in that
matter as possible and let them know that Goods at pres-
ent is Scarce with us, but we expect soon to Trade freely
with all the world, and they shall not want when we can
get them.

The matters given you in Charge are Singular in their
Nature and Weighty in their Consequences to the people
imediately concerned and to the whole State, they rccjuire
the fullest e.xertion of y Abillitys & Unwearied Dili-
gence.

from matters of Genrall Consearn you must Turn
Occasionally to Others of less Consequence. Mr. Rose-
blave's" wife and Family must not Suffer for want of that
property of which they were bereft by Our Troops; it
is to be Restored to them if possible, if this cannot be
Done the Publick must Support them,

I think it proper for you to send me an Express once
in three months with a Gen' Acco' of affaires with jou
& any pcrticklars you wish to communicate.

It is in contemplation to appoint an agent to mannage

* Roclieblave, the last British commandant at Kaskaskia, who surrendered
the post to George Rogers Clark and was sent a prisoner to Virginia. His
wife and family remained at Kaskaskia. — K. r,. M.

294

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Trade on Publick Accounts to Supply Ilinoiss and the
Indians with Goods; if such an appointment takes place,
j'ou will give it every posiL.i aid. The people with you
should not intermit their endeavours to procure Supplys
on the expectation of this, and you may act eiccordingly.

P. Henry.*

[List ()F Commissions, Military and Civil, pp. 6-10:]

Made out the Military Commissions for the District of
Kaskaskia, dated May 14th, 1779.

Rich'l Winston Commandant, as Capt.

Nicholas Janis first Co. Capt. \ —

Baptistc Charlevill l Leut. ( +

Charles Charleville 2 Lieut.

Michael Godin Ensign.

Joseph Duplassy 2nd Capt.

Nicholas le Chance i Leut.

Charles Danee 2 Leut.

Batiste Janis Ensign.

17th May sent a Com. of Command' of Prairie du
Rocher & Capt. of the Militia in the District of Kaskas-
kia to J. H. Barbeau.

The District of Kohokia.

Francois Trotter Comm'

Tourangeau Capt. l.

Capt. 2.
Lieut.
Lcutt.

Beau lieu
Gerradin
P. :\Iarthen
Sansfacon

Ensign.
I'-nsign.

Comn^ Dated 14th
May, 1779; 3rd year
of the Comnwih.

* This is believed to iio ihe genuine signature i)f ratrici< Ileniy, it beinj:
apparently identical with other autogriphs known to be his, — k. i;. m.

J(JHN TODD'S RECORD-KOOK. 295

List of the Court of Kaskaskia as Elected by the People :

1 Gabriel Cerrc

2 Joseph Duplasy

3 Jaques Lesource

4 Nicholas Janis

5 J. B. Barbeau 6 Nicholas Lc Chance

7 Charles Charleville

8 Antoinc Duchasfourt de Louvieres

9 Girradot

Carboneau Clerk. Richd Winston Sheriff.

Court of Kohokias:

Touranjeau (Godin)

Francois Trottier
Chas. Gratiot

Girradin

B. Saucier

Mr. Beaulieu
P. Marthin
Francois Saucier Clerk.

J. B. Le Croi.>: Sheriff.

The Court of St. Vincennes:

I P. Legras

2 Francois Bosseron
$ Perrot

4 Cardinal (refused to serve)

5 Guery La Tulippe

6 ]'. Gamelin

7 Hdeline
f Dcgenest
9 Barron

Militia Officers of St. Vincennes:
P. Legras L. Col.

Legrand Clerk.
Sheriff.

F. Bosseron

Major.

■»*(«..

296

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

3 ) rank not (

Capt.

Latulippe i Capt,

Edclinc 2
M. Brouilet
P. Gamelin
I

2 Goden

3 Godin
4

2 Joseph Rougas /

3 Richcrville (erased) (

4 Richcrville J

Liste de La Cc ur des Kaskaskias Vln i/iSj, Lc 25
Juiliet, savoir:

1 Antoine Beauvais

2 Corsette «

3 St. Geme n

4 Lachance n

5 \ ital Bauvais

6 Louis Brazeau

t'> I , '

; ll

License for Trade: [page 11]

To all to whom these presents shall come, Greeting.
Know ye, that whereas Rich*^! McCarty, Gentleman, hath
produced a Recommendation from the Court of District
of Kohokia certifying his patriotism. Integrity, & Knowl-
edge in Trade & Merchandizing,

These are therefore to license & permit the said R. Mc.
to traflfick ii Merchandize with all the liege Subjects &
Friends of the United States of America of what Nation
soever they be, & to erect Factories & Stores at an)'
convenient place or places he shall think proper within
the Commonwealth aforesaid. Provided that by virtue

JOHN TODD S RECORD-UOOK.

297

hereof no pretence shall be made to trespass upon the
Efifects or property of Individuals. Given under my hand
& seal at Kaskaskia, the 5th June, 1779, in the 3rd year
of the Commonwealth.*

Letter to the Court v)k K.\sk.\skia: [page 12]

1 ith June, 1779.

Gentlemen: — ^Thc only method America has to support
the present just War is by her Credit. That Credit at
present is her Bills emitted from the different Treasuries
by which she engages to pay the Bearer at a certain time
Gold & Silver in Exchange. There is no friend to Ameri-
can Independancc who has any Judgment but soon ex-
pects to see it equal to Gold & Silver. Some disaftected
persons & designing Speculators discredit it through
Enemity or Interest; the ignorant multitude have not
Sagacity enough to examine into this matter, & mcrel\-
from its uncommon Quantity & in proportion to it arises
the Complaint of its want of Credit.

This has for some years been the Case near the Seat
of War; the disorder has spread at last as far as the
Ilinois & calls loi 'ly for a Remedy. In the interior

* Ricluird McC'arty was a resident of faliokia while it was under IJritisli
control, and in February, 1777, wrote an humble letter to the commandant,
Kocheblave, apparently to defend liimself against even the suspicion of dis-
loyally. But when (lark levied tlio force to march from Kaskaskia ai^ainst
the British post at N'incennes, .McCarty led a ccnipany of volunteers, who
were nearly all of French descent, from Cahokia to join that expedition, and
rendered good service. In August, 1 779, he was appointed commandant at
Cahokia under the authority of N'irginia, and in November, 17S0, I'oild,
writing to (iov. Jefferson, says: "McCarty, a captain in the Illinois Regiment
who has long since rendered himself dis.agreeal)!e by endeavoring to enforce
Military law upon the Civil Department at Kohos. " He appears to liave h.ad
a tract of land at Cahokia, and is one of those named in the report made in
iSoy, by the commissioners ajipointed by congress, as a claimant under
'"Ancient (iraiils" in the di>triet of Kaskaskia. I'., i;. M.

r-v

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

iiii

IS i ■

Counties this Remedy is a heavy Tax, now operatin^j
from which an indulgent government has exempted us
one only remedy remains which is lodged within my
power that is by recieving on behalf of Government
such sums as the people shall be induced to lend upon a
sure fund & thereby decreasing the Quantity the mode
of doing this is already planned & shall be always open
to your Inspection & Examination with the proceed-
ings, & I must request your Concurrence & Assistance.
I am. Gentlemen, your most obedient servant, &c.

Plan for Borrowing 33,333 K Dollars ok Treas-
ury Notes, uotu belonging to this State &
THE United States: [pages 14-5]

Whereas, owing to no other reason than the prodigious
quantity of Treasury notes now in Circulation, the vallue
of almost every Comody ha.-5 risen to most enormeous
Prices, the Preserving the Credit of the Said bills by
Reduceing the Quantity requires Some immediate rem-
edy, it is therefore Declaried:

1 That 21,000 acres of Land belonging to This Com-
monwelth shall be laid of as Soon as may be. Bounded
thus: Beginning on the bank of the Missisippe, In the
District of Kohokia, at Rich'l McCartey's Cornor, thence
tuning up the said river 3500 poles, when reduced to a
Straight line, from the I'^xtreniities of which at right
Angles with the former on the Virginia side 2 lines of
equal Length shall run so far, that with another line para-
Icl with the Course of the River, the Plat Shall containe
the Quantity afouresaid.

2 That the said 21,000 (excej)t one thousand to be
Hereafter laid oft" by Go\ernnient for a Town in the most
Convenient part Thereof with In and Out Lotts) shall be
a fund for the purpose afoursaid.

■>■

TOHN TODDS RECORD-BOOK.

299

Provided that every adventurer be Subject to all Laws
& regulations in Cultivating & Setling to which Settlers
in the County of Ilinoiss shall hereafter be Subjected.

3rd That the lender of money take a certificate from
the Comissioners, for that Purpose appointed, for the sum
but not being less than 100 Dollars, for which he, his
heirs, Exc>', Adm"", or assigns Shall be entitled to Demand
within 2 years a Title to his propotion of the land in the
Said Fund or the Sum originally advanced, in Gold or
Silver with 5 p ct. Interest p anum at the Option of the
State.

Provied first that no assignment of such certifycate
shall be made or Conveyance but in open Court by Deed
to be recorded.

(2) That a Deduction shall be made for all money here-
after discovered to be Counterfeited.

' 4 That all persons may have reasonjible Inducements
to lend, the lender shall have assurance that no greater
Sum shall be received than 33,333/3 Dollars on said
Fund, That Government shall Comply with the above
l-Lngagements, & this Plan be Recorded in the Recorder's

Office of Kaskaskie. y , t, ^,

John Todd.

French Translation: [The three following lines are erased.]

Plan Pour Kmprunter la somme de trente trois mil trois
cent trente trois & un ticre piastres monoiss du tresoior
de cet i'-tat ainsi (lue des l^tats unies.

nost
be

Coi'\' OF TlIK IXSTKlt ri(»N>, &C., ().\ Tin, liokKoWIMi

Find: [page 15]

Sir: — You arc hereb\' appointed a Commissionor for

liorrowing mone\- upon tiie Kohoskia Fund. Inclusecl is

a C(>pp^ of the I'lan, the Desi";n \ ou'lj Observe is to

abridjie the <J«antity m Circulation — the money paid in

I,"'

l[|

300

EARLY CIIICAGC.) AND ILLINOIS.

you will preserve untill you Shall be Caled upon for it.
Let every man's Money be kept apart with his nam and
Quantity Indorsid thereon, keep a book to Register the
No., the Person's names, the Quantity of Money, the date
your Receipt, thus: -

Kohoskia Fund (No. i).
I do certify that I have received of the

Sum of Dollars, which intilcs the said

to a propotionable quantity of land in the Kohoskia Fund
or Gold & Silver, according to the Plan Recordid in the
Recorder's Office of Kaskaskia. Witness my Hand
this Day of 1779. HV Crutchkr, Com'-.

[Bond of Commissioner, page 16:]
Know all men by these presence that we, Henry
Crutcher, George Slaughter & John Roberts, are held
and firmly bound Unto Jn^^ Todd, Esq'', Commander in
Chief of the County of llinois, in the Sum of Thirty three
Thousand three hundred & thirt)- three Dollars & one
third to be paid to the said John Todd or his successors,
to which payment, will & ' uly to be maid, we do bind
Ourselves & each of each of Our heirs, e.xecutors, firmty
b\" These Presence. SeaU^d & Datid this 14th Day of
June, in the year 1779.

The Condition of the abo\i. Obligation is such if the

above named Henry Crutcher, Commissioner for the

Fund for borrowing certaine Sums of Continental! &

State Currency, shall at all Times when Required pay

and Account for all Sums so received, and in all things

Comport himself agreable to Such Rules and Regulations

as .Shall be Adopted for prosecuting tlu' same then the

Above Obligation to be \'oid, Otherwise In full force.

Test: ll'k CRlTfllKR. (Seal)

RiLHi' Hakklsox, Gk(>. Si,aL(.ii n k. (Seal)

Ru:iii> \v -ro\. JoiiN Roi'.krt.s. (Sial)

JOHN TODDS REa)RI)-lU)(.)K.

^01

rROcl,AMATl().\: [page 17]

Ilinois, to wit: Whereas from the Furtilety & beauti-
ful! Situation of the L;inds bordering upon the Missisippy,
Ohio, Ihnois, & Wabash rivers, the Taking up the usual
quantity heretofore alhn\ed for a Setlement by the Gov-
ernmnt of Virginia, would injure both the Strength &
Commerce of this Country in Future,

I do therefore issue this Proclamation strictly enjoining
all persons whatsoever from making any New Settlements
upon the Flat lands of the said Rivers or within one
league of said lands, unless Tn manor and form of Settle-
mt as heretofore made by the l-'rench Inhabitints untill
Further Orders given hereon.

And in order that all the Claims to Lands within the
Said Country maj- b'j fully known & some method pro-
vided for perpetuating by records the just Claimes, every
Inhabitt is required, as soon as conveniently may be, to
lay before the persons in each District appointed for that
purpose a Memmedo of his 01 her Land, with Coppjs of
all theire Vouchers & where vouchers have never been
given or are lost, such Depositions & Certify as will best
Tend to Support there Claims. Such memdo to mention
the Quantity of land, to whome Origonally granted, or
by whome Settled, and when; deducing the Title thro
the Various Occupants to the Present possessor. The
number of Adventurers who will Soon Over run This
Country renders the above method necessesary, as well
to Assertain the Vacant Land as to Guard against Tres-
passes, which will probably be Committed upon L^nd
not of Record.

Given under my Hand & Seal at Kaskaskia, the 14th
day of June, 1779.

John Todd.

302

KARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Warrant for Execution: [erased, page i8]

Ilinois, to wit: To Richard Winston, Esq., Sheriff in Chief
of the District of Kaskaskia:
Negro Manuel, a Slave, in your Custody, is condemned
by the Court of Kaskaskia, after having made honorable
Fine at the Door of the Church, to be chained to a post
at the water side & there to be burnt alive, & his ashes
scattered, as appears to me by Record. This Sentence
you are hereby required to put in Execution on tuesday
next, at 9 o'clock in the morning; and this shall be your
Warrant. Given under my hand & seal at Kaskaskia,
the 13th day of June, in the third year of the Common-
wealth.

[John Todd to Richard Winston, page 18:]

Sir: — During my absence the Command will devolve
upon you as Commander of Kaskaskia — if Col" Clark
should want anything more for his Expedition, consult
the members of the Court upon the best mode of pro-
ceeding, if the people will not Spare wilingly, if in there
power, you must press it, valueing valluing the Property
by Two men upon Oath — let the Millitary have no pre-
test for forcing property. When you Order it, & the
people will not find it, then it will be Time for them to
Interfere — by all means keep up a Good Understanding
with Cob Clark and the Officers — if this is not the Case
you will be Unhapy. I am, sir, y'" Hblc Servt,

John Todd,
To Richd Winston, Esqr. June 15, 1779.

i. I.

[John Todd to Nicholas Janis, page 19:]
To Capt. Nicholas Janis:— You are hereby required

JOHN TODD S RECORD-BOOK.

303

to call upon a partey of your Militia to guard Moracc, a
SlaV'e condemed to execution, up to the Town of Kohos.
put them under an Officer they shall be intitled pay,
Rashtions, & Refreshment durcing the Time they shall
be upon Duty, to be certifyed hc-eafter by you.
I am, sir, your Hble Servant,

JnO Todd, 15th June, 1779.

I recommend 4 or 5 from your Compy & as many from
Capt. Placey's, and consult Mr. Lacroi.x about the Time
necessary. J. T.

[Proclamation, pages 19, 20:]

Ilinoiss, to wit: Whereas the emissions of Contincntall
money Dated the 20th May, 1777, and Apl nth, 1778,
were required to be paid into some Continental Treasury
by the first of June, which was a day imposible with the
People of Ilinoiss,

I do therefore notifye all persons who have money of
the said emissions, hat unless they shall as soon as posi-
ble Comply with the said Resolution of Congress and
Produce Vouchers of such there imposibility, the mony
must Sink in there Hands; the Vouchers must be certi-
fyed by myself or some Deputy Commandant of this
Ctunty and have Reference to the Bundle of mony num-
breo and seald.

Signd by order of the Commandant in Chief, at Kas-
kaskia, July 27th, 1779. Joiix TODD.

Coppy, HV Crutcher, Secy.

D'autant que la Monnoye Ameriquaine en datte du 20
May, 1777, et celle du 1 1 Avril, 1/78, ont etc requises pour
etre remises a Quelque trcsoi-ier du Continent au premier
des Juin, dernier chose impossible pour Ics gens des Ilinois.

ns«s» f..^-Mbs

--^- ■<F'TT->''T"VTW»r5«W^

■

304

KARl.Y (.IlICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Lc present est pour avertir toutcs personncs qui ont
des cartes des susdits quantiemes do se conformer au sus-
ditte Resolution du Coni^^es et produire des certificats dc
la ditte impossibilite, si non I'ar^ent sera perdu pour eux.
Les certificats serons signe de moy ou de quclque Depute
Commandant de cette Comtee ayant toujours recours aux
liesses dc Monnoye numerotee et cachettee.

Signe par ordre du Commandant en chef, July 27, 1779.

[Order to hold Col'rt, page 21 :]

To GAliRIKL Ckrke, &c., Msqi'^ Judges of the Court for
the District of Kaskaskia:

You are Hereby Authorized & required to Hold and
Constitute a Court on Satterday, the 21st of July, at the
Usiall place of Holding Court, within y District, any
adjournment to the Contrary notwithstanting.

Provided that no Suitor or parley be compcled to an-
sware any prosess upon said Day unless properly sumoned
by the Clark & ShirrilT.

Given under my Hand & Seal at Kaskaskia, July 31st,
1779. John Todd.

m If

^r;

[Letter to Spanish Commandant at Ste.
Genevieve, page 2 1 :]

Aux Kaskaskas, 9 d'Aout, 1779.
Monsieur Cartai^GNNE, Comdt .St. Genevieve:

II sera a I'advantage dc chaque Gouvernment que tout
voiturcs en commerce partant des Illinois, seront oblige a
livrer leur efiets ou Carguaisons dans le Ports de Sa
Majcste Catholique qui sont situe enbas de ce Poste, et
qui les Proprictaires donne Icurs obligations cautione dans
les Offices respcctives, avant quils auront permission pour

JOHN TODiVs KECORD-ltnoK.

305

leurs depart, radvanta^'c d'un tcl arangiMiicnt avec le Gour-
vernmcnt Espagnolc ot trop clair pour en dciiiaiidcr dcs
explanations, en sort que tout coinnicrce de notrc Hord
se jetterai parniis nos Amis. L'.idvanta^e a I'lCtat de
Virj;inic sera ([ue nos Enmis de Natchez et Manchac
seront deprive de tout provisions decendons de notre Posts.

Je soit d'avoir votre reponse a cct convention par le
Porteur si ca sera possible. Comme de (|uasi sert til (|ue
je contraindre nos Inhabitants, quand les Garrisons des
Anglais peuve etre ft)urnis dans leurs besoins par vos
Sujets.

Jai aucune nouvelles a vous coninuinit|ue hors que le le
Colonel Clark n'a pas encore parti du Post Vincennes.

Si en cas (juelques ICnnemis \'ous interronipe et cjue nos
forces peuve vous rendu Service, Je suis ordonne depart
du Gouverneur de la Virginie de vous envoyer des Sccours.

Jai I'honneur d'etre tout parfait.

[Proclamation, page 22:]

The Inhabitants of Kaskaskia are for the last time
invited to contract with the persons appointed for pro-
vision, especially Flower, for the Troops who will shortly
be here. I hope they'll use properly the Indulgeance of
a mild Government. If I shall be obliged to give the
military permission to press, it will be a disadvantage,
and what ought more to influence P'reemen it will be a
dishonor to the people.

Published by order of the Commit in chief at Ka.skas-
kia, 1 ith Augt, 1779.

Sent to Mons'' Leyba a Letter to the Same I'2ffect &
reed an Answer.

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3o6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

[Form of Draft on Governor of Virginia, p. 23:]
To his Excellency the Governor of Virginia:

Please to pay to C D or Order the sum of Dollars

which is due to him from the State of Virginia for sun-
dries furnished the Militia & Indians, as appears by
Vouchers to me rendered.

Given under my hand at Kaskaskia, the nth August,
1779.

Mr. J. B. Z. LaCroix. Dol. 78, Aug' 1 1, 1779.

[Proclamation, pages 23-4:]

Illinois, to wit: Whereas the Demands of the State
require that a Stock of Provision be immediately laid for
the use of the Troops of the Common- Wealth, and that
an Embargo be laid upon such Provision for a limited
time.

I do therefore issue Mils Proclamation stritel) enjoining
all Inhabitants and others in the County of Illinois from
exporting either by Land or Water any Provisions what-
soever for the space of Sixty days, unless I shall have
assurance before that time that a sufficient Stock is laid
up for the Troops or sufficient Security is given to the
Contractors for its delivery whenever required.

The Offender herein shall be subjected to Imprison-
ment for One Month and more over forfeit the value of
such exported Provision.

Given under my hand and seal at Kaskaskias, 22nd
August, 1779.

Les Demandes de L'Etat requerant qu'une quantite de
Provisions soyent immediatement serree pour L'usage des
des Troupes de la Republique, Et qu'un Embargo soit mis
sur toutes Provisions pour un Tems limite.

JOHN TODD'S RECORD-BOOK.

30;

En consequence de quay Je public cette proclamation
pour defendre strictement a tous les Habitants et autres
dans les Compte des Illinois, d'Exporter par Terre ou par
Eau, aucunne Espece de Provisions que ce Soit, a com-
mencer immediatement et durer I'Espace de Soixante
Jours, amoin qu'une quantitc suffisant pour les Troupes nc
soit remise, ou que Surete soit donne aux Contracteurs
pour la delivree des dii:tes Provisions a leur demande.

Touttes Personnes (^ui Contreviendront a la presente
Proclamation, seront Sujits a Un mois d'Emprisonment. et
a la Confiscation d^s Provisions qu'ils auront exporte ou
la Valeur.

Donne sous ma Main et Sceau aux Kaskaskias, le 22
d'Aout, 1779.

[Notice concerning Called-in Currency, p. 24:]
Illinois, to wit:

The publick are notified that after tomorrow no more
Certificates will be Granted at Kaskaskia to Persons pro-
ducing the called in Emmissions.

Published by Order, Augt. 2.?nd, 1779.

Le p iblic est Notific qua'pres demain, il ne 'iera plus
donne dc Certificat aux Kaskaskia, aux Personn'.'S qui pro-
duirent des Argents des dattcs lappellcr.

Public par Ordre, Lc 22 d'Aout, 1779.

[Record of Order on Governor of Virginia, p. 25:]

October 7th, 1779. Order given pat. Mc Crosky on the
Govt- for 140 Dollars, dated at Kasa 7th Oct. 1779 (No. 2)
{140), by certificate from Mr. Helm.

* "* iww a<WHMte(»-' *

308

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

[Condemnation Proceeding, pages 25, 26:]

Advertised by notifying at the Door of the Church of
Kaskaskia the Half a lot above the Church, Joing Picard
on the East & Langlois on the West, that unless some
person should appear & support their Claim to the said
Lot within three Days it should be condemned to the Use
of the Commonwealth. S'* notification was dated 4lh
Oct., 1779.

Ilinois, to wit: Whereas after publickly calling upon
any peron or persons to shew & make appear any Claim
which they might have to a certain Lot of Land contain-
ing one half acre be the same more or less lying in the
Town of Kaskaskia near the Church, adjoining Mons.
Picard on the East & Mons. Langlois on the West, & after
delaying & waiting the appointed time & no person yet
appearing to claim the same against the Commonwealth
of Virginia, I do declare & adjudge the said Lot to belong
to the said commonwealth, & that all persons whatsoever
be thenceforth debarred & precluded forever from any
Claim thereto. Given under my Hand at Kaskaskia the
13th day of October in the fourth year of the Common-
wealth, Annog Domani 1779. Jn" Todd, Jr.

Copy of a Grant to Col. Montgomery. [Page 26.]
[Remainder of the page containing the Grant torn out.]

[Court Record, page 27:]

La Cour a ete ouverte le cinq juin Mil sept cent quatre-

vlngt sept. Et La renvoye au cinq du mois julllet prochain

au Kaskaskias, le 5 juin, 1787.

Henry Smith.

JOHN TODD S RECORD-HOOK.

309

[Oath of Allegiance, page 28:]
I do swear on the Holy evangelists of almighty god
that I Renounce all Fidelity to george the third, King of
Great Brittan, his Heirs and Sucessors, and that I will
bear true allegiance to the united States of America, as
free and Independent, as declared by Congress, and that I
will not do, nor cause to be done, any matter or thing that
may be injurious or Prejudicial to the independce of said
states; and that I will make Known to some one Justice
of the Peace for the united States all Treasonous, all
Treatorous, conspiracies, which may come to my Knowl-
edge to be formed against said united States or any one
of them. So help me God.

Sworn at Kaskaskias, 10 July, 1782. James Moork

[Court Record, pages 29-36:]

La cour ce tien le 25 e juiliet, 1787, a neuf hcurc Du
matin.

La cour est envoye au ventdeux du mois d'aous au Kas-
kaskias, le 25 e juiliet, 1787.

Antoine lUuvAis. Fk. Corset. J. S. G. Bauvais.

Vitale Bauvais. La Chanse. L. Bka/aix.

La cour est ouvcrtc ajourdhui vingt sept de Septcm-
brc mil sept cent quatro vingt et sept.

Present, M""- Antoine Beauvais. president et St. gcnie
Bcauvais, et Vital Beauvais et franc^ois Corset ct Louis
lirazeau.

J. S. G. Bauvais. Vitale Bau\ als. L. Bkazaux.
Antoine Bauvais. Vk. Corset.

La cour est renvoyc au quinzc du mois Octobrc au Kas.,
le 27 7brc, 1787.
Vitale Bauvais. Antoine Bauvais. Fu. Corset.
I. S. G. Bauvais. L. Bra/.au.v.

3«o

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Aujourd'hui quinzieme jour du mois octobre mil sept
cent quatre vingt sept. La cour tenant a neuf heurs du-
matin. La cour est renvoye a deux heurs apre niidi ajourd
hui. La Chanse. Vitale Bauvais.

Fr. Corset. J. S. G. Bauvais.

J a cour est ouvert a 1 heur dits deux heures apremidi.
La cour est renvoye le quinze dumois Novenibre, prochain
au Kaskaskias, le quinzieme Octobre Mil sept cent quatre
vingt sept (la cour tenante).

La Chanse. J. S. G. Bauvais.

Fr. Corset. Vitale Bauvais.

Aujourd'hui vingt cinquieme Octobre mil sept cent
quatre vingt sept. La cour par extra hordinaire a la de-
mande, dc Mr. demunbrunt, et fran^ois Carbonaux, defend-
cur. Antoine Bauvais, prezidan.

Vitale Bauvais. Fr. Corset. L. Brazaux.
J. S. G. Bauvai.s. La Chanse.

La cour est ouverte cejourd'hui quinzieme jour dumois
Novembre Mil sept cent quatrevingt sept. La cour est
renvoye a un heure apremidi. 15 gbre.

Antoine Bauvais. Fr. Corset. La Chanse.
Vitale Bauvais. J. S. G. Bauvais.

La cour est ouverte a un heure apremidi ajourdiii. La
cour est renvoye demain pour un afifaircs le i6e gbro 1787.
Antoine Bauvais. Fr. Corset. Vitale Bauvais.
I. S. G. Bauvais. La Chanse.

La cour est ouverte a neuf heure dumatin le seize Novem-
bre Mil sept cent quatrevingt sept. Kt renvoye a mcrcredi
Ic 2ie 9bre 1787. Antoine Bauvais, prezidan.

Vitale Bauvais. L. Brazaux. J. S. G. Bauvais.

La cour ajumee jus qua Samedi le vingt quatriemc jour

'^m

JOHN TODDS RECORD-HOOK.

311

du moi Novemble, Mil sept cent quatre vingt et sept. Est
ouverte adeux heurs apremidi le jour et ans susdit.

Antoine Bauvais, prezidan.
JSGB ViTALE Bauvais. Fr. CoRSpyr. L. Brazaux.

La cour est renvoye au vingt Decembre prochain au
Kaskaskias le 246 Qbre 1787.

Antoine Bauvais, p:z. J. S. G. Bauvais.

L. Brazaux. Fr. Corset. Vitai.e Bauvais.

La cour est ouverte par E.xtrat ordinere ala dcmandc
de Mr. hugt hunard, le 26e 9bre, L'an 1787.

L. Brazaux. Fr. Corset.

Antoine Bauvais. Vitale Bauvais.

N. 7, apartenant a M. hugt hunard.
N. 4, apartenant a La Cour.

La cour est ouverte par extra ordinaire le onzieme De-
cembre pour repandre ala presentation De M. hugt hunard.
L'an 1787. Antoine Bauvais, p z

Vitale Bauvais. L. Brazaux. Fr. Corset.

La cour est ouvcrt ajourdhui vingt Decembre l'an mil
sept cent quatrevingt sept, aneuf heurs dumatin.

Vitale Bauvais. L. Brazaux.

Antoine Bauvais. Fr. Corset.

La cour est renvoye au vint huit de mois. La cour tenant
ajourd'hui 20 xbre 1787. Antoixe Bauvais.

Vitale Bauvai.s. L. Brazaux. Fr. Corset.

La cour en renvoye au cinq de janvicr prociiain au 1 5
Janvier prochain au Kas le 28 xbre 1787, par le president.

Ant(.)INE Bauvais, prezidan.

1788.
L'an mil sept cent quatrevingt et huit, le quinzieme jour

313

KARLY CIIICAdf) AND ILLINOIS.

diimois dc Janvier, a neiif heurs Dumatin, La Cour est
ouvcrtc; La Cour a terminc que chacquc jure qui viendrai
de la prairi du roche auront chacquun vingt cinq livre;
avons renvoyc la cour adeux hcur apremidi, ajour dliui
ct pour cause dans le village dix livre.

VlTAI.K Hal'Vais. L. Hkazaux.

Antuink Hauvais. Vr. Cokset.

La cour est ouverte adeux heur a pres midi au Kas. cc
15 Janvier, 1788.

1 M. George Atchison, Foreman ^

2 — James Lomon

John Kdgar & Taitt
Pit, agt

Thomas Green, Deft

De faux de Compa-
rection.

Also a Jury wherein

Daniel McKl Duff. Pit

and
Thomas Green, Deft

3 — George Bigges

4 — Thomas Bigges

5 — Michael Huff

6 — Francis Clerk

7 — Wm. Bayly

8 — Joseph Worley

9 — Joseph Ogle

10 — Samuel Stevenson

1 1 — John Clark

12 — James Orr
La cour a termine qui chacque jure qui viendront dc

Labelle fontaine, en cette qualite qui I'auront chacun
La somnie de quarante cinq livre chacun, au Kas le 15
Janvier, 1788. La somme a chacque jure de quarant cincj-
livrc au Kas lejours et ans, aprouve si moi jur charge de
quarante cinqlivre. AnT(.)INK Bauvais, p nt

Est comparu par nos ordres Monsieur Jean Kdgar, ala
rcquition de M. jean Duff, pour declarer cequil a'tcndu
dire [)ar M. jean Dodge, a dit amondet lui, Kdgar a mepar-
lent amoi meme. Cinq jours apres mon arive, en cctte
villc des Cas.

Je suis capable de vous instruit des carater des gens do

JOHN T(MJiys UIXOUD-noOK.

313

ce peyccs. Monsieur ICnri Smith il a la une bonne habita-
tion, M. Smits, est un grand viliin coquin, M. Dodge ma dit
quil cttl' capable de Ic faire venire sure un peau d'an pour
le faire fouette. Conscrnant des Marchandisse roti au fort
gefersonne;* M. Dodge lui a dit que M. Smith soutenoit
ce le contraire jusqua ceque M. Dodge, lui a fait voir. Ces
fautcs alors M. Dodge laquitte. M. Dodge, a dit bon pou/
Tester amis avec les gens la, par ceque Leurs argent est
aussi bonne Commc celle d'un autres l^t le dit jure a per-
site a sa declaration que c'ctait la verite a la cour tenant ce
25 juiliet, 1787, ct assignc, J NO. KuG.XK,

ANTOiNii Bauvais, Magistra.

VO Les deposition des opinions de jures qui ont termine
L'affaire entrc M. Tomas Green dcfcndeur ct Daniel
Duff plentif. Le.squelle sont .econnu que M. green et
Comptable, pour les dommages de M. Daniel Miche Duff
la somme de vingt piastre, avec les frais qui cnver re-
sulte de la dite affaire au Kaskaskias, le quinzc Janvier,
mil sept cent quatre-vingt liuit, et suivant L'ordonnance.

ANToiNK Bauvais, p. nt.

La Cour est renvoye au quinz de fevrie mil sept cent
quatre-vingt huit. FK. CORSET,

ViTALE Bauvais. L. Bra/.aux.

ANTOINK Bauvais.

La Cour est ouvertc le quinzicmc fevrie 1788. A ncuf
heure Du matin, Messire antoinc Bcauvais president, et St.
gone Bauvais et Vital Beauvais, Louis Brazaux, et franc^ois
Corsette, tous magistral, .\NT0INE Bauvals.

Vitale Bauvais. L. Brazau.x.

St. G. Bauvais. fr. corset.

* Fort Jefferson was established in 17S0 by \irginia, upon the recommen-
dation of Clark and Todd, at the Iron lianks on the east bank of the Missis-
sippi, just below the junction of the Ohio. It was evacuated June 8, 1 781.

2 I — ■■•■ •■• ^''

^^•mmnoKSti^^^f:

3«4

KAKi.Y niu:A{;i) and II,I.1\(.>IS.

La Cour est renvoyc jusqu'a qu'il soite fait une asscm-
blccc par Le public; Au Kaskias, le ly fevric ct que La
Cour soit Complette de son magistrat, ct qu'il soit con-
voquc par M. Harbau, Lt. de Courtc, de jour et ans,

ANTOINK Bauvais, m. L. Bra/.al'x. fk. corset.
VlTALl': Beauvais.

Dr. rEi.TKY Account, [pages 37, 38.]

To Government for my Drafts in favor of Monsieur
Bcaurgarde for 30000 Dollars value thereof received
as pr his Acct. dated St. Louis, 14th Sept. 1779. Viz' •
I'eltrys gr. to the amount of ;^2iooo

Paper Currency Dlls. lOOOO

fir Contra. Cr.

By m/a for Sundries 4 charges >^349 'O —

By Colo. John Montgomery paid as

p his order 297 10 —

By the Garrison at Kaskaskias furnished
for them p Order Colonel Montgomery, Viz'!

2 Hhds Taffia ^ 340;^ ^680

150 lb Sugar ^
75 lb Coffee

35s
35s

262 10
'31 5

7 Bear Skins

s£

Charges Vizt:

2 Bags

£7

Cart hire

Taffia & lircad to

the Soldiers

1 106 15 —

By the Garrison at Cahokias purchased for and de-
livered Capt. McCarty as receipt, Vizt:

■

JOHN Todd's rkcokd-ik^c^k.

1 Hhd Taffia ^340
100 lb Gunpowder (a 6jC 600
300 lb Lead ^ I os 1 54

75 lb Sutjar 35 131 S

30 lb Coffee 35 52 10

Charges Vizt:

2 Ha^'s £7

Cart hire 2 9

315

i2cS6 15 —

Hy assuiu'l to Capt. Janis 200 lb for Moses Henry.
Oct. 24th Hy I'Vancoi.s Charlcvillc 400 lb I'r Col. Montjj.Ord
— 25 By Haptiste Charlcville i o pr Col. Mont^j.

Charles Charlevillc UyO Pf Col. Montg. a c

3040 10 —

[Kntkiks hv Col. Todd'.s Succiissok, page 39:]
February 1782.

Arrived a Small Tribe of the Wabash Indians Implor-
ing the paternal Succour of their Father the Bostonians
heaving their Patent from Major Linctot, in Consequence
I did on Behalf of the Commonwealth give them Six
Hushells Indian Corn, Fifty pounds of Hread, four Pounds
of Gun Powder, Ten Pounds of Hall, and One Gallon of
Taffia from Carbonneaux.

March 22d. Came here Deputy's from the Delawarcs,
Shawanoe, and Cherokee nations of Indians, Hegging that
the americans wold Grant them Pease as likewise the
French and Spanish and after hearing their Talk, Smoaking
the pipe of peace and friendship with them, and from
their Conduct while here as well as many marks they gave
us of their Sinccrety I could not avoid Giving them On
Behalf of the Americans the F^ollowing articles. Viz,,

10 Hushells Indian Corn,

3'^'

KAkLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

lOO lb. I'Mour, and lOO lb. Iiisi|iiit,
6 lb. Tobaco, one Gallon Tafia,
5 lb. wanipam and canoe — which cost mc 20 Dollars.

[In pencil.] "The above [was written] by Thiniothe
Deniunbriint Lt. Coind. par interim, &c."

[Written on the inside of back cover of book:]

Memo. 1779-

14 June, M. Kemp, D. to i}4 yds. Hlue Cloth for a Cape
for Isaac.

Mrs. to 2 lbs. Cotton from Mad. lient-

ley's Store, 14th June.

M. Smith, Hugh, To a Hill for 12 Dollars in pel-
try, drawn upon Mr. Gratiot.

Nota bene. r Nous. TlllMoTHi.:

J Dkmum'.uunt, Lt. Comd't.

( Par interim, &c., &c., &c.

•

jOII N TODD I'M' !•: KS.

C<ii„ John Todi). Jk. to Govkknok m- Vikcinia.*

I''ri)in "('anadian Archives"— " I laldiinami Papers"— Series 11,
\'ol. 1S4 I, page 124.

Kaskaskias, i.Sth Aiigt., i7;<>
Mttj' it pliascyoitr lixLillcncy: — Hy Letters wliich I liad
the honour i>r \vritin<^ to you by Col. Slauj^hter, dateil
early in July, I j^avc your l^xcelleiicy a full account of the
situations of this country, since which nothing important
has happened liere. Col. Clark, I suppose, is by this time
at the I''alls of Ohio, and as the ICxpedition aginst Detroit
is declined he will probably wait upon you in person.
Col. Rogers has arrived from Orleans & will be the Hearer
hereof or send it by the earliest opportunity: I am uneasy
in knowing that the accounts he will render concerning the
tpiantity as well as the bad condition of the goods cannot
be satisfactory. Who is to blame in it .' The Hatteau
Masters who brought it up.' The person in whose care it
was left at St. Louis or the conductor of our stores or all
of them, I cannot determine. The taking & disposing of
them was (perhaps necessarily) planned, & in part exe-
cuted, before my arrival. The conductor's powers & in-
structions were in no part derived from me, nor was he
answerable to me for any malfeasance in office. Col. Clark
will, I doubt not, satisfy you in this matter.

I wish the opprotunity by Col. Rogers were safer: I

* The ori{;inal of this leUer is among the " Ilalilimand Papers," and was
intercepted on its way from Kaskaskia to Williamsburg by some one in the
service of Cireat Hritain, and carried to Canada. — e. g, m.

3i8

EARLY CIIICAdO ANI> ILLINOIS.

have 15 or 20 thousand dollars to send down on public
account. I have required that all the money of the called
in emi.ssions be sealed up, & stopped from circulating, of
which I expect we have in the Country 20 or 30 thousand
dollars more. I have recommended that the People wait
some future opportunity more safe for sending it down.
The Resolve of Congress bears hard upon Illinois, where
the risque is so great. If Congress have not yet made
provision for the reception of the Money, I hope your
Excellency will apply to Congress. I shall be cautious
that none of the called-in ICmissions be brought into this
Country or certified which may come from any part of the
States where the owners had an opportunity of exchang-
ing it.

The visiting the different Districts of my charge has so
engaged me that I have not had time to prepare answers
to the Queries delivered me by some Gcntlcn. of your
Honble. Board. As to Indian Grants it may be necessary
immediately to inform you, that they are almost number-
less, only four of them are very considerable, the smallest
of which will be near a 1,000,000 acres, and the whole
between 7 & 8 millions of acres. The grantees all reside
in Philadelphia, London, Pennsylvania, & V^irginia, & are
between 40 & 50, merchants chiefly. How far it may be
proper to make such contracts binding upon the Indians,
I cannot say. I submit it to your Excellency whether it is
not necessary to prevent Indian Grants by other methods
than making void the purchase. I mean by fines, and at
the same time to prevent under-fines, &c. the making any
settlements within the charter Bounds of this State, except
under certain Permissions & Regulations: This I appre-
hend to be necessary inmiediately, as some Land jobbers
from the South side of Ohio have been making improve-
ments (as they call them) upon the. purchas'd Lands on
this side the River, and are beyond the reach of punish-

JOHN-TODI) I'APERS.

319

nicnt from me — with the arrival of New adventurers this
summer, the same spirit of Land jobbing begins to breathe
lierc.

I expected to have been prepared to present to your
Excellency some amendments upon the form of Govern-
ment for Illinois, but the present will be attended with no
great inconveniences till the Spring Session, when I beg
your permission to attend and get a Discharge from an
Office, which an unwholesome air, a distance from my con-
nexions, a Language not familiar to me, and an impossi-
bility of procuring many of the conveniences of Life suit-
able; all tend to render uncomfortable.

As to military affairs. Col: Clark will offer your Excel-
lency observations on that Head, which I wish to defer,
being more his province.

Perhaps an additional Agent for supplying the Indians
with goods may be necessary. Mr. Lindsay's Commission
was for no more than io,cxxD Dollars, which he will soon
<lispose of to the Indians & our soldiers, who, I suppose
will expect their Clothing from him.

I have given a Letter of Recommendation as an Agent
to a Gentleman lately from New Orleans, who set off with
Col. Rogers, Mons. Perrault.

If an expedition should be ordered against the Natchez,
there cannot be any great dependence placed on the Illi-
nois furnishing more than 100,000 lbs. of Flour, and sup-
porting the Troops now here, and scarcely any Beef

I have not heard from Williamsburg since January.
I am, with greatest respect, &c.,

Juiix Todd, Jr.
His Excellency the Governor of Virginia.

[Endorsed:] Copy of a letter from Jno. Todd, Jr., to the
Governor of Virginia, dated Kaskaskias, i8th Augt., 1779.

1 1'

.< i

320

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

John Pa(;i-: Lieut: Govr, to John Todd, Co Lieut:
&c Illinois Co.

From "Calendar of Virginia State I'apers," Vol. I, 326.

Williamsburg, August i6, 1779.

Sir; — Your several Letters of the 1st & 2nd ultimo, by-
Col: Slaughter, this day were handed to nie in the Gover-
nors absence — I laid them before the Board, who were
pleased with their contents & exprefsed their approbation
of your Conduct & of your plan for supporting the Credit
of the paper money, but this must be submitted to the
consideration of the Afsembly, who alone can determine
on, or give Efficacy to that measure. * * *

It is to be wished that more Troops had been sent into
the Illinois at first, however so much has been done by
the few there, as to redound greatly to their Credit & that
of their gallant Commander — We hope that the favourable
Disposition of the Canadians, & our late succcfses to the
Northward & Southward will pave the way for Colo.
Clarke to Detroit & make the acquisition of it easy — and
that the Battalion which we are now raising to be marched
into your Country will enable him to surmount any ob-
stacle which way be thrown into his way.

The Board approve of your erecting the small Fort you
propose & giving the Command to Col: Slaughter — Being
in haste I can only add that I am,

yr: mo: obt humble Servannt,

!fi

V I

Col. John Todd, Jr. to Col. P. Legras.

From the original in the State Capitol at Richmond, Va.

Kaskaskia, 23d Augst, 1779.
5/;'.-— You'ill please to require immediately that both
the called in Kmmissions of Continental Money to be
.sealed up & stopped from Circulating, & give the person

JOIIN-TODD I'Al'ERS.

321

owing them a certificate, no matter whether in French or
English. The Certificate will be necessary for this reason,
because after the first June it was lost to the owner by
order of Congress, if it was not paid into some Continental
office. The Congress, I expect, have made provision for
Ilinois on account of the Impossibility of transmitting it
down by the 1st of June. It is therefore necessary that
Ilinois money be prevented from mixing with any other,
less the whole bo rejected on that account. I inclose you
a copy of the certificates granted by me, with the adver-
tisement. It would be best to affix a day after which you
will seal and certify no more. Let the whole be done with
one seal, the better to prevent confusion. I cannot have
the pleasure to sec St. Vincenne by the time proposed.
Col. Clark's Departure will occasion me to stay longer than
I intended. Write me the news by every opportunity, and
in cases of Importance send me an lv\'press.

I am, sir. your mo. obed. 6t humble servant,

J\o. ToDi). Jr.

Col. P. Li£(;ras, or officer commanding the VilUage of
St. Vincenne (per favor of Capt. Gamclin).

I have prohibited by proclamation the exportation of
provision from this country for a certain time, which you
will endeavour to put in execution with you. J. ToDD, Jr.

Col. John Todd, Jr. to Oi.ivhr Pollock.

From the original in the State Capitol at Richmond, Va.

Sir: — Accompanying this are letters to Gov. Galvez and
yourself from the Virginia Board of Trade, to be sent by
the way of Kaskaskias. A late packet from Govt, to my-
self have been miscarried, or I could inform you with more
certainty whether Some Bank is not established in Europe

■• H

f 1

■

'J*

1 I

322

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

to give credit to your Draughts made on behalf of this
State. There is, or will be certainly, perhaps in Hordeaux.
I wish, as I before informed you, for a list of all the liills
drawn upon you, with notes of those ans'd and protested.
I could wish you had been better informed of the authority
and Rank of some of the United States officers, as well as
our own. I fear numbers unauthorized have drawn for
private purposes. Colo. Clark's & Roger's Bills were drawn
from the necessity of their situation, and will undoubtedly
be approved. Any other Hills arc voidable, tho' perhaps
not yet void. The purpose for which they were drawn
may assist you in judging therein. But observe no per-
sons whatever in the Western Department either is or ever
has been authorised by the Govt, of Virginia to draw upon
any person but the Govr. or Treasurer.

The State will shortly need another supply of goods for
the Troops in this quarter. The private authority given
Mr. Lindsay last year, with the letter to yourself and my
wants, are neither out of date, and you will still oblige me
by observing their contents. I hope shortly to hear that
the Missisipi harbours no na'ions the Enemy to the com-
merce & Rights of America. Whether Britain be humbled
by the arms of a powerful monarch or our Infant States,
my Joy will be equal. Govr. Galvez' literary and military
Character are much talk'd of in Virginia, amongst whom
he is held in highest Estimation. I beg you would present
him with profer of my services and thanks for the assist-
ance he has rendcr'd to a people who do not fail to repay
him in Gratitude. (A copy.) JoilN M'DoWELL, Sec'y.

Mr. Pollock, Feb. 9th, 1780.

[Endorsed:] The above letter was found among Col.
Todd's papers, without signature, but endorsed to Oliver
Pollock, Esq., and appears to be Col. Todd's handwriting.

J. D.

JOIIN-TODU PAPERS.

3^3

Or.ivKK Pollock to John Todd, County Likut:

OF Illinois, ackno\vleik;in(j receipt of his,

without date liv the hands of mons:

Perrault—

From "Calendar of Virginia Stale Papers," Vol. I, 347.

New Orleans, May 4, 1780.

Hy this he had received a bill on France for ;{^65.8!4.5^b
for his advances made to Virginia, but is unable to ncijo-
tiate it at that place, on account of the great scarcity of
specie, which would continue until a supply be gotten from
Havana. This gives him great concern, because it pre-
vents his using the bills of Gen: Clarke and other officers,
and therefore from procuring the supplies of Clothing so
much needed by them.

Gov: Galvez had captured Mobile, and is besiging Pcn-
sacola, — had been created a Field Marshall — fhould he be
successful at Pensacola, and return to New Orleans, he
should exert him to make use of him —

By Post Script of the 26th he regrets to say — Gov:
Galvez has returned to New Orleans: not hav'g been sup-
ported in time by the expected fleet from Havana, had
abondoned the Seige of Pensacola — He has made applica-
tion to Galvez for pecuniary affistance but without success,
as that officer required all his funds for his own purposes
— had managed however, to negotiate Clarkes & Mont-
gomerys' bills, and earnestly begs, that those officers will
be as frugal as poffible with the purchases made.

Col. John Todd, Jnr., to Gov. Jefferson.

I'lom "Cilendar of Virginia State I'apers," \'ol. I, page 35S.

1780, June 2, Richmond.
ATay it please your Excellency: — On consulting with Col.
Clark, we found it impracticable to maintain so many posts

324

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLIN(.)IS.

Ilia'

t '-

i t

in the Illinois with so few men, & concluded it better to
draw them all to one post. The Land at the Junction of
the Ohio & Mississippi was judjjed best suited for the
purpose as it would command the Trade of an extensive
Country on both sides of each River, & might serve as a
check to any Incroachments from our present Allies, the
Spaniards, whose growing power might justly put us upon
our guard & whose fondness for engrossing Territory might
otherwise urge them higher up the River upon our side
than we would wish. The E.xpcn.ses in erecting this new
post & victualing the men would have been obstacles in-
surmountable without a settlement contiguous to the Gar-
rison to support it, where adventurers would assist the
.Soldiers in the heavy work of Building their fortifications.
I therefore granted to a certain number of families four
hundred acres to each Family, at a price to be settled by
the General Assembly, with Commissions for Civil & Mili-
tary Officers & the necessary Instructions. Copies of the
principal of which I herewith send you, The other being
agreable to the printed forms heretofore delivered me by
the Governor & Council.

Lest the withdrawing our Troops from St. Vincenne
might raise suspicions among the Citizens, to our dis-
advantage, I have sent to Major Bosseron, the then Dis-
trict Commandant, blank Commissions, with powers to
raise one Company & put them in possession of the Gar-
rison, with assurance that pay and rations sh'd be allowed
them by the Governmnt.

When Col. Clark left the Falls, his Officers & Men to
the amount of perhaps 1 20 were all well cloathed except
in the article of Linens.

Mr. Isaac Bowman, with 7 or 8 men & one family, set
off from Kaskaskia the 15th nov: last in a Batteau, at-
tended by another Batteau with 12 men & 3 or 4 families
in it, bound to the falls of Ohio. I judged it safer to send

JOIIN-TODD PAPERS.

325

to the Falls many articles belonging to the Common-
wealth, by Bowman, than to bring them myself by land.
Howman's Batteau fell into the hands of the Chicksaw
Indians, & the other arrived in March or April at the
French Lick on Cumberland, with the account that Bow-
man and all the men except one Riddle were killed and
taken.

I inclose your Excellency a List of such articles as
belonged to the State, as well as I can make out from my
detached memorandums. My Books and many necessary
papers being also lo.st.

Many necessary Articles of Intelligence yet remain un-
mentioned. I will enjoy no Leisure until I shall have
fully acquainted your Excellency with the Situation of
the Illinois.

I have the Honor to be, with the greatest respect,

Yr. I'^xcellency's most obt. & humble servant.

to
:pt

Gknl: Geo: Rogers Clark to Coi.o John Todd.

From "Calendar of Virginia State Papers," Vol. I, 338.

Louisville, March, 1780.

Dr Colo: — By the Acts from Every Post in the Illinois
so nearly corresponding, I make no doubt of the English
Regaining the Interest of many Tribes of Indians, and
their designs agst the Illinois (Perhaps on Gov: Hamiltons'
plan), and without some speedy check may prove fatal to
Kentucky and the Total lofs of the Westrn Country on
the Mifsifsippi. I am not clear but the Spaniards would
fondly suffer their Settlements in the Illinois to fall with
ours for the Sake of having the opertunity of Retaking
Both. I doubt they are too fond (of) Territory to think
of Restoring it again. Although there is but few liritish
Troops on the Lakes, defitiency is full Replaced by the

■

326

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Immence quantity of goods they have, the Kfifccts of
which among the Savages you well know, not being apre-
hcnsive of a visit, I make no doubt of their having planed
some Expedition of Importance against our Posts, which
if they gain, may be attended with greater consequences
than I have Hinted at, they have greater opertunities of
knowing our cituation, than we have of theirs, which you
know they could not deprive us of. you well know the
difficulties we have laboured under with our Joint ICfferts
to maintain our Ground, and support our Interest among
the Savages in that Dcpt. and the Reasons why, which is
now greater than Ever, as the bad Crops and the severity
of the Winter hath Rendered it Impofsible for the Towns
in the Illinois to make any further supplies until ne.\t Har-
vest, the Troops being Intituled to a Discharge in a few
weeks. Except those that have Reinlisted when Joined by
Capt: Rogers, when armed will not amount to more than
one hundred and fifty, which is too few under our present
circumstances to think of Deffending the diferent post we
now occupy. Letters from his lilxcellency, and a promifs-
ing act from our Recruiting Officers may perhaps soon
alter our apparent Circumstances, but as yet Receiving
no advice from Either, already meeting with many disap-
pointments in my Expectations murh to the disadvantage
of the Dept, a few weaks Hesitation may be productive of
long future disadvantage. I think it best to act as though
we had no Expectation of being afsisted Either with men
or provitions. Your Councell not only necefsary, but
which you know I prize, is what I want

If wc ware Tolerably ibrmadable at any one post that
we could subsist at, it might liave a great and good Effect.

As I Hinted, to lay afside all Expection of a Reinforce-
ment, I see but the one probable method of maintang
our Authority in the Illinois, which is this, by Amediately
Evacuating our present posts, and let our whole force

JOIIN-TODl) PAPERS.

327

Kit

ect.
cc-

:cly
rce

Center at or near the Mouth of Ohio, which will be too
Contemnable to answer the good effect proposed, without
we fall upon some method to draw of a Considerable
Reinforcement from Kentuck of Militia. Families would
be of the greatest service, as they are always followed by
two or three times their numbers of young men. they
would with their store of provitions be able to Victual
great part of our Troops in proportion to their number,
which if only one Hundred, by the Ensuing fall would
be able to Victual a Ridgment, besides Establishing a
post that his Excellency is very Anctious for (the Reason
I imagine we arc boat Acqd with) and the Interests of
all the Western Countrey call for. One Hundrd Families,
their followers, the Troops we have already Ingaged.
those whose time of service is or shortly will Expire,
that would Remain at the place, when Join'd, would be
considerable, the Report of which by the time it Reach
our Enemies would be augmented perhaps to Trible our
numbers, as such Intelligence is always agravated by the
Indians, and I don't doubt but that it wonld put a stop
for some time to their proceedings, as I know it would
greatly Confuse the Indians they are like to win from us,
as our temporary force, with the French Militia, probably
counting the Spaniards, would be too Considerable for
them to temper with, our only chance at present to save
that Countrey is by Incouraging the Families, but I am
sensible nothing but land will do it. I should be exceed-
ing Cautious in doing any thing that would displease
government, but their present Interest, in many Respects
obvious to us boath, call so loud for it, that I think Sir,
that you might even Venture to give a Deed for Forty or
Fifty Thousand Acres of Land at said place, at the price
that government may demand for it. it Intcrfears with
no Claim of our friendly Indians, the greatest Barriour to
the Inhabitants of the Illinois against the Southern Ind-

I i

1 !

328

KAKIA' CmCACO AM) IIJ.INOIS.

ians, Security of the GenI: Commerce and perliaps the
saviii}^ of the Coimtrcy to the State, and probably in a
few months enable us to act aj^ain on the offensive.

I should be against suffering 1^'amilies to settle promisly
in any part of the Illinois at present, but the Establish-
ment of the said post is so necefsary, and as it Cannot
be Compleeat without the Families, I think it your Duty
to give the aforesaid Incouragcment and such Instructions
as would confine the people for some time to a Fort, be-
fore you could consult Government it might be too late.
Sustenance for some time will be procured with difficulty,
but I cannot think of the consequences of losing poff-
cffion of the Countrey without a more determined Reso-
lution to Risque every point Rather than suffer it (for
they the I'^nglish, cannot execute any matter of very great
importance among the Savages without it. I know your
concern to be Eaqual to mine, if you Concur with me
in sentiment, let me know Amediately, or such Amend-
ment as you might think more advantageous.

I am Sir, with Real Esteem, Your very Humble Servt.

LiKUT. Col. J. M. P. LkGra.s to Govknor ok Vir-
ginia.

Translation from the original in the State Capitol at Richmond, \'a.

WiLl.lA.viSHURG, May 22nd, 1780.
Sir: — The integrity with which your honorable assem-
bly dispenses justice to the faithful subjects of the States
emboldens me to represent to you the wrong impression
you will receive from the papers with which Mr. Simon
Nathan is charged in case your goodness orders payment.
The inhabitants of St.Vincennes & the country of the
Illinois ignorant of the act of Congress have sold their
harvests to the army of Col. Roger Clark and have re-

h'-*^j

JOIIN-TODD PATERS.

329

IK-

■111-

atcs

iion

non

ent.

the

leir

re-

ceived in payment piastres of the Continent, upon the
footin{j and for the value of the Spanish piastres. Persons
in authority (by your orders) have circulated them as such
and have assured us authentically that there would be
nothinjj lost. They have even passed counterfeits. In
the position of magistrate of this district, my duty and
benevolence prompt me to beg you to take pity upon a
people who by this loss find themselves reduced to the
most urgent necessities. In addition to this there has
been published at St. Vincennes an order by command of
Col. Jean Todd to oblige the residents to receive this
money as Spanish piastres and many have been impris-
oned for having refused. Some time later the before
mentioned Col. John Todd required me, as it appears
from his letter, to stop the circulation in view of the
quantity of counterfeit orders that many are circulating
which I have done, to avoid confusion without lessening
(or preventing) the value of the good. Earnestly hoping
that the States will pay this money according to the
denomination. I have the honor of being very respect-
fully. Sir, Your very humble and very obedient servant,

J. M. P. Legra.s, Lt. Col.

Tho.s: Jefferson to the Hon: the Speaker ok
THE House of Delegates —

From "Calendar of Virginia State Papers," Vol. I, 360.

In Counch., June 14th, 1780.
Str: — In a Letter which I had the Honor of addrefs-
ing you on the meeting of the present General Afsembly,
I informed you of the necefsities which had led the
Executive to withdraw our Western troops to the Ohio —
Since the date of this letter, I have received the inclosed
of the Second instant from Coll: Todd, communicating
the measures he had adopted in conjunction with Colo:
22

ii,!

;: I

330

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND II,MN(JIS.

Clarke to procure such a Settlement contiguous to tlic
Tost which shall be taken as may not only strengthen the
j,farrison occasit)nally, but be able to raise provisions for
them, as the confirmation of these measures is beyond
the powers of the ICxecutive, it is my duty to refer them
to the General Afsembly. it may be proper to observe
that the grant of Lands to Colo. Todd was made on a
supposition that the post would be taken on the North
side of the Ohio, whereas I think it more probable it will
be on the north side in the Lands lying between the
Tanessee, Ohio, Mifisiffippi and Carolina boundary. These
lands belong to the Chickasaw Indians, who from intelli-
gence which we think may be relied on, have entered into
a war with us.

The expenditures of the Illinois have been deemed
from some exprefsions in the act establishing that
county not subject U) the examination of the board of
Auditors as the Auditing these accounts is very foreign
to the ordinary office of the Council of State, would
employ much of that tinxe and attention which at present
is called to objects of more general importance, and as
their powers would not enable them to take into consid-
eration the justice and expediency of indemnifying Col.
Todd for his lofses and services, as desired in the enclosed
Letter from Him, of the thirteenth instant, they beg
leave to submit the whole to the consideration of the
General Assembly — I have the honor to be with great
respect & esteem. Sir, Your most obedient, & most hum-
ble servant.

John Dodge, Indian Agent, to Gov. Jefferson:

From "Calendar of Virginia .State Papers," Vol. I, pajje 367.

August 1st, 1780, Fort Jefferson.
Sir: — I think it my indispensable duty to lay before
you a true state of our situation in this Country since my

as
,id-
C.)l.

OSCt-l

beg

the

re at

um-

JOILN-'n^DD F'APF.RS.

33»

arrival, which probably may throw some lights on the
various reports which may reacli you through channels
not so well ac()uainted with its real wants as I am.

On my arrival at the Kails of the Ohio, Col. John Todd
gave me instructions to proceed to Kaskaskies, in order to
take charge of the goods when arrived, which were pur-
chased by M. Lindsay for this department, with farther
orders to divide them into two parcels, one of which for
the troops, and the other to be disposed of to our friendly
Indian allies: considering it better to sell them on reason-
able [terms] than dispose of them in gifts; Horses and
ammunition being articles much wanted for the Troops, I
contracted for and received a cjuantity of lead and some
iiorses before the arrival of the goods, and having discre-
tionary powers, was constrained to accept of orders drawn
on me for provisions which could not otherwise be obtained.
Since the goods came into my hands, the troops and In-
habitants at this place not having received the expected
supplies from Government, and being well assured that
without some timely relief the post and settlement must
be evacuated, I was also constrained at divers times to
issue quantities of the goods intended to be disposed of
to our Indian Allies, in order to furnish them with the
means of subsistence.

The few troops that are now here are too inconsiderable
to guard themselves: nor are the inhabitants much better,
notwithstanding they remain in great spirits in expectation
of relief from government, and have with great bravery
defeated a very large party of Savages who made a regular
attack on the village, at daybreak on the morning of the
1 7th ult.

Col. Clark has divided his few men in the best manner
possible so as to preserve the Country, the apprehension
of a large body of the enemy in motion from detroit tow-
ards the falls of Ohio, has called him there with what men

' I'i

33;

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

%y ^

. 1 I

he could well spare from this Country, before he had well
breathed after the fatigues of an expedition up the Missis-
sippi — and Col. Crockett not arriving with either men or
provisions, as was expected, has really involved both the
troops and settlers in much distress, and greatly damped
the spirits of industry in the latter, which till lately was
so conspicuous. I see no other alternative, from the pres-
ent appearance of our affairs, but that the few goods I
have left, after supplying the troops, must all go for the
purchase of provisions to keep this settlement from break-
ing up: and how I shall ever support my credit, or acquit
myself of the obligations I have bound myself under, to
those of whom I have made purchases for the troops be-
fore the arrival of the Goods, I know not. Our Credit is
become so weak among the French inhabitants, our own,
and the Spaniards upon the opposite side of the Missis-
sippi, that one dollar's worth of provision or other supplies
cannot be had from them without prompt payment, were
it to save the whole Country; by which you will perceive
that without a constant and full supply of goods in this
quarter to answer the exigencies of Government, nothing
can ever be well affected but in a very contracted manner.
I observe that the distance the settlers, who come in
general to this Country, have to travel, impoverishes them
in a g'. cat degree. They come at the expense of their all,
in full hopes and expectations of being assisted by Govern-
ment. Were these hopes cheri.shed and supplies of neces-
saries of all kinds furnished them in the manner of the
neighboring Spaniards, to be paid in produce, such as
might answer for the troops or for exportation, many good
consequences would be attendant, emigrants, on such
encouragement, would flock to us in numbers, instead of
submitting to the Spanish Yoke; the principal part of their
new settlements would join us; all those from the Natchez
in particular only wait the encouraging invitation to re-

,r t

lOHN-TODD PAPERS.

333

move themselves and their property to our settlement,
preferring the mildness of our laws to the rigours of the
Spanish, which they detest, notwithstanding their great
offers. Such encouragement would be a spur to industry
which would never die. The troops would, in a little time,
be solely furnished in provisions by our settlers, and in
process of time, a valuable trade might be opened with
the overplus.

These hints I beg leave to offer to your own better
judgement, conscious that if they are worthy of notice you
will direct their proper uses.

I have got a party of the friendly savages of the Kas-
kaskie tribe to hunt and scout for us; they are of singular
service, as the provisions in store are totally exhausted,
and indeed their hunting, tho' it may afford an useful, yet
it is a very precarious supply.

As to the general disposition of these Indians in alliance
with us, it appears at present to be very peaceable; but as
poverty is always subject to temptation, I fear their good
intentions may be seduced by those who have it more in
their power to supply their wants, being well convinced of
the necessity of having proper supplies for them, which
will not only keep them in our interest, but even afford us
a very beneficial traffic.

The bearer of this travels to the Falls of Ohio, thro' the
wood. I am uncertain what the fate of my letter will be,
as I know he has a dangerous and tedious journey before
him; however, by the ne.\t opportunity I shall do myself
the honor of writing to your Excellency a few more of my
observations, begging ler^'e once more to remark the neces-
sity of keeping at all times full supplies of goods in this
remote quarter, in order to forward the service of Govern-
ment, encourage the settlement of the frontiers, supply our
troops with necessaries, provisions, &c., and finally open a
very profitable and extensive trade in little time.

334

KARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Forgive the freedom of my remarks, which you will
please to do me the honor to correct.

I have the honor to be your Excellency's

most obedient and most humble servant, &c., &c.

Col. John Todd, Jnr., to Gov. Jefferson:

From "Calendar of Virginia State I'apers," Vol. I, page 393.

Nov. 30th, 1780, Lkxington, Kv.

May it please your Excellency : — We have been for some
time past & are still dreading an Invasion from the neigh-
boring Northern Indians. Intelligence by the way of St.
Vincent informs us that late in Oct. a great number of
Indians & luiglish were at the late-destroyed Shawnese
Towns waiting at the rise of the water to make a Descent
either against the Fails or this place. I have ordered upon
Duty part of the militia of this County (Fayette) at three
of the most exposed forts, and are purchasing up a quan-
tity of Corn. The people seem fond at present to sell to
the Country, & Corn will be almost the only article which
Government may expect from this Quarter. I expect to
procure between one & two Thousand Bushels by giving
Certificates to be settled by the Auditors, or agreed upon
by the Commissary, for 40 or 50 /" pr. Barrell, or 2/6 hard
money. I hope I have not acted amiss in this Respect,
altho' I have no Instructions. As the Assembly at last
session recommended the plan, laid by the several County
Lieutenants & there is a Certainty of a vigorous attack
next Spring, I conclude that a delay for Orders is unnec-
essary. The Indians are annoying us every Week in
small parties, Two small detachments of militia are now
in pursuit of some who stole Horses two nights ago from
McConnells' Station.

A Cargoe of Goods, I have heard is arrived at Fort

JOHN-TODD PAPERS.

Jefferson, for the use of the State, said to be consigned
by Mr. Pollock to myself as Co Lieutenant of Illinois. I
propose writing to Capt. Dodge to store them up until
further orders from [your] Excellency as soon as I shall
have an opportunity & the Report shall be authenticated.

I hope to be excused in expressing my Desires that
Your Excellency may have in contemplation an Early
Expedition next Spring against our Savage neighbors.
I will venture to assure you, that any Orders which may
tend to that purpose will be executed with the greatest
alacrity by Officers & Men. Capt: Quirk, I hear is on
the the way with 30 or 40 men & I can hear nothing from
Col: Crockett.

I have the Honor to be with the greatest Respect Your
Excellencys' most obedt & humble Servant, &c., &c.

1 :

Col. John Todd, Jr. to Gov. Jefferson.

From "Calendar of Virginia .State Papers," Vol. I, page 460.

January 24th, 178 1, LEXINGTON, Kv.

May it please your Excellency: — I reed, the enclosed
letters a few days ago; as they contain some matters of
Consequence, I transmit them just as I receive them.
They are written with a freedom which spare no charac-
ter, \: may with additional Letters which I expect you
liave rec'd, threw light upon our situation in Illinois.
Winston is Commandt, at Kaskaskia. McCarty a Captain
in the Illinois Regt, who has long since rendered himself
■disagreeable by endeavoring to enforce Military Law upon
the Civil Department at Kohos. The peltry mentioned
by Winston as purloined or embezzled by Montgomery,
was committed to their joint care by me in Nov: 1779, «fe
from the Circumstance of Col: Montgomery's taking up
with an infamous Girl, leaving his wife & flying down

t J

1 ^

..!

nil

■ f

336

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

the River, I am inclined to believe the worst that can be
said of him, being so far out of the Road of Business I
cannot do the State that Justice I wish by sending down
his case immediately to the Spanish Commandants in the
Mississippi.

A late Letter informed your Excellency of my Design
of laying some Beef <.^ Corn in store for the Expedition
planned last year. I e.xpect to get 30 or 40 thousand
Weight of Beef ic two or three thousand Bushels of Corn
on Better Terms then will be got anywhere in this Country,

A Prisoner, Martin Wistill taken spring was a year, at
Wheeling by the Shawanese, tow weeks ago left his party
being 7 Shawanese, about half a mile from Bryants Fort
as they were stealing Horses. He says the Shawanese
have built 4 Block Houses at Logan's Town 12 miles
beyond the Pickaway: that they are much distressed for
want of provisions and are keen for making an attack
next Spring, upon the Kentucky settlements — that Black-
fish (>c Logan are dead, &c. I am uneasy lest Crockett
should not arrive timeously at Licking, tic many of our
.settlers seem desirous to fly immiediately to the South
side of Kentucky lest he should not. * * *

I have the Honor to be with Greatest Respect Your
Excellency's Most Obedient t^ humb servt.

Rrii'd McCarty "To John Todd, Esq."

From "Calendar of Virginia .State Papers," Vol. I, page 379.
Enclosure in John Todd's letter, Jan. 24, 178 1, to Gov. Jefferson.

October 14th, 1780, Cascaskia.
Sir: — When shall I begin to appolagize for the Differ-
ent light and Oppinion, I saw and had of You when hear
last Year, and now, the Spirit of a free subject that you
inculcated thro' your better knowledge of things was hid

■iBWSHHiRS—!^!-

JOIIN-TODIJ rAT'-RS.

337

to me. In short, Honour requires of me to render You
the Justice you desarve, and at the same time to inform
you the reason of my altering my notions of things. I
then thought the Troops hear would be duly supported
by the State, and the Legal expense for them paid to the
people Justly. I had thought the Duty of an Officer who
had any Command was to see Justice done his Soldiers,
and that they had their Rights without wronging his
Country. I then thought it was also his Duty to foresee
and use all manner of economie in Laying up Provisions
for these Soldiers, to carry on any Opperation that his
supperiours should judge expedient to order him on,
without any regard to private interests whatever, but for
the Good of the State he served. I then never Immagincd
that an Agent would be sent hear to Trade in connection
with a Private Person to Purchase the Certificates from
the people at such rates which must appear scandulous
\: Dishonorable to the State.

To the contrary of all which I am now convinced by
occular Demonstration: in short we arc become the Hated
Beasts of a whole people by Pressing horses. Boats kc k.c.
Killing cattle, i^c \:c, for which no valuable consideration
is given: even many not a certificate, which is hear looked
on as next to nothing.

I have sent Col: Clarke, in an I£xtract from my Journal,
the proceedings as far as I know, of one Col: De la
Balme,* and his raising a Party to go against Detriot, Not
being a Commander I cannot say whether he has proper
authority so to do or not.

* Augustin Moltin de la Balme, a Krencli cavalry oflker of the rank of
lieutenant-colonel, offered his services to the colonies at the outbreak of the
kevolution, and came to this country in 1776, bearing the highest testimonials
and recommendations from .Silas Dcane and Denjamin Franklin, at Paris.
He was appointed inspector-general of cavalry in the Continental army with
the rank of colonel. In 1780, he came to the West to lead an e.\pe<lition
against Detroit, it being thought that his influence with the French in the

tifi

338

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

The people have sent by him memorials to Congress or
the French envoy at Philadelphia setting forth all the
evils we have done. I think Government should be in-
formed of this, as the people are now entirely allinated
Agst us: he has told Indians, french Troops will be hear
in the Spring. I have no right to find fault, or lilanie
my Supperiours, yet I have a right to see plain, and wish
for the Credit of the State, that Government had eyes to
see hear as Plaine as I do.

I am Sir, with Esteem iV: consideration Vour most obt
i^- hble servt i<:c \:c. .

Rich'i) Winston to Col. John Todd.

From "Calendar of Virginia State Tapers," Vol. I, page 380.

Kaskaskias, October 24th, 1780.

Dear Sir: — Yours by Mr. Lindsay was the last I had
the Honour of receiving, since which no favourable oper-
tunity has offered wherewith you could Expect to hear
from nie, untill Mr. William Gelaspies' departure, by whom
I wrote you as fully as I could concerning this Country,
and in Particular all that regarded your Department: all
which I must think you have foreseen before you went oft",
the disagreeableness of which every thinking man would
avoid, and of which I now send you a Duplicate, Together
with some additions since that time.

That State of Illinois is far from being in so easy a Way
as might have been expected from the declarations of the

Illinois would enable him to readily enlist a sufficient force. He obtained
recrnils at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Vincennes, to the number of one hun-
dred or more, and had also a band of Indian warriors. With these he
attacked and destroyed the post of Kekionga, on the Maumee River; but
wh'le ci'r::.;iped on the river Aboite, his party was surprised at night by the
S\a ; i.itcrly routed. La Balme was slain, and his papers, which were

jU'v inrious, were carried by the Indians to the British commander at
i. i'.'.oii, a;. . 'ie now among the Haldimand papers in the British Museum.

E. o. M.

'- I

■i"""!"!!!!!"""""

JOHN-TODD TAPERS.

339

Geiil: Assembly, or had their Officers a Little occonomy —
Concerning which the majistrates did remonstrate, which
Remonstrance was Treated as Insolence and Imperti-
nence, for having dared to remonstrate against their
ruinous proceedings I wish all may be looked into: in the
hopes of which, all is on Record.

As to the Peltries which you left with Colonel Mont-
gomery and me, they were taken out of my hands, and I
am left Ikhind hand for fifteen Packs — how I will or may
be Indemnified I know not — Colonel Montgomery says
that his estate is Sufficient to pay a great deal more I
wish it may be so) I was by force obliged to give up, as I
could not content with Bayonetts for a thing that is not
my own.

I refer you to Mr. Lindsay, concerning the Goods pur-
chased by him at New Orleans, they are now in the
Pessession of him and the Illustrious Captain Dodge. I
wish Government may gctt a satisfactory acct. of them,
yet I doubt it — -this part of the world is too far from
Government to call people to acct before it is too late —
there is great Strides Taken for to make money at any
rate — as to our Civil Department 'tis but in an Indiferent
way ever since the Military has refused their prison, for
which we offiired to pay very handsomely 'and since which
They Stretch greatly to bring the Country under the
Military rod and throw of the Civil Authority. So fond they
are to be medling with what is not within their Power.
There is strange things carried on in this place — Colonel
Montgomery is gone from here, with Brooks and Familt
(thank God) — Capt: Brashears if Married to Brookes'
Daughter, consequently has quit the service and gone with
the rest: Col: Montgomery, on the day before his Depart-
ure did Endeavor to settle the Peltrie fund with — In
which he failed, and Besides the Drafts by him drawn on
me, and by me Accepted to the amount of Fifteen packs,

340

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

,'>' ''

he has fallen short Eleven Packs, and what the rest has
been Expended in, is to be looked into by Hij^her Powers
— there is no accts — receipts only for so many Packs,
without saying for why or for what — Such is the proceed-
ings of Col: Montgomery, who left this 19th inst. and
Carried with him Large Quantities of Provisions, Boats
deeply loaden, besides Five Black Slaves, for all which
the Publick fund has suffered. Since the arrival of this
Captain Bentley, there has been nothing Butt discord and
disunion in the place — he has left no stone unturned to
Extinguish the Laws of the State, and to revive the
Heathen Law, being well accustomed to Bribes and ICnter-
tainments. Government ought to regulate the Trade as
there are many abuses Committed under Military sanction
— there Passed this way a Frenchman, called himself
Colonell de la Balme,* he says, in the American Service —
I look upon him to be a Mai Content, must disgusted at
the Virginians, yet I must say he done some good — he
pacified the Indians, he was received by the Inhabitants
Just as the Hebrews would receive the Masiah — was con-
ducted from the Post here, by a large Detacht of the In-
habitants as well as different Tribes of Indians — he went
from here against Detroit Being well assured that the
Indians were on his Side — Gott at this Plase and the
Kahos about fifty Volunteers — and arc to randczvous at
Ouia. Capt: Duplasi from here, went along with him to
Lay before the French FLmbasador all the Greivancc this
Country labours under by the Virginians, which is to be
strongly backed by Monsieur de la Balme — tis the general
Opinion, that he will take Baubin the Great Partizan at
Miamis, and from thence to I'ort Pitt — this is all that I
can say, only that he passed about one Month here, with-
out seeing Col: Montgomery, nor did Montgomery see
him.

* .See note on page 337.

(

1,-f

JOHN-TODD PAPERS.

M»

It Being so long a time Since we had any news from
you, we Conclude therefrom that Government has given
us up to do for Ourselves the Best we can, until such time
as it pleases Some other State or Power to take us under
their Protection — a few lines from you would give some
of us great satisfaction, yett the Generality of the People
are of Opinion that this Country will be given up to
France — Be that as it will, a Line from you, will add much
to the happiness of.

Dear Sir, Your Most Humble and Obedt Servant iV:c \:c.

Col. John Todd, Jr. to Gov. Jkffkkson.

From "Calendar of Virginia State I'apers, " Vol. I, page 48V

Lexington, Kv., February ist, 1781.

May it please your Excellency: — Accounts from all Quar-
ters lead us to expect vigorous measures from our Enemies
the next Campaign. I have just received Duplicates of
Letters sent from our Officers of Illinois to others at
Louisville, which informs that the Spanish iv American
Ilinois Settlements are preparing defensively for heavy
attacks. The original Letters I hear are sent.

Un conferring with Col: Bowman's ^r Trigg, We con-
cluded it expedient to send 150 men to Garrison the Mouth
of Licking, until Crockett shall arrive, which we shall
expect weekly. We apprehended the expence wd be
less to government that to wait until the Enemy arrive at
our settlements, \: better Conduce to the security of the
people.

[Sends rccommenditions for Certain Officers — asks for
some Blank Commissions, and assures him no abuses shall
follow. There are vacancies for other officers, whose rela-
tive ranks are not yet settled.]

1 1

ili

342

liARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

«i

Col. John Todd, Jr. to Gi.)V. J1':kki;us(.)N.

I'roin "Calcinlcr of Virgini.n .Stale Tapers, " \'ol. II, pa>;e 44.

Li:.\iN(;ton, Kv., April 15th, 17.SL

May it phase your Excellency: — Your letter of 24 Ucc:
as also that of the 19th J any: last inclosiii<f sundry papers
came safely to hand a few days ago. liy the last Accounts
I can procure from Jefferson and Lincoln, the Militia of
the whole three Counties at present amount to about 1050
— Fayette 156 — Lincolon 606 — Jefferson 300 — I have just
made a Draft of 78 from this county for Col: Clark, \: if
the other Counties draft projjortionally your demand will
be fully satisfied.

I hear nothing as yet of Col: Clark, but I conceive I
have just cause of expostulating with him on acunt of this
County, its true state being probably unknown to your
Excellency when the Draft was required to be propor-
tioned to the militia — Exposed at every Fort, \: weak-
ened by daily removals of its Strength to the South Side
of Kentucky, we are scarcely able to keep our Forts.
Should Colo: Clark take his Rout by the Shawnesc
Nation, all cause of complaint must cease, as the Enemy
will thereby be drawn off from our Forts.

Being unable just now to spare Labourers vV.' Guards at
a distance from our Forts, for making Canoes, I have sent
Mr. Lindsay to Lincoln for Assistance, which I make no
doubt of procuring. I fear I shall meet with some diffi-
culties in conve)'ing the Stores at Lexington \: liryants
to the Canoes, for want of Horses, ours being nearly all
taken by the Indians \: Col: Bowman does not prove so
friendly as I think he ought to be in giving me necessary
Assistance.

Our circumstances have received so material a change
within twelve months that a draft of 18 Militia for the
Continental Army w'd be singularly oppressive upon Fay-

J<.)HN-T()|)I) I'AIT.RS.

343

cttc or Jefferson. Happy sh'd \vc be .V readily would we
spare them, if our situation were but as the Leijishiture
expected. There is scare one fort in tlie county but once
a month seems upon the eve of breaking for want of men
to defentl it. Such residents as had most property and
Horses to remove their effects, liave retreated to Lincohi.
One half of the remainder are unable to Remove. We
have no tax Commissioner in the County \: almost noth-
ing to tax. Ail which cn-cumstanccs plead I hope in
ICxcuse sufficiently for the militia at present. Whenever
our circumstances will admit of it. the people will. I'm
satisfied enlist voluntarily in the Continental Army, from
;i genius they possess for war, as well as the greatness of
the liounty. •"'■ •■^•

I inclose you a letter from Mr. Pollock— I still receive
complaints from the Illinois, that department suffers I
fear thro' the Avarice .*c Prodagality of our Officers: they
all vent complaints against each other— I believe our
French friends have the justest grounds of dissatisfaction.

I have the Honor to be. with the greatest Respect Your
ICxcellcncy's most obedient and very humble Servant.

Col. J(.nN- T(.i)i), Jr. to thk Govkrnor of Vir(;inia.

From " Calendar of N'irginia State Papers," Vol. II, page 562.

LexixgTOX, Kv., October 2 1st, 17S1.
J/aj> it phase your Excellency :~\ expect you will, long
before this reaches you, have an acct. of our proceedings
in this Country, by Letters from GenI: Clarke sent by
Major Crittenden. After so much assistance given to our
Country by Government to enable us to act either often-
sively or defensively: after so much money expended up
on the Western Frontiers, I f^el desirous and anxious to
remove any censures that our little Country may possible

•I

344

KAKI.V CIII(A(".(.) AND ILLINOIS.

labour under in the opinion of your l^xcellency iV the
world. I do not pretend to l<no\v, to whom the failure in
the intended K.\pedition is ovvin^, but the officers \: men
of these counties have persevered in rendering all possible
assistance.

Hy letters from your ICxcellency's predecessor we were
led to e.\pect an early e.xpedition. 500 men with canoes
kc were required from these Counties to be at the Vn\h
by March last. The men required were drafted (.V* set
apart (or the K.xpedition & the canoes chiefly made,
durinjf the course of the sprinj^ & summer the Drafts nec-
essarily decreased. At a meeting of the Field Officers at
Louisville summoned on GenI: Clarke's arrival the begin-
ning of September, we found the strength of the three
Counties to amount to only 760 men. We offered the
General two thirds of them, if he chose to go an Expedi-
tion, but rather advised him to proceed in garrisoning the
Ohio upwards, agreeably to a recommendation of the
Assembly, or at least to attempt nothing more than a
small Expedition up the Miami, it was our opinion, if
but one Garrison sd. be built, it sh'd be at the mouth of
Kentucky as the most valuable post. If there sh'd be
afterwards troops to spare, another sh'd be at the mouth
of Licking opposite the big Miami, at Lawrence's Creek
or Limestone Run: but we seemed unanimous that the
mouth of Kentucky, in a war with the Western & Lake
Indians, was a post of the utmost consequence. The
sentiments of Genl: Clarke were different from ours in
this Respect. He imagined the Falls to be a Post of the
first Importance, being as he always expressed it, the Key
of the Country.

As I wish to see military service always properly hus-
banded, I beg leave to offer a few reasons to your excel-
lency, to show that keeping our principal post at the Falls
is injudiciously wasting of our strength.

FOIIN-T()I)l» I'AI'ERS.

1st. The situ.ition of the mouth of Kentucky is luorc
in the road of the enemy in their war ICxcursions to any
part of tliis Countr)', tlian any part of tlie (^hio heh)\\
that place, a few Settlements in Jefferson Count)- only
excepted.

2ndly. The River Kentucky wd. afford a ready and
cheap transportation of provisions which so abound in
the upper Settlements, whereas if the main army staid at
the J''alls, an out-post at the Mouth of Kentucky wd.
always kept close in (larrison, & bein<^ in continual terror
could afford no protection towards transporting^ the i)ro-
visions & rather be a trap for the exposed watermen.

3dly. The Mouth of Kentucky must be much health-
ier than the l""alls, bein^ free from the stai^nated pools
which overspread the flat lands near the T'alls & which
ever)'year kill or incpaacitatc for service ^reat numbers of
our soldiers.

To say that the I-'alls is the Key to this Countr>', seems
to me unintelligible. It is a str(jn<:f l\.a[)id, which may in
an a^c of commerce, be a considerable obstruction to the
navigator, but as wc liave no trade, we neither need, nor
liave any keys to Trade. If it be understood in a Military
sense, 1 think it a mistaken appellation, as tiie I'^nemy can
& do pass with as little molestation just above the h'alls
& just below the Falls, as they could on any other part of
the River.

On parting with Cienl: Clarke we expected to furnish
assistance in building the Garrison at the Mouth of Ken-
tuck)' from the Militia, but expected it to be built princi-
pally b)' the Regulars is: wholly garrisoned b)' them,
since which a Requisition has come to Colo: Logan and
myself to furnish Tools and build the Garrison and after-
wards defend it by men drawn from the Hod)- of our mili-
tia until he sh'd have Leisure to relieve them, which we
are satisfied wd. not happen in any short time.
2$

'I'

'\l

»J

1 '

346

EARI.V CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

On consulting with Col: Logan we concluded to defer
building the Garrison, because we had no intrenching
Tools, no professed Kugineers, no money & we conceived
it to belong to men who draw constant pay to garrison it.
The result of our consultation we sent to the General^
with a promise to lay the matter before your Excellency
or the General Assembly. If the Sta*e had no troops on
pay, we should have no cause to remonstrate, but when
they have troops, and those Troops kept in the more
interior & secure posts: when so much has already been
expended: to augment the Expence by putting the militia
on duty at a place distant from 60 to i.?o miles from home,
we conceive to be impolitick & contrary to the opinion of
your Excellency, to whom we submit the matter.

A Recommendation for Justices will be handed your
Excellency by our delegates also for several militia officers.
If it is not inconsistent with the practice, I would wish
for a few l^lank Commissions to be sent to the Court.
Owing to so great a distance from the Seat of Govern-
ment, officers loose generally half a year in the date of
their commissions.

I have the honor to be, with the greatest Respect —
Your Excellency's most ob't 6c very h'ble Serv't.

*CoLo: John Todd to Gov: Jlfflrson.

From "Calendar of Virginia State I'apers," Vol. Ill, 130.

Lk.xinctox, Eavettf Co., Kv., April 15th, 1782.
Mciy it please your Excellency: — -The Inhabitants of
Fayette County have been so harrasscd this spring by the

* Accompanying this letter is a well-drawn plan of the Fort, and account
current of cost of building — with description thereof ,is follows: "Laid down
from a Scale of 20 fL-et to the Inch — So feet in the clear — walls 7 feet thick
of Rammed Dirt, inclosed with good Timbers 9 feet high only, from 4 feet
upwards 5 feet thick — The Top of the Wall is neatly iiicketed 6 feet High,
proof against Small Arms — Ditch 8 feet wide and between 4 it S feet deep.

JOIIN-TODD PAPERS.

347

Indians, that I was for some time apprehensive that the
whole country w'd be evacuated, as Panicks of that Kind
liave proved very catching, and the fate of the neighbor-
ing garrisons at Licking last year was fresh in'' their
minds— The only plan I could devise to prevent it &
sufficiently secure the provisions laid up at Bryants & this
place, was to build a new Fort upon a very advantageous
situation at this place & make it proof against Swivels
& small Artillery, which so terrify our people. I laid off
the Fort, upon the simplest plan of a Quadrangle &
divided the work equally among four of th^e most push-
ing men, uith a Bastion to each authorizing them to
employ workers from this & the neighboring Stations &
assuring them of their pay myself On the Faith of such
assurances considerable sums of money have been lent
& advanced to the workmen, so that the work in about
^o Days has been nearly completed in a workmanlike
manner. The Gate is nearly finished & the maga/ine
contracted for. The whole Expence amounts to i:ii,-
341- lOs, as will appear by the account herewith Sent. It
is in vain for me to assure your Excellency that Diligence
and Economy has been used in this Business, as the Work
so abundantly proves it. I believe four times the expence
never before made for the Publick a work equal to this.
An I-:mulation among the overseers, & Rewards in Liquor
to the men proved powerful Incentives to Industry.
Being a charge of an uncommon nature, I thought proper
to present it to your Excellency & the Council, being
better Judges of the Necessity & Expediency of the Work
than the Auditors, who are probably unacquainted with
the Circumstances of this Country. By either of the
Delegates your ICxcellcnc)- may have an opportunity of
transmitting the money— I have the Honor t<. be, witii
the gi

humble Servant.

greatest respect, your ICxcelleucy's mo: obedient &

1 ;

348

EARLV CHIC.UiO AND ILLINOIS.

Board of Commissioners to Benjamin Harrison,

Governor oe Virginia, concerning Col. John

Todd Junior's accounts, etc.

Erom tlie ori{;inal in the State Capitol at Richmond, \'a.

Jeeeerson County, Feb. 17th, 1783.
Sir: — The Board of Commissrs. wrote the 23d of De-
cember in return to your Kxcellency's favours of Octobr.
i6th, & Novn. 4th. In compliance with your orders, we
have dih'gently searched all the papers in our possession
that would throw light on the nature of the liills in Mr.
Pollock's hands, yet remain much in the dark, as Colo.
Todd's books & accounts are suposcd by the Executor to
be some where in the Interior parts of Virginia, and he
can only lay before us some detached papers, amongst
which we find a letter from the E.xective, dated in Coun-
cil Williamsburg, August 20, 1779. In which the Honble.
the Lt. Governor, acknowledges the receipt of several
letters from Colo. Todd by Colo. Slaughter of the ist & 2il
of July, 1779, which were laid before the council who were
pk.ised with the contents, and approved Colo. Todd's con-
duct and plan for supporting the credit of the paper mone}\
but that it must be submitted to the assembly who alone
can give it efficacy. That the eight draughts Colo. Todd
mentions have not been presented, but shall be dul)-
attended to, as the gentlemen to whom they are paya'ble
are highly desirous of the grateful attention of the Gov-
ernment. Tile Board likewise found a Peltry account
amongst Colo. Todd's papers, bj- which it appears we
purchased a quantity of Peltry from Mr. Ik-auregard some
time in the fall nf the year 1779, amounting to /.'2 1,000,
for which it is probable he drew bills to the amount. The
peltrj- by this account seems to be paid to sundry per-
sons. Colo. Montgomery's certificate & information to
the board, likewise accompanies this. On the whole as

JOHN-TODD PAPERS.

349

no bills of Colo. Todd's drawing have appeared before us,
nor are mentioned in the list transmitted to us, we imagine
the bills ui Mr. Nathan's possession may probably be for
the above purchase, but as we are not favoured either with
the amount or date of these bills, and no direct light can
be got here, we cannot be positive. On the supposition
that the bills were given at that time and on that account,
the Commissioners have to observe that 210 packs of
Peltry cost the state 2 livres per lb, and that at the time the
purchase was made— Peltry and silver were nearly on a par,
as it appears. Colo. Todd is said to have given a high'
price for the Peltry, allowing three livres per lb., which'^is
50 p. ct. higher than it generally is, shews the purchase
was made with depreciated paper money, at a little more
than five & a half for one, if the l^ills in question were
drawn on the above accounts the Commissers. think they
should betaken up at the above discount, but the Board
wish to refer j-our J-.xcellency to Colo. Todd's letters of
^he I & 2d July, 1779, which we suppose lodged in the
Council chamber, to elucidate the affair, as we can not
meet with copies of them.

The Board have finished Capt. George's draughts on
Mr. Pollock in favour of Capt. Barbour, but not thinking
It prudent to trust the papers relative thereto by this con-
veyance, they hope your IC.vcellency will dispence. with
the principles, they went on till they have an opportunity
of laying the papers before the executive. As no invoices
were produced either by Capt. George or Capt. Barbour,
the Board affixed the prices to the cargo delivered at Fort
Jefferson from the best lights they could get, at seven
thousand five hundred & lughty eight Dollars, one liver ji
as the prime cost at New Orleans, on which the Board
allowed two hundred & twenty five p. Ct. advance for the
cargo delivered at Fort Jefterson, amounting in the whole
to Twenty four thousand six hundred and sixty one

350

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

»f t-^

dollars four livers, Six sous, Might deniers including all
expenses. We have not yet closed Genl. Clark's accounts
as we find them so connected with the other accounts,
both the Quarter Master's and Commissary's as well as
the officers, that we could not finish them before we had
a general view of the whole, we will be able to settle his
in ten days. To examine all the Accounts minutely will
take up a great deal of time, perhaps more than the
E.xecutive can imagine, as double receipts have always
been taken for sums paid, the vouchers require to be
listed alphabetically to prevent double entries. None of
Mr. Pollock's bills he presented for payment have ap-
peared before the board, but one, of Jan'y ist, 1781, for
five thousand dollars which appears to be for part of the
same cargo Capt. George purchased from Capt. liarbour
and was a second bill, and is considered as part of 24661,
S/^i allowed as above.

By depositions it appears these Bills drawn by Wm.
Lynn, in 1778, were for goods purchased by Lynn on his
own acct. at Kaskaskias & Mesuri, and ought not to be
charged to the state. It likewise appears that Robt.
Elliot's draughts and the invoices of goods shiped on
Acct. and at the risk of the United States, but charged to
the state of Virginia by Mr. I'ollock was in consequence
of the cargo being lost in the Mississippi, and some of
the articles that were saved from the wreck being made
use of by the troops in the Illinoise. Inventories of the
whole cargo and what was saved & applied to the use of
the troops are copying, but as we have not fully e.vamined
the affair we defer giving our opinion in it. The l^oard
informed your TLxcellency in theirs of ye Dec. 23, that an
ICxpress was sent to Kaskaskias to '"hich they had a re-
turn last evening, informing them they might e.xpect sjmc
of their principle inhabitants would wait on them with the
unsettled accounts, &c., in a short time. Mr. Carbonaux

JOHN-TODD PAPERS.

351

who will present this, is one of the inhabitants of Kaskas-
kias and comes to get some private affairs settled but we
suppose him principally a deputy to represent the confu-
sion that country is in, which if not settled by this state,
we aprehend he will proceed to Congress. None of the
post mentioned in Your Eixcellencys favour of the i6th
of Octr. arc yet erected. The general we expect will lay
before you his "reasons for defering that business, an ad-
dress from the civil and Military officers of Fayette praying
us to report our opinion to Government accompanies this.
We think could a fort be erected at or near the mouth
of Limestone it would tend greatly to encourage the
settling of that country, and that it should be garrisoned
by a company of regulars aided by the Militia, & fur-
nished with Flower from the neighborhood of Pitsburg.
When we get a little more through the business we will
inform your Fxcellence by express of our proceedings
with such remarks on these bills which have been pre-
sented for payment and are not laid before us as may be
necessary for the Executive to have, before we can return
our whole proceedings. We are with great respect your
Excellencys. Most obed't Humble Servts.

To His Exellence WiLLM. Fleming,

The Hon. Ben'j.vmin Harrison, Esq., T. Marshall,

Govr. of Vircjinia.

Calki! Wall.vce.

Col. John Montgomery to the Hon. the Board
OF Commissioners, for the settlement
of Western Accounts.""'^

Fiom "Calendar of Virginia State Papers," Vol. Ill, paye 441.

February 22d, 1783, NEW HOLLAND.

Gatth'iiiai:—hs I am sensible that many reports prc-

* As the letters of Col. Todd of Jan. 24, 17S1, and of Richard Winston
of Oct. 24, 17H0, enclosed therein, both printed above, reflect severely upon

t m t Uip x^t^,

35:

P:ARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

'■■i.

lip

1 •! 5 :

i| (

If!

judicial to my character hath been spread by persons of
an Evil disposition, and perhaps their character not known,
may of course make some impression on you; and as my
accts, are now on the carpit, I take the liberty of address-
ing this short narrative to you, the Contents Being an un-
deniable truth, I am in hopes will have the desired effect
and disperse any suspitions you may have, originated by
these Characters alluded to. In 1777, being ordered with
my Company from Wholstons to the Kentucky Country
for its defence, I remained there until the year following,
when Col: Clark r ■..eu •' the falls of the Ohio with a
body of Troops on his \v.)\ !^ me Illinois. I Joined him,
and on the presumption of our being Suckcessful, it was
thought prudent 10 ]•> -ihlish a small Post at that place
for the conveniency ol a . mnuniicition between the
Illinois and Kcntuckey Countries, alter which we set out
on our intended enterprise, and met with all the suckcess
we could wish for, principally owing to the secrecy of our
movements, after remaining in that country untill circum-
stances appearantly permited our Return, I came of with
the volunteers, having Instructions from Col: now Genl.
Clark, to wait on his ICxcellency the Governor as soon as
possiable with Letters and verbal messages, when I re-
ceived Instructions to raise three hundred men and Join
Genl. Clark as soon as possiable. raising the greatest part
of the Troops, I proceeded down the tennisse river, after
destroying the lower Cherokee Towns in concert with Col:
Shelby's division. I proceeded on my rout and arrived

Col. Montgomery, it .seems hiil just to print also this letter containing his
defence. John Mtintgomery, an Irishman, joined C'ol. Clark at the Falls of
the Oliio, and accompanied him on his expedition to the Illinois. lie com-
manded the garrison of the fort at Kaskaskia after its surrender by the Hritisii,
and -\ug. 5, 1779, as lieutenant-colonel of the Illinois battalion, was assit;ned
to the military command of the Illinois by (ieorge Rogers Clark, colonel of
the Illinois battalion and commander-in-chief of the N'irginia forces in the
western ilepartment. — K. i;. m.

■1

M««P«II1I!

JOIIN-TODD TAPERS.

at Kaskaskia the 29th of May, 1779. an Expedition
being already planed, or rather a maneuver to prevent the
l':nemy'.s taking the Field and Distressing the Frontiers, I
was ordered to conduct the Troops by water to St. Vin-
cent on the Wabash, Gen 1: Clark crossing by Land to
to that post with a small escort, the appearance of a
design of atacking the I':ncmy on the Lakes being kept
up untill the aprentions of all danger of their attempting
anything Capital that Season Vanished, a Garrison was
ordered to be left at St. Vincenne. The body of the
batalion marched back to the Mississippi to Garrison the
Towns Kaskaskia and Kohas. Genl. Clark fmding the
I'ublic interest required that he should reside at the Falls
of the Ohio until provision should be made for the Insue-
ing Campaign, I was ordered to take command of the
Troops in the Illinois; make often reports of the State of
the Department to Genl. Clark, and to be carcfuU to have
Expences of government as moderate as possible: draw-
ing bills of exchange on him or the Treasury of Virginia
for the payment of the Expences of the Troops, studying
the general Interest of the State and Tranquility of the
Inhabitants of the Different posts leting all kind of opres-
sions be the last shift: this is the Substance of orders I
received. I set out for Kaskaskia the 14th of August,
and disposed of my Troops according to order, drawing
Bills on the Treasurer for the suport of the Troops, after
some time the Inhabitants refused to Take Bills drawn
any other way than on Mr. Pollock of New Orleans or
the Treasurer addressed to both which I was necessitated
to do or suffer niy troops to perish, not dareing, from the
nature of my Instructions to Impress provisions, if to be got
by any other mains on moderate Terms. What might have
been Genl: Clark's views for giving Such orders I can't acct.
for any other way than that of his views of future oppera-
tions being such that he suposed it to be our interest to

354

F.ARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

keep the Inhabitants attached to us by Iwcry means in
our power, knowing the influence they had over the minds
of a great number of Savage Tribes. My Troops suffered,
as the credit of the State fell: no payment being made
for the Bills that was Drawn, and never haveing any goods,
or other property in my possession to have purchased pro-
visions, which was generally in Specie notes, which the
vouchers to my accts. will best show. liiUs I gave cash,
for the recruiting Service was Depreciated. it required
all the Industry we could possiable make use of to support
ourselves, by hunting &c. in the Spring 1780, we were
threatened with an Invasion, (ienl. Clark being informed
of it Hurrej'ed his departure with a small body of Troops
to the Falls of the mouth of the Ohio, when he receiving
other expresses from the Spanish Comm'dts and myself,
luckily joined me at Cohos, time enough to save the coun-
try from Impending ruin, as the Enimy appeared in great
force within twenty four hours after his arrival, finding
that they were likely to be disapointed in their Design,
they retired after doing some mischief on the Span'h
Shore, which would have prevented, if unfortunacely the
the high wind had not prevented the signals being heard,
in a few days a number of prisoners and Disartcrs left the
Enimy Confirming a report that a body of near thousand
English and Indian Troops ware on their march to the
Kentucky Country with a Train of artillery, and the
Genl: knowing the Situation of that Country appeared to
be alarmed and resolved to attempt to Get there previous
to their arrival, at the same time he Thought it necessarj'
that they Enimy was retreating up the Illinois River,
should be pursued so as to atact their Towns about the
time the might have been disbanded, distress them, con-
vince them that we would retaliate and perhaps prevent
their joining the British Emisarys again, previous to my
knowledge of the above Resolution I had informed Genl:

Jf)IIN-TOI)I) I'APKRS.

355

Clarke of my Desire of Leave of absence for some time,
in order to return to my family, it was then he informed
me of his resolution; and that the Publick Interest would
not permit of my request being Granted, that I must take
command of the I^xpedition to Rock River, while he
would attempt to interrupt the army marching to Ken-
tuckey, and if they got them before him Except the
weakened the country too much he would raise an army
and atempt to play them the same Game in the Miami
country, as he hoped I would go towards Miskelemacknor,
and if we Should be Tolerable sucksessfull and the busi-
ness properly arranged, I might absent myself for four or
five months in the fall or winter, after Given me Instruc-
tions he left Kohos the forth of June with a small Escort
for the mouth of the Ohio on his rout to Kcntuckey. I
immediately proceeded to the Business I was order'd and
march'd three hundred and fifty men to the Lake open on
the Illinois River, and from thence to the Rock river,
Destroying the Towns and crops proposed, the Enimy not
Dareing to fight me as the had so lately Been Disbanded
and they could not raise a sufficient force, after return-
ing, takeing every method in my power to regulate busi-
ness, 1 was resolved to return home, but after Deliberatinsi
some time, was convinced that the Risque by land was
Great without a Guard, which our circumstances would
not admit off, and that I could posably as soon or sooner
return by Water than land, what might also induce me
in a great measure to Take my rout by Orleans, was the
probability of Recovering some deserters from the Span-
ish Governor, and put h stop to that pernicious practice,
which I in a great measure effected as that Gentlemen
appeared willing to comply with any proposition in his
power to promote our interest, finding that a passage to
Virginia was not expected in a short time, I resolved to
Return Emediately, and according to my resolution set

3S6

KARI.V CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

out on the fifteenth of March and returned to my Com-
mand the first day of May, 1781. the want of provisions
obhged us to Kvacuate Fort Jefferson the lught of June
& the (ienl interest re(iuired my attention at the falls of
the Ohio, when I arrived the second of July a few days
before (ienl: Clark, on my return from New Orleans, I
was alarmed to find by some letters for Genl: Clark seting
forth many alla<iations and Instructions in consequence to
the Comd's of Fort Jefferson. 1 was Immediately con-
vinced that some malicious person in my absence had
made reports much to my prejudice assertint^ that I had
made lart^e purchases preteiidedly for the State and appro-
priated them to my use, which is a palpable falsity, as it
is well known that I never attempted anything that could
Ljive the least suspicion of such practices, of course these
reports have originated from false Malitious persons so
Common in the Western Country and .so apt to be credited
by persons that ou,L;ht, and would despise them, could the
know their charactar. You are sensible how fond some
perticular classes of people, are, of spreadin<.j reports pre-
judicial to others, a low charactor, in the ICastcrn part of
the state, he fits himself out, come to the fronteers, sup-
poses on his rout, that althoui^h of an Inferior Class in
his own neii^hborhood will be at least lujual to the first in
the Country he is a i;oing to push himself into Company
and perhaps Gets kicked out, and ICmediately makes a
point of IC.xclaiming, not only for sake of Revenge, but is
in hopes that strangers will view him as a man of conse-
quence, but Sirs, you are too well acquainted with the
world to make it necessary for me to say anything more
on the Subject of such Characters. I flatter myself that
you will at least find, that too great credit have been paid
to party reports, and that officers zealous in the interest
of their Country, that have sacrifised their all for it, have
suffered by those very men, who not having virtue enough

JOIIN-'I'ODU rAPKRS.

357

to step forth in its Defence, have maid their fortunes muier
the banner of those officers tliey wish to Destroy, no
person but those tliat liave been witnesses can have a just
idea of the adress and Fatigues tliat it hath required to
suport this Department that have been the Salvation of
all our frontiers, and saved much blood and Treasure,
always Labouring under every Kind of Difficualty, the
the want of men, money and provision, and haveing not
only to Counteract, the designs of a Powerful savage
Tribe, incouraged by liritish Emissaries and others ICqually
Dangerous to the State. A duty I owe myself and Coun-
try require that I should give you every information in my
power whicli will always give me pleasure, whenever you
call on me.

I am Gent, with every sentiment of resiiect Vour very
Obedient Servant.

Thomas Jkffkrsox to Coi.oxki. Todd.-

From "Canadian Archives,'' .Scries 2, \(,i. 17, p. 125.

W'liiJAMsjiUKc;, March lyth, 17.S0.

Sir:—Yom- Letter from the falls of Ohio, of Dec. 23d,
came safely to hand. You mention therein that you have
not in a twelvemonth received any Letters from hence, I
know not what were written before the 1st of June last,
but since that time I have written several to j-ou.

The l>:xpences attending the support of our Troops in
the Illinois has obliged us to call them all to the south
side of the Ohio, where our paper monej- is current.

* The orij;inaIs of this letter ami one of tlie same .late written hv Thomas
Jefferson to (Jeorge l^oj^ers (lark were intercepte.l on their way to tlie AVest
and .sent to Major de I'eyslei, the Ihitish eommamlant at Detroit. He for-
warded them to Oen. Haldimand at .Quebec, who acknowledged their r ceipt
July 6, 17S0 and forwarded them to the Home Oovornment. -"Canadi ai Ar-
chives, Haldimand Collection, "—e. g. .m.

,)^-i^ jamM gj > .v

35«

KARI.V flllCAr.O AND ILLINOIS.

iffl

Hard money is not to be got here, and we find the diffi-
culty of sending commodities to New Orleans, very great.
The Draughts from yourself and Colonel Clarke on Pol-
lock, those presented us by Le Gras and Lintot, others
for about 50,000 Dollars presented by a Mr. Nathan from
the Havannah, who took them up at New Orleans, being
all claimed in hard money or commodities at the haril
money price, have rendered us bankrupt there — for we
have no means of paying them.

Mr. Brusegard's bill for 30,000 dollars will be on a foot-
ing with these. We will accept it. Promise payment, and

make it, as soon as we shall be able. We have

no bank in France, or any other Foreign Place. There
being an absolute necessity of obtaining from New Orle-
ans sui)plies of clothing and military stores for Colonel
Clarke's men, we shall endeavour that our Hoard of Trade
shall send commodities there for that purpose. Hut to
prevent the injurj- and disgrace of protested bills, we think
that in future all bills must be drawn by them, in which
case they will take care to make previous provision, for
their payment.

I am therefore to desire you hereafter to notify to us
your wants, which shall be provided for as far as we are
able, by bills from the Hoard of Trade, sent to you or to
New Orleans.

Provisions and all other articles, which our Country
affords, will be sent on the south side of the Ohio.

I must beg the favor of you to send me a list of all the
bills you have at any time drawn on us, specifying where
they arc drawn in dollars, whether silver or paper dollars
were intended, and if paper, at what rate of depreciation
they were estimated; the known price of commodities in
hard money or peltry will serve you as a standard to fix
the rate of depreciation.

We cheerfully exert ourselves to pay our debts, as far

j()H\-'r(.)i)i) I'Ai'hKs,

IJ9-

as they arc just, but wc arc afraiil of imposition, for which
tlif^ rapid progress of depreciation has furnished easy
I —yourself alone & Colonel Clarke can guard us

against this by timely and full information in what man-
ner your several draughts ought in justice to be paid.

I am sorry you think of resigning your oflice in the
Illinois, the withdrawing our troops from tlience will ren-
der the presence; of a person of established authority
more essential than ever,

Vour comi)laints concerning your allowance we think
too well grounded and will lay them before the Assembly
in May, who we doubt not will remove them, the other
objections, I am in hopes you can get over.

It would give us much concern should any necessity

oblige you to leave that Country at all, and more especi-

a' so early as you speak of. I am Sir, with great esteem

most humble .servant. [Signed,] Tliu.s. Jkfferson.

lo Colonel Todd.

[J<:ndorsed:] Copy of a Letter from Mr. Jefferson to
Col. Todd, dated at Williamsburg, March 19th, 1780.
In Govr. lialdimand's No. 57.

l.'*W«IBI»S!»<H/teS-,-

•Ti'iiini »

BRITISH ILLINOIS.

a I

I'm I.I.I I'l'K Fra\(;ois dk Rasiki,, CHi'.VAi,ii:i.t dk Rochkiii.avk,

A C PERTAIN interest attaches to the name of Rochc-
^l\. blave as that of the last l^iitish commandant of the
region known a century or more ago as "the Illinois."
His official position and his relations to that region during
the revolutionary period, upon which his correspondence,
preserved in the Canadian archives, sheds much light, seem
to render a brief sketch of his life an appropriate intro-
duction to a selection from that correspondence.

Philippe Francois de Rastel, Chevalier dc Rocheblave,
was born in the village of Savournon in the old province
of Dauphine, now in the department of the High Alps,
in the southeast of France.* His father, the seigniorial
lord of Savournon, was Jean Joseph de Rastel, Chevalier
Marquis de Rocheblave.'' The son entered the army
as an officer in the French service and was placed upon
the half-pay list in i748.-f- A ilesire for active employ-
ment and for an opportunity to better his financial con-
dition, it is piobable, brought him to Canada in that
year.:J: He acquired experience in Indian warfare, and
was one of the officers who served under the brilliant
partisan Charles de Langlade in 1/55,1!} when he led his
bands of western savages from the country about Lake
Michigan to the rendezvous at h'ort Duquesne. In the

* .Marriage Register, 176J. K; ska>kia l'ari>li Records.

t Rocheblave to liermaiiie, I'eli. 28, 177S. — "t'anailiaii .\rehive>."

i Rocheblave to llaliliiiiand, Oct. 7, 17S1. — Ilaldimaiul MSS., liriti^h

Muscimi. S " Wisconsin I listoricil .Society's t'oilcct'ns, " 1 1 1,

>6o

Nil, 1.52.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEBLAVE.

memorable defeat of Braddock which followed, due more
to Langlade than to any other man,* Rocheblave dis-
tuiguished himself and won the praises of his chief.

One incident of that famous campaign, however, does not
reflect credit upon the subject of this sketch. After the
remnant of Braddock's force had fled, the French and
Indians were busily engaged rifling the bodies of the dead
WD'.h lay thick along the banks of the Monongahela. A
3'oi.ng man of Langlade's party, of much enterprise and
promise named La Choisie, discovered the body of a
richly-dressed English officer, and Rocheblave, almost at
the same moment, claimed that he had found it. La
Choisie managed first to seize the well-filled purse of the
contents of which Rocheblave stoutly demanded a share
and they parted in no friendly way. The next mor„i„g'
La Choisie was found assas.sinated, and the purse of gold
was missing. While there was no direct evidence of Rochc-
blave's guilt, he was strongly suspected of the crime, and
its shadow rested upon his name thenceforth.f

It is stated that Rocheblave continued to serve in I an-
gladc's command during most of his subsequent campai-ns
■ n the old French war.| And he appears to have seen
other service as well. In August, 1756, the governor-
general of Canada — Vaudreuil — writing to one of the
French ministers, says, that Sieur de Rocheblave with
another cadet, a corporal, a militiaman, and twenty Shaw-
nee Indians knocked at the gate of a small fort, tliree
leagues beyond Fort Cumberland, where there remained
some families and thirty militia. Me killed four Enolish-
nien whom the Indians scalped, wounded three "who
dragged themselves into the fort, and took three p'rison-
ers.{^ And in the following year, Vaudreuil writes to the

* "Wisconsin Historical Society's Collections," VI [, 132, i ;j.
t //'/./, Ill, 215; VII, ,32. I- //,/,/, u\, 213.'

S "Ne\v-\'oik Colonial Documents," .\, 435
36

-•a*seiSiS4-x

362

EARLY CFIICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I'M.

home government that Rocheblave had returned with a
prisoner taken on the banks of "the Potowmak," three
days' march from Fort Cumberland * During these years,
Rocheblave seems to have been one of the garrison of
Fort Duquesne.

Two years later, he was for a time one of the lieutenants
of another "famous French partisan," as he is described
by Sir William Johnson, Sieur Marin, who like Langlade
was associated with the early history of what is now Wis-
consin. In June, 1759, Marin led a party of about three
hundred Delaware and Shawnee Indians, with the assist-
ance of Rocheblave and three Canadians, from Fort Niag-
ara "to insult Fort Pitt," as they said. This fortification,
then recently erected by Gen. Stanwix upon the ruins of
Fort Duquesne, was found to be in a poor condition for
defence. It might easily have been captured, had more
Frenchman taken part in the expedition, the Indians being
of little use in an attack upon a fortified place. But there
was no time to send for reinforcements, as the command-
ant at Fort Niagara suddenly summoned his outlying
parties to aid him against the British army under Gen.
Prideau.x and Sir William Johnson which was advancing
to the investment of his position. Marin's command re-
turned with all speed, joining on the way large reinforce-
ments moving to the relief of Fort Niagara. In the battle
fought under its w dls, Marin shared in the P'rench defeat
and was one of ti e prisoners on that occasion.-f- Roche-
blave had been left \,ith one hundred and fifty men to
guard the canoes and bateaux at an island above the Niag-
ara portage. When the fate of the day was decided, the
Frenchmen who escaped from the field retired to this
place and the whole party proceeded to Detroit. ij; The

* "New-York Colonial Documents," X, 581.

t " Wisconsin Historical Society's Collections," V, iiS.

;;; "New-^'ork Colonial Documents," .\, 992.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEBLAVE.

363

war practically ended with the defeat of Montcalm in
1759. and for a few years thereafter we can not definitely
trace Rocheblavc.

In 1762. there was in Louisiana an officer of the name
among the officials of the French government, and in later
tmies one of the streets in New Orleans was named from
this person.* On a map of the Mississippi, made about
this period, IS marked on the left bank of that river just
below the English Turn, not far from New Orleans "Hab-
itation du Chevalier de Rochcblaiie; anciemt Le Fort "f
After 1762, this officer disappears from the Louisiana
records, and it is possible that he is identical with the
Illinois Rocheblave. who. in 1763. was placed upon the
half-pay list of the French army| in recognition, it is pre-
sumed, of his efficient services in the old French war

He probably came to Kaskaskia in the same year and
established himself as a trader in that place. Here on
April II, 1763, in the old parish church, he was united in
marriage to Michel Marie Dufresne. daughter of Jacques
Michel Dufresne, officer of militia of that parish The
originpl entry with the signature of the parties, the wit-
nesses, and the priest is still preserved in the marria-e
record at Kaskaskia. And. probably, because Rocheblave
was still an officer in the French service, it is recited that
written permission for the marriage had been <rivcn by
Monsieur Neyon de Villiers, major commandant at the
Illinois. De Villiers was one of seven famous brothers six
of whom laid down their lives in the service of the French
king, and his graceful autograpli appears at the foot of the
record.}!!}

When the Illinois country was surrendered by France
• Letter of Charles Gayarre, Dec. 24, 18SS.
■t ]•:. Mease's notes on maps in I'itman's " European Settlements. »
t Rocheblave to Gerniaine.— "Canadian Archives."
S Marriage Register, 1 763. -Kaskaskia Parish Records.

364

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

to Great Britain in the fall of 1765, Rocheblave, as his
opponents say, abandoned his property there, and pre-
ferred the Spanish government to the British, taking the
oath of allegiance thereto.* At all events, he was in
command at Sainte Genevieve on the Spanish side of the
Mississippi in 1766, and engaged in certain legal proceed-
ings there.-f In the following year, he was still Spanish
commandant at the same place and was most tenacious of
the rights of his catholic majesty even in ecclesiastical
matters. When the good Father Meurin appeared at
Sainte Genevieve, acting under the Roman catholic bishop
of Quebec, Rocheblave declared "I know no I'^nglish bish-
op here, and in a post where I command I wish no eccle-
siastical jurisdiction recognized except that of , the arch-
bishop of St. Domingo." He at once made a decree pro-
scribing Father Meuiin, and orders were issued for his
arrest as a state criminal for recognizing a jurisdiction not
admitted by Spain. A friend warned him of his danger,
and he left Sainte Genevieve and crossed the river into
British territory.*

In 1770, Rocheblave became engaged in an altercation
with Lieut. -Col. John Wilkins, then commanding for Great
Britain in the Illinois country with headquarters at T'ort
Chartres. The strife between the two commandants wa.Kcd
hot, and attracted the attention of Gen. Thomas Ciage at
New York, and of Don Alexandre O'Reilly at New
Orleans, the commanders-in-chief in North America for
Great Britain and Spain rcspectivel)-. Rocheblave for-
warded his correspondence with Wilkins, and a letter of
complaint to his chief, the governor and captain-general
for his catholic majesty of the province of Louisiana. He
sent all the papers, together with a conciliatory letter and

* I'etition to Carlt'lon, April 10, 1777. Ilaldiiuanil I'.ipei:;, "Canndiaii
Archives." I' .St. Louis City-Records,

J Shea's " Life and Times of .\rchhishop Carroll," p. 120.

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCHEULAVE.

36s

a copy of his orders to the commanders of the several
posts within his government intended to prevent the re-
currence of such troubles, to the commander of the forces
of his Britannic majesty in his American colonies. Gen.
Gage replied in the same spirit, and, while he said it was
not possible from the letters of Rocheblave and Wilkins
to discover the merits of their controversy, he agreed with
Don Alexandre in the expediency of putting a stop to
these little disputes in the beginning to avoid their in-
creasing to animosities. And in courtly phrase, he ex-
pressed his ambition to follow Don Ale.xandro's example
and to obey his commands on all occasions,''^ the humor
of which, under all the circumstances, Don O'Reilly's
Irish blood must have enabled him to enjoy. It does not
appear what the precise difficulty was, but it is evident
that Rocheblave was as prompt to oppose the British, in
behalf of Spain, in things temporal, as in things spiritual.

By what process this foe of Great Britain, who as a
Frenchman had fought against h(,r troops, and as a Span-
iard had quarreled with her officials, was transformed into
a subject of (ieorge the Third is a mystery. Nor is it
known when the marvellous ciiange took place. It was
alleged against him that he never took the oath of allegi-
ance and supremacy required of those who held office
under the British crown. "f* However this may have been,
Rocheblave returned to Kaskaskia some time between
1770 and 1776, and posed as a British subject.

Lieut. -Col. John Wilkins was followed in the command
of the Illinois by Capt. Hugh Loril, who had at Kaskas-
kia two companies of regulars and a few artillery-men.
Maj.-Gen. Haldimand, who succeeded Gage in command
at New York in June, 1773, was rather in favor of keep-
ing these troops in the Illinois country. But Gen. Gage,

• Cage to O'Reilly, May 16, 1770. — Haldimand Papers.
+ Petition to Carleton. — Suprii.

•~ t' vm.\nm tm mUi»iu n;-pvn-

366

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

who resumed command on his arrival at Boston in May,
1774, feared, as the troubles with the colonies began to
increase, that the detachment might be cut off and was
inclined to order it eastward. Various circumstances pre-
vented the accomplishment of this design until Sir Guy
Carlton, the commander-in-chief in Canada, in whose
jurisdiction the Illinois country was included, determined
to carry it out. And after the disasters to the royal arms
in 1775, when the soldiers of the colonies invaded Canada,
he issued the necessary orders.*

In the spring of 1776, Capt. Lord and his men departed
to join the British forces by the way of Detroit and the
lakes.-f- He] was instructed to entrust the administration
of affairs to such person as he judged proper. He selected
Rocheblave as his successor, and it is a proof of his con-
fidence in him that he left his own family in Rocheblave's
charge, and four years thereafter they were still with
Madame Rocheblave.^ Carleton wrote Hamilton, the
British lieutenant-governor at Detroit, that the troops were
withdrawn from the Illinois to avoid unnecessary expense,
and that a salary of ^200 per year had been granted
Rocheblave to have an eye to the king's interests in those
parts, and to advise the government of whatever might be
carrying on there against them, and that his appointment
was deemed to have commenced May i, 1776.^ And he
wrote Lord George Germaine, the secretary of war, that
he had employed Rocheblave to have an eye on the pro-
ceedings of the Spaniards and the management of the
Indians on that side; that his abilities and knowledge of
that ^ art of the country recommended him as a fit per-
son; and that he thought such a one necessary since the
post which had been held upon the Mississippi had been

* Rocheblave to CJermaine, Jan. 22, 1778. — "Canadian Archives,"
+ Carleton to Hugh Lord, July 19, 1776. — Ilaldimand Tapers.
i Madame de Rocheblave to Ilaldimand. — Ilaldimand M.S.S.
S Carleton to Hamilton, .Sept. ij, 1777. — //'/(/.

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCIIEBLAVE.

367

withdrawn.* Rocheblavc naturally magnified his office,
and considered that Capt. Lord had appointed him judge
and commander of a vast country, and h.^d in effect in-
structed him to continue to bestow upon the savages the
presents ordinarily given in order to avoid alienating them,
and that it was also committed to him to break up the
designs and evil intentions of the Spaniards to say nothing
of the rebellious colonists. He so informed the home
government nearly two years after his appointment."!- But
however backward he was in advising his superiors of the
extent of his authority, he lost no time in impressing it
upon the people of the Illinois country. The French in-
habitants were speedily taught to address him as comman-
dant of all the British part of the Illinois, and with the
most humble respect and submission, as did the residents
of Peoria.:J: The British inhabitants were less docile, and
complained by petition to Carleton, that Rocheblave
trampled upon their liberties, "despised Englishmen and
English laws," acted both as counsel and judge, traded
with the savages against his own edicts, and was partial to
the French. {;} If one-half of their allegations were true,
he certainly carried matters with a high hand and played
the part of a despot.

Still it is but fair to Rocheblavc to say, that however
unjust to the people, he seems to have been faithful to the
government. And notwithstanding his previous, frequent
changes of allegiance, he served the British crown during
his stay at the Illinois with a zeal and persistence which
obtained from his superior officers a quasi-rccognition of
his right to the positions he claimed. Even Sir Guy Carle-
ton who so carefully limited his authority at the outset, a

* Carleton to (iermaine, Aug. 13, 1777. — "Canadian .Vrchives."
+ Roclieblave to Cermaine, Jan. 22, 1778. — Sii/ra.
X Inhabitants of I'eoria to Rocheblave. — Supra.
% Petition to Carleton. — Supra.

368

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

tu.

few months later promised him an order authorizing him
to call out the militia, which practically made him com-
mandant,* and apparently paid no attention to the com-
plaints against him. The home government made no
objection to his assuming the title he coveted, and Haldi-
mand, who succeeded Carleton as governor of Canada,
June 30, 1778, and with whom Rocheblave carried on an
extensive correspondence after the capture of Fort Gage,
always treated him as the former commandant at the
Illinois, and in fact paid him his salary as such officer
until some time in i783,-f* and also his expenses in that
ofifice.-f Certainly he was untiring in his efforts to obtain
information concerning the schemes of the Spaniards and
colonists, and nothing pleased him better than to hold a
solemn examination in the audience room of Fort Gage at
Kaskaskia, usually at five o'clock in the morning, of some
trader returning from a winter visit to a tribe with which
the Spaniards at St. Louis had been tampering, or some
refugee from the colonies bringing cheering but delusive
tales of their probable return to their allegiance; and to
send off an express with the depositions of such witnesses
duly signed, sealed, witnessed and verified upon oath, to
Lieut. -Gov. Hamilton at. Detroit, or Sir Guy Carleton at
Montreal. He was really, as he himself says, left in charge
of a great province without troops, without money, and
without resources.:!: And he accomplished much with very
little means. His services were especially valuable in
regard to the Indians among whom his military experience
and long association with them as a French partisan gave
him influence, and he kept the tribes in his neighborhood
quiet, and the routes of the Ohio and Mississippi open for
a considerable time by his personal eftbrts alone.

* Carleton to Rocheblave, Oct. 28, 1776. — Ilaldimand Papers.

+ Ilaldimand Papers.

J Rocheblave to Germaine, Feb. 28, 1778. — Supra.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEBLAVE.

369

to
at

In fact, he decidedly preferred this kind of occupation;
and this feeling, together with the lack of harmony be-
tween himself and the British traders at Kaskaskia, in-
duced him to earnestly entreat that an English lieutenant-
governor might be sent to take his place, and he be de-
tailed to take charge of Indian affairs.* He was equally
anxious that at least a few troops should be sent to pro-
tect the country, the importance of which he seemed to
realize far more than any one else in the British service,
except perhaps Gen. Haldimand who, had he succeeded
Carlcton in time, would probably have granted this re-
quest. For after Clark's successful expedition, Haldimand
expressed the opinion that had the two companies of regu-
lars which he left at the Illinois when he commanded in
New York, been left there they would have assured posses-
sion of the country and prevented subsequent conse-
quences.-f Rocheblave insisted, but to deaf ears, that the
Illinois country if better known, would be one of the
richest colonies which his majesty possessed, and that it
would soon become the centre of communication between
the colonists and the Spaniards by the way of the Beau-
tiful River.:J: Carlcton wrote Hamilton that it would be
impracticable to send any troops to Rocheblavev^ and none
were ever sent him.

But it was the financial rock upon which he split. Not-
withstanding Carleton's strict limitation of his allowances
to ^200 a year and the cost of his expenses, jj Rocheblave
could not reconcile this petty sum with the dignity of his
office, and came to grief accordingly. His expenditures
may not have been altogether upon government account,

* Rocheblave to Hamilton, May S, 1777. — "Canadian Archives."
+ Haldimand to de liude (?), June 17, 1779. — Haldimand I'apers.

* Rocheblave to (jermaine, Jan. 22, 1778. — Siifra.
S Carleton to Hamilton, May 16, 1777. — Sitfni.

'a Ibid, Sept. 15, 1777.- 6V</rrt.

370

EARF.Y CHICAGO AND H.LINOIS.

but doubtless in part they were, and his surprise and grief
at the non-payment of his modest drafts for twelve and
thirteen hundred pounds are almost pathetic, albeit some-
what humorous. Carlcton had notified him in May, 1777,
that he must not incur any further expense, but could draw
for his salary only which was all that Hamilton was author-
ized to accept, but he paid no attention to this.* Then
findi',1^ that he could extract nothing from Hamilton or
Carleton, he addresses himself directly to Lord George
Germaine at Whitehall, and assures him that his expendi-
tures have always savored more of the niggardliness of a
private individual than what could have been expected
from a great power like Great Ikitain; that he did receive
orders to incur no more expense upon government account,
but the absolute necessity of his work had obliged him to
continue it on his own account, expecting of course to be
reimbursed.*!- This producing no effect, he applies again
to Sir Guy Carleton, who is told that it grieves Roche-
blave to the heart to speak on the subject of finance, but
he is persuaded that the goodness of Carleton's heart will
not permit him to refuse the payment of Rocheblave's
rejected drafts, and that he has strongly felt that the honor
of the nation would not permit his fanaticism of zeal to
be costly to him, nor that he should become the sport of
his neighbors and savages. And while he confesses that
he has persuaded the commandant at Vincenncs to carry
part of Rocheblave's expenditures in his account, he says
he forced himself to this kind of deceit which the crisis
alone could justify and that it troubles him all the more
because it is foreign to his character.:J:

The government was obdurate, but with undiminished
cheerfulness and energy, he continued to raise the warn-

* Carleton to Ilaniilton, May 16, 1777. — Ilaldimand Papers,
t Rocheblave to Germaine, Jan. 22, 1778. — Sn/ni.

* Rocheblave to Carleton, Vnh. 18, 1778. — Supra.

11:

nRITISII ILLINOIS — ROCIIKllLAVL.

371

ing voice of one crying in the wilderness against the early
expeditions of the colonists along the Ohio and the Mis-
sisippi to New Orleans to obtain supplies from the Span-
iards, and the danger which these threatened to the Illinois
posts. The daring young continental captain, James
Willing, descended the Ohio from Fort Pitt, with an
armed vessel and forty soldiers, captured fur-traders going
to deal with the Indians under British permits, officers of
militia with Rocheblave's own pass, took bateaux and
cargoes in British waters, and nearly caught Rocheblave
himself as he returned from a visit to Lieut. -Gov. Abbott
at Vincennes. Willing went on his way to attack the
British settlements on the lower Mississippi; and Roche-
blave duly reported every account and rumor concerning
him, giving them the darkest possible coloring, and again
and again begged for the troops which such expeditions
proved to be essential to the preservation of the Western
countr)'."

It was all in vain, his requests for soldiers were un-
heeded, his accounts for expenditures more or less in the
public service were disallowed, and his drafts on the gov-
ernment representatives whether at Detroit or in Canada,
went to protest. But his busy pen was still at work, and
when the eventful July 4, 1778, arrived, he was correspond-
ing as briskly as ever. He was true to his financial record
to the last, for he made one more draft, and that for over
$1200 and on the government treasurer at Quebec ;-f-
calmly oblivious of the repeated injunctions of his superior
officers that he should draw on Detroit only, and for no
more than his annual salary. He accompanied this bill
of exchange with a letter to the treasurer praying that it

* Rocheblave to Abbott, June 20, 1778. Rocheblave to Carleton, July
4, 1778. — Ilaldimand Papers.

t Rocheblave to Thonias Dunn, treasurer, Quebec, Hill of ICxchange, July
4, 1778.— //'/(/.

^ ' E ' g. ' iJftiwsasiai'wai ' g y!

L< '

■■ \

lI i

372

KARLY ( lilCACiC) AND ILLINOIS.

might be honored, and mentioning tliat the uncertainty in
which he was as to whether his preceding draft had been
paid, had occasioned him an increase of expense. And
he frankly stated that the doings of the Spaniards with
the Americans required that he should do even more than
before, presumably in the financial line, if his services were
to be of any use to the country. These, however, he
offered freely.* And on the same day, the very last of
his command at the Illinois, he dispatched a long com-
munication to Sir Guy Carleton, containing the latest
news of the rebel marauders along the Mississippi, earn-
<;stly soliciting the immediate sending of a body of tioops
to the Illinois, and asserting that all his alarms were about
to be realized and that they were upon the eve of seeing
there a numerous band of brigands. And he pathetically
implored the governor to order the treasurer to pay his
latest draft, he being overcome with demands. And ap-
parently having exhausted all other arguments, he begged
for assistance as the father of a family in pecuniary dififi-
culties.f

Before the next sunrise, George Rogers Clark and his
men were in possession of the old Jesuit mansion which
did duty for a fort at Kaskaskia, and the hapless Roche-
blave was a prisoner of war. The band of brigands had
arrived, not those under the command of James Willing
whose coming he had for some time predicted and dreaded,
but another force under another leader whose approach he
does not seem to have suspected. According to the pop-
ular account, Rocheblave was captured in his bed.^ Clark
only says that with one division of his little army he
broke into the fort and secured the governor, Mr. Roche-
blave.§ It has been also stated that the wife of the gov-

• Rocheblave to Thos. Dunn, July 4, 1778. — Haldimand Papers.

t Rocheblave to Carleton, July 4, 1778. — //'/(/.

J Reynolds' "Pioneer History of Illinois," 2d ed., p. 95.

§ "Clark's Campaign in the Illinois," p. 31.

IIRITISII ILLINOIS — ROCIIEIU.AVI';.

373

crnor concealed the public papers in her husband's charge,
and that, as Gov. Reynolds puts it, "the gentlemanly bear-
ing of Col. Clark made him respect female prerogative,
and the lady secured the papers in that adroit manner
peculiar to female sagacity. "■^' One of Clark's lieutenants,
however, Capt. Howman, wrote to a friend shortly after
the capture, that they had all of Rocheblave's instructions
from the several governors at Detroit, Quebec, etc., to do
various things, for which he received a salary of ;{,"200 a
year."!* It is evident, therefore, that a part of Rocheblave's
correspondence and at any rate some of the letters from
Carleton on the subject of his annual compensation fell
into Clark's hands.

Rocheblave's letter to Carleton, announcing the arrival
of Clark and his men, is a pathetic epistle. It was written
August 3, 177S, or nearly a month after his capture, when
he appears to have still been a prisoner at Fort Gage. He
■ tells what he would have done had he been supported or
could aid have reached him from Vincennes, begs that his
last draft may be paid, asks help for his family and Capt.
Lord's, and urges his own exchange. He says his pri.son
is worse than anything in Algiers, and that he is to depart
the next day "for the congress," although quite ill.

Clark sent those of his men whom he could not persuade
to reiinlist to carry letters to Gov. Patrick Henry at Will-
iamsburg and with them went Rocheblave across the
Alleghanies in custody.^ In this detachment was Levi
Todd, brother of John Todd the first governor of the
T"'" 'i amty under Virginia.5:} In the following spring,
iJOCT ive was joined by his former correspondent Lieut. -
Jt(\ miitoii of Detroit, whom, after the capture of

* Kcj .olds' "Pioneer History of Illinois," 2cl ed., p. 95.

t Bowman to Ilite, July 30, 1778. — .Mmon's " Remembrancer," 1779, p. 82.

^. "Clark's Campaign in the Illinois," p. 37.

S Reynolds' " Pionci History of Illinois," 2d ed., p. 143 n.

I ■

'ti'i

i },'

^P'^^ ^

■(

■

374

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Vincennes, Clark also sent to Williamsburg as a prisoner.
Hamilton was closely confined and placed in irons for his
cruel treatment of captives and his connection with Indian
outrages. Rocheblave appears to have had the freedom
of the town on parole.* While here, according to his own
account, it was proposed to him to return to the Illinois to
govern that country in the name of congress with the
titles of governor, superintendent of the Indians and
colonel, and that all he had lost there should be made
good to him. And he represents that when he resolutely
withstood these flattering temptations, the governor and
council of Virginia asked the French Marquis de Vau-
dreuil, commander of a ship of seventy-four guns which
was lying in Virginia waters, to transport him to France
or the West Indies as a traitor to his native country. The
marquis sent an officer ashore whom Rocheblave went to
meet with the county lieutenant, but no parole to return
to the town was exacted of him. The officer threato; cd
to send him to France or the islands but Rocheblave says
he told him that the king of France having abandoned
him after the last peace, he had become a British subject
and that the king could exercise no jurisd.ction over him.
And that the council, seeing that the French officer had
not succeeded sent him a parole to sign, which he evaded
by pretending to be sick, and made his escape. ■■^' Thomas
Jefierson gives a different account, for in writing to Gen.
Washington from Richmond in September, 177S, he said
Licut.-Gov. Rocheblave had broken his parole and gone
to New York, and that the authorities of Virginia would
shortly trouble the commander-in-chief to demand the
return of the lieutenant-governor as soon as they could
torward the necessary papers.-f*

* Madame de Rocheblave to IlaUlimand; Rocheblave to llaldimai. !, Oct,
y, 1780. — Haldimand I'apers. Jefferson's ''Writings," I, 258.
+ JefTerson's "Writings," .ui/>rci.

liRlTISII ILLINOIS — ROCIIEBLAVE.

17^

ild

However this may have been, Rocheblavc arrived in
New York in July, 1780, in company with Schiefifclin, lieu-
tenant of Detroit volunteers, who had been taken prisoner
with Hamilton, and had also made his escape. In October
of that year, Rocheblave wrote Haldimand at length,
setting forth his desire to raise some volunteers to chase
the rebels from the region of the Mississippi, the Ohio
and the Wabash, forwarding all the bad news concerning
the colonists he could hear or imagine, modestly calling
attention to the fact that his letters to Carleton would
show that he had predicted all that had happened in the
West, months before its occurrence, and entreating some
aid for his own family and that of Maj. Hugh Lord,
whom he said the brigands had deprived of the last morsel
of bread.* With characteristic assurance, he followed
this some ten days later with a plan for carrying on the
war, entering into minute details."f In December, 1780,
he wrote again from New York to Haldimand, asking
that his pay might be sent to his wife, and, faithful to his
charge, he asks for aid also for Hugh Lord's family. |

Lieut.-Gov. Hamilton was exchanged March 4, 1781,
and wrote to Haldimand three days later to inform him
of that fact, and incidentally mentioned that Rocheblave
was still In New York waiting for a convoy to Ouebec.{§
This he seems to have obtained in tlie fall of that year,|j
as we find him at Quebec on Oct. 7, 1781, addressing a
memorial to Haldimand on the advantage of occupying
the Illinois country, and merely mentioning that Lieut.-
Gov. Hamilton, to whose judgment it was proposed to
refer the project, was aware of the superior knowledge

* Rocheblave to Haldimand. — Ilaldimnnd I'apeis.
t Roclieblavc's Plan, Oct. 20. 17S0. -/A/,/.

* Rocheblave to Haldimand, Dec. 12, 1780. — //'/</.
is Hamilton to Haldimand, May 7, 17S1. — I/'ui.

ll Haldimand to Hamilton, O-f 23, i-jSi. ~/ii(f.

''I

376

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

of Rochcblave to whose department such a question
belonged.* In February, 1782, he applied for a passport
to Detroit and a recommendation in his favor, and for
leave to send an express to his wife.-f and in March, his
importunity obtained from the government a warrant for
disbursements as commandant at the Illinois.| Notwith-
standing this however, he again recalled his services to
the much enduring Haldimand, suggested that his warn-
ings, which might have saved Cornwallis, had only been
laughed at, and proposing to secure the Illinois countrj-,
and with the aid of Germans and Acadians from Virginia
and Maryland, to arrange the neutrality of Kentucky and
the Indians at a trifling expense. But, if this compre-
hensive proposition was not entertained, he asked for a
passport and a circular letter to the commanders of the
posts, where he might desire to trade, and last, not least,
for the reimbursement of his losses.*!^ Haldimand evi-
dently thought the most economical plan, and the one
promising the most respite for himself, was to permit this
persistent individual to engage in trade. And he accord-
ingly gave him letters to Maj. de Peyster at Mackinac,
who was informed that Rocheblave had been continued
on pay and was to be employed as found useful, and that
he had been allowed to take up a small cargo of goods
which was not to pay freight on the lakes. Ij But before
he set out on this expedition, Rocheblave sent from Que-
bec, Aug. 31, 1782, another petition praying for the pay-
ment of his salary and the expenditures incurred during
his long captivity,* and his salary as commandant was
granted him.*"''" The peace which Haldimand thus secured

* KoclK'blave to Halilimand, Oct. 7, 17S1, — M.ikiimaml .\ISS.

t //>!,/, I'eh. 17, 1782. «! //'/<(', .\larcli 22, 1782. — I lakliinaiid I'apcrs.

J Warrant to I'hilip de Rocheblave, March, 17S2. — //>/</.

II Haldimand to I'cyster, April 2S, 1782. — //'/!/.

II Kocliehlave to IFaldimand, .Viiyust .^1, 1782. — //'/(/.

** Warrant to I'hilip de Rocheblave, October, 1782. — //'/i/.

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCHEULAVE.

377

ore
)uc-

ring
was
irod

for himself was not of long duration, for Rocheblave
seems to have been unable to resist the temptation while
at Mackinac of engaging in his former pastime of making
drafts on government account. And Haldimand was
obliged to write him with some sternness, regretting that
Rocheblave had been interested in bills drawn from
Mackinac, contrary to orders, as they must be allowed to
go to protest.*

Perhaps because of the unfortunate outcome of this
attempt to resume business, Rocheblave soon after de-
parted for the Illinois, and doubtless revisited his old
home at Kaskaskia in the winter of 1782-3. Maj. dc
Peyster, then commanding at Detroit, advised Haldimand
of this, and asked what was to be done if Rocheblave
returned or drew for back pay.+ Haldimand replied
that Rocheblave had been drawing money for salary from
Quebec, and his pay was to be continued from there, |
and in March, 1783, another warrant to Philip Roche-
blave for his salary as commandant at the Illinois was
duly issued. i^ And in the same month, Rocheblave, who
had returned to Quebec, confidently submitted to Haldi-
mand a plan for uniting and strengthening the parts of
America left in British possession taking in all the terri-
tory formerly owned by I'rancc, including the Mississippi.
New Orleans, etcji He took the opportunity, however,
to request a settlement of his claims for losses and expen-
ditures during captivity ;*r and also addressed Haldi-
mand's secretary, Capt. Mathews on the subject.**

Rocheblave apparently had regained the favor of Hal-
dimand, who cheerfully granted him a pass for two bat-

* Haldimand to Rocheblave, Nov. 2, 17S2. — Haldimand I'apers.

t I'ey.ster to Haldimand, Jan. 7, 17CS3. — //'/(/.

:;: Haldimand to I'eyster, March 12, 1783. — //'iJ.

Si Warrant to I'hilip de Rocheblave, March, 17S3. — //'/i/. •

II Rocheblave to Haldimand, Mch. 11, 1783. ''. llnd, .Apr. 7, \-%-x,.^ltiU.

** Rocheblave to Mathews, .Apr. 7, 1 783. — Jhid.

378

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

ii I

il'

I h

teaux for another trading expedition, but declined to dis-
criminate in his behalf in the Mackinac business.* This
favor was gratefully acknowledged to the secretary by
the recipient who announced his intention to try to go to
the point which he was at before the unhappy affair at
Mackinac, which he promised to long remember, and well
observed that for a man of his age not to go forward was
to go back, and with unwonted consideration, said he
would refrain from fatiguing Haldimand with a letter.-f-
Within a fortnight, however, he sent him a plan for settling
the upper country with loyalists, Germans, and Acadians,
so as to secure the territory on the Mississippi to the
British.* Haldimand had to promise to do all in his
power to support Rocheblave's endeavors to recover his
losses ;§ and in the fall of 1783, rumors reached Canada
that an act of parliament had been passed to indemnify
the loyalists for their sacrifices. Rocheblave promptly
sent in his claims again, and was hardly satisfied with the
decision to wait until the act officially reached Quebec.
He wished his demands established immediately because
he said he had to go from Quebec and "find Madame
Rocheblave and the rest of the family at Chikagou," and
settle all affairs in the upper country before possession
was given to the Americans. ], He seems to have remained
at Quebec during the following year, as, in January, 1784,
he besought the government tc give him a situation; in
March, he asked for a passport and circular letter to the
different posts and for an advance of cloth and powder
and a grant of lands on the river Rideau ; and in April,
sent in a formal memorial designating the one-thousand-
acre tract of land of which he would likt -x grant to hold

* Mathews to Rocheblave, April 10, lySj.-IIaldimanu Papers.
+ Rocheblave to Mathews, April 17, 1783.- //'/(/.

* Rocheblave to Haldimand, April 28, 1 783. —//'/</.
«! Mathews to Rocheblave, Oct. 22, 1783.— //W.

II Rocheblave to Haldimand, Nov. 6, 1783. — //'/./.

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCIIEBLAVE.

379

ame

and

ssion

ned

784.
; in
the
dcr

and-
lold

under the crown.* Haldiniand sent him a letter of rec-
ommendation to enable him to forward his goods to the
upper country, but he still applied for assistance; his wife
reinforced him with an impressive letter stating their
distressed condition owing to the refusal to pay her hus-
band the money laid out for the government of the Illinois
and praying for justice; and Rocheblave begged for per-
mission to at least acquire some land from the Indians,
until finally Haldimand succumbed and ordered the laying
out of one thousand acres of land for Philip Rocheblave
on the Grand Isle near Cataraqui or other part in that
neighborhood which was ungranted.f

The year 1785, found Rocheblave still at Quebec,
whence he wrote Haldimand at London complaining that
after all his services, he had received no indemnity for
losses such as had been granted to every refugee loyalist,
that he had even been deprived of rations, and that
this had a bad effect on the Canadians. :J: It would seem
seem that about this time, Rocheblave began to turn
his attention to increasing disaffection among the sub-
jects of Great Britain in Canada. More than one of Hal-
dimand's correspondents informed him concerning the
treasonable expressions and doubtful conduct of the once
loyal commandant at the Illinois.5;} Secretary Math-
ews wrote to Rocheblave's predecessor, the now Major
Lord, desiring information concerning his successor's
conduct at the Illinois, as his behavior since Haldimand's
departure had been such as to justify suspicion of his
ostensible character, he having been very active in stirr-
ing up discontent among the Canadians. |i And in the

* Roclieblavc to Haldimand, Jan. 3, Mcli. 7, Apr. 12, 1784. — Hald. Papers.

t Haldimand to Roclieblave, Mcli. 26; Rocheblave to Haldimand, Oct. 16;
.Marie de Rocheblave to Haldimand, Nov.; Rocheblave to Haldimand, Nov.
2; Haldimand to Holland, Nov. 4, 1784. — Ihid.

X Rocheblave to lialdiman, Jan. 21, 1785. — IHd.

% Roub.nd to Haldimand, Mch. 20; Baby to Haldimand, June 4, 1785.

11 Mathews to Maj. Lord, Aug. 25, 1785. — Ibid.

.•^^»"*»saffi^. i.i.m I Minn im > '

vr^

380

EARLY CHICAGO AXD IIXINQIS.

fall of 1786, Mathews wrote from Quebec to Haldimand
in London revealing, what he called, the odious character
of Rocheblave, and commenting sarcastically upon his
assurance.* With this faint praise, the nai ic of Roche-
blave disappears from the British archives.

Among the papers of Pierre Menard in the possession
of the Chicago Historical Society is a copy of a docu-
ment executed at Kaskaskia, July 29, 1801, certified to be
correct by Ph. Rocheblavc.-f" And in a report of com-
missioners on land claims in the district of Kaskaskia,
dated Dec. 31, 1809, Philip Rocheblave is stated to be the
then present claimant of a tract of land, which claim was
rejected by the commissioners.^ It is uncertain, how-
ever, whether the person mentioned in this document and
in this report is the former commandant or a son of the
same name. Of Rocheblavc's family very little is known.
His wife, from her letters to Gen. Haldimand, seems to
have been a woman of force and education. Patrick
Henry gave express instructions to John Todd, and to
George Rogers Clark that she should be well treated, and
her property restored or that .she should be recompensed
thcrefor.{$ Augustin Grignon says he knew two of
Rocheblave's nephews, Pierre and Noel de Rocheblave,
both engaged in the Indian trade, and that Pierre became
first a clerk and then a member of the Northwestern Fur-
Company. j| He is said to have been one of the most
important personages in this company, and to have had a
seat in the old legislative assembly at Quebec*

No other noteworthy mention of the name of Roche-
blave has been found in the annals of the West. He was

* Mathews to Haldimand, Sept. 7, Nov. 9, 1786. — Haldimand Papers,
t Chicago Historical Society's Autograph Letters, \'ol. 61, p. 399.

* "American State Papers; Public Lands," II, 130.

S Henry to Todd. — John Todd's Record-Hook, Chicago Historical -Society.
Henry to Clark. — "Calendar of Virginia .State- Papers. "
II "Wisconsin Historical Society's Collections," HI, 215. * 76id, VH, 133.

URITISII ILLINOIS— ROCIIKBLAVE. 381

not an altoj,rethcr admirable character, and his feat of
changing allegiance three and perhaps four times within a
space of twenty years redounds more to his versatility
than his consistency. But his eventful and curious life
has a romantic interest of its own, and illustrates vividly
the transitions through which the Western country passed
during the revolutionary period. And his name marks
an epoch, and will always have a kind of prominence as
that of the last official representative of monarchical
institutions upon the soil of Illinois. E. G. M.

ROCH EBLAVK PAPERS.

Sir Guv Carlkton to Rochkiu.avk.

Translation from "Canadian Archives," Ilaldimand I'apers, li. 39, p. 242.

Crown Point, .-^Sth October, 1776.

Sir: — I have just received your letter of September
14th, with the interesting intelligence which you therein
communicate to me. I can but approve the zeal which
you show for the interests of the King of whom you have
become a subject, and to whom, by the proof you have
just given, as well as by the favorable report which has
been made to me concerning you, I do not doubt that you
will render good service. I hope by your skill to find
the means of defeating the designs of the rebels, of which
you inform me. I submit to you whether you should not
make every possible effort to engage the savages of the
Beautiful River to aid you.

I will send you as soon as possible the necessary order
to authorize you to call out the militia; in the meantime
to recompense the trouble which you may have in the
performance of your duty, you can draw bills of exchange
upon the Treasurer of the Province, Mr. Dunn, at Quebec,
for the amount of your expenses in the work of which
you have charge, to the amount of two hundred pounds
sterling per year, beginning from the day of the departure
of Captain Lord* from your post, until further order.

* Hugh Lord attained the ranii of captain in the British army, Dec. 2 .
1762, was assigned l-'eb 5, 1770, to the i8th Royal regiment of Ireland, anci
was ranking captain in 1776. —R. G. Thwaite's examination of 15ritisli-
Army Lists. He commanded a detachment of .soldiers stationed at Kaskas-
kia, while Lieut. -Col. John Wilkins of the same regnnent was commandant

IJUITISII ILLINOIS— ROCIIKHLAVK PAPERS.

383

We have taken, burned and destroyed the greater part
of the rebel fleet upon Lake Champlain, three sail only,
out of the fifteen which they had, having escaped. The
Rebels upon this event, set fire to all the hou.ses and all
the ships at this place, and fell back hastily upon Fort
Carillon, but the bad weather which is coming on, pre-
vents us from pursuing them this year, and we shall be
soon obliged to re-take the route to Canada for our winter
quarters.

M. ROCIIEIiLAVE.

i 11

Richard McCarty to Rochehlave.

Translation from "Canadian Archives," llaldimand Papers, b. 122, p. 6.
Second letter, important business.

Sir: — I have the honor to wish you good day, and to
present my respects to Madame de Rocheblave, and court-
esies to Mademoiselle Pazet and friendship to all the
family, to which I would render any service in my power
here; I wish to make use of you to do this.

I was ill at the departure of Mr. Charleville, and so I
was not able to appear to present my defence. Mr Levy
has been himself to the house of Mr. Cecil to tell him
that our society was separated and dispersed at the time

at the Illinois. Wilkins' term of office ended March 30. 177? and he was
temporarily succeeded by acting-Maj. Robert Hamilton of the iame regi-
ment who had been stationed at Kort Pitt. On June II, 1 7/2, Hamilton
was relieved by Ca|)t. Lord, who remained in command of \\ Illinois,
having two companies from his own regiment and three men 'rom the
Royal artillery under his charije there, until May I, 1776, when ; and his
men were recalled to Canada, llaldimand l'a]iers. In 177 he was
major of the 75th foot, or Prince of Wales' Own, with commi ion dated
May 30, 1778, and in 1783, was a m.ijor on half-pay. Dec. 25, i 2, he was
ap]M)inted major with full pay in the 7th Royal regiment, garrisc battalion,
and in 1807, was a major commanding the garrison of the Isla of Jersey
and the last mention of him in the army lists is in 1S29, which | bably was
the year of his decease. — R. (i. Thwaite, supra. K. i;. .M.

3«4

EAKl-Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Ij: ■ :.

of the circular, but in timo and place I will furnish my
reply to the petition presented to you.

I write you a letter concerning the news which without
doubt you have heard spoken of. It appears that some
one has given aid to the other shore. The news began to
be forgotten, and was hardly spoken of, when the two
Knglishnien arrived at St. Louis. They disappeared as
they came without the knowledge of any one.

I have sent a mortgage which will be presented to you
by Mr. Kennedy to be registered according to the custom
and law here which I imagine will settle all proceedings
against me on this subject.

I sent to fetch an ICnglishman who was said to be at
Misere* a man very expert in the building of mills. I
pray you to have the goodness to give every assistance in
your power, so that we can have this as soon as possible.

There have been, they say, two Frenchman killed near
.St. Joseph while coming from Detroit, and by the Potta-
watamies. Also Mr. Chartranc had a finger cut off by the
Renards. Four traders have abondoned their house, and
all their effects in the country along the river of the Illinois.

By the report of Boison which they have had at St.
Louis during the winter, both the Pottawatomies and the
Renards .say that they wish St. Joseph ravaged and de-
stroyed. There is nothing but war on every side. Do
me the honor to give me the news which you have Sir,
with all the respect and esteem possible, your very humble
and very obedient servant. RiClIARD Mc CARTV.f

Kahos, 6 fevr., 1777.

[Endorsed :] Letter from Richard McCarty to M. Roche-
blave, dated Kahos, 6 Fevr., 1777.

* A nickname for .Ste. Genevieve, Missouri.

t Richard McCarty— see note, page 297, supra — wrote from .St. Ursule at
the Illinois, which seems to have been another name for Cahokia, on June 7,
177S, to a correspondent at Mackinac, sending the latest information to Maj.

HKITISII ILLINOIS— ROCHKIILAVE PAI'KRS.

385

Petition to Carleton concerning Rocmehlave.

From "Canadian Archives," Ilaldimand Papers, Series U., Vol. 185, I, p. 2.

Illinois, ssf. To His Excellency General Carlton, Gover-
nor of the Province at Canada, etc., etc., etc., residing
at Quebec.
The petition of Daniel Murray* Agent for the contrac-
tors, Patrick Kennedy^ and Thomas Pcntlcy, all of the

(le I'eyster and expressing the pious hope that God would soon send the
wished-for news of a union with Kn|;lanil and her colonies. I ut in April of
the following year, he wrote to his wife at Montreal ihat he had become a
captain in the Illinois battalion and tiide-de-iiuii/^ of the commander-in-chief
of the department of the West. And on July 12, 1781, Maj. de I'eyster, then
liritish commandant at Detroit, wrote to Gen. Powell that the Wea Indians
had entered heartily into their cause, and had lately attacked a party of rebels
and Indians, under Capt. Richard McCarty, near the Wabash, and had killed
McCarty with some of his people. Maj. de I'eyster added that he had all of
McCarty's papers, but they gave no information other than that McCarty and
all the inhabitants of the Illinois were heartily tired uf the V'irjjinians. —
McCarty to Askin, McCarty to Mrs. McCarty, Maj. de I'eyster to PowelU
"Canadian Archives. "—k. c. m.

* Daniel Murray and his brother William, of London, England, were
traders residing in the Illinois country before the Revolution. Wm. Murray
negotiated, in 1773 and 1775, e.xtensive purchases of lands from the Indians-
upon which were based the persistent claims of the Illinois and Wabash
companies to a large | art of the present states of Illinois and Indiana, finally
rejected by congress in the early part of the present century. Wm. Murray
was a member of both companies, and Daniel of the Wabash company; and
the contractors, for whom he was agent, were those contracting with the liritish
government to furnish provisions to the Western posts. Wm. Murray left
the Illinois in 1776, and Daniel remained in charge of his brother's aflfairs.
When Clark arrived, Daniel Murray took service under him as quartermaster
and commissary, and supplied large (piantities of provisions and merchandise
to Clark and to Montgomery. When the Virginia troops were withdrawn,
Murray was obliged to leave the country, descended the Mississippi to
New Orleans, and was captured by the liritish on his sea voyage to Virginia
and taken to New Vork as a prisoner. In December, 1 781, he addressed a
memorial to the Virginia delegates in congress at Philadelphia, praying them
to save him and his brother from ruin by prevailing on their State to pay the
bills of e.xchange drawn in their favor by Col. Montgomery for supplies fur-
nished. — H. i;. M.

t Patrick Kennedy was a trader doing business at Kaskaskia under British

.Xss

^^^^1^

' ""iiwiM'i'ir ill III III II I II I

rr^

386

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Village of Kaskaskias in the County of the aforesaid
Merchants, humbly siioweth,

That since Captain Hu<fh Lord's departure from this
country and Mr. Dc Rocheblavc's being vested with the
Government, We your humble petitioners and His Maj-
esty's most faithful subjects, find to our most bitter {^rief
our liberties trampled upon & common justice in almost
all cases refused to us, that on our presumiu}; to remon-
strate against such injustice the said Mr. De Rocheblave
will not listen to us, informing us that sucii are the laws
of France which he orders us to follow telling us he
knows no other, refusing the ICnglish laws proclaimed
here by Colonel John Wilkins and hitherto followed by
his successors to the command, that we being the only
English merchants or inhabitants in this place we take
the liberty to represent to you our unhappy situation,
and lay our grievances before you, hoping from you a
speedy and immediate Redresse for without such 'twill
be impossible for an Englishman to remain in this Coun-
try as the said Mr. De Rocheblave is daily imposing upon
us by refusing the appointment of our suits & denying
us the justice which by Law & Equity we have a right to
demand at his hands both for the security of our property
as well as our persons, neither of which we look upon to
be safe under his Government, as Englishmen & luiglish
Laws to our great mortification are despised by the pub-
lic in general & appear to be so by the said Mr. De

rule, and at one time was in ]iartnership there with Richard Winston. In
July, 1773, he undertooic an expedition with several courenrs de hois from
Kaskaskia to the headwaters of the Illinois River in search of a copper mine.
He explored the stream to an island, about fifteen miles below the juncture of
tlie Kankakee, finding coal-mines anil salt-jionds but no trace of the metal
he sought for. His journal of this trip gives an iiitercstinfj account, and one
of the earliest in print of the country he passed throutjh. He was one of the
claimants under acts of congress giving four hundred acres of land in the
district of Kaskaskia to heads of families who had cultivated land in Illinois
prior to and including the year 1788. — E. G. .m.

liklTISir ILLINOIS— KOCIIKllI.AVK I'Al'KRS.

387

Rochcblavc in particular. That with such inhabitants as
wc liappcn t(i have any controversy respectinfj accounts
or iJcmands unavoidable in business he acts in the first
jjlace as council for such against us and afterwards as a
jud^'c — He one day decides a matter in our favor and
immediately issues out a sentence in favor of the oppo-
site party— That contrary to our wise constitution and to
the ^reat detriment of the merchant, he acts in the capac-
ity of a trader, buyiiij^^ mu\ selling goods both wholesale
and retail and has been known to make proposals for the
purchasing of a cargo (last summer) to a very consider-
able amount, which he would have eftected had his Credit
been ecpiivalent thereto.

Public advertisements with respect to property he
orders in a most arbritar)' manner to be torn down which
he has been known to do twice in one day. Protest and
appeal from his sentence he j)ays no regard to, seizing
notwithstanding of such for the pa)'ment agreeable to
his sentence refusing undeniable security.

He forbid the trading of liquor to savages under the
severe Penalty of two thousand dollars and those very
savages notwithstanding such orders being constantly
drunk when in the village, upon an enquiry made accused
liim even to his face of being the person that intoxicated
them with Rum or Taffia which they said he barter'd to
them for Beaver, Otters, etc.

Such is his partiality in favor of the French that upon
approach of savages coming to war against their enemies
last spring he sent out a party of men under French
colours to know the design of their coming. That such
partiality is not to be woudered at when we consider that
the said Mr. De Rocheblave on this country being taken
possession of by the ICnglish abandoned his property here
and preferred the Spanish government to ours taking the
oath of allegiance thereto.

388

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

■' r

iki

That 'tis not within the cognizance of any person in
the country so far as we can learn that the said Mr. Dc
Rochebhive has eve.- been qualified by taking tac oath of
allegiance and supremacy previously necessary towards
the holding of such an office.

That abstracted from all manner of prejudice whatever,
we do not look upon the said Mr. De Rocheblave from
his behaviour at all times and partiality against us on all
occasions to be by any means an Englishman's friend
having endeavoured to throw aspersions upon the char-
acter of some of us without the least foundation (and
merely thereby intending to veil his own iniquitous prac-
tices) openly countenancing known Villians against us
and even encourr^^ing the savages to rob our boats, whose
.sole motive was trading amongst them in their winter
grounds. That Mr. Murray, one of your humble petition-
ers, acting here as agent for the contractors applied to Mr.
De Rocheblave to oblige Mr. Viviat a merchant in this
place (who had obtained a certificate from Captain Lord)
in the said Murray's name on his the said Captain Lord's
leaving this implying that he had already bought provi-
sions sufficient for the subsistence of two companies of
soldiers twelve months, to lodge the same according to
the said certificate which he hitherto has refused to do
and notwithstanding it was farther enforced in conse-
quence of a Lieutenant governor's coming to Post Vin-
cennes who might have occasion for the same yet the
same application was of no effect.

We humbly hope that your Excellency will be kind
enough to compassionate our situation and grant us such
redress and that in the most speedy manner possible as
British subjects have a right to expect at the hands of an
English governor and your petitioners as in duty bound
will ever pray. T. I^kntlkv."''

Dated at Kaskaskias, loth April, 1777.
* Thomas lientley was a London merchant having trading-stations in West

BRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCIIEBLAVI': rATEUS.

389

Declaration of Gabriel Cerre.

Translation from "Canadian Archives," Series II, Vol. 14, p. 59.

The year 1777, the 29th of April, at five o'clock in the
morning, there appeared before us. Commandant at the
Illinois, the undersigned, in the audience room of this fort,
Sr. Gabriel Cerre, a merchant of this country whom we
had summoned, for the purpose of declaring to us in legal
form what he had learned, yesterday evening upon his
arrival. And after having received from Sr. Carbonau,
clerk, and from Sieur Maisonville, a merchant of Detroit,
both here present, the oath to hold and keep secret what
in the declaration we are about to receive, presently from
the before mentioned Sr. Gabriel Cerre, who after legally
taking the oath to tell us the truth as well as to keep

Florida and the Illinois country. He seems to have been the only one of the
parties to this petition who dared to sign it, and Rocheblave's vengeance soon
fell upon him. In May, 1777, Hentley left Kaskaskia with Rocheblave's
passport on a bussiness-trip to Canada. At Mackinac, in July of the same
year, he was arrested by Major de I'eyster by order of Lieut. -Gov. Hamilton,
upon the accusation of Kocheblave, that lienlley had given aid to the rebels
the year i)efore. He was .sent to Detroit and thence to Montreal, where he
remained a prisoner without a hearing for more than two years, in spite of his
freipient protestations of innocence, demands for a trial, and tlie intercession
of powerful friends in England. During this period his ]iroperty in the West
and South was practically confiscated. At length, in November, 1779, he
made his escape and crossed the frontier by the help of an Indian guide, and
found his way to Virginia. Here he played the role of a martyr for the colo-
nial cause, and at Williamsburg called on Lieut. -(iov. Hamilton, who had
imprisoned him and was now himself a prisoner, and offered his services.
The following year Uentley was at I'ost Vincennes and wrote thence (o .Major
de I'eysler and to tieneral Haldiniaiul, isserting iiis loyalty to Great liritain,
suggesting methods for the reconipiest of the Illinois and giving information
concerning tlio plans of Col. La Halnie. Net in 17S1, he ap,]eared at Rich-
mond, Virginia, and presented a claim for compens.ation, because he had sac-
rificed his fortunes to support the credit of that state in the Illinois country.
His letters to the British and to the American authorities preserved in the
Canadian and Virginian archives, and but recently brought tn light, are curi-
ously inconsistent, and show quite clearly that he deserved his ill-fortune.
.Still he managed to persuade George Rogers Clark that he wa.^ a faithful
friend of liberty, and later established a claim to land at Kaskaskia as a loyal
citizen of \ irginia. — K. c. m.

,'7

INi

r-' '

(n>

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

secret that which he is about to impart to us, has declaroil
and spoken that which now follows:

That having been among the peorias on the River of
the Illinois the above named stated that last winter, hav-
ing been wintering with the Kickapoos and Mascoutcns at
a place called the bad land, there arrived there two sav-
ages, Kickapous, and that these went to a person called
"fair weather" likewise chief of the said savages of the
Village of the Raven on the River of the Illinois, to en-
gage him to send hither those young men in response to
my invitation. To which messengers the before mentioned
"fair weather" replied tliat he would not stir, that he had
been the winter before at St. Louis to the Spaniards to
drink there and see his father, the Spaniard, who had
before promised him a medal, a chief's coat, a hat, etc.,
that the commandant showed him all these articles, but
told him he would not give them to him, until the com-
mancer sent word, that he thought the time of the arrival
of the message from the sea would be about the time of
grass, adding that he would not tell him the contents
because it was yet a secret known only to him; that the
inhabitants of St. Louis (.') were ignorant of it, but that
as .soon as their father had awakened from his sleepiness
he would make known to them, and would be prompt
with his word, and would give him then what he had
promised, advising them not to mi.x themselves with the
troubles of the bostonians with the english. The Sr. Cerre
told us that he knew nothing more, that the declaration
contained the truth, and he had nothing to change, add,
or take away, and signed with us and our clerk and the
Sicur Maisonvil.

Done in duplicate at Fort Gage the year and day above
written. Signed, Cerre, Maisonville, Rocheblave, Com-
mandant, and Carbonneau, Clerk.

[Endorsed:] In Sir Guy Carleton's (No. 32) of iith
August, 1777.

,1 '^

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCIIEIU AVE PAPERS.

39 1'

Ith

R^ 'UEliLAVE TO LlEUT.-GOV. HAMILTON.
Translation from "Canadian Archives," Series i), Vol. 14, p. 56.

Signed, RocHEBLAVE, FORT Gage, the 8th of May, 1777.

I beg Mr. Abbott to come hither where his presence
will dispose of many things, and where he can give orders
for the common safety of the two departments. If he
comes here, I shall try to induce him to take charge of
everything as did Mr. Lord. His presence is more neces-
sary here than at St. Vincent. If I succeed, and if I can
be of assistance to him, I will willingly remain with him,
if not, I shall see if I can be of use elsewhere.

I was in command formerly in these parts for three
years; and had not during that time to decide more than
one pr " " •■ .i week. At present with fifty men in all, I
have d'.ving this term put three or four persons in prison,
and that was as little as I could do. At present one is
obliged every day to imprison young men who demand
that if the EnglLsh law is favorable to them it should be
followed; on another occasion the same people will the
very next day demand the old French laws which have
always been followed. If I were not a little crazed
already, I believe they would cause mc to become entirely
so. If S. C. should judge it proper to employ me on the
River of the Illinois where there are only a few Canadians
who do not litigate because they own nothing, this river
would need some one to watch the savages who so far will
not permit the native English to penetrate there, which is
an injury to commerce. I think no one can be envious of
my lot, and besides I myself am become a savage from
constant association with them. I forgot to call your
attention to the fact that as soon as I learned of the death
of Bartalon, I gave letters of administration as successor
to Mr. Cerre, an honest merchant, in order that having
liquidated here the said succession, he could take the total

39^

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

amount to Michilimackinac, or to Montreal according to
circumstances. The greater part of the proc>.eds were
under way, when I had the honor of receiving your letter.
He had accompanied it hi uself well in advance to the
Illinois River fearing the savages who have killed two men
there. He has returned, and is about to remove the rest.
I have ordered him to deliver it all to Mr. De Peyster to
whom advices will be given. Mr. La Mothe can make
application for it to him. What I can not do in a large
way, I will do in a small way for the remainder of this
succession, your wishes being commands for me.

To day, the eleventh, my letter not having gone on
account of the raising of the waters and the continual
rain, I. have opened it to say that the same propositions
have been made to the Saukics and the Foxes on their
return from war here upon the Illinois as to the Kickapoos.
This afternoon those sent out in advance of the convoy
have seen nothing. We have news that it had not been
seen as far as eight days travel and more than si.xty
leagues from here. This causes us an.xiety.

[Endorsed:] Copy of a letter from Monsieur Rochc-
blave to Lieut.-Gov. Hamilton.

In Sir Guy Carleton's (No. 32) of nth August, 1777.

■'^il:'!

RociiCBL.WE TO LiEur.-Gov. Ahuott.(.')

Translation from "Canadian Archives," Series (), \'ol. 14, p. 64.

Signed, Rochehl.we. Fort Gage, the first of June, 1777.
Sir: — The boats have at last arrived from New Orleans
where thej' were delayed by the loss of the powder taken
'away from the colonists to the amount of eleven thousand
pounds. Thus has been reduced this much vaunted arma-
ment. It is true that the old governor according to report
loaded a boat intended for the colonists, Hut the ships of

' z

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCIIEBLAVE PAI'KRS.

393

his majesty got possession of it. All appearances are for
a foreign war in the near future.

I have here a party of Delawares, and a collection of
Kickapoos, Mascoutens and Pottawatomies from the River
of the Illinois. As these three last named nations always
make war upon the subjects of Great Britain (the Span-
iards having persuaded them so to do) and it being neces-
sary to reassure you as regards that quarter, I have con-
trived to draw them hither and after some difficulty, all
has been well arranged. The war chief of the first men-
tioned will go to see you. This tribe appears to me to be
attached to our interests. They promise to prevent the
passage of the colonists in case of any attempt on their
part upon the territory. The cannons you ask for will
leave to morrow. If I can be of use to you, you can
always rely upon me. I have always the honor of insist-
ing upon the advantage of your presence here, for you
would then know better your weakiicss and your resources.

Had circumstances permitted I should already have
paid you a visit. They are expecting in the town sixty
merchant boats. The French half pay officers who have
remained here should be replaced, being in a battalion
from which the Spaniards are seeking to recruit their
garrison. If the Delawares wish to be of use to you, they
and the Kickapoos are the most desirable.

I have the honor to be with the highest consideration,
Sir, etc.

[Endorsed:] In Sir Guy Carleton's (No. 32; of iith
August, 1777.

RoCIIIilU.AVK To l.liur.-(iu\. Aliliol'l.
Translation from "l.'aiiailiaii Archives," >t;rics <J, \i<\. 14, i>ai;e ()V.

Sir: — Yesterday evening there arrived a cargo from
New Orleans, the owik 1-. of which report that the Span-
28

394

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

iards have taken possession of twenty-two English ships
in this river, that these had made an attack upon them at
sea. They have affirmed this so strongly and in such
detail that there can be no doubt of its truth. Thus from
whatever cause it may have arisen, reprisals or otherwise,
hostilities have begun, and it remains only to decide how
we .shall come through with it. Shall we make the first
move, or shall we permit it to be made. In the first case
the advantage will be for us, in the second it will be for
our neighbors. If we should get the start of them, we
should not see them again very soon; if they should get
the start of us, they would stir up much work for us even
to the very gates of Canada.

If you wish us to anticipate then, you would do well
to send about thirty young men here, and inform me in
advance of their coming. I beg you to pay tiiirty piastres
to the express. I am in too much haste to write more at
present. I have the honor, &c..

Signed ROCIIHBLAVK.

Fort Gage, the First July, 1777.

[Endorsed:] Copy of a letter from Mr. Rocheblave,
commandant, by appointment of Sir Guy Carleton. at
Fort Gage, to Lt.-Gov, Abbot, dated Fort Gage, first of

July, 1777-

In Sir Guy Carleton's (No. 5^) of i ^th Aug., 1777 (2).

-. r :

' r.

Sir Guv C.vrleton to Lord Georlf. Ger.maixk.

From "Canadian Archives," .Series Q, Vol. 14, p. 66.

(No. Sd-) Quebec, the 13th August. 1777.

My Lord: — I have just received a letter from Lieuten-
ant Governor Abbott enclosing Intelligence whicli he
received from Monsieur Ro..hiebl:ive and which, together
with Mr. Abbott's letter I transmit *.> y<iur Lordship,

ISRITISII ILLINOIS — K()CIIl':iiLAVE I'AI'KRS.

395

Mr. Rochcblavc is ;i Canadian gentleman, fornierl)' in
the French Service, whom I have employed to have an
eye on the proceedings of the Spaniards, and the man-
agement of the Indians on that side. His abilities and
knowledge of that part of the country recommended
him to me as a fit person; and I thought such a one nec-
essary, since the Post which had been held upon the
Mississippi has been withdrawn.

I likewise enclose you two letters I have received by
the same conveyance from Lieutenant Governor Hamil-
ton, from whom I have received at the same time a very
voluminous packet; as it contained nothing very material
and he is in direct correspondence with your Lordship, I
do not think it advisible to detain the Hoat Captain Pear-
son sends in hopes of overtaking the ship which sailed
yesterday with another dispatch from me. I am, with all
respect My Lord your Lordships most obedient humble
servt. Guv CaRLETON.

Lord Geor(;e Germaine.

[Endorsed:] Quebec, 13th August, 1777.

Sir Guv Carleton. (No. 33.) {2 Inclosures.)

Roc HEIiLAX E TO LoRD GeORGE GERMAIXE.
Translation from "Canadian Arrhives," Series (,), Vol. 15, paije 193.

J/j' Lord: — It is nearly two years since the troubles
which agitate disastrously North America obliged his
Excellency, Sir Guy Carleton, to request Captain Hugh
Lord, who comaianded at the Illinois, to leave there with
his garrison in order to be nearer the center and to aid in
gathering together all his forces, which as a skillful leader
fie considered to be too distant. Mr. Lord had orders to
leave the administration of affairs to such person as he
judged proper.

^ I

.( M ;

396

EARLY CHICACO AND II,I,INOIS.

If there could have been found a more zealous officer
who had given many proofs of his capability and of his
patriotism, in all probability he would have been given the
preference. The commands which he left me in appoint-
ing me judge and commander in a vast country were in
effect to continue to bestow upon the savages in these
trying circumstances the presents ordinarily given in order
to avoid alienating them.

I have felt, my Lord, how important it was, during the
crisis which has forced the mother country to the most
strenuous efforts, to carry the greatest moderation into
every expenditure. Mine has always savored more of the
niggardliness of a private individual than what should
have been expected from a great power such as Great
Britain.

It has been necessary for me to break up the designs
and evil intentions of our neighbors, the Spaniards, and to
dissipate the injurious impression they have sought to give
the savages against the present government, in seeking to
renew the small degree of inclination they have had for
the old, and to give from time -to time something to the
vast tribes who inhabit our boundless forests.

I do not know, my Lord, what terms to make use of in
having the honor of expressing to you the greatness of
,my surprise at learning that ni)- expenditure for thirteen
months which was in the neighborhood of twelve hundred
livres sterling has not been allowed. His excellency, Mr.
Carleton, in .1 letter of May last has checked me in every
way. Having received his letter and proving to him in
July the absolute necessity of continuing my v.'ork, I have
said that I would suspend matters out of respect to his
orders, but am continuing in my own name, subject to the
condition of receiving a prompt reply. Thus far I am
still waiting. It is by management of this kind my Lord,
that Mr. Abbott, lieutenant governor at St. Vinceimes, sees

BRITISH ILLINOIS— K(.)CI1KI}I.AVK I'AI'ERS.

397

himself today forced to abandon his government, to avoid
being a victim of too precipitate a plan of action; and
that he runs the risk of having the doors shut upon him
for a long time to come by the Indians who have been
tampered with by our neighbors. Through him I am
deprived of neeiled aid. In vain should any one continue
to decry a country which if better known would be per-
haps one of the richest colonies which his Majesty pos-
seses. The efforts made by our jealous neighbors to expel
us confirm this assertion. The fear of wearying you my
Lord prevents me from writing at yreater length, and I
close b>- imploring you to redress my wrongs, and to take
int ; consideration the state of this country, and to per-
mit me to assure you of the respectful consideration with
which I have the honor to be my Lord, your very humble
and very obedient servant. RociIEBLAVE.

Fort GA(;e of Illinois, the 22nd of January, 1778.

[Endorsed:] At Fort Gage of Illinois, Jan. 22nd, 1778,
M. Rocheblave.

Inhabitants of Peoria to Rocheblave.

Translation from "Canadian Archives. "
■S'lf'.—We the undersigned have the honor to assure
you of our mo.st humble r-spect and submission. All
present have been witness to the arrival of your letter
addressed to F. Maillet and of your word to be carried by
him to the Mascoutin Chiefs. We certify that the said
Maillet has shown great zealousness in this matter. Find-
ing some difficulties and some coolness on the part of the
savages, owing to the persuasion of the Spanish comman-
der at St. Lou=3 this Spring, he felt obliged to add to your
word some further inducement in order to conquer their
prejudices and objections which they brought forward,
and has joined to this pressing reasons and urgent solici-

^1 ■

398

KARI.V CMICACd AND IM.IXolS.

li f

tations wliicli he m.ulL- to tlu-m in our prssenco to over-
come their irrcsohitioii. In Iu)nor of which, Sir, to assure
you that we are with respect and fidehty 3'our very hum-
ble anil obedient servants.
Jyte Tkutf.au, Joski'ii Vkxaii.t.

Louis CiiA'ii;i,i.i:KAii/r,
Lateau IIav. Louis jAL'Mi:n.)T, lu siacmk Lamiskkt,

JOSKl'II V^KUINAT, AMAIU,K \^M,. HaITK. CASTKRK.jUK.

Witness, at the Pees, the 26th January. (.') LloxNAIs.

To Monsieur Roclieblave,

Commandant of all the IJiglish part of the Illinois.

[Endorsed:] French letter that came enclosed by Mr.
Rocheblave to Mr. Hamilton and transmitted by him to
General Carleton in his letter of the 6th August, I77<S,
marked IJctroit No. 7.

:^l'

IC.\AMI\ATloN' OF IIENRV liU lI.ER UEFORl'; ROCIIE-

ni.AVE, AT Fort Gac.i:.

Translation from the "Canadian Archives," Ilalclimand Papers, \'. 122, p. 21.

Today the 15th of Feb. 1778, at eij^ht, o'clock in the
morning there appeared in the audience chamber of this
fort upon your order a man named Henry Butler, of Irish
origin, having resided for six years in the province of
Pennsylvania, to whom after administering the legal oath
to speak the truth, we have put to him the following ques-
tions. Inquiry firstly, how and when he came to this
country.

In reply, he states tl:at he arrived several days ago
having seen himself threatened, as had been the case be-
fore, with being obliged to take arms in favor of the
rebels. He left Fort Pitt three months ago in company
with three others. He had embarked with a Mr. Morin,

liklTISH ILLINOIS — !<()( II Klil.AVK I'.M'KKS.

399

whom he had met witli while hunting;- upon the beautiful
river.

He was asked what was ^roiiig on at that time at the
]''uit and in the surroundinjf i)rovinccs.

lie rcpHed, that he had heard it said that the troops of
the king; were sjjread through the vilia^jes in tlie neighbor-
hood of the saitl Fort and that their general was at a place
called the White Morse.

He was asked if he had heard that Philadelphia had
been taken and how.'

He answered, that the people of Philadelphia had re-
moved everything which barred the river and had given
free entrance to the ships of his majesty.

He was asked if there had been any affair between the
troops of the King and the rebel army.'

He made answer, that he had heard it said that there
had been a battle upon a small river called Schuylskill
and that the rebels had lost.

He was asked where Congress was.'

In reply, he stated that Congress was at Lancaster at
the time he left, but that since it had retired to Carlisle.

He was asked as to whether he had any knowledge of
an armament being prepared for this country.

He replied, that he had heard nothing of it before leav-

I 11

He was asked if he knew George Morgan and where he
was .'

He replied, that he knew him, that Morgan had gone
to Philadelphia in search of money to pay for the provi-
sions of the troops of which he was the purveyor, and that
he had not returned.

He was asked if he had any further information to give.'

He replied, that he had heard it said, that this engage-
ment would take place this spring, that the people inclined
for the party of the King and were only kept back by the

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400

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

'i'

oath which had been exacted from every family to the
contrary, and added that they had conducted the prison-
ers taken from the royalist army to a place called Win-
chester.

He furnished his statement declaring that it contained
only the truth, and not knowing how to sign his name he
signed thro' his clerk and the witnesses here below.

his

Hlnky X Butler.

mark

Rocil EHLAVE, Commandant.
Patt Kennedy, Charles Gogis, Carbonneau, Clerk.

And today the i6th of the said month, continuing the
same interrogatory which business had obliged us to inter-
rupt. The same Wutler after having again taken oath was
asked what was the force of the garrison and the name of
the commandant.'

He replied, that the Brigadier Go 1. Hand, formerly
doctor to the e'<Thtcenth Regiment, comti.''*:ded there and
that there were in the ncitjhborhood of one hundred men
in the garrison, the greater part of them deserters from
the troops of His Majesty there. The thing has not been
clearly explained, they are deserters from the colonies.

He was asked if there was a great number of barges or
bateaux prepared.'

He replied, that there were in the neighborhood of
ninety barges or bateaux already made ready and that
they were employed daily in constructing others. There
would have been a larger number but that a storm had
destroyed seventeen of them.

He was asked if he was acquainted with a person called
W. Liny.' He replied, no.

He was asked what pay they received .'

He answered, that he had received nothing during the
three months that he had been at Fort Pitt.

■^ S

HRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEBLAVE PAPERS.

401

He was asked what the people thought of this on this
side of the Apalachians?

He replied, that they had kept quiet until they should
have constructed the barges, and that then it was thought
that they were for the escape of the chiefs and of con-
gress, and that the people had planned to arrest them if
they sought to escape in that direction.

The readin[T of the declaration having been made to
him, he declared that it contained the truth, and that he
had nothing to change, augment, or diminish therein, and
h-is made h\s mark not knowing how to sign his name, the
year and day as below given.

his

Henry x Butler.

m.'\rk

James Morin, Carbonneau.
Witnes.s. Clerk.

Patt Kennedy,
Witness.

[Endorsed:] K.\amination of Henry Butler at Post
Vincennes before Mons. Rochcblave.

ROCHEULAVE TO CARLETON.
Translation from "Canadian Archives," Haldimand Papers, B. 122, p. 12.

Sir: — I have the honor of informing your excellency
tnat, at the close of last month, I went to St. Vincennes
to confer there with Lieut. Gov. Abbott upon the affairs
of this region. I urged him not to leave, or at least to
withdraw here and assume command. I was not success-
ful in this attempt. I took for my return route the way of
the Wabash and the beautiful river, ascending the Mis-
sissippi, and arriving at this Fort. My intention was to
learn the disposition of the Indians, particularly of the
Delawares. M. Abbott and I have been informed that
they have entered into engagements contrary to the inter-
ests of the crown, and I wished to dissipate the impressions

402

KARl.V cmcACO ANI> ILLINOIS.

to our disadvantage which our neighbors seek to inculcate
daily. I learned upon my arrival at the beautiful river,
the fifth of the present month, that two days ago a vessel
had passed coming from Fort Pitt, which had taken two
brothers who under the passport of Mr. Abbott had gone
to trade with the Indians. I learned the next day that
they had also taken M. Le Chance, officer of Militia at
this place who left before me, going under my passport to
journey to St. Vincennes. They took with the latter his
childred, his effects and his negroes. They took likewise
one of the two brothers of the first capture, with fifty
packages of skins which they had, after making them
understand that they should only put the blame on their
passport and that they wished to take Mr. Hamilton,
Abbott, and myself We discovered that, by their lan-
guage, they were seeking to inspire a spirit of independence
among the people. The ship is large, pointed and with
quarter netting having, according to some of the engages,
two cannon, and four, according to others, who say that
two are masked, and forty soldiers, commanded by an
officer from Philadelphia named Willing, who has three
others under his orders. It is loaded with provisions.
Congress has written by this occasion to the Spanish
Governor at New Orleans, and the Commandant of that
nation in this region has received a letter of the contents
of which nothing has transpired.

As I had good reason to fear they would proceed only
as far as the Illinois, I decided to abandon the project of
visiting the Indians at the adjoining rivers, and by travel-
ing day and night to arrive before them. I met at the
entrance of the Mississippi the recruits of the two captives,
whom they had landed .stripped of everything, after hav-
ing required of them that they would not take arms
against their pretended states. I learned that they under-
stood (if one could put faith in what some soldiers said to

«■

■p

HRITISH ILLINOIS— KOCHKHI.AVi: I'Al'KKS.

403

some ctifja^cs of their acquaintance) that their aim is to
possess tlicmsclves, with the aid of their supporters and
others of their sort, of Natchez and Manchac, and to force
to take arms in their favor several thousands of those
located at the foot of the Mississippi, and to return with
munitions of war.

If such is their plan, I think that in any event, they
must prepare a way of retreat for the chiefs of this fatal
revolt, who, taking refuge in a country covered with
immense forests, surrounded by numberless rivers, and
assisted by our neighbors, could not be dispossessed of it
without a severe blow, ami without causing immense
expense in view of the local difficulties.

I would be all the more tempted to attribute this pro-
ject to them, since after the battle of Long inland, the
capture of New York, and subsequent events, when finall)-
things were at their worst for them, they caused to be
constructed a quantity of barges at Fort Pitt, and the
project was proposed to the Spaniards, according to what
a reliable person from their side has told me, and was
only abandoned when they had taken he.-<rt again after the
surprise of Trenton. Thus we can see the Congress keep-
ing alive here the leaven of the rebellion. Your excel-
lency knows better than anyone how important it is, for
the interests of Great Britain, that they should not have
immediate relations with a jealous power, and one which
exists in a region where it can in safety foment the trou-
bles in the colonies, subdued or to be subdued.

Four months ago, after the arrival of the boats from
New Orleans, che Spaniards sent off by night three men
to carry letters to Fort Pitt. They spread the stor)' that
they were going to hunt o the Heautiful River. Although
I did not credit the report, I have only recently been
assured of the fact by two savages who met them.

I regret exceedingly. Monsieur, that the state of aftairs

404

KAKLY flllCAC.n AND IM.INOIS.

does not permit you to maintain here some troops, by
means of which, and the inhabitants could (:[ive aid to
them, they could cut ofT all foreign relations, make the
passage of the Beautiful River at least dangerous, and
could plant themselves on the hills at the foot of the
Mississippi, and compel our neighbors to ccntribute only
th'jir good wishes to the continuation of our troubles. If
zeal and activity alone could procure us these advantages,
as my honor is concerned, your excellency might remain
without anxiety. Although stripped of everything, I
would not cease to put forth every effort and would only
desist from it, when there was no more hope. I place
before you the declaration of a deserter from the colonies.
He as well as others has asked that they might enjoy the
benefits offered to those who leave the rebel army. I
implore your excellency to give me directions upon this
subject, as well as upon the deeding of lands which num-
bers of the refugees from the colonies are soliciting, con-
jointly with the inhabitants of the Spanish prairie. I have
likewise sent you a journal of last year which .sets forth the
doings of the spani.sh with the Indians of our shore to
our prejudice, and a notice by which anyone on their side
can warn me of any evil designs of the rebels towards me.

I must inform you that the roof of the house of the
fort which is of .shingles is entirely rotten being made
twenty five years ago and that it rains in everywhere
altho' I am continually patching it up. If there is much
longer delay in putting on a new roof, a house which has
cost more than forty thousand piastres to the Jesuits will
be lost.

It grieves me to the heart, sir, to speak with you on the
subject of finance. My expenditure for the first thirteen
months of my government, has reached about one thou-
sand pounds sterling, for which deduction should be made
for the sum Mr. Hamilton was willing to pay. I have

imrrisn h.i.inois — rochehlavk PArERs.

405

taken the liberty of drawing upon your excellency in favor
of Messrs. Unirat & Kirre, according to the account which
I have had the honor of addressing to you. I have the un-
happiness of learning that these same drafts, of which one
is in the hands of Mr. Maisonville at Detroit and the other
is held by Mr. de Seve at Montreal, have not been paid,
which renders all business nearly impossible and costs the
more. If you were fully persuaded, sir, of the necessity
of such expense and of the dispositions of our neighbors,
if you were well informed that under the old government
I have not had the wit to make a fortune, that at present
I have not even the time to think of it, you would see
that with resources so small for a country so large, I have
been able to make redoubled efforts against our neighbors
harboring bands of adventurers coming from the colonies,
and have kept alive a sort of government in a region where
jealousy and scheming have sought to introduce anarchy
and confusion. I am persuaded that the goodness and the
justice of your heart will not permit you to hesitate to order
the payment which has not already been made. Your order
to suspend all expenses which reached me July last, did
not surprise me, having in some sort .solicited it, by a letter
in which I had the honor of pointing out that in a time
where the State was required to make violent effort it was
wise to forbid them here. Hut scarcely had I written thus,
deceived by an insidious tranquility, when two well founded
alarms came to disabuse me. Out of respect for your orders
I ought in reply to point out to your excellency that from
this day I have discontinued those for account uf the
King, and, judging them indispensable, have continued
my own. 1 have strongly felt that the honor of the nation
would not permit you sir to make costly a fanaticism of
zeal so little proportioned to my means, and that you
would need more of me than to see me the sport of our
neighbors and of the savages.

4o6

KARIA CHICAGO AND II.l.INOIS.

I have on every occasion urged that I might be replaced
by some other person better accredited, and, this being
settled in my favor, I will go so far to-day as to even say
that the good of the service requires this. A native born
ICnglishman would experience fewer annoyances on the
part of those who have this advantage, although those
who are here arc little worthy to be so styled. They whom
I have had business with of that faction, and who have
often wasted the attention due to other matters have given
me too much vexation, besides one has need of a clear
head here, and my mind is daily impaired and weakened
by a thousand details, each one more disagreeable than
the other, being obliged to be the fac totiim of everything.

I have the honor to be with the most respectful consid-
eration your excellency's very humble and obedient ser-
vant. ROCHEULAVK.

\i\

\i[

p. S. I have forgotten to inform you that in July last
seeing myself without resources and threatened with a
war which they told me on every side would not long be
delayed, and almost positive that your excellency would
not pay I begged Mr. Abbott to add to his account four
hundred and four piastres that I had given in merchandise
to the Indians of his government before his arrival, which
he did. Meanwhile this same charge is carried into the
accounts of the first thirteen months. I ought to reim-
burse it. if you have paid it, or to carry it in a deduction
upon the current account if you admit it. I have forced
myself to this kind of deceit, which the crisis alone could
justify, to furnish me either the funds or time, and it
troubles me all the more because it is foreign to my char-
acter. Fort Gage le i8 Fr. 1778.

[Endorsed:] Mr. Rocheblave, 8th Feb. 78.

HRITISII ILLINOIS— KOCllKHLAVK TArKRS.

407

RoCIIKBLAVK TO LoRI) GliOROK Gl.RMAINE.
'J'ranslatiun from "Canadian Archives," Series i, Vol. 15, p. igO.

Fort Gage of Illinois, 28th February, 1778.

My Lord: — The unfortunate situation in which his
Excellency, Mr. Carleton, found himself at the end of the
year 1775, at the time of the invasion of the province of
Quebec by the Colonists, obliged him to recall the garri-
son of this Country in order to fall back upon Detroit and
Niagara. This general judged wisely that under the cir-
cumstances it were better not to have the few troops
belonging to him widely dispersed, when in consolidating
them lay his only chance of accomplishing anything. In
consequence of his orders. Captain Hugh Lord, who had
governed this country with general .satisfaction evacuated
it, leaving me in charge without troops, without money,
without resources. This evacuation which the then crisis
rendered necessary, and could alone justify, should have
been remedied when the face of aiifairs had changed. Hut
I think there is but little known in regard to this country.
It will soon become the center of communication between
the Colonists and the Spaniards by means of the Missis-
sippi and the beautiful river, which offers them connection
with the Gulf of Mexico and New Orleans. I have in
vain set forth the danger of this, but have been powerless
to prevent it from lack of means. I take the liberty my
Lord of representing to you that the only means of .saving
this country and to guard against the numberless impedi-
ments to communication, is the immediate residence here
of a lieutenant governor and troops. This statement of
mine should be believed all the more since their coming
would eclipse mc. I wish that the nation could know that
this is one of the best po.ssessions, and that some en-
couragement could be given it.

Not having the honor of being known to you, my Lord,

^■■:^k^S!i^

■ ^

408

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I will not venture to take the liberty of expressing myself
at greater length. I refer you in regard to the account to
be rendered you, to Mr. Ai^bott, lieutenant governor at
St. Vinccnnes, whom to our great regret threatening cir-
cumstances have obliged to go to meet the troops at
Detroit. I will confine myself to asking yout' favor for an
old soldier on half pay in ICuropc in 1748 and in America
in 1763.

Having from fortune only a wife and children, I beg of
you that they may be given the pension of the command-
ants at the Posts. I have the honor to be with respectful
consideration, My Lord, your very humble and obedient
servant. RuciiEnLAVK.

[lindorsed:] Fort Gage of the Illinois, Feb. 20th, 1778,
Mr. de Rocheblave, R. 13th Sept.

ROCHEllLAVL TO HOSSEUON AT ST. ViNCKNNES.
TransKition from "Canadian .\rchives," Ilaktimanrl Tapers, Vol. 122, p. 35.

[Dktkoit, April 25, 1778.]
By a deserter arrived from Fort Pitt, we have learned
that the people of Philadelphia having shaken off the
yoke of Congress, have raised the chain which prevented
the ships of the King from passing, and have by so doing
returned to their allegiance to his majesty. Congress had
fled precipitately toward the mountains, after the com-
plete rout of its army, that the people sigh ardently for
peace in order to escape from the most frightful misery.
The chiefs of the revolt are saving their effects by the
route to Fort Pitt.

A boat descending from the said Fort, has taken the
Srs. Becquet and their packages. Mr. La Chance has sub-
mitted to the same fate with his brandy. Although the
colonists have never had the ill will of this country, this is

the
is

BRITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEm.AVF, PAI'KKS.

409

.1 certain proof that they would spare them little, if the)-
came there in force. Certain rumors which are abroad as
to the bad disposition of the savages, make me desire to
speak with the Chiefs of the Loups. I beg of you if you
if you are at the Post to induce thcni to come and sec mc.

(The alM)ve extract of a letter from Mr. de KocheMave dated Keb'ry zS,
1778, was communicateil by Lieut. -(lov. Abbott to Lieut. -(lov. Hamilton,
and by him sent to Gen. Carleton under date of April 25, 1778, from
Detroit.)

RocHKHLAVE TO LiEi r.-G(n. Hamilton.

Translation from "Canadian Archives," ilaldimand I'apers, Vol. 122, p. }}.

After Midnight, March 17th, 1778.

Sir: — At supper time there entered this evening a
delaware war chief who reported that five or six liundrcd
rebels are making a fort on the river of the Chaouanons
which is eighteen leugues above the mouth of the beauti-
ful river. This being true we are upon the eve of great
events in this country.

He said that his people had killed four of them and had
lost a chief I am more and more convinced that this
Country is to become their retreat and that we need
troops here. The Sieur des Grosclliers the present mes-
senger is about to go in search of merchandise for Mr.
Cerre. As we are in extreme need of everything, I beg
you to facilitate his progress in every way. If the rebels
secure possession, I will warn you in time to stop his
return. I have the honor to be, sir, your very humble and
obedient servant. R(.)Ciii.i!LAVi:.

To the Hon. Henry Hamilton, I-^lsquire, Lieut, gov. of
Detroit and dependencies thereto.

[Endorsed:] From Mr. Rocheblave to Lieut. Govr.
Hamilton of 17 March, 1778.
29

ITT

410

KARLV CIIIIAUO AND ILLINOIS.

.!! .

RofllKItLAYL TO LlKLT.-GoV. AlUIOTT.
Tranfiintion from "C'aimdian Arcliivc<<, " Ifnidimnnd Tniierx, Vol, 123, |). S9.

|M>kT (lAOL, ;?oth June, 1778.

Sir: — Tlic news wliicli the boats arrivin^j yesterday
brinj^ us are conrmed to the acts of brij^aiula^e done on
the lower Mississippi by the party of Mr. Willinj; wliich
has pillaj;ed indiscriminately to the extent of their power
the I'lnj^lish subjects, after havin'^j once left them in peace,
and received their oath of neutrality.

Conduct so odious, so worthy of an Arab has alrcatly
begun to receive a part of the return it merits, a detach-
ment of this corps having; been surprised to the number of
sixteen at Manchac, where a party from I'ensacola killed
four of their men and carried off a dozen. As they hast-
ened to richer prey, they left the Natchez without pillajf-
in{f them but they afterward sent a detachment of thirty-
two men in a boat with six pieces of cannon to make this
expedition. Hut the people of tlie Natchez becominjj
wise by the fate of the others, attacked them and having
killed seven, have taken the rest as well as the boat and
cannon, and have managed to prevent them from coming
up the river, being five hundred under arms with the
savages, having made up their minds not to permit them
to take all of their goods. I hope always to have the
honor of seeing you, having reasons which should engage
you to come without delay. I have the honor to be with
sincere attachment. Sir, your very humble and very obedi-
ent servant. RocilKliLAVK,

RocnKHLAVK r(.) Thomas Dunn, Tkkaslkkr, Ouliikc.

'Lranslation from "Canadian Archives," llaldiniand l'ap«rs, II. 122, p. loi.

Fort (jAGK of the Illinois, the 4th July, 1778.
Sir: — I have drawn today upon you in favor of Mr.
Dejean for twelve hundred and sixty two pounds and a

HKITISIl ILLINOIS— ROCIIKHI-AVK I'AI i<;RS.

411

half sterling; for to pay the expense shice the twenty
foiith May of last year until today. I have tlie honor of
^'ivin^j you advice by the present, praying that you will
lionor it. Tlie uncertaint\- in which I am as to whether
my draft, of last year has been paid, has occasioned me an
increase of e.xpense by the lii^jh prices and the state of
depenilencc in which I have been kept.

And nu-anwhile the information concerning; the doings
of our neighbors tin: Spaniards with the Americans recpiire
that I should ilo even more than before, if my services arc
to be of any use to this Country.

I offer them freely. I have the honor to be with tlie
most entire consideration, etc. K< »< llKHl.AVi;.

[I^ndorsed:] i//^. Letter from Monsieur Kocheblave,
Commandant at I'"ort (ia}.je, Dated 4th Jul\'.

Roc 1 1 1: II I. A VK TO Tllo.MAS Dl'NN, TkKASURKR, QUKIIKI .
Translation from "(aiintlian Aicliivcs," Ilaldiinnnd r.i|iei's, K. 122, p. 102.

Im)|<t (iAcii;, 4th July, 1778.
Hill of J'-.\chan^e, £\2C)\. 10 sterling;.

Hy this bill of exchange, it will please you to pay, the
second and third of the sanie date and tenure being un-
paid, to Mr. Dejean or order the sum of twelve hundred
and si.xty two anil one half pounds sterling to liipiitlate
the expense incurred in this country since the 24th of May
of last year up to this day, according to the advice of
your very humble and very obedient servant.

RocTlKIiL.Wi:, Commandant at the Illinois.

To Mr. Uunn, Treasurer General of the Province of
Quebec, at Ouebec.

[Endorsed:] A copy of a bill of exchange drawn by
M. Rocheblave on Mr. Dunn, for $1262. 10 sterling. Fort
Gage, the 4th July. 1778.

412

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

tr'

El H

ROCHEBLAVK TO CaRLETON. (?)
Translation from "Canadian Archives," Ilaldiinand I'apers, U. 122, p. 91.

Sir: — I have had from time to time the honor of in-
forming your Excellency of the journey of Mr. Willing, a
native of Philadelphia, a would be captain for Congress,
who left Fort Pitt last winter, directing his way, at the
beginning of February, towards the lower part of the
Mississippi, having under his orders in a bateaux four
officers and about forty soldiers. By bateaux arriving from
New Orleans we learn that he put himself at the head of
three hundred rogues, after having perpetrated every kind
of brigandage in the English establishments, pillaging to
the extent of more than a million and a half of piastres in
negroes, indigo, silver and skins, without counting a pro-
digious quantity of merchandise of all sorts, and munitions
of war. He has destroyed English Arkansas, which is no
longer anything but a desert, and of which the greater
part of the inhabitants have joined the troop. He con-
ducted the remainder to Spanish Arkansas, and there,
having found a kind of portrait of His Britannic Majesty
they carried it along on the end of a pole, and then with
a gun fired a number of shots at it, without the comman-
dant offering any opposition to this indecency. They went
from there to the Inrgest P^nglish establishment at Natchez,
a hundred leagues distant from Arkansas, and an equal
distance from New Orleans, but it not being very rich they
attacked it in the night and carried off several persons to
serve them as hostages. They hastened from there to
gain the habitations of the merchants. These required
two of them to sign a promise of neutrality, and to give
their word of honor to leave them in peace, but, after
gathering together a band of rascals of all nationalities,
they began to pillage and ravage with a fury more worthy
of the savages who surround us than of a civilized nation.
And, as if the names of brigands was not enough for

BRITISH ILLINOIS — KOfHEBLAVE PAPERS.

413

them, they have wished to add that of perjurers, in refus-
ing to give their share of the pillage to the ruffians who
joined them only upon the promise to do so. In leaving
Manchac for New Orleans they left behind a dozen men
to gather the animals together. A detachment coming
from Pensacola by the lakes and the river D' Iberville,
which is an offshoot of the Mississippi seventy miles from
its mouth, killed three of them and led the rest captives
to their garrison. Willing came in search of the animals
and caused the houses to be set on fire. I forgot to say
that upon their arrival at Manchac they surprised and
boarded a frigate of eighteen cannon. Odious as may be
their doings, the preservation of this country is due to
their course of rapine and perjury. Mobile and perhaps
Pensacola would perhaps have succumbed, if more desirous
of conquest than of booty they had used more moderation.
The partisans of the government, although to a great
degree already disposed to take arms in their favor, would
have been forced to do so by a band of adventurers, but
that some seeing the devastations, and others the broken
faith in depriving them of their share of the spoils, thought
only of getting away secretly to Natchez. Willing, who
was ignorant of this and who was counting on his adher-
ents, sent after the pillagers two officers with thirty sold-
iers in a vessel carrying six pieces of cannon. The
inhabitants of Natchez, embarking to the number of six
hundred, killed seven of their number, among whom were
some officers, and have captured the rest. Willing used
money by the handful to recruit soldiers at New Orleans.
Such is as far as the present time, sir, the state of this
expedition, the progress of which as your excellency may
judge, may be attributed only to the conformity of senti-
ment of the great part of the people of this country with
the other Americans, which might have been kept under
control by a few troops joined by those well disposed.

414

F.ARLV CIIICACJO AND ILLINOIS.

1 «

These would have overawed our neighbors, whose fraudu-
lent neutrality has been more fatal to us than a war, which
would have permitted us to have put them out of the
account before they had strengthened themselves.

You will remember sir, that I have had the honor of
pointing out to your excellency that there were arms and
habiliments for more than a thousand men in the maga-
zines of the King of Spain at New Orleans. Upon the
arrival of Willing, there were taken away three or four
thousand pieces of blue and white cloth, which under
frivolous pretexts have been sold to the priests, while the
merchants have not been able to procure any. More than
two thousand pieces and a great quantity of powder have
already been sold there, for the service of the colonics.
Their agent will come down one of these days to load
two vessels. It is hoped, by the means of the French and
the Spanish, in case the Natchez .stand firm, to take over
three hundred pounds of powder destined down below for
them, as well as the products of their robberies.

Three bateaux have lately passed on the beautiful river,
going from Fort Pitt loaded with provisions to New
Orleans, with four hundred men. I have hastened off a
party to get the start of them if possible, and to forewarn
the Natchez. They say these bateau.x will be constantly
followed by others, so that this fall the beautiful river will
be covered with bateau.x carrying provisions, which they
dare not confide to the sea, if your excellency does not
sec to this promptly.

The new Spanish Commandant has orders to construct
four forts at the Illinois, where they expect a battalion
this fall. They will form two in the City. The old officers,
on half pay from France have places there, and the ships
have gone to Vera Cruz in search of soldiers. Discourage-
ment is extreme here among the inhabitants, from the
practices of our neighbors and some of the native English,

HRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCHEBLAVE PAPERS.

415

iTiucIi less patriots than the so called subjects, if these
were backed up. But I repeat with regret that with troops
the j^round might have been held. Without this, nothing
can be hoped from them, so greatly have they been made
to fear. The Spanish have announced, to induce them to
come to them, that they will give the means of subsistence
during three years, ground, one pair of oxen, and the
necessary implements for cultivating the soil. So far they
liavc not been able to gain over any one, which is no small
proof of the preference they feel for this government. But
it is to be feared that the crisis they have now reached will
cause this to disappear. If the government would run
the risk of losing three or four hundred pounds sterling,
which it would cost to export the harvest of the inhabi-
tants of New Orleans who could be reimbursed by the
sale, we should have the pleasure of seeing rise and fall,
perhaps for ever, the Spanish battalion which can not
subsist without provisions from this shore, their harvest
having failed. It would be neither possible nor reason-
able to prevent the inhabitants from selling to them un-
less the failure could be jiroved to them. They could not
draw these from the towns, except at immense expense
and with invincible obstacles during winter, which would
make them promptly renounce all projects of establish-
ment. If I do regret not being rich, it is upon an occa-
sion which furnishes us the means of avenging ourselves,
without exposure and without consequences, upon a
thousand enemies, and for acts of hostility to which I
have to be all the more sensible, as, allowing something
to circumstances, I have been prompt to do that which
could injure them.

The crew of the two bateaux which brought the new
commandant have settled themselves in the habitations of
the JLnglish, deserted by all that had escaped or been
despised by the Americans. The proprietors have carried

4i6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

1*1

n';\i

their complaints to New Orleans. I await a reply to
those I have brought here. I await with the greatest
impatience the orders of your excellency, or rather I beg
of you to give them to some other person a native
Englishman, in order to escape the too common jealous-
ies of some, who having merely the name, and whose
affections are all for the Americans, are seeking to thwart
all my efforts, intriguing with our neighbors and poison-
ing with the venom of their hearts the purest intentions.
I assure you, sir, that, if I had the advantage of being
born English, I should have retained but few of those
who are here who seem to me to be the shame and dis-
grace of the nation. Let no one accuse me of prejudice.
Every honest man has always his rights and I have
certain ones exempt from national prejudice.

A native Englishman would not have done for them
what I have done, and for the same reason would have
controlled them better. Reckless spirits for the most
part, they thought that the government owed them every-
thing and that they owed nothing to the government.
They raise a cry for liberty in all that concerns them,
while their minds and hearts are full of schemes of oppres-
sion for all that dojs not pertain to themselves. Will
your excellency deign to pardon the expressions coming
from a heart shattered with grief which only fall upon
the unworthy members of a race I have always admired
and respected, and to whom I may say I have been
assured of the esteem of all others, and of the generous
and enlightened nations who might have been in their
place. I beg you to see, sir, only an excess of zeal in the
urgent solicitations I have the honor to make to you to
send at once a body of troops here, to prevent the impor-
tation of an immense quantity of all sorts of aid for the
colonies. All the alarms I have sought to give will be
only too well realized. We are upon the eve of seeing

BRITISH ILLINOIS — ROCHKULAVE PAPERS.

417

here a numerous band of brigands who will establish a
chain of communication which will not be easy to break,
once formed. If by the schemes of the Spanish the
Natchez are conquered, there will be established an armed
force in this country. You have no time to lose to pre-
vent this misfortune. If militia can be counted for any-
thing at present, a person of discretion with troops would
attract more adherents than would be believed. Inclina-
tion is, in spite of abandonment and distress, still for the
government, but it is more than time to revive their
drooping courage or all will be lost here.

The Indians are in general well enough disposed, but
it is difficult to control them with so small a force, besides
without numbers one can not inspire respect. All that
can be done is to destroy the impressions that our neigh-
bors and emissaries of the colonies seek to instil. I am
struggling against this all I can, in order to gain time and
keep the door open.

My expenses since the twenty fourth of May of last
year to the present time amounts to thirteen hundred and
fifty seven pounds sterling, of which I have drawn upon
Mons. Abbott for four hundred and four and a half, as set
forth in the expenses of the first thirteen months, to be
deducted if the account has been paid of which I am
ignorant as yet. I draw upon Mr. Dunn for this sum,
and implore your excellency to order this payment, being
overcome with demands.

With a letter of credit upon some merchant accredited
for a limited sum upon the merchants here, a saving
might be made upon the expenses, and one would not be
placed in a shameful and injurious dependence, but would
be master of his undertakings. I will send the account
by the first opportunity being too much occupied today.
I entreat your excellency, if I can be of no more use here,,
when you replace me to grant some assistance to a father

.??

4i«

KARI.Y CniCA(;0 AND ILLINOIS.

fc;

of a family in pecuniary difficulties. I recommend myself
to you and assure you of the respectful considertion with
which I have the honor to be, sir, your very humble and
obedient servant. RocilKBLAVK.

Fort Gage, the 4th of July, 1778.

[luidorscd:] 1778, from Mr. Rochcblave, commanding
at the Illinois of the 4th of July. Rec'd at Montreal,
Canada, l-lnclosed in Lt. Govr. Hamilton's letter of the
6th August, marked Detroit No. 7.

ROCHKBLAVE TO CARI,KT( )N.
Translated from "Canadian Archives," .Scries 1!. 97, I, p. l.

Sir: — I steal a moment from my guards in order to
have the honor of informing your excellency that the
night of the fifth or sixth of July last three hundred
rebels under the orders of Mr. Gierke [.'], the self-styled
Colonel, arrived here where they have made me prisoner.

The majority of the inhabitants knowing the manoiu-
vres which had occurred in the lower part of the Missis-
sippi were resolved to defend themselves, but the dealings
of our neighbors, the Spaniards and the abuse o" the
treacherous English, especially those named Danie' Mur-
ray, Richard Winston and John Hanson, prevented them
from doing it. There remained to me for a resource Mr.
LeGros who prepared himself with forty men to come
and join me from Fort Vincennes, where he is captain of
militia, but the rebels having landed on the beautiful
river, sixty leagues from here, crossed the neck of land
which separates that river from this place, and prevented
that. I regret so much the more that he did not arrive,
as a number of men on seeing me supported would have
joined themselves to us, and we would have been able to
hold the balance of affairs in opposition to those who
were destitute and in extremities.

URITISH ILLINOIS— ROCHEBLAVK PArr^KS.

419

Uselessly for two years past, I have been rcprcsciitinif
the necessity of cutting off the communication between
the beautiful river and the Mississippi, carried on with the
Spaniards. It is open, and I hope that there does not
result more inconvenience than I have predicted. I beg
your excellency to pay the expenses for which I have
drawn upon Mr. Dunn. I entreat you to have pity upon
the family of Captain Hugh Lord left with mine without
resource, their effects and mine having been for the most
part seized and sold. I leave here a wife and seven chil-
dren deprived of the first necessities of life. They say
that I depart to morrow for the Congress. I recommend
myself to you to be exchanged. I say nothing to you
of my prison, which there is nothing like in Algiers. I
have lost between Mr. Lord and myself in slaves, animals,
goods and utensils, nine thousand piastres. I hope that
your excellency will have regard to our families, and will
cause them to recei\e some aid by the way of Mr. De
Feire, merchant at Montreal, who could give his orders to
Mr. Cerre, merchant here. I have neither a good pen
nor any other paper. Your excellency will excuse a
prisoner who writes upon his knees. Sick as he is, the
time has come when he must depart from the country.
I have the honor to be with the most respectful consider-
ation your excellency's very humble and obedient servant,

ROCIIEHLAVE.

Fort Gage, the third of April, [August.'] 1778. ••

* The date of this letter, as cojiied from the "Canadian Arcliives," appears
to be April I, 1778, but this is a palpable error, as Rocheblave refers in it to
his capture which took place in July, 177S. It probably was written .Auj^ust
3. 1778, as he speaks of being made prisoner in "July last." and also mentions
liis probable departure the next day "for the t'ongress," that is to Virginia,
and we know that he was sent to Williamsburg not long after his capture. It
will be noticed that he says he was taken jjrisoner the night of the fifth or
sixth of July, while all other accounts represent this as occurring on the night
of the fourth of that month. — K. c. .m.

it 1

COURT OF ENQUIRY AT FT. CHARTRES

By John Moses,

Secretary Chicago Historical Society.

THE "Illinois country," although ceded by the French
to Great Britain two years previously, in consequence
of the armed opposition of its native proprietors, was not
reduced to actual possession, until the surrender of Fort
Chartres, its capital, "with its barracks, magazines, and
artillery," on October lo, 1765.

It was not considered "sound policy" by the British
government to encourage, nor even permit, British settle-
ments within this newly-acquired territory. It was feared
that they would not only weaken and retard the growth of
the older communities on the Atlantic, which they desired
to foster, but that the inhabitants would eventually become,
as stated by the governor of Georgia, "a separate and in-
dependent people who would set up for themselves."*

The country was to be held under a military govern-
ment, and the French inhabitants, less than two thousand
in number, who elected to remain in the country were to
be protected in their religion, and treated kindly, receiv-
ing the same rights and privileges as native-born subjects
of the king. Trade was to be encouraged, and the most
friendly relations maintained with the Indians.

Thomas Sterling, then a gallant young captain in the
Forty-second Highlanders — the celebrated "Black-Watch"
regiment — who subseq.'?ntly fought his way up to a major-
generalship and a baronetcy, to whom Fort Chartres was
surrendered, remained in command but a short time, and

• "Report of British Board of Trade," 27.

420

' i J!

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

421

was succeeded by Maj. Robert Farmer in Dec, 1765, by
Col. Edward Cole, in 1766-8, and he by Col. John Reed.
The latter was relieved at his own request, and was fol-
lowed Sept. 5, 1768, by "John Wilkins, Esquire, lieuten-
ant-colonel of his majesty's Eighteenth or Royal regiment
of Ireland, and commandant throughout the Illinois
country," as he described himself.

Upon learning that the country, where they had lived
so long and thrived, had changed owners, a large portion
of the French removed to the west side of the Mississippi,
Those who remained became difficult subjects to govern.
They regarded their new rulers as their hereditary ene-
mies, and admired neither their laws, manners and cus-
toms, nor thr.ir regulations concerning trade.

A few British families and soldiers from the fort oc-
cupied some of the farms which had been abandoned by
the French or sold for a nominal sum. The principal
trading of the country, it appears, was in the hands of what
was called "The Company," a firm composed of Boyn-
ton, Wharton and Morgan. It dealt in cattle and pro-
duce, and had stores at Kaskaskia and Fort Chartrcs.

The French and Indians in their free-and-easy methods
of dealing with each other had their disagreements, but
these were easily settled in comparison with the more
serious disputes which grew out of the trade with their
new neighbors.

As a remedy for the evils of a strictly military adminis-
tration. Col. Wilkins, pursuant to orders from Gen. Gage,
Nov. 21, 1768, granted commissions of the peace to seven
of his subjects, English and French, who together were to
"form a court of judicature to determine all causes of
debt," but without the intervention of a jury. George
Morgan, manager of "the company," who was very un-
popular with the French on account of his supposed hos-
tile interests, was made the president of the court.

M'.'

■ ill
[I w,

422 KARI.V CmCACO AND ILLINOIS.

The comiiiiindant was inclined to favor his appointee,
the Trench petitioned and remonstrated against him,
and a small rebellion broke out in opposition to the
newly-established judicial tribunal.* It suited neither ihe
British, who preferred the fuiding of a jury and objectcil
to the rulings of a French magistrate; nor the French
who had no respect for the venlict of a jury and a strong
proclivity against Hritish justices-of-the-peace.

Courts of enquiry, as they were called — ordered by the
commandant, being more in consonance with military rule,
appear to have been adopted as a mode of settling civil
disputes in place of the unsatisfactory magistrates' court.

One of these, of which we have only a meagre account,
was ordered Jan. 13, 1769, to adjust accumulating and
aggravating disputes between (jeorge Morgan and certain
complaining French citizens. The proceedings, la.sting
until Jan. 20, were rancorously exciting and the result not
satisfactory to either party."

Another one of these courts of enquiry was ordered by
the commandant upon the complaint of one Richard
IJacon to settle certain matters of "personal abuse" from,
and violations of contract by, the same George Morgan,
before mentioned. The complete record of this proceed-
ing has been preserved among the archives of the State
Historical Society of Wisconsin, which, through the cour-
tesy of R. G. Thvvaites, corresponding-secretary, we arc
permitted to have the pleasure of laying before our readers.

The court convened, Sept. 24, 1770. Among its mem-
bers was the noted Thomas Hutchins, then an ensign in
the king's service, subsecjuently the geographer — surveyor-
general, of the United States; and among the witnesses
were Patrick Kennedy, who wrote the "Journal of a Tour
up the Illinois River in 1775," and a Mr. Winston, who, it
is fair to infer, was the Richard Winston who figured at
Kaskaskia as commandant in 1779.

* The Historical Magazine, 1864, VIII, 262, 270.

•i^f^'^f^^H^SSia

IIRITISII ILLINOIS— COURT OF |;N(.)L!11<V

423

The rccortl, bcLiinninjj with the oriffinal contract between
the parties, affords an inside view of the condition of affairs
in Illinois at tiiis time, as interesting as it is an)iisiii'r;

"Articles of A};reenient made and Concluded & Aj^reed
upon this ^l!*! da>- of march in the year of our Lord one
thousand Seven hundred & Sixty l'".i<;ht, by and between
Georjje Morgan, for himself, & John IJoynton & Sam''
Wharton of the City of l'hiladel[)hia, Merch: of the one
part, & Richard Hacon late of Providence in New I'lng-
land now Residing in the Illinois of the other Part wit-
nesseth

"That whereas the said Hoynton, Wharton, & Morgan,
and Rich''- Hacon have Agreed to ICntcr into a Copartner-
ship, to & jointly to form a Settlement & Improve a i)lan-
tation in the Illinois Country to raise Stock, Indian Corn,
Tobacco, Wheat, & other Articles for the Joint benefit of
them the said Hoynton Wharton & Morgan & Rich''-
Bacon.

"For the better Carrying the design into Execution the
said Boynton Wharton & Morgan do Covenant Grant &
Agree on their parts as follows Viz

"IS'- That they will furnish a certain plantation which
they purchas'd Situate in the Grand Prairie on the road
between Fort Chartres & Kaskaskias, to be by them and
the Said Rich'' Bacon Improv'd for the purposes aforesaid,
and that the said Rich''- Bacon shall have full Liberty to
make all such Improvements thereon as they may now &
hereafter agree upon, particularly to Cut 6c make use of
all Trees & Timber thereunto belonging, as he may think
proper for the joint Iriterest of the said Boynton Wharton
& Morgan & him the said Richard Bacon.

"2<ily- That the said Boynton Wharton & Morgan will
furnish every necessary in their power, for the better Car-
rying on the Said improvement &c; at the joint risque
& Expence of them the said Boynton Wharton & Morgan

434

KARI,Y CllICA(;n AXn ILLINOIS.

& Richard Bacon & that they will wait for the payment
thereof from the Stock, grain, Tobacco &c; to be rais'd
from said Plantation.

"yWy. That they will advance all Monies which may be
necessary for the wages of Men to assist in working on the
Said Plantation at the joint Risque & l^xpence aforesaid.

"^thly. That they will Stock the said plantation with as
many breeding Sows, Cows, and with Cattle Horses &c;
as they may esteem necessary or be reciuired thereto by
the said Richard Hacon if to be prociird or in their power,
at the joint Risque & IC.xpence of them the said lioynton
Wharton & Morgan & the said Richard Hacon & that they
will wait at least twelve months for the payment thereof,
or if necessary 'till they Can be paid on the Stock &c;
rais'd on the said Plantation.

" i>*'- And The said Rich'!' Hacon on his part doth hereby
Covenant, Grant, bargain & agree as follows Vi/.

"That he will at the same Time without any fee or
reward other than what may arise from the Improvements
of Raising Hogs, Cattle, Tobacco, Grain and other prod-
uce for the joint benefit of the said Hoynton, Wharton, &
Morgan, & Richard liacon, & that he will lCm|)loy and
Oversee all such persons, as may be necessary for Carrj'-
ing on the Improvements &c; aforesaid, at the joint Ris-
que & Iv.xpence of the said lioynton Wharton & Morgan
& the said Richard Hacon.

"2illy. That he will build one Log House on the afore-
said plantation & that he will fence in at least fifty acres
thereof at the joint Cost of the said Hoynton Wharton &
Morgan & Richard Hacon as aforesaid, for the more Con-
venient raising of Cattle, Hogs, Grain, Tobacco &c &c;

"^dly. That out of the first produce from the said plan-
tation, that the said Hoynton Wharton & Morgan shall be
repaid all the monies they may advance for the Improve-
ments and K.xpences of the aforesaid Plantation.

IIRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OK KNoLIKV.

425

"4t'''y- Tliat he will buiUl proper Stables, Sheds, I'eiis
&c; for the. better kecphiK the Cattle Hojrs &c; for the
reception of the produce of the said plantation at the
joint riscjue & ICxpence as aforesaid.

"It is allso further mutually Covenanted, Har^ain'd 6v-
Ajjreed, that all the benefits & Profits and Advantages
that shall or may arise from raisin^' of Stock, Tobacco,
Grain, & other produce shall be equally Divided between
the said Parties.

"That is, that the said Boynton, Wharton, & Morgan,
shall have, be entitled to, & ICnjoy one half part thereoff,
& that the said Rich'l^ Hacon shall have, be entitled to ^^
J'-njoy the one other half part thereof

"And that this Copartnership shall Continue & last for
Seven Years from the date hereof unless the aforesaid
Rich''- Hacon shall Choose to decline the same at the
JCxpiration of One year from the date hereof

"And that all the Improvements njade on the said plan-
tation shall be & remain at the I'^xpiration of the said
Term of years to them the said Hoynton, WHiarton & Mor-
gan, without any payment or allowance whatsoever.

"Likewise that the said Hoynton, Wharton & Morgan
shall have & ICnjoy full Liberty without any payment
thereof, to place on the said Plantation, any number of
Cattle, & Horses, which they may purchase on their own
accounts it which the said Rich'' Bacon may not incline
to become Concern'd in, & the said Rich''- Hacon ICn<Mo-cs
& promises, to take the same Care of them, as the Stock
which he may be interested in.

"Sign'd HovxTo.v, Wharton, & M(.>R(;.\.\.
"Seal'd & Delivered in the presence of J. Rumsey.
"Sign'd Jo.sH RlGHV."*

* luidorsed: "Copy of tlie Articles of Agreement ISetween li [oyntonj
\V.[harton], & Richard I'.acon. No. 4."

426

KARLY CHICAGO AND H-LINOIS.

i i\:

* I

"Proceedings of a Court of Enquiry on a Complaint
Exhibited by M'- Richard Bacon against Geo: Morgan
Esq""- for Persona/ Adust; and not Complying Strictly to
the Tenour of his Agreement with him Concerning the
Improvement of a Farm or Plantation, Situated about Six
Miles from Fort Chartres on the Road from thence to
Kaskaskia. By Order of Lieu'- Colonel John Wilkins,
Commandant at Fort Chartres & the Country of the
Illinois &c; &c; this 24tli- Septemr- 1770:

"President, Lieu'' Lewis Wynne. Members: Lieu'-
Alex""' Fowler, ICnsign Tho^- Hutchins, Ensign VV^'"- Rich-
ardson, Ensign W™- Conally.

"The Court Order'd M""- Bacon before them, who deliv-
er'd the foUow'g Annex'd Papers, which the Judge Advo-
cate Read Publickly in Court, all Parties being present.

" Articles of Agreement, between Messfs- Boynton,
Wharton, & Morgan, & M"-- Richard Bacon, Annex'd to
the Minutes; as also M'- Bacon's Memorial to Cob- Wil-
kins, & his Paper to the Court Representing a State of his
Grievances.

"Question proposed by ye Court to Mr. Bacon: — 'As
you seem M'- Bacon to think that M""- Morgan has Settled
M*"- Elliott on Land you thought belonged to the Planta-
tion, you had agreed with M""- Morgan to Improve, ac-
cording to the Annex'd Articles, The Court would be
glad to know the Boundaries of Said Plantation, also
that you wou'd point out to them the many Grievances &
Injuries you so heavily Complain of Receiving from M'-
Morgan .?'

"Bacon. — 'I Cannot point out tlv: lioundaries of the
whole, but I Can point out the Boundaries of that part
of the Plantation now in Dispute.'

"Court. — 'How Came it that Mr- Morgan pointed out the
Boundaries of one side of the Plantation, without point-
ing out the Boundaries of ye whole.''

'■ 1^

URITISH ILLI.\<.)IS— COURT OF ENQUIRY. 427

"Answ. Bacon.— 'Mr. Morj^an told mc that he did not
know the Boundaries of the other Parts of the Plantation.'
"Court.— 'When the A^^reement was made with Mcsrs.
Boynton, Wharton, ic Morf^an, & you. Concernin<r the
Improvement of said Plantation, that is to Say, when
you first Entcr'd into Articles of Aj,^reement with them,
did you then know, or understand, that Mr. Morgan had
any other Lands than the Lands Alluded to in the
Articles of Agreement.''

"Ansr. Bacon.— 'All that I know of this matter is, that
Mr. Morgan told me, that he had fourteen Acres of Land
in Front, which land extends in length from the Roches
leading to Kaskaskia, to the Banks of the Mississippi
opposite thereto: But that about Six or Eight months
afterwards, Mr. Morgan told me that he had Purchased
Eight Acres in Front, more, which I understood Join'd
the first purchased Plantation on the East side.'

"Question proposed by Mr. Morgan:— 'From whom Mr.
Bacon did you Imagine I had purchas'd the last Plot of
Land.''

"Ansr. Bacon.— 'I dont know. I never heard from whom.'

"Court.— 'Did you know Mr. Bacon that Mr. Morgan

had any other Plantation, or Lands whatever, in the

Country of the Illinois, at the Time you PLnter'd into

Articles with him.'' ^

"Bacon. — 'I know of none except the P'ourteen Acres
alreadj' mentioned.'

"Court.— 'If you dont know the Boundaries of your
Plantation, how came you to Imagine that Mr. Elliott
has Encroach'd upon you.''

"Bacon. — 'I know the lioundaries on the side next to
Elliott.'

"Question Mr. Morgan.— 'In what manner Mr. Bacon do
you apprehend Mr. Elliott hath lincroahed upon you.''
"Bacon.— 'Mr. Elliott has Settled on a Place, which I

'i!

428

KARLY CIIICA(;o AND ILLINOIS.

had Clear'd & made some Improvements upon, whereon
is a Spring which I Hkcwise had Cleared tSc made Con-
venient for the watering of my Cattle, & hath also taken
Possession of a Shed or House which I had Huilt.'

"Court. — 'Was this House or Shed just now mentioned,
built, before M'- Morgan left the Illinois Country in the
beginning of July 176^, or had you his Leave in writing
or otherwise, to Build Said House or Shed.''

"Bacon. — 'The House or Shed was not Built when Mr.
Morgan left the Illinois Country in 1769, nor had I his
leave in writing for Building of it. J^ut I understood from
what Mr- Morgan has frequently Said on talking of the
Improvements of the Plantation now in Dispute that I
might make Improvements & Build on the Land which
Mr- Morgan hath now settled M'- I'^lliott upon.'

"Mr- Morgan.— 'Is Mr- Elliott Settled between the Face
of the Roches & the Banks of the Mississippi.''

"M'"' Bacon. — 'No, he is not. He is Settled on the Back-
part of the Roches.'

"Mr. Morgan. — 'Did you M""- Bacon make any use of the
Shade or House which M>- h^Uiott now Occupies.''

"Mr- Bacon.— 'No, I did not at the Time M*- Elliott took
Possession of it.'

"Mr. Morgan.— 'Did not I tell you Mr. Bacon, when I
Settled you upon my Plantation that I was not Certain,
whether the Plantation wou'd extend to the P^astern
Roche or not.''

"Mr. Bacon. — 'You did say that you was not Certain
whether Your Plantation wou'd h^xtcnt from one Roche
to the other or not; but that if it did not extend so far,
you intended soon to Purchase the Adjoining Lands, &
wou'd give me leave, in Consequence of Said Purchase, to
make what Improvcm's- I thought might be necessary or
advantageous to him Mr. Morgan & myself

"Mr. Morgan. — 'Hath Mr. Elliott made any Improve-

r.RITISIl ILLINOIS— COURT OF KX(^UIUV,

429

mcnts on the West Side of the Roches in the Grand
Prairie?'

"M'- Bacon.- 'No, he has not.'

"M'-- Bacon beins,^ dcsir'd by the Court to proceed to
prove the Charge of Personal Abuse— lie said as follows:

'Upon going, to Kaskaskia to Settle Accounts with M^
Morgan, & upon getting there Mr. Morgan Ask'd nie if I
had got the Staves Ready that he had been talking to me
about some time before. On my telling him I had not,
Mr- Morgan Demanded my Reason. I told him that I
Came to know how my Accounts Stood, before I cou'd do
anything more to his IMantation. Upon which Mr. Mor-
gan Call'd me a Damn'd Rascal & a Scoundral, & added
that I had Decciv'd him.'

"Mr. Morgan.— 'Have you Mr- Bacon any Evidence to
prove that you Uesir'd a Settlement with me at the Time
you have alluded to.''

"Mr. Bacon. — 'I have no Evidence Present. But one
Lowdon a Servant of Mr. Morgan's was Present when Mr-
Morgan & I had the Dispute, and I think he must have
heard what Pass'd.'

"Mr. Morgan Addressing himself to the Court Said—
'On finding that Mr- Bacon had repeatedly Said, that a
Certain Gentlemen had told him, (Mr- liacon) that Mr.
Morgan only intended to make a Slave of him; had
brought down Mr- PlUiott from Ft. Pitt for the same pur-
poses; & that neither of them wou'd ever get a Farthing
for their Services; & that he (Mr. Morgan) on finding that
Mr- Bacon had Repeated this in many places, did then say
to him, that whoever that Gentleman was who told him
so, he was A Rascal & a Scoundrel, & beg'd of Mr. Bacon
to tell him so.'

"Mr. Bacon.— 'Did you not Mr- Morgan send for Mr-
Elliott & Consult with him about taking the whole of my
Stock into his hands, iic told him at the same time what

si:

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430

EARLV CHICAGO AND II-UNOIS.

an advantageous matter it wou'd be to him? And also,
did you not desire M"" Elliott to find out if Possible what
Sum I wou'd take to leave the Plantation?'

"Mr- Morgan. — 'I did propose to M""- Elliott to purchase
Mf- Bacon's Stock, finding him intirely Discontented &
Cou'd not Divine for what? and I also added to M""-
Ellliott, that I wou'd advance the money for the purchase
if him (Mr- P:iliott) & Mr- Bacon cou'd agree.'

"M'- Morgan to M""- Bacon. — 'Did you not hear me give
particular Orders for you to be Supply'd with a Copy of
your accounts before I left the Illinois Country in 1769?'

"Mr- Bacon.— 'I heard you tell M""- Brown to Supply me
with the Copys of my Accounts, but M""- Brown never sent
them [to] me.'

"Mr- Morgan. — 'Did I not Settle Accounts with you at
the Plantation in May or June 1769, vJc in Presence of M^^-
l^rown after every Article you objected to in the Account?'

" Mr- Bacon. — ' M""- Morgan Did respecting the Fort
Chartres Accots: only. I do not remember that the Kas-
kaskia Accots. vvas Examined at that Time. And I think
it was only my Private Accot: that was Hxamined.'

Upon this M"". Morgan laid his Jiooks before the Court.
By Said Books it appear'd that a great many Articles had
been Alter'd both in his Publick ct private Accounts. The
Court gave Mr- Bacon by the request of M'- Morgan a
Copy of every Article in his Accounts to which he had
made the least kind of objection, wV desir'd him to make
what alteration he thought proper — with this Remark — T
am determined not to differ with you M^- Bacon, altho you
have used many unbecoming means in order to force me
to it'

"The Court after I'L.xamining the whole of the Accounts
between M""- Morgan ^: M'- Bacon, in which it Appear'd
that M""' ]Morgan had granted every Indulgence, \: even
had Indulged M>"- Bacon with making many of the Charges

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY,

431

himself, thought proper to adjourn till to morrow morning
Nine of the Clock, in Order to give M"". Bacon »Sv: his
Friends Sufficient time to Recollect themselves. The
Court being Determin'd to Examine into the Source of
Every matter Exhibited by either Party."

"September the 25t'>- 1770. The Court agreeable to
adjournment met this morning at nine of the Clock. When
Mr- Bacon Produc'd the Annex'd Paper, which was Read
in Court by the Judge Advocate, all Parties Present, [:]

"Representations" isy Mr. Bacon.

"Gentlemen of the Court, in order to save you much
Trouble, \: that nothing may be Omitted I may think of
Consequence to my Case, I have transmitted my thoughts
again to paper. What I Set forth in my Petition respect-
ing Mr- Elliott is that he was Settled to my Prejudice, that
is, his Vicinity*^' the Encouragement given to him by M'-
Morgan is of great disservice to me, and Absolutely Con-
tradictory to the intent Purport \: honest meaning of the
4th Article of our Agreement, whereby he is oblig'd to buy
all Stock requir'd by me \: in every respect to do his
utmost to promote the Interest of said Plantation. WHiere-
as on the Contrary he has Settled a man just under my
Nose & made it his Business to deprive mc of my Cus-
tomers to serve him.

"It is plain & Evident to any Impartial person, that it
was impossible for me to make anything without ICvcry
I'^ffort of Mr. Morgan, or I Shou'd never have agreed to
Cede the Improvements and ICverything at the Expiration
of the Term. With respect to the land — there is no Spot
or quantity mention'd in the Articles. It was I-^cjual to me
where, how much or how little if Sufficient for my present
purpose, & it is not to be Suppos'd that I wou'd go and
improve upon another man's land if I knew it; the land
mention'd in the Articles is said to be in the Grand Prairie,

;' . (|

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l^--

432

KARLY CHICA(;0 AND ILLINOIS.

whereas my Improvements arc for the greatest part not in
the Prairie, Chiefly on the west side thereof & butt upon
the Roches, where it is not to be suppos'd I wou'd have
Settled had I not been told by AI""- Morgan : he at the same
time gave me leave to build upon either one side of the
Roches or the other which wou'd have taken in near Twenty
Acres of Land, I still think M'"- Winston highly necessary
to be Call'd upon relative to what I said yesterday, & do
with Submission ask it as a favor of this hon''le Court, that
I may be allow'd to Call upon such Evidences as may be
necessary to Corroborate what ever I have Asserted.

"Mr- Morgan might Assert with some small degree of
Truth, I will allow, that he wou'd give up his Share of
the plantation for what it Cost him, meaning I Suppose
agreeable to the Acco'^: Stated between him & me. But
the Gentlemen of the Court will please to Consider that
he has already made his money by furnishing & Stocking
said Farm, & might think himself well off if he got good
i^' immediate payment for his part thereof. At present
however that is not so Easily Reconcl'd either, Because
Mr- Elliott declar'd to me that Mr. Morgan had told him
we had Clear'd 9000 Livres the first year. If so, the de-
crease of Expence and Increase of Stock cV: additional
Improvements must Certainly Add greatly to the annual
Product.

"To Convince you Gentlemen that tho I was immedi-
ately dissatisfied with the Settlement of M^- I'211iott, and
that I am not so difficult to please, I told M'- Morgan at
the Commencement of this Affair that I wou'd much
rather quit the plantation \: Settle Another piece of Ground
than remain there: upon which he ask'd me what I wou'd
do with my Cattle \: Stock; I told him I wou'd leave 'em
with Mr. I'LUiott, and wou'd Accept of what he thought
proper to allow me for my Industry. The answer he made
•as, that would not do, iS: desir'd me to walk to M""-
!Cl!iott's it desire him to leave that place.

ihM-

BRITISH IM.IXOIS — COURT OF KNOUIRV.

433

"These Assertions of mine Gentlemen I think of weicrht
to me \: it is the phice of M^- Morgan to disprove them or
they must hold Good.

"Among other things I have to mention, from among the
Cattle which came from Post S'- Vincent, he took four or
five of the Cows t.V: kept them all Summer, after which he
return'd them to me in a very poor Condition, ik: he fre-
quently sends for Cattle for his own use, ^: orders in favor
of other people at what price he thinks proper, i.V: pur-
chases in the same manner without ever Consultinc with
me at all upon the Subject.

"He has at present a Negro belonging to the plantation
at his own house at Kaskaskias which he detains; but
what is most Notorious that he is now in possession of an
Ox Charg'd to the plantation last year among the 26 head
of Cattle which I receiv'd from Post S'^ Vincent which as
yet he has made no mention of to me. Now if this is true
what wou'd such a Clandestine detention amount to in any
other man, \: a poor one too.

"I Came to the Knowledge of this matter by means of
Mr- Ivlliott who Inform'd me, upon asking, if such an ox
as that was amongst the number come from the Post, told
me that by the discription it was the same, \r that M''-
Morgan ofter'd him all the Cattle but that & one more
which he intended to kill, at the same Time he told M''-
Elliott that if he attempted to take that Ox to the Plan-
tation he wou'd run away from him; upon this Mr- Elliott
ask'd him if the Ox had ever been there before, in answer
to which Mr. Morgan replied that he had not, for that in
Attempting to drive him there he ran away; besides this,
Gentlemen, I have seen the Ox myself, \: am Certain of its
being the same.

"Mr. Morgan, Gentleman, has too or three times men-
tion'd yt he knew I was advis'd, by which he wou'd Seem
to intimate that I was insensible of my own Injury, & that

434

EARLY CHICAC;0 AND ILLINOIS.

•* W

Ri!:

some officious nicdling & Malignant person had urg'd mc
to these Steps. Wherefore in Common Justice to the
Suspected I do hereby declare, that I was from my feel-
ings as a man & a consciousness of the ill treatment J met
with resolv'd & did Communicate my Sentiments to Mr-
Morgan unadvis'd in any respect whatsoever; Nay the
Personal abuse alluded to in my Petition was given me
before I Communicated any Particular Circumstances
relative thereto, & till then did not think matters wou'd
have become so Serious.

"I shall in the Course of the proceedings answer any
further questions the Court may think proper to ask mc &
Explain whatever may not appear Clear or Satisfactory.

(Sign'd) RlCIIARU lUcoN."*

"M""- Hacon also presented to the Court a Copy of the
Articles he, (Mr- l^acon,) had made objections to, and
which was furni.sh'd him by the Court the preceding day
by particular desire of M'- Morgan, without having made
any Alteration whatever therein, but Submitted the
Charges to the Determination of the Court. The Court,
after weighing, & maturely Considering every Charge,
after allowing M""- Bacon every Indulgence Possible De-
ducted the Sum of Two Hundred & Seventy Livres which
Sum M""- Morgan readily agreed to give M'- Bacon Crcdt-
for, & gave him Credit for said Sum accordingly in his
Books, before the Court. M'"- Morgan addressing himself
to the Court, said he was much concern'd, that Mf- Bacon
had not pointed out those Charges before, as he wou'd
willingly have made Deductions wherever M'- Bacon
thought himself Aggriev'd, or overcharg'd, and observ'd
that most of the Charges which M>"- Bacon objected to
were made in his Absence, which Observation Appeared
manifestly authentick by M""- Morgan's liooks.

* Kndorsetl : " The Copy of Representation of matters deliver'd to the
<Jourt by Mr. H.-icon the 25th Septr: 1770. No. 2."

>.-.fe-'A;4iAft.*-^j*.*--

■

HUITISII ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

435

"M''- Bacon desir'd that M"". Croghanshou'd be Kxamin'd,
with respect to the Overcharge of Two Horses, Two Oxen,
& one cart & Geers, which M""- Morgan had Charg'd him
(Mr. Jiacon) ICighteen Hundred Livres for.

"M>"- Croghan, being ask'd by M""- Bacon whether La
Source did not offer him a pair of Horses & a Cart &
Gears for one Thousand Livres — -Answered — 'La Source
did offer me a pair of Horses and a Cart & Geers for one
Thousand Livres, and at the same Time hinted that he
wou'd be glad to get a Negro for said Horses &c, & pay
the diiTerence.'

"Another Article that Mf- Bacon objected to, was a
Charge of Three Thousand & Eighty Livres, Charg'd by
M'' Morgan for Twenty Six Head of Cattle, Brought, &
Ueliver'd him at the Plantation from Post S'- Vincent.

"The Court desir'd M>- Winston (Looking upon him as
a Judge of those Matters) to give his opinion regarding
the prices M""- Morgan had Char'd M""- Bacon for said
Cattle. Mf' Winston, after ICxamining the particular prices
Charged by M^"- Morgan for the Twenty Six head of Cat-
tle Coniplain'd of by Mr- Bacon said, that, he thought at
the Time they were bought by M""- Morgan, the Charges
were very moderate. Viz. at one hundred & Twenty Li-
vres pf. head for Cows, & One hundred & Fifty Livres for
Bullocks, three years Old and upwards; which was [what]
Mr. Morgan had Charg'd Mr- Bacon, as appear'd by Mr-
Morgan's Books. Mr. Winston obscrv'd to the Court, that
he Spoke from l*2xperience, having often bought Cattle at
Post S'- Vincent, A: knew the Risque and trouble of get-
ting them drove to the Illinois: — and adds, — 'I have m\--
self paid One hundred & fifty Livres pr- head in Specie, at
Post St. Vincent for a drove of Twenty two Oxen, manj*
of 'em not above Three years old, and two only that was
full grown Bullocks,' and Notwithstanding the ICxpence of
driving them from thence to the Illinois, they afforded liim
A Reasonable profit.

J
I

■11

436

KAKI.V CIllCACio AM) ILLINOIS.

,\ «

1 *

"Question proposed by Mr- Hacon toMf- Morgan: — 'Von
'11 be so kind Mr. Winston to relate to the Court what
pass'd between M'- Morgan tfc me at the plantation, in the
latter end of May 1769. when talking about the iniprove-
nients of said Plantation?'

"Mr. Winston,— 'AH that I remember is, that Mr.
liacon was proposing to Mr- Morgan, of breaking up, or
Plowing a Piece of land, tf) the ICastward of the Land
already occupied — Mr- Morgan Keply'd, that he thought it
was too late in the Season — that he had no objection to
the proposal, & recommended him to proceed.' Mr. Win-
ston adds, that Mr. Hacon at the same time was talking to
Mr- Morgan about fixing a Trough at the Spring where
Mr. Elliott is now Settled, in order that he may have a
Constant Supply of water for his Cattle, to which Mr.
Morgan gave his Assent, & obscrv'd, that it wou'd keep
his Cattle from Rambling into the woods for want of water
— Mr. Winston also observes, that he understood Mr.
Hacon had leave, to occupy any Land Contiguous to the
Plantation, either upon the Hill, or in the Meadow.

"Mr. Bacon objected against a Charge of Thirty Seven
Livres, Ten Sols which Mr- Morgan had Charg'd him for
iMve Sickles.

"Upon referring to the Hooks of Mr. Morgan the Court
found the Charge was made in his Absence by Mr. Tanley
— Tanley being sent for. Said, he never Charg'd Mr. Bacon
otherwise, than at the Common Rates & Customs of the
Country — the Court was then Clear'd.

"And after having well Consider'd this matter, Unani-
mously Agreed to allow the Charge of, Thirty seven Li-
vres, Ten Sols for the five Sickles as it appear'd in Mr.
Morgan's Books. The Court Admitted all Parties.

"Mr. Bacon, then Objected to a Charge made by Mr.
Morgan, of One Hundred & Sixty Livres for Two Hoggs,
Bought from One, Goho, & Sent to Mr. Bacon's Plantation.

llUiriSlI ILLINOIS— (OUKT OF KN(,)rik\-.

437

M''- li.icoii Observing' that he is Positive he never Keceiv'd
said Two Iloygs nor does he know anythinj^ of them.

"M""' Morgan bej^'d Leave to refer to his Hooks, & M«".
lirown beinjj Call'd upon who Keeps iMr- Morj^an's Jiooks,
(tVr in whose hand writinjj this Charge was made) Says,
that he Coii'd Ahnost Swear to tlie Varacity & Correct-
ness of Mf' Morgan's Hooks, & also says that he is well
Convinc'd M""' Hacon wou'd not have been Charg'd witii
the Two Hoggs in question, had he not receiv'd them. As
the I'Lntries in the different Hooks was MxtreamI)- Clear,
<k without any kind of Krasement the Court Admitted the
Charge without Deduction. M""- Hacon, by a Paper De-
liver'd to the Court this morning (which is herewith
Annex'd) Complains of M""' Morgan Detaining at Kaskas-
kia a Negroe man that belong'd to the Plantation. Mr.
Morgan, Addressing himself to the Court Says that the
Negroe man alluded to by Mf- Hacon, had run away from
him (M""- Hacon) several times & Said it was owing to the
Barbarous treatment he had at Different times Receiv'd
from Mr- Hacon, ife had Declar'd to him (M''- Morgan) that
he wou'd never live with Mr- l^acon. M'- Mogan proceeds,
«fe Says, that in the month of June 1769, said Negroe ran
away, and Stayd Some days — Upon being found, and an
attempt being made to Secure him. He Stabbed himself
in Two places, and Declar'd Again that he wou'd Sooner
kill himself than go back to Hacon. Hut he wou'd live
with any other Person, & Shou'd be glad to be Sold to any
of the French people. He However was Sei/.'d upon, bound
& Hrought to Fort Chartres, where Doctor Thomason, at-
tended him, and made A Cure of his wounds. He was
then prevailed upon to go back to live with M''- Bacon iV:
Continued with hini till near Christmas when he again ran
away from the Plantation, & was found in the Month of
June or July last, by the Kaskaskia Indians, who was out
upon a Praire a Hunting about one hundred Miles from

't. ■rl

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1-1

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438

KARI.V CIIICAflO AN'I) ILLINOIS.

the Village of Kask.iskia. Said Nc^jroc was then ahnost
Dead; had no arms with him of any kind, but a knife tfe
that a bad one. Upon his bein^' brouj,'lit to me by tiie
Aforesaid Indians, he ai)i)ear'd to have a Complaint in hi*
throat which tlireatened liis life. The Indians told mc
they Imaj^in'd it must have proceeded from his Mating a
number of Rattle Snakes, the Small bones of which hav-
ing Stuck in his throat, A: bein<f altogether IC.xpos'd to the
Inclemency of the Weather, I was therefore under the
necessity of taking i)articular Care of him, with regard to
Diet as well as Cloathing by which means I have almost
restor'd to his wonted health. Hut notwithstanding this
he Still Declares, that he'll Destroy himself shou'd he be
sent back to the Plantation. —And Also Says — that the
Indians that brought said Ncgroe to me, Demanded of me
Four hundred Dollars. Hut since that time they have
consented to take one hundred A: Fifty Dollars, which Sum
they now have of mine in their hands & do retain it on
that ace'- I therefore intend that said Negroe shall be
sold at I'ublick Vendue for the benefit of the Plantation —
this M""- Hacon Agreed to. The Court adjourns till to
morrow morning Nine of the Clock when all Parties with
their ICvidences will Attend."

"Wednesday September 26'Ii 1770. The Court Pursu-
ant to adjournment met this morning at Nine of the
Clock, but cou'd not proceed to business, as M""- Morgan At
Iwidences did not appear, therefore Adjourn'd till to mor-
row morning at Nine of the Clock, being Thursday the
27t'»of September."

"Thursday September the 27''' 1770. The Court met
this morning at nine of the Clock pursuant to adjournm'-
M'- Hacon deliverd a written paper to the Court which is
herewith annex'd & which the Judge Advocate Read
Publickly in Court, all Parties being Present, [as follows:]

HKITISII II.I.IN(.)IS— Col'Ur OK KNcjU'IKY,

439

" RKI'KKSKNTATIONS" ItV Mk. liAOJN.

"Gentlemen —Witli all deffcrence and respect I must once
more Entreat your forgiveness in observing' that the point-
ing out the Mounds of M^- Morgan's purchase of Seven
Acres can have nothing to do with the nature of my Com-
plaint. In the first place, there is no bounds mention'd in
tile Articles, and M'- Mortjan never pointed out this place
to me before; had he told nie to have Cultivated that Spot
at first I shou'd Certainly have done it iV: not have thrown
away my time \: labour upon a place which at that Time
at least did not belonjr U) him, Notwithstandiiit^ this I
a^ain declare that he told me to built \: Improve where I
have.

"With respect to the General Charges of the Slave
either of Fort Chartres or Kaskaskias I dont urj^e that as
a matter of Consec|uence, tho Mf' Morgan is a great gainer
thereby, I allude to Some Particular \: Extraordinary
ones, purchases made by that Gentleman.

" Mr. Tanley no doubt Charg'd me as he did other
people & had a view naturally to the Interest of his
I'^mployers, he himslf cou'd reap no benefit thereby. In
Short may it please this Honourable Court I have said &
deliver'd in writing all that I have at present to Say upon
the Subject, which you will no doubt take into your Con-
sideration \' Submit the Same to your Impartial Judg-
ment. Concluding with this declaration that I shall Come
To no Compromise with M""- Morgan, who tho he pretends
to Say he will yet make things Satisfactory, has as I have
observ'd before put me off from time to time & abus'd me
for Demands So Just and reasonable.

"With respect to the Indians owing M'"' Morgan Money
I see no Reason why my property Shou'd Sufifer in Secur-

ing It.

"One Frederick Dunfield a Butcher came from M"".
Morgan's to the plantation to kill some Oxen for me, &

' » (

440

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

h i

r>'' i

: ^

ik!

ill
111

i' I. i

told mc that he had kill'd some Cr.ttle for Mr- Morgcin. I
ask'd him where he got them, he told me from Beauvais, I
ask'd him what Sort of Cattle they were, he told me that
one was a very large Ox that had a piece of wood on his
horns, & that the others was a Black Cow, & a black and
white Cow,— About four or five months after I went Down
to Settle with M>- Morgan *fe in the Credit of his acco'-
I did not See the Above Cattle J'^nter'd, & then Immedi-
ately told him that he had not given me Credit for all the
Cattle he had kil'd; he asu'd me what Cattle they were;
I told him some of them he bought of Beauvais, he told
mc he had never kil'd one of them, I desird him to let Mr
Brown go with me to M""- Beauvais & perhaps they might
know Something about them, which he did «& they told
him M""- Morgan had kill'd the Ox with the wood on his
horn, & as to the Cow or any more they knew nothing
About; We went back to M^- Morgan & told him what
they had told us, upon that M>"- Morgan gave Credit for
the Ox, & the Cow was Set down Stray'd.

"I am Gentlemen with many unfeign'd thanks for the
trouble you have had in this Affair, with the utmost
respect. Your most Oblig'd & most Obedt- hum'>'e Servant.

Sign'd Rich"- Bacon."*

"In a Paper Deliver'd to the Court by M''- liacon the
25t*>Septem'". He there Complains of An Ox, which Mr-
Morgan had Detain'd from him in the following words —
'but what is most notorious is that he is now in Posses-
sion of An 0.x Charg'd to the plantation last Year Among
the Twenty Six head of Cattle which I receiv'd from Post
St- Vincent, which as yet he has made no mention of to
me, now if this is true, what woud Such a Clandestine
Detention, Amount to in Any Other Man— and a Poor
one too.'

* "The Copy of Representation of Matters Deliver'd to the Court the 27th
September 1770. (Sign'd) Richard Bacon, No. 3."

SSSBSSSaSgrra^rssRanr^

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COLKT OV liNOUIRV.

441

"Question propos'd by the Court to Mr. Bacon:— 'Did
You Mr. Bacon point out the Ox Complain'd of.' or Did
you ever Demand him of M"". Mortran?'

"Mr. Bacon.— 'No,— I never did.' '

"Court.— 'Did you Mr. Bacon ever hear that Mr. Mor-
gan used means or endeavour'd to use Means to Conceal
this Ox from you?'

"Mr. Bacon.— 'By no other way, than by what Mr. I-llli-
ott told me. '

"Court.— 'Mr. Elliott please relate to the Court, what
you know. Concerning the Ox Alluded to by Mr. Bacon,
& which is now in Possession of Mr- Morgan.''

"Mr. Elliott.— 'I went down by Mr. Morgans request to
Kaskaskia to Look at some Cattle which Mr. Morgan pro-
pos'd Selling to me. Among the Cattle there was one
which Mr. [Morgan] I-:xcepted. as he said he Imagin'd he
wou'd run away, as he had already made his Escape twice
from [those] he had Appointed to drive him. Some little
Time after I came home to my plantation, Mr. Bacon came
there & Describ'd a Number of Cattle which he had lost,
and amongst them One, very much like the Ox above ex-
cepted by Mr. Morgan, I told Mr- liacon, that it was very
probable, that this mi^ht be the Ox, llspecialiy as Mr.
Morgan excepted SelMngof him. I alsohear'd, but not from
Mr. Morgan, that Mr. Morgan intended to kill Said Ox.'

"Court to Mr. Bacon.— 'Did you Mr. Bacon, in Conse-
quence of the Information given you by Mr. ICUiott, "o down
to Kaskaskia to Inquire After this Ox of Mr. Mors,ran.''

"Mr. Bacon. — 'I went down to see if it was the Same Ox
but did not Inquire after him."

"Court. — 'Where was the Ox when you saw him.''

"M'-. Bacon. — 'He was in the Yard with the rest of the
Cattle.'

"Court. — 'Where do you apprehend, Mr. Bacon, the Ox
was when you first went to look after him.''
31

442

EARLY CHICAGO AND II.MNOIS.

ti.

"M>-. Bacon.— 'I don't know.'

"Court. — 'What time of the day was it, when you first
went to look After the Ox.''

"M""- Bacon. — 'It was about an hour and a half or two
hours before Sun Set.'

"Court. — 'When you knew the Ox to be yours, M""-
Bacon, why did you not demand him of M""- Morgan.''

"Mr- Bacon. — 'The Reason I did not demand him, was,
that I had found Colonel Wilkins had ordered a Court of
Inquiry to Sit to Settle matters between Mr- Morgan &
me;'

"Mr- Morgan Address'd himself to the Court & Said,
that when Ensign Hutchins >k Ens. Richardson was at my
house, at Kaskaskia, whither or not they think I took
pains to Conceal that Ox; on the Contrary, if he was not
always with the rest of the Cattle; and as he was a very
Fat Ox, if all of us were not making remarks upon him.'

"Ensign Hutchins, tfe Ens: Richardson, said — that they
saw that Ox in Common with the others & that they were
making Remarks with M""- Morgan on his Fatness: — and
I'Lns: Hutchins adds that he understood him to be a Run
away, he (Ens: Hutchins) advis'd M""- Morgan to kill him,
as he was in such high Condition. On which M>"- Morgan
said he wou'd. Ens. Richardson observ'd that M''- Morgan
told him, he had made a Calculation, to find, if he cou'd
be dispos'd of at Kaskaskia & Sent his Brother in Law
M""- Boynton to sound the Inclination of the French People
— but as they were not dispos'd to Buy, was under the
necessity of letting him Run."

M""- Morgan observ'd to the Court, that on M'- liacon
Delivering the Annex'd paper to the Court, wherein he
Complains heavily of him (Mr. Morgan) Detaining the Ox
in Question, he went down to Kaskaskia to Inquire into
the Truth of it, he being entirely Ignorant of the matter,
it being the first time that ever Mr- Bacon mention'd the

■^1

first

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENOUIRV.

443

matter to him. Upon Inquiring of a French Man who
brought him from Post S- Vincent, He found that the Ox
'lad been dehver'd to Mr. Bacon at the Plantation; Mr-
Morgan proceeds & Says— 'I therefore intend to Sell him
for the most I can get, or take him on my own Account.
& give the Plantation Credit for the Value.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mr. Ikown.— 'Did Mr. Brown never tell
Mr. Morgan, that I had lost Cattle, «fe that they were
Stray'd to Post St. Vincent.?'

"Mr. Brown.— 'I told Mr. Morgan, that Mr. Bacon had
lost Seven or Kight Cattle, out of the Twenty Six head of
Cattle he had receiv'd from Post St- Vincent & Several
Others.'

"Mr. Bacon.— 'Whether you Mr. Brown did not tell me,
that this very Ox in Question had Stray'd to Post St. Vin-
cent.''

"Mr. Brown.— 'I do not remember [that] I did. I did
not particularize any Ox.'

"Mr. Bacon.— 'What is the reason, Mr. Morgan, on your
Receiving the last drove of Cattle from Post St. Vincent
you did not acquaint me of it particularly, when you knew
you had receiv'd all the Cattle but four that were Missing.''

"Mr. Mor<;an.— 'I Knew that you Mr. Bacon cou'd be
no Stranger to their Arrival, as it was Notorious, thro the
Country, Also I had Seen Mr. Bacon Viewing of the
Cattle on Saturday the 22d Instant, which was the first
time I had Seen Mr. Bacon after their Arrival.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mr. Elliott. — 'Did I not tell you Mr.
P:iliott, that I had lost Several Cattle, & that I heard one
of them had Stray'd to Post St. Vincent.''

"Mr. p:iliott.— 'Yes, you did tell me so.'

"Mr. Bacon to Anto. Renaue.— 'How many head of
Cattle was it, that Mr. Morgan Order'd you to bring from
Post St. Vincent, the last time you went there.''

"Anto: Renaue.— 'I had orders from Mr Morgan, to

If ■■
il i

■{>

444

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

ill''

bring all the Cattle I cou'd find of His. I found Ten
which I brought & heard that four had died.'

"Bacon.— 'Did you understand that Fourteen Cattle
was all that Mr. Morgan had at Post St. Vincent.?'

"Anto: Renaue. — 'I understood from the people that
deliver'd them to me that Mr. Morgan had no more than
fourteen head of Cattle at Post St. Vincent. One of the
Ten above mcntion'd was Drown'd in Crossing the Kas-
kaskia River.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mr. Morgan. — 'Did you Mr. Morgan
never hear, or receive any Account of the Two Cows
Charg'd to the plantation, which you bought from Madam
Nichola.' '

"Mr. Morgan. — T Uont Recollect I ever did, but it shall
be Enquir'd into & Justice done.'

"Mr. Bacon to Antoine LaSourse. — 'What Value do you
put on the two Oxen, Two Horses, & one Cart & Gears;
at the time that Mr. Morgan made the Exchange with you
for a Negroe.''

"Monsr. LaSourse. — 'I fi.x'd no particular Value on the
Two Oxen, Two Horses, & Cart & Gears. But Kxcang'd
them with Mr. Morgan for a Negroe, which negroe I had
my Choice of from four or five, or more.'

"Mr. Bacon. — ^'Did you Monsr. LaSourse look upon the
Negroe you Rcceiv'd from INIr. Morgan, to be a Sound
Negroe, & in health, & worth P^ighteen hundred Livres.''

"Monsr. LaSourse. — 'I had him ICxamin'd by Monsr.
Bluen. I look'd upon him as a Sound good Negroe, and
"well worth Ivighteen hundred Livres, as Negroes Com-
monly Sold at that time for Two Thousand Livres.'

"Mr. Morgan to LaSourse. — 'Please relate to tiie Court
Monsr. La Sourse, how this Negroe turn'd out, and how
you are now pleas'd with him.''

"Monsr. La Sourse.-— 'I never wou'd desire a better
Negroe than he has turn'd out to be, and am now Ex-

15RIT1SII ILLFNOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY. 445

treamly well pleas'd with the bargain I made with Mr.
Morgan.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mon.sr. La Sourse.— 'What Age was the
Cattle, and what did you value them at, that Mr. Morgan
got from you for the Negroc.''

"Mon.sr. La Sourse.— 'I Cannot put A Value upon them
at this Time as I put no value upon them at the Time I
agreed with Mr. Morgan. I E.xchang'd them for a Negroe
with Mr. Morgan which he likewise set no Value Upon.
The Cattle was between three it four years old.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mons. La Sourse.— 'Did you not Monsr.
La Sourse pay Mr. Morgan some difference regarding the
Ivxchange you made with him for the Negroe .?'

"Monsr. La Sourse.— 'No. Nothing at all. Ikit on the
Contrary Mr. Morgan gave me One Hundred & Fifteen
Livres & a Side of Tanned Leather Value Thirty Livres."

"This appears to be a very just iV: Impartial Account of
the matter, as appears by Mr. Morgan's Books, also by a
Bill of Sale & Receipt which is as follows:

'"I Certify that I have Bought & Receiv'd of Monsr.
Antoine La Sourse Two Oxen, Two Horses with a Cart
cVc Gears, for which I have paid and deliverd to him one
Male Negroe & one hundred & Fifteen Livres on account.
30th April 1768. Geo. MoRG.VN.'

"By a Paper deliver'd to the Court this morning which
is herewith Annex'd, & which was Publickly Read by the
Judge Advocate, All Parties being present; Mr. Bacon
there Says— 'Mr. Morgan, who, tho he pretends to say, he
will yet make things Satisfactory, has as I havq observ'd
before, put me off from time to time and Abus'd me for
Demands so Just and Reasonable.' Three letters being
produc'd in Court by Mr. Bacon, Wrote to him by Mr.
Morgan. Said Letters by the request of Mr. Bacon were
Publickly read in Court by the Judge Advocate. It ap-
pear'd to the Court that they abounded with the most

;l^

'III

ii;

it ■

446

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

wholesome & Good advice to Mr. Bacon; and Clearly-
indicated that Mr. Morgan wish'd to Settle the Plantation
Accots. with him as soon as Possible.

"Mr. Morgan inform'd the Court that Mr. Elliott was
present when he Impress'd a Settlement of Accounts with
Mr. Bacc), & dcsir'd that Mr. P:iliott wou'd relate to the
Court what he heard pass between them — Mr. Morgan
& Mr. liacon.

"Mr. KUiott Says, that he was at Mr. Bacon's one Even-
ing with Mr. Morgan, about three weeks or a month after
he arr . i:. '■'•>■ 6 Country. He heard Mr. Morgan and Mr.
Bacon talk^ : , 1 it the Cattle they had lost, & that Mr.
Morgan :3aid lu Mr. Bacon, that he shou'd not be Easy,
before he Vnew how the Accounts of the Plantation stood.
Mr. EUioti adr'- thiiL 'n. told Mr. Bacon, that be heard
Mr. Morgan Say, that if any t .' the Articles in the Accounts
between Mr. Bacon & him were overcharg'd, he shoud be
very happy to rectify them, and make every allowance to
Mr. Bacon that was reasonable. The Court adjourns on
Acct. of Ens. Conolly being taken Sick, till nine oclock to
morrow morning."

"Eriday the 20th September 1770. The Court met
agreeable to adjournment & on account of some of the
Members being Sick, The Court is adjourn'd till Monday
nc.Kt the 1st of October, when they will meet at nine of
the Clock."

"Monday the ist of October 1770. The Court met this
day pursuant to adjournment at 9 of the Clock. Mr.
Bacon Observ'd to the Court that in Consequence of a
Letter he had receiv'd from Mr. Morgan, desiring him
(Mr. Bacon) to send Mr. Morgan, an Exact State of the
Stock, utensils of Husbandry &c; on the plantation: —
That he (Mr. Bacon) on Receiving said Letter did send an
Inventory of every thing on the plantation about Six
Weeks ago; and that he went sometime afterwards on

' •^' t VW W>« W |lli *M^ I

BRITISH ILLINOIS — COURT OF ENQUIRY.

447

|i;

purpose to obtain a Settlem't with Mr. Morgan, but coud
not accomplish it.

"Mr. Morgan says in answer to what Mr. Bacon hath
above asserted, That Mr. Bacon did come down to Kas-
kaskia, but he never Asked or Demanded A Settlement
with him.

"Mr. Bacon to Mr. KlHott. — 'Did not you understand
that when you and I went down to Kaskaskia, about three
weeks or a month ago, that I went on purpose to Settle
Accots. with Mr. Morgan.?'

"Mr. Elliott. — 'I heard you Say so. But at the Same
time I understood from Mr. Morgan, that you ask'd nor
demanded no Settlement with him.'

"Mr. Morgan.— 'Did you Mr. Elliott hear Mr. Bacon
request to Settle Accots. with me?'

"Mr. Elliott.— 'I did not.'

"Mr. Morgan. — 'Did I not Mr. Bacon on or about the
1 2th of September last ask you whether or not you had
brought your Books or accounts in order to have a Settle-
ment.''

"Mr. l^acon. — 'You did, the day after I lodged my
Complaint with Colo. Wilkins, I at the same time told you
that I did not think it worth my while to bring the accounts
down, having used me so ill Some time before.'

"Mr. Bacon to Mr. Elliott— 'Do you not think it is of
great prejudice to me, that you are Settled so near me.''

"Mr. Elliott.— 'I Dont think that I can be of the least
prejudice to you unless the land I am Settled upon belongs
to your Plantation. — if this is the Case I must be of great
prejudice to you.'

"Jiacon to Elliott. — 'Did you not hear Mr. Morgan ask
me where his land terminated towards the East, in the
Grand Prairie.''

"Mr. p:iliott. — 'I heard Mr. Morgan ask Mr Bacon where
the bounds of the land was, but whither Mr. Morgan said

1^1:

' I"

•il

„ I . ifpflri-,!i|i|tt)aw»jiil

448

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

»:

If'

our Lands, or his Lands, I cannot Recollect. Mr. Bacon
pointed to a bunch of Trees, which stands in the Grand
Prairie, and said that was the place which you (meaning
Mr. Morgan) told me was the Boundaries on that quarter
sometime before.'

"Mr. Morgan Observes to the Court that the Bunch of
Trees which Mr. Bacon alludes to, is the Kstern Boundary
of his Second Purchase.

"Mr. Morgan produc'd to the Court a Recorded Deed
Dated the lothof March 1760, for the plantation on which
he Settled Mr. Bacon; by which it appears that said plan-
tation contains no more than Seven Square Acres in
Front.

"Mr. Bacon being ask'd by the Court, whether he had
any more questions to propose, or any more Evidences to
Examine — Answd: he had not.

"Mr. Morgan to Mr. Elliott. — 'Did I not express my
Surprise at Mr. Bacon, for liuilding his Barn where he
has, during my Absence, the first time you & I went to
the Plantation, after our Arrival in the Illinois.''

"Mr. Elliott. — 'You did, and also said, that Mr. Bacon
must put a Value upon the Improvements, as that was the
Land you intended to Settle me upon.'

"Mr. Morgan Desires that the Court will allow Mr. Elli-
ott to relate, what Mr. Bacon told him relative to what a
Certain Gentleman told Mr. Bacon about Mr. Morgan
bringing him (Mr. Elliott) to this Country on purpose to
Enslave him, as well as he had already done Mr. Bacon;
\: if said. Certain Gentleman had not declar'd, that neither
he [Mr. Bacon] nor Mr. l'211iott wou'd ever get a Si.x pence
for their Labour; and also what Proposals you receiv'd
from said Certain Gentleman, by Mr. Bacon.

"Mr. Elliott. — 'Sometime after I came to this Country,
I happen'd to Call upon Mr. Bacon. Walking with him in
the Garden Mr. Bacon told me that Mr. Rumsey had been

---'-«ar«-tj5flMS(«Ms^?^f "i jf*^.

15RITISII ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

449

with him sometime before, & told him that he wou'd not
make so much of the Plantation as he might Imagine —
that when his accounts came to be Settled, that he wou'd
have but a very Small lialancc to receive &c; Mr. Bacon
told me that Mr. Rumsey had Enquir'd of him on what
Terms I was Settled on the Lands I now Occupy. Mr.
Jiacon told him he did not know, Mr. Rumsey answd. that
Mr. Morgan's Intention was only to get Some Work out
of me, and that was all I need to K.xpect. Mr. Bacon at
the same time Seem'd to think, that what Mr. Rumsey
might have said, might be merely out of Pique or resent-
ment to Mr. Morgan, as he was Informd they had, had
some Difference sometime before.'

'"Mr. Bacon & I had a good deal of discourse concerning
this matter, & mutually agreed not to pay attention to
Such reports, till we had some more substantial proofs of
Mr. Morgan's Designs against us: Mr. Elliott also Says that
about two weeks ago Mr. Bacon Came to him, with a
Verbal message from Colonel VVilkins — telling him that
Colo.^Wilkins desir'd I woud leave the Plantation Immedi-
ately, Mr. Morgan having no right to Settle me thereon.
I had not an Oportunity of waiting immediately on Colo-
nel Wilkins. Mr. Bacon Came to me too days after, &
told me that he had come with a Second Verbal message
from Colo. Wilkins & that the Colonel desir'd him to tell
me, that he had done me the honour to warn me A Second
time, to leave the Plantation; and that if I did not remove
Instantly, he (the Colonel) wou'd send a party of Soldiers
& take what property I had from me. Mr. Bacon likewise
told me, that he had Seen an Order in writing from Colo-
nel Wilkins in the Possession of Mr. Rumsey tc turn me
off said Plantation. Mr. Bacon also told me a few days
before that he had seen a permission in writing that Colo.
Wilkins had given to Mr. Rumsey, Sign'd by the Colo's.
own hand, giving him full possession of the Lands I am

H-

lit-
'I

gwwwi

450

EARLY CIIICAOO AN'D ILLINOIS.

t^ . r

now Settled upon — And that this permission extended to
A Run about half a mile East from where I am Settled,
to another Run, on the west of where Mr. Hacon Hves, on
the Land towards the Back of the Roches. I asked Mr.
Bacon if he was Certain of this. He answerd me — that
he was Very Certain, for he had the permission in his hand
[writing] & that he read it.'

'"Mr. Bacon likewise acquainted me that Mr. Rumsey had
asked of him. if ever he had told mc, that he (Mr. Rum-
sey) was in possession of Such an Order or Permission.
Mr. Bacon told Mr. Rumsey that he had not S])oke to me
About it. Mr. Rumsey then told Mr. Bacon that he might
.tell me, that he (Mr. Rumsey) had such an Order, or Per-
mission in his possession. Mr. Rumsey at the same time it
seems ICxpress'd his Concern for my being put to So much
Inconvenience & Distress, & said that he wou'd do me the
favour to Apply to Colonel Wilkins for any Tract of Land
that was not already possessed ; and that as I had Come
into the Country, on purpose to Settle, that he wou'd fur-
nish me with money, or any Necessarys that I rcquir'd till
Such Time as I cou'd Conveniently pay him.'

"Mr. Morgan to Mr. Elliott. — 'Was this proposal made
by Mr. Rumsey, thro the Channel of Mr. l^acon, Since Mr.
Bacon Lodged the Camplaint Against me with Colonel
Wilkins.?'

"Mr. p:iliott.~'Yes— I understood that Mr. Bacon had
Lodged a Complaint against you with Colonel Wilkins.'

"Mr. Bacon, Observ'd to the Court, that after he had
deliver'd the Colonel's Letter to Mr. Morgan at Kaskaskia,
In Returning from hence he met Mr. Elliott, after having
some Conversation together Concerning Colo. Wilkins's
turning him off the Plantation (fee; He told Mr. Elliott,
that Mr. Rumsey had a Plantation, and that he des'rd to
say that Mr. Rumsey would Settle him upon it; or if he
wou'd apply to Colonel Wilkins he made no doubt that

7^^f^T'f^^f<^^<^¥fn0t^-'.^

Iir<ITISII IM,I\(.)IS— COURT OK KN()UIKY.

451

Colo. Wilkins wou'd. Mr. Jiacoii denys that he ever told
Mr. I'llUott that ho Saw an Order from Colonel Wilkins
giving Mr. Rumsey I'ossession of said Land; But that
Mr. Rumsey told him he had an order from Colo. Wilkins
to take I'ossession of the Lands Mr. I'^lliott is now Settled
upon.

"Mr. Morgan Observes to the Court, that as Mr. Bacon,
has given it under his hand, that he will come to no Com-
promise with him, and has also verbally declar'd, that if he
did not obtain the Satisfaction he wish'd for, from this
Court, he wou'd make the most he cou'd by the Plantation,
& leave every thing in such a Iluggermugger way, that
He (Mr. Morgan) wou'd never be able to make anything
by it. He therefore humbly presumes to hope, that this
Court will Oblige Mr. Jiacon to find some kind of Secur-
ity for the true PerfOiiiiance of his Agreement with him,
as pr. Annex'd Articles of Agreement.

"Mr. Bacon Denies saying that he wou'd leave the plan-
tation in the bad way represented above, or in any other
wa\'.

"Mr. Morgan Desires that V.ns: Hutchins will relate to
the Court, what he heard Mr. Bacon Say, when he (Mr.
Morgan) propos'd to him, to Appoint Two Gentlemen to
Settle their Affairs, and that he, (Mr. Morgan) wou'd go
to any place Mr. Bacon wou'd Appoint, and take his
Books along with him.

"Mr. Hutchins Informs the Court that he heard Mr.
Bacon Say that he wou'd leave it to no other Person but
Colonel Wilkins. Mr. Morgan said it was very well, ^:
that he wou'd Refer to the Articles of Agreement which
was very Clear. Upon which Mr. Bacon reply'd — 'Is that
the way you intend to Come Over me.'' Upon which Mr.
Morgan, said, that he Imagin'd, the Phrase had its Deriva-
tion from New England being both uncommon & ungen-
teel.

••I

45;

EAkl.V CHICAOO AND ILLINOIS.

\ i- '

I W

"Mr. Morgan Observes to the Court, that as Mr. Hacon
has denied Some things wliich he has related to the Court
p.irticularl)' with respect to his leaving; the plantation,
hop'd the Court wou'd allow Mr. IClliott to point out
where he has i^rred.

"Mr. Mlliott declares that as him and Mr. Uacon were
ridiii<^ toLjether, that Mr. liacon did then Say, that he
wou'd make what he Cou'd by the plantation & leave
every thin<:[ in a Huj^^ermufjs^er Waj'. Mr. Morgan being
on his Defence, says that he went to the Plantation with
Mr. Windsor Brown and Mr. Patrick Kenneily (they both
speaking French) to get the I'^rench People, from whom he
purchas'd the Lands, to point out the lioundaries of said
Lands. Monsr. Louviere from whose father I purchas'd
the Tract of Land on which M. Hacon is now Settled, and
for which Land I have produc'd Monsr. Louveire's Deed
Dated the loth March 1768 pointed the Boundaries out to
us. It begins at the point of A Roche, where hath been
a Lime Kiln — a few Perches from the west side of a
Run of water, that you Cross in Lntering the Grand Pr.iirie
going From Fort Chartres to Kaskaskia. Mons. Louveire
I'ointed, and said, it was from thence towards the ICast
Roche Six or Seven Acres in Front, and that the same
Extended from those Roches Southward to the Mississippi.
He then went to Shew us how far the Seven Acres did
Extend, and took us to a lane or Passage, which Mr. ]?acon
had left between Two Corn Fields, & said that there, or
thereabout, was the Boundary which his Father had Shewn
to him. Monsr. l^outelet also went with us, and informed
us that the land which he sold to me, (agreeable to the
Deed wiiich I have already Shown to the Court, Dated
the 15th March 1769,) began where Monsr. Louveire's
Land Ended, at a run Eastward Six Acres in Front, tic
Shew'd us a white Elm Tree as his Eastern Boundary.

"Mr. Brown, being Call'd upon by the Court, perfectly

IIKITISII ILLINOIS— (OURT ())• L\(,)UIKV. 453

Corroborates witli Mr. Mnrffan, in every tliiiiir he has
asserted respecting the Moiiiularies of The IMaiitation.

"Mr. Mor^raii, proceeds and Says, that he then ^nt Mr.
James I'llliott and Mr. Patrick Kennedy to measure the
Distance from the first mention'd Lime Kihi to the hme
pointed out by Monsr. Louveire, as the Boundaries of tiie
IMantation i)urchas'd from his Father. Tliose (ientlenien
Inform'd me, that the Distance was e.xactly Ninety Si.\
Perches; and from thence to the white Kim Tree, pointed
out by Monsr. Boutelet, as the I'^istern Boundary of the
Plantation Purchas'd from him was Fifty VA^ht i'erches;
within this last Boundary about Thirty two I'erches East
of the Lane Mr. Bacon has built his Barn.

"Mr. IClliott, as one of the People that measur'd the
Land, Dcclar'd that every thinj; that Mr. Mor<jan had
related to the Court with ret^ard to the measurement was
Strictly true. The Court adjourns till to morrow at 9 of
the Clock when all Parties will Attend."

"Tuesday 2d October 1770. The Court met this morn-
ing at nine of the Clock in the morning Pursuant to
Adjournment.

"Mr. Morgan. Produc'd to the Court the Accounts of
the Plantation, Some of the Articles of which Mr. Bacon
& him had mutually Agreed upon; others Mr. Bacon not
being fully Satisfied about, Mr. Morgan thereupon Deliv-
er'd the Accounts to Mr. Bacon, & gave him three months
or what time he pleas'd to make his objections, & said that
Notwithstanding it is left to the Court to Settle our
matters, yet if any thing shou'd escape the Notice of the
Court, it shou'd be hereafter rcctify'd to Mr. liacon's Satis-
faction.

"Mr. Bacon Objected to the Articles of Rum, Sugar &
Tea, being Charg'd to his Private Account, he thinking
those Articles shou'd be Charg'd to his Publick or Planta-
tion account.

I'f

-I

t :

454

EARLV CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

hi'v,

"Mr. Morgan says he never promis'd Mr. Bacon any
Allowance of Rum, neither does it appear by the Articles
of Agreement that Mr. Bacon is entitled to any Allow-
ance. But Mr. Morgan Says if Mr. Bacon has given any
of the Rum expended at the Plantation for the use of
Carrying on the plantation business, he with Cheerfulness
will Allow it.

"The Court is of Opinion that Tea, Sugar, tk Coffee,
shall be Charg'd to Mr. Bacon's private account, and that
such part of the Rum as appears to be Expended for the
benefit of the Plantation, shall be Charg'd to that account.

"Mr. Morgan, after having Examined what Evidences
he thought necessary, Deliver'd to the Court his Defence
in writing which was Publickly Read by the Judge Advo-
cate, & which is herewith Annex'd.

Sign'd Alexr. Fowler, Lieut:
Acting Deputy Judge Advocate."

"In Consequence of an order from Colonel John VVil-
kins directing us to enquire into the affair of Mr. Richard
Bacon, and George Morgan Esqr. the Court accordingly
proceeded to linquire into the many different Charges
Exhibited by Mr. Bacon against Mr. Morgan; and after
hearing every matter of Charge Set forth by the Com-
plainant, as well as Examining the Witnesses he Call'd
upon to Support his Charges; and hearing what Mr. Mor-
gan (the Defendant) had to offer in his Defense; and hav-
ing well weigh'd and maturely Consider'd the Same, do
think, tfe are unanimously of Opinion, that Mr. Bacon's
Grievances seems to be altogether Ideal; that his Charges
in General are of a Litigious & Captious Birth, and are by
no means Supported; and that his Allegations, are alto-
gether Scandalous, Groundless & malicious; and do there-
fore most honourably Acquit Mr. Morgan of all & every
part thereof.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

455

"And he is hereby most honourably Acquitted Accord-

'"Sly- r I.,. WIS W'Ywii, l.t. Presdt:

"[Sign'd] Ai.KX: Kowm k, Ai.kxr. Fm)\\i,kk, l.t.
Lt. loth or Royal Irish Regl; Thos. Hltchins, Ensn:
Acting Deputy Judge \Vm. Richarusox, Ensn:

Mem-
bers.

Advocate

Signd I \Vm. Conoi.i.v, Ensn:"*

The court, evidently from the bej^inning, ruled in favor
of the defendant, Morj^an, but the complainant, did not
relinquish all ho|)e of at least a partial redress of his
grievances until on (Jctober 2, when the conclusion was
reached and published which pronounced his complaint
"altogether ideal." This was too much, and he forthwith
filed his petition with the commandant for a rehearing.
Whether it grew out of the present controversy or other
disturbing causes, the former friendly relations existing
between Colonel Wilkins and George Morgan were now
undoubtedly strained. However this may have been, a new
hearing was accorded liacon and the court of enquiry was
reconvened for a revision of its judgment — the colonel cal-
ling attention in their order to points in the evidence in
the complainant's favor which had not received, in his judg-
ment, their due weight or had been overlooked by the
court. The comments by the colonel, and the answers
thereto, make very refreshing reading:

Corv (.n- Ari'LicA'i ION ii.)k a Ni;\v Hearing.

"To John Wilkins Hsqr., Lieut. Colo, of His Majesty's
i8th or Royal Regiment of Ireland Governour & Com-
mandant of the Illinois «fe its Dependancics:

"The Remonstrance of Richd. Hacon Inhabitant, Hum-
bly Shevveth, That Im .ressd with the deepest sense of
Gratitude <k respect, for your kind acquiesance in Granting

* Endorsed: — "Minutes iV .'^enttntc of a Court of Ijiquiry on Ceo:
Morgan Esqr. iV Richard lUcon, Commencing the 24th September 1770 &
Ending 4th October following;. Fart Chartres in the Country of the Illinois."

\'i\

^il^

4 1

456

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

ii;'

him an Examination into the Grievances pointed out in
his Petition of Septr. 1770 against Mr. Morgan; he is
Encourage! to address you by the same means with re-
spect to the proceedings of the Court Order'd & the Sur-
prize with whicii he is Struck at the nature of the Sen-
tence or Opinion. What I have said, pointed out, & which
by the proceedings Deliver'd, Sir (a perusal of which you
have at my request Granted), are not disprov'd, must in my
poor Opinion, render an unanimous acquital of all & every
part of that Gentleman's Conduct, Surprising; abstracted
from the other part, wherein notwithstanding I have abso-
lutely deny'd myself to have been advis'd, the Letigious
& Captious Birth of my Complaints, alluding to a third
person, are Call'd malicious, Groundless, & Ideal. For which
reason, as I am Conscious to myself, I Can yet prove many
of my Assertions (tho not already done to the Satisfaction
of my Judges). I Humbly beg leave to appeal to your Judg-
mt: from the said Sentence or Opinion; & that this may
not appear an unreasonable demand, I hope the following
reasons will render such request no more than just &
equitable, & what I am bound to do in order to Exculpate
myself from the reflections Cast upon my Character, as well
as to do Justice to a third person who has been Vilely
tho indirectly traduced by Mr. Morgan during the whole
Course of the Procedure. In the fu-st place, why this
Shooting in the Dark- at a person entirely unconcern'd with
the m.ttjrs in question. Should be admitted I must own I
am not Capable of resolving.' However there is such a
Stress thro the whole part thereof upon this adviser of
mine that I Cannot help observing, It is very little to the
purpose whether I had or had not an adviser, or on the
other whetiier it was Mr. Rumsey or any other person, all
I Contend for is this, that I am now, was & ever shall be
Sensible of the Injuries I have Suffer'd & do for myself
most religiously declare what must be evident from the

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

457

Nature of my Complaints, that they Cou'd proceed from
no other Person but myself

"The Second remark which I most humbly Submit to
your better Judgment is that pursuant to the very Tenour,
Style & Nature of my aforesaid Petition is, that instead
of Sticking to the Charge therein represented, Mr. Morgan
has PLnter'd into matters entirely foreign to the purpose, &
by a useless Display of a multiplicity of Books & papers
has occasion'd a Letigious linquiry into matters that by
no means set aside the facts I have exhibited which was a
Breach of our Articles of Agreement, and was not attended
to (nor does the same appear but where they Lean'd to
Mr. Morgan's favour, allso the personal abuse which Can
be prov'd to thi. moment tho he avoids the latter only by
an insidious Expression against a third person at my Ex-
pence) by Changing the mode of Expression against the
Still Certain Gentleman whom he is ready to make oath
of, never hinted to him any thing of the kind.

"The breach of Articles is I think Still Clear & demon-
strative, therefore I most humbly Entreat you Sir to PLx-
amine the Same, & Judge whether or not by the Articles
& the Charges (as yet unprov'd) which I deliver'd in, if I
am not Injur'd by the Settlement of Mr. I^lliott as well as

the Encouragement given to him in Opposition to me,

who by the Tenour & meaning of the Same Cannot but
be Injur'd by the Encroachment Support & Vicinity of
Another.

"Is it not the business of the person Accus'd Sir to dis-
prove the allegations Exhibited against him by Something
more than mere Declaration (even frequently faultring) and
is it not necessary that some PIvidences at least shou'd
entirely disprove particular Charges laid against liim.^

"The Article of the Ox & Cow bought of Monsr. Beau-
vais which he kil'd & did not Credit the plantation for at
that time, and my remark allso for the Cows taken for his
32 .

i '
i:.

^ _-»,-,v, -. >^,„^^4^J^-^.^.

458

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

,'!

own use will Certainly render all my Charges not merely
Ideal — neither do I see any thing therein which can merit
alltogether the Opinion of a malicious & Groundless
Charge.

"I had indeed many other things to relate but was so
often reprov'd & told that every thing was going against
me; that in absolute despair of doing myself Justice I
forbore. In short I was prejudic'd disheartened & was
resolv'd to give up all hopes when I waited upon you &
acquaint'd your honour with the Terms in which I was
address'd. Submission & Respect Govern'd me in all my
Actions, But I found that to Exhibit Severe Charges (tho
Facts) against so powerful an antagonist was Construed in
another light.

"Fourthly, In allusion to the latter part, I must now
beg leave to mention the Affair of the Ox — said by me
to be a notorious & present detention; with my remarks
thereon which gave so much offence that I was told even
by one of the Judges, was a matter if not prov'd that
merited the Consequences of a Civil Law Suite, upon which
I made my bow, and do with the same Submission & res-
pect Appeal to your Judgement whether or not that matter
is Clearly disprov'd. Look I beseech you, Sir, to the Evi-
dence in favor of Mr. Morgan, his Answer — How Vague
& Inconclusive.

"The Evidence of Mr. Brown is particularly worthy
your Impartial Observations in many respect, his positive
declaration respecting the Entries more so, that Gentle-
man as I observ'd to you with Mr. McFee were openly in
the most derisive manner exulting in every little piece of
wit, which appear'd to them, so Extreamly Severe &
pointed, & Exasperated me frequently in such a manner
that I was much Confus'd upon the Occasion.

"I forgot to mention that La Sourse the Frenchman
Call'd upon by Mr. Morgan iis an Iwidence respecting the

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OK ENQUIRY.

459

Negro given for the Cart Oxen & horses, after he left the
Court told Mr. Kennedy that the Negro was Sick & among
the remains of the Cargo, & Mr. Elliott himself, tho ad-
mitted as an Evidence notwithstanding a party Concern'd,
declar'd to me before the same person that he could not
but acknowledge he was a prejudice to me in his being
Settled on that Land for many rea.sons which he gave at
the same time, iV Concluded by Saying that I Cou'd not
blame him for it. This la.st Gentleman's Evidence* Respect-
ing a message he declar'd I deliver'd him from Mr. Rum-
sey is in every Part false. Infamous ^^ Groundless, that
Gentleman never having mention'd a thing of the kind, but
what is that to the purpose, had it even been true it Cou'd
have no kind of Effect with respect to my Complaint of
Mr. Morgan; the papers I deliver'd to the Court plainly
Shew that I want nothing but what is reasonable.

"Fifthly, with respect to the Local Situation of this
Plantation or the other, what Can it avail.' I have Culti-
vated the land Shewn to me, Mr. Morgan acknowledges I
have been Industrious k^ have done my Duty untill Lat-
terly ct I lay no Claim to any land whatsoever. By my
Articles of Agreement I Cede all right \: Title thereto
in Consideration of promis'd matters not Complied with.
I ask no more than to be quit with him, \; rely'd on the
Judgment of the Court for what they shou'd Esteem with
your Approbation Equivalent for my Labours. Mr. Mor-
gan falls into Invectives reflects upon my Poverty (which
I Imagine Cannot Effect the honesty of any man) and thoi
he declares I have wrote him many Insolent Letters, de-
sir'd by me to be produc'd to ye Court, Answers — that he
had made a very dirty use of them, at the Same time
takes notice of a new English Expression, by no means
so becoming in my opinion. In his defence which is the
last matter I shall touch upon, he begins. Continues, k
ends with Scurrility upon a Certain Gentleman, mentions,

lit' I:

! ' r

m IWM

460

EARLY CIIICAt'.O AND ILLINOIS.

a matter of some Garden Seeds, Surveyin<^ of different
Lots, \: Concludes, by taking it for Granted that he is en-
tirely acquitted; that I act only from the Spleen (!c malice
of another, tfc every bod}' seems Surpriz'd that I shou'd
not make it up, Condemn the only man who look'd upon
mc, and become the basest of mankind by a Step, that
must render me unworthy of your Protection.

"Therefore most Humbly entreat you to give me a
Hearing yourself, or by some other means prevent my
Ruin. And your Petitioner as in Duty bound will ICver
pray. (Signd) RiCMl). BACON.

"I Forgot to mention a number of Cattle Charg'd to
the plantation which was never Deliver'd, which was never
taken notice of Mr. Morgan Slept allso every night in
the room of one of the Gentlemen of the Court."-

Order for a Rehearing,

"P\.)RT Chartres, 1 6th October, 1776.
"Gentlemen of the Court of Enquiry — Whereas an
appeal from the Opinion of A late Court of luiquiry
Order'd to IC.xamine into some Charges preferr'd Against
Geo: Morgan Esqr. by Richard Bacon, has been deliver'd
to me by the latter Setting Forth the reasons for such a
demand, which reasons in my Opinion are neither frivelous
nor malicious but of a very Clear \: equitable nature, I am
therefore Fxtreamly Sorry to find it absolutely necessary
to Order a Revisal of the said proceedings iJc that they
abide by the Charges ]<^xhibitcd ; instead of which it is
obvious that Mr. Morgan -by a useless display of a number
of Books and papers has not only taken up the Time of
the Court by an unnecessary enquiry into matters foreign
from the purpose, but by that means allso Eluded in a
great measure the Facts Exhibited. It does not appear

* Endorsed: — " Richard liacon's Appeal, No. 6."

HRITISn ILLINOIS — COURT OF ENQUIRY. 461

even by the proceedings that Mr. Morgan has Clearly
disprov'd many things laid to his Charge, and the whole
Tenour of his Style is nothing but a piece of Scurrility
and invective against a third Person.

"The Indecency of Mr. Brown & Mr. McFee was not
unnotic'd, neither has it pass unobserv'd by Mr. Bacon.
ICvcn the appearance of a partial Indulgence shou'd be
avoided, then Mr. Bacon wou'd have less Cause to Com-
plain.

"As the man Justly Observes what Signifies the local
.Situation of the plantation, he cultivated the Land Shewn
him, Claims none as his property, but Conceiving an Evi-
dent Breach of Articles in the Settlement & Encourage-
ment of another man just under his Nose, he applys for
Justice and Submits his Case to the Court promising to
abide by any Sum they with my approbation shou'd think
equivalent for his Labour, adding thereto only the abuse
which he said he rccciv'd from Mr. Morgan both of w^hich
Circumstances Clearly appear.

"The appeal will be read by the President or Deputy
Judge Advocate & Return'd to me with all the Original
Papers refer'd to in said proceedings, and Exact Copies of
the Deeds and Titles therein mention'd. I shall hereunto
Annex'd Show you my Observations on each Page of the
Courts proceedings only, and must request and order that
you give me your answers thereto, opposite to the observa-
tions on each Page.

"I am Sorry the Court had so much Trouble in this
Affair and that a Revisal of the proceedings will add
thereto, I must recommend it fo them to be particularly
Attentive to Each Charge, and my Observations on the
proceedings allready given in.

"I Did not intend to have Examin'd further into this
Dispute, than what Appear'd in the proceedings of the
Court from the 24th Septem'r to the 4th October 1770,

:;5

'1,

'.'"z. -'''^^ **''y * ^*w*:*** w ^^'ge y!y»

r.i

46:

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

\ i

lint have Since, perus'd the papers Dchver'd to the Court
by Mr. Bacon, marked No. i. 2. & 3, & which in my Opin-
ion are absolutely necessary to be attended to, more min-
utely than they seem to have been; I have allso perus'd
the Articles of Agreement at least a Copy thcreoff; & by
which it appears A Copartnership; and in the 4th Article
of said Agreement Mr. Hacon was to be furnis'd what he
requested ■ s necessary to forward their mutual Interest for
Seven Years. Was it not then Equitable that liacon shou'd
have been Consulted in the Sums laid out.' Otherwise at
the Closing of Accounts, one party might be great Gain-
ers, and the other little the better after seven years Ser-
vice; It is my Duty to Give my Opinion on those matters
& yours to weigh every Circumstance, that your Opinion &
Judgement may Determine the affair to the Satisfaction
of both parties at least that there may be no Cause of
further Complaint. I am Gentlemen Your most Obedient
& Humble Servant.

"To Lt: Wynne Presidt: (Signd) JNO. WiLKlNS,
& the Members of a Court of Enquiry. Lt. Colonel."

Observations"'^ by Colonel Wilkins. — "(Page i) I have
to observe from the ist to the 3d Page of the proceedings,
that Bacon in answer to Mr. Morgan declares that Elliott
has Settled on a place which Bacon had Clear'd & improv'd
([p.] 2) that and a Spring &c., &c., and taken from him a
Shade [shed] built by Bacon.. Was Bacon to Consult Mr.
Morgan about Building said Shade or ([page] 3) making
Improv^ements; if so, why [should] not Mr. Morgan take
Bacon's Opinion in the vast Sums laid out; their obliga-
tions in the Agreement Seem mutual.''

Court's Answer. — "It appears to the Court, that the
only Improvements made by Bacon, on the land on which

* These observations of Col. Wilkins are written on one-half of the page
and the answers by the court on the other.

•V,

URITISII ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

463

Mr. Elliott has lately Settled, was an old Shade, for which
Mr. Morgan offers to pay him, which offer the Court look
upon as a Great Indulgence, as Mr. liacon ought to have
Consulted Mr. Morgan (to whom the land belong'd) before
he built that Shade, as a Coursory Leave to improve was
by no means a Sufficient Title, for him to go build a Shade.
The Court think that Mr. Morgan might with propriety
purchase Cattle, without Consulting Bacon, as Mr. Mor-
gan advanc'd the money, was more in the way of making
Cheap purchases, which as a Party Concern'd it is to be
Suppos'd he wou'd do. It also appears by the last article
of their Agreement that there was no Compulsion upon
Bacon to take Cattle, he did not approve of. Their obliga-
tions are .so far mutual that they are both to Act for the
Advantage of the Plantation. The part of the Company is
to advance all monies & to purchase, what may be neces-
sary. That of Bacon's to labour. Oversee, Negroes &c., &c. ;
in Short to do every thing necessary for the benefit of the
Farm. If there was any Benefit (which Mr. Bacon wou'd
insinuate) to arise in purchasing Cattle; which cou'd only
proceed from his purchasing with merchandize. The Court
are of Opinion it ought to belong to Mr. Morgan t.^ Co., as
some P2quivalent for ye Interest of the large Sums of money
they have laid out, without having any Security on the
part of Bacon.

Col. W. — "(Page 4.) The Court Seem to have had
Enough of That Charge.

Ans. — "It appears by the minutes of the Proceedings
that the Court (as Colonel Wilkins very justly observes) was
fully Satisfied of this Charge, as well as the Generality of
Bacon's Charges, as appears very obvious by rcfering to
their Opinion, the 4th Octr. Inst:

Col. W. — Page "5. And begins on the Personal Abuse
in which Page Mr. Morgan is pleas'd to Address the Court
& Concludes with bad Language of a Certain Gentleman
not Named.

:'■ n

■< ■>

it-
'\ ■

; ! ' ' I

lii-

464

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

1,'

Ans. — "As the Charge in the 5 fo:, is not at all Sup-
ported by Mr. Bacon, it was Impossible for the Court to pro-
nounce Mr. Morgan Culpable, and if any man Cou'd be so
base as to accuse another falsely, he Certainly ought to be
told of it, in Language Suitable to his Deserts.

Col. W.— Page "(6). The Court are amus'd with Mr.
Morgan's Books & then Adjourn'd in order to give Mr.
Bacon & his friends time to recollect themselves.

Ans. — "The Court did inspect Mr. Morgan's Books, as
they- thought it highly necessary, in order to assist them in
making a proper Enquiry. They then adjourn'd as a great
indulgence to Mr. Bacon, as they thought both himself and
Friends had need of recollection, they having that day
made a very poor hand of their Prosecution. The Court
allvvays find Amusement in doing Justice.

Col. W.— Page "(7.) The Court meet & Credit Mr.
liacon for an overcharge of 270 Livres. Mr. Morgan again
iVddresses the Court to Show that those Charges was made
in his Absence; why [was] not the person Call'd on who
made those Charges.'

Ans. — "The Court after inspecting the accounts (which
the Lt. Colonel is pleas'd to call an amusement) between
Mr. Morgan & Company & Mr. Bacon, which amounted to
upwards of 60,000 Livres, they found the Articles objected
to by Bacon, did not amount to more than 270 Livres,
which Sum Mr. Morgan did Credit Bacon with, sooner
than take up the time of the Court in proving the Charges
to be just. It appear'd plainly, the Charges were made in
Mr. Morgan's absence & the hand writing of the person
who made them so well known, that the Court thought
his presence needless; & that it would be a restraint upon
him to be in Company of one, with whom he was at Vari-
ance.

Col. VV.— Page "(8.) Of Horses, Cart, &c ; and 26 head of
Cattle bought by Mr. Morgan, without consulting Mr.

liKITlSH ILLINOIS — COURT OK ENQUIRY.

465

Mr.

Bacon, who was to be charg'd for those Articles as Ob-
serv'd on in Page i to 3.'

Ans. — "Fully Answer'd in first observation — Mr. Uacon
was not under the necessity of having any Concern with
more Cattle, than was perfectly agreeable to himself—
moreover, the Cattle that Jiacon Complains of being Over-
charg'd in, is allow'd by Mr. Winston & the Court, to be
altogether Equitable & Reasonable — See p. 8 of the Pro-
ceedings.

Col. VV. — Page "(9.) Mr. Winston declares that liacon
had Mr. Morgan's Permission to improve the Spring & Land
Contiguous to the plantation. In this page the Court Credit
Mr. Bacon for an overcharge of ij Livres 10 Sols.

Ans. — "Allowing Mr. Morgan did give leave to Bacon,
to improve the Spring, & the Land, Contiguous to the plan-
tation, The Court are of opinion Mr. Morgan had it in his
power, to recall that Permission, when he found Mr. Ba-
con's behaviour, no longer merited such indulgence. Lt.
Colo. Wilkins has Certainly made a mistake in his obser-
vations on the last part of fo: 9 relative to a credit of 37
Livres 10 Sols as will appear by referring to fo: 9 & 10 of
ye Proceedings.

Col. W. — Page "(10.) Mr. Brown I must confess has
Carried his Fedility to Mr. Morgan a great length, I must
however Observe thereon that his Oath Shall never be
esteem'd A Sufficient voucher, for an Entry without proof
of the delivery of any thing.

Ans. — "The Court think INIr. Brown has Acted with the
Fidelity becoming every honest man, and as a Merchant's
Book keeper's oath, all Over the world is Esteem'd a Suffi-
cient voucher for the Books, it of Course must have the due
weight with us.

Col. W. — Page "(11.) Of an address to the Court by
Mr. Morgan concerning a negroe man, the afi"air Settled to-
Mr. Morgan's Content, but can it be reasonable that Bacoa

\ \

.\ »■

J,t

KARLV CIIICACO AM> Il,l,l\r)IS.

■|l«.

or any other Person shou'd bo answerable to Mr. Morgan
for Charj^es he Chiises to make for what he says is given to
Indians without the approbation of the party concern'd;
but what has this long Story to do with Mr. liacon's Com-
plaint, was not the Negroc ]']qually Mr. liacon's property.'
Query, was he dctain'd or not.'

Ans. — "It does not appear to the Court that Mr. Mor-
gan, has charg'd J^acon anything for Paying Indians for the
Negroc, But arc of Opinion, that in Case Mr. Morgan shou'd
be under the necessity of paying 150 Dollars or any part
thereof, that Mr. IJacon shou'd be Charg'd with his propor-
tion of it. They think the long .Story was very necessary
to be attended to, in order to throw a proper light on Mr.
Bacon's Complaint. The Negroe was not detain'd as it
appears Clearly he rcfus'd to Return to Bacon, and de-
clar'd shou'd there be any attempt made to force him, he
Avas resolved to destroy himself As to his being sold, that
affair was .Settled to their mutual Content, as appears by
the iith Line of fo: 12 of the Proceedings.

Col.W. — Pages"(i2, 13, 14, IS,& 16.) Is taken up with the
remarkable Ox in dispute, it would seem Strange that Mr.
Morgan or his people sliou'd go such Lengths, as to Con-
fine & intended to kill the Ox if they did not know some
history thereof I had some talk with Lt. Chapman when
at Kaskaskias of this remarkable fine Ox, and must desire
that a Strict Enquiry may be made thereinto.

Ans. — "The Ox may be remarkable, but the Dispute is
undoubtedly so. Strange as it may appear, wc cannot think
that Mr. Morgan Clandestinely dctain'd the Ox, as is
maliciously & Injuriously AUedg'd by Bacon, on the Con-
trary it appears by the very Evidence of Bonthorn, who
Mr. Bacon Call'd on as an Evidence to Support his cause,
that Mr. Morgan never so much as Disputed the rem
able ox with Bacon. Perhaps as Lt. Chapman kn
Something of this Ox; it might have been necessary lor
the Court to have asked him a few questions.

llUiriSII ILLINOIS— COl'UT (.)F KN(^)L'lkY,

467

Col.W, — l'af:;c "(16.) Two Cows arc Demanded from I\Ir.
Morgan who promised to do Justice. — Sec observation on
Vn'^c I to 3 & page 8.

Ans. — "Mr. Morgan in presence of the Court, I'roniis'il
that he wou'd lCiK|uirc after the Cows mention'd <Sc do Jus-
tice; & they arc of opinion, that nothing but his attention
& time, being taken up, in attending this Court wou'd have
prevented him from Performing liis promise —Sec our
answer to Observation on fo: i to 3 & fo: 8.

Col.W. — Page "(17.) As the Company and liacon was in
a mutual Agreement, how cou'd Mr. Morgan with propriety
ascertain the price of the 2 Oxen, 2 Horses Cart & Gears,
or the price of the Negroc (which did not belong to the
Plantation) without taking Bacon's Opinion thereon.'

Ans.— "It appears to the Court by the 4th Article of the
Agreement, that the Company have rescrv'd to themselves
the power of purchasing what Cattle they shou'd Jisteem
necessary, without consulting Bacon, it not being men-
tion'd in any part of the Articles that Bacon is to be
consulted. They also think that Mr. Morgan was a very
proper [person] to value the Negroe, as he had at that
time a Parcel for Sale, & it appears to us that good ones
Sold for 1800 to 2000 Livres — they refer to fo: 17.

Col. W.— Pages "(18 & 19.) Mr. Bacon still demands the
accots: to be Settled, Mr. Morgan's Letters produc'd Show
fair Promises; but why not the accounts Settled.' I dont
find by the proceedings that Bacon hath any Books to
amuse the Court, did not liacon go to Kaskaskia for that
purpose, & doth not Mr. Elliott Declare that him and Mr.
Morgan had some Talk on that head, tho' nothing was
done to Stop this disagreeable Enquiry, till Steps were
taken to bring it to a hearing .'

Ans.— "We have to the best of our Judgment Settled
Mr. Morgan's Accounts & it is our Opinion that the Sum of
27629 Livres and Six Derniers is Justly due from the Plan-

(

468

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

tation to Boynton Wharton & Morgan, and the Sum of
1 591 Livres 4 Sol & Eight Derniers is justly due from
Bacon on his private Account to the Aforesaid Boynton
Wharton & Morgan, Agreeable to the Accounts Stated &
Certified by us, which sums we do conceive ought to be
immediately paid. To the said Boynton, Wharton, & Mor-
gan. It is true Bacon had no Books to amuse the Court;
But he had Abundance of disagreeable matter to trouble
them with and his Impertinent Libells (which we Suppose
he Terms addresses) Cannot be read by any man (that has
the least degree of care for his character) without Indigna-
tion ; and the adviser & abbcttor trifling man, we cannot but
Esteem in a disagreeable light, & must hold in the utmost
Contempt. We think every thing was done by Mr. Mor-
gan to Stop this affair — But it was not to be Stop'd — and
it Still remains a Doubt where it may .Stop.

Col. W.— Page "(20.) Mr. Bacon questions Mr. Elliott
whether the latter being Settled is not i prejudice to the
former. Mr. Winstop in the gth Page declares that Mr.
Morgan gave Bacon Permission to .Settle & improve the
lands contiguous to Him & it wou'd seem so or why
[should] Mr. IS'.^.gan pay Bacnn for a Barn unjustly built.*

Ans.— "The chief points, as they .-ippcar to the Court,
arc whether Mr. l*"Jliott is Settled, or has incroachcd on lands
belonging to Bacon's plantation. It appears by Bonthorn's
Evidence that he has done Neither, if so Mr. Elliott Can-
not be any farther a Prejudice, to Bacon than one farmer
woud be to another, on Acct. of being .Situated near him.
They Refer to their answers to the Observations on fo: 9.
They look upon Mr. Morgan's offering to pay Bacon as an
Indulgence, they fear hee'l hardly merit. See fo: 7 & 8 of
the Revisal.

Col. W.— Pages "(21 & 22.) Mr. M' rgan Introduces thro
a third person (Mr. P^lliott) what a Certain Gentn: Shou'd
Say, why not.'' Mr. Rumsey call'd on by the Court to

HKITISII II. LIXOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

469

■'h

answer for himself thro' the whole proceedings as a princi-
pal concern'd. And why am I brought on the Carpet as
having sent messages to Mr. Elliott & giving Permission
to Settle k,c., kc; Mr. Mlliott might have Acquainted the
Court with the answers I gave him when he Spoke to me
on that head lately, but this I shall take more cognizance
of in due time.

Ans. — "Mr. Klliott did mention to the Court a Con-
versation he had with Mr. Hacon, in which Mr. Bacon in-
troduc'd A Dialogue between him and Mr. Rumsey which
they by no means think redounds to the credit of the
latter. The Court in charity declin'd calling on Mr. Rum-
sey (tho' they clearly perceiv'd him to be the principal
Manager of ye Puppet) liut resolv'd, to let him go on
working in the Dark. a.-, they fear not many of that
Gent'ns actions, wou'd not bear being brought to light. As
Lt. Colonel Wilkins's Name was not disrespectfully men-
tion'd, but only introduced in Relating matters of Fact,
The Court are not conscious. jf any impropriety in permit-
ting it.

Col. VV. — Page "(23.; Mr. lilliott Seems to have been a
busey man in this hearsay ICnquiry, & it wou'd Seem time
Enough for Mr. Morgan to bring in the Huggermuggcr
proceedings when they commence, which in Ail probability
never wou'd have been the case if Mr. IClliott had not
made P^ncroachments on his Improvements:

Ans. — "In answer to the Observation on fo: 23. The
Court are Sorry to differ in .Sentiment from Lt. Colonel
Wilkins, they are far from thinking that Mr. Elliott Acted
otherwise than as an honest man. The luivjuiry on the
part of Bacon, may be justly term'd an hearsay, as he has
not brought One Single 1-Lvidence able to Support his
Allegations, he brought one Bonthorn (O Rediculous) to
relate a Story to the Court which he had from Bacon him-
self, this w"<v Justly be dcem'd hearsay. The Court are

( !

f ■

EARLY CHICAGO AND IIJ.IXOIS.

of Opinion the Huggermugger Proceedings iiave long Since
commenc'd. It does by no means appear to the Court
that IClliott has incroach'd on Bacon.

Col. W. — Page "(24.) Mr. Morgan Pinters on his Defence
with Assertaining his property or lands in Dispute, But when
Mr. Winston was desir'd by the Court to take some PVench-
man's Opinion on like occasion, I rcturn'd for answer, that
the Deeds only Shou'd carry Weight in that affair & hoped
the Court would be of same Opinion.

Ans. — "By desire of the Court, Mr. Morgan did prove
his Titles, to the Lands which he had purchased in the Grand
Prairie, which they I-ook'd upon to be well authenticated,
as they were Sign'd by the register as being properly re-
corded. The Attention the Court paid the Deeds has
confirm'd them in their Opinion, which they are determin'd
to abide by.

Col. W. — Page "(25.) Mr. Brown Corroborates perfectly
with Mr. Morgan in every thing he has asserted Respecting
the Boundaries of the Plantation, & Messrs. ILUiott, Kenedy,.
& Louverie have measur'd & Settled the Boundaries &
Distance &c; without my Seeing any Title thereto.

Ans. — "It Appear'd to the Court, that Brown, Elliott, and
Kennedy did measure the lands for Mr. Morgan, & they
are all clear and Exact in their Accounts of the Limits.
The Court are of Opinion the Records of which Lt. Colo-
nel Wilkins, is in Possession, wou'd if Examin'd, Suffi-
ciently Shew the Titles, Notwithstanding Lt. Colo. Wil-
kins was pleas'd to assert in Court, That Records were no
proofs, & that he shou'd Pay no Attention to them.

Col. W. — "N. B. No notice is taken in the proceed-
ings of Mr. Bacon's Assertion respecting Mr. Morgan's
Declaration to Pllliott, Viz. — That they had made Nine
thousand Livres by the Plantation the first Year. Bacon's
Observations thereon are worthy the Notice of the Court,
by which means they will be better able to Judge of Mr.
Bacon's Deserts. (Sign'd) John Wilkins.

liRlTISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

471

Ans. — "From tlic Large Sums Expended by Mr. Mor-
gan for the Benefit of Mr. Bacon & the Company there
ought to have arose very handsome Profits, unless Great
missmanagement Occasion'd the contrary. The Court had
a Sufiicient Opportunity during the Course of their pro-
ceedings to Judge of Bacon's Deserts.

"The Court Possitively Assert that neither Mr. l^rown or
Mr. McFee, acted in any indecent manner whatever dur-
ing their Sitting. They are Sorry to Observe Lt. Colonel
Wilkins has paid more attention to Low Tattle than to
Assurances of his Officers in this matter.

f Lkwis AVvxnk, l,t. President.
I Alex. Fowler, Lt: \ '£

Sign'd : .j Th()S:Hutchins, 60th Regt: ' ^
j W.M. RicHARDSox, Knsign. T 3
I W.M. CoNuLLY, Ensign." * ) 3

"Bacon's Lmi'krtixent Address."

"To the Honourable Court of Enquiry. Gentlemen —
I have notiiing further to Say more than what I have all-
ready mention'd in the pagers given in & the appeal to
which I refer, I therein" think it Clearly explain'd, that the
Settlement of Mr. P^Uiott or any Person must consequently
prove injurious to my plantation, render all my P2ndea-
vours abortive, & finally enslave me by a continuance
thereon. Have I not mention'd Cattle taken from me to be
deliver'd Mr. PHliott? Mr. Morgan depriving me of my
Customers.' Ls not the Settlement of another person divid-
ing his powers to Serve me.' And i., it natural to imagine
that I can proceed with the Same Industry after depriving
me of that which was the only means of Inducing me to
Subscribe to Such Severe Terms. Viz. — all his assistance.
The land mention'd in the Articles I never cultivated, my

* Endorsed: — "To Colo. Wilkins's Observations on a Court of I'lnquiry
&c &c; No. 6."

■i ,.
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47-

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

present Improvements are upon the King's Lands upon the
Hills. Mr. I'Uliott Settled there also, tfc not upon any pur-
chase as represented, the high lands never having been
Grant'd to any Person. If Mr. Morgan lays any Stress
upon the plantation mention'd in the articles (wherein no
Boundaries are discrib'd) why did he desire me to cultivate
the high lands.' or lay out so much money thereon. Surely
if I am not to enjoy what I have Improv'd at least for my
Seven Years, it cannot be Expected that I am to pay any
proportion of the immense Sums laid out thereon.' without
my ever being Even consulted. Therefore, I humbly flatter
myself, you cannot think me liable for any Sums Mr. Mor-
gan shall think proper to charge, without my permission,
being a joint partner I declare that I will abide by no
charges or Bargains allrcady or hereafter to be made with-
out my knowledge >)v: consent. I mean by this the Immense
Sums allready said to be Expended, which 1 hope no
Court of honour \: Justice will make me Subject to, tho I
have been and was this day in the utmost despair. The
Honble. Commdt: in this Country' has given me a dawn of
hope by the I'^xpressions he made use of this day, in de-
claring he wou'd bj the friend iS: Supporter of Every hon-
est man in Opposition to all oppressors, tho the Sufferer
be even a Negroc himself Although I understood the
present Court have only to give their opinion respecting
the matter in Debate, I humbly flatter myself it will be Such
as will put my Course in Such a light as to be of Service
cv' feel my Injuries tho' I cant ICxpress them, for the
Reasons Set forth this day by Mr. Kennedy, &c;

"P. S. I must once more appeal to the papers I have all-
ready given in, as I do not clearly understand many of
ye questions put to me.

"I am with Respect, Gentlemen, Your most humble
Servt. (Sitin'd) RicHD. Bacon.

'Fort Cmartres, loth Octr: 1770.'

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY. 473

"We do hereby certify that the above is a malicious
Insolent Libel,

r Lewis Wynne, Lt.

Ai.EXR. FOWLKR, Lt.

Sign'd: I Thos. HuTCHiNs, Ens: 60th Reg.
Wm. Richardson, Ensn :
* ^ [ Wm. Conoli.v, Imis :"'^

Rehearing Proceedings.

"By an Order Issued by Lieutenant Colonel John Wil-
kins — The Court met this 17th of October nine of the
clock in the morning, to revise their proceedings and Sen-
tence given in favour of Mr. Morgan, on a matter of Difil"-
erence between said Morgan ^: Richard Bacon ; as also to
answer such remarks and Observations as Colo. Wilkins
had made on said proceedings.

"The Court being Assembled, all' Parties were admitted.
The Judge Advocate then Read Mr. Bacon's Remonstrance
to Colonel Wilkins for a Revisal of the Proceedings; aJso
a letter from Colo. Wilkins to the Court, with his Opinion,
and Observations on the proceedings, & Sentence Annex'd.

"Question propos'd by the Court to Mr. Bacon. — 'As
you complain of a Breach of the Articles of Agreement
(in your Remonstrance) between you and Mr. Morgan,
you'll be so kind as to point out to the Court wherein con-
sists said Breach of Articles.''

"Mr. ]5acon. — T look upon the Land Mr. Elliott is
Settled upon as belonging to the Plantation, I agreed with
Boynton, Wharton, & Morgan to Improve, as Mr. Morgan
gave mc leave to Improve it.'

"Court to Mr. l^acon. — 'Did Mr. Morgan agree with you
or is it mcntion'd in your Articles of Agreement with him,
that he, Mr. Morgan, was not at Liberty to Settle any
Person he pleas'd upon any Lands he might in future pur-

* Endorsed: -"Richd. Ikcon's fourth Impertinent Address to the Court,
Dated Ft. Chartres, 1 8th Octobtr, 1770. No. 8."

I::

l;~

474

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS,

I'tt

chase after your Agreement with him the 2 1st March 1768?''

"Bacon. — 'I never understood from Mr. Morgan, that he
had any Intention to Settle any other person near the
plantation he hxd Settled me upon.'

"Court. — 'Do you look upon the Land now Occupied by
Mr. Elliott, to be the Lands or part of the Laiids alluded
to in your Articles of Agreement with Mr. Morgan.''

"Bacon. — 'I looked upon it as part of the Plantation,
because Mr. Morgan desir'd me to Improve it.'

"Court. — 'Was it immediately after your Agreement
with Mr. Morgan, that he gave you Liberty to Improve
the Lands now Occupied by Mr. Llliott.'''

"Bacon. — 'No; it was not immediately — it was some
time After.'

"William Bonthorn a witness of Mr. Bacon's being call'd
upon; did not appear. Mr. Bacon being ask'd by the
Court, what this Bonthorn was tc^ prove. Answer'd, that
he had often heard him Say, that the Plantation was four-
teen Acres in Front extending in Length from the Roches
to the Mississippi.

"Mr. Bacon complains in his Remonstrance to Colonel
Wilkins, of being often Reprov'd by the Court, and told
that every thing was going against him, and that in abso-
lute Despair of doing himself Justice he forbore mention-
ing many things he cou'd have done. Being ask'd by the
Court in what manner he was Reprov'd. He Says, the
Court told him that they were very Sorry to observe, that
they looked upon him once, as a very Industrious, Sober,
honest man, but they thought him now a very troublesome
Litigious Fellow, 'and that if I did not bring Evidence to
prove what I had Asserted against Mr. Morgan more
clearly than what I had Done, I must turn out a Scoundrel
at last: and also that if I did not Support the charge of
the Ox brought against Mr. Morgan, that Mr. Morgan
cou'd bring an Action again.st me at common Law.' Mrs.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY. 475

Casey being call'd upon by Mr. l^acon with respect to Mr.
Hrown (a clerk of Mr. Morgan's) telling Mr. Bacon, that
one of his cattle had Stray'd to Post St Vincent, and
being ask'd by the Court what She knew of this matter,
Says— that She heard Mr. Brown & Mr. Bacon talking
about Twentv Six head of cattle, that were brought from
Post St. Vincent to the Plantation; and that Mr. Brown
told Mr. Bacon that one of them had Stray'd back to Post
St. Vincent.

"Mr. Ikcon having none of his Evidences present the
Court was oblig'd to Adjourn till to morrow morning Nine
of the Clock, when all parties were Order'd to give Atten-
dance."

"Thursday, i8th October, 1770. The Court met this
morning at Nine of the Clock pursuant to Adjournment.

"William Bonthorn came before the Court as an p:vi-
dence in favour of Mr. Jiacon. Being desir'd by the Court
to Relate what he knew of the matter in Debate between
Mr. Morgan & Mr. ikcon Says— that he heard Mr. J^acon
Say, that he intended to fence in a piece of Ground, which
he imagin'd wou'd extend his Plantation Fourteen Acres
in Front. He adds that he has heard Mr. Bacon Say, that
Mr. Morgan has purchas'd more lands & that he under-
stood that Mr. Bacon was to improve the last purchase as
well as the First.

"Mr. iiacon desires Bonthorn to relate to the Court,
what he knows concerning the Improvements he had made
where Mr. ]<:iliott is now Settled.

"lionthoni. — 'Some time before I went to ]\Ir. Bacon's
to live which was in Septr: 1768 Mr. l^acon had clear'd a
Small piece of l-and, and intended he said to make a
Field there. I know of no other Improvements, but a
Small House that was built by Agreement for one Camp-
bell, who Imagin'd was to Settle there. We cut some Tim-
ber off Said land, for building A Barn and other Uses.'

lift

sill

I •

I,
i

476 EARLY CIIICAOO AND ILLINOIS.

"Cour^ ^o Mr. Jiacon. — 'Mr. Hacon you have .Set forth
in your Petition that you was told every thing was going
against you— be kind luiough to relate to the Court from
whom you had this Information.''

"Mr. liacon.— 'Mr. Fowler told me so.'

"Mr. Patrick Kennedy was call'd upon by Mr. Bacon to
relate to the Court what passed on the 27th September
last between the Judge Advocate, Court & Mr. Bacon;
Deliver'd to the Court the Annex'd Paper which was Read
Publickly by the Judge Advocate, all Parties Present.[:]

Patrick Kennedy's ICvidenc i;.

"Gentlemen: — On the 27th Day of Septemr I was
Call'd upon by Mr. Morgan to attend a Court of Knquiry
held at Fort Chartres & during my .Stay there happened
the following words between the Judge Advocate & Mr.
liacon :

" 1st. Judge Advocate. — ' Mr. liacon you see that all these
witnesses you got this day is all Against you, so I beg
you will desist from asking them any more questions.'

"Mr. Bacon. — 'Gentlemen, I think the Evidences are as
much in my favour as in Mr. Morgan's as they make the
Sum one hundred & fifty Livres more than was mention'd.'

"Court. — 'You have no Right to think about it at all,
Sir.'

"2d. J. Advocate. — 'Mr. Bacon I must needs tell you,
you have bad Advisers that may lead you into Scrapes,
that you wont readily get out of, (I Suppose you will tell
that to Mr. Rumsey to go along with the rest, you have told
him) for my part I dont Care what you tell him, A: you
may tell him I said So.'

"Mr. Morgan. — 'I have been a Good friend to you Mr.
Jiacon & does Still intend it notwiths.anding what has
happened.'

"3d. J. Advocate. — 'You see Mr. liacon what Mr. Mor-

liKlTISII ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY.

477

gan Says that he will Still be your friend tho you have
brought things to Such a head.'

"Mr. liacon. — 'I disregard any .Services yt Mr. Morgan
may do for me, as I Dont Intend to have any thing to do
with him for the future.'

"4th. J. Advocate. — -'You are A very impertinent fel-
low I must needs toll you, Mr. Bacon, that is no answer to
give here, your Character heretofore, was very good in the
Eyes of Every one but now we find that you will Appear
a Troublesome, wrangling Sort of a fellow, and if you
dont bring better proofs to Support what you have Alleged
against Mr. Morgan I am afraid you will turn out the
Scoundrel & Rascal at last; you have got above your busi-
ness, like a great many others when they Come to this
Country.'

"Mr. Bacon. — 'Gentlemen I am very Sorry that I should
Say any thing to Disoblige the Court, & Humbly beg
Pardon.'

"The above is an Impartial Acct. to the best of my
knowledge tic remembrance. I am Gentlemen Your Hum-

ble Servant.

(Signd) Patt. Kennedy."

"Mr. Fowler's Remarks on Mr. Kennedy's Evidence: —
The first Charge (if it can be Call'd by that Appelation) I
partly allow TLxcept the Diction which I absolutely deny.
This was as Mr. Kennedy Says on the 27th September, &
he might have added, when Monsr. La Source, who was
called upon by Mr. Bacon to Support Some charges against
Mr. Morgan, was giving his ICvidence — sec Page 17 of the
proceedings. Whether or not it was my business as Judge
Advocate to desire Bacon to desist from calling Evidence
that was hurtful to his cause, I leave to the Decission of
Colo. Wilkins and every other man of Probity, Impartial-
ity & Common sense. To Mr. Kennedy's Second Charge,
there was also some such Discourse happened, tho far from

478

KARLV CHICAGO AN'D ILLINOIS.

fi I t:

being Verbatim. As it was Iwident that Mr. Hacon cou'd
not write the papers ilcliver'd to the Court, it was natural
to think, & without doubt, he had advisers: And as I had
a Letter from Mr. Rumsey the preceding ICvening, hinting
to me, not to be premature in giving my Opinion of a man
I had yet Httle knowledge of & who wish'd me well, I was
Convinc'd that Mr. Bacon had Commenc'd Tatlcr — & an
Infamous, lying, Slandering Tatlcr, too. I answer'd Mr.
Rumsey's Letter to his Satisfaction. I therefore on telling
& advising him to desist, said that whoever was his advo-
cate in this matter, 1 thought him a very bad one: that if
it was Mr. Rumsey, Hacon (as he had Commenc'd Carry-
ing I'^xtrabrdinary Intelligence) might if his memory cou'd
retain it. Communicate what I said to Mr. Rumsey; for
what I had Said, or wou'd Say, in that Court, I wou'd Say,
if Mr. Rumey and all the world was present.

"As to the fourth Charge, from an answer Hacon gave
to Mr. Morgan I did Say that I thought he was a very
Impertinent fellow & added that I was Sorry for it as I
had even heard Mr. Morgan Speak of him with a Warmth,
which he little deserved from what he had now said.

"In the Course of the proceedings & from the .Style &
nature of the papers Delivcr'd to the Court from time to
time he has fix'd an Opinion with me which only an
Oposite lichaviour of Mr. Hacon can Lradicatc.

Alex. Fowlkr, Lt. in the
"I'oR'r CllAKTKl'.s, i8th or'Royal Irish Regiment of Foot,

19th October 1770. & acting Dep'y Judge Advocate."""

"Mr. Bacon desires I^onthorn to relate to the Court
what he knows of him (Mr. Bacon) receiving two Hogs
from one Gotio, for which Mr. Morgan has charg'd him
one hundred & Sixty Livres.

* "Mr. Patrick Kennedy's Evidence — what pass'd in Court 27 Septemr
last, with Mr. Fowler's remarks theron. No. 7."

I '

ItRITISII n,LINOIS— COURT Ol' KNOUIRV.

479

"Bnnthorn. — 'I Remember Mr. Bacon brin<iing one Sow
from Kaskaskia, when I was with him in the latter end of
Year 1768, but I Remember of no more.'

"iMr. Bacon Still insisting that he did' not receive the
two Hoggs from Gotio for which Mr. Morgan had charg'd
him one hundred & Sixty Livres — adding that he was
willing to make [an oath] that he never Receiv'd them.

"Mr. Morgan to Bonthorn. — 'Is the Land which you
have mention'd to the Court in your former Jwidence to
be Plow'd or Improv'd by Mr. liacon ; is it, in the Grand
Prairie, or on the back of the Roches.''

"15onthorn.— 'It is Situated on the Grand Prairie.'

"Court. — 'Has Elliott made ICncroachments thereon.''

"Bonthorn. — 'I dont think he has.'

"Mr. Morgan to Bonthorn. — ' Has Mr. lUliott ICn-
■croach'd on the Plantation Assign'd to Mr. Bacon in any
respect.''

"J^onthorn. — 'I know of no Encroachments except Mr.
liUiott's calfs getting among his corn may be Ivstcem'd
one: — and I dont remember that there was any P'enccs to
keep them out.'

"Mr. Morgan.— 'Was the House Ikiilt by Mr. Bacon
Occupied; or did Mr. Bacon make any use of it when Mr.
Elliott took possession.''

"J^onthorn. — 'No; It was not.'

"Mr. Morgan.— 'Had Mr. liacon ever plow'd the Land
he talks of Improving, or had he ever Fenced it in.''

"Bonthorn.— 'No.' ■

"Mr. Morgan. — 'Was the House built by Mr. Bacon of
any use or advantage to the Plantation.''

"Bonthorn. — 'I suppose Mr. Bacon intended it to be of
use, but I dont think it was of any.'

"Mr. Bacon desires that Mr. Patrick Kennedy will re-
late to tile Court, what he has heard Mr. Elliott Say with
Respect of his being vSettled where he is.

48o

KAKI.V CIIICACiO AND ILLINOIS.

'; I

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Mlf

Mill

"Mr. Kennedy Says he has heard Mr. KlHott Say in
common discourse, that he thoujjht he was prejudicial to
Mr. Bacon, by beini^ .Settled where he was. and observ'd,
that by havin<f the use of the Spring tJc cutting the Tim-
ber that Mr. liacon formerly had the use of, must be of
great disadvantage to him.

"Mr. Morgan to Mr. Kennedy. — 'Did Mr. Elliott say he
was Illegally or unjustly a disadvantage to Mr. Bacon.''

"Mr. Kennedy. — 'No. He did not. He said it was of
no kind of Consequence to him for that Mr. Morgan was
to find him a Plantation.'

"Mr. Morgan to lionthorn. — 'You'll relate to the Court
what you know, and what pass'd between Mr. liacon and
yourself regarding the remarkable Fat Ox at Kaskaskia
now in Question.''

"Honthorn. — 'One day after Breakfast at Mr. Elliott's,
Mr. Bacon was talking to Mr. Elliott about the Ox. They
call'd to me — and Mr. liacon Ask'd mc if I remember'd
Such an Ox, mentioning the colour. I said I remember'd
the Ox, as he was pretty remarkable. I told Mr. Elliott
iV' Mr. Ikown what Age I thought he was of; and Mr.
ICUiott at the same time said that by the Discription I had
given of him he Suppos'd it was the same Ox. Some
days after this Mr. liacon went down to Kaskaskia to see
the Ox; and he desir'd me to go down afterward, & take
some Potatoes to Mr. Morgan, and make myself certain if
this was the Ox: I asked of Mr. l^acon what I shou'd Say
to Mr. Morgan, when I went down concerning the Ox: Mr.
l^acon told me by no means to Speak of the Ox to Mr.
Morgan, as I wou'd See him in the Yard Amongst the
other cattle — after I had taken a look at the Ox, I told
Mr. Bacon that I cou'd not be positive, whether it was the
same Ox or not, as his colour had chang'd ; altho from his
Shape & Appearance I thought it was the Ox, Yet I cou'd
not venture to make Oath that it was.' Bonthorn Adds,

ItUlTISII ILLINOIS — COURT OF KNMJUIKV.

481

that he heard Mr. Hacon Say, that Mr. Morgan did not
dispute, but it was the Ox, and [the one] that he (Mr.
Uacon) wanted.

"From a complaint Mr. Bacon preferr'd against Ens:
Hutchins in his Remonstrance to Colonel Wilkins, for
allowintj Mr. Morfjan to Sleep in his Appartment. Ensiirn
Hutchins thought it was necessary to Acquaint the Court
with Respect to the charge Relative to Mr. Morgan Sleep-
ing in the Room of one of the members of the Court.
That During his Acquaintance with Mr. Morgan (which
he said was for some years) He has had dealings with him
to a very considerable Amount, as well on account of the
crown, as his own private Account, and always had found
his Behaviour like that of an Honest man and a Gentle-
man. He therefore Asked Mr. Morgan to Sleep in his
Room, as it wou'd be more convenient to him during the
Setting of the Court than going every Iwening to the
Village, particularly as the beds in his house were Occupied
by Sick persons; and not Imagining it cou'd be the least
Reflection on the Court or himself, as he had first Ask'd,
& obtained Colonel Wilkin's Permission for Mr. Morgan to
Sleep in the Fort. ICns: Hutchins further adds, that he
cannot help E.xpressing his Surprise at Colo. Wilkins
allowing of a complaint of this nature to be E.xhibited, as
he very well know Mr. Morgan Sleeping in the Fort, was
by his (Colo. Wilkins's) Own Permission which was ask'd
in writing every P^ening durinj^ Mr. Morgan's Stay iji the
Fort. This Mr. Hutchins can prove, as well as Colonel
Wilkins' Permission by his Servant, who carried his written
requests & brought the Colonel's answers to them.

"The Court desir'd Mr. Bacon to Inform, if he had any
more questions to ask the lividences present or if. He
had any more Iwidences to P3xamine before the Court.
He answer'd, he had not.

"Mr. Bacon Delivcr'd this Evening to the Judge Advo-

h I '

482

EARLY CHICAGO AM) ll.I.IXOIS.

!.!■ •

: %!■!

ii '

!^. ;'i

cate (after the Court was Adjourn'd) the Annex'd Paper,
wliich was Read by him to the members of the Court, and
was deem'd by them a trifling ^nsulting Libel, upon the
conduct of the Court, dv: of no kind of use, in Settling the
matter of difference between Mr. Morgan v.V Mr. Bacon.

"Mr. Morgan Deliver'd to the Court, a certificate sign'd
by Mr. James Elliott, and Witness'd by Mr. Thomas Mc
Fee, which Runs as follows:

'"I Do hereby Certify that Mr. Bacon has at Sundry
Times, said, that he never woud have made the complaints,
he has against Mr. Morgan, had it not been his knowing
that Mr. Morgan was not upon good Terms with Colonel
Wilkins tJc with Mr. Rumsey, and that he, Mr. Rumsc}-,
liad Influence I""nough over Colo. Wilkins to make him
his Friend in said Dispute: and Likewise that Mr. Rum-
sey had promis'd to Support him therein, & carry him
through it. Witness my hand this 16th October 1770.

"Tn the presence of (Sign'd) Ja.mks Elliott.'

Tiios. McFek.'"

"This Certificate the Judge Advocate [read] Publickl)-
in Court: after which the Court was clear'd, when the)-
proceeded to answer the Remarks and Observations made
by Colo. Wilkins; to Deliberate on what had pass'd in
Court between Colonel Wilkins A: Mr. Morgan; and Finallj-
to give their Opinion on the whole of the proceedings &
Revisal all ot which is Faithfully Transcrib'd Ijy

(Sign'd) Allxr. Im)\vlkr, Lt. in the
18th or Royal Irish Regimt:
Acting Dep'y Judge Advocate.

"N. ]i. A mode of Agreement concerning A Tract of
Land Granted by Colonel Wilkins (if approv'd of by the
General) To Mr. Galloway, Mr. lioynton, Mr. Wharton,
Mr. Morgan \' Mr. Rumsey, with one Sixth Rescrv'd for
Colonel Wilkins, was Read by the Judge Advocate.

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF LXQUIRV.

483

"A Breach of the Articles of Agreement, being the
■only matter in Our Opinion, Bacon shoud have attended
to, yet this was Artfully Avoided: and when Mr. Morgan
was desiring & Impressing Mr. Bacon to prove His allega-
tions with respect to A Breach in the Articles of Agree-
ment, Colo: Wilkins being present repremanded him; and
told him that he disturb'd the Court; and also said in open
Court, that he was Convinced Mr. Morgan was Guilty of a
Breach of Articles, and that the Court had no Right to
give Sentence, only to give their Opinion.

"The Court thinks that they were Interrupted in their
proceedings by Colonel Wilkins being present; and also
thinks that Colonel Wilkins from what he said looks upon
the Gentlemen that constitute this Court in so Cypherical
& Indifferent a sense, as to be Incapable of giving an
honest Ini.partial Opinion. This the Gentlemen of the
Court are sorry to observe, and it is with the utmost con-
cern they mention it. But from Colonel Wilkins allowing
of an iVppeal, thro the Channel of Himself; couch'd in a
collection of words foreign to the Dispute ; Replete with
bitter Ill-timed Invecti\'e; with Impertinent & Ciroundless
Reflections, and with A Variety of l".dsc, Scandalous, &
Imaginary Assertions, they cou'd not with Safety, & Jus-
tice to themselves. Pass it Over altogether Unnotic'd.

"What they have done, lias been done Cooly & Deliber-
ately; is the Dictates of honest, upright Hearts, Supi)orted
by clear & uninterrupted Imaginations; I^'rec, K' unfetter'd,
by malice, l'lnv\-, Prejudice or Partiality, we have here-
unto Anne.x'd our Opinions. Conscious of this (tho much
concern'd for Differing so widely in Opinion from Colonel
Wilkins) we have .Subscrib'd our \ames, without Trembling
with Guilt, as Bacon wou'd Intimate, or without Shaking
for the conseciuenccs."

"The C(jurt in Consequence of Colonel Wilkin's Orders
of the lOth of tliii Instant met tc revise their Proceedings.

4-84

KARI.Y CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

' f^'

If. t.

and Sentence pass'd the 4th of this Instant on a matter of
Difference between Geo: Morgan Ksqr. & Mr. Richard
Bacon, as also to answer such Remarks, and Observations,
as Colonel Wilkins had made on said proceedings, And
after having carefully Revis'd said proceedings, fc Kxani-
in'd what other Witnesses Mr. Bacon Call'd upon to Sup-
port his charges, as well as Read and Ileedfully meditated
on his Remonstrance, and his paper deliver'd to the Judge
Advocate the 1 8th Instant; are unanimously & Firmly of
Opinion, that his Remonstrance, as well as paper of the
l8th, are Infamous, Impertinent Libels, on the Proceed-
ings of the Court; And that neither they, nor the wit-
nesses he has call'd upon, has in any Degree whatever,
Prov'd, that Mr. Morga has oppress'd Mr. Bacon, &
therefore we must beg leave to Refer Lieut. Colonel Wil-
kins to the Sentence or Opinion given by us the 4th of
October, which is Annex'd to the Proceedings, and which
we must out of regard for our own Honour, as well as
Justice to the parties concern'd Religiously Abide by.

"And we do hereby Refer Lt. Colo. Wilkins To said
Sentence or Opinion Accordingly.

(Sign'd) A. F( WLKR, Lt, in 18th or
Royal Irish Regt: of Foot, Acting D'y Judge Advocate.

f Lkwis Wyxnk, Lt. &: ?resdt.
j Alkx.r. Fowi.ek, Lt. "i u

Sign'd: j Thos. Hutchins, Kns. 60th Regt: (^
I Wm. Richardsox, Knsn : ( S

[ Wm. Coxoi.i.y, Knsn :" * ) S

The court certainly came out ahead in the matter of the
rehearing. It not only reaffirmed its former judgment and
reiterated in additionally strong language its former opinion
of the defendant, but insinuated as positivel)' as it (.■(luld,

* Endorsed: — "Minutes on the Revisal of a Court of I',n(|uiry on a
Matter of Difference between (Jeo: Morgan Lsc|r; tS; Mr. Kitliard I'acon,
Commencing the i6tli >.V ilnding the 20th October 1770."

hri

BRITISH ILLINOIS— COURT OF ENQUIRY. 485

'.vithin courteous bounds, its opinion of the commandant.

It was doubtless out of this and other like proccedinfrs,
^nd his disposition to make grants of land to favored pur-
chasers, reserving an interest for his own benefit, that there
grew up a very bau state of feeling in the Illinois country
between the commandant and the different classes of citi-
zens, which increasing in factional bitterness finally resulted
in bringing charges against Col. Wilkins for me.I adminis-
tion, especially in charging the government with sums ex-
pended for his private account. He invited an investiga-
tion and tendered his resignation in September, 1771, but
was not superseded in his command until the following
spring, when he left for New York and sailed for London
in July, I772.'-

We have no account of the result of the investigation,
nor of the colonel's subsequent career, except that it is
Slated that he died or left the army at the close of the
year 1775, his name not then.-after appearing on the army-
list.f

* Brymnei's "Calendar of Canadian Archives, report of 1S84," pages 54
and 56.

t ' Colonial History of New N'ork," Vni, 1S5.

': 1;

Early Chicago and Illinois.

INDEX

220,

. at

227.
Vin-

Alibc, Fran(,ois \oi/e, dit l', St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 207, 217,

Abbott, Lieut. -Guv. lOdward
cennes, 371, 391, 401.

Aberdeen Street, Chicago, G9.

Aboite River, 33S n.

Abolition of slavery, 1. N. Arnold in-
troduced motion for the, 36 7.

Abolitioni.st, (len. (irant not an, 90.

Acadians, Kocheblave's plan for set-
tling on the Mississippi, 378.

Adams, John (Juincy, minister to Eng-
land, 97; president, 146, 176, 177.

Adams, Mrs. John ()., 91.

.ICtna 1- ire-Insurance Co. of liartfon',
Conn., 21.

.\ime, Charles, head of family, Prairie
du Rocher, 17S3, 203.

Alaint, , head of iamily, laskas-

kia, 1790, 212.

Albany, N.V., 56.

Alcott, Caroline, wife of Samuel Stone,

Allaire, Louis, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
AUard, Augustin, I'rairie du Rocher

militia, 1790, 223.
Allary (.Mary, Alari), Uapliste, 210.
AUary, lia/.il, Kaskaskia militia, 210,221
Allary, Clement, head of family, Caho-

kia, 17S3, 205, 207; St. Clair -Co.

militia, 1790, 216, 226.
Allary, I )omitilde, widow, head tf fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 17S3, 200.
.Mlary (Alary), Lieut. Jean Hap., head

of family, Cahokia, 17S3, 205, 207:

Kaskaskia militia, 1700, 221, 227.
.Mlarv. Marie, w'd. of Joseph, head of

family, Cahokia, 17S3, 205, 207.
Alleghany .Mountains, 144. 231, 2*>«>.
AUemand, Jean 1', head of fam.. 1'r.inie

du Rocher, 1783, 204.
Allison, John, head of ianiiK. Kaskas-

k'a, 17S3, 200.
Almon's " Kemembran. r > . ' 373 n.
Alphonso, - , st.Cia.ir-Co. nilitia,

1790, 22

Alps, France, 360.

/•///('« 0/'sdr',\r, v.. V. Lovejtjy's, 113.

Amelin, Laurent, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205, 207; St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 220, 228.

Amer. Hoard of Foreign Miss., 121, 12S

American Hronze Co. of (irand Cross-
ing, Chicago, cast bust of I'hilo Car-
penter, 129.

American Christian Union, 1 28.

American Congregational Union, 12S.

American I'ur-Co,, 10, 19, 181, 182,
183, 184, 186, 230.

Amer. Home Miss'n'y .Soc'y, 121, 129.

American Missionary As.soc'n, 121, 128.

"Americap State I'apers," 195 n, 234,
251 n, 258 n, 259 n, 380 n.

Amherst College, 77.

.\nderson, David, juror in Rice-Jones
murder ca<e, 280.

Anderson, John, juror in Rice-Jones
murder case, 280.

Anderson, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Andre, Jean, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200.

.\ndrews, Joseph, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 206.

.\ndrew, John A., senator, 79.

".\niials oi Congress," 24811.

.\ntalliar(l, Felicite, wid. J. H. Dumas,
head of tani., St. Clair Co., 1783, 207

Antaya, .\ntoine, jr., head of family,
KasUaskip, 1783, 199.

Antaya, .Vnloine, sr. , head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 1(19, 222.

Antaya, Michel, dit I'ellelicr, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, i()c»: 1790,
212; St. Clair-( o. militi.a, 20v 208,
220, 228.

.Vntaya, Toimetre, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 209.

-Vnti-Nebraska jiarty, started at Tre-
mont I lou-e, Chicago, Apr., 1854, 63.

.\nti lavery movements begin in 1831,
Si.

-11 u.

< yclop.idia of IJiogra-

.\palachians,

" Appleion's

phy,",47.

if I

4«7

488

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Archambeau, Joseph, St. Clair-County
inililia, 1790, 219, 226.

Ardouin, , head of family, Caho-

kia, 1783, 205.

Anliun, heirs of, in St. Clair County,
1 7S3, 20S.

Arkansas Territory, 267.

Arkouet, Antoinr , head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 17S3, joo.

Armstroni;, Jt)hn, sec'yof war, 146, 176.

Army of the Tennessee, S9.

"Arnold, Ueneiiict, Life of, " his patri-
otism and his treason, by Isaac X.
Arnold, 41, 45.

Arnold, Isaac Newton, addre.ss on, by
1^. IS. Washluiriie, 27 46; reads paper
on Abraham Lincoln before Royal
Historical Society, 29; born in Hart-
wick, Otsego Co., \.\'., 30: studied
law under K. Cooper and I'., li. .More-
house, 31, 50; removed to Chicago,
31; elected representative to 37th
congre.ss, 33 ; friend of Aliraham
Lincoln, 33; pronounced eulogy on
.S. .\ Douglas, 34; introduced reso-
lution on abolitior of slavery in L'..S.,
37; wrote Reminiscences of Lincoln
and of Congress during the Rebel-
lion, 39; audito: of treasury, 4c-. re-
sumed law practice in 1S72, 41 ; wrote
"Lite of IJenedict .\rnold."4l; wrote
" Life of Abraham Lincoln," 44; list
of his writings, 44; president Chicago
Historical Society, 45; t:ibule from
Hon. T. l)rumnuinil,47; tribute from
Hon. N'aull. HiggiMs,4S; in partner-
ship with M. l>. < tgden, 50; with I-..
B. Slorehousi' ",o; mention. 57, 59, b9

Arundel, \V'illii\,ii, .St. t'lair-Co. militia,
1790, 21S, J2v

Ashley, <ieu, \Vm. H., .senator from
ArU.xnsas, S4, 254.

A^kni, John, letter to, 3S5 n.

Astor, John Jacob, 10. 182.

Atchison, Lieut, oeorge, .'^t. Clair-Cu.
militia, 1790, 214. 224.

Atlanta, (la., 93.

Atlantic Ocean, 23.

Aubucnon, (;al)riL-l, residing at Ra^kas-
kia, 1790, 212.

Aubu hon, Mary Louise, he-id of fam-
ily, • rairie du Rocher, 17.S3, 204.

Aubuchon, Raphael d', St. Clair-Co.
miibtia, 1790, 227.

Aurora, 111., 1 10.

Austin, Moses, with J. R. Jones erectetl
first cupola furince in I'. S., 249.

Austin, Texas. ~>av Feios'w; ite, 260.

Austin, Hon. Stephen h . 26a.

liabcock, Mrs. O. E., 268 n.

Uackus, Elijah, of Ivaskaskia, 276, 279,
281.

15acon, Richard, of Kaskaskia, pro-
ceedings in court of enquiry, 423, 424,
425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430, 431,
4.54. 435. 4.>6> 437. 43''^. 439. 44°.
44'. 442. 443' 444. 445. 446, 447-
448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454,

455. 4''0. 4b2, 4<^'3. 464. 465. 4bb,
4''7. 4(>^' 4*J9. 472, 473. 474. 475.
476, 477. 47S. 479. 4^0. 481, 484.

Badollet, John, commissioner of land-
office at \'inci^nnes, 171, 241.

lialiatte, .\nloine, at Kaskaskia, 1790,
211.

liaker, Col. I'.dward Dickinson, law-
yer of Springtiekl, 60; killed at liaU%
lUuff, 84.

liaker, David Jewett, of Kaskaskia.
.seii.ntor, 1 60.

liaker, 1 lenry S., of Alton, paper by. on
Tierre .Menard, read at Springfield,
before Illinoi.5 State-1'ar .Association,
149 (>i.

liallew( Bellow), Tim, ihy. St.Clr.ir-Co.
militia, 1790, 201, 208, 225.

lialme. Col. Augustin .Moltin de la,

337. 337". M'^", 34°, 3'*^9-
lialTs lUuff, battle of, mention, 8.^.
Tiancroft, tieorge, new evidence of his

error (concerning Benedict .Vrnold),

45; reference, 97.
liar .\ssociation of State of Illinois, 4 ".
"iiar of Jllimii'. I orly \'ears Ago,"

paper by i. N. Arnold, 45.
"liar, I'.arly Chicago and Illinois,"

recoril of, by I. N. -Arnold, 45.
llLirbau (Barbeau), .Andre, I'rairie du

Rocher militia, 1790, 222.
liarliau, Jean liaptiste, jr., head of fam-

ilv, I'rairie du Rocher, 1783, 203.
liarliau, Jean Bapti-.te, sr., head of fam-
ily. Trail ie du Rocl.er, 1783, 203;

Court ol Kaskaskia, 295.
Harbour, Capt. Thilip, 349.
li.arger, Christina, of \'incennes, .nar-

ried Roderii|ues, 250.
Barger, Elizabeth, 259.
liarger, l'"rederick. 234, 258.
larger, ( leorge, 258.
iiargcr, (leorge. jr.. 258.
Barger, Margaret, 25S
liargCT, Mary, second wife of John

Rico Jones, 257, 258.
Barger, I'rter, 258.
Barger, Sitsan, 259.

in.

kia, 276, 279,

ikaskia, pro-
liry, 423,424,

■9, 430, 43".
;S, 439. 440,

kS, 446, 447.
12. 453' 454.
'4. 465. 4'jf>.
'3, 474. 475.
lo, 4S1, 4S4.
)ner of land-
, 241.
caskia, 1790,

kinson, lau-
illed at Hall'-,

Kaskaskia.

paper by, on
Springfiekl,
Association,

St.Clr.ir-Co.

225.

oltin de la,

3'''9.

ition, 84.
ilence ol his
lict Arnold),

f Illinois, 4-.
ears Ai^o,"

45-

Illinois,"
j1(1, 45.

I'rairie dii
;2.

liead of fam-
7S3, 20 V
head of fam-
7«3. 20j;

ennes, .nar-

fe of John

INDEX.

489

Barker, Mathias, head of family, K»s-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Barnes, Dr. Joseph K., 66.

Baron, Jean liapiiste, St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 226.

Barrois, Francois, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Barron, — — , Court of St. Vincennes,
295.

Barron, Oabriel, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205.

Barron, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207; St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 219.

Barrows, Rev. Dr. John II., of First
Presbyterian Church, Chicago, 106.

Barry, Mrs. Wm., memoir of Samuel
Stone by, 130.

Barry, Rev. Wm., first recording secre-
tary and librarian Chicago Historical
Society, 73, 133.

Barry, Hon. Wm. T., 254.

Bartalon, , death of, 391.

Barton, Hon. David, 253, 254.

Barutel, Antoine, called Toulouse,
Kaskaskia militia, 1 790, 221.

Barutel (Hautel), Blaise, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 211.

Bascom, Rev. Flavel, 109, 126.

Basque, Pierre, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,
221.

Bates, Hon. Edward, 254.

Bates, Frederick, secretary of Territory
of Louisiana, 174, 251.

Bates, Rev. Joshua, D.D., president of
Middlebury College, Vermont, 56.

Battenkill, Valley of, Vt., 75.

Bauj^i, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 198.

Bauvais, Alexis, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 2CX), 211.

Bauvais, Antoine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 198; Court of Kaskas-
kia, 296, 369, 31.% 313, 440.

Bauvais (Heauvais), Joan Baptiste St.
Gcme, head of family, Kaskaskia,
1783, 198, 212 n; Court of Kaskas-
kia, 1787, 296, 309.

Bauvais, Mane Helene Ste. (.rme, wife
of Nicholas Canada, 163.

Bauvais, Marie Louise, widow, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.

Bauvais, ; of K.askaskia, 440, 457.

Bauvais, Therese St. Gcmme, resident
of Kaskaskia, 145; reference, 163,
165.

Bauvais, Ursule Ste. (jcnn;, 163.

Bauvais, Vital, jr., Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Bauvais, Vitol Ste. Geme, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 198, 212, 2i2n,
296, 309. 3>2.

Bavarel, Tousaint, Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Bayatte, Antoine, 211.

Bayly, William, of Kaskaskia, 312.

Beaubien, Mark, in Chicago in 1832,
106 n, 109 n.

Beaudoin, Jean, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

Beaulieu, Bazile, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 226.

Beaulieu ( IJeaulioux), Jean, St. Clair-
County militia, 1790, 218, 225, 294,

295-

Beaulieu, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 226.

Beaulieu, Michel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Beaulieu, Widow, head of family, Ca-
hokia, 1783, 205, 207.

Beaumont, tieorge Anson Oliver, part-
ner of Mark Skinner, 56.

Beauregard, Louis Tousaint, merchant
of Xew Orleans, 358.

Beaver Lake, Indiana, 185.

Beckwith, Hiram Williams, author of
an account of Winnebago war, 20.

Bedford County, Va., 285.

Beebeau, Antoine ?, trader with Ameri-
can Fur-Company, 13.

Beguain, Pierre, Kaskaskia, 1790, 213.

Beguiere, Joseph, head of family, Ca-
hokia, 1783, 205, 207.

Beland, Joseph, St. Clair-Co militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Bellecour, Antoine, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 217, 227.

Bellecour, Joseph, head of family,
Prairie du Rocher, 1783, 203.

Bellri'ilU N^eivs- Democrat, 277.

Bellow, Timothy, head of family, Kas
kaskia, 1783, 201, 208, 225.

Beman, Rev. Dr. Nathan S. S., of First
Presbyterian Church, Chicago, 104.

Bennington County, Conn., 54, 55, 75.

Benjamin, Martha, mother of E. B.
Waslil)urne, 79.

lienjamin. Samuel, ancestor of 1'^. li.
Washburne. 79.

Bentley, Thomas, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201, 340, 385, 388.

Bentley, Madame , store-keeper,

Kaskaskia, 316.

Benton, Col. Thos. Hart, senator from
Missouri, 253, 254, 265.

Bequct, Andrew, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 216, 220.

I!
I'
i

I u

490

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

'I "

Kequet, Isabel, head of family, Caho-

kia, 1783, 205.
Bequel, Jean Hapliste, heirs of, in St.

Clair Cuunty, 1783, 207.
Berea College, Kentucky, 128 n.
Herger, Laurent Jean, St. Clair- Co.

militia, 1790, 227.
Herj;eron, Jean liaptistc, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 205, 207, 216, 226.
Ikrgeron, Louis, St, Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 225.
Herkshire Hills, Massachusetts, 103.
Berry, Klcanor, of Ohio, first wife of

Curdon S. Hubbard, 24.
Bhcrtelmi, Kichartl, Kaskaskia, 1790,

212.
Bibeaux, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 228.
Bienvenu, Antoine, jr., head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.
Bienvenu, Antoine, sr., head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 211.
Bitiuvenu, Henry, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 210, 221.
Bienvenu, Michel, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 210, 221.
Bienvenu, Pierre, Kaskaskia, 1783,210.
Big Foot, Indian chief, 19.
Big Spring, Monroe Co., 111., 2i4n.
Biggs (Bigges), Oeorge, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 214, 224, 312.
Biggs, Thomas, 312.
Biggs, William, head of family, Caho-

k'ia, 1783, 205, 208, 236.
Bilderback, Capt. , of Kaskaskia,

279.
Birkbeck, Morris, 32.
iliron, .Vugust, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 226.
Biron, Henry, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 219, 226.
ISisson, Louis, St. Clair - Co. militia,

1790, 228.
Bissonet, Jean Marie, St. Clair-County

militia, 1790, 227.
Bissonet, Joseph, head of family, Ca-

hoUia, 1783, 205; heirs of, in St. Clair

County, 1783, 207.
Blacktish, Indian chief, death of, 336.
lilack Hawk, Indian chief, 265.
Black-Hawk war, 1832, 20, 160, 188,

190, 264.
Blain (Blin), (jeorge, widow of, head

of family, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 208.
Blaine, Hon. James (j., 266.
Blatchford, E. W. , memoir of Mark

.Skinner by, 54, 126.
Blay, Joseph, jr., Prairie du Rocher

militia, 1790, 222.

May, Joseph, head of family, Prairie
du Kocher, 1783, 203.

Blay, Louis, jr., I'rairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 222.

Bleakley, Josiah, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Bledsoe, Judge Jesse, 254.

Blouin, Daniel, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Blue Licks, battle of, 287.

Blue-Ridge Mountains, 231.

Board of (Virginia) Comm'rs to Benj.
Harrison, governor of Virginia, con-
cerning Col. John Todd's, jr., ac-
counts, etc., 34S.

Board of Internal Improvements, 131.

Board of Trade, Chicago, (airdon S.
Hubbard one of the incorporators of,
in 1852, 21.

Bogy, Lewis V., U.-S. senator, 259.

Boison, , 384.

Boisverd, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
St. Clair, 1783, 206, 208.

Boisverd, |oseph, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205, 208, 220, 228.

Bond of commiss'rs, to Col. Todd, 300.

Bond, Shadrach, jr., gov. of Illinois,
154, 159, 200, 20S, 214, 2l4n, 236,
274, 280.

Bonin, Marguerite, Pierre Menard's
mother, 143, 177, 178.

Bonneau, Pierre, 162, 165.

Bonthorn, William, witness at Court of
Enquiry, 468, 469, 474, 475, 478,
479, 480.

Bonvouloir, Joseph, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

Boonesboro, Ky. , 285.

Boquet, .Vndrc, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 226.

Bossercm, Maj. FranijOis, .St. Vincennes
militia officer, 295, 324.

Boston, Mass., 130, 366.

Bostonians, 315.

Botetourt County, Va., 285.

Bouchette's " Topographical Dictionary
of Lower Canada," 143 n.

Bougeart, Alfred, life of Mant by, 42.

Bourassa, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219.

Bourassa, Pierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 225.

Bourbonais' Grove, 185, 190, 191.

Bousseau, Fran(,ois, head of family,
Prairie du Kocher, 1783, 203.

Bou'eillet, Jacque, head of f;xm., Prairie
du Rocher, 1783, -03, 452, 453.

Bouvet, Rene, head of family, Cahokia,
1783, 206, 208, 220, 228.

INDEX.

491

2 Menard's

Co. militia,

Bowdoin College, 77.

Howen, Klicnczer, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 225.
Bowers, Col. Theodore S., 91.
Bowie, Col, James, 2O0.
Bowman, Isaac, 324, 325.
Bowman, Col. Joseph, 341, 342, 3/3.
Boyer, Antoine, head of family, Caho-

kia, 1783, 205, ?19, 226; heirs of, in

.St. Clair County, 1783,207.
Boynton, John, of Hoynton, Wharton

&: Morgan, 422, 423, 442, 484.
Boynton (John), Wharton (Samuel) &

Moryan (Ceorge), merchants, 421,

424, 425, 426, 468, 473; articles of

afjreement between Samuel Bacon

and, 423.
Braddock, (!en. Kdward, 361.
Bradley, Thadious, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 22s.
Bradley, \Vm. II., tribute of, to V U.

Washburne, 98.
Brady, John, St. Clair-County militia,

• 790, 227.
Brady, Thomas, Kaskaskia, 1 783, 205,

207, 216, 218 n, 226, 268 n, 209.
Brady, Thos., of Mc Knight tV B., 268.
Brandy wine, battle of, 2l4n.
Brashears, Richard, head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 2oi.
Brashears, Tobias, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 2on, 339.
Brainard, Dr. Daniel, surgeon of first

Cook-County Hospital, 71.
Brazot (Brazciu), Louis, he.id of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 296, 309, 312.
Brecon, Brecknock.shire, Wales, 271.
Breese, Hon. Sidney, 159, 240.
Breton, Francis, first mined lead in

Missouri, 250.
Brian, James, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 215.
Bridgeport, near Chica^, ^ formerly

Hardscrabble, 12.
Bridges, Mrs. llmily C, sister of I'hilo

Carpenter, 103.
Bridges, Sarah Forbes, wife of I'hilo

Carpenter, 103.
Brigandage in the Mississippi, 410.
Briggs, Kmily, second wife of I'ierre

Menard, jr., 14S.
Brinckerhoff, Dr. John, of Chicago, 108.
Brindamour, see Michel Menard, 142,

147.
Bris' jn, Alexis, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 226.
Brison (Bri.sson), Isaac, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 215.
British Arniy-I.isls, 382 n.

British Board of Trade, 420.

British commandant, 357 n.

British Illinois, IMiilipe de Uocheblavc,

sketch of, by F. (i. .Mason, 360.
British in Illinois, 286, 352 n, 360.
British Museum, 338 n, 360 n.
British use of Indians in war, 290.
Brocus, William, heatl of family, Kas-

, a^kia, 1783, 201.
Brouilet, .M. — , militia officer, St.Vin-

ci'inies, 296.
Brookes', —, daughter, wife of Capt.

Brashears, 339.
Brooks, I'reston .S., 79.
Bronson, Arthur, of .New York, 107 n.
Bronson :'.<. Kinzie, case carried through

by I. \. Arnold, 50.
Brown's, John .Mason, ".Vddress at the

Centennial Conmienioratiim of the

Battle of the Blue Licks," 288 n.
Brown, Windsor, witness before Court

of Lnipiiry, 443, 452, 458, 461, 465,

470, 47. =i. 480.
Brown, William Hubbard, first presi-
dent of Chicago Historical Society,

69. 73-

Browning, C)rville IL, supported anti-
Nebraska party, 60, 63.

Brymner's " Calemlar of Can.adian Ar-
chives," 4S5 n.

Brusegard, see Beauregard.

Bryan, James, St. Clair-County militia,
1 790, 224.

Bryan, Mrs. Thomas Butler, president
of .Soldiers' Home, 135 n.

Bryson, Isaac, St. Clair-County militia.
1790, 224.

Buchanan, President James, 264.

Buckner, Indge .Alexander, 254.

Buffalo, N.V., 104.

Bull, Ruth, of Danville, III., first wife
of Noel le V'asseur, 191.

Bullitt, William, 241.

Bunkum, now lro(|uois, 185.

Bureau River, 13.

lUirke, Fdniund. f|uotation from, 52.

lUirnot, David ()., |nesiilent of Repub-
lic of Texas, 260.

Burnside, (Jen. Ainlirose Lverett, 95.

liurr, Col. .\aron, 261.

Burr fund, Jonathan, 75.

Bushnell, Nehemiah, lawyer of Ouincy,
III., 60.

Buteau, Charles, jr., St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 225.

Butteau (lintcau), Charles, sr. , he,-i<l of
family, Cahokia, 17S3, 2o(), 21S.

Buteau (liutteau), Joseph, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 205, 21O, 226.

■i\

: t

ill 1

492

F.ARI.V ClHCACf.) AM) ILLINOIS.

I '

it-

liutcaii (liuloc), Jose))!), jr., head of
laniily, St. Clair, 17SJ, 207.

Hutcaii, I'ieic, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 220.

liiitlcr, Aiulrew I'IcUlmis, senator, 79.

Hutlt-r, Charles, of .New N'ork, 10711.

lUitler, Henry, examination of, before
Rocheblave at Kort (;aj,'f, 39S, 401.

liutterlield, Justin, U.-S. (iistnct attor-

"i;y. 57. .S'l.

Huyat, Antlioine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 17S3, 199.

liuyat, Aiith(iine,jr., Kaska^kia militia,
1790, 221.

I'lUyat, l.oiiis, liead of family, Kaskas-'
kia, 17S5, 191).

lUiyat, Louis, jr., Ka>kaskia militi.n,
1790, 221.

Hyrani, lienjaniin Joseph, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 178.5, 200.

Calia'isier, Antoine. St. C^lair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 220, 228.

Caliassier, Charles, .^t. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 220, 227.

Caliassier, Francois, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 220, 228.

Caliassier, Jean liapt., St. (.'lair-County
militia, 1790, 220, 227.

Caliassier, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220, 228; heirs of, in St. Clair
County, 1 783, 208.

Caliassier, I'ierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 227.

Calias-.ier, , wiilow, head of family,

Cahokia, 17S3, 205.

Cadion, Charles, ealled St. I'ierre, head
o^ family, I'rairie du Rocher, 1783,

203, 207, 219.

Cadron, Charles, jr., St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 226.

Cadron, lltienne, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219, 225.

Cahise, , of Kaskaskia, 279.

Cah<ikia (Kahokia, Kohos), 111., 13,
192,193,194, 195, 2l5n.2l6n, 21711,
2l8n, 219, 229n, 247, 296, 297 n,
29S, 302, 303, 335, 338 n, 384 n; and
environs, lieads of families at, 1783,

204, 206; eivil officers of, 1779, 295.
Cailloux, I'ierre, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Cairo, III., 87.

Calais, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

212, 221.
Caldwell, Hilly, Indian chief, 109.
Calhoun, John Caldwell, senator, 265.

California, S3, 126, 129, 269.
Callahan, Thomas, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 221.
Calloway, Richard, of Kentucky, 28(1.
Calumet River, 105, 216 n.
Cambridj^e, Mass., 286.
Campbell, Mrs. lienjaniin, 268 n.
Campbell, Col. (leo. W'., of Cliica|.;ii,

2()8.

Camiibell, John, said t<i have been mur-
ilered by Taylor Driscoll, 51.

Campbell, Thomp.son, member of the
Calena bar, 60, 84, 99.

Caniji Dou^jlas, ('hicajjo, 139.

Camp, (leorf^'e, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Camp, Ichabod, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 17S3, 199.

Camp-Nelson .Academy, Ky., 1280.

Camp Tip|iecanoe, battle of, 186; treaty
of, 1S7, 189.

Campeau, l''ran(,ois, St. Clair-Co. niili
tia, I7<)0, 218, 225.

Camus, LranijOis, head of fam., I'rairie
du Rocher, 1 783, 203.

Camus, I'ierre, I'mirie du Rocher mili-
tia, 1790, 223.

("anada, iNicholas, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 163, 165, 179, 200, 210.

Canada, 3(10, T,()t, 371.

"Canadian Archives, " 357, 35711, 360,
360 n, 363, 363 n, 364 n, 360 n, 3070,
369 n, "383, 385, 385 n, '389, 389 n,

.>9". 392. 39.5. 394, .?95, 397. 39^.

401, 407, 408, 409, 410, 4(1, 412,
418, 4(9 n.

Canadians in Illinois, 193, 3(12, 379,

391, 395-

Canadian 7vv(ii;i''i>'s, employed by the
American Kur-Company, 10.

Canadien, Sanson, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 226.

Canal-bill, Illinois-and-Miehiijan, I. N
Arnolil cartjed through legislature, 32

Canal Street, Chicago, 10711.

t irbonneaux, Loui> I'ierre I'rancois,
notary public of St. Clair County, 145,
(65, 200, 202, 211, 295, 350, 389,
400, 401.

Cardinal . "refused to serve," in

Court of St. N'ineeiines, 295.

Carleton, Sir Cluy, British commander
in Canada, 365 n, 366, 367, 368, 369,
370. 372. 373. 385. 390. i92, 393,
394. 395, 396, 39^, 402, 4'0, 4'2;
petitions to, 364 n, 365 n, 367 n, 383.

Carlisle, Pennsylvania. 144, 202.

Carney, Martin, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

iyi)KX.

493

Carolina hoiindary, ^30.

Carotulck't, Mo., 14.S.

< '.iqiciiter, Abel, fallicr of I'hilo, loj.

(arpuiiter, Ann, 1 16.

Carpenter, Isaac, cousin of i'hilo, 104.

( 'ar|)i.'nlcr, Nathaniel, yrandfatlier of
I'hilo, 103.

Carnenler, I'hilo, trilnite to, by Rev.
Ilenry I,. Ilanimonil, 102 29; born
in Savoy, Mass., 1805; stiiilied medi-
cine, married in 1S30, 103; joined
l'resl)yterian church; started for Chi-
caj^o, 1832, 104; ort;ani/.ed the lirst
prayer ■ meet in(.j and Sunday-school in
Chicatjo, 106; second marriaj;e, loS;
removed to Aurora, 1 10; death of, in
l8S6, iir, 126; religious labors, 112;
assists in foundinfj many charitable
.societies and churches, 113, 115, 116;
opposes secret societies, especially
masonry, 117, iiS; list of donations
to religious bodies, 121 ; deacon, 129,

Carpenter School, Chicago, 113.

Carpenter, William, of Southampton,
luifjland, 103.

Carpenter's Addition to Chica(;o, 109,
119.

Cartabonne, Don Silvio Krancisco de,
Spanish governor of .Ste. (ienevieve,
Mo. , 292 n, 304.

( 'arver, Capt. , 105.

( 'ascaskia, see Kaskaskia.

Cas.s, (icn. Lewis, commissioner to
make Indian treaties, 146, 176.

Casson, Antoine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 2CX3.

Casson, Catherine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Casson, Nicholas, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Casterique, Haptiste, of I'eoria, in 1778,

398.
Casterline, I'eter, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224,
Cataraqui, on Grand Isle, 379.
Caton, John Uean, lawyer of Chicago,

59-
Cecil, , of Kahos, 383.

Cecire, Joseph, head of family, ("aho-

kia, 1783, 205, 207.
Cerri , Cabriel, of Court of Ka.sUaskia,

295, 304, 391,419; declaration of, 389.
Chaltin, Isaac, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 225.
Chalfin, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 215, 224.
Chamber of Commerce, Chicago, 1 19.
Chamberlin, Benj., of Chicago, 127 n.
"Chambers' Kncyclopaedia," 271 n.

C'hambers, Henjamin, president of leg-
islative assembly of Indiana Terri-
tory, 238, 240.

Chan\bly, .M. de, 143.

t'haniplaiii, Jean Haptiste, .St. Clair-Co.
militiii, 179U, 226.

Champlain, Samuel de, explorer, 182 n.

Chance, — — la, Court of Kaskaskia,
1787, 296, 309, 402, 40S.

Chance, Jean Mapt. Cailliot la, St.Clair-
C!o. miliiia, 1790, lit], 1(15, 211, 221.

Chance, Joseph la, St. Clair-Co. mili-
ti.i, 1790, 217.

Chance, .Nicholas la, jr., head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.

Chance, Nichol.as la, sr., Iie.ad of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 198, 294, 295,

Chapman, l.ieiit. , 466.

Charleville, Haptiste, first lieutenant,
Uislrict of Kaskaskia, 294, 383.

Charleville, Charles, second lieutenant,
District of Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 294,

295. .US-

charleville, Charles, jr., Kask.askia
midtia, 1790, 213.

Charleville, I'ranc^ois, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 315.

Charleville, Joseph (!liauvin, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1 783, 201.

Charleville, Louis, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 199, 221.

Charleville, Marie Louise, head of fam-
ily, KasU.askia, 1783, 198.

Charlevoi.x's " History of New France, "
143 n.

Charli, Michel, he.id of family, heirs of,
in St. Clair t'ounty, 1783, 207.

Charpantier, l''ran(;ois, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 201.

Chartier, Michel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220.

Chartier, I'iere, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219.

Chartier, Pierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 226.

Chaitran, Alexis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227, 384.

Chartran, Catherine, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 208.

Chartran, Jean Ht., St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 217, 227.

Chartran, Jean Hapt., heirs of wid. of,
in St. Clair Co., 1783, 208.

Chartran, Mary, widow, head of fam-
ily, Cahokia, 17S3, 206. 208..

Chartran, Michel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 227.

Chartran, Thomas, St. ClairCo. mili-
tia, 1790, 220, 227.

•i^.

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494

KARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Chartrffti, Toussaint, St. Clair -County
militia, 1790, 219, 227

Chase, Kev. Dudley, of Cb'-irch of the
Atonement, Chicago, 106 n.

Chase, Salmon I'., senator, 79, 265.

Chatele, Louis, St. Clair- Co. militia,
1790, 205, 207, 216, 226.

Chatellerault, Louis, I'eoria, 1778, 398.

Chattanoo;;a, Tenn., 90, 95.

Cheney, Mrs. William \V., author of
"Records of Chicago I'resbytery,"
102, 108.

Chenie, John Haptiste, St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 218, 225.

Chenie, Joseph, St.Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Chenier, Antoine, head of family, Kas-
krskia, 1783, 199.

Chenier, Aicanfjc, widow, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.

Chenier, Claude, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 20S, 219, 7 26.

Chester, III., 2SS.

C;hestertield, Mass., 130.

Chetlain, Gen. Augustus Louis, of Chi-
cago, 89.

Chevalier, Charles, Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Chevalier, Fraiii,ois, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 206, 226.

Chevalier, Joseph, "vaskaskia militia,
1790, 222.

Chevalier, Pierre, head ot f.ni., Prairie
du Rocher, 17H3, 203.

Chicai;o, description of, in 1818, 12;
mention, 13, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28,
3". 33> 35. 40. 4'. 4''. 4f<. 61, 63, 69,
97, 102, 123, 126; description of the
great tire by S. Stone, 133; first dry-
goods store, 181; mention, 185, 186,
1 89, 191, 215 n, 268, 378.

Chicago Academy of Sciences, 137.

Chicago .Astronomical Society, 138.

Chicago- Itar Associ.-xtion, 45.

Chic.igo Ifihie-.Society, 112.

Chicago City-Missionary Society, 128.

Chicago Congregational Clul), 125.

Chicago Lye-and-I'lar Inhrm'y, 1 13, 137

Chicago Historical Society, history of,
by 1. N. Arnold, 44; burning of lirst
building, 132; mention, 9, 27, 28,45,
72, 78, 106 n, 128, 129, 152, 197,
288, 300, 380 n.

Chicago Home for the Friendless, 71.

"Chicago, Leading Men of," 102.

Chicago Lil)rary Association, 70.

Chicago Literary Society, 45.

Chicago Lyceum, instituted Dec. 2,
1834, 70.

Chicago Philosophical Society, 45.
"Chicago Presbytery, Records of," by

Mrs. W. W. ('heney, 102, Ii4n.
Chicago Public Library, 70.
Chicago Reform School, 72. ,
Chicago Relief-and-Aid Society, 71, 72,

i'3-

Chicago River, 12, 185, 189.

C/ikai^o Tintfs, 269 n.

Chicago Voung Men's Association
(library), 70.

Chicago Theological .Seminary, 102,
117, 126, 128, 129.

Chickasaw Indians, 325, 330.

Childs, Luther, member of hrst Sunday-
school in Chicago, August, 1832,
106 n.

Chippewa In<lians, 176, 177.

Chissolm, Hugh .NIcDonald, Kaskaskir.
militia, 1790, 221.

Chouteau, Charles P., of .St. Louis, pre-
sents statue of Pierre Menard to State
of Illinois, 149, 161.

Chouteau, l'"ran(,ois C, .St. Louis, 14S,

Chretien, Pierre, St. (.'lair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Christian Cynosure, 1 17.

Christian L'nion (relief society), 72.

Christofal, Pedro, Kaskaskia militia,
\^()0, 212, 221.

Church of the I loly Name, Chicago, 136

Church of the Immaculate Conception,
Kaskaskia, 142, 145, 147.

Church, \Vm. Linnieus, at iirst meeting
to ])romote a public library in Chi-
cago, 70.

Cilley, Hon. Jonathan, M. C. from
Maine, 265.

Cincinnati convention, 1850, 113.

Cincinnati,- Indianapolis,- St. Louis-&-
Chicago Railroad, 185.

Ciree, lean Haptiste, called St. Michel,

143/' 77. '7S-

Circe, Louise, 178.

Ciree, Marie l"'ran(,oise, called .^aint
Michel, mother of Pierre Menard,
142, 143, 177, 178, I7().

("iti/.en's Relief, Chicago, 72.

City Point, \'a., 91.

" Clark's Campaign in the Illinois," ref-
erence, 373 n.

Clark, Francis, Kaskaskia militia, » 790,
221, 312.

Clark, Col. < leorge Rogers, of Virginia.
199 n, 201, 204 n, 214 n, 231, 286,
290, 291, 292, 293 n, 305, 317, 320,
321, 322, 323, 324, 325, 328, 330,
.UL 337. 342. 344. 345. 35°. 352".
353. 357". 35S. 372, 3^9 n.

INDEX.

495

Clark, John, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 201, 312.

Clark, Lardner, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

(,"lark-Streel liridjje, Chicago, 133.

<'lark, den. William, n);ent of Indian
alTairs at St. Louis, .Mo., 176.

<!larkcsville, 'I'enn., 88, 247.

i'laikson, Itishop, letter to, from I. N.
Arnold, 45.

Clay, Menry, senator, mention, 83, 84,
icx), 177, 254, 265, 2(j().

<"lermond, l.uuis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
i7c)o, 226.

'Jlermont, Aiifjuste, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, I7<M 218, 225.

Clermont, I'ierro, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 21S, 225.

Cliiic), John, witness in Rice -Jones'
murder cbnc, 278.

Clinton, c.ov. DeWitt, of New Vork,
130.

Cocliun, Mar^jaret, head of family,
I'rairie du Kochir, 1 783, 203,

Cochran, John, head of family, I'rairie
du Kocher, 17S3, 203.

Cocliran, .SaMuicI, of Knska.skia, 2S0.

Coiliiane, William, librarian Chicago
Historical Society, 134.

<."ole. Col. Kdward, Itritish comman-
dant at Fort t'hartres, 421.

<"ok's, Ciov. I'idward, mention, 32; life
of, hy I'.. 11. Washtiurne, <»7.

i'oliiie, KrancjOis, I'rairie du Kocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Collamer, Jacob, senator, 79.

Collins, James II., lawyer, t'hicafjo, 59.

"Ciiionial I listory of New York," 4S4.

I'oliimbus, Texas, 2()2.

Commissions, I'ierre Menard's, 100,
108, I (.8, 171, 172, 173, 175, I7().

CoMiparet. Jean Marie, St.Clair-County
militia, 1790, 217, 227.

<.'omte. .\yme, jr., I'rairie du kocher
militia, I7<^, 223.

Comte, Aynie, sr. , he.nd of family,
I'r.iirie du Kocher, 1783, 203.

Comte, Joseph, I'rairie du kocher mili-
tia, I7(^. 223.

Comte, I'ierre, I'rairie du kocher mili-
tia, 1790, 223.

Condemnation I'roceedinp, Court Rec-
ord, 308.

Confiscation of rebel property, speech
on, by 1. .\. Arnold, 3O.

Conj^regational Church, First, Chicago,
113, 116.

C'oHi^rei^itlionnl HfraU, 1 1 7,

Coiij^ressional Globe, 39.

("onnecticut, 9, 2140.

Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
.Mark Skinner adviser of, their trib-
ute to his memory, 61.

Connolly, Knsign William, memlier of
Court of Knquiry, 426, 446, 455, 471,

473. 484-
Connor, Henry, 280.
Conrad, Jac<jue, head of family, Kas-

kaskia, 1783, 199.
Constitutional ('onvention, 153.
Continental Conjjress, 193, 194.
Continental 'l"reasury, 303.
Contract, .\nte-Nuptial, between I'ierre

Menard and 'I'herese Codin, 162.
C'ook, Adam, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
Cook City, III.. 23, 56, 59, 118.
Cook, Henry, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
Cook, John, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

210, "221.
Cook, Judge John I)., justice of supreme

court, Missouri, 254.
(look, Nathaniel, candidate for senate

from Missouri, 253.
Cooper, James Fenimore, paper on, by

1. .\. Arnold, 45.
Cooper, Richard, Cooperstown. .\.V.,

I. N. Arnold law student of, 31, 50.
Copy of the Instructions, otc. , on the

liornnving Fund ol Kohuskia, 299.
Core, Jemi, 21 1
Cornell, F/ra, interested in ("hicago and

.Mihvaukee Telegraph Co., 132.
Cornwallis, Lord Charles, 376.
Corset, Franijois, 199, 309, 310, 31 1,

.112, 313. 314.
Coste, Louis, St.Clair-County militia,

171K), 219, 226.
Cotinault, .Xntoine, head of family,

I'rairie du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Cotin.iult, Klizabeth, head i>f family,

I'rairie du Kocher, 1 783, 203,
Council HlulTs, Iowa, n>o.
County I lospital, first, Chicago, opened

March 30, 1847, 70.
Courtois, .\lexis, St. (lair-Co. militia,

i7<jo, 217, 227.
Cowan, Judge Fzek, of .S.iratoga

.Springs, 56.
Craig, John, jr., appointed commissary-
general by ( ol. y't, R. Clark, 232.
Creath, (Jeorge. juror in Rice-Jones

murder case, 2S0.
C'reli, Jean Maptisle, head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.
Creli, Jerome, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 201, 229.

! t

liV

PHB

496

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

•i '

Crely, Joseph, head of family, I'rairie

du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Crittenden, John J., senator, 265.
Crittenden, Maj. John, Kentucky, 343.
('rockett, Col. i)avid, of Texas, 260.
C rockett. Col. Jo.seph, 332, 335, 336, 341
Croghan, , witness in Court of

Knquiry, 435.
Crooks, Ramsey, agent of American

Kur-Co. at Mackinac, 14, 25, 60.
Crow, Mary, head of family, Cahokia,

1783, 206, 208.
Crow, William, .St. Clair- Co. militia,

1790. 220, 228.
Crown I'oint, N.V., 382.
Crutclier, Henry, commissioner of Ko-

hoskia fund, 300, 303.
Culmaut,Jean Kapt., I'rairie du Kocher

militia, 1790, 223.
Cumberland (iap, 231.
Cumberland River, 325.
Cure, Pierre, head of family, Kaskas-

kia, 1783, 200.
Currency, notice concerning called-in,

307-
< urrency of Northwestern Terr'y, 307.
Curry, James, head of family, Kaskos-

kia, 1783, 200.
( urlis. Rev. 1 lenry, I). D. , of Chicago

I'resbytery, 1 1 5 n.

M-iggett, Judge David, of New-Haven
Law-.School, 56.

Dagne, .Xmbroise, 163, 165.

Dakota Territory, 152.

Damour. Jean Uaptiste, head of family,
I'rairie du Kocher, 1783, 203.

Dalton, Capt. X'alentine T., 232.

Dana, Charles A., 89, 91.

Danis (Dany), Charles, second lieuten-
ant, St.Clair-Co. militia, 1779, 163,
>79> >99> 212, 212 n, 294.

Danis, Jerome, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 198.

Danis, Jean, Kaskaskia, 1790, 211.

Danis, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,
221.

Danis, Michel, sr. , head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199, 201, 211.

Danton, (leorge Jaques, 42.

Danville, III., 19, 20, 185, 1S7.

iiarby's, William, "Personal Recollec-
tions," 254 n, 268 n.

Dartmouth College, 77.

Dauphinc, France, 360.

Davidson (.\lex.) >S: .Stuve's (Bernard)
"History of Illinois," 142 n.

Davis, David, supported anti-Nebraska

party, 63.
Davis, Jefferson, 265.
Davis, Dr. Nathan Smith, physician

first County Hospital, 71, 73.
Davis, Thomas T., one of tirst trustees

of Vincennes University, 241.
Davit, a negro, defended by Isaac N.

Arnold, 51.
Deane, Silas, 337 n.
Dei;elle, Joseph, head of family, I'rairlu

du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Decker, Luke, member of slavery con-
vention at Vincennes, 1802, 236.
Docochi, Cabriel, head of fam., I'rairie

du Kocher, 1783, 203, 222.
Degagnc,Jac(|ues, head of fam., I'rairie

du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Degagnc, Jean Bapti.ste, hc"' of family,

I'rairie du Kocher, 1 783, 203.
Degagne, Pierre, head of family, Prairie

du kocher, 1783, 203.
Degagnc, , widow, head of family,

Prairie du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Degenest, , Court of St. Vincennes,

295-

Degonier, Haptiste, at Kaskaskia, 1"<,)0,
212.

Dcjean, Philip, [a justice-of-the-peace]
of Detroit, 410, 411.

"DeKoven, was Dr., legally elected
Kishop of Illinois?" paper by I. N.
Arnold, 45.

Delaware Indians, 362, 401.

Deline, L. I'".., member of the Court of
.St. Vincennes, 1796, 295; second c.ip-
tain, St. Vincennes militia, 1796, 296.

Delinel, Ambroise, at Kaskaskia, 1790,
211.

Delisle, Charles, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Delisle, Jean Hapti.ste, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.

Delisle, Louis, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 198.

Delisle, Marie Louise, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.

Deloge, Joseph, alias Poirier, head of
family, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 220, 227.

Delorme, Hubert, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Demarais, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Demete, Francois, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Demumbrunt, Timothe. head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 310, 316.

Dennis, Alexander, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 215, 224.

}}

INDEX.

497

I'rairie

I of family,
-Co, mill-

Derouse, dit St. I'ierre, Fran9ois, at
Ka-skaskia, 1790, 199, 211.

Uerousse, Jean Kaptiste, Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 221.

Ilerousse, Jerome, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Deroussc, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Deroussc, I'hilip, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Deruisseau, I'aul, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Deschamps, Antoine, trader with the
American Fur-C\>., 12.

Desloges, Joseph I'oirie, sr., dit, St.
Clair-t'o. militia, 1790, 220, 225, 227.

Desloges, Paul I'oirie, dit, St. Clair-
Cuunty militia, 1790, 220, 228.

Desplaines River, III., 12, 185.

Dctcliemendy, Constance, 148.

Detroit, Mich., 22, 104. 114, 290, 337,

3.^n. ii^n< 34o, 357". 3^2. 385".

Devaignais, Jac, Kaskaskia, 1790,211.

Dewey, Prof. Chester, of PittsfieU'
Academy, Mass., 56.

Dewey, James K.. of Chicago, 126.

DeWolf. Hon. Wni. Frederick, offers
resolution on death of I. N. Arnold,
52; tribute of, to I. .\. .Vrnold, 53.

Dickenson College, Carlisle, Pa., 202.

I >ickey, Hugh Thompson, nt first meet-
ing to promote a public library in
Chicago, 70, 71.

Dilailite, Josette, head of family, Prai-
rie du Kocher, 1 783, 204

Dillon's (Fohn) "History of Indiana,"
233 n, 241, 247 n.

Dion, Francois, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

l)o<lge. Col. Henry, 254.

Dodge, Israel, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 201, 289.

Do<lge, Capt. John, head of family,
K.-iskaskia, 1783, 200, 210, 289, 312;
Indian agent, 330, 335, 339.

Dole, (ieorge VV., of Chicago. 64, 108.

Domingue, Antoine, head of family,
Prairie du kocher, 1783, 203.

Donation Lands, 202, 222, 223, 224.

Dorchester, Mass., 55 n.

Dort-, Louis, head of family, Prairie du
kocher, 1783, 203.

Dorion, Jean Marie, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 205, 20<>, 216, 226.

Douljerman, John J. , of St. Louis, pupil
of Chester Harding, paints portrait
of John Rice Jones, 230.

Douglas, Ale.xander, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.

Douglas, Stephen A., senator, 34, 60,

63. 85. «99. 265-

Doyle, Henj. H., prosecuting-attorney
at Kaskaskia, 280.

Doza, Alexis, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,
210, 221.

Doza, Arcange, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 198.

Doza, Joseph, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 198.

Driscoll, Taylor, charged with murder
of John Campbell in Ogle County,
Illinois, defended by Is.-iac N. Arn-
old, 51.

Drouard, Krain,'ois, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Drummond, Judge Thomas, member of
Calena bar, 46, 52, 60, 99.

Drury, Clement, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 203, 215, 224.

Drury, kaphiiel (Ralph), St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 215, 222, 224.

Drury, \Vm., head of family, Prairie
du kocher, 17S3. 201, 203.

Dubois, Pierre, sr., head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 206.

Dulwis, Pierre, jr., St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 225.

I>ubu(pie, Iowa, 197, 2i8n, 265, 266.

Dubu(|ue, Jean Baptistc, head of fam-
ily, .St. Clair County, 1783, 205, 207,
208, 218, 225.

Dubuque, Julien, founder of Dubucjue,
Iowa, 218 n.

Ducharmc, Charles, head of family,
St. Clair Co., 1783, 205, 207, 208,
219, 226.

Duchasfourt de I.ouvicres, Antoine,
member of Court of Kaskaskia, 295.

DuClos, Antoine, Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

DuClos, Jean Bapt., Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Dudley, H. W., of Chicago, 127 n.

Duff, Daniel McKl, Kaskaskia, 1788,

3'2, 3'3-

Duff, |olin .Mcl'.l, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199, 312.

Dufrain, Jaccjues, tr.-ider with American
lur-Co., 14, 16, 17; death of, 19.

Dufresne, Jaci|ues .Michel, of Kaskas-
kia, 1763, 363.

Dulresne, ^lichel Marie, wife of i'hilip
de kocheblave, 363.

Dulude, Charles, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Dumartin, Jean Uaptiste, head of fam-
ily, St. Philips or Prairie du Kocher,
on or before 1 783, 203.

,^*

UJIIU«

wmmm

498

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

?! I

Dumas, nartholomew, head of family,

Cahokia, 1783, 206, 208.
Dumay, Jean ItaptiRte, head of family,

Cahokia, 1783, 205.
Dumont, I'eter, head of family, Kas-

kaskia, 1783, 199.
DuntieUi, Frederick, of Kaskaskia, 439.
Duncan, (iov. Joseph, appoints G. S.

Hubbard canal commissioner, 20, 21.
Dunklin, John 1'., married a dau(;hter

of Gen. Augustus Jones, 262.
Dunlap, Ur. James, tried for murder

of Rice Jones, 274, 275, 276, 277,

279, 280, 281.
Dunn's (J. 1'.) "Indiana, "a redemption

from slavery, 233 n, 243 n, 244 n,

246 II, 247 n, 248 n, 273 n.
Dunn.Jas. , Kaskaskia militia, 1 790, 213.
Dunn, Thomas, treasurer -{general of

Province of (Juebec, 371 n, 372 n,

410, 411.
Dupage, III., 20.
Duplasi, Catherine, widow, head of

family, K.iskaskin, 1783, 198.
Duplasy, Joseph, Court of Kaskaskia,

294. 295. 340-

Dupuy, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Durehois, Pierre, jr., St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 218.

Dutremble, Joseph, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 206; heirs of, in St.
Clair Co., 1783, 208.

"Kagle Line" of vessels between Buf-
falo and the upper lakes, 21.

Last Tennessee, 95.

Eastman, Zebina, editor of the U'esttrn
Citizen, 113.

Edeline, see Deline.

Edgar, (ien. John, merchant of Kas-
kaskia, 145, 159, 161, 167, 169, 170,
'79, 196. 202n, 209, 235, 245n, 278n,
279, 3'2, 3'3-

Ed;;ar, Kachel, wife of John I'^lgar, 145

Edwards, (Jov. Ninian, 160, 240, 245 n,
254, 283 n.

Edwardsville, 111., 215 n.

E. li. .M., see E. G. Mason.

Elliott, Henry, candidate for senate
fron, Missouri, 253.

Elliott, James, farmer at Kaska>kia,
427, 428, 429, 430, 432, 433, 436,
44'. 443. 446. 447. 448, 449, 450.
45'. 452. 453' 457. 459. 4^7. 468,
469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 479,
480, 482.

Elliot, Kobert, claim against State of

Virginia, 350, 420.
Ellis, Samuel, of llerkshirc Co., Mass.,

105.
ICngel, Capt. Philip, St. Clair-County

militia, 1790, 205, 207, 227.
England, views on confederacy held in,

65. 72.
English Turn, Mississippi River, 303.
Enterprise, Steamer, 104.
Enochs (Enix), Isaac, .St. Clair-County

militia, 1790, 214, 2i4n, 224.
Erie Canal, New Vork, 114.
Espagne, Louis Levasseur d', head of

family, Prairie du Rocher, 1783, 203.
Evans, Dr. John, physician in female

wards, first Cook-Co. Hospital, 71.
Everett, Hon. Edward, 97, 244 n.
Ewing, Nathaniel, one of first trustees

of Vincennes University, 241.

Eagot, Andre, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 201.
Falls of the Ohio, 231, 317, 324, 331,

, 333. 352 n. 353-

I'armer, Maj. Robert, British comman-
dant at Fort Chartres, 1765, 421.

Farwell, Judge \Vm. W., Chicago, 126.

Fayette County, III., 119.

Fayette Co., Ky., 287, 342, 346, 351.

Federal army, 123.

"Fergus' Historical .Series, "No. 10, 20 n

Feire, de, merchant of Montreal,

419.

Fernande, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Ferrier, Joseph, Prairie du Rocher mili-
tia, 1790, 223.

Fe.ssenden, Wm. Pitt, of Maine, 79.

Fillmore, President Millard, 83, 84.

I'"inney's book on Masonry, 1 1 7.

Finney, Charles G., evangelist, 104.

Fmney, James, adherent of Dr. James
Dunlap, 279, 281, 282.

First Presbyterian t:hurch, Chicago, 106

Fisher, Myers, lawyer of Philadelphia,

23'-
Fisk, Rev. Franklin W., of Chicago

Theological .Seminary, 126.

Flanary, Daniel, jr., head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

Flanary, Elijah, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Flanary, Thomas, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Flandre, Jean, head of family, Prairie
dn Rocher, 1783, 203.

iNDi:x.

499

KIcming, Wm., one of cummissioners

of Jflferson County, 351.
Fleuraiit, Jean Haptistc, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 226.
l-'lurida, 82.

Floyd, Davis, member of slavery con-
vention at Vincennes, 1802, 236.
l''l<iyil, John U., senator, 79.
Folk, — , of Kaskaskia, 279.
Fond du I.ac, Wis., 1 1.
F'ord, (iov. 'I'homns, lawyer of I'eorin,

()0; "History of Illinois," 155, 273 n.
Fort Carillon, 383.
Fort Chartres, 145, 193, 194, 195, 2l6n,

364, 420, 426, 439, 452, 478.
Furt Chartres, Court of I'jiquiry at,

1770, by lion. John Moses, 420.
Fort ciiissel, 231.
Fort t!lark, now I'eoria, 12.
Fort Cumberland, 362.
Fort Dearborn, 19, 87, 104, I05, 107,

112.
I'ort Delaware, 266.
F'ort Dui|uesne, 3110, 362.
Fort (iafje, 31)0, 391, 392, 394, 397,

398, 406, 407, 410, 411, 419.
F'ort Henry, 266.
Fort JelTei son, 214 n, 313 n, 330, 334,

349. 356.
Fort Niagara, 362.
Fort Titt, 231, 340, 362, 371, 383 n,

4CX), 429.
Forlin, .Marie Uose, widow, head of

family, Kaskaski.i, 17S3, 199.
F'oster, Col. John W., his bust placed

in Academy of Sciences on proposi-
tion of Col. S. Stone, 138.
F'oubert, Pierre Jaci|Ucs, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 226.
F'owler, Lieut. Alexander, member of

Court of i;n(|uiry, 426, 453, 454, 471,

476, 477, 478, 482, 489.
Fo.\ Indians, 176, 177.
Fox River, 111., |8().
Fox River, Wis., 183, 184.
Francliere, Flenore, 1 9 1.
Franco-Herman war, F. B. Washburne

in i'aris durlnj;, 97.
France, 72, 97, 150, 291, 374.
I'ranklin, itenjamin, 97, 231, 337 n.
Franklin, Ceorjje, juror in Kice-Jones

n\urder case, 2S0.
Freer, Dr. Joseph W., of Chicago, t37.
Free-soil party, 1. N. Arnold assisted

in orj^ani/inj;, 49.
French Lick on C"umberland, 325.
French River, Canada, 182 n.
F'rench in Illinois, 193, 290, 291, 301,

French militia of Kaskaskia, 327.

French settlers in i'eoria, 12.

l''ulton, James, juror in Kice-Jones mur-
der case, 280.

I''unk, Jacob, juror in Rice-Jones mur-
der ca.se, 280.

Gage, (ien. Thos,, liritish commander

at New York, 364, 365.
Cagne, Amal)le, heail of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.
Cagnt-, Joseph, head of family, Kaska.s-

kia, 1783, 201.
(Jagnie, Raphael, head of family, St.

Clair Co., 1783, 2o(>, 208.
Cagnion, Louis, head of family, Caho-

kia, 1783, 205.
Ciagnion, Louis, heirs of, St. Clair Co.,

1783, 207.
(iagnon, Marie, widow, head of lamily,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.
Calena, 111., 82, 87, 90, 91, 94, 99, loo.
(lallntin County, III., 154.
Galhlier, I'hilip, Ka>ka.'ikia militia,

1790, 221.
Galloway, , interested in land-grant

with Hoynton, Wharton & Morgan,

482.
Galveston, Texas, 147.
(ialve<?, Don Bernardo, S|ianish gov-
ernor at Now Orleans, 321, 322; cap-
tures Mobile, 323.
Gainelin, Cajit. Pierre, St. N'incennes

militia, 234, 290, 321 ; member of the

Court of .St. Vincennes, 295.
(Jaud, Louis, jr., .St. Clair-Co. militia,

171)0, 218, 225.
Gaud, Louis, sr., St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 205, 207, 219, 22().
(ianl. Department of, France, 143.
Ciarrison ((iarretson, (iaratson/, James.

.St. Clair-l'o. militia, 1790, 200, 20S,

215, 224.
(iautiaux, Lnsign Jacques, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 211.
Gatien, I'icrre, head of family, Calio-

kia, 17S3, 20().
(iayarre, Charles, letters of, 3O3 n.
(ielaspif, William, 338.
(iandron (( iendrnu), John Bapt'e, head

of family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 202.
Gendron, John Baptiste, jr., Kaskaskia

militia, 1790, 21 1, 221.
(iendron, Louis, ^t. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 225.
Gcnereu, Joseph, Prairie du Rocher

militia, 1790, 223.

500

KAULV cmCAC'.O AND IM-INOIS.

Geneva Lake, Wisconsin, iq.

(■envile, Louis, .St. Clair-C'o. militia,
1790, 219.

George, Capt. Robert, 349.

(ieorgia, 82,

Georgian Hay, Hriti-sh America, 182 n.

Ger.ir(l, Fran(,'ois, I'rairie du Kochur
militia, 1790, 223.

Germain, Knsign Charles, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 205, 207, 227.

Germain, Jean Haptiste, Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 221.

Germain (Germin), Louis, Kask.iskia
militia, i7(>o, 200, 210, 221.

Germaine, I^ord George, 3660, 367 n,
368 n, 369 n, 394, 395, 407.

Germans, plan for settling, on Missis-
sippi, 378.

Ciermany, reformatory system of, exam-
ined t)y Mark Skinner, 72.

Gerome, Frant,'ois, St. C'lair-Co. militia,
1790, 205, 207, 228.

Gervais, Louis, St. CUair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Gervais, Knsign Phillip, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 205, 207, 216, 226.

Gervaise, , priest, of .St. Antoine

de Richelieu, Canada, 178.

(ieyer, Hon. Henry S., 254.

Gibault, Pierre, head of family, Prairie
du kocher, 1783, 204.

Gibson, John, secretary of Indiana Ter-
ritory, 146, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172,
173, 235, 240, 241, 264.

Giddings, Joshua K., senator, 79.

Gilbreath, James, Kaskaskia, 278, 281,

Gill, Charles, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 200, 215, 220, 224.

Girard, Augustin, Prairie du Kocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Girardin (Gerardine), Antoine, jr., St.
Clair-County militia, 1790, 227.

Girardin, Antoine, head of family, Ca-
hokia, 1783, 206, 207, 209; member
of Court of Kohokias, 295.

Girardin, Michel, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205; heirs of, in St. Clair
County, 1783, 208.

Girardot, , widow, head of family,

Prairie du kocher, 1783, 203.

Giroux, , head of family, St. Clair

County, 1783, 208.

Giroux, L.ouis, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 226.

Girradin, Lieut. , District of Ko-

hokia, 294.

Girty, Simon, 287.

Glinel, Ambroisc, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

(ioden, Lieut. , St. V'incennes mili-
tia, 296.

Godin, Jean Noel, St. C!lair-Co. militia,
1790, 227.

G(Hlin, Pierre, St. Clair-County militia,
I7(^, 227.

(jodin, Therese, wife of Pierre Men.ird.
142, 145, 162, 165, 179, 198.

Godin, ditTouranjeau, Michel, member
of Court of Kohokia, 145, 212, 294,
295.

(iogis, Charles, 4CX).

Golding, Henry, head of family, Prairie
du kocher, 1783, 204.

Gomes, Jean, Prairie du Kocher mili-
tia, I7<^, 213, 223.

(joneville, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 218, 225.

Goneville, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 226.

Gootlrich, Hon. (irant, sketch of (1. S.
Hubbard by, 9 26; lawyer of Chi-
cago, 59, 69.

Cioodwin, Kev. Kdward P., pastor First
Congregational Church, Chicago, 126

(fossiaux, Jac(|ue, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

Gotio, , Kaskaskia, 436, 478, 479.

(.irandbois, Antoine, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 171^, 226.

(irand Crossing, Chicago, 129.

Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, 130.

(■rant, (icn. Ulysses .Simpson, mention,
86, 89, 90, 95, 97, 123, 268; letters
of. to K. 15. Washburne, 87, 88, 91,

92. 93.
Ciratiot, Charles, member of Court of

Kohokia, 295, 316.
Graves, William J., representative, of

Kentucky, 265.
Gray, David, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
Great Britain, 317 n, 364, 389 n.
(Jrcat Wilderness Koad, 231.
Green Hay, Wisconsin, 12 1, 183.
Green, Thos., of Kaskaskia, 312, 313.
Green, Geo. W., successfully defended

by L N. Arnold, 51.
Greene, Col. Jiicob L. , president Conn.

Mutual Lite Ins. Co., 61.
Green-Mountain kange, 75.
CJreen Stret't, Chicago, 116.
(ireen, Thomas, of Kaskaskia, 312.
Grenier, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790,227.
Grenier, Pierre, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 222.
Griffin, Hon. John, judge of supreme

court, Indiana Terr'y, 146, 169, 170.

I'l :'

INDKX.

ilrijjnon, Aiigustin, for sketch see Wis-
consin Ilisturicnl Society's Collec-
tions, 380.

CJriswold, Sophia 'I'., letter of, lofi n.

(irondine, Krani,ois, St.Claii-C'o. inili
tia, i7(>o, 216, 226.

Gromline, Ignace, St. t'lair-C'o. militia,
1790, 220, 228.

(irondine, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
17CJO, 202, 216.

(iroots ((irot/), Jacob, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200; heirs of, in
St. Clair County. 1783, 208.

(iroots, William, St. Clair-County mili-
tia, 1790, 225.

(Irosle, Louis, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 220, 228.

Culf of Mexico, 152.

(Juise (iJuice), David, St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 215, 224.

fiuitar, I'ierre, sr., St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 206, 220.

(iuitar, i'ierre, jr., St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220, 22S.

(lurnee, Walie' Smith, at first meeting
to promote a ])ul)lic library in Chi-
cago, 70.

Gwathmey, Samuel, of Illinois, 238, 240

llajjgins. Judge James, 254.

Ilaidimaiid, M.ij.-(;en. Frederick, Itrit-
ish governor-general at New \'ork,
«77.>. 357 n, :M< .169, 375, 377. .579.
380, 389; letters to de lUidc, 360 n;
to Hamilton, 375n; to Holland, 3790;
to Peystcr, 376 n, 377 n; to Koche-
bliive, 377". ,579 "•

Ilaldimand Papers, 201, 3l7n, 338n,
357". 36on, 36411, 368 n, 3f)9n, 374n,
370 n, 378 n, 379 n, 383 n.

llale, John 1'., senator, 79.

llalleck, (Jen. Henry Wager, 89.

Hamel, Krnest, ■' History of Kobes-
pierre" by, 42.

Hamilton, lion. Alexander, 261.

I lamilton, Col. Kichard Jones, lawyer
of C"hicago, 59, 69, 108 n, 112.

Hamilton, Lieut. -tiov. Henry, of De-
troit, made |)risoner by (ieo. Rogers
Clark, 325, 368, 373, 375, 400; letter
to Haldimand, 375 n.

Hamiltort, ^!aj. Robert, Hriti.sh com-
mandant at Fort Chartres, 383 n,
389 n.

Hammand, .Xntoine, head of family,
St. Clair County, 17S3, 207.

Hamlin, \'ice- 1 'resident Hannibal, 79.

Hammond, Charles C., of Chic.igo,
with I'hilo Carpenter and others
started the CiiHi;ref;(ilii>!i,il I/,i;iU,
117, 123, I26n.

Hammond, Rev. Henry L., tribute to
I'hilo Carpenter oy, 102, 105 n, 128.

Ilamtramck, Maj. John Francis, com-
mander of " Wabash regiment," 234.

Hand, llrig.-Cien. Fdward, 400.

Handley, Simuel, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Hanover County, N'irginia, 269, 285.

Hanson, John, of Kaskaskia, 418.

Harilin, Col. John J., lawyer of Spring-
field, 60.

Hardscrabblc, now iiridgeport, Chi-
cago, 12.

Harinar, Cen. Jo.siah, expedition
.igainst Miamis, 1787, 234.

Harniand, alias .Sansfacon, Antoine, .St.
Clair-County militia, 1790, 205, 207,
218, 226.

Harmand (Hermand), Jean ISaptiste,
St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790, 218, 226.

Harmand (Hermand), Louis, .St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 218, 225.

Harness, Leonard, St. Clair-('o. mili-
tia, 1790, 214, 224.

Ilarralson, Paul, juror in Rice -Jones
murder case, 2S0.

Harrison, Benjamin, governor of \ir-
ginia, 348, 351.

Harrison campaign of 1840, 82, 100.

Harrison, Richard, witness to commis-
sioner's bond, 300.

Harrison, William Henry, governor of
Indiana Territory, 146, 16S, 170, 171,
172, 173, 236, 240.

Ilarrisonians, oppose division of Indi-
ana Teriitory, 243, 272, 27 j, 27(1 n.

Harry, John, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200.

Hartwick, (Jtsego Co., .\.\"., birth-
place of I. N. Arnold, 30.

Harvard (.'ollege, Mass., 5!), 77.

Hauslay, Jon.atame, Kaskaskia militia,
before I7<)5, 213.

Havana, Cul)a, specie shijiped from, to
Illinois, 323.

Hawkins, Jane, wife of Col. John
Todd, 2.S7.

Hay, I.ateau, of Peoria, 1 7 78, 39S.

Hays, John, sheriff of St. Clair Co.,
1798" I8i(., 205, 207, 217, 227, 23S,
240.

Head, James, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 225.

Healy, Ceorge P. A., portrait of Wm.
li. Ogden by, 45.

502

KAkr.Y ciricAGo and ii.r.iNois.

Ileberf, I'.dward, St. C'lair-('». niilitin,
1790, 21S, 225.

Helm, Capt. l^dnnrd, 307.

Ilempstoail.Chas. S., lawyer of (iaicna,
()0, ')9. '00.

Honderson, James, St. Clair-l'o. mili-
tia, i-j()o, 214, 224.

llemiricks, (It'orge, St. t!iair-('o. mili-
tia, i7<)o, 214, 224.

Ileniiopin, III., i,^

Henry, Patrick, govcrni)r of \'irt;inia,
285, 2S(), 2S9, 2()4, .;7.}; instructions
to Col. Todd, 2S9, jSon.

Henry, Moses, \is,.

Henry, William Wirt, 2SSn.

Herculaneum, Mo., 251, 261.

Hickory Creek, III., 185.

Hicks, I ),-ivid, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 178?, 200.

Higgins, Hon. Vanll., tribute of, to
Isaac N. Arnold, 48 52.

Hilaire, Alexander, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 2C-.

Hildreth. Mrs. Kev. I'Mward. daughter
of I'hilo Carpenter, 108, 120, 129.

Hildreth, Kev. hdward, son-in-luw of
1'. Carpenter, lojn, losn, lodn, 126.

Hill, Nicholas, lawyer of Albany,
N.V., 5(..

Hitchcock, Judce Samuel [., ol \ew-
Haven Law-School, 56.

Hite, Isaic, letter to, from Capt. How-
man, cited, 373 n.

Ilo^'au, (ien. , of Little Uock,

Ark., killed by Hon. Andrew Scott,
1827, 267.

Hoge, Joseph 1'., lawyer of Galena,
60, 99.

Holbrook, Kev. John C, of Chicago,
117.

Holland Purchase, tract of land near
Kochester, N.V., 130.

Hollingsworlh, James, Chicago, 1270.

Holloway, John, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

Holston Valley, Tennessee, 95.

Hooker, Gen. Joseph, at Lookout
Mountain, 91.

Hotchkiss, Miles, registrar of tend-
oftice of Illinois, 160.

Houston, (ien. Sam, of Texas, 2f)0.

Howe's "The Laws and Courts of the
Northwest and Indiana Territories,"
241 n.

Hoyne, Hon. Thomas, vice-president
Chicago Historical Society, lawyer
of Chicago, 52, 59, 70.

Hubbard, Adolphus Frederick, of Gal-
latin County, III., 154.

HubbanI, Kli/iir, father of Gurdon S.

Hubbard, 9.
Hubbard, Gurdon Sallonstall, memoir
of, by Hon. (irant Goodrich, 9 26;
born in 1S02; entered business in
.Montreal in 1815; clerk in hanlware
.store, 1816, 9; employed by Ameri-
can Kur-Company, 1817; embarks for
Mackinac, 10; assigned to trade at
Kimd du Lac, 11; arrival in Chicago,
1818; adventure with the Indians at
Peoria, 12; adopted by Waba; re-
turns to Mackinac, 13; sent to Mus-
kegon kiver, 14; lost in the woods,
15; becomes superintendent on Iro-
quois Kiver in 1827, 19; buys inter-
est of American I'ur-Co. in Illinois,
and removes to Danville; activity in
Winnebago war, 19; opens store in
Chicago 1S34, 19; aidtotiov. Dun-
can in Itlack-Ilawk war; enters the
legislature, 20; a commissioner of the
Illinois-and-Michigan ("anal; writes
lirst fire-insurance policy in Chicago,
21; a pork packer; importer of tea;
warehouse destroyed by fire, 22; mar-
ried in 1831 ; second marriage, 1843,
24; one of organizers of St. James'
Church, 25; died Sept. 14, |88(), 26;
menticm, 105. 105 n, 107, 123, iSi,
184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191."

lubbard. Gurdon S., jr., born in Chi-
cago, Feb. 22, 1838, 24.

lubbard, .Mary .Vnn, of Chicago, sec-
ond wife of (J. S. Ilubbant, 24.

lubbard Trace, a road from Chicago
to Danville, 19.

lulT, Michael, St. Clair-County militia,
215, 224, 312.

lughes, Thomas, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

lull, Lnsign Nathaniel, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 204, 214, 224.

lumphrey, Kdward, receiver of laiid-
otTice of Illinois, 160.

lunter, Maj.-Gen. David, 66, 67.

lurst, Henry, one of trustees of \in-
cennes University, 241.

lurst Pierrcpont, Lordship of, 55 n.

lutchins, F.nsign Thomas, afterward
surveyor-general of the U. S. ; mem-
ber of Court of ICri<|uiry, 422, 420,
442, 455, 471, 473, 481, 484.

lyde Park, Chicago, 129.

lydraulic Company, Chicago, (iurdim
.S. I lubbard one of the incorporators
of, 21.
Hymen, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 2"i8, 225.

INDIA.

503

Illinois, bar of, 188, 190, 191, 283.

IlliiiDis Imtlnliun, 352 n, 385 n.

llliiiui.sC'liarital)lc Kyc-and-l'^ar Inlirm-
ary, 71.

Illinois cavalry, the I wcirtli, 191.

Illinois citizens, lists of early, 192, 198-
228.

Illinois Country, ^M'nnt>< of land to set-
tlers in, 195, 19I); cxpcilition of (ieo.
Koj^ers Clark to, 286, 2S7, 2(>J, 291;
scarcity of currency in, 31S, 319, 324;
I'jiylish (lesions a);ainst, 325, 328,
J35. 34.?. 352. 357. M>o\ surrendered
hy France to tireat llritain, I7()5,
3()4; John Todd its lir^t t,'"vernor
under ''irfjinia, 373; mention, 145,
193, 2 4n, 288, 289 n, 3CXJ, \o(>, 3(15,

3'>"7. 369, 372. 37('. 377. 379. 3iii»,
385 n, 38()n, 389 n, 392, 395.
Illinois Ceneral Hospital ul the Lake,

7'-
Illinois Home Mis>ioMary Society, 128.
Illinois Humane Society, 139.
IllinDis, laws of, 241.
Illinois lefjislaluie, 57.
Illinois, list of commissions in, military

and civil, 2<)4.
Illinois- and- Michigan Canal, 20, 21,

35. '07.

Illinois, the people of, in favor of (ree-
dom of Kansas, 64.

Illinois rejjiment at Kolios, 335.

Illinois Uiver, 12, 189, 301, 354, 355.
380n.

Illinois separation from Indiana, strug-
gle for, 272, 273.

Illinois, State of, 22; riots in, 81; its
senators in 1840 favor slavery, 82;
goes denn)cratic in presidential elec-
tion, 1842, 83; republican in iSjl),
85; admitted to statehood in 1S18,
152; Kaskaskia centre of trade in,
1824, 159; 192,338; Shadrach lioml
first governor of, 274; 338, 385 n.

Illinois Territory, 274.

Imlay's "Topographical Description of
the Western Territory of America,"
201 n.

Indiana, Historical Society of, 192.

Indiana State University at lilooniing-
ton, 241.

Indiana 'Territory, 22, 146, 235; laws
of, 241; 272, 273.

Indiana, State of, 385 n.

Indian allies, 331.

Indian grants, difiiculty of validating;
size of, 318.

Indians, assist lluhbaid and Dufrain,
18; trading with, 152. 184: defeat
John 'Todd at Hlue l.icks, Ky., 28(1,
287; lllinoi-. an outpost against, 201 ;
John 'Todd's instructions respecting
treatment of, 2<>2; their assistance
sought hy the British and Americans,
325; recruited liy (!ol. de la Kaline,
33811; capture 'lodd's horses, 342;

344, 361; sell land to Daniel ami
William Murray, 385 n, 3890,401.
See also under separate trilies.

Indian chief in Sunday-school at Chi-
cago, 107.

Indian title extinguished l>y treaty of
Camp Tippecanoe, details, 189,

Indian warfare, 214 n, 215 n.

Ireland, 209 n, 2()8.

Iron hanks on east side of Mississippi,
lielow junction with (Jhio, site of
Kort Jefferson, 313 n.

Iro(|Uois country, 18(1.

lro(|uois kiver, 19, 18s, i8(), 18S.

Irwin, David W., of Cliicago, 12711.

Jack, John, St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790,
215, 224.

Jackson, Tresidint .Vndrew, lo), 265.

Jac(|uemin, Jean i>a|)tiste, head of fam-
ily, Trairie du Kocher, 17S3, 204.

Janis, Jean liaptiste, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200; ensign. Dis-
trict of Kaskaskia, 1779, 294.

Janis, C'apt. T'rani,ois, 162, i()5, 179,
i<)(>, 211, 211 n, 213, 221, 315.

Janis, Capt. Nichola.s, 198, 294, 295, 302.

Jarr.id, (iuy, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 17S3, 199.

Jauntetot, I.ouis, of I'eoria, 177S, \i)i^.

Jean, William, head of family, I'rairie
du Kocher, 17S3, 204.

JelTerson County, Ky., militia of, 342,

345. 34-'<-

Jelferson, 'Thomas, governor of \'ir-
ginia, 2440, 2S7, ^\2_^, 32(1, 330. 343,

357;

f House

'Writings, "37411.

357. 359. 374: 1" 'ol. Todd

to the Hon. tlie Speake

of Delegates, 32<)
Jesuits, helil property in Kaskaskia,

212 n.
Jeunherj^ere, Laurent, St. Clair-( 'ounty

militia, 1790, 217.
Jo Daviess County, 111., 100.
Jodouin, — , widow, liead of family,

I'rairie du Kocher, 17S3, 201. 20^.
Johnson, I'res. Andrew, appoints 1. \.

Arnold auditor of the treasury, 40.

i--

504

KAKLY CHICAGO AND IIJ.INOIS.

Johnson, Maj.-(ien. HiishnMl K., 266.
Julinson, Dr. Ilosincr A., member uf

L'hicaK" Historical Society, 73.
Joliiison, James, (me of liritt trustees of

N'inccniies I'nivcrsity, 241.
Johnson, Judge John, 240, 24!.
Johnson, Col. KichM Mentor, 254, 283.
Johnson, Capt. Seth, of ChitaKo, 108 n.
Johnson, Mrs Seth, io<)n.
Johnson, Sir William, at I'ort Niagara,

V)2.

Jolniston, Josej)!!, of CoHjfre^t;tilioHiil
JlftiiU, 117,

Johnston, tlen. Washington, 240, 241.

Jolit't, III., stockade fort Ituilt at, in
hiack-llawk war, 20.

Jolii't, I, ouis, discoverer, Ijo, 183 n.

Jones, ( ien. Augustus, second son of
Ji>hn kicejones, 1796 1887, 259, 261

Jones, .\ugustus Dodge, son of (Ien.
Augustus Jones, publicist of reputa-
tion, died in 1885, author of "True
Method of Klecting the President and
\ ice-I'resident of the L'. S.," 262.

Jones, Clias. Scott Dodge, son of (.Ien.
c;. W. Jones, 266.

Jones, I'^li/a, (laughter of John Rice
Jones, married lion. Andrew Scott,

259, 267-

Jones, (ieo. Rice Gratiot, son of Gen.
(I. W. Jones, 266.

Jones, (Jen. ileo. Wallace, s<m of John
Rice Jones, minister to ( iuatemaln,
259, 264; sketch of his life, 2O5; men-
tion, 197, 20311, 254 n, 209 n, 283.

Jones, Harriet, dau. of John Kicejones;
hrst husband, 'I'hom.is lirady of St.
Louis; second husband, Hon. John
.Scott, .Ste. Genevieve, .Mo., 259, 268.

Jone.s, John, son of John Rice Jones,
256. "

Jones, Judge John Rice, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1790, 203 n, 210;
Kaskaskia militia, 221 ; paper by W.
A. Hurt Jones, 230 70; born in .Mall-
wyd, Wales, Keb. 11, 1759, 230;
practised law in London; came "to
America, 1784, 230; joined Gi.'o. R,
Clark's expedition, 231; commissary-
general, 232; took part in (ien. Har-
mar's expedition, 234; large land-
owner, 23s; attorney-general of the
Territory in 1801, 23(); pro-slavery
sentiments, 236; settled at Kaskas-
kia, 238; compiled laws of Indiana
Territory, 241; promoted Vincennes
University, 241; rupture with W. H.
Harrison on division of Indiana T y,
243; removetl to St. Louis in 1810;

gi>o<l linguist, 248; engaged in lead
industry, 249; one of framers of Mis-
souri constitution, 352; justice of the
supreme court. Mo., 254; his charac-
ter, bytiov. Reynolds, 25$; married,
■75'>> 25''; second marriage, 258;
mention, 197, 254 "i 271, 272, 273,
276, 281, 284 n.
Jones, Gen. John Rice, son of John

Rice Jones, born Jan. 8, 1792; one

■ Te
259, 260.

of first settlers in Texas; died, 1843,

Jones, Mrs. J. Russell, 268.

Jones, Maria, daughter of John Rice
Jones, 257.

Jone.s, .Michael, attorney, of Kaskaskia,
administers oaths of office to I'ierre
Menard, 172, 173; indicted for al)et-
ting the murder of Ricejcmes, 275;
candidate for congress in 1808, 276 n;
admitted to bail, 280; ac(|uitted, 281.

Jones, Hon. .Myers Kisher, son of (ien.
Augustus Jone.s, engaged in industrial
pursuits, 257, 263.

Jones, Judge (Jbadinh, 280.

Jones, Oscar I'eery, son of Myers
Kisher Jones, 264.

Jones, I'eter, erne of first trustees of
\'inceniies University, 241.

Jones, Rice, sim of John Kice Jones,
23S; assassination of, 249; mention,
256; memoir by W. A. Hurt Jones,
27! 84; born at Itrecon, Wales,' 1781 ;
studied law at I.itchfielil, Conn., 271 ;
practised at Kaskaskia, 1806; pro-
slavist, 272; representative for Ran-
dolph County t'» the legislature, 273;
fought duel with Wm. .Morrison, 274;
assassinated by Dr. James Dunlap,
277; his abilities, 282.

[ones, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215, 225.

Jones, William, at school convention
.It I'eoria, 1854, 69.

Jones, William Augustus liodley, son
of ( ien. (ieo. Wallace Jones, 266.

Jones, W. A. Hurt, of St. I'.iul, Minn.,
sketch of John Rice Jones by, 230;
sketch of life of Rice Jones by, 271.

Jones, William Ashley, son ol (ien.
Augustus Jones, ])ublicist and sur-
veyor; die<l in i85(), 202.

Jones, William I'uwell, U. S. N., son
of John Kicejones, 257, 260, 26().

Joiiesborougli, III., 85.

Journal of Congress (of the Confedera-
tion), 194 n.

Judd, Norman Huel, on tirst committee
of anti- Nebraska party, 63, 64, 69.

gcd in lead
ners of Mis-
islicf of the
hiH charac-
5; inarrie<l,
riaKc, 258;
I, 272, 27J,

ion of John

t, 1792; one

(lied, 1S45,

f John Kicc

f Kasknskia,
ce to I'ierre
ted for abet-
5 Jones, 275;
. 1808, 276 n;
:(|uitte<l, 281.
, son of (len.
I in industrial

of Myers

it trustees of
241.

1 Kice Jones,

149; mention,

Hurt lones,

\Vales;i7Si;

, Conn., 271 ;

, 1806; pro-

ive for Kail-

isiature, 2",V.

Idirison, 274;

|mes Dunlap,

■Co. militia,

[l convention

Hodley, son
ones, 266.

Il'aul, Minn.,

Jnes l)y, 2.^o;

Imes by, 271.

Ison ot (>en.

li^l and sur-

f . S. N., son
\, 260, 260.

Confedera-

It committee
|63, 64, 69.

INDKX.

505

Judy, Jacob, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
Judy, .Samuel, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,

221.
Julien, I''raii(,ois, I'rairie du Kocher

mililia, i7<jo, 22 j.

Kahos, sec C'ahokia.

Kahdkin, see C'ahokia.

Kane, Klias Kent, senator, 159; secre-
tary of st.itc, 240.

Kankakee kivcr, 19, 185, 188, i8<;, 386n

Kansas, meeiin(;s respecting freedom
in, 64.

Kansas City, Mo., 148.

Kaskaskia I Cnscaskia, Kaska.skias, Kas-
kaskies), III., parish records. Church
of the IniMinculale I'onception, 1420,
145, 147, 178; descriptive, 150; heads
of families at, 17S3 and before, 198;
residents at, in I7<^, 209; militia, list
of, in 1790, 220; military commis-
sions, 1779, 294; civil ofTicers, 1779,
295; 1787, 296; order to hold court
at, >779, .^04; parish records, 360 n,
363 n; mention, 142, 145, 147, 148,
149, 152, 154, 158, 162, if>5, i6(),

172. '73. '75. '92, 193. '94. '95.
196, 197, 202, 2ion, 21 in, 212 n,
213, 213 n, 215 n, 220, 222, 228, 239,
272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283 n,
284, 286, 287, 288, 289, 292 n, 293 n,
294, 297 n, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305,
306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312,
ii3, 3'4. 3'7. 319. 320. 321. 324.
3i^y 335. ii^' 350, 352 n, 353, 363,
382 n, 380n, 389 n, 426, 437, 438,

439. 441. 442, 447. 452. 4<J7-
Kaskaskia Indians, 333, 437.
Kaskaskia Kivcr, 158, 444.
Kekiont;a, on the Maumee River, 338n.

Kemp, -, of Ka.skaskia, 316.

Kennedy, Patrick, of Kaskaskia, 201,

385 n, 385, 400, 401, 422, 452, 453,

459. 470, 473. 476. 477. 480-

Kennerly, George H., 148.

Kentucky, 92, 283, 285, 286, 287, 325,
327, 336, 342.

Kentucky River, 344, 345.

Kenon, Lawrence, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215.

Keokuk, Indian chief, 265.

Kenyon, Lawrrnce, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 204, 224.

Kickapoo Indians, 390, 393.

Kincaid, James, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 2CX>.

Kin(,.sbury, I.ieut. Julius J. llackus, of
Chica(;o, 108 n.

Kin/ie, John Harris, residing at Chi-
cago in 1818, 12, (.9; "Sketch of," by
I. N. .\rnold, 44.

Kirk, kev. lulw. N., of Chicago, 104.

Knowlton, Lincoln I'., lawyer, of
I'eoria, III., 60.

Knox County, III., 238.

Knoxville, 'I'enn., 95.

Kohos, see Cahokia.

Kohoskia fund, 299, 300.

Kuykendall, Jacol), one of first trustees
of University of Vincennes, 241.

Labiche, Flizabelh, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

Labriere, Antoine, Kaskaskia militia,
I7<^, 221.

Labriere, Raymond Normand, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 210,

Labrosse, Marie, head of family, I'ra'.rie
du Rocher, 1783, 203.

I.abuxiere (l.abusiere), Antoine, St.
Clair-Co. militia, i7<)o, 218, 225.

Labuxiere, Francois, St. C'lair-County
militia, i7<;o, 226.

Labuxiere, Joseph, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207.

Labuxiere (Labusiere), Louis, St. Ciair-
County militia, 1790, 218, 225.

LaChapelle, Antoine, Kaskaskia mili-
tia, 1790, 2CKJ, 221.

LaChapelle, llaptiste, Kaskaskia mili-
tia, 1790, 210, 221, 259.

LaCha|)elle, l<.v.ile, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 2o<)n. 210, 221, 259.

LaCha|)elle, Charles, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 201.

LaChapelle, Jn., 210.

LaChapelle, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 210, 221.

LaChapelle, Louis, Ka.skaskia militia,
1790, 221.

LaChapelle, Marie Louise, widow, head
of family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 210.

LaChoi.sie, , French soldier, 361.

LaCoste, I'ierre, head of family, Kas-
k.askia, 1783, 199.

LaCourse, Antoine, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 205, 208, 220, 227.

LaCoiiture, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 205, 208, 220. 227.

LaCroix, alias llagon, Chas., St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 205, 207, 220, 228.

LaCroix, Isedore, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227.

■PMi

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

I '

■»!

■'I

LaCroix, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 207, 303, 306.

La</}i £/i,^i'i. Steamer, 21.

Laderoute, Baptiste, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 212.

Laderoute, Jacque, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 212, 221.

Laderoute, dit Seguin, Louis, Kaskas-
kia militia, 1790, 212, 221.

Lafayette, Gen. •, visits Kaskaskia,

•59-

LafTont, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

Laflamnic, Ha/ile, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Laflamme, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 216, 226.

LaFIeur, I'ierre, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205.

Laforme, Chas., head of family, I'rairie
du Kocher, 17S3, 203, 222.

Laforme, Hipolite, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

La(iaudiniere, Michel, head of family,
Cahokia, 17S3, 20(1, 20S.

Lagautoric, Igiiace, l\a>ka>Uia militia,
1790, 222.

•LaCiave, Michel, head of family, Ca-
hokia. 17S3, 205, 207.

Lajeuiiesse, I'icrre, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 216, 22().

Lajoie. There/e, widow, he.id of family,
i'rairie du Kocher, 17S3, 204.

Lajoye, [ean Bapt., I'rairie du Kocher
militia, I7<)0, 223.

Lajoye, I'ierre, I'rairie du Kocher mili-
iia, 1790, 223.

Lake Champlaiu, 3S3.

Lake l'!rie, 20().

Lake House, Chicaijo. Cook-Coimty
Hospital 'irst located in. 71.

Lake Huron, 10, 122, 1S2.

Lake .Michigan, 13, 122, 1S4, 1S5, 189,
360.

Lake Ni|)issing, iS2n.

Lake-I'epin Kese-vation, 262.

Lake .Siincoe, 10.

Lake Street, Chicago, 21, 107, 108.

Lake Sujierior, 21, 122.

Lalamet, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 227.

LaLancete, I"seph, head of family,
Cahokia, 17S3, 205, 20S, 219.

Lalande, Alexander, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 17S3, 199.

Lalande, Jean Baptiste, St. Clair-Co.
militia, "219, 227.

Lamarclie, Antoine, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 208, 2 lb, 226.

Lamarche, Jacque, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 226.
Lamarche, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 216, 226.
Lamb, James L., of Ka.skaskia, 160.
Lambert, Kustache, 398.
Lambert, Josej^h, .St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 205, 207, 220, 227.
Langlade, Chas. de, 360, 361, 362.
Langlois, Catherine, widow, head of

family, Cahokia, 17S3, 2Cy
Langlois, Ktienne, I'rairie du Kocher

militi.i, 1790, 223.
Langlois, Gabriel, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 217, 227.
Langlois. Cierard, head of family, Prai-
rie du Kocher, 17S3, 203.
Langlois, John A., 1(10.
Langlois, I'ierre, head of family, Ka.s-

kaskia, 1783, 199.
Langlois, Ka|)hael, St.Clair-(.'o. mili-
tia, 1790, 226.
Langlois, Therese I'oupard, widow,

head of family, Cahokia, 1 783, 20S.
Languedoe, province of, France, 143.
I .apence ( I .apensee), I''rani,i)is, St. Clair-

County militia. 1790, 225.
Lapence (Lapensce), Joan, St. Clair-

County militia. 1790, 205, 207, 218,

220, 22S.
Lapence ( Lapensce), Lieut. Joseph, St.

Clai ''o. militia, 1790, 205, 218, 225.
Lapel ,)ensee), Joseph, heirs of,

St. Clair County, 17S3, 207.
I.aperche, I'ierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 21S, 225.
Lapham. Incre.nse A., author of " An-

ticpiities of Wisconsin," 132.
Laplante, Alexis, lieail of family, Kas-
kaskia. 1783, 200.
Laplante, Joseph, .St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 225.
l.al'rairie. near .Montreal, 144, 147,
Larnecl, Ldwin Channing, lawyer of

Chicago, 59.
Laroche, I'ierre, head of family, I'rairie

du Kocher, 1 783, 203.
Larue, Jean, head of family, Ka>kas-

kia, 17S3, 200.
I.asalilonier ( l.asabloniare), Jacques,

head of family, I'rairie du Kocher,

1783, 203, 213.
l.aSalle County, 190.
LaSource, Antoine, witnes-i before the

Court of Kiujuiry, 444, 445.
LaSource, Baptiste, head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 201 n, 201.
Lasource, Catherine, widow, head of

family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

INDEX.

507

Lasource, Helen, widow, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskin, 1783, 200.

Lasource, Jactjues, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 17S3, 201, 201 n; member of
Court of Kaskaskia, 1779, 295.

Lasource (Lasassese), Michael, Kaskas-
kia militia, 1790, 213, 221.

Lassonde, Louis, head of family, I'rairie
du Kocher, 1783, 203.

LaTortue, Canada, 144.

Latulippe, Capt. I'ierre (Guery), one of
witnesses at marriage of I'. Menard
and Therese (iodin, 1792, 162, 165;
memljcr of Court of St. Vincennes,
'779. 295; militia officer at St. Vin-
cennes, 1779, 296.

Lavertue, 1 )ennis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
i7<jo, 218, 225.

Laviyne, Ambroise, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200.

Lavigne, Antoine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783,200; St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 211.

Lavoif, Joseph, head of family, I'rairie
du Kocher, 1783, 203.

Lavoye, Joseph, jr., I'rairie du kocher
militia, 1790, 222.

Lawrence, Chas. 1!., of (Juincy, 111., 60.

Lawrence's Creek, 344.

Law's (John) "The Colonial History of
Vincennes, " 234 n, 258 n.

"Layman's Faith, The," paper by I.
N. Arnold, 45.

Lead-mines of Missouri, 251 n.

Lead-mininjj in Mo., pioneers of, 249.

Leavens, Henry, surety for Michael
Jones, 280.

Leavens, Thomas, surety for Michael
Jones, 280.

LeUasque, I'ierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 212.

Leblanc, Jean Haptiste, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1 790, 227.

I-eboeuf, Marianne, widow of I'hillip,
head of fani., Cahokia, 1 783, 205, 207.

Leboeuf, I'hillip, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 216, 226.

Lebrun, Louis, St. Clair -Co. militia,
1790, 205, 207, 216, 226.

LeConipte, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 205, 207, 219, 226.

LeDuc, Hon. Slarie I'., of Missouri
legislature, 253.

Lee, (ien. Robert Kdmund, 123.

LeFevre, Chas., head of family, Caho-
kia, 17S3, 205, 207.

LeKevre, Francois, alias Courier, head
of family, St. Clair Co., 1783, 205,
207, 218.

35*

LeFevre, Fran(j'ois, jr., St. Glair-County
militia, 1790, 225.

LeFevie, Jean Marie, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 206.

LeFevre, Laurent, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220, 228.

LeFevre, I'a.scal, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Le(Jrand, Gabriel, clerk of Court of
.St. \incennes, 295.

LeCiras, Col. J. M. 1'., 295, 320, 321,
328, 358. 418.

Leicester Academy, 130.

Lemen (Lemmon), James, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 214, 224.

Lemieux, Cl.aude, he.id of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199, 211.

Lemieux, Fran(,ois, Kaskaskia, 1790,
210. 221.

Lemieux, Louis, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 210, 221.

Lepage, .\ntoine, .St. Cl.air-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Lep.age, Jose|)h, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 205, 218, 225.

Lepage, l^eon, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 206, 208.

Lepage, Simon, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219, 226.

Lepage, , widow, head of family,

St. Clair County. 1783, 207.

Letang, Pascal, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Letourneau, Jactjue, .St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 219, 227.

Levy, Isaac, head of family, Cahokia,
1783, 206.

Levi, Isaac, heirs of, .St. Clair County,
1783, 208.

Levy, Louis I'ierre, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 226.

Lewis, Gen. Andrew, 285.

Lewis, Meriwether, governor of Louisi-
ana Territory, 14.6, 173.

Lexin-'.m, Ky., 286, 287, 334, 341, 34.1.

Leyba, Don Ferdinande de, Spanish
commandant, 305.

Libberville. Joseph, head of family,
Kaskaskia. 1783, 200.

License for trade. 29!).

Licking Creek, ^^^h, 341, 344, 347.

Limestone Creek, 28(), 351.

Limestone Run, 344.

Lincoln, President .Abraham, 29, 30,

.52- .5.1. .1^' .39. 40. 4'. 4.5. 44. 45. 60,
(t}, 83, 84, 204; letters of, to E. H.
NVashburne, 8,, 8(); letter to, from

Gen. U.
of, 135-

S. Grant, 93; proclamation

5o8

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

a ■>

\k;

Lincoln, Kentucky, 342.

Lincoln County, militia of, 342.

Lindsay, , 319, 322, 331, 338, 339,

342.

Linitot, Godefroy, 358.

Liny, \V., 400,

Liste des Habitans resident aux Kas-
kaslcias en 1 790, 209.

Litchlifid, Conn., law-school of, 54, 271.

Livermore, Oxford Co., Maine, 79, 80.

Lize, I'ierre, .St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Loyd, Alexander, fourth mayor of Chi-
cago, 1840 I, 56.

Locat, Rene, head of family, Cahokia,
1783, 206; heirs of, St. Clair County,
1783, 208.

Locuyer dit St. Sauveur, Pierre, St.
Clair-County militia, 1790, 228.

Loi>an (Tah-fjah-jute), Indian, 336.

Lo};an, Col. Itenjaniin, 345.

Lojjan, Stephen Trigg, Springfield, 60.

Logan's town, 336.

Loisie, Mary Jeaiie, widow, head of
family, Cahokia, 1783, 206.

London, Lngland, 318, 385 n.

Longcliamp, Louis de, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207.

I.ongstreet, Gen. James, 95.

Longtemp (Lonctiiig), Constant, St.
Clair-Co. militia, I7<90, 217, 227.

Longval, Francois, head of family,
St. Clair Co., 1783, 207; St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 218, 225.

Longval, Francois, sr., head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207; St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 219, 226.

Longval, Hippolite, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 218, 225.

Longval, Hubert, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 225.

Longvalle, Jn., Kxskaskia militia, 1790,
210.

Longval (Lonval), Josejih, head of fam-
ily, Ka^kaskia, 1783, 199, 221.

Longval! Lonval, Louvallel, Louis, head
of (aniily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 210.

Longval, Michel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219, 226.

Lookout Mountain, Tenn., 91.

Lord, Capt. Hugh, 365, 366, 367, 375,
382, 383 n, 386, 419.

Lord, Kichard, 235.

Los Angeles, California, 129.

Louisa County, Virginia, 285.

Louis XIV, of France, 150.

Louisiana, 363, 364.

Loui.sville, Ky., 231, 247, 325, 344.

Loups, chiefs of the, 409.

LoHviere, Antoine, jr., head of family,
I'rairie du Kocher, 1783, 203, 452,

453. 470. . , , ,

Louviere, Antoine, sr., head of family,
I'rairie du Kocher, 1783, 203, 452,

453-

Louviere, I'ierre, headof fam., I'rairie
du Kocher, 1 783, 203.

Lovejoy, Kev. Flijah I'arish, 113.

Lowell, John Kussell, 97.

Loyal l.egion of the United States, 68.

Lucas, Judge John H. ('., 253.

Lunceford (Luntsford), Geo., St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 215, 224.

Lyie, John, St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790,
226.

Lynn, William, 350.

Macaulay, Thos. Habington, historian,

79-

McHr; le, William, juror in Rice-Jones'
nuir<ler ca.se, 280.

McCagg, Kzra iSutler, president North-
west Sanitary Commission, 68, 71, 73.

McCall, , witness of murder of

Rice Jones, 278.

McCarty, Kichard, of Cahokia, license
to trade, 1779, 296; sketch of, 297 n,
384 n; goods delivered to, 314; cap-
tain in Illinois regiment, 335; letter
to John Todd, 33b; letter to Koche-
blave, 383.

McConnell's Station, Kentucky, 334.

McCormick, John, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

McDonough's "History of Randolph
C'ounty," cited, 248 n, 276 n, 2S1 n.

McDowell, John, secretary, 322.

McFee, Thos., of Kaskaskia, witness
in Court of I'^ncjuiry, 458, 461, 482.

McFerrun, John, surety for .\liehael
Jones, 280.

McGirk, Judge Mathias, Missouri, 254.

McKee, Samuel, one of first trustees
of N'incennes University, 241.

McKnight jjohn] & Hrady [Thomas],
of St. Louis, merchants, 268.

McLaughlin, Henry, St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 225.

.MeLosky, Alexander, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 201.

.McNabb, Alexander, Kaskaskia mili-
tia, 1790, 212, 222.

McNabb, Archibald, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200, 280.

McNabb, James, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 212, 222.

INDEX.

509

Kanilolph
n, 2S1 n.
;22.

ia, witness
461, 482.
Michael

of family,
iskia mili-
of family,
militia,

McNair, Gov. Alex., of Missouri, 252.

McN'amee, Klias, one of first trustees
of Vincennes University, 241.

McKoberts, James [father of .Senator
Samuel and Judge Josiah], .St. Clair-
County militia, 1790, 225.

Mcl\ol)erts, Judj^e Samuel, 254.

Mackinac, Island of, 10, 11, 13, 19, 22,
122, 182, 183, 184, 188, 191, 384 n,
389 n.

Macon, Amable, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219, 226.

Maillet, v., 397.

Maine, S2.

Maisonvilie, Joseph, Kaskaskin, 1783,
201; a merchant of Detroit, witness
to deposition of (labriel Cerre at Ft.
CiaKC, Apr. 29, 1777, 389; at Detroit
in 1778, 405.

Maltby, tlen. Jasper A., 90.

Manchac, Louisiana, 403.

Manegre, Joseph, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Manierre, (ieo., lawyer of Chicago, S9-

Manning, Julius, lawyer of I'eoria, (>o.

Manuel, nef^ro, warrant for execution
of, by burning alive, 302.

Marat, Jean I'aul. revolutionist, 42.

Marechal, , widow, head of family,

I'rairie du Kocher, 17S3, 203.

Marie, [oseph, .St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Marin, Sieur. I'erriere, in Wisconsin in
>759. 5(>2.

Marks, Mdw. J., "The I'ierpont Fam-
ily," by, 55 n.

Marleaux (Marlow), Andrew, St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 220, 227.

Marleaux, tiabriel, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 216, 227.

Marleaux, (labriel, jr., .St. Clair-County
militia, 1790, 226.

.Marleaux, Jean IJaptiste, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 220.

Maroons of Florida, 82.

Marquette, Ja(iiies, explorer, 150, i83n.

Marrois, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Mars, Thomas, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 225.

Marshall, T., member of Virginia com-
missioners, 351.

Martin, I'ierre, .St. Clair-Co. militia,
I7<90, 205, 207, 219, 227.

Martin, I'ierre, jr., St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 219, 227.

Maryland, 92.

Mascoutin Indians, 390, 393, 397.

Mason, Carlisle, of Chicago, 126.

Mason, KJward Gay, president Chicago
Ilistoriciu Soc'y, 78; sketch of I'ierre
Menard by, 142; lists of early Illinois
citizens, introduction by, 192; sketch
of I'hilippe de Kocheblave, by, 360.

Mason, James M., of Virginia, 79.

Mason, koswell H, of Chicago, 123.

Masonic fraternity, opposed by I'hilo
Carpenter, 119.

Mather, Thomas, of Kaskaskia, 160.

Massachusetts, 2l4n.

Mathews, Capt. K., secretary of (ien.
llaldimand, 377; letter to Koche-
l)lave, .\\>r., 1783, cited, 378 n; letter
to Maj. Ford, cited, 379 n; letter to
llaldimand, cited, 380 n.

Matthews, William, agent of .American
Fur-Company at Montreal, 10.

Martht-n, 1'., lieutenant in District cjf
Cahokia, 294; member of Caliokia
Court, 295.

Maumee Kiver. Ohio, 33Sn.

Maxwell, Hugh II., 147, 160.

Maxwell, C!ol. Lucien, of " Maxwell
land -grant, " 147, i()0.

".Ma!.well l.-iml-grant," 148.

May, le, head of family, I'rairie

du kocher, 1783, 203.

May, Franijois le, St. Clair-Co. militia,
I7<^, 220, 228.

May (I lay), Jean de, head of family,
Cahokia, 17S3, 205, 207.

May, .Mary Louise, widow of Louis, le,
alias Theophile, heail of family, ( 'a-
hokia, 1783, 206, 208.

May, William L., lawyer of I'eoria, 60.

-Mayfield, - -, head of family, Kas-
kaskia. 1783, 201.

Mayiot, j!ic(|ue, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790; 220, 227.

Mease's, F., notes on maps in Pitman's
"Furopean Settlements," 303 n.

.Memphis, Tenn., 191.

Menard, .Vmeder. son of I'ierre, I.1S.

Menard, .Mrs. Augu.stine, 143 n, 145 n.

.Menard, .Mzira, daughter of I'ierre
Menard, 14S.

Menard, lierenice, daughter of I'ierre
Menard, 148.

MenanJ, l-Mmund, son of I'ierre .Men-
ard, member of legislature for Ran-
dolph County, 14S, 157.

Menard. Fran(,ois I'., son of I'ierre
Menard. 148.

Menard, liippolite, brother of I'ierre
.Menard, 144, 146.

Menard, Jean liajUiste, called lirinda-
mour, lather of I'ierre .Menard, 142,
143, 151, 177, 178.

^■«p

510

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Menard, Jean Fran(;ois, brother of

Pierre Menard, 144.
Menard, Jean Marie, brother of Pierre

Menard, 143.
Menard, John, 27iS.
Menard, Louis Cyprien, 148.
Menard, Matthew Saucier, son of Pierre

Menard, 148.
Menard, Michel, brother of Pierre

Menard, 144.
Menard, Michel rPrindamour], nephew

of Pierre Menard, elected chief of

Shawnees; one of tlie founders of

Texas, 147.
Menard, Oiiiie, daujjhter of Pierre

Menard, 147.
Menard, Peter, son of Pierre Menard,

148.
Menard, Pierre, sketch of. 142 8; born

Oct. 7, 1766, at Si. .Antoine, I-ower

Canada, 142; at Vincennes in 1788,

143; interviews den. Washington in

1789, 144; marries Therese (jodin
in 1792; married again in 1806 to
.\ngeliiiue Saucier, 145, 156; list of
positions held by him, 146; died in
1844, 147, 157; "First Lieut. -(iov.
of Illinois," memoir by Hon. Henry
S. Maker, 149 161: first elected to
public office in Kaskaskia, 1795, 145;
iieut.-gov'nor in 1818, 154; mention,
159, 162, 165, 167, 168, i()9, 170,

i72> <73. 174. "75. '7<'. "77. '7^.
179, 180, 2 ion, 21 in, 212, 2l6n,
221, 235, 236, 240, 254, 279 n, 3S0.

Menard Papers, Pierre, 162-80; ante-
nuptial contract, 162; commission as
major of militia, 166; as judge of
Randolph County, 168; as associate-
jud,i;e of criminal court, 168; to take
testimony in land-office claims. 171 ;
as jmlge of court of common pleas,
171 ; as lieut. -colonel of militia, 172;
as captain of infantry, 173; as Indian
agent, 177; to make Indian treaties,
176; l)irth and family, 177, 212.

Menard, Sophie A., dau. of Pierre
Menard, 148.

Menard [Pierre] & Valle [l''ran(,ois], the
greatest merchants on the Missis-
sippi, lf)0.

Mendo/a, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 225.

Mercier, Hubert, St. ClairCo. militia,
1790, 227.

Mercier, Jacques, head of family, Kas-
kaskia. 1783, 199.

Mercier, Jean Baptiste, St. C!air-Co.
militia, "1790, 205, 208, 21G, 226.

Mercier, Julien, St. Clair-Co. militia

1790, 217, 227.
Mercier, Mary, head of family, Caho

kia, 1783, 206.
Mercy ilospital, Chicago, 71.
Merrinian, .\mos L., lawyer, Peoria, 60.
Messinger, John, elected to legislature

of Indiana Territory, in St. Clair Co.

245. 273-

Mesuri (St. (lenevieve. Mo.), 350.

Methode, Jean Paptiste, .St. Clair-Co
militia, 1790, 225.

Metioier (Mitevur), Michel, St. Clair
Co. militia, 1790, 220, 227.

Meurin, Father, 364.

Mexico, 83, 86, 262.

Miami Creek, 340, 344.

Miami Indians, 234, 338 n.

Miault, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Miault (Miot), Magdalen Angelique,
widow, head of lamily, Kaskaskia,
17S3, 199.

Michigan, 14, 22, 206, 264, 265.

Michigan Central and .Michigan South-
ern Railroads, 131.

Michilimackinac, 392; see Mackinac.

Middlebury College, Vermont, 56, 77.

.Milam, l!ol. Henj. R., of Texa*, 2()0.

.Militia of .St. Clair Co., Aug. i, 1790,
224.

Militia rolls, 216, 217, 219, 220, 222.

•Mills, lienjamin, lawyer of Cialena, 60.

Milwaukee, Wis., 87, 120, 132.

Mine a lireton, now Poiosi, Mo., 249.

Minnesota Territory, 262,

Misere, see .Ste. Cienevieve, Mo.

Missionary Ridge, battle of, 91.

Mississippi region, 330.

Mississi|)pi River, 23, 147, 150, 158,
190, 19.?. I'M. 2l4n, 232, 26O, 274,
292 n, 298, 301, 322, 324, 325, 332,

.i53. j(\>, 3^)4. 3^5". 401, 421, 474-
Missouri, 60,92.99, 267. 268, 269, 2840.
.Missouri I'ompromise, 81, 85.
"Nlissouri Reports," 248 n.
.Mitot, Jean Baptiste, St. Clair-County

militia, 1790, 21 8.
Mobile, Alabama, 323.
Molino del Rey, battle of, 87.
Monast, Mrs. l\)r., of Chicago, 191.
Monroe County, III., I42n, 2i4n, 255,

277.
Monroe, President James, 267.
Montague's " Directory and Historical

Sketches of Randolph Co.," cited,

142 n.
Montcalm, Cen. Louis Joseph de, defeat

of. •» '759. j(>j-

INDEX.

Montgomery County, I'enn., 285.

Montgomery, Gen. Richard, 144.

Montgomery, Col. John, head of fam.,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200; commanding
at Ka.->kaskia, 308, 314, 323, 339,
340, 348; letter of, to Koard of Com.
for settlement of West'n Acc'ts, 351,
352 n, 385 n.

Montreal, Canada, 9, 12, 142, 144, 182,
385 n, 389 n, 392.

Montreuil (Montureulle), Jean Uapte.,
head of family, Kaskaskia, 1783,
200, 211.

Montrie, l''rani,'ois, Kat<kaskia militia,
1790, 222.

Mooney, Mary, widow of James, head
of family, Cahokia, 1783, 206, 208.

Moore, James, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, r783. 200, 309.

Moore, John, .St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 214, 224.

Moore, Col. Isaac K., of V'ermilion-Co.
militia, 20.

Moore, , widow of James, head of

family, St. Clair Co., 1783, 208.

Moore, .Stephen K., of Kankakee, III.,
memoir of Noel le Vasseur by, iSi.

Moore, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 225.

Morace, a slave, 303.

Moraniy, Jac, Kaskaskia, 1790, 211.

Moredock, Maj. John, of Kaskaskia,
214, 214 n, 215 n, 224, 236.

Morehouse, Judge K. 15., of Coopers-
town, N.V., 31, 50.

Morensi, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

Morgan, (leorge, of Kaskaskia, mer-
chant, 193, 399; of lioynton, Wharton
iV M., 421; Court of Knquiry to ad-
just disputes between certain French
citizens an<l, 422, etc.

Morgan memorial, before Continental
congress, 194.

Morgan, Wm., of New York, abducted
for exposing masonry, 1 17.

Morin, .\ntoine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Morin, James, Kask.iski.i, 1790, 401.

.Moiin, Louis, St. (Mair-County militia,
1790, 227.

Morris, Alexis, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 221.

.Morris, Huckner Smith, Chicago, 59.

Morris, Isaac N'., lawyer, tjuincy, 60.

Morris, James, head of family, Kaskas-
kia-, 1783, 201.

Morris, Jean Haptistc, Kaskaskia mili-
tia, 1790, 221.

Morris, Samuel, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224.
Morrison, Judge John, of Waterloo,

111.. 277.
Morrison, Robert, of Kaskaskia, 159,

236, 278.
Morrison, William, of Kasksiskia, 145,

159. 179.202, 209 n, 213, 2i3n, 221,

235. 274. 278, 279.
Morse, .Samuel Finley Ureese, inventor

of telegraph, 82.
Mothe, Capt. C!uillaume la, 392.
Mount .St. Mary's College, Emmets-
burg, Maryland, 148.
Mud Lake, Illinois, 12.
Mullowney, Dr. Stephen, I'.-S. consul

to Monterey, Mexico, 262.
Mulotte, Jaccjue, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 216, 226.
Mulotte, Jean Haptiste, .St. Clair- Co.

militia, 1790, 205, 207, 216, 21S, 226.
Munier, Jean, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 219, 226.
Murray, Daniel, trader, sketch of, 200,

3»5 •'•
Murray, \\ illiam, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 215, 224; sketch, 385 n.
Muskegon River, Michigan, 14.

Naperville, Illinois, 106 n.

Narbonne, province of, France, 143.

Nashvdie, Tennessee, 88, 94.

Natchez, Miss., 209 n, .p8, 410, 414.

Nathan, .Simon, purveyor to Ceo. K.
Clark's army, 328, 349, 358.

Natick, Mas.s., 88.

National Christian Association, 121.

Navelle, Antoine, Kaskaskia militia,
1790, 213.

Navelle, Manjue, Kaskaskia, 1790, 213.

Nebraska, proposal to admit, introduced
by Douglas in 1854, 85.

Nehaume, I'aul, Kaskaskia, 1790, 212.

.Nelson, Elijah, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

Newberry, Waller l.oomis, of Chicago,
legacy of, for a library, 62; at first
meeting to promote a public library,
70; i)re>ident of Illinois C^haritable
Eye and I'^ar Infirmary, 71.

Newberry Library, Mark Skinner trus-
tee of, 62.

New England, 54, 56, 69, 77, 103, 451.

New-I'!ngland .Society, Mark Skinner
one of founders of, "4.

New Design, HI., 215 n.

New Haven, Conn., 55.

513

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Ill I

New-Haven Law-School, 56.

New Holland, Ind., 351.

New Mexico, 83, 148.

New Orleans, La., icx), 209n, 216, 317,

319. 323. 339. 349, 385 n.
New York, 35, 81, 217 n, 364.
New- York Genealogical and liiograph-

ical .Society, 38.
Nnv- York HtraU, 95.
"New- York Colonial Documents,"

301 n, 361 n, 362 n.
New- West Education Commis'n, 128 n.
Niagara Kails, 182.

Nichola, .Madam , 444.

Nicholle (Nicolle), Ktlenne, St. Clair-

County militia, 1790, 217, 227.
Nicholle (Nicolle), Julien, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 217, 227.
Niles, Michigan, 105.
Noble, Mark, 106 n.
Noble, Kli/.abeth and Mary, 106 n.
Noize, Francois, dit 1' Abbe, St. Clair-
Co. militia, 1790, 220.
Normand, jean liapti^ite, Kaskaskia,

1790, 213.
Northwestern Fair, Chicago, Oct. 26,

1863, 135.
Northwest'-rn Kiir-Company. 380.
Northwest Territory, 145, 158, 193,

'9Si '97> 209 n, 284 n, 286.
Nottawasaga River, Canada, 10.

Oberlin College, Oh»o, 128.
Obuchon, Gabriel, sr., head of far ily,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 221.
Ogden, Mahlon Dickinson, of Chicago,

in partnership with I. N. Arnold, 50.
Ogden, William Hutler, paper on, by

I. N. Arnold, 45; vice-pres. Chicago

Historical Society, 73, 123.
Ogle, benjamin, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224.
Ogle County, III., 51.
Ogle, Joseph, jr., St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224.
Ogle, Joseph, sr., St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224, 312.
O'Hara, Henry (henerey oharo), head

of family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 201, 215.
O'Hara, Henry, jr., St. Clair- County

militia, 1790, 224.
O'Hara, James, 235.
O'Hara (Oharro), John, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 215, 224.
Ohio riots, anti-slavery, 81.
Ohio River, 82, 83, 214, 231, 286, 291,

313 n, 324, 327.

Old Settlers' Association of Iroquois
County, Illinois, 181.

Olivier, Nicholas, Prairie du Kocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Ollivier, Donatien, priest of Kaskas-
kia, 145.

Omier, Jean Haptiste, Kaskaskia mili-
tia, 1790, 222.

Ordinance of 1787, 193.

Oregon boundary, 83.

O'Reilly, Don Alexandre, Spanish com-
mander at New Orleans, 364, 365.

Orr, James, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200, 312.

Osborn, , an Knglishman, 107 n.

Ottawa, 111., 34, 185.

Ottawa Indians, 176, 177.

Ottawa River, Canada, 182 n.

Otis, .Seth T., of Chicago, hardware
merchant, 70.

Ouillmette, Antoine, resident of Chi-
cago, 1818, 12.

Owen, Hannah, mother of John Todd,
285.

Pacific Ocean, 23.

I'agiiu, David, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200.

Page, litienne, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 199, 2IO.

Page, Joseph, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200, 213.

Page, Lieut. -(iov. John, letter to John
Todd, 320.

Page, Peter, at first meeting to pro-
mote a public library in Chicago, 70.

Pancrass, Fran(;ois, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 217, 227.

Pancrass, Marrain, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 228.

Pancrasse, Therese, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205.

Pancrass, •, heirs of widow, St.

Cliir County, 1783, 207.

Parard, Ktienne, Kaskaskia militia,
1790,213.

Parisien, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 2 1 8, 225.

Paris, France, 97, 129, 337 n.

Parker, Benjamin, delegate from Indi-
ana Territory, 239, 240, 241.

Patterson, Rev. Robert Wilson, 75.

I'axton, Illinois, 185.

Pazet, Mile. , 383.

Pecard (Picard), Pierre, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 179c, 219.

Peck, Judge Ebenezer, of Chicago, 59.

INDEX.

513

I'eck, Judge James H., 254.

I'eck, Philip Ferdinand Wheeler, loyn.

I'ees, see I'eoria.

I'eltier, alias Antaya, Capt. Antoine,

militia of Randolph Co., 1790, 222.
Peltier (Pelletier, Pettie), Joseph, .St.

Clair-County militia, 1790, 205, 208,

220, 228.
Peltier (Pelletier), Michel, alias Antaya,

head of family, Cahukia, 1783, 205,

208.
Peltry account, 1779, 314, 349.
Penii, William, 191.
Pennsylvania, 214 n, 318.
Pensacola, Florida, 323.
PenMineau (Pinsonneau), Ktienne, .St.

(Mair-Co. militia, 1790, 227.
Pensoneau (Pansinneau, Panc(mneaux),

L'luis, St. Clair-County militia, 1790,

216, 226.
I'eoria, 111., formerly Fort Clark, 12,

69, 148, 398; letter of inhabitants of,

to Kocheblave, 367 n, 397. Syn., Le

I'tf, Lee Pee, Opa, Pay, Pays, Pc,

Poes, Au Pay.
Perie, Joseph, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 218.
PeritT, Catherine, widow, head of fam.,

Prairie du Kocher, 1783, 203.
Perio, Jean Haptiste, head of family,

Cahokia, 1 783, 206.
J'erkins, George W., sup't of Chicago

Reform School, 72, 1 1 6.
Perr.iult, J. F., New Orlean.s, 319, 323.
Perre, Hte. (Jendron, res. of St. Clair

Cuunty, 1790, 212.
Perrin, Jean Haptiste, head of family,

K.iskaskia, 1783, 201; Prairie du

Kocher militia, 1790, 223.
Teriot, Nicholas, member of Court of

Vincennes, 295.
Ferry. Rev. Francis Noel, grandson of

Noel le Vasseur, 191.
Perry (Perrey), Jean Fran^-ois, .St. Clair-
County militia, 1790, 228, 236.
Petersburg, Virginia, 68.
Peters, Onslow, lawyer of Peoria, 60.
Peyster, Maj. Arent Schuyler de, 357 n,

37''. 385 n, 389 n, 392; letter to CJen.

Haldimand, 377 n.
Phii.idelphia, I'enn., 213, 271, 318,

385 n, 423.
Picard, Pierre, head of family, Kaskas-

kia, 1783, 201; St.Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 219, 223, 225, 308.
Pickaway, the, 336.
Pierce, President Franklin, 85. 262.
" Pierpont Family, the," by Fdward J.

Marks, 55 n.

Pierpont, Frances, of New Haven,

Conn., 54.
Pierre, .South Dakota, 262.
Pierrepont, Sir I lugh de, of Picardy, 55.
Pierrepont, John, of Boston, 55.
Pierrepont, .Sir Robert de, 55.
Piggot, Capt. James, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 196, 200, 208, 214, 224;

company of, in first militia regiment,

Apr. 26, 1790, 213.
^''SKo'i Levi, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 225.
Piggot, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 214, 224.
Pik-t, Charles, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 217, 227.
Pilet, Louis, head of family, C.thokia,

1783, 205, 207; St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 216, 226.
Pilet, Nlichel, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 218, 225.
I'ipps, Windsor, head of family, Kas-

kaskia, 1783, 2C».
Pittsfield .Academy, Mass., 55.

Placey, Capt. , 303.

Point Pleasant, battle of, 285.

I'oirie, Joseph, alias Desloges, head of

family, St. Clair Co., 1783, 207; St.

Clair-Co. militia, 179c, 220,225,227.
Poirier, Paul, .St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 220, 228.
Polk, President James Knox, 57, 83.
"I'olluto," Franc U. Wilkie's nom de

plume, 269 n.
Pollock, Oliver, 321, 323, 343, 348,

353. 358-
Pond fund, Lucretia, 75.
Pope, Nathaniel, secretary of Illinois

Territory, 146. 159, 175, 240, 254.
Portage City, Wis., 183.
Portage des Sioux, Mo., 145, 21 6n, 2i8n.
Porter, (ieorgc H., of Michigan, 264.
Porter, John, .St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 215, 224.
Porter, Rev. Jeremiah, 107 n, 1 12.
Portugais, Manuel, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 222.
Post of Arkansas, 267.
Post Vincent, 194, 229, 443, 444, 475.
Potomac, Army of the, 89.
Potomac River, 89, 91, 231, 362.
Potosi, Mo., formerly .Mine a Breton,

249, 284 n.
Pottawatomie country, 186.
Pottawatomie Indians, 176, 177, 181,

184, 188, 215 n.
Poupard, Joseph, alias Dormeur. head

of family, St. Clair Co., 1783, 20/;

St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790, 219, 226.

twa

514

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Poupard, Sergt. Paul, alias Lafleur, head
of family, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207;
St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790, 216, 226.

Poupard, Therese, wid. Lan);lois, head
of family, St. Clair Co., 1783, 208.

Powell, Gen. Henry Watson, 385 n.

Powell, Eliza, first wife of John Rice
Jones, 256.

Powell, Richard, 256.

Powell, Mary, 256.

Powers, George, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215, 224.

Poweshiek, Indian chief, 265.

Prairie du Chien, Wis., 183.

Prairie du Pont, etc., in 1783, heads of
families at Cahokia, 206.

Prairie du Rocher and St. Phillips, in-
habitants of, in 1783, 192, 193, 195,
201 n, 203; militia officers, 1779, 294.

Presbyterian Church of the U. S. of
America, 123; of Chicago, First, 127;
Second, 75; Third, 11 2, 113, Ii4n;
Fourth, 75.

Pressley, Peter, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Prideaux, CJen. John, 362.

Prince of Wales' Own Regiment, 75th
foot, 383 n.

Prince, Wm., member of slavery con-
vention at Vincennes, 1802, 236.

Princeton College, 269.

Pring, Nathaniel C, 171.

Provant, Antoin, res. of St. Clair Co.,
1790, 210.

Provost, Jean Baptiste, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 228.

Provost (I'revost), Corp. Bartholomew,
St. Clair-Co. militia, 1790, 218, 225.

Provot (Provau), Pierre, head of fam.,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 210.

Public lands, 234, 258 n, 259 n.

Purple, Norman IL, lawyer, Peoria, 60.

Quebec, Canada, 142, 143, 144, 162,

357", 378.
Quiquette, John, Kaskaskia militia,

1790, 211.
Quirk, Capt. , 335.

Racine, Marie, widow, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.

Radford, John D., of St. Louis, 148.

Raine, Elizabeth, widow, head of fam-
ily, St. Clair Co., 1783, 201, 208.

Ralls, Hon. Daniel, 233.

Randolph County, III., 142 n, 145, 146,
166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173,
17s. '92. '97. 202, 222, 223, 238,
272, 279, 282, 283, 285.

" Randolph, Monroe, and Perry Coun-
ties, Illinois, History of," 142 n.

Ranney, O. D., 127 n.

Raper, Daniel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215, 224.

Rapelais, Jean Haptiste, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 227.

Raphael, Therese, 179.

RassL-tte, , widow, head of family,

Cahokia, 1783, 205.

Raven, Village of the, on the Illinois
River, 390.

Rawlins, Gen. John A., 90, 94.

Ray, Chas. Henry, corresponding-sec-
retary Chicago Historical Soc'y. 73-

Raynor, Jesse, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 225.

Reaume, Paul, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 199.

Reboulla, Madeleine, grandmother of
Pierre Menard, 143, 177, 178.

Rector, William, 28io.

Relle, Louis, St. Clair-County militia,.
1790, 218.

Renards (Fox Indians), 384.

Renard, Jean le, .St. Clair-Co. militiar
1790, 217, 227.

Kenaud, Antoine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200, 229, 443.

Renaud, Charlote, 229.

Renoue, Charles, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Kenousse, Fran<;ois, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 220, 227.

Renoux, Charles, head of fam., Prairie
du Rocher, 1783, 204.

Repudiation of State debt, Isaac N.
Arnold opposed to, 31.

Reynolds, Gov. John, 254, 255, 282,
284; "Pioneer History of Illinois,"
I42n, I46n, 2i7n, 243n, 247n, 248 n,
249 n, 272 n, 279 n, 288 n, 3720.

Reynolds, Hon. Robert, father of Gov.
Reynolds, 236, 240, 255.

Richard, Henry, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199.

Richard, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
Prairie du Rocher, 1 783, 204.

Richard, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

Richard, Pierre, res. of Kaskaskia in

1783. 199; in •790. 2"-
Richardson, Ensign William, member
of Court of Enquiry, 426, 442, 455,
471, 473. 484-

.mily, Kas-
■Co. mili-
Trairie
Isaac N.

INDEX,

515

I, member
442, 455.

Richardson, Wm. A., of Quincy bar, 60.
Richelieu River, known also as Cham-

bly, Sorel, St, Louis, and .St. John,

in Lower Canada, 142, 143.
Richmond, Va., 103, 323, 389.
Riddick, Thom.-is V., 174.
Rideau River, Canada, 378.
Rigby, Josh., 425.
Ripon College, Wisconsin, 128.
Ritchie, John, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 216, 226.
Roberts, John, of Kaskaskia, 160, 300.
Robin, Charles, jr., K.iskaskia militia,

1790, 201, 221.
Robinet's "Memoirs of Danton," 42.
Robbins, Amatus, of Troy, N.Y., 103.
Robins, William, St. Clair-Co, militia,

1790, 224.
Roche, Michel, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 228.
Rocheblave, Jean Joseph de Rastel,

Marquis de, father of Philippe, 360.
Rocheblave, Madame Marie de, head

of family, Kaskaskia, 1 783, 200; 366,

383; letter of, to Haldimand, 366 n,

374 n, 379-

Rocheblave, Philippe Fran9ois de Ras-
tel, Chevalier de, Noel le Vasseur in
employ of, 182; head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 199; res. of Kaskaskia,
1790, 211; Gov. Henry's instructions
regarding his family, 293; sketch of,
360- 81 ; letters to Bisseron, 408; to
Carleton, 370 n, 372 n, 401, 412, 418;
to Dunn, 371 n, 372 n, 410, 411; to
Germaine, 360 n, 363 n, 367 n, 3680,
369n, 37on, 395,407; to Haldimand,
360 n, 374 n, 375 n, 376 n, 3770,
378 n, 379 n; to Htimilton, 369 n,
409; to Mathews, 377 n, 378 n; war-
rant to, 376 n, 377 n.

" Rochester, Notes and Incidents of, in
the Old Time and New, by an Old
Citizen," 130.

Rocky Mountains, 23.

Rock, , St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 220.

Rock Village, Illinois, 185, 186.

Rodgers, Benjamin, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 224.

Rodrigues, Christina, iiee Barger, 259.

Rodrigues, Diego, 259.

Rogers, Col. David, 317, 319, 323, 326.

Rogers, lienjamin, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 214.

Rohle, Louis, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 225.

Roiihe, Pierre, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 226.

Ronn, Jesse, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 215.
Rouband to Haldimand, letter of, 379n,
Rouliard, Louis, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218, 228.
Rougas, Joseph, militia officer of St.

Vincennes, 1779, 296,
Roxbury, Mass., 55 n.
Roy, Andre, Prairie du Rocher mili»

tia, 1790, 222.
Roy, Rev. Joseph K., 1 16, 126, 128,
Roy, Pierre, alias Cadien, head of fam-
ily, Cahokia, 1783, 206; heirs of,

St. Clair Co. , 1 783, 208,
Royal artillery, 383 n.
Royer, Augustin, K.iskaskia militia,

1790, 221.
Royal Historical Society of London,

Knt.'.. 29. 45-
Rozier, Ferdinand, of Ste. Genevieve,

Mo., 268.
Rumsey, J., of Kaskaskia, 425-82.
Rupalais, Jean Baptiste, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 217.

Russell, , 287.

Russellville, Ark., 268.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, of Philadelphia,

I'enn., 231.
Rutherford, Larkin, head of family,

Kaskaskia, 1783, 201.
Ryan, Catherine, widow, head of fam-
ily, Prairie du Rocher, 1 783, 204.
Ryan, Josiah, St. Clair-County militia,

1790, 204, 215, 224,

.Sac Indians, 176, 177, 188, 189,

Sage, Abigail, mother of Gurdon S.
Hubbard, 9.

Sanba, Catherine, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201.

San Francisco, Cal., 99.

Sangamon River, iSg.

Sanitary Commission, Northwestern,
Mark Skinner's connection with, 65,
66, 67, 68.

Sansfacon, Fnsign Antoine Harmon, dit
of the District of Cahokia, 1779, 207,
294.

Saratoga, battle of, 2i4n.

Saratoga Springs, 66, 108, 214 n.

Sargent, Winthrop, secretary of North-
west Territory, 195, 201 n.

Saucier, .\ngelique, 145, 156.

Saucier, Capt. Frani;ois, 145; head of
family, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207; St.
Clair-County militia, 1790, 216, 226;
clerk of Court of Cahokia, 1 779, 295.

Si6

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

l!(

Saucier, Jean Baptiste, head of family,
Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207, 209, 2i6n;
St.CIair-Co. militia, 1790, 216; mem-
ber of Court of Cahokia, 1 779, 295.

Saucier, Ensi);n Mathieu, head of fam-
ily, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207, 2cxj;
St. Clair-County militia, 1790, 21611,
218, 225.

Savuiimon, Dauphine, France, 360.

Savoy, Mass., 103.

Scammon, Jonathan Young, lawyer of
Chicago, 59, 63, 69, 73, 123.

Schoolcraft, Henry K., 250.

Schenect.ndy, N.V., 104.

Scharf 's " History of St. Louis City and
County," 269 n.

Scioto towns, 285.

Scott, Judt;e .Vndrew, of Virginia, 267,
268, 269.

Scott, I'rof. Hu(,'h M., of the Chicago
Theological Seminary, 126.

Scott, James, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 215, 224.

Scott, Hon. John, of Ste. (lenevieve.
Mo., 254, 268, 269.

Scott, (Jen. Winfiekl, 84; letter to K.
H. Washburne, 86, 87.

Sedalia, Mo., 66.

Seminole war, second, 82.

Sei|uin or Laderoute, Louis, Kaskas-
kin militia, 1790, 212, 221.

Seve, de, Montreal, 405.

Severns, Ebenezer, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 224.

Seward, \Vm. H., secretary of state, 79,
81, 265.

Seyliold, Robert, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 224.

Shabonee(Shaubena), Indian chief, liv-
ing at I'eoria, 13, 19. 188, 190.

"Shakespeare," Lincoln's, given to I.
N. Arnold, 29.

Shannon, William, of Ste. (Jenevieve,

259.

Shawanasee, chief of I'eoria Indians,
188, 190.

Shawnee Indians, 147, 361, 362.

Shawneetown, 247.

Shea, John (iilmary, letter of, 143 n;
" Life and Times of Archbishop Car-
roll, "by, 3640.

Shelby, Col. Evan, 352.

Sherman, Gen. Wm. Tecumseh, 91, 93.

Sherman, Francis Cornwall, supported
anti- Nebraska party, 63.

Sheridan, Gen. Philip Henry, 137.

Sherwood, H. M., 127 n.

Shultz, Daniel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215, 224.

Simpson, John, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 214.

Simp.son, John Knaresborough, Kas-
kaskia militia, 1790,321.

Sioux nation, 262.

Slaughter, Col. Geo. , 300, 3 1 7, 320, 348.

Slavery, 37, 237, 239, 240, 242, 243, 245.

Skinner, Judge Mark, presents resolu-
tions on death of I. N. .\rnold, 27,
28; i)aper on, by E. VV. itiatchford,
54 75; at Middlebury College, Vl.,
in 1830; began study of law in 1833;
studied with Judge E/.ek Cowan and
.Nicholas Hill; came to Chicago, July,
1836; city attorney in 1839 40, 56;
marries Elizabeth .M. Williams in
1841; member of Illinois legislature
in 1846; drew up bill for refunding
debt, 57; ([uarrel respecting delegates
to state convention, 58; judge of Cook
County court of common pleas, 1 85 1.
59; his associates in Illinois, 60; ad-
visor on real estate investment, 61;
draws up will of W. L, Newberry,
62; political views; supported anti-
Nabraska party, 63; connection with
U.-S. Sanitary Commission, 65; with
education, 69 ; with library move-
ment, 70; with hospital movement,
71; with relief of poor; wit.i Reform
School; with Chicago Historical So-
ciety, 72 ; ])aper on the " Pilgrim
Fathers, " 74.

.Skinner, .Mrs. Richard, 55.

.Skinner, Richard, gov. of Conn., 54.

Skinner, Richard, son of Mark, 68.

Skinner, Roger, chief-justice, N.Y., 54.

Skinner School, Chicago, 69.

.Skinner, Gen. Timothy, of Litchfielil,
Conn., grandfather of Mark, 54.

"Slavery in the U.S., History of Abra-
ham Lincoln and the Overthrow of, "
by I. N. Arnold, 40, 43.

Slidell, John, senator of Louisiana, 79.

Smailwood, Rev. Dr. A. E., member
Chicago Historical Society, 73.

Smith, Christopher, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 225.

Smith, Cien. Charles F., 88.

Smith, (Jen. George VV., memoir of E.
H. Washburne by, 78.

Smith, ex-Gov. Henry, 260.

Smith, Henry, 308, 313.

Smith, Hugh, of Kaskaskia, 316.

Smith T, Col. John, duel of, 261.

Smith, Nicholas, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200, 208.

Smith, Samuel Lisle, of Chicago, 59.

Smith, T., 279.

INUKX.

517

lisiana, 70.
member

73- .,.
■Co. mill-

Smith, Gen. W. K., 95, 98.

Smithsonian Institute, 131.

Snow, Georfje \V., 105.

Soldiers' Home, IJ5.

S(mn, Andre, Kaskaskiamil., 1790,211.

Sorel, .M. de, commander of fort, 143.

South Adams Acidemy, 103.

South L'arohna, 82.

Sovereigns, I'ibeneazar, St. ( lair -Co.

militia, 1790, 215.
Spaniards in Illinois, 13, 232, 324, 325,

332; at St. Louis, 368.
Spanish commandant near Kaskaskia,

292; at Sie. Genevieve, 304.
Spani'-h settlement in Illinois, 341.
.Spanish piastres current in Illinois, 329.
Spencer, A. 'I'., of Chicatjo, with (J. .S.

llulihard established line of steamers

to Lake Superior, 21.
Spencer, I'elej;, raises volunteers for

defence of Danville, 20.
Sprin(; Creek, 1 85.
.Sprinjjlield, III., }}, 60, 160.
.Sprinj;tieM, .Mo., 66.
St. .Vntoine, parish in .Seijjnory of Con-

treccLHir, Co. of V'erchcres, 142, 162.
St. .Vntoine de Richelieu, on Chambly,

extracts from the parish ret;isters of,

142 n, 143 n, 177.
St. Asaph Station, Kentucky, 285.
St. .Aubin, C'laude, St. Clair-(Jo. mili-
tia, 1790, 225.
St. Aubin, Jacijue, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 218, 225.
St. .\ubin, Pierre, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 218.
•St. Clair, Gov. Arthur, 145, 166, 179,

"93. >9S. 196, 197. 208, 213, 214 n,

215, 217.
St. Clair County, 111., 145, 162, 192,

197, 2i4n, 217 n, 245, 272, 273.
St. Clair, James, 217 n.
St. Clair, Jane, wife of VVm., 143, 179.
"St. Clair Papers," 195 n.
St. Clair, Lieut. -Col. \Vm., 145, 179,

206, 208, 209, 217, 219, 220, 228.
St.Cyr, John Mary Ireneus, parish

priest at Kaskaskia, 180.
St. Denis de Richelieu, 143.
>5t. Domingo, 362.
Sie. Gemme, Augustine, wife of Louis

Cyjirien Menard, 148.
Ste. Genevieve, Mo, 148, 2i2n, 247,

264, 268, 269, 274, 284 n, 292 n, 364,

384 n.
.St. Ciermain, Louis, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 217, 227.
St. Girard, Jean Haptiste, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 226.

St. Ilypolite, in diocese of Alls, France,

•43. '77-

St. James' Kpisc'l Church, Chicago, 25.

St. John River, Canada, 143.

St. Joseph, Mich., 105, 2i6n.

St. I.awrence River, 10, 144, 182.

St. Ix)uis, Mo., 13, 100, 114, 148, i68n,
174, 176, 247, 268, 317.

St. Louis River, (Janada, 143.

St. Michel, see Ciree, 142, 143.

St. Michel, dame Marie l''ran(,-Qise
Ciree, 142, 143.

St. .Michel d'Vamaska, Canada, 181.

St. Onge, Jean Haptiste, head of fam-
ily, Kaskaskia, 1783, 201.

Si. Paul, Minn., 271.

St. Philips, village in Illinois, 192, 193,
'94. '97; inhabitants of, in 1783,203.

St. Philippe, Canada, 144.

St. Pierre, Rev. leather, 145.

St. Pierre, l''ran(,'ois Derousse, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 199, 211.

.St. i'ierre, Jerome Derousse, Kaskas-
kia militia, 1790, 210, 221.

.St. Pierre, .Michael Derousse, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 17S3, 200; Kas-
kaskia militia, 1790, 210, 221.

.St. Pierre, Philipe, res. of Kaskaskia,
1790, 210, 213.

St. Ursule, 384 n.

St. Viateur's College, 190.

.St. Vincent, 321, 324, 328, 329, 334.

St. Vrain, 111., 158.

.St. N'rain brothers, Indian agents for
Illinois, 160.

.Stanton, Secretary Kdward M., 265.

.Stanwix, ( len. John, 362.

Starved Rock, III., 19.

State Batik of Illinois, G. S. Hubbard
a director of Chicago branch of, 21 ;
position of Pierre .Menard on (jues-
tion of, 155.

Sterling, (,'apt. Thomas, in command
at Fort Chartres, 420.

Stephens, Alex. II. , senator, 79; vice-
president, 90.

".Stevens, John .Austin, Reply to, " by
I. N. .Xrnold, 45.

Stevenson, Samuel, 312.

Stone, .Samuel, memoir of, by Mrs. W.
Harry, 130 41; born in Chesterfield,
Mass., 1798; died in Chicago, May
4, 1876, 130; married Miss Caroline
Alcott, went to Detroit in 1843, 131;
removed to Milwaukee in 1849, to
Chicago in 1852, 132; ass't secretary
and librarian Chic. Hist. .Soc'y, 1858,
133; account of Chicago fire, 133 7-

Stone, Samuel, of Oxford, Mass., 130.

^"^

■■■P^HI

518

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Strong, Mrs. W. W., 108.

Strolher, Hon. (leo. F., 254.

Stuart, Judge Alexander, 280.

Stuart, John Todd, of Springlield, sup-
ported anti- Nebraska party, 60, 63.

Stuart, Uobert, secretary of American
Fur-Co., extract from letter of, 25.

Suffolk, Kngland, 55 n.

Sugar Creek, III., 20.

Sullivan (Suliphon), John, St. Cloir-Co.
militia, 1790, 215, 224.

Sumner, Charles, senator, 79, 265.

Sunday school, first in Chicago, 106.

Sussex, Kngland, 55 n.

Swift, Capt. Kichard Kellogg, treasurer
Cook-County Hospital, 71.

Sybold, Robert, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215.

Sykcs, J. W., ii6n, I26n.

Switzler's" History of Missouri, "25211,
253 n.

Tabeau, Alexis, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 205; heirs of, 207.

Tabeau, I'ierre Antoine, St. Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 217, 227.

Taconic Range, 75.

Taft, Lorado, of Chicago, sculptor of
I'hilo-Carpenter bust, 129.

Tangue, Catherine, widow, head of
family, I'rairiedu Rocher, 1783, 204.

Tangue, Frani^ois, Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Tangue, Joseph, sr., head of family,
I'rairiedu Rocher, 1783, 204.

Tangue, Joseph, jr., head of family,
I'rairiedu Rocher, 1783, 203; I'rairie
du Rocher militia, 1790, 223.

Tanley, , of Kaskaskia, 439.

Tardiveau, liartholomew, Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 179, 221.

Taumur, Jean liaptiste, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 199.

Taumur, Marie Anne, widow, head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 201, 201 n.

Taylor, Cicn. Zachary, 83, 84.

Taylor, Waller, of Indiana, 241.

Tellier, Amant, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220, 227.

Tellier, Gabriel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 219, 226.

Tellier, Joseph, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 201; militia, 1790,222.

Tennessee, 92, 330.

Terrell, Wm. H. IT., secretary of In-
diana Historical Society, 192.

Texas, 83, 147, 260, 262, 263.

Texier (Tccier), I'ierre, St. Clair-Co,
militia, i7tjo, 216, 226.

Thaumur, Jean liaptiste, jr., Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 221.

Thayer, Kli, of Chicago, 86.

Theel, Levy, Kaskaskia militia, 1790,
221.

Thil>ault, Charles, I'rairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Thibault, Francois, head of family,
I'rairiedu Rocher, 1783, 203.

Thibault, Fran(,'ois, jr., I'rairie du
Rocher militia, 1790, 222.

Thibault, Jean liaptiste, I'rairie du
Rocher militia, 1790, 223.

Thibault (Tibeaux), Jerome, Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 211, 221.

Thomas, Jesse Kurguss, of Kaskaskia,
240, 242, 273, 280, 283 n.

Thomas, Gen. George Henry, 89.

Thompson, Ann, wife of I'hilo Car-
jienter, 108.

Thuillier, Jacques, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 198.

Thuillier, Joseph, Kaskaskia militia,
179c, 221.

Thwaite, Reuben G., 382 n, 383 n, 422.

Tinkham, l'".dward Islay, on first com-
mittee of anti-Nebraska party, 64.

Tol)ins, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215.

T(xld, David, 285.

Todd, Edward, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 214, 224.

Todd, John, jr., mention, 192, 193, 198,
2!2; sketch of, by Fdw. G. Mason,
285-9; Record-Rook of, 289-316;
proclamations of, 301, 303, 305, 306;
I'apers of, 317-57.

Todd, Rev. John, 285.

Todd, Levi, 285, 373.

Todd, Mary Owen, 287.

Todd, Thomas, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 214, 224.

Todd, William, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Todd's Station, Ky., 286.

Toiton, Simon, Prairie du Rocher mili-
tia, 1790, 223.

Tonton, Frant;oise, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 200, 229.

Toombs, Robert, senator, 79.

Tomas, Mark, at Kaskaskia, 1790, 213.

Tomure, Jean Raptiste, .sr., head of
family, Kaskaskia, 1783, 201, 212.

Touchet, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Tourangeau, Michel Godin, of Kaskas-
kia, 145, 162, 165, 294.

INDKX,

519

niililia,

, 193. '98.

Mason,

289 316;

30s. 306;

militia,
3. militia,

1790, 213.
head of
so I, 212.
^o. militia,

Tourangeau, Madame, wid. of Michel

(iodin, res. of Kaskaskin, i7<)o, 212.
'roidouse, l-'rani,'ois Hariitel, Kasknskja

militia, i7i>o, 221.
Toulouse, Henry Itarutel, Kaskiiskia

militia, 1790, 221.
Toulouse, Joseph, head of family, Kas-

kaskia, 17K3, 149.
Toulouse, Noel (Novel), Kaskaskia

militia, I7<x)| 210, 221.
Toulouse, i'ierre llarulel, Kaskaskia

militia, 1790, 210, 221.
Trails across the State in 1820, 185.
Transylvania (Wesi'n Kenliicky), 285.
Transylvania University, 264, 271, 283.
Travis, Col. Wm. II., t)f Texas, 2()0.
Treasury notes, a plan for borrowing;

$33,333' , of, both l)elon!.;ing to this

Stale and to the United States, 298.
Treaty of Paris, 1763, 151.
Tremont, III., 148.
Treniont Mouse, Chicago, 63.
Trentham, , head of family, Kas-

kaskia, 1783, 201.
7';7/'//«c Ollice, Chicago, 118.
Trigg, Col. Stephen, 341.
Trotier, Auguste, St.Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 216, 226.
Trotier, Clement, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 216, 226.
Trotier, KranijOis, head of family, Ca-

hokia, 1783, 205; comm't of District

and member of Court of Cahokia,

'779i 294, 295; heirs of, 207.
Trotier, Kran(,'ois, jr., St. Clair-County

militia, 1790, 216.
Trotier, l'"ran(,ois, son of Louis, .St

Clair-Co. militia, 1790, 216, 226.
Trotier, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia.

i7<)o, 216, 226.
Trotier, Joseph, son of Louis, St. Clair

Co. militia, 1790, 216, 227.
Trotier, Louis, sr., St. Clair-Co. mill

tia, 1790, 205, 207, 216, 226.
Trotier, Louis, jr., St. Clair-Co. militia

1790, 226.
Troy, New York, 55, 103.
Trumbull, (len. M. M., 265.
Trumbull, Judge Lyman, of Chicago,

supported anti-Nebraska (larty, 60, 63
Truteau, Jyte, of Peoria, 177S, 398.
Tureau (Zureau), Rene, St. Clair- Co.

militia, 1790, 217, 227.
Turgeon, l''ran<;ois, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790. 205, 219, 226.
Turgeon, Nijholas, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 216, 227.
Turgeon, Widow Nicholas, head of

family, Cahokia, 1783, 205, 207.

Turney, John, of (iaiena bar, 99.
Tyler, I'resident John, appoints Mark
Skinner L'.-S. district attorney, 57.

Underground railroad, for assistance of
escaped slaves, 1 10.

Union prison on Johnson Island, 26(1.

Unirat iV I'.irre, Slessrs,, 405.

" United -States lliographical Diction-
ary of Lminentand Self-Made .Men,"
102, 138.

Vadbonceur, Louis, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, i7<jo, 220, 228.

Valentine, Dennis, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, i7<)o, 217.

V'alle. ( harU-s, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 2CX), 202.

V'iille, Kran(,'ois, of Kaskaskia, (lartner
with Pierre Menard, 152.

Vanlluren, President Martin, S3, 264.

Vandandaigtie, Pierre, called (Jadbois,
178.

\ anderburgh, Henry, 241.

Vandet, Jean, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 228.

Vasseur, Ambroisele, Prairie du Uoch-
er militia, 1790, 223.

Vasseur, Edward le, 187, igi.

Vasseur, Joseph le, Prairie du Kocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Vasseur, Louis le, Prairie du kocher
militia, 1790, 203, 223.

Vasseur, Nicholas le, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.

Va.sseur, Noel le, sketch of, by Stephen
k. Moore, 181 91; born at St.. Michel
d'Vamaska, Canada, 1799; in Chi-
cago in 1820, 181; entered service of
kocheblave, 1817, and Amer. Fur-
Co., 182; went to Prairie du Cliien,
183; trading in the Iro(iuois with
Hubbard, 186; marries Watseka, 187;
negotiates at Camp Tippecanoe, 18S;
appointed agent for removal of In-
dians, 190; married in 1837; names
of his eight children, 191.

Vasseur, Stanislas le, head of family,
Kaskaskia, 1783, 198.

Vaudreuil, Manpiis de, French gov.-
general of Canada, 361, 374.

Vaudry, Joseph, head of family, Caho-
kia, 1783, 206, 208.

Vaudry, Joseph, jr., St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 227.

■MHM

520

EARLY CHICAGO AND ILLINOIS.

Vaughn, J. C, on first committee of

anti- Nebraska party, 64.

Venault, Joseph, of Peoria, 1778, 398.

Vermilion County, III., 20.

Vermont riots, anti-slavery, 81.

Vicksburg, Miss., 88, 89.

Vigo, Col. Krancis, 144, 236, 241.

Villaret, Fran(;ois, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 218, 225.

Villaret, Louis, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Villiers, Neyon de, 363.

Vincennes, capital of Indiana Territory,
146, 150, 151, 170, 171, 172, 192,
•95. 197. 201 n. 2ion, 231, 241, 271,
273. 279. 283 n, 284 n, 338 n, 389 n,
401 ; petition of certain inhabitants
of, to governor of Northwest Terr'y,
228; University of, 241 ; civil and
military otficers for 1779, 295.

"Vindication of the Character of the
Pilgrim Fathers," by M. Skinner, 74.

Virginia, 81, 87, 93, 192, 193, 197, 201,
276, 285, 286, 293 n, 297 n, 298, 306,
307. 3'8, 319, 321, 322, 352 n, 385n,
389 n.

"Virginia State P.ipers," 320.

Virginian Archives, 389 n.

Viviat, , of Ka-ikaskia, 388.

Vizina, Joseph, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 217, 227.

Voya\'eu>s, two thousand employed by
American Fiir-Company, 11.

Waba, Indian chief, living at Peoria,

adopts G. S. Hubbard, 13.
Wabash Company, claims of, based on

\Vm. Murray's purchases of lands

from Indians, 385.
Wabash Indians, 231, 234, 315.
Wabash Railroad, 385, 401.
Wabash Regiment, 234.
Wabash River, 186, 189.
Wade, Benjamin F., senator, 79.
Wadle, Alexander, St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 225.
Wadle, David, St. Clair-Co. militia,

1790, 224.
Wadle (Waddel), Jesse, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 214, 224.
Wallace, Caleb, 351.
Wallace, George, 241.
Walker, Capt. Augustus, of Steamboat

Enterprise, 104.
Walker, Jesse, Methodist preacher,

107 n, ii2n.
Ward, James, of Chicago, 119.

Ward, Samuel Dexter, treasurer Chi-
cago Historical Society, 73.

Ware, George, St. Clair-Co. militia,.
1790, 224.

Ware, Hardy, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 225.

Warne, David, of liatavia, 111., 113.

Warrant for execution of negro, Johiv
'I'odd to Richard Winston, 302.

Warsaw, Mo., 66.

Washburn, Gen. ('adwallader, 98.

Washburn, Col. Charles C, 87.

Washburne, Llihu Benjamin, memoir
of, by Gen. Geo. W. Smith, 78-98;,
born 181 6; came to Illinois in 1840,
82; took part in Harrison-Tyler cam-
paign, 83; entered congress in 1852,
84; supported Lincoln in i860, 85;
letters from Lincoln, Winfield .Scott,
86, 87; letters from U. S. Grant, 88,
89, 90, 91; letter from Rawlins, 94;
secretary of state, 1869; minister to
France; retired from office in 1877;
"Life of (iov. Coles," by, 97; tribute
to, by W'illiam H. Bradley, 98-iai;
arrived at Galena, 99; partnership
with Chas. S. Hempstead; an active
politician, 100; strong anti -slavery
sentiments, loi; mention, 27, 52, 60,

78, 149-

Washburn family, record of, 79, 80.

Washburn, Israel, father of E. \\. , 79.

Washburn, John, of council of Plym-
outh, 79.

Washburn, Martha, 80.

Washburn .Memorial Library, at Nor-
lands, Maine, 80.

Washington County, Mo., 249, 263.

Wa.shington, D.C., 64, 86, 177, 266.

Wa.shington, Gen. George, 44, 119,
144, 195, 244 n.

Waterloo, 111., 277.

Watseka, Indian girl, of Rock Village,
III., married to G. .S. Hubbard and
afterward to Noel le Vasseur, 187.

Wattape, , widow, head of family.

Cahokia, 1783, 205.

Watts, James, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200.

Wea Indians, allied with the British in
1781, 385 n.

Webster, Daniel, 83, 84, 265.

W'ells, Ileaton, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 201.

Wells, Joseph B., lawyer of (.Jalena,
40, 99.

Wentworth, John, of Chicago, 52, 123.

West Florida, 388, 389 n.

West Indies, 374.

INDEX.

sat

rer Chi-

militia,

<f militia,

L, II3.
;ro, Jona
302.

,98.

, memoir

h, 78-98;-
s in 1840,
"yler cam-
s in 1852,
i860, 85;
leld Scott,
Grant, 88,
iwlins, 94;
ninister to
e in 1877;
97; tribute
;y, 98-101;
lartnership
; an active
nti- slavery
27, 52. 60,

79. 80.
E. H.. 79-
I of riym-

|ry, at Xor-

49> 263.

177, 266.

I, 44. "9.

Lck Village,
li\)bar<l and
kiir, 187.
h of family.

Ily, Kaskas-

le l.rilish in

las-
tly, Kaskas-

of Clalena,
Igo, 52. 123-

West, Isaac, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 215, 224.

IVesiern Ciiizen, edited hy Zebina East-
man, 113.

Western Military Institute, Nashville,
Tenn., 266.

West i'oint, X.V., 103.

Weymouth, Mass., 103.

Wharton, Samuel, of Philadelphia, a
joint owner of land near Kaskaskia;
of Hoynton, Wharton & Morgan, 421,
423, 424, 425, 426, 427, 482.

Wheeler, Hiram, of Chicago, 105.

Wheeling, \'a., 336.

White, l.aton (Leighton), St.Clair-Co.
militia, 1790, 215, 224.

Whiteside, William \'oung, Kaskaskia
militia, 1790, 221.

Wickiiffe, Kobei t, married Mary Owen
Todd, 287.

Wideman, Thoma^, of Kaskaskia, 280.

Widen, Edward, of Kaskaskia, 160.

Wilderness, battle of the, 91, 123.

Wilkie, Franc H., Chicago, journalist,
269 n.

Wiikins, Col. John, Uritish comman-
dant of Illinois country, 364, 382 n,
383 n, 421, 426; orders Court of En-
([uiry at Fort Chartres, 442 85.

Wilkinson, (ieorge, .St. Clair-Co. mili-
tia, 1790, 215, 224.

Wiley, James, head of family, Kaskas-
kia, 1783, 200. •

Will County, 111., 1S5.

Williams, S., author of "Two Historic
Campaigns in 1812," 248n.

Williams, Archibald, of (,)uincy, 111., 60.

Williams, Elizabeth Mjigill, wife of
Mark Skinner, 57.

Williams, James, of Kaskaskia, 289.

Williams, John, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1 7S3, 200.

Williamsburg, Va., 286, 289, 317, 319,
320, 32S, 348, 3S9n, 419.

Willing, James, descends the Ohio and
captures fur-traders, 371, 372.

Wilmot proviso, 83.

Wilson, Henry, senator, 79, 88, 89.

Wilson, Hon. Samuel Montford, 269.

Windsor, X'ermont, 9.

Winn, Thomas, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 220, 227.

Winnebago Indians, 176, 177.

Winnebago war, 1827, 19.

Winona and St. I'eter Railroad, 262.

Winston, Richard, at Kaskaskia, 1775,
200, 289 n, 294, 295, 300, 302, 325,
328, 351 n, 386 n, 418, 465, 468, 470.

Winston, Mrs. Richard, widow, 200.

Wisconsin,«ioo.

"Wisconsin historical .Society's Collec-
tions," 360 n, 361 n, 362 n, 380 n.

Wi.iconsin River, 184.

Wi.se, Henry A., congressman, 265.

WIstill, Martin, taken prisoner by the
.Shawnees, 336.

Witnier, Ceorge, jr., Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Witmer, Nicholas, Prairie du Rocher
militia, 1790, 223.

Wolsey, Cardinal Thomas, 29, 30.

Woods, Charles, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Worley, John, St. Clair-County militia,
1790, 225.

Worley, Joseph, 312.

Worley, Samuel, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 215, 224.

Wright, John, helper in first Sunday-
school in Chicago, 107 n.

Wright, Silas, senator, 265.

Wyeth, Dr. Jacob, of Cambridge,
.\lass., 268.

WykofT, William, head of family, Kas-
kaskia, 1783, 200.

Wynne, Lieut. Lewis, member of Court
of Enquiry, 426, 455, 471, 473, 484.

Xavier, Sergt.
militia, 1790,

rrancj-ois

218.

St. Clair-Co.

Yale College, New Haven, Conn., 56, 77

Yankton, Okobojo & Fort liuford Kail-
road Company, 262.

Yellow-Head, Indian chief, 1S5, 187.

Young, Francois, St. Clair-Co. militia,
1790, 227. '

Young Men's Christian Association,
Chicago, relief department, 72.

Zippe, Peter, at Cahokia in 1783, 206,

208, 215, 224.
Zureau ;'l'ureau), Rene, St. Clair-Co.

militia, 1790, 217, 227.

FEIKIUS PniNTINO OOMPANV, CHICAGO.