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Maps, plates, charts, etc., may be filmed at different reduction ratios. Those too large to be entirely included in one exposure are filmed beginning in the upper left hand corner, left to right and top to bottom, as many frames as required. The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent dtre film6s A des taux de reduction diff6rents. Lorsque le document est trop grand pour dtre reproduit en un seul clich6, il est film6 d partir de I'angle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images nicessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. I 1/ t 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 MANUAL OF TBB GEOGRAPHY AKD MTURAL AND CIVIL psfORY OF ~! \ ■- • ^i* ; PRINCE IWm ISLAND. r^R THE USE RF SCHOOLSi FAMILIES AND EMIRRANTS. BY THE BEV. GEORGE SUTHERLAND, PASTOR OP THE FREE CHURCH, CHARLOTTETOWN, AND MEMBER OF THE BOARD OP EDUCATION. CHARLOTraTOWN : PBIKTED AND PUBLISHED BY JOHN BOSS^ 1861. Prince Eilwavd la'anJ. Uk it rkmkmrkrki). that on this twenty-sixth "» 4. America ; British America, 10 CHAPTER II, Priuce Ed ward Island — Geography, General Features, - 13 Civil Divisions, .-- 15^ 1 . King'i County — General and Particular Description ,10-2*2 2. Queen's County, do., do., do., 22-32 3. Prince County, do., do., do., 32-39 CHAPTER III. Natural History — Climate, ».--40 " Geology, 44: " Botany, 51 « ** Zoology, 6U CHAPTER IV, Civil History, - 77 First Period, from A. D, 1497 •,o 1715, - 78 •• Second Period, " 1715 " 1703, - 82 « Third Period, " 1763 « 1800, - 90 ** Fourth Period, « 1800 " 1851, - 101 ** Fifth Period, " 1851 « 1861, - 131 CHAPTER V. Government, Religion and Trade, 155 Religion,- --'--..., 158 Trade, 160 Revenue, p:xpeniliture, Public Debt, 162 Roads and Diytiinces, -...-- 1C3 pi GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY. V. I~INTRODUCTORY. SECTION l.-THE EARTH, 1. The Earth which wo inhabit is one of seve- ral large planets or globes which revolve round the Sun. It is distant from the Sun 95 millions of miles. It has two motions, one round its own axis, in 24 hours, constituting a clay; the other round the Sun in 365 days, constituting a year. It is at- tended by a Moon, whose diameter is 2,153 miles or little more than one fourth of that of the earth ; and which revolves round the earth at a distance of 237 thousand miles in 29^ days, originating the division of time into months. 2. In Shape, theEartli is rdtund, but flattened, as if by coiiliirossion, at the poles. In Size, it is about 7,912 miles in diameter, and about 24,87G miles in circumference. Hence, its surface will contain about 197 millions of square miles — 51 millions of which are occupied by Land ; the rest, nearly threo-fourths of the whole, by Water. 4 ixfnoDtcToht. I-; I 3. Tho great divisions of tho Land aro Asia, Europe, America, Africa, Australia, and Polynesia. 4. The main divisions of tho UlTater are the Pacific, At- lantic, Indian, Arctic, and Antarctic Oceans. These oceann are all united ; tho names being given to distinct portions of the one great element. '). The Olimate of any section of tho earth is regulated hy its distance from the equator, or that line at which the day and niglit are of equal length throughout the year, and ))y its height above the level of the sea. It is also influenced by tho prevailing winds; and the currents of tho ocean. The region extending 23)^ deg. on each side of the equator is intensely hot, except upon the mountains, and is called the Torrid Zone. The regions extending for tho same distance from the North and South poles are intensely cold, and are called the Frigid Zones. The space between the Frigid and the Torrid Zone is of raodefate warmth, as the sun is never vertical to any part of it, and is nevet removed from it for twenty-four hours at a time — and hence is called the Temperate Zone. 6. The Seasons are the great changes of temperature which pass over any place in the course of the year. In tem- perate regions they are known as Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter. When it is Spring on the North of the equator, it is Autumn on the South ; and when it is Summer on tho one, it is Winter on the other. The apparent cause of tlio^e changes is the seeming approach and departure of the sun. The real cause is the position of any country in respect to the sun's rays, during the annual re olution of the earth. 7* Inhabitants. The human race inhabiting this earth, although originating in one parent stock of the purest type, has become, through the prevalence of ignorance and the practice of vice and the influences of climate, greatly diversified in form, colour, habits and language, and for the most part greatly degenerated. Tiie folir distinct branches of this ono ISTRODUCTORY. 7 ffimily arc — tho Caucasian, of wliitc skin and oval laco— tho Mongolian, of yellow skin and square face — the Malayan, of brown skin and longhair — and the Negro of dark pkin twid pliort, wooly hair. 8. OovernmentSi These various nations arc found in a savage or barbarous — a half civilized — or a fully civilizrd condition. In a barbarous state they are ruled by vhwiti fJectod or hereditary, with or without occasional council.^ cf the head men of the tribe. In a half civilized state tluy uro generally ruled by hereditary despotic monarchs, \vhos<* H(.i(^ will is the supreme law of the nation. Wheti civilized luxl cnliahtened, the government is either a limited monarchy vt a republic. 9. Religions. The Creator early taupht the I nni;ii; family how they should worship Him. They did not like to retain thai knowledge, and soon gave way to infidelity wwd superstition. The consequence is, that at this day (\y,\.v.. 10. The whole population of earth is ostimatrd nt 1,000,000.000. •■*;*'■;-• ■:' x-i^ 8 INTRODUCTORY. SECTION?.- DEFINITIONS, 11. Creography is a description of tlie earth. When limited to a sp-^cial department, it may be called Physical, Political, or Mathematical Geo- i^raphy. 1 2. Ziatitude is the distance of any place north or south of tlio equator. ] 3. iBCngitllde is the distance of any place east or west of a chosen meridian. The meridian chiefly used is that of (ireenwich in England. 14. A Continent is avast division of land included with- in natural boundaries. i 5. An Island is land entirely surrounded by water. 1 .'). A Peninsula is a portion of land almost surrounded b}' water. • 1 7. A Uape is a lai^o headland jutting out into the sea. When smaller and less prominent, it is called a XZcad. When long and narrow, it is called a Point. i., , 18. An Xsthmus is a narrow neck of laud connecting two larger portions. '. 1 !). An Ocean is one of the great divisions of water on the globe. - 20. A G-ulf is a very large portion of salt water almost surrounded by land. ... 21 . A Ssa is a large pai't of the ocean generally between t'.v-) or more countries. 22. A Say is a bend of the sea into the land — when smalbr and narrower it is called a Cove or a Creek. 23. A Channel is a portion of water connecting two Roa-?. A Strait is generally a narroxy channel. 24. A Ziake is a body of water surrounded by land. 25. A River is a large stream of water flowing from tlie 4 INTRODUCTORY. land into the ocean, gttlf, sea, lake or another river. Smaller streams of the same natm-e are called rivulets and brooks. SECTION 3.-THE BRITISH EMPIRE. 26. That portion of the world in which we, as British Americans, are most interested, is tlie Brit- ish Empire. This great empire on which tlie sun never sets, includes Great Britain and Ireland with the small isles on their coasts — the vast terri- tory of British America, stretching from Newfound- land to Vancouver Island — the ancient empire of India from Ceylon to the Himalaya, and from tlic^ Brahmaputra to the Indus — the Island continent of Australia — the three colonies of South Africa — the Islands of Tasmania and New Zealand — and a vast number of smaller dependencies, islands and forts in all parts of the globe, 27. Within these vast domains is found everv variety of 'the human family — every variety of cli- mate and every variety of productions. 28. The Empire is governed by a sovereign, whose authority is limited by the laws and consti- tution — at present of the house of Hanover and of the German name of Guelph — assisted by a Parlia- ment composed of two branches, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The chief colonies are presided over by Governors, as representatives of the sovereign, and also enjoy local Legislatures after the model of the home country. *- v 10 INTRODUCTORY. 20. The fullest liberty of conscience in matters of religion is allowed; hence, within its limits Idola- try in every form is found ; also, Mohammedanism, Judaism, and Christianity. Christianity in the Pro- testant form is the avowed religion of the Empire — the monai'ch being required by the constitution to Hwear at the time of coronation to maintain in all its integrity the Protestant religion. 30. Tlie population of the whole empire cannot be far short of 200,000,000. London, its metropo- lis, is the greatest commercial city in the world. SECTION 4.-AMERiCA. w ■■\ ;U. America was discovereii by Christopher Columbus, in October, 1492. The first land lie saw was an Island of the West Indies, to which the name San Salvador or Holy Saviour was given. 32. It is now generally admitted that the North-eastern ►shores of North America were visited in the 10th and 11th ceuturiea by Danish, and Icelandic navigators. Their knowl- edge of those lands was of little value to Europe. Columbus is therefore justly entitled to the honor of the discovery of America. 33. America was named after Americns Yespucius, a Florentine navigator who visited the New World several times ; and wrote an account of his voyages, in which he main- tained that he was the first who discovered the main land. 34. The Aower Provinces of British America wore discovered by John Cabot, a native of Venice in the service J INTRODUCTORY. 11 of Henry VII of England, in the year 1497. He was greatly assisted by Ms son Sebastian Cabot, born in England, who accompanied him — a skilful navigator and one who in the next year and at diflferent times revisited our Atlantic shores. 35. The O-reat Continent of America consists of two grand divisions, North and South America, united by the Isthmus of Panama. The narrow territory between the two political divisions of North and South America is called Central America. 36. South and Central America are occupied by one Empire, fifteen Republics, and a few foreign states. 37. MTorth America is occupied mainly, and in nearly equal proportions by the two great political divisions of British America and the United States. A part of the ex- treme North West is owned by Russia ; and apart of the ex- treme South West is occupied by Mexico. 3d. America is now inhabited: I. By the remnants of many Indian tribes scattered from Hudson Bay territories to Patagonia. 2. By a mongrel race of Europeans and Indians found chiefly in Mexico, Central and South America. 3. By about 4 millions of negroes, principally slaves, in the Southern States. 4. By the descendants of Spanish and French colo- nists found mainly in South America and Lower Canada. 6. But in the greatest measure, by the descendants of English, Scotch, Irish, and Germans, together with recent emigrants from the British Isles and Western Em'ope, occupying British America and the United States, BRITISH AMERICA. 39. British North America extends from Newfoundland on the Atlantic, tp Vancouver Island on the Pacific coast, upwards of 3,000 milea 12 INTRODUCTORY. ^ hk It from east to west; and from the extreme south of Canada West to the Arctic regions about 1,600 miles from south to north. 40. It embraces the Provinces of Newfoundland, to wliicli is attached the coast of Labrador — Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Canada, Columbia, and the Hudson Bay Territories. ' 41. This Vast Country abounds in all the elements which fit it for the abode of a great and powerful nation. Its climate is agreeable, healthy, and bracing ; its soil for the most part fertile; its mines and minerals of the most valuable quality and inexhaustible ; its coasts are the richest fishing grounds on the face of the globe ; its harbors numerous and safe ; its lakes and rivers unsurpassed for extent and beauty ; its government liberal and progressive ; and its rapidly increas- ing population hardy, enterprising, skilful, and brave. 42. Extent and Population^ It covers an area of 2,900,000 square miles ; and has at present a population of 3,250,000. . jji • ,\4.- '.. ■» ■ 1 • i . PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. II.-GEOGRAPHY. •■I ',■• 1. Situation. Prince Edward Island is situ- ated in the southern portion of that large basin of the gulf of St. Lawrence, which washes the shores of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. It is distant at the nearest points, from Cape Bre- ton 30 miles, from Nova Scotia 15 miles, and from New Brunswick 9 miles. It lies between 45 deg. 57 min. and 47 deg. 3 min. north latitude, and between 62 dug. min. and 64 deg. 26 min. west longitude. 2. ZSsrtent* Its extreme length, from East Point to West Point, is 130 miles. Its greatest breadth is 34 miles. It con- tains 1,365,400 acres or 2,133 square miles. 3. Form. In form it is oblong, with its northern front deeply concave, as if by the action of the waves of the gulf. 4. Boundaries. It is bounded east, north, and west by the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; and south by the Northumberland Strait which separates it from the northern counties of Nova Scotia and the counties of "Westmorland and Kent in New Brunswick. 14 GEOGRAPHY OF J \ 5. General Features. The general appearance of the Island is low-lying and gontly-undulating. There are no mountains or lofty heights. But successive ranges of hills are found in the central districts lying chiefly across the country from north to south with occasional eminencea thrown out in all directions. In the vicinity of East Point and North Cape also, the country is in parts slightly elevated. But a considerable portion of the western end of the Island is remarkably low, with a geological structure somewhat different from the rest. 6. The Nortbem, Bastem, and Southern Shores are much indented by bays, harbors, and arms of the sea. In two places the converging waters approach within a few miles of each other — almost severing the Island into three nearly tKjual parts. 7. Th3 l^estern l"ront is nearly unbroken, having neither bav nor harbor. 8. llie Principal Bays are, on the north side, Holland, Kichmond, GrenviUe, Harris, Covehead, Bedford and St. Peter's ; on the south, Egmont, Bedeque, Hillsborough, Pownal and Orwell ; and on the east side, Cardigan, Boughton, Howe, Rollo, and Colville, 9. The most important BCarbors are, Charlottetown, opening on Hillsborough bay ; Georgetown at the mouth of Brudinell and Montague Rivers, and opening on Cardigan Bay ; and Bedeque, at the head of Bedeque Bay. The harbors on the north side are obstructed by bars of sand which deprive them of much of their value. The best are Porthill in Rich- mond Bay, Cascumpec, and New London on Grenvllle Bay. — Rustico, Tracadie and St. Peter's are less valuable. Orwell, and Pownal on Hillsborough Bay ; and Murray, and Souris on the east coast, are inferior. • -^ ^ • - ^f ^ 10. The Chief Bivers are properly arms of the sea aad are extensions of bays and harbors. They receive the PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 15 fthe J no hills the nces oint ited. and hat contributions of numerous streams of fresh water. Among the most important may here be mentioned, the East and West Rivers, meeting in Charlottotown harbor ; the Ellis opening on Richmond Bay; the Morell, flowing into St. Peter's Bay^ Grand River, opening on Boughton Bay; and Cardigan, Brudinell, and Montague, opening on Cardigan Bay. Others are noticed in the subsecjuent details. 11. The Chief Capes are North Point, Kildare Capc^ Cape Tryon, Cape Turner, East Point, Colville Point, Terras J'oint, Cape Bear, Point Prim, Cape Traverse, Indian Point, Cape Egmont, and West Point. 12. The Chief Islands are Lenno.x and Bunbury in Richmond Bay ; Panmure and Boughton, in Cardigan Bay ; and St. Peter's and Governor, in Hillsborough Bay. 13. Population. The population in 1855 was 71,406 : by the cpnsus of this year it is 80,714. ' CIVIL DIVISIONS. . .'/ 14. The Island is divided into Connties, Districts or Parishes, and Townships or Lots. 15. Each County contains four or five Districts — mci c tlian twenty Townships — and one Royalty. 16. The Counties are three in number, viz : <; Counties, --. The Chief Towns, King's, Georgetown, Queen's, Charlottetowx, Prince. Summerside. IT The Districts or P?%rishes are 14 in number, viz : four in King's, and five in each of the other two counties. They arc as follows : 16 GEOOftAPttY 01-' s ;r In King's, East Parish, St. Patrick's, St. George's, St. Andrew's. In Prince, St. David's, Richmond, Halifax, KcMONT, North Parish. In Queen's, Bedford, St. John's, Charlotte, HiLLSBOROCOII, Grenville. 18. The Townships are sixty-seven; numbered from I to 67. They generally contain 20,000 acres each, some have 1 or 2,000 acres more. Lot 66 has only 6,000 acres. They do not follow the exact order of the Counties, but pass and re- ])ass their borders, having been numbered without respect to the division of Counties. 19. The three Royalties are Georgetown, Charlotte- town, and Princetown. Each was selected and laid out as the most suitable site in the county for a city. "^': "" 20. The district or parish divisions are but little reco^niisod by the people. With them the main divisions are Counties, and Townships more frequently called Lots. 21. The Capital of the Island is Charlottetown, admira- bly situated at the confluence of three rivers, with a southern aspect, and an excellent harbor. Population 6,706. 's% 1. — king's county. 22. Position. This county occupies the east end of the Island ; and its East Point is the near- est part of P. E. Island to Cape Breton. 23. Shape and Boundaries. In form it is triangular— having the county line that separates it from Queen's County as its base, and its north- ern and eastern fronts waslied by the waters of the gulf. lit m PHINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 17 24. ZSztent. Its eastern side, forming llie wliole east end of tlie Island, is 48 miles in length from East Point to the southern extremity of tlie county line ; the north side from tlie same Point to the northern extremity of the county line is 4li miles ; and the base or county line is 34 miles. It contains twenty-one Townships, or Lots, viz., Nos. 88, 39, :.;, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 61, 63, 64, and 66. Lot 64 contains 22,000 acres, but Lot 66 only 6,000 acres. George- town and Royalty contain 4,000 acres. Its area is 643 square miles, or about 412,000 acres. 25. CS-eneral Features. Its eastern shore is much indented by bays, harbors and rivers ; its northern is generally unbroken, the only two large arms of tlie sea being 8t. Peter's Bay, and Savage Harbor. The land is undulating ; hills of greater or less elevation being found in tlie vicinity of all the rivers. The county is everywhere well watered ])y rivers, streams, and brooks. The shore, at the southern angle of the county, is remarkably liigh and precipitous, whence the place has receiv- ed the name of the High Dank. At a short distance from this bank the water is deeper than on any other coast of the Island at the same distance from the shore. . - : - • PARTICULAR DESCRIPTION. 26. C^peSy Heads or Points. The two chief capes are 16 (iEoonAruT of Capo Bear, on the south side of Murray harbor — so called fVom being a resort of bears, — and East Point — so called from being the extreme east end of the Island. East Point ifl in lat. 46 dcg. 27 min. north ; long. 62 deg. west. Ilie inferior Heads or Points are on the east coast, Terras Point, l>e- twoen Murray Harbor and Cardigan Bay*— St Andrew's Point on the south side Of Georgetown Harbor— Cai*digan Point at the north entrance to the same harbor — Bruce, Spry, Howe, Eglington, Rollo, Colville, Swanton, Chepstow, Dean, and Hervey, Points ; and Basin Head. On the North shore, Beaton, Surveyor's, Campbell's, Sylvester, Long, Shipwreck, Short, and Beaver, Points ; and Cable Head. 27. Islands. T\\q Murray Islands — several small Islands in Murray Harbor ; Panmure Island, about two miles in length and one in breadth, on the south side of Cardigan Bay ; and Boughton Island, about two miles in length and half a mile in breadtli^ on the north side of the same bay. . - ., < _ 28. Bays. Cardigan Bay or Three Rivers — a large and safe Bay, the only one rciilly such on the east coast, and easy of access to the shipping when pressed by stress of weather — St Mary's Bay and Sturgeon Bay, smaller portions of the same Bay on the south and west of Panmure Island, and Launch- ing Bay formed from the same on the north side liy Bough- ton Island ; Boughton Bay at the mouth of Grand River- — Howe Bay, Fortune Bay, Rollo Bay, Colville Bay; and on the north side, St Peter*s Bay. This fine sheet of water, although receiving several rivers, is comparatively u>seless for shipping on account of the sand bar across its entrance, on which tiiere is only, at the lowest tides, one fathom of water. 29. Barbors. Murray Harbor — inferior by reason of its narrow and difficult entrance around which there are dan- gerous shoals.— Georgetown Harbor the best in the county, if not the best on the Island, and the last to close in winter. It is flftdd by nature, and by it5 viciriity to the Strait of rnnicis EDWAiit) island. 19 Canso, to be a great commercial port. Grand River and Sourt', althongli not properly Jiarbora, arc important shipping' places. Little Harbor to the north of Souria is of no value and Savage Ilarlwr is a mero bay, wholly unfitted for trad[ontague, the Morell, and Grand River. The upper stream of the first is in Queen's County ; its estuary is well adapted for trade. Tlie Morell is wholly within the county. Its maui branch issues from Pisquid Lake. It flows into St. Peter's Bay. Grand River is properly a large inland cxt«nsio of Boughton Bay. Its head waters are picturesque anu attractive. It has plenty of water, but the entrance is nai - rowed by sandbars on both sides of the channel. ^Murray River, called after an early settler of that name, is a narrowed extension of Murray Harbor. It has creeks and inlets o- the same nature on cither side. Bnidinell, Cardigan, Fortune, and Souris partake of the same character. Midgell, ]\[aric, Sturgeon, and Brown's Creek are on- a smaller scale, though similar in formation ; and are properly brooks. 32. Such a variety of waters, inner and outer, within so limited a space, is a peculiarity of the Island, and contributes much to its de\*eIopmciit, trade, and attractive aspect. so 4 GF.or.RAPiiY or TOWN', VrLLAGK.-?, AND SKTlLKMENTfl. :^:]. Tlio only town is O-eorgetOWn, the capi- tal of tlic county, plciL-santly situated on the south fi'ont of a point of laud between the estuaries of the Cardigan and Brudincll rivers. It is well laid out, Avith broad streets crossing each other at right angles, and with an extensive Square and Cowimon. Its progress is steady ])ut slow ; enterprise and capital might in a few years elevate it into an im- l)ortant city. The harbor is excellent, and frequent- ly remains open till the middle of January. Dis- tance from Charlottetown, thirty miles. Population inoluding the Royalty, 831. ^ :U. There are two villages, Souris ^M Mon- tague. Souris is situated on the n6rth side of Souris harbor or Colvillc Bavr The trade is con- sidcrable, as it is the chief placople hav« ♦kvoted themselves exclusively to farming, and the result of undivided attention is Bucce:?^. Industry, thrift, and comfort are manifest everywhere. 39. Bast Point. At an early period Bomci settlers were found in this region. Their progroL^a was at lirst slow ; but latterly that northern extremity of the county has been well ©4?capied by a hard-working and well-doing population. The great miw^s of the settlers .ire of Highland descent, among whofti the Gaelic is still spoken. '*.. : . . '■■^■ 40. Brown's Creek. This large settlement was I'^contly f*)rmed by immigrants from the Isle of Skyc. Poor, unac- ^oaintcd with the clearing of the forest,aud many of them past iitQ prime of life, tbclr dlffi^altios at first weie great. . 'ihty 1. n 22 OEOORArnT 0^ S have begun w surmount these ; and every year k accoleratio; their prosperity. 41. Dnndas. This recent settlement, bearing the name of our respected Governor, occupies a fertile and beautiful tract of country around the head waters of Grand River. Tho majority of the people are Highlanders. 13eginuing in the hard-wood forest a few years ago, they have now by hard in- dustry many valuable farms. Recently the Township embracing the greater part of the district, has been purchased by govern- ment, and is now being rapidly occupied by enterprising set- Icrs. A village ought to be laid out on Grand River, and its lots built up, as the locality is admirably adapted for trade, and might soon become a thriving town; 42. On the Cardigan, and Bal4wilt roads,and in other sections, arc settlements presenting the appearance of more or leas thrift,according to the sobriety and industry of the inhabi- tants. The county is generally fertile, well wooded and watered ; but it requires skilful cultivation, and constant restoration by manure. , . -, . 43. The rear sections of several Lots are still unocct^ed, and heavily covered with timber. 44. The population of the whole county is 19,80^. 2. -QUEEN^s cot^srrt. 45. Position. This county occupies the aea- tre of the Island,having King's County on the east, ^nd Prince County on the w€st. Within it, in the settlement of WoodvUle,is the extreme south of tb« Island, in lat. 45 deg. 57 min., and the nearest part to Nova Scotia,being distant from Cariboo in Nova S(M)tia, about 15 miles; '■•...«■ JtjIiig^^timlaMm^..-. miKCE EDWAttD tSLAND. 2n accoleratio* the name of lutiful tract River. Tho niiifi- in the l)y hard m- ) embraciii": hy govern^ prising set- River, aod d for trade, nd in other of more or the inhabi- ooded and I constant aocctrpied, yn. the eo*- the c«3t, t, in thig h of the est part in Nova 46. Shape, and Boundaries. In loim it approaches a rhomboid. It is bounded on the north by the Gulf ; on the south by the Strait of North- umberland ; on the east by King's County line ; and on the west by Prince County line. 47. Extent. Its northern front is 38 miles in length ; its southern front is 44 miles. Its breadth on tho Western boimdary, 25 miles ; and on ih(t fiastel'n, 34 miles. 48. Townships or Lots. This county con- tains twenty-three Townships or Lots, viz., No«, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 49, 50, 57, 58, 60, 62, 65, and 67. These Town- i^hipa are not all of equal extent. Nos. 20, 24, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 50, 57, 58, 60 and 62, contain each 20,000 acres. Nos. 21, 22, 23, 31 and 65, contain each 21,000 acres. No. 49, confuins 22,000 ; No. 48, 23,000 acres ; and No. 67, ^28,580. Charlbttetown and Ro^^alty occupy 7,300 acres; a.nd a reserved Fort Lot at the entrance of Char- lottetown harbor,520 acres. Total number of acre:-? i^ the county, 486,400 ; or 760 square miles. 49. General Features. Its north coast »s de-eply penetrated in several places V)y arms of the isea. The most striking feature,on the south coast, is Hillsborough Bay — a vast sheet of water with an entrance ten miles in width. Point Prim, forming the eastern boundary of this Bay, is a singularly long and narrow projection of land, throwmg ite J ti 6E0aBAPHT 09 wlcnder blade fjir out into the Strait. Two larger iulaTid arms of the sea,known as the East and Went Rivers, meet in Charlottetown Harbor. The East Hivcr runs so liir inhxud as to approach, at one place, within about two miles of the head waters of a bav on the north coast, and crosses the county line dividing the county into two unequal parts. The tacc of the county is more diversified by hill and i«:scihi*tiox. ' '. ' Ml Capes, Heads, or S^ointS. The chief capes on the south coast ar(?, Point Vnm ; lut. 46 d mill., on the east of Jlillsborono-h Bay ; and Ricf I'oint, th« west md of St. Peter's M&nCi, on the west skh of the 8am« Imy. On the north coa.st tlic mont prominent Capes nre, FRINCE EDWAKD ISLAND. •^5 ?. o largdf id Wej*t he Eant e place, >f a bav ty line The ill and The e north liorth succes- iiver if* a Hill, Char- illsbor- to tho everv- res of ? been much ona. C'apc Tryon, on the west of Xew London Harbor, and Ciytv l\irner, on tho west of Rustico Harbor, The inferior capo: or haadlanda are, on the south coast, Brokelby's Head, be- tween Sable River and Westmorland Harbor; Black Point, to the west of Sable River; Trout Point, on the east side of tli« entrance to Oharlottetown Harbor; Squaw Poi«t,Crown Point, and Gallaa Point on the north nida of Hillsborough Bay; Pond's Point, on the east of Pinnette River; and NiciioIaH Point, to the east of Flat River. On the north coast, Orby Head,east of CapeTttrnor;Brackley Point, between Harris Buy und Covehead Bay; and Point De RocIk?, near Savage Harbor. ol. Islands. There are only five small Islands in connec- tion with this county — two in Hillsborough Bay; one in Ihw- ris Bay, on the north coast ; and twoatthe extreme south. — 8t. Peter's Island, on the west side of Hillsborougli Bay, i« about a mile and a half long, and half a mile wide. At low tide the Island may be visited on foot. It is chiefly valuable as a fishing station. Governor Island is in the centre of tb«^ bay, and is less than a mile in length, or about two miles in circumference. Rustico Island forms a part of the bcacJi O)* bar across the greater part of the mouth of Harris Bay. Wood Islands, at the southern extremity of the county, are now two baiTcn rockis one of which is partially occupied They were evidently at one time heavily "wooded, frcnj which tkey obtained their name. At a short distacc*; to the west of these Islands, and a mile and a half from tbu «hor«, are two dangerous rocks, bare at low water, called the. Indian rocks. Several vessels have been cast away upon tht-m. 52. Says. 'J'he great bay of the county, opening on the 8trait, is Hillsborough. It is 10 miles in breadth from Point Prim to the entrance of Charlottetown harbor, and the Bauie distance in extent inland, from St. Peter's Island to Gallas Point. The average depth of water is about 3)4 fathoms at low water. Tliere ie u channel through it, dightly curved, IK i>« OEOGRATUY OF Ifadiiiji*' to C'hailottetown Harbor, half a mile in breadth, and v'ith an avera^ depth of 7 fathoms at low water. The cliannc'l is marked by buoys. Orwell Bay, Townal Bay, and Squaw Bay, are smaller portions of the same Bay. On tho north coaat, are Bedford, Covehead,IIarris, and Grenville Bay. 'I'hoy are all beautiful sheets of water, varying from three to Mix miles' in breadth ; but across the mouth of each the Btorai^ oi the sulf have thrown up a strong beach, through which u jnis-sage is forced by the outgoing waters, in breadth and depth^ in proportion to tho strength of the current. ' TkI. SSarbors. The most impoi-tant harbor, in all res- pects, is Charlottetown, formed by the confluence of the ]']ast, West, and North rivers. It is safe and commodioits. fts entrance has 11 fathoms of water even at low tide. In front of the city the largest ship in the British navy might swing at anchor, as there is a depth of between 7 and 9 fathoms, 'f liere is a powerful current during the ebbing and flowing of the tides, which greatly facilitates the entrance and departure of ships. Orwell, at the head of Orwell Bay, and at the juhclion of the Orwell and Veriron rivers, is- a small but valu- able harbor well adapted for the export of produce of all kinds. Westmorland Harbor, or Crapaud, is at the west- ern boundary. Its sliallow water renders it inferior, but the view of the surrounding country, under the mild beams of summer, is charming. An attempt has been made to form u h irbor under the shelter of the Wood Islands. The nam© V'ictoria Harbor has been given to it. Could it be accom- l>li^lied, it would be of great service. It would i*eqmre, how- ever, a much greater expenditure than is at present ih the power of the inhabitants. — On the north coast, th« moat valuable hai-bor is New London Harbor. Next in order, is Rustico. Then follows, lYacadie. The enterprisif of the Inhabitants in the first two of these harbors is high'j . cre^ltti^jle. ; . ■..• -.i. , ' ^ .^ v • . - ^ FRIKCE EDWARD ISLAKD. 8T Ja ^, ..!■'<■••■ ' 58. The only city is Charlotte toWll,tlio capi- tal of the Island in lat. 46 deg. 14 min. and long. 63 deg. 10 min. 22 sec. It is built on tho north side of the East River near its junction with the North and West Rivers. It is regularly and ex- tensively laid out, on a gently rising ground, look- ing towards the south. Its streets cross each other at right angles — the main streets, six in number, aro 100 feet wide, running north and south ; the others, nine in number, lying east and west, vary from 60 ft. to 30 ft. in width. There are four public squares. Of these the chief is Queen^s Square,near the centre of the city. On it are built the Colonial Building a handsome stone structure, an ornament to tho city, and an honor to the Island ; the Market House, and the Post Office and Police Court. On a point of land to the west of the city, and com- manding a fine view of the harbor, stands Govern- ment House, the residence of the Lieutenant Gov- ernor. The earlier and smaller houses are gradu- ally giving place to larger and finer buildings ; and vacant lots are yearly built up. The streets hav« recently been plaftted with tree8,native and import- I riv| PftlMCB BD WULD ISLAKD. %9 Iio capi- in. and on tho on with and ex- I, look- i other )er, aro othcrsiy 1 60 ft. [uares. centre ildingf :o tho [arket K On com- •veru- Gov- radn- ; and havo port- ed, which when grown up will add mnch to the pre pent cheerful and healthy appearance of the city. There aro many comfortable, if not elegant, residen- ces in and around the «ity. Charlottctown was in- corporated in 1855. The population in 1848 waa 4,000 ; in 1855, 6,513 ; it is now 6,706. Its present considerable trade is annually increasing. ' 59. Villages. On the south bank of the East River and opposite the city of Charlottctown rises tlie village of Southport. It consists at present of one long, winding street, containing several neat build- ings and stores. It is rapidly increasing ; and from its fine situation may some day become an extensive ti)wn. Near the head of Pownal Bav, and on its north aide, stands the small rural village of Pownal . The houses are vet but few ; but the local itv is most pleasing, and it is hoped that its inhabitants may yet increase ten-fold. At Wheatley River,New Glas^- gow. Mount Stewart, and Belfast, exist the nuclei of four villages, which ought to be dilligenily fof<- tered by the enterprise of the surrounding country. 60. Settlements. The French were tlie first settlert*. They spread themselves along the bankvS of rivers, and on warm and sheltered coves and creeks, where low-lying mar&li lands offered food for their cattle, with the- least trouble in elcaring the land. On entering the fine harbor of Charlottc- town, the lively strangers expressed their gratification by nam- ing it, Port la Joie. The names " French Fort " on the East Eivor ; and " Pinnette" and " French River" on the south ot Point Prim, etill reveal tho race of early occupants. C^ 30 OKOGBATifT Ot i^.i iovoral settlements in thia county, one remains in the haods of their descendants, till the present day. It is, ' ' « 61. Rnstico. This place was occupied by them as a ftjihing settlement, in the early part of the 18th century. 'Vho north shore then teemed with fish, and here was one of the best harbors it contained. After the Island came into the possession of the British, many causes contributed to re- tanj the progi'ess of the gettlement. The people are quiet and inoffensive. Tlic diffusion of information, and th« ii^wakening of enterprise would facilitate improvements. 62. Covehead.is one of the oldest British settlements — It was begun in 1770. The Lawsons, Millars, and Iligginses were among the first to settle around the bay. Steady in- dustry has been attendixl with its usual reward. The people are, in general, in very comfortable circumstances. 8tanbope, in tho vicinity, wears in summer a charming appearance- It was onc2 a place of lavorite resort. - ' ' 63. Traeadie was settled about the same time as C^ve^ bead. The settlers were Highlanders from the north-west of Scotland. During the first years, their privations were many. Tiiacie and industry surmounted these in great measure, and now their descendants possess many valuable farms. 64. Belfast. This name is applied to a large section of the county, extending from Orwell to Flat River. Attempts were made to settle it in 1775, but failed through neglect. 'i'he place was deserted. In 1803, the Earl of Selkirk brought aver a large body of immigrants from the Highlands of Scot- land. Others followed, until it has become one of the most populous districts in the Island. It is, in many respecti , a very valuable district. The inhabittmts are, in general, intelligent imd comfortable. ^^-^^ ri« t-,^ ; i* . ^' ' ^. IXToodville. This settlement joins Bclfi»t on tb« Aouih, abd extends from Fls^t Eiver to t^e county hne. It is ii 'BIXCC ELWABD ISLAliD. 31 in general low-lying and sandy. The climate is .ne mildt'st on the Island, much less Hnow lodging there than in localiti«9 fcir- t her north. A great part of it was ' >ncc covered with very large jMnc timber, which was over-run by a great fire, and hence iht the name of " Burnt Woods " was, at an early period, givf n to it. Its present designation has reference to its ancient pin« tbrest. Some settlers were located on it about the same iim« with Belfiist. The majority arc immigrants of a much kt*>r date. The progress of the settlement has been slow, but stextdy. U6. ZOTew London. At an early period individuals wcz*® located on this and the adjoining township. Many years later they received a large accession of Scotch immigrants. Th« sw}ttlemcnt around the bay is now one of the most iutolligcnt, enterprising, and prosperous on the Island. 67. Crapandp Many farm^ in this locality present a mryi pleasing appearance. Skill has been employed in the cultiva- tion of the soil, and neatness and comfort are the result, 68. mConasrhan. This section is on the south side ofih»j Kast River in Township 36. It is a recent settlement. The settlers arc from Ireland. Their industry and diligence hav« been marked by great progress ; and their thrift is highly com- mendable. 69. Strathalb3rn. This is also a recent settlement, loca- ted chiefly in Lot 67. The inhabitants are mainly from th« Isle of Skye. Unaccustomed to the clearing of the forest, and Umitod in resources, their difficulties and privations at irsrt, wero severe. They are now yearly improving, and in th« course of time this large settlement of Highlanders will not be W-'hiikUbeir neighbors. ••• 70. Many othor settlement*! lie scattered through the county, «acli having its own peculiaritios. The most prominent hav9 been selected. It will be invariably foimd,that where the peo- ple bave attended to their iarn», pracUscil patient indoetry. ' p I ■ : t !l I t i H s» ORoaiiAPiiv or 'J i^talned from stronir drink, and livod at pcaco with tbcMr ncighborn, tilt y hare boi'D crowned with proKperity. 71. The population of the whole county, oa ascertained kj thii ycar'B cenaus, ia 3P,514. 3. — PRIKCE COUNTY. I ■'.. I . I i 'fm'-\ I 12. Position. This county occupies the west- eru end of the Island. It is the nearest part of Prince Edward Island to the American continent, being only 9 miles from the Province 6f New Bruns- wick. Within it, is the most northern part of tb« Island, its North Point being in lat. 47 deg. 3 min. 73. Shape. In shape,it is most irregular. One point stretches far north, while two large promon- tories are thrown out towards the w\>::t ; and eon- verging bays, in two places, almost sever it into three parts. > • 74. Boundaries. It is bounded, on the north and west,by the gulf of St. Lawrence ; south, by the 8trait of Northumberland; and east, by Queen's Countv. 75. Eztent. It measures, from the North Point to the northern end of the county line separating it from Queen's County ,44 miles ; and from the West Point to the south end of the same line, 52 mile?. The west end, from West Point to North Point, is 26 miles ; and the eastern boundtr/ is 25 miles. 76. Townships or Xots. Prince County contains ticentij three Townships or Lots,viz.,NoB. 1, PUXNCB EDWABD ISLAKD 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, !!• 19, 25, 26, 27, and 28. These all contain aO,0(Kj acres each, except No. 1, which contains 23,000 ncrcs. Princetown and Royalty contain 4,000 Rcrey. Total number of acres in the county 467,- 000 ; or about 730 square milci^. 77. General Features. No part of the Island is more widely invaded by the sea tlian Prince County. Holland Bay, and Egmont Bay,tbe one on the north and the other on the Bouth, ap- proach within three miles of each other. In like manner, Richmond Bay, and Bedcque Bay approach within the same distance of each other. The wholo western shore, of ?6 miles, is unbroken save by a few small inlets or ponds. As a whole, Princ4j County is much less elevated above the sea, than either Queen's County or King's County. From Holland Bay to Bedcque Bay much of the county is low, level, and marshy. Portions of the north promontory, western shore, and west side of Rich- mond Bav, are more elevated. The eastern border i-< undulating, if not hilly. Many parts of tL€ southern shore are swaraj)y; w^hile one-half of tl>e north coast is distinguished l)y long links of saiKi banks thrown up by the action of the gulf, at an Mverage distance of half a mile from the shore, ex- (;ept where they cross the entrance of the bavf?. Jn pleasing scenery, it is not inferior to any other part of the Island, I 84 OKOORATtXT 0¥ PABTICCLAU DKSOttXPTIOX. 78. Oapes, Beads, or Vointi. On the soath shorn, the moHt prominent capes arc, Cape Traverse, from which tho mails croSvS to the mainland durini^the months of winter : 8alatiition Point, and Graham Head, on the east side of Bixloque Bay; Indian Point, in Bedequc Harbor; Cape Kpmont ; and West Point in hit. 46 deg. 37 min., and lon^^. Hi dojr. 26 min. The inferior capes on the same nide tir«», Pniirs Bluff, Birch Point, 'J'ryon Head, Cumberland. Hich- iii\l, Provost, Arahei'st, Carleton, Gordon, Bo(juet, Fiftewi Point, Ked Head, Knmore Head and Baptist Point. ^9. On the north coast, the capes are. Cape Aylesbru-y. Cfl|)e Kildare, and North Point. On the same side, and within the})ays, are the following Points, viz : Beech, Taylor, Mill:?, Bentick, Charles, Red, Low, Oyster, Lot 12, andllocJ^y Point, within Bichmond B&y ; tnd J lardy 's Poiht, and Ca»- Cam^xM? Point, withiti FtoUand Bay. Oh the west coast, Oafi^ Wolf, (JapeGng-c, C'arey Point, Heal Point, and Jlorse He^. 80. XslandSk In Bedeqile Harbor, Indian Island ; in liloTOont Bay, Bra* Isle, a sand-bank; in Richmond Bay, I^ennox, George, Bird, Bunbury, Grover, IJttio Bunbnry, a I''lsh Island ; In Holland Bay, Savage Island, and in Coscnm- pec River, Pitt Island. Bl. Bays. There are four great bays, viz., Kg-moui, Richmond, Cedcqne, and ITollahd. Richmond Bay — a vaFl. pheet of water, in length 10 miles, and at greatest width an equal distance — is in all respects the most important. 8evrti MH(jj' Bay is a small bay to the east of Bedeciue Bay. 82. Harbors. The harbors of this county arc lew. Bedeque Harbor is the only harbor on the south coast. Although the channel is crooked, tJiere is sufficient water for the krgeRt trading refuels. It is much oxpOied during '■•r it. t>niKOii EDWARD UUiND. 86 w, Muddy, Robb's, and Dog Creek. 86. Creeks, misnanKHl HiverSi ShiiYard, Indian, P)at. South West, (jOoso, Quagmire, Trout on Ellis River, (>pKs, Bmelt, Conway, Canadian, Raphael, Portage, George, Mary^ OysttJr, and Huntly. Pierre JncJiues, and little Pic»rr« Jacques, Brae, Enmora, Freshwater, Ox, Shaep, Jacques, and Huldimand. Such misnomers can only croato deception find confusion, and ought to be corrected. n, j ./•i^ . fL, 1. * 87. lUvers. The chief rivers are Ellis, opening on Ilifeh- iQOi^id Ba^ ; Dunk, flowing into Bedeque Harbor ; P^i^iarval, eSOC'RAPBT OF 4 ,1 , ■ ^ '! I #i|)eninn^ on Egmont Bay ; Foxley and Caacuinpec, flowrof mto Holland Bay ; Kildare, fiiiding ita way through Oaflciim* pec Harbor ; Trout and Gf^odwood, uniting in Port Hill Har- bor ; and Tryon. Ellis, u a noblo-looking river, and is naviga^ bio for five miles. Foxley, and Gascumpec are also navigabb lor a few miles. '•'}'•' p,' TOWN, VILLAOKS, AND BETTLBMEXT3. S<4witj[f- 88. Town. The only town is Summerside^ pleasantly situated on the north side of Bedequt Harbor. It is rapidly extending ; and being the chief port of trade between the west end of the Island and the Province of New Brunswick, it must l)ecome, before many years, a place of much import- ance. It is distant from Shediac, in New Bruns- >trick, 35 miles. As that harbor is connected with 8t. John by railroad, and with Summerside by j^teamboat, the communication between St. Jolrn »nd Summerside is direct, speedy, and easy, and must greatly stimulate commercial intercourse. The channel, in which there are four fathoms of crater at low tide, is some distance from the shore, uccessitating, as at Gharlottetown, the erection of very long wharves. Shipbuilding is prosecuted with considerable energy : and its general trade h annually increasing. . : ....... .v^. ,?.. ? 89. Villages. There are two small villages, S-t. Eleanors and Cascumpec. St. Eleanors w situated in the centre df the neck of land between Ri<*h.mond Bay on one side, and Bedequo Bay on 111 PRINCE ELWABD ISLAND. 37 *the other. It is two miles north of Summcrside, fviid forty miles distant from Charlottetown. Its nearness to Summcrside interferes with its growth; hut the locality is very attractive as a place of resi- dence. 90. Cascmnpec is a small village, on the west side of the harbor of the same name. Its few inhabitants show commendable energy, and a con- siderable trade, chiefly in the fishing business, is carried on. It is eighty miles distant from Char- lotte town. The American vessels in the gulf, fre- quently resort to it, in stress of weather, or for fresh provisions. Surrounded by a beautiful and fertile country, it ought to increase rapidly; and its position fits it for becoming the seat, of an ex- tensive, and valuable fishery. ^ ,^ ^ ^,^ ^.,, 91. ttettlements. In this, as ia the other counties, geveral low, secluded, and sunny spot8,were early occupied by the French, anterior to the transfer of the Island to the British crown. One of these localities was Sryon. Its har- bofjfitted for fishing vessels, and its low, marshy kinds afford- ing food for cattle, favored its selection. The proprietor, into whose hands it fell, when the gi'ants of land were be- stowed, early settled it. Its improvement was rapid ; and it *oon became, and has continued to be, one of the most popu- lous, interesting, and valuable districts on the Island. 92. AiclllllOIld Say. llie shores of this extensive I>aT are settled by an industrious, and tiiriving population. As wight be expected, the southern and eastern ahorca wer^ first oebupied. As early as 1773, a considerable number of Scotch immigrants and Acaclians wore located in the«e sections.. Xhc B r J ;i 83 OEOOBJL^lfr 0^ m 1 i i weatern side was taken up, at a later period. American loyal- ists, were among its first inhabitants^ A drive round \hQ Bay, from Princetown to Port Hill, in the bloom of summer, will present many charming scenes. Numerous well-culti- tated farms, and comfortable houses lie scattered along the Bay. Princetown and Royalty have never been bfiilt np ; the plcmgbsfaar^ still turns up the sod, where it was intended the busy thoroughfare should be. There is no present pros- |yect of the original intention being realized, although the position 13 not without its natural advantages. 93. Sedeqne. Many valuable farms are embraced in this district. The settlement was begun in 1785. The first fami- lies were American loyalists, and the fruits of their industry and energy still survive, a ^ f.v i ; • : • j/ ^o. .94. French Settlements. Tlie chief of these sett'e- fflents are,Miscouche, Cape Egmont, Holland Bay,and Tignish. They may be described together, as they present many pointB in common. They are all old settlements. Tlie nationality of the people has kept them together, until their farms are sub-divided into small portions, and their dwellings are nu- morons and dose together. Few arc skilful farmers. Many prefer to obtain a living by fishing rather than farming. They tire simple and inoffensive^, in their manners ;' quiet, and uo- 6omplairiing, arid easily satisfied. The peculiarities of their focQ ard not yet extinct ; and undent* generous treatment, and stip^dor tfainirig, thd national enterprise and energy, polite* ness dud refinement, would gradually be restored. These set* lemerits ar^ all populous ; and contain the great majority Yf the French Acadiaris on tlie Island. 95. Casenrnpeci This district v^as at one time ihi scene of considerable activity, in the export of lumber, lljfi soon failed ; and the fishery, in ii^hich the people principally^; engaged, proving often precarious, the settlement has been materially retarded. Latterly it has much improved, ir^ riffifiM 1 nUKCE EDWARD ISLAND. 30 i[f! when the fine ti-act of country between the villajre and ICildare River ha8 been brought under cultivation,it will not be inferior to many, on which much greater pains have been bestowed. 96. The TXTestem doast has a scattered population of Hcotch, English, French, and Irish, Wherever the farm hiis been perscvcringly and diligently cultivated, without th« lime being distracted with fishing, sustenance and comfort are not wanting. u . t ^ i' '* ' > .'' ' i > 91. A great part of the central districts west of YAMa River, is yet covered by the forest. Wide sections of two, or mor« townships, between Richmond Bay and Holland Bay, are bar- ren wastes, incapable of cultivation. 98. On the banks of streams, and wherever the land is hi«h, the prevailing character of the soil returns ; it is fertile, and if unoccupied, covered with forest. • > #s ^ - x. « r 99. Ziennoz Island, in Richmond Bay, is the chief resort of the Micmac Indians, who still survive on the Island. Their number in that quarter is less than 150. 100. The population of the whole county, according to thiH year's census, ts 21,397* M . i > ' tl :i\-^u.-'i ,^^ ;;■".'? ^>:^':^.^ ir*! 'J'^t .« (-=■•■ 'i . > .;■ ' M ■• t>*ai»'>J5 •;• '^f-^.'i''^ Kr.l 1^.1 I ft' • . :> ? .- ,tr,'' '.fd' •'■•«-7 ?■ .4 V A III.-KATIIRAL HISTORY- Xfatural History is a subject of the deep- (•-it interest. An accurate knowledge of it reveals 11 Hi wonderful works of God, in all their variety^ 'And suggests to nian,the means by which his safety, pi'o^perity, and comfort, may be greatly promoted. All, and especially the young, should be made ae- quo in tod with the most important facts in the Natural History of their own Country. « -•??n'. I.— CLIMATE. 1 . Climate Is the prevailing tempemture of the air in any particular region or country. 2. It is regulated by the distance of the place rroiii the equator-— 1>y its elevation above the level oC tlie sea — -by its nearness to the ocean — and by the prevailing winds which sweep over it. H. Vrince Edward Island is situated in the centre of the Temperate Zone ; and hence itv*=? el innate is moderate, being neither extremely hot, nor extremely cold. It is also influenced, in a rniNCE EDWAUD ISLANr n <(veater or less dec^rce, bv the other coudit'njns which regulate climate, 4. The variations of temperature, from the oolde-t day ill winter, to tlie hottest day in summer, are \ery considerable, though not in general, so groat as in the adjoining Provinces. But even here, i*s in those Provinces, the thermometer may fall fcvc- ral degrees lower in winter, and rise several NAtUBAL HISTO^r OF M \l i 'l\ ocplibly, although the weather is still cold. Heavy anow atorms often occur in this month. Towards tho close of th» month high winds prevail — at noon, in clear days, the enow rapidly melts — the nights are often clear,the atmosphere pure, and the stars peculiarly brilliant. The vast fields of [ice that have surrounded the Island for two or three months, break up, are blown off, and disappear. The lowering sky of win- ter gives place to an elevated canopy, and all nature listens with quickened pulse to the first notes of the returning Hpring. The mean temperature of the quarter, varies yearly, and ranges from 20 to 22 deg, 7. Second Quarter. In April, the snow disappears ra- pidly, and the ice breaks up. The moistened atmosphere is however cold, and the cast winds are chilling. In a favorable Hcason, after the middle of the month, farming operations are resumed — tho soil is prepared, and sometimes sown. The temperature of 3fat/, depends chiefly upon the prevailing winds. If from the west, or south-west, the weather will bo warm, and comparatively dry— it from the east, cold and wet. The work of the farm and the garden is pushed forward, and the shores aiid wharves assume a cheerful appearance. Junti i>ring3 decided warmth and power. Tho fields are covered v.ith grass,and the trees send forth their leaves and blossoms. This is the calmest month -in the year. Nature requires it. Sometimes a strong current from the north leaves frost in its train, and kills the blossoms. The mean temperature in this quarter ranges from 48 to 50 deg. "* -t • . ? 8. Third Quarter. Jufy is the hottest month, aiie thermometer ranges in clear days, from eighty to ninety deg. Vet on this Island, a few hours of north wind, even at thii4 period, will bring the cold atmosphere of the Gulf over th« land, and cool the temperature. The beauties of nature are de- veloped ; and the first ripe berries begin to appear. In favora- ble seasons, the delicious strawbetry ripeos ia the last week of nUHCB KDWABD ISLAXD. 43 June. Haj-makjig begins. Augustmarka a slight decline in the temperature. The early fruits ripen. Hay-making is com- pleted. September is the harvest month. The weather is generally delightful for the first three weeks. The last week or ten days seldom pass over, without violent storms of wind, often attended by heavy rain. The mean temperature of these months is sometimes searcely 60 deg., In other years about «2deg. - * . . ' 9. Jbast Quarter. la Oniobtri the ««ib^er becomes cool, and the nights frosty. The leaves chai^ge thdr color, and begin to fall. Plums and apples ripen. Potatoes and tar- nips are gathered in. jRain may be looked mm djifijig the last ^tnight. When the weather is dry, thm uumih ia well adapted for out-door work, or travelling. November is ofteo as agreeable as October. If heavy rains have fallen in October, the weather in November may be very pleasant. The nights arc colder, and a thin covering of ice is seen on the pools in the morning. Carrots, beets, and cabbage, are now taken in. Sometimes in this month we have a week or ten days of re- xaarka^Iy fine weather, known as the Indian Summer ; after which, x;old weather may be expected. Produce is now ship- ped off with all expedition ; and barns and cellars are pui in a state of preparation for winter. Before the month is paat, occasional showers of snow fall — very rarely to any great extent. December introduces stern winter. The trees and fields are bare ; the snow tiiat falls remains ; the pools retain their ice. The frost increases ; and sometimes, by the middle of the month, becomes iaievfie, a^d seals up the rivers, and blocks up the harbors. In other seasons, tJitis severe frost comes a fortnight or three weeks later. The year closes witk all nature at rest, under the white frozen manlle of winter. The mean temperature of the quarter is seldom above 30 deg. 10. The Ordinary winds, in each quarter are : In tike' first, north, north-west, and w«8t ; oeca^onally eaet— fieldo^ ii I 44 KATUEAL niSTOKT OF •euth tnd south-west. In tbo second, east, north-east, and •outh-oost, and eonth ; occasionally south-wost and west — rarely north-west and north. In the third, south-west and west; occasionally south — rarely east and north. In the fourth, west and north-west ; sometimes south-west and south ; occasionally north and north-east. There are from 40 to 60 days of strong wind in the course of the year. 11. The coldest wind is the north-west ; the most agreea- ble is the scnth-west. The east wind brings rain or snow ; the west, invariably dear weather. The north-west some- times brings sudden hail-storms, in summer ; the northeast brings the heaviest snow-storms, llie north and south winds have thmr usual and nattiral effects. The number of days of fiilUdg weather, in a year, ranges from 120 to 140 days. .^.7 12. The climate of Prince Edward Island 13 in a very high degree salubrious; its atmosphere pure; its water excellent and abundant ; fogs extremely rare ; and the heat of summer, and the cold of win- ter, moderated by the encircling Gulf. An ordi- nary attention to cleanliness, clothing, and nour- ishftient, invariably wards off disease, and prolongs life. ■- it >«'i'#,. ^..v/ .n/ ?v%« II.— GEOLOGY. ":hv:vr: ■'i-**'. . ■ ^..:^>\^i 13. OeologYi as a science, is occupied with rovealiiig aiid classifying the materials of which fte crust of the earth is composed. ,: - , 14. 'The vast changes which these materials have tutder gone, may be determined with some degree of apcenraiiy ; but the time spent in the construcfton ■ ; ;;;J PRINCE EDWARD ISI^AVD. 4b land land tho land rrorn of each formation, muat forever remain a matter of conjecture. ...<■■... •;,.«.,»./.»- 15. The bold assertions of some geologists, that tens of thousands of years were occupied in eflfect- ing particular changes, arc wholly unworthy of the science. Their data will not cover their conclu- sions ; as they must, without a supernatural revela- tion, remain ignorant of the mimher, and magnituik, and/cM'ce of agencies, igneous, aqueous, and atmos- pheric, operating at any particular time. 16, The surface of the earth has only been pene- trated a little more than half a mile, or one-eight- thousandth part of the distance to the centre. But the upheaval of the rocks, has brought various strata or beds to the surface, in such a form and measure as to enable the geologist to speculate on the probable character of the unseen, to a much greater depth . ., , ^ , , . .. ,. ,. fi <^ iS.i'^j'w* *f ■ i^i* i ■f H' 17. Hocks, in respect to theih origin, are either Igiieou^t or Aqueous; and in respect to form or construction, Strati jS«d or Unstratified. .-r,;>^ ^f ^:*i^'T -v,,, >.u 18. Igneous Rocks, arc tho^ic wliicli have been formeti from fused or molten matter, poured forth from the interior of the earth, such as Granite and Lava, in all their varieties. 19. Aqueous rocks, have been formed of materiolei worn away by water,, which after being removed, or depoBit- ed, have become hardened— such as Sandstone, in all its vari- eties, Limestone, Gypsum, Conglomerate, &c. ^^^,,, j , , ^; 20. The igneous rocks,are generally unstratiiiod ; the aque- yQ», ir^erally stratified. TMe fors^cr, jbffcve uDdcrpne gnmt 4t YATVBAL niSTOBT OW 'i ■ f! 1 ft •ttbseqnent changes, bj tho action of water — the latter, by tii» application of heat. ..,.».*..• 21. Kocks in respect to position, have been arranged into throe grand divisions, viz., VrioUUT, Secondary, and Tertijury 3PoniiatioilS| which again have been varionsly fobdivided. • 22. Vriiiee Ildward ZsUnd belongs to the Secondary Formation, being later in formation, than the Primary rocka of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New Bmns wick, and mach earlier than the recent formations of the Tertiary period. 23. Mode i9f Formation. It is our opinion, that at an early period, an open sea existed, between what is i^ow the Bay of Fundy, and tho Uulf of St. Lawrence. At that per- iod, the Bay of Fundy was much wider than at present, and the east coast of New Brunswick> and Prince Edward Island, were vast concretions of sand under water. That sand had been worn from the prinijiry rocks of the adjoining shores, and carried by a strong southern current — ^still rushing in dim- inished force, into the Bay of Fundy*<--to the cold waters of the Qulf, where it was speedily deposited. ^»v v^ 24. lliose waters surcharged with sand, tinged oe^sasionaUy with a solution of lime, were impregnated with ti^e oxide of iron, gathered from the surrounding shores, and imparted the reddisht or rusty hue to the deposit. - r- '^i j* > r i 2^, In process of time, the sand became indurated, by chemi- cal agents ; and volcanic action elevated the mass above the waters ; upheaving at the same time the adjoining coast of New Brunswick, and the isthmus which connects that Pro- vince with Nova Scotia ; thus cutting off the muddy waters of the Bay of Fundy from the Gulf. That volcaniiB forc« poured forth at the same time, the trap rocks on the south j^hore of the Bay of Fundy, and the solitary moufid of the same rock that forma George Island, in Bichmond Bay of this l^odb A BaiTow strait, separating ^is JslRod from the cos i^;-^ rWKCI BDWABD MLAHD. • 47 Uoent, probably remainod, which groduaHjr wore ita wa^ to its preaent dimensions. ,. . i 26. When fully elevated, the Island covered a much kirg«r area than at present. Its shores on all sides have saecumbed to the waves, but especially on the north side, where the fail sweep of the Gulf often breaks with great violence. The rand has now constructed a barrier from the spoils of the sea, which bids defiance in a great measure to further encroach- ments from that quarter. 27. Oompositioil. In geological formation, the Iflbind presents very great uniformity, being almost wholly, WML Mandstone. In some places, the sand is pale, or yellowish, and the soil assumes a pinkish or pale hue. 28. It is almost exclusively of aqueous formation — the only exceptions arc, the trap rock of George Island, and perhaps in amai: measure, of one or two other localities, and the stray boulders of granite, which have been dropped upon it by the ice, previous to its elevation. 29. ITiere are scattered bands or thin layers of bhie, pe^l, aad grey limestone, the deposits of stray currents from th« opposite shores. Their limited extent renders them of com- paratively little velue, . -- ■:■- >■ « ■ ^ ^ • «;*!?-* nw/'^f*^ -^-s >,* < 30. Beds of grey sandstone are found on Ooyeroor Iskind, at Orwell Bay, and in other places. White or pipe clay, may be found near Gallas Point ; and valuable beds of red or brick clay are scattered over the Island. « )fv ; -rr vs^^ :r *e«r>^ 7 31. A great part of the sandstone exposed to view on Ihf shores of the Island is interlaid with layers of shales, of vari- ous colors, marls, clays, and conglomerates, marlang the eha- racter of the different deposits, when laid down. The sabd- Mtooe ia sufficiently hard, in many places, for building purpoeeB'' i^ii.'- D1ESCB1PTI0N OP YARIOUS BOCKS AJfD MVSmkiJi, ,44:^^,.. t v 33^ 1* SMidstOBe. Tber«8Mlbw kinds of 0aaJ4tl»a« 48 KATLUAL HISTORY OF • on tho Inlanil. Firet, the common Ilcd sanddtono, easily dis- f iiipfnl<, or walls, on the shore of Lot 42. It will probably be yet dis- covered in other sections. It is a heavy, compact, brown-red rock. Some portions of it have a close resemblance to lava. A common species found also on (jleorge Island is amygdaloiil or trap with small oval-shapeil cavities, from which it derives its name. When pulverized, trap rock makes very rich soil. 35. — 4k. Copper. Small specimens of copper ore hav« been found on Governor Island, in Hillsborough Bay. The quantity is very limited, and ii found in connexion with fosbil iQposit?. . It will likely b^ found iu i^ similar oounexlou iu 'ii PfitKCB EDWARD ULANt). 49 other placca. It is roadiljr disting^ishod hy its bright green color, aiul heavy metallic nature. 36. — 9. Zron. Cog iron ore exirfta in aoveral lociiUie*», but in such limited quantity as to be of little value. It i.4 rusty in color, cellular in atructuro, and cinder-like in app*jar- ance. 37.-6. Manganese. The oxide of thi^ mineral has been found at Murray Harbor, and in other placoa. Its natu- ral color is greyish, but by exposure to the atmosphere, it becomes reddish-brown. It is hard, brittle, and somewhat crystalline in structure ; and being, found in small attached packages it has been called, fasciculated. It is neither abun- dant nor very pure. 38.-7. Banrtes. The snlphatc of this mineral, has been found at Gallas Point, ^t is a very heavy reddish rock, composed of a- red powder, combined with a hard, wavy, glis- tening rock of pink color. Barytes, in its simple form, is a heavy, grayish-white powder. When united with sulphoric acid, it forms the heavy spar, called sulphate of Barytes. 30.— 8. Conglomerate, Marls, and Olays. Con- glomerate rock is found in many places. It is a concretion of various small rocks, or pebbles, hardened into one ma.S3. Iitid, and grey marls, and clays, enter largely into the compo- sition of the Island. Tlieir totigh, and greasy nature, operates . favorably on sandy soil, in retaining the moiisture. When : compact, thoy form a soft stone, wliich may be used as chalk, lor marking. • v.^.^K?%' '/M'ftiTWMt'-t.r.t: * - •..>.:'.<. -. — ■ 40.— 0, Q-ranite. Granite does not enter into the cem^ ))0^ition of the Island. Stray boulders, are scattered along , its surface, chiefly in Trince County. Some are of the grey species, others are red. 41 . Fossils. Trunks, branches, and roots of trees, chiefly of an ancient jiine species, have been found in a fossil state, '^^ on several parts of the coast, and on tho aoutb side of th« It 50 ^▲rCKAL msTo&t Of ; • I West River. Tho wood has been converted generally mt» •andstonc, or sulphate Of barytcs ; and ^rely into iron ore* or copper. In the first cases, the fossil retains fully the ori- ginal form of the wood. ,^ ^ -, 42. Tho jaw of an ancient animal, reckoned to be a reptile, of ah extinct order, wits found on the digging of a well, at New London, some years ago, at a depth of above 20 feet. The jaw contained several teeth, and was enclosed in a mat- rix of sandstone. As no other remains were found, it was difficult to determine the class to which the animal belonged. It is possible, that similar remains might be found, if persons in digging wells, or excavating the earth, would keep a sharp look-ottt for fossils. It is not by any means unlikely, that the oaTcasscs, or bones of ancient animals, should be deposited among the sands, which were gathering to form the future Mand. ''^'■''' -^'^ 43. Itedent Formatioili. Tlie recent formations tire marine, and river deposits, and peat bogs. There are many marine marshes formed on the south shore of Prince County, In the same County a vast peat marsh exists, on the south gide of Holland Bay. Beds of gravel, and sand have been washed ftom the hills, by the rivers and streams, in all sec- tioiis of the country. -f'^-^-^' '--4'r.'#:,..K.*. , ■■ -.;.-,.=:..,... 44. BoiL llie soil is, in general, a light-red, sandy loam. In some parts it approaches a stiff cldy ; in other places, it is almost exclusively sand. The low, level sections of King'« County, and Prince County, are of light sand ; the high land is of the darkest le 1, and is invariably richer than the other. In some parU the hills are stony, but in general the soil is re- .iiluirkably unencumbered with stones. . 45. Furthcjr explorations should be continued bj Jii(i^> who have time and inclination, by which many ittterosting details would be furnished j perhaps im- portant fosell remains discotered ; and thus da' a nuNoa BDWuuy isLxsto, »rf0<;- ,...'.v 46. Sotany is the science which treats of plants. It professes to distinguish, classify, and describe the vastly varied, often beautiful, and high- ly useful subjects, of what is called the vegetable kingdom. ^ ^? '■ i ' - ^ ; ^ / 47. Plants have been classified in various ways. Sometimes according to their mode of de- telopmeint, into Exogens and Endogens ; sometimes according to the fbttA of the scedj into Acotyledons, Monocotyledons, Dicotyledons^ Polycdt) ledons, meaning respectively, without a seed-lobe, with one seed-lobe, with two seed-lobt^s, and With many seed- lobes ; sometimes according to thd shape aUd structure of the leaf ; and sometimes acfccjrding tM to the fructification with or without flowers. The last — the Flowerless and the Flowering — ^is very umple and general, and is best adapted to the na- ture and scope' of this work. ^. .- v? r 48. This science, from the almost endless variety of its subjects, is not a little complicated ; and has been rendered doubly so, to the unlearned, by th« persistent use of Latin, and Greek as descriptive terms. " Fiveleaved," is just as good as "Quinque- folium"—" Horsetail," as " Eqiiiseta^—and ^' Cl I k KATVBAL HISTOBT Or , ]» i ''I i 1 jf >.tl t,'. ■ i? l-!! i ■Hit I: I': bearers," as " Coniferae," and much more easily understood, and remembered than an unknown lanfjuagc. '» ■Ji - #f *i 49. It would be impossible,, within the limits of this work, to notice all the minute shrubs, and plants of this Island; and tlie description could onlj be accurate, after a long and detailed investigation. All the more prominent, useful, and ornamental, will be enumerated under the two general divis- ions referred to, and in such sub-divisions and families as their place, nature, structure, appear- ance, and use may direct, with the most sparing uj*e of foreign technical terms. We shall adopt the ascending order, V , - ) / ,. < ;*^. 1 . — FLOWEKLKSS PI-ANT8. ii',"-"^i« i f 50. These form the lowest orders of the Vegetable King- dom. They embrace all the sea- weeds, and some small fresh- water weeds : and several varieties of land plants. .51.-1. B^a-weeds. Those belonging to the Bait water are generally, jointless ; those in the fresh water, joiiUed. ^ IJoth classes are numerous. Several species of the sea-weeda may be mentioned which are readily recognized. Such as, the llock-Weed, a short olive-green bushy wieed, with forked di- ^ visionB, having small pods at their points, which nuike a crackling noise when trodden upon ; the Sea Belt, fpund some- times twenty feet in length, with a broad midrib,which, strip- '' pod of its membranaceous covering, is considered edible ; the '^' SS6a Whip-cord, easily distinguishable by its name,and found ^ thirty feet in length ; Carrigeen Moss, (Floridea,) often gath- erd on our c>horeia, anduAed instead of isinglass, in m^kkiog HLV^A^ iSLJI^ND. ^ blahc-inango tihd j^22£es ; Diil^c, (Iri^lea,) fh'e favorite, food of lobsters umi criiba, '&e.; and Eel G^ras&, h. long, naiYO^r, dtnooith, even blade which grows on the flaits, und fhay fo^ often dddii on the margin of t^e channel when 'the tide is out. Many interesting varieties of 'flowerless ptonts may be fotQid in the lagoons and fres!; water ponds around the eoast ■*■'■■ 52. — A. The 7llllgL They embrace mamy gpeeies from the large fleshy Boletus, which grows on the trunks of trees, down to Common Mould. Not only Mushrooms, Toadstools, Puff-ballSjand sueh Uke,but -the miero'scopie plants comtaoniy eall^ Mildew, Smut, Bust, Broad, Dry-rot, &c, be- long to this fii/mily. T^q M&shrooin <5ontain3 much nutriti- ous matter, but must be carefully ilistlngoidhed from the oth^r tioisoJious species. They prefer'darap, dark, iiWentilat- ^ed p!' -< sueh as the holltfws of tnjes, the parts beneath the bark . ' wrs, vaults, and the dense parts of forests. Dryness and bright light tire destructive to them. Hence the state of the weather, when they appear on grain. 53. — 3. Kiclieas* Lichens are flat, tough, leaf-like sub-* 6tatnces which adhere to rooks, stones, the earth "&c. They are perennial phuits. They are usefi4 for dyeing, and piay be used as food 4n "extnemities, .•.f-. { - .; . r-i ^ ■^^i.f" rv 54. — 4. KemeB, Mosses are so common as to need no description. They cover small cradle hills, decaying wood &c. They are all short; but -are fufnifihed with leaves of sinffrilur structure. ^ >> si" j^*^^ = «,- J,* ;«•'*''»■* '.>»*'i ■'-.■'<, • ;)'.■•■?> ,;> '^F-'^ 'H 55.>-^9. Chr -.'t-'f^ ^..*H\,i.^'*y' v^*^**'-* ^..u-:-.- v 5C. — 6. Ferns. This finely-shaped plaiit grows W great abundance in all parts of the Island over which a fire h^ run, or Wh6re a second girowth of tr^jesiias covered once ettJtivatcil fields. It is found from one to thn^e flxjt In iie^ght. ^'^-"^^ G ^m 1 54 i^ATURAL illStOBt OF 57 — 7. Borsetails. This plant derives its name from the leaves which grow round the joints of its hollow etcm. It abouada in loW sVi^amps/ .;:_ ^ ....-■. ^< 2, — FLOWERWa PLANlSl 58. 0rasfleSt This is a very simple, nkmi important, and vastly extensive family. It contains many thousand species. It embraces not only the grasses,commonly so called, but also all varieties of grain, such as Wheat, Barley, Oats, Rye, Indian Corn, and even the Sugar-Cane. They are all closely allied in structure, and have all the same mode of development, being Ewlogens. The insignificance of tile flowed, inf E^anfy of the fiimily, k amply compensated by their great utility in otffer respeclff. 59. OnfdUbnri In this f((tfrity ar'er foilnd Oie Cabbage, Cauliflower, Ttfririp, Eadish, and Must«*rd. Its distinguish- ing featuries itf^de tfekler the sante Ifead si great fttany useless weeds atid aercfrij^l beWftiful floWeW. They bciotfg entirely to a temperate region, ctiid art! never fofuiid ifl either the torrkl, 6r thei frigid zone. 60. Solanes; S6'me of tlic most useful, krid sofhef of tlra most deadly plants are embmced in this family. Tlie most valuable is the common Potato, distinguished as the Tuberous Sda*te. Nd'xt to it niay be reckoned the Tomato, designated the EsCulcfrit Sdarie; Which affords a highly flavoured and ex- cellent preserve; It iS cultivst^ed on the Island. In the same class are found Capsi 'int * or Cayenne pepper ; and the poi- sonous Tobacco, This herb, so well known, is distinguished 05 the Nicotian Solano. It is a iiif^otie acid, poison ; and although habit reconciles the system to its moderate use, it is decidedly injurious in excess. The deadly Night-filiade i$ 6 member of the same family. • ^w» ,«iitwifc ^^ n. * Plants not ^nerally cultivated in this Island ore ifr this settion printed m Italics. : W PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 55 CI . Aegnmins. This family numbers Bomc tbousaiuls of fipecieg, and includes in its wide range some of the most oppo- site qualities. To it belong our common Peas, Beans, and Clovers, distinguished as, Papilion Legumins. The Indigo plant ; the Cassia which bears the Senna leaves ; the Tama- rind tree ; the tree which affords Gum Arabic ; and tlic Sensitive Plants— take rank under the same head. 62. iBIeets, Cl^rots, Parsnips, and Parsley.— These useful vegetables, like many others, have been brought into tlie country, and may be said to be now naturalized. — Bceta (Beta) are of three kinds, the Red, the best for the table ; the Mangel Wurzel, so excellent for cattle ; and tho "\Vhito,best fitted for the production of sugar. Carrots (Carota) are of three kinds, the Early Horn ; the Long Orange, the t>est for winter rise ; and the Purple Carrot, remarkably sweet* There are' four kinds of Parsnips (Pastinaca) ; tho Hollow-crowned is considered the best. The wild parsnip grows on the Island. It is reckoned poisonous. Of the thrco kinds of Parsley, (Aethusa) the Curled is the best. 63. XabiateSk*^ This family includes many aromatic and tonic plants. In it are found Mint, Peppermint, Hoio- hound, Sage, Tbymc, Marjoram &c. 64. Sarsaparilla, Oinseng'^ and TXTaz-BSyrtie. Sarsaparilla and Ginseng, known by their divided leaves and white blossoms on a slender switch-like stalk of colored gi*een, abound in the woods and swamps. They arc famed for their medicinal powers. ITie Wax-myrtle is a small bush about three feet in height. The leaves are fragrant when bruisedi The fruit is coated with wax from which candles may be made. % ^i ^■^,m-:sii^^^ ■u^m '/M ^^^^^^Mi^M. .- \-., I ►,*A! ! i * Generic terms ending in •• atos " or " aces '' accent tho penultimate. .it,'.i,i...^ .j: 4,i.;, ....%. - ■ ♦%».'*:■*.•»■ t 56 NATURAL niSTOHT OF m y M G.>. Rosaces. Tliis great tamWy has four branches. 0ii9 branch, the Rosaces proj^r, has about 570 species. , Tim branch iuchides all kinds of the beautiful flower, the Rose; also the Sweet-briar ; the Straw-berry ; the l!lasp-berry ; thtr JJew-bcrry ; and the Blaek-berry. The second branch called tlit^ romean includes among others the Apple, Pear, Wild Pear, and Quince, The third branch, distinguished. as the Amyi*:- dalan, inglndes the Plum, Cherry, "^iVild-Ciicn'y, Peachr Apricot, Nectarine, and Almond, ITie apple gives the name to the second branch ; and the almond to tlie third. ITie fourth branch includes all the wild hawthorns, and is called Suii^^uisorban or ^loodorbed, from the shape and color of tho fruit. . , , . . . . ^, ; .^ .^,, J &o. drbssiilaees. This family lias Oiify one branch named i\vi Hlbes. In it are foiind the wild Gooseberry; and th(* black and red wild Currants, all of which grow on tlie Island. Tlie cultivated kinds,of course, belong to the same branch,aml are much iiore valuable. , 07. Sricaees^ This is one of the most extensive fami- lies ill the vegetable kingdom. In it are found some of the most beautiful and some of the most poisonous plants. T(j^ Ihis fami'y belong tha Cranberry, red and grey; the Biuo b?rry ; the Teaberry ; the Whortleberry. The Xabjadur Tea, called Ledum, a suaall evergreen slu>ub found in our swamps ; the sheep Lam^el^ called Kalmia, a shrub growing in swamps or dry moorlands, from one to five feet high, with 4lark-red liowers, whose leaves and flowers are poisonous ; and tlie well known beautiful and fragrar Mayflower — ari> members (A this family. -* ' * > - «.. rr uir 4.^:.^... GS. ZiiliaceSy ZVymphseaces, and Jarracenia.— These are chiefly flowers. To tlie Liliaces b* long the Onion,tb? (jarlie,the.4/6»€,the*S55r^'///,a»d some species 'I Ilempu .AlsOjtW White and Orange IJlies, TuKps, Hyacintlis. To the Nymph- ?Dacc:4, )>eloj)g the beautiful AVhite and Yellow Lilies aeeu la I rniNCE EDWARD ISLAND. 57 I i\\e pond.s and lakes. Of the same family id the Victoria Regia-j Whose flower Iws a diameter of fifteen inches, and its (leaves spread «nt for six feet. It u found in Dcmorara, South America. Tlic Sarracenia is the ijoautifiil Indian Cup, tjcen in the feogs <«r swamps. <^. Cvmpdsites, and Orchidaces. Tlic Corjpositos (conatitate perhaps flie largest family of the Vegetable King- tdom. It has been traced in the wide r**^'-?* of eig-ht tribes. It includes herbs, shrubs, flowers, and even trees. Among its herbs are Wormwood and Camomiie, Among its beautiful flowers are Dalilias, Marigolds and Asters. To it also Ijelong ih^ Dandelion ; the Tliistle ; the Dock ; the Burdock ; the White Weed ; the l)aisy, and many others. The Orchitlaees are n complicated family, and embrace many beautiful flowers. 1'hey Nourish best in hot eountries. The Grasspink and I^a- clies' slipper are specimeas of their peculiar conetraction. '70. Caprifbliaees or 4lbatllBa£ In this family arc found the DogwoodsY the Elcler, liearing bla^ek and red ber- ries which have been used medicinally; the Honeysuckle; and the Pigeon bei-ry. 71. Conifers or Cone-bearers. This extensive and valuable timljer family derives its name from the cone-sliaped case which protects its fniit. Tlie members of the family in this Island are the AVliite, and Red Pine % the Hemlock; Black, Red and AVIiite Spruce ; Larch or Juniper; White Oedar ; a»d tlie Fir, called Var, whose medicinal balsam is so justly pH^ed. Iliere are some short species of little use, stich aSjtlifi Ground Hemlock ; and the Ground Juniper which yields hierrles, 72. dBardwood Trees, l. Tlie Setnlaces or Birch family include the Yellow Birch, the Black Birch, the Canoe Birch, and the Poplar-leaved Birch; and the Alders. The Gaooe Birch is used by tlie Indians in making their canoes, and otfeer articles, *]rhe Alders, so abundant on our low, swampy |i i !| 53 NATURAL HISTORY OF i II Iand3,affortl very good charcoal ; the young shoots make a good dye, and tlio bark is valuable for tanning. Birch timber ia our largest and best timber for exportation. 73.-2. Acerines or Maples, includo the Black Hiigar Maple,and the White sugar MapIe,both largo and valua- ble trees affording the sap from which sugar is obtained; another kind of maple, called the White Maple, whose wood is soft and little esteemed ; and the Striped Maple or Moose AVood, 74.^3. Corylaces. This valuable family derives iti» name from the husky covering upon its fruits- To it the Beech belongs, of which there are two varities,the White and the Red Beech. Beech has always been abundant on the Island, and forms a large part of the wood used for fuel. — The Oak is a member of the same family. There is one small species of Red Oak on the Island, found on some of the higher ridge.5 of land. The tree for which the school-boy often looks — the Hazel-nut — also belongs to this family. It has given the name to the family, and is specially called, the Corvl. 75.-4. The Ash. There are two kinds of Ash on the Island; the white Ash, and the swamp Ash. The latter is prized by the Indians, by whom its wood is used in making baskets, &q. Both have become scarce in most parts of the Island. 70. — 5. Salicines. Thisfamily is spread over the world. Theire are two distinct branches — The Willow, and the Pop- lar. Several species of willows are seen on the Island, some of which have been introduced. Their growth is rapid, and the wood is generally light. Of Poplars there are the Black, the White, the Trembling, the Balsam, or Balm of Gilead, and the Lombardy Poplar. The last two are foreign trees. The Lombardy Poplar is slender, tall and highly ornamental. 77. — G. The ornamental ftumacli; and the graceful Blm, found occasionally on an intervale, may properly com- plete this general sketch of the Botany of P. K. Island. i^H fuzkcb edwabd isx.ahd. Sd - iy.-ZO0LOGY. Zoology is the science' which treats of Ani- mals, It endeavors to describe the nature, proper^ ties^and classification of all known animals belong- ing to eur earth. ' 78. Animals jhave been divided into Verte- brate, or 4ihose whieh i*ave an internal bony skele- ton, and Invertebrate, or those which have not this bony skeleton; into Mamn^lla,or those which bring forth tteir youjftg\?iliv»e, and Ovipa^a, or those which produce eggs ; andbjr th<». celebrated Cuvier int© four classes — the Vertebrate, the Mollusks, the Articulated, and the Radiated. The last is but a fuller development of the first. 79. Adopting the first grand division, we have lander the VertebratOi four great classes -or orders: ■^r- 1. The Pishes, V y ^ S$^- The Reptile^, lA^ .jf; The Birds, . : ^r . 4. The Mammals^ ■.-t<, t ' ■• ? , >> f- "4: and under the Znvertebcate, three great classes;: The Radiated, ^4* Y The Mollubkb, ■i*-^;j*. %;.;fl;| '!*/>«:•;'■/•■ 'i^ lit il ^ %\WRA,h ni^T^ST' 0]f I I.- THE IXTERTEBRATE. Beginning at tho lowest Bpccimcns of aniinal life, wcfind , I. — ^TIUJ IIADIATEJD AN^MALfi, 80. Tlic term radiated or marked \yy rays, distiiiffuidliej? tlicfif general reajturcs. Tliey of c all acj^^tic animalt^. They tt9 in two great classes, tlie scfl'Skinned, and the Ittrrd or horni/'gkinned. Of the Bofl-sklimed, the Sea-jollies, odcn fioen on om? ahores, are i^wviowns. Of tile luvd slimQed, the Searoggs hfstUtifi oi^ ib& i^I^^*. ^e tj^p I^it, oxf^np^ps. The ra- dialed »oft-slcii;]|B are s^en fba^iug; o^ our l^ay3 and Ifjif^hors, at a ceirtjiin season of the year, in every angular fona The. gea-egg" has a hard horny shell, of circnlar form, and marked with rays. It adheres to the rocks, sending out its arms to catch some small shett-fi^h \cithin ita po^ch, wkich ft readily ki£(j3r and devours. The Sea-stars oi» ititermedaQto ^tween the Sea-jelly ^i^i^ the Sea-egg — ^h^ve Uifl^xibje crusty oavering, and arc easily known by thei? ADg^^aif points, or rpy^. SI. Th?se apipn^b are fBst^iigq^ke^ hf t)|e soft lext^r^ of their bodies ; the term " moHnsk " being derived from the, tirreek word maldko9, "eoft" Lik^. tke radiated animab, they form two classes, some being entirely naked, and others covered with ^^row^r siMfe. Examples, of the first class arc Slugs, and Cuttle Fishes. Tke^ Cuittlei Fish is a singular ani- mal, with a body in a sack or purse, m^ a l^rgc head crowned with eight or ten powerful arms. It darts through the water with great ri^^ity, ancl aeizea and vosafilously deyours itft prey. ■"■-•■-"■.' r'^ .?• .v^.^.';^ .;•■;>>■ 82. Examples of the second class are Oysters, which are found in great abundance in different parts of the Island, and of excellent quality ; CUftSdl \ Muich^ i ]^or ]^J|), readily known miNCfi BLWABD ISLAKD. 6t 1 by a fihell narrow and loan; like the handle of a razor ; Scal- lops, with large ribbed shell, and serrated edge ; Quahog, a very thick, white, circular bivalve; Welka, found ih great abundance near low water mark, along our shores. They have a, strong circular shell, with a valve that can Imj drawn in or ei^truded at the pleasure of the animal. They are known by various other names, llic largest univalve on our chores is the Xautica, often called the " Cockle," but improperly, as the cockle is. a bivalve like the Scallop. The Nautica reeem- blea. the AiVelk, but is very mucli larger. 3. — ARTICULATED ANIMALS. / 83. These animals, so called from the Jointed case or cnist which covers the great proportion of them, are divided into five classes, viz: 1. llie AVorms. 2. Tlie Centipedes. 3. llie Insects. 4. The Spiders. 5. The Crustacea. 84.— 1. The Worms. Three orders of these have been Miumerated : Jlrst, those with no branchial tufts, such as the common Earth-worm, H^ir-worm, Leech, &c.; second, those with tufts on the back, as some species of Sand-worm, the Lug-worm, the Sea-mouse, &c.; and third, the Tube-makers, marine worms which gather particles of sand and shell around them, and form a case in which they live. • 85.—^. The Centipedes. Tlie name " hundred-footed," describes these animals. They are very small creeping ani- mals, with-mj\ny feet, living among decaying matter, as rotten wood, or beneath large flat stones — some preying on small insects, others liviiig on vegetable matter. Q6. — 3. The Znse^ctS. Insects are an exceedingly numerous, and in mapv rpspects a marvellous class of ani- mals. They have the body divided into sections whence their nan^e. Thpy are generally covered with a horny or coriaceous substance ; and are, for the most part, capable offlying, having two or four wingei. Besides flying or walk- I ' 1 f 6C KATunAL niSTonr Of 1'' i iftif, tho^r can ilivc or swim, boro into wood or work their way iDto the earth. Thej prodaco for man, eilk, honey, wax, cochineal Ac. 8T. 1'hey arc arranged under several orders or classes, tho most important of which are : — 1. Tho Bee Tribe, charac- terized by having membranous wings. To this class belong, i>osides the Ws, tljo Wasps, the Ants, and the Ichneumons. SI. — I'lic Beetle Tribe characterized by four wings, the two upper being stiff and horny, the two lower being thin and membranous, and when folded covered by the upper hwny ones. The Beetles are very numerous on this Island in their season, and of different species. To this class be- IpDg the Fire Flics, Turnip Flies &c. 88.—^. The Butterfly /ffribe^ having wings covered with scales, often of a beautj:ful color. These beautiful in- accis are in gro^t yarictj. To the dame class belong tlM» Moths and Millers. The youijg or larvae, in the shape of grubs or caterpillars, or as worms i» p€sas, &c., are very des- tructive. — %,. The O'raitjSlhopper jrri|>e^ having tw> pairs of 8trxi4ght wipgs.. Son^e of tl?o tribe ai'c distinguished i^ runners, as tl^e Cockroaches a^d tJ^O Eorivigs; pt|»ers ^as jipnpers, as the Cricket, the Locust aad the Gr,asslv)pp,er. 89.-5. The Fly Tribe. These have six legs but only two membranous wings. The common House Fly, the Flesh Fly, the Horse Flics, the Wheat Ply, Mosquitoes, Gnats, and Cnane Flies noted for their long legs, belong to this tribe. Other tribes of less note as the Dragon Fly and the Bug tribe belong to this multifold division of the animal kingdom. ^, 90.— 4. The Spidersi. Spiders have no ^^Ings. I1iey are- of two kinds — those which breathe through tubes, like in- »ecta, and those which breathe through sack-like l^i;igs. Do the first belong ^|||teB, and sever^al E|)ecies of minute marine animals^ found under stones, and among sea-weed. The sec- .tmd class ^contains the ordioftry Spiders, and the largipst Sep^- l» .*a II ntlNCE fiDWARO ISLAND. 63 pious. SoniG weave note to entangle Insoets ; others make coveringfl to conceal themselves, that they may pounce on prey passing by ; others chase their prey without seeking any shelter ; and some arc oven aquatic, and live in a species of diving-bell. 91.— 0. Omstaeea. Ix)b8terfl, Crabs, and Shrimps, are specimens of this order. They are numerous on all our shores, more particularly at certain seasons. Iliey are too well known to need any description. II.-~TnE VERTKBRATE. .•■.■•.,.. . . 1.— FISHES, Prince Edward Island rises in the mid? *^^ of wa- ters long famed for the abundance and fine quality of their fish. Althoufrh not so plentiful as in year* long gone by, they still frequent our shores in vast shoals ; niany of them pass up and down c ur river? and streams ; and afford a healthy occupation and a valuable means of subsistence to a large number of our population. They include many of the rich- est ^nd most palatable fish to be iound in any quar- ter of the globe, . 92. Fishes are vertebraUi animals, with gills* fitted for breathing under water — of cold red blood — and with fins and extremities fitted for swimndng. They are divided into two great clasees :— 1, Th *m with a skeleton of <2artilage and with bony points or plates on the skin. And — 2. Those with a skele- ton of bone and with horny scales, The second da^s is by far the most usaful and important;,,a« ' it 64 SATtnAL mSTORt Olf r. well as the most numerous. It is the bigliest type offish, .. , 1. — FISn QP CARTH-AGE gKKLETQ.V. Five kinds arc met vr\t\\ on our coasts, yiz : the Skate, the Dogfish, the Thresher) the Shark, and the Sturgeon, 93.— 1. The Skate or Ray. Two or three species of 8katc are found. These fish are flat, with broad pectoral fina. Their eyes are above the mouth, their nostrils below it. They nrc characterized by a lon^ slender tail. In one species, the Sting Ray or Skate, the tail is arme^ with a sharp bone with which it inflicts wounds. Tlie pectoral fins or wings fire fiometimes used as food, but the fish is little prized. 94. — 2. The 9og-fisll. This is a pmall, active, voraci- oas fish about the size of a salmon, and allied to the shark which it greatly resembles. It Uaa a projecting snout, is tena- cious of life, drives oft the herring and destroys nets. It is not used for food but the oil is valuable — and the body is jpometimes dried for feeding pi^5. 95. — 3. The Sbresher. 11iis bold, active and powerful €sh is a member of the shark family. It is found from eight to twelve feet in length. It pursues and destroys the mack- arel, shad,«S:c. It boldly attacks the small whales of our Gulf, violently thresldng them with its tail and inflicting great pain lis the movements of the whale indicate. ' ' ' ' 96. — %. The Shark. This is a well-known, large, power- Tul and voracious fish. It lias a long tapering body, with projecting snout on the under side of which are the nostrils, its tail is peculiar, the upper part of it being much longer than the lower, enabling the fish to throw itself rapidly on its sida, to seize its prey. Its mouth is armed with formidably tect^, and is sijtuiited in the lower side of the bod^ apd pos- % PEINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 65 terior to the snont. Sharks are often seen on the north coast of the Islandf The family name of the three last mcntionetl tUhes, is the Sqiialidae. 97.-5. The Sturgeon. This fish is'canght from two to oig:ht feet in length. In shape it ia almost pentagonal. The back of the head is depressed and flattened. Both head and sides are covered with bony plates. Its color, above, is dull- grey, and beneath, white. The flesh is coarse. It was onci* Qumerous on our coasts, and might-yet be caught in some of our large bars. . r 2. — FISII OP BOXY SKELETOX AND IIOBNY SCALES. 08. The most valuable families of this class are the Salmon, Mackarel, Herring, and Cod families ; other species are of less consequence. 09. — 1. The Salmon. This valiiaible fish Is well known. \Vlien fresh it is, beyond comparison, the best fish in ottr waters. In the spring great numbers of thein find their way into our Gulf, but as our rivers are poorly adapted for thd deposit of their spawn, they spread along the coast's of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, pressing specially into the Bay Chaieur and up the Restigouche river. At one time they were abundant in the East River, arid in several other rivers, of the Island ; now they are almost whol'y confined to Sh I'eter's Bay, and the Morrcll river which flows into it. 100.— i2. Tlie iPront. 'hiere is scarcely a stream on the Island in which some species of trout may not be found. In some rivers they are very fiiio. The salt-water Trout, of grey appearance, sometimes called the Salmon "TVout, i^ caught in tlie harbors in j-pring ; at a later period, it ascends the rivers. The fresli-water Troiit is brighter and more florid. When in good condition, its spots bright and flesh firm, it is much more highly flavoured than the other. AYheu iu 6^ KATUBAL BtdTOBt Of m I 1 cald water, and hav'ng tho rang^o of a flowing 8trcam,thcy are ftlwtt^rs befst. 101.— 3. ITie Smelt. This little fish is very abundant fit cortain seasons of the year. In winter it is beet ; and may be obtained by a hook or spear throiigh the ice, along the shore, dr on the flats. About the last of April it asdenda the brookfi, and may be caught in vast quantitlds by a scoop-net. 1 02.-^-4. Thd Okpeiiili The Cttpdlin resembles the Smelt, but is mdte slender. It seldom strikes our shcifeis, pre- ferring the colder waters around the coast of Newfoundland. Occasionally it is found on the north coast. It is superior to the smelt ; and when salted and dric^ has a fine flavour. The i^almon. Trout, Smelt and Capelin are classed under obc o;^Qs— tho Iialiikdliida6i 103.— 5. The MackareL To the family 6f which the Mackarel is a member belong the Albecore or Horse Mack- Orel, the Sword-fisk and others. The mackarel ia a finely shaped fish ; and when just taken out of tho water has a bright and beautiful appearance. This valuable and much prized fish ranges round our Island, lying off and on its shores ac- cording to the prevailing Winds . from July to November. — Occasionally it enters the harbors. Large quantities are annually caught off the north and cast coasts by Yankee fish- ermen fitted out for the purpose. '' 104.:^6. The Albeeorei This fish is occasionally seen on the north coast. It is a large and powerful fish of great beauty and remarkable swiftness. It pursues the herring oh which it preys. It f fesdrablcs a moiister mackarel, itnd is Seen from five to eiglit feet in length. Its flesh is rtiuch superior to that of the sturgeoii. llic family is called the Scombridae. 105. — 7. The Herring. Vast shoals of herring swarm on all the shores of the Gulf in the early part of summer. About tho first of May they strike the shores of the Island, and ai*e often caught in great quantities. 'Tboy are however If! P 1*!UNCE EDWARD ISLAXD 67 he lean at that season. Those caught in antuniD are much guperion 106.— i. The Cfrasperauz; Gas^craux resemble her- ring, but are generally shGtier arid stiffcr. They are i«ier in their arrival than the herriho^. The first taken are the b^yst. "WTien salted they arc inferior to the herring. They force tneir Way with great perseverance into the pOnds and broofe, and are easily caught. • £ 407. — 9. The Bhad^ This very valuable fish occasionally ascends some of our larger rivers, though not in abundance. — li is greatly larger than the Gasperaiix — and its flesh is almost equal to Mackarel. Hid Herring, Gasperaux and Shad belong to one family called the Clvp0ltoei 108.~lO. The dodi The Cod-fish, too well known to need arty description, is found iH all parts of the Gulf. — Tliey are most abundant oti the north shore of the IslaDtt. When dried, they are generally i[)f i5{^ as an article of food-—; A valuable oil is obtained from their livers. 109.— 11. The Bake. The Hake differs slightly frdm the Cod. It has only two back fins, while the cod has three ; and it has no barbule on the chin. It is generally three feet . hi length, prefers muddy bottoms, and is often caught at night. Its mouth is armed with teeth which will soon cat off a hook, if the line is not protected. It sometimes receives . the name of " Ling." 110.— 12. The IfoJrsk* This fish much rese^ibles the Cod but its tail-fin is rounded, mth a blue and white edge. It has a ijiirbtile on the chiri. The back-fin stretches to the tail. It Is iiioi^e i'arc than the cod and its fiesh is much finer. 111. — Hci. The iS^daock, is found on oui* shores at certain seasons. It is teadily distinguished by its stripe along the side. It is much smaller than the full grown cod. . When fresh it is good. If slightly salted and smoked, it is touch bettor than if cured as codfish. --■■■■-. I :• 68 KATTJRAL HISTOllT OV 112.— 14. iiio Drost Z^ilbh, or Yom C6d. lliU small fish may be caught in many parta of the Island. Ifa tlesh is white and doft ; and is 1}ut little prized. It attuins its name from the time of the year in which it maikes its appearance in creekiS — generally after the /I'Ost has set in in the month of Decertiber. The Cod,the Hake,the Tor8k,tha Haddock, and the Frost Fish belong to one family, the cod family, called the aadidae. ' ' f ^* > 113.— is. the BiaisiS. This fish, so easily known by its stripes, once abounded in all our harbor's. It, like other valuable fish, has become scarce. It is still occasionally found in the harbors especially on the north Side, where it may be caught with nets, or taken by the hobk. "'*'^' '^ 114.-16. ITie if etch. The Perch is rdtriarkable for its sharp and strOug fins. Two species are to be found, the Yellow Perch and the Blue Perch, the Ydllolv Perch, sometimes called the Cunner or sea-perch, is much ^steert'ed as food — the other is little priced, llie Bass and the Perch belong to one family, the T'etCidUe, 115.— 1 jr. The l*I6llilder, is found in all the creeks of the Island. It is a small flat fish, Often Seen moving slowly along a sandy or niuddy ^bre in search of food. It may bo eaton when fresh fiali are scarce, but it is very bony and not very palatable. lie.--18. The Balibut. This is a 'very large 'flat fish weighing sometimes from 200 to 300 lbs. It is not very frequently caught on the Island coasts. When fresh and in good condition its flesh is prized. Portions of it are some- times dried and smoked, after being felightly salted. The Flounder and the Halibut belbWg to One family, called the l^uroneetida^. ., _^^^ .: \^' V ^. ^ •. "v. '^"f'' 117.— 19. There are ^Otlier^li^ish^S of less note, such us the ScuTpin, a fish with a large, depressed head armed with ?pinos, and a small tapiring body, found about the "wharves FEIKOB BDWARD I5LAKD. 09 and roeks ; the Mnmmachog a small fish which ewims about ponda and rivulets and the mouth of creeks, and sometimoa ttscd as bait ; and the Pinfish, a very small fish armed with a spine on the back and on the sides. 118. — 20. The 3Bel. Eels of the finest quality abound on the muddy bottoms of the harboira, ? irers and mill-dams. They pe of two species, the Common Bel and the Sea Eel. They may be caught by a trap m'ade of rods, but are generally speared either through the ice, or on the flats by torch light. The Sea Eels are the best. Both species are very voracious. , 2. — REPTILj:S, , :-. The Reptiles of Prince Edward Island are few and harmless. 119. The Snake is met with in two or three varieties. — They are distinguished by their color, as the Brown, Green, and Striped Snakes., They are aU small, and rapidly move off when discover|^. 120. The S^og*,. Frogs ar& abundant ; and are useful in destroying various insects and worms. The Green Frog, the Pond Frog, and the Bull Frog, are the oi-dinary varieties. — The Voad a member of the same family is frequently seen. 121. llie Ziizard. A small species of brown Lizard may occasionally be seen on some warm and sheltered sand hill. ••--. l.'v '';:.; . .-..3. — BIRDS. "' \' •/,-"' . 122. Birds in considerable variety, though not in great numbers, inhabit all the woods and shores of P. E. Island. A natural and very general divi- sion of Birds is into six families or orders viz : 1, BIRDS OP PREY, ■.2. PERCHIKO BIBDB> ,,.>«> '. .3, CLE^IBINO BXBP4t, •■*^M^ ^'^ fl K) tXiifRit tttstORi ot 4. BCRAnva birds, ^i • 5/ WADING BIRDS, . - 6. 8\^IMMINO BIRDS, . 123.— 1. Birds of Prey. These birds are of two cloa- 868 — those which roam by day, and those which search by night. Of the first class, we have one or two species of Eaglea — ^but seldom seen ; and three species of Hawk, the Fish Hawk, Hen I awk, and Sparrow Hawk, often seen. Of th»' second class, there are at least two species of Owl, the large Horned Owl, and the small Barn Owl. 124.-2. Perching* Birds. These constttute a very large family, in several distinct divisions or classes. 1. The Swallows. Tliese are noted for their long, nar^ row wings, which enable them to whirl very rapidly in the air, and seizo insects on which they live. Three species are common ; the Barn Swallow, Chimney Swallow, and Bank Swallow. "'^^^'' 2. The Xtobins. To this class, besides the common KeU Biobitt, belong the Cat Bird, the Black Bird, and one or two othel!' ^|)«fcies/ 3. The Singfisher. Only one species is seen tee, t^ Efefted Kingfisher. He is oft'^n seen perching e?vcr soifie potfff or inill-dam, watching small fish, or rapidly sweeping acfoss it to discover their movements. 4. The Crows. This is an extensive and useful class of birds, 9^ they readily devour all kinds of tefuse. The Common Crow, the Raveri, airfd the Blue Jay belong to this class, and are common on tho( Island. 5/ ZOTig'ht BAWks« These well known birds are often seen in thft summer evenings, sweeping and whirling through the atmosphere, in pursuit of insects. The Mosquito Hawk, and the Whip-poor-will, are the two species generally seen. ^ ,.,, - . ^- .u ^ : - ...':;^ • 125.->2. Perching Birds continued. 6. Tlie tXTar- blers. These are several species of small dinging birds gen* rsINCB BDWARD WLAJST). 71 •rally seen among the branches of trees. The Yellow Bi rdy, the Blue Birds, the Wrens, the Titmice of several species, are specimens^ 7. The dreepers« These little birds are often «ceti running along the trunks of fallen trees, in search of insects. Sometimes they climb in the manner of AVoodpetk- ets, and break off the bark with their bills to obtain worms. The common white-bellied Nuthatch is a specimen. 8. The S'inches. These birds are easily known by their short etont bills. Among others may be mentioned, the Snow-bii'd, ttwt Winter Sparrow, and the Red Linnet. ,^ 9. The Chatterers. To this class belong the Chcrrv bird, so often seen when the cheeries s^t»£q the other with wing, or Hungarian Chatterer. ^^^^ ^Yrnle ' sometimes at- 10* The Shrikes* Tlvhe female nurses and protects her the Island, the Bird Hayection, and will die in its defence, i-esembles a small hawk ^^^^ Porpoises swim in shoals, and 11. The Fly-ca^ackarel and salmon. In calm weather, of the bird. Two piy backs may be seen suddenly rising the Yellow Cr^nd almost instantly disappearing. The is the smallest by. Dolphin, belong to the same family, and it is furnishecj^i r^^ig keen-eyed and vigilant animal of its wings produces tlj^ ^j^^ harbors. It is so well known species here, the Green, ^^y j^^ ^^^ ^jj^^^ j^^^ge numbers 126. — 3. Climbing' i|)peaTance on the shores of the common Woodpeckers^: of the ice. They are now rarely Rod Crested, the Red titer the settlement of the Island by Speckled. ^^^^_^ Iff Sea- Cow frequented the shores 127.— 4 ftcr^illgj*^ the North Point. This animal The jJPartridge. The^«t it differs from the Seal in be- with spotted pljMwge,^^l/urnished with two strong tushs, Rionally visit the 4.©^®?^^ ^® ^^®' *°^ ^° procuring food from the south. .^fiS:^*' Porpoises and Seals are chiefly braces the Pea^iScfeKW^ ^i^* ' f's. ■!»* 72 KATURAL inStOBT OF Fowl, the common Hfen> and* ewry species of Pigeon, ^Part- ridge, and Ostrich. 128.— 5. Var^Hhg Birds. To this ftimily bclong-r 1. The Orane occasionally seen on the north coast of Fk'incc County; and the Bittern^ found on the marshes. 2. The 8nlpeS| Woodcocks, Curlews, and Sandrpipers, foand oti< every shore. 3. The Flovers, of different colors, frequenting the fields a5 well as the shores. 129.— 0. Swiinmbig. Birds. Of this family thef^ iis a "*•»> variety. 1. Cleese. Of these two species visit) the large family, in 8evwa>v,^ge, and the Brent Goose. 2. Bncks. 1. The Swallows. TlieaJ^Iack Duck, the Grey Duck, the row wings, which enable them to ^ mentioned; 3. Bivers., air, and seize insects on which they large bays, is the largest common ; the Barn Swallow, Chimn^» known by its red neck, Swallow. '^'^^lliliirAuks. These 2. The ttobins. To this cidss, besidefal legs. The Wid- Itobin, belong the Cat Bird, the Black Bii^lllls^ They are othetr ^iHJcies. 3/ The BUiigfisher. Only'^*! are ofteageea. seen fere; tfte Edited Kingfisher. He is oft^^'etrels. 6. aan- ovcr sompepoffdf or mill-dam, watchired bur*, dwelling mo^Uy sweeping act-oss it to discover th^?ing tbeir way far off from Crows. This is an extensive and \ on our coasts, the Sliag, they readily devour aR kiads of Refuse They are stray visitorf the Raiveri, airid the Bke Jay below|fhx)re of the Gnlfl . „^ common on thoi Islffud. 5, SOrigiit "„.!!! known birds are often seen in the suini;^* ■ • -^ and whirling through the atmospherpdUd limited extent of The Mosquito Hawk, and the WJ^^j^sion i iess variety of species generally seen. ^ ^ ^^ neighboring Ki^^^*"?;^®*'*^™^ ^^^^ contJtnd New Brunswick. Wers. The«e are several species of i^ ^^^ jy^if^ the Bea- Hv tOimCB SDWABD I8LAKD. 78 rpopt- r 1. fields rer, the Racoon the, Porcupine^ and the Wolverem^ may be seen, of which there is no representative on the Island. The mammals may properly be con- sidered in the two natural divisions of the Sea Uammals, and the Land Mammals. 1. — SEA MAMMALS. *51. — 1. Th6 IXThale^ This monster ^f the deep is fre- qtiently seen off tlie north coast of the Island. G«»siooally a dead whale is cast ashore On th^ sSniie const, and becomes a source of great profit to : ,.^ , .,_ 136.— 2. The IXTild Cat. This animal is about 2 feet iu height, and 3 feet in length. Its color is light grey, lli^ head resembles the head of a cat, whence its name. Like th« 1,'at family, it preys upon smidl animals, mice, birds, rabbits. &c. It is generally caught in traps. ^ ' ' • ^ • 137. — 3. The 7oz. This well-known animal is by no means scarce. Three varieties are found, the Red Fox, the Silver Grey, and the Biaek Fox. The first is the prevailing species, the oth«^ are much more rare. ITie fm* is valuable, especially of the ra^e species. The Fox is bold and cunning in destroying poultry. . >. .. , .... 138. — 4. The Otter. The aquatic habits of this animal ar« well-known. The Fur is much valued. The increasing occu- pation of the country has rendered this animal comparatively scarce. 9 — 8. The Marten, the Midk, the Weasel, and th« Ermine, are all members of the same family with the Otter. 'J'hey are much more numerous. The fur of the symtelier sp^r m PRIKCB EDWAED ISLAND. 7* vies brings a fair price. The family name is Mustelidaci^ or the Weasels. 139.—^. The Bat. This peculiar animal, adapted for flying by the broad membranes attached to its feet, makes its ap- pearance about houses in the summer evenings. It preys on iniects. It is torpid in winter. The inmates of a dwellinj; are sometimes startled by its sudden fiuttering nea^* the ceil- ing of a room, having made its entrance hy an open door or window. . . ■ ,,; • 140.— 10. The Mole. This little animal has thick fur, deeply sunk eyes, and broad shaped fore-feet. It burrows ijB the ground, and lives on worms. XJi. The ^brew IMIoiMe is another very small animal sometimes seen. It ^comes out of its !}M>le at night in seareh of prey. Its food is insects. 13. To these may be added, the Bedg'ehog'. This small animal is covered with prickles instead of hairs. When at- tacked it will roll itself into a ball, presenting on all sides its Bh^rp spines. It is also nocturnal ; and preys upon insects, slugs, and even frogs and small snakes^. 2v^THE RODENTIA. 141. — ^^1. The babbit. Babbits are very numerous, l^ey change their -color from brown in summer, to white ip winter. Their principal food is the bark of yoi^pg tree«f. Their flesh is palatable, but their fur is little worth. 142. — 9^ The Jl^^rre^ Three species of squirrelare seen, the Red Squirrel, the Striped or Ground Squirrel,and the Fly- jiig Squirrel. The last is seldom seen, p .it moves about alt night. The others are everywhere met. Their food is seeds and nuts ; of the latter they are extreme^ ibad. "Miey often •onstruct their nests in hollow trees. 143.-3. The XICEQSk Vt^t* This animal is often seen near ponds and mill-dams. It builds a house for itself of mud aod «ti<;ks close to the water. It eats rootSi e^^U^l^, fkpj • / I. n VAtCBAL UlitO&T Of varioas other sabstonces. Its for, being thin and poor, i§ little eHtcemed. 144.— 4. The Field Mice, There ore two species of this little animal, the Burrowing, and the Leaping Field Moose. The first is still frequently seen in the fields and woods. At one time, this animal did great destruction to the crops of the Island. It is now comparatively harmless. It barrows in the ground, and makes a nest of fine hay. It lives on fine roots and seeds> The Leaping Field Mouse is known by it« long tail, and strong hind legs, which enable it to leap with great rapidity. • • It is quite likely that a fuller investigation might dleeevtr one or two ether varieties of small aniBMlB. ; '»> ^^v v;r * 'A'''"\ f » ■ ■ '• •< „^, , ». *• ,; •iJ'.; <■ :.,''^'«',- t;j^' ...ii ,iV t » ~ ■ 9 >ni ■ ...■>■ •> •' ..}. i.v .•?■•., :-. i. ■ y.f ■Z' ^.^ - ' '« ^.U^^^i-' •, t poor, if »ofthi« Moose. 'a. At )s of the rows in on fino by it« with AeeoTfr -vc> .:. ■ •»., i- ; • in. • -* £*. '> if 7.'"'''. •' . '.• » ••- ., IV.~CIV1L fllSTORf. .-.^^ r and had BO human habitations save the Indli^ins' wigwams.. 12. The Island O-ranted to Donblet. Fiish, oil, and furs formed the main articles of tcadje on these waters, in thc^se days. Various companies in England and France wcp« formed to promote tlie fisheries in North America. As France had now steady possession of Canada for fifty years, and was rapidly extending her explorations and settlements, the Gulf was the yearly resort of Frefiv t' fishermen. In 1663, a Captain Doublet applied to tfef i4ov'?rLmeii! of Canada for n grant of the Islands in the Gulf. f>r the eptiiUlishmeat of a jwrand fishery. His application wn« granted ; and this Islaad, the Magdalen Islands, and the rock^ IsleU to tlw north of them, remained in the possession of this naval Captain, and his associates, till the close of the century, 13. Doublet, and his associates had no intention of settKng the lands ; they merely erected stages and huts, for the pro- !fec«tion of the fishery, in the most convenient harbors, and near the best fishing grounds of these Islands. They came in the spring, and left in the fall ; and after the rishermen had jfone^the dreary monotoziy of the long winter was broken only i ■m ttVlL HtSTORt 0^ li' ri II! ' ! % by the bustle of the Indian encampment, or the ebout of the Abenaki, and the Micmac hunter. 14. iiOilg unoccnpiedL lliils, for two lon^ centuries lifter its discovery, from 1479 to 1700, Prince Edward Island tay untenanted except by the aboriginal Indians, and a stray European ^ho may have acquired their language, or cultivated tlleir friendship. But Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Ca- nada were now acquiring too muerh importance, to leave this fertile Island much lotigiST utioccupied. Immediately after th^P beginnifig of the eighteenth century, a few solitary families might bef seen locating themselves on some of the more ac- cesssable and attractive spots of the south coast. It is, how- ever, frorti the year 1715, or two yemrs after the treaty of Utrecht, that Prince Edward Islatid may be regarded as » fettled country. ? / SECOND PERIOD; FROM A. D. 1715 TO 1763. 15. Treaty of Vtrecht. In the beginning of the yoar 1713, France, after ten years war with Britain, laid claim to the whole extent of territory liow known as British America. She was in un- disputed possession of Canada,Prince Edward Isl- and Cape Breton ; she had wrenched the chief harbors and settlements of Newfoundland out of the hands of the British ; but her forts in Nova Scotia had been seized by the New Englanders. But by a treaty signed April 11th, 1713, at Utrecht, France ceded to Britain, Newfoundland and Aca- dia, and they have remained from that time till the present day in the possession of Britain* - • «^* u\* ' - -tmmmmMmmm I^KCB EDWiEb ISLAND. S» 1 6. Canada was the favorite Colony of the French, and no pains were spared to promote its advancement and secate ifo retention. After the loss of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, France still retained Cape Breton and this Island ; and noW special atten1;ion' was devoted to their occupation as mtich from their cbmiection with Canada aS guarding tfte main iighway to it, as from chtir own intrinsic value. 17. Cape Breton Settled.' In 1714, the year after the trieaty, the J'rench began to settle Cape Breton. Ttiej selected a liarbof on the soutk coast as the site of a city and fortress, formerly &noWn as the English harbor, but to which they gave the rKnne of Loiiisburg harbor. The fortifications of the city w'eVe began in 1720, md cajrried on for many yeai** at very great expense. Ship loads of enrigrants were brought out to occupy the new country ; and settlers were invite*! from Acadia and Newfoundland to live once more under thoir ©id national flag. M- The Hsland ^tracts Settlers. The fertility and beaitfty of this Island had often been represented on the neighboring coasts by the fishermen aiKi traders who had vis- ited it, and now v»hen the Acaklians are informed that their country has been given up by their King to the EngMsh, tb« young :j'\d tlie enterprising seek a home in a country which they can still call their own. The old and the comfortable ore too much attached to their fields and their orchards in the garden of Nova Scotia, to contemplate a removal unless by force. 19. X*lrst jTrench Settlements. Thus, about th< year 1715, the permanent settlements began. A few solitary families from Acadia, and an occasional emigrant family from Cape Breton, selected some sheltered nook or cove, andther« built a log hut, or rudely constructed dwelling of poles and Imrk, and prepared by fishing and the cultivation of a pmaH patch of ground around their dwelling, to eke out a subsist- u CIVIL BISTORT OT H. i , «h^ Th€tr Ttsitora m summer were the fishing boat and ih« likdian canoe. In winter^ they dwelt alone, exeept an oeca- riooal visit from the Indian hunter or his family. 20. The first few years were years of loneliness and priva- ttOQ ; but their numbers increased gradually, and as the fisb* ifXg boats explored the coasts, the huts of the eettlers might be seen rising up along the banks of the Pinnette river ,on tbo »horea of Crapaud and Tryon harbors, and on thie banks of HkQ Dunk river. Port Joy, now Charlottetown Harbor, wa« early disco "fs^od, and some of the first dwellings of tke^Frenck- aaen miglr-. be seen skirting both sides of the entran*sj« to; it. ^1, The North side was well known to the fishermen, and ttll its Lnrbors, St. Peter's Bay was most frequented becaue© iii Itfi extensive salmon fishing.. When a settlenjuent on tiw Isl nd wd ietefmined upon, this Ba^ *vould not be over- looked, although less accessible thai* tha harbors on the south coast. Hence it was one of the first places on the north coast to receive the settler. An Indian foot path lay along the south lide of the East River, tlwough the fOrest, coaaecting it with Port Joy. Roads were yet unknown. Thse water-courses in iximmcr, and the ice in, winter, were the main highways, 22. Popnlatioiki. Sojoxe years later, Tracadie, Rustieo, then called Racico,and Malpeque Bays were occupied by a few solitary families. A iiaost every summer, as the fertility of tie land bccante kiiown, and the tenure of farms in Nova Sco- tia beeame uncertain, some adtliiiom. were made to the popu- lation. Still the progress was alow, for in 1728, or 13 years after the settlement began, there were only sixty families, it is ^Id, on the Island. And it is probaUo that im the beginning ©f 1745, they did not exceed o»e hundred and fifty families, I*? about 800 souls. 23. W» Ever since 1713, the French seemed to hare repented the arrangement then made. They tried to ex- plain the term " Acadia" in the most restricted sf , aad eo iSM 'fe%..-'il59^.ilKi^ PRINCE EDWARD ISLAXD, 85 t^xclude tlie English from any part of Xew Brunswick. Tlioy manifestly encouraged the Abenaki and Micmac Indians to harrass and destroy the English in Nova Scotia, that no pcr- wmnent footiing might be made in the country until war would j^ive them an opportmiity of retaking it. They prepared for war with all diligence ; and wlien arrangements were completed for the landing of the Pretender on l^e coast of Scotland, ; they declared war against Britain in March, 1744. 24. ~Pirst Capture of ILouisburg. The brave and -enterprising New Engianders resolved to carry the war into the enemy's country ; and raising a body of between three and four thousand militia, under General Pepperell, they were despatched early in the spring of 1745 to attack Louisburg. • Commodore W^rreii/with a small fleet, co-operated with Pep- perell. Their bravery and endurance rendered them victors, and Louisbursr surrendered in June of the same vear. 25. Capture of P. B, Island in 1745 not pro- 'i>able. It is stated by Ilaliburton in his History of Nova Scotia, and by several writers who have followed him that this Island surrendered a short time after Louisburg, in the same year, to the same' troops, and that the inhabitants were transported to France. After a potient investigation, wo have come to the conclusion that no such surrender took place at that, period, or any time before the second taking of Louisburg in 1758, and of course that the inhabitants were not transported to France. In a recent life of General Pep- perell, it is stated that at a meeting of the council in charge of the City of Louisburg, in the month of September, or ilrree months after it was taken, it was deterniinod to send three or four hundred troops to take possession of this Island. Tliere is no indicatio'i that these troops were ever sent. The troops employed in the ^aking of Louisburg were militia, and were anxious to return homo whenever their task was done. The Ngw Enjrlanders were in no dread of Prince Edward Island, I 11 i i %^::''^L 86 CIVIL HISTORY OF m If t '■ ■ \ 4 li Iff i t 1^ and sustained no loss from it. It is most probable that like the contemplated expedition to Canada, which had to be de- ferred, the determination in respect to this Island was never carried out, its possession at the time being considered a matter of no pressing importance. '>^^ It is certain that at the close of the war in 1748, in- Z\)» stead of the Island being depopulated, its population was largely increased. Many of the French settlers in Cape Bre- ton while it was in the hands of the British, fled to the Isl- and ; and others came over from Acadia. It was during this three years' War, that seven or eight French families from Acadia began the .lettlement about Rollo Bay and Souris. 27. Xioaisburg' restoredi Louisburg was restored to the French in 1748. Halifax, in Nova Scotia, was founded the next year^ 1749. At the same time, stringent efforts were made to gain oVer the Acadians to the British Crown ; and to subdue the fcirocious Indians. These things continued to make the Island the refuge for both the Acadians and tho Indians. Great pains were taken to restore Louisburg and render it impregnable, if possible. The garrison and popula- tion, however, imported the larger share of their provisions, and as this Island was in connexion with them, they natural- ly looked to it for such cattle, vegetables and grain, as could be obtained on it. They strove to force its agriculture, or pre- vent its fishing, by restricting the fishing to the two harbors of St. Peter's and Tracadie. 28. The island Ci-overiiment. The Island was en- ti'ustcd to the control of two leading officers, the one civil and the other military. "J'he military officer was subordinate to the Governor of Ix)uisburg ; his colleague was a sub-dele- gate of the Intendant of Canada. They had a garrison of about sixty men, with some few pieces of cannon. A small batter} was constructed by them at the mouth of the harbor of Chiiiloitjto'vn, on the west side, where they resided ; and i 1i » 'iil1 i— — !W<«a n i ■ «n»w-w wi — — HI PHINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 87 a sniuU redoubt at a narruvv part of the East llivcr, still calhrl the French Fort, intended to guard the access by water to- wards St. Peter's and Tracadic. 29. State of the Island in 17Sa. We have iho TiCtters of a French officer who visited the various settlements on this Island in 1752. At that period, the coves and creeks on both sides of Point Prim, and the lands around St. Peter's 3?ay and Savage Harbor, were more thickly settled and I'ur- Iher advanced, than any other places on the Island. St. li- ter's Bay, and Savage Harbor, had then about 340 inhabi tan l.^^ and the coast from the entrance to Charlottetown Harbor, *and round Hillsborough Bay, and as far South as Pinnette Iliver, could not have less than 500 inhabitants. Malpequc Bay had then about 200 people, who were io great poverty, their crops having suffered from the ravages of the field-mieo. Bedoque, Crapaud, Tryon, and almost every creek on the .oouth coast had its quota of a few families. It does not ap- ]>ear that at that time there was a solitary residence on the present site of Charlottetown. A main road had then l)een constructed, bet ween the places now called Cherry A'alley and Cardigan Bay. The officer,' whose descriptions prove him to have been an eye-witness, reckoned the whole population io \x} 1354 oO. Another, and the closing', French war. From the settlement of Halifax in 1749, till Great Britain declared war agaijist France, in 1756, the English colonists in Xova Scotia were engaged in a series of petty conflicts wi'.li the xVcadians and Indians. The year before the actual de- claration of war, when both parties in Europe were eagerly preparing for it, the Government in Nova Scotia deemed it absolutely necessaiy to remove the Acadlans from the coun- try. A large number was actually removed, and dispersed through the other Englit-h colonies. Many escaped to tl\e wood^. and eventually either remained in tlie country, or 88 CIVIL HISTORY OF If m li y; made their way to Cape Breton and this I:iland. When the expatriated Acadians arrived here, in 1755, the population could scarcely have been less than 2000. The addition ' from Acadia, for the next two years, fully doubled the population, HO that in 1758 when it surrendered to the British troops, the imnibcr of inhabitants was above 4000. 3 1 . At the beginning of the war great reverses befell th« Hiitiih arms along the colonial frontiers. But a powerfiil ileet and army were sent out in 1758 for the reduction of Louisburg and the subjugation of Canada. The expedition wa3 successful. Louisburg surrendered July the 26th, 1758 ; and Quebec was taken in June, 1759. M2. Second Capture of Zioaisbnrg'. As the tak- inu' of Louisburgh on this occasion sealed the fate of this In- land, it deserves a particular notice. The fleet employed in itrf reduction was under the ca^e of Admiral Boscawen ; the army under General Amherst and ^Brigadier-generals Law- rence and A^^olfo. The fleet was very numerous comprising 23 sliipsof the line, eighteen frigates, and many transports. — ^i'he army consisted of 14,000 men. The ships came to an- chor on the 2nd of June, in Gabarus bay, near Louisburg. — After a delay of six days on account of the heavy surf on the slioro. a division of troops under A*''olfe efl*ected a landing. — A battalion of Highlanders formed a part of these troops, and a Major Scott leading them, greatly distinguished himself by being the first up the rocks after his boat had been staved to pieces. He, witJh ten others,was exposed to a heavy fire, but Juavely maintained his gi'ouud till others could come to his aid. The French were driven into the city and the regular soig.) began. Many daring exploits were performed. The French ships in the harbor were either destroyed or taken, except two which escaped. It soon became manifest that the city could not hold out. It was determined to assault it at miNCE EDWARD ISLAND. m [( oiico by sea and land, when its brave defender capitulated aflcr u re3istaui.e of 46 days. 33. Bnrrender of this Island. Of the six articles ol capitulation, the second and third referred to this Island. — They aie as follows : *' 2. All tliC artillery, ammunition, as well ni-i arms ©f what kind soever, at present in the town and islands of Cape Breton and St. John [Prinee Edward] shall be consigned into t^^e hands of com- missaries appointed for that pur]^, 3, in order to \)i> ilelivored np to his Britannic Majesty. 3. Tho Governor shall give orders to the troops in the island of St. John [Prince Edward] to surrender to such ships of war as the admiral shall please to send to take them on board." These articles signed by M. De Drucourt transferred Fiince Edward Island into the hands of British troops. 34. The Island a British Possession. General Amherst then sent Lieut-Col. Lord Rollo with a detachment of troops to take possession of the Island. The garrison and inhabitants submitted, and the. arms were handed over to Col. Rollo. The inhabitants then on the Island numbered 4,100. The most extravagant statements have been made in respect to the number of inhabitants at that period on the Island, but the above number, for many reasons, seems to be accurate. 35* Skortly after the Island came into the hands of th(; British, a panic seems to have seized the inhabitants ; they dreaded a forcible expulsion like their brethren in Acadia ; many were conscious of their participation in the Indian as- saults in Nova Scotia ; their fears were communicated to the earlier settlers ; cultivation was abandoned, as they knew not what day their lands would become the property of others ; <: I ^, IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) // // % A A.^ < ^1^ ^^. 1.0 1.1 I^|2j8 |25 |5o ^" Warn mm ^ iia 12.0 Ui lit ■li IL25 IH 1.4 ■ mi m 1.6 0%. ^^' ^ PhotografJiic Sdences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STMBT WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) •72-4S03 ""^^^J" '4^ "%"■ •f ■ \>^\ 90 CIVIL HISTORY O* anJ tluur bouses were deserted, many preferring to escape to the main land as a place of greater safety and others taking reCugc in less accessible parts of the Island. :^6. Treaty of Fontainblean. In the fol- lowing year Quebec was taken ; other conquests? followed in 1760 ; and at length by the treaty of Fontainbleau in 1T63, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island and Canada, were formally ceded to Great J>ritain. THIRD PERIOD. FROM A. D. 176a TO 1800. 37. The Island attached to Nova Sco- tia, Immediately after the treaty of Feb. 10th 1763, Cape Breton and Prince Edward Island, were placed under the government of Nova Scotia.. The chivalrous Governor Lawrence had been call- ed away by death, and Jonathan Belcher was now acting Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia. lu Sept. of this same year, Montague Wilmot was ap- pointed Lieut. Governor, but died in May, 1766. 38. G-eneral Survey. The year after the peace, iiv 17G4, the British government ordered a general survey of their vast territories in North America. A portion of this Q^roat undertaking was entrusted to Captain Holland, who ar- rived in the spring of that year, on this Island, the survey of which he completed in 1766. He appended the names of some of the most distinguished naval and military leaders of tliat period, to portions of the coast, and left his own name on a large bay in Prince County. ' "' ^ 39. Flan of Settlement. After various proposals for PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 91 the Settlement of the Island had been offered, King George the III. approved, May the 9th 1764, of a suggestion of the IJoard of Trade and Plantations, to the effect, that the Island should be bestowed iu grants, of townships or parts of town- ships, with certain reservations, to individuals having clainn upon the government and others, upon certain conditions of settlement, and the payment of certain quit rents. 40. While the survey was proceeding many applications came in for the proposed grants, and the Board of Trade and Plantations, met on several occasions, to consider the claims of the applicants, and their ability to fulfil the proposed en- gagements. When Capt. Holland's survey went Home, a plan was adopted to bring the approved applicants within the number of Townships or Lots. Lot 66, being only about 6,000 acres, was reserved as demesne lauds for the Khio-. I-«ota 40 and 59 had already been promised to parties who had begun a fishery upon them in 1764. 41. Mode of Disposal. The remaining G4 Townships were disposed of by the ballot-box. When an individual vras to receive a whole Lot,hi3 name alone appeared on the slip of paper ; in other cases, two and sometimes three names were inscribed on the one paper, as sharers in the one Lot. Up- wards of 100 individuals participated in these grants. Many were officers of the army and navy, others were members of parliament and merchants. The grants were made in An- 42. ZSTames of Original d-rantees. As these grants have occasioned a great amount of disquietude in the Island, which is not yet wholly removed, it may gratify a pardonable cariosity to know who all these original grantees were. We aave copied the names from the manuscript minutes of Coun- cil, drawn up at the time in London, with George the Tliird's i'litiftls annexed. They are as follows : — 9!! cifit EtrsTofit' 01? ■ 7 7' if ■;■' i Lot 1 Came out to Phillip Stephens, Sec'y to the Adnii* rally. 2 Messrs. Jas. & Wm. Hunter, Merchants, 3 C. Townshend, M. P., 4 Hon. Auffustua Keppel, 5 Edward Lewis, M. P., 6 "William Crowlo, 7 James Montgomery, Advocate for Scotland, 8 Arnold Nesbet, M. P., 9 James Mnrray, Governor in Quebec, 10 Simon Lntterell, M. P., 11 Col. H. Walsh, 28th Foot, 12 Messrs. Mure & Cathcart, Merchants, 13 John Pownall, Sec'y Lords of Trade, 14 Capt. John Campbell, R. N., 15 Guy Carlton, Lieut. Governor of Quebec. 16 J. Tuttle & Lieuts. Forbes & Hayter, 17 Messrs. B. & T. Burke, 18 Lieut. Col. Robt. Stewart & Capt. Wm Allanbjfv 19 Capt. Walter Patterson, (afterwards Governor,) k John Patterson. 20 Theod. Haltain & Capt. T. Basset, - 21 Lauchlin McLaine & Lieut. H. McLaine, 22 John Gordon & Capt. W. Ridge, 23 Messrs. A. & L. McLean, 24 tieut. Col. Chas. Lee & F. McLaine, 25 A. Kennedy & James Campbell, 26 Lieut. J. Stewart & Major Gordon, 27 Messrs. Seale & Spence, Merchants, 28 Capt. Holland, Surveyor, 29 Vice Ad. Sir C. Saunders, 30 John Murray, Esq., 31 Adam Drummond, M. P. 32 William Young, Commissioner Lands, West Indies, 33 Rich. Worge, late Col. 34 John Dickson, M. P. 35 Alex. Maitland, 36 Messrs. Spence & Mill, Merchants, 37 Capts. Spry& Barker. 43. The 78th Fraser Highlanders had greatly distinguishe ^ themselves in the late war, specially in the taking of Quebec, it f Assembly. The House was dissolved in 1784. The new ] louse which met the same year, proceeding to find fault with his conduct was summarily dissolved. Another election took place in 1 78.5, The 1 louse w as soon called together ,and readi- ly approved of the Governor's proceedings. r)G. G-overnor Patterson recalled. In 178G the House again met, and now a bill was brought in to secure the lands to the purchasers in the sales of 1781. This was a very rash and unwise step as the Home Government had not withdrawn the bill sent out to make these sales voidable. — When this bill went Home it w^as disallowed,aud the Governor y,"AS ordered to lay the bill previously sent oUt, before the Assembly. He did so, and the Iloucse siding with him re- jected it — but brought in anothca* professing to reach th« »anie object in another way. This also was disallowed. — When the bill of 1786 Went Home,the Goverment determined- to remove Mr. ^Pattevsoil : and in the autumn of the same year uppolnted Lieut. General Fanning as Governor of this Island. 57. Clovemor Fanning' appears to have arrived here in the autumn of 1787. Governor Patterson refused to srive lip his office until he would bring his case before the Home Government. The both remained all winter on the Island, XIr. Patterson still holding the reins of power. In the spring, peremptory orders came out for Mr. Patterson to resign, and that Mr. Fanning should assume the government, ilr. I'at- terscn resigned and left the count r v. It is to be regretted PRIKCB EDWABD ISLAKD. 99 th.it he adopted such unjustfiablo measures, for as a mac he was not devoid of many estimable qualities. 58. Sales of 1781 remain. Uudcr Fannin)^, a bill Wiw brought in to make the sales of 1781 void ; but upon the purchasers pleading their case before the Council at Home, ihc bill never received the Royal assent, and bo the sales of 1 781, for which Mr. rattcrson had so much contended, woreti- tlon was favorab'y received, but no immediate action v,vm t-uken on the matter. I» 100 CIVIL niSTORT OF I ! ! M^l n\ h. \liH iIh (il. Beginning of Later Settlements. In I7d4, settlements were begun on Lotd 47, 4iS, 50, 56, and Co. In 1 785, settlements were begun on Lots 25, 26, und 30. In 1 788, they were begun on Lota 54,63, and 64. In 1 790, u HCttlement was begun on one-half of Lot 27. In 1792, a set- Tilomcnt was begun on Lot 49 ; on Lots 41 and 42, in 1793 ; und on Lot 44, in 1797. ••(52. Duke '4t Kent. In 1798, His Royal ITighnesa I'rinco Edward, Duko of Kent, and father of Her Majesty (^ueen Victoria, spent some time at Halifax, Nova Scotia. lie returned the following year as Commander-in-chief of the Forces in British North America. In this capacity, he took a lively interest in the state and condition of this Island. He ordered the barracks in Charlottetownto be rebuilt, and some works of defence, for the protection of the harbor, to be coi^structed. He did not visit this Island, as he left Nova Scotia in October, 1800. 63. The Island named Prince lESdward. A new - century was now dawning, leading to a review of the past, and a forecasting of: tJie future. Much inconvenience had arisen from the Island bearing the name of St. Tohni in common with the chief cities of Newfoundland and New Brunswick. I^he Island population was favorably impressed with the kind- ly concern extended to them by His Royal Highness in Hali- fax, and as a lasting expression of their gratitude, a bill passed the House of Assembly, in 1798, changing the name of the Island from the commencement of 1800, from St. John to Prince ZSdward. A bill had been passed in 1780, giving the Island the name of New Ireland, but the King disallowed it. This bill received the Royal assent in Feb'y, 1799. At this time the population of the Island was about 5,000. In Charlottetown, there were about 50 families,n umbering proba- bly between 250 and 300 persons. Had the conditions of the w H ■■!! -a millCB EirWARD ISLAND. 101 frants been faithfully performed, the population of the Inland inight by that time have numhrrcd at least 30,000. FOURTH PERIOD. FROM A. D. 1800, TO 1851. 64. The work of the new century was begun by the House of Assembly pressing upon tlic Homo Government the consideration of tlieir petition of 1797, in reference to the unsettled state of the col- ony, and the accumulating arrears of Quit Rent. The arrears of Quit Rent had now amounted to £59,162 sterling ; and the amount due by many was greater than the sale of their lands would realize. €5. Compositions^ Quit Rents. In 1802, the ITome Qovernmcnt took up the matter ; and after much considera- tion, made the following discriminating a&d iMbcral offer. They divided the Lots inrto^re classes. 'Vhejirst class were those which had the full number of settlers. These wore to pay only four years' Quit Bent,tforihe anQoujit of arrears from 1769 to 1801. The second class were those whi^h had oniy half the required population. These were to pay five ycaiH i^lt Rent, for all arrears tUl 1801. The third class wene -those which had less than a'hoilf, and more than a fourth, of the required population. These were to pay nine years' Quit Rent, for all arrears till 1801. Th^ fourth class were thoee which had less than a fourth of the requisite number of set' tiers. These m^ve to pay twelve years' Quit Rent, in roo m of all arrears till May, 1801. In the fifth class were those liDts or Townships which were wholly unoccupied. These were required to pay fifteen years Quit Rent, in lieu of all arrears till 1st May, 1801. C6. Transfer of Ziots. This was a great iTjclIcf ancl co- t ! 1 102 CIVIL niSTORT OF IT I I t r i. SI m^. ,» i couragcnient to the proprietors. Many that were anxious to dispose of their lands did so, and in a few years nearly one- third of the Lots were sold and transferred into other hands. Tftcs© Lots were Nos. 1, 10, }4 of 12, 17, 23, 24, 31, 32, 33, Vj of 37, 38, 39, >^ of 40, 41, 42, 43, }^ of 47, M of 53, 54, 57, 58, 1 ^ of 59, 60, and 62. 67. £rarg'0 ZiJtfiiligfatioit. Some of the new proprie- tors exerted themselves to procure settfers. In 1803, the Earl of Selkirk- brought out ta has new property, incarly 800 iouls, chiefly ffoni thef Highlands of Scotlaw). Tbey were locarteil on the old FrciKh settlenfifcnts north andi so-wth of Point Prim, which had tlnm been covered, in part, a second tsrae with woods. Many of them early surmounted the diflScuItiea of their now position. 68. SMToQ'pdyiilg' ]^ropriet6rs ese^iid. Some of the proprietors contintting to disregard the liberal offer with I'cspect to arrears of quit rents, legal proceedings were com- *nenced against them, and in 1804 judgmfehts were obtained against ten townships, five half townships and a third of a township. These judgments proved fruitless j for the proprie- tors had sufficient influence at Home to prevent the Act of 1803 under which they were seized, from receiving the Royal allowance. 69. Governor Edmund Fanning's term o^f office was now di'awing to a close. Appointed in 1786 he was supesseded in 1805 having held office nearly nineteen years. The pro- gress of the country under his administration was extremely slow. No doubt the difficulties of his situation were not a few, and his means of improvement limited. He managed to avoid incurring the displeasure of the Home government, 6e- eured a large extent of property and retained the good will of a large proportion of the then limited population. 70. Governor Desbarres. In July 1805 Col. Joseph F. W. Desbarres who had been for several years Lieut. Got- nttl^CE £1>WARD rSLAND. 108 ernor of Cape Breton, when a separate province, was appointed the successor to Governor Fanning. Governor Desbarres was then advanced in years, having been a captain in the army at the taking of Quebec in 1759. He was a man of good abil- ities and superior attainments. He opened the House of Assembly for the first time on Xov. 12th 1805. This was the second session of the 7th General Assembly. The speech simply expresses his anxiety to promote the welfare of the Island and his confidence in the assistance which tlic House would aflfoi'd him. At this session the House is informed t-iat the Act of 1803 which was to revest in the King the lands of proprietors which would not pay the reduced arrears of quit rent, was disallowed. The assembly was highly dissat- isfied and resolved to send Home a complaint and petition. 71. Second American IXTar. The next ^^ar tlm Governor summoned a new House. In opening it he relers to a further increase of settlers, but complains of the slow progress of the country. There was at this time, 1800, a small garrison in Charlottetown, consisting of one subaltern, two sergeants, two corporals, and 26 privates, 2 of these bo- longing to the artillery. War with the Unitod States was then looming in the distance, and the governors of tbti British Provinces were commanded to look to their defences. In 1809 an Act was passed for the establishing of a meridion- al liTie for the regulation of surveyors' instruments, which was of special value in rendering surveys accurate. The regulations of the British navy were at this period very severe, and many of the men on board had been impressed in the time of wa r-. Thsee bore their restraint with great impatience, and oCteti seized the first opportunity to desert. The American com- mercial marine gave an additional reason for desertion by of- fering higher wages and better treatment. The consequence was, British men-of-war sailors on these coasts often deserted to the American ships. Tlie British claimed the ri^ht of r ^ F^ ( i ■ ; ■ |t:! i il |i| ,: ^■ ■ i- : • :!:■ ■- l\ ■ il ■; i i )■ i i If : ; \ .'< -i ^''P'l I I .1 104 CITIL HISTORY OF searching their ships and seizing the deserters. The Ameri- cans resisted. Two or three years of partial hostility passed, when the United States declared war against Britain in Jnno 1812. Two years before this, the government of the Island affixed a heavy penalty to the harboring of deserters. 72. A general election was held in 1812 ; and on th9 18th of August of that year the first session of the 9th Gen- eral Assembly was held. The most important trasiness, in th« circumstances of the country, was the passing of a militia Act. These were days of fiery contest, when Britons were scarcely allowed to sheath the sword on sea or land. But their in- domitable spirit bore them up, and their heroism enabled them to crush the despot of Europe, and resist and repel tho haughty invader of Canada. This was Desbarres' last year as Governor. No one can read his addresses without being per- euadod that his temper was conciliatory, and his intentions good. During the eight years of his administration} ths Island made steady progress. ... 73. Gov. Smith's administration. He was succeeded ia 1813 by Chas. Douglas Smith, Esq., a brother of Sir Sidney fsmith. The war with the United States was then raging, and frequent reviews of militia tended to enliven and inspirit the population. In this year, the British frigate " Shannon" cap- tured the American frigate "Chesapeake," after an engagement ©if only eleven minutes. It was eloSiB and deadly work. Th« new Governor was of a difiForent temperament from the last The difference was very early manifested. He summoned tha Assembly to meet on the loth November, 181 '. In his opening speech he tells the members that he had heard of tha dissensions and strife in the Colony ; that he would hava called them together earlier, but he was not certain that th* ipublic good would be served by it ; that since his arrival h« had not witnessed any strife, and hoped that the business of .tho country would be quietly prosecuted. However, 0ome of «-i\L l*niNCE EDWAKD I8LAKD, 10ft tkQ messages from the ttottse that came before him, were not llatisfactory ; he concluded that the members were spendii^ their time doing nothing, and he summarily dismissed them, tin January 14th, 1814, telling them, in substance, that they were long enough together for all the good they accomplished. .Certainly, the Journals do not show that much work was done, but the Assembly was impeded in various ways. Gov- ernor Smith did not trouble himself with another Assembly for three and a half years, till July, 1817. 74. Britain Victorious. In the mean time, great events were transpiring in Europe and Ameri- ca. Bonaparte was clieeked and humbled ; and the Americans, sometimes victors at sea,were gene- rally conquered on land. In August, 1814, the British troops took the City of Washington, and an : ^ ^ 1 1 1 ■' V '! h- u ■ ' ■■ ll^npi p;;,. I:iil'!l*f' al h. . '' ,i'^ (!• ' ■' I- • 5 n ^';m ¥ 1 . ; 1' 106 CIVIL HISTORY OP the I4tli of the same month ; when takinj? up some unpleas- lint business, they were suddenly dissolved. In the same year, an election was held, and tlie new House was convened on the 3d November, 1818. The proceedings of this House were not very satisfactory to the Governor, for on Dec. 15th, thoy passed a series of resolutions, which did not meet his approbation. These were embodied in an address to the Prince Regent, but failed in their object, through counter- representations sent Home. The House was dismissed after a stormy session, and soon after dissolved. 7G. Townships Bseheated; new rate of Quit Rent. In 1817, Governor Smith, after due preliminaries, escheated Lots 15, and 55. His further proceedings on this course were stayed by orders from his Sovereign. In July, 1818, he issued a proclamation, intimating that his Royal Highness, the Prince Regent, had altered the rate of Quit Rent ; and would now only demand 2s. per hundred acres, as relates to Townships and parts of Townships ; but that this would be rigidly enforced. It further stated, that the origi- nal condition of settlement, with foreign Protestants, would be removed, if within ten years from 1816, the original num- ber of settlers required were located. 77. XMEails; Incidents; Fishery Convention. At this time, and for many preceding years, the mails in win- ter went from Woodville, by Pictou Island, to Pictou. It was always hazardous, and often for weeks there was no communication. The harvest of 1819 was unusually early, the summer being remarkably dry and warm. During this summer the settlement on Hunter River, now called New Glasgow, was begun by the celebrated Newfoundland explorer, Mr. Oormack. The settlers came from the neighborhood of Glasgow in Scotland. In September of this year, Prince Ed- ward Island was deprived by death of one who was among the earliest and most faithful of her public sen-ants. This i<. PKINCE EDWARD ISLAND. 107 ^f1 iplea3- same ivened House . 16th, et hia o the onter- after Quit aaries, n this July, Eoyal • Quit res, as t this origi- ivould Dum- tion. I win- I. It 9 no 'arl^, this N'ew orer, d of Ed- ong Phis was the Hon. Col. Thomas Dcsbrisay, a member of the first council of the Island, its Lieut. Governor in 1779, and for many years the Colonial Secretary and Registrar, llie fami- ly was originally from France, and latterly from Ireland. A proclamation of this year informed the Island that by the :terms of a late Convention, the Americans are precluded from fishing within three marine miles of the shore. 78. Tlie C^overnor and Assembly continue to differ. Not satisfied with the disposition of the new House of 1818, Governor Smith ordered a new election early in 1820. Accordingly :tbe eleventh General Assembly met for the first und last time, in July, 1820. After agreeing to a loyal ad- dress, to be forwarded to George -die IV., who had just as- cended the throne — King ,George tjie III and his son, Prince liidward, Duke of K-ent, had died a few months previous to this--tthey thought fit to reconsider the old subject of com- ^iaiint, the infringement of their .rights as a House of Repre- sentatives, and drew up another address, enpfboclying certain resolutions expressing dissatisfaction with the .conduct of the Governor, and forwarded them to the THirone, through the Governor General, the Earl of Dalhou^ie. They then asked to be relieved from the business of tlie .country. In dismiss- ing them. Governor Smith complained that the address ex- pressing dissatisfaction with him, was not sent through the usual channel, as he should have had no hesitation in sending iit ; ffin^ declared his determination to seek the good of the country above all party politics. He met the House no more. From 1820 till 1825 there was no meeting of the Legislature. 79. Traffie m Strong Drink ; first efforts in Pnblic Sltvoation. An idea may be formed of the extent of rum- ; . r I !• X, i. ! ! lil , Hi M 108 CtVtt HISTOBT 01^ tiO. The Oovemor is recalliecL The inhabitants of Queen's County having resolved to petition for the removal of the Governor, meetings for tbis purpose were called in 1823, Mr. Smith determined to crush tlie proceedings by arrestil^ the most active in the matter. John Stewart, Esq., of Mount Stewart, for many years one of the most active and influential Uften in the colony, was appointed agent to carry Home the petition. Gaverrtof Smith tried to arrest himj»but he escaped, and at the age of 68= rawde bis way to England, in the month of Decen>ber. Matters feadf now gone too far for reconcilia- tion, and Governor Smith was recalled in the spring of 1824. He was a man of great energy, but very arbitrary, and how- ever useful in another state of society; jt was very clear that (e was not «^pte<} tor manage the public afifairs of P. £. Island. 81. Deatfr of the llev. T. Besbrisay. In the springy of 1623, there passed away from earth, one who had long held' ft high place in the affections of all classes of this Colony. This was the Rev. Theophilus Desbrisay, son of the Hon. T. Desbrisay, to whose death a reference has been made. Ho Was the first, and for many years, the only Protestant clergy- idan on the Island. Possessing the amiable qualities charac- teristic of the nation from which he sprimg, his nature wd^ finrther ennobled by the graces of a sincere Christian. Hif simplicity, generosity, and catholicity, have left an example to s^ who follow him. 82. Groyernor Ready. Col. John Beady succeeded Mr^ Smith. He arrived on the Island in 1824. In a rery dhort time he secured the confidence and cordial respect of tb# Itihabitants. He set himself with intelligence and ener- |Q^ to rectify what was amiss. A new House of Asseia- bljT was summoned to meet in January, 1825. A vast amouni *^f0tt(Br«lbiialQ£8swa3 gooo through. In October of tb* ■ I PBIKOE EDW4.KD l0LAi(D. 109 uimo year, a second 8e«sion wljn h'M, Flowing that nothing; sfeould be tfatnting c« the part of ltr;islii?ian *>) adTcnce *tht prosperity of ths ooTony. 83. Statistics^ d&c. The a^airs of tbe Colony now be- gan to assume a more biisiness-like appearance. Gt^ncraltfta' tistics arc not vranlihg. "We glean a few. In the yctr tnat clos- ed the 3l8t Dec. 1825, among other exports there Here 47,d20 bushels of potatoes, 10,717 bushels of oats, and 76^ buJhels of wheat. In the same year, 40 vessels were built, and regis- tered, of an aggregate tonnage of 8,409 tons. The winter of 1825-26 was so mild, that the plough was at work in January md in March. Great sickness prevailed. From the floating Ice in the Strait, there was no communication with the maiti land fbp four weefes. Doring this winter the prominent dls^ cushion was the adntission of Roman Catholics to civil offices. The question had been agitated with renewed vigor ft-om th» iMJcession of George the IV. The subject was warmly taken up in thi« Island. It was disposed of at a subsequent ptWod. Governor Ready went Home in 1825, leaving the Hon, George Wright as Administrator, and returned in Dec. Ii26- At this time, a detachment of the 8Ist regiment, nkteh $ad been stationed here, was relieved by a party of th* 7#iii iegi- menl, under Lieut. Barker. The new vessels of 1826, num- bered 54 ; and the tonnage reached 9,298 tons. 84. First regular Census; Improvements. Tho House of Assembly met again in 1827. A prominent Act of thit session was the census Act. Heretofore an witimatioii fFAS mado of tbe number of inhabitants. The regulaf taking of tb» Qensus proved that estimation to be isaceurat*. Tke suia- ber of inhabitants over the wkole Island in 1827, wm 13,26$. At that time the population of Chariot tetown i|ii 1,^40; and with the Royafty, 5,073. PuWic imftrovements wert now pushed forward. Roads #8re witlentd snd improved ■U over the country ; bridges were built ; figriculture was en- Ill H I.! i i it r .1 ' I i ; f ^!i \ i ; Hi ■4 no CIVIL HISTORY OF eot^ra^cd ; improved stock was imported ; and to etimulate othew Governor Ready became a farmer. 65. Roman Catholic disabilities removed. TI)« assembly met regularly each year. Increased attention had been directed to education, and in 1829 the House passed a Bill for the establishment of an Academy in Charlotte- town. When set in operation a few years afterwards it be- came of great service to the colony. 1'he most prominent Act of 1830, was tlie one which removed tbe political disabilities from lloman Catholics. By this Act, members of that per- suasion were entitled to vote at olcetions or be elected as members of the assembly, &t told civil and military offices on taking" a prescribed oath. I'hls \was the last session of a Ilouee which had sat from 1825, and which surpassed all its l^edecessors in the extent and value of its labors. 86. Quit HentS demanded: Mail route by G^ Traverse. Governoa* Heady by a pixielaaiation dated August 1628 announces to the Island that he has received orders from Home to enforce the arrears of quit rent from Ist January 1823,. The arrears are stated at the time to ajojouiat to £10,000 sterKng. Public meetings were called to petition His ^lajesty to sttsj^end the order. And the House of ss^ sembly at its session in 1^2^ did Itie same, praying His Majesty to relinquish the arrears and to grant the accruing Quit Kent for the internal improvement of the ce9o«y. Thej deckred at the same time that the money to pay the arrears could not ^e found in the colony — that the revenue on an average did not exceed £2,000 sterling for the last twenty years. In the preceding winter the attempt was made to send the mails by Cape Traverse, and found to be more ex- tpeditious and safer than by the old route. Hence this route •liOfi been followed till the present day, and ie likely to be .iidopted*for all tinie coming. "■ -'^^ ■'.•.i^^ v\,^^ ^7. Im«l§gl«a]it8« In Jufie 1820,84immi^Dts old and PRIKCB BLWA^D ISLAND. in yonng Arrivetl from the Island of Skyo, and settled chiefly in the region of Belfast. Ii the autumn of tho same year, 35 pcttlers came from Newfoundland. In May 1830, the Rev. John McDonald brought out from Greenock in the vessel named tho " Corsair," 206 passengers. They were all Roman Catholics, some of them from Ireland, and were settled near Johnston's River. The next month, the ship "Collina" brought 74 passengers from Devon and Cornwall. About the same time the " New Bideford" brought G3 passengers from Plymouth ; the " Hannah" 30 others from Ireland, Ha Newfoundland ; and shortly after 50 passengers arrived from Suffolk, via Quebec. To these were added in August of the same year 80 others from Norfolk and Suffolk. 88. Offer to Commute the Quit Rent. First Board of Bdueation. At the session of 1830, Governor Ready laid before the House the answer to their petition of 1829, in reference to the Quit Renta. The answer stated tho desire of the Home Government to meet the wants of tho Colony, and that His Majesty would accept the annua! sum of £1000 sterling, instead of , tho accruing Quit Bents, which cum would be appropriated to meet the civil establishment of the Colony. The House reply to His Majesty that they could not, out of their small resources, promise so large a sum ; and beg His Majesty to relinquish the Quit Rents altogether. Here the matter rests for a few y;ears. An Act of this session in provicUng fertile inaproTement of Edacatioa, authorized th© appointufteftt of a Boant of Education ; said Board to eonsist of five persons, three of wliora should form & quorum. Tho Board was required to meet once a quarter. 'l\e appoint- ments were made soon after the passage (of the Act. A gene- ral ejection took plaee in Sept. 1830 Time had wrought ita changes ; and several who had borne a prominent part in th^"'' early doings of the late House, were now numbered with tho dead. ^tl|-;i!; 112 ciVit tiSTOiit of W iIhii 'ii 1 ij ii Hi ' 89. Zmmigrants ; Gov. Steady succeeded by OoL tTonng'. 11)0 new Moaso met on the 3d Feb. 1831. Noth- ing of special importance took place. This year witncsrced it ftirthcr increase of settlers. In May, 63 passengers from Qrcen- ock landed from the ship " Staffa," at Georgetown ; and ■ few day« after, 39 others from the ship " Resolution," from Plymouth. To thpse were added, in different ships, 100 pas- sengers from "Waterford, 90 from Yarmouth, and 95 from Dumfries. About this time the Island heard with regret that they were going to lose their much valued Governor. Capt. Sif Murray Maxwell was appointed to take his place ; but dic^ suddenly before he could leave England. On hcafiog this, the Island petitioned Ilis Majesty King William the IV. to continue Mr. Ready as Governor ; but, before th^ir peti* tioB could reach Home, on July 25th, Col. Aretas William Young was gazetted Lieut. Governor of the Island. He ar- rifed on the Island on the 27th September. Governor. Reiidy immediately left. Ilis departure was profoundly regretted hf the whole Colony. He was a most active, energetic, and useful Governor. Col. Young received a hearty welcome. Numerous addresses were presented to him. Among others, one from the Micmac Indians, signed by an old chief «nd five otheic. Among the incidents of the year may be mentidoed n remarkable eclipse of the sun. The stars became distinctly visible by the twilight whidi gupervened. la the uonth of 8'»ptember, the arrival of the Steamer the " Royal William,'* on hat way from Halifax to Quebec, created agreat «ensfttioD. Th« inhabitants of Charlottetown rusbed to the wharf to be- kold the unwonted sight. 90. Approach of Cholera ; Mail Steamer 7ocail01ltaf« ^c. On the 3d of Jan. 1832, Gov. Yenng met the House of Assembly for the first time. Several Acts of importanoe wcrtp passed at this sessit n. As there was ft |>reyaiHiig dread of the Approaching cholera, a il^ecial Act was ptissed to guard a^ott PRINd EDWARD ISLAND. 119 tiio introduction of tlie disease, by vessels coming from infected ports. An Act to provide for the running of a steamboat be- tween Charlottetown and Pictou, by the offer of £300 per «nnum, also formed part of the busincsff 'J this session. Tbi •pring brought tidings of the ravages o*' th§ cliolcra . Brit- ain, and the Governor proclaimed a general fast for tho 23(1 of May, to beseech the Almighty to avert the threatened BConrge. He was entreated ; for tho cholera passed onr shoresi to do its work of <3eatli in regions beyond. The Steamer " Pocahontas," Capt. Davison, arrived on her first trip on Uw llth of May. She ran twice a week to Pictou. Her cabin passage-money was only 12 shillings ; as cheap as it now is, Jifter the lapse of thirty years. This year the Island received 75 passengers from Bideford, and 50 from Waterford. At tho same time, a detachment of the 96th Regiment, under Oapt. Cumberland arrived here. The imports this year were £70,068, 88, lid, and the exports only £31,739, 15s, Od. 91. Census of 1833 ; Immigrants ; duration of IParliament shortened. The census was again taken in 1 833, by which it appeared that the population of tho Island num- bered 32,292, being an increase of 9,026 over tho year 1821 Charlottetown and Royalty had in tins year 2,541 inhabi- tants, an increase of 468 over the previous census. Froni the tables we learn that in that year there were 94,- 631 acres of improved land occupied. In June,40 passengers Arrived from Bideford ; and in August, 64 from Tobermory, Gotland via Cape Breton. An Act of the assembly of this year shortened the duration of the Colonial Parliament frpia •even to four years. 92. LegislativeReform. The proceedingi of tho House of Assembly in 18^^!: were of sonM note. The majority passed an address to His Ma- jesty King "William, praying that there might bt ! < , i I . if It ■i'^ u. *• 111 CiVtL UISTO&T OV an Executive Council distinct from the Legisla- tive. Thus began the agitation which resulted in tlio establishment, many years later, of what ifl called Responsible government. A motion wag also discussed for obtaining an Elective Legisla- tive Council, but was lost by the casting vote of the chairman. In 1830 and in 1832 the House had petitioned the King in respect to the clergy re- serves and school lands. In this year a third pe- tition was sent Homo praying that they might be appropriated to the support of Education, as it was impossible to dispose of them according to tho original intention. An Act was passed*this winter, to regulate under heavy penalties the convcyanc<^ of 4hc mails between Cape Traverse and Cape Tornientine, the courier to receive j£6 per trip. 93. John Stewart Bsq. Governor Youn^ sailed for Kngland in May intending to return in the full. He was knighted in July, and returned in September as Sir Aretas W. Young. In Juno of this year John Stewart Esq., of Mount Stewart died at the age of 70. He came to tKo Island irt 1778 and had a large share in moat of the cont end- ings on the Island till his retirement from public I'fe in 1830. He was speaker of the House from 1795 till 1798. In 180G ho published in England his" Account of Prince Edward Island'' which is valuable as a history, and creditable to him as an author. lie was the chief agent in procuring the recall of Governor Smith ; and on his. return with Governor Ready he was again speaker of tho House from 1824 till the death of George tho FV. Ho was one of the most active and useful men of his day. <>niKCI fiD^XllD fSLAKD. 115^ 04. Meal flshing*, dLc, In tho spring of this year two ftclroonors olrtttin<><1 full cur^tK.'s of seals betwen Kost Point and Capo George m Novrt Scotia. Antt in July a largo shoal of jframpusca were soon in lliilsJborough bay. About 20 boat« armed with such weapons as they could find, went off in pur- suit and succeeded by great efforts in driving ashore at Or- well Bay nearly 150 of them. Thry were from ten to twenty- five feet in length ; and furnished a large supply of valuable oil. Tho cholera again broke out this summer in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Canada. But a merciful God shielded tho Island from the scourge. Tho passengers who tuTived as emigrants this year were 75 from Water ford, ant) 52 from Bideford. In the autumn, the country was ogitatd in Egypt in which that dis^ tinguished general lost his life ; passed through the fiery con- tests of the Peninsula in 1808-9-10-11 with marked distinc- tion, and discharged various high offices in the West Indifii and elsewhere, with uniform ability, previous to his appoint^ meat lo this Colony, where he ended a period of 41 years of public service at the age of 58 years. Firmness combined with intelligence, & mildness united with a high sense of honor^ were prominent features in his character. On the Governor's 4eath, Hon. Georg« Wright again assumed the office of Ad- jtninistrator. '^ '-"*■*; -^'^^-^ '^, V':i-"'^v*. r;- 97. Academy opened ; Oovernor Barvey ; Ba- €heat refused; Trade. The Central . Academy was 4fpened in January 1836. Its first teachers were t^e Eer. Charles Loyd, and Mr. Alex. Brown, formerly teacher of tl^ Grammar school. Mr. Loyd soon retired on account of ili ^health, and was succeeded by the Rev. James Waddell from Kova Scotia. The session of this winter under the admini^ tration of Mr. Wright, went through a good deal of business, dilefly of an ordinary character. On the 2nd of February '<*ol. Sir John Harvey was appointed Governor. He arrived In August, and was welcomed with the usual addresses. Ht immediately* set about visiting all parts of the country to t0- tcrtain, in person, its actual conditioai. Despatches came ouV this summer informing the country that the petitions of th;« iofit three winters, for the establishing of a Court of Escheat, .^axmot be complied with by His Majesty, for various obviovS' i TBIICCE £Z>WARD ISLAIO). lit Teasons ; and that if the lands were tranfiferred to the Crown, the Crown would demand a fulfH.ment of presoiit engagemenl« ft*om the tenants. The trade of the country may be seen by the following statistics. The imports in Island currency for the year ending in Jan. 1837, amounted to £136,139, 7s, ICd, and the exports to £70,460, 19s, 4d. Among the exports may bo stated 123,164 bushels of oats, 16,050 bushels of Barley^ J0,880 bushels of potatoes, and 828 bushels of wheat. But few emigrants had arrived for the last two years. About 20 came from the North of Scoth.nd, and an equal number Jroio the South of Ireland. , y,- , ,. . 98. Death of Singr William; iTictGria; Oov^ ^itZToy, The year 1837 bestowed upon Prince Edward Island a new Sovereign, and a new Governor. In Mapcht ()o\. Sir J. Harvey, after being raised to the rank of Major- j^neral, was appointed to New Brunswick. He met tUe Island Legislature but once ; yet the large number of thirty- two acts, show the diligence of the people's representatives under his guidance. He left the Island in May, when Mr. Wright assumed the office to which he had now become fami- liar. On the 20th of June, King William the IV, styled the Patriot King, from the interest which he took in the happi- ness of his people, passed away to the tribunal of the King of Kings. The next day, Jane the 21st 1837, VICTORIA, daughter of the Duke of Kent, whose name this Island bears. was proclaimed Queex of Great Britain and Ireland, and aU their vast dependencies. The hopes derived from her natn- fe^ e«ired in dje form by tbke authoi'ities, and a ^ard of Lpnar ;?^ 118 CtriL HI3T0RT OF I*! Si It: r if I, iM\ i •I '-'i iil of tho 85th regiment, stationed here at the time. Tbo noble work of Education was further promoted this year, by the ap-' pointment for tho first time 6f a Visitor of Schoote, for the whole Island. Tho appointment was given to John McNeill, Esq., at present first clerk of the House of Assembly. Fro« his first Report in October 1837, wo take the following : — ., SCHOOLS. . SCnOLWtM. , ^ ' : Queen's County. .21 V :\ 624 King's County. . ,15 49{> - , Prince County. . ,15. 535 V, ;>; Total... 51 1G49 * '"'j He held the laborious office for ten years till 1847,'at which time there were 120 schools of all grades and above 5,000 scholars. For the la^t twj years, the Steamer " Cape Breton" plying between Pictou, Charlottetown and Mii*amichi, had canied tho Island mails. The great Temperance reform agi- tated so strongly in those days had reached this Island and some of the be.=5t of our citizens enlisted their energies in t^ft good cause. Their labors resulted in inducing some tliousaodi to take tho abstinence pledge* 99. Xlebellion in Canada!^ Towards the close of 1837 a rebellion broke out in Canada, headed by Papincau in tho Lower, and McKenzie in the Upper province. The rebels were promptly encountered by tho troops there, and forces wore quickly despatched from the Lower Provinces. In tba midst of winter, troops were sent into Tjower Canada through New Brunswick. The rebels found sympathizora on the American frontier ; but tlicy were everywhere routed, and by tho Qnd of tho next year tho smouldering embers were extin- guished. When tho news reached hero, the Island militia o^erod their services in support of their Sovereign's authority. 100. Steamers first cross the Atlantic In April,1838 tho ** Sirlua" and " Great Western" succeeded in stoamius PniKCE EDWARD ISLAND^ M9 across the Atlantic, contrary to the predictions ol" jnany. 7Ticir arrival at New York created a great excitement at the time. The waters of our own Gulf were then enlivened every Exmimer by the regular trips of the " Cape Breton " and the " Pocahontas," keeping the Island in constant communication with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 101. Coronation of the Qncen. A^ictoria was crowned on the 28th of June. The event was duly celebrated on the Island. A detachment of the 93d Sutherland Highlanders was here at the time. Their gay costume, and their martial music, tended to enliven the scene. The militia did their part handsomely. The Jail was thrown open, and the debtors set at liberty. At night the town was illuminated, and bon-iires blazed around the har- bor. All was conviviality and joy. The ?ilagdalen Islands were visited by Governor Filzroy in September ; and two months later the country declared in a general election who were to be the members of the lif- tecnth general assembly. .. ^ ^ ;^ ^ 102. An Executive separate frem a Kegis- lativo Council. The assembly held two ses- flions in the winter of 1839. While the first was proceeding with its business a despatch came out in February to the Lieut. Governor ordering him to form an Executive separate from a Legislative GounciL He immediately prorogued the assembly for a few days, and nominated certain gentlemen to botk these councils. The Executive were not t# exceed nine in number ; and twelve wore ig ISO CIVIL HISTOET CfW Hi i'-; .»> It ifii ['! i form the Legislative Council. At the same time it was determined to separate the Judicial from the Legislative offices, and chief-justice Jarvis was re- quired to vacate his seat in the Council. The Legislature met again in its remodelled form on the 12th of March, and after the despatch of som« business was prorogued. . •. During this winter Escheat and the Fishery Reserves were subjects of keen agitation. The Council rejected the Es- cheat bill unanimously ; and so amended the Fishery Rcserv<^»a Bill that the Assembly rejected it when it came back. W. Cooper Esq., was speaker of the Assembly that winter, and was seat Home by the Assembly to represent their wishes at the Colonial office. He was able to lay his proposals at the office, but Lord John Russell declined discussing the mat- of Ezchoat with him either orally or by written communica- tions. ^ • ■■■' r'-; ^^'•:^'-- '?'?. ■^-•f ■' . - - •• j..-^c_,.,^ r, . . ri.i^.v . 103. The Propositions for a SetUemenf of the Land Question were three : First, Tt> establish a Court of Escheat : Second, The Crown to purchase the lands from the Proprietors : Third. The imposition of a heavy tax on wildernesg land. On these points Lord John Russell re- marked in a despatch to the Gavernor : that the firet is inadmissable ; and that, in respect to th« siicond he did not feel at liberty to recommend th© advance of £200,000 from the Home treasury. He doubted the proprierty of the thirds as a Land Tax was already exacted- The land tax had been ro- siortcd to, a few years before this, to stimulate tht PRn7CE EDWABD ISLAND. 121 proprietors to the settlement of their lands. It had now been in operation for two years ; and the Home Government thought that they had gone far enough for the present. ' In May, 1839 the Bhips " Consbrook" and " Agitator" brought out from Ireland about 600 emigrants chiefly from the County Monaghan. The revenue at the dos^ of this year was £5000 above the preceding year. 1 04. Queen Victoria was married to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha on the 10th of Feb. 1840. The naost prominent Act of *;he session of 1840 was that which provid- ed for the erection of a Lunatic Asylum. Two years aft-er this it received the Royal allowance, and steps were taken to carry it into execution. In J uly of this year th6 celebra^«d steam-packets of Sir Samuel Cnnard which have up tO this day brought our British mails so regularly, first arrived at Halifax. The Island received this autumn 261 emigrants from Skye in the ship " Heroine." The Princess Royal was -born in November and Queen Victoria received congratula- tions from all parts of her empire. \ 12 . 105. Census of 1841 : Canada united t Prlnee of IXTales born : Choir. Buniley. By art Act of the •session of 1841 provision was made for taking the censm — From the tables we gather the following intefegting statistics. The population of the Island was then 47,0^4. It raised dur- ing the previous year 2,250,114 bushels of potatoes ; 611,824 Ijushels of oata ; 83,229 do. of barley aiid 160,028 do. of ^heat. There were then on the Island 9861 horses', 41,919 rieat cat- tle ; 73,650 sheep ; and 35,621 hog's. In FebfuSfy 1841 Vp-- per and Lower Canada were united. The government em- ployed the " PoGahontas" this yeaar ifl dahyi^^ iSfte inaHfi?. lA Aaguiit the Governor Sir Charles A. Witzioy Wits ttpp^ktf to the West Indiea. Before his departure iJe *«^6lf ^ maky |frf!': r If. 1 ; 1: i 1 I % If Ml 'n m ml I I ,.}» a i'i.i U2 CiriL HISTORY OF expressions of the high esteem with which ho was regarded. Mr. Wright onco more assttmed tho office of administrator. In November tho Prince of Wales was born. Great wer^d, leay- ing a balance against the Colony of £4,327, 7s, 6d. A part ol" this balance, however, was met by funds from the land assess- ment, which reduced it to about £3,000 The Legislature sent a memorial, this session, to the Homo Parliament, praying for a repeal of the duties on Colonial breadstuffs. Tha School Act was amended ; and an important Act was pasee ued at jG300,000 annually, that they might regulate the affaint of Christ's Church according to what they found in the Bible^ irrespective of the dictation of the civil magistrate. Th« rending of the trunk at Home extended to all the branches in the Colonies ; one portion approving of the stand taken by those who had assumed the name of The Free Church of Scot-^ land ; the other,adhering to those who continued in the Estab- Ushment. About the same time all Ireland was in a state of wild ex- citement on the question of a repeal of the union with Great Britain. Daniel O'Conndi was then in the height of his pop- idarity. Events however soon took a turn, by a legal arrest on the doings of the great Agitator. . 111. The Legi^ature met as usual in the winters of 1844 and 1845. The discussions of the House indicated a grow- ing determination on the part of the representatives to hav« the direct control of the public afEairs. An cfiEbrt was made to encourage the Seal Fishery. A few vessels made the at^ tempt, but although myriads of seals were seen, the ice wa» not in such a state that they eould be reached ; or the crews lacked the skill and daring necessary for the undertaking.- — In consequence of His Royal Highness Prince Albert becon^* ing the-PatroDof the Agricultural Society, this society which hr many yea«^ has been of great benefit to the country tt«- aumed ia 1845 the name of the Royal Agricultural Society. ' 112. Oeological esploration. In the summer of 1846 Dr. Abraham Gesner spent some months on the Islan4/ employed by the government in making a geological explora- tion of its shores and harbors. The report of his labors wasi published in the following season; and has been of special $ervico ia a flectbo of the chapter on Natural History. H^ i>llIKCE Et>WAilD iSLXiXD. 196 tlso delivered a number of lectures of a sc' iific naturo bo-: for© the Mechanics' Institute, which were well received and thankfully acknowledged. In the winters of those years thite Mechanics' Institute did good service in diffusing valuable iu«- formation among the people. A general election took plac* on the 10th of August. At Belfast however, the poll had I'd bo closed because of riotous proceedings. 113. Fatal conflict at Belfast. The Legislature m^i for the first time in the new Colonial Building, on the 26tli of January, 1847. It was not then quite finished. Anew Section for the district of Belfast was ordered to be held 0» the first of March. The Candidates on the one side were Messrs. Douse and McLean, and on the other, Messrs. Little and McDougald. Shortly after the polling began, a fight took place between the Irish and Scotch. The Irish wer^j armed with sticks. A Scotchman, named Malcom McEae^ was fatally wounded, his skull being broken. After a short recess the polling was renewed, the Scotchmen had retired and the hustings were in possession of the Irish. About half-past 2 P. M. about 200 Scotchmen returned to the hust- ings having armed themselves with sticks. On their approach the Irish being in possession of the hustings determined tu keep them off. The others were equally determined to have their rights, and were enflamed at the treatment of McRae who. was now evidently dying. A fierce contest bccam© ^noral ; all the efforts of the sheriff and the constables wep« in vain; the riot Act was read and the poll closed. A great many were woTinded on both sides — some injured for life, and several died of their injuries, either on the spot or a ihort time afterwards. The Highlanders kept possession of the ground, while such as could, made their way home; This disastrous affair taught a salutary lesson, that law and not violeiice must rule the land. On the 19th of March a third attempt was nmde to hold ao elation at Belfafit, undar a 1 m ciTiL uistout of V ;| ' i i i' h I U, f lU iiron^ constabulary and military force, when Moscts. Dous* and Mcljcan wore returnod without opposition. / IH. T\iQ QQeen petitioned for Hesponsible Clovern- ment; Famine in Ireland-; Clov. CampbelL Dnr- ing this session the Edncational Act underwent still further improvement. A-n address was prepared to be forwarded to the Queen praying for the introduction of Responsible go\* •rnment. In tlisraissing the House, (jlovcrnor Huntley ro* fcrred to the address, and expressed himself very strongly in favor of Responsible government. A famine prevailed at fhid time in Ireland, and in parts of the Highlands .f Scot- land ; on which account a general f;ist -was proclaimed for the '14th of May; and contributions uere gathered in from ail quarters. On the 22nd of this month 419 Irish immigrants from liverpool arrived. Some of these were laboring under disease which caused a good deal of uneasiness to the Island, Governor Huntley's term of oflSco was aboit. to expire. By tome 'his conduct was applauded, and these sought by petition to the Queen to prolong his stay here. Others condemned his actions in certain particulars; and from ttiese a delegation consisting of Joseph Pope, Esqnire, Speaker of the House,and the Hon. Edward Palmer, member of the Executive, went Home to secure his removal. In September he paid a visit to the Governor General, leaving the Hon. Ambrose Lane as administrator during his absence. Ho returned in October. About this time &ir D^mald Campbell was appointed his successor. Governor Huntley loft the Island in November; and Sir Donald Campbell arrived on the 9th December. The new Governor was received with great enthusiasm, the Highlanders being ©specially gratified by having one of their own countryme* •ver them. "^^ - -^^f 116. Politieal commotions ; and progress : Cen* of 1S4Q. Th« year 1S48 was one of groat eomQM>t^>E PniSCB BDWABD ISLAND. hi Europe. A political carthqaako overturned the thr ^• rf Louis Philippe, and shook all the surrounding KingdomE. In this year ReBponsibks government was fully introduced hito Nova Scotia — the Executive being composed of men gastained by the niajority in the House of assembly. In tb« Island the session was opened on the Ist of February. CW the many Acta passed, two may bo mentioned. The on« provided for a further assessment of land, if tho Queen re- linquished the quit rents during its continuance. The Act received tho Royal allowaDco on the 25th of August. TLe- other may be called a simultaneous polUng Act, us it provid- ed for the taking of votes on the occasion of an election at tho same time in all parts of the electoral district. It wa» a valuable Act as it prevented those largo gatherings at one l>lace which seldom terminated without a fight. During the months of summer, the Governor visited all parts of the country, aiid was welcomed everywhere. The census was taken this year, when tho total population was asccrtatBed to be 62,634. At tho same tine there were 215,389 acre« of land cultivated. - 116. Agriculture; Trade: Temperance: leg- islative demands. Special attention was directei f i i ii 4 \'i • i : • 1 n - 1 II f 1 w it J J 1 romoved. Tho discovery of gold in California, which hod arotwod tho whole Republic, quickened the spirit of entcr- pri.'-io in some of the Island population, and tho brig " Fanny " wa8 fitted up and sailed with her Island adventurers for tbe far off region of gold. Tho contest for Responsible govorti- inont still went on, though ever converging to the point of victory. The Jlouao, in addressing the Queen, in the spring of thia year 1849, offor t6 pay for tho civil establishment, if the Queen would forego the quit rents, and admit Respon- •U)lo government so fiir as to give the country four scats iu the Executive council. • 117. Reply of the British eovernment ; the As- sembly rellise to cooperate with the Bxecntive. The House is dissolved in Jan. 1850. The Home Govern- ment have offered to surrender the quit rents, revenue from crown lands, and general revenue on condition that the colonj Hupport the Civil List ; but do not think that tho country is yet ripe for full Responsible government ; alleging that the Island has not the population, nor the intellectual ad- vancement of the neighboring provinces where that system had just been introduced. An appeal to the country on thiu great question was considered necessary. The general W^AIU> ISLAN'd. m SOHOOLS. SCIIOLAHS, ^ Queen's County. . 66. . . . . : . . . . . . . . . ; 2,956^ ^^ ?< ^ i^ Prince County. . .36 1,246? s ,?^W King's County. . .33 1,1C4 ^/^ - ' T^^ . >> 5,366/- ^-' Tfee Autunrn of this year witl lorrg h& remembered for « rwient storm that raged on the 3rd and 4th October, by trhich many vessels, chiefly those of American flahermcn, were cast away on the north shore of tlua Island, and a gf^at many lives lost, ■^t^-;/■'4'ne■.^^■■ IriPTH PERIOD,. 'V--/'"^^. ' r FROM A. i). 1851 TO 1861. ^ ' 112. Tree Education; Bodgsoa, Chief ITilstice. The most important Act of the se«- iiion of 1852, which was opened in the 22nd Janu- ary, was the Free Education Act. The subject bad been mentioned at the previous session, but matters were not then ripe for action. This Act is the basis of our present school system. It has conferred a great blessing on the country, the only subject of regret is, that it is not sufficiently valu- ed, and tliat the co untidy has been too slow t» make the most of their great advantage. In May of this year the detachment of the 42nd Highland- ers under the Hon. Capt. Rollo, who had gained the high respect of the population by their st^^ady conduct, gave place to a detachment of thd 12itd Highlanders under Capt. Boyle. The death of thj0 ■fT" ■WK ■'I ■!j! • m CITIL HISTORY G9 i !• t ( t' 'i i 1^ y, if 1 i Li A 1 li :!ii (i 1;! ) 1 -i 1 time leaves a vacancy oh the Bench. To this high c)ffice the late Attorney General, the Hon. Robert Hodgson is appointed.^ By accepting this office he 3'elinquished his retiring allowance of X200 per annum, which amount was thus saved to the coun- try. The appointment gave very general satisfac- tion. The revenue of this year exceeded that of the previous year by £8,500- 122. Universal SufiVage: O-overnmeiit Be- ibatcd. The popular tendency was now towards universal xaffra^e. The question was talien up in the session of 1853., .and an Act to extend the franchise conferred universal suf- frage under a few restrictions. It was a bold step, and de- manded matured eonsideratiou. To tliis session belong al«© iho Land Purchase Act, and an Act to establish a gas com- pany in Gharlottetown. A despatch having come from Ilome intimating the intention of the Home Government to with- draw the small garrison here, a public meeting was called io |»rocure a petition to the Queoa to prevent their te- moval. It was however in vain. The deed had been fully determined upon. In May, the ill-fated " Fairy Queen " was employed by the Government to carry the mails, instead of die " Rose." The usual quadrennial election was held in tlw month of August ; and the result was the defeat of the Gov- ernment. A request was presented 'to the Governor to sum- mon the legislature before the usual time, that the reins of power might be transferred to those who had beeaa elected. He saw no fecial reason for doing eo, and dedined ; and as the Executive did not voluntarily resign, no change took place till the meeting of the Legislature. In October, Mr. John M. Stark arrived from Stowe's Normal School in Glas- gow, and was appointed viBitor of ecbooie fcrr th«-irfiote IAumI. PRINCE EDWARD ISI-AND* 133 123. aboss of the "Fairy Queen"; the *81,303 acres. The price was £24^100. £18,000vwere paid down, and £6,100 re- tainci by government,; until they ascertained that there was the specified number of acres, exclusive of the Fishery Re- serves,, and until tthey were pjjt in peaceful possegsip^i of the whole. . ^ „ -126. JLcrts of 1855; agitation Of Bscheat con.- • demneci by Oov. Daly. The session of the Legislature held in 1855 was marked by three Acts of permanent value and im- portance. These were the Act for the incorporation of Char- lottetown; the Act for rthe incorporation of the Banjc of Frinoe Edward IgUnd ; .and tiie Actfio provide a Nor- mal School for the training of Teachers. Two other acta of this session, the Rent Roll and the Tenant's Comjfen- sation Act,^wereiConsidei'ed a*i infringement of the just righta of proprietors, and were in decided terms disallowed by th ISUjnD^ 137 "by 11,000 scholars were then in operation. An Act of this session providing for the increase of the members of the Assembly from 24 to 30 by a re-distribution of the electoral districts acquired great prominence by the interest it awaken- ed throughout the country. In July the Queen was pleased to confer the honor of Knighthood upon His Excellency the lieut. Governor. The Normal School was formally opened on the l&t of October in the presence of Hid Excellency and a large assemblage. Tea was provided for the occasion, and several interesting addresses delivered. The remarks of Mr. Start, inspector of schools, in reference to moral instruction in the new seminary, gave rise to a great agitation on the propriety of Biblical instruction in the common schools ; and resulted in his early resignation of the ofldce which he held. 129. The Bible Question. The neglect of moral training from the Bible as a daily d^xcrcise in the Normal School awakened th^ attention of Protestants to the influence by which that semi- nary was controlled. A communication from the Eoman Catholic bishop on the Island, expressing^ his views in respect to religious instruction in the public seminaries generally, stimulated that atten- tion into action. Protestant ministers and lay- men met and consulted what steps should be taken to recover what they considered their rights. A very large meeting was held in Charlottetown -on the 13th Feby. 1857. Bepresentatives from the country were present. Resolutions were pass- ed expressing the mind of the meeting on the ques- tion, and the form of a petition to the Legislature prajing for the legal introduction of the Rible I »: m \ 1^^ 1 :i : j*f ( ; 1138 Cti^iL BISTORT Of ^ i1 '^1 i ! ,. .1 n i''i ■ ii ii: ■ ■ 1 : ! y^Ul ah21 Ul liK^i !...,.. ™,„,. fnto all the public schools, was agreed to. The sub^ jcct was laid before the Board of Education, and a resolution offered — that the Bible should be placed at the head of the list of books to be used in the schools. This resolution was rejected, and an> amendment declarmg that the Board had no in^ ten tion of excluding the Bible from the schools, and did' and would permit its use when desired, was carried. The House met on the 26th of Feb- ruary. Many petitions, nmnerously signed, pray- ing for the Legislative sanction of the* Bible in' the schools were presented, ©n the 90th of March^. the subject came under discussion in the Assembly, in connexion>with a bill for the continuance of the Education Act about to expire. After a keen discussion the prayer of the petitions was rejected by a strictly party rote;. 130. Soan Jiill ; Mutiny in Zndla^ 6vc. In thlK session the Loan Bill was passed authorising the govern* ment to borrow, under Imperial guarantee, the sum of £100,- 000 sterling, or £150,000 currency, to be used in thepurcKase of theestlsites of proprietors who might be induced to dispose of their lands. In» May, 18f>7, the Indian mutiny broke out, and the deepest interest was felt for the sufferers throughout the British Empire. The generous and patriotic in this prOf vince contributed promptly for the relief of the destitute.. The hopes of the rebels were blasted by the fall of Delhi ou the 14th of September. In August of this year the steamer " Westmorland," which has hitherto carried our mails so promptly, was engaged by the goyernmcni for a period of five years, to sail twice a week between Charlottetown and pRi:fCE edwaud island. 139 Pictou, and Summerside and Sliediac, wliile the navigation remains open. The inhabitants of the north coast were gratified this summer by the sight of two monsters of llie deep, which so freqneivtly leave' their bones on their shore. Qne said- tO' be* a Black Whole* 60 fit. long, was ca&t ashore at Richmond bay, and' produced 600 gallons of oil. The other 75 ft. in length, a female Greenland whale, was discov- ered dead, several miles from land, by an American fishing schooner, and towed into Tracadie bay, and there disposed oL ISl. Bible question resnmed.. On the meeting of the Legislature in 1858, the petitions on the Bible qwestion were renewed, and a great public meeting was held in the capital, to awake th'e public mind, as on the previous year. On the 19th of March the subject came before the House, then in a committee of the whole.. A motion was introduced bearing directly on the intro- duction of the Bible into the Normal School and Academy; instruction from it to be grante^d to thosc'schotes whose parents or guardians may de- sire it. After discussion the motion was rejected, and an amendment carried by the casting vote of the chairman* Oa the Speaker resuming the chair,^ the motion was lost by the same iwajority ; the Speaker, a Romaai Catholic, deciding against it. DuriBg" the same winter,, this important subject was before the New Brunswick Legislature. The mo- tion in favor of the Bible in all the public schools, was carried by a majority of 29 to 6 — the leader of tlie government, the Hon. S. L. Tilley,. declarirg^ '1 140 CnriL HISTORY OF i?, ! ^^|1 ^ ! W^ '1 1 at the time : "I will maintain the Bible in the SCHOOLS, even if IT SINK THE GOVERNMENT." 132. General Blection ; Atlantic Telegraph; County meetinsr. In June tlio usual quadrennial election took place. It was greatly influenced by the question which had agitated the Island for the past eighteen months. The result reduced the majority of the government so low as eventually to disable it for conducting the public business of the country. The following month the population was in- creased by the arrival of about 300 emigrants from Skye. August the 7th was rendered memorable for the successful lay- ing of the Atlantic telegraph between Ireland and Newfound- land. To the great regret of the civilized world, after" a few messages had been transmitted, it sustained some permanent injury, which rendered the signals unintelligible. Great ex- citement prevailed at this time in the country. The dismissal of the post office officials led to the calling of a monster coun- ty meeting on Queen Square in Charlottetown, on the 25th of August. Although an outbreak was dreaded, all passed off with little disturbance. 133. Death of the &ev.Jrohn Heir, 3>. B.; emi- gration to Xfew Zealand. Oa the 22d of September 1858, a venerable Pastor and Doctor of Theology, the Rev. John Keir, D. D., passed away from earth. He had labored on this Island for a full half century, seeking by zealous efforts, and by a quiet and blameless life, to promote the eternal welfare of his countrymen. His diligence and fidelity both as a Pastor at Princetown, and as a Teacher of theology to students of the ministry in the Church's Seminary in Nova Scotia, will not soon be forgotten. This year was about to close, when some of our citizens, hoping to benefit themselves, sailed in the brig " Prince Edward " for the far distant shores of New Zealand. They arrived in safety after a tedious voyage, but found not all things according to tWir PRIKOE EDWABD ISLAICD. 141 w The expectations. Their letters quieted the minds of those who remained, and spared our Island a further decrease of its en- terprising citizens. - - 134. The Bouse dissolved; Oovemment de- feated; new administration; Iiand Question* The Legislature was convened on the 17th Feb. 1859, when the result of the election of the previous summer remained no longer doubtful. Sixteen had been returned on the side of the government, and fourteen on the side of the opposition. But one of those sixteen, Mr. Ramsay, member elect for Princetown, refused to take the qualification oath in respect to property, required from a representative in the House of Assembly. This reduced the government majority to fifteen, when it became evident that if a Speaker were chosen from their sido both parties would be equal, and the government would be unable to carry through their measures. After two days fruitless discussion, during which several efforts were made to secure a Speaker ffom either side without success, the House was dismissed and dissolved. A new election was ordered to take place on the 19th March. The result was the decided defeat of the government. When this fact was no longer doubtful, the government resigned on the 4th April, and shortly after the new administration, composed exclusive- ly of Protestants, under the leadership of the Hoo> Edwart] Palmer and the Hon. Col. Gfay, were sworn into office. The new House, being the twenty-first General Assembly of the Island, was convened for the first time on the 12tb April. In oijening the Legislature, Governor Daly informed the meni' bers that the Imperial government were not prepared to ad- yise Parliament to guafafitee the loan of £100,000 sterling to this Island. As the season was late, and great uncertain- ty existed in respect to the party who should hold the reins of power, no special business was transacted. The Land question, however, came under discussion, and an address to r )42 CIVIL nisToni o» ; r ■'■'! 1 .1 1 I I : tlio Queen was carried, praying her to appoint a Commission to inquire into tlie conflioting claims or rights of proprietors and tenants, and suggesting a mode of adjustment. 135. Sir D. Baly remove* ; Hon. Ohat.- Vomig, administrator; €k>vernor Dnndai. In the begin- )iing of the year rumors were in circulation that a new Gover- nor was appointed for tho Island. ITieso rumors weve soon confirmed, and it was kno-wn that George Dundos, Esq., M^ P. for Linlithgowshire wos tO' succeed Sir Dominick Daly, In dismissing the Assembly Cor the last time, Governor Daly re- ferred to his departure, expressed, his good wishes for the prosperity of tlio Island, and bid the membera fonewall. On his departure in May, the Hon. Chas. Young, President of the Legislative Council, was sworn in as administrator. In June Governor Du»;c!a8 arrived and received a hearty welcome.— From f '1 quarters the usual complimentary addresses were presented.. In the following month. General Sir W.F. Williams, a native of Nova Scotia, who had greatly distinguished him- self in the* RVissiaa wair by his valorous defence* of the city of Kars, paid a visit to our Island^ and ceaeived a grand ovation. The revenue of this year exceodisd that of 18o8 by above £7,000- : 13G. Legislative Oomicil increased r Bible in the ftcllOOlS' legalised. The proceedings of the session of 1860 made amends for any shortcomings of the previous session. — A large amount of work was gone through. At first, a diffi- culty was encountered' by an- opposing majority in the Legigr lativ^ Council. This^ obstructed the movements of tke gov- cimmcnt in the previous year, and led to representation* to the Home government o€ tlie existii!|g Biale of affairs. Governor Dundas was authorized^. BhouM fie see eause, to. bring the two branches into harmony b^ an addiironi of members to the Up- per House beyond' the* ordinary' number. On the rejection of a government measure during this session, this augmonta- U M 5||| PRIKOE BDWAIID ISLAND. 143 \ Hon took place, and five additional members wore added to the' Legislative Council. Education received special atten* tiouy and three separate Acts Woro passed' for its improve- ment. The one relating to the Common Schools coutairied several amendments of grcatf importance, and is at present in force. It contalned^ a clause on the much agitated; Biblfy question, DECiiARiNO the iNTRODCCtioNvor TiiR'Biin.R into all PUBLIC SCHOOLS TO BE LEGALLY AUTHORIZED. A SeCOUd Act provided- for an additional master in the Normal School. And a third established the Prince of Wales College. 137. Selkirk estate pnrchaf ed ; ILaiiid Oommia- sion sanctioned. During this session, the extensive estates of the Earl of Selkirk, embracing parts of Lots 5^, 5?", 58, 69, 60, and 62, and contaiuing'62,0.'>0 acres, were ofFbred? to the government, at a- very reasonuBle' rate. The offer- was eagerly embraced, and this large and valuable tract of coun- try became public property at the moderate cost of £6,586 17s. 8d*.. sterling, or £9880 6s. 6df. currency. This fortunate purchase has been of immfense service to that section of the country ; brightening the' hopes, and strengthening thcener- gies of all ; and- pointing t!ie way to the best? sohition= ot tiro Land Question in sections similarly situated; The address to the Queen, in respect to the appointment of a Land Commis^ sioner was favorably received, and on. referring the matter to the leading pioprietors, it was suggested that tHre^ Commis- sioners should be appointed instead of one ; the Crown, the Island Legislature, and the Proprietors to nominate each one ; and the decision of the three, or the majority of them, to be final. The sanction of the Assembly was asked to this pro* posal and was granted. And thus the chief points of this agi^ tated matter passed over to the adjudication and award, of thnee^ Commissioners. 138. in:8it of Bis Royal Bigbvess li nil. 144 cmis HISTORY or I * t ; ■■ I': 'i SI; Ik flMi i. i-jj; I ^■l ' ' il! m I {•* ■.■„■ , Albert Edward, Frince of Wales. The Ca- nadian Parliament had invited the Queen to visit their province. She was constrained to decline the inyitation, but offered as a substitute her eldest eon, the Prince of Wales., The favor was grate- fully acknowledged. The other provinces of Brit- ish America, and our Island among the rest, hear- ing of the contemplated visit to Canada, solicited the same favor. The requests were granted. In due time several ships of the royal navy were fit- ted out, and His Royal Highness sailed for New- foimdland. After remaining there a few days, the ships steamed for Halifax. After meeting a brilli- ant reception there, and a loyal welcome in other paiiis ©f Nova Sootia, New Brunswick vied with her sister pro^iince in every mark of respect and welcome. Leaving New Brunswick, he passed through Truro and Pictou, and on Thursday the 9th of August, landed on our shores. He remain- ed till Saturday at aaoon ; and it is not too much to say that in no place did he receive more sincere or devoted expressions of respect for himself,and of loyalty to his royal mother. PrinWJLttD ISLAi^O. 145 lSi9. tLoyal ISiand Commissioii. This commission consisting of the Hon. John H. Gray^ of New Brunswick, the representative of the Crown/ theHo^* Joseph Howe, Provincial Secretary of Kova Scotia, tliei representative of the tenants ; and Matthew Ritchie, Esq.^ of Halifax, the repre- sentative of the proprietors, began their investiga- tions On the 5th of September, 1860, in the Assem- bly room of the Colonial Building, Charlottetown. After spending some timei in Charlottetown, they opened their court in St. Eleanors^ and afterwards at GeoTgetown, A large amount of evidence was proffered or elicitedj bearing more ot less directly on the question. Their investigations were termi- nated on the 1st of October, on which day they left the Island, intending to peruse with the utmost care and with all expedition, the information that had been obtained, that an early decision might be given. In the following months the govern- meiit purchased the property of H* H. Stansfeld, Esq., in Lot 54, containing 13,278 acres, for £2,000 sterling* This estate, containing much valuable land, is now being f apidly occupied by the best class of enterprising settlers. , ,^ . , 140. Volunteers, Repeated rumors of ari intended in- vasion of Britain by France, directed attention to the limited land force provided for such an emergency. A propoaal to form volunteer corps properly drilled and armed for the defence of the country, was readily taken up and tens of thousands were in a few months enrolled. A ^imils^r means 146 -CIVIL WSTOBT OF 111:?' s| III; I'i; of defence was suggested to the provinces of British Ameri- •ca. It was warmly (i(]opted. Prince Edwapd Island was not l>ehind her sister* provinces in this matter. The martial »pirit;of the race was eastfy enkindled, and>befbre the close of 1860, no less than twenty .companies, mustering upwards .of 1000 men, had been enrolled, officered and recognized. Each company wasturnished with arms, and subjected to regular training, by competent drill-sergeants. Their effici- ency in the use of the rifle has been greatly stimulated by the generous /bestowment of prizes on the best marksmen. 1^1. Census of 1861. A general census of the Em- :pire was ordered for the year 18dl. J^rom the census re- turns of the Island, taken in April of this year, we glean the following interesting facts : Total population of the 'Whole Island, including 315 Indians, as certified in ihe most accurate re- turns ., 80,856 Churches, . » 156 School-houses, 302 PubUc Teachers, 280 Wheat, Barl^ Oats, V Buckwheat, >Potatoes, 1'urnips, Hay, ^CROPS /OF LAST .YEAR — 1860. ; bushels,. 346,125 do 223,195 do 2,218,578 do 50,127 do 2,972,335 do 348,784 tons, 31^00 / .PRODUCTS OF. THE FISHERYiDURING LAST ;YBAB. ^'■■ .Fishing Establishments, ^ , .» ........ 89 Boats, 1,239 Persons employed, . 2,318 'Herring and Ga^raux, barrels, ... 22,416 Mackerel, .^ do 7,163 Codfish, \^ quintals, 39,77t> Fi§h Oils, '■ ' gallons, I7j«00 PBINCB EDWABD I&L'AKD. 14.7 0OHESTrC ANIMALS. - • r Horses,. v ••• • 18,765 JS^eat Cattle, 60,016 Sheep, 107,242 Hogs, 71,535 .. r ■ . ■:■. - ...--•' •--«-'■-' ■- ^ MAWUFACTORIKS. . ; Griat Blills,. . . .7 . 141 carding Mills, . 46 Saw Mills, .•...:... , 176 Fulling and "Bresaing Mills,. Cloth FQlled,7ards, 122,940 Manufactured Cloth, not Fulled,.yards, 303,676 Tanneries, 5.5 Ticather manufactured. Lbs. . .►. ■.... . . 143,803 , -u(^ Kihis, 48 )>;'• 3ls of lame manufactured,.. 22.821 -jirick Kilns, . . 9 Number manufactured, 1,331,000 Butter, lbs , 711,485 Cheese, do 109,233 142. Ht^port of the Xand Commis- ^ion. In Augu^, 186^, the three Commissioners appointed by Koyjtl mandate, to enquire into and adjudicate upon the subjects of dispute in respect to the tenure of lands on this Island, brought their labours to a termination. The parties represent- ed in the Commission were the Crown, certain large Proprietors of lands on the Island, and the tenantry acting through their 'G^OYCrnment. The claims of each pad;y were minutely and patiently investigated — with the grand design -of convert- ing, on fair and equitable terms, the leaseholds of the whole Island into freeholds. Certain other 4natter« connected with this grand object, which y m I ■ i'i t l! :lv. 'HI I f i i^^i M' 148 CIVIL iHSTORT Of had long agitated the public mind, were examined into, and finally disposed of. The main points of this important intestigation and award are the following : 1» Indians. The claims of the aborigines were not overlooked* Their ancestors once held undisputed possession of the Island, with its for* csts, marches jfnd fisheries. Europeans justly or unjustly have supplanted them. Of the small num- ber of 300 now remaining on the Island, at least 100 make their homes around tlie northern shores of Richmond bay. Lennox Island, a valuable Island in that bay, has long been claimed by them* I'hat claim has been finally confirmed to them* 2. JPrencli. The claims of the Acadians, or French, were totally set aside. Their ancestors were the first Europeans who possessed these lands, but the tide of war swept away their rights, whatever these may have been. It is now quite too late to speak of recovering what was forfeit- ed, lost, and abandoned a full century ago. 3* Sboyalists. T^ilese are professedly the des- cendants and heirs of men who i^mained true to the Crown of Great Britain at the time of the re- volt of the American Colonies. Some of these Loyalists, as they were termed, came to this Island from the revolted colonies, and several of the pro- prietors offered large portions of their Lots as lands which might be granted to them in reward 'l: PRINCE EDWARt) ISLAND. 119 le tcf re- Itiese and pro- as ard for their fealty to the Crown, and as some amenda for the losses which they may have sustained. The Commissioners have come to the conclusion tliat, at this late period, the present owners of the lands claimed by certain Loyalists' descendants cannot be dispossessed, but recommend to the govern- ment to consider any special claims, and if sup* ported by satisfactory evidence, to apportion some public lands to such claimants. '' 4. Escheat. Escheat has been a subject of discussion for the last 80 years. But 43 years have now passed away since the last Township was escheated. Governor Smith, in 1817, escheated Lots 15 and 55. Other Lots would have gone iu the same way, if this mode of dealing had been favored by the Crown. But from that date till the present time the Ci-oWn and government of Britain have perseveringly opposed and condemn- ed all attempts to escheat the lands of proprietors. The Commissioners, from l variety of reasons, pa- tent to all who can reflect upon the subject, deein the matter of escheat at this date as whollv im- practicable. It is high time, therefore, that all agi- tation on this subject should cease. As to the ab- stract right of establishing a Court of Escheat to investigate the legal rights of any parties, it is conceded that such right exists in all Colonic:^ possessing local self-government. ^ ' ^ 5. Quit Rents These rents, so minutely i j ^^^ 150 CIVIL HISTOBT OF : f ll §■ referred to in the preceding pages, were original- ly due to the Crown. They were intended to pay for the support of the government of the colony. When the eolony took upon itself the support of its own government these rents should naturally come into its treasury. Previous to the establishment of Responsible government, altera* tions in the rate of quit rent had been made, and the arrears had from time to time been remitted, fkfore the local government assumed the manage- ment of its own affairs, a Land Tax was imposed on the lands of proprietors,in the room of thequit rent* The Act imposing this tax received the sanction of the British government as henceforth a settlement of the quit rent question. Arrears of quit rent are not, therefore, in the judgment of the Commis- sioners, recoverable ; and no accruing quit rent can be legally claimed so long as the Land Tax Act is unrepealed. As the present tax is superior to any quit rent that could be imposed, the question of quit rents may and should be numbered among the things of the past. (>. Fishery Reserves. Tliese reservations are abolished by the award, ^ ^. the lands merge into the adjoining properties, /v ^osever these may be. An acre of land, howev( r, may be bought by any wishing to establish a resident fishery, due consideration to be given to the rights of the own-, . er of the land. . hfi^- ^^ PRINCE EDWABD ISLAND. fel 143, The removal of these obstacles was but the clearing of the way for the disposal of the grand question — ^how can the leaseholds .of this Island be most speedily, >easily, and equic^tbly con- verted into freeholds'? It is admitted that the freehold system is best adapted 'ij the state of so- ciety on this continent ; and that the cry of tenant grievances can only be effectually silenced by the freehold system becoming general. Still the ten- ant system will^xist to some extent everywhere. ^ 1. As the title of the landlords are considered valid, or such as cannot now, by ^ny effectual legis- lation, be set aside, the only way of rightfully pos- sessing the lands of the proprietors. Is by a fair and equitable purchase. This purchase may be ef- fected in one cff two ways, either by the tenants themselves dealing directly with the landlords, or by the government purchasing the ^estates of the landlords, ... ■^^^^■.'^■: . w.;. 2, The latter mode, for various reasons is pre- ferred by the Commissioners. 'The estates would be obtained more cheaply by the government ; and they could be sold at, perhaps, a smaller sum to the tenants. All arrears of rent might then also be remitted, to give the tenant every oppor- tunity to purchase. To attain this end the Com- missioners recommend to this government to bor- row £100,000 sterling, and recommend to the Im- 15f CIVIL HISTORY Of « !': ml % M f ^1 1 1 1 perial government to guarantee the payment of interest on a loan of that amount. i 3. If either government decline to adopt tliia recommendation, and tlie loan is no. or cannot be oh- tained, the award of the Commissioners is, that the sale of lands to their occupants as tenants be compulsory on the part of landlords, on the re- ceipt of a just and reasonable price. To fix this^ price was the great difficulty, as a great variety of; circumstances influenced the value of lands in each locality. The Commissioners concluded that a tenant awake to his own interests, would not pled^ himself to pay more rent than his land was worth ; and that a sum equal to hventy years' rent covered, in most cases, the interest which proprietors could have in their lands ; and hence they fixed a sum " equal to twenty years' rent as the highest sum that could be demanded by any proprietor* As many farms are worth more than double this sum, such a > compulsory sale could not fail to be highly advan- ^ tageous t® some tenants. , 4. It was equally clear that the great majority of farms might be valued at a lower sum than twenty years' rent. In such cases, when an ar-- rangement could not be made between the propri- etor and tenant — the Commissioners determine f that an arbitration shall fix the price of the land ; the proprietor and the tenant shall each choose an f arbitrator ; these two arbitrators may, if neeessa- v-.-','^ lii 'I' ii ■ •' PIIINCB EDWARD ISLAND. 153 ry, call in a third. Their decision shall be final. The expenses of the arbitration to be borne by the proprietor, if the arbitrators fix upon a sum nearer what the tenant offered than what the land- lord demanded ; and by the tenant, if the arbitra- tors ^x upon a sum nearer what the landlord de- manded than what the tenant ojBfered. On these principles of equity and justice the Commissioners have determined that the tenants of Prince Edward Island shall have an opportunity of purchasing their farms. 5. To facilitate the purchase of the lands, the award further determines that all arrears of rent due previous to the 1st of May, 1858, are now cancelled; of course, rents paid since that date must go to the purpose for which they were paid, cither for the payment oLfirrears before that date, or for the payment of rent since that date, as the case may be. Further, if the price fixed by the Commissioners is paid in cash on the receipt of the deed, a discount of 10 per cont. is to be allow- ed ; if the price is fixed by arbitration, and paid at once in cash, a discoimt of 5 per cent is allow- ed. If the tenant prefers to pay in instalments ten years are allowed him — one-tenth of the sum to be paid each year — and the rent to decrease as tlie instalments are paid. . .;. - -u w^..» v- - .» >: The award does not compel proprietors of less than 1,500 acres to dispose of their lands rsi CIVIL- HMfORt or »i '. I if* to tlioir tenants ; and on tho same ground, any proprietor is allowed to retain the same num- lier of acres. 6. As a considerable number of the smaller proprietors were not cons^ting parties to the Commission, the award cannot legally reach them ;. nevertheless, all its main points must have a deci- ded bearing vnpOfi them, and they shall feel it to be their interest to conform themselves as closely as possible to its requirements. Years, however, must yet elapse before this^ question^ eaa be num- fcered with the past. ■ . . \ ... * I ■■. ' ' 144. LIST OF GOYERNOE^. 1.-*^1N CONifKCfiON WITH NOVA SCOTIA. * ^ Name. Term of. Administration. lifontagae Wilmot, Esq.,. A. D. 1763 to 1766 Lord WilUam CampMt,. " - 176^ " 1770 2. — ^AS A SEPjftvTE PROVINCE. Walter Patterson, Esq., « 1770 " 1786 Lieut.-General Edmund Fanning " 1786 " 1805 €ol. Joseph F. W. Desbarres^. " 1805 « 1813 Chatles Douglas Smithy Esq., " 1813 « 1824 Col. John Ready,. « 1824 " 1831 Sir Aretas W. Young,. " 1831 « 183& Sir John Harvey, " 1836 "1837 Sir Charles Augustus Fitaroy, " 1837 " 1841 Sir Henry Vere Huntly " 1841 " 1847 Sir Donald Campbell, « 1847 « 1850 Sir Alexander Bannerman, " 1851 " 18.H Sir Dominick Daly, " 1854 " 1859 G-eorge Dundas, Esq.,, " 1859 " Il t I .J ,■11 J-' J"* . V.-GOVERNMENT, RELIGION, AND TRADE. iV 1. — GOVERNMENT. 1. Prince Edward Island as a province of the British Empire is subject to the Imperial parlia- ment. It enjoys, however, a local government so constituted as to render it,in a great measure, prac- tically independent. The government consists of three departments, Executive, Legislative and Ju- dicial. 2. The Bzeeutive, commonly called the Government, consists of the Governor and his Executive Council. The Governor is appointed by the Sovereign and Cabinet of Great Britain, generally for a period of six years, is remova- ble at pleasure, and is inferior in rank to the Governor Gen- eral, who reside? in Canada. He is Commander-in-Chief of the local forces of the province. The Council consists of members of the L^islature not exceeding nine in number, although a less number may conduct the business. The Gov- ernor is responsible to the Sovereign, whom he represents^ and his councillors are responsible to the people, whom th?y represent, and are supported by the majority of the people's representatives in the House of Assembly. AVhenever they . lose that majority lliey must resign, and their places are filled- ^f m \ 11 ;f.i I' t'i 156 GOVKRKMENT OF by those whom tlio majority support. With the Kxocutlve Tenia the power to appoint persona to fill the public offices ; Rnd to their care is entrusted the genciul management of the public affairs of the country. 3. The Ijegislative department consists of the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council. The House of Assem- bly consists of 30 representatives of the people ; 10 being chosen from each county. It has power to originate all bills, impose taxes, and control the public expenditure. Tho JjOgislativo Council consists generally of twelve members nominated by the Executive and appointed by the Sovereign. In particular circumstances that number may be increased l>y special permission of the Imperial government. This CJouncil possesses the right to sanction, amend or reject any bill passed by the House of Assembly. It may originate »ny bill not involving the expenditure of public money, but Buch bill must afterwards receive the sanction of the Assem h\y. All Acts passed by the House of Assembly and the liOgislative Council must be approved by the Governor be- fore they can become law ; and all Acts affecting personal or Imperial 'rights are passed with a suspending clause, until they receive the sanction of the Imperial government. 4. The Judicial department consists of several Courts of Law, viz : 1. The Court of Chancery. 2. The Courts of Vice Admiralty. 3. The Supreme Court. 4. The Court of Marriage and 3)ivorce. 6. The Court of Probate, and 6. The Commissioners* .Courts for Small Debts. 5. The Court of Chancery is the highest Court of Equity on the Island. The Lieutenant Governor is Chancel- lor, «nd the Master of the Rolls Acting Judge. This Court n^udicates in cases beyond the reach of the Common Law. It takes cognizance of breaches of trust and confidence — ^?es relief against the extremity of unreasonable engage • rniNCS EDWARD ISLAND. 157 menta ontorcd into witliout consideration— obliges rreclilow who aro unreasonable to compound with an unf(»rtunuto debtor--may confirm titles to lands although one has lost his writings — adjudicates in frauds and deceits when there li no redress at Common Law— and may oblige men in part- nership to account with each other, and such like. 6. Tlic Courts of Vice Admiralty are two in num- ber: the Instance Court, and the c'hief Court. The In- Btance Court, of which the Chief Justice is Jiulge or Com- missary, is occupied with civil marine cas. >, sucb as iho salvage of wrecks, the seizure of vessels for illega rading, the wages of foreign seamen, &c. The Chief Court ♦f Vice Admiralty consists of tlio Lieutenari riovernor, xha members of the Executive Council, the Judges and other public officei"«. It is oocupiod with cases of piracy, murder on the high seas, and such likr*. 7. The Supreme Court m the highefcl Court of Com- mon Law. It is presided o\ (n* by a Chief Justice and an Assistant Judge. It mo«tH four limes in the year in Queeu's County, and twice a year in oik;]i ol' the other Counties. It is pre-eminently the Cburt of Law through which justice m mainly administered in the coiinti^ , . 8. Tlie Court of BSarriagc and Divorce. The Ex- ecutive Council are the mcirilt irs of this Court, and his Kx- cellency the Lieutenant Governor is President. It investi- gates the legality of any mariiauo Jind may grant a divorce, if it see cause. The Court ol' Probate investigates and de- termines the legality or iilegaliij ol wills, and is presided over by a Surrogate, or Deputy .Judge, who has power to grant letters of administration in respect to the property of intestate persons. 9. The Small Debt Oourts. These Courts have ju-' risdiction to the extent ol .i2i>, V>']m^;) mio d^bt exceedi ^i I5S RELIGION OF ii, t-.^ that sum they have no power to act. Each County has six or seven of these Courts, and each Court consists of three Commissioners appointed by the government. The Courts meet monthly, and their fees are regulated by Act of Parlia- ment. They are designed to prevent expensive litigation when the sum in dispute is small : and by a selection of the most inteliligent and judicious men in each district as Commissioners, the purposes of justice may be reached in moat cases, with little inconvenience or expense. It may al- so be stated here, that no debtor can be imprisoned in Prince Edward Island for any sum below JBIO currency. ; .. 2, — RELIGION. - r. / 10. Tlie religion professed by the great mass of the inhabitants of Prince. Edward Island is Christianity, either in the form of Protestantism or of Roman Catholicism. The grand distinction be- tween these forms is the acknowledged supreme authority in all matters relating to faith and morals. Protestantism regards the Bible as the only supreme authority in all matters of faith and morals. Roman Catholicism unites with the Bible the traditions, earlier and later, of the Church, as authorities in all matters relating to faith, forms and practice. 11. A considerable majority of the inhabitants are P^o^ testants. These, while agreeing in all the fundamental doc- trines of Christianity, differ through national preferemje, or early training, or individual choice, in some non-ossential points of ecclesiastical government and forms. The largest body of Protestants are Fresbyteriaus. Thes^e exist at present in two sections — the one foiming part of the Fresbv- PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND. im has six of three Courts Parlm- tigation Jtion of strict as ched in may al- ined in 7- ., mass nd is Lsmor onbe- preme L and IS the fi and Bible 3h, as 'orms J doc- «e, or ential irgest :ist at •esbv- terian Churdi of the Lower Provinces of British America— the other claiming connection with the Established Church of Scotland, The former has 11 settled ministers, and seve- ral travelling missionaries. Number of adherents 1 5,591 ► The latter have 2 settled ministers, wit& one unattached, and a missionary. Adherents 10,334. Total Presbyterians, 25,- 925. The Hpiscop^ Church is the second Protestant Church in point of umnbers* It has one Arch-Deacon and 9 minis- ters anid missionaries, l^he clergy of this Church on the Island are under the supervision of the Episcopal Bishop in Nova Scotia. Adherents, 6,785. Tbe TTSTesleyan Church on tbis Island forms part of the Church under th-e superintendence of the Wesleyan Con- ference of Eastern British America. It has 7 ministers and missionaries, and one supernumerary. Adherents, 5,804. The Baptist Churches embrace two sections. They have together 7 ministerSi. Adherents, 3,402. The Bible Christians have 5 ministers, and one super- annuated. Adherents, 2,061. There are 41 Universalists, and about 300 who have either no religion, or decline to attach themselves to any denomination. 12. The Roman Catholic Church embraces a large proportion of the inhabitants of the Island. They are mainly of three classes. The earliest body of adherents to this Church were the Acadians who remained on the Island after its surrender to the British Crown. The second in point of date were the Highland immigrants, who were among the first British settlers. The third class are the Irish immigrants from Newfoundland, in part, but chiefly di- rect from Ireland. This Church has one Bishop and 12 cler- gymen. Adherents, 35,797. ' 160 TRADE OF il-i i if 3. — TRADE. 13. Trade is the exchange of one commodity for another, to the intended advantage of both buyer and seller. Where the gain is all on one fide, the trade is self-destructive, as it soon disa- bles the losing party from continuing the exchange. The character of the commodity is quite "immate- (■..I , rial. 14. The Trade of Prince Edward Island is both internal and foreign. During the four months of winter, January,, X^ebruary, March and April, it is wholly internrd. The pro- ductions of the Island and the foreign importations are then disposed of for cash, or for some equivalent. The farmer can- ^ not do without the mechanic, and the mechanic is depend- ent upon the farmer, and the merchant suppljdng the wanta of both profits by their combined labours : while either of the three may be benefited by the science or labours of the lawyer, the physician, or the clergyman. There is one occupation, the removal of which would be attended with no loss to the community, but would dry up a fruitful source of sorrow, wretchedness and crime. It is that of the rum-seller. Happy will that day be for Prince Edward Island when alcoholic mixtures will be confined to their proper place, the store of the druggist. 15. Imports. 1! i i Dry Goods, Hardware, Groceries, Wines, Ardent Spirits, Tobacco, Fruit, Confectionary, The chief articles of import are : Agricultural Implements and Mechanics' Tools, Salt» ; V..r:- Coal, limestone and Marble, Grindstones, . Lumber, Stoves and Castings, # PRINCE EBWARl) ISLAND, 161 and Burning Fluid, Tin and Zinc, Paints and Oils, Iron and »Steel, i'itcli and Tar, Flour and Corn Meal, Cordage and Nets, Drugs and Medicines, Wares, Earthen, Glass & China, Books and Stationery. 16. fizports. The chief articles of export, the produc- tions of Prince Edward Island, are : Corn, including. Plank, Oats, Lath wood, ^ Barley, Animals, including, ^ Wheat, '■ ' Horses, Fish, including. Cattle, ' Cod, ,. Sheep, Herring, Potatoes, ,' Mackerel, " .^'^ Turnips, r Scale or Ling, Butter, Gaspereaux, .^ Lard, Salmon, Pork, Hams and Bacox, Wood, including, Beef, Timber, Oatmeal, Deals j ■/. Wool, Spars, ^ Eggs, Shingles, ' Oysters, " Staves j Fisii Oil, Boards, Ships. 17. Value of BstpOrts in 1860. The export trad« of Prince Edward Island last year reached the following amount in sterling money : - countries. r , VALUE OF EXPOtlTi. To Great Britain and Ireland, £34,015 14s. 4 , yv" ' " v m ^ 962 TBADE AND BEYEKUE OS" m 31 P i: i I.; (If ( From this table it will be seen that the United States re- ceive from us a larger amount of exports than any other sin- gle country, and but little jless than Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland united. Nova Scotia is next to the United States. Then follows the United Kingdom. Canada receives an exceedingly small amount. Of the vessols owned on the Island 46 were last year sold or transfeirred. Sixty-six new vessels were built, which were valued, in the aggregate, at £61,845 ; which sum added to the amount of exports, will make the total yum £265,079 3s. Ad. sterling, or £397,618 15s. Od currency— nearly £400,000. 18. Revenue and Bzpenditnre. The revenue for the last two years amounted to the following sums : for 1859, £41,106 3s. 11.; and for 1860, £43,113 13«. 5d., being an increase last year of £2,007 9s. 6d The expenditure for the same periods were as follows : for 1859, £44,707 13s. l}4d., being in excess of the revenue of fthat year £3,601 9s. 2}^d.; and for 1860, £61,794 12s. 9c?., being in excess of the rev- enue of that year no less than £18,680 19s. Ad. This large excess is accounted for by the Bpecial expenditures of last year, particularly in connection with the reception of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and the purchase of the large estates of the Earl of Selkirk. There is no reason to doubt that the outlay occasioned l>y this purchase will, in a ifew years, be fully refunded. ' ^ 19. :i?abUc Debt. The public debt of the Island on iihe 31st January, 1861, was £62,129 18s. 3}^^d. To meet this debt there are 4,190 acres of Crown Lands ; 73,821 acres of Public Lands ; and the sum of £26,511 7s. l)^d, due in instalments for salos, and bearing interest at 5 per cent. All the above sums are given in currency. There is nothing, therefore, in this public burden that should impede the progress of the country. It might in a few prosperous years i^IKOE EDWARD ISLAKD. 163 tates re- ther flhi- a, New 3, is next ingdom. ear sold ich were idded to ),079 3s. ;400,000. enue for for 1859, being an 'e for the s. l}^d., )s. 2}^d.; the rev- 'his large 3 of last 1 of His ,80 of the •eason to will, in a sland on To meet B21 acres d., due in per cent. \ nothing, pede the ous years -| ■ :f; ^be wiped away, by a strictly economical and efficient govern- nient. '^20. Roads and Distances. The principal roads and distances within the Mand are the following : 1 — ON THE SOUTH AND EAST OP CHARLOTTETOWN. '^^^^' * " ' "' " M4les. Oharlottetown to Georgetown, 30 " to Mount Stewart,. is ; :. " to head of St. Peter's Bay, 33 ' " ' *i to Souris, via St. Peters, 50 ^*= ^ - to East Point (West River, on the S. or ^■; ' ■ * Surveyor's Inlet, on the North side,) .... 60 *'^ * . '♦* to Belfast (cross roads,) 22}^ " to Woodville, 33 «. to High Bank, 40 " to Capo Bear, ^ . . .*,. 50 " to Dundas, by Georgetown road, 33 2 — ON THE NORTH AN© WEST OF CHARLOTTETOWN. C'harlottetown to New Glasgow, 17 " to New London,. 2.5 " to Princetown, . . 38 ** to Bonshaw, 15 " to Desable, 20 ,« to Tryon, 2G •" to Bedeque, ma Tryon, 40 "= " by tlie new road, 33 '** to Summerside, or St. Eleanors, 40 . •" to Porthill, 54 " to Cascumpec, 78 « to Tignish,. 90 , DISTANCES TO CERTAIN PLACES ABROAD TRADING WITH THE -1 .■-:-- -•■.,;:'V- ^ ..■,-,., , -: ISLAND. Charloltetown to Pictou, 52 :*^ to Halifax, via Pictou, 152 ** ' " wr? Strait of Canso, 280 " to Shediac, 75 •" to St. John, via Bhediac, 175 ;-rr .rrjata^ifT-'- 164 DISTANCES TO PLACES ABROAD. Charlottetown to St. Johns, Newfoundland, 600 •• to Quebec, 630 ** to Boston, via Canso, 6G0 " to New York, via Canso, 850 " to Liverpool, G. B., 2,700 Gcorgtitown to Canso Strait 60 " to Magdalen Islands, 100 ** to Pictou 40 Buromerside to Shediac, 35 ** to vSt. John, N. B., via Shediac, 1 35 ** to Richilmcto, t>8 ** to Cliatham, Miraniichi, 116 ** to Dalhousie, Bay Chaleur 232 THE ^JUV, M% >• -.^vyt. :f v#