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L'exemplaire film6 fut reproduit grdce d la g6n6rosit6 de: Harold Campbell Vaughan Memorial Library Acadia University Les images suivantes ont 6t6 reproduites avec le plus grand soin, compte tenu de la condition et de la nettet6 de l'exemplaire filmd, et en conformity avec les conditions du contrat de filmage. 6es Original copies in printed paper covers are filmed beginning with the front cover and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, or the back cover when appropriate. All other original copies are filmed beginning on the first page with a printed or illustrated impres- sion, and ending on the last page with a printed or illustrated impression. The last recorded frame on each microfiche shall contain the symbol — »> (meaning "CON- TINUED"), or the symbol V (meaning "END"), whichever applies. 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The following diagrams illustrate the method: Les cartes, planches, tableaux, etc., peuvent §tre filmSs d des taux de reduction diffdrents. Lo'sque le document est trop grand pour §tre reproduit en un seul clichd, il est i\\m6 d partir de Tangle sup6rieur gauche, de gauche d droite, et de haut en bas, en prenant le nombre d'images n6cessaire. Les diagrammes suivants illustrent la mdthode. errata id to It )e pelure, pon d 1 1 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 32X ♦ * i jtL^ ix!fp<«i^:M^' M n / '•t|^ South I'lili /.■•/■. Iw,./i ,',„iiiV..i.- ../..•■■'■'•/' T'^j^' /.'./• ,!>//, '/i • d, ";■>'./. ' ^l>«*«0«»-«t>- - \ ,^*WS)L-«ifc— ^- ?::■ A N K W V -■ < «3 \ E M () r GEOGRAPHY: ■ 1 I / O R, A General Delcription of the World, C O N T A I N 1 N C; A Particular and Circumftantial ACCOUNT of all the Countries, Kingdoms, and States of EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA. Their Situation, Climate, Mountains, Seas, Rivers, Lakes, &c. The Religion, Manners, Cuftoms, Manufactures, Trade, and Buildings of the Inhabitants. WITH The Birds, Beads, Reptiles, Inl'efts, tlie various Vegetables, and Minerals, found in different Regions. F. M B PL L I S 11 E D WITH A New and Accurate Set of M A P S, by the beft Gkooraphersj And Great Variety of COl'l'K ll-TI, A T ES, containing Perspective Views of the Principal Ciiics, Struftures, Ruins, &c. By D. F E ' N I N G, (Author of the Royal Englifli Didionaiy, the Ufe ot . ^ globes, the Young Algebraift's Companion, &c.) J. COLLY E R, (Author of the Letters fiom Felicia to Charlotte ; and Traiidator of the MefTiah.fiom thcGermanof Mr. Klopftock.) AND O T H F. R S. 4 There ii not ii San ar ii Daii^ht ■>■ cf /tilum hut ha! fame Concern in G E o c; R A P M Y . Dr. \Vatts. V O L. II. ^~ Mi. LONDON: Printed for S. CROwnKR, at the Lnoking-CJl.ifs, in Patcr-nonerRow ; and fold hv Mr. Jackson', at Oxford ; Mr. Merril, at Cambridge ; Mcfl'. Smith, in IDublin ; and all other Boykfellcrs in Great Britain and Ireland, MDCCLXV. t 7 :, s i-, 'R'lt ■7 JaSst^L-u— ■- -,■¥•'- A N r, w J E M p.lll 1>1 I.ill.>l.», ^Atl.|.L 1 1111. , ,. ..._ ,.•,...... iMIi.icitic. of the huinnii mlnJ, ;iiiJ the- i.liU..iciu lij'lUi in wliuli rpccukilivc opinions ;u\' ;i]it to ;i;ipc.ir vvlun vii'W- cil by pcr;(iiis of liittiTcnt ciliic;i!iiin ;niil p.ilTiuiis, that re- !i::ion i-i iliviJi.il into a niiinbtT of i'ilR-n.nt kiXi. \\\ llufli.i) f-'nu' p.irts of Pul.inil, i!i W'.ii.i'.iii.i, MclJ.i', i,'. Mon.i. "vl jomholm, fiiVjo/i to Deninar'ic. Ill the North Ici is Icclaml, luhjixt to Ucnm.irk. And f.irther ti' the- fouth iireCiaat Britain ami irt-lanil, with ti'.' ri.'i iti'UL i.l.ui.i-, fii'.'ircl to hii Ur.tamuc m 'ji-lty. C II A P. %\(o'l.Q> -fe--,.-l_^_ >^t.C> I'odolia, V^olhlnia, and Greece, the doiTlfmc of the caftorn or CJreek church is elitblid-ie 1. In It.ily, pa-t of SwilVer- land, .Spain, Portugal, France, Poland, part of Germany, and the NetliLtlands, the inhabiunts Hill foilrw the doc- trines of the rhurrh of Ronic ; wliile Great IJri'ain, Ireland, Denvvark, .iwedcn, Norway, great pr.ri oi (Jer- many, the United Provinces, and part of Swit/.erlaiid, have embraced the doet.ines of the Reformation, andpro- Icfs the Protcttant re'igion. The langu.'.ges of Europe arc derived from tlir fix fol- lowing : liieCJieek, Latin, Teutonic, or ^i.l tjerman, the Celtic, .Sclavonic, and C5othic. r..iiii tlie different dialciits and intermixtures of thefe, ;.i- i'i.;i.,-.l liie lan- guages of the moll confiJerablc parts of Fuio;.c, except ih.it of 'Fiiiky and 'I'art.iry. The principal fovcrcignties, beginning' at the calf, are the empires of Turkv, Riiilii. and Germany. The kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, Boaemi.-!, Priliin, Sweden, Denmark, Naples and Sicily, Sar.linia, France, Spain, Portugal, (ireai Crit.'.in and Ireland. The popedom ol Rome. The republics of Venice, Genoa, Lucca, the Cirifnv;, St. Marino, Swifi'eriand, (kiicv.;, Ragufa, and the United Provinces. Iicfides thcfc there arc the i Iv-Ilorates of (icrmany, and near three hundred other foveieignties in Germany, Italy, &c. whofe profc'd'ors are either fpivitual, as areii- bifhops and biihups, or tempor.il, as prince^, landgraves, dukes, marciuilll's, cnunt-, e-:c. liclidcs thefe there ,iie the Ch.im of European Tartary, the hoipo.lais of Wai 'chia, i.Ioldavia, cVc. 'I'he principal idanJs, beginning at the e.ill, arc Candia, and ihofe of the Arclnpei.r^o. 'I'hol'e in the- Adriatic and Ionian fe.i, viz. Leucadla, which belong? tn thc'FuirvS and Lieficna, Corfu, Ce- phalc:'ia, and Zant, which are fulijeit to Venice. In the .Me.literrar.ean fea are Sicily, fubjecl to the k'ng of Naples ( Sardinia, fubj.-ct to the ki.ig of Sardinia ; Corlica, I'ubject to Cicnoa ; Minoica, to Great iiiitaiii ; Al.ijnica and Ivica, to Spain. 'i'he ifiands iii the li.iltie fea areUi'edom and W'o'lin, fu'>iedl to Piui'Ii.i ; Oil and Dagho, udiie.i to RmVi.i i Gothland, Aland, and Riiiicn, winch belong i ' Sweden; .iiid Zealand, l'un,-n, .\llen, I.ongiav.d, Lal.ui.i, ImUIc;, Mona, and Uornholm, fubie/l to Denmark. In the North Ici is Iceland, fubiett to Denmark. .And farther to the feuth arc Great Kri;ain and Ireland, wiih tb: a.ij uenc i,l„n.i^, fiibirol to hij ui.taiiinc m jeity. C 11 A P. '11 ( 4 ) C H A P. f. Of TURK V ill L U R O P E. Ill fisuiijjr. s E c r. I. 'ill-, Diviji; bouisthc T'utlc^ excel ull thf left uriiiaiikiiiJ all'tl on ib tcmliiiiR-d in' li. Sem, Sliiii'hl!. T urf:y im tu fmpirir of the Kaff, is pc, a part ',)f the anticiit Chiilli, rth by C roatia, Sc-l at prelciit bouiiiiLiI im t ivoiii.i, ami i'laiirylv.iiiia ; on the eaft by Poland, Ruliij, and Alia ; on the foiitli by th Med' Da iterranean fea : precifid The Th j>n the welt bv the Adri.itie and c extent 15 not to be al'certained witli any of Turkv Europe i-i in itfelf hcalthv, but ( )ne reniaikable inll.im iilliir tr elle and th;s in ih( called by tlie Alliti of then cliaritv lu.iv be (vcn es caravanleras, which re to be foiiiul in alnuiit every Utile village. In thele a ell :r, of whatev rcl Ihr r^ion or euuntrv, may cuntiiiui; itavs gratis, and ni in.niy of the klual The Turkh he !:> alio louihl uildi c very fond of crciiling thefc which the) jullly edeem a work of charity ecpl.ible to the Mull llij^h. They bt have very coin- nieiidably to their Haves and leivaiits,anJ rrcquemly better than the ChrilUans do to theirs. Indeed in the tirlt the pcrtilence is often broui^ht there from 'ighba Ku,ypt and till one ni iij;countrie<, and has feveral times fvveptaway ■filth of the inhabitants of Conltantinople ; years of their fervitude, thele people fulfer inolf, c(pe- g, partly by all it voun the Ttiiks endeavour abo yet from the prevalence of cultom, and of the Turkifll ilodlrine of fatality, they give thenilelves no great con- cern about it. The prounccs are iiiiiverrally fruitful, though with fome diilerencc ; whence agriculture and gra/.ing turn to grc.it prolit there, prodigious ciuantities ct all kinds of excellent grain and fruit being annually exported. Hut of this we Iball give a particuiar account in the feparatc del'cription of each province, only it may be ncccH'ary to add here, that all the neceiraries of life arc equally good and cheap in Tnrky. It contains the following provinces : to the fouth are the Morea, or Pcloponnclus, Achaia, Thedaly, Epiru.'., Albania, and Macedonia ; and towards the north, Ro- mania, Hulgaria, Bellarabia, part of I'odolia, .Si rvia, part ofHuiigary, part of Croatia, IJolnia, and part of Dalm.itia. Its leas are the Kuxiiie or Black lea, thel'alus Ma.'otls, the fea of Marmora, the Archipelago, the loni.in fe.i, and the Levant. Its llraights arc thofe of the Hellcfpont and the Hof- phorus. The chief rivers of Turkv in Euro|)e arc the .Save, the Danube, the Niefter, the Niepcr, the Don, and the Theis. blaiulininieiits, and partly by feveritv, to bring them over to their rel but thele trials being happily SEC T. II. Ofth( Inlhihitanti of Twly in Euf^pf, with -'■-.... Tlkkv in L.';iori. 1 U U O P P.. fit. cat, .ittrclles, uffec their HIS, and lictowris, the ic- io, l.iv- rluns (if liorder of |)I.1CC of ccafcs ■l.itioii.s. itary ol- coni- inly ;irc which icrable of the I lever.ll Kvcii • no le.'s ..ulloni- tioiis of lit they en the iulen;e litiitin^ .1 the n:i,illy poll- illdjeci iiJriie, fout ; fiur ; Mill the '."'iili'-His ,i:\ Ii'uWh >;is nh 1 ;i.i:riarch3, pay l.irre I'lims, nnd :is luiuh a. tlie ,Hb ■.;..r.' .ivnriee of the ■ rraiiJ vi/.icr anil 1m{1u-- tl'.ii.k iiro|i,i- ;o require; for the •j'urks every vvluie l.iy hoM ot ;ill opport'.i;iitie !; niniD t* ;f.. fits an expounder cflhehiw, and hi,. < lli.c i, of fui '• dignity, ihat when he comes to coitit, llu' e.ir-.rror him- f. If rifes fiom his fc.ii, and advances feycnii. pj iii nc .'l him. He alone has the honniir of IdfTing tb.c fahan's lef' illoulder ; while the grand lizier, with a tnt,.''': prcloin;.: inclination of ihe bt-di', kilfes only the e !jc of tr.v ii;t- peror",. veft, who advances no more tl'.a:-. ti'.ree iieps t < meet him. 'I'lie lav/ requires, that the it'ut'ri f.ltiuld Lu confiilted on all eiticrgenctes, particularly in thofc i.;.;t- inj to peace and war ; but the peculiar regard rT.vi:,.v:i to him is little more than mere form ; for were l-.e either to give adil'agreeable interpretation of the I.ivv, or, wl.il. in council, to prel'umc to traverf.- the enipcri\': dir;_i:^-. he w.iuld he iiiftantly dep.cfed, and his pl.ice fupplirj by one of a more compilable difpofitior. Oa conv.clion oi treafon, or any other capital cimc, h.e i. fj; ic.to a Cir tar, kept I'nr that purpoli' in one of th j U'. .r. icv.-l:.. at Copftantinople, and pounded to death. ']'he Hiv. ]):■. L'ufchint; obferves, thn as the n-..\i'. o! the Turks may be compared to the p'.'pe, i':> a c2dali!l;.r, who is a Ivcular pcrfoii, is not uniike a patriarch; a mola is an arch.biihrp ; a caJy, who is alfo a lajnr.n, may be accounted a bilhop ; and ati ni^aii, a ;.': lel!, whofo chief emph'Vnient is piaviiif;. The 'I'urks have alii) their convents and monks, under the general ii.ime of derviles, the chief oi which are th? Bekl..i!ii, Mebelevi, Cadri, and Segali ; whofe forms cf woifliip chiefly confiils in certain religious dance;. Th>' Turks ;it prefent avoid all appearance of propa- gating tlieir religion by hre aid fword ■, and the Chrif- tians of various feils, who refidc ainoti It them, ei>;o', lull liberty of confcience, and live in much greater trail- (luiiity than among li.nie who ilile theniLives Chrdiian-. 'I'lie Greek church in thi^ pait of the world has a: it I head the p.itriaich of Conflar.tinoiile, v.'ho is chufeti bv i the nciglihouring archbilhops and metiopolitans, at; i I confirmed by the emperor or the grand vizi-r. This is a. perlon of great dignity, he being the principal of ail thj Greek patiiarchs, and the he. id and directnro; the Ealletii church. His revenue amounts to no lei's than a hui.Urcu and twenty thoiifand guilders, one half of winch he pav ; by way of tinmitd nibute to the Ottcmt.ii Porte, audin,-; i fix thoufand guilders bolides, by v.ay of prefent at the j feaft of Hairam. ! Subordinate to him arc fevcnty archbifh p- r.i-.J metro- I politans, and a miicii greater number of biiho|o. ' An archimandrite is ilie dirciifor of one or more con- I vents, which arc called mandr' n, and ranks above an ' abbot, of which each convent has one. Tie monks aie ' obliged to follow fome handiciaft bufimf-, tmd lead .. i very aultere life ; but this is not the cafe with refpect tj , the priells and itudents. The moft celebiated monal'tj - j ries tire thofe on .Moutit Athos ; but the CJteeks h-ica: i prefent few nunneries. i The (eetilar clergv are obliged to fubmit to no rules, ! though the regulars are, who perfoim divine worlhip. j The firl! is the Ice'furer, the lecon.! tlie chanter, the tliiic'' ■ the under deactm, the fourth the de.icon, the t'tfth the : pricll, and the fixtli the archprielt. 'I'hev ttre ailowec* j to many; but this muft be done before ordination, and : then onlv once, and that with a virgin. 'I hefe fcculai' I ecclefiallics never rile higher th:'.n an arclipiidl; tiie bilhops, metropolitans, arclib.fliops, ai;d patiiarci-.s be- ing cholVii ftom an.ong the monks. The Armenians have many churches i,i this country; the Jews and Roman catholics have alfo the tree exercife of their leiigioii, and the Swedes have been neiir.iited to build a Lutheran church at Conltantiiiople. The Tuiks arc not without all kinds of leainintr, hav- ing fome fchools, colleges, and academies, bv ihuiic.dl- ed meJaris ; but iliefe aie gencially inferi.ir to thole a- ir.ong the ChriUiaiis, and their inan.t.'emeMt of them .ilfo' vay dilKrent. Lately a ruikilli priiitin..'-olKce has b.en let up at Conltantiiiople bv .'Xbrahim I'tiVadi, wtio, afti r great oppclition, oblaiiud le.ive to punt all kinds of books, except on matters of religion. He alio pubiiflied fome maps, and books (.f hillorv and geography, and IS faid to have had a conhder.-.blc knowledge of ib.e Laiiiv tontruc. B i^i Is! M m (, A S Y S T E -M O 1' r, F, O (} U A P II Y. Tlukv ill Fi'ROPE. Literature, however, is not fo rareninniv ihi; Clrfek-, who h.ivc ii.ii' onlv Cehnol'i fur iiilliiicliiU' chilJren iii the liiliiei|)lis (t' religion, as riMiling, writing, .;;i.! Ie.iriiin;i. liy lit iv! ih'i I'Uliii' an 1 |i.iirii;c.'. of Scripujre ; li;il iiave iilfd iMiii'erfitios, in Wliieh aiL- tau;Tht !;r.i;nin.:r, I,;i'jii, and the iiiatheinr.tics, with the Ariitc/telian |);iilarii(iliy, hoth natural anil moral. 'I'hcfe are faivl to he at Di'iiiu- tiea, in the illanci of I'atmo., Jainiiiia, and other [)laees. J^ivinitv is tauglit at the patriareh's palate at Conltaii- tinup!;', by a chaplain of the patriarch's and f.inie alfill- ants i but particularlv on .Mount Atluis, whieli feenii to be the [iiiar of the ( ireek chureh, ami in other parts by the bidlop:-, who are men of eapaeity, and take tins tum- ble voUmtaiily upon them. The itale of learnin-, indeed, anion:; the (Jreeks is at pri.fciit at a very low ebb, in eomparil'in of what it is anioii^.; us ; but it oupht to be renieniberrd, that they are del'itute of the fame means and oppoitimities of mental inipiovenicnt. As to phvlie, the tjiecks either learn from the Arabic, Jewifli, or Chriliian phyhiians refidlng anioiu theni ; or cife lliidy in the univeilities in Ciei- iiiany, Holland, or Knijland. S K C T. I\'. Tie Xame, Or'r^in, ami Ilii!','\ rf ihc Turks, ui:i> ii p'ir- t:tiiiay .•Iciotiiil of their Gjuerr.iiiiiit ; //'.■ Pcivrr mnl^l'lin- il'.r of tb^ tiuhiin, or Griiiitl SJ^i^ior; Im Tllr':, Ojlhin cf Stal:, ' fi^iii Ziirlei, ivid i.l':cr Trs:ps. yl U,Jiri[iluli .-f ihe Tii'kjh Camj<,ii::)l cfllc Pr:o-Ji:n nmile hy the 'friiilef- 7n.n when thc\' go to inike tbeir I'rejiiils, on the iUihiiiii ccm/nuikuii'. the Army in Pcrjm, Till', Turks are of T.irtarlaii or Scythian extraef ion ; and this appellation was tirlt j^ivcn them in tlie middle a^es as a proper name ; it bcini: a general title of Iionoiir to all the nations comiirehc-nded under the two priiuij':;! branches of Tartar and Mongul, who there- fore never uie it as a proper name of any Scythian or Tartarian nation. J'he word tur, as an aduitive, fi.^ni- fies I'ublinie and pre-eminent ; and, as a iiibllaiitive, a governor. 'I"hc Seythian or Tartarian nation, to which the name of 'I'urks has been peculiarly given, dwelt be- twi.xtthe iJlackand Cafpian ii.-as,and l-.ee.ime firlt known in the ievcnlh century, when Heraclius cmpcrorof the Ealt, took them into his fervice; upon which they lo o'illin:;uillu.d thenifelvcs by tliuir hdclity and bravery in the co.itpieft of Perha, that the Arabian and Saracen caliphs had not only pirtieular bodies of them for iMiarreatgateof the palace. Onhisgoingto theniofquii on Fridays, he is accompanied through the city by all the haflias and grandees of the Porte. I'he ladv \Vort- ley Montague lays, that when llie law the Grand S;ig. nior in iiis paiiage to the moftiue, he was preceded by a numerous guard of janizaries, with va!f white feather.'! on their heads ; as alio by the Ijvii'.i- .md boftangees, who are foot and hnife guards, and the royal gardeners, which are a very roiifiJerahle bo>ly of men, duCie.i in ditti^'rent li.ihits Amy ;v ill luiRopE. i" ij6o, took •wuliii i0{2 ill. ia, .ijid iiivailtj on -uui rmccilbr, Ali.i, ilcli-.itiiij. i.>i, liu was rout- is liJiii iliCigrtrd; ity, aikl Ills Ion li.v(.i,il miporiaiit J -144 {iaiiicd a Vauia. Ma- S ii' i4 53>"ia(jV L'.liictJ thf whole lulH'uiir^ twtlvK this ij'ajazct 11. piit- ill Kiiropc, wjic IlIs (atiiuus an hib bojy ot" c Icfb fiicccfsfuj; !.i, and laid fu'.Tc iiiigary ; and m id [vlulfapha, the I'stiil againit the ■IS glad to con- ict 111. in 1718, t Achmct V. by iiicxtd Scrvia, a ng their fuccefs :ltd with niaxinis |>.iid ihciii ; they J keep !liL-ir I'lib- in flioit, Would ndtlitcd t(i thcni idvaiKc without cdwith iiijulticc. uiigftthcni above tt iiiaik-r of thi: an, it is the cuf- id triumph to z ■ailed fob, where luiy men of that : madt that God )ni i.ito him who mufti then cin- cmiKror foleirm- upliet -Mahomet, ler bafhas, with the hem of his :niperor. After ith the like (o- liges hiiiil'elf to but the rurkilh to the obferva- Ktaii law, and y, as to need no liion from thofe cngth and lich- balhas ; but he ey do not. He of gold, cover- ■ith lilk, and in (i in his barije. My embroidfr- aiid .ibout him. ns, and Iteered by land, he al- l>rocceds out ot' [ to thcmofqui! the city by all 'ho lady Wort- le lirand Seig. preceded by a white feathers ufbii-ees, v.'ho ijil'^mrs, which ie\^, and t!ie other lus filver coffee-pot, on a (faff ; anoliicr carried a lilver Itool on his heal, for him to fit on. It would be too tedious, fays that lady, to defcrlbe the various diehes and turbans by which they are diltinjniidie.l ; but they were all extremely rich and gay, to the number of fome thoufands ; fo that, perhaps, there cannot be feen a mute beautiful procefTion. The titles of the emperor, according; to the cuftom of the Ea(l, are very prolix and magnificent, as will ap- pear from the followini'; fpecirnen. We, the fervant and lord of the moll honoured and blelled cities, the veneiable houfcs, and facred pl.aces, before which all nations bow ; of Mecca, which God delights to honour ; of the relplcn- did Medina, and the holy city of Jerufalem ; of the im- perial and dcfirablc cities of Oonitantinople, Adri.moplc, and Hurfa, emperor ; alio of Uabylon, Damal'cus, of the fragrant i'aradife, and the inciyinparahle 1-gypt ; of all Arabia, Aleppo, Aiitioeh, and many other highlv cele- brated and memorable places, cities, and faithlul vali'als, cmpeior; emperor of emperors, the molt gracious and all-powerful I'ultan, &c. The Turkilh arms are a crcfccnt. In the fuccefiion to the empire no regard is paid to age or birth-ri^'ht, the Turks ellecming it fullieieiit, il, m their elections, they keep to the Ottoman lamilv : but women are excluded from the throne. Though tS.e go- vernment is purely monarchical and defpotic, yet if the emperor takes no care to indulge the humours of the people, and cfpecially of the mutinous janizaries, he '.:, not only in danger of being dcjiofed, but alio of being murdered. The emperor's divan, or rouncil of Itate, meets twice a week in the emperor's palace, that is on Sundays and Thurfdays. The grand vizier, who (its as prelldeiit, has on his right hand the cadinlafkicr of Ronuli 1, and on his left that ofNatolia. The mufti alfo alliltswhen cxprefslv fummoned. All the other viziers have likcwife a feat here, and next to them fland on one fide the tcftcrdar, or hiah-treafurer, the reis-eftendi, or fecretary of ilate, and other comminioncrs of the exchequer ; but the military officers, as the aga of the janizaries, the aga of the fpahis, the aga of the filiids, tV'c. lit within the divan. 'I'licfe I'everal members wear a particuh.r habit. The fultan does not enter the room ; but hears what pallL-s from an adjoining chamber, which looks into the divan. When he convenes a general council, to wl;ich all the great perfons of the empire are fummnneil, as the cler;;v, the militarv aiid other officers, and even the old and molt experienced foldiers, fueh a divan is called ajak d'vani, the whole afl'embly Handing. The highcll office, next to the fultan, is the vizier nzem, or grand vizier, wdio has the care of the whole empire, and is not only cntruKed with the manaL'cment of the revenue, with foreign affairs, and the aciminif- tration of jiilHce in civil and criminal concerns ; but alio with the condiicf of wars, and the comiiian.l of armies. When the fultan nominates this great oiiiccr, he puti into his hand the (Val of the empire, upon wiiich is en- driven his name. This is the b.adiic ot his office, and he always carries it in his bolbm. \Vith this fcal he dif- patchcs all his orders, without confulting any one. His power is unlimited, except with rcfpcct to the troops, which he cannot punilli without the confcnt of the com- manders. All affairs are decided by his |uJ:;meiit ; and he difpofcs of all the polls in the empire, e.\cept thoi'e of judicature. The grand vizier lives in the iitmoft fplendor ; he has above two thoiiland officers and donnllic- in his palace. and when he appears in p.iblic hai his tuib.in a lorncd with two |>lume3 of feathers, charged with diamon K and |)reci(jiis ll.ones ; the li.irnels of his hoife is iifiially fet with rubies and turijuoifes, and his houling richly cin- broiJered witll gold and pearls. His guard is conipofed of about four hundred Uofnians, or Albanians, Ionic of whcni attend him on foot when he goes to the divan; but v/heii he marches into the field, they are all well mount- ed, and cany a lance, a fword, a hatchet, and a bra' cot piflols. He is preceded by three horfe laili, on the top of which r. a gold ball. Tliis is the military enfignof the Ottomans ; for one of their generals being at a lofs how to rally his troops, who had loll all tiieir llaiidard';, cut of} a horle's tiiil, and creeling it on the point of a lance, the foldiers flocked to thia new enfign, renewed their at- tack, and came off" with vliitoiy. \V'hen the fultan honours the grand vizJcr with thn C(,mniaiidof an army, he takes out one of the plumes of his own tiirb.in, and delivers it to him to place in his own. Upon his receiving this mark of diflinelion, the fbldier" acknowledge him for their general. The urand vizier's income, without his being guilty of any injufUce, amounts to about fix hundred thoufand dollars a year, exclufive of prefents and other percpiilites. liut, not- withltaiiding the greatnefs of his revenue, and the fjikn- dour in which he lives, he is in continual danger, it be- ing the ufual policy of the emperors to fcreeii themfelves from the clamours of the people, by throwiiiL'; tiie whole blame of any Inltance of m.de adminiiliation on this of- ficer, and giving him up to the public releiitment. While the emperor refidesat Conllantinople, or Adrl;'." nople, he is without any power ; hut if he be only eight hours diltain from the citv, h:s authority is little iels than that of the grand vizier. 'A'hen the emperor takes the field in pcrfon, he tiomi- nates a kaimakan out of fueh viziers as are p-r'nnted to carry three hoife tails. This officer, in cale tli;- grand vizier be at the diitancc of cii'ht hours from the enipcror, has the lull power and managenicnt ot all attairs ; but ia not to ail contrary to the grand vizi.-r's inihuctions Tlii; kaimakan ought not to be confounded v\'ith the gave, nor of Conllantinople, or Adriaiiople, who bears the Gme title. Next to the grand vizier arc (ix other?, (filed vi:'icrsof the bench, or council, and balhas ot the three horfe tails ; becauf'e, when thev march, three horfl- tails are carried before them, while only one is cariied bcfoic tlie ordinary b-idias. Thefe viziers ought to be men diltinguiflied by their wifdom, and theii knowlc.lfc of the laws. They affi'.f at the divan, but never deliver their opinion upon the aff.drs which are treated there, uiilcfs required by the i;rand vizier. Thefe have each two thou- fand crowns a vear, and the grand vizier often refers matters of ("mall coni'eo_ucnco to them, as well as to the ordiiiaryjudges. Cady is a word u fed for all judges of a province or particular place. A beglcrbeg is a viceroy, with fevcral provinces under hi.i command, the name itfelf lignif\ iiig a piince of princes. The three principal are the bcLtlerbeg oi' R'l- niili, who relidcs at So|dii,i ; the beglcrbeg of N.itolia, the feat of whofe government is at Cutahia, and the begleibe!i of Damafcus, who keeps his court in that city. Under tfiele are the balhas or governors, whole polls aio very confidcrable, but precarious ; and fuboruiiiate to the(e are the fangiacs, who m.iy be termed deputy-go- vernors. Thefe are all military officers. The rcis-eft'endi, alfo called the reis-kital, is lord chancellor and fecretary of ftatc. His name figniiies chief of the writers. He attenils on the vizier, to pais ordeis, decrees, patents and CiimmilKons, into all part-j of the empire, which are daily diipatchcd in incredi- ble luimhers, and thcicloie he employs a multitude of cleiks ill his office. With icipcct to t'le naticnal revenues, they are re- turnable to two treaf'uries ; the public ircal'urv, and the treafury of the muliehnans. The public trea'turv is un- der the management of the tcfterdar, or high trcafurer, who has under him twelve offices, to vvliicii all the re- venue 1 of the empire, aiihn.; from tiibutes, cuftoms, ^'c. are rcturn,ible, and out of' thele the arinv is paid. The treafurei is allowed live pel cent, of all the money brcii;-,ht -f A S Y S T I'. M O l' (■ i: (/ (. I' A 1' 11 V. K. t 111 l.VRdl .., lir.iii !;lu into the triMl'iiry, w'liU'li imill 1m in;; liim in ;it '< .III two liiHulu'd tlviiil'.uul il<>ll.ir:> ;iiiihmIIv. (>ii<; lotu'ili 111 tlio niAhicli 111: liilpol'-s 111 .ii-coriiin^ to his own jiIlmIuH', is uiulcr the CMio of thf ln!n;ul,u' b.ililii, who i^ ihj next ptTlan ni i;iiik to tin; kill.n la tiii.- r.r,ij;lu). I'lincc C.'.ni- n.inu' r.iy,-, ili.it ill his lime-, twi--iity-li'vi.Mi ihdDlnr.d juirffs aiiuitmtiiv; to thirtci;n iiiilli'.Mij and a h.dt of rix- iloiLirs, wip: annuallv ictmiKd tJ hot!) trc.ifurics. The con.'ilc.itions ot the cll;it..'s ;iiid liiicls of the bai!i;is, and otlu;- olKieis, to.ather vviih ilu- iiioivv il'iifiii;; Iroiii !hi- cleheati ot '^llrk^ dviiit; without male ill'jc, make »ll!) a very coiilidcr.U'Ie .uti..le. Tile janii-ancs aie the tlower of thi; Tiiikifli foii-c?, |li(v:iie all int.mtrv, and wi-re tiill t.. lined ot c.iptive C'hrillians by the empeior Ainur.ith i. I'litir niiiiibcr {.■eiKiallv amounts to foriy thdulUnd, divided into a hun- dred and fixtv-iwo enmiianies, or eh.unbcrs, called odas, in whi'.h they iive together ,'.t ConlUntaiopIe, .is in a con- vent. 'l"he iaiiizuri'-iare (fa liipenor r.iiik to all other fol- dicrs ; hut .ue alio more arriij;.iiit and faiitious, and it if above ihiec luiudred lhuijf,!ud men. W'lun the Turk, are i:, canned, the tcnf-. nniko a very maL-niheent appearance. 'I nole of the erect inei: are lathtr like palaces th.,,! tents, taknr,; iiji .i nreat coMipafs of ginuiid, and being divided into .i ;'jeat nuin ■ her of apaitnicnts. They are all I'.ieen, and the baili.i ol thue tails h.ive thole in!i:Mis of th.ur power plami in a very conlpicuous maimer before then tJiits, whiili are adorned on the top with gilded balls, mole or Ufs, according to their dilferint lanks. \S i:en the liiltan is refulved to lead his armv in pcr- fon, all the companies of tradeiinen aie oMined to make him a ptcfen: according to I'leir abdity ; and, on this otc.ilion, tluy make a veiy fpiendid piuci (lion through the [uiiuipal itreets, while ihe fultan views them Iroiii one of the windows of his feraglio. When our author faw this cavalcade, it was picccded bv an cliuidi, mounted on a camel, reading aloud the K.oran, finely bound, and placed upon a culhioii. Me was (urround- ed by .i paicel of boy in white, liiijiig liime verfes of it, loilowcd hy a ni.ui drelRd in green houghs, rejire- f'cnting a hulbandman iowing feed" After him flveral reaper,s, crowned like Ceres, with ears of eorii ; they had alio fcvthis in llieir hands, and feenied to mow. 1 hen a little machine diawn by oxen, in which was a windmill, and boys employed in giinding coin, follow- ed byanoilur niaehnie dr.iwn by bulf.iloes carrvint; an oven, and two more boys, one employed in kneadint' bread, and the other in drawin;; it out of the oven. 'I hele boys alio threw little cakes on both fides amo.'ii'Jt the crowd, .iiid were folhiwed by the whole c;:mpa'nv of bakers, marching on foot two by two, in their belt doaihs, with cake;,, loavc;., pallics and pies of all forts on their head,', and after them two hulFoons, wiih their laces and cloaths fmearul with meal, who diverted the mob with their antic gellures. In the fame manner fol- lowed all the other trading companies; thi- jewellers, mercers, ^c. finely mounud, and many <( tlie pat;L'-. ants rcprefenting their trades, truly m.igniticent ; ^a- mongft which that of the furriers made one of the beli figures. It being a very large niailiine fet roiin;l with the lliins of ermines, I'oxes, ice, lo well Ifulfed, tiiai. the animals fecmcd alive, and were followed by mulic and daneers. Ihe rear was doled by the vtdunteers, who came to beg the' honour of dying in the fultan',.; fenice ; they were all naked to the middh; Some had their arms pierced thiough with arrows left flicking in iheni. Others had them flicking in their heads, the bloid trickling down their faces. Some fiaflied Ideir arms with (li.np knives, making the blood 'piini' out upon tiie bv-llanders ; which is looked upon as an cx- piei-ion of their zeal tor glory. 'Tis laid that fome make 111',- of tiiel'e arrows and knives to advance their love, an.i wdien thev aie near the window wheie their milliefs ilands, (for all the women are veiled to fee this fpeetacie) they flick another arrow lor her fake, who giv s fome lign i;fappri.bation .inj cncourngcmcnt to tins gallantry. S E C T. \'. T'l'e Ofiuiis cfilu'Sri/ifi'it, nnit l/.w Rryii/ullcn ol'lcfjiil '.hire with I i-jp,\-l IS tiH- I! 'ai!,-n ; tie SJ.'niJir cf ihir Dre/'tf an.i ihi- .l/fi^v.-.-'.'.v;.:' in -.lUJj thi-y !,ve. TIIK principal oilicers of the feraglio arc the eunuchs, who ate in the l'.it;helt eonlideme; for bei:i^ e;i- tiiely dileiiL'aged fiom love intrigues, ihcy religii ti'.em- feUes whollv to ambition and the care of obii^in.^ their lovereii;!!. The white eunuchs are employed in the fer- vice ol the fultan, and the black wait upon and guard tlic women. Thele aie toiccd to ule a lilver [lijie in making water ; tiny being de|irived of the natural conveiiiency iil their inlaney ; tor the lultans were jealous of theni, while they weic m.ide eunuchs in the o.d.nary manner, and on this account they are cut fmootb dole to the belK' ; a dangeious operation, th.at co'.ls many ol them their lives. The capi-aga, or chief of the whit-' eunuchs, is treat- ed in the lame maniKr in bis \ouib, and is the t;ieat mailer (4 the feraglio. He has the inlpeclion of ;;ll the l)a-;e^ of the lul.icr, and all petitisiis wiueli arc to be. I'l dented ;n I. .L'ROl ■ Dnyii ♦ Tviv. m i . ''4 .'L •• i J.r'i,/if, f^itii/ /t,i/'//,-i/ ////iii/fUft/e /•/,)//.) me f//i/^tl)ur //ftrrf/fH Tv: ill F.i';;(.ri:. J', r a o 1' F.. prff'iitci! to th- luiiK-r nrc lUlr.'.'-.i to I'.ini. lU-r. in till' Ici ret i>f till' t.iliiin.-t, iiivl li.is tliv i.()i!iiii.iiul ol .I'l tin cniiticlii 111' lii>> ■il>') tin- ^.'iT.ltih.iniliciliiiii, ulm lus lulls |)il;'.'s uiuicr 111. II, tli.lt w. lit nil tin: Til' m : tlr iK|)iilv-raiKi- vifor 111 till' p.i' 11 ai>.iri"i' ii'i aiul mlicr I'liil'liiiiL'. Ill tli'' p.il.ici', wlio ii.iiiiiiil.iily t.iki-s ciiro lit ihiii linen .111 I wi iiiir- -.ii'iLircl : tlu' CiiImu's iiiivy-trcaliiu r, wlm knp'- till- |cv.-. Ill of thf trown, nml one ol the ktyi. orilic Luiiil trtaliirc : the kil.in'i li.iflii, or i;r.iiiil c-xiK-n.lilor ol tlii. fct.i:;'io, who is ;illi> RHMt in.ilhr ot tliu wanliulii' j it in his olTi.c alio to look alur tlic rultan\ l\v(it-iin;at» ainl liiinks til- lyiopS flu'ihtt, anil LOiiiiti.T-|ioiiaii'. ; In- alio tnkrs care ot the fultan's ihiiM-wari.' ; the other white tiiniulis are, the precc;)tor. to the pages, the oveileer of the infirmary, the great fakoncr, the overleer of the lialh'., ami other offievr, who wait on the fultair.! pcrloil. The kvdera^ra is the ehicf of the hlai k eiiniiehs, an.l has the ahfolite coniiiianil of tin- women's aji;:rtments, an.l all the other blaek eiiiiiiehs plaeeil there pay him an implult oheilunee. lie has the fuperinteivlenrc of all th;' royal molip.ies of tlje empire, an.l dilpoloi of all the tifTuis that beloiiL; to them. The pi ineijial (.f the other black euiuirhs are, the eiiniH'h of the ipieeii mother, the j;ovirnor of the princes of the hl.)o,l, tne comptroller of the queen mother's trcafury, the llevvanl of her pLTfuni.-s, fivctt-meats, an.l liipiors, the twochi-fs ot the ;;reat and little chanilur of the women, wirh foiiie others. In the feiaglio there are alio mufiei.ins, ImiFoon';, tunililers, dwarf', and mutes. All who live in the feraglio are the fultan's (laves, as indeed are all the fiihjedtj of his empire ; lor they ac- knowledge, tliat whatever they enjoy proceeds from his liouiuy, .111.1 that their ellatcs and lives arc abfolutcly at Ills difp..|'al. The women in the fultan's court, includin.; the old and the young, amount to about twelve luiiulred. Mis coMcubinas aie beautilul and ac. omplidied virgin:;, who have been flo'en or purchafed vvlien children frtim (Jcor- gia, Circafii.i, or 'he neighbouring countries, and re- ceived an ediu ation that renders them well iiiialilied in the arts of pleafiiig, fuch as fiiv-iiig, pl.iving upon nm- fical iniiruments, dancing, drilling to the bilt advan- tage, an eng.iging behaviour, and great tk.ll in cunou:; needle work, particularly cmbioiderv- It is gciicially laid, that the llr'I of thcfe 'adics who conceivi.s by the lultaii, and brings forth a child, is lliled . fultana (piien ; and, if it be a f.m, is confirmed and cHabliHied by great fellivals : thenceforward (lie has mag- iill'iceiit aparinieiits, a great nnmber of (ervants, with a large revenue, and all peifons in the leragli.) mull pav her the rel'pect due to a queen. The other women who bear him children are called fullanas, but not queens, yet Ti-e daughter^, rnlcf, .in ! .11111'. •. of rr enip.-^r.^r lo 1^ in the fain.- l'..aglio ; ,in.l, bing rltliK drilT..| an I rj.- ally atti n led, live bv them "Ives in eontlii'i il p!ea<'ure<, till the I'ultail gives thciii in nurrl. .;■,■■ i.' In" ;','eit ofii-ora of lii^ court, or liie goveriMH of proviii. . s, I'licv aro I'ai I to carry out with lliem ,! .bell, po .'l-ur.il Iiy the ful- t.iii, tilled with rii h chiatii;, jew. 'h, ,iiid nion.'v, to tli? valu'J of ahoit lliiity th lul'and poiin l.i lii'rlii », btfi.ici what they h.iVL'fave.l, whu h lometimes .iiiunritsf) ,i.;rrat luio : and ll the Cir.ind SL-igni..r has .; pat:i i.lu' ril|e t for tlv'in, he even rniitiiiues their allo'.vance of .1 tliou- fand or liftccn hundred afiiers a d ly. As for the Imniand, he is to make her a hill o: dowry of at le. (I a hu'iJial thonfand cliequins ;n mon.y, betides cloaths, iewrls, and other ornaiii. nts. The,, however, convili? with no other men l);lides their li'ifh.;-! Is j and, with the fult.in's le.ive, are allowed to vifit their old ac(]uaiiitance in the feragllo. Tlu'fe are the only women in I'uiky who claim tlie pru ilc.'c of having a m.m to thcmfelves. 'I'lvy al- (unie the (Kite of (|ueeiis, .ind have their hulli.inds in the fame fubj..-i.iioii as other Tuikidi hiilbands have their wives ; and they are I'ai I to o!iligL tlieiii to [lit awav tlic red of their women, how long foever tin y ha'.c lived with them. Authors have given very incredible i!i.rcrip;inns of the in.iiiner in whi h thele la.lies live in the fera^lio. .ite apartments, whi^h are extremely fpl liv did i thcv are well fervcd and attended, anil are in no want ofmonev, jewels, or the ricnell apparel ; but if it liappen . th;;t the heir of the empire dies, and another of the fiiltanas has a fon to fucceed the deceafed heir, it is fai.l that the luitana qu'.-cn lofes her title and rank, ind another becomes queen in her ftcad ; fo that the title run,; from one fi;!:aiia f) another, in virtue of the fun's right to the fuccefii.in. The fultan was formerly married to the queen, but (lie now port'-li'es that title without the celebration of any nuptial rite'-, and yet eiijo\s all the ptcrog.itives of roval- ty, with a guard of thirty or forty black eunuchs, under the command of the kvller-aga. The foils of the fultan, by the fultana tpicen, a-.ea'l lirmight uph-,' thcmfelve:., and have nurl'es provided for them. His ibiis by the other fultanas are alio brougiit ! up by thcmfelves ; but they may play with each other | " lifteen years in till they are fix or feven years of age. They live nine or ten years with the women, and at about Iburtecn ate pomp. and of the tie.itnient they receive from the fultan ; but as it is cviden', even from ti.eir own aeeount, tiiat they n'ver fo niu;h a; faw on.: of thefe l.:die', and that they had no p,.fii'.i'ic nieaM> ..f rom'iig at tiic knowledge of what they di-feribe, wc fiidl pafs them mer.is the fic- tions of t'ravell. 1, ; -..ml . onelude this feclion with part of a letter wrote by an Engliih ambaH'a.lref. 011 this lub- jedl, who writes from her own kivwl.- 1 ,-, and, fr'mi her I ank and ("ex, had an opportuni'y of I.eing whit is c<-r fu.lv conrealed lioni 'vry m.'.n. Though tlie lady (lie (Mc'rihis had left the f raglio, yet (lie (ifli fu'.'ms l■.^ have kept up the way of lif, ilu' lei ihcre ; and, indeed, all that is fiid of her will jive ihc r.ai-r a better idea of the fplendor in wiii.h thole ladies live, th-n any thiii;i; that has be;-n written on the fiibjci^. " I went, favs this le.-.rn'd and p'.l't,' v.-ritrr, to f.-o " the fultaii.i [l.ifiten, fav.niriteot the Ijte cnip 'oi Muf- " taplia, uiio W.15 depofed by his brother, th; reigninj; " fultan, and died a few weeks after, being p uf uied, as " it was geiicr.dly believed. This lady w.is, i.nnicdiatc- " ly after his deaih, faluted with an abfolute or.ler to " leave the feraglio, and choofe herfelf a hufb.md among " the great men of the Porte. I liippofe you may ima- " !;ine her ov.rjoved at this propofal. — <^ii:e the con- " frary. — Thefe women, who are called, and cllceiu " thcmfelves queens, look upon this liberty as the great- " e(l difgrace and alViont that can happen to tbciii. She " threw hcrfclf at the fultan's feet, and begged him t.> " poniard her, ratlicr than ufc his brother's widow with " that contempt. She reprcfented to him, in agonies of " forrow, that (lie was privileged I'rom this misf rtiin-^- " bv having brought fue princes into the Ottom.:ii fa- " niilv; but all the boys being dead, aiv! only one girl " lurviviiiL;, this cxcufe was not received, ;md (he was " compelkd to make her choice. She ciiofe Hekir Ef- " femli, then fecrctary of (I'.te, and above Iburfcoa- " years old, to convince the world that (he tirmiy iii- " tended to keep the vow Hie had made, of nevci' iuffer- " ing a fecond hufliand to appioach her bed; an.i liiuT " (lie miift honour foine fubject fo far as to be e.illed " his wife, file would choofe him as a mark of lier gr,;- " tltude, (Ince it was he that had prefented her at :i;^ " age often years to her lalHord. But ilie never per- " mitted him to pay her one vilit ; th;ugh (he has been lis houfe, wdiere (he palii's her tini- 111 uiilnterruptcil mourning, with a condaney verv Utile known in Chridendom, efpecialiv in a widow foi n is circumcifed, he is fometimes lent with a I iiitabie equipage, under the care ot a trudv eunuch, to he gover- nor of .\Iajncfia ' '^ lit the much is bound to fend coniir.ual advice to the fultan of his fon's beha- viour ; fo that if he exceeds the limits of hi, commiliion, he foon f.ills into difgra;:c, 4+ of one and twenty ; tor (he is now but llurtv llx. Sh- ibll; black euni .1 to rcfpect at all into wh.it is done in her apa hs for her guard, her hulband bein.: as a queen, and not to enquire I. into a large room, with a fopha the whole .th of it, adorned with white marble pillais,eov ■d with p:ile blue figured velvet, on a filvei md. ill I- eil m M m w I<» A S Y S T r. N! or G F. O G K '\ F n Y. Ti UKv in I''.i Ror-c. r I " with futhinns cit tlii; f.imc, where I vv.is (liliril t:i rc- " |ii.l>: till tlif lil't.ijia appc.iiril, who h.ul timtrivcJ tlii'i *• iii.uijKT (if ri'cC|itioii to iiviiiil rilin;^ u|i at my I'litr.im f, " th.avh Ak' iiudi; nic an i:u liiiatluii ol' the lit.id whia " I !!'(:• up to lii'i. I was MTy i;lail to oliftrvc a i.uly that " h.nl bi-'.'ii dil}iii;;ijillKii by tin: lavoiir of an i-nipnor, to " vv;io'n luMutii."i wiTi' 1-vi.rv I'.iy pnlVntcd troiii all pari-. " ot i!i; wo:lii. Slir li.lJ the ii'in.uiii ot .1 fine laif, nioic *' iki u I'll by loriow than tiiiK'. Hot hiT dri'ls was lonv.- " thill;; Co hiipiiliiii^ly fill), that 1 laniiot lorbiai Ji'- *' (cilb'ii;; it to you. She wore a nd c.illeil adu.ilma, *' which l riblini:; over at the bottom. It w.is ol " purjilc cloth lliai_L;ht to her fhape, ,iiul thkli-let on " caeli fule down to her (ect aiiJ round ber fieeves, with " pcariii of the beft water, of the lame li/e as tlieir but- " tons are ; that is, about the bii-iuls of a pc.i, and to •' thefe buttons large loops fct with diamonds. 'I'his «' h.ibit was tied at the wailh with two large taiTels of " Cmallrr pe.irls, and ruinid t!ie arms eiiduoi lereJ with " large diamuiiils. Her (hift wai fallnud at the bottom ♦• with a r.re.'t iliamoiid, (liapcd like a lii/engc i bergiidle " as bread .is the bioadell Kn_;lilh ribbon, entirely co- " vered with di.uiumds. Round her neelc fhe wore three " chains, whieh reached to her knee, ; oneot large pearls, " at the bottom of which bung a fine coloured emer.dd " as big .^s a turkey c^g ; another conlilling ol two " huiiJred emeralds clofe ioined together, oi the nioU *' lively gr^cii, perfectly matelr.d, every one a', large as " a h.:(f crown piece, and as thick as three crown pieces ; " and aiRithcr of fmall emeralds perfe«i1ly round. Hut " her eai-riii'j;s cclipfed all the relh 'I'hey were two " diamniui:; ffiaiicd cxaiily bke pc.irs, as big as a large " ha-.'.leinit. Round her talpoche (he had Ibu- (Iriiigs " of peail, the whitelf and molt prrleit in the world, •' fafl; lied with two r(ifei,each conliltiiig of a l.irgc ruby " for the middle ftone, en irclcd with diamond-. IJc- " lid..- this, lier hcad-drefs was covered with bodkins ol " em-r.dJj and diamonds. She wore large di.imond " bracelets, and h.id five rings on her fingers, w.tli the " largeft diamonds (ixcept Air. I'itt's) lever law in iiiv " life. ' Tis for jewellers to compute the value of thefe " things ; but, according to the common elliniation ,ii " jewels in our part of the world, her whole dIel^ mull " be worth a hundred thouf.iiul pounds (fcrling. This " lam fine of, that no f.uropeaii ipiecu has half the "qii.intiiy; and the cmprefs's jewels, tho' very line, " would look vciy mean near hers. •" .She gave nie a dinner of tiftv diflics of meat, which, " after their fafllion, were placed on the t.ibte but one " at a time, and was extremclv tediou--. iUit the mag- " iiirKcnce of her table anfwered verv well to that of " lur drefs ; the hafts of the knives being of l'oUI let " with diainondb. Hut the piece of lu.xury which gtiev- " ed my eyes was, the table-cloth and n.i])kins, which " were .,11 tifijiiy embif.i.lered with filk and gol.l, in the " fiii: (I manner in natui.il (lowers, it was with the ut- *' molt legret that 1 made life of thefe coltlv napkins, '* which were as finely wrought as the Hneil hindker- ♦' chiefs that overcame out of that country. Vou may •' be furc thev were entirely fpoilcd before dinner was " over. The fiierbet was fervcd in china bowls, but the «' covers and I'alvcrs mallV gold. After dinner water «' was brought in gold bafoiis, and towels of the lame " kind with the n.'.pkins, whieh I very unvvilliiiLjlv wip- " cd my hands upon, and cotlee was fervcd in china, " vvith gold fauccrs. " I'he fultana feemcd in a very good humour, and " t.Uripd to me .-, ith the iitmolt civility. I did not omit " this opportuniry of leari'.ing all that 1 pofTibly could of '' the feragli,), wiiich is fo entirely unknown among u-. " .She alliired inc that the ftory ol the fultan's throwing " a han ikerchief, is altogether fabulous ; and the man- " n';r up-'ii that occalion no other than tliii : he fends the vll:r to li'nify to the lad? the honour " intends her. She is immcdiattiv complimented upon it by tb' thcrs, led into the bat:i, where file aied and drelU'd in the mod nia^ii:li;ciit an be- comi;ig manner, 'f'h'j emperor prece b". his vilit by a royal prel'cnt, and then comes into h.r apartment. N'.-ther is there any fach thini; as her trcpin-^ in .it ' the lied's fuol. bhe lai.l, that the liitt he made choice ' ol, was .dw,ivs alter the lirll in i.nk, .ind not the mo- ' ther ot the tlilcit fun, as other uiiliis would make ' us believe. Sometimes the lull.in diveils lunilelf iii ' the conip.iny of .ill his ladies, who Itand in a circle ' loimd him. And (lie cnnfcd'ed iliey were ready to diu ' Hitii envy .md ie.doiih ol the happy (lie, tli.it he di- ' (lingndhi d vmiIi .iiiv appcaiancc ol preli rincnt. Hut ' Ibis Itemed to me neither better nor worle th.in the ' ciicles in moft courts, where the gl.iiuc of the nio- ^ narcli is w.itehed, and every fmile w.iited lor wiib iin- ' pafience, and envi.d bv ihole who c.iiinot obt.iin it. '• She .ifkeil me to w.ilk in her g.irden, and one of ' 111 r ll.ivvs imniedi.iiely lirought her a pellico of rich • bin. .ule lined with fable-. I waited on her into the ' gaidiii, which h.id nothing in it rcm.ukahle but the ' louiiiams, and from thence, (he (hewi d nic all her ' a[),iitmcnts. In her licd-chamber her toilet was dif- ' pl.iyed, confillmg of two looking-glallus ; the frainci • covered With pe.iils, and her night l.ilpoche fct with ' bodkiii:', of jcweb, and ne.ir it three veils of line I.;blc5, '■ every one of whiih ii at leaft wiutb two hundred ' pounds Knglifh nuuicy. I don't doubt but thJe rich ' h.ibit:, were purpoleh' pl.iced in fight, though they (ecmed negligently thrown on the li plia Wli.n I took my ! aye of her, I was complimented with pcr- lumes, and prefcnted with a very (ine embroidered handkeri liirC. Her Haves wero to the number of thirty, befides ten little ones, th'- elilell not ab.ive feven ye.irs old. 'I'hele were the iroft beaul:liil girls I ever law, all richly drclii.',!, and 1 obferved that the fuliana took a great deal of pleafuie in tliele lovelv childicn, which are a valt cxpence ; foi ilicre is not a handioine mil of that age, to be bought under a hundred pounds ller- liniv They wore little garlands of flowers, and their own hair bi aided, which was all their head-drefs ; but their habits arc all of gold (lutts. Thefe ferved her ciiHec kneeling ; brought water when (he wi(hed,,Sic. 'lis a great part of the bufinefs of the older (laves to take care of thele young girls, to teach them to em- broider, and to Cerve them as carefully as if they were ihildteii of the family." S K C T. vr. 0/ r/c Af.iiinfiif/urei, Trade, and Coin cf Tiirly in Erirope. THK Turks have very curious and beautiful niami- laiHures, The inland trade too, v^bicli the pio- viiues, towns, and inhabitants carry on with each other, an.l with foreign nations, is very conliderable ; though it is cliiedv through the channel of the jews and Arme- nians. The Turks, indeed, convey both by land aiul water the prod nil:) s of the countiy and other goods IVom one province to another ; but not to foreign Chriltiaii countries: great numbers of I'.iiLililh, Dutch, I'rcnch, Italian, and Spanidi (liips, as well as tliol'e of otb-T tra- ding' nations, lepairinglii ;Me;it numbeis to the haiboiir^ in Turky, where thev imiimt their goiids., an.l purchafe thole of the country. They have alfo their envoys and relidcnts at Con(hntinoplc, and their confuls in other port-. The exports from Turky arc filks, beautiful carpers, gnats hair and woid, camels hair, cotton yarn, biirdets, dimity, waxed linen, (hagreen (kins, blue, red, and yellow leather, cottee, rhubarb, turpentine, llorax, gums, laflron, opium, galls, nialtich, emery, hcmnian bole, pomegianate fliells, (ponges, dates, almonds, wine, oil, h;;s, raifins, mother ot pearl, box-wood, wax, ^'c. The traftic of the human lj)ccies, however fliockins' ic m.iy appear at hr(t fight, is inlinitely kfs cruel than that c.irricd on by the Cbrillians on the coaft of Giii- nea : this is a confiderable part of their commerce ; for they not only fell fl.ives of both I'cxes, but alio beauti- ful young girls, who are bought up, particularly by the ' ~ " Cireece, and other couii- vs in CircalTia, (icor them, in hi their parents and relations readily parting with OjlCS )f raltiii;! their fortune The Knglilh Turky merchants export thither broad nth, ells, ti I'liiiar, watche-, louic bul- / amount to .ibout four or five thoul'and perfons. It is the relidence of a (ireck arclibifliop, and gives name to thf gulph which runs between the coalt of the .Morca, ami the illand of Cephalonia. The currants ot I'atras are cftecmcd the bell in thofc parts ; but there are no great quantities of them. Tht; trade of the inhabiiants chieflv conlilts of raw filk, inado in great quantitieb in the Morea. Leather is alio cheap, as are alio honey, wax, wood, and cheel'e. Hraccio di Mani.i, or Takonia, comprehends the an- tieiit .^rcaJia and Laconia, and contains the following; places, viz. . Militra, the antient Sparta, is fituatod on the river ^^(//'■'5j| I'.uiota!, now called Bafiiopotamus. It confills of a cadle, the city piop>rlv fo called, and below it two l.uge lub- urbs. The town and caltlehave each their diltiiu't w.dis. The turmer is advanrageouny fituated on the top of a mountain, and its u ills are Itrong and kept in good re- pair. It is defended by eight or ten pieces of ordnance, and the whole gacrifon confilts of eighteen or twenty janizaries, commanded by a governor, who feKiom ri - fides in the calUe. The Turks imagine, that it can It is Itrong both by nature and ait. Tl of a triangular lorm, and oiipoliti a large tower built on a rock jipohte one ol its angles is Ihe t own, wlieie it is tit waflied by the fea, is del'eiuled by a forirel's, cnconi' palled by old thick walN, fl.uikcd v/i'h l.u^;c towers Illy be taken by famine, and have theiefore provided with magazines conitantly tilled with cor Withi the place are alio citterns kept full of water. The town Hands at the foot of the cattle, which cover it to the n II til, and conlilts of two fpicioiis (trects crollir tbem. The uid iket- p'ac ta A S Y S T I M O 1 G I. O C. U A P II V. Tnti;v in Kunopt. '11 pUcehai v<-''"'i">i» limntMii, wlm h iIimiwh up w.itcr Irom throe hi, :/.'.'n pip"'', >iiiluii\'ii built n, it iil the ruiiii ot Miiuiv.i'' iciiipr. ThiTc aie ailo tlu' n- m.iiiit nt iiiiii iiM^nilicviit itiiirliL' hiiil liiici the I'lTli.in pillc'iy, iir |i>)riiii), tuct il ii) mciiiDrv ot' the victory K.iiii'il l)v ill- (ill I Li .It the li,ittl. Ill I'liiMM, the ti'ili- plfcit Milni.i, till mii|ilc (il HinuU'Hi and ih.it nt V'cmis, III the liiwii it.iiiil' all'i) iIr' laihc.lr.il, wluih is a very ll')blc liuiMiiijj; Ih'.- mot' i< lii|)[)oitCil b\ miihlc pillar^ ; it h.w (i\ ( 11 iliiiiu's, and tu' p.iv^'ni' nt ii a i iitiouH piiic nt Mul'aic wiirk. Thi. i. the I't-c iil a lircili arcliliilhop, whii it KiL'd inctrjpiditaii, anj h,i< a haiulionic aiul loin- niiKli.iiH palaie, in which are liidniiii;* l"r ten nrtWiKc coliiyeii, or muiilc«, who arc di^nitariej ol the lathe- ilral. Towaidt the fouth-cail part of the tovn ii a convent pana. I he donicj arc cMieniely noble, ai\d it . niiiiore:'. molt ciliio'iily wrou;;ht. Adjoining toil is the belt endowed holpii.il ot any in Tuiky i provd'ions are there daily dilluluited to tile poor, and txtr.iordimrv care is t.ikcn ot' til. Ikk i and both Jews, Moors, Tuiks, .-.nd Chril'- tiaiv. are cipialiy welcoiue. 'I'tierc are alio at Mifitra two I'.aii', or caravaiil'eras, for travellers ; both ot which are line buildings, p.inicularly th' new one, where there IIP- chambers lor the merchants, with It iblci underneath lor their lioiCe, and other beall.ol burthen. They reckon near two ilioul.ind lioulVj at .Mi'ltra, and ncai a., many in the above I'u'iurb ; but the laiter are by lar the hnell, and thcrd'orc the nuilt eonliderabic of the Turk', live there; v.'hcre they have pb al'ant i^ardens. 'I'lieoihiT villa;;'' cimia;iis about a thoulaiul houles, molt ol them iiihahiied bv jews, who liave a ryna;4c; the ."sadducees have allii particular rynaio;;ues and bui -ii'i;- plaees, and never intermarry with the other Jews. The city olM.ilvefia, by the modv.Tn (irecks called Moiunibjlia, and by tiie Turks Meiu wtlche, is I'eated on .1 little illaiid, on tlie eaftern coall of the Morea, near the mouth of the gnlpii of N'eapoli, thirty-nine miles to the l'outh-c..lt of Militra. The illinl on which itttands ii iMt above apilbd fliot from the toiilineiir, and is loin- Cil to it by a b.indlome Itinc biid;je. The town is built at the foot of a (tcep rock, on the top of which is .i good fortrel's. The walls of the city are towards the lia- fllore, and in very ;;ood icpair; thofe of the fortiel'-, .ire very iiidilferent ■, but its fituation renders it in a manner impic,;nable, there bein;; no afccnt to it but by a very dangerous path. It ha. .i pietty good harbour, and i, the lee of a Greek bifliop. The ifland on which the city is built is planted with fine L'lrdens and vineyards, whi^ li produce that exeel- Iciit wine called malmley : but, as the illjnd is fmail, it cannot produce a fuflieient quantity of it to aiifwcr the demands of the public; ibey h.ive therefore planted on the oppofile ihore a fpacc of ground about ei^'.ht leagues in extent, with vines from this ifiand ; the wine they produce is generally fold lor nialni/ey, and is little in- ferior to it. IVl.iina is a town with a dildict belonging to it on the foiitb part of the illand. Its inhabitants, and thofe in the iieighbouriiood called .Mainoiti, arc the defcem'aal . of the antient I.aeedemonians, and are llill diltiiu'iiifhed as the bravcft of all the Cireeks. Though their whole mi- litary force is laid not to exc-cd ten thoul.ind men, thev have never been coii(|uered, nor even rendered tributary to tnc T'lrks. Their country is on all fides fin rounded W'th mountains. Their modern name is derived from /iri.vii, or madnefs from their culloni of rufhiii^ ujion tiic enemy, as if actuated by a p!iren/.y. 'I he l.'-inh ilillriilt n Saicnidi, nr Romntii,! Minor wliirh contains the aiilKiit iliiis of Corinth, hu von, jnj .\rg.i.. Corinth, firft callcil Tphyra, ami now by the Turki i'JwV'rf (Jerame, wit built at the foot of 4 very lii^h rock, ..11 which llaii.li aeallle, that lia« a moll btaiii[|'ul piolpia on I'Vi ry (ide. It w .is aiiiii iitly one of the liiult utns of .ill (ireece, and aboiin.le,! in Mv-.niticent biiildiii/s. Inch as tempb-i, pilaces, amphithiMtrcs, mominienn,' b.itlis, .iiid otIUTwoik, .uloincil with (latiies by the ^r.atilt m.iller., an I b.autiful poriieri* of columns, whole fin- gul.ir iliroi.iiions and il.i'ant capitals (-ave rile to the app,llaiion of the ('orinthian onler. Ihit thel'e I'liperh edilicei are demolifli d, and all this ni ignilicinee biirieil 111 the dull ; and the Ipot on which Corinth flood beint; Hlled lip with fields and LMriKiv, it r itlier lelcmbles .1 vin.i.,e than acity. The buildings are not (onti^uous, but ill (lullrrs ol li:df aile7''ii, ten, or fometmies I'wenty to;;i ther, but ftldoin in. ire, with (."ideiii of oraii:'e, lemon, and cyprels trees i.boiit tbem. Tim inwi\ ii.ii twomol.iues, and is llill the (cr of a ( Ircek nrrhbifliop, who lues ill the cathiJial, which ii the 01, ly church here. Niniea, a vill.if;c (V.ir.'d for ihcantient NcmaMii games, celibrated in hoii.i... of llerculr^. Sicyon, now cdled H.ifilica, wis once a very torlfi. dcrabl'e litv, tlv capital of the antient kinj-dom ot .Si- ciona, which Hood upon a hill by the river Afopiis, about eiidit miles to the well ot Coiiiilh; but i:* now only a heap of ruitn. Argos, a mean place on tli" river Naio, or Inaclum lormerly a fplendid capital, is the fee ot a billiop, and i» defended by a cit.idel. Mvcene, a village, once the canii.d of a l:in,';dom. Napolidi Romania, in Latin Ncapidls, was antientl/ called Naiiplia. it ll.mds on the top of a fiiiall pro. montory, thirty-fix miles to the I'oiilh of Corinth. The port, which is one of the bi(f in the .\Iorea, is Ice u red agiiiiK pirates by ^ little calile built on a rock, that dell lids the cntr.ince into the harbour ; which is fo nar- row, that only one galley can pafs at a time, though the h.irboiir is fo fpacioiis as to be able to coiitain a Iar'>c fleet. Theie is but one avenue, and only one gate to get into the town 011 the land fide ; every where ell'e the lea waOies the w.ills, whieh are pretty Itrong, and flank- ed with idd towers. Ikfides the above-mentioned caltle there is anotlier on the north fide. As tlic h.irbour is more feriire, and has be'ter anehorai;c than any other on the wJl coall, the inh.ibitants carry on a ronfiderablc tr.ule in corn, wine, oil, filks, cotton, and tobacco. 'J'hc city is inb.ibiied by Chriltians, Tuiks, and Jews, anj Is the Ice of ;in arwhbilhop. SEC T. VIII. 0/ r,r. AniA, cr (jiiEnci; I'ltoprn. /is Silii'ith'i, li\tint, Afoi4'iti!i>:s, Rivrrs, ivith tin .lamnt ■Jl ii-mnrMl'ld P/.-ias now in ihut Ciunlry. of ill,- U NDKR til- name nf [dvadia isai prefent comprized ..* I anli-'iii Cire.ce, pioperly lo called, to which belon" ed the little kingdnms of Acarnania, /T.tolia, O/.ohca, Loeris, I'hoei,, IJoris, Kpienemedia, lin?tiea, iVIegara, and Attica. This province reaches from the Iiniian fc.i to the Archipelago, and is bounded on the north bv I'.pirus, now the (treigbc of Ne^ropont, and by Thelliily, now called Janna ; on the caft by the .'\rchipcl:igo ; on the fouth by the "ulpli of Kiigia, or Kgina, the ilHimi!'; ol Corinth, and the giilph of I.epanto ; and on the well by the loni.m lea, and part of Alb.iiiia, It is a pleafant an! fruitful country, cxtcndin" about a hundred and thirty miles from the foiith-calt to the north-wed, and is for tiie moft pait mountainous, con- taining Mount Octa, in HiEotiii, f.imous for the pal's of I'bermopyle, which was not above twenty-five t'ect i road, and derived its n.ime Irom the warm baths in its nelgbbouiluio.l ; and for Mount PainaH'iis, facred ta farng/jitS- Apollo ; with Mount Helicon and Cytberon, conlecrat- td to the Mul'cb i all of thein celebrated by the poets. The /^* r i X .V „r , / ,A ■ ;Sli. />rffU/r erf/' ///f ' ' A^rf^ 1 'i ll;'Ain(l thi» I'iic hmiict ■ry lUiriiw. I, i> iliviilcd >iin[iulc.l 1(1 rii- (Miu lit' no JcHI he a.- (( r hundred ivvi) hun- : Aihciii, i the nil louiiJcri, nllt.lll, or \ .(ildriKil -•iMilin.iry 'cr.il con- m(i('qui.. m kino; ■ 111 ny Mace- h by Livadia, ;u!ph of SjIo- 'hcrc longcit, from north tv o Macedonia, fomctimcs /V: 13 ' agaiiifl the 'he huulls .'^Ty narrow. I, is divided • omputtd to rci; parts of ji r/jjYs of * ^ jiujuX .s W^.: ^^ \4i r .'^■.■,-/,;- ,'.;,, I !•; i! <► .111 iiy Mace- h by Livadij, ;ulph ot '.Salo- 'hfrc loiigcif, i'rom north t(i) :o Macedonia, fonietiiiicj ^ \ i'lU| \ '' I'f I % i. { " ■t* 111 ■ r 11 iiV :r!^ ;iif^ r:1 13 A SYS T I", M O 1 GEO G R A P II V, Tri!;;v in ]'. :Rorc. place h.Ti I'ciirioiis finiinain, wlili'h throws up vvntcr from three the r !>t Ml I'pcs aiul iKMr it is a chiiiL'ii built out ot tfiiipl.' The all'o the if- in.iiiis of lour iii,i^ihI\cc.-iU m.irblj huiMiuas, the IVrfuui gillcry, or portico, eti'ct.il in ineuiorv of the victory gaiiK'il by the (' ' . . • - ■.. . • pie of Helena,! The fr illrift which contains theaiitKiit cities uf C Arros. IS SaccoiM.i, or I'Tiiania Minor, oiiiit.i, hi; von, and Corinth, finl c: jeranir, was hiiill at the loot ..f phyr.i, ;uul now by the Turk? C-/-/'n'^. \\\l\\ rock, In the i;iwn rt nohle buiUimg. it has {<:\v\\ iloi Mofair work. who is ItiL'd m inoilioiis palace coloyers, or in Jr.il. Towards the ,vh<>( ot nu beautiful t'.iaii another church readv mention! thi rtic itri ; It M paintings ; and ad!)rn.- both the po ot thele church the Circck wor the fame I'libur at.Mif The domes are curioully wrouj hofpit.il of ail' ddhilnited to ri of tlij f'lck ; ar tians are equal two haiis, or c are line l-uildit arc chambers fc tor their horCes They reckon near as many I by lar the finel the Turks live '("lie other viilaj of them inhabit as they have all Sadd ucces navt piac Mo es, anu lu'v The citv of iibati. on a litile iliand tl'.c mouth of tht III,-' fouth-cdt ol ii II It above a p cd to it by a har at the foot of siood t'ortrels. (horc, and in vt very indilierent impiCjtnalile, th dangerous path, the lee of a Gref The ifland on fine L' irdens and lent wine called cannot produce demands of the p oppofite (hore a 1 extent, with v produce is i;cnen ferior to it. M.iina is a tti\ fouth part of the iieighbournood c the antient I.acci tlic bravcft of all litary force is l.iiti imv have never been com nor even rendered tributa to the Turks with Th mountans. eir couiitrv is on all fides furrouiulrd Their modern name is deriveil f fii.i'is aadnefs tr Ih e:r eiittoni o if rulhi: tae enemy, as if actuated by a pi loni up Jll tiunini i'liermo ■Mf lint Ucta, in nuCTtrri, lainou:, i e, which was not above tw cntv-tivc feet anil derived its name Irmn the warm baths in its 'hhi Apolli. and for .Mo ih Mount Hi. t I'arnadiis, lacrcd Xo fttrrtffj/iit. in and Cvthe cd to the Mules i all of them celebrated bv tl roil, conleciat- le poe ts. The ''Wt 13 ■ !\;>ainft the The houli.'S .'ltv iiairow, I, is divided omputed to ite parts of lor 110 Jews i tlii; fti.- cf uur hundred be two hun- jut Athens, (Is i the rdt ir founders, itholicui, or be(t adorned jilding.and, theiiidiM.iry fevcral eon- ve mofques; btely teiiip'e p ece of an- jlt Venetian ion. -mentioned, I very confi- ns. The top of a mile in perpendicu- hwelh Its ed all round nii^htbe rcn- nple of Ali- th fide of the "i.-.-!U pi!!ar«, th;.- liaJium, 2, were ex- : odeum, or ug'illus, and tile Pb.irari, ill to be lejn. ,'ntcrt:ic plain ; tlic former rin.\ the olive branehcs into hens had an- led Phalareus yra-us to the inclofed fpa- rtill much re- 3ragci, but by re in memory Venice. in ruin^ and : the remains i(itc travellers of a moll fu- ■blc, adorned ^.' '■>?[ \ i diftinguiflied T noble Itruc- :nt grandeur, •nt wjIIs feeni fi7././y /Y(//f,t < U//f(,-//i Wr/ R r I \ . » ^(///u/(' (>/ f 'u/f//'r/r. .'4 .S ol • . / 7'/f 7^' ;v J' . ■^--,1.1 -■- 7 ■ -■ ^^^-^^i^ fc : =777- "'i'Ji.**^^ -J^ i^i^^ :j>«6 '^^ „-j«*^-i m^ ua- H -vp^^^H 1 ^ BluI js^fl '''Jl^l ^ 1 .'^ pHH _^ ^4 1 .-*, r { V /^V/V7V'/ //^' /(n/r/.> ( -) /r/N///( ( (>/ / T Ji K\ V 11 phce I'ciiriou three L .;/.vn |,,pt the ruins ot' .Mini ni.iiiis of lour nis gillcry, (ir (lorci g.iiii'-il by tho ''~ pic i)( Iklciia, I ill the town l] nohle huilihii;;. it has (even iloi IMofaif work, who i:, itiL-il m nioili.nis p.il.U'C toloyers, or m ilr..l. Tow.irils th( ot" nuns, whii( be.iutilul tlian another churcfc re:i;lv mention! paintings ; th' and adorn /il v < both the portic ot thcde church the Cjrcek woi the lame lulnu at Mifitri ; it V The domes are rmio'.illy wrou holjiital of an' dithi'juteil to t of tile fick •, ar tians are equal two haiis, or c are line Imildii arc chambers ft fur their horfes They rcckot near a,; many i by far the fine the Turkb live 'I'he other vill:i; of them inhabit as thev have all Sadducces liav« places, and \\i\ The city of jMomnibjfia, a on a little iliaiid tl'.e mouth of thi the fouth-ealt o: i.i ni)t above a p cd to it by a hat at the foot of good Ibrtrei's. filore, and in vi very iudiiierent ; iinpie,;nable, th '■ dangerous path, the lee of a Cirei The irtand or fine g irdeiis aiic lent wine called cannot produce demands of the p oppofitc Ihore a extent, with v produce is gener; ferior to it. iMaina is a to' I'outh part of the iieij^hbouriiood < the antient Lace the braveft of af litary force is faiu ii.^» have never been conq to the Turks. Their with mountains. Th //■I'.y'if., or madnefs, fn tiic enemy, as if actua ^A y*'.!^ ^.J- ^^ ^ ■•.^' .^_^ "vf jb 1 ' . ^ ('//////(' f>/ Cojyj//// S^WA.-. TltRKv] The theanticij from the lake of Cl nus, whi( difcharg Thefol able : Lepant| tain that formerly ' the mount rounded and vincyi lemons, al ThcDJ of the gull year I57i| fleet. VA,keJ: Caftri. ^^ two TurkI and ftandsl famous for| only a houfes. Livadia, name, is f ifthmus of terminates The river I with fuch i number of place is laq Turks, wh and liavc ti five old rui The city is en a pretty \>hniliis. town was a nius, whicl The lake the city, on palled with Megara, wards the ( able to carr; .^nd to plant and confills inhabited oi by tillin;; th the reft bein make pitch, .md firs that iiiU moanta: Salona is fruitful valli the northw: I/ivadia. I rock, and ii Athens, about equal latter feven The trade bacco. Athens, f.7 ,i,f. was at firll ■ liSf. but afterwa I . * " is derived I I'J-^iYP'-. power, ama celebrated I philofophcr: It was at fit afterwards fians, Mac came unde was taken b retook it. but in the 1 fell into the This city of its buildi 45 TuRKv in FuROPC. K 11 R O 1' E. '3 ^^A >(/'r/f . ^w^ -^i^' :>q V The principal rivers of iliis roiintiv arc the Sionapro, theanticnt Achclous, whiih Icparatcil the Artaiiaiiiaiib from the yKtolians j the Cepliiiriis, that falls into the lalce of Copai, which it [jropurly forms ; anJ the Ifmc- nus, which probably ran into the Afopus, a river that difchargcs itfclf into the Archipcla;»n, The following places are at ptefent the niufl remark- able : Lepanto, the antient Naupadlus, a town on a moun- tain that runs alonj; the (horc of the gulph of l>tpaiito, formerly termed the gulph of Corinth. On thefnniniitof the mountain (tands a fmall caUl';. The town i . fur- rounded by a fertile country, covered with olive trees and vineyards, corn-fields, and plantatioMb of oranges, lemons, and citrons. The Dardanels, are two caftlcs that defend the entrance of the gulph of Lepanto. Here the Venetians, in the year 1571, gained amoll fignal vidlory over the TuiUifli Aeet. Caflri, the antient Delphi, or Dclphos, is fituatcd two Turkifll miles to the north of the gulph of Lepanto, and ftands on a bare mountain. It was antiently very famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo ; but is now only a poor place, confiding of about two hundred houfes. Livadia, the capital of the province to which it gives name, is iituated twenty-two miles to the north of the ifthmu3 of Corinth, and built round a mountain which, terminates in a peak, on the top of which is anoldcalHe. The river Hercyna riles out of the mountain by the cattle with fuch a plentiful dream, that it turns a confiderable number of mills in its pafi'agc through the town. This place is large and populous ; it is inhabited by many rich Turks, who are here more numerous than thcChrirtians, and liave fine mofqucs. The Chriftians have four or five old ruinous churches ; but there arc but few Jews. The city is governed by a vaivode and a cady, and carries on a pretty good trade in woollen ftufls and rice. 'I'liis thtliliis. town was antiently celebrated for the oracle of Trypho- nius, which was in a cave in the hill above the town. The lake of Livadia is five or fix miles to the c.ilt of the city, on the north fide of a large plain, entirely encom- pafled with high hills. Megara, antiently the feat of a monarch, and after- wards the capit.al of a republic, fo formidable as to be able to carry on a waragainll the Athenians and others, and to plant a colony in Sicily, is now but a poor village, and confiils of about three or four hundred pitiful cottages, inhabited only bv Chriftians, who get their living chiefly by tilling the earth, for which they have half the crop, the reft being paid to their Turkifll landlords. They alio make pitch, and faw boards and planks, out of the pines and firs that grow in great abundance on the neighbour- ing mountains. Salona is feated upon a rock in the inmoft rcccfs of a fruitful valley, under an high mountain which rifcs to the northward, about twelve miles to the north-weft of Livadia. It is defended by a caftle on the top of th^' rock, and is a biftiopric fuhic^'^ to the metropolitan of Athens. The number of Chriftians and Turks arc about equal, the former having fix churches, and the latter feven mofques ; but no Jews arc permitted here. The trade confifts in fomc cotton, but chiefly in to- bacco. Athens, now S;tincs, the ancient capital of Attica, was at firft called Cecropia, from Cecrops its founder; but afterwards w.is known by the name of Athens, which is derived from the goddcfs Minerva. Kxclufivc of its power, amazing grandeur, and opulence, it was highly celebrated for being the nurkry of the mofl: eminent philofophcrs, ftatefmcn, orators, and great commanders, it was at firft governed by kings, then by archons, but afterwards fell fucceflivcly under the power of the Per- fians, Macedonians, and Romans. In later times it came under the dominion of the Turks, from whom it was taken by the Venetians. In the year 1455 the Turks retook it. In 1687 the Venetians again recovered it ; but in the laft wars between ihofc two powers, it again fell into the hands of the Turks. This city, once juftly celebrated fi)r the magnificence of its buildings, has no wall? ; but the avenues to it bc- 45 ing fluit by gates, are a fiiflii icnt f.ninfy a'.ninft tht^ corlairs, wliicli fometimes frequent the co.iil, I'lie houfes arc built clofe together, and the llieets are verynairow. The town, which is defmded by a citadel, is divided inlo eight quarters. The inhabitanti aie iumpuled to amount to about cii'ht or ten thorn iiul, lliite parts of whom are Chriftians, an 1 the tell I'uiks; for no Jews are permitted to live aniongft thcin. It is the fee t( an arehbifliop, whole revenue amounts to four hundred thoiil'.wiil dollars a year. Tlicie arc laid to be two hu:i- ilred chuiches and little cliapels in and about Athens, lilty-two uf whieh have their peculiar piicfts ; the nit are leldom ufed, except on the days of their Iminders, and are indeed only little oratories. The cathidkan, or tatliedral, is the heft kept in lepau, and the beft adorned ot any of them ; but in reality is but a mean building, and, in point ofniat'iiilicenec, exceeds very few of the oidinary parifti churciies in England. Here are alio fevcral con- vents of monks and nuns. The Tu:k I have five mofques? one in the caftle was the Pa, thenion, or the ftatcly teiiip'e of Minerva, and is now accounted the finelt peee of an- tiquity in the whole wot Id; but in the lall Venetian war this building fuft'ered much by the cannon. 'I'.ic Acropolis, which is the citadel above-nienlioncd, is fituatcd upon the funiniit of a rock, in a very confi- derable elevation above the circumiacent plains. The top of this rock is flat, and about three quarters of a mile in circumference, to which there is an alino(t perpendicu- lar afcent on all fides, except to the north welh Its figure is an oblong fquarc, and it is flanked ail round with a toler.able good wall. This fortrefj mightbe ren- dered almoll: iini)rcgnablo. liefides the temple of Mi- nerva, now a mofquc, there is on the Couth fide of the caftle the theatre ot Bacchus ; the magnifr.-ent pillars, gate, and aqucdudl of the emperor AJri.tn j the liaJium, where the public games, called panathciKta, were cx- crciled ; the ruins of the arcopagus ; the odeum, or mufic-theatrc; the temples of Thel'ens, Augtiftus, and Jujiiter Olynipius ; the temple of the winds ; tiic Ph.uaii, or lanthern of Demofth.'nes: all thel'c arc ftill to be lejn, cithn entire or in parr. Tlietwo rivers, lliliu.' aiul rridaniis,that waterthc plain in whii h Athens now (lands, are very fiiiall ; the former beiii^ diverted into fcveral canals ior watciiiu^ the c.livc yards, and the latter loft: aniidft the many branches into which it is conveyed over the country. Athens had an- tiently three harbours, of which thofc named Phalareus and Nliiniehia lay to the caftward, and Pyntnis to the v.'cft of a fmall cape. The latter being an inclofed fpa- cious harbour, with a narrow cntranc, is ftill much re- forted to, and by the Greeks called Porto Drago, but by the Italians Porto Leone, from a pillar there in memory of a lion which was cairied from thence to Venice. Lcplina, the antient Eleufis, now lies in ruins and is in a manner deftitute of inhabitants ; but the remains of the magnificent temple of Ceres ftill invite travellers to vifit this |)lacc, there being vifible marks of a moft fu- perb ftruflure, all of very fine white marble, adorned with excellent carvings and ilatucs. Stibes, cr .Stives, the antient Thebes, diftinguiflicd for its fumptuous temples, palaces, and other noble itruc- turcs, has at prefent no remains of its antient grandeur, except its being the fee of a bifliop. Its prefent walls feeni very antient, and it has a caftle of an ov.il figure. It is faid to contain three or four thoufand fouls. Tiie Turks, who appear to be the leaft part of the inhabitants, have two mofques, and the Chriftians fcveral churches. SECT. VIII. 0/Janna, the anthnt Tufssaly. hi Situation, Exteit, Almntains, Riiien, Fertility, ,;/».« ■i:i| mm !S ' Wi 1 :'!i ill ■ 'l In Iflj^^^M 1 14 A S Y S T E M O F G F. O G U A Pit V. I i:rkv' in I'l-nops, fdinciimcs divided from it, and then iiniteil to it a- Among its once celebrated twinty-lmir nioiintains the moll reni.ukable ii Olympus, now called Ljilia, whitli, from its uncommon height, was celebrated by the an- tients as the rcfidcnce of the gods j for they luppoled it to reach up to heaven, though it is not much above an Engli(h mde in perpendicular height. Mount Oli'a, to- gether with Nephele, was, accordin:'; to the labulous accounts ot' antiquity, inhabited bv the Centaurs, whom Hercules liew or drove out. Here alfo are tituated the plains of I'harfalia, and between the mouiuains Olympus, I'l lion, and Olla, is the delightful valley of Tempe, which was fo adorned with the gifts ot nature, and lodelightfiillv watered by the gently wiiiJing Ihcanis of the tranl'p.'.rciu I'eneus, now the Salampiia, that it was clfcenied the garden of the niuf;'s. The priiuip;il rivers in Thelialv arc the Salambiia, or Selanipria, tiie I'encus of the anlients. It fprings tiom the mountains that divide I'^pirus from Thcllalv, iiins a- crols the latter fioin call to welf, and, having watered the ciiics ol Janna and Larill'i, difcharges itlclf into the gulph of Sjlonichi. liefides this, there 15 no other river worthy uf notice but the AL'riomcla. called bv the an- ticnts the .Sperchius, wiiich fprings from Mount Hindus, now Ml/.zovo, runs caliwar.l through 'rhcH'aly, and falls into the gulph of Zcyton. 'J'his country, in its amazing fertility, fecms to ex- ceed all otiur parts of (irccce. It produces citrons, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon fvvcetnels, excellent figs and melons, almonds, olives, chcfnuts, cotton, and all foitsof grain It wasanticntly famous for its breed of cattle '.nd horfes, from which, and the extraordinary fkill of the Thell'alians in hc-rfc- nianfliip, the fable of the Centaurs is fuppofcd to take it- rife. The moft remarkable towns in this country are, I.aiifla, or I.arfo, by the Turks called Jengifhair, the capital, ftands on the river Pineus, in a hilly and delight- ful part of the country. It IS feated on a rifing ground, with a large plain on the fouth, and Mount Olympus on the north. Over the river is a handfonie (lone bridge of nine arches ; but the town has loft much of it. antient grandeur, though it is lUll one of the motl powerful cities in Greece. It is the fee of a (jrcek archbifliop, and yet the Chriftiansare faid to have butone church here. There are above two hundred Jewifli families, moll of them very rich, and a confidcrable trade is carried on, particularly in leather. Tornovo is a fpaclous and plcafant city, in which are eighteen Greek churches, and three Turkifli mofijues. The prefcnt bifhop is under the archbifhop of Larifl'a. Janna, or Jannina, from which the country receives its name, is Icated in a little ifland formed by the river Peneus. It is inhabited by rich Greek merchants. Zeyton Hands on the bey of the fame name, fifty miles to the fouth of Lariflj, and was formerly defended by two l.irge callles. licfore the city is a beautiful and fertile plain, which abounds with corn-liclH^, kitchen- gardens, and orchards ; and is furrounded by feveral v il- lagcs, which, together with the .naiiy windings of the river Agriointla, afford a mofl delightful prospect. The citv is inhabited both by Chrillians and Turks. Arniira, a town on the gulph of the fame name, thought to be the Erctria of the antients. SECT, IX. 0/ MAtEDONIA. its Situation, Climate, Soil, Gu/f>/is, Rivers, ati,l AInuii- tains ; tvith a parliculiir Dejcrijithnof Mount Jibss and its Inhaiitants, and of the princij'ol Towm in Alacedsnia ; particularly Sukniihi, the antienl ThfJJalmua, and I'hillppl. MACEDONIA is of a very irregular figure ; it is bounded on the north by .Servia and Bulgaria, on the taft by the Archipelago and Romania, on the fouth by Theflaly and Epirus, and on the weft by Albania. Its fituation is advantageous, and the air clear, Iharp, and wbolefomc. The (oil is for the moft part fertile. partiiul.irly on tlie maritime coad-, which abound m corn, wine, oil, and whatever can be delircd for u(e and pleafure ; but in the inland part^ are lirveral uninhabited walles. It had forineriy mines of almod all kinds of metals, p.irticuiarly gold. Hce is great plenty of wood, and all kinds of timoer ; and its many (mc bays arc of great advant.ige to trade. The moll remarkable of thefo are the Contcda, or the Sinus Stiyinonicus, Monte .Santo, or the Sinus Singiticus, and the iiaJonichi, or the Sinus Themmn. 'llie priniipal rivers arc the I'latamone, the antient Ali.icnion, which runs into the bay of Salonichi ; the V'llin/.a, the antient Erigon, which runs into the Vardar, the antunt Axius, the grcatrll liver in all Miicedonia ; and the Str' uion, which riles ii> Koinaiiia, or Thrace, and dilchargcs itlclf into the gulph ot Contell'a. Among the many large mountains in this country is the chain of the Scardi, wliich tiaverlts the northern part ot it. I'angxus, fotmeily tamed lor its rich gold and filver mines. The mountain of H;cmus joins the Scardi, feparaiing this country fn.m Romania. Mount Athot is one ot the moll celebrated mountains in the whole worle, and therefore delerves a paitcular defcription, wliich we fhall give from that acccurate geographer Or. Butiihing. Mount Athos, commonly called Monto Santo, lies orj a peninfula which extends into thcfliigean lea, and is in- deed a chain ot mountains, reaching the whole length of I the peninfula, feven Turkilh miles in length, and three in breadth ; but it is onlv a fingle mountain that is pro- perly called Athos. Its uncommon height appears from the accounts of F''nv ..nd Plutarch, who a(Brm, that when the lun is at th lummer ((dllicc, probably a little be- fore its fettin.;, the niounlain cafts its (liadow as far m the market-place of Myrrhina, in the illc of Lumnos, which, in the bell maps, is fitty-fivc Italian miles dirtantj wlunc- the height of Mount Athos may be inferred to be about eleven (ladia. It Is evident from .^li:\n, that aniiently the mountain in general, and p.ut'ciilarly the iiimmit, was accounted very healthy, and conducive 10 long life; whence the inhabitants were called Macrobii, or long lived. We are farther informed by Philollratiis, in the life of Apol- lonius, that nur.nci., ■'' nhilofophers ufed to retire to this mountain for Me better con.emplation of the heavens, and of nati'.e ; and after their example the monksdoubt- lefs built their cells. On it are twenty-two convents, befides a great number of cells and grotto.% with the habitations of no lels than fix thoufand monks and hermits ; though the proper hermits, who live in grottos, arc not above tw.nty : the other monks arc anchoiites, or fuch as live in celts. Thefe Greek monks, who call themfelves the inhabi- tants of the holy mountain, are lb far from being a fet of (lothful people, that, belides their daily offices of re- ligion, they perform all manner of work, cultivate the olive and ". ineyards, are carpenters, mafons. Hone-cutters, cloth-workers, taylors, &c. They alio live a very aullerc life; their ulual food, inftead of flcfli, being vegetables, dried olives, figs, and other fruit, onions, chi-e(e, and on ccrt.iin days. Lent excepted, filh. Their falls are many and feverc, which, with the healthfulnef's of the air, renders longevity fo common there, that many of them live above a hundred years. In every convent arc two or three ftudying monks, who are exempted from labour ; but ufe exemplary di- ligence among the many writings to be found in their libraries ; the'.c arc highly efleenud for the orthodoxy of their doclrincs, and the fantlity of their lives ; and here it is that the Greeks propeily and chiefly learn their di- vinity. 'Ihefe convents and churches have bells, which are no where clf'e allowed the Cireeks; and are alf(; fur- rounded with high ai'.d (Irong walls, planted with can- non, as a feciiritv from any lui prize from Corfairs. Befides churches and monaltniev, the mountain has alfo a town called IC.ireis, m.iah.te 1 by monks, and the rcfidcnce of a Turkidi aga, wiio lommaiids here in the name of the bollangi balha, to defend the pl.ice againfl the corfairs, it being under th'- pio.edlion of thst ba(ha, to whom it annually pays twei\e ihoufand dollars, and near ['URKV near as \ the fultai and the of \V..l. held cvci which \. faints, chafe bre where, n arc kcj t y.iers on their c.itt five ciiii-' The pr ancient I" the fame In Mace but Call'a 'I'heiralon her name, babty owi of Maccdi from it fURKY in I'.tl'.OPE. u R o p r. I near as much more is paid at Saloiiiihi for the ufo of the fultaii. Tl'is heavy tribute is difchari^cd by alms, and the liberal contributions of Ruffia, and the princes of W.dachia and Moldavia. In this town a market is held every Saturday among the monks and anchorites, which lall bring hither knives and little piiiturcs of faints, and with tin- money they thus earn, they pur- ihafc bread •, but the monks carry them about every where, and receive alms for them. No fowls or cattle arc kept by the inh.ibitants of this mountain ; but gra- ziers on p.iying a confi deration are allowed to fatten their cattle there. On this chain of hills formerly ftood Jive cities. The principal towns of Macedonia are Salonichi, the ancient I'luflalonic i, a celebrated trading city in the bay of the fame name, and at prclent the moll confiderablc city m MacedoMi.i. It was once called Halia, and rberma; but Caliandir rebuilt it, and in honour of his wife Thciralonica, the filler of Alexander (he (ireat, gave it her name. To its admirable filuaiion for trade is pro- bably owing the re;:;ard which the feveral conipierors of Macedonia have fliewn it. The advantages derived from it are luch as arc fcarcely to be met with clfe- whcre; and as it attr.iiKd the encomiums of the anci- ents, ii) it has the admiiation of the moderns. This ritv, which is fitiiated in twelve degrees twcnty- :tj. three minutes ealf lonj;itude fioiii [.ondon, and in forty :!,•'• degrees forty minutes latitude, is one hundred and (ixty miles to the north-weft of the ifthnius of Corinth, and ftands paitly on a hill, and partly (Jii its declivity. In its neighbourhood runs the river Vardar, which abounds with (ifll, and its banks arc adorned with beautiful trees. The city is faid to be ten miles in compafs ; its walls arc flanked with feveral towers, and it is defended by three callles; the firll, which is the fmalleit, (tands where people land from the fea, at fome diftance from the walls, and is furnifhed with twenty pieces of ord- nance. The two others are within fight of the fea, on the higheft parts of the wall, and arc provided with forty heavy cannon. On the land-fide is a fortrefs which commands the city, it being featcd on a hill, at the foot of which is a large fuburb cncompaded by its own walls ; but yet contiguous to the town. It is extreme- ly populous ; but molt of thofe boufes in the plain are too low, and hardly fulficient for the great number of Jews who inhabit them ; nor arc they lefs inconvenient on account of the olTenfive fmcU caufed by the narrow- nefs of the (Ireets. In this city a great quantity of I'llk, wool, leather of all forts, wax, powder, grain, cotton, and iron are continually worked. The trade is chiefly managed by the Jews, who have the monopoly of the manufactures of all the ftuft's made for the ulc of the janizaries. The Jews have thirty-fix large fyna- gugues here, befidcs feveral fmall ones ; and two col- leges, to which youth flock from all parts to (fudy. The Greeks have thirty churches, and the Turks forty-eight mofques, among which is one that was formerly a chri- itian church, dedicated to St. Demetrius. I his is di- ffinguifhed bv its beauty and magnificence, it confilling of one church built over another, and having in it above a thoufand columns of marble, jafpcr and, porphyry. Among other ftately remains of the ancient grandeur of this city are triumphal arches, one of which is almoft entire, erected in honour of the emperor Antoninus, and without the city are a great number of entiquc fra:;- ments with infcriptions. Numbers of coins too are alfo found here. This city is the refidence of a Turkifli bafha, and likewife of a Greek archbifliop, who has eight fuffragans under him. The Chrifiians were formerly fo coniidc- rablc, that St. Paul addrefled two of his cpiftlcs to them. In the year 1313, the city was fold to the Ve- netians ; but they wer-- difpoflefled of it about eight years after by Amurath II. Philippi now an inconfiderable village, fev?nty miles to the north-calf of Salonichi, ftood on a hill betwixt the rivers Neflus and Strymon,on the border'; of Thrace, to which in its molf ancient times it belonged. It was at firft called Crcnides, or Spring-town, from the many fprings iliuing from the hill on which it ftood ; after- wards D-'fos or Thafus, from the Thafii who built it, and laftly Philippi, from Philip of Maccdon, who, afiei reducing it, rebuilt it with confiderablc improvemcnH, and from thenceforward it belonged to Macedonia Near this place Urutus and CafTius were Jelcatcl by Oiflavius and Mark Antony. Under Julius L'a;lar anil Aiiguftusit was a Roman colony. Here the apoiHePai;! j."'/!'"/. preached, and wrote one of his epillles to the Chiilliar. . of this city. On approaching the place you firft fee the caftlc feat- ed on the hill ; it is vi ry large, and its walls almolf en- tire. On the feveral hills tliat furround the caftle ftand feveral other fortrelles, which have a communicatioji with it, encnnipallld by lar;;e walls that extend into the i-lain. Wahin the place arc heaps of frce-ftonc, and pieces of marble, but no footlteps of any buildings. Farther up you lee a great number of edilices half de- molifhed. It is eafily peiceived that there were here magnificent temples built of white marble, and noble palaces, the broken remains of which give the beholder the highcft iili .1 of the beauty of the ancient architec- ture. There ..re, I'.owcver, only a few hoult"; near the ruins of this celebrated city ; and its inhabitants confilt of a fmall iiumbir of poor Greeks, notvvithftanding which it is the refidence of a (Jrecim bifliop, whoftile-. himfelf metropolitan of Philippi and Drama. Contefia is a fmall town twenty miles diftant from the ruins of Philippi, and gives name to the gulph into which the river Stiyinon runs. Cavalla is fituated alfo on the fame gulph between Cornelia and Philippi. Its calfic is fiill entire ; but what appears more remarkable is, there beiiij; ftill in the neighbouring mountains long and thick walls, and feve- ral fortifications, which werr probably built for the de- fence of the city. The walls extend to the top of the highcft mountains, and feem to have been defigned for ftiutiing up the pall'es. There arc at Cavalla the re- mains of an aqueduift, with a double row of arches, one over the other, which ferved to convey water into tl'.c city and caftle. This place has fome trade, and alfn gives its name to the gulph, which is fometimes called the gulph of Cavalla. Kmboli, the ancient Amphipolis, is featcd upon the river Strymon, about fix miles above its mouth, and was once famous as an Athenian colony ; but is now a very inconfiderable place. Pirlipc, a town fituated among high mountains, which glitter like filver, and bcfides talc, abound alfo in me- tals and minerals. SECT. X. Of RoMANl.t, by the Turis called Ru.MlLi. II! Name, Situation, A fountains. Rivers, and Climate, with an Account of tl>e principal Towns, and a particular De- fcription of Acirianoplt. THIS country, which received the name of Roma- nia, either from the Romans, or from New Rome or ConHantinopIc, the feat of the eaftern part of the Roman empire, is the ancient Thrace fo often mention- ed by the Greek and Roman hiftorians. It is a fpaci- ous country, bounded on the north by mount Ha;mus ; on the cart by the Red-Sea, the Hellefpont, and Propontis, or Sea of Marmora ; on the fouth by the Ar- chipelago ; and on the weft by Macedonia, and the river Strymon. It is fituated between the thirty-nintli and forty-third 'J^—/A. decrees of latitude, and its utmoft extent from the'fouth- eaft to the nortli-weft, that is from the city of Conftanti- nople to the extremity of M.'.cedonia, is about two hun- dred and eighty miles, and its breadth from north to fouth one hundred and cigiity. The country is moftly level, though interfpcrfed with fome large and remarkable mountains, the moll confi- derablc of which is mount Hamus, which on the north feparates Rumili from Bulgaria. The next in bignefs is Rhodope, celebrated by the ancient poets for the cataftrophc of Orpheus. Mount Pangasus feparates this country from Macedonia, and Orbelus lies at nt> great d:rtain;e from the river Ncftus. Hxmus and Rho- I'i" M dog^B ( 1 'U:i ^ l6 A SYSTEM 01- GEOGRAPHY Ti'RKv in Ei'Bopp. ff I •I ii dope iT^. two Iniip ri.Ij;cs of mountaitib, that extend fioin the frontiers of Mjccdnni.i to the lllaikSca. The liver i worthy uf iiotac arc, The M.iiit/., cillcii hy the ancients thcllehriis, which rifej in iiimint Haciiui-., and travcrrini; Runi.iiii i, l.ills into the /I" »cin lea. The Carafii, NKftro, or Nillu', riles in mount Rhodopc, from whence it difchari'cs it- felf into the A'.gCMy lea ; and the Strymon which iiles in mount Pangrius, and alio falls into the /Iv^eaii Sea. The territories fituated anmii!' the mountains aiecold and barren ; but thole nearer the lea are plealant and fertile, producinj; all kinds of grain, and other iieecll'a- rifs, particuiaiiy rice, which grows there in yreat plenty, and is remark, .dy t;ood. The country was anciently divided into many inde- pendent kin;»doms ; but the piefent inhabitants .ire (Jreeks, delcended from the ancient Thracians, with a mixture of Turks. The nourdhini; (late ul the Iciences and polite arts was chiefly owing to the I'hracians ; but at prefent there is fcaree a perl'on of any remarkable eminence in literature in all Romania. Thccountryij divided into three f.ingiackfliips, and is therefore governed by three fangiacks. The fani;iaek(hip ot Kirkeli lies to the north, near Mount fl.viiius, and contains, among others, the fol- lowing places ; Balartlhick, a confiJerabIc town featcd on the river Marit/., into which falls at this p! ice another (tream, whic'-. runs round the town. It is delightfully fituated, and univcrfally well built ; the (trecis are broad and clean, and its iiibabitanti c.ury on a great trade. Philippopuli, a very antient city, firif founded by Philip, the lather of Alexander the tircat, from whom it received its name, is llill a pretty large town. It is built on three little hills, which in a manner join. Upon one of tliel'e bills ftands a ipiadrangular tower, which was once a fortification, but at prefciu is on'y iiled for a watch tower. The Marit/, winch bctriiis iicre to be navigable, feparates the town from the lower Uibiirb, which is joined to the town by .i t^ood wooden bridge. There are hereabout a hundred and twenty Jewilli fa- milies ; but molt of the citi/ens arc CJreeks, who have fix churches, and it is the relidence of a Cireek ;ir. h- bifliop. Multapha Haflia Kiupcri, a town which takes its name troin a very beautilul bridge erected there over the Maritz, by Muliapha Hailia. This bridge conlills of twenty arches, all of free-llone, and is laid to have coft four hundred puills, or two hundred thoiifand rix- dollars. The fangi.ickdiip of liyzia extends from the foot of Mount li.emus to the lea of Marmora, and contains the following places : Adtianople, called by the Turks p^drcnc, takes its name from Adrian, wha founded or rellored it. In the year l',6o fult.in Amurath I. took it Iroiii the Chrillians, from which time it became the fc.it of the Turkidi em- perors, till they took CanlhiiUinopIe. It is of a circu- lar form, furroiiiukd with a wall and towers, and is laid to he ci:;ht miles in compafs. It has good houfes, but nairow ,;nd unequ.d llrccts. The feraglio Hands in a moft delightful ritiiation, the country all rouiul being very beautiful ; hut the air is bad, and the river Mai ., Oil which it is fituated, being dri';d up every fummer, greatly contiibiites to render it unwholefonie : but dur- ing the refiof the year it is a very plealant ilrcam, over which are two noble bridges. The bazar, or exchange, founded by Ali l!a(ha, cxterds half a mile in len;'th ; the roof is aichcd, and kept extrenv.ly neat. It holds three hundred and fixty-fivc fliops, turnilhed with ail iorts of rich goods, which arc expoled to laic in the fame manner as in Exeter Exchange, in London. The pave- ment is kept lemarkably neat, and the fhops as clean as if julf painted. Idle people of all forts walk here for their dlverl'ion, or amulc thcmfclves with drinking colFee or flierbet, which are cried about as oranges and apples are in our play-houfos. Moft of tile rich tradefmen here are Jews. Near it is the Sherfki, .a narrow flrect a mile ill length, covered on the top with boards to keep out the rain, that merchants may meet conveniently in all weathers. The liefillen near it is another exchange, built upon pilLirs, where all forti of liorfe fiirnitufc i.s Icid, aiitl i< I.en every where ;litteriii;' with go'd, rich embriiidery, and jewel i, ifpcei.dly wlun tlii court is there. The mofijup of Sultan Selint I. is a buildin.; well woith the cuiiofity ol a traveller. It is advaiit.igeoullv liliiaied in the iiiidll ol the tily, an.l in the h.i;liilt pair ol 11, whence it is fecn on every liJe to great .ulv.uil ige. The lirll couit lias four g.itcs, and the iniieiiiiolt time. I hey are both (il them (uirouii. led with il.iiHus, witli marble tolumns oi the lonie older, limly puldhed, aii.J of very lively cidoiirs. '1 he whole p.iviiiunt is ot white inaiMe, and the root of the eloillers divi.led iiilo feveral cupulas, or d. lilies, he. i, led with I'llt lulls on the ti,|,. In the inidll of ca, h court aie louiitaiiM of white inaible; .ind bilcre the great g.ite of the inoliiue is ap.irtico, with eolumtis ot green m.irble, and five gates. The niofuuc IS (iivered by one prodigious dome of a vafl height. The l.uly Wortley Montague, who hai given the only intelligible and conlill.nt uileiiptioii of this nudquc, and was perhaps the only Chrillian that ever entered it, fays, llie thought it the noblelt building flic ever law. ()i\ the iiifide it has two rows of galleries, fupported by columns of red and white marble, with m.iible balul- trades ; the pavement is alio marble, covered with Pcr- lian carpets. The walls are cncrulled with Jajian cliinii, in flowers of the molt lively tolours. In the middle of this (Iruiitiire hangs avail lamp of lilver gilt, and about two ihoufand of a fmaller fi/e, which mu!t have a glo- rious elicit when all are lighted. Under the laige lamp is .1 great pulpit of carved wood gilt, and jull by it .i fountain to widh. In one corner is a little gallery en- clol'cd with gilded lattices for the lultaii ; and at the upjier end is a large niche, very like an altar, railed two Heps, and covered with gold brocade, liefore ic Itjiul. two filver gilt eani.'elticks the height of a man, and in thcin were v/.>x andles as thick as a man's wailt. The outfide of the mofque is adorned with towers of .1 prodigious height, 511I. on the top, from whence the imaiims tall the |)eoplc to prayers. 'I"o each of thefc towers there is but one door, which leads to three dif- lereiit It.iir-cafes, rifmg t(; the three difl'erciit ftories of the tower, in luch a manner th.it three priells ni.iy afeend rounding, and defcend, without meeiing eacli other • a comriv.uice very much admired. lichina the molipie is anotV.er exchange full of Ihops where poor artificers are lodged gratis. There are fome other mofijues bmlt mu.li after the lame manner, but not comparable in poiit of magnifi- cciif-e, to that juft defcribed. ."..ivrea, the antient Selimbria, is a celebrated port on Ji/'"i^''< the fea of .Marmora. It has an old ruinous cattle, which Hands on an eminence, and was formerly very ftronn-. The town is neatly built, and has a bridge of thirty-two arches. In the fuburbs is an imperial granary, into which the grain of the province is brought. Heie is a famous antient Greek church ; but it is an ill built edi- fice, fet out with the fame fort of ornanicnis as the Ko- mitli churches, but thcl'e are le(s rich. They here pie- tend to Ihcvv a faint's body, and a picture of the Virgin .Mary, drawn by the hand of St. Luke, very little to the credit of his painting ; but no piiture among the papills is more (amous for its miracles. T'he (Jreeks have in- deed a nionltrous talte in their painting.s, which, for more finery, are always done upon a gold ground ; and they iiave no notion of cither fliade or proportion. This town is the fee of a bifliop. Hcracica, antiently Perinthus, was former!- a lar; city ; tliougb now it is but a mean p.ilace. It h.is a good harbour, and is the refidence of an archbilliop. Mere are abundance of fragments of ftatiies, entablatures, columns and there are Itill to be fecn the remains of an amphi- iboatrc built in the time of tlij emperor Scverus. Rododo is a large and populous tradinv, town, lyin nafrf ■ ]/L-r.^;iJ Pert/./fii on the lea of Marmora. It is fituated upon the !: a hil Rtr/Ash , at the bottom of a bay, and makes a handlonic iippearaiice towards the fea, liclgrade, avill.ige near Conftantinople, fituated in the P^^/^rai midtl of a wood, conliiling chieflv of Unit tices, w.iterej by a great lumibcr of fountains, tamous for tbee.tcejlence of TUBKV ll of their wal in view off pctually arl heat of fur jichcll ami We mic which is 111 take up a c| ihe next fo The thiJ txtcnJs frol it belongs,! T.ifrnts. Trajanod paired and I end of the I ttill the feel and very thi Demaiicr Greek biflid fume time il The ThJ is a peninftil mora and ttl lago, on thl liiiall river I continent b reckoned by Jt formerly following ai Gallipoli, prince of tht and i» llill ftreight by 1 vides Europ fand Turks, c|uite fo ma making exc building., wi town has no an old towel At the enl are the celel mand the wh pic. One of point of the begin, and t Europe only works; clofe were built b 1656, the V drove the Ti of this Itraig fome fmall c to llccr by, tower. " £ " genious 1: " bable in 1 " tul in the " 'tis not I " fwim, or " it. But " the lover Of the Nam Hijhry oj t'mn ofiti THE c by t Turkifh en Romania, 1 tolia, from mile broad, and the twi from Lond fublime ful felicity. 1 from the la 45 iiinrittum L'ROPr. itllfC if d, (icli uurt I!. 1,; IV. 11 rjcnullv I If |ijit ilillljrf. 1 tllKC. I, Willi J, illlj I white ii'va.tl If t(i|). 11.11 'j|(;; , with H<)|l|UC t. ic only c, and :. fjys, . On :cd by b.ilul- ) I'cr- cliinj, die of aboiiC a j;lo- i; lamp >y it .1 ry cii- at the tilled ore ic nun, man's ers of c the thcfc dif- ies of end, |er ; a hops, the ;nili- |rt on ^V?//'./ • [hich Ion;;. ■two into a TuBKY in Europe. t V U O 1' r. l)ud la re Ins [li- r Ice of their water, and divided into many lli.vly walks, with- . in view of the .'Mack' fca, troni whence a < iml brec/.c jki- pctually arifes that make the inhabitants inlcnliblc ot ilic heat .:fiS , Gallipoli, the anticnt Callipolis, was built hy Callias, ;} prince of the Athenians, from whom it received it3 name, ,? and is ftill a large town, fituatcd on the celebrated 5 ftreight by the antients called the Hellefponr, which di- T vides Europe Irom Afia, and is faid to contain ten tliou- 1 fand Turks, three thouland five hundred (irecks, and not * quite fo many Jews. The inhabitants arc famed fm- making excellent arrows. The Ha/ar is a handfonie building, with feveral domes covered with lead, i'hi.' town has no walls, and is only defended by a calHc uiid an old tower. At the entrance of this ftreight, next the Archipelago, are the celebrated Dardanells, two cadles which com- mand the whole ftreight, and are the key of Conftanlino- ple. One of them ftands in Europe, on the nioft fouthern point of the Thracian Chcrfonefus, where the ftreights bei»in, and the other oppofitc to it in Afia. That in Europe only confifts of one round tower, with fome out- wi>rksi clofe to which ftands a village. Both thefecaftlcs were built by Mahomet II. in 1452 \ but, in the year 1656, the Venetian fleet forced their way through, and drove the Tiirkifh fleet aftiore. On a rock in thi middle of this Ihaight ftands a tower, on which the Turks have fome fmall cannon ; this fervcs the mariners as a mark to ftccr by, and is only ufed by the Turks as a watch- tower. " Since I have fcen this ftreight, fays the in- •' genious lady Wortley Montague, I fee nothing impro- •' bable in the adventure of Leonidas, or very wondcr- " ful in the bridge of boats of Xerxes. 'Tis fo narrow, »• 'tis not furprifing a young lover fhould attempt to " fivim, or an ambitious king try to pals his army over «' it. But then 'tis fo fubject to ftorms, 'tis no wonder " the lover petilhed, and the bridge was broken." SECT. xr. Of thf Namis and Situation of Coifjlunlimplc ; with n ::i!i :fe Hilhry of that City : its a^retabtc Ciimi.lt'., mui a Dffciip- tim ofiti principal Buildings. »,,,,,/,/< rH. 'T~^HE city of Conftantinople, the antirnt Bvzantiiim, A by the Turks called Iftambol, the capital of the Turkifh empire, is fitiiated on the moll callern part of Romania, on a neck of land which projeiSs towards Na- tolia, from which it is feparated by a ftreight about a ,/:rr'. mile broad. It ftands in the forty-firft degree of latitude, -f.lto. and the twenty-eighth degree forty minutes caft longitude from London ; and is alio called the fublime I'orte, the fublime fultanian Porte, the Port of juftice, majellv, and felicity. The appellation of Porte is faid to be derived from the large and magnificent port or gate built by Ma- 4S homet II. at the principal entrance of tiudraglio, or im- peri.il p.ilacc. 'I'he anticnt By7.antiuni was built bv I'auf.inias king of.'^p.irta, but alterw.iiiii l»'cnniiii^ fiibicit to the Ko- nutiiij it was demoliflieil by the cinpcrnr .Severus, in or- der to punilh the rebellion of the inlialiit.uita. it w.ts, however, afterwards rebuilt bv Coiill.intinc the Oiear, will) called it New Rome, and rcmnvcd the (cat nf the empire thither ; but afterwards called li Conllaiitiiiuple, from his own name. This city, after bcinj; the capital of the I'.aftern em- pire almoft three hinidred year;, was lirlt bcfieiivd in the reign of the emperor Phocias by Chozro.s, king uf I'tr- lia, who blocked it up for eight ycati together, till it was delivered by Ileraclius in the year 61 1, who on tlii^ account obtained the empire. In 67?, it was hclicfjed in the reign of the emperor Conilantine Pogonatcs by Y( fid, the Ion of Moavia, the firft caliph of the family of the Oinniiades i when Iho (I'rei k emperor was (o prelled, as to be alinoll reduced t(» defpair ; for while the S.iracen army lay before it on the land fide, they blocked it up with a prodigious fleet at fea. Hut Callinicus, a famous tiiginecr, i.ivented a kind of wildfire, that would burn underwater, and by thib means is laid to have deftroyed the whole fleet. In 717 this city was again belieged bv Mollemali, the brother of Solyman ; but v/as n.iieved bv Leo tlie ifau- rian, who caufed thj emperor to be Ihaven and ccalined in a cloifter, and then Rated hiiiifc'f cii the thionc. 1117^0 llarouii Alral'chiJ, Ion of the calij>h .Matraiii, invcfted Coitftantitiople with a proji; ioas a;iTiv, whin the (ircek empire bcin;; r;ovcriic.l bv Irene, as regent 10 her lim Conltaiitino V'l. furnaincd Porpliyrogcneies, fhe was lo hard prelled, as to be j;lad to deliver hrrfelf by a treaty, in which flie proir.iCeJ to pay an .mnual tribute of feventy thoufand |-.ieccs of gold to the caliph. Tims this part of the Roman empire became tributary to the Saracens. The Greek empire now began to deline, and that of the Mahometans had greatly increafed, when cruladcs, produced by bigotry, began to be formed, under the pre- tence of recovering the Holy Land. I'hele crul'adera commitcd the greateft barbr.rities in the Eallern empire ; and in one of thefe expeditions lialdwiii, earl of Flanders, in the year 120+, fiirprifed Conllantinople, notwith- ftanding its being a Chriftian city, and caufed himfelf to be proclaimed emperor of the Kaft ; but dying in lefs than a year, he was fuccecdcd bv his brothtr Henry, carl of 1' landers, who held the government ten years; and, at his death, Peter Courteney, of that noble family, which ftill luhfiftsin England, having married hisdaugh- ter, fucceeded to the throne ; but was kdled in the fixth year of his reign. His Ion Philip refiirncd the empire to his brother Robert, who was murdered, after a reign of feven years, when Robert's fon, Baldwin II. though a child, fucceeded, under the tutelage of John de Brenne, who ftiled himfelf king of Jeruf.ilem. At length, in the year 1232, Batu, grandfon to Gcn- gilka-i, the founder of the Tartar empire, after over- running Mofcovy, Polanil, Silelia, Bohemia, and Hun- gary, advanced through Bulsaria to bcfiege Coiilhinti- nople, when the Eaftcrn andAV'elfetn Chriftians uniting, pave him battle, defeated him, and obliged him to aban- don his defign. In the year 1259, or, according to others, in 1262, Michael I'aleologus recovered Conllantinople from Bald- win Courteney ; from which time it continued in the pnHeflion of theCJreekcmperor.s, till the year !.;.5 J, when Mahomet, emperor of the Turks, laid fiege to that city on the ninth of April, and took it bv ftoim on Tuefday the twentv-ninth of .Mav, the C»reek emperor being, as fome lav, killed in the breach, or, according to others, trampled to death by his own foMiers in their flight. Erom this time it has been the feat and capitcl of the Tiirkidi empire. The climate of Conftantinople is extremely delightful; it would indeed be very hot in fummer, were it not cool- ed by a breeze which blows evcrv aitermon from the mouth of the pent; and in winter the air is fo moderate, that lady VV'ortlcv Montague, in one of her letter.--, men. tions her being v.'ritnu; ot it o;\ the fourth of January E with 'is I • ii- 'i 1- It A S Y S I IM i> I I. 1. O I. k yi r II V Ti'; f.v '.') I iMorc, Willi llir wIiiiIdwi ii|ipii, cnioyilln llu- w.iiiil Inii lliiiic V'liilr 111 r liuii>l. Ml |- ")'. ,111.1 W U lui/llli' ilt .1 (iM lll.l lire, .iiiil hir ( h.iii\liir lit out vvilli caiii.ilhiii-), ruin, Jiul joiU|iiil>, liclli li'ini till ivinli'ii 'I'lu'iilv n I't .1 lii.iM.(ul,ir li 'iirr, ,mi I lin llw "icilk tiiTi'r.ilili' .iii>l iiKilt .iilt'.iiit.i M'oiiH litii.iiiiiii III ilu' wiiiKI. It (Venr. .in il thr i.iiul (il llii- D.iril.iiulK, anil that iil'tlu: (tl.iik liM, wrrr tii.iilo 111 briiij; tliilhor llu' ruliii nt .ill Ihi' Imii >|>i.iili'i I'l' till' (.11 til. riiiilc (It ihc Moi'iil, the lii.lu's, t'hiii.i, .iiiil thr ri'iii.ieill piiti nt llir iinrlll, iimii! liy th ',iy lit thi' KI.K'k. liM i .liiil I'V the Whitr li'.i, ui liM 111 Vl.iriiini.i, iiinic ihr iiu ii h iiii|i/t< iil Ai.ibi.i, l'pV|it ever 11 |)i 'I'll till' th.- ii-alJ lit All the W'tll llhlll:., .iiiJ vvlui iiliii 111 l'.lltiil.iiiil lliijis, it biiii^ loiinr.l liy an ;irni lit till' llii'if'ht uliiili iiiiiH iiiirth-wi'll ii|> iiiln tin' touiitiv, •mil f- inMitil hy aiivi'r. It i» i'miiiii|ialli.'il with W.lll.s laiul, v'hiih h.ive twriitv-iwo isili'i, U\ lowanli the .11 many .iliiii!< the cif the lea thele have .1 .M all I.I port. iiiiiiir.i, aiiiHiillv ealletl I le lie |ilaee^ .iiiil ll.llls the llreij'ht 'lejHintu ; The loiliilea the linn: hiiwever, are Ion aiilioiie aii;l riiiilide, only that lov* nils the ki is ilailv iih J, and the irl» iieni opeiicU but iiiiiin liMiii; piilKiilai inalinns. I he pliiiup.il y,Mii i , o( iiiailile, and by the 'I inks lallrd Capi, ill ihi; I'oilej and lioiii heiuc ynii enter the lull euiiit , III wine Il dit! the niiiii, Ihe inliiinii v, .nil nile.i ImiiIJim^'s, I'lif let iiiid eouil I i.illed tile Diiaii I'ouil, tli*i;reil ci'Ulli il ' li.ilii- V, illlll I lie li'- hir beni(; tlieie, with the kilehtli, ihc lle.ifu liable •I 111 the III Uj lollll .ullnllllll" III the ill' iiu'lio, pi.i|Hrly III lallcd, llirnu/h wlii.'h ii a iMirow p,illi;',i ill, il leads U) the HuJieiuc-i h.iiiliir, wlinh m u( aiii.i/ini^ iiiai'inliieme, paitieuliily the lliiciie. I'hu* 1,11 .iiiiliall.idori iiie prniiillcd to lonir, and no l.iilher il.iie ,iiiv (nri'Hineis a|ijii,,.,i h. ihniii^li not a li w li.uelleii IV, that lliiy h.iw prii'.'liati.d Il i»e had the bnldlK'l, to I, the a|).iiiiii nrs ol tlic wuilieii, aii,l luive eiui deleiilicJ the bull Ii.iiiiIh'i , nt the lull, in, I he jiardnis take in a larpe compa''!i ot (i,rnulld lull of liil'.h npiif trees. The buildili/s aie all nl while Hone, and have gilded iinrits an I Ipius, wiith have a very inaenitii I'm appear.inee, ,iiid ii i, laid that ihe palaec ot' no Chilli 1,111 k I n|» IS h, ill I,) |.ii;'e. If ha', fix I nee louit'i .ill liiii!l loiiiul, and let wilii In es lor the ule ol ihe iiuU t.in, and his ollieei , ^ and on the l.idic> fide, (licic arc laid lo be .1] many th .■\» no ciedible ,1111 lui iii] ^i .e a jiill difeiipliun of erpiil ol ihe inipenal lir,i';liii, we lli.i'l hric •I a 'land vi/ici, will) w.is kir il .11 I cteiwa- ridiii, and whieh he buili to reeeive hi, roy.il biide, ihc lau^lilir of a late I'ultan, Ihib delerijitiini we llull lake Me, di; e of whieh leciiii to be Kndymio and the nine mules, and the hoil'e I'cuafus There are all'u lie by pond hand. A lipiarc tower Ihinds in the lea, at about Iroiii tie letter, ot the iiij;en extr.iilb which wc have already ii i'l ilid leal lied lad), witit illlicd this woik. It i.s fitiiate.l, fays (he, on niie nl the ninll deli;'.litlul paits ,)l til e (.iiial, with a line wood nn (h; lido of hilt behind it. 'The extent nf it is prod lardi, allured me, tlu'ie are eiiih* he the lonisin tu paces finm the city walls, where it is (aid Julliniai; imprifoiied his hrave ueneral Hclifarius. liy this tower is a (pring, ftir which the (Irecks have a nrcat veneration ; and, upon the d.iy el Chrill's traiisli- ■juration, carry their lick to it, jjive them (ome nf the water, and cover their bodies for fome time with ihc fand ; bv which means they pretend that lurpriling cures have been performed. Near this Cprini; flands the kiiiflc, or pleafure-houfe, of the overl'eer of theganlens, 'This is a paiilion ju(l with- out the walls of the rerai'.lio, atlordin.; a view of the fea of Marmora .ind the Thr.ieian ISofphorus. Heyond this kinl'K are many eaniicii planted level with the water, to fecure the entrance into the purt, and the fera;;lio, (hould any attempt it by force ; and in the center ot tne pl.ice where tlicfe eaiinon arc fixed is one nf the four polleriis of the icraglio, called the (latc of the (lardens; it has two lari;e turrets, and is guarded by two companies of garde- ner , who keep all Iroiii entering at this gate, except the olTicers nf the feraglio. On p.i(Bng the cannon .md doubiing thecape, yon come to two kiolki, built by Sultan Solyman, to take a view of the men of war as they fail out and co,Tie in, and to divert himfelf with his women. Both of them arc adorned with gilt cupolas and alcoves, with rich fophas, and every thinij fit for ("o great a prince. At the(epIeafure-houfes fome fmall gallics and (aics attend to receive the CJrand Seicnior and his train whenever he pleales to divert him- fclfon the water. The word fcrai;lio fignifics no more than a palace. This edifice is of a triangular figure j but is rather a collection of paLices and apartments joined together by »he emperoff, as their icvcra! fancies led them, than on; " it; I will mil, however, aiilwer (nr that miiiiber, linet 1 " did nnt count them ; but it is lert.iin the number is •' very large, and the wlude adorned with a proliilion •' ot marble, gilding, and the imdl exquilile painliiijr •' of (nut and floweu. The windows ate all l.ilheil ' with the fined ulafs brought from l.ngl.md, and lure ' is all the e.\peiifive magiiilieeiiie that you can liipp. wiiik. ll;'lltllll iJo ut A DtiM, tlie I KlIIIS ill J, lilU'cl iml'cr i> roliil'ion |1.l:lllllli; 1.1 1 lied 11(1 IllTC ippillc ni^in, . Hut nu'iits xadly the m.irblc, liiiii. ..It of irjicts kII to loom, wilti lOCIII. ;ic mit- LintcJ, :igrcc- I lh,ill I II It a II II 1110- 'I'lieic liihiii, iih arc iats of ;)lts, io iiannc, is liiit- wallcs. There Sophia, he lixth ly noble iiJ thir- Hicd by t.i'.'f arc aUL^ dlM III iiijililt. 'I'h.'ti- arc fwn row. , xs hii',h .is a man, with wax (Miiillcs a< thick as ilnoc namhiMiix. 'I'h ■ pavrincnt is Ipicad with liiK c.irpcl ., and llit- nmlipii' illuniinaird with a valt iniinhcr ol lamps. Ihciouii Icuini); to it isvrry Ipaiaiiis, and I'luoiiip.iircd with |..illiiies liii.p.iu.d liy columns ot );re.n iiiathU', and mi iwo li.lcs (.ovcii'd with twciitv-cii'hl ( iipol.is, with a fine l.iiiiitaiii in iiic "iidllc. ill all ihc m.il(nii's an' little ili.ipds, when- aic the l.."ibs of the t.iiiiiili'is ,ind tluir lainilies, with wax caii.ias buiiiiiij; b(.lori- ihiiii. I'hii dekiiptioii may fcrvp for ill tin- mofqiics int'.in- n.intiiiople ; fur the nioilcl ol all is exacily the ianip,aiiil t'lcy dilier oiily m li/c and the licliiicK ol thi" matcn.ds. 'I'hat of the Siiltiii.i Valida is the l.iinclt, .n d Imilt en- tirely of inaiblc. It was Inimded hv the iiio'lnM- ol Ma linnict IV. The l.i.lv we have juit nientioiu I obf. ;i' -s, that the fr/.e is prodij.ious ; th.it it is ilu- iiii.ti liiaiiiuil fIruiSiirc ftic ever law ; .ind that St. Paul's ( liurih ai l/onJoti would 111. ike hill .i pitiful (i.'iirc m ai it. She obferves too, th.il this would Ik- the cafe with any of cur f(|uares were they compared with the altii.l.in or pla. e of horfc'. This was the llippodioiiie in the reipn ol the (.Jretkeinpcrois. In the middle ot it is a lir.i/.cn (cIuiU'i «if three fcipcnts tvi'illed to;;ether, with lllcir motllll pa jiing i tor their heads are not broken oH, as Ionic travel Icrs have pretended. It is impolTible to learn t;ie realou for which this pillar was ercilted : the (Jreiks can tell only labulous lei;eiids in relation to it, .md iliere is 11.1 lii;ii ol its ever haviiip had any ml'ciipti.ui. At the upper end of this lipiarc is anobeliikof poiphviy, brought Iroiu Kjzypt; it is adorned with liicro^lvpliii-s, which aie all entile, and is pl.iced on four little ln.izen pillars upon a pjdeH.il of fcjuare free-ftoiie filled with hcme'i in hafs relief, on two of its fides, one Cipiare reprefentmi; a battle, the other an alfcmlilv. ( )n the other fides there are (.ireekand Latin iiifcriptiiins. The hiftorical pillar mentioned by fcvcral authors is no more; it fell down about fifty years 3i;o. Among the other antiquities are the aqiieduits, whu h are pro- 'Igiouflv lari^c, and a. ancient as the (ircck empire, tho' tne Turks have cut upon them lonie Tiirkilh nifcrlptions, to give them tht; honour of having pcrlormed Io j^reat a work. The Greeks have thirty chiirrbes, and the Armenians a great inaiiv. Ih- Roman catholics have alio more than on?, and the Swedes li ivc been permitted to build a Lu- theran church here. The (Jrcek patriarch has a palace, which (fands on a hill about two hundred paces from the harbour near the patriarchal church, which is dedicated to St. Georgr. 'Ihe exchanges are all noble buildings, cnnfiHing of tine alleys, the grcatefl p.irt with their roofs fupport.d by pillars, and kept wonderfully neat. Every trade has its diliiiiiit alley, where the nicrchandi/,e is difpofcd in the f.imc order as in Kxcter-Kxchaii'^e in London. The jewellers quarter is extremely rich, and (hews fuch a valt quantity of diamonds and precious itoiicj of all kiii.l., that ll'.i) da//l. llir fi 1 r. Thi- '■nibroiiicrici arc ■ill.i \('iy rich. The m iikas ar.' iiioll ..| til. in haiidl.iiin* lipiiu's, .almii lid' W(ll piuvid.'.l, an! .ilfotdliiir ivcir ihin^^ III till gii.ih'll pli'.ilv, riie iiihir piihjic li.iil liii."i .ire lh(' h.iiis 4111 iiKiiialtciiri ol ileivii''ii the titll an; very l.irce «lld iiiiiiiei.iir , the (ccuiij |..w ill liumbii, an. I not .it all iii.i 'iiil'ceiit. The number ol p.'opli in I'dnflaniincplc li.ivr been (oinpiited at ii).'lit liuiidied llioiiland. I hi pla'xu, whi. Ii nhts the city in IV V'.ir, lie(|iirnil> n ,il.' , ilica.'lul h.i. vixk : the Illy has alio oluii I'ull.iid bv liies, loiiic ot which have deltrovt'd tluni hlly In Icvrnlv thuulint lioules lit (line. In the vi.ir lyj.), it liitd red iihkIi by III c.irthiiiuki , a liie bie.iking out .it ilu' lirnc Inn '. In I75'i and l}^t), iwn other Uiiaiiliil t^li(laf^ratiiilis hnj • pciHil here On ilic well tide ol the cilv urn th" Cubiitb'! of Kj.ip, or .St Job. Ihe loiinliv .il.inj.', the llrii.ht inl.> ih'j HIaikSr.i is lovcird with tinvii. I'lid viliai;c , tiohl.; I.ati, jiyidcns, iiii adows, vimv.irdj, mi I wcidi. Tlw ( liicl ollid 1^ i.l the ( .Hill rcnri.illy r^lid.- tli'.r. in (pring, liiminer, and the bC|.innin)', ot nutimni, hoiti tor the ben. Ik ol the tielh air, and in old' r to I ii near Ihe crr.> (I'lur, who Ipcnd) iliu luiiiiiier ut iL'tlctadi, where he has ,1 Iria^.lio. (iilati is a fubiiil) furromi'lel with w.illi, toweri, and ino.if,. 'I hi, and ilic lullowiiig lubiiibi arc (itiiatcd on the op|»i(iie li.le of ilie harbour. Ihe inhabilm's of Galala .iic chully (ireiks, Atrieiiians, I'ranks and Jews, who ihii.ilc it for tli'ir relideiice, foi the Like ot living more ,it liliiriy ili.i'i in the rity. The citliolics have a tiw churches lui.',.iiid the (iterk'. ha\et"ix. Ileic alio aic the w.irili(.iiles ot the iiicrLhaiii.,, .iiid iic.ir them dole lu the haib.iiir <:■ the dock. /\t noirreai dillaiice ij iVra, which is alio a han.lfomi; fiibiirh Handing on an eminence, and is the ipi irlcr whcro til'- Chiillian envoys lelile, llioiij'b it ii (inncipally inha- bited liy wealiliy (irecki. The .iir ii healthy, and tin: profp. dt ( xtremc'y pledant. Tophana, which is Co tailed from its eanium foun- dery, may be ( .inlldered as anotlier of the luburbs of ..'o ILiiilinople, .iiid la. diuclly tr.iiitinj.j liie impciial It fl i: c T, xu. f)f ii u I. (; A R 1 A. lii Situalkn, Lxiiiii, Kiim,\Rh>tn, A-himtu'mi, hsi Spriitri, iM.l pllllilliul loniil. THIS country, which was formeily c.iiled ihe I,owcr Myfi.i, is boiimlcd on the ninth by the Danube ; on the call ward by the I'.uxine or lil.ick fc.i ; on the |..iith by iVlouiii Hx-miis, winch lepiratcs it from Uoiiiania, l.df dcfcriheil ; and on the wiihvard by Sirvia. Its greaielt length, Irnm e.ift to wed, is about two hundred and eighty miles j and its breadth, from north to fouth, about a hundred and eighty. It was antiently fubjeCt to Thrace j but being conquered by the Romans, it at length, on the divilioii of that em- pire, fell to the (hare of the Kallern emperors. Upon the diclenlion of the empire, it w.is fuhdued by a people from Adatic Sarinatia, fuppnltd to have come from the banks of the Volga; from whence fome derive the name IJul- garia, liom a corruption ot Voi;;ari,i. Others maintain, that the people who j'ave their name toth:> province were callid liiil^ai, (.r lloli^ar, .ind the people oiiginally called Biilgaics. However, they rendered this country a pan of the kingdom of Hungary, and pollellej it till it was taken by Amurath II. cmpeior of the Turks, about the midille of the lilKenili century, fince which it h.T. con- tinued under the goi'ernrnent of that empire. The Damiiie, which runs thioiit^ii this country for the (pare of eighty iiiile>, receives tlie liter ot Axiopolis. There i.i here anoiher liver, called th'.'Uhir, which ril'is in .Vloiint Ilj^mu3,aikl tails into the Danube ii.ar Nico- polis. The oiintry is in general very mountainous, but the valleys and plains arc extremely rich and fruitful, pro- ducing ml I %m r .\ i4 A S Y S T E M O F Cj L O G U A F ll Y. TuRKY ill KirOPEj !l . I I <: '/}»/./" diicing wine and corn in tlic ^.rcatofl pkntv. I lie moim- tniiis tno are aICo far tVoni licing lianrii, ami in particu- lar alFord c-xccUtiit paituragc. I'liiis tliat of Stara I'la- mina, thoiia;h bare and di.'folate towards its funiinit, is cxtrciiicly fcitiic in the middle and Imvtr part. At the foot of tlic mountain wiii.h divides Bulgaria from Servia is a warm hath, where the water gullies out in a llrcam that is laid to he of the bigncfs of a man's liody, and yet but fixty paces from it is another fpring ill the fame vallcv as cold as ice ; but, from the imtll, it evidently appears, that thcv both contain nitrous and iulphureous particles. Upon this mountain is a Cireek convent for monks of the order of St. Uafd. On the Irontiers of Servia, between the mountain of Suha and the river Niflava, arc fcver.il warm baths, whofc waters arc of a fulphureous quality, and ill'uc from the mountain deeply tinged with red fand and llonc.s. At the foot of Mount Witcil'cha, towards the borders of Romania, arc likcwife four warm baths of great repute, and the moun- tain has not only iron mines, but is covered with villages, corn-fields, vineyards, and paiturcs. Among the natural curiolities of tliis country are alfo the vail nuinbi.' of large eagles in the neiglihourhood ot the town of JJabadagi, whei tlic arcli'rs all over 'I'urky and Tartary I'upply thcnifelvcs with leathers lor their arrows, though each eagle has no more than twelve lit for their ufe, and thofc only in tlic tail. 'Ihefc feathers are commonly fold for a lion dollar. The inhabitants, who were anticntly renowned for their martial atchicvements, now apply themfelves to graziery, agriculture, and handicraft employments, 'i'heir language is Sclavonic, but dillcrs a lit'.le from the Ser- vian in pronunciation. Some of the inhabitants are Greeks, and others Mahometans. The Creek church has here a patriarcli, though he is not aekiMwledgcd as fuch bv the other patriarchs, and alio three archbilliops. The country, being i;overnud by four fani'Jacs, is con- fequently divided into lour laiigiacfliips. The fangiac- fliip of Sardic contains the followinj; towns : Sophia, called by the inhabitants Triadit/.a, is a very lari;e and populous trading town, well built, but open. It is lituatcd on a large beautiful plain, and I'urrounded with diitant mountains. 'l"is hardly poffible to fee a more agrce.ible landfcapc : but the ftreets are narrow, uneven, and dirty, bein^ paved only in the foot-ways. However, c\cry fioufc has a garden well planted with fruit- trees and Ihriibs. The Ifcha in fomc places runs .ilong the (kirts of the town, and in others palles through it. "rhe principal part of the tr.aders here arc Greeks or Armenians. It is the rcfulcnce of a b^glerbeg, and was built by the emperor Jullinian out of the ruins of tlic antient city Sardica. It is one of the greateft thorough- fares in Turky, fince all who travel fromConftantinople to Ragufa, Venice, or into Hungary, muft pal's through this town ; but the air is fo unwholelome, from its be- ing I'urrounded with marflics, that it would be in a much Icis flourilhing condition were it not for the refidence of the beglerbcg. The mountains to the fouth make the winter continue longer than the fummer, and arc the caufc of frequent rain. This town is famous for its hot baths, and for their medicinal virtues. Amo.-ig the hills, where the fteep rocks and dreadful prccip'.ccs I'carcc admit of any acccl's, is Trajan's gate, which that emperor erefted in commemoration of his inarching with his army through this country, where he made a road through places before impafi'able. This gate confifts of two flone pillars, which fiipport an arch re- prcfcntiiig a large open gate; but this building is now very ruinous ; it confilfs of hewn-ftonc and bricks; the curious in antiquity have been, however, too bufy in taking o!F the Kones, VN'hicli has greatly cit'accd this Jbtely monument. In the mountains leading to this :'ate arc fevcral iron woiks, and a boiling fpring. I'crnowa, the antient Ternobiim, was formerly the capital of Bulgaria, a royal feat, and fortified, though at prefent it is but a mean place. It is litu.itcd about a hundred and twenty miles to the call of Sophia, is the refidence of a patiiarch, and has Hill an arihlulhop, who is fliled archbifhop of Ternowa and all liul Niria. The fangiaclhip of Hibin, or Widin, among other places, contains, Widin, by the antienfs called Viminacium, a Itrong lortilieatiun on the Danube, and a bilhop's lee. In ly^q the Hungarians made a truitlefs attempt upon thi» place. Colombotz, or Colon. 'jotz, a well fortified callle leaf- ed on a mountain, at the foot of which is the lliong pafj of Urania. This fangiacfliip alfo contains fevcral other fortrcH'es, and lome pretty good towns. The fangiacihip of Nicopoli contains, Nicopoli, or Nigepoli, a large town on the Danube,- defended by a caltlc, and rendered famous in hillory by the tirit unfortunate battle fought there between the Chriltians and Turks in the year 1396, when the em- peror Sigii'mund was defeated by Sultan Hajazct, and loll twenty thoufand men ; though H.ijazct is laid to have bought the victory fo dear as to have lixty thoufasid flain. Prcflaw, antiently called Marcianapolis, was built in honour of .Vlarciana, filter to the emperor Trajan ; its prefent name fignifies an eminent city. 'The fourth and laft faugiacbiip is that of Silillria, which contains the following places : Sililhia, a large and fortified town, fituated on the D.inube. It is a billiop's fee, and Hands at a I'niall dif- tancc from the remains of the wall ereiled by theCjrecian emperors againft the inroads of the barbarous nations, lixty-lix miles to the caltward of Nicopuli. Its great antiquity appears from the nature of its walls, wiiich arc evidently of Roman, and not Turkifti architecture. Very lew of the inhabitants are Turks. I'here ai vcral other towns, but as they are in gc- neial fmall and inconfidcrable places, and have nothinp- wortliy of obfervjtion, we lliall not trouble our readers with a repetition of their names. The diltridt of Drobrudfch, which extends to the mouth of the Danube, is an entire plain, interlpcrl'ed neither by woods nor rivers ; though at the end of it is a wood called by the Turks Daii-Orman, or Fools- Wood. The inhabitants, who derive their origin from Tartarian emigrants, are famed for their finguLar hofpi- tality, which IS fo great, that when a traveller of any religion or country pail'cs through any of their villages, all the houfc-kecpers of both Icxes come out to falute him, intreating him in the civilelt manner to take up his lodging with them, and kindly accept of what God has been pleafcd to beftow. The perl'on whofc invita- tion the traveller accepts entertains him and his horfes, if they do not exceed three, for the I'pace of three days, with a cordiality and chearfulnefs that can fcarcc I- ; paralleled. He lets honey and eggs before him, in b..;'i of which this country abounds, and very fine bread bakcl in the embers. They alfo build a little houfe lor the reception of llrangers in particular, with couches lounJ the hearth for travellers to ulc as they think proper. Having defcribcd the Turkifh empire in FurO);c tt> the weft of the Archipelago, the lea of Marmora, and the Hlack fca, we Ihall, before we proceed to defcribe the more wcftern rcgiciis, give a defcription of the European illands of the Archipelago, the Mediterranean, and the Ionian fcas. SECT. XIII. Of ihc prinupalljhidi of Greice, in the Archlpehyo ; cn- taining a ancije Defcription cf whnlfver h mejl rntiarkahle in etiihy with rffpecl to their Antiquitia and pnfrnt State. THE moft natural method of clafling th^- manv ifland on the coalts of the countries wc have jutt dcfcribed, fcems to be dividing them according to the I'cai in whi^h they lie ; that is, into thofc of the Archi- pclago, the parts about Cantlia, and in what was formerly called the Ionian lea. 'The illands of the Archipelago, antiently termed the ylilgsjan fea, lie to the call of 1 urky in Europe, and are comprized by antient gcogriro, or I.enihro, the antient Inibros, is a niotin- tainous illand over-grown with woods, harbouring wild bcafts and (^ame. It has four village,-., one of which bears the fame name as the illand, and is defended by a callle. It had fornierlv a town of the l.uiic name confe- cratcd totheCabiri and to Mercury. Thaffus, the antient Aeria, or Aeiliria,lies in the gulpli cif Contelli), Slid was once famous, even to a proverb, for its ^old mines, its fertility, excellent wine, and marble. Stal'.mene, the antient J>cninos, i,s a fruitlul and well cultivated illand, feated oppofite the llreight of the I)ar- danells. It is of a quadrangular form,3about twenty-five miles over : but the eallern p.irt of the ifl.iiid is dry and barren. It ha.s two mountain'., which were once vidca- noes, and was formerly I'acH'd to V'ldcan, whom the in- habitants woriliipped as their patron. 'I'his illand has idways been lamous for a kind of earth, or bole, called from the place terria lemnia, and from the feals or marks llaniped upon it ten a figill.ua. It is thought an excellent remedy ag.iinit poil'on, the bite of a ferpent, wounds, and the dyfenlery. It is dug up with many ceremonies, th.it were probably firft introduecd by the Venetians. The principal Tiirkifli and Chriilian inha- bitants of the illand meet on the fixth of Augult, and on that day only, at a chapel called .Si>tira, half way be- tween the village of Coehino and the mountain where the earth is found, an.i from thence proceed in proccflion to the top of the mountain, where the Greek priells read the Lituriiv i after which feveral pcrlons appointed for that '.Hirpoli begin to dig, and as foon as tlicy difeover ; vein of the d. fired earth, give notice of it to the pridfs, who fill fniall hair bags with it, which they deliver to the Turkifli governor and other o/fieers pielent. After they have t.ikcn up as much as they think propi r, they lill up the pl.acc again, and return back in proceflion .is before. Some of the bags are fent to the fultan, and the reft marked with his leal, or with thefe words. Tin imachton, or. The feakd earth, and fold by the fangi.ie, or his deputies, to the innabitants and foreign merchants. The fingiac mull fend an account to the fuUan's trta- fury of the money annually produced from it; and the inhabitants arc piniilhcd with death if they keep this eaith in their houl'es, export, or trade in it without his permiffion. In this ifland was formerly a famous laby- rinth, which confilk'd of a llat eleven, twelve, thir- teen, and fourteen times within twenty-lour or twenty- flic hours. This irregularity has bafikd the rcfcarchcs both of the ancients and moderns. ."indra, the ancient Andros, is eighty miles in circuit, and is one of the moll pleal.mt and truitlul iflands in ths Archipelago ; it is watered by innumerable fprings» and has prodigious plenty of wine, oil, barley, and all kinds of delii ious fiuits i but its greatcfl riches conllll: in Its fllk, in wliich the itibabitants carry on a great trade. The port is a pretty good one, and the town of Arna adj.dning to it, has about two hundred houli^s. It is the rcli.'cnce of aca.'y and aga, as alio of a Romifli and Greek hifliop. At fomedillance from the town may be feen tiie remains of a large and Ifrong wall, with fe- ver.il columns, entablatures, and pedeltals, on whicli Hood flatues, and various infcriptions, fomc of whichi mention the fenate and people of Andros, and the prieils of liacchus ; whence it is flippofed that here Hood the city of Andros. In the ifland are alio between thirty and forty villages, and lour or five thoui'and inhabitants, moH: of them Giceks, with a colony of Albanians. 'I'hcre are many Greek churches in the ifland, the Romans alfo have fix churches, with a cathedral dedicated to St. Andrew, and the jefuits have a church dedicated to St. Vencranda. Engia, or rather vTgina, as it is flill called by the CJrecks, is fituated in the gulph of the fame name, and is about thirty miles in ciiciimrerence. There is onlv one town in the ifland, which is laid to conflll of above eight hundred houl'es, and is defended by a caftle, which {lands above it, and is remarkab'e for the fine profpcil it affords of many of the iflands, and the coait of the continent. In this cafllcare about eighty houfc^, and two churches adjoining to each other, the one for the Cirecks, and the other for the Latins. This ifland produces great plenty of corn, almonds, honey, wax, and cotton. Colouri, the ancient Salamis, lies towards the bottom of the gulph of Engia, near a protnonlory, between which and this ifland runs a llreight, which in its nar- rowcll part is not above a mile over. 'I'his ifland in about fifty miles in compafs, and hat * fpacious li.nlouf V vn *?h 1 . ■ 1 „ 11 !! ■ i!i . }':! a A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY, TfRKv ill El nr.pr. J on the weft fide, of an oval figure, on which ftanJs a town, which has the fame name as the iflanil ; but is faid to have only about one hundred and fifty poor cot- tages, and about four hundred purfons. 'I'hcrcaic two villages, one of them named Metropis, featcd on a hill, and the other called Ambelaehi, fituatcd near the (height, where the ancient city of Salamis ftood. This iiland i.'. famous for the important viclory gained there by the Greeks over the Ptrfians, in which the fleet of Xerxis was defeated by Themiitocles. Porus, the ancient Calabri.i, lies next to the fluire c( the Morea; it is about eight miles in tompafs, and is remarkable for being the place to which Demofthenes was banilhed. Zia, or Cea, the ancient Ceos, was formerly famous for its fertility, pafturcs and figs, and is fifty miles in compafs. It now pioduces corn and wine, and the har- bour is full of fifli. The town of Zia, whicii gives name to :he ifland, is fituatcd upon an ttninence, in the neighbourhood of the ancient city of Carthea, of the ruins of which, as well as of the ancient city ol' Zulis, fome remains are ftill vifiblc. Thofe of the laft take up a whole mountain. Near this place src to be fetn the rums of a magnificent temple. The houfes of Zia are built of (tone and earth, with flat roufs, as are all the houfes in the Levant, and are ranged on tlie fide of a hill, like the benches of an amphitheatre. On this ifland refidcs a Greek bifliop. Tine, the ancient Tenos, is very mountainous ; but in many parts abounds with excellent fruit, and Hill more in filk. The wine of this place was mucli ad- mired by the ancients. Jlefides the town, which is de- fended by a callle, this ifland contains between thirty and forty populous villages. Here are alfo a Cireekand Latin bifhop, the former of wlioni is very lich, there being many churches and chapels, and five mor.ifteries of the Greeks in the ifland. Mycone is thirty-fix miles in compafs, and produces wine, figs, and fome olives, with barley enough to fiip- ply the inhabitants ; but has little water and wood. The inhabitants ate moftly (jreek Chriftian?, and have ma- giftrates of their own religion •, but a Turkifh officer comes every year to collecl the tribute paid to the Porte. A cady alio fometimes vifits them, and holds courts of juftice there. In this ifl.ind arc upwards of fifty (Jreek churches, and feveral convents of monks and nuns, tho' they are not very well filled : among thefe the convent of nuns of Paleo Caflro, which is fituatcd in the midfi: cf the ifland, is the princip.il. The city of Micone is featcd on a large harbour ; but the number of its inhabi- tants is varioufly raprefenttd. This ifland is fuid to pro- duce the heft failors in the Archipelago, and has at lealt five hundred fea-faring men, and above one hundred barks, bcfides forty or fifty laics for the trade to Turky and the Morea ; that of Turkey chiefly confifh in goat- (kins, and the \Iorea trade is chiefly in wine. Delos, once a celebrated ifland, but at prefent a defart rock, is not above feven or eight miles in circuit ; it is three times iis long as it is bro.ad, and is a fccurc re- treat for the corfairs. This being the imaginary birth- place of Apollo and Diana, it was held in the hiuheft veneration, and its oracle of Apollo was the moft cele- brated in the world. Here arc ftill to be feen the re- mains of the celebrated pillar of Apollo, and feveral noble fragments of the famous temple confecratcd to him. Rhcnaea, anciently called the great Deli, lies near the laft mentioned ifland, and has fine paftures ; but from the dread of the corfairs it is now uninhabited, though it was anciently extremely populous, as appears from the many ftately ruins to be found there. Syra, the ancient Syros, is mountainous, but pro- duces good wheat, and plenty of barley, wine, figs, olives, and cotton. The air is moifl, and cooler than ui the neighbouring iflands. I'he inhabitants, except a few Greek families, arc of the Romilh religion. 'I"he town of Syra is built round a little fteep hill, and be- tween it and the harbour may be I'cen the remains of fiiperb buildings, whicii made a part of the ancient city of b'yros. Thcrniia receives its preftiu n.in:e f om tlie Ihi iif,--, TAtniiih or hrvt fprings found there: it is t.'iirtv-lr; m;L^ ni cii- nimdrenee, an! is not lo in(.unt:iUious as the .h was one of the moft conli.lerable that was undertaken in the lad century. I'he harbour i^ alio choaked up, to that no other vcilels but boats can enter it. There are c.imputed to be ii\ tliis city .'bout eight hun- dred CirCi'ks, who pay the capitation or poll-tax, and their archbilhop is tiie metropolitan of the whole ifland. The Arnicaians have but one church here, and are a- bout two hundred in number ; and the Jews amount to about a thoufanii. The nil of the inh.ibitants arc Turks, among whom is a conhJer.ihle body ot janizaries. I ho country about Candia confifts of fpaeious and fruitful plains, enriched with all forts of grain ; but the exporta- tion of wheat is prohibited, without lull; obtaining leave from the bcglerbeg. The fecond city in point of rank i,; Canca, the antient Cydonia, wiiich IhmJs on the northern coall, and is faid to contain above fifteen hundred Turks, two thoufand CJrecks, hitv Jews, and about a dozen I'rcnrh merchants, who have a coniul. It is the lee of a Cireek bifliop, fufi:Va;an ta the archliiftiop of Candia. This town is pretty itrong, it having a good wall faced with lionc, and defended by a deep ditch. The entrance of the port is defended on the left by a fmall fortrefs, where there is a light-houfe. Th';calHe is on the left, beyond the hrft balhon. The houlcs arc very indifterent, and the belt: of them never exceed two florieshigh ; thefiril of which, or the ground -floor, has a parlour, warchoufe, cellar, and ftable. The walls arc of brick, with I'ree-ftone angles. The .afcent from the firft floor to the fecond is by a wooden ladder, fet almoll perpendicular. The fecond floor is alfo divided into feveral ap.irtmcnts, and cover- ed with deal boards, fupportcd byjoiUs of oak laid two or three feet afunder. On the outfide it is covered with earth tempered like mortar, well beaten, and then paved with fmall flint ftones and pebbles. The terrafs is made a little floping for the rain to run off. Inline weather they walk on thefc terralles, and when it is verv hot lie upon them. Every houfe has coninumly btfide^ tliefe flat roofs a fm.all terrafs on the fame floor with the fecond ftory i but this is properly only in open room, .adorned with pots of flowers. The country about Canca is ex- tremely delightful, and the forells are diverfitied with lofty olive-trees, ple.ifant tields, vincvards, flower-gar- dens, and (beams (haded with niyrtie and laurel. The third city in point of rank is that of Retiino, which (lands on the northern coafl of the ifland, twenty- fix milco to the weft of Candia. The city is enconip.illcd by a mean wall, and is defended by a citadel, which itands on a ftccp rock that ftrctches out into the fca. The country about Retimo is all mck on the weft fide; but towards Candia it is very delightful, nothing being to be feen along 'Se fliorc but gardens. Cherries arc earlier here than ; any other part of the ifland, and all the fruit is better .d. Their filk, wool, honey, wax, and oil are prel'err'. -.o all others. The water that fup- plics the town gufiies out of a narrow valley about a mile to the fouthward, and they have cut a channel to bring it to Retimo ; but they lofe one-half of it by the way. On the road leading to the valley is a handfome mofque, and in the court before it a han, or caravanfera, where travellers, who arrive alter the gates of the town are fliut, or dellgn to fet out before they are opened, ni.iy lodge and cat gratis. The village of Gartina flands amidft the ruins of a noble city, named Gortyna, about fix miles diftant from Mount Ida, at the foot of low hills, jnft at the entrance of the plain of Mcfi'aria, which is properly the granary of the ifland. 'I'hcl'e ruins are an evident proof of the inagniriccncc of that city, but it is impoflihle for a (Iran- ger accuftomed to contemphition to behold them without concern. The people plough. Cow, and feed ftiecp a- midft- a prodigious ipiantitv of marble, jafpcr, and granite, wiouj^ht with the moft admirable art ; and, in rooin of the great men who once caufed tiiefe (fateiy edifices to be ercdled. are only to be feen flieplierds and huftjand- mcii. One of the greattft curiofities of this ifland is a cave, called tile labyrinth, which runs under a fmall mountain at the foot of Mount Ida, in a thouf.uid intricate mean- ders, without any appearance cf regularity, and is cre- nerally thfuight to be a work of nature. The entrance is a natural aperture, fevcn or eight paces broad j but in fome places fo low, that there is no going in without Hooping. The ground is rugged and uneven; but the top level, confilling of a horizontal laver of ftones. The piinripal pallage, in which there is lei's danger of bc- wildeii.ig one's (elf than in the others, is about twelve hundred paces in length, and reaches to the end of the maze, where are two (pacious chambers. The moft dan- gerous part of the main walk is about thirty paces dilhnC from its mouth ; for if a perfun happens to take any other courfe, he is immediately loft, amidft the innumerable windings of this maze, and then it is no eafy matter for him to find his way out ; on which account travellers alwavs provide themlelves with guides and torches. 'J'here IS littie appearance ofthis|ilace having ever been a ftone- Hiiarry, and whether it was ever me famous labyrint^. of Crete, is far from biing I'atisfadoiily proved. To the northward of Candia is the ifland of Santorini, that isSant Krini, thus named from St. Irene being its patronefs. This ifl.md, which was antiently called Ca- lilla, and afterwards Tliera, is about thiity-lix miles round; and the coaft is li) craggy and rugged as to be almoll iiLiccelTible, and great part of the ifland is covered with puinice-ftones ; yet the inhabitants have, by their labour, rendered the ifland fiuitful, particularly in barley ami wine, which is ot the colour ot rhendh, and cotton, which grovvr, in great plenty. It alio produces (bme wheat. The inhabitant.., who are computerl to amount to ten thoufand, are all Cirtcks, but one-third of them arc of the Latin church, and fubjeif to a popilli bifhop. Ihere are five populous vill.iges in the ifland, and feve- ral caftles erected on the coaft. Ccrigo, the antient Cvthcra, is an ifland which wag a- aiiitc. om of CfS to luml- cavc. untain nioan- IS u?- a trance ; but ithouc lit the The of bc- twclve of the (I daii- ilillaiit y other lerablc ii; tter for ,fj ivcllcrs ,M 'I'hcre '!m. (tone- ,Si rinth of ■>! 7t, itorini, ^-^ illg its i;? ed Ca- t i miles '* IS to be . covered J )y their ■''.', 1 barley f' cotton, if s lome i imouiit if thcn> ; liifliop. id Icvc- icli was ^^M' f and is ;nioun- oil, it ut dots 1. The :| ifl.uid, -i kIuw it )ry ; it J.-y.r with a nt it as 1 Four 1 ajid yet 1 oiiiablc 1 he har- tss icieiuly II that H aiier a ^S (h year// r.J«H , ol the H wAh a W^ 11. era, i. l The L 11 r, was ^ itencfs, 7;f,7V«| he tirft '■ of the H ;;ive:i K illaiul. Kl Icr will l| )uiit of H this ■ this extraordinary phenomenon ; for no cir.-iinillance can be nunc worthy of b-ini; prcfcrvcd in a fyttein of •'coi^rapliy, than thj birth of an illand. On the twenty-third ot May 1707, after an earth- quake that happened t'e ni;;ht before, the ialf mention- ed illand was dil'covered early in the morning by fome feamen, who taking it for a wreck, rowed inimc('iately towards it ; but finding roeici and earth inllcad of the reni.iliis of a fliip, halted b.ic'<, and fpread the news of what they had feen in Santorini. How gieat focver tlie appreheiifions of the inhabitants were at the firft fight, their inr\iry/.c foon abated, and ill a few days, feeing no .Tppearance of fire or fmoke, fonic of them ventured to land on the new ifl.uid. 'J'licir cnriufity ltd them from rock to rock, where they found a kind of white Hone that cut like bread, which it nearly refemliled in ils form, colour, and conliltenee, 'I'licy alfo found many oyrters (licking to the rocks ; but while they were cm- ploycu ill gathering them, the illand niov( d and Ihook under their feet, upon which they ran with precipitation to their boats. Witl. theli- motions and tremblings the illand ineieafed, not only in height, but in lengfh and breadth ; yet fomctimcs while it was railed and extended on one fide, it funk and diminilhed on the other. Our au- thor obferved a rock rife out of the fe:i, forty or fifty paces from tlie ifland, which having continued four days, iunk and appeared no more ; but leveral others appear- ed and difappeared alternately, till at lalt iliev remain- ed fixed and unmoved. In the mean time tlie colour of the furrounding fea was changed: at fiiH it was of a light green, then reddifli, and afterwards of a pale yel- low, accompanied with a noifonie Ifeneli, which fpread itfclf over part of Santorini. On the fixtecnth of July the fmoke firft appeared, ; not indeed from the ifland, but from a ridge of black ' ftones which fuddenly role about fixty p.ices from it, ; where the depth ol the fea was unfathomable. Thus j there were two feparaie illands, one called the White, j and the other the lilack illand, from their ditt'erent ce. the I:,!] A\.\, thefe idands lie on thewclietn eoaft of Turky in Europe, and theielore propirly defers e.i place luie. Thele are, I/C Sapien/e, antiently the Sphagi iflaiids, which arc three fmall illands lyin.; near the coail ol the Moiea. The l.irgcll was ( women anuuiglt them, and only c(Uililt of three or limrfcore (ircek monks, whofe convent is built la the foim of a fortrcfs, and i,, well provided with cannon, in order to keep olf the coi fairs. The (olIowiuL' illands belong to the Venetians : ■/ante, the aniient Z.icyntinis, is fitu.ited near the', ftreight of the gulph wbieli runs between the .\b)rea and Liv.idia, already delcribed, in thirty-feven d( 'rccs lifiy- (even minutes latitude, a!id is (iippoled to be about twenty- four miles in length, twihe in bie.ulth, and fifty in compafs. The country is pleafant, and firtilein corn, wine, oil, and all kinds of excellent fruits ; elpici dly the linell mufcadine grapes, and currants of the loit brought to Lngl.md. 'l"he nuUuis of this illand are in particular rccpielt, as are alfo their peaches, which are of a prodi- gious lize, liimc weighing between eight and ten ounces, and are of an eyipiKite taile and flavour. On the fouth and welt (ide of the iOand is a large chain of mountains, with a nioun:ain alfo towards the ealf, and .mother at the north ; Co that it is in a manner (iirrounded by them. Iiv tlic center is a delightful plain, and nc.ir Chi. ri, a fea- p/ort, is a refinous (pring. The illand contains many towns and villages, and the Greeks, who conltitute the majority of its inhabitants, have a hilltop, and above (orty churches, behdes crmvents. Another part ol the inha- bitant > aie Roman catholics, who have a bidiop and three ciuiveiits. The reni.iinder of the intiabitants arc jews. The city of /ante is large and populous ; ic (lands on the cad (ide of the illand, and has a commo- dious and fafe port to thofe who are aci|uainted with its entrance ; but has no walls, and is only delended by a (trong fortrcfs, wiiich is erected upon an cniinence, and is well defended with cannon. 'I he houles fd the city ;;ie built with large fquaie iiones, but arc very low, oil account of the Irequent earthquakes whieh generally happen in the fpring, when it is (aid that they ieldom l.id of feeling one or two, if not more, in a week. In the roek on which the city is built are abundance of line fprings of fweet water. The city is governed by a provcditor and two counfclh^rs, who rcfide there ; and Imth the Ln; lidi and Duteh have a laitory and conlul, with a number of merchants and factors for the (la|)le commodities of this place, which are chiedy railins and currants ; but the Fnglilh are edeemed the greatelt pro- moters of this tiade, as they conlume more of the latter than pel baps half lu'rope belides. Cephalonia, amienily cilled Cephalenia and Samos, is fitiiateil 111 the tliii ty-cighth degree of latitude, and is a ronliderable ifl.md, extiemely lertilc, and pioducing cur- rants, illand wire lurmcrly three conliderable towns, with a moll niagni- iueiit temple of Venus. 'J'he In it harbours are Santa .Maura, Dcmata, and Knglimeno. This illand enjoys an uncommon plenty of corn, wir.e, oil, almond',, pomegranates, citrons, and other fri:itb, with line paltures. The inhabitants are CJreeks, fubje.;l to a bilhop. The town of Sant I Maura, which gives name to the iCind, contains abir.it live or fix thoufand inhabitants ; and be- ing fituated in the water, and defended by walls and lowers, is fo for;itied, that there is no convenient ap- proach to it, cit!.er by land or water. Beyond its works, ill a m'iraf~, arc two well inhabited il'ands, or fuburbs. The iluller id' little illands between thi3 and the con- tinent have a communication with each other bv brid;;es. in 147? the 'I'urks difpoflefled the (Jrecian emperor of the town and iflind. In i 502 the Venetians made them- felves mallei s of it ; but afterwards furrcndered it again to the 'I'uiks; and in 1684 recovered it fiom them. In 1715 the town and illand fell a fecond time into the hands cf the Turks ; but the following vcar the X'enetians ilrovc them out, and have ever hncc kept a proveditor there. Corfu, anticruly Ph.-cacia, and afterwa:J.^ Corcyra, takes its prefent iiame from the anticiit caiHciif Ciiryiilio, which Hands on a mountain, and is fo called from the Greek word zjfuci, a hill. It is fevcntv Italian miles in lenr;th, and, from Cape Barbaro to Cape lialacrum, thirty broad ; but in moll other places fcarce twelve. ]t was famous in former ages for the beautiful gardens of king Alcinous. Its foiithern parts are barren, moun- tainous, and deilitute of water; but the northern coaH is very fertile in all kinds of delicious fruits, excellent wine, grain, olives, &c. It has but two cities, Corfu, the capital, and Callopo, the Cafiiope of the antients. But, bcfides thcfe cities, it is laid to have about abun- tlrcd villages. The city of Corl'u i^- very ftrong, and con- itaniiv keeps between liftecii and twentv g.illies, bcfides other vellels, for its defence. It has, belidcs, two for- trell'es, tlie oKK II of which is fitii.ated on a iteep crag'j;y rock, and fiirioiiiuled below with good ftiong balliuiis ; the other, though not foadvantageoufiy lituated, h is been forlihed at an inmienle expence, and the city is now one of the (Irongell places on all thefe coafls : it is go- \erncd by a b.ilio, proveditor, tapitana, and caltellano, who are all noble \'enctians ; as is alfo its archbifliop, who is primate and metropolitan of all thefe iiTmdj. The cathedral is a line building, as is alfo th:;t wiiich belongs to tlieCiieekt, both of which are adorned with paintings and other e.xpeniive ornaments. 'I'here are aiuindance cf other haiidfomc churches and llruihires, both here and in other parts of the illand: hire is alfo an ar.ulemv of the liberal arts and fcienccs. The illand is divided into four parts, called balias, or governments, under a balio. To the eallward is the goveinnient of Alcfchimo, which contains tweiuy-cght villages, and twentv tliou- fand people. In the middle part is the government of Mezzo, which contains no lefs that twentv- live thou- land people. In this part is lituated Corfu, the capital, and thirty towns. Agiru, the wellern pait, comprehends twenlv villages, and about eight thuuland inhabitants ; but the only remarkable place in it i; the caltle of St. S K (>/".^LllA^•I/^,^r Aas.i Their Situnthrt, Extent, Pndu.;; md kti\ri : tin' I'eiJ'iif i(l M'lnncn rj'O:; 'Smjh \ uilh tin //munt ef Ihe /..'("•■ iifiilt Tcivf:s. THIS country, which CKrtiprt'ktnd-, th? old Cjreci.if Illyricimi and Kpirus, lies between Macedonia oi- theeaft and the gulph of Venice and tlic Ionian lea on the well, having on the north-calt and north .1 ch;.in ot nioun- t.iins, called Monte Negro, or the lilaei; .Mi>iint,un , which divide it partly from .Macedonia, and partly Iroim Servia and Dahnatia, and on the I'outh is bounded b'.' Jvivadia. Its greatelt length from north to foiith is a- bout two hundred and ninety miles, and its brculib I'loiu e.ill to welt ninety-lix, extending tiom latitude tliiny- ninc degrees to lorty-thrce decrees thirty minutes. The foil is fruitful, but more ' > tow.itds the north, than towards the luiith, and produces fla.\ , cotton, and excellent wine i as alio w.ix, and f.dt du^ out uf the mountains. 'I'hc chief rivers of Albania arc the Bojana; the Drino Kigro i the Argenta ; th; Siomini, antiently called I'a- iiialus ; the Chrcvalla, the antient Apfus ; the I'ollonia^ the antientl.aous ; and the Delichi., the antient Acheion.* freipieir.ly mentioned by the poets. 'l"he Alb.uiians arc generally tall, (Iron-:, and high- ly clleemed by the Turks on account of their valour. 'I'hcv arc fubjciSl to the Gr.ind Seignior, and have often dillinguiflicd thcmfelvesin the wars in Hungary. Thcv are more courageous on horleback than on foot, and their horles are extremel;' fwift. This was tlie country of the famous prince tieorge Caftriot, generally known by the name of Scanderbeg, v>'ho, with a linall army, oppofcd for many years all the power id' Tuikv, and gained twenty-two battles. At hi-, death he left Ins country tothe Venetians ; but they were irnable to main- tain the inland part ot it, which was loon ledueed bv Mahomet II. and hij fuecellijrs ba\e held the whult; country ever fincc. The inhabitants make tapcflry, which they export; but they have fcarce any notion of learning, yet are very iV'lful in laying aijueducts, and without any mathemati- cal inlhunients meafure heights and dilhmecs with ail tbeexailnefs of a geometrician. Thofeofpart of the country are Roman catholics, and molt of the rcll fol- low the docliines of the Ciieek church, The principal towns of Albania arc, Scutari, c.illed by the Turks Ifcod.ir, a Lir^c and f -r- t'hed town near a lake of the fame name, is well forti- fied, and defended by a {trong calllc, featcd on a bill . it enjoys a great trade, is the rclidence of a beglerbcg, and an archbdliop. It was furnicrlvlhe feat of tne kin;'-* of Uiyricum. In the years 1474 and I4~S, 11 was in vain bcliei'cd by the Turks ; but the \'enetuns furrcn- dered ic to them in 1470. Dulcigno, or Dolcigno, the aiuicnt I'Uiniuin, is featcd oi> the gulph of \'cnicc, twenty miles to the fouth-wcll of Scutari: it has a good haiboiir, ;iiid ;i llrong calllc ; it contains fevcn or eight thoufand peupli , and carries on a confiderahle trade. Alefiio, the ancient I.\llus, is lituated near the river Drill, t'vo miles iibove its month, ami lixtecn to tho fouth of Scutari. It llands on a I'eep co.ill, and is de- fended by a ll'ong calllc. It ij by fome eltecmcd the capital of Albania, and is particulailv famous for being the place where Scanderbcg died, and was buried in the year 1467. It is laid the Tuiks have fuch venera- tion for him, on account of his valour, that they carry awav pieces of his tomb for rdicks, and clleeni thein as' a charm to animate their courage in b.ittle, l)ura/./,o, the ancient Kpidamnus, and the Dyrrjebiimi of the Romans, is a fniall lea-port on a peninfula in the gulph id' Venice, thirty-five miles to the fouth of Scutaii. It has a pretty gjud harbour and calllc. \ :. '^ \ n 4*1 .'\t ■ -li .■ -m iS A S Y S T !■. M or G r O G R A r 11 Y. TiuiKv in F.UROPE, Ln V.iloiiii, ih? nnciint Aulon, Ihni'.i on ;i biy ;it the iniHith ot the yn\p\^ of Venice, :.iiJ was aiRiiiuIy fortilieJ. It li.ia a I'p.ieious, but not very kcurc liai- boiir. Chimera i Hl-atcJ near the conft' of the Ionian fea, on the hank'. there arc davs in the year. Turkifli Dalmatii extends from Albania through the countrv of Heizcgowini, to IJofnia. A fmall part of this countrv is, at its molf fmithern extremity, bounded on the wt(t by the gulph of Venice; but firli cxtendin:; call through Wnetian Dalmatia, then turns to the north- Thc country is proper both fur grazing and agricul- ture, producing gtain, wine, and proven. ler loi"\'very kind of cattle ; and the mountains, particularly thole of Uofiiia, contain filver. The iiihalutants are of Sclavonic cxtrailion, and from the middle ages have been divided into Servians, Hof- iiians, ami Kat-.ians i though without any remaikabic dirt'crence in their fpeech ami manners. They fpeak the Sclavonian langu.ige, which nearly rrfetiible.s that of the RulTian. As to their religion, they are of the Greek chiirth; but Mahomctanifm has gained tonlider.ible ground among them, which is doubtlefs owing to their beiiii; almolf ahlolutc lirangers to learning. 'I'iieir letters fcir willing are the C'iruli, which are alio uitd by the Kiilliaiis. iJoth llofnia and Servia were antii'iitly united to Hun- gary, by what was then called a pcrpcliMl coii.p.ulb. Tin; former was governed by a han,.iiid the latter b) adefpotu, or prince ; l)ut now both form a jitoviiiLe of the Turkifli empire, winch appoints begleibegs and laiigiacs over them. Jiorni.i, alio called Rama, derives both thefe names Irom the rivers Dofna and Kama, or perliaps the former from the nation of the Holieni. This cuuiitry is bound- ed on :!ie north by the river Save, winch feparates it from Sclavoni.i ; to the caliward by the Drino, which divides it liom Servia ; on the loiith by a chain of mountains vihieli feparates it fiom Dalm.itia ; and to thewellwarcl by the nver Verba*, which divides it Irom Croatia. It s loityTurkifh miles in length, fifteen in breadth, and call, on tiie back of the territories of Ragiila and V'c- j . nice. Thus it is bounded on the fouth by a part of j coiililts of three fangiaclhip-, in which are leveral towns Venetian Ualmatia, and Albania, on the north-eall by I ot which little more is known than their names. JJofnia, and on the well b) Venetian Dalmatia, R.igu- | Servia is fo called fiom the Serbii,and is fixty Turkifli {.\, and the .Adriatic fea, or gtilph of Venice, e.\tend'iig about one hundred and fortv miles from north to fouth ; but no more than forty-five miles from call to well. The foil is in lonie parts mountainous ; but is otherwifc very fruitful in c.irii, wine, oil, honey, and wax. Its piincip i! towns arc, (ireat .uid Little .MeLiiito, two fea ports ; but of fmall importance. Scardema, in the Srlavonian language Skardin, is fitiiated on the river Kirka, furrounded with walls, and defended bv two fmall forts. It was anciently a confi- I der.iblc town. !ii the year i i?.c, the bifliopnc was re- moved hither from Jaden. In 1352, it fell into the | hands of the Wiictians ; but the '1 inks wreKcd it from i them, after which they were leveral times driven out ; ' but as olicn recovered it. Clinowo, or Kliuno, is a well built town, ^n a ri- fing ground, which the Turks in time of war have ge- nerally made their place of rendezvous, and the depoli- torv of tneir magazines of provifions and military ilorcs. .Mailer, an open town on the Vifera, over which is ftill to be leeii an old Komaii bridge of llonc. I Icr.'.cgoAina, or Aicegoviii.i, a Ipacious and well for- I'Ticd town, ill which the Tuikifh beglerbcg refides. Pop'irco, a fmall dillricf, difficult of acicfs, on ac- count of its lituation between two long mountains j but remarkably fruitful in cum, wine, and excellent fruits, tiiou",h tiie lands arc generally ovcr-tlowcd in autumn: but the inhabitants of this dilhicl in the year i6i;4, put t',.e.nfe!vcs under the protection of Venice. SECT. XVII. OjTvRKl' :tlLLYRI^L'.M, i)lJutiii!^lioSSl,\ rt«,/Si;R V 1 A. miles in breadth, and thirty in length. At the treat/ of I'.dlarowitz, concluded in the year 171S, the greatelt part ot it was ceded to the Roman empire ; but at the peace of Belgrade, in 1739, the Imperialills were ob- liged to reliorc it to the t,)ttoman I'oite. It was an- tienily divided into I'ropcr Servia and Raftia ; and to the former, which is in the upper part towards the Uanubc, belongs the bannat of Mafovia ; it at prclcnt confilts of four langiaclhips. The fangiaclhip of Belgrade lies between the riven Drino, Save, and the Danube, anil contains no other place worthy of notice but its capital of the fame name. The city of Belgrade, the antient Alba (Jia?corum, is a celebrated and important fortrels, fituated at the con- flux of the Save and the Danube, two hundred and fifty miles from Vienna, and lour hundred and tllty-livc from Conltantinople, in longitude twenty-one degrees eaft of 9,1: London, and in forty-live degrees ten mimues latitude, /,'j : It was formerly accounted the barrier and key of llunn-ary, to which it was lirll annexed by the emperor Sigifm'und! In the ye.irs 14.10, 1456, and 1 4(94, it was in vain bc- licgcd by the 'i'urks ; but in 1521 thev took and kept it in their poli"cliii;n till the year 1688, when the Hun- garians recovered it. In i\ji)c, it fell ag.iiii under the Turkidi yoke, from whence it was unfuccelstuily at- tempted to be wrelled in 1693; but in 1717 accom- pliHied. The Hungarians were, however, again oblieed to ev.-.cuate it in 1739, though not till they had dcino- liflied all its outworks, leaving nothing ilanding but the old walls, and lome loriilicatioiis inliparable^from them. This city i--, however, (fill large, llrong, and popu- lous, and enjoys a confideiable trade. It is built on a hill af'er the antient manner, and encomp.illed by a double wall, Hanked with a prodigious number of towers. 'Ihe only place not defended by either of the above rivers is Tli-ir S'liuati'.ii, Extait, cn.l Prcrhia. O/" //>^ /n/jcW/^n/i, ' fortified with a callle, buiit with f iviilca Iward i. It , and owns, urklHi treaty tcatelt at the- re ob- Ms an- to the ;uuibc, ills of river* other amc. um, is |c ron- il titty t'mm ;itl of 'J.l-t'- |[lluilo. iii'l'' (iSary. iiind. lin be- kcpt Hun- ^r the ly at- :com- l)liue(l Icino- I15 but tram Ipnpii- 1 a hill (luble Ihe v.rs is ltii..teJ c, and lliin- ttcmc- laniibe final 1 into cait, )anube on a ; ae- |rtb, it being tt.'!tKV in El'ROPE. E U O P I". in Scin" traded to bv the Ragiifaiis, by the merchants ot V'icmia, who have laetorits here, by the Armenians, aiid the lews, who arc very nuniermis in this litv. Ihe lorniiT liave a church, and the latter at lealt one IVna- -rcmue. J'he lllOjis are Iniall, and the tellers lit upon Tables, ttoni whence they lell their gnods out of a wui- iJ,,w or door, tin- ricllomeri Icldoni ^•oiug ni. Here are two hai.irs lor their richolf connnodilies, and two c.\- cliant;tb, built with lion'-, crou.led with nierchandr^e. 'I'hcv have alto a handl'onie caravanfera, built by a grand vizier, and a college lor young iUidents. This city is the fee of a bifliop, formerly lutfragan to the bilhop of Uuda. The fecund tangiacfhip is that of Ccmcnder, anioni; the remark.ihlc places of which is, Taihtall, a oangeroiis part of the Danube, wheiethe watei, alter falling Irom a rocky precipice, lorms a uhirlp'iiil. 'J'his is oecat'ioned by the nature uf the two jlicircs, a high mek on the .>irvian tide pr(iU\'tin^; a i;,reat way into the llream, which rufhing againit it with grc.it iinpetiiufity, recoils as it were againtt the oppolite rocks till the thore of Walachia ; fo that a vellel niifliiig the li'ht channel is in great danger (if being overfet. Ue- yoiid this place the Danube, llaekcning its courfc, ex- pands itfcif into a wide curve. At a fniall dittaiue far- thcr lies Demikarpi, or Iron Gate, commonly called Cataracl.-c Daniibii, which is likewife the name of the neighbouring country, where the Danube enters a llreight between mountains, and purfues its courfe over a rocky bottom. The waves and a;',itations caufed by the fre- quent obftruflions of the ftrcam, which is here very ra- pid, tofs a (liip with fuch violence, that unlefs the fteerf- liian be very expert, and well acquainted with the place, the vcfl'cl is in great danger, cfpecially in going upwards, which can only be done by the help of laih. In 1737, the Jmperialifts were obliged to fink their fliips here lor want of wind to waft them againit the Itrcam. In this narrow pafs the houfes Hand within a palifadoc, and are i'aid to have been formerly barricadoed with an iron chain, which lirll gave rife to the appellation of the Iron Gate. The next town we fhall mention is Fetiflan, callc.1 in the Rafcian lonauc Kladowo, a coiit'iderable town on the Danube, withiri a little of which teiminatcs the chain of mountains, and the Danube runs between two plains. The fangiacQiip of Kraiowo contains the Ibllowing places : Nillii, once the capita! of Servia, is fituated in a fim plain, on the river Nitl'ava, in a very good air, and fo fruitful a foil, that the great plenty is hardly credible. There are Icvcral fine mofiiues, two public baths, and fevcral t'ountains. The town is foitilied with a wall and rampart; but in :,i~, it was t.ikenby the Hung.ii ians, who lotf it the year following. The lady Wortley Mon- tague, in a letter to queen Caroline, when llie was princcfs of Wales, gives a dreadful account of all lliat part of Servia through which flie palled ; and obl'ervcs, that the defarts of Servia are alnioii overgrown with wood, though a country naturally fertile. The inhabitants aie induftrious ; but the oppretTion felt by the pealants is fo great, that they are forced to abandon their houle.-., and neglect their tillage ; all they have f.dling a prey to the janizaries, whenever ihcy pleafe to leize upon it. Mr. Wortley had a guard of five hundred of them, and (he was almoll cA'ery day in tears at beholding their in- folence in the poor villages thiough which flie patt. On fpcaking of the fertility of the li>il at Nill'a, flie fays, " I was certainly aflured, that tlie quantity of wine lull " vintage was to prodigiom, that they were forced to " dig holes in the earth to put it in, not having veflels " enough in the town to hold it. Thehappinefs of this " plenty is fcarce perceived bv the opprctled jK-ople. I " faw here a new occafion for niv companion : the " wretches that had provided twenty waggons for our " baggage from Belgrade hither, for a certain hire, bc- " ing all fent back without payment, fonic of their liortls " lamed, and others killed, without any fatisfaflion made " for them. The poor tellows came round the houfi- " weeping and tearing their hair and beaids, in a moft " pitilul manner, without getting anv thin;; but drubs " from the infolcnt folJiers. 1 cannot cxprels liow much +6 '* I w.is moved at this fccne. I would have paid them " the niciney out of my own pocket with all my heart; " but it wiiuld only have been giving to much to the " aga, who would have taken it front them without " .uiy rrniuite.'' Proeiipij, or J'rocopia, a pretty town thus named frotP the billiop I'rocopius, is called by the Turks Urchup. 'file fourth fangiacfliip is that of Sciipi, in wliich is I'fciip, Seupi, or Scopia, an open, but large, well- built town, on the confines of Albania and Hofnia, and is the refidence of an archbifhop. It is fcatcd in a plea-- l.'.iit and plentiful country, partly hills and partly plains, on the river VarJar, orAxius, filtccn miles to the wefi of Nifla; il has a great trade, and is ;:dorncd with liiii. houfes, many mol'que;!, and delightful walks near it. A- mong the mofpies is one built upon a hill, and adorned with a fpaeious portico, fupported by four marble pil- lars. There is here a fine bridge of twelve arches over the Vardar, and near the city is a noble aquedudl of tloiic conveyed over a valley between two hills, and fup- ported by two hundred arches. This is fuppofcd to be very antient, and pei formed by the Romans. The city carries on a conliderable trade between Bulgaria, Mace- donia, Belgrade, &c. particularly in tanned leather, which here employs above feven hundred tanners. We fhall now proceed to thofc countries in Kurop'i that are tributary to the fultan, and under hij fub- jcilion. SECT. XVIII. 0/ Walachia. Its Silunticfi, Exti'iit, CUmale, Soil, and Rivtrs. The 0>!g!>i,' Lnnguti^e., artiJ Rc!ij;i ?iH n ! ':ii 3° to which the A s Y s T r: M o f c, i. o c; r a p n y, TURKV in F.irROPE. :hey go in order to learn ^ polite behaviour, the cleg.iiiLies ot the Walachian 'ormue, and the ceremonies of the church. IVuple of ranic arc fo loiul of Italian, that they apply thcnilclves more to it than to their na- tive l.in^iia';e, and generally fend their fons to lliidy at the univerfity of I'aJua. A yrcat number of Mahome- tans live intermixed with the Walachians. With r'jfpciSl to the hiltory of thefe people, the Ro- man?, after obtaining a deciUve vidtory over Detebalu^., Icinjjof Dacia, made themfelves malk-rs of his kingdom. Afterwards Trajan fent thither feveral Roman colonies, who not only cultivated their lands, but built tovvns, which they cmbcllilhed with nuble edifices. Mis fuc- ccllor, however, tranfplantcd the grealell part of them into the neighbouring countrii's, whtre ininMinj; with the Bulgarians, Thracians, Servians, and Liguiians, they learned to fpcak a new language, orjargon. I'hele kingdoms, which lie on the I /anube, afteiwards con- llituted part of the dominions of the emperors of the Eatt. At length the Walachians moved farther to the north toward's the borders of I'odolia and Rullia, where they applied themfelves to agriculture and the breeding of cattle. The convcrrioii of the Bulgarians and their neighbours to Chriflianity was followed in the ninth tenturyby that of the Wal.ichiaiii, who embraced the doctrines of the Greek church. Towards the beginning of the twelfth century a numerous colony of Wal.ichians, under the coiulutfl of one Nigers, or Negrovot, for the fake of palhi rage, religion, and other motives, (putting Tranfylvaiiia, pallid over the mountains, and fettled in Modern Walachia, founding the towns of 'I'ergovillo, tiuckereft, Longcnau, and' I'itelto St. (Jcorgi, where thev chofe their own princes, whom they (tiled way- wodes, or defpots. At length the kings of Hungary be- coming powerful, m.ule (cvcral attempts againll the Walachians, and obliged them, in the fourteenth cen- tury, to become tributary to him. But in the year ijgi, and 1 394, they were greatly harr.ilTed by the Turks, wlio, in 1415, laid the wh(jle country walle with tire and fword, and coni|ielled the w.iywodc to pay them an an- nual tribute, which was continued till the year lOoS, when the Walachians put thcmlclves under the protec- tion of the emperor of (icinunv, who at length, by the treaty of Carlowit/, rcfigned them up again to the Turks. In the beginning of the prcfcnt century, they fullered va- rious calamities by the plague, war, and many revolu- tions among their princes. At the treaty of Pallarowitz, in 17 iS, the WLiterii part of Walachia, as far as the river Aluta, w.i3 ceded to the emperor, but in 1739 was lolt again. This country is governed by a waywodc, or prince, alfo (tiled the hofpodar, who is a vaftal of the Ottoman Porte, and whole annual tribute generally amounts to fifty-eight or fixty thovil'and ducats. The arms of \\'alachia are a black eagle (tanding on a mount, an.l in its beak .a crofs ercift, with the fun on one fide, and on tlie other the moon, in a field, argent. It has been .ihfaJy obferved, that the river Aluta di- vides Walachia into two part>. In the weltern part, called the bannat of Severin, arc the following places : Scverin, a little town on the Danube, but Ibrmerly ."■ortified, and the c.ipital of a bannat, received its name from the emperor Sevcrus, its toundcr. L'pon the Danube are (een the remains of the flone pillars of a bridge, which wa^- probably that which the emperor Tr.ijan hiiilt over the Danube, in order to at- tack Deccbalus, king of the Dacians, with greater ad- vaiita'e. According to count Marfigli, the river here i^ not .ibove a thoufand yards over, and the two firll piers of the bridge (tanding feventccn fathoms and a halfafunder, he concludes there mult have been twenty-three in all ; and that the whole length of the bridge was 443 fa- thoms. He alfo aflerts, that the mafonry of the piers was of common quarry (tniie, lined with bricks; and that probi'.hly the tv.'enty-two arches, with all the upper part of the bridge, were of oak. 'The emperor Adrian caufed not only the upper part of the bridge to be re- moved, but demolilhed all the mafonry above the w.iter. Walachia, on the other tide of the river Aluta, con- tains the callern part of the country, in which are, I 4 I.angcnaii, in Latin Campus I.onguo, a genteel po- pulous town, which (uttered greatly in the war with the Turks in 1737 and 1738. 'l'ergo\i(tu, or Tervis, the capital of Wal.arhi.i, in fituatcd on the river Jalonitz. It has fome fortitications, with a (ine palace beloneing to the waywodc, and is a tuwn of good tr.ide It is, however, (uriouiided by niardiy gruuiuls, which, while they render it of didicult accels, make the air unhealthlul. Uuckerill, a lortilied city on the tiver Uembrovit/, n (ituated thirty miles to the (uuth-ealt of Tcrgovilto j it is the ulual Klidence of the waywode, and an archiepit- copal Ice. Here is alio an academy tor the funs of pcr- (oiit uf t(uality. SECT. XIX. 0/ M O L H A V I A. Ill Name, Siluullan, Extent, Climate, SnH, Produce, nn.l Riceri. Uf the Inhahilants, their Hijhry^ Govermiunty Aniii, iindprincifalTiivnu THIS country takes the name of Moldavia from the river Moldaw, which runs (rom the upper parts, and falls into the Sereth. It is bounded on the north by Poland, on the c.ilt by Oczakow Tartary and Ijedarabia, on the (buth by Walachia, and on the ea(l by Tranfylva- iiia. It extends about a hundred and feventy miles from the liver Sereth to the NieKcrj but its length, from fouth to north, is only about two hundred and ninety. 'The air of this piovince is wholefome ; but a con- (iderable part of the eallern divifion lies uncultivatjj, anj chiefly conlilts of defarts, and the weltern is very nioun- t.unous i but the middle part is truitful in corn, pulle, honey, wax, &c. but is chiefly temarkable for the great number of horfes bred there. It5 principal rivers are the Sereth ; the Pruth, whicli has its fouicc in the borders of Tranfylvaiiia and Puland, running through Moldavia tfoni north to fouth ; and thu Nieder, which forms the boundary towards the north and calt. 'Thc(e three rivers receive leveral (mall dreams in their courfe, and the two firft fall into the Danube or Kler, which is the boundary to the fouthward ; but the lad difcharges itielf into the Black lea. The inhabitants are of Walachian extraction, and pro- tefs the religion of the Circck church ; but many of them are Ruffians, Poles, Rafcians, Armenians, and Maho- metans. 'Towards the dole of the twelfth century a Walachian colony from Tranfylvania fettled in this country, under Bogdcn, their leader, who c'tablifhed their civil and cccle- dadical government; and, for the fupport of the latter, obtained an archbiftiop and other ecclefiaftics from the patriarch of Condantinople. He was the firit prince of Moldavia, and laid the foundation of the principal towns ; tor which reafon the country was originally called from him Cogdan. ;. The increale of the king of Hungary's power 'as a misfortune to this country, the inhabitants, after leveral refolutc (trugglcs, being made tributary to that monarch in the fourteenth century. But before that period they had been rendered tributary to the Turks, and (iion became fo again. In 16S6 the Poles over- ran the country, and took the chief cities, which obliged the iiiliabitant.s to put themfelves under the protection of the German empire ; and, at the treaty of Carlowitz, it was agreed, that the Poles fhould retire, and this country a- g.iin become tributary to the Ottoman Porte. 'This country has a waywode, or prince, of its own, who is (tiled hofpodar, and is a vallal of the Grand Seig- ni<'r, to whom he is obliged to pay an annual tribute. The Moldavian arms are an ox's head, fable, in .-> field, or. Mold.ivia is divided into Upper and Lower. Upper Moldavia is bounded towards the cad: by the river Nieder ; on the north partly by that dream, and partly by Poland ; and on the weitward by Tianfylva- nia. In the northern part of this divihon re(ide the Lip Tartars. In this divifion ate the following places : ChoUin, TURKY Chot/,li] well (brtiti the 'I'urk^ defeated hi themfelvesl of the inf the fort i SoczowJ Sereth, (orl relideiu e (| lyower tains of Trl Tctras, ail bounded oil by Bcllaralil This divl Jally. thi rcfidcnce ol and i.s a fpal and is builtl years 17' >,| in 1753, thI fome popilhl been ncwly| Faltfhii, markable fol and foundat midit very t ruins of the by Herodoti built. Of the feveral their differ e of BejfiiriH Tarltirs ; n the Peninfii FROM t Danube vinding tradt and the fea of of Tartars, v graphers undi being many i means proper of thiscountr and fome of t while others ; alio immediai others fubjeft Grand Seigni vilion and tl triits; tor thi fedt. In defr the fea of !\ mouth of the cipal rivers w is moll remar large dream' 'Thus tracing Bellarabia, north branch 'Turks called rove from pi a food is the f milk, particu 1'hechiefl Bender, a ' merly called 'Turks by oni the name of t but has alway this town, is r Xll. ot Swcd finued till the to make ufe TuRKY in Europe. r; U K O E. \t own, Sei;;- te. i.'i a the and Iva- thc Chot/,ln, nr Coc/ini, a town fituatcd on the Nicdir, well tortihcJ hcith by n;itiirc and .irf, and liclon -in;; to t\\v Turks. In the yf.irs 1621 anJ 16741110 Turks wcio det'catcd hereby tin i'oles. In 17^9 the Huiri.ina maile thcnilclvcs malfersol' It, having firlt beaten the Turk* out of tlic intrcnchnu'iits, whiili they had thrown irp near the fort i but ihe Turks foon retovered it again. Soe/.owa, or Sotfliowa, a fniall town on the rivir Screth, formerly the capital of the country, and the ulual refidcm e of the holpodar. I,ower Moldavia border-, to the weft on the moun- tains of Tranfylv.inia, whuh run along the road called Tctras, and belong to Moldavia and VValaehia. It is bounded on the fouth by the J)anuhe, on the foulh-call by Hellarabia, and on the call by the Nieftcr. This divifion contains, Jad'y, the capital, which is aconfidcrable city, and the rcfidencc of the hofpodar, is feated on the river Pruth, and is a fpacious well fortilicd place, defended by a eallle ; and is built in a country aboundiii!; with wine. In the years 17; i, and 1739, it was taken by the Ruffians i and, jii 1753, the whole city, with the palace of the hofpodar, fome popifh convents, and a f.utheraii church, whirh had been newly built, were all dcihoyed by tire. Faltftiii, a town fituated alfo on the Pruth, i; re- markable for having in its neighbourhood ruined walls and foundations of houfes, which run in ltraiu;ht lines a- midtt very thick wootls. Thefc arc fuppofed to be the ruins of the antient and large city of Taiphali mentioned by Herodotus, out of the ruins of which Faltfhii was built. SECT. XX. Of tht feveral Colsnies tf Tartars tributary to the Turli, and thtir tlifftrent Di/hiih ; including an /laou-it ofthn Tartars of Bejjiiraliia, the (Jczahiv, the Nojay, and the Crim Tartars ; with an Auaunt cf their feveral Toivns, and of the Peninftda of Crimea, or Crim Tartary, FROM the northern branch, through which the Danube enters the HIack fea to the river Don, is a vinding traft of land, which extends along the BKick l\:i and the fea of Afoph, and is inhabited by feveral tribes of Tartars, which are generally comprehended by geo- graphers under the title of European 'I'artars j but there being many other I'artars in Kuropc, this term is by no means proper. The 'Tartars made themfelves nialters of this country in the begiiniing of the thirteenth century, and fome of them Oill wander about in horJs or clans, while others are fettled in towns and villages. Some are alfo immediately dependent on the Ottoman I'orte, and others fubjeft to the Crim, who is himfelfa vaflal to the Grand Seignior. (Jeographcrs vary greatly in their di- vifion and the extent they give to thele I'artariandil- ttiils; for the accounts we have of thcni are very iniper- leit. In defcribing this country along the lilack fea, and the fea of Afoph, we (hall begin at the welt, at the mouth of the Danube, and proccid accordin:^ to theprin- cipal rivers whirh interlcdHhe country, mentioning what is moll remarkable in the feveral dirtritls formed by thofe large ftrcam-i, the Nieltcr, the Nieper, and the Don. 'Thus tracing the country frotn the weft, we meet with Hcll'arabia, which liej on the Black fea, between the north branch of the Danube and the NicHer, and is by the 'I'urks called Hujailc, or Hudjiack. The inhabitants Hill rove Irom place to place .along the Nielter. Their ufual food is thcflcfhof their oxen and liotfci, cheefe, and milk, particularly that of mares. The chief towns are, Bender, a 'Turkifli fortification on the Niefter, for- merly called 'Ti/A-nc ; but beiju; made over to thofe 'Turks by one of the princes of Aloldavia, they gave it the name of Kcndcr, that is, a pais ; it is a fniall town, but h.is always abaiha for its governor. W'ariiitz, near this town, is remarkable for being the place where Charles XII. of Sweden, broke up his camp in 1709, and con- tinued till the year 1713, when the I'litks were obliged to make ufe of force to get rid of him. 'There arc feveral other t iwm in this dilluH ; but bo- ing inconlidcrable places, do not dulcivc being patti u- larly mentioned. 'flic country between the Niefler and Niep^ r, by fonif: called ( )czakoA' Taitary, is inhibited only alon,; thofe two rivers, and near the fea ; the other parts bciii;^ i|uile walle, and are therefore called the Del.irt I'lains. I'hi; plain, however, aH'oids good p.ilfurage, but has not .1 lingle tree. 'J'he molt remarkable place in this il',(- triilt is, Oczakow, a very ftrong town, fituated at the influK ol the Nieper into the lilatk lea. It lies on the declivitv ol a nioiiiit.iin, and has a callle above it. When it was invelled by count Munich, in 1737, its lortifications were in excellei.t order, and its garriiiin confdkd of a large body (jf thnfen Turkifh troop.; but the count, bein;; compelled by want of fodder for the horfes and other e.i'tle, rilked an afl'iult, and carried it the third day after his opening the trenches. The Ruffians held the place till the following year, when they evacuated it, after having demoliflied the works. 'The country between the Nieper and the efflux of the Don, contains, ThcLcd'erNogayTartarsjwhoinh.abit the main land along the Black fea and the fea of Afoph, and the rcit of them belong to Afia. 'They wander from place to place, cacli hord or tribe keeping at thirty hours diflaiice, and fre- Suently not fo far from e.ich other. 'Thefe people fel- om apply themfelves to agriculture. Among them, as well as the Crims, horfc-fllfti is a favourite food. But however favngc this may make them appear, they are fo hoipitable, that the picafuro they receive from entertaining a traveller and his horfe, is with them a fufficient reward; and if they are prefented with a little tobacco, or any thing elfe, they receive it with abundance of thank: ..ind never f.iil to make a return. 'They profefs the Mahuine- tan religion, and are governed by imii fes, or beys, of their own nation, or by fuch as the k.in of Crim Tartarv, their foverei.!n, appoints from anions'^ them. With re- fpeit to the limits of this diltricf, which it iias been f.iij extends from the Nieper to the Don, it was agreed ,it the treaty of Belgrade, in the year 1739, that a line (liould be drawn trom the river of Zaliniy to the river Herda, which falls into the fea of Afoph. 'The dillrid within this line continues under the kaii of Tartary, who en- joys a much larger diilridt northwards, but is dependent on Kudia. In the firft diftria on the Bl.ack fea is Kinburn, a Tur- kifh lortification, which liesoppofite Oczakow, and call of the Nieper, v.-hcre it difcharges itfelf into the Black (ea. 'The Ruffians took this place, and blew up the for- tifications in the year 1736; but the 'Turk, thouirht it worth rebuilding. There arc alio feveral fmall places between the Nieper and the Black fea. 'The Crim pcninfula, the antient Cherlbncfus Taurica, is called in the 'Turkifh maps Kiram Athafi, or the Crim iflaiul, which is nearly of the fame figure with the Morea, and was fuppofed by the antients to have almolt the fame extent. It is furrounded by the Black lea and the fea of Afoph, except at the narrow neck of land by which it is joined to the continent. The fuil in many parts produces all kinds of grain, wine, &c. but the Tar- tars fecm to dcfpilc agriculture, and leave it to their flaves and to ifranyers. 'The favourite food of thel'e 'Tartars is horfe-flcfli, milk, and cheefe ; bread being little ul'ed a- mong them. (Jf all the Mahometan 'Tartars, tiiefe have the ncarelf rel'cmblancc to the Calniiics. The inland country of this pcninfula was antiently poflefied by the Scythians, who extended themfelves luirthwards beyond Perekop, wellward to the Nieper, and callward as tar as the Don. 'The wefiern .ind I'outhern coalls were antiently inhabited by tome CJreck colonics, of which the town of Cherl'onefus v.'..s the molt powerful. 'The eafl fide cf the Crim, as far as the Don, and the oppofite country, or the trailt from the Don aloiiu- the feaof Alo|ih, antiently called the Palus Mxotis, to the Black k\\, and Mount Caucafus, was under the kiniis of the Bofphori-Greeks, who vs-ere thus called iVum the ftreight of Bofphoru^. 'The Scythians proving trouble- fomc neighbours to the Greeks, they Colicitcd the affillance of m i ,\ M h it A S Y V T V. M O K G K O (i R A 1' M Y. TCUKV 1/1 I'.t'KOr't. 'i «>f MilhrlJatM, kinn of Pontiu, who at laft ilrove the Scytlii.uij out of the pfiiiiifiiU, forming the kiiigJom of Holjihutu-i, whkli rnm|)ii.htiuliil the whole [ieiiinliil.i anil the roumrv f.iciru; it i.illw.iiil In Mount C.iin.ilus. In the reiL'ii of the tnifjiror IJi import rice, eoHee, dried ligs, raihiii, dates, doth, ani lilk llutfi i Mu\, in return, receive torn and (laves, iiolh the gariiloii and 'Tuikilli inhabitants abaiidoiie made themfelvts nulKrs of this town 111 the yeiir 17 j6. Kai.ill'a/.jr .; a large lovMi that caiiies iwi a lonlidir- .ible trade , yet its houles are low wooden buildings j but it has four muliiues built with Hone. 'I'he inhabi- tants aie I attars, i uiks Aimeniaiis, (irteks, and Jew; . I he horfe-fair held in this plate is the moll toiilidtrabic in all Crimea. This town was laid 111 allies by thci Kullian. Ill the year 17-J7. Kcrfti, or (iirlli, the aiitient Panticap.eu'n, fiiicc c.illed the Holphorus, is a toiiliderable town, fnuaieil on a llcep mount iiii near the llieight lorineily tailed the Holphorus, but now termed by lailors the llreighls o(f Carta. It commands the entrance into the lilatk (ea ; anil is not only luriuundcd with a hij^h wall, but delended on the louth-call by a lallle with (even towers j and at the haibour is a mole built with Hone. The far greatelt part ol the houles are likewile built ol Hone, .mil have Hat rouls. Ill this town are twenty-two Turkifh mofques, and as many CJiee* churches. I lie Turks have a callle (in the Hreight near Kerfli, with a harbour, but it is not lit foi Hups of burthen. Ttiey have alio the town of CaH'a, or K.etleh, the .inlienf, Theodolia, a large irauing lea-port, hiu.ited on the tall ol the peninfula, fuppolcd to have been built by the Giccks in tlie fifth century. In U2O, the Uenoeic having got tiiis pl.ice into their poireirion, they enlarged and fortified It , but in 1297 the Venetians diov." them from thence ; they fooii, however, recovered it again ; but, ill the year 1474, the 'Turks took it from them. While this town was in the poHefTion of the Genoefe, its commerce role to fuch a hught, that it exceeded that of CoiiHantinople itielfjbut, on its falling under the Turkifh yoke, its trade greatly declined, and now only confills in Haves brought hither for lale by the Crini and Cuban Tartars, the tieorgians, and Mingrelians. The inhabitants confiH of I'urks, Jews, (iieek. Catholic, and Armenian ChriHians, &c. The I'hriltians conllitutc the majority of the inhabitants, and enjoy a mofi pcrfedl freedom with refpcit to religion. Here are Hill the defcendants of Icveral noble taniilies of Genoa. The town, which Is the largeH in all Crimea, contains about five or fix thouland houfcs, and is conllantly well gar- riioned. To the iiorth-weH are Ionic high mountains, at the loot of which the town Hands in a very delightful and convenient fituation ; but the harbour, befides having a dilficulc bat, affords but little flicltcr in a fouth-eaft wintL CHAP. //I urn.izin ii iliffii fit thi ; TilK wai main (lien are lettled flowers I V 'cr'iin», a iminenfc f Ihttt " it ii " 'ir than 1 " or thr . r *' eontjin.s " leagues. " Macedoi, " hiindie.l " kiimdoni *' the'Kom.. *' US far as " a hunilred " nnnn-day " iem many of wl! fmperalure . 'erent parts, tiegree oflati grow to ni.it!: pire, which gardon-frnits Archaii'.rcl, w l.meoiilK-, .11, are alfo'bre.l, fowls, and fji that ei'v. In itie prov the fiiil |,i, • orii, lionry, horn.-,! cattle , arc navigable, In the foil! thou :h in (iini in otlici-i thv Tobacco, vvii the two firfl ai are we!i water Jior are they li tent and lui'mb In tile mid. I r iris of the cir e.\t'en.fly fh.i and del^'htful, IS v^ry luminoi i; at the fliortc four Miiiuiti's ... fix minutes air. fifteen minutes after two ; t>ut miniiiei niter four. At the frimm. !fi'.;tl), this 01 V.;:: .;t r'.velee iff ,.■ ( 33 ) C U A v. It. Of RUSSIA. S K C T, r. Of iht k ij ^ •* I A N 1. M I' 1 1< !•; I It juiural. Ill um.niij: Hxli'nt : ftme ^fierdl O/iftrvtilioni an ill Climat'' in tlifftrent Parti ( au.lth Prc^rtjt »/ ihi: Stojihi throuji- tut thi Tf'iar, THK Riifn.m rmpiro Is if ;ii) MiiM/iii', ixtcnt : tn- wiiiils till- north iiiul ca(l it is lioiiii.loil hv the 111,1111 (M c'Hii) iiiid t<>w,4iili ilir w< It aiul !i)iiih it^ liinit:i art.' Iiltliril hy trcitics loiuliuli d 'vitli fcvcrfll f.ir ililhiiit nowiTs I with Swx-'li'H, the I'lili^, the I inks, with the I'lT'iiiis, and with the Chiiitl'c, hy whole duminioiis this imim'nff titipiii' i> lioiinilid. V'ldt.iirc jiiltly ohlervca, ihnt " it is ot;'ri.iti'r extent th.m .ill iho ifll nf I'.iirnpe, " iir than the Kcun.m (inpirc in the zenith of iti pnwer, *♦ or fhr rtnpire •>[ iJarim luhdiKi! hv Alexander ; lor it •• eoiUAliis niorr thfli\ eleven hundred llioiir.ind fi|ii.irc •' ieimues. Neither the Rotnaii empire, nor th.it ut the " Miicediiiiian lonipiemr, ciinipri/,i.d ninrc th.in live " hundred and lilly thoiil.itid eai h ; and ih'.Tc is not a •' klniidiim in luirope the Iwfllth part lo cxtenlive ai " the Roiii,tii empire. In len: h, iVom the ilh of D.ii'o " MS far as its molt ealK-rii limits it cuiuains very ne.ir " a hiindied and fcvcnty dcirrecs ; fo that whin it is " nnnn-day in the Wi.'lt, it is very near inid-nijht in the ♦• e.iltcrn patt of thii empiri;. In breadth it ilietihcs *' from fouth to north thiec thouljiid werlU, which •* makes ci^ht hundred leai^ucs." As this empire tonfifts ot a ;;reat number of provinces, many of wl.ieh are very cxtenfivc, both the foil and temperature of the air ninll be extremely various in di(- (erent parts. In thofc whieh he beyond the fixtieth dc;;rce of latitud-, there are few places where corn will (.^ruvv to in.ituriiy ; .md in the lumhern p.iris of the em- pire, whieh reach beyond the fevcntieth degree, no [ •;arden-lVuits arp proiliieid, except in the counny about Archaii'.i;el, where many bufhes imd (hrubs :-iow fpoii- t.ineoiillv, and vivid fevcral fort, ot berries : horned cattle are alio bred, and there are plenty of wild bcalh and fowls, and leveral futt.i of iilll in the nci:;bbou:hcod of th.it eily. in the province-, fi'iiatfd in the middle of the empire, the foil pioduees moll kinds oi trees and j;-irdui-friiit,s, corn, honey, fduced, as the two tirlt ate at .■\rtracan and the I'kr.-.u'.e ; and thry are well watered with rivers, whieh atl'ord pinny of t-di ; nor -.ire they delhiiiie of gam^ tent and number ol the woods Jn tile middle, and fiiore pirticularly in the northern pirls of the cnipire, the cold is very I'evere, and the davs ext^en.fly ftiort in winter; but the fumiiu'rs are warm and delightful, and even in the Ihiuiell ni-.'hls thi- twilight i.s vrv luminous. At the vvinter folltice, when the day is at the fliorteil, the fun rifes at .\rch:\n;.'el .it tWL-ntv- fourniinutci after ten in the inornin:;, ami lets at thiitv- lix minutes alt'-r one. .\c I'eteinmrp^h the fun rifes at til'tecn minutes after nine, and (its at forty-five minutes sfur two ; but at Altracan the I'un riles at forty ei^'ht miniitei after Itveii, and lets a: twelve minutes after four. At the fimimer foilHcr, whfn rhe dav is at the jjTcateft ler.^tli, this oul--r is reverlVd, and the fun rifesat Allra- c.;:; at r-,velee (i. mutes att^-r four, iii.! Kt'. it abtnit lortv in piopor.iun to the c\- minutcs after I'cvcii i and at Arihan^cl riles at itiirly fiM n'.inutci after unr, and lets at iweniy-lour minutes iiUcr ten. It ij a common obfervation, that the e.ilb rn < ountricn arc much tidder in wintei, .ind liiuur m lummer, ihaii the wcltern that lie in the lime latitude; this ii particu- larly true with nfpeil tu Rulli.i, for the river Neva, at I'eterlbur'^h, is in fonie yr.us covered with ice fo i.arly as the twenty fourth of ( j^tob'-r •, and in oilier ycat.i, wiic'il latcll, .ihoiit the tweniv-feciuid of Novrniberi but it ge- nerally thaws by the twenty lixth ol April, i,ld llyl.', which It is never known to exceed. I'he re, ider cannot fail ol bun;; plealed with feeing here the progiefs of the le.ifons .it I'l terlbiir.r, which i> lituated in the lilty-nlnih degree of l.ititude, troni an author of fuch acknowled'.ed veracity as Jonas Hanway, J'.ftj. I'ebruary grnerallv brings with it a bright lun and a clear Iky, every ohjeOl feenis toglitt(;r with i^enu, ami the nerves become braced by the told. There is then no fniall aniiifenient in lidiiig in llcdges upon the fiiow, to thole who, fiom the Icoyth id' the winter, have fornoi the nuicii luperior plralure which nature prelents when tlo.ithed in all her veidiin . Muich is Ireqiuntly attended with fliowcrs, which with the heat ot the lun, penetrate* the ice ; this Is ge- nei.illv three (|u»rtrTH id a yard thick on the Neva, and in foiiie great rivers to the north-calf much thicker. I'hn renders it like an hnncy-comb, and about the end of that month it iiliiallv breaks up. The month of /\pril is frequently very w.irm ; fum- mcr leems to precede the fprini; ; hir it is (onictimes tlio tiilf of June before any tonliderablo verdure appears, and then the intenfe beat briiu;s it on fo talt, that the eye cnn difcover iis progrcfs Irom day to day. Till the middle of July it leems to be one continued day, the fun not intircly dilappcaring above two hours in thi twenty-four i but the di-litiht which this I'ealbn natural- ly alKouls, IS conliJerably abated by the exir(-n;e heat or the weather ; however, a week iVIdom p.iller, witl-.oui the air being relrrflied by fmitherlv and welterlv wind', wliicii oiieii biing gentle (howers. C'ur author, who rcfided about live years in this city, once experienced a delightful autumn to the end of September ; but this raieiy happens : Augulf ciofes the fccnc, lb that there: arc hardly above thiee months of (umnier. September gener.Tliy brings rain and froft ; the fcve- r;ty of both is iiicre.ifed in Oiilobcr, and in November the Neva is alwavn lro-/,en. 'I'hen timics on the fe.ilbn for the eafy and fpecdy conveyance on the liunv, w hicli brings frelli provdions to market a thi.uland Kni;liftl miles by land, and the beef of Arcli.iiigel is often e.itcii at I'eterlliurg, In December and January the ccdd is fci very intenfe, that the poor wiio aie overt.ikell by liquor, •r expofed to the air in open places, are frcqueiitk- l.'o/.eii to death. Hut the abundance of birch and aiders with which the Rudians are fiipplied, and the coinmo- ili.Hifnefs of their iKives, enable them to introduce anv degnc of heat into their houles. However, not one-tenth rd' the RufTian empire is luf- licientlv peopled, and not a tenth part of it properlv cultivated : for, notwithftamling its p'odigious ex- tent, the number of inhabit.ints who pay the pidl-tax, is computed only at five millions one hundred thoulaiid, and the rell, including the females, amounts to about tei\ millions, e.\tliirivc of the inhabitants of the coiuiuer.d province-.. As the grcateft part of this empire is lituated in Alia, and has alrc.idy been defcribed in treating of Siberia and Ruilia, the weltern part of that empire, thef'-Joic, now^ oiilv reniiuus to be treated of. 1 s F c r. i'i 34 A S Y S T E M OF G li O G R A P H Y. Rus 4 '?§ SEC T. 1(. Of the SilUJtioi and Exietit cf RuJl:, Lakes. Ill Runs arj THE boiimbries of this part of the Ruffi.'.n em- pire towards the caft, an; imleed tlii' l.imc with the limits between Europe ami Afia, It cxteiuls on the caft to the W'trrotiiri.in induiitains, and topait of the VVolga, whioii fcparate it from Sibiria ; on the louth it is bounded by the river Don, and a line drawn (roni the Nicper to the mouth of the Don, at its iiitrance into the fea of Afoph ; on the well by the Nieper, which fcparates it from Polanii, the gulph of Riga, the gulph of Einland, Sweden, and Swedilh Lapland ; and on the north liy the Frozen Ocean. The principal rivers of Ruflia arc as follow: 'J'hc Wolja, in Latin Volga, which has its fourcc in the fored of \VolconfKi, and is one of the larr:elt: livers in the world ; for it nnis a courfc of above two thou- fand miles before it falls into the Cafpian fea. Its banks arc generally fertile, and though not fulliciently cultivated, on account of the frccpicnt incurfions of the Tartars ; yet the foil naturally produces all kinds of cf- culent herbs, and in particular .'.fparagus of a very ex- traordinary fi/c and goodncfs. It is obfervablc, that moll of the oaks in Ruflia grow in the countries watered by thisriver. Atl.vcr, a town little more than one bundled andtwcnty miles from its fource, the ^V'oIga is navigable for large iliips; and towards the end of the fpring this river is fo fwellcd by the meltiiig of the ice and fnow, as to caufe great inundations ; particularly in the montlii of Mav ajid June. The maftcrs of the vcllcls which jail down tiie \Volca to Allraran, carefully obfcive thii, Icafon, as at that li:iic they have not only the (>pportu- jiitv of a Cafe pallagc o\cr the (hallows j but alio (ivcr I'everal flat ifi.inds which then lie at a confiderable depth j.ndcr water. Trce> are often torji awiy by the roots r.om the hanks of this rive ■ by the violence of the cur- rent, and the anchors of the vell'els arc frequently I'o entangled amongfl them, that there is a neccflity of I breadth; and though it has fnfii water, fcals aix: often cutting the cables, fo that many anchors are fuppofed lecn in it. Icf., than thirlcfii water-fills witliiii the fpace of fixty weillsj y,'t in fpring, during the iaiid-floudi, empty vilLls may be hauled over thtrn. It abounds with ilur- geon, lleiled, carfi, pike, k.iratilli, ,.^c. There is but one bridge over this river, and that is a floating one at Kiew, one thouf.md (ix hundred thirty- eight paces in lei '.'til. 'I'his bridge is taken away about the rnd of Seiiember, to give the flakes of ice a free p.illaue I'c vvii the river, and is again put together in fpring. There- are to be I'ccn on this river a great number > .' millj ereitlcd in boats. Wc fhall now mention the principal lakes in this par; ot the Ruflian empire, which arc, The lake of Ladoga, fituatcd between the gulph of Finland and the lake of Onega, is one hundred and fifty miles in length, and ninety in breadth. It is cf- tecmed the largeit lake in Europe ; and is fuppolcd to exceed any other for its plenty of fifh, among which art: alio feals. This lake ii full of quick-fands, which be- ing moved from place to place by the frequent (tornu to which It is fubjeil, caull' fcverrd fhelvcs along its courfe, vi'hich of'.en prove lata! to the flat-bottome,f vef- lels of the Riiirians. This induced Peter the Ciieat to caule a canal near fevcnty Lnglifli miles in length, leventy lUt in breadth, and ten or eleven deep, to be cut at .1 vail expence lioni the fouth-welt extremity of tl.15 l.ike to the fea. This great work was begun in the year 171S, and though vigoroully piofecuted, was not compleatcd till iheyvar 17J2, in the leign of the cm- prels Anne. This canal h.ij twentv-fivc lliiices upon it, and fevcral rivers run into it. At the diilancc of evciy wcrll along its banks, is a pill.ir marked with the num- ber of werlls; and it is the conftant employment of a regiment of foldicrs to kecj) the caiul in repair ; for this purpofe they are quartered in feveral places on it."! banki. In fummcr-time it is covered with floats and vclilh, which pay toll in proportion to the value of their cargo. The lake of Onega is fituatcd between the l.ikeof La- doga and (he White Sea, and has a communication with the tornier by means of the river Swir. it is one hun- dred and eighty werfli in lengtli, and about eighty in to lie at the bottom. The Wolga abounds with a fine filh called beluga, which is about eight or ten feet in length. It receives leveral confiderable rivers, among which arc the Occa and Cama, an.l di'charges itfelf throii"h fi'vcral mouths into the ("alpi.in Sea, by which means it torms many illands. The Don, the Tanais of the ancients, is called Tuna or Duna by the Tartars, and has its fourcc not far from Tula in the Iwano (^iTero, or St. John's lake. It firfl runs from north to fouth, and after its conflux with the Sofna, dirccis vts courfe from wefl to ea(l, and in fevcral large windings, again runs from north to fouth ; but at length dividing into three channels, tails into the fea of Afoph. The waters of the Don are thick and ch.alky» coni'equently not very wholelomc to drink. This river i.i very ihallow in fummcr, when it I he lake of Peipus in Livonia, is near fevcnty miles in l.ngth, and about forty niiles in breadth. It abounds with lilh, and runs into the gulph of Finland hv the titer Narva. Medicinal and faline fprings are not uncommon in Ruflia. Fine filver, which alfo yields fomc gold, is dii£- out of the mincb of this coiiiuiy, and alfo exceeding (iiiu copper, iron, and many other ininerals, as ifmglafs and precious iloncs. The moft fertile part of Riiflia is near the frontiers of Poland, where the inhabitants are able to fupply their neighbours with corn. The northern parts are not only extremely col,!, but marfliy, and over-run with forelL^, chiefly inh.ibitcd by wild beads. liefidcs donicllic ani- mals, there ale in Ruflia wild bcevc^, rein-deer, martens white and black fo.xes, ermines and fallet, wliofe (kins is aUb full of fjnd-banks; it, however, affords plenty of 1 make the bed furs in the world ; as alio h\enas or glut- hircc and fmall fifh. 'I'iie Don in its courfe approaches : tons, b^ari and wolves, fo near the Wolga, that in one place the dillancc be- tween them is but one hundred and forty wciils, or about cig-ity Englifii miles. The D'.vina i:> a verv large river, the name fignifics \} :Me, it being formed by the conflux of the Sukona and the Vug. This river divides itfelf into two branches or channels near Archangel, from whence it runs into the White Se.t The Nieper, the ancient lioryfthcnes, arifes from a niorafs in the lorcft of Wolconflii, about one hundred | and twenty miles above Smoleiifki, and forms leveral windings throu.:h Lithuania, Little Ruflia, the country ' by incrcd.ble application, and a proper mixture of levc- of the /.ipoio Coflacs, and a tract inhabited by thcNa- lity and iniKiiiil-,, wrought I'o li.ippy a iham-e in their S E C T. UI. Of ihr Pofom, Dnji, and Miinnen of the Rufwni ; l.'t Hvujei of tht cinrnjn Pecpit, iiiut their Futriiuie ; lhi-':t- Fotd, and Ft^ndtitji for jlisi.i Liijums. 'Ihnr Rcuds Ai.iKmr of triivellinr, and Lutigiiu^t. BEFORE the time of Peter the Great, the Rufliins were little better than favaiLCs ; but that wile priiuc. ijaian Tartars; and after forming a marfliy lake of iixtv werlls in length, and in many places tv.'o, four, or even ten werfts in breadth, difcharges itlllf into the Ulack Sea. 'Fhc banks on this livcr arc on both fules fjene'dly h\ h, and the foil excellent ; but i,'. I'umnur the wiii-r is nut very wliolcfome. 'fhc Nieper has 1:0 manners, .is in a great mealiirc lets them on a icul with the otiitr civill/.ed nations of Europe. The Ruflians are for the moll pait of the middle lia- fuiT, thoiign ni.iny oftlumaie tall and eonnlv. 'I he common peo|)Ie are fund of their aiiciLiit ciiltonis ; and though thv m.ijurity ot them have been gradually brou-ht ta Rl'S5I.\.' to i'ubmil I fer great i r.ithcr thai regulations The Ru confider a beauty ; fo ful are fyiu: the vvoineii beg money thcmfclves turc may I they genera nef-, tlicyc. Aintilion .in of the eoini cloafhcd wi with the we ate fwaddlci reeds, and t caps are line well as the and double ther, which except the tl cloathing. as w^ do in lined with ft they go abro their petticc thoie who m cloaks, linee is white hare lined with rii Perfons of be is put on wii lay afide as li fants are of I arc of gold c ing twice a v keeper is pro of his own, able, that tli bath, run ab and then plu viciflitude of to the conllit Pco|)le eve ■With great cii guelt, h,s I ill and at the far which i. lb p ■n. In vihts v.'clconic eacl clafs (Iiow the by nroflrating 'i'he moll 1 •uul country \ another, and the crevices b ii afterwards in the timber large ov.n i., fants, and i.il flat at the to of flulves rot out beds. Tlieir fiirn table, and th candles or Ian (plinteis of d many chinini Hove above- in fmoke but in foot. It is n a fpecies of i of goat-cha|}< out is burning The lioulis ii doll- tot-ethcr Rl'SSIA.' /•: R O P E. 3:^ dls, lut- ■I he -lit to ^■i to i'libniit to nvnlern iniprovcnK'nts iii.mv cliooll- to I'lit'- tcr I'.it.it iiR'iiiivo/iiciiLii'^, and to |);(y iuklitkiii il taxes, f.itlici tliaii cut olV thfir bf.inl.., an J toiifoiiii to lume ii-gulatiiioii' . «nd built as dole tOjietlicr as in the towns. 'I'iic infatiable (.'agcriiois of the common pcc.j.lc after Ipirituoiis liijiKM^ and other ftrong dniik, tl'peciallv in till! carnival time, is in a great ineal'ure owing to the fe-- verity ot the winter, the rigorous f.d^s they obl'erve, aii.l the llcnder diet they live upon throu rlioiit the year. 'I heir food chielly confilb of turnip.., cabbage, pi:afe, large cucumbers, onions, and coarl'c ill-taC-cd hill. Their diihk is ijuas-, a kind of linall mead; and even among; the gentry, brandy alwiys makes a part of every rcpali, .Among tne lower clafs, it is generally the men wliu give tl'.emfelvcs up to thel'e cxcellcs, though it is not uiKommon to fee at Peterlburg a drunken Woman llag- gering along the llrects. Some authors indeed fay, that: drunkennefs is fo far from being confidered as a crime, that they make it part of their religion, and that they do not think they have kept a holiday as they ought, if they are not drunk before night ; and Mr. Perry af- firms, that if you pafs through iMofcow on a holiday, you will fee both priefts and people lie drunk Ujion the ground ; and if you goto help one of them up, he will tell yon, by way of txcufe, " It is a holiday." He adds, that their ladies of quality are fo little ailiamed o^" drinking to excefs, that they will frankly acknowledge their having been very drunk, and return thanks fur the favour to their friends who made them fo. Not only the common people, but the whole nation, are much more ufed to fiih than flcfli ; for their taltitake up near two-thirds of the year, during which they arc ablblutily pr.ihibited by their religion to talle of fleft : this is oblerved with the utmoll Ifricfnefs ; they will not even talfe of eggs, milk, or any thing that has even the Iralt relation to llefli ; but caviere is a great di(h among them. At the other times of the year, people of rank h.ive at their tables a variety of llelh-meat ami fowl ; but beloic they ht down , the miltrefs of tne fanilly prelenis every one of the inielts with a cup of brandy on a plate, or (a'vcr, with her own hands; and, ainoii nartieuUir friends, all the company falute the lady. Tii.j iirlt dilli ufually conliUs of hams, tongues, and other favouiy (lilhes, with levcral made-diflies drcll'ed with oil, olives, onions, and garlic ; which having remaind a conliderable time on tile table, the fecoiul cc urfe, confilling of foups and roall- and boiled meat, is brought in ; alter whicli lullows the deil'jrt, and plenty of mead, beer, wine, anJ brandy. A perfon may travel cheap and with great expedition in RiifTij, both in funimcr and winter; the poil-roads le.uling to the chief towns arc very exaelly mcafured, Willi the werfts marked, and the poll-ftages fixed at pro- per dillances ; for throughout the whole cm|)ire, and even in Siberia, a pillar, iiifcribcd with the number of werfts, is crcfled at the end of each. The cxpcncc of travelling in this manner is fo eafy, that between Riga and PeterlLurgh the hire of a poft-horfe for every werib is no more than two copciks and a half, which is one pi nny three t'arthings (Icrling ; between Noyoi/rod and Peteiunirgh only one copeik ; and between NovogroJ and Moftow but half a copeik. Nothing can be more aecommo.lated to cafe and difpateii than travelling in fledges during the waiter, when tin earth is covered dc.-y with I'no.v, and impafllible for wheel-carriages; for in the journey .Mr. Haiiway made in that fealim from iVIof- cow to PeterfourLih, he flept in his fledge, without wak- ing, while he ailvaueed a hundred werlls, or fixtv-lix I'!ngli(h miles. l"he whole road bctvs-ecn thofe two cities was marked out in the fnow by young iir-trccs planted on both lides, at tiie dillancc of twenty yards, which, at a moderate coiiipiitation, amount to i2H,."fS'r> trees. At certain diilances were alio great piles of wood, to be let on tire, in oi.ler to give light to tlie cm- prels and her court, if they palieil by in the night. Oil tl.rle occafions hcrimpcriid m.ijclly is drawn in a kind of huule that contains her bed, a table, and other conve- iinfiicicc, where four pcrl'ons may take a rcpalt. This wooden Itnielure, which has a (loping rouf, and finail windows to keep out the cold, is lix'.d on a fledge, and drawn by twenty-tour p.iH-horfes; and if any of them fail on the road, others are ready to fupply tneir places. Our aiiUuir obferve.;, that the late emprel's was generally nu iiwre than three Jays and nights on the way, not- withltandiiij k ! if i'1 WSm ffi ' liH -M I i 1 >i «.*• 3 j i m'l 36 A :j Y S T E M OF G E O G R A IM I V. KuSSIAi' h I I * withftanding her having fcvcral fm all palaces at which (lie fomcliiiieM iToppeJ to n-l'refli hcrltlf, though the Jill.iiice is ruur luiii.lrej aiiJ cn;htv-cirht |-',iit;lilli mile.-.. I'ctcr the Cjieat once ii-ilkIo the jouiiu'v m torly-fix hours, but ilid Mot travel in the ('ime carriage. Mr. liiilihing ob- lervcs, that it is not unconunon to go it vvitii poll-liorrcs in I'evcnty-tivo hour.i ; and that a commodious (ledge, drawn hy a pair of polKhorfcs for that journey, may be hired for fourteen or hftecn rubles. The R(illian language deiivjs iti origin from the Sclavoniaii, but at prefcni it is verv different from it; and, with r.-gard torelii;ijus fubieiih, is enriched with a great number of Greek words, 'rhe alphabet coniiits oftorty- t«'o letters moll of them (ircek character?, .is they were writ'cn in the ninth century : but as the latter did not cxprefb every particular louiul in the Sclivoivan lan- guage, recourle was had to fevcral Hebrew letters, and to the invention of fome arbitrary llgiis. In the diiV.rent parts of the Ru(run eni|)ir(' various dialeiils are ul'cd, as the Mofcovitc, the Novogrodian, the Ukrainian, and that of Archangel. The dialeill ul'ed in Sibeiia nearly icl'emble: the l.tlt. s i; c T. IV. Of th; Rtliyjon cf tin Riijjiiin!. THE lluflians profcfi the religion of the Greek cliiKch, which was hrlt embraced by the goat dutchcfs Ogia, ibvereign of Rufli.i, in the 055th year after the birth of Chrill. 'I'hc external part of tncir re- ligion confifts in the nuiiil-.er and feverily of their fails, in which they far e.xcccd the RoniiOi church. Their ufual weekly fads are on VVcdneldays and Fridays. In Lent, as hath been alrc.idv obferved, they neither cat fle(h, milk, eggs, nor butter; but confine thcnil'clvcs to vegetables, bread, and (i(li fried in oil. f'he great fall of Lent is regulated by the moveable fcalf of Kalier, and lafts till that ftdival begins. St. I'eter's fall always begins on the (irll iVlondav after ■\Vhitl'iin!idc ; and fometiincs lads fi\ weeks ; and at others only cirht days, according as p'.aller happens to fall out early or late. The f.ill of the BUlI'ed Virgin an- nually begins on the firit of .'\ugull, and continues till the fifteenth of the fame month. St. Philip's fnft bciiins on the fifteenth of November, and continues till the t'.vcnty-fit'th of December. The eighth week bel'ore Kailer is called the butter week, and may be conl'idercd as the Rullian carnival, it being Ipent in all kinds of entertainments, aiul cverv fpecies of licentioufnefs. Among the divctfions exliiliitcd at this time, one of the moll fiiigular is riding in (ledges down a deep declivity, twenty i-Hs in height, made with boards, and covered with ice, hy throwing water tofrei/.e upon it. At this time of iiublic divcrfions thev atone for their bad living in Lent, by feading and the free ufe of brandy. (.)n Kadcr-day moll of them cat to fuch excels, as to throw thcmfelvcs into a fit of ficknefs by over- charging their domachs. On that jovfiil fcllival the Rudians kifs one another in the mod fricn.ilv manner, prel'enting an cgr coloured over, and !'o;nctia!es tolera- bly painted, with the following faljtation ; '• Chnll is " rilcn ;" to v.'hich the other anlwcrs, " He is indeed »« rifen." The Ru(rians are great enemies to the wordiip of gr.avcn images, and yet arc lb abfurdly iiiconfillent, that ill their private devotions thev kneel before a picture of our Saviour, the Virgin -Vlary, St. Nicholas, or fome other faint, wiiirh is ;in indifpenfil>le piece otCurniture in their tlofet. To this they bow feveral times, making the liiMi of the crois with their thumb, fore-linger, and third linger, on the bread, forehead, and (lioiilders ; at the fame time repeating, in a low voice, the Lord's Prayer, and fome fhort ejaculations ; particularly, " Lord be " merciful to me." Indeed theyfeldom p.ifs by a church without uttering of tiiefe words, at the lame time bow- ing and crofling thcmlelves, without paying the lead rc- gaid to any perlbn who happens to be piefent. They likewile pi.iftife the fame bowings and crollings Oii f«c- ui,! A church at adi'laiicc. Many of the common people, and even fome pcrfons of rank, either by way oi penance, or (romotiiei motives ot humiliation, proltiaie lliemlelves on their f.ices at tha entrance of the churclies ; and thole who are confcious ot having contracted any impurity, (brbear entering the church, but (land at the door. I'he churtli bells are otten rung ) and as ringing is counted a branch of de- votion, the towns arc provided with a great number ot' bells, which make as it were a coiitinuai chiming. I'he divine I'ervicc is entirely performed in the .Iclavo- nian tongue, which the people do not underdand, as it is very different from the modern Rudiaii ; and this ler- vice conlids of abundance of trifling ceremonies, lonj malltfs, finging, and prayers j all which are performed by the priells, the congregation only repeating, " Lord " be niercitul to me." They (bmetinies ;uld a leiture Irom one of the fathers ; but there are few churches in which I'ermons are cvar delivered, and even in thole they prc.ich but I'eldom. In the Riidian churches there arc neither feats or form?, but the whtile congregation perfornt their devotions (land- ing. On fedival days the clergy are adorned with very rich vedments fomewhat releiiibliiic; thofe of the Lcvi- licil priclts defcnbed in the Old Tedament. The people know very liitle of the Ijible, which has never yet been tranflated into their language. 'Lhey have, however, one in the Sclavoniaii tongue, with annotation,! ; nor are there any proper mcalures taken lor the inltiuction of young people .imoiig the vulgar, in the principles of re- ligion. I lie people never ling pl.ilms or hymns, nor have any hymn books in their lioules ; tor none but the choirillers arc allowed to fiiig[iluliiis in the clnirchts, that office being confidercd as llieir peculiar province, on which account they arc held in Ionic citeem. Uelidcs the great fedivals ordained by the Ruffian church, there are every year others ai^pointed by tho civil power, when all public bufinel'a and trades arc ful- pendcd with greater (iiidtnefs than even during the for- mer ; fuch as the anniverfary of the birth, inaugura- tion, and coronation of the perfon on the throne, and of the faint's day whofc name he or (he bears ; and like- wife the fedival of the birth and name-day of other per- Ibns of the roval tamilv ; that of St. Alexander NeuM, which is kept on the thirtieth ofAugull; and the an- niverfary of the battle of I'ulto'.va, which is commemo- rated on the twenty- ftventh of June. There arc a great number o( convents for the reli- gious of iioth fexes in the Riilfian empire ; but i'ctcr 1. prudently ordered, that no perlbn (hculd be allowed to enter on a monadic life before htty years of age : but this rcL'ulati.m has been repealed finee his death, it being thought proper to (hew a griater condefcenfion to the monadcrics ; however, no man is permitted to turn monk till he is thirty, nor no woman to turn luin till flie is fifty ; and even then not without the expiels approbation and licence of the holy lyiKMl. 'l"he abbot, or b.ead of an abbey, i» here called archimaiidiilc, and the prior ot a convent, igumen ; while an abbefs is lliltd igiimcnia. Every large village has a church and a pried to officiate in it, and in the towns there is a church almod in every Itrcct. It is remarkable, that all the old churches have a crcfcent under the crofs crciitcd on the tops of the towcis. With rcipccl to haptifm, they acknowledge thcmfelvcs crnceivcd and born in (in, and therefore baptize their children immediately after tlicy are born : if they aic we.ik, this is done at home ; but if well, in the church ; the child being received at the church-door by the pried, who ligiiing his forehead with the fign of the crofs, (ays, " 'The Lord prelerve tb.y coming in and going out." He then f..ltens nine wa.x-caiulles given iiim by the godfather.'', reaily lighted, round the font. Having incenled the god- fathers, and confecrated the water, each of them t.iktsa wax-candle, and they all w.ilk ihrce times round the font, which always (lands in the middle of the church, the clerk carrying the picture of St. John before llicm, and the piled reading out of a hook. 'The priclt then a(ks the godlathers the name of the child, which bavin;/ given him in writing, he puts it upon a (mall picture, which beholds upon the clidd's bread, while he mutters ttttain pr.iyers ; and thenafki, whcthci the child believes 1 ilk ^ emptied, bccj •A'r •!'! 17 it r t f i 1 1 cd to this (.■mpiieil, bccjiife they ima-jiiie the water to be difilcj liv the original fm of the preceding cliild. As they imagine that children are regenerated by bap- tiCni, they think they have a right to the J,ord's liippu', which is adminillered in the following ni.mncr ; the pnclt going to the altar, attended by the clerk, fays the ollico according to St. Bafil's litiugy ; and then mixing w.inn water with the wine, fleeps bits of bread in the c'lallee, and then confecratcs them together. The pricil: t.ilies the bre.\d out with a fpoon, and gives it to the cuniniii- nicants, little babes having onlv half the quantity of grown people, till they are feven years of age. Their piofelytcs who are of age arc baptized in a river, and three times plunired over head like the children, en mentioning the Father, Son, and Holy (iholf. Pcrfons who are inclined to change their religion for that of the Mofcovites, are inllruiited for fix weeks in fomc convent ; and at their b.iptifm are to abjure their former religion, to defert it as heretical, and ,n c.i'cen as it is named to ihew their adhorrence, by fpitting on the ground. The metropolitans, who are only two, me at Kiow .nnd the other at Toboliki, dilFcr from the bifhops moll of the people have been baptized againft their will, they have very imper- (ect and contemptible ideas of the religion they arc faid to profefs. Jii the thirteenth century fevcral popes laboured hard to put the great duke of RufTia out of conceit with the Cireek religion, but without fuccefs. The doifors of the Sorbomie, at Paris, have fmcc made the fame at- tempt ; i\:< when Peter the (ireat I'lippreliVd the ji.itriar- chate, they endeavoured to perfuade li.m to bring about an union of the RuHian church with that of Rome ; but this point they v/erc unable to carrv. S K C T. V. Of tliiir Miiyr'uigiS anJ Funeral Cerem:K:,i. Till', marriage ceremonies of the RulHans, as de- f.-rilied by tliC author of the Travels of theiloUfeiii amb..iiado;s through Rullia to Perlia, were verv particu- lar; and, .IS it does not appear that any other alterations on thole oecalions have been m.; le, th.'.: hich as necrf- larilv arofe Irom Peter the Firi! iir.roduciiii; a greater dc- ^rceof tamiliarity between tlie iexes,aiid permiu.n"- thctli to fee and converfe with caeh other, we Ihall here give them to our readers. When every thing is agreed upon between the parents, if thev au' of nualitv, a woman, c.illed the luacha. Is ap- pointed by the Iriends of the bridegroom, and ai;other hy thole of the bride, to take ioint care of tl;e nuptials, who provide^ every thing ht for the chamber where the new-mi'ried couple are to lie. The bed is made of forty (heal es of rye hid in gooil order, and encompalled wit'i levPial b.irnls of wheat, barley, and oats. When all is cady the bridegroom goes late in the evening, accompa. K jiiej ■•: i, ■■ i' I If f h 36 witi foir »f. the did »»- in CJoJ the r:ither, the Son, anJ ihr Holv (ihnll j .iinl the goilfathcrs having iin!\vcroil in the allirmjtivc, they inlbntly turn their backs to tlie r:)nt, to (hew their iiver- iiontothc three next iiueflions. Whether the ehilJ lur- iiikcs the devil, his an;;cls, and his works ? I'o eaeh quclUon the godfathers anivver V'cs, ;uul as olien I'pit on the ground. Then turning again to the I'ont, llii' pricltalks, wl^cthcr they promile that the child (l>,ul lie brought up in the true (Jrcck religion ? and liyiii;; his hands upon liim lays, " Get out of thi', child liiou ujv " clean fpirit, and make room for the llnly Cjholt." He then blows upon the child three times to drive away the devil, by whom they fuppid'e ( I'.ddrcn are poll, li'.-J before baptifm. Afitr thif he cuts olt'a little of the child's hair, which he puts into a hook ; and having alked the I'odlathcrs whether they defire the child fliould he bap- tized, he takes him naked into his arms, and, dipping him three times into the v.'ater, makes ufe cf the ufual words: " I baptize thic in the name of the Father, and " of the Son, and of the Holy (Jhoft." He then puts a corn of fait into the child's mouth, and making the iign of the crofs on his forehead, han;!s, breair, and ba'.k, with coniecrated oil, puts him on a dc^n fliirr, laying, " J'hou art as clean from thy original lin as this Ihirt." He hangs a Imall rrofs of gold, fdver, or lead, according to every one's ability, about his neck, with a ih id charge to wear it all his lilc-timc : in which they arc lb exact, that if no fuch crol's be found about a deceaf.d perlon, they will not allow him Chriftian burial, lie .:lfo alligns a peculiar faint, whom the child is hereafter to reverence as his patron; and having killed the child and his god- fathers, he exhorts ihcm to mutual love. If more chil- dren arc to be baptized at the fame time, the font is emptied, bccaufc they imagine the water to bedcfded by the original fin of the preceding cliild. As tticy imagine that children are regenerated by b.ip- tifm, they think they have a right to the Lord's luppir, which is adminillered in the following manner ; the pnelt going to the altar, attended by the clerk, fays the ollice according to St. Halil's liturgy ; and then mixing vv.irm water with the wine, ftccps bits of bread in the chalice, and then conlecrates them together. The prielt t.ikes the bread out with a fpoon, and gives it to the comnui- nicaius, little babes having onlv half the cjuanuty of grown people, till they are feven year.s of age. Their piofelytcs who are of age are baptized in a river, and three times plung.-d over head like the children, on mentioning the Father, Son, and Holy (iholf. Pcrfons who are inclined to change their religion for that of the Mofcovites, are indrucitcd for fi.x weeks in fome convent ; and at their h.iptifm aie to abjure their former religion, to defert it as heretical, and as often as it is named to ihcw their adhorrence, by (pitting on the ground. The metropolitan", who arc only two, one at Kiow and the other at Toboliki, differ from the bifhops onlv in their title : above thele are the archbiliiojis ; ami tlic deacons, popes, or prielh:, and protopcs are exceed- ing numerous. In antient times the primate, or fuinemc biihop of tiie Rulllan church, was a litrtVagan to ilu- pa- triarch of Conltantinojile ; but the czar Feodor iwauowitz appointed a Ruflian patriarch to prefide over ihe church ; yet as thefc patriarchs giadu.illy allumed anexoibitant power, dangerous even to thelt.)te, I'eter 1. on the death of the lail patriarch, in 1701, fupprclVed that dinnitv, and declared himfelf head of the church of Riifiii. in the year 1719, the fame prince inttdutcd a council that has the direction of ecclcliallical atf.urs, and is (HKd, The molt holy fynod. Subordinate to this council are two others ; the tirll called the icconoiiiii'. which has the management of all the ccclefialtical I inds and revenues ; the fecond has power to execute tne regul.i'K.ns made in relation to the feparatifts, called Rolkolmki, and levies ihe l-ix impofed on the;n for being permuted to wear their beards. This, hov.'cvcr, is' allowed to all cetlc- luiUics of the Rulfian church, who likevvife wear their own hair, and on their heads a h;;'.h llilf bl.i.k cap, Ironi which a piece of the l.inie Itutf hangs down on theii backs, or cll'e a tarire fl.ipped hat. Thev h..ve over their ftioulders a fort of long cloak ; but the f.ciilar pric iLs, when out of the church, generally v.'.ai a bliK- i^v a brown 47 lon^ro:;t. '(he clcrjv arc permitted to marry, but it mult hi' 10 a virgin; and, on her death, he is neither allowed to n'ariy again, nor to hold his benefice ; but mult citlur retire to a convent, or be degr.ukd ; and if he choofes the latstr, he is at full liberty to many a fecund time ; hence no wives arc better treated ih.iii thole of the eccle!i:i(*ics. The Ruflian feparatills arc, by way of eontenipt, trrm- 1 d RcdXolniki, or fchifinatics ; but thev cdl thenifelves Slaiowierzi, or antient believers. Their chict |ieculia- rities conlilt in having tiieirovvn hooks, from the .lutho- rity of which they make the ufual Iign of the crols, only wiih the fore and middle 'inger, like the orthodo>c Ruflian clergy, when they give the bLnedicliuii, and confequc-ntly ditfer from the iaily of the national churcli, who make it with the thumb and the fore and midJL^ linger. I!ut this is not their only crime ; tiuy let their beards grov.- to the full length, though tliis privilege can only be procured, as hath been alrca.ly intimated, by payin'T an exorbitant tax. They alii) mtirely abliaiii Irom Ipirituous lii]uor3, never enter the national church, and will neither cat nor drink out of any vcll'el th.it has been ule.l by thofe who llile thcmfelvi s orthodox l\ulU,inv. This feci is not very numerous in Rullia, though it has fpread over all Siberia. Tne natives of thofe provinces that have been con- <|ueied Irom Sweden prolefs Lutheranifm ; ami both the I'rotelt.ints, of whom there are many amoii!: the Rufiims, and ihole of the Romilh church, enjov full iibertv of conlcience, and the public cxercife ot their religion ; I'o that they have churches and priefts, or miniliers, at .Mofcow, i^eterlliurgh, Cronltadt, Archangel, an.i Aiira- can ; but th<,fe of the church of Rome liavc n:) longer the privilege of hanging hells in their churches. 'Flia Ainienians h,:ve |)ublic places of worfliip on'y a: Aftra- can. The Jel'uits and Jews have been banilli^'d from the country ; but it is thought that many who i'jcretly adhere to Judailin fli'l remain there. A conliderable number of the Ruflian fubjecls are i\I.i- liomctaiis, ami llill greater numbers are Pagan:. In or- der to piomote their conveifion, the fvnoJ has inHitutcd a peculiar fuciety for propagating Ci'.riilian knowledge, and it is laid many thoulands of them have b.'cn con- verted to Chriltianitv ; but, on the other hand, it appears, Irom the writings of thofe v^'ho have lately travelled thro' Siberia, that great violence and conftraint have been ufed to bring them over ; and, that as moll of the people have been baptized againfl: their will, tlicy have very impcr- Icct and contemptible ideas of the religion they arc laid to profcfs. in the thirteenth century feveral popes laboured hard to put the great duke of Ruflia out of conceit with the Cjreek religion, but without fuccefs. The dadtors o. the Sorbonue, at Paris, have fincc made the fame at- tempt ; for when I\-ter the (Jreat fupprelled the patriar- chate, thev endeavoured to pcrfuade liiin to bring about an union of the iiulHan church with that of Rome ; but this point they v.'cre unable to carry. S K C T. V. Of ihar Miirt'io^^i and Funeral Ctrem:nui. Til!', marriage ceremonies of the Rulfians, as de- Icrihed by ti'.e author of the '1'r.ivcl;, of theiiollleiii amb.-dadois through Rullia to l\'rlla, were very particu- lar; and, .IS it does not appear that any other alterations on thofe ocealions liave been made, than fiich as necif- larilv arofe from I'cter the Firit introducing agrc.iur ,ie- grceof f.iniiliarity between tiie icxes,ar.d pcrniiiting them to fee and converfe with each other, we ihall here give them to our readers. When every thing is agreed upon between the parents, if thev are of ipiality, a woman, called the fuacha. Is ap- pointed by the friends of the bridegroom, and another by thofe of the bride, to take joint care of the niip;'ils, who provide-, every thing ht for the chamber where thv- new-married couple are to lie. The lied is made of forty (lieav es of rye hid in good order, and encompalled with levfral b.irrtls of wheat, barley, and oats, W'iien all is fady the bridegroom goes Ijte in the evening, accompa- K iii-d I' A -A^ : i ■■'■. '1 ■i^ "'■ ;i?i ,; U: i:i ..'i' . ,. ■ 1* SI ?m A s Y s T !•' M o I- r, r. o V ; u a r 1 1 v. KlSSIA. (* ii (! iiiL'l '.IV iiU kiiuhoi! ; the ]irioll vviio was to many liini Icailiii;,: till' van on Imikliack. 'I'hcv arc ifccivcJ at tlu' briilu'.. li.Mir In' luT rL-Uiioiis, im itid tci como in, niul to lit ri:>\vii at taMc ; where only ilmc liilhcs nf meat arc leivtii ii|>, ..Mil cvrn thcic are imt to lu touched hy any out- pro!, i',:. At the upper end ol the tahlc a pLicc is lett tor the lu.i!."'rooni, uhich i.« tr.litii up I'y a youii^ lail appu::iteii tiir that purpoi'c, while the hridejTOc.in i.s lalk- i.v.. with ihv hride's Itiends : hut atlen ith lie h.ivini» pre- i:ii|iil (in thf votith hy lonie prelents to refiyn his place t,i him, t.'f.es his I'ciir, and the hiiile, richly dre'leil, iilcl tu he hroir'lit 111 with a veil over her lace, and piarcd i;v\t the lii(ie;?,rooiTi ; two lads at th.c fame time hoiiliii:': •' pierc ot' tatf'ctv hctv/ecn them, to prevent their Itcin^ ca, ti other. 'I'he luaeha then cornea in, and paints her, li-.s lip luT hair in two knot:, pii'.ii a coronet on her hfad, and all the orr.amcr.ts of a maiiicd wom.in. '1 he coiontt is c( ;.:o'd or filver gilt, and lined with hlk ; hav- ing ( n hotii lides, near the car.s, live or lix rows ol' pearls, hanging di'vvn ill ilriiv's on her bieail. The upper gar- n:cnt, whicli has (leives an til and a half wide, i-. cni- hroi.leied at the cdgis with fold :md filver, cfpecially a- biiu: the neck, vrherc it is llilf with cmhroii!ery loi the hreadtli of three inches. They fiiinclimes hellow a timu- I'.inj cro'.vns upon this robe. '1 lie hndciirooiTi is then pain'cd hv his fuueha, whillt the v.'omeii «ho arc pre- fcr.t (h'.r.d lin^jing upi.n the benches. At leir;th they all go to church, where the youn;; couple !i ;ii.l upon apiece of talfetv, and have a canopy of tl.c f.uiic lilk over their head'.. Hue having made orterings ol hied meats, lilh, and palirv, the pri'-ll i;!VC8 tliem lii.'. hi ;iedie'lion, .ind takin;.: the iran bv his right b.;nJ, and the woman bv her left, ho alks them three times, whetiicr tl.cy arc both willing t) be iiLinied, and to l(,ve one another as they ought to do. I'o which having aiil'.vcred Vcs, the whole company join haiuis, and tfu- prielt lings the CX.W'lIIih rfalni -, which be- ing eiidid, he puts a garh.nd of luc upon the heads of the \uiiii,; couple, and if one of them be a widow or widowu , „boi.r .'iieir ftioulders, fa\ii:i-, " liicrcafc and " mi.hiilv. \'.li.'n (iod hath joined together, let no " n;rn put afundcr." While th.e priell pronounces chele word;, cai,h (jf ihe people invited to the wedding lights n wax ( i'ndle, and one of them fives a glaf; of wine to the prielf, which he drinks ; and the married-couple having pledged the fame three times e.ich, the bridegroom throv.s do-.vn tiie glafs, and he and the bride treading it under tiieir feet, fjvinir, " .May they thii.s fall under " our fccr, ai'.d he trolden to pieces who iliall endeavour " to fow dii illoii or difeon'.tiit between u.';.'' The wcinidi then ihrov." Ibme ila.\ or hemp-feed on the young couple, wdliing thini much pruipenty ; and fome pull the brulc by the robe, as it they would take her from the biide- prco.li, to whom (he IHcks clofe, while they fecni unable to rrmove her. 'I'he nupti.d ccrcmnnv being ended, the btide r-.turns m a lleil.;-?, or coach, by the lig'u of fix flainbcjux, and the bridf.-ioom on hor'ihack. The men immcji.itily fit down at the table. eh is covered with p:c while the women conduct the bride into her c'.i.in.ber, iinJrels her, and having put her to bed, conie lo the bridegroom, who tifing fr.iiu i!ie table, is cor.duclcd to ti'.e bride's chaii.ber, by fi:; or eight ycung men, c.i. h ■with a wa.\-randlo in his hand, which thev (iick in t'-.c b.TrrcIs of wheat, barley, and oats that lianJ round the bed: the bride no fooner ftcithe bridegroom than fUe Hips on a niorning-i'own, lined witli lur, and riling meets and faliites hiin with a low inclin.ition of the head ; and thi^ ukd to be the hi ft time of the biidegroom's fee- i:v.;her f.iee. They then ht down to a table, wdieie, a- mong other provifions, they have a roalud lowl, which the br;d'.:!room pulls :iUindcr, and throv/ing over his flwuidcr tlic part he lights on tiill, thry eat the tell, and then go lo bed ; while the gueds impioy thcmlelves in fevcral charms to protiuvte the happintis of the new mar- ried couple. Some time alter an old leiviiit ol tiiehoule, who attends'at tlie door, omcs and a(ks whether ihe bulineli; be done ; and tlie bridegroom anl\vering "lis, the word is given for the trumpets and timbrels to llrike up, and thcle found till liic new-marricil c.iuple are con- •Jiided to the ilovcs, where ihcy bathe theinldvei apart. Alter tl-.ey h.ive been wll waHie'd in lie b.i(h \'. ith watei, nil- id, ami wine, the bride lends tlic biidegruoni a Ibiu rit lily cmiroidiied, efpeeially at the necic, i:iiil ii ntii h.diit. I'lie two next dayi they Ipend in mirth and lellivity. )'( rioiis of inferior rank arc fatilii'd with fewer cere- monies, lor ;he night btliTc the wedding the bride, room lends Iniiie eloaths, a lomb, and a look ng gial's ; and ihe next ilay the priill i,. biought in by two l.uis, carry- ing lighted wax-candles. As foein as he eniers tiie houic, he gives his benediclion full to the l..ds, and tlien to the giiells. Tin- young iimple bciii!' (e! down at Ihe table, the lads hiddiii' apiece id' tallely bilwecn them, the liiacha ilrellis the 1)1 ide's head, which being done, a look- ing-glafs is broughr, and ihe young, couple joining their I heeks, look and fmile one upon the other, while the two luachas i.dt iioj s u; on them ; alter which they go lo church, wlme luey ate married with the ccicniomes alte.idv mentioned. As liie Ruiri.ins cfleem marri.TjP a very facred thin?, polyg.iniy is lotbiddi n uiuur pain of death ; the emperor himlelf being iiilowcii only one wif'- at a tuiic ; t.itiugh it (lie piovcs barren, he may I'eml her into a monalteiy, and marry another. .Second marriages they coididcr as allowable, but nut very commendable: a third marri.ige; is not to be undertaken but upon very weighty conlidera- tie)ns ; and a fourth is piinilhed with death. 'Iheir fuiui.d., like taeir other public aflion.^, arc perfoniud with great ceremony ; for the foul of the lick, perfuii is no foenier dep.,rted, than the widow lends foc their kinilred and friejuls, who llanding round ihecoipfe: breakout into Umtiitaiions. They then w,.(h ihe be.jy, and having put a ilean Ihirt or Ihioud about him, with a n;w pai.' of thin Rii/lii leather ihocs on his feet, lay h:m with his arnis acrols bis brc.ill, in a coffin iiiad'^ot" the trunk of a tree, and in the mean while li-iid a prefent to the pricll to pray for his lend. Ihe cuffm is covered with a piece of cloth, or the co.it of the dcccaied. The richer lort, ii the Icafm will ptimit, keep the body eight or ten day.s, during whii h tiie piiell coiius eveiy day to purify it with iiieeiife, and by Iprinkling it with holy water. At length the pritll proceeds with the piilliire of the pa- tren faint of the decejied, loiloweil by lour virgins, wlu> are nearcit related to the 1 itter, .md make very inuurnlul lamentations, but le^in and ii aee olF exactly at a time. Then comes the elead bodycariied byhx men upon their flioulders j but if the dceeafed be a monk, or a nun, tlu> effice is perfornie.l by thofe ot his own proleflioii. 'I'lie corple is lurroumied by feveral prielts, wheiincenfc ii, tcv keep fit' the evil f|)ilits, all the while lingiiig I'fulms ; then follow the kindred and friends with w ix-caiidles,. but without any order. On their coming to the gtau: thi^ colIin is uncovcied, and the pi i- If hedding over it the: pieJturc f tiic de ■ cc:ifed, on the thiid, ninth, and twentieth ilay after the burial ; dining wnich tiie piielk fays certain pi.iyer.. moiiiiiig and evening tjvcr tlie grave, which for th.;t purpoi'c is covered with a fmall hut of mats ; for lluiu.'.h the Ruflians do nut believe in jiurg.itoiy, but maint.iin that there are two places to v.'iiich the fouls of men K- lire alter their Icpar.ition fiom tlie bo.lv, there to wjii till the dayeit juilgment, foinc in a pkalant and delight- ful abode, where iiiey tnjov the coincrfation of angels , others in a gloomy and diiinal vallev, whcie thev ft:- nothing but,devils ; and that while the loul is yet on i;, way, it mav be dive'iied lioiri llvj evil load by the pr.sye. , eif the putllj and monks. SEC r. ^N^ ,4 ■)■'. ' )tllic pa- ins, whf» luuriilul It ;i time, poll their nun, tlHi ,n. 'I'lic Infc it, to , ITalms ; -LanJlcs, ivcr It tin; ill wliitli 11 riitlitc- ... Iici 1j- L-r kiHing ... ■Il.w Jv^ Li(li<>;> I ticket tor the cofliii, til t'ac Uco |,itn to the )J liquor, lys, ilurin;'. Jot' the lit • ,y .iftcr the [in pi.iycr.. |i iV.r th.^t ll'or ihoii.'.h it ii'.;iuit-iiii nt men K- [•re to v.--i'. iJ del;i;ht- of aiigilj . e thtv 1^-" ycc on It. the prayi.^4 ' 1 I.; ; ^■■m ■m SEC T. Kissi/i f\ A /.mil ix'tli /•V Al Li:aI' tllL- >iu)ii.iri.'li doij.l'i .>t iiilpirc 111 h. Iduiijc K-miii.irv fflCIlt p.ll liom hin .It i'litirl'J tncour,i'j;i where the lau'lablc r cniprel'i V. ii:iti'.'s at she kuffi.: fiilernblc number of are o::\\ t! Pctcribiir^L; be r.siJ to Rufliiitis u tiirpiilkioii cliK-lly .iiip n;.iiliciiia!ii \V.- tiiul at IVtcrlhu inemiiirs, b tioii ot vou the mull u Peter the ( cverlailiiij Hii tvpea 'broiighc Cro been ll nt I ertiili.'J, bv but the bull to the (irui fiippolcj, o thoug'it all own hillory hU d.iii'^crc All the m proviii!; in 1 being entire them ; lor tion, Ireiju mailers. 1 apriculturc, excelled ind lona; prac'ilt quainied wil numbers oft fettliii? in hi proptr initru ing tau^'ht ; of velvet. 111 brjf,, iron, i fire-arms, gi parehmeiit, ; manuiaclures tion as tj b rei^ne,.s, arij from abru.iu. arc (iiij for ui by forL-i^neTs they wiil n it vice : but i!ii Kuliia. As I. artill;-,. and in KlSSIA. K U U O V E. .,; SECT. VI. 0;'l't L.amni; tfthf R'.i.Jtmi, noks ; and tncoura'^iil his ful'lccls to trav-.l into tholV cnuntrics wiicrf the arts anJ iciL'nc"3 fl mnllvJ. I'licil; wik and lauilable incaUircs were continucJ al'lcr hisilfath, ami the cmprel'i Kli/.abctii crtilcJ an univrifitv .mil two fenii- n:iti'.'"i at Ma ,o\vr. Hincc many ini-n all p.iii'i of tie empire ; bet, a^ it loon becomes tain:t,! by warmth. It cannot well I.eexport'.d ''efli. Riillia all'ord., a v.iriily ol articles i.i' cominerec, that. are of j:reat n(e to forclgnirs ; and, as the expoii.i(jl tin; country far 1 \ceed its im|orts, the balance of tr.idei. confiderabl) in its favour. '1 lu' otiier Rudian Ivme com- modities .ue fable:, and black furs ; the Ikinsof blue and while fo.'.es, ermine.^, hyena;, liii.w., fipiirrels, bear.-, panthers, wolve;-, martins wild cats, wiiite hares, !<:c. I.ikiwife Riillii Ic.ither, coppei, iron, irnsi-gl.ifs, t.dlow, [liuh, tar, linleed oil, ir.iinoil, lolin, lioney, wax, pot- arti, f.ilt-lidi, hemp, fiav, thread, caiim.'.ncoes, Rufii.i linen, fail-iloili, mats, callo', Si'.icri.in p.uifK, maniont:; teeth and hones, as they are called, I'o.ip, feathers, hogs brinies, tlinher, isJC. to which may '. e ad'ed theChinilu goods, ihubarb, and other drug<, with vvhi^h the Rulliaiis p.irily furnifli the tell of i'.urnpc, The hfliery of fvals, of which :,b;iiit ten thouland arc annnually c.iiil;Iu, yields five thoufiiid nicahircs of oil. I he (kin> and oil ,.re feiit to F.n'_'laiid. Morfes, or fea- hirre>, from Nov.i /embla, ufeil to '.oad tliirty boats ;t year with blubber, and their teeth are cflcemcd next to ivory : but this ti.iJe being moiuipolized by a company, d, lily decays. Of coil ami lloeklifli, .ibout threcdlipj hiding are lent yearly to Denmark : of faliv.on, I'alted and dried, a fliip's loa.iing to ISilloa. I he !.'oods impoited into Ruliia are filk, cotton am! other Woollen llu'!'-', fine linen, iliintz, tovs, b'lencli br.indy, wine, herrings an.', other fidi, fpiecs, liardware, i5ce. In IJ-VO, the value of the goods exported from I'e- tviilnirgh aniounted to thue inilluuis one hundred a 1 : d ,V/y/>,. 'I'lu% pi-.iilicc c(intinu-il till 17^1, wliin, by ti.c onlir of IVur fill-' (Jrr.ir, ttu' fc.it (if ii'niiiitTi'.- W.w ti'iiinvnl triitii Arcliancil tblii,"d to lU'polit thcni lit tn.ij^-izincs built fjr that piirpofc by tli'-' ;;(n trnnicnt, ti vvliiili tluy p.iy rout for w.irilioufc roj:n, i:i proporumi to the iiuaii- ii;y (if thi.it j'.noilj. riiu mtTchiius anJ traders of I'ftfr(InM;.',li, a; in other coiinirii.., confill of natives aiul foreiL'iur>. I he lor.iier may fell cllh T by wholefalc or reta:l ; but tlu- latur by wliolel'ale only, aiJ that to none but the natives : lor they are not puiiiitlcJ to fell anv thin;; to one aiiolluv, tjr to have anv Cianniereial ileaiin;;s tiv^'cther. Molt (j1 the foreign tiaders at Petcrnnir-^h .;rc onlv faclor;., and fi'.c reft, who trade on their bottoin--, ileal rhieHy in j;ro:ery. 'I'he faiUirj are intrulleJ with lar^c capitals, and, witliout eiiuMj-'iiic in romnaree for ihenilelves, m,\y taile handfome tortiinei. 'I'he Rullian tradei:-, who hrin'j ponds to Peterllurjih and carry I'uriiL'n eciinmoditics lav- ther into tlu comiii'jiit, do not relide in that eii\', but anniiallv brin:.' their j;oods lliitlur in May or June by water, and in September, OeKiber, and December, re- turn with foreign tonimoditiea j but the wealthy five the fati.^uc of travelling, by fer.diiij their fadtur to IV- tcrfburgh. All foreign merchandizes arc generally fold at a twelve months credit j but the Rufllan connnoJities nnilt be paid for at the (Jelivery of the good?, CNcept the natives iind adifiicultv in f''llin^ their (h'-k ; in wliieli cafe ihey ileal by way of exeliaii :c ; )it will not barter goods lor goodn, but generally inllll on one-fourth, one thiid, or one half of the value of the whole in fpecie; and of late for. ign mcrthants deal for the RulTun commodities Viy contract, and even advance the money to tlie Ruinans in 1 winter, upon rtimliti' n of their ('■-liveiiiig in tlic goods ' at a fvttled price the followin'; furtuner ; but, for the ] greater feturity, thefeccntracis arccntirtd in thecullom- i houfc books. ] The Englifh cniovetl cnnrnlerab!.' piiviloge? in trade fo e.irly as the reign ot the czar Iwan liafilowiiz, to whom captain ChancJKir delivered a letter li cm IMward VI. in I 553, and received a licence to tiadc, whieii was renewed by Peter the Great. In 174?. a treaty of commerce was I neludcd bcf.v.en R'.iflia and Kngl.in 1, by which it w.'.s !!ip'j!ated, that th.e Kn.;lini Ihould be allowed the pii- mark, I.iibec, Hamburgh, Stetm, R. lior, I\iil, I'luiru. Swi den,,iii I I )aiil/,ie, amounted tot wo huiKhc.l and ninety. Indeed theie i> no n.ition jn the uoild moie iiKlnicd to coninieice tli.in tf.e Riifiiuis aieat puieiit; but they arc fo lull of ilii,aneiy and an, that a luriigiitr cannot be too imieli on bis guard in bis deiliiiL's vMih ihein. I he wei ;lits peculiar to Ruhi a ale .1 liilolhnic, whiilj is one'fixiji of an uimee, and is divided into h.iKes, i)ii.irlers, and eighths : a Rufliaii pound, cipial lo iimtly- fix loloilinics : a pud, or pood, ('(pul to ihiil)-hx pounds avoirdupois : a berkowetz,cipial lo ten puds. I'lit other weights ate the fame with ihole of (ierm.iny. I he me.ifures of length aie the ailliine, or Kuflian elf, e()u.il to twenty-eight inches and one-tenth I'jiglifli me.ifiire : awerloc, which is one fixiienth ofanarflnnc; and .1 fiilliin, or lathom, tontjtns three ailhiiies. .Ml ihe Rulli.in co.n--, ducats excepted, have iiifcrlp- tions 111 the Rulli.in tonguf . The g'dd coins aie imperial ducjts ; and thi largilt I'llvcr coin is the ruble, the value ol which libs .ind tails according to the courfc of cx- cbangc. A lubU in Rullia is equal to an hundred copeiks, 01 lour (liilhng, and lix-pcnce llerlinj. The other lilver coins are h.ill lubles which aro called poltinnics and (piarler rubles. A I'.rvphc, or I'riwr, is o( the value of tell cop;iks ; ..nd ten giiwe.. ;n .■ equal lo a ruble. I'he copper eoms areacopuk, which is of the value of about a haUpennv. A dens^a, or d:niillika, two of whii h make a copcik ; and a polullika, whr.li is a quarter ol ,1 eopeik. Theie are no otiur forei::n pieces current in Ruflil than ducats, Holland lixdollars, and Albert dollars. lielides the Riiflian coins, tho following are alfo cur- rent in Livonia ; a white fchelliii!', which is worth two black fchilling.s ; ihue of the lornar make one grolli, which is feven-lilteenlhs of a pinny; a larding, whicli is one grofli and a half; a Riga mark, which is fix grodus : ,1 I'olidi guililer, which is live Riga marks ; a kopa-flio( k, or |.>wenlhaler, equal to twenty-five grolhesj and a rixdoUar, valued uC fixty fardingi. .S 1, C r. VII. Of ihf C^roiiili'.}/, 7illis, Jimi, Court, Rivinun, and /■':ic(s fj ihv Ef/ipaei , ly Lund ami Stti. A viligc of fending 1 through Rufli.i into I'erfia ; but captain LIton, an E.-.giifhm.in, h.iving entered into the feiviee of Nadir Siiab, and built fliips on the Cal'pian lea fill that monarch, tlte Rulli.m-, to;;ether with the troubles in I'erfia, put a ifop to ihi^ trade. The Knglifli, liovv- cve:, dill carrv on .a eonfiderablc trade with Rullia, which txcceds th.it of anv other nation. I'he goodschiefiy iii'port.d from rnglaiul arc all l'.)rts of woollen manuf.ic'.ure,,, lead, tin, [leuter, dyinc: wo(u!s, indigo, (dibamuii, briindonc, and l:gnum-vit;c. The Hol- landers .md Haniburghers, befides thefe. hring wiiie«, pa- f.r, allum, ghifs-w^re, fpices, dcdlar':, plate, gold and filvcr lace, brocades, Silelia cloth, 5cc. The exports of the Knglidi from Rullia are hemp, fla.x, linen, train oil, pot-adi, rhubarb, ilhiglal's, w.ix, tar, red hides, and cavia.-. The Dutch and Hamburghers receive .tIIci Irom thence wood-alhes, mail;, hides uried, tallow, fabl,'., hemp-feed, mats, and hogs brililij. The Dutch carrv on the greateU trade, next to the Kng- lifli, with the Riifiians. Kiils of exchange are drawn at Pe!cii1;urgh o;i A:nlK-rdam only j on which account the trakrs of other countries, who givecomniinion lor buy- Ku/rian commoJities at Petaf :ibli'.;e procure credit, or to haie proper fun :.-, at Amllcrdam. The trade to Pcterlburgh is now cariied to a great height, for the number of liiips wliieh entered that port in 1751 from Liv^Iun', II Hand, b'r..;.^ , .\;,iw.iy, Den- 1 r the aec(.frion of an emperor to the throne, the iiuiiiipolitan-., archbifliops, and bidio|)a, with all tile ludiihiy and prinei|>al merchants throughout the em- pire, ;ue lummoned to .M'dcow agaiiilt the day of coro- nation ; when the archbilhiip ol .Motcow conduiSs the emperor to the chuicb of I'lechi lie, or our Lady, where a Icall'uld is creeled, thice Heps high, covered with rich I'eilian lapellrv, on which arc let three chairs at equal liiltanccs from each oiiier. ( )ne of thel'c is for the em- peior, another for the archbilhop, and the third for the imptiial cap and robe. The lobe is ol pur|ile lattin, lin- ed wit!i fable, and on the lop of the cap, which is em- broidered w ith jewels, is a linall ( rown let as thick an pi flible with di.unonds, and faid to be the fiiiK' which the gre.it duke Demetrius Monomach took at Caffa, in I artarv, .md dellined lor the coronation of Ivis fucccfibrs. On the prince's entering the church, the clergy begin their hvnins ; alter which the archbidiop prays to God, to , St. Nicholas, and Ihe ollur faints, defiring their pre- leiue on that folcmn day. The prayer being ended, the chief counlellor ol Hale takes the emperor by the hand» and pnlenting him to the aiehbilhop, fiys, " Tho " knez and bojars acknowledge the prince here prelent " to be lawful heir to the ciowii, and dcfirc that as " fueh vou iir,mt:dia:eiv crown him." I'pon this the archbidiop leads the prince up ro the fcaffold, leats him on one of the three cli.iirs, ttuiches his lorchead with a little crofs of diamonds, and bleirts him. 'J'hcn one ot the metropolitans reads the followmg prayer; " (.) Lord our God, Iving of Ivings, who didll chooff " thy fervant David, by tliy pii>p!iet Samuel, and didlf " raufe him to be anointed km.; over thy people Ifiael, " attunil to our prayers, which, ihough unworthy, we " offer up to thee. Look down from ihv laniiiuary up- " 0:1 tlv, tliy ftrvanr, -whom thou b.alt chol.'n ..i;d ex- " altfd ■/,',V. «t It's ..If, wit fet and " mal " toh *' .leri •' the ** min " iK.ir " r..lva " m.iy *' dren " for tl " (Jod " Ghol ■J 'his two met the hoj;„ lire hid fccond t llols of, upon his father, J time. The an *aeh of tl ••nipcror a diately rik vcrfe of wl and is tie, •After the I tio|)olitans " the heal " hath of " long and for fonie t archbifliop -, " 1 hat /,n " ftates of " havecfta " Ruffi,,s, ; " importan " Ciod, k( *' and proti He then hov w a token . nobles, and lame. 'Ih, Archangel, of which, .., walls of the the fatnc Lit. dining in the 1 iic antic "Jukes, and „ the title of c '11 Lurop;,. i^mperor and lord of iMuj ^'•''aii, Allra ''"ke of Unv Carell:,; of "nd lord of yogrod, i„ , Koitow, l:iro "- ci)ro- Is the here th ricli qual c cm- or the n, liii- is cm- hick as hich alV.i, in cellbri. y begin o God, cir pre- Jcd, iho ic hand* Ihc ; jirclcnt that as this the cats him J with ;> 11 one ok 111 chdoff land didl( lie Ifiac-I, Irthv, we luary "p- |i ..;-.d ex- > :i',:cd " altrd tor k!n(» over thefc ttiv hnlv nationi : anoint hin " with the oil of giadjiela i prot it him with thy puwir, " let upon his head a prccioui di iileni ; grant hiin a hiii;^ " and happy life ; put into his hand a royal fccpter, an I •' make him fit upon the throne of juftice ; make (iiliject •' to him all barbarous nations; may his heart anil iin- " deriUndiri^ always continue in thy fear, ;'.Md thro' *' the whole coiirfe of his life may he obcv thy com- •' inindments : fuller not any hcrefy or fchifm to come ** iK.irliiN petfon or j»ovcrnnirnt ; but fttcv/ him the " falvatioii of thy holy and iinivcrfal chimh, that he " may jiid/e thy people witii juKice, protedf the chil- *' drtn of the poor, and liiially attain eveilailing life ■, *' for thine is the kin;^dom, the power and tlie j.'.lory. " (lod the Father, Clod the Son, and (iod the Holy " (iholl, lie with us and remain with us." 'I'his prayer heini; ended, the anhbilhop orders the two nu'trupuliiaiii tn take the cap and rube ; and foinc of the bojirs, whom he dircits to conn- upon the fcatVold, are hid to put them on the piiuce, whom he hlelli's a (ccond time, by touching his fortheavl with the lit:le «.iols of diamonds ; and while they let the ducal cap upon his head, the archbilhop fays. In the name of the Father, Sun, and Holy Uhort, and blelles him a third time. The aithbifliop then bids all the prelates approach, and each of them ;;ives the emperor his bcnediiLlion. The tmpcror and the archbifliop then fit down, but immc- iliati'ly rife a^'aiii, to order the linuin;^ of the Litany, evL-ry verfc of which ends with " JyOid have mercy upon iis," and is fie(]ueiitly intermixed with the emperor's name. After the Litany they lit down again, and one of the me- tropolitans goes up to the altar, ..nd lings, " God prcferve " the health of the emperor ot all th': Ruflias, whom he •' hath of his love bellowed upon us, and grant him a " long and happy life." Thele words arc echoed round for fomc time by every one prefent, after which the archhifhop alone goes up to the prince, and tells him, *' '1 hat lince, through the providence of CJod, all the *' dates of the realm, as well cccleliadical as tempcjral, •' have tftabliflied and crowned him emperor of all the " Rufli.is, and entrultcd him with a government of fueh •' importance, he ought to apply all his thoughts to love *' God, keep his commandments, adininilter jullice, *• and proteifl and maintain the true Greek religion." He then bows down to the ground before the emperor, as a token of his homage ; and all the relt, ecclefiaftics, nobles, and others, in their refpeciive ranks, do the lame. They then go to the church of St. Michael the Archangel, and afterwards to that (T St. Nicholas, both of which, as well as that of our I^ady, .iie within the •walls of the palace, and, alter Tinging in each of them the fame Litany as before, conclude the ceremonies with dining in the great hall of the Kremlin. Tile antient I'ovcreignsof Rufliafliled themfclves great dukes, and atterwards czars; but Peter the Great afl'umeJ the title of emperor, and that title is now given him by all Europe. The titles of the emperor at full length are. Emperor and folc fovercign of all the Ruflias, fovereigii lord of Mofcow, Kiow, Wlodimiria, Novogrod ; c/.aria Cafan, Allracan, and Siberia ; lord of Plelkow ; great duke of Smolciifko ; duke of h'lfhonia, Livonia, and Carelia ; of Tweria, Ingria, Pernia, '.'/iatkia, IJulgaria, and loid of feveral other territories ; great duke of No- vogrod, in the low country of rfhernickow, Rcfan, Rollow, larollaw, iiielo-fero, L'Idoria, Obdona, Con- dinia ; emperor of all the northern parts ; lord of the territory of Juwcria ; of the Carthalinian, (Jrewziiiian, and Georgean czars ; of the Kahardinian, Circafli.in, and Gorian princes ; and lord and fupreme ruler of many other countries and teriitoricj. \r/nS- Since the reign of Iwan Bafilowitz, the arms of Rufiia have been, or, an eagle difplayed fable, holding a golden iccpter and niondc in l^is talons: over the eagle's head are three crowns, and on its iiu .11 't bears" a (hield, with the arms of Molc:ow in the center, encompall.;! bv fix others, which are thole of Aftracan, Siberia, Cafan, Kiow, and Wlodiuiiria. The power of the Ruflian emperor is as abfolute and unlimited as pofTible. i'eter the Cireat publifhed an ordi- Jiancc, by which the futccflion wai cntirelv to depend 47 on the will and pleafurJ of the rcignin:; faverciyn ; and this IS the only written fundamental law In relation (u the lucceffinn. The RufTiin court has always been very numerous and magniHcent, it being filled, particularly on lolemii occa- lionr;, by the bojars or privy counfellor;, and by the nobles and gentry, who are obliged to pay a condanl aitendanee, by titles of honour and diKiniition, without any filary ; as tlu carvers, who arealwavi two of ihetirit nobility, and whnfe emplovmcnt is edeemed extremely honourable i the fewers, who cany meliigcs of impot- tanee, receive amball'adors, See. and the gentlcnuii ot the bed-chamber. Thefe two I all title; arc given to a great number of pcrfons, and defccn 1 from father to fan, though they .ire generally coiiHrmeJ by the prince ; and lallly, the chiif inert hants. On public feUivals and day* of ce.'emony all thefe antiently received rich brocade gowns, lined with fur.;, from the treilury, which they icturncd as fooii a'; the appcaraiue was over. Peter thu Knll, however, aholilhed thife formaliticj, witliout fet- tling any other court, either to lave the ex pen' c durui^; the wars in which he was cni'aged, or from hi;, pirtii u- lar te.nper, which was nvcrfe to I'uch conltrunts. On any ceremony he was attended by the chief olFicers of hij army, and only fonie of his nobility. The lormer pomp has, however, been (inrc rcllond, and aiigm'nt d by the addition of three orders of knighthood, created by the great prince wc havejulf mentioned. The lirlt and molt honourable is that of St. Andrew* or the bill" ribbon, inttitilted by Peter the Cjreat in l()()8, in honour of St, Andrew, the patron of RulTia. The empiefi Cath.uiiie gave the ftatutcs, and alfr^ued proper habits for this order, which hath its enligns, rnjtto, ani collar. The fecoiul is the order of St. Alexander Newfki, or the red ribbon, which was inliituted by Peter L but ! the czarina Catharine tirlt conferred it in theyear 1725. i This order ha.; alio its badge and motto. | There is likewife a female order founded by Peter in 1714, in honour of his confort Catharine, and from her called the order of St. Catherine. Thefe honours, as Voltaire obfervcs, command rclpecl, coll the fovereigu nothing, ind flatter thofc who receive them, without adding to their power. The chief officer under the emperor is the chancel- lor, after whom is the grand mailer of the houlhold, the mailer of the h.iife, the t;eafurer, comptrcllcr, cham- berlain, tallers, harbingers, tic. An hun.lrcd and fifty tables are now fprcad twice ad.iy r$oT><'lcs. at the Ruflian court, and ferved with eighteen hundred difhes ; for this purpofe the court-purveyor receives twaSf^^'^'^- thoufand rubi.'s every three days, excUifive of the produce of the crown cflates, and the [iroper quantities of wine, fugar, and fpices. The daily conlumption of coftec a- moiints to one pud, or thiity-fix pounds weigiu, and .%>?'< i,'.-*^- kvcw thoufand puds of fait are expended every month. iji^Ct> The revenues of the Ruflian empire are varioudy com- puted, fome reckoning that they amount to fixty mil- lions of rubles, others to twenty millions, and others a- gain to no more than eight millions a year : but Mrj Voltaire ("ayi, that, according to the Ruifian tinanccs in 1725, they amounted to thirteen niiUiuns of rubles, reckoning only the taxes and duties paid in nuuiey, ex- clulive of what is paid in kind ; and adds, that this fum was then fufficient tomaintain thiee bundled and thirty- nine thoufand five hundred Ibldien and failors ; and that both the revenue and troops have increafed fince. It is, however, very certain that the imperial revenues bear no proportion to the vail extent of l^c Ruflian doiriinions ; that they do not all confifl of ready money, the country in many places furnifliing recruits for the army inftead of it ; and moll ot the inhabitants of Sibeiia pay their tribute irj furs. Thefe revenues arife from the annual capitation, or poll-tax, to which the valials of noblemen pay iVvcnty copciks, the burghers a hundred and twenty copeiks, and the T...-tn'-s and other nations in the territory of Cafan pay a hundred and ten eopciks a man. This tax, ac- cording to Dr. Bufching, amounts to five millions of rubles. I\4 ■:.u m ri \ 1 ^ . , I'' «i h .■ 1 4t;'! L Froitf ^jmam m. Ai A S V S T E M O I- (i V. O u R A i' li n- !flA. UuJJlA. > f> y| u rnim the Jciiiefne UnJs, occupied by three hiindrcil aiiil fixty thoufjiid in'.if.im'., cacli or whom ii-iyt ;i huiiclrcd and till ciijuilo I yiMi, anioumiitj mall toilirt-t hiiiultid »nd iiiiieiy-lix thoiil.ind ruhlLs, Kriim tlifiiin. and i!rMikni.;-honfen, whkh arc ahont two millions J ilif |>ii»ili;;(M)l Icllini; lictT, mead, and niah-lpint'. Iicin.; iniiiio|inli/td hv thf crown. Krnin the* (mIK and lullums by land and lea, wliitli prodiicr ahuut unv niillioii one hundrid and fil'ty tluiu- •and nihl'". Kroui the trade carried on hy the crown in iron, pnt- afll, adK'i ot' the willow tree, rhubarb, lar, and train oil. From the (alt-wotki, which ycaily luiii;; into ihe tre.ifurv fcvcn hundred ihoul'and rubles. Krom the duty on iKinipt p.ipei, iiiiiountiny to one hundred .nul twenty thoiil'and riibKs. From a t.ix on law-luiti, whiih piv ten per cent, of tlv-' value contelled i troni hearth-innney .\nd U.itli Itovcs \ ami Iriini all hackiicy-hrrles an.I carria^'c^. Froiti tlie ;ihbfv-laiids, lincc thiir Imn^ manajjcd by a fvcular commillion, for the benefit nt the crown. From the caravans toCniiia, which is never lefi than a hundred thoiiland ruhl.'s, 'I'hc produce (if the public ftowsrjf tumblers and rope- dancer';, of which multitudes are exhibited at Kaltei fu.-^ the diverlion of tlic people, who aie p.idion.itely fond of them, !■. allotud tor paying tin' cspcncc of the llfdice, pavin;; thelticct'., i^c. I'eli.icb thiv, every houfe-kecper pays an allelVment fur his houfe and court-\.ud, according to the citcnt ot the ground, which in ajiplud to the fame purpofe.. 'I'he I'alarieii of all civil officers arc paid nut to their depart- rienis ; and thufe of the [;overnors, by llie . fliees ot thi ii I icfpeclivc government'.. I'hc furplus that remains in the inlciior ol1ice> i'i lent to the treafury. Aciording t.i the ftate of tlie Riiirian I'orces drawn up liv \'aii llovcii, ill the year i 740, the army tlun conlilhil rf two hundred and forty-li.\ thoufind loin hun.lre.l ,!ii I ' liincty-lour re.:ulars, and a hundred and twenty thouf.ind irrc.'ulari. Tlie (let cniifi:h-d of twenty-lour flips of the line, IVvcii t'ri^atcs, three bomb-keti lies, and two flat boats, hcfidci the y.dley fleet at i'cteilbjr'jh, confilliii;^ of a hun.ired and tw.) gallies. Th'j complement of the while fl,.'Ct amounted to ten ti^oi.ii...ii.i five hundred and feyenly men, of whom feven thoii',.,nd leven hundred .nul one xv'jie lailors. The ileet has continued pretty neaily the fimeinicc that time i lor tlioii^h (ome new (liips have been liiiilt, otiieis have become unlit for lervice. 'Fhe men (H war au laid up .it Kcvel and Cronlladt, and the gallics at I'eterllnir^li. 'I li? Uulfians indeed have no very !;ood harbir.ir in tli/ lialtick ; the waier at Cron- fladt, by b'jiru; too Irclli, docs coiilidcrable damage to th':fhi|is that liethire ; b, fides, the mouth of the harbour is too narrow, and furroundcd with rocks and dangerous fands, and is leldoni clear of ice before the end of May : nor hav'^ they now a:iy conltant fleet in the Cafpian fea. The hii.',h-aumi;al ot RufTia has the rank and pay of a jfCner.il lield-m.iillial ; and ti-eRulIian fleet is divided in- to three fiiuadr>.ns, commanded by an aJniiral-(;eneral in the center, who bears a white fia;;, with a crinifon ctoC-j : the \M\ has an admiral, who bears a blue flajr, wiih a white crofs 1 and the rear has aiiotlier admiral, who bear, a red l1a^, with a white crofs. I'iach of thcfe three fquaJrons has a vice-admiral, .-i rear-admiral, and three commodores. The gallies are commanded by an ad- miral, two vice-admirals, three rear-admirals, and three Lorninodorcj. 'Fhcir flags are of the fame colour as thole of the fqu.'.drons to which they belong, but of a different ior:Ti. When the emperor commands tiis fleit in pcrfon, his thip bear'j the royal itandard of the empire, which ii yclio'.y, and in the middle of it arc the aims of Riiffia. SEC T. VIII. Of the ft'Virr,! C-Jlc^f, or Offices fsr the Aim'tinlhatlm of ihe /'.Ij'inr, cf G.vtnunent ; the Laws uiiti I'unijhmeut of lliiLfaihi 1 . ■'. (li.d! now t.'.kc a view of the executive part of the ^.JvuninKiit, wiu^li was regulated by I'etcr I. by whole Jircilion ull (he afJaim ol the Rufli.in em- pire were ni.iiiaj>ed by the followin / councili, ofhtcj, co|le^',is, (II ihaiictno tficv aree.iUid. w I he lenatc, or dircilini; toiiiuil, winch lakes rare of all domcltic altaiis, iicei>es accuuiils li.jni all ifie Hil. Ie(;es, illiics out otdiis to thciii all, and 11 the liiprcmc court of luilie.iture, to which all pructllcs aiv brought by appeal .w the lali fdori. J hi liiily fynod, or ecclelialtical council, which rrgu- I itCi all att.iirs relating to the church. I he war-collei;c, winch has the care of re.riiitin;; anJ cxcrciling the whole Kudi.in .irmy, 1 xcept the ';uard.s, who are under the ihrciilioii ol the lovercign. 1 his oi- tice alfo receives the taxei appointed lor the muincciianca of the troops, and nominate : the oflicer!i as hi<.',h us the lieutenant-colonels. I'nder the war-college aic Ihe of- fice of the i;eneral commiirarv .It war, the oflice of ord- nanrc, that of the under commiiriry ol w.ir, the military chelf, the office for cloathing the army, the victiialliiiij- office, and the acconiptiiig-oHice. 'I'he admir..Ity-colle;%- h.is the maiiaj'cmcnt of all na- val concern', without cx'.eptiiui) aiuf luch fur^fls a> aro near navigable rivers .ire under its inlpeetion. .Subordi- nate : I It are the office ot the |ieiHral koiiinullary of the ii.ivy, whiili pays and victuals tlie fleet, aiul kreps the money afligncd for thole lerviees ; the ftuic-officc, wineli has the ditcilioii of the nu'a/iius, .iiid every thing that beloncs to the equipment ot fliipsofwar : thu office v/hich ilirccis the buildin;; ot lliip', ptoudes the neceflary m.iterials, and has nllij the Inlpei^tioii of thu loreds 1 and the artilKry-oflic e. 'I'he coll.'ji.e for lortigii aliain, whlili pay« the falaries of the Riilfian niiiiillers .it lorcigll courts, and the cx- pences MiA peiilions of lorcigll envoys, wliii h arc alw.iyj defrayed. This college alio makes out pafl'ports, and deciiles the difficulties and diljuite. th,.t arife in 1 elation to f(.^rei(>ii minillers. The miinbeis of this college are the chancellor and vice-chancellor of the empire, who, wlicn any momentous affairs come under their conlidera- tion, arc .iflilled by fome of the counlellors of ftate. File college of the treafury, which has the dirce'lion of levying all the public revenues, exrept the poll-tax and the produce of iiic falt-works. The office that has the care of the money ariling Irom the conquered pro- vinces is at prcl'ent held at I'eleilburgh ; but all the other departments belonging to the trealurv are at Mofeow. Fhe Ifatc-office ili'uesoiit the public money, and givej the ncceifary directions to the chamber of accounts ; hence the revenue-chambers at I'ctcrlburgh and Molcow are dependant on this office. Fhe reviiion-collcge is a fort of check on the other col- leges, and therefore receives and examines their accompts. Fhe falt-office has the direilson of the fevcnuc.s anting from the l.ilt-works, which i're appropriated to the em- prcls's purfc. 'Fhe confifcation chancery directs the file of all for- feited eftates, and the levying of all fines impofed by the other colleges. 'Flic colleges for trade, mines, and manufaiHurcE, arc difliiiift offices i and, bclides the dcpartmcnt.s from which they take their names, have .ill'o the management of the naval cultonis and tolls, airl dcci le .ill ililpute» iu rela- tion to coinmerce hctwccn merchant, and trader's. 'Fhe college of jullice at Molcow, Ionic of the mem- bers of which conlliiute a college at l\ lerfburgh, which determines fuiij brouiiht thither by appeal from theeon- qucrcd provinces i and ha', likewile a confiUorial jurif- diction over the ptolell.uus and papiils in that city ; but on tills (iccalion the miiiLltcr of the church to which the plaintiff belong'., is fummoncd to attend. They have alio a feudal chancery at Mofeow, that lui the earc of every thing relating to the titates of private perfons, their bound.iric;, or liniiis. Ijcfides thele, there is a college of the maiiildracv, to which A.', the magillrales in the empire are account .ble for their conduct ; and a piivy-chaneeiy, as it is called, that takes cognizance of all iiofpitals, dilpenfaries, me- dicines, iVC. In order to give a more perL-iTl idea of this govcrnmcrr, it is proper to obferve, that lormerly the Rufli in nobility conlilted folely of kiicfes, or piinces, and g'Jiitlcmen ; and UuMIA. r. V R O I' E. 4i )thcr IW. ;ivM iiit^ -, ilcow col- iinpt?. arilini; (nr- liy tlic ;;, nri; which id,i- inrni • wliUli ; i(in- jiirit'- liiit t!i- cv, to nt.ibli; L-alU-d, mcn% obility ;mcn ; 2nd ai\J lli.it bi'jir, or boy.ir, is jiot 4 title (>r iiul)iiiiy. loit aiiluntly lUiiott'il ii pult or oflitc, a% u |)iivy-i'iiiiili.llc)r, &i . IVuT iliL- ( iriMi .iilileJ ilic tillit of iiiutit . ;iiicl lutoiis III the liiriiiir : but no tiirili or titli', iictinliii ' to tht: wile ii' '111.1111)111 iii.idc liy I'ctcr I. ^i;ivi'i i (icil.jii r:mlc, uiikw iic merits it liy Iik (crvici'3 ami .ibilitici ) by whidi im Jill iniiiy loroi'/ncii •>) mean cxtrjiltioii h.i\x nkii to VlIV (;rc.it boiioiit'. in KiiII'm . lor in rci^anl t>> iiiiliniiti:il fubjcillion to thiir lovcit i|;i>, the nobility an i,n a Lvcl wilh (he r 11 ol thi: people, tvcn the I'reatelt ot rhern ulej tormeilv to glory in (tiliii'^ tiKinrelvc. tuc iLivei ol llic i/..ir, wMcnevcr ihey either (poke or wru. • to him ; but I'eter I abolilheJ thn harlli term, aiul urJcreJ tliein to life iiidcid ol It, the woul lubjei;!. Vet ihi; peal'ant^ arc lUU pcrlcct iLivei, anJ abfolutely fiiiijtilt to the atLiiti.iry powi r ol their l.n.l-i, who inav treat tlieni as tluy plvale, provided thev do not kill thtni, mid arc liable to be ttaioleired, \vii:i all their l^ohK, lioin one mailer to another. 'I'liv (;'>vernn« tit llfell ii in Ihe lalt dej^rcc aU.oliile i iiul, iiotwithllandiMi; i'etei's giviiij; them the name of luhjeilii, the pcoph' ol .ill r.iiiks may judly be termed Haves, as their livci and furdinei depend lidtjy on the will of their foverii;!!. l.veli lilth as arc employed in the Itate have their fli ire of arbitrary |)owei , tor their proceedings beiny without appial, and ill the emperor's name, they often ahufe theii atithorilv, in order to fatibfy their avarice, rcveiu;e, or other piiilty pallions. lor deeulin;!; tales between piivatcnien, thev have pieccdtiiLs .iiid wiitten laws, patliciilaily a code called Suboriioe Uliillienie, m\ Uniform and Univerfil L uv, whieli Akxiii'. Mithaelowii/. pulilidicl in ih.yi, and has been enlarged by the edicts of the fiieccedin;; c/.irs. The pruccf] is luminary, and the piinillini< lit inllidted very fevcre, though not <)iiite I'o ri:;oroir; ai lormeily. Ill dilputes between private perfons, where the parties nrcnotagrccd as to a matter of faiil, .nid have no evi.leiiei; on cither (idc, the jiid;;o alks the plaiiitilf, whether he will take his oath, that the aflair wa> as he hath reprc- Icnled It, or refer it to the oath of the defeiulant. l''nr- mcrlv, he who oli'tred to take his oath wa. once a week, Cor tliKC wieka rtiniiini;, brought helore the jud^e, who everyday rcpri.fer.tjd to him the iiiiportanee ol an oath, and the dreaJlul li.i of I'wearin^; fallely j and if afur thi i he lliii perlitl'.d in his readiiiefs to take his oath, thoii;'li he fwore iiolhiiu; hut t!ie truth, the people vs'oiild cim- fider him as .;ii infamous ptrfon, fpit in hi-, lace, and tuin him out of t liurcn ; and he w.is never af(cr admitted to the tomniunii)ii, till his being at the point ol death. 'I'hey now proceed with lefs li.i.ur: he who is to take his oath ii brouglil before a pidlure of one of their f.iints, where he is afked, whethei he will fwear upun the lalvation of his foul .' If he peilills, they give him a little crueitix to kii.-., and afterwards the piiiluie of the faint, which is taken down from the wall for that purpofe. 'Ihoiigh the oath be in.lifpiitahly true, the perluii who takes it is not admilted to the communion for time yeais ; and though he is not treated as infamous, people of any rank will not calily fuller him in their eonip.iny i but the perjured is puiiilhid with the kiiute, and then banilhed. Hence the Runians endeavour as much as poflihle to avoid t.ikiii;^; an oath, thoujh they arc very guilty of pruphanc Iwear- inp, .iiid p.irtieiilarlv the traders have ineefiaiuly int'u-ir mouths po C'hrcftuin, by Chriil, makiiia; tl'.e fipncifthe irofs at the f.ime time. Strania-rs arc iiermitted to take their oaths, according to tin- nilesof their leveral religions, 'J'hc office of an executioner was formerly ellcemed very honeunahle i but this officer is now cfteemed infa- mous, and the executioner is not permitted to lell his olRcc ; for it mull cominue in his family, on failure of which, t!ie butchers are obliged tochoofe or.eout ofthci.- body. The ordinary puniflimcnts in Rufllaare, the hattogen, kaf/e, and knutc. The battocien is thus infiiefed ; he who is to receive this challifnicnt, i", ilripped to his fliirt, and laid upon the ground on his belly, when two men lilting upon him, one upon his neck, ind the other up- on his teet, beat him on the back with little wands, or fwitei'.e', dining the time ordered bv the judge. The katic is llitting the noUrils, which was formerly inflicU'.l on thole who, contrary tj an old prohibition, took tobacco in fnult'. The knute, sh .Mveii iiiUiilfia, i. a m.it lamaroui pu- ninimcnt. (ilcaiius defcribei the tiianiiei in which h'^ f.uv it executed on ei,^ht mm and on- woiiun, (or I'll ling brandy and tob.ieco without a licence. The exe- cutioner's man .ifo r llripping them down to tlr.- waill, tied their (ect, and took one at a time upon his b.u k The ixeciitiomr ibiod at three p.icei dildiit With a hull's pi//le, t.) the end oi which wire Ijifened iliiec ihoii'i ol an elk's Ikin iintaniied, wilh wliii li Iprmgiii)' liiiwaid, wh. never be Itiiiek, he lallied ihiir batks with all liii Itrcngth, lo that the blood ^Millied out at every hluw. The men had twenly-fuc or twiiityfix lafliei eiih, till an oHicei who had in writing the number of llripei ihev were to receive, cried ciiou jh. Ihe woman, who hail only lixlccn, fainted .iway. After their hacki were tliii^ .Ireadfully manglul, tluy were all tied together lu' Ihe arms, two and two i thole who fold tobaccn havimr a little horn lull i.l it, and thofo v/ho h.id fold br.:n,lv, .i little bottle about their neck;, and wdiipped through the city for about half .i league, .ilter wliuli they were brought back to the place of their full punilli' nient, and then difinilh d. .Vlany die of this enul ll.igcllation. Hut horrid as it miilf appear to every perlon of hiimamtv, .M. de la .\Iotraye fays, that this is only what is c died the inode- i.ite knute ; lor when the feiitcitce orders it between the moderate and I'evere, pieces of tledi are taken oti' at every Ihuke iif the CM I iilioner ; and when it is ordered to bo given with the utmolt fcvcrity, the execulioner Ittikin;^ the llank, under the ribs, tuts the flelli tu the very bowel .. OlRiiderj are fonutinies b.iflinadoed on their foles ol their feet in a molt cruel manner. Thieves are tortured to nmke them difeover their ac- complices, and coiifels their other crimes ; thele torluiesi are a:, dreadlul as lan be conceived. 1 he thief for tht! full olFtnce is only whipt from the prifoji to the market- pl.ice, where he has hi. cars cut i tf, and is lent back to piifon for two years, if iie olF.;nds a I t jiul time, he ia whipped as belore, and afterwards banilhed into Siberia. Thcit is never punifhed with death in Runia j hut tim receivers and concealers of llolen goods are puiiilhed eipjally with the thief. Murder is [lumlhed with death. The criminal is kept fix weeks in a very dole prifun, upon bread and water alone; after which he receives the communion, and ii beheaded. Merciful as they appr.ir in cafe of murder, they fcem lU llitute of ,ill hum.inity, where a man is lu unhappy as to be unable to latisfy his creditors. He who does not pay his creditor at the time agreed upMi, is put into the lioufe of an oflicer appointed for that purpul'e, and h.n a certain farther time allowe.l him to make latisfacHon; but if he then fails, he is carried to piifon, from whcnc.: he is brought every day to a place belore the chancery, where the common ex'.'cutioner beats him upun thelhiii bones with a wand about the thitknel's of a man's little linger, for an hour together. Ho is then returned lo pril'oii, except he can piocure feciiritylur his appear- ing again the next d.iy .it the fame hour, to I'C tre.ited in the fame manner, till he has ni.ulc l'atisfa>.'liiiii. This is rigoroiifly executed upon perfons of all ranks, fubiects and foreigners, men and women, piielfs and lavmeii ; and if at lali the debtor cannot hml wherewith to pay, he with hii wife and children are feiucneed to be bond llaves to the ci editor. .S E C T. IX. Of ti't Gsxhrnment Dt' Kioiv irKuw, zcil'' iin Ai^iuit if the /.upomi], the Bietjgoriil, iiini D:>t Co[l'.iCi, the Hni' iLimacs anil t'liik C.jjaci ; uith a Di-jaiption of tht Citia Cf Ki'jlf, UK.l PultiUl.l. HAVING given a delcription of Rufl-.a in general, with the climate, manners, religion, and govern- ment of the inhabitants, we ihall now give fonie account of the dilKerenr provinces, and principal towns of the lountry, which contains Great, Little, and VVhio- ". fia, with the provinces that formerly belonged ;,) • V... \ '■i\ i\ \ ! 'u y-A 44 A S Y S T I". M O F G I'. O G K A I' H Y. Russia. Russi ^- i •; * ■I 11 Ir miiil here W obfcrved,t!i;\t White Ruflli inltiis ciniiro (lu^lu iu)t to b.- coiit'ounJiJ with the country of lilt laiiu- luiiic ill I,itl-.i!;Mii.i, .uu! that Red RuITu be- loii-s to PoUiiul. Dr. Hufchiiif; oblcrvcs with refpedt to thi.''oi;i.Mii of thrfe luiiiiff, that it is a tiirtoin among thcfc i.ilt'.-rii pi-oplv, to dilHiigiiifli couiitiics by the epi- thet.', wliiu- ami I'i.uki and that bv the fort'itr, thty call the Pioll CMeiilivi; and ftriilc, aiui by the latter, the fiiialler and l.ls liuitful ttrriiones. I'lie RulVi.iii < nipire in Kurope ii divided into };ovcrn- mcnis, and every j^i;(>vcrnnicnt toidllls of certain pro- vinces or circles. Tnele goverimients have been (Ve- cpiently ahc;ed, but accoidiiig to the prefent divifioii, they are as f.'lKnv : FCicvv, Worsntlli and Afow, Biclo- (imoJ, Smoleii(l-<, (.iu'„; .Mofcow, Novop.roJ, Niflinoy- Novo/rod, Archanucl, Wibura:, IVtcrlburir, Narva, Rcval, .ind Ri^a. We iluU begin with the countries bor- derins; on 'I'u.'kv and Poland, and lor the fate of me- thod, proceed from fouth to nortii. The government of iview coiiiiils of part of Little Ruflii, and ib inhabited by the Collac.-, which word lij;- iiihes irrcpular tioopi of horfe. The luiropc-an Collacs are, the 'Z.iporo;; Collacs, wlio live below the cataract of the iNiejier, fonie on the fid.- next to Riillia, and others on the oppufite fide of the river ; but molt of them are fubiecl to the Ruflians : the Biclo^iorod CoHhcs, and a part of the Don CoHacs, both of which arc under the Ruili.111 povcrnnicnt. The Celiacs were known by that name In early as the year 948, when they lived on mou... Caiicalus, and were reduced under the Rufliaii don.ir.ions in 1021. In the beginning of the fixteciith century, the Zaporog Cofiats fixed their habitations on the fjiacious plains along the banks of the Nieper. The Poles lenfible of the advan- tage they miiiht receive from their defending them againll the incurfioiis of the Tartars, took them under their protedlion in the year 1562, and engaged to pay them an annual fuhfidv, on condition of their keeping on foot a good body of troops, for the defence of the Polifli do- minions; and to bind them by lies ofintcrell, gave up to them the whole country that lies between the rivers Nieper and Kieller, and the borders of Tartary. 'I he Collacs fo iivUiltriouIlv ciiltiv.ited that fertile traiit ,if land, that in a Ihort time it was intirfperfed with lari^e towns and liandlonie vilUig'S. They continually har ralVed the Turks by their incurfioiis, and to prevent the laf'^r from purfuing them, or making reprilals, feizcd on fcvsral iiuall iflands on the Nieper, where they kept their magazines. This alliance, though of fujh advantage both to the Poles and Collacs, did not long fuhllll ; for the former cnvving the latter the tine country they polUiled, at- tempted to bring them into fubjeclion ; upon which the Coliacs, fired with indignation, had recourfe to arms, and applied both to Ruflia and the Ottoman I'ortc for protctflion. A very bloody war enfued, which, in the fixteenth and feventecnth eenti.ries, was fioin time to time renewed with the utmoll fury and animofity. The rcfult of all v.:'.5, that the Collacs remained under the protection of RulTia, andtli^-ir lormer country being laid waftc in the late war?, they lettUd in the Rurtian Uk- raine i upon their receiving affuranccs from the RufTian court, that they Ihould be free from all taxes, and no Ehctatinn be made in their (wlitical conllitution : in re- turn for which, t'liey were always to kcip in r.adinefs :i -onUJer.ible body of troops for the feivicc of Ruflia. But ill I ",m8, Ma/eiipa their hcttman, or chief, went ovei from t!v Rufiians to the .Swedes, under Charles XII. imon which Peter I. refolved to prevent fuch revolts for the futuie, and .dter the battle of Pultowa, lent a ftrong detachm'Mit iiil'i the little illands of the Nieper, to which the (.^(.ii'aes had finl with their wives, their children, and all their effiels, and cruelly ordered them, without di- jlini^tion, to be put to the fword, and the plunder to be diftribntcd among the foldiers. He alio feiit a great num- ber of his men into their country, and caufed many thoufaiids of the Coliiics to be conveved to the coalis of the lialiic, where they were put to all manner of hard labour. Upon thf death of their hcttman in 17J.2, that oflice was abol'llicd, bat vvm rcltorcd again iii 1750, when they rhiTlcd for their hettman count Rafiimowfky, privy coiinlellor of the Rulliaii empire, prtlident of the aca- demy ol itienccs, and lieutenant-colonel of the llhniai- low rc..;iniint of life-guards ; and this election wan con- firmeil by the reigning einprcfs Llizabeth. The country of thefe Coliiics is commonly called the Ukraine, which word properly fignilies a frontier; if lyin^ on the bordeis of Ruflia, Poland, Little 'I'artary, and Purky. By virtue of a treaty concluded in lOr/j, between Ruflia a.id Poland, ihe latter reiiia.ns in pollef- I'lon cf all that part of t le Ukraine that lies on the wert fide of the Nieper, which is but indirt'ereiitly cultivated j while the country on the calt lide, inhabited by thcCof- lacs, is in a much belter condition. This country, which is lubjcii to Ruflia, extends about three hundred miles in length, and about as many in breadth. It is one continued fertile plain, watered bv a great num- ber of line rivers, and diverfilied with plealaiit woods. It produces all kinds of gran, piilf", tobacco, honey, and wax, in fiich quantities, as to fupply a great part of the Ruflian empiie with thole coinmoditlcs. The pa- Itures aie extremely rich, and the cattle of an extraor- dinaiv lize; the rivers alio abound with excellent fifli. 'Ihis line country, however, is very much infellcd by locults, which are .i great plague to the inhnbitanls. .Moll of the houles ol the Ukraine are built with wood, after the Ruflian manner, 'i'he Coliiics are tall, and well made ; they have geiicrallv an aquiline nofe, and a good nucn. They are vigorous, hardy, brave, and very jealous of their liberty ; fickle and wavering: but foci- able, cheariul, and Ipiightly. Their forces eniirelycon- fift of cavalry. 'I'luir dialeit is a mixture ofthePolifli and Ruflian language ; but the l.it'er is molt predomi- nant. They prolils the Cireck religion ; but there are alio fomc Proteltants and Roman catholics among them; ill fliort, they are a very po.ver.'ul people. Every town, with the liiilrict belonging to it, is govcrntd by an offi- cer called attaman, or ottoman. rile Don Collacs, who inhabit the hanks of the river Don, ;;ieatly relcmble thoe we have been dcfcribing. In 1541J thev voluntaiily put themli-'lves under the pro- tection of the czar Iwan Kafilowitz, and are at prcl'ent neaily uii an equal footing with the other Rufliaii lub- jeils. Thefe Coflacs have a great number of towns and village} along the banks of the Don ; but the Icarcity of wood, and in many places of frelh water, prevents their exteiidiiiii thcmfelvcs farther up the country. 'They chief, ly fubhlt by grazing and agriculture, and occafionally by robbing and plundering. Kvery town is governed liv a magilliate, whom they call taman ; and the tamans, with their towns, are under the jurifdiittion of two attamaiiv, who ti.fide at I flierkalky. 'The troops of thefe Collacs likewife eonfilt entirely of cavalry. Kvcrv town and vil- lage in this country is fortified and furrounded with pali- l.idoes, to fecure them againit the inturfions of the Cal- mucs and Kuban Tart.irs, with whom thev are always at w.ir. The Collacs in general are of great lervice in^ar- riloiiing of towns and defend ng them, or in purfuing an enemy ; but are not fo goi ■■., at regular attacks. 'Tlic Ha:damacs have t'leir pariu ular hettman, and live in the Ruflian, Polirti, and J'lirkilh dominions, along >he banks of the Nieper. 'The Yaik Collacs live on the fouth fide of the river Yaik, and on the luccefs of the Ruflian arms in the king- dom of Altracan, voluntaiily lubmitted to them. In Ita- turc they much relcmble the other Coliacs, though from their boorilh manner of living, and intermarrying with the Tartars, they have not the (hape and air peculiar to the red of their countrymen ; but refemble them, how- ever, in their natuial dilpofitions and ciiitoms. Their chief cinploymtnti arc agriculture, hilling, and feeding cattle ; and, like the other tribes, they leldom let flip .an opportunity of robbing their ncighboiirs. 'The ir con- tinual wars with the Kara Kalpacs oblige them to keep their towns and villag.es in a fiate of dclence. 'They are indeed fubjecl to Uufliin waywodes, to whom they an- nually pay atiibute ill rattle, corn, honey, and wax ; but have their particular chiefs, who govern them accord- ing to their antient cultoms. 'I'he grcatelt part of the Vaik Coliiics profefs the Cireek icligion ; but many re- lics ot Mahonictilm and Ha^ainlmari; (till to be found a- IIlUHgd A. amnngfl tl and courag pe.ice, .ind the Calmiii I'he gov molt oiifid Kiow, 01 is litiiated < bv Mills, ,1 Polilh WIIK count IS not io}7, theg all Ruflia ; reat duki s irito the ham It to the Rii 1&H6 ceded 'This city ' alHe of Pel (viow ; and I ittcr : thefe tior, and inn iiitrenehmciit tains would f regiments of ral, a deputy 'The callle 1 the fouth, an. rifon, officers rich and flati century, and ly living in a which the CO vaults, which cells, 5cc. are :upp'ifed to bi h.'rc the bodies < 'pi'ofite to t' wdiirh is now c "f Pelfheilky at ing to the abov ' onvents and cl lent of St. Nic ( 'Id Kiow is and i , fortified, tlie country, e.ithedrr.l of the f.itrle Ruflia, 'To tliis churJi inoftof the hou Podui is litu.i baiiki of the Ni vents, ronf'lts lis magidrates a men's in garrif I; 0111 tlicwar- M t'le Uratlkci t:r.!v buiit of 1! thec::y. The lor its principal, the care of the It live ill a woo iei garden: thefe throughout the !. tuple of tranfg i.:'5 arc but fm I'.e llipends and V.!,. I amount to •dl the fcicnces a levera! excrcifes, lities, as publi others peculiar to !' ct to the Pole Cum cut, a colleu which are all fu} !lic profelliirs oft. Pultowa, or Pi U'orlkl.1. Thi '■> it, is fubieit to •d Ihe regiment ■laighers carry u: Russiv. E U R O P K. 4J •ot hrir net- by a ith iacs i Vil- a's at rar- ilona nvcr ing- Ita- t'roin with lir to 10W- Chcir lin- t llip con- kci'p •y are aii- wix ; cord- tlie IV ii:- iiid a- lUHgft i I amnncft th"in. Tli<"y arc rrni^ik.i'tilo tortluir liardincl- and ooura^'.', aiiJ makt- cxcelliiii lolilicrs. Tlirv live in pcatc, .Miil fvi-ii cany on a C(iii\iii--icial intcicuurio willi ilic C.ilimirs. riic .^uvornment of Kinw confilts of ten ciri!(.'s, th'.' iHDlt c'iiiri'i'-'''aMi: cities of whirh :vc Riow .iiul I'liliuw;!. Kiow, or Kifw, the capita! fif this govcriiiiK-iit, which i^ litiiated on tlie Nicper, is faiil lo iiave been Ibundcil !iv Hills, a Sclavoniim prime, iiiJ, accordinij to the I'olilh wnurs, was huiU in the year 430 ; but this ac- (..iiHit IS not to be ilcpendcj upon. Hoivever, in the vear lO >■», the great (luUe Jaroflaw declared it the capital of all Riiffia ; and it ro;-.tiiiued to he the rel'idence ot the rtat duki-. till the twilfth cenf.iry. It afterwards tell into the hands of the I'oles ; biit, in 166;, they rellor. d It to the Rullians for a certain term of years, and in itS() ceded it t in u;a7incs, barracks for the gar- rifon, offi ers h )'.:f^'s, and liime churches, inchulcs a rich and (lately monaftcry, founded in the eleventh eenturv, and called l^etlhertkv, from the monks former- ly livin" in a pctflicra, or cavern, in the mount.un on which the convent now Hands. Iji i*s lubterraneous vaults, which rel'emble a labyrinth, and contain ch.ipels, cells, fs'c. are found a j;reat number of undeeaved bodies, :upp'ifed to be the remains of taints and martvrs ; and here the bodies of the deceafed monks are alto depolited. ()ppof;tc to this monaitery formerly ifood a nunncrv, wliirh is now converted into a inatiazine. The I'uburbs of l\'t|herlkv are very large, conlitting of houfes bcloni;- nv to the above-mentioned convent ; and alfo ot tlveral i onventsand churchcr, the principal of which is the con- v;-nt of St. Nicholas. Old Kiow is featcd on an eminence facing the north, and is fortil'ied, aec'il, ond Kijh'id Nova^rc-l \ thj hiiml'ir cf Cir cf CnJc. into u'hiJi e.tii' ;'( tliviiJril; ti/i.l 11 ^iihife Dt-Jciit'lijil cfthf pi i'lcipul Tiwiis lo:y contain. ' I '" 1 1 IC government of \ X (i>c ililhi^ls, the mo! arc. ot W'oronelli and .\(n\v ineaides b rcmaikabl.- places of which Woron (li, a large and populous provincial city, feat- cd in a n.irtow, but very deep, river of the fame i.ame. It is uuTounde.l with a wall, and is the rcliJence of the Itatthalter, or governor, and a biIlio|iV, lee. Moft ot ti-.c (trcets, iniiead of thine pavements, aic laid wiili beams of timber. Peter 1. in order to maintain his lo- vereignty over the Black k,>, cauled a large dock to be in.ule tor building of (hips, whicli drew many new in- hal)i:ant5 thither, among whom were levcral toreii.'n ar- titicers. This city carries on a confiderable trade. Hachmut, on a river of the tame name, is tuuati-d partly on .111 eminence on its we.'lera bank, and pailly III a plain on the calf iide of that river. The former i, defended bv a citadel, and indeed the whole town is l,,r- tilied tortile (ecurity of the I'alt-worki. The imperial lalt-uffiee at li.ichmut maintains a battalion ofie.!;ular troops, a:;d a company of Collacs, conlKiing of a hun- dred men. 'Che country, which is lituated between tlie JJone/., the Don, the lila^k tea, Miiis, and Kalmius, exceeds all the rcll: of Little Riitlia in fertility ; and hai alt.) tevei.d fpots that are fuppofed to contain ileh o.-e. The Don CoHacs who dwell in this government are podlllid I. f many fni.ill towns (Ituated on the riveis Don and Done/. Their capital, nameil 'I'llierk. Ik, is the lelidence of the attonian. It is built in the Turkifti manner, and part of it cncompalled with high palifidocs lixed on the Don. 'I'his city is of large co.mpafs ; it ik iiilubiti.d by a gr.-at number of .Atiatics^ and carries on a great tr.ide. At the dilhncc of four wcrfts is the city of tit. Anna. a new town, reguhirlv built .ind fortilied by the Rulliuis. It is but iina!l,and i, leated low on ilic banks of tlu- Don. It has fix b.itlions and the necetlary out-workb, with a garrifoii contitling of two m.u chins; and tv.o yarril'on re- giments. 'I'iie houles are well built, the lliecta br.j.ij and (traight. The guvernincnt of ISiclogorod contains part of Littli-. RutF.a, and is divided into tuedilhicts. 'I'he capital of the government is Bielogorod, wlii. Ii (lands on the river D.ui-j/., and was built in the vear T)0. About an Eiii'Jdh mile from the town is a huge cnalk lull, where liielogoiod formerlv (food, and fiJni which It derives its name, whicli fignilies a white town ; but it was afterwards bu It in a v.dley between two moun- tains. It is divided into the Old and New 'I'own ; it has thre.' fubuibs, and is a b, (hop's (ee. The Old Town isluiroundid with a rampart und moat, and the New Town with paliladoes, Th- government of Sniolenlk contains White KuOii, propcrlv to called, which was ceded bv Poland to Kudu by .1 tieaty concluded in tbiyj, and conlirnied In iCSO. The moll remarkable place in this govemmeiit r-, SiiKilc nfk, a lar^e and well fortihed town on tlieNicper, the retidi iKc of the governor, and a billiop's t'ec. It car- ries on a contiderable trade, and is famous in hillorv from Us being the fu' jccl of many diljuites between the IMes and Rc.llians ; during which it was often bclieged and taken b\ I'oth paities. 'I'he governmeiit of Niflinci Novogrod Is inhabited by the follo.ving tribes ; the Morduans, whol'e languai;e li fiid to refeml^lethc Kinl.indKhdialciit j the I'llicic nitJl'.n., Jii*iiii"iii1i' M mw'' ^ mm ' |]i U4 6f ■ '(* . A s Y s T E i\r o :■■ G !■: o n a i- ii v, the loft flic of the \Vi)!ga ; an;l the Nagonioi, who live :imoii^ tin; irnunt.ii:;,; on the right Ink- ot th;u livci. The forrm-r Inlouj; to tiiis !;ovcriinitiit ; but the prtalcll part "f the hitter to that ol CslVii. The 'rihuw.illii.'.ii.-., who live dil'pcrfcJ in this :'ovcriimcnt and th.it <.l Caliui, are a iiiimcrous tribe, 'ihcy worfliip one luprtme tiod, whom they call '1 or.i, and eonhdcr the fuii a^ a kind o( Aibordinate dcitv, to wiiom they pay their adorations ; and they have Icvoral other ini'ei ior deitiib, which, lliey lay, hold the lame rank with the uiiitb of the KuiFianJ. tviiv villape has its own idol creded in a Iqnaie, ineloled with palil'adoes. Thev perlurni their devoiions to it near n fire, where thev olTer a ilieep to the idol, and haim up (he ''km lor a trophy in honour of it. 'I lie perfon wlio perforins this facrihce, to whom tluv liave rccourle in tverv difficulty, u (IdLd 'S'umalle ; and both I'e.xes are cajiable ot this religious office, (ire.it nimibers ot thefe Vagans have been bapii/ed ; and throir.'hout all the Ruf- ilan towns in the dillricts where thev live Ichools have been creeled, for in(lrii(fling their yoiiiii ;ii the principles of the Chrillian religion, in order to ipialitV them for being miiTionaries among their own tribe. This govtrn- nunt contains four ciicle3,aiu' the principal place in this jurifdiction is Niflnici Novogrod, that is Lower Novo- jrrod, which is a large provincial city feated on the Wolga, at the inlliix of the river Oka. It was built in the year IJ.'. 2, and has two cathedrals, twenty-eii;ht parifh churches, moll of which arc built with itonc, and iiie convents. It is an archbifliop's fee, and is delended by a caftlc furroundcd with liuiie-walls. 'I'hc trade of this city is very confiderable, and the (hops make a hand- fome appearance, Irom thrir being richlv lurnillied with all kinds of foreign goods, as well as thole made in Ruffia. In the year 1715 a great fire broke out here, ill which fome thoufands of the inhabitaius loll their lives. SEC I'. XI. Of the C'yvcmmint cf AP-jow, tvith a partiadar Difiip- ir.n tj the Capital of the jutm ^uiiie. THE gnycrnii'cnt of Mofcnw is the beft cultivated and the moil populous m the whole empire, and may be called the gaiden ol Riiilii. It contains eleven provinces, the principal places in which arc the city of Mofcow and \'aroi!awl. Mofcow, the anticnt capital of th:- Ruffian empire, and the rif:denrcof the czarf, is iitiiated in ihecircle ofits own namr, in the fifty-fifth degree forty minutes latitude, and the thirty-eighth degree e.ilt: longitude ; fourteen hun- dred and Inuttecn mile; iiartli call ot Eondtin. It ftands ;;i a picafant plain on the hank of the river Mofkwa, from which it derives its nan.c. .Mr. I Ian way fay:i, that river runs through ;t, and, making many windings, adds a very ih iking beauty to the city ; but in (umnier it is in many plr.ccs (hallow and unnavigabic. Scveial emiiienees, in- tcrfpcrf.d with groves, gardens, and lawns, lorin the niott dehghtful prolpcdis. It is built foniewhat after the eaftcrn i:Mnncr, it having but lew regular (treets, and a great number of li"ules with gardens. The number of (he churches in the city Is computed at fixtctn hundred, .imonn which are eleven cathedrals, and two hundred and fever.iy-one parilTi churches ; the red either belong to (o;ivents, or may be confidered ar piivate chajicls. Near the churches ate hungup iVveral large bells, which .lie kept continually chiming. One of thefe is of a (tu- pendous iize, ai'.d, our author ohiervcs, afibrds a fur- priling proof of file folly of thefe who caulcd it tt) be made; but the Ruffians have from time immenioiul I'ccn txtrcmrlv fond of great bells. This bell is four hundred and forty-three thoufand fevcn hundred and tcvcnty-two pounds weight, and was ca(t in the reign of the ( niprefs Aiinc : but the beam on which it hung be- ini; burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broke out ol it. Manv of the clu.n he s have gilt ll cples, and are majini- licntlv derorand w ithin with paintin"s ; but indeed inofl i)f thefe :i:i. n.iferablc daubings, without fliadc or pcr- ipcitiv Thi luimher of publ.i. idihttF and (i|iiarib at Molio\s amoiiiit to forty- three. 'J lie ii;eaii lioul.a arc ludtej much more nun.crou;. than thofe that arc vvi 11 buiit ; tin; latter are, however, daily incicaliu^ , but, .u oiiiv ;. part ot tile llreets is paved, they are very dun . 1 be city IS divided into loar urclcs, one wiiliin ano- ther. 'Jhe interior ciide, or the Kuii.clin, wliiclifL-. n.lles a lorirels. contains the h llovsing rui..iikahle build- ings : the old iiupciial p.d,uc, plealure-houle, ;ind ilaliK.', a vidtualling-hcule, the palace which lormerly beloiig(,l to the patriarch, nine caihedial.s, five convents, lour pa- i;lh churches, the arlenal, with the public colleges, and oilier offices. All the churches in the kicmeiin haie beautiful Ipiics, moll of tlum gilt, or covered wilhfilvcr. 1 he arcluteClure is in the Ciothic talle ; hut the inlidc ol the churches is richlv ornamented; and the iiiciuica of the faints ate dccc^rated with gold, lllver, and picciouj iioncs. In the cathedral (ailed "Soboi, which has no Icl^j than nine towers, coieied with ct.ppcr double gilt, is .1 (ilver branch, with forty-eight Iight.s, laid to weigh two thoufand eight hundred pounds. Here aie depolucd, in filver Ihrines, the uniaiiis of three archbifliopi ; and m a gold box IS a robe broiiitlit from Perlla, y.ljich is Iro: looked upon as the identic. d g.irnitnt worn l\ oui Savioui. The remains of the lovcreigns of the Kiiffiaii empiu, ami their male deietndaiit.^, are interied in bt. .Michael'* church; and thofe of their coniorts, and the prineeiles, aie depcdited in the convent ul 'I'lhudow. All th.dr Itiui^lures are lofty, Cpacious, and built with flone. Thi;i ciicle IS tince hui died latboir.s iiidian.eter, and fuiioiind- ed with veiy high and thick wall-., Ilaukcd with Uk towers, planted witii t-iinoii, and alio delended by dco moats ;ind lampar;;. I'roni the above circle you pals over a haiuKome (toiij bridge inui the lecoiid, whu h is called Kiiai^orod, or the Chiiielc-town. 'I heie aie heie five llree;«", two ca- thedrals, eighteen paiiili ihurches, lour convents, thir- teen noblemen's houles, and nine public edifices : iheli are the duel difpenlary, in which the medicines are ke-)t in vellels ot China porcelain, decoi.ited with the impe- rial aims ; and trom this place the whole empire is fup- plied with medicines : tlie mint, which is a luperb ilruc- luie: a maga/iiie, or waiehoule, to which all i;oods aio brought belore they have paid duty ; the cullom-houte : the ambaliador's palace, which is now converted into a lilk nianulaiitory : a printing-houle : a court of judica- ture : the phytic garden ■. and the exchange, in which are about fix thoufand handfomc fhops ; here all com- mercial attairs are trantacted, particularly what relates to the trade with Chin.i, whence this ciicic contains ma.iv merchants. 'I'his part t.f the city is tortihed with u pretty high wall, (Irengthened with twelve towers anil iliong bulwarks. Tne third circle furroimds the former, and is named Uelgorod, or the White Town, from a wiiite wall wnii which it is eiKomp.ided. It is aim called the Czar's Town. The Neglina runs tlnougli this part of thcciiv, fioni north to loutti ; hut though ttierc are in tnis circle feveral kneles, bojar.-, inerch.ints, and tradelmen, it is in many paits very dirty, and moll of the houles a.r; very me.in. It includes feventy-f:.'; paiiflichuti lies, levtii abbey, eleven convents, and nine public edifices : ti-.efc are tA'o palaces, a cannon louadety, two markets, .1 brcwhoiile, a magazineof piovifioii! , the lait-i'.lli harbour, and the lialii garden. At the tiiiibcr-maiket are lol.l new wooden houles, which may be taken to pieces .uul put together again, wneri: the purchafer plealcs. The lourth citt le, called .Seniiaiioigorod, that i-., .1 town fuiiounded with ramparts of drill, inclofes ihc three puccdiiig parts, and its rainp..rts include an atia ..1 great extent. i he entraliccwas loimcrly by thiity-four gates ot timber, and two of Hone; but at prefciu only the two lalt are ll.iiidiiig. Over one of thcic gates 1, 4 mathemaiital fi hool, and an obleryatory. I'liib ciich; contains a hunda. I and lliiee p.iiilh churelK ., Iwoioii- vents, an impeii.l liable, an ailc'nal lor ariiil. rv, a mint a magazine tor piovilions, .ind a cloth nianul.icloi v . Round till le pi incip,il parts ol tlie ciiy he the fubiiii' , which aie III great ixtiiit, and cmitain lixly p.iidh I hutches and Iiii coiumij. I heie lubiiil); icliinble the villjic-. Kussi Russia. U k O 1' E. 47 >nic llunj ;i'iuJ, u'.' two ej- us tliir- .s : tlK-li i arc kept rc ii lup- [.rbllru.- hoiilc : i:;ti) a ii.lica- wliith 11 com- atC'. to .s m;;;u: with u nnn.nl ■I'l \vi:ii C/,;r'r. thccr.v.. I.: .1 t,.-U; itts, .1 ;irboiii , luM L'CCS Mul at is .1 oli-j I hi Itlll .•! ty-tuur lit only t>.'i In 4 iilIi: UO iljll- 1 limit, l.iLliir\ . ubiiili'', pjrifl\ ,1.|..- till- ■i * villascs in other part? of the country, except the (]L-rm:in iiu.utcr, which ii the largcll and hanJlonicIt, and con- tains two Liithiarn chiirchfs, a (grammar fcho-il, a Cul- vinill chiircli, anJ a Roniilh church. This luliiirb i:. tituatird towards the call on the river Yaula ; to the well ot' it lies the palace ot Annenhof, which ha, a good i^ardcn ; and tuvvar.l., tlio north is a large and (lately hol- pital. FartI.er to the v,\H (lands the palace ot llie em- prefs tli/ahctli. The I'winlxr of inhabitants are fuppofcd to amount to .iboiit a hundred and fifty thoufand. 'I'hele confilt ot itatcfmcn, noble fannliis, and their lervants, merchants priclfs, monks, and lervants belongini; to tlie churches mech.iniis, labourers, carriers, and Hedge drivers. Mol'cow has iircally declined fince the building of !'c- t'-rlbiir;;h, and its bein:; m.ide the li;at of the empire. An iitiiverfiiy and two rvmnafia, or feniin.iries, were founded here in the year 1755. Mol'cov.' has often fuf- fercd by hrcs, and in 17^7, 174H, and 1752 a conli- derable part of it was reduced to aflics, efpecially by the laft fi:e, which conlumc-d above half the city, together with t!ie noble difpcnfary and the c/.arina's ftables. But the houlc an always loon rebuilt after inch a calaii>ity, they being for ti'.e molf part formed of vcrv mc.in man - rials. 'I'he gardens in its neighbourhood yiuld a variety of fruit, and are particularly famous for the traiil'parcnt apple, called by the Ruffians naliwy. In this government are leveral confiderablc places, a- mong which is Garoflawl, a large and well built town, the capital of a circle of the lame name ; it has a good trade, and is celebrated for its Ruffian leather. 'J'lie fliops in the large exchange make a very jiraiid appearance, and are well flocked both with home and foreign goods. Here is alio a coiillderablc manufacfure of all kinds of linen and flowered woollen tlulFs. 'I'he Ruffian church, which flanJ^ near the manulaitory, is built in the Cjer- nian taftc, and has lew equal to it in thi' country. One of the moil remarkable places in thi- circle of .Mof- cow is the convent of the Holy Trinity which is the largcll and bell endowed of any in Ruffia ; t le number of peafanti! who arc its valiils being no Icfi than twenty thouf.ind. It is fituated at the dillance of lixty werlts trom \Iofcow, and is built in a quadrangular I'orni, intiie old Goth.e ta!le. It is inclofed with llrong walls, ram- parts, and moats, and is always garriloned by a company of folJiers. The convent itlijlt is a Ip.icious, lolty, and handlomc llrueturc. The great church is very Ipl -ndld, and has a fine tower, in which are leveral valuable bells. Befidcs the principal church there are nine others, and a granitiiar fcliool, within the inclofure of the convent. The number of monks who relide here is laid to amount to about fix hundred. Thi-. wa' the place where l-'eter I. took Ihelter after he had nanou'ly eleaped the hands of the .itrelitzes, who h.id been Ipnited up againd him by ,So[itiia his half fi'.ler. It has been an aiitieiit cultoiii for the liivercign of the Ruffian empire to go in pilgrimage t ) this place. Heie are leveral dead bodies, which, from natural caufes, remain undecayed. Tliete is a Iniall town near the eonvcnt. s K c r. XII. Of the (j'.vtnvmnti cf Anhai^il and Kn-orrod; uith nn A>.)unt of th,- Sam'ACiUs, inthcprmcr Grjcrnmntt ; und tl I priiuitxil I'tiiUi in ctuh. THE government of Archangel incliiJcs a part of Lapland, ot which we (hall give a more particular acioiint in tr< ating of Sweden ; but, as great numbers <.l thtr people called Samoicdes live 111 this goveininent, II will be proper to take I'omc notice ol them. The .S.iinoiides inha'dt the coall ot the northern ocean both in Kurope and Afi.i, and we have already given fome account ot thdii ill tre.iting of Siberia, i'he word Sam oiede i-. laid to iigiiily man-eater, it being imagined, without any loiindatioii, that thele people devoured liieir dcceafed friends and the priloners nkeii in war. The Samoiedes that live in the govrmnient ot Archangel are rntirch leparated fiom the rell ot that nation, and as it were excluded lioni any inteKoitite with ih.ni. liny have alio a ditlerciit language; yet as to ti; ir religion and curtoins, they entii^ly agree. They are low ot llature, and their ieet, elpcciallv thole if ihe tcmales, ato rem.irkab!'/ Imall. Their tawnv cunplexion, longilli eyes, and putl'ed checks, give them a \i'ry dilagreeablc appearance in the eves of flra.i^ers. I'hey aic poor, limple, and iindeiigiiing. 'i'heir winler-djel's is nude of the I'^.iis ol rein-deer, with the hairy tide outwards; and tlie cap, coat, gloves, bieeehes, and llockings, aie generally ley\ed together ; to tli.it the \vlu,le luit makes but one piece, in tumnier tliey wear tilh-lkiiis, and inih ad of ilirejd ute the nerves of wild be.ill. cut into long lilanienls. They all fubhlt by huntinj and hlhiiig ; the ncfh ot' rein-deer, hear-, feals, towU, dried tilh, and turnips, be- ing their ulual lood. The fl^lli they eat partly raw and partly boihd. Their w.apons tor hunting are javelin. , bows, and arrows pointed witli bone ; they have aim feme darts bearded with iron. Whi.n they jind i: dilli- cult to fublift in one place, they remove to another. Their fumnier huts are covered with the bark of biich trees; but in winter, with the fkins of rein-deer. Their whole riches, and all they poii'eis conlills in tents, cloaths, and rein-deer, lioth fexes wear the fame kind of drefs, and as their features are equaiiy difagrceable, it IS not ealy to diflinguifh them. 'Their marriages are attended with no other ceremony than merely an agreement between the parties ; but tho' polygamy is not ]irohibited among them, few of them have more than one wife. The Samoiedes, like the Of- tiacs, call llieir new born children by the name of the firll aniioal they meet, or if they firll happen to meet .1 relation, he generally namss tlie child. helore they were b.ought into liibieclion to the Ruffian government, the only puniili.ment among them waa ti> lell the [ letrator of any heinous crime, as niuider, &c. togct • with his whole taniily, for llaves. Cut the Riilfian la\. are now introduced 11. to the principal places in this country. 'They know very little of a Supreme Being, but pay their adorations to mitliapen woo.len images ol men, brails, birds, and fiflies. 'They all'o pay a Icindofwor- Ihip to the heads of bcalis of prey, particularly tiiol'e of beats, which they put up 111 the woods, and fervently pray to. 'Their prielK, whom they term fhamans, or codelnies, are chol'cii Irom among thole wiio are moll advanced in years, and thele they imagine can make known to them Ihe will of their gods, foretd iuturc even:,;, and by their iirange gclhircs, and ridiculous gri- maces, pert'orm all kinds of magical operat jns. Before the reign of the czar Iwan Hahlowitz,, the only magillratc among them was the old^lt man in the l.imily or village, to whom the rell were fubjecl. But in his reign, a perfon called Aiuca Stroganow, fcnt his Ion to make diicovcries in this country, w! o on liis re- turn made an ample report to tne g' vcrnmcnt. The Kiilhans were not a little I'or.d of the tine t'eis it produ- ced, and the czar immediately old ed leveral forts to bu built in diri'ere.it parts of the country. 'The Samoiedes readily fuhmittcd to p.iv a tribute of furs, whivh was impoied on them, and by degrees the habitable places were peopled by Ruffian colonies and i:jveiiinis. 'Thj Samoicde,-, made two attempts to Ihake olt' tl-.e Ruffian )okej but were lijon reduced. Thev have the .'-.iiell furs in all the Ruilian cmpiie, which they dii'pol'e of to the Ruffian:, lor trifles, and y/iien they meet with ill luccefs in hunting and hilling, tiiey cxchaiine tiiem for meal ; this they mix with water, and eat it ou: eta kettle wlii.::i always hangs over the fire. In this government are twei'.e circles, the mufl ccn- fiderablc places in which are . Archangel, the capital of tills trnvernmcnt, which ij ftuated in lixty-four dearies ih.ity-lour minutes north latitude, and in torty degrets twelve n:inutes call lon"i- tiide Irom London, on the batiks .jf the riur Dwiiu, about tour miles trom its entrance into the White Sea. 'This city is about throe Knglifli miles in hn.'th, and one in breadth, and the houi'es are all built of wood, alter the Ruffian manner, except the exchange cf the nierch ants, whiih is of rtone. The citadel, where tlic go- '.einyr reliJcs, i^ furraundcd with ak.nj of wal! 'naJc of Urge I '-^:^ '■■H i*' !'F I 48 A S Y S T 1'. M O 1< G E O G R A F H Y. Kl ssjA. large piccci of linihcr. Thi^ city is a biflio|)'s i\c ; but hotin tlic I.utluraili aiiJ C.ilviiiilb h.ivo ihcir rtliRCtivc churches thcic. The loim-lstion of its i-oinniercc was laid by the F.ni^lifli in the ycir i ^5^, aiiJ the aiivaiiia;^is ihcy renneil (mm the Riifli.i t\:\i\u, liinii pronipted otlHT na- liniis to pur ill for .1 lliaie nf it. I'rovidous arc there fuKi vcrv cheap; hut the [;raJu.il incrcafe anJ profpcriiy of Peterlburg has made this city decline in the lame proportion. A p(>(^ hjs, however, been i!t.ih,il!u\l (or the convenience of trade between thia town and IVtcrl- btir". UlHu^' ^V^Iiki, or (neat Uthug, the principal town of a circle of its own na!i\c, is fituated near the conflux of the river< .^ncl'ona and [u:: ; but formerly (lood at the nuiuth of tl;e latter, from wl'.ich it derive its name. 'I'his city is about three werlKs and a half in len'lh, and half a wrrlt in breadth ; it contains nven'y-three churcnr-, befiJes five convents, and is an arihhilliop's tee. Thou.^h it is fituated in rixtv-oiic de tccs fifteen minutes latitu.le, vet the fruits of the earth often couiC to maturitv. It has a communication by water with .Archangel and Wolocda, which renders it lb ctmvcni- ent fnr trade, that molt of its inhabitants are merchants, and fomc of them arc v .'rv WLiUtri Thole who L'o fioni .■\r(hani;il to Siheria, i;enerallv pafs tlUoU|'h tin-, citv. 'I'ne laft place wc fliall nuntion in this L'ovcr.'imci'.t is that of Woio:,(J:~ tihite, FioJuti; aihl Inlhiiiliiiiti. I'heir ii',vrtumint ur.d Hi'lvy; ivith ,1 Dejaijitiiii (if Ri:^ii, li'i Ijlutut of 0.'/ei, ii'iil til' (Jitifs of RfVul, Siiiihiy ami cthir cciifidtruii.e I'iihii in thi-fc' DulJlti. W'V. now come to the provinees acquired bv Kuffij, 111 ihe prelent century . ihefe a:e i.ivoiiM, In- |;ria, and C'arelia. We Ihall begin with the duichies of J.ivonia and 1 tUionia, which were formerly inhabited bv three different nations, the I.ivonians, J.ettor.ians, and Llthom.iiis, whciuc it b'.came divided into LiclLind or Livonia, I.ettland, or Lettoiiia, and l^lihl.iiid, or Kf- ihonia. In common convvrfatioii l.ivonra include:; the countrv projierlv fo called, loja'ther with I.ettoiiia and Kllhonia ; but, to (peak with j;realer prccihon, l.ivoiiia, or the loutii part of the country, oui'Jit to be dillinguifli- td from k-Hhonra, or the luirili parr. Livonia and IdHionia border on Courland, the li.iltic, the Kulpli of I'inland, Ingria, Ruifia, and I'oland ; it verv few of that nation at piefcnt live there. It has alio j extending; in length from north to louth between two hundred dwrlliiii; hoiife^, fixiy-einht churchr', two con- veills, with four churches, and a (ierrnan fuburb, tho' twoliiburbi iiilia'iited by Hcdje Olivers, in which are two churches, befides a convent of monks, which has four chapels. This citv, wliiih is the lee of an archbiflinp, was fnrmerlv in a llouriflrin': conJition, and carried on a cr.nliderable trade, its coirmeicc now confilts of hemp, hemp-fetd, and inattinj:, made of the bar': of linie-iiees, whith the inh.diitar.ti lend to .•Xrchan^el in a lew lar^e i plenty of all the necellaries ol lile. I'he air is clear and barcc^ that beloirj to the town: they alio fend Kullia ' laluhrious ; and though the winter be Ioim' and icvere, leather .ind tallow bv land to I'eterfliurtr. Arehan.n 1, on and conlecpieritly the funimer Ihort, vet the heat of the the other hand, fupplics Wologda with foreign commo- dities, which are fcdd here \ery cheap. Molt of the in- habitants of this town are traders : the Dutch and Ger- :nai . ha\e been fettled here for a Icuig time pall, and upon the takin;' of Narva, the created part of tne inha- bit.iius who were made piilbiiirs, was lent tot!:istown, wh'ae ihev provided lor thenil'elves fo well by their in- dilltrv, that ihcv returned back with reluclarice. The '.'•jverninent of Novo:'_rod or Nowo.'rod, includes the dutcl.y of the fame name, or the illand of Cireat N'ovooTod, conquered by the Ruflians in 14;8. In this countrv lies the lake of llmen, from whieh the livcr W'olcovv runs-, and th- I'e pr.at rivei ; c.illed the Wol^a, hundred and frity and three hundreil miles, imuI its breadth from call to welt, is fiom two hundred lo two hundred and foity mile.-, cxduhve of the illands belunp- inj; to it. Livonia confilts partly of woods and moralfi.s, and partly of a fertile Ibil, that vieids the inhabitants great 1 climate, dming the latter lealon, is luch, th..ttheuiam I fown both in winter and lumuur ripens at the pioper tunc. Ill a plentiful year the inhabiiaiiti export man/ thouland lalis of barley and rye to Holl.ind, Spain, and other (nrei::n coururies, wdiencc Livonia has been term- ed the gr.inarv of the north, liclbic the corn is thresh- ed, it IS dried and hardened in kilns, heated by lari'c built contii;uous to their barns ; yet this renders Itoves Nieper, and the I'oliih Dwina, h.ive alio their fourcis in tlii. province. This government includes five circles or dilliict-, the nudt remarkable places in which arc, (Jreat Kovogroil, the capital of a circle, and a very aiu lent, lari-e, and celebrated citv, feated on the river Wolcow, jult where it runs out ot the lake of llmen. This is a place of confiderable trade, and the feat of a "ovcrnor. It was hrll built in the ninth centiirv by the .Selavonian>, and was a famous itaple of the Uanle- tnwns, till the year 140+, when it grew fo powerful, tli.it it becamea proieibral Ipecch, " Can any body with- '■ Itand Gtjd and Novogroil .'" liut by Ireqiientiv fal- liti:'- into the hamls of its enemies, and the many con- l!.i;M itions, whirh, from time to time, have li:ippened 1:1 this city. It IS fo far reduced, as to have IVarce any I 'mains of its former crandtur The churches and I inventi are alone worihv ot notice, the relt cjf the town confiftin;; of fmall wooden houl'es j it is, how- ever, an an hbdhop's fee. St. Anthoiiv"i convent is fituated bv the river Wol- cow, about two werits from Novoiirod, and i, the (iriii- eipal mmiallery in the country. St. Anthony, its loun- iilT, was buried there in 114", and belides his monu- ment, here is fliewn a mill-llone, on which his vota- leli.'ve, and i'ia\eiy HfTert, th.it he faded from Illy I to this ut the It neither iinlu lor lovvin;;, nor for niakin;< bread and malt, though it has the advanta:^o of making it keep the better. I'ormerly thi-^ country was overrun with yaft woods of oak, Hr, pine, and bnch trees ; but th.f.: arc now too thin, parilv tiom the niethod of buildiiii; practi(i;d hv the inhabitants, whole houles and other edilices both III the towns and villatjes, conlilt alinoit eniirelv of wood and partly by their clearing it the woods, m order to lue- pare the land for fowing of cum. The country, however has reaped one advantage from the want of tiee;, it bein • lei, inteltcd with bear:, wolvt-, elks, lynxes, maiteiis" and other wild beaiti ■ yctlvivoiiia (till abounds with the Imalkr wild i|iiadrupeds, and other game ; (o tluit lian :., wliich turn white here in winter, and wild fowl, aic (old veiy cheap j but there arc neitiier deer nor wild boars 111 this country. The horned cattle, horle^, and j;oals (it Livonia are, however, veiv numerous, and inuehelleemed ; but the (hcep are not exttaordinaiv, their woid being coarfe, and reteinblin.; L'uats hair. \'a(l (piamilies ot flax, hemp, hnleed, leather, an.t fkins, are exported from hence in loicii'n boti.-nis. The rivers whu h water this country are tlic I )iina, the A;:, the I'.mbac, tnc I'ernaw, \'c. It has Ikewiie manv Itandmti lakes, as that ol l\ipus, the lake ot Wcrczei winch IS thirty milts in length, and twelve in brr.uitli, the like ot Luhaii, and (ome others. Doth tliele lakes and river.s atlbid pleiitv of the liiielt (aliin 11 and o tilde :ir:d ate , are loiiri I :.'ie ccnmioii I \ 4S Ki:ssiAi K U R O P t. ^9 [•.an :,, I. aic wiia |<, and .llld I', ihcir It, and lis. |iui, the many |cri'7.d, Irr.uilti, : lake* la, anil i)v in; Idnnl :,u;nin food of the pcafants, who fait great cinantitics of them. A Svvcili' has in the prcfcnt reign ellabliflicd a pearl- iiihiTV, and there are above forty-tive rivulets and lakes in I,ivonia and KIthnnia where this fifhery is carried on; Init the latter yield more pearls than the former, and thofe ncarlv equal the oriental peails botli in fi/.e and tlear- nels. ■|"hc highways and roaJs in Livonia arc in very good order, and at the ejid of evcrv Rnflian werfl a red pdlar i^ crccUd, on which is marked the number of the werlls pallid and rcmainin^r, in tiavtlling from one capital to ano'.licr. This country was formerly interfpcrfed with a multi- tiidj of towns and vilLigcs ; hut molt of them have been dedrnved in the wars which I-ivonia has fo often expe- rienced i and the ruins of niatiy of them are to he fcen. Jndccd a traveller pafles through more towns in a journey of eighty or iiinctv miles in many countries, than iji all this ex'cnt ot' land, lo the fame caufe may be attributed the fcarcitv of money obfcrvablc among the Livonian pcafants, who, amidll all their affluence, find fuch dif- liculty in turning the overplus of their fubftance into monev, that it is faid they are obIij;cd to give half of it awav, and at the fame time they buy wli.itcver , foreign commodities they have ocafion for at a very high price. JJvonia might doubtlcfs afford fublillence to a much greater number of inhabitants than it lias at prefent ; ior they have been extremely thinned by war, pcllilence, nnd famine. Their number may in fonic nicafurc be de- termined bv the following method ; the cflatcs arc taxed according to the numb.r of hakes, that is id' men fit for labour from fifteen to fifty years of age, five of thefo be- ing reckoned to a hake. The pcafants of Kdhonia are ('.lid to confift only of five thoufand hakes, which only amount to twenty-five thoufand labouring men, a num- ber that mult appear very incoiifidcrablc for fo large a province. Ijcfides thofe of the inhabitants who arc of (icrman extraction, this country contains a great number of Kllho- nians and I.cttonians, who arc of a different race, and have a different language ; but tlieir manners and cuf- toms are nearly the fame. The Kfthonian.s fecm, from the affniity of the two languages, and other circum- llanccs, to have defcended from the fame origin as the Fins ; but the I/Cttonians, both from their name and langoarc, r.ppear to be fprung from the fame (b-':k as the r>ilhuanians, who arc a mixture of feveral Sarinatian tribes. The ffaturc of both fcldom exceeds the middle fize ; but they are vigorouv and hardy, enduring cold and heat, and ehearfidly imdergoing the grcateft labour and f.Ui"ue. Their houles are meanly built, and the rooms (- (erers by falling under the doininion of RulTia ; for fince that time all their riizhts and privileges have been con - firmed to thorn, and the effates which thccourt of S.vedeii had realTumcd have bk'-wilc been feffortd. Artificers and mechanics arc lefs common here than in other countries. The commerce of f,i\onia always llouiifhc' in time of pracr ; however, the trading town^ on the t'laft differ greatly by the claiuleliine trade carried on bv land ; and, though it has hern often prohibited, ir ffifl inrieafes. The gentry purcbAfecyrn both uf their 4» vaffals and other pcaf.ints ; fomc ol them dillil fpiric! from it, while others fend it to the fea-ports, and lell it thereto great advantage. The pcafants are obliged to bring what corn they intend for i'alc to the noblemen's feats, where, inffcad of having ready money for it, they generally receive iron, fait, tobacco, and other utenfil.< and commodities. The inhabitants of Livonia chiefly profefs Luthdranifm , but the Calviniffs, Ruflians, and I'apifts, arc indulged with the free cxcrcife of their religion. The IJibIc ha; been here publiihcd in the Lettonian and I'.ffh.inian lan- guages i and there is an annuM allowance from the crown (d' twelve hundred rubles towards the fupport of the na- tional churches in this country i but the churched of the feparatifts do not partake of this bounty. All the country pariflies in Kfthonia, together with the cathedral of lleval, with regard to ccclcfiaffical jurif- diclion, arc fubjedt to tlic nobility, and are but forty in number; wheiicewcmay form a conje>Slurc of the great extent of thofe pariflies. The conllffory of nobles \s compofcd of a prclldent, who is a provincial counfcllor, provoffs, the preachers belonging to the cathedr.d of Rcval, and fomc other afieH'ors. Here i-. likewife a fu- preme court of appeals in fpiritual caufco, which con- liffs of fomc ccclcfiaffics, provincial counfellors, and noblemen. Livonia, or the gener.al government of Riga, contains above a hundred and twenty pariflies, which, together with St. James's church in I^iga, arc under the jurifdidlion of the confifiory of noble. ; over thefe pre- fidcs a general fuperintendant, who rcfides at Riga, where is alfo held the high confillory. Kvcry circle has a governor in civil and military affairs, who muff be ol the dafs of the nobility. The minilters of Pernai^Dorpt, and other fm;dl towns in Livonia, are fubjedt to the ge- neral fiipcrintcndant ; but the cities of Riga, Rcval, and Narva, have their own confifforics, which, a; well as the niagiffracy, arc independant of the nobility. The liigheff tribunal in Kllhonia is the l\i;iri mc pro- vincial court, called the government, wliiili annually meets to adminiller jullii.c about the middle of January, and continues fitting till Kalier. It confids of the go- vernor, as prefidcnt, and twelve provincial counfellors, who at- all nobles, and have the rank of m;ijor-genera!. The provincial counfellors may fill up the v.icancies in their college, without any licence from the crown, from among the nobility; and the fenior provincial counfel- lors compofc a government, in the abfenee of the other govcrhors. Subordinate to this tribunal arc inferior judges, who hoKl inferior courts. The inferior judge ol every circle in Kllhonia has tv o afTiffants. His oflico is to take care of the roads and fridges ; to levy the money granted bv the nobility at the diet, for the public fetvicc ; and all dil'putes about limits and other incidents have the firit hearing bcfiire liim. Subordinate to the fuprcmc council is alfo another coiiit, c.dled nun gericht, which confills of a judge, two allellors, and ,i notary. Thefe take cognizance of all criminal all'airs, and difputcs of more importance. An appeal alfo lies from the t'ornicr of thefe inl'eiioi courts to the man gericht. The judge of botli thefe courts muff be of the clafs of nobles, and con- tinues in office only three years. In the general government of Livonia the chief tribu- nals are the lupremc couit of judicature appointed by thi; czariii.i, and .illo two inferior courts, liut from all thefe courts there lies an appeal to the college of judica- ture effablifhed all'eterlburgh, for the provinces of Effho- Ilia and Livoni.i, and from ;hit again to the fenate, which is the fuprcmc tribunal for the whole Ruffian empire. With refpcet to the hiffory of thefe countries, pngan- ifm prevailed till the twelfth century, when the Chrif- tian religion was firll introduced into Fdvimia. In 115S', fomc nierebaiUs of IJrcmen, bound to CJothl ind, weie driven by iliefs of weather on the coal! of Idvonia ; but the inhabitants at firff oppofed tluir landing, yet by de- grees grew familiar, and traded with them. Of this the merchants of lirenmi took .idvanlage, by relorting thi- ther in greater numbers with commiHlitics to trade with the natives ; and, with their conient, went about fw miles up the Uuna, where they pitched their tents. N Afterwards f« !--v.i I' Ph. 5« A S Y S T F. M OF G E O G R A P M Y. RtrssrA. r Aftfrwatdi fhfy Imilt a ftionj w.ir ■hnufi.' of timber on an (.■niineiici.', in whicli tht-y iicpr)rit(.il thi-ir pooili. The Gcrm.iiis incriafuig in nvinilier, Incii^lu with them, a- bdiit the year Il8(), an Aii;Mi(line monk, naiiieil Meiii- haril, whi), having'. IcariU'il the Ian„'uage of the country, peniMiIeil fome u( the inhibit iMl^ to be baptized. «y this time, iiilh'ad ol alingle waielunill', the (Jermans hail furmi'il .itmvn, which \eas named U.xkul, and this they now built with (lone, and eiedcd a caiHe at the foot of the hill. Memhard loimdcd a thurrh and convent of AujjulHne monlis in this town, whiili was foon ercifted into an ejiifcopal fee, of which he wis the tirft billlop. About the year iiqO, Canute V'l, king of IJenmark, entcrin- Eillionia, fubdued that province, introduced Chriilianity, erected churches in the country, und fent priclh to officiate in them. Hifliop Alhett, in order to promote the coni|uert of I.ivonia, inliitutcd the order of knii;luhood called the Knights of Chrilt, and pope In- nocent 111. gr.intcd them t'.ic fame (latute.s as the Knights Templars, with a crol^ and fword, as a badge to be worn on their coat> ; cn|oiniiig them, at tlie fame time, to obev the bifliop of kiga. In the y-ar l?.c6, bifliop Al- bert granted to the order the third part of Livonia, with all the privileges of (overeignty, which was confirmed by pope Innocent III. who exempted the knights from tithes and other imp'-lls. In 12^1 they were Tolemnly united with the knijhts of the reatonic order, and, ai their ha' it was a white mantle, with a black crofs, they (liled thcmfelvcs Diotlirtj of the Crofs ; a title which they after- ward: ch.uigcd to that of Lordi of the Crofs. At length the king of Denmark fold Hlhonia to this order, and in 1521 their iieneral purchafed from the grand mafler of the Teutonic Iviimhts in I'MifTia the chief jurifdiiUion in Li- vonia; at the fame time they were difcharged from their Oath of obedience to the Teutonic grand mailer. Soon alter the emperor Charles V. admitted them among the princes of the empire, by which they had a right of ap- pealing from their high court of judicature to the Aulic council at Spires. About the middle of the (l.\tccnth century the czar Iwan L'lfilowit/. formed the defign of conquering this country, which induced the city of Reval and the dutchy of Kilhonia to put thcmfcKcs under the protciHion of Sweden, on which was grounded the claim of that crown to Livonia, and the fuperior privileges enjoyed by LlHiunia above Livonia. (lotha Kctlcr, chief of the Older, alfo gave up Livonia to the king of Poland, and havin;; fulcmiily lefigiied his command, was created firft duke of Courh.nd, which he was to hold as a fief of Poland. The Poles likewife got poniflion of Riga and Lettonia ; but now tliis country became the fccne of the The general govrrnment of Riga contains Lcttoni.i, to which the name of Livonia is given in a more limited fenfe, .ind confills of the circle ot Riga, W'iiidin, I'ernau, Dorpt, and the province of Ocfel ; the principal place* of which arc, Riga, the capital of the whole country, fcatcd in the tiity-lixth degiec filty-thrce minutes north latitude, and in the twenty. fourtl\ degree call longitude from London, on the north call fide of the Duiia ; and, tho* it is not of any great extent, it is populous, well for- tified, and famed for its trade and opuKnic. The houfes are handfonie, anil for the molt part huil; 01 lloue. 'l"liey are fcldom above two lloiies high, and li.ue Keep roofs, tor the better carrjiiig otFtlie water, which ii very pene- trating on the melting of the fno'.v, wherein they ha\e the advantage of the Ruflians, who h.ue fliil greater occafioii to provide againfl the like inconvenience. The cellais aic ufed as warehoufei fiir flax, and other goods ; and the entrance or firft apartment in m.iny houfes is the coa;.h-houfe, through which you mulb pafs to the par- lour and dining-room. The ftrccts are narrow. The Lutheran churches, as the cathedral, St. James's, St. Mary M.^dalene'.s, St. Peter's, and St. John's, arc haiidfome ftrmihires, 'I'he feminaries, called the imperial Lyceum, and the city (lymnafium, are in a flouiifhing condition ; and the malic is have very confidcrable fala- ries. Here are alfo an old caflle, a Itrong citadel, and two arfenals well (lored with arms, one at the charge of the crown, and the other of the city. Th: fortifications both on the land and water fide have been improved un- der its prefeiu maltcrs, and thofe tuwards the fea are en- larged by additional works. Thia city, by means of its excellent hai hour, lias, during the fumm.r leafon, a good trade with Knglaiid and Holland, and in winter a trade with the Rurtian |)rovinccs by fledges. The Duiia is generally fio/.cn about the end of No- vember, and tipcri again near the middle of March} (o that it has the advant.ige of Pctetlburgh, where the Ne- va isclofed about fix weeks longer. When the ice breaks up, it frequently comes down in fuch large pieces, as to remove points of land, and form banks that fometimcs remain for fcveral years. For this reafon no (landing bridge can be built over the river, and there is only one of rafts and boards duiing the fummer fe.ifon. The chief commodities here are malls, timber, fla.x, and hemp ; great part of which i.^ brought from the Po- lifh Ukraine. Near five hundred fliips have been annu- ally loaded at Riga. Its privileges, which arc very confidcrable, were con- firmed by the emprcfs Anne. The fupremc court of ju- iicature for Livonia and the hiijh confiltory w.ns held in moll bloody w.irs between Ruflia, Sweden, and Poh'.nd, J this city, which is alfu the rcfiJence of the governor and which lafled fiir a whole century ; but by the peace of general fuperiiuendant. This city was built in the year Oliva, concluded in 1660, Livonia was given to Sweden, \ 12CO, and fonn after inclofed with a wall. It has fuff'cr- and the Uuna w is agreed to be the boundary between the i ed much by fires and fieges : the moll remarkable of the Swcdifli and IVdilh dominions. j latter are tliofe it fuflained from the Ruflians in 1656, At len.;th, in the famous war which broke out in the the Saxons and Poles in 1700, and a fecoiid time by the North in the beginning of the prefciit century between ' Ruflians in 171c, when it was oldiged to fubmit to the Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, this coun- | vidlorious arms ot I'eter the Great try was miferably ravaged, till by the treaty of Nyftadt, concluded in 1721, Sweden ceded Livonia, Kfthonia, and Ingria, wiili a pait of Caielia, 5ic. for ever to Ruflia ; when his c/.arilh ir.ijcHy engaged to preferve and main- tain the iiili.ibitaiits in the enjoyment of all the rights and piivileges they had pofllfled while under the domi- nion if Sweden, and to permit the Lutheran religion, with the churches, fchools, and all the endowments, to continue on ilic fame footing as under the Swedifli go- vernment ; granting the profefTors of the (Jreek religion only an entire liberty of coiil'cience, and the free cxercife of their religious worflrip. In 1741, Sweden attempted the recovcrv of part of thefe ceded countries ; but this was only attended with a lol's of part of Finland ; and by the peace of Abo, eoncluded in 1743, Ruflia was not only cnnfirmeJ in the poireflion of all its conquells, but acquired fome addi- tional I'idritts ill Finland. Since this country became fubjei5l to Ruflia, it has been •livided into two general governments and one city ; thcfe govetniiKiitb are ihofc ol Riga and Rcval. Dunnamuiide is a noble fortification, about twelve miles from Riga, fituated at the mouth of tlie Duna, where the fliips which fail out of the Haltic into that river pay culium«. 'Fhis place was taken by the Swedes in 160CJ, and 1C18, and by the Saxons in lycc, who gavi; it the name of ,\uguflu(l>uig. In 1701, it fur- rendeied a third time to tne Swedes, ar.d in 1710, was taken by the Ruflians. Dorpt, a town fituated on a plain, watered by the river Kmbcc, in the circle c.f the tame name, in latitude fifty-eight degrees, was built in the vcar lojc, by the grcJt duke of Ruflia, troni v\liom it was taken hy the religious knights in mc^i ; afterwards it was rebuilt, and created a bilhop's fee. It was formerly in a flou- rifliing condition, being a member cjf the Hanfeatic con- I'ederacy, and by means of its coiiinumication wi;h I'er- nau, by a canal which was dellroyed in the lad Ruflian wars, carried on a confidfrablu trade by fea An Kn- glifli (lapie was alfo fi.ved in this town. It has under- gone many remarkable fieges, partiiulaily in 17,'.), when it was taken and plundcrtJ by the Ruflians, and the iii- habitant« 4 ■ t Russia. habitants fr happLiied ii ricil away b rallle and being aftcn mean timbei Shicl the bit.ints have crs have fett pojiuloiis thi yet nudl of lifications, \ edifices, I'.il' There are yt and anion;; •/.inc and the though very univerlity, w quite fdleii t and H.ix. Pernaii is ( the ,4altic, it has fome t 'l"he provi f I, Moon, i entrance of in lenL;th, an and contains it was former tonic order ; mark's preteii it up to the I the latter by fia It has a cial counfello ifland. I'hc conltitutes a |: alfo fituated i creeled upon i We now cf or Rcval, wh the fmall dill this govcrnme Revel, wliic nine degrees t\ grccs call long lent well fiiiti The houfes a the (Ireeis arc I here, bifules tl thcraiis. 'I'he have four minil but thecjthcdr to the nobility, There is alfo native Ltlhoni.i teliors, and on is alfo a fchool the nobiiity. which the ni.ngi the crown. R number of m.il turmerly made towns. Its hai ulually lying in is furidunded w ^n.\ a deep diic which ftands o: citi/.ens have ve A quarter of is the fine impe I'he city ol I on a riling groui runs from the 1 gulph of I'liila There is a high and the lake ; lb mull be taken o llaiids in the lati and in tweiity- lungitude. It i Russia. K U R O P P. f,t flax. JIU, tlut vcdcs wlio fur- waj the :uJe tin- the hiiilt, flou- cim- IVr- ilTiaii Kn- nilcr- whcu ic iii- taiits I habitants treated with preat eriifliy. Hiit its total ruin happuie.l in i;o8, whin all the iiihabitints weie tar- rie.l away hy the Riiflians aj priftincrs of war, and the rallle ami li>rtitii.atiiiiis bl'iwn up i hut thel'e caplive'^, bein' artcTwarih perinittcJ to leturn, rehullt it wich mean timber hnLilef). SinCL the pc u:e nf Kyft.itlt, the number of if- inha- bitanis have been coiiri.lcraMy increafed ; many foreign- ers have fettled there, which has rendered the town more populous than it was under the domijiion of theSwcdes; yet null of the buildings dill lie in ruins, and the for- tifieations, walh, and gates, with molt of the public edilites, fal'cn to ile:ay, malte a melancholy appearance. There arc yet but fifteen private houfes built of Hone, and anion' the public buddings, none but the mai^a- v.iric and the German church. The prelent inhabitants thou'h very numtrous, are g'-ncrally indigent, and its univerlity, which was fur a time removed to I'ernau, is iiuite f.dlen to decay. Its trade chiefly confills in corn and H.ix. I'ernau is fituatcd on a river of the fame name, near the Haltic, and is a fmall town moftly built with timber; it has fome trade, and is defended by a caflle. 'I'he province of Otfel, includes the iflands of Oe- f I, Moon, and Runoe. The illand of ( )ei'el is at the (iitranccof the gulph of Riga : it is eighty four miles in liii:;th, and between fixteen and cigliteen in breadth, and contains ten pariflles. The foil is ftojiv but fertile; it was formerly fubiedl to the grand mailer of the Teu- tonic order ; but without prejudice to the crown of Den- mark's iireteiifions to it. At la(t the knights refigned it up to the Danes, who ceded it to tlie Swedes, and the latter by the treaty of Nylladt, gave it up to Ruf- (ia It has a deputy-governor, and a college of provin- cial counfellors. A light-houfe has been erected on the ifluid. The little ifland of Moon, fituatcd near Oefel, conllitutcs a parifh ; and the idand of Runoe, which is alio fituatcd in the gulph of Riga, has a light-houfe creeled upon it. We now come to the general government of Revel, or Rcval, which includes the province of Kilhonia, or the fmall dillrifls of VVyk. The principal town in this government is. Revel, which is feated on the Raltic, in latitude fit'ty- nine degrees twenty-three minutes, and twenty-four de- rrrccs call longitude, though not very large, is an opu- lent well foitified city, that has a conliderable trade. The houfes arc moftly of brick, and well budt ; but the (Ireets arc fomewh.it irregular. The oidy churches here, bihdes thofe of the Ruflians, arc thcfc of the Lu- therans. 'l"he (icrnians, including the fupcrintcndant, have four miniflcrs, which conllitutc the town clergy; but the cathedral, in which two bifliops officiate, belongs to the nobdity, who have alfo thi ir chapter of nobles. 'I'here is alfo a Swedifli congregation, and another of native Ellhoni.ms. The imperial feminary has four pro- fcfibrs, and one teacher of the Rullian lan':uagc. Here is alfo a (chool tut tl;e ufc of the town, and .mother for tlic nobility. The tolls or culloms are conliderable, of which the inagilliacy have a part, and the relt belongs to tlic crown. Keval has its own arfeiial, and ni.iintains a number of m.itioiles, and .i company of loldiers. It formerly made no inconriderable ligure among the hanfc- towns. Its harbour is convenient and fp.icious, and has ulually lying in it a part id the Rulfian fleet. I'he town 13 furrouiided with high walls, flrengthencd with hallions and a deep ditch, and is likewife defended by a caIHe, which (lands on a lock, and has feveral toweis. 'I'he citi/.ens have very plejfant gardens without the walls. A quarter of a league Iroin this city, near the lea-fide, is the fine imperial garden called Catharincn- Thai. 'I'he city ol Narva is fituated on the borders of Ingria, on a riling ground by the banks of t!ic river Narva, which runs from the Lake Peipus, .ind difcharges ithlf into the jMilph of Kiidand, about twelve mdcs from the city. I'here is a high water-fall in this river, between the city and the lake; lo that goods brought thither fiom the lake, mufl be taken out there and carried by land. 'I'his city llaiids in the latitude of filiy-nine d'gices eight minutes, and in twenty-leven degrees twcnty-hvc minutes call lungitude. It is nut veiy lar|;e, but is conimodioufly fifualed for trade, and the houfes are hindfonuly builf (vith Hon,'. In the market-pbuc Hands an elegant tri- umphal arth, ircCKd in 174O, in honour of the l.iteein- piels j'dizabi'th. I'efide-i ihe RuUiaii churches, it has * Lutheran i inircli for the (jui mans, and t soother churches lor the natives of Finland and the riw^-dei. It is well fortiliid, and has a llrong garrifon. Thi: chief commo- dities cxpviited from theurc arc ll.;x and timber, and ;i great quantity of fait is imported. Till, city h.is frei|uently felt tile calamities of war, when if w.\s clofe preill'd by the RuHiar.j in 1700, it was relieved by Charles XII. of Sweden, who, with a hand* ful of men, d.feated a hunJreJ thoul'md Ruflian,, with a very great fl.iughj'T, and rail'ed th-- fioge. Hut 111 1704. it was again belieged by the Rufli.ms, and carried by af« fault ; liiico which time i; h.is been apart o( the Ruffian dominions ; but with the full enjoyment of all its rights anil •irivileges, the Ruffians only lefervin^ thcrii'htof appeal to liic Iciiate at l\'terlburgh. S E C T. XIV. 0/ tht Prrjlnce of Ingria, or Pel,rjl>iirg/i .• lis SitunticKf Extent, Riven, ,w.i prina[)iil Piques ; will) a b.iriicul.ir //,\:i(>il of Cri'ijladt, Pcteijhmgl', nn.l the /:eij;hl>iiirii£ PiiLets ; an J other Placeinrjl ivtrtly of \otue. " Thi: province of Ingria, called by the Rufilans In- gcrmanland, is fituated between the guipli of Fin- land, Catclia, and RilTi I properly fo called, and extendj III length a hundred and eighty miles, and in bieadth al- niull as much. The country is fertile, producing both corn and pafture, and abounds in all kinds of game, par- ticularly elks. 'Fhe princip.il rivers of Ingria are the Luga, the Sida, the CowafTa, and the Neva. This iaft" has its fource on the lake of Ladoga, and is a bru.id, rapid, and navigable river. It runs tiiroug I'etcrl'burgh, where ic divides itfclf into feveral branches, particufarlv into the Cireat and Little Neva, and the Newka ; an'd, after a courl'e of fuity Englifh miles, difcharges itfeU" into the gulph of Finland. \\''hilc the Swedes were in pof!l(fion of Ingria, Lii- theranifm was the only religion profell'ed in the ountry : but at prefent great numbers of the Rulfi.in,, v/lio are of the Greek church, arc mixed with the old inha- bitants. Ill tlie year 1722 this province was recovered by the Ruifiaiis, who had been m.iftcrs of it once before, fo earlv asthe thirte-ciuh century, hut had been obliged to give jt up to Sweden. It was confirmed to Rulfia, witir their other conqucfts, by the treaty of Nylii.it and Abo. Ingria at prefent conflitutes the goveinmcnt of Pctcrf* bur^'h, and ha, the followir;r remarkable places : Cronlladr, a good town, and excellent lortification, is leated on the illand of Retiifari, which is about fix miles in length, and two in breadth. This illand lies in the gulph of Finland, about eight leagues by water Iroin l'cterlliurgh,and near two leagues from the coall of Ingria. Tliis town was built by Peter I. and is prettv large and regular in thoi'e parts that were firfl built; but the original plan has 11. ;t been entirely executed. The llrcet, are broad ; but only fome parts of them are paved. The palace of Peter the Great, which is buiit of llone, 1^ now uninhabited, and, together with other haiidl'ome Hone buildings, which make a grand .qipearance on the lide next to Ingria, is filling to decay. The other bull, lings .ire but mean, liefidca two principal, and fe- veral dependent Rullian churches, here is a fmall Lu- theran church ; but the tnglilh congregation is no loifcr in being. The wall round the town is planted with great guns, and defended by the citadel, and the fort of Cronflilofs, which is at a fin.ill dillance from ttie town, on ih,: Ingria fide. (Jroiuladt has three harbours, all ofwhi h are large, fife, and commojious : that for merchantmen lies to the welhvard, and is very conrenieiu ; but that for lli'ps of war, in which the greatelf p.irt of th;- Rufliaii fleet is laid up, is towards the call. 'I'he powder maga- zine is creeled in the water in this harbour. I'he m^d- ^ m 'i iv % _! 1' bi A S Y S T E M O !• G i: O C, U A 1' H Y. it* r I* illc hiiboiir is fur other fliips anJ yachu belonging t the fca is four hundred and feventceji Knglifli fathoms. I he water in it i'l raifed to ihr depth of t wenty- fonf feet, by means of the two large fluiecs. The canal, when lull, is a hundred feet on the liirface of the water, and at the bottom from fiftv-four tolixty-fevcn in breadth: the outward and inward walls of the canal, and the itiole, are hewn out of the folid r^ck. At the end of the canal i? a deep bafon lined with llonc, which iiitcikiils the for- mer at right angles, and is del'igned for a relervoir for the water of the canal, when the docks arc to be clearcil of it. At the lirlt opening ol the canal in the year 175^, it received the nanunf I'eicr t!ie I'irll andthcCJreat ; and at its mouth were ercLled two pvramids. This great and ufeful wot!; has nut its equal 111 any part ot the known World. The cailleof Cronflilof.i, iuft mentioned, is built on a fand-ban'< in the fea, at the dillanec of acannon-(hot from the hajbour of CronHadt, towards Ingria, ami was preotf (1 by I'etcr I, for the defence of his ronquells ; and fuch improvements have been finre addeil, that, like Cronltadt, a may jultly be elteenud the bulwark of I'c- terlburgh. Jt is ereilcd in the form of a round tower, with three galleries one above anothir, and is well pro- vided with cannon on every lide. All the (hips that lail to i'etctlburj'h are obliged lo pafs between this calile ;ind Croiiltadt, within reach of ihe cannon on both 1-dcs. JJireilly oppofitc to Cronftadt, near the gulph of Fin- lai-.d, ir the fine palace of Oranienbaum, budt by prince Menzfliikow ; and nothing cm be more dclightlul than the '.^uden .idjoinin^ to ini» feat. PeterhotV is an imperial feat on the cnad of Ingria, where the l.itr emprels nfually fpent the fummer feafon. From the time of F'eterthe( i real no expencc has been fpared in adding to (he fine fituaiion of this palace all the cm- belliflimenls ol art. '1 he houfe indeed is far from being regular ; but whoever v'cws the cKganec of the gardens, wiiich arc adorned with fountains th.it throw up valf Columns of water to an extraordm.uy height, with the groilo<, double cafcades, plcafant groves, and many other nrnaments, will not think them much inferior to thofe of X'erfaiU'.s, which they excel in ihc fwv-etnefs of the water. The palace Hands on a hill about fixty feet high, nnd on one fide has a moll extcntenlivc profpcii, ibver- (ified with noble objeiils. as the city ol I'etctllnirg, Cron- lladt, and the ;;ulpti of Finland. Among the luinmcr- ho'ifes belonging to this palace i'- one ditlinguiflied hy ti-e name of .Mon i'laifir, or My Delight, and is parti- cularly rcmaikablc for its curious paintings. At no great dirtancc is Strelenbcjff, or .'^frclna-Mufa, r.n impcri.il palace built in the water, eredled by I'eter the (ireat, who employed many th niland mm in this work ; for he intended to make it a fnjierb palace, and to firm u garden with r. iliyrinth and other cmbellifiiments; but his plan has nr.er been rompleatcd. Cjtharinehott', Anncnhoti", and l.li/.abcthhofF arc im- perial palaces, or pleafurc-houfes, on the iivcr Neva. The former was the favourite refidenee of the emprefs Catha- iinc, and properly coiifills of two edifices, it Hands in a wood, on one iiilc of the fineft fpots in the neighbour- hood of I'cterlourgh ; but, Irom its low fituatiun, is ex- poled to freiiucnt inundations. Wefhall nowglve a particular defcription of Pe'crfburgh, one of the capitals of the RufTun empire. 'I"he beginning and increafc of thu great city were very extraordinary ; for, till the year 1703, the only buildings on the fpot where it (lands were two fmall iiniing-huts, But Peter the Cjreat having in that year taken the town of Nyen- raanze, feated on the Neva, and made himf.-lf mader of this country, its commodious fituation tor the llaltic trade induced him to build a town and furtrefs here, and he immediately begin to put hij pfjeifl in execution. lUiSIA. It wa-. indeed lirft dtfgncd only f,.r a place of arms, to which all kinds ot military llores might be convini- ently brought Irom the interior puts o( the inipire, by •vhieh means the war with .Swedin nii;;ht be e.irricd on with more vigour nnJ difpatch. Hence the public edi- fice), and private houles were built only with timber, and neilhi r the dock nor the town had an) othci fortilicatioiis than ,1 mean rampart of earth, 1101 were the (fleets p.ued. Dm the viiSoryat I'ultowa, and the comiued ol l.ivoiiia, infpired I'eter with the hopes ot being able lo pielervc hr, coiupiert, and to render Pctcrflnirgii the cipital of his empire. His fondnels for maritinu- atfairs, a dcliie of perpetuating his name by having it called by that of St. I'eter, and his averfion to .\1olcow, where, in his younger years, he had received much ill treatnienf, were the c hid' motives that induced him to lay the foiiiu'alionof a new city that was to become the caj'ital of his dominions. I'eter had no fooner firmed thi. deli ;n, than he order- ed the calHc to he built of (lone, the idniiralty to be wall- ed in with the fame materials, and all the buildings to be eredted in a more handfomc ami durable manner. In 17 14 he removed the council to I'eterlburgh, and noble cditices were erciHed in a (Jraight line for the pub- lie offices, which, in 171S, were alio removed tbiiber. The piiiicipal fiinilies nf KufTiiwere likewile ordered tr> refido there, and budd houles according to their abilities. Hut this occalioned fonie irrei;iilatity in the build. n.^s ; l,ir the nobility and burghers luid bten direitted to build their houfcs on the idand of l'c(eilbui!',h, and many pu'>- lic and private (truOhiies weie accordingly creCfed there; but, in 1721, the emperor determined that the whole town (linuld ffand on the idand ofW'afili. The dreets were marked out, canals were diii;, the idand was forti- fied with Hfiy-fcven hadions, and tlie nidiility were to h'- gin their houles a lecond time : but the death of the emperor put a (lop to tlie execution of his plan ; and the (tone building; that had heen ere^led went to ruin. Ihc Ruffian nobility were naturally averfe to IVttlc in Pctcrdijrph, as they could neither live there fo cheap, nor (o co.mniodioudy as ar .Molcow. 'J'he country about I'e- terlburgh is not v( ry fertile, (o that provifions arc brought thither from a great didancc, and mull be paid for in ready nioney ; which w.is no fniall grievance to the no- bility, who chiefly fublided on the produce of their edates ; but fi Idom abounded in cadi. JJefides, Mofcow (ccmed much fitter for being the imperial leaf, as it is in the center of the empire, from whence jiidice might be more lafily adminidered, and the nation.il revenue be re- ceived and didiiirl.-d with more convenience and difpatch, Hefidcs, l'eteid)urgh (eemed to them to lie too near t!ic frontiers of Sweden. However, this city in the time of Peter I. became large and fplendid, and under his fuccef- lors received additional improvenu nt>, fo that it is now ranked among the largelt and mol! ilegaiit cities in J'-urope. Petcrdnir^h is partly feitcd on the continent of Ingria and F'inland, among thick woods, and partly on fcveral fmall idands formed by the br.uichcs of the Neva, in tlio fitty-ninth degree fifty-feven minutes north latitude, and in the thirty-fird de^Tce of ea(? birgilude tVom F^ondon. The low anil maidiy f'il on which it (iands has been confiderably r.ufed witii trunks of trees, earth, and done. However, its (itiia'ion i-- plenl'mt, snd the air f.ilubrious. The city is abnjt fix F'nglidi inib-, in length, ami as many in lireadth, .-"nd has neither a wall nor gates. The riv -r Neva is about eight hundred paces brna;fi. arc built over the Moicaanil Foiitanrn, aiul likcwilc uvir tliL- canal!!. The numlwr of houfii at PctcrdMir^h arc coiiiputnl at ci'lit thoiilanJ, about (ix luimlii J ot wiiich ;:rL' ol llojic ; but ilic rcit arc built wiiii tniibrr, and tor ilir molt pan ill an itri-gular mannci, alter ilic RiMlian talti'. Tlun. arc about twenty KufTmi chiirt hi a in the lity, btliilc. lour Lutheran thurrliMlor thelicrman-, an J Kviral Ca!- vinillKjI (ur the .Swedes, tins, Cjernians, .mJ l-'unch piotcltants ; and likewilc (>ther placet nt woilhip lor the tn;;Ii(h, Jlntch, and Kunian catiiolicj. In givint; a mine partiuil ir dcfcription nf thij city, vv>' (hall begin with l'etrilbu:};h inaml, incliidini; the Iniall illaiid on which the fort, wh.ch i) in the middle ot the Neva, and alio ol the city, Hands. l'ettr!lnir:',l> lfl.Mul i:i formed by the Ci real and I,ittle N'.va and tne Ncwka. The .ihuve fort is of an he.\a- [;i)nal lorm, and built of Hone, accordini^ to the modern iiiijiiovenicnti in lortifitation. It is planted with a great number of cannon, and additional wiirk» ate continually made t< It, which arc all vaulted. In the middle of it Hands an elegant church, whcic the remains of i'cler the Cireat, his conlort Catharine, and feveral (Jthtr perli'iis ot the royal fainilv, ate dcpolited in mamiitiecnt maii- (oleuins. Ill the high beautiful tower bilongiii]; to this church, which is covered with f;ilt cojipcr, hangj a fine (ct ol bells, with chimes, made in Hollan I, that always play at twelve o'clock. On one of the baf- tions of the fort f.icing the niiperial palace is alw.iv hunj; out a Haji, which on Hate holydays is exchanged (or a finer that bears the RulTi.in taglc. As this loti flands in the center of the city, it is not only a defence but a very great uinament to it. It alio lerves for a (e- cure prilon, and on any exi;icncy might prove a coiive- iii.'nt afylum to the fovercign. On Itatc bolydayj the baltions and curtains of this fort are finely illuminated with lamps. On the ifland of Pcterdiurgh, properly fo caileil, is a born-woik that belonj? to the calHe. This ifland is a- bovc two leagues in circumference, and is extremely well peopled ; but mnlf ol the lioufes are mean huildiiiu i, and the live Kuflian ehurchts, the fna^lble^, inns, ami corn- market, have nothing wurth notice. There is dill to be lecn on this ifland the fmali wooiicn houle wliicn I'eter the (ircat ordered to be built, and lived in, the lult lime he arrived on the f(wt on which thi> city llanJs ; ai.d, that It m.iy remain as a lalting monument oi ihii cir- cumllance, it is kept in repair, and incloled with a lloae- wall. From the IPiJiid of I'cterfhurgh you rrofs the F.ittle Neva, and cc me tci the ifland of Walili, or Hafil's Ifland, which is the largcll of them all. It lies towards Cron- IKidt, and is furriiundcd by the (Jieat and Little Neva. The i'leatclt pait ot it is covered with wo<«l.s, and the red with buildings, it havin:; twelve broad Ifteets of an uncommon length, running in a direct line, and ir.tcr- fciifed at righ' angles by fix crols Itieets ; but t^ey are not paved. 'Ihe villas from thtfe llreet arc vciy broad and beautiful at both extremities, the largelt cxieiuling the whole length of the illand as far as the (lalley Har- t;i)ur. Oppofite trv I'ctcriburgh Ifland, and adjoining to ti;e hcmp-wareiioufc, are the exchange, the culfom houle, tlic psck-houfe, and the quay, where the merchant (liip^ uiiKiad. Contiguous to theft arc feveral laige Hone buildings belonging to the imperial academy ol Iciences, lounded in 17J4 by Peter the Oreat, and endowed with an annual rcienue of twenty-four thoulJiid nine hundred .Tiid twelve rubles. That monarch alio intended to erect an academy of polite arts ; but as cllimates ol the nccel- f.ir\ chaii'Cs ot fuch an ir.Hitution were not made, the lite cmprefs Elizabeth increaled the above endowiiient to (il'tv-three thoufand two hundred and ninety-eight luhles. The .icademy i' divided into two elaflcs tiie hid con iHtutini; the academy pioperly fi> cilled, and tiie lecdiid the univerlity. I"hc mcmbeisof the former are employ- ed only in finding out new inventions, or improvim; the ililcovenes of otiieis, and arc und I obi >alion til 111- (iruiit youth, jn'el- priiticul o ouiii!.- arc rvionuncr.di 48 ■d to them, or the/ do it volunl.iiily for tluir own .idvan- tage. The univerlity has its particular prolellbrs, who read lectiirci in the feieiices, both in th." [ inciile.ite to ilu-,.- pupils any thing con- trary to the djiitrines of the tireek cluifch. In the build- iin:) which belong to the academy are the imperial li'.uary ; a miifiMim, cont.iining natural and artti.ial cuiioliiics; the piintiii.;hnule J tiie booklelici'»-lh:ip i and apart- ment.-, (or binding, letter- founding, painting, cngrawng, and ihe loom where niathematic.il inlhuments aic made. Among tlul'e lall cutiolities is the famous copper globe of tioitorp, which (food on a t'jwcr of tl.e academy, and was ainioll delhoycd by hre when that tower vias burnt in I7).7 ; but has been repaired at a great expeiic, aiiJ with admirable fkill : you afeend a few Heps, and enter intii the globe through a fnull iJoor : within Hands a table withbenelus round it, on which twelve pcrfrim may conveniently lit. The infidc contains tlie ceicHial globe, and the outlide the terrcHrial 1 its diameter is eleven feet, and it at prcfcnt Hands in a Hone edifice by it fell'. Th^' next remarkable place is the fire-work theatre, built on piles oppolite to the impeiial wnuer paUce. Here is a veiv Imig (lone building appmpiMted for the Hate colleges and offices. JuH behind thefe Haii.ls a (pacious and elegant Hructure, formetly piince Menlliilcow's ))a- I.KC, but now the ac.ulemv of tiie corps of cadets of iiohic l.unilies, who are educated i:raii'^, aceoidiii:; to tlieir rank. Near this aculemy is another for Jirtc hundicJ and lixty lea c.idtts. 'J tie Adniiraltv Ifland is the moil majii!i1cent part of the city : here is tin: victuailing-odiee j tne g.illey dock, 111 wiiich all the gallics are built ; and \\iH ffore-h.:)ufcs lor (hip building. Here are likewife a great number of h.indlome Hone houfes and elegint palaces exteiulinj; along the river fide. Tiie Englifll factory have ihcir place of woiHiip in this part, and behind il is New Hol- land, with the Rope-walk. The admiralty, or dock- yard, is fortified with a wall and live baftions, planted with many uiins j and all fliips that enter the harbour l.iliite it. The top of the tower b. longing to the admi- ralty is gilt, in the fame manner as that of the great church 111 tile cafUe. The imperial winter-palace, near this place, is a largo fquarc building three Hniies high j but tf.e architecture f, not extrao.'iliiiary. Behind it, ill a fjucio is area, (lands a nobic ciiiielliian Hatue of brafs gilt, eiecfcd in honour of I'cter the Great. Adjoining to this, along the banks of the Neva, are feveral other palaces, among which is the old imperial winter palace ; feveral eleuant Hnnc buildings ; the new play-houfe, which is built of timber ; and a delii-htful inipeiial funimer p;;la':e, which is all of wood, and, being only one tb)ry high, refembles a plca- lure-houfe. liehind it are feveral (tone building,, for the officers belonging to the court. It ba^ a fine orangery, and a large beautiful gaidcn, muH admirably adorned with a grotto, fiuiiitains, and oiher water-works, withagreat number of valii.ihle marble and alabaftcr Hatues brmi-hc from Italy 1 but all di them arc not executed with cijiial ll;ill. T"wo of thele (latues wl.ich Hand near the grotto, re|ircf'entii-.^ Faith and Religion, are greatly admired by tiie coniioilieurs for the appearance of the faces thiougii thill tranlpauiit veils, which fcem to cover them. T'hii garden i^ famous for a fine grove o( o.iks, that has not it j ei]ual ill all the RufJi.in empire. Tlie dock atTords a double viHa, one to the Riiirun church of the Aicenfion, the other terminated by the convent of Alexander Nevv- fki. T'hc elegant buil.iings on both fidcj the river l-'ontanea have alio a beautii'.il appearance liom hence. The Hreets that lie behind the admiralty, and behind the imperial lummer p.iiace, are very grand and magni- fieent ; but 'hofe are equalled, if not excelled, by Great and Little .Million (fleet, which arc embellinieJ witli tiie moft liipcib buildings. At the end of .\Iillioa-Hreet, near the garden of the lummer palace, the cmpeior has a ciiiious difpcnfary. In this part allV) lie the imperial ftables, and t!ie dwellings ot the otruers who belong tu 1 '■ in 1 I iiif \' then the church of the Swcdifli ¥ L.itluitn church, dedicated to Srt. Peter, which is an O elegant u r + A S Y S T i: M O I- G 1, O (i R A 1' 11 Y. Risni A. i... fit rlcp:int (Inkliiit ; llu" mcna'.;ory ; tlir pitk; :ml tlic cicpli.iiit vinl. whi-ic I'cvir.il ot' thole .iiiiiii.ils .m: ki'jit. Chr ^to(c()Utl• liiK', which is proiicily the lity. It on the rotiniicnt, aiiil p.irt nt it very will built. In thii c]ii;irt.T luo ihe piiv.ili- iliul. ; ihi; toiirt \ iitii4llin..^-iilHi c i a toiin.liTviin the Ni-, .i, iii whiih .ire c.ill a puMl iiariihtr of m.rt.iis ami iMnn.>i) i tin- tirc-wmlc tlal'ur.iioiy i the ■i;iioiliK-l, whiih (ii|i|ilics iiic loiiiil.iirn in the oin|)> u)i'» ga.Jtn ; the Clcirn.'.ii l.iithtrari iliurili, ikilK-arcil tn Sr Atinc; thrri- Uulli.ui ihiirchm; the hatiacUs lor the hoil','- guatJs with thr itahtes tor theirhorlM i .iltiiiclurei.illcil the I'lcilanf-hmifo ; the Italian ;.' il\leii ; the Mofovitc Ifiiifii: ; ami the- convent of St. AleNin.icr Ne« Iki, hmlt in honour ot'lhat pious prince, in the lorin ol an imkIc, but not ytt ronipleteil : it eonr.ion about tw.i hunilteJ apirttnriits. In the niiiKllc ot' the buiMin^ ll.;iii' . ,i very l.irw,- aihl be.iutitiil church, which tejiirlenti thet Ctvfrnmcnt cf It'iliiij; ; tiiii) atimiff /iiicutil of the f'inciftil Puiiti tt tilllJ^Hl, WITHIN this province is included part of the great dutehy III Finland, which the Swedei ceded to Rullia, and oiiiams three dillrich, Finlandifl), Carciia, Kexholm, .iiul S.uvolax. Carelia has tre(]uentlv proved a bone of contention between RiilHa and .Sweden. In i KH it fell under the Swcdilh dominion, but in i VjS paitof it was yielded up to RiilFia liy the peace of Nvlfadt, concluded in 17;.!, a llill greater part was religned to the Ruflians, the weltern part alone being Ictt in the polleflionof the Swedes. .Afterwards Sweden was obliged to give up, bv the treaty ofAho, the fort of KrtdencOiam and Wilmanftrand, wi'.h part of tlie parifti of I'ythis, liluated on the other lide of the caltern branch of the river Kymmcnc. In thi> part of Carcli.i are the lollowiiig places : Sulterbec, which is feaied in the gulpb of Finland, ii remaikable lor the excellence of its mufkets, fwords-, ani iriin utenfiK. f he gre.itell part of the arms ufcd by the RufTian troops are made in this place. Wiburg, once the capital of Carciia, a bifliop's (cc, and the bulwark of Sweden againlf Rullia, is lituated on the ;',ulph of Fiiil.;nd, and carries on a confidcrable trade Peter the (Jrcat having taken this town by capitulation, in the vear 17IO, improvid its foitihcatioiij, which have ever liiiee been kept in liich good condition, that W'iiiurg may now be conlidered as the bulwark of Ruflia againlT Sweden. Wilmannrand is fcated on the lake Saima, and is called bv the Kmlanders Lapp! Wefli, or Lapp Water. It had lormerly the name of Lapdrand, and was only a market- place, but was afterwards made a town ; yet it has no niagillrate ot its own, it being dependent on Kiedericlham. It was .1 conliderable mart lor tar, and the refidence of a Swcdilh governor. On the twenty-third of Aiigiilf, 1741, an obilinatc battle was fought about an Kiigiilli mile liom this town between three thoufand Swedes and lixtcen thouland Kudians ; but the former were n lall obliged to yi( Id t" liiperiority ol numbers. The Rulliaiis, after they had i;aincd the viifory, burnt Wilmanltrand, whirh was before fortified with a wall and moat j but thev have fince caufed it to be rebuilt. I'redcricfhain ir (ituatedon the gulph of Finland. This town was governed by two biirgomallcrs, and was de- fended by a calUc built in 172.'. : it had alio a •;ood haibour and a confidcrable trade in tar ; but in the lall war between the RiifTians and Swedes it was burnt to the (.-round, and ceded to the latter ; afterwards it was re- liuilt, and the limits between Sweden and Ruflian Ca- relia were fixed near this pl.ice. The dillritt of K'^xholm has been frequently contended for by the Ruflians and Swedes, and was rellored to the former by the treaty of Nyitadt. The niuU remarkable place in it is, Kcxholm, THF I Rep I tiefc nam which in th to hunting, plains, and inrinite nur In its Ian and Little I vania, and 1 burgh, and I.ivonia, Co ' feven degree minutes nor ,. four degrees The air i and the coui few bills, rate Poland it frequently feme parts c The foil i which cvidcr land vell'els a annually paf Volhinia, th grows in va( but in Great labour and ; wards the p. Lithuania is produces abi I'olifli Prullia abounds in c; grows fo high ol the cattle 111 this cou lemnitcs, aga jal'per, fine r and even ruhi glafs, or inofi jet-coal, and hewn out of t qiiickfilvcr, 1; ipi.intity of ti With rcfpci try, they hau in great pleiit) tliev will not 1 I'olilh mam nieadovvs and quantities froi July. Pot ASH. K U KtxlKilm, a (trong town (ituatcd on two I'mall idandj .a tht mrtux "f tlic river Woxi-n iiitd tlic lake of //.idoni. The (own is bviilt on oiii: ol thcd: illunds ; but tlic houlti •,irc all ot woi'd i and on thu other illand lljnds tlic In that finall diftriif), which ii a part of Sawolax that was yielded up to kuHi.i by tin; treaty ot' Abo in 17+ j, ii oiilv thu town ut Nyllut, and tliu tuuntry nnic nnlcs round it. O P F., 5j Till* town u fitiiJtcil on the Samian like, w] w.n built (i) lately as in the year 1745 ; its tallK', whiih (lands on a rock in a river near the town, i> extrejiuly well tortilied b ith by art and nature. In the year 149^ it baflled the attempts of Riidii, but iji 1714 was obliLH-d to fiibttiit to their arms. It wa. reltured to tlicSwi'div at the peace of Nyltadt, but tliey were lonllraincj tu ^ivo It up to the Ruflians by the treaty of Abo. c II A r. III. OfPOLAND, LITHUANIA, POLISH PRUSSIA, and COURLANl). |l is cnilcd It bad |a market- it has no (criclham, Icnce ot 3 An^Miil, In Kiii^iit!) Ivedis .uid Icrir .It l.ill Rulllairi, luntlraiui, loat ; but linii. This was dc- a v.ood In the lall lirnt to the was ro- ufli-in Ca- bontcnilfd Ircd to the Lniarkabic iKexbolm, SECT. I. O/' Poland in ^tner/il. Ill Namt, Sll'iiili-'t, I'xtent, Climatt, Sjil, mi>i,r,il ami re- tctilbti Pi(iili('t'-"ll y ■inimills, Liiiti, Will Jiivert. THK liiTiitcd Kingdom, or, as it is alio termed, the Republic of I'ol.md, is called by the natives I'olfka. '1 hefe names arc deduced from the word Pole, or Poln, which in the Sclavonic tongue li-nifies a country adapted to bunting;, the wbvOj.'rodec, and running through Lithuani.i and Pruflia, enters the Baltic. The W'eifel or Vidula, in Polidi the AVin.i, rifn am'ong the Carpathian mountains, runs through Poland, and after receiving feveral other dreams, difchargcs itfelf into the /J.iliic. The Nieder, which riles in a lake among the Car- patliian mountains, and dividing Poland from Molda- I via, falls into the Black Sea. The Niepcr, the ancient Bnrvdhenes, 'vhich rifes in the mountains of Budin, in Rudia, and after a courfe ot' near a thoufand miles, difcharges itl'elf into the Black Sea. SECT. If. Of ;/V Pcrfon', Drefi, Mi:>ii:/rs, and Cuf.:ms of the Pdis. Trcir Houjes, I'iOil, J'iutijiiins, Aldl'd.! rf T'lMJiIIir.,--, Lan^iiiige and Skill in tht imtmii, THE Poles arc generally prcttv tall, and inclinabi'; to be lat i they have fair complexions, and their hair ij ufually of a pale yellow; tbey have govd confti- futioix" l\v i k: n'^ 56 A S Y S T !■ M C) 1- (i K O G R A V \l Y l'o«,.1VIJ. i tuticins anJ have .1 lu-aliliful look. Tlioy rut ihc li.ilr •it their hr.i'ls fliort, .iiiJ lluve tht 11 l>r.itil>, Iimhhj' inily lar^i; whifk^r, : 111 iliorc, (hry luvi- .1 lUtily niicii, .ilinull like a woman'' ftutt, wuliout a collar nr whIIImiuN. 'Ihiii hrrcchci .ire wide, and ni.iki; but one pieie with their Ifockinj;-.. Inltrjd ot (hms tin v ;ilwu)» we.ir I'uiky Ic.iihcr lidot-,, bdili .iliroad jiid .u home, with tliin lidtn, and ilcip iron h.-tls hcnt like .in li.ill nwnm. Thrv larry a pole-ax, .111 1 .1 laliri" orcntlal-, by their CiJes, whiih they never put olt hut whvii llay yo to bed. I'he l.ilne h.ur"i by a le.iilKin l)t.*p, wiih iheir haiidt^en Int, kniK .iiid /heath, and a liii.ill llone let in tilver, to whtt tlmr kniie on. W'h'n ihcv apprar on hor(tbj.k, at thev f.'i-'- (jticnily do, thev weai ovei all a (hurt iluak, wliuh is i mii. nioiily cuvtred with furs, both vntlim and without. I'he people of the bell ijuality wear fable , .nid otlitri tne fkin> of ivi;crs, Impards, ^e. The pealants ulu.dlv wear afluep-lkin with the wool on, (or their wiiitir drefs J but in funinier, a thick loarlc cloth, ,iiid iiillead of boots, wear b likim .iinl (lioeit made ol the baik id trees i but as to liiini'ii, they weai none at all. The habit of the woniiM conies icry neat to that of the men, only people id iiiialuy ad'cill the I'lench iiuk'c of dref?. The I'ohOi ladi''- are aiiii.iUle, witty, .md fprighlly, and aic p.;flional(Iy loud of play^ and nuilic. 'I'hcy aie j'cnerally inodell, and accoiding to Dr. Con- ner, fo lubiiiiirive 10 tluir liiilbands, as to arte them iii the knee foi what tluy want, and ilifpofe of no iiioni y without iheir conliin. Thofe who aic vciyriih, kl- iloni CO to cliuich, or to pay a vilit, wiihoiit their coach and lix, a (;r.at iiuniber of lervani', and particulaily in old gentleman for their iifhei, and .111 rdd [•enilewoiiiaii for their j;overnaiite, with a ilvvail of boih fexi s 10 luar up their tr. n ; and if it be ni^dit, their coach ii fur- loiindid by a ^'.reat luindKr of fl.inibcaiix. 'I hrfe people liave Ion;; been celibiated for thcircou- ragf, their flteiiglh, .md their lon-e\ ily ; no country in the world artoidiiig more extiaoidmary proofs of hoJily vigour, and an uninletiupted flow of health, which are jurtly .ifuibed to the temperituie of the climate, their inuring themfiUes to manlv cMrtile., and the continual \ilV id' the cold balli, even in the coldell parts of I'o- laiid : till, lall is fuppofcd to contiihule greatly to tiiat imiliular il length for which they are remarkable. The nobility arc open, aftabfe, liberal, and hofpita- ble, polite to llrangers rigid to their dc|)endiiu., punc- tilious in point ot honour, \aiii, (dlentatious, andma,>- liificcnt in their apparel, eiiiiipaiie, and inaniier ol liv- ini; ; for fome of the wealthy will ha\e forty fuits of rloath'- as rich as p lllble. 'Chough the Po!es arc |iaf- tionately fond of liberty, they live in a per|ieiual Hate | of fervitude to their profullon and neccflitie', which frc- quently make them llnop to he the tools of fonie pi.Iiti- I al f.iiFtion. 'I'he conflituiion of I'oland has been the louice of continual mibfortunes, yet the nobility are at- tached to it to a degree of enthiifialm, and efpecialiy to tnofe parts of it which produce the greatifi iiKonveni- I'licits. Poor in the midll of a fertile country, they ab- hor the notion of improving their circunilhmccs by trade, and arc, perhajis, the only people upon earih ivho have provided by law againit rail'ing a maritime power. Prodigality and debauchery arc f.od not to be reputed vices among this martial nobility ; they borrow wiiliout intention of payings with the l.une freedom that thiy Icpiaiuler. Conftant in their Iriendrtiips, bitter in their enmity, open to inipofition, unfufpicious, opinionaied, and haughty, their only care is to diflinguifli themfelvcs ■inarms, in (inery, eipiipage, and fplcndor. As to the vulgar, they are mean, mercenary, ifrno- rant, indolent, and indigent to an extreme. This is the character given hy fevcral authors of the Poles in general, as ttie diftinguifliing features of that people ; but It is not to doubted, that ih'ie arc many e.vcepti- who are dillnigiiillied by lliili Uaiiiiiij, thvit ijouJ f>.iiU-, and their hiiniaiiity. I'lie Polllll Innlll 1 tliePy cotlfll) of ground riullDI ( for thev Iclduni live above It.iit, | le ihvtllm.; li lulc is ulually opiuditi. the gale, the kiiel.ii. and olhcei oil one fide around, ur Upiaic louil, and th. ii llabki on the other 1 th •;,• arc ;;ei.i i.dly cd woi d , but thole wli.i aittilt the lialiaii aiilotecliiii', build iiiinli hi/,h.r wit!) bink or lloiw. l.veiy nohl niAii has a li'll or large loom frt apart lor eiiteitainments, in vviiiih is a place raiKil 111 with bailullcis, in whi. Ii the plate is pl.i. ed, and over It a galliiv lor the mulic. 1 lieiooiiiii ate ulual- ly hunjj with tapellry, and the lell ol ihe lurnituic it piopoition ably riih, exupt where ihey ate liahle lo the incuihons ol the I'.ntjtN, ..: I ihio- thev hive as litllu turiiiturea. poirihle. I he I'olilli iio'.n iiy have leldoin any gardens or oichards fo thin hoiiUs, ilioiigh the loil IS exirenuly proper lor them. Hut tliete .itt ban;nios and lloves 111 rvriy houle, and the woimn h.ive thtin lepa- rale fiom the men. Thete aie alio h.iths in every town lot llie uic of tile common people, «ho b.illitf neiy day. Ihe houfi s of the peafants confilt only of huts built with pole' in around form, and opi 11 mi the 'op, to lit out thi Inioke. Tluy aie coveuil with tiiatcn, or with bo.ird.. i and as liny fr-ijuenilv cnliK but of one rioin, the piople and ilmr c.ittle Ikep to.Htlier. 'I'o the ( haiacter that ha. .die idy hei 11 given of the love of ljdi.iidoi which prevails among the I'cdifli nobi- lity, it is pioper to add, that lliole ot hi-h rank anil j'lcat ellales have their horl- riiid loot guards, which II ml cciitry d ly and ni;.dit at the i-atcs il tlirir hoiil'es, and III their anti ch.imbi rs, .iiid that th'y march bclorc Itieir m.illei's cojJies In the ilieet. Hilt thele nobles iu\er .ippiai with fin h Iplen lor, as wiieii iliey aro at Ii e uener.il diet, wluiclhiy Mill have lour cr livehun- di(d, .ind lome .1 thouland lotards to atlriul ihcin ; for they elleem tlunilelves not only eipial but fiipcrior lo any ol the (Jeiman piinces: and indeed, tin y w.mt little to dilliiiguilh them Irom lovereipns in their icljictilive dillriiih, hut the privili "C ot coiniii!; money. When they fit down to dinner, or fupper, they have their trumpets and other miilie plajin.r, and a great num- ber (d' gentlemen to wait on them .it table, fotne to carve other, to krve Iheir wine and place the dilhes, all (erv- ing with the moK profou.ul rclpeiil ; for though the no- bihty of Poland a.e all (aid to he equal, a- havip'^ votej in the diet, \et wealth will ever eieate a dillinction, and ti.enohles who arc poor frcqiiMitly liiiil thenil. Ives under ihi- necelTitv "f fervini; them thit are lich. Tiuii patio.-i iiulecd ufually treats iliem with ci\ility, and permits the cideft to e.it with him at hi ; table uiih hij cap tdf, and every one of them ha.s his pedant- l.oy to wait on'him, ni.iii.taincd by the n-aller •■! the fuiiilv. Yet if any of thefe noble fervants neyleiits hi.i iluty, io little regard 1% paid to his quality, that he is rtiippcj naked and whip- r'-d, and this is reckoned roddcraee j but it anr.bleman fhotild apply hiniftif to trade, lie would be deenud in- lamous. Their ordinary ford '-herf or veal, innttnn Icin,' little eKcemed ; but they have pb.nlv of v,'iK'-(owl an.l'river- lifli. '("hough they have luch plenty of corn, they e.ii but little bread, jrelirriiig roots to it, v.f.ich ihcvdiCs different ways. 'Chey are not foini of fo .n and 'bro;h nor do they roali their meat f.o much : they are t'cnrrai admirers of p:g and bacon ; pe.ife are alto elleemed'u genterl di(h by the great. In their fauces they iifc a gre.it quantity of fatfron and fpices , for thev lea.'on 71:' ir d:(hes high ; they are alio fond ot niunnooms and plc^L,'l cabbage. At an entertainment the Poks lay neither knivr-, fork;, nor (goons but every perfon briiiL's them witll him ; and they no (oontr lit liuwii 10 table than ail the doors arc (hut, ,.nd not opened till the company return home. Thole who are iruited, bring their liivants with them J and it is faid to I e no uncomnioii thin., tor a no- bleman to give liis (enaiit part of his meu,'wliirh h'- eats as he Hands behind him, and to let hiin drink oin of the lame nip with himftif ; bur tin. li the kjs extr.i ordinary, if it be c<-.nlider.d, that thile lei cants areel'.ecme.; on, to whcm this chatat^er vvoulJ be highly unjulf, and ( his equal. ri.^iu.;li there are ukiallv jjieat plenty o piovil. I'OtAl provilii heiii;; I napkin la.liei. Ulii.illy tiled, Ii fniMi fli here aiii foil froi Th.ii make o wheat f Viiiee.1 o, Waifaw berries, i ceive-. di tluted ill ported il many. in Krcngi taiiii ill I. ni.ikes it (hilling! Italian wi drank. ' wayof thi fpirits arc but thefe though foi when impi Cpices. The p? the hoyj 111 the ground bout their Hunting ai: the great j favourite di I he ulu. aPohlli nol town witho try, a calafl a journey. riierc ar 1 traveller hence he is '•arry them TO be owin 'ravel i am nary jnovi their guell their entert The P„ yet ditters rived from Jligh Du lie. a the (Je learning, tovvns, and Caiiiii'r the mignt reap tic in this granting the remitting I The r.at Poland, tve the leall re fuige. Dr. Cufch -^igifmi lid I f'-rvai when •'iaicc that .-t .'■lid languifh 'or at pieleiii I .ilin tojigu '■accd, die 1 • ■■phy flourilh alio apply ihi land, which tomaiic thcg life of to the [ 48 ■¥^ Poland. i* V K C) ? i:. 57 'y h:ivr mim- CJUC, ill lf[V- [hc no- VOtfJ , and under pjti on its the >i}\ .imi Ml liini, uiy "t ,".iril is wliip- 'iK' 111 a 11 IKcl ill- pi.ivifiiiin, M:r> little I. Ii.fl lor ehc rcll of the tumilv, it luiiiji Ici/.cd by ilu: (Lrvami ol tlu vilituri, who li ae * n.inkia 111 otiltr li> ciriy off llic t wiiTtiiical • Iim tli'ir Ij.las. Aftor llic iliiili I. t.ilktii iiw.iy thi- t'Ciitliiiioii ulii.illv fit di'WK tij Jriiikiiit;, .mil .iltir the Uilic.au- u- tiiiil Viiuiak li^haitoi lui thcotlui fix .irc nut cxiliuli il fi.mi tlu'ir I.jIK. Himipi.T. .ir-imuh in fjlhion, bmh here anil in Kulli.i ; imr will thi-y Mlily cxcufc «liy pcr- fuii from plcJ^inn thriii. Thiir iilu.il lirink ii I'tir, wliii h in I'olidi I'rulTi.i they maku only "t m.ilt ; but m othi r p.iris ul I'dI.uuI of whiMt crounil. In t.itliujin i, .mil (cut.iI other pro- viiiccj of l*o!.mJ, they U.\vr nir,\il .mJ inrihcglin i iiiiil at Waifaw they Ireqncntly mix thr jiiii r of ihcrrii.<, hLiik- bcrrii.'*, iVc. wiili ihcir honi-y, iipnii which the lii|ii')r re- ceive ilitfcreiil tames. Mut belides beer ;iii'l mead pro- diued in the country, ^riat ipi.intitii', of wine arc im- ported from llimi' uy, France, Spam, Italy, and (Jcr- niany. That of lliiiij;ary u faul to exceed the Spanilh in llrength, and is brought orcr thi! Carpathian nioun- taiiis in large calks dr.iwn upon c,iirij(;es by oxen, which m.ikes it very ile.ii , the bell fort biiii(5 fold tor twenty ihillin'M the I'olilh pot, which it thiee ipiarts. Tlie Italian wines come alfo over land i hut arc not much drank. The Krcnch jn.! Rheindi wines conn; by the way of the H.iltic to I).mi/ii. riieir Itionp watet. and fpititj arc diawn from whe.it, barley, oats, and cyder ; but thefe are cliiifly di:ink by the lonimon people, though fomctinie-. the nobility will diiiik thrm in wintei, when impiegnatcd with amiifceds, cinnamun, and other fpices. The prople air in general fo cxtre iirlv hardy, that the b.iys llidc naked on ,he ice : the I'ole , will llecp upon the j;round without a bed in iVoft anil liiow, and carry a- bout their youiij; infants naked in tlic Icvercll weather. Huntin"and feat-, atin toii;;ue n likewile commonly Ipokcn in Poland, even by the lower cl.il's ol people ; but without the Icall regard to accent, quantity, or purity of lan- guage. Dr. Iiiirchinr', oliferves, that from the time of king Sigifmi lul I. to the reign of UladilViin 1\'. wa.s the in- terval when art, and (cienccs tlourilhcd molt in Poland. Since that :cra the I'olifh iiuilcs lei-in to have drooped and languifhcd : however, they now 1 i gin to revive ; for at piclciit the purity and elegance ot the Holifh and Latin tongues are Ifudied, the new pliilofophy i-) intro- duced, the matlicm.itics ate taught, and natural philo- C.iphy flourifhes in Poland. I he learned in this country alio apply thcmleUes to the ftudy of the hillory of Po- land, which they cultivate and improve, and endeavour to make the good writers of former age; better known, and ufc of to the preknt ; and for this piir)«o!c the library of 48 count /alufki, at Wailaw, opciu In luCAhauid'j.a Irea- iiiii' ol aiitii lit iiiiih'jri. The (Jrcck laiigiiaijc alfo b'l'ini to be ftiidied In Po. land, and literary currcl'pundcncrs arc caiiicd on with liariied lorcigners ; but the prcfi h«^ not yet produttd lo m.oiv biKiks us in other countriei. Piihind exports none of in manulai!1iirei, its lommo- ilitiii being earned out of the country uiiwiou;'ht. Dr. Ilufchiiig nblcrvM, that relii^ioui bigotry 11 ul iiifiiiltff detiiijient to the trade and lommrrcc uf Poland, which, nuiwithllandin!( all its naiuril advanldc'es, has been long gradually lii)kin;» into poverty. The Poles, indeed, ex- port grain of all kinds, mads, dv.il boards, fhip and houfe timbrr, pitch, flax, hemp, Imfecd, hops, honey, wax, hides, horned cattle, tallow, leather dtelled in the Kullian manner, pot-aOi, hones, and other home com- modilie, : but thefe arc much overbalanced by the im- ports, as wine, that of Hungary alone, annually carry- ing vail funis out of the kiiindom; the other articles of commerce imported arc fpiro, plate, copper, bialt, and Iteel. SECT. III. 0/llit iHfi-rmt Cliijfti ef thi Pteplf, tlit Prhiligfi ef the Nnhlii, unii ihf SItrv/ry cf ihe ftnjiinti ; with a itmijt .1,ui,nt c/lht Nature cf thi lytalth tf tin Polii. TWV. Pules, when confidetcd as members of the con. iiiunity, arc either nobles or citiien-;, under whicK clal's ate included merchants, artills, and nuchanics ; or pcal.ints, who arc molHy vall'aU to t lie nobles. The Polilh nobility have liom time nnmrmorial refided in the country ; for every nobicnian lives iri hi. own village, feat, or callle \ m.inagcs hu ellate by hi-, vafl'als, or hired fervaiits j .nd maintains hi i lelf and family by agriculture, breeding of bee., gra/,ing, and hunting. Some ol the nobility alio Ipeiid part ol their time in cities and towns. I'hough i'oland has its princes, counts, and barons, yet th^; whole body of the nubility are natuia!ly on a. level, except the difference thai aiiles from the polti lome of them enjoy. Hence all who ate of noble biiiU call one another brothers. Thev eniov manv cuiifiderablc privileges, and, indeed, the biufted Poldh iibcrtv ii pro- pel ly limited to them alone ; for they have the power of life and death over their vadaK, who on thataecuuiu groan under an opprcffive ll.ivcry. Hefidcs, every no- bleman is ablolute lord of his cllates ; fo that the kinij can requiic no fuhl'idy iVi'in him, nor is he obliged to maintain or find quarter for :.ny foldicis. If a foreigner dies on a noblem.in's edate in Poland, without leaving any heirs, his cdiiils fall to the lord of the manor ; but. on the dcceafe of a nobleman without heirs, lin cltatc does not lall to the king, while there are any per funs living who are ril.ited in tht eighth i!eg:ic to thedeceafed ; and if a nobleman dies withuiit heiis, or any luch rela- tions, the king can appropriate his cllare tohimleli ; but is obliged to bertow it on Come other nohleinan of merit. The houle of a nobleman is a (ecure afvluiii for per- fons who h.ive committed any crime; lor njm iiiufl prel'ume to take them from thence by lorce ; ,ind cverj thcjudges in thetownsdare not caul.- a nobleman'; vallal to be arredcd, or his effeiHs to be fei/.ed ; nor can any magidrate, not e\cn the king himfelf, caufe .1 noMeir.aii to be arrcded, without fignifying the crime of which ho is acculcd, and giving a previous citntion, excvpt he be- a robber, and has been three times iinpeached bv Iks allociates, or be I'urprifed in the ronimiflion of a crime} or ladly, when he cannot or will not put in b.iil. All eeclefiadical dignities and civil [lods are to be held only by the nobility, and they alone arc qiialifi, d to bi; proprietors of eftates, except the burghers ol the cities of Thorn, Cracow, Viliia, Lembcrg, and Lublin, whu have the privilege of purchafmg lands. Any nobleman m.iv purchafc a houfe and liie in a city or town, but he muft then fubmit to (crvc municipal oiKces j and if he bu concerned in trade or commerce, he lorfcits the privi- leges of a noble Pole. Kvery nobleman has not only a vote in the clciflion of a kin;j,but is even qualihed to wear V the kjj .l-'*il ' A SYS T I'. M O !■ G I'. O G li A 1' 1 1 Y. 1\v.a: It k the crown, if he he r;iilVil to it hv the free dn relt of the iiohilitv All li:\- are triuil in ihc provi:ici;il courts cf juriicntiirc ; but if i are in ^ciier;il re( koruil worth a h a ri(ili|''ni:ui cciMimeiices .i fiiit \v th t.-.s t.iriners d the I'f thi? liicJ .IS the flave,-, in oijr rolonii-;, nt f i iiiulIi a head. They •il livies eai-h a mU'S rel;uin^ to tnt- n'l'.'i- atcuruinc to their a;»e, ftrciMrih, aiul i luiliiiutiii ilom.Kir., a tomiiiilloti.il court ;s rnva] inin.uc the ilifpute. appoiiitcil to ter- Noth UV' ran be more ah-rcl t'i:in the pc:if.inti r.( P<>- vear, to the malK-r, anJ have only one chime f wealth. Chtiltian )fi and wan'on manner, their wives and .Ad^ 'lien, after T S K C T. IV. 0/ th.- Stttt.- cf Rtli^m in Po!wh UF. Poles were fiill converted from idcdatry to thi religion, aloiit the year 904 ; whin St. dauilhiers beln'i expoled to the mull brutal ticatment. fi Accordin'4 to Mr. Hautev' a puhLman who . dc- rcus ofcultivat hnufe lUg a pii-.e ol laii'l, !, builds a litt' which he fett :al.uit and his lainil ', V.' chbilhi (Ir' unient of this revolution p ot Cjnefiu, was the and t! of Rome ha fi icarrs ot ilic rhurcli nee taat time, V.rM tlie Prlifl 1 tri.vern- inghimacow, two horfes, a cert.iin niniihcr ot peeie, heiv, 5ic. and as much corn a-- is (ufficient to n.^intain him tliL- firfl year, and to improve tor his own future f:ih(ilK'nce, and the advantage of liis lord. In leturn, he obliges ban to till a pariieular ipianiity of land, and to pay a number jf live anini.ils out of the produce of the original (lock. In autumn all the pcafants ai • -imployrd in rutting down and reaping the mailer's harvell, who app liiits 1 ernSled a pnirinj^-houn.', and founded an acadiinv for mciit lirmlv in the inti.ri.'lor the Romilli poimlt. Hence [x.perv is til'- national religion ; for none but peifons of thai perfuarion are p'rmir'i..l 1.1 lit in the Itiiatc, rife to emv;ienwers, anij and fevcie labour, they fcarce entertain an idea of better I jiarticuiarly the conliitution of 1717, arc promifcd fccu- circumftantes and more liberty. 'I'hcv regard their | rj'y as tu their cttViLt-, and an ciiualitv with the other mailers as a fiiperior order of beings, r'tid hardiv ever ; iir'jecls as to their peilons. 'I'he I'ruteltunts th;-rcfore, by repine at that fevcre b^t which has deprived them of all j virtue of the above articles, have tiequently lolicitcd for the comforts of life, in order to heap them upon a cruel, dcfpotic, and unworthy tyrant. They leldom want for provilions, and think that a man can n'vcr be very wretched while he has anv thing to cat. Our au- thor adds, a total want of feminunt, and of ment.-.! en- joyments, prevail through the whol.! order, as if Pro- vidence had wii.ly mixed the lliipifving drop, to render more tolerable the naufeou'. draught of frvitude. This i" the boalled liberty of the Poles, in which the niu!ti"ide are reduced to the molt ahjeft flavery ; an 1 thnfi: who enjoy dlatcs, thou'di ever fo fmall, arc al- lowed the piivile;;" of being tyrants, and have greater power ovir ihcir valiM;, than (lOvl ever gave to kings. But now let us take a vi' w of ihe pioperty of tliegreat, and (ei: in what their \v( alth confills. Kvery Polifli noble niufl be polielVed cither of an eft.'te in land, a (lure in the f.dt works, or the revenues of thecitvof iJaiu/.ic, whi. h are clKemeii equivalent t.) an eltiitc in l.md. The Poldh ellates in general nviy he diviiled into roy.d, ccclrfiallK al, or patrimonial. 'I'he greitell number of them conlilt in ilarollie,, which mult be given away by the king fix months altera vacancv, and are legardcd as the rights of old military offieei?^, rnd the reward of their pall fcrvices, the word 11. roll fignifyiini old age. F.ach llarolla pays a fourth of his reveinie to th'- republic. The rccleliallica! .-Iliite. confifl of bifboprics, bene- fices, priories, canonrics, and all the land polleillil by the regular cicriv, which is ot vatl extent. Some (if the biDu.piie; evceid five thouf.ind poi 'ids fterling a year, which 1 ; .m imnienle I'uin of money in a country that does not abound in fpccic life the folid wealth of The patrimonial cltates conipo the Polidl iKib'lity, thcv being entirely independent of the court, and lefcenil I v in'^i nance froin generation to generation. Thefe confill of kinds, houfcs, towns, villager, woods, and cfnecially peafain.s, which arc va- the free rxercife of their religion, and ttic Protcllant powers have in'erellcd themfelves in their behalf, which has procuied th' in many lair pr.nnifcs that have nut bien tulliliel On the rontrar\ , a great number of their churches h.ive ai^luaily been taken ftoni them, or demo- lifhcd ; and with lelpei'l to theled.ilcnters from the elta- bliflied church, the laws of judice and equity have been violated ; lo that they have now only twenty-two churches in the cities and towns, and fixty-Hve in ihc villages of Poland, 'fhe Giceks arc alio no Ids op- prelled ; yet the Jews before the prelcnt reign, were inilulged with grc.ii privileges ; and this country is filled the paradife of that peo|,lc. An old Polifll general, who was a native ofCicrmany, fay, that ilierearc at lead two millions of Jews onlv in the v.llagis of I'ol.md, cxclu- live of the great nunib'Ts in the toy.ii!. Iheir annual capitation 'mounts to two hundrf 1 and uvcnty thouliiiid i'olifti guilders in the kingdom of l',>land, aiui a hundred and twenty thouland in l^ithuania, jitiounting in the whole to hfty-f'ix ihoiifand fix hundred anil fixty (ix iix-dollars, which they p.iy above the general impolls and taxes. I he king IS here (lil-.'d Orthodoxus, as a title of ho- nour, and St. Horian and St. Adalbert are worfhipped as the patron iaiiUs of Poland. 'I he niinib(.r of monallcries in this kingdom amniinis to five hundrid and feventy-lix, and of luinneiics to one hundred and Icvititecn, belldes two hundred and bnty- fix leminaties or ctdlcges, and thirty-one alibevs. The dergv ate even pollelled of two-thirds of the lands and rcvenuf3 of the kiiiL'dom. The monks of I'oland are wealthy, profligate, a.nd debaiuhed in their maniicis ; they are ilten leen drunk, and led (rom taveins, wilhoiit appiehinding anv dif'taco- to their order, ordiea.ling the ccnturc of ihcir fiiperiors, who require equal indulgence. Thiir falls coiifid in abdaining 11, in c:;';«, milk, and boded lilli at ni. lit. Dur thuu^h ae» dcr^-y on cartli aic lo attached to ilic lee of Rome Roiiie as tiie P' thL' opinion ot thnenre from ai The fecular c hiabic bemtici's doni, without b duties of iheir o poor k liidar or ; of the niafs, as i,ii,l to be fo neg pil duties, that of their inferior duties of their p .md the l.iity ni.i liounly to the (1 I, lui to loiind a to enrich an alt^ w!i.it the nioic ceiiliiiies ago. ons : they arc in jcluits at t.eopol to be worth a m 111 the catholic mal ., to (hew tl (laughteriiig its ( As to the ciu. ferves, it entire c.dled (cho.d d jargon, and the divines pride tlic Arillotle to tile i lender the l.ilter pay no retard to culty by the aflir fions of the pont ftinatc, opiniona Of the p'Mcal i Poivir cf the C^nvi'itii i thi' < Pitaiid ; and £iigle. THE politic ly rinudai oth-r governinei have a (overeign, propriety called ; the nobility of thofe of anv othi ariftocracy ; bee 1 level, each Poldl himfclf a.s in'eiii Tilt republic i the nobdity, the the governincnt. prerogative has b diet and fenaie pi independency is ( (ecurity o( the k milled to garrifoi frontier towns ; v J kind of public Upon the deat the nobility allei tiiccellljr, and th tiniaic election i 1 a m.ijoii'y have lulily aflunie a pi impofing Inch con pioper, and ihel coiitrait is draw (eii.ite and nobili king by ihe .irci beloie the meni tr.ict may be deci Poles agtiiiid the here iiiumeratc ( 'oi. \sn. EURO P E. sy Roir.f ar. tiic Pulifli, y>'t llicy prefer good living cv.-ii to ih; opinion ot l!u' popo, aii'l tlTcrcloic Cuiiliiic th'ir ab iHncnn- trnni anim.il tood wholly to the cvciiinj 'I'hc ibciil.'.r ck-rgv .iJniit of pliiralitius, ami iio'J pn.- titiliic b'.'iiiliirs in the molt dilhint p.itts cif th,' k .1-- lUiin, without liL-ing ever fuppolcl to perfonii any ot t.. ■ Oiilif. of their office. A canon gives two-pence to a poor khol.M or a monk, for going tl-.roii^'h th j JruJ-ery nf the niafs, as his fiihftitutc. Kvcii the biflijps are 1,11.1 to 1)1- fo ne;^ii^eiu about the due execution of epifco- pil duties, that thev are forced to wink at the enornu!i-s of their inferiors-, vet the lew tl'ri;y who attrr d the duties of their profeirion huve ail the appearance of pictv, and the laity make up fur every other dciiciency by tl.iir hounty to the church, 'riu-y will jrriiul the lice of the 1, 101 to found a nioiiiiHery, cheat and defraud in order to enrich an altar. In thefe particulars I'olat'd ii now wliit the nioic (ivili/.cd nation? of Lurope were two lemniies ago. All their churches are built by donati- ons : they are in general rich and maiMilicen:, and the iciuits at F.copold have a chalice fet with jcwcl.^, laid to be worth a million of livrcs. So zi-alous arc thel'i;l.i in the catholic faith, that they draw their fwords at mal., to fhew their rcadincfj to defend their religion by ilaughteriiu; its oppofers. As to the ciudiiion of the clergy, a late aiitlior ob- ferves, it entirely confifts in that fpccics of fophiHry called Ichonl divinitv, in an unmeaning metaphyfical jargon, and the molt ufelcfs logical dillincfions. ("he divines pride tlicnifelves in adapting the metaphyfies of AriHotle to tlie doctrines of Chnitianitv, by which they lender the litter as unintelligible as the loinier. 'I'hey pay no regard to church hiftury, but folvo every dilii- cuity by the affirin.v.ions of the Stagyrite, and the dcci- fions of the pontitt'. In a word, they arc ignorant, ob- ftinatc, opinionatcdj and fupcrftiiicua. SEC T. V. Of th p-Jit'unl Con/littittcri cf Pohiml Tht very limiuJ Pnvcr cf th{ King ; the gcnmil (.'ontinli of the I'lila C^iiVi'itii; ihr (\reii:o>tiii i/' the C.;r:nati3ti\ the nrms '.f Polaihl; and the Bud^e ' ef tht Knighti cf tht Il'hite EiigU. TH E political conllit'jf ion of Poland is fo extreme- ly riii'iilar, that it bears no refcmblancc to any oth-r government, ancient or modern. The people have a fovcreign, and vet the government is with great propriety called a republic. 'I^he reader has feen that the nobility of this country have greater power than thofc of anv other, yet thev detelt the thoughts of an iirifiocracy ; bee lafc they all clleem themftlves upon a level, each Polith nobleman or gentleman confidering himfelf as in'eiior to none but the monarch. The republic is CDiiipofed of the king, the fenntc, and the nobdity, the peafants being admitted to no fliarc of the ^overnincnt. Upon every new election the royal prerogative has been retrenched, and the liber'-ito of the diet and fcnate proporlicinably extended. This idea of independency is earned lo far, as to ha/..ird the general lecurity of the kingdom, the monarch noc being pci- niiited to garrifjn even the inoit remote and necellary frontier towns ; whence PoL.nd has m all ages been made a kind of public route lor the palTig,- cf lioHile armies. Upon the death nf the foiercign, the whi Ic body of the nobility allemble on horfehack lor the choice of a fuccellor, and their unanimous voice confJitutcs a legi- timate election ; though there have been inllancei--, where a majoiiiy have been deemed fufficient. Mere the no- bility afliimc a power of altering the governnient, and impoling Inch coiul it ions on the new monarch as thev think pioper, and tlieic they call tiic Pacta Conveiita. 'I'his contratl is drawn up, methodized and appro\ed by the fen.ite and nobiliiy, .liter wliith it i^ read aloud to the king by the j'reat mat dial, and he Iwejis lo perform it bcloic the ceienionv ol his pioclamalion. As this con- tract may be deemed the biiiicr ot the privileges of the Poles ai^'iiinlt the cncroai hnients of the crown, we (hall here tnumeraic the piincipal articles, 1 The firrt is, tint tiic k'lig (liali not attempt (a in -roach O.I the li'.ii.ity o) llie p-o.de, \: . lenienn^ iii-; ciown he- re liiary ill his family, but fliall ptefetve-all the law. and cullunr) lelatiiig to ;lie f'eej.ei; of eleaion ; that he flialj ratify a'l the treatie-, fu'ififti,,^ with foiei-n pov/eis which are appoved by the diet : that he (hill fiudy to cultivate P'-ace, pref.rve the p iblic tiaiujuilify, anJ promjic the interclloi'the realm; that he (hall not co-n mon -y, ex- cept in the republic's name, nor appropi!a:c to himfelf the advantage aiifiiig frcm coinage: that he (hall n -ither declare w- .11, conclude peace, levy troops, hire aLi.\iliaries, or admit fu;\igii troops into the Po!i(h dominion , with out the conlcMt of the diet and feiia:e : that .dl oni-csand preferinenl.s diill be given to the natives of Poland and Lithuania, and that no pretence fhall excufc the crime ot introducing loreigneis into the king's council or the de- partments i>f the republic : that the otficeis of his ma- jelly's guards (hall be Pules or I,ith-aanians, and that the colonel (hall he a n.itivc of I'oland, and of the order of nobility : that all the o(Hiers (liall be fubordinate to the authcrity of the mar(h.il : that no individual (Inll be veiled with mure em;iloy;nento than the law allows: that the king fhall not ni.nry with lut t'ae apptobaticii of the fcnate, and that the republic (hall regul.itc the hcufhold of the (piecn ; th.it the foverei;,n (Inll never ap- ply his priviite lignrtto a^s and papers of a public nature- th.it, on the .)ih(r hand, the king (lull difpofe of the iilficcs bothof the court and uf the republic : that h: (hall regulate with the fenatc the number of forces iieceHarv for the defence of the kingdom, and alminilfcr jullice by the .ulvice of i.he fen.itc and council: that the e\p ncc's of hi- civil hit (hall he the fame with thole of hi> pre- dec-.li^rs, and polielled by his family only duriii.; his life : that he (hal! .ill up .dl vacancies in -.he Ipace of lix weeks; that tills (hi',1 he nis lirft hufinefs in the diet, obligiiuj the chancell ir to publi(h his appointments in due foTni": that the ki ig (liall not diminilli the treafure kept at Cracow, bu; enJeavour to aiigmeiit th.it and the number of the cio-.vii jewels ; that he (iiall neiihei bor.-ow money, nor equip a luval force, without the ce nieiit and full ap- probation ol tne republic : that he lliall _ 1 ifef,, promote, and defend th'- Ivomin catholic laith "inani'di all the Polifh dominions ; ;uu! (inally, that -.ill •' eir^fevera! li- berties, rights, and privileges, Ihall be ;.-crerved t ) the Pules and Lithuanians in general, and to all the diltriit; r.nd provinces within each of thefe great diiilions, with- out change, ot the fmallcll violation, except by the con- fent of the republic- 'I"o thefe articles a variety of otheis arc added, accoiding to the circumli.iiices .ind humour of the diet ; but the above are the ll.uiding coiulitions, which arc fcarce ever altered or .iaa Convent.i upon his knees at th-.- altar in the follo.viiig manner : '• \Vc "• " clewed king of Poland, and great duke of Lithuania) " Ruflia, Prutha, .\1airovia, Sa'uugitia, Kihovia, Vol- " hinla, Po;iolia, Podiaflla, Liv,>ni."i, b.nolenftin, Sibe- " ria, and C-^etnicovia, proniife before the Ainii^'hr-,- " (rf,d, andl.vcir upon the holv evangclills of Kfu\ " Chrilt, to i.bfcrve, maintain, and fullil all tliecoiidi- " tions (tipulated at our ileClion bv our ainbailadois with " the fenators and deputi, s of P.daii.l, and of the great " dutchy of J.itiiuaina, and coiilirmed bv our plenipo- " tentiaries ; and to execute the lame in all thetlaulLS, " points, articles, and conditions fpe.ifud in that con- " tract, in fuch a manner, that the)/,-./.;/.-^ (hall nut de- " rog'tc liom the gmaul.ly ; nor, on the 'coiitr..iv, tl'.e " ««i!v;y;//.'>)' from the fiiiiuuLr,iy; all whii h v.-e |-,i.). " mife iolemnly to raMly on the day of our coronati.,n." Though the king is without exception .icknowlwh'ej to he their lovereij>n, yet he cannot exeie.le the luncii°na of fovereignty before his c.ronatioii. Tl-.e fja e between the cle.tion and cr.roiiaiion is a kiiul of intireMium though he is veiled with all the b.idg, s ..11, 1 i .-rternal pomp of majelty._ During this perio.l the m ullul, in all procellions, c.nii-s his ftalf bent doA-nwari-. h.iorc the king, but after the loroiialion it is alu .i\ s h- 1,1 i r.cl. This is to (hew that the eK-cli on is impeii-.t till it he ra- tified by the coionaiion, previous to which the k'lig tan neither difpole of ofJiccs or ben-ticis, giant f vouis cf anv kind as a foverei:',n, nor apply thcioc-.t leal to anv act or oidmancc tie appoints the day' for p-rforuiin^ 1 .1 !' ,;i- '',1- .'1 : .1 ''^lii il i life 4 j I' .im III m -• 1 y WAu^^ ^.< 1 1;^ Co A S Y S T E M OF (> K O G R A P H Y. Pol AM- Poi., Ml IJH his corotvition, vvliich is iifya'ly on th.it rmcccding the fiini'r.il obfiijiiios ot his nrcdccefl'or. All nuaginalik ma^iiificfiicc is obftrvcd on thisocc;ifion, aiiil alon i^'iii-i, uiiacqu.iiiuid with the I'o'illi toiillitutioii, would luitu- r^lly conclude, th.il a mnn.irth who afccndrd the throne wuli luih pump and IplcnJor, w.'.s invcftcd with vcrycx- tcnfivc prerogatives. Whtn the coroiiati(in-dav approaches, the king make, his entry into Cracow on horftbaik, with a cjnnpy ol ftate carried htlbre hini. '/"he troop;, both horlc and luot, marcli bctoru with their officers, and are followed by the palatines, bifliop:-, and ambai.iulors on hurleb.ick j while a man, who rides befoic, fcitters fome Imall pieces of filver, llamped with the effi.;;es ot" the new king ; who is thiii coiidii;led frotn the city gate to the caltle, paffini; through the public IqiMre, in which arc levfral trium- phal arches. On the d.iy tliat precedes the coronation, the body of the dcreafca king is c.iiricd in gie.it Hate to the church of St. Stanifl.uis, at lih.ilka, where the mar- fluls break their flave-, and the ch.iiKi.ilois their U ds, againft the king's i nihn. 'I'he new king, with all hi., courtiers, and the officers ot the crown, .ire prefent at this ceremony. The coinpanics (d' tr.ulcfiiien even walk thither b.arc foot in proccffioii, each having the repre- fentation of a colFin covered with a p.ill, fiipportcd by two men; after wlich the corpfe is br'iiii;ht back to the chapel ot the cathedral of Cracow, where are the lepul- chrcs of their king'. Tlie nevt day the coronation is performed in the ca- thedral ol Cracow, to winch the king i. conduced in i'olenin ttate by the fenate, and the rell of the nobihty. The regalia ate placed upon the altar, and the bilhopsot Cracow and Ciiiavi.'. prelent the king to the archbiihop ol (ir.cfna, to whom he bow5, and tlifn all the three prelatci remind him of his duty j alter which he kill'es the archbiflinp's hand, kneels lays his haml on the gof- pels, and ag.iin fwe.irs to the I'aiit.i Conventa ; to which is added, that if he (hoiiKI violate hi~ oath, or anv pirt of it, the liibjriffs fliall be difcharged from their obedi'.nce and oath of fidelity. Then receiving the bcnediclion nf the primal , and other bifliops, his iippei garment i.s taken fjft, and the primate anoints liij tight h.iiid and arm up to the ciboiv, .iiid alio his fliouUIets .ind fmehead with conlecraled oil, faying, " In the niiiie of the Kather, of " the Son, and (if the Holvliholt." The king is then led to the ihapel, wlu re he isdrcfled iiuich like a bifli'ip. and has othii ornaments put on him by the marlhals ol the kingdom and dutchv, in which he h:ai , niaf, on a thiune circled in the iiiidft of the church; and afterwards goes to the altar, where ti, archbifhop, putting a drawn fwoid into his right hand, Uv, " Receive this fword, and coidially p.-otecl aiiddc- *• fend the hole cliuri his left. The primate and two aishbdhops then Ic.ui llie king hack to the throne, in which the archbifh-'p places him, faying, " Sit and " maintain the place (jod has given thee." 'I'he king ifturns .again to tiic altar, and I'e Deiim being fung, his m.ijeltv kifles the archbifhop's hand, oHer> him gold, conlellc.5, receives the (acramniit, and the biflio|)'s bcne- Hiflioii ; after which the court-marflial cries out feveral limes, Vival Rex, and the trcafurer of the kingdom fcat- ters money among the people in the chuich. The n.xt day the king goes in grt at i>oin|) to the town- ho'ife, with the revalia c.irried before him, and the great frcafurcr a »ain throws mc.lals of gold and lilver among the people. iTii iii.ije({y being there placed on a throne, re- ceives the homage anil oaths of the diet, lie. on 'heir knees, and th; migilhates of the cities prefent him with the keys of then i;ate. in a fiKcr dilli, and a purl ■ lull of d.icats; after which he ictlores thekevs, in I makes lome of the burghers .if the city knights, by Krikiiig them 5aitly Oil I'.y. (houMcr with his drawn fword. As the king is oblcjcd by the Pan* Cunvt:>ta to con- f'llt hi.s people svilh rcfpeft to mairiage, fo tl.eir conleiit IS necedary to the diHidutimi ot the nupiial engagement , for he can inither divorce the (pieen, iioi Kp.r.ite from her bed, wiihoil the approbation of tlic di. t, un'el's he was married bcloie ills declioii. Hei majeltv has no difliiiCl houlTioId, c.s.ccpt a maidia!, a chantilU.'r, and lome ii;- firior doinellii.~. She ii funiillisd « ith moiiee bv lia- king to defi.iy the e.\pviices of the civ.l lift ^ and, v ,t!'. lefpcti to her donielHc ttcoiioniy, is little more than his lloule- keeper or Iteward. 'I'he king's whole r( venue for the fup- portof his legal dignity does not exceed four hundred thou . find crowns ; exclufive of which there i.s a inamtcnancc loi the queen-dowager, his conlort, and children, m cale of his death; though the latleraredenied the privilege enjoyed by other fubjciit.i, of nfing to places of tiult and piolit, left this Ihould give them an afcend.int in future election*. I he .11. IIS of the republic are, gules, an ea 'le argent, for Poland ; and gules, a cavalier a.gent, for Lithuania. In the year 1705 king .Aucjulhis 11. inltitutcd the or- der 01 the white eagle ; whofe enfurn is a crols of goKl enamelled with red, with awhile border, and four ll.inies between the points, appendant to a blue ribbon. Ou wne fide of the badge is the Polifli white eagle, with a white crofs and the clei^^oral fword, .Sic. on its bread i on the other fide the king's cypher, and round it this iiKjtto, I'ro FiuE, R5i..h, 1: r Lhct. The crufs IS lut- rounded withaciown la with diamonds. S K C T. VL 0/ th StriJte ./ Pdund. TIIK mod relpecTable part of the Polidi government is the fenate, which is compolVd of the bidiops, palatine., calhdlaiis, and ten olhcers of ilate, who de- rive a right from their dignities of fitting in that ati'emblv, amounting in all to a hundred and forty-four members, who are Itilid fenators of the kingdoiTi, or couiifellors of date, and have the title of excellency, a dignity fupport- ed by no penlion or emoluments iieceflarily annexed to it. I he lenate prcfides over the laws, is the guardian of liberty, the judge of right, and the protciifot uf jullicc and equity. The members arc nominated by the king, and take an oath to the republic, before they are permitted 10 cnWr upon their office. Their honour continues for life, and at the general diet they aie icated on the right and left of thi: fovereign, according to th-^i dignity. They are the me- diators between the monarch and the fubject, and, in conjunction with his m.!Jefty, ratil'y all tlie laws paflld hy the nobiUtv. The value they let on their dignity makcn them defpii'e all other honours, and they have even re- jected the titl's offered them bv the cnpi lor of Ciermany. A. a fei.jior is bound by oath to maint..in the liberties o{ the republic, it i'- thought lie difrefpect to majefly te re- mind him ol hi-, duty , for as they .ire his counfellors, this freedom ol fpetch is an infepaiablc prerogative of tlitir office. All the bifhops are fenators, and precede the fccidar me:iibers tiiey arc only thirteen in number, bifidcs two titular hidiops iif placf: lei/.eJ by the I'urksand RulTiaii;j but dill the titular honours aie retained, and eagerly- fought after, becaufe they give them a right to fit In the fen ite. The .irclibilliop of (Inefna is featcd at the.i head, and is lecondonly to the monarch ; he is alfoiipoi- tolici.l legate by his ofKcc, and tiijoy. luch vaiietv oi privileges as gives him c\ir.iordinary weight, not only in the fenate, but in the rommon-wealih ; for it ij a capital crime even ti) diaw a fword, oi to Ipeak irreveicmlv 1:1 his prefence. Duiiiig the iiiter-tf giiiim Ijc has the po.vcr, under certain rcitrictions, of coming money he convokes the (cnate ; and oppoles the condue't of lli.- monariii whenever he -its Contrary to the eondituticm . his mar- (hal i, a fen nor, an.l the crnfs is carried before him. When the primate vihls the king, he is met at the bot- tom of the dairs of the p.ilate bv one of the chief officcn of the cronii ; anoljier gnat otficr attends him at the top of th; dairs, and conJuifc hipi to the toya! pretence, whil« while the kiri" receives the s to return ihi ir the rcpii'ilic d >vife 'eijulates holdiri:; the 'V other a.;ls ol |i m^-mbers of wf his coliegiies. ordinary privile Irnatnr, from 1 tai!fcr from his The office of nnbililv of his I hie the nobilitv prniiouncp lent 10 market, exec a diet ; to exam and adminider moirit to thirtv th- Ifircdaof S There arc eij '.r? nnlv I'eiiator "f war th-v, bv • re in f>nie im language a cade IS added to th- pin I'olnanf'Ki, 1 'rear or little cal tcil into the mod are lomctimcs ex The crown nil great-chancellor, tne depiitv-treali and all the fame Though thele in order, yet they an J in u fair wa kingdom. Wl\ now com p.l.cdoflh nobdity of ev»iy | accounts, cithT to n.ite relating to tl traii.-n of jul'icp, 'The k ng miv a except on occalioi the cudo.n of the 1 pital. Ind'ed lor r'if-mlled at \Varl Lithuanian', it w he held at Cirodno ',r\c<: in tlin c ' ■ ar. nr-al diet, ' !tiii primate, '.i.i' ., wti V nri-t^ appointing r', of the il in hii jutil.livSlion, 1 day, to vUii depiil biiiinel's mentionrd i oigs are cj'lirl pert th.ce acres ol Ian I h tciminrd by aimjon 49 ^■'m^m :ar two Hi: J ;cly lliR Dc;- oi ill iit.il y 1:1 Vd , iri'pi i.ir- lini. KJt- ccr3 tlin Ki.-, Poi..\-.n. r, U R O P F,. 61 wliile t!ic kinj!; nJvnnccs to meet him :it the clonr. He receives tin' viritsot .imbafTadors with;s are fj'Ie.l peitv diets, every geiuleman pollefling ?h;ce acres oi l.m I having a vote, and matters being de- ':iininrd by a ,11 ourity ; uut in llie genera! .lict decrees 49 arc only v.ilucd when t'le wlio'.e body !s ur.inimoiis. Thefe indigent nobles arc always directed by (ome per- f.in of Cuperior fortune, influence, or ability, an ! leldoiii examine the fubjedt ot the debate ; but rti-nit i; wholly to the Judgment of their reprcfentativcj. Kvtry palatinati,' has three reprelentatives ; but ibe bufinels devolves upon one of them, who is elected lor his ability and expe- rience, and the other two are only added to give weight to this leading member, and to do honour, by the'r mag- nificent appearance, to the palatinate they reprefent. As thefe deputies have (cats in the diet, the f,cncral airenibly is divided into two bodies, the upper and the lower; the one being compoled of the fenate, the (upe- rior clergy, and the great officers ; the other of the re- prefeniatives of the palatinates, who prepare all bufinefi for the fuperior body. I'lus we fee how near an alfiiiitv the general conttitiition of the Polifhdiet has to a liritKh parliament, and to the original form of government among all the northern nations, however they mav vary in par» ticular circumltances, and be altcrcii by the influence of time. The firll bufinef-, of the nflemblv is to choofc a marfhal ; upon which octalion the debates and tumults lometimes run (0 high, that the whole time l.ir the (effion of the diet is conlumed in altercation and wrangling about the election of a (pcaker, who mull be a native of Great or Little Poland, or of the dutchy of Ijithiiania. After hi.'i election he kifles the king's hand, and the chancellor, aj the royal rep.'el'cntative, reports the matters to be delibe- rated upon by the diet. The marfhal then acquiints the king with the inltructions of the deputies from tncir con- ftituents, and the abules they require to be remedied : he likewile requelti his majelty to till up the vacant of- fices and benefices 'ccording to law, and Is anfwercd bv a fet f(>eech from li.e chancellor, who reports the king's inclination to fatisfy his people as foon as he has con- Cultcd his faithful fenate. Some of the cultoms obfervcd by the Polifii diet are remarkably abfurd ; not onlv an unanimity of voices is neceflTary to pals any bill, and conltitute a decree of the diet, but every bill nuilt alio be afiented to unanimouflv, or none ran take effect. Ihu.s, if out of twenty bills one (hould happen to be oppoled by a fingle voice, all ths reft are thrown out, and the diet meets, deliberates, and debates for fix weeks to no purpole. Can any thing be more aftonifhing, than that a rule lb ctmtrarv to the dic- tates of common fenle, and attended with fuch fatal con- (equcnccs, fhould continue among a people who appear far from being void of uiiilcrltanding ? The ufual form of pafling laws and decrees is ns fil- lows ; they arc firft revifed by the m.irlhal, attended bv two of the deputies, or ell'e by three lenatt is and fix de- puties, and then icad in rhe fenate in the king's pretence ; after which the chancellor afks, with a loud voice, whe- ther the king, fcnators, and deputies, agree to have the bill faniitilied by the roval leal, and the arms of the re- public. Having palled ibrough thefe forms, it is lodged in the regilter at W'arf • ^or in the great chancery of the kingdom, till printed 1 opies are made, and dilperled a- inohg the Icveral p.il.itin.ites. I he diet takes cognizance of afl'airs relating to war, the concluhon of a peace, the formint.' alliances, the im- pofition of faxes, the levying of troops, the framing ot" laws, and the final determination of civil and iriminal caufes i there being an appeal from all the inferior court* to the general diet. Here too foreigners are naturalised, and admitted to all the rights of the natives ; and fuch pcalai.is as have luifieient wealth and ambition, are ad- vanced to the rank of nobilitv. The aftiux iVin'.e 1:1 .i'i '«'»] lij 6i A S Y S T F, M O I G I . O G R A P H Y, Pol A. sri fcnate of the n.ilion is in fad little more than a faflimii niafs, coiiJurtcd with llie iitmolt inileconim. However, a politic princi- may n-.oulJ this tiirbulrnt multituilf ac- cnriliii^ to his plt.iliirc, by foothiiig, c.ijuliMg, trcatinjr, and making pecuniary prcfcnta. Bcfi.ks The rej;ular triennial great ilicK, a particular diet meets, as hath been already hiiiteil, mi the vaianey «)f the throne, in a l.^rL'e :icld in the nei^'.hbuuihond ol W'arlaw. Upon the death, depofition, or abdieaiion ol the (ov'.-rei^.., the printate, on whom the ehu-l pnwei de- volves, illues tiicular letters, lummoniiif; tl.e diet to iiU'enible on an appointed day. A kind ot booth of pro- digious extent I., ereiled, to (hcltcr the eleObirs liom the weather, and dej'iities are elecUd in the iihial manner in the petty proviniial diets. A ni.irllial u eholen by the iiobilitv, who mull be confirnvd by the lenate. Ihile lad, Willi the Mobiiitv, then lorni an airneiation, ami enter iiuo the moll lolenin cngaj^ements to adhere to the fame iiitcrell; not to nominate a kiiii^ till one ot the tv'iididatcs has obtained their unaniiiious euiiKiit ; to pre- t'eive all the ri;;hls andimmiinitus id' the republic i to enter into no encapcmenti with any ol the candidates, or their aniballadois, ti I all the abul'cs, irregularitic, «nd grievances of the republic be lully redriU'ed ; toiiifilt upon the 'cpeal ot all the decrees, and even ol the royal Itatutcs that have any tendency to encroach on public liberty ; Mul to fuppoit the court of juliice ellahliflied lor prcl'erving order, eiitorcinj the lawj, protcd^iiii; tiie Itale, coining money, and pcrforminji all the oftices ol the executive power, during the vacancy ii< the ('..rone ; to prohibit all grangers trom approachin:'. the diet ; to toi- hid the carryhip of fire-arms to this alli'mbly ; to oblige the principal military otlicers to fwear (idclity to the llaie; lo exert no undue influence, and to iife the army only againit the enemies of their country ; to delend the (roi- tiers, and fccure the honour and liberty of I'ol.ind and the great dutehy of I.ithuaiia ; to oblige the ollicers alfo to fwear, that in cafe of any fedition or revolt they will allert the public mterell, retrain the (lddier^ Ironi acts ol violence, and I'.ceue no money upon any pietencc whal- fuever fiom the cleri'y, laity, the candidates, or their ainbafridfMS. Ihevallo engage to obliju! theoHiccrs not to advance to ihe livari ol the kingdom with their troops, nor to approach the dift i and neither. to au.oneiit oi di- mniilh the army hut by the iliet's eonfrnt. I.itlly, the trealurers of the iiown aic lorbid to itluc out money without tlie approbation ot the Icn.'.te, except lor the pay ol the anil) Win 11 liic nidifhil li tlcincd, aiui a ci urt ol i^llicei^ cftablillKd, the det draw-, out a hill of grievances and ainilcs, either with rtlpect to the republic or to indivi- duals, which thev intend to have rcdrelled. A certain number of ienatais are then drputt I to the army to keep them Iteady, and to allill the genei.il> with their advice. Senators and deputies arc alio appointed to take an in- viiilory of the crown treafure and jewels depofited at Cracow, and to t". ike their report to the diet. Ki^ht (enators arc then i i,.r^'il wit'.i the treafure, and a par- ticular leal .irid key is given to e.ieh, that none ol the keepers ni ly lingiv have accefs. The fame loim u ob- V'rved with refp-ct to the crown reicnuc. During the iWIion of the elictoi.il diet, which i~ limit- ed to lourteen day-. Without prorogation, all courts ol lullicc, except that of the niarlhal, arc lulpended till the coronation is over. The next proceeding i- to give or- der- to the plenipotentiaries of forei ,n jiowers, and the udvoc.ites ot the cmdidates for the crown. The pope's legate i; honoured with the lirll notice, ai being the re- pieieiitative of Chrilfs vicar, tl.t fovercign ot piinte.i ; then the ambali'ador of his imperial inaje(l), who is fiK- cecdeil bv thofe (^l 1' ranee, aiij other catholic powers ■jhev make their fpeeches ni I..itin, and are anfwercd by the bifllop of (inefna and the marlhal ol the deputie . But 111 ^'iieral it is not the moll perfuafive oratory that ran gain the tUcem of a I'olilh diet; thedepuiie-, deliie more lubltantial argumeiiis, and expect their pillion for moll 'V and wine to be alio gr.ititied. Addiefs in tni.-. p.iitieiilar, an>l in feeiiring the iiitetcif of ihecleigs, .ire the chief qualitus necillary in a canJidate lor the ciown- Inrnediateiy before they proceed to the ele:liiui, pub- lic piaycu au' read, and th« whole diet join with one voice to bei.cch heaven to duel their clioicr, and judge tliem acroidinj' to their inicgrity in an aflairof fucli con- leipience lo the lepiiblic ; a pioeeeding t.'iat mult appear I ipiully alilurd and impious lolhofe loreign minillers whcj haie purch.iled their vote-. The deputies of lach tiala- tinate I'ue their vote i in pailicuiar ; ;,'„-, tj,e :'rchli(ho(j alone preleuiii;' his leat. 'I'lie full feiia'or ot evciy pa- latinate iiumben the vole', whiih aie a!terwa:d« traiil • Hinted 111 a roll to the iiuiKio-nurlh.il .Should all tin: vote, prove tinaiiimnu- in lavour of one eand:datc, ibe piini,ite atks three tine.s', with a i."id \oiee, whither the I'jievaiuis h,ive been rcdrelled, and then piocl.iims the king, the marlhals ot the tro,*n and dutehy of Lithua- nia I'blerving the lame ceremonies. In cale of acon- telled election, the lenate alleinbled in a partieul.ir part ol the booth endeavour, by perl'ii,ilions, pronnles, and nun.iccH, to bring all the ik\'tor,s to one opinion ; ami Ihould this be fotiiid impraclable, the majority is declared, and their opinion p.ill'ej tor .1 legitimate election, though this IS dianctrically oppolitc tu the lundameiital con- Dilution. s b; c r. viir. (if //'< Sl'ot^tli tf Potaiiily Willi refpH la I'li Fcrli/icaliens ami iiiihtiiiy /'.-iM'fi, ONK R () 1' V. it I, .-ii 6i h-jiiilrccl .uid foity Ci)lV.iC:, ft.ui rcgimciitr, of ilr.i^non'., tliro! regiments ot lout, aiiJ a IuiiuIkJ ainl fifty in.i frolics. riie charjic of tlicd ir'io|v, is iltfr.iyci! in Pi.I.iikI In ;i ixillux ; liiit in t,itliii;\ni.i iitlicr taxi:, .irc livicil fm thu purpofi". '"ti<: (oMIii-. alC'p iniivf, IkTiiJcs tluirpay, ■what is call''d wintcr-ipiaitir money, and arc nioltly t.m- toniil iin the irown I irnl .. .Moful'.'s tiiis fniall (landin;; army, wlili h rt- clvi'5 rnn Hant pay, I'olaii.l, .tioii from .ippcariii); .,i a military c.ipacitv i and this privilege is fomctimes claimed by tlic biliiopol Cracow. (he polpnhtc of every palatinate being aflembled at ihe appointed place, are led bv their proper oiHcers to the general rendczvou., where the pal.itines furreiuler their levcral chaiges to the comin iiidir iii liiiel. The I'olilli nobilitv lipian^er the bulk of ttuir fortuius in making a magnificent appearance in the fn Id, and come with glittering arms, t'liic horfes, rich tr.ipiiings, and cle;:ant appanl. Thec.ivalry is divi.icl into hiiflart; .aid tavarfi.-s; the former are chofen men and hoil'e, both defended bvilnfc armoui ; the l.itter are coveted only bv a breall- plate, gotget, and hclir.ct. f.ances, labre?, and piliols, are the arms of the hullaits ; and carbine!, bovv< and arrows, of the tav.irlitS. I'lie former dart their lanec at a confider- jblcdiftanct ; and, it they mil's their aim, recover them liy niians of alilk cord lalleuod to the wnll. All the ca- valry have the H^ins of wild beafU over their armour, and are I'uck lucr with the wiiii;s ol Hoiks an. I otlur lar^c birds, which give them a tierce appe"ance, and tcriify the enemy's hoil'c, Avhich, when iinai enltnmed to fo extraordinary a Ipedn li-,c.iiiiiot be brought up to the charge. As to the i'olidi li ;lit-horfe, tluv ditf'er little I'roin th- other troi p'-, being .nmed with roats of in.nl and helmets, 5cc. 1 hele arc lent upon all forigin? pat- ties and exp'ditions which 'cquiri; ce'erirv, tbev being lefs encumbered with b.iii'hj., As no fiiltlers arc .iJmilteJ into the c.imp, cvry Polifl oflicer mult provide himfelf provifinns, and the cities and' t 'WHS provi'le cariiai-es and due milil irv llores. The kin;^ hi.nf'-lf always marches at the held of ]:U army : but aftc r the nnbility have been a fortnight .it th • rencral Tcnde'/vous, if no enemy appear, they are a" liberty to to ref.nn to th.it refpei'five Lnnies. Thefit troops are not obliged to march beyond the limits of thi- kingdom ; b'l! if this be refoKcd,' and the iiobiliiv Vo- liiniarily conlotni to it, every horleman and lont (olJjtr previoullv receives five Polidimuk-, or about on- iiouji.l two (hillin ;'s and iix-iieiKc, and the canip,iii>n is nnt to lalt .ibovr three months. Such a general funimoiM hia not been ilVu.'d fiiice the year i(j-;i ; nor wis it ever of any gre.i- adv.mtage to the K'piillic, on acoimt of the (hurt duration of the campaign, the want of good d.f, i pline, an.l obedience to their chiefs. \Vc have now given a particiil ir account of P djnd anil its inhabitants in gener.il, and (hall therefore jtrocccd to delcribe the fevci.il pioviiice.T, and the principal places Worthy of notice. The kingdom of Poland, according to Dr. Iinfchimr, conlilfs of three principal provinces, viz. (jrcat Poland Little Poland, and the great ilutchy of Lithuania. This di'. ilioii, he obferves, is of great utility with refpcCt to the public law of i'ldan.l ; according to wliich, the nation coii- lilfs of three dilliiie't people and three proviuces, and the iiLirflLiI ill the diet is alternately chofen from ea, h. lint however convenient thii divilion may be for the Poles, it does not app'-ar to he 1.) to the gengraphers, (incc even that gentleman has placed his account of Poliih Pruflia, whi( h belongs to Cri-.it i'oland, alier Lithuania. W'c (li.ill theietoicguc what appears to us a more n itu:al di- vilirui. 111 which the countries and p'^ople, who ar ■, in (oiiif relpeifis, remark.ihlv dirf'iient, will In: Id's cya- I'oniided by being clallcd together. S K C r. IX'. OfOnv^r P.irvMi, intliuiifg f'/..v..' Pr:pn\ Ciijuii.j, uri'l Miijlaviii ; uith the firincipnl pUes in each. C^'Ri^AT Poland, imluding the above provinces, is J boundiil on the north by the kin^'doin of PrulTia .111.1 Polilli I'rullia, on the call by Lithuania, on the fuutll bv Little Poland, and on the call by Sileiia. (Jreat Polaiiil, properly fo called, containr; five pala- tinate, the molt r-inarkable of wliiili are, Poleran, or Polen, the capital of the palatinate of Poliiaiiia, is ahaiidlome but not a vi.,-y lar;;e citv, featej on the river Warta, in fifty-two degrees tweiUv-ii.f mi- nutes north l.ititude. It is inclofcd with a double wjll and a deep moat. On the other fide oi the river it haj two fuburbs, furrouiuled with a large morafs ; but both the city ..nd luhiirbs are fubjedt to frconcnt in- undations by the overflowing of th.- river. 'I'lic caflle which is a good Hru^liiie, ftjiuf. on an illand in the faijii; iivi r. The city ha, levcral chuithes and convents, a jc- luits college, an academy, which Hands m the fuburbs, and an epifropal leminaiv. The billiop'.s palace i-; near the cathedral, which is a tine !(ru.:tnrc. 'I'his is the molt antient biftiop's ke in Poland, it bcin^ founded by the emperor ( )tho I. uid male fubor.linatc to the archbifliop- lic of Magdelnr:,b. c.n'er which it continued till it wa» fubieiSlcd to the .-.rchbi.hopric of (inel'na. It owes great pait of its profpcrity to iis trade with tiermaiiy j lot it :•; a ll.iple town, .ind enjovs fevetal other privikges. Kiauttadt, in the Polifti language Ufk jwa, is a hai. !- fonie town on the frontiers of Siliiia, in ia'itudc fifiv-om: degrees loiiy-five minutes, built by the i-ermans, from whom a gre.it part of its inhabitants are dcfcend"d ; hence there are two Lutheran church'.s in the town. "I'hc in- habitants cany on a conliderable tt.i le in oxen and wool. Kraultadt formerlv belonged to Siiciia j but w:is annexed to the i'olifh doniin'ons by king Calniiu, who proinifcd til maintain its former priiileges, amo:i.!; ivhicli was the rii'ht of coming monev. Intheyeat 1O41, this town was aliiiott deltroved bv tire, and in 17011 the combined ai- iiiies of the Saxons and Ruffians w.rc eiitirclv defeated In- the Swede, 'leat this plac;. Lillj, 'II I' 1 l"i-1 w$. 4^ ' ■ ■ ' ' • it : f ' Si*! \} 64 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' H Y. Poland. I,. '•V %' T/ifTj, ca'T-fi by tlic Poles I.cf/.nr), is n fine pcipuloir. town ami lordrtiip, near tin- prrceilinj;, in tlie tiiiitory ui which it lic». It wa« iDrnieilv no more than a villane, but great niimliers ol' protcllants reninvin;; thither from Silefu, Dcihcmia, Moravia, and Aullria, and oht.iinin;^ tbc free fxcrcit'e ofth held 111 the town, and a particular chancellor belon;;s to the chapter of the cathedral, in which is the bixiy of St. Adalbert enrloled in a filver fliiinc. I'heic is alfo a l"c- ininary founded here. \Vc now come to the province of Cujavia, which is very IVrtilc, and w.itercd by many lakes, that abound with tifli ; the princip.il of thele is the lake of CJoplo. The bifliop of Cujavia is a fulira^an to the archbifljop tif (jiicfiia, and alio iHlcs hiiiifilt hilhop of Poniercllia. Cujavia contains two palatinates, the moll confiderable place in which is, UlaJifliW, a handfomc city in the palatinate of the fame name, leatnl on the V'ilhila. Here is a line palace, in which the bifhop of Cujavia refidei. The cathedral is an anticnt ti"thic llruiilure, rich in plate, ornaments, and relics, and is rncompafieil by the houfcs of the canons and alarg'- frec-fchool. Another province of (irejt P.iland is M.ifovla, or Ma- furen, which, from the bc.'iiiniii,T of the Pol ifh monar- chy, has been confidercd as a part of that kingdom. It has been twice ^'ivcn to the f]ueens of Poland as a dowrv. No other religion hut poperv i- tolerated in this province, thofe of other profeflions bein^ treated with the utmoll level ity; for to fuch a hei;;ht is the bigotry of the po- vemnunt carried, that if a Lutheran orCalvimll mimlter be found in M.dovia, he i;. certainly pumflled W'th dcaih. The number ul noble families in thi> province are com- puted to be no Ids than forty-five thoufand. Malovia contains two palatinatl.^, in which arc the fallow in:; places: WaH'aw, the raplt.il of Mafovia, and the roy.il refi- (lence, is leated on the Viftula, ainioll in the center of the kingdom, in fifty-two de:;rees twenty-one minuti s north l.ititude, and twenty-one dc:_'rees ten minutes ealf longitude lioiii London. It is fui rounded with a moat and double w:vll, nr. I has a (lately callle. Mere are feve- ral eleijant llone-imildin^s and p.ilaces, a p;reat number of beautiful churches and convents, an hof)iital, nn arfen.il, and allatuc of kin:: Sl^lfmund Ill.cre^'lrd to his memory by his fun L'l.i lidius IV'. The valuable library of ount Zalufi;, which was opened in 1746, laid to contain a- bjvc two hundreil ihoulaiid volumes, is both an advan- tage and an ornament to the city. Some years fince an academy for militaiy exorcifcj and a literary fociety weic inHituted at W.irfaw. When the jreneral diet is allcm- bled, there is li'cli a vail concourle of people, that great nimbors of them arc obliged to live in tents without the citv, svhere they continue diirint; the fellion. The pro- \incial all'embly, or diet, and f .jurt ol judicature arc alio held here. King Sigilmond III. was the firfl who made this city the royal icfidence, .\nA his lurcellors have rcftded here ever finer. In 1655 this city had a Swedifli gartifon, who brou:^ht hither a confiderable booty from feveral parts of Poland ; and .1 j-reat number of military and civil oflTuers, with fome ladies of dillmilion of that na- tion, rclided there, Pmt the Poles laid (irgc to it in l()5f), and, after a vigorous defence, obliged the city to furren- ■Jei. My the articles ot capitiilaliuii.thcbwcjc* were pei- niltted to leave the place ; but the beft part nf the pliindir they had amalled fell into the hands ot the Poles. Mow- ever, Charles (lullaviis approaching with an army to re- lieve the city, king John Calimir marched againll him, and a battle was fought near the fuburbs ol I'lag.i, which lalled three days ; but at lalt the Poles were obliged to retreat, leaving behind them their artillery and I'ljf -age ; upon which the Swedes placed a fuiall gariilon in tin; town, and dellroyed the fortifications. In 1702, Charles XII. of .Sweden made himfelf mailer of VV'arlaw, which happened then to be without a gartifoii, and lixcd hu head-ipiarters at Praga. In this province is alfo the city of Plociko, which Hands on an eminence by the Viidila, and alt'ord,s a very pleafant prolpect. It is the fee of a bilho)), who i:; fu(. Iraganto the archbiftiop of (Inefna : it is alio the relidence of , I palatine, a calhllaii, and a llarolfj. Meie ate feve- ral churches richly ornamented, the principal of wliidi belong to the nuns of St. Mary Magdalen and the Uene- dicliiie monks in tbc callle ; the Litter ii the cathedral, and the revenues of the chapter are almoll equal to thofo ot the bifliop. The provoll, or dean, is lord of the dif- trict ol Sielun, and fovercign of tlie nobility who relidc there, and is accordingly liilej prince ot that temtory. The jeliiits have a college there, and in the caillc is a feniinary. The provincial court of judicature Is held in the city, and its inhabit:ints cirry on .1 good trade. Pcdilli Priiflia is confidercd .is a dilhuit belonging to (ire It Poland, merely perhaps from its hotdeiing on that part ol the Polilh dominions : but this ptovime dclervts a particular delcription. SECT. X. Of Little Poland, indurling PorlUhla, R,-ii Rujfui, Paihiui. Kieu; and Valhinia ; cotitaiiiin^ ,m A/' Criuoiv, ami I ht fume in Sun Aliiiis of Bania and It^ifijta, LITTLF- Poland, which is alfo called Upper Poland, properly I'o called, contains the palatinates of Cia- cow, Saiidoinir, and Lublin, and has the following re- markable places : Cracow, the capital of the whole kingdom, and the fixed head rcfidencc ol the fovercign, is kated in a fer- tile country, at the conflux of the Viiliila and the Ki- dawa, in nineteen degrees thirty minutes call longitude, /q and the fiftieth degrecof north latitude. The city coniaiiia 5'j a great number of convents and churches, and among the latter that of the Virgin .Mary, which is the prim ipal. On the well fide of it is a fuburh with handlomc gar- dens, and near it is the king's p.ilace, which has the advantage of eleg.mt gardens mclofed with a wall. On the lotitli fide ot it is tlic royal caftle, leated on a high rock, neai the Villula. This large llru^ilure is defended by walLs, towers. .iiiJ badions, and has the appearance of a town : ■: including the king's palace, the cathedral and tun other churches, with feveral dwellini;-houfes. I'hc cathedral is dedicated to St. Staiiidaus, loinierly bifhop of this lee, whom lioledaus II. killed at the altar with his own hands, hecaufe that bifliop's admonitions were grown infiipportable to him. St. StaiiillaL'i's re- mains are incloleil in a filver fljiine, and mall'es are con- tinually performed day and night in this church. In the tiealury of the cathedral, among other things of great value, arc the regalia, on which account it is under the care of the treaturer ot the kiiii'dom. Mere the kini-s of Poland are always crowned, and their remains interred. The annual revenue of thcbilhopiicot Cracow amoiinti to lorty thou land dollars. The chapter con fills of ihiitv- lix canons, be fides other prie.'li, whole revenues are all 1 very confiderable. ContigiDus to the c.iflle is t'le fuburh of Stradomo, which mcludes feveral churches, convents, .iiul hofpi- tals ; and from thence a bridge over the Vilhila liuls to the town ol Cazimircz, which may be conlideicd as thr lerond divilion of the city ol Cracr)-.\- : it lii s to the call of the latter, was built bv Cafimir the (Ircar, and i; indolel with a wall. rh:tf.;ef edifice m thi', nirt of the As Poland. city is the inii\ which are fiibc rd in feveral p C.i/.iinirc/. Kbpar/., or tains leveial < whi.-h is a VI' The city of ( and flourifliing the many c.ilai has much dccl privilege, that to the king or relating ither place but in the power of 1 any member w has hardly any lans ; however and by his poll office;,, except This city has and 1708 w.i! feveral thoul.m ficged and take obliged to relb Uofnia is f;:(l difcoverei village. The Ii is furrounded, flip of land (d 1 north to fiiuth to weft, and it feet from the Ibmething finer lain depth. It The number o three hundred, have been fijiii every part of it Wililka is a and i:> leated 111 The town is ei tend for a conlu tlie mine tVom < f!om r.cirih to depth eight hull I > this e.itent, I to well are yet hitherto dnern Aiid within the one Ipriag. 11 iiig to tlio bott mon-wcalth, c have their pecu and 1 .:iriagis ; the inouthb of gin.s. Thcle iiioie fee tlij 1 1 feem buried A theu" and nevei (,-jipu:tuiiitii-s c enjoying the li fages or gallcii chapels are he let up crucilixi .T light is kept I fait is hewn o been formerly •hcle arc lo fp ilofed in one made ufe of as holding the fo Hablcs, 111 whi cliamb.rs, wli bottoms and I tioiis of lonv thcr, inaiiy ot and wiieii anv rolls rays ot lii lin^ lurtre. 47 ' ^C I'OLAND. v. U R o r E. 6- '■1 city is tlie iinivcrfity, which confilb of tlcvcii collogcs, to whii h .irc fiibordiiiatc louitccn giaiiimar llhools, ililpcrf- ei ill fivcral p.trts iif the city. Tht; Jcwi-towii joins to Ca/Jmircv!. To the north u( the city lies the lubuil) ot' Klrparz, or KltjiaiJia, which has no walls, but c(jn- taiiis fcvcral chiirthc, paiticularly that ol St. Horian, whi.'h is a very ftafjly tililicc, ami the bifliup's palace. 'I'hc city ol' CracoA' is larnc, and wa. foiincrly populous jiul flouridiing , but by tlic rcniuval ol the couit, .mil the many calamities it lulKiineil in both the SweJilh wars, has much declined. The citi/.ens have this particular privilege, that no appeal lies from the city council, but to tlic kin^ only ; and his majelly can judge no caulks relating ither to the citv or its I'uburbs in any other pl.iee but 111 Cracow. The palatine ot this i ity his the power ot choofing the couiuil, but not ol dil'placint; any member when cledted. The callellan ol this -.ity has hardly any tliiiiy in common with the other ca Kl- lans i however, he h.is the lame nanu and appoiiitme.its, and by his poll isca'.ircly exempt I'lum ferviiu; any ot'ier office:., except his heiiig obliged to appear in couiu il. This city "las olten been cnnruined by lire, and in 1707 and 1700 was vifitcl by the p; llilcnce, whiih I'wcpt .1 .vay fevetal thoul'ands of the inhabitants, in 1655 it was be- liegej and taken by the Swe \ but in 1(157 ''"•'/ ^^"-'f^' obliged to rclKire it to the I'cies. Uofnia is a town l.imous tor its fait mines, which v ere f.rft dil'covcred in 1251, when this pl.ice was 01. ly Ill I'oinc pirts of flle mine huge columns ot fait are lilt II Hiding to lupport the lock The number of niineri cniplnyed .ire between lour and five luiiulied, but all th(r men together who woik amount to about teven hundred. Ihc lalt lies near the lurlaec in lar^e (hapelcfs nialTes, out ol whieli blocks of lixty, eighty, or a hundred Iquare feet may be hewn ; but at a ciiiilidcrabic depth It is toiiiid ill Im.iller lum|)s. About fix hundred ihouland ipiintals of fait are annually dug out of tliefc mines. The worll and cheapeft is called green fait, from is grccnifh colour caufed by an heterogenous mixture of a greyifh niiiieral, or day, and entirely cunfills of fait cryllals of dii'terent dimenfions. A cafk of this fait, which gcnc- lally contains fix i]uintals, fells for about twenty-two I'olifli guilders, each of one (hilling and two-pence \i- A i^r"i/J*r lue ; but a quintal of that in large malLs or blocks ii / j . worth thirty-two or thirty-three Horins, each florin worth /{, fir ri>' about fix-pence haltpeiiny. A finer fort of lalt is fold for / ^1 _ iweiiiy-l'.jur lli>riiis per cafk, and in large blocks at four floiliis the (|uiiital. The third fp-eics of fait dug out ot thefc mines is fal gemma:, or cryltal lalt, which is found 111 Imall pieces iiiterfperl'ed in the rock; and when de- tached from it, breaks into cubes or rectangular prifins. I'liis is ufually told unprepared. The colour ol the lalt Hone Is a d.irk grey mixed with yellow. I htfe lalt mines haveilways made a part of the king'a board revenues as they are lermed, and ate gciienlly farmed ; but fonietiiii' s the king has kept then in his own il village. The linall river Raab rups near this town, which hands, and appointed propei otficers lor the mana:ement is furroundeJ, with eminences. The fa- mil'- is in a | of them. The otfice of mme-inarter at VVihlka is heie- Jlipofland ot I'even hundreil and lifiy leet in breadth Iroin j ditarv, and a confiderable lalary arifing trom tlieni is aii- north to touth, .ibout ten thoiiLiiid in length liuin e.ilt ^ nexed lo it. to weft, and its gre.iieft depth i^. a thouland tw . -..liiulie.l 1 \'u^ next town we (Inll rrentim is .Saiidomir, or Sen- feet from the luilice. The fait lies 111 vein., and is I donur, the cap.ial of a p.d.itinateof the fame name. 'I'liii Ibmething finer than that ofWi.ifka, cipecially at a ctr- 1 town is llated on an eminence near the intl.ix of the lain depth. It is cut in Imall pixes, and put up in calks. | mer San iiilo the Villula; and its dcliihtlul lituatiou The number of labourers in this mine io about two or : r^iideied it the lavouri:e retidence of Caliniir the Ure.it, thiee hundred. Alab.irter and large pieces of black wood have been found in this mine incrufted with lilt, and every purl of it is dry. W'llifka is a fmall town, cnly famous for itr. iiiiiies, and ij leated 111 a valley about five r.uies from Cracow. The town is entirely undenn.iied, and the c.ivitics ex- 1 niitied terrible rava.a-s in this city, and put the inhab tend for a conliderable dillance round il. The length ot and other kings of I'olaiid. This city is well fortified both by ait and nature, and has a college of jefuits and othiT oideis, with a rich foundation called Collegium Canonicorum. A provincial court of jullice is alio held here. In the year 1^59 the Tartars and Riiliians coin- tants to the fword. In 1656 the calUe, which llands on tiie mine from eall to well is fix thouland feet, its bieadtn a Deep roek, was blown up by the Swedes from I'.orih to fimiii i. two thouland, and ita greatell ileplh eight bundled , but the veins of lalt are not limited t > this e:;;ent, lor the ileptn and length of them I'lom call to well are yet unkno.vn, and only the bre.idth has been hitherto deieniiined. There are at piel'ent ten (halts, md within the whole fait mine there is not fo much a^ one fpring. Here a firanger is Uirpri/.ed on his dercend- iiig to tiie bottom to find a kind of fiibterrancous com- ii'.on-wealth, conlilliiig of a great many families, that have their peculiar laws and polity, and even public roads .iiid c.iiriag^s ; horfes being employed to diawtlie fait to the nioutlis of the mine, where it is taken up by en- g'M;,. Tbefe hones when once they are doA-n never 111 lie fee the light of the fun, and many of the people feein buried jlive in this rtiange al)yf» ; I'omc being born lhei.!aii.l iievei Uiiring on, though utiiers have Irequent <,;!po:tuiiities ol bieath.ir-, the frelh air of thelieldi, and enjoying the light of the fun. The liibterraiKoiis pal- fagts or galleries arc verv "^i cioi.'s, and in many ol tiiem chapels are hewn o;it .')! the rock lalt, and in thele aie let up crucifixes and ill.- im. ;.'es of laints, her. .re which .1 light is kept conllantly buuing. The places where the fait is hewn out, and the empty cavities v.hcnce it has been formeily taken, are called chambers; and toir.e of thcfe are lo I'pacious, that a large church might be in- ii- i.ill'c. IK'fe is lull! a loutt ot jii litiiuri;, aiul 1:1 11113 tinvn Aunullu.s II. iiiltitiiiLiI the unl r ot the W ntc KaL'li-, 111 the vcar l"05, which he coiiliTrtil as a nwaid ot muia^e and li'\.iltv. The lalt flan- wclh.ill nintidii in ihis proiiiicc Is Aii- giilJow, a btJUUliil tiiwn, le.iteil en a lake, aiul ihin called tfoin Si^jilinmul Au:'ullii>, hv whcmi it was t'uuiuleil, Littl,' nr Rc'l Uurtia, hkIuiIjui; i'ci.lnlia, i'dlilli Kiovii, ami \'olhiin.i, i> hiiiinili.J on the imrtli In Lithuania ; 011 the tall liy tl-.e r:vcr Nit|Hi ; on ilie l.uiih l>y Mujclavia, 'J'ranlVKania, ami the Car|iatl,;.in nio"ntaiii>, which di- vide it lioni liunaarv i and on the wUi I'V I.iiile I'ld.Mid. 'I"he roiintry i'' nlMlllltalllnll^, Imt wat.i d with ahun- daiue it UMTS, wh:ch reiulcr it liTtili in corn. Red lUillia I'mjicr connlh ot tlu' tnn'c palatinates Chclm, UcIa, and lA-nibcru', the moll re ;naikahle places ot which .ire, l-embrrg, callc.l m L.itin I.copoliv, and in I'cdifli I, wow, is the capital of the pal itin ate ot' the lame name, ■i, . ;/a and 1^ .. larpc opulent cilv, lituaic! in latifn'e liicy di .Mrcs /,,• 1';. thirv-two minute?, and in the Inriiclli .''•);rcie ciill I'n- uitude liom l.oiulun It is picity well lorihed in the rolilh naniicr, lli.it is only wi h tiiiiini ; and l'a> two calilcs, one within and the ollu r Hithoui the walls : the latter llaiids on a hij;!! hill, aii.i theCainulite moiultcry, which IS I'oriilic-d, may liivi- .'> a ciladi 1 |o the caltle. The iitv lies low on the hank- ol ih,- 1 er IVIti iv, eii- coinpaliid with hills and mmiiit.dns tU.'f ■ unuiiand the town. l.eiii!Ht„' I. not oniv the lee 01 I'npilh arth- bilhop, hut of a Rudiaii and .Anncnian h.(h ^p. Here is a magnificent cathedril, .iiid (everal olhi.r churi hcs, among which 1.* a Ri.flian and an Armenian < hnrch. The citv has alio Umic rich ronvcnts, and one belonginiito the l)ominican5 which is l.iid not to have its equal 111 i'oland. Thcie is likewile a trdle 'C of Je- luit<, a tiymnaliiini, or (eniinary, an arfenal, a public granarv, an I two jewifli lihools. A provincial diet and a court ot juilicatuic are alio held in this city. The in- habitants are a mixture of fcveral nation.*, but no pro- telLiiits arc tfderated amoimft thcin. Jaroflaw is ahar.diome tuwn leatcd on the liver .San, and is .1. tended by a callle ■, it carries on a j;iH)d trade, and wili'in the town is a college of Jcl'iiits, ami without it another lound.uioii bclon'jing to the faiM'oider. Hodolia, which IS depi ndant on Red Ruflia, is a very fertile couiurv ; but has in all a :es been expofn) to the inroad . of barbarous nations, who live on | luii ler, and have often rava^'ed n in a moll cruel manner. It abounds with a line breed ot horles and horned caltle. The in- habitants were formerly j'overned by ihrii own dukes or hivci' r;ns, and aic of a war-like dilpofuion. I'odolia tonlilto ol two palatinates, that ol Pn- l.il'iiimi.i Prop/r, Lilljiianiu-n R'ljji'i, ery is the citabliflied reli;^i, n of Lithn.Tnia ; bu : there ate allii many Lutherans Calvinills, Socimans Kws, an,l Tuiks i but the Creiks aie on a much bet tcr (ooiiiig than any other of the (i-.li'eiitcrs. Ihoin'I this country is lo clofely coniie.;trd with Pol.ind, it flili letjins Its own peculiar laws, olHccs and tioops. In a diet iitll a: Lublin in 1569, the- Pol s and Li- thuanians aL'reed, lliat the pieat du'ch\ of Liiliu.mi.i, .iiid the kin^,:.;n ,j; Poland liiould lor llie hiturr he (o * lilllttd. I .'/. I'OLANO. iinited, as to| i'k (overcignf tions i that louiicil, anri , oinmoii , til (hould be of equally conci' Lithuania | th.i two ht(I tlie oih rs LI White Riilli.i| palallii ate.. Sanio Mtia, , I Poland. Lithuania, tl W'llna ami Wiliia, thi W'ilia, near t| ■ •tees tliitiy-tv III u mouiuai eniinencej, ail old riiino'is p.l roiirt of jultiJ cent ihurch tl| very lich, .nid thape! of St. I wcijh thirty chuiches in tf and one Cdvi lanan and a Cj the catholics. Wilna f'.vic. fians and from td by a drcadli the Jewilh fyi dred (ixty-nine hofpit.ils, inn-, forty-fi.x iradel great number o cd. 1 he next which burnt i\ laces, and two I he chapel of fiiftained by the ireafur , amoiii have been fin e of ihcni in a m city has not rec ■'I'tiis city is a hi^h court of (.jiodno, a Wilna, the bt( degrees thirty 1 three dr;;rces (i on the river Ni iy on a Lvcl, caftle, which i to decay, (o th hired. The m ful llruilure, ( that for the for mjiit;. ; and ir office, which i nine popdii am gnge,. I.r the J collect has a the Carmelite palace of prim that of the -S.ip iheiti liand in the calHe-rtree and well paved In 167^, It w, general diet (li the concouilo apartments wi let for two hu vincial diet, an city. In treat in J fi the province o :i, M. J'OLAXD. r. U li () P V. M(J united I, ai to form but on? (lit? umlcr one prince th.it (hi. Icivfrciijii flioulJ be cic ctuJ in l'.;'.ili;l bv b'lth IIJ- (IIIIIS that the two nJtioii. fti. i.ivc it Iciinti.' iir icil, and i llDlll (.' ot provincul niire L'fitit.ur tlut the- loiii in t!ie kai^'dcioj ami ihi Miiii'iM bc'of the fam; value, .ii:.! tiut tlicy fliould be tell) uallv comernc I in trtaiir .1M.i [/thii iia i;i ai prelcnt divided into nine pal.itinatr^ ih,: two (iiU of which rcnlttutc I'm per l.ithiiaiii r.iffv, lli.it ri'!' .ii!i!e fi mvi cijul towns III ti\.,i pi'.itlii.u L-Mi-i liizertc, we It I i» II lituati I he I!, r"ii,;, il I; .iiid t'le o'.li rs Lithuanian Kulfia, wliiih u divide.l into White kiillia, iilaelt Riillia, and I'oldia. Melidis ihilc p.ilatiiiatei, Lithuania alto imliiJc'. the ptintip.iliiy of Sanio M!ia, and the dutcliy ol Couriaiul, which i> a fid' 1,1 Poland. Lilluiaiiia, pmpcrly fo callf.l. Includes the pal.itinatCi cl Wilna and Troik, the prineipal places of which .iie, \\'illia, the ca,,ltal oi' l.iiliiMiiia, li.uids .m the river \\'ili.i, near the influx of the Willi..!, in fill; -four d>-- •ices t)',ittv-two minntes north 1 1; tude, and n fiiualcd in a iiioiiniaiiioir. country. It is built on levir.il little rniiiH-iicej, and has two tonfidcrable fiibuil'i. In an old ruinous pal ice is the ailiiial, and the li.ill wli u the court of jultiie is held, and oppufiie to it i* .i ina';niti- tent church that belon^-s to tlir callle. This cliur. Ii is vry liih, .ind is alf > remarkable lor the ele|;iiii in.oble thapil of St. Caliniir, whofe filver (tiriiie is laid to \v.;,;li thirty quintals, 'there aic upuards of forty chinches in this city, anion^^ which ai>- mu; Lutliiian and one C.ilviiiill cliurch, a Jcwilli lyii L'ojue, .i 'lai- larian and a Greek church j but all the tell beloiK; to the catholics. Wiliia twice fufTercJ great divallation:; from the Fiuf- fians and from fire; particul.iily in 174S, it was deflioy- td by a drcadlul tonflaBraticui, when thirteen iluinhes, the (ewilh fynaeoguc, twenty-five pal.;cis, lour hun- dred fixty-nine Hone edifice,, condlliliL; ot private houks, hofpit.ils, inns, baths and ciiiuents, witli a hundred and forty-fi.\ traderincii", fliops and difp.nf.ines, befKlcs a great number of granaiics and warchoufes, were conliim- ed. 1 he next year another fire happened f • liijhtniiij;, which burnt h\ churches, the couneil-houfe, ei^ht pa- laces, I'.nd two hiindicd Icvciity-feven liom buildings. 'Che chapel of St. Cafimir was .dlo burnt, and the lofs fiiftained by the dilhu^lioii of this edifice alone with its treafur , amounted to an immeiifc fum. The churches have been fin e rcbult at a very jTc.it evpciue, and Ionic of them in a more cl'sanf manner than belorc j bm the city has not recovered its former ^'raiidrur. 'I'tiis city is a bilhop's fee, and has an univcrfiiy, and a hii;h court of judicature, befidcs a pr.ivimial diet, (jiodiio, a large and liandfome city, .md next to Wilna, the beft in Lithuania, is fituated in filty-ihiee liegrcts thirtv eignt minutes laiitu.ie, and in twenty- three degrees fifty- two minutes eaft lnn_ tuwil| and a Ciieeic bidlo;! n files here. I'liilk i; a large, l.anlliine trading town on the river Pin I, litiialid 111 the niidtl of extuifive inor.iflcs, and in- h.ibiti-d not oni) by th: Jews, who have a leliool here, hut alfo by people of nianv othi'r religion., cf|>c ia'.Iy by the (Irceks, who have a bidi i|i here. Tlie leather drel'- e.l in this town, after the Runian manner, i-. iHeenicJ the beH in t(ie whole kiiiijdoni. A piouncial diet :» hebl here. I'lider r.ithuii.iin Riillia is included I!!ack Rui7;.i, called by the I'ol, , Rus LV.un 1, which iiielu les the pa- latin. ite of Nonyr i.lec, an I toutaiiis fuut dillriifU, the princip.d place of which i;, Novogrodcc, a town fituated on a 1.1'!, in wiiich arc fevrral I'opilh aii.l Ruflian convents, with a college ot Jeluits. It has a piovineial diet, and an inferior court »>; judicature j and ,111 hi di iriHuii il, ,ifier the 111 ide! of tli.c of WiliiJ, is hell aliernatily hi r ■, and at M''i!'r., whiih continues fitting live niomhs every year. Ill White Rullii, lal'Mhy the Po'es Rus Biala, are foui palatinatcv, the mull eonfi('erable pl.ices in \yhiih ate, Minns, whii h is Ciaied on the river SwiP.oc^, in the p.ilatiii ate of Mind;, and li.is t'.v.j c.liles. A pti'-.intial diet Is held here, b>!l!e» a high tiihuii.il oic- in two yeais. 'I'his town wa t.iken by the RulTniis in 1636. Mohilow, in th'' palaininie of Mifullaw, is a hanJ- fonie commerceil town in the river N'i."pi r, iwA the in- hahuants cariv on a coniide.-able tra.le with the RulFiins. In I''i54. Mohil.nv ,vas taken by tlie Rufliuis j and tho' it w.is invelKd by the Po'es in i6( -^j lliey wire obliged to railo tho liege. It w.n, ho.vever, t.iken from th'! Rulli.iiri III 16'ji by the inh.iliit.ints, who fmtotr pait ol the garrilon by 11r.it. igeiii, and ihiii ni.ide the telt prifoiur. of war. I'oloc, a fortified town on the liver 13/.wiiia, nnliii the palatinate iif Poloe. It li.n two Hfong i.illlcs, aiul 1. 11 lies on a coiifidei.ibleir.ide. In this town the Jeluits haw a cdloge, ,ind tiij alio five or fiv I'.iuM towns. s !•: c 1. XIL Of .s ■■i M i; I T 1 A. goge.. f college hi 5';/.'.'..7/o';, E\lKt^ .'■';.7, m.l Pi: luce. Its Hijhry, and I the A!.ii:iuit of tl,pr,-f,;tl J^t''illi!:i:h. SAMfXJiriA c.dl.d by the Pole, ZmuyJs, or .Kiellwo ;viiu> Ills kiiiJly thin ulu.il, lh forced to let thcin iitiiin to tiL- nil' 1)1 the woo.lm |iloiij',h-fli.iici, fiif tear the puiliihitiiMi Ih'UiM raiilr an ii.lurri.'i.'tion. Saiiii>i>itia a- ImuiiiJs with latlli', anJ h.n a brci\l of hoifts, which, ihmii'b (null, atu Ipti^hilv, lwi!t, in I hardy. 'I'hi-. ciMiiiiiy anticiitly IkIoiii!cJ to Lithuania ; hiit in t lie year 14C4, was tided to the kni",hu of tiic I eniu nic onler ; about four yeari after, ii wis taken from tlicin by l.'ladiMaus Jaj^ello, kin;- of Poland ; after whole deatli it rtiiirnid .i.;ain to thcin i but in 15^5, wlieii Albut ot Hranik'nluirg was made hereditaiv duke of {'ruffia, it re- turned to the erown of jMland. The I'hiilhan religion had been inirodiued tor foine tune, and 1:1 141 j, it was made a billiopS fee. Tbe p'alants of this country diftor but little from thofe of Lithuania i but are not I'o laborioii:., and ii'iilci|iiently I'njov Icfi plenty. Many of then, inllead of lircad, lat tiirneps, whieh grow vmIiI, andaieol ,1 prodigious fi/.e. They are robult, bold, and niinhlei and it is nut iineoin- mon for people to live a hundred or a hundred and twenty years of .ige. The pealants live in cottages, for the mod pait near lakes and river*, and thefe .re covered with lliatch or boards. Thiy .ire low, ;.nd of an oblong Iquarc, with a hearth in the middle ; their furniture is but mean, and thev have onlv one ro im for thinifelwi and thtir cattle. Tliole in good circuiiilUiui* ilrink out ol boin cups, and cat out of wooden platters. Howciei, moll of tlie in- halutanls differ but little in their manners, habit, or lan^'ua^e, (roni the Lithii.iniaiis. 'j'heie are about twenty ii^lit towns in Sam igilia ; but all of them are fm.ill .iiul lU built , ainoiii' tiiel'e is Melnicki, where the bilhop of Saniognia relidei, .iiid Rofienie, where the provincial 'het and a court of judi- cature arc held. S K C T. XIII. 0/ C O U R L A N n. 0/its HituiUnii and Extent, S-;i!, Pr^itm;; hi,! Rnvn. Of the liil.jtitiinis of C.mrhin.t, ami llif Priiiifrn f thf So- liUly. /i ^i»tral liijhti sfCourliinJ. Itt limiyllfft.iu rf Stiitt, aiiil Court! if JuMaiiurr. Ihe D'iv:fiin if tin Ciuiit>y,ii>iil II Dij^i ijttivi oftht- f<>i>:Jf'fil Tou,'is in {Uih. Till" ilut hy of Courland, which is dependant ar.U under the pro'eiilion of I'oland, is bouihled on the will hv the li.iitic, on the north by the gulph 01 Riga and Livonia, tow.itds the call by Lithuania I'roper, and by Saiiiogiti.i lowaids the foutl;. It extends tifty Cier- man mih-s in length, and in I >me placs twenty, and in others hardly f n (icrmaii miles in breadth ; bur to- wards the louth-vyell it gradually terminates in a cape or pes uluaily Ipuken in Couiland, tac Cicrnun and the Lettoni.iii. The ti formation, or Lutbeiaii teliginn, t'jolc place ia this duti hy fo earlv as the year I 5;?, anil ill i^p. Cour- land jo, 1. id with kiga in a particular tcli ious Kaguc; lo that when this country lell under the duiniiiion of I'oland, all the inhabitants were Luthiraii.s, and tiny had no pa|)ill., .imoiigft them. Hut the m f oiderllaadings which alierwaids happened between the dukc» ,iiid .loblei ot Courland occalioned levcral ordeis lobe illued by thu court ot I'oland, and judiciary comniiHioiis to be depnfej Iroin tl. . e, by which means a fatal g.ip w.is opened, liy whici popeiy entered. The Roman eaiholies were at full only permitted to have churehcs in this cuunt'v ; but they loon raifed ihenifelvcs to a level with tile Lu- therans. In 171; and 1717 they received foine aJdilional priwUges, and kviral of the nobility who had embraced the doiitiine) of popery exerting their /e.d, in order to in- troduce It into (he tUuich-s within then jiirilJiclion-, geeatly contiiiiuted to its fptcadiiijj over ihe country. The marriagei of the dukes of Courland wnh princclles who weie CaKinid,, r.lli iiitiodiicd that ri.li-ion iiitct the diit hy ; bat the CxlvUulUarv excluded lioiii all pub- lic eiiiploynients, I he nobility of Courland enjoy I'reat privileges, and the old nobility arc carcluilj dillinguillicl troauhe new j and by an .iiitieni law, whuh has been frecpKiitly con- firmed, the lormer alone .iie laiable of filling polli, of hoiiuui. The nobltnieii of Courl.ind ijeiieially embraci; .1 militaiy life. Lhey enjoy in I'ol.iiid ihc lame privi- leges as thi; native-, and a I'olifli noMemaii ha^ the lime indulgcnc 111 Couiiind. However, m itlicr of them enjoy that I riviiege till tiiev are fettled in thole countries ; and indeed a Courlandilli niddenian at ptcftnl feMom holds any ciiiiiient pott 1.1 I'oland, except thofe of the law, unleli lie be a papifL The nobility of Coiiiljnil have no Uat in the giiiei..! di.t ol I'oUnd. A noble Couilaiider is proprietor of all the miius difco- veiedmhi. ellate : he is not to be taken intocullody, or l.i.i ellecis coiiiilcaied, till he has been previoully (ummoned and legally eonviilfed bcfoie a couit of judicature : his houfe IS an alylum, from which nopirfon can forcinly be i.ikeii : Ins tenants, vafl'als, and domedies lire exempted fVom paying any toll, cultom, or excile ; and no I'uldirrs are to be i|uattercd on the efl.itc of a Couil.iiider. No new created nobleman is ijualifieel to hold a poll of ho- nour, or to be a magillrale, till the thi'd generation ; nor c.in he be fent a* an envoy, unlefs he b.is Jidinguifli- ed hnnfcll ill the fervice of hi:; country, or is icconi- mended by lome of the aiitient noble fainilie!.. The noliility, among other privileges, hive an nnliiii.'-- ed p'lWei our iheir vaflalj, which extends e\ en to life and death ; but bcloie tin yean puniiha valial v/iili death, they .ire obliged to hold a rcgilar court, U' der the pe- nalty ol paying a hundred flunns ; c.ich fli fin equal .0 fourtecu-pence lleiling. Ileace the refpcc paid <•, the peafjiits to their lords rifes almod to adoratii 1, a ..J what- ever thefe require trom them they are oblige, to give up and immediately obey their commands withoui . Tni'.,,- ing. The nobility are all ',11 a level, and have, in con- jumnioii with the duke, the patronage of the paufli churches ; the duke being patron ol lome, and thi nil ;- lity of the others. In war-time they appear on horlebaek, according to the fervice they owe the duke .is his valiiil : but when fuch a general niilitaiy appe.nance is required, the duke is obliged to niareli at tlieiv bed. 'I hey inJee.! thoule their own colonels and (.iher odicers ; but theU are all under the duke's commaiid. Ihey aie, howevei, not obliged to march beyond the frcntitr. of Couilatul, except the duke yoluntaidy agrees to pals LcyonJ thoiu boundaries. Couiland antieiitly belonged to Livonia, and botli were conquered by the kniehts of the I'euionie order, who kept them till th; year 156], abcut which tune the RulTian. Pol .AND. RufTians inv.id imieh diclinei ti.ithard Kith t ) the king of in return, Coi temporal diitcl hereditary fief. In the begii was harradi I I ill i;io Lreder a piincefs o polledi'Mlof th mil le the rzar late duke'* was flill living [■'eiilinand ncei. 't of hi I I ly li ■ 'g out biddm? ilie re put the Polilli r.itint: Coufl 1 deniife ot di.k l.itiiiates. I with fuch a PI' I th.it, notwithi' they held M\ < in which tl e In fettled on cnui the king of I'd was oppofed hot voter! It null nii nit iided union irii'ts of (.'oiiil. rrii.Khment on flat, -^nf the dut of ell dliiig their feited. At Icn; iiV4 the throne 1 that (he could 1 liitelv incorpora tect It in its li iiiidcr its own dil e I, and in 173) the Ketler line i l.ind (hould hai the {\iw^. On the deccaf (lalis, at the ici ' hole foi their 1 fiolv Roman em maiefly, who in of bis envoy, < wa-, however, ■* i:r' at iluki: i.t l.ifhuaiii.i ; :uul, ill ntiirii, Coiiil.mJ .ind :H-mi(;alln wire itiMcil inlx .i trmiiiiral ilutchy, .iiiJ Kctiii w.is iiivcllid WJtll 't .I'l .111 hcmlitarv ficf. In the licjiiimiiii; ol tlii* ci|;liti'ititl> ccntiirv Cnimjiiil W.11 iLirradil luiili l>v ihc Swi If. .iml llir Riidiin ; luit in l"lo I'ri.lirit W'llluni, llir lixth iliiWi, m.iniil Aiitio aiitiniiri "I KiilTii, who, alter his ilcioau-, icniiini- 1 In iinlli flii'ii 111 the- liiv. iiijiiUv, iinilei the pintrili'in iif tar unili- the r/.ar I'l lor I. though I'nilin iiid, brother to the l.ifc 'Icike'< r..thef, to whom the liiCLcHion iHlonijtil, W.1S ilill living;. •■. iiliiianil and thr liohility were at v.'riance, lefi dii aceo It ot his ch.in(.',in;; his lelieion, thai\ lor hi< (vnc- rally li "fi out o( ihe ilntcliy, anil his heiiif; ileliroiis iiC Ii.ijiii",:; ilii' rrnv. ot (iuer(i;',ntyi though u'.ilitit. 'I'hi^ nut il'.e I'l.lilli (late on eoiitnviii^ the nieani of iiicurpo- rntin.; Ci'urhmil with thr kinpilom of I'oland, on the ilemile ot duke l-'eiilinand, anil of rliviiiinj.' it iii'o pi- latiiiatc,'.. 'F'hii projcd hlleJ the nolile (..'om lander-, «i!h luih apiTchcnfioni du llu:r relijMon and liheities, that, notwithlhnilinc a royal inhiliilion was ill'iud out, ihcy held an extraorJinary din at Mittaii in June, I'lh, In which tic riicieflioM,iin the deee.ifi id lu tdinand, was ftltlcd on count Mamiecof Si.xony, :is natural fon to the king of Poland, and his male heirv Thi. eliilion was oppofed holh liy duke i'eidinand and the I'ol , wlio voted It null and void, and liy a tiev/ law eonliimcd the iiifiuled union of this cnintry with Poland. 'I he p.i- irii'ti of C'nuilae.d llrenuoudy prnte|l;-d a'^alnlJ this cn- rrii.Kl'.meiit on thiir liberties and maintained, th.it the (tat, ■: of the diitehy derived fioin their anullois the ri-lit (if ell dlin;; their dukes : a rij;ht which Ihiyhad never lor- feited. At k'n;:t)i the princefs Anne Iwanowna alecnil- ini; the throne of UulTia, lijmfii d to the eouit of I'oland, tti.'.t (h-- couUI never e'uifent to that diitehy henii; abfo- liilelv incorporated with that kin:;dom, hut would pro- tect It in Its ti|;ht to remain as a fief of the lepublie, under Its own dukes. I'o this Poland at len:nh ronfent- rd, and in 173'' It was a,'Tried, that on the failure of the Kctler line in duke Kerdin ind, the durchv of Cmir- 'lud fnoiild have its own dukes hv the fiee eleflion of rlie li,iit>. On the deccafe of Ferdinand in the lollowinr' year, the (hitis, at the recommendation of the emprcfs of Ruflia, ( Imfc toi tlicir duke John I'mclt lliron, count of the hiiK Roman empire, and high chaiiilierlain tolnr c/ari(h inaielly, who in 17 j'; was invclled duke in the perlon of his envoy, or icpreli iitatlvc. T'his prince's dignity wa-, howeier, but ol (hurt duration ; for ill 17+0, the (/.aim I Amie caiilcd him and his family to be taken into cullodv, and lent them into exile In 1741 ; upon wdiich the It.ues of Couil.ind ebnfe f ir th'ir duke Lewis linll, duke of liimifwicf; -^\'olfenb!^ttle, brother to the recent of Riiiria's hufl>and ; but this election not being eompallld without lorec, it has not yet taken its proper etl'cct Iniieeil I.rn II John i' (liil eonlidercd as duke of Coijr- land, notwitlillandin^ bis beiiij; deprived of the exercif- of his power. However, the diie.il chair havini; been lieclare.l vacant bv the hii;h council, all pii'iiie inOrii- nients .'re ill'ueil out in the ranie of his I'olidi maieilv, who at piel'iit pcrlonati-. the dekc, nnd are fu',ned bv the lour lords of the tec^cncv who hive the dilpolal of public employments. iMe;!n while the court of Kulli.i keeps fix thoiif.ini! men in this eountrv, and alio a ple- nipntentiaty, who refules at .Mittau ; but his onlv em- ployment i. to take caie ot the revenue^, a'n' thole laiuls which the duke h;il citlur purtbafulor rtdeemed from thenoblts to whotii they had been niort;.',a^ed, aileJi;- iiij:, that this w.is done by the duke's cmbfz/iiny tnc money brlonjinii; to th.it crown; and attordin ;ly near a hundred thoul.md rixdo'.lais ire annually paid out cf the ducal tevenuci into the hands ot the Kulli.in mi- iiiller. The revenues of the duke of Coiuland are faid to lie very eonl'iderable ; lor the diiei! domains make a'.'ia'c a ttiird part of the whole country : it to thele be addid its • onvciiicnt fituation lor a maritime trade, I'ne duke of 49 ('ourl.mil. wlietl ill the lull p.illlli. ill ol ih.il (jflire, ran- not I III (i| beiiiK very tiih. A judi'Mieiit inay be fornirtl of till we.ilih of thi< dull hy, il we cnnlider that Jainci duke i,( Couil.'.nil w.is mailer t>| lorly-lour (liips of wai and fevcnty-tive meri haiit Oilps, aiul endeavoured to fettle coloniej even in America. The attnj of Cmirland arc, ipi.irterlv, thff firit and tourtli ari;eni, a lion i>iilri, crowned or, tor Courland ; the teeond and thud a/ure, a demi-elk in.wned piopei, tor Semi: allla. in the renter is a I'liull cicimhcon part* per pale, relervid fur the particular coat of the ducal family. 'I'lic arm-, arc withni a ducal mantle of purple and ermine, and lupported by two lioni crowned or, and the whole lurmounted with a ducal coronet. Ilv virtue of a torni of i^ovcrnment for tlicdutchiei of Courland and .Scmij^allia, drawn up in 1670, by a com- miflion from the kiii(r ot Poland, the fulluwlng ofKccri of Ifale .ire appoiiited in Couil.inJ : Four lii;;h couiilellors, \u. a lleward, a chancellor, a bur)rrave, and a m.itDial. Iwo uvillans, wtio aiethe duke's council, The high council, diirini; the ablenee, minoiity, licknefs, or dial t» of the duke, adminider julfiee, ill'ue orders, pals decrees, and traiifadt all utiier Itate affairs in tiis name. Four lupcrior prcteets, two for Semiijallia, and two to' Courland, who adnimitter jutficc both to the nobles an. I commonalty within th'.'ir relpeclive jiirildicti -ns. From thefe the vacancies in tnc ';i['li council are hlled up, aiut iindci i:i:ch ot them are two iiiterioi prrtccls, who upon occatioii are proinotcd by the duke to tnc otHce of (u- pcrioi pri tcilt.. ''lom trie couit ot tne later .ippc.ils In? to the lineal tiiprcnie court, where the duke allilts in pcr- lon, tO(;eili I Mth file hijih council. Ih s is lield t.vict; ■lyeai, and lioiii it, in laulci amount lUt; 10 above lix hundred Horins, an appeal lies to the kiii.r of Poland, except in cafe, of wiltul murder, Inirmi,;; of houles, robbety, rapes, or open violeiue. Fcclefiatlical caiilea .ire trie.l by the chancellor, aflilted by the fuperiiueiulan; and four provotls. 1| anv ditputes happen to rile between the duke and nobility, they arc decided only by the king in perton. The ailminiflration of jiillicc In the towns bcloiigu cither to the magillratc, or the prefect of the diftriiJt 111 which the defendant lefidcs, accordin(j! to the nature of the eaule ; and the teeond and latl heariii;^ is at the du- cal court. Suits relating to debts are heaul by oificcf; called cxecutoriales. Fvery two ye.^rs a diet Is held at Mittau, to whicK I everv parirti lends a repretent.itive with full powers. Courland confifts ol three livilions, Courland Proper, Semigullia, and the ditlru't of I'llteii. 'Fhe latl has a ' particular form of government ; but the two lirtt arc di- vided into prcli'c'tiircs, and thcl'c into parilhcs. 1 here ' are here \.njc and Imall towns, feats, callles, firin- i hout'cs, and tingle houles of r.eiommodatioii ; but no ■villages. The number of tuwn.i, entiles, (tat.-,, i^'c. 1. about nine humlred. I In Courland Proper the moll crnfiderable place Is, I.ibau. which is a ducal city, aiil a poit of good trad.; i on the Haltic. It is lituatcd in titty. fix degices hlty- I four minutes north latitude, and in twenty-one di^rees I twenty-lix minutes e.ilt longitude. It i,s of a middling j l:.-e, and I onfiils entirely of wooden houles, only one [ llory hit^h ; but thcie i-. a Lutheran chuicii built in the modern talle, with a flat r.iof and ballultrudc. The pa- I pilfs are allowed a rluirch at Lib.'.u, and thire i.s a pro- telhnt fchool. ,\s tf.e harbour wants lulbccni ilejith of water for llilp> ol burthen, they are unloaded in the road ; but fincc duke Kriutf John cauled it to be dcaieJ in I7';7, and prcented a tuturt accumulation 01 n.uil and land by a water-work, it is rendered verv commo- dious fiT li'.'ht vell'els. Above oi.t hundred and titty fiiips aimuaily arrive in this poit, in order to load yvitfi hemp, liiilced, &c. A court ot ;:j!niralty Is alio held here, and near the town is a ticfli water lake, called the lake ot Libau, The fecnnd principal divillon is that of Scniii^allia or Scmgallcn, which includes the prcfciitures ot Mittau and Seelhuig, the molt contidi i.ible places in which ate, Mitt.iu, the capital of Courland, and the lelidence of the duke, which is fituatcdin lifty-lix degrees forty-. ^ toirf .ir-ii .V /A. i I : H « !■ ! ilii 'lit. 'S% IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) :a 1.0 I.I |5 ""^ 1^ I. ^ M IIM 1.8 1-25 1.4 1.6 — ^^ ^^ 6" ► Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 ''/ // «.*€■, t^ -^ C/jL (/. ^1 'O A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Pol. AN p. ' » : till I* p four miiiutts sinitli Inti tu Jc, and in twrnt-y-tln'ce degrees tifty-or.e ininutfs e.ili- lonr^itiid'. This town (hniids (in the rivfr Aa, and is verv cxtciirive ; but within its cir- cuit ;iri- many gardens and open places. The houles have tor the mull p.irt nothing veiv ilfgant to attract the eye, ;;iid both the walls and mojis of the town arc dttayed. It is, however, pretty well ii\habited. It lias two I, ntheran churches, a beautiCul chunh bclon;;- ing to the CalvinilU, and a popifh church, l'he(i;houl, though it is the principal in the whole country, is tar Croni heiiig in a flourifliing condition. This city is the leat of the regency and fupcrintendant of both dutchies. At a Iniall diilance from the city ihinds a palaec, be- gun by the unfortunate duke Erniil John ; but only the front of one wing is compleated, and the rcit hardly carried up as high as the roof. It is built in a moll de- lightful lituation, on the fame fpot where the old cadle Itdod, ar.d is two llories high. The )ialacc, according to the plan from which it is huilt, v.'ould probably have been one of the moll magnificc-it ftruclures in Kuiofie, had not the building of it been interrupted by the dif- grace and exile of its unhappv founder. It is at pre- ient a dcl'olate place, and is gradually falling to decay. The ci'.iings and floors of fonie of tlic apartments were ot moll excellent woikrnanlhip ; but thefe hr.vc been taken awav, and the rooms converted into ;;ranaries. I'nder one wing of this building is a handfome vault, in which arc depofitcd the remains of the dcceafcd dukes, moll ot w!:ich lie in cotTins of fine pewter cnriouflv de- corated; and among the princes lies a pcafant in a pew- ter coffin, on account of his heroic fuklitv, in volunta- rily fuffering himfclf to be fliot indcad of duke Ferdi- nand, by fonic noblemen who had confpired againll that piince's life. The next divifion of Courland is that of Piltcn, which lies in Courland properly fo called, and derives its name Irom the ancient calUc or palace of l-'ilten, built by \Valdeinar II. king of Denmark, about the year 1220, when he founded a bifliop's fee in this country, for the more effcdlu.al convcrilon of its Pagan inhabitants. This diltrii!t afterwards fuccciBvely belonged to the Germans then again to the king of Denmaik, the .nt them to the dc in- iing ; the the oh- ill they mine lo are latter cnato ))' tho pre- nJer but vhich d'la- are the cJ at pifco- is not imich liihop and t call- ulati- Uiid i irticu- nmoni Pol an:'. E tJ R O P E. 7« of the nobility, msy be looVcJ upon as the lieutenants ot ci-.e palatinates.' Three vite-tieafurcrs, who have only a hare title ; but as thev aie couiikTiors i)t Hale, thrv take place of the relt of the nobility. 'l"wo coun- iellors from eaeh of the three great cities, Dantzic, '!"l:orn, and Elhini^, :.)!J caeh of thefe repiefentatives l;ave a vole. All thefe Hate cou.nrelif^rs, nccnrdintr to the laws ol tliB cnimtrv, ought to he native l-'rufliaiis ; hut they have I'eKloai thefe i|ii,ilificati.in,. They are nominated by the kill'!, of I'olam!, and take a particular oath at their ad- niifiioii. The biihop -f Frniland fits as prelidciit in the I'luirun liiot J but in his ablence, his place is lupplicd bv the prineipr.l pcrl'on amoiiu; the nobility who arc pre- sent. Thefe nrmhers are luled the two Hates of the tlutehy ol I'riiflia, and royal counfellors : they may like- wile be termcil the fuperior Hates, to diltinjiuifli them from the inferior, compofed of the lower nobility, and the deputies of the fn:all towns. Formerly king Cafi- mir IV. cnjaced for hinilelf and fuccelTors, not to de- termine any affair of confeqiiencc, without the previous coiuurrence of tin: (tales of PrulTia. This wastheori- '>inal of thefe I'lulFian diets, which had formeily iiocon- ntition with thole of Poland. Hut in the year ijOy, part of the fcnatc, or council of Pruffia, was united with ti-.e f:nate of Poland, and the flate.s of the former were compelled to appear at the general diet of the kingdom. From that time the political conftitution ot Pruffia has been much changed ; but it is not entirely interwoven with that of Poland, and ftill enjoys parti- cular lights and privileges. At (ummoningthe general PrulTian diet, which is alter- nately held at Marienburg and Graudenz, the king fpe- cifies the time of holding the leller diets, where the rc- prefentatives of the former arc chofen, and receive their jiiftruclions. Thefe provincial diets are held in every palatinate, and the happy conclufion of them is a prcfagc of the profperous ilTue of the general diet ; for if only one of thefe allemblics riles abruptly, the general diet is leldom expected to aUcmblc. The number of rcprefen- tativcs for every palatinate is not fixed, but thcv have lately been more numerous than formerly. The iultruc- tions civen them are in the Polifh tongue, and during the fefnoii of the diet their cxpences are defrayed. The PrufTians, befidcs their own general diet, affift at the general diet of Poland ; but they agree to the taxes to be impofed on them, only in their own general diet, and not in that of Poland. 'The' I'rulTians had formerly their own coin, which is now reduced to the (tamlard of the Polifh money. How- ever, the three principal cities of Pruliia have ftill the privilege of coining gold and filver pieces, imprtlTcd with the king's head on one lide, and their refpciSive arrr.s on the leverfe ; which, after receiving the royal fanction, pafs as the current money of Pruitia. Ikfules the counfellors of (fate, already mentioned, there are fcvcral other public officers in Pruliia, as the treafurer, who is the principal, and th : only one that has an annual appointment: the fword-u^arer, who has only the bare title : the ftaiidard-bearer, who bears the liandard of the province, when all the nobility take the tidd ; and fevcn judges-, with their alTillants. With refpecl to the towns of Priifli;i, it is worthy of no- tice that they arc divided into the three great cities, Dant- vic. Thorn, and Flbing, and twciity-feven royal towns, bcfides thofe that belong to the bilhops of Krmehind an>l Culm, .^n allbciation was formed among thefe fmall towns under the government of the knight', ot the 'Teu- tonic order. By this union, which ftill continues, thev are to unite in behalf of their common privileges; tocon- lult their intercft as a community in their particular atTemblic;; and to recommend their common concerns in the general diet of Pruliia to the reprefcntatives of the great cities. Marienburg, which is the molt confider- able among thefe towns, has the directory, and this, with Grauden?, Dirfhau, Stargard, and Konitz, arc called the plenipotentiary towns ; for, befides their own affairs, they are charged with tholi: of all the other towns, which they lay bclorc the dirciftory, and the latter rcpre- lent them to the deputies of the gre:;t cities. Thefe fmall towns arc at prcfcnt far froti being in a flourilhing condition. From the fentences of iheir ma gift-rates an appeal lies to the Itaroftas, and Irum ihe la;t',-r to tiie kill!;. Poliili Pru.Tia co.-ififts of four provinces; we dial! begin with that of Poineicllia, or Little I'omcr.tma. Poinerellia wlis aiiticntly a par: of the dutehy of Ponie- rania; but at i.ift fell under the dominion of Polar.J. Tnis palatinate contains live circles, and has four pro- vincial judges ; the moll icmarkable places in tais pro- vince arc, lJ.int-/.ic, called by the Poles (Idantzk, a celebrated co.mmercial city and fortrefs, fif.iated on tlie Villula, near five miles lioni the Baltic, in tilty-thrcc degrees thirty- eight minutes north latitude, and in ei<;hteen degrees thirty. five minutes eaft longitude. The fmall rivers "call- ed the Radauiit .iiid the Motlau run through the citv ; the latter dividing into two channel;;, which run be- tween the Old and New 'Town, and afterwards unite a- gain below the city, and, with the Radaune, fall into the Viltula. It is a large, beautiful, and populous citv, built after the aiitient manner of the Hanfe-towns. 'The houles are generally live iforics high, which m^.kc the ftreets appear tiie narrower, elpecially as the entrance into the lioufes is by four or five Itone fteps, ai, a bal- cony, which make a projcdion of ten or twelve leet Thefe houfes arc kept clean after the manner of the Dutch, though with Icfs nicety. Many of the Itrcei , arc planted with chefnut-trces about thirty feet high, which afford an agreeable fhelter. 'This city has a beautiful harbour, and the inhabitants, who are remaikably civil and obliging to Hraupers, carry on a confiderable trade, elpecially in corn. 'l"he Ihip's belonging to this port are very numerous, and the privi- leges ot this city are of great impnrtance. As it is one of the three greatcitics, itfends lepicl'tntativcs to the Prullian lenate or council of ftate, who have likewife a feat in the general diet of Poland, and vote at the elcdfion of a king. 'The Dant/.ickers have alfo the privilege of coin- ing money, gathering amber, &e. In this city arc twelve Lutheran churches, oxclufivc of thofe in the houfe of correction and in the alms houfes, two Calviniftical churches, and one Popifli church, witii a college of Jefuits. The cathedral, which is a large Lutheran church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is the molt magnificent, and the piincipal church in Dantzic. Mr. Hanway obferves, that this is an aiitient ftructiire that has not been much changed by the ellai-diflimcnt of the protcftant religion of this city : for it was agreed bv treaties to leave the crucifixes, images, and pictures, a.-i in the times of popery. 'They fliew a very curious piece of painting on wood, of the refurreeli'in, by Van liyck. it is much admired, particularly fur the hands and face-, and is laid to be one of the firil performaiKcs in oil colours; yet is to perfedt, and delicate, as to bear the nicett examination. But thii church, upon every frivo- lous pretence, is fubjei5l to the iinpofitions of the Popifli bifhop. 'The liril preacher, or niiiiiller of this church, is called feiiior minillerii, the reft are equal as to di '- iiity, and two ot them muft always be doitor.s in divi- nity. 'I'herc is a Lutheran academy in the Grey Friar? cijuvcnt, in v\hich arc leven profeflbis and one teacher ot" the Polifh language. In this convent is alio the citv libiarv. The other public buildings are the exchange, the coiincil-houfes in the Old and New Town, the public wcigh-houfe, tne ailenal, which contains a good col- lection of arms, but many of them are old and iifelcfs ; they have a hundred and fifty large brafs cannon, fome of which are laid to weigh fifteen thouf.md pounds. 'They have alfo a line mill ercfted on the river liadunc, which has eighteen wheels, is the largeft in ail the city, and is laid to have brought in a ducat every hour lo the proprietors. 'This city was anticntly the principal of the Hanle- towiis, it being one of the lirll that entered into tiie Hanfeatic aiiliciation. The (Jcrnian is almoll the only language fpoken here, thePolidi being little ufed bv tlic inhabitants. This city has its own garrifon, and th.e fortifiiatinn-j make a good appearance, efpeciiillv towaid.; the fuuth ai.J \-f1 1 , I'V ff Pi V- ;'(■;' '- - !■■ ilipH w. V A S Y 55 T F M OF G I. C G n ,111(1 wed ; thnfc parts of the town being furroundi-'d with i'niin(.-nccs lunic of wl:ich lil'c liighcr th.iii the towers of thccitw Accorilini' to tlic bills of ni'irl.iliiy i'iL;htccn hundred In tl.c (HI 5, :;2. I. ^- i ifiA,-r(r. and fiirtv-fix iierfons ilii-d in thu city in i f.inie ye.ir twelve hiiiidie 1 ;iiul ci_i;btyci;itit i'olim ve fniall and jreat, from the V'ilUila, and a thoufand and fourteen fliijis from the fe.i, arrived in this port; and fifty-'.-ight thoufand -ind fixty Iniflicls of corn were brought into this city for txiioitntion. Indeed the molt conlldcr.ible blanch of the tiade of Dantzic is that of corn, which is broimht by the I'oUwnleis, in lar^^e barks of a- bout fifty tons burthen, down tiie Villula. In plentiful vears thefc barks aniuially amount to about fixtecii hundred. As thcfe cargoes are ofren expoitd lo thi- wea- ther, it is curtomary to fpread their fails on the banks ot the river, and to dry their corn upon thcin. 'I'hey alio txport hces-wax to the snnuai amount of near a thoul.iiid fciiippound^ ; befidcs narrow linens, I'lckin;^, pot-alh, pcarl-adi, pipc-lhivcs, and oak-plank. It appears from anticiit records, that Dantzic was a lar!;c commercial city fo early as the year 997. I he New Town was founded by the 'IVutonic kiiighis in the '■ear I 51 1, and was lirlt cncompall'ed with a wall and moat in i 54^ IJaiitiic ihook oti" the yoke of thofe kniilhls in 1454, and the inhabitant,;, upon certain con- ditions, fubmitted to Cafimir, king of Polanil, who, a- nioiiL; other privileges, granted them thcrijht of coining their own money. .Afterwards they rdiil'ed to do homage to Stephen, kiii\; ofPol.md, without the previous cou- firniation of tluir rights and privile:cs ; upon whicii tue city was put under the ban, and b lu'ged by that ptince ; but the .ifF.iir was accommod.it'd, and, on their pub- lickiy acknow'.ed.'jng their error, and payinga large hue, the king received them into favour, confirmed their pri- vileges, and granted them the frei^ exereile of tne Lu- ti'.cran religion. In 17^4, Staniflaus, king of Poland, took refuge here, which occafioiied a hot liege and bom- bardment from the Ruflians and Saxons ; but .Staiiillaus making his cfc.ipe, Dantzic fubmitted to Augultus ill. .ns its riiihtful foverci"ii. The city is in the dioccfe of Cuiavi.i, and the inhabi- tants pay the popilli hifhop all the regard coniilleiit with the difference of their religion, and the piivilegc and immunities of the city. VVit.iout the w.ills of Uantzic lie the fdlowing pi -ces within its jini.diihtion. The j^aiitz.ig'i.r Werder, or illiiid, which is furround- cd by the Villula, the Motlau, and the moratlch caiifed by theff river;, r.nd coiitaini .ibout fourteen hundred hides of land, and about thirty-three villages. It is en- tirely under the ^oyernmentof t.ie inagilhates of Dantzic; •and tiie fcnior burjomidler, and two o! the fcnators, are fupcrintend-mtL of it. There .ire twelve ^chjrch-villagcs in this iilmd, and anion ■ thcp.i is one Calvinilt church and two ch.ipels. The Frifehe Nehrung is a long narrow flip of land, c.x- tnuling between the fea and the harbour. It contains five villages that h,;ve churches ; but the moll remark- able place on this idand is a fort called .Mviiide, which ;,s very llronj, and h.i:; a churcli and a commodious har- bour.' ThcHohc, on which are eight church villages; and the little town of Mela, likewife belongs to Dant/.ic, lii'd is on a point of land wiiich projects with a curve into the IJaltic, forming the I'antzkcrwic-bay, wiierc ihips ulually ca!t anchor. About a(jcimnn mile from Dant/.ic is dliva, a ccle- bratetl convent, thnt has been tVeipiently coiifumed by lire. It is at prefent inhabited by about fifty Ciftercian monks. The infn'.e of the church is extremely fplcndid, p.irticuir'.rly the high altar and the pulpit, which are finely gilt "and cxtr.-n»ely beautiful. It has forty altars, .■■II ciV.beliifhed with the richeft ornaments, and fcveral chapels, among which that of the hiefi'ed Virgin is the riiofl nia.:nificcnt. I'lic remains of the founder of the I'l'jiiailetv, and his Inns, are ilepolited under a marble tomh-iti'ii,- in the choir, and the walls are ornamented with the liatue-. of the principal benefaclors to this reli- eious hoiile. Near the entrance of the church is a mar- ble table in th? wall, in commemoration of the rre.ity of < >!:va C'jn 'hided in thi> iilon.illerv between the Pules .uul Swcd<.-s in 16' convent is ciegaii: h.ts th.c privilege Round this ItruCti built. There are belonging to Dan: I'he next provi. \ P II Y '1 1*01. AND. :ring to the ic difpcnfai'v uc long and well contrived, 1 his monaflery gathering amber on the (ka coaft. :■-• a pretty viihiL".' ha. bn-n giaduallv ; vcrai o'.tier linall towi.s in tliediiiuei ;.fP. Ill Pr,.f.'M is tli.'.t of Culmer- ind, or the p.-.l.r.n .tc 01 Culm, 'i his pionncc has a |ial,itinc, who is ti.c firft of thofc belonging to PrufTu, a callidlan, a vicc-trcafurer, a t'word- bearer, a judge, an.l eight llarollics. The principal places in this p.il.i- tinale are. Culm, or Chclmno, the capir.'.l of the province, whicli (lands on an emineiice on the banks of the \'i;hila, in filty-three degrees twenty minutes norm l.ititir.le, and in nineteen degrees twenty minutes call longitude. This citv was founded in 1230- -'1'! t.ei;u' allied tiv .^. rejoicings in February 17 to be flruck 111 this cit; has ten gates, each ot whii gifiracy, and into one city and moat wit cd in comuK tfleemed the being broad 1 with rows of their elegant 1 bridge over tl cd the Kingcf bridge in hur funis in keepii bridges, the That part of bridge, and tf the German \ by the name o liel called the tinually wider. fo that at prcf it from one ba moll lingular the piles are di fhake aiVJ totte on it, or even bcr of foot-pafl with its conflri in pafling ove frctpiently two the current, cai Hence (iime ide city of I'horn tor the Poles, n over it, pay no ,;., Thorn has it only one compa city are every \ great quantities that grov\'s will to that cultivat! The inhabit.- rcigners for the] exceed thofe otl obfervahle, thaj grealcfl purity Saxony ackiu. not excefled, iil burghers of '/'hi is, that not onl guage, which i| tpoken here in children hitherj its utmoll puriiT The iiihabitl very early, granted them wi-re allowed ()!d Town, i G'.org.e'j and other hand, ilJ John'", and th| The Domiiiicii and their conJ didiiie nuns th| nunnery, whi churches the L Lord's Sujiperl powered to noif in the year 151I the papilis, ail at Thorn, \vhi| flrangers, and particularly In maintained its f 50 PoLAS-n. r U R O P E. ;.? uh::d ■>:i riv VlltO Tr.o rcioicinijb in the fuiioj.-, of .:!! iIil- thivf juLMt cities in February I754> when 'I'lioiii and IJantzit taiilL J iiudals to he ttruck Oil the occafion. In this city 'he records of I'lilifh Pnini.t nre kept ; it has ten t;atL'5, and is divided into tlic Oid and New 'I'owii, each cl which had lornicrly its rtl'pciitivc council, i.i.i- i^iliracy, and police; but in 1454 they were iiicor|i'r,;ti d into oiie city. They are, however, (eparated by a w.dl and moat within the town, but on theoutlide are drfcml- cJ in common by a double wall and niojii. T his is cfteemed the handlomcit city in I'olifli PriilTi;i, its ftrects bcirm broad and regular, and tor the moll: part planted with' rows of trees : the hoiifes are alfo rcmarhable for their elegant appearance ami cleanliners. 'Ilie wooden bridge ovlt tlie Villula in this city may be jurtly eilccm- cJ the l.-ngell-, the molt extraordinary, and cxpenfive bridge in huropc, the city bcins; obliged toixpend ;;reat funis in keeping; it in repair. It properly conliHs ol two bridi'es, the ifland of Bazar dividing; it in the middle. That part of it next to Thorn is called the (Jerman brid7e, and the channel ever which it lies is dlecmcd the Uerman Viftula ; but the other part is dilUiiiaiilhed by the name of the I'ojili bridge, it lyin!; over the chan- nel called the Polilh Villula. As the river grows con- tinually wider, the bridge mufl necellarily be lengthened; Co that at prefent it takes up half an hour to walk over it from one bank of the river to the other It is alfo the moll fingular on account of the quiek-fand into which the piles are driven, which occafions the whole biidge to (hake ai'.d totter whenever anv carria;;es or horl'es are up- on it, or even when it is palled by a confiderahle num- ber of foot-pall'engers : a (iran.,;r, who is unacquaiEited with its conllrud^ion, apprehends hinifelf in great danger ill pafling over it. I he ice on the Viftul.i, which is Jrcquently two or three (cct thick, and the rapidity ol the current, carry away every year at lead one thud of it. Hence fome idea may be formed of the vait expence the city of Thorn is at in repairing thefe annual damages; for the Poles, notwithlhmdin;; the heavy loailsthey bring over it, pay no part of the expence. ■ , Thorn liss its own garrifon, which generally confifts of only one company. 1 he l'o]ie, gingerbread, &c. of this city are every where in great requelf ; and accordingly great quantities of them arc exported. The afparagus that grows wild in fome of the city lands is not inferior to that cultivated in the gardens of other countries. The inhabitants of Thorn are commended by all fo- reigners for their civility and polilenefs, in which they txceed thofe of every other town in Pruflia. It is alio obfervable, that the CJerman tongue is fpoken here in the greaiclt purity ; fo that even the inhabitants of Upper ijaxony acknowledge that they are at prefent equalled, it not excelled, in this particular by the commonalty and burghers of I'horn. JJut what is Itill more remarkable is, that not only the (icrmanbiit even the Polifh lan- guatie, which is neccflliry for carrying on trade, is alto ipokea here in fuch p.'rfciilion, tliat the Poles li;nd their children hither, merely to learn their native tongue in its utmort purity and el.'gancc. The inhabit.mts of Thorn embraced the reformation very early. In the year 1557, king Sigirmund Augullus granted them eonfiderable privileges. The Lutherans were allowed St. John's church and St. Mary's in the Old Town, and St. J.smcs'a in the New, befules St. C/'-or'.'.e's and St. Catliarilie's in the fuburbs. On the otiier hand, the Papills were allowed a chapi.1 near St. fohn's, and the church of St. Laurence in the fuburbs. The Dominicans retained their church of St. Nicholas, and their convent in the New 'I'own ; and the Bene- dicline nuns their church of the Holy Cjholf, and their nunnery, which Itands on the Villula. In the above churclus the r^uther.ms admimllered the facrament of the Lord's Supper in both kinds, and the council are cm- powered to nominate the ininitlers of their religion. But and alternately with the king of PJanJ nominate? the Komidi priell who officiates in it. In this church is t(J be teen the epitaph of the celebrated ailronomer K'ic\\i ■ iif^f^rntcus. las Copernicus, who was born in this city. In iCO;, St. James's church, in the New Town, with the holpital be- longing to it, was t.iken from theLutherans, and given to the lirnediiitine nuns, and they were deprived, in the fame un- jud manner, of St. Mary's, the only remaining Lutheiaii church, with the celebrated feminary, which was removed to another edifice, after having flourifhed there finee the year i 568. The Lutherans of the Old Town continued fur feveral years to perform divine fervicc publicly in the exchange, which (lands in the market-p/iace ; but that edifice was ^00 fmall for the coiigr.'gation ; for the burubers amount to at leall a thoufand men, who are all Luther.ms, except about thirty perfons ; on which ac- count they h.ivc I'lnce the vcar 1755 built a new church on one I'ule of the market-place, '['here are lour Luthe- ran churches in the villages belonging toThorn. In the city are alfo fome Calvinills, who perform their religious worfhip in a private houfe. The Jews have likewife a ftnall fvnagogue in the city. About a German mile from Tliorii is a i^oiiifli chapel dedicated to St. Barbara, dif- tinguilhed by many pretended miracles ; and an annual ^ procedion is made with great folemnity every V/hitfun- Tiicfday from the city to this chapel, lor obtaining pub- lic indulffencies. Among the public edifices of the city, the towii-houfe in the Old 'I'own is w irth the notice of the travtiler : it (lands in the market-place, on every lule of which very liandi'onie houies are ereiftcd, and forms an elegant qua- drangiilar fquau (Iruoluie, built with fuch magnifi- cence, that lor the beauty of its architedlure, foreigner) give it the preference to nioft edifices of that kind in Europe. The exchange, which is alfo in the market-place, is a fuperb (Iruilturc, adorned with towers, and its front emhcllilhed with gilded buftoes of the kings of Poland. Tne popifh churches, both for their fpaeioufnefs anJ ornaments, dcferve particular notice, as does the Jefuit's college. The junkcrhof which (lands on the bank of the X'illiila, and belongsto the exchange, is a delightful place intended for feftivity, and the entertainment of the prin- cipal merchants and citizens. The leaning tower, as it is called, is an extraordi- nary piece of architecture ; for as its outlide is built ohli ;uely from the ground, it appears as if ready tc» fall : liut on the infide the lloors and ceilings arc pcr- icMy horizontal, and the walls perpendicular to the hori'.oii. (jraudcnz, formerly called Grodec, and in the Polifti language CSrudziand/, is a handfomc town pleafantly lit'jated on an iOimd formed by the river Od'a, which hire (lows through two channels into the Villula. The cafllc (lands on an eminence, and within it is a church ; there is another in the town, of which the j^uthcrans were deprived in 159X, on which account they are obliijed to perform divine fervice in the town-houf'e, where they have alfo a fchool, and the Jefuits :i college, The Piullian diet is held here and at Manenburg alter- nately. The next province ofPolifli PrulTia we flnll defcribc is the prelechire of .Marienburg, which has a palatine, a vice-trea!'urer, and a provincial iudge. This p.datinate contains three werders. A werder is a fen, or moral's, furrounded with water, and improved for tdlagc and habitation. They produce plenty of o;rafs and corn, but have feldom cither woods or hills. Thar called the wood of Elbin:: is the moll conl'iderable in this dillriet. in ! mai.y parrs the only fuel is turf, flraw, and (lubble ; and even where there are woods, they afford little game, ex- cept hares, woodcocks, and other wild-fowl, but harbour the year 1505 St. John's church was transferred to ! very fierce wolves. The fielh water in thefe werdeis the papills, and afterwards the Jefuits built a college at Thorn, which has always been much frequented by Grangers, and has occafioned many calamities to the city, particularly in the year 177.4. The city has, however, maintained its right of patronage of the above church, 50 very good ; the -ir is tolerably healthful ; a great number of cattle arc bred here, and the horl'es arc much edcem- ed. 'T'he inhabitants of the werders have from time im- memorial been free peafants, and arc filled the royal vall'd) and wcrdcrcrs. Thole however who are fubjed ta 1" the m f: iiii ■V n A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. I'ciAvri. tli'/jurll'iliif^ioii of the cities, arc- under greater rcftriflions llian tiie royal pcafants who live in the Marienburf^ werdci.:. Tlu-y l'pi.-.ilc the Cjciiiian ami I'olilh languages, ;in.l are lor thf moll part Luihcrans or i'apilh ; but there are alio fume Calvlnills, aiiJ a confidcrable number of iMeiiimiiitcs, a fort of Uapiilh. I'he principal places in the prefeilure of Marienburg are, Marii-nburg, a well built town, (lands on an enii- , nonce near the river Ntigat, in a picalant and fertile Jij,:ii . comit:-)-, in fit'tv-four degrees twelve minutes north l.iti- 'ff!l%' tude, aa.l in ninetLX-n degrees twelve minutes eaft lon- gitude. Here is a lianJlome church dedicated to the Virgin Marv, from which the town takes its name. The wooden bridge l.iid over the Nogat is live hundred and thirtv-nine feet in length, and is a very great charge to the city ; the fund appropriated for building and repair- ing it not being fiilTieicnt for that purpole. in the catllc is the treafnrv, where are kept the revenues of I'olilli Pruflia : the Itreets of the tov.'n are very dirty. Moft of the inhabitants arc Roman catholics, and there is but one Lutheran church. F.lbing, a handlbme large city, fortified after the an- ticnt manner, (lands on a river of the fame name, in j^; 'ij. lifty-four degrees twenty-one ininutis north latitude, and /g: Tg nineteen decrees fifteen minutes call longitude. It was built in I2^((, and is a ])lace of confidcrable trad;. J>e- twecn the Old Town and tlic fuburbs, where the flore- lioufcs of the merchants are ereeied, runs the river El- baig ; and the Old Town is divided from the New bv a wali and moat. The houfes are high, narrow in Iront, and built in the old talle much like thofe at Dantzic. T'he (Irccts are alfo very narro.v, occafioncd by the bal- conies which projeiH: into them ; and before thefe are receptacles for all the dull and filth tlirown out of the houfes. Here are ten churches, in which divine fervice is performed. That of St. Nicholas, wliich is the larged and liandfonieft church in Pruflia, was given up to tlie papifls in i6]6. The Calvii. ills perform divine firvice in a large hall, and the Mcnnonitc- in a priiate lioul'e in the city ; but the Rhool beltings to the Lutherans. This is one of the Hanfe- towns, and as it is inhabited by a colony from Luhec, it i:, ;^overned by the laws of that city; the burghers, however, have theii particular rights and privile};cs. The caidc, which was built in 12;^-, was demoliihed by the burgliets in 1454. I'hc fortifica- tions towards the wcrder aic very (light, but on t!ie op- pofite fide they arc in a much better condifio-i ; yet it IS elteemcd one of the (huii;;(.(t towns in l'(difh l-'ruHia. Some companies of the ciown-army of l^)land are can- toned in this town, but the burghers keep guard at the gates, and the fuburbs have a I'rulljan garrifon. This city in ccel .fiaflical matters is under the jurif- diclion of the bifhop of Ermeland, as far as is conliitcnt with the dillerence of religion, and without prejudice to the rights and privileges of the city ; but in civil affairs it is only fuhjec^ to the king. In 170^, Elbing fell into the podWfion of the Swedes, who laid it under ccuitri- bution ; but the RufTi iiis took it from thcin by (lorm. It was formerly mortgaged to the elcfloi of Branden- burg, as a fecurity tor the paytnent of four hiindrej thoufand rixdollars ; but as tb.e eleiitor did not receive the fum (lipulated, the king of Pruifia took pofieflion of the didridl belonging to the city, in wrtue of the above agreement. The lad province of Polifli l'ru(rta which remains to be mentioned is that of Ermeland, which is eiitirelv furrounded by the kingdom of l'ru(iia. This provinct- belongs to no palatinate, but is entirely fubjcct to the bidiop anil chapter ; li) that neither tiie nobility nor thi; other inhabitants of Krineland can appe.il to any other judicature. Two-thirds of this province belong to the bidiop, and the remaining third part to the ciiapter. Their fubi^'dls have recourle to the fame courts of judi- cature as the red of the PrulTians ; but they have (bmc particular laws to themfelves. They have alfo a pro- vincial diet, to which the nobility, the burghers, and country judge;, together with the freemen, arc fum- moiicd. I'hough the Eimelandcrs do not alTid at tht: I'ruflian diets, the bilhop is always prefcnt, and propolea whatever is debated cuncerniiu; his dioeefe, particularly in relation to the taxes, according as they have been agreed upon in a provincial meeting held for that pur- pole, where the Ermelanders feldom dill'ent from their bidiop and tlie I'luinan ihites. The mod conliderable places in Ermeland are, IJraunllicrg, a pretty large trading town, fituated orj the I'allarge, at a finall didance from its mouth. Ic was built m 1255, and received its name from Uruno, bidiop of I'rague. It is divided into the Old and New Town, and is very populous, 'i'lie celebrated college of the Jefuits in this town was formerly a Erancifcari convent ; it is now under the jurifdiction of the bifhop. Heilll'crg, a beautiful town on the Alle, in which* (lands an elegant feat belonging to the bifhop of Erme- land. There is a college of Jefuits in the town. It is laid to be built in 1240, and was dcdroyed by fire in 1 52 1. Charles XII. king of Sweden, had his head- quarters here in i 703. Hellll, an elegant little town with a cadlc, has a col- lege of Jefuits, to which the church of the Holy Lin- den-tree in Urandenburgh Pruffia belongs. 'I'his town is well fupplied with provifions, and carries on a good trade. We might here be cx|>e£led to conclude this chapter on Poland, by following the example of almoft all other geosraphers, i'l joining to Reual or Polilh PrulTia the kingdom of that name ; but this ncv\' kingdom ought no longer to be confidered as a petty dukedom ; it ought no longer to be placed on a level with Polilh Pruflia, and the other dates dependent on the republic of Po- land ; its fovereign has given it a more rcfpedlabic ap- pearance in the eyes of all Europe: we ihall therefore treat of it in a feparatc ch.ipter. CHAP, ■! »' i. ■ tq :r ■ 1 vii.V. : «i^. It owes its origin to a fulphurcous matter, is pcllucij, and generally yellow ; hut tli? white I'ort is eft:emed the beft. If air.bcr be well rubbed, it attr.ids liL;ht fubllaii- ces; it is alio inflammable, and when bu'nt, its odori- ferous effluvia furpafs thole of fiankincenfe or maltic. It lilcewifc yields an acid fpirit. That it was once in a fluid ftate evidently appears from the leaves, minerals, flies, .pidera, ants, gnats, woinis, frogs, tilhes, drops of wate , pieces of wood, and [grains of fand, that are Ire- C]uer. y feen inclofed in it. Dr. Hufchmg obferves, that ambei is generalW found on large trees which are buried under ground in a vitriolic earth, and contain an oily fubltancc ; and that hence fome arc of opinion, that the oil being coagulated by the acidity of the vitriol, becomes the fulid body which we call anilier. Amber is not only obtained by di^ying, but is found in the fea, it being wafhcd ofFthe trees by the agitation of the waves in high wefterly or north-welf winds, and driven on (hore. The profits atifing from amber belongs to the crown of Pruflia, and annually amount to about twenty-fix thou- iatul dollars. 1- --- - .-■ ■••■•^MVJlll \VCi^ III the year 1755 computed at (ix hundred and thlrty- iive thouf.ind nii;e hundred and ninety-eight perlims ca- pable of bearing arms, and confift of native PrufTians, who, from their language and manners, appear to bcdc- feended from the Germans ; of Lithuanians, who havi their pjculiar language j and of Poles. Since the year i-ir), it IS computed that above thirty-four thoufand per- fons have removed from France, Switzerland, and Cier- many into the kingdom of Prufli-a, fcventcen thou find of whom were Saltzburghers : fuch advanra'.'cs has this na- tion reaped by wilely giving encour.agement to all who were peifecuted on account of religion, to fettle .here. Thefe (hangers have built four hundred fniall vdlagcs, eleven towns, eighty-fix feats, fifty new chiirnes, anJ founded a thoufand village-lchools in this countiy. Lit- tle Lithu.inia is for the moll pr.rt peopled by thci'e colo- nies i but it is thought that Pruflia can atForJ both roon» and lubfillence for as many more emigrants. The Pruni.in nobility are for the molt part defcendeif from the antient (lermans, and the iieafams arc chiefly' vall'als cither to the king or nobles, — ^- ... ^- pFft'lf ._ WBmft'ltH ' " " JI'l^iflB" iiiWiiiii . y ». J (' ^y2 ^iW/j '■"•*-^;.; i» li u s SI A rijiji *M lO. ■,r""-'4i; rruiiiiln' Siiui lliiiH-iis ' »"v I', '>,"]/ ^ 7 L>-,i^."'''Ji «;j,,. f/^./v; "■'•'Wv* vV(>/' ">.V'" ,.„v. - n A^'^ «//•./ yn/','i\l i'lfi'MililMi 1 .l»i Ha A V > //tvntt • *i s S,-Virf:; '■>•'! ,i J '»"^*i .,,!>■ .If-"' .l(J" • J ■> TiuMi/ ji ^ k "•" • • JE'*; >vi%v.iiw' /VS. - 1 ' ■ K-nlt. T-'z/w fKrtrii'A.i, tC'iHs '*i,h/.'f'f- or j-rjf.. •/,m'i'/i i '•A'."" ■(lt.*<«M..,*»_., "'^*r jrr « —■■•* A^ * --n^"wui>fcWW| •«*»-*.-w„*..*i«»*».« C H A P, tt nx. i9- '5 If* ^:i^ f""z :-z:^ - J I %asA'm r /rf -11 t.'ie CHAP. ( IS ) CHAP. IV. Of the Kingdom of PRUSSIA, SEC r. I. ■Jhi Silii.itian, E.Yttnl, Clim,it'\ Pi'.liri; Riven, Liici, ami Htiyi of the Kin^ihm of Pniljiii in grmral ; with a riiirtiailar Acciunt of the Propcitia of Amber , THIS klnplmn, which h.i", hccii jnru'r.tllv c.iHfJ Diii;il I'rufli.i, :iiul hehjni^s m the hoiilu of lltaii- ilciibiir;:, is (hviilcil hciiii iht- other ihiiiiijiinjib (it its lovc- ioi.;n by I'ohlh I'mfTii, and \s bnii;iiliil on th^' north hy S.imogiiia, on the vxW hy I.ithiiiiiii.i, on the (oiith hy I'olaiid I'ropcr iliul M.i('ovi.i, and on thi' well hy I'oiifll I'lulPia and the Haltic. Its grcatcit length Ironi its nor- thern extremity to SoUlau is abont a hundred and ninety inile;, and its breadth from the borders ot' the great dutthy ol Lithuania, near Shirwind, to the wellern coall ot Sandand is a hundred and tourteeii miles ; but in otiier places it is nuieh narrower. With relpciil to the climate and fcmprratnre of the sir, the two lalt months of the f|iriiv^ and tiie two firll fummcr months are temperate, warm, .md pleafant, and the weather generally favourable lor bringin;; the fruits ot the earth to maturity ; but before and alter thefe months the air is C(jld and piercing : autumn is often wet, and the winter fcverc. The air is, however, well purified by high winds. A3 to the dillempers which moil prevail in I'rulfia, the inhabitants arc more fubjedl to the gout and Hone than to the fcurvy. The foil prtxluces great plenty of corn, fruit, excellent herbs, and padurage. Pruffia likcwife abounds with flocks and herds, and exceeding tine horfes ; its chief commodities are buck-wheat, wool, flax, hemp, wax, honey, hops, pit-coal, and pitch. Hruffia alio affords plenty of game, as elks, (lags, roc- bucks, white and common hares, and wild boars ; and is inftlled with beads of prey, as lynxes, bears, wolves, and foxes ; but as for the buffaloes that formerly fre- quented this country, tli.-y have been extirpated by the poachers, and wild hoifcs aiidalfes feein to have deferted i'rulTia. The woods, particul.iily 'hofe of oak, arc faid to be greatly dimminied, rfpccially iti Lelfer Litiiuania. Pruflian manna is iound in the meado-.vs on the top of a kind of g.al's, and gathered in the morning, while the dew lies upon it. Natangcn yields the belt: ibrt, and in the greatcll plenty. The beautiful red colour called St- John's blood, is made of the eggs of a fmall worm, or infedt, very com- mon in this country. Vaft quantities of amber are found on theroafls of the Baltic, in PrulVia, particularly on the Samlaiul fliore. It owes its origin to a fulphurcous matter, is pellucid, and generally yellow ; but the white fort is elfemed the heft. If amber be well rubbed, it attraiis light fublfan- ces ; it is alio inflammable, and when buiiit, its odori- ferous efHuvia furpafs thole of frankinccnfe or malHc. It likewife yields an acid fpirit. That it was once in a fluid fbtc evidently appears from the Ic.u'os, minerals, flies, .pidera, ants, gnats, woims, frogs, hlhes, drops of watc , pieces of wood, and grains of land, that are Ire- qiiet. y feen inclofed in it. Dr. Hufchmg obl'erves, that ambci is generally found on lirpe trees which are buried under ground in a vitriolic earth, and contain an oily fubltance ; and that hence fome are of opinion, that the oil being coagulated by the acidity of the vitriol, becomes thefolid body which wc call amber. Amber is not only obtained by digging, but is found in the lea, it being walhcd off the trees by the agitation of the waves in high welferly or north-welt winds, and driven on Ihore. The profits aiifing from amber belongs to the crown of PrutTia, and annually amount to about twcnty-lix thou- sand dollai s. PriilTia yields neither fdt, wine, nor mineral}, cxcc,'^ in lonie places it contains iron ore. It is for the molV p irt a level country. Among the Pruflian mountains, thai of (joldherg and (loldap are the hi: lull. The lakes, river.-, and canal', with the nei'Thbourinp; fe.i, afford a v iriety of excellent tidi, as lalmon, Itnr geon, cod, tnrbots, folcr, hallybutD, pike, perch, plaife, eels, and many other;. The princip.il rim i in the kiiigdcm of PrufTia are, the' Wcichlel, or Viftula. the Pregel, the Meiiiel, or .Mum- mel, the I'.ill'arge, and the Alle. I'lule rivers ari' paitly navigable, but it certain times of the year, and in higli winds, are apt to overflow their bitiiki, and to c.iulc ter- rible inundations. This country is likcwife watered by feveral t.ii,/' bavs, lakes, and canals, which yield great plenty of lilh, auJ the coiivciileiicy of a communication by water betweei) fevcral towns, the principal of thtfe aie. The I'rifchc Haf, or Krefli Haven, in Latin Sinus Ve- nedicus. This bay is from five to foiiite;n miles iii breadth, and fifly-ieveii in length. It has a communi- cation with the ll.iliic by a ilrcight c.illcd the Gatt, and in other places is feparated from the Baltic by a nar- row Hip of land called the Frifche Nerull|^ '1 hcCiatC is about an Knglifh mile in breadth, and twelve feet in depth ; and the Krifche Haf is fo fhallow, that no fhi|-.5 of burthen can fail upon ir, and therefore they arc oblig- ed to unload at Pitlau. 'I'he Curifche Haf, in Latin Sinus Curoniciis. This bay is about fevenry miles in lenLtth, and tweiitv-eiL';ht in breadth. It is feparated from ne U..!tic by u narrow ridge of land called Curifche Nci.;n!r, but i(jins the li.'.^ near Memel, where it is about an tni;;li(h' mile broad, and nineteen feet deep. Tliis bav is full of danijeroui flR-lves and fand-baiik-i, and is agitated by frequent Itornis. Its coads on every fide are inhabited by lilheinRn. As to inland lakes, this country has niany of thuin froni four to thirty miles in length, and live or fix miles in brc.ad'.h ; the principal of which are thofc cf Spirdin^', Angcrburg, Rein, and Dr.iufeiT. SEC T. n. Of the Inhahiinnts of the Kin^Jom of Prujfia. Their Numln-f Defunt, timl Rc'.iyjiii. Their Maiuifattiirci, CGmnniii- lu-i, ti'itl Coins. The Hi/kry and Arnii of Prujjia \ t! f Orileis of Kni^hthoiil j the Farm of Government, an;! the ro)id Revenue. THE number of inhabitants in this kiiifrdom MTroi.T the year 1755 comjiuted at fix hundred and thirty- live thoulaiid nine hundred and ninety-iight perfcin; ca- pable of bearing arms, and conlid of ii.itive Piuiriansy who, Irom their language and manners, appear to bedc- Icendcd iVom the Germans ; of J..ithuanians, who have their peculiar language ; and of Poles. Since the year 171a, it is computed that above thirty-four thoufmd p.-r- fons have removed from France, Switzerland, and Cier- maiiy into the kingdom of Prufli-a, feventceii thoufand of whom were Saltzburghers : fueh advanta?cs ha.s this na- tion reaped by wifely giving encouragement to all who were petleciited on account of religion, to fettle there. Tliele Itrangers have built four hundred fmall villages, eleven towns, cighty-fix fe.its, fifty new churches, antt founded a thoufand village-fc'iools in this cotintrv. Lit- tle Lithuania is for tiie moll prirt peopled by theli; colo- nies J but it is thought that Prullia can atford both roon> and lubtillence for as many more emigrants. The Prullian nobility are for the molt part defcendeit from the autient (lermans, and the pcalants are chicH/ vall'als cither to the king or nobles. V/kH ti.z-i r6 V s I I'. M o r G r. (; r a I' h v. i'id'M/.. V r iu .;7v/;-A( V n ■ A, I rn ^( . With rcrpf^'> to the religion nf IVulTis, tlic iiihjliit.inti iirc III jjciicr.il Iiiillicrain i but as ;i yic.it iiuiiiIk r iil the culunilK .ifL- C.ilviiiilt>, they hjvr allu ihi tr i.liiiii'hc>, nut Hilly ill ihi' ( itics jiiil liiwM'', I'lit ill t>Mii<' villj;',< '> they hive ,1 |i.ii(iiiil.ir ihurih j|>piii|ii:>it(il tn tliiir ulo, anJ ill (uhcr (jlacci thry pi'ilnniv liiviii': (iivitc in the Luihri.iii thur.lici. 111!.' l'.i|iill', h.ux- :i lew chiirchiN in thi.i kiti^'Jom ) hrrc arc .ill'j lomc Metiiioiiiti:/! aitiJ ,i lew ciiiij;rc);4lK)ru o( Sminian!!. 'J'lic in;imila,;lurc\ in I'nifli* arc ilaily imprnvinj .uul iiicreafing', particularly the pl.ili .iiid iron woik-, nuiiu- faifliirc ot Tilk, cloth, t.imbkt, linen, aiiil lloikiiH!, lta[;s horns .mJelks hools i o.it- incal, mead, ilried lilh, "iturgeoii, caviar, lampreys, (aufa^C', butter, and tallow, otwiiieh lad tlin-' ihoulaud tour liiindied lloiie aie exported every year. The miinber iW lorei.;ii (hips ih.it relort hither I'ur thel'e jjoodb are luppoled to aiiioiiiit to iiboiit live hiin.lr. d and lilty, which impuit liicli comim^ditMs a.s are w.inie.l lu re, as wine, (alt, (jjices, linen and woollen llulf's, heriini;-, tin, iron, lead, tubatco, lUL^ar, lice, colt'ec, lea, railiiis, almon.ls, prunes, illdi o, Mi../.il wood, &c. With rel'pcjt to the rrulFian coins, they are as fidlow ; Six pl'eiinin;;-., wliivh .iie only imiijinary pieces ot ir.onev, make a I'rufli.ui or i'olilh rdiillin;; 'I'liiee li.hdlin.'s make a I'riillian or I'olilli profchen, each grofcheii beiii_^ ot the value ot levcii-tilicenths of a jicniiy llcriinj;. A IJrandcnburj piece, of fix |)l'enniiig.s, contains two grofcb.en. All ort is ciijhtccn grofchcn, which is the highcIV grofchen piece, and is worth about tight- pence lialtpenny. A dollar, which U iq lal to three tlullinjis and (i:;- pciicc lUrlinj;, is worth tlnce guldens, ninety grofchcn, jive ajht/.cniiers iiU' en i\.her^, thirty dutclieiis, or two huiuhed and fcvtntv iciiihinjs. IJucat-, Ipccie d .Uais, two-lliird |)ieces, :md other fo- reiijn gold and lilverciMi, arealfj current in I'ruflia, 'I'hj iLTiTie ct l'.'ufli.'.;is was unknown till the tenth century, and itr. etymolo;y i.; very uncertain : fonic au- thors luppofe, that thi; lormcr inhabitants, .'.lluding to their pr";;inuiy to th: R:iirians,t.-dled thmifelves Poriiin, or bordering on the Ruflians, for po, in the old I'ruffian la:i;ni. gc, liL;n;i'ie5 near. la that age the kini;.s of Poland tonl: great pains, and even made ufeoi fire .'.nd fword for the converllon of the I'airaa Prufliano to Chritlianity. l!olella-js 1. beyan with c.i..fti'i!ng the I'ruC.ians for the murder of St. Albert, or Adelbcir, called the apoltlc of that nation. His fuc- c.'llors h.id alio feveral quarrels with the Prufjiaiio ; and JJolcilrais I\'. who co.niniittcd dreadful rava;jei in this country, lnft his life in an unUiccehlul b.ittle in i i6'^. In the thirte'iith century the I'rufiians iavai;ed Culm, Ciijivia, and Mafovia ; upon which Conrad, duke of Mafovia, y,as obliged to apply to his allic.':, who all wore the crofs, which they carried into the field auainlf the I'nifliaiis whom they conlidercd as the enemies of the Ctuillian name. JJut all their efforts proving inert'eiilual, the duke applied to the titrman knights ot the reutonic order, and lliongly reprefented the great importance of dcferidin:r the Ironticrs. Accordingly, in 1230, they obtained the palatinates of Culm and IJobcr/.in for twenty years, and idtcrwards for ever, wiih the abfohite autho- lity of any future con(|uerts in I'rulTia. Thcfe kniglits, after Ion;; and bloody wars during the fpacc of lilty-threc years, by the afiiltance of the fword-bearing knights, fiib- diied the whole country. Afterwards a v\'ar broke out betwee.i tiie Teutonic knights and the Lithuanians, which was alt', ii'.ed with the mult dreadful outra-'cs, Thefc !;ni;{ht« m.idc rctii.ion the cloak i f their aniliiiinu »ic\v>, and under the prri'-nie of propagatin,; rhogolpil i>l pcKc, i-ommiited the nn \ inhum.ui b.iihjritr.ji and it ii j'lin-. r.dly .igntd, lh.it they i xtirpate.l the n..Hie I'lulli.iii,, and planted the (ic, 'i.iii] llMe in their llcid. lint n, 1.^1') their lavage ■/, I le end a teriilli.* « l,n \ , (oj alter a ii|o|^ bloody ba. Icthey weic totally iKlcated. Ill 145.^ Ii.iilot I'rulh' revolted I'lom their ob.ilirjicc to lb ■ I iiuoiiic ord r, and dsdarcd (or C.diinir 111. kiiij; o(' I'oland. Tliiii (i.cationcd a liclh ctVulion ol blood) tdl at lalf a peace wa> concluded in ii'ifi, liy which it was agreed, that the part now tailed I'l... \ I'lud.a lliuiilij tominue .1 lice|uoviiKC under the king'ii proteilioii « .md that the knights and tf.egr.ind m.dtcr 111 iiiid polKl;, tin- ulhrr part, but were to ai knowledge thenifelves vallaU (d I'ld.'.nd. 'I'be knights loon endeavoured, hut in vain, to throw I'lK this yoke. In 1519 they railed new wati, which weie terminated in I5:5> bv a prai e toncludtd at Ci.icow ; by which It was a:',ieed, (hat the niaii^ravo .All'eit, gland niallir of tiie i eutonie order, (liuuld ho aiknowlnlged dukeor fuvcreign (d theealtpait ot I'ludiu, which he was to hold as a liet of Poland, and uliich wai to dcKeiid to his male hciis ; and upon f.nlure of male illue, to his brothers .ind theii male heirs. 'I'hua end- ed the foveici-nty of the 'I'eiitoiiie order in I'lullia, alter it had fublilted three hundred years. The new duke favoureil the introduction of the re- loiincd iili;'ion into his dominions and loiinded the unl- v ilily ol Ki'iimlberg. '1 be tliclor joachim addid the dutil'y of I'lulha to the electoral hoiile ol iJiandenburii, witli vtiiich It had hern long clofely connected. I'tie icigii of the h liom the ravages of the Swciles : but I'tedLTic \i ilii.nn, his Ion, w.s by the conventions rd W'el.iu and Hroinberg freed by C.dimii, king ot Poland, from vallal ige, and, with fiis difccnd- ..iils decbieil independent and lovueign lords of liispait of I'rulii I. lie alio olitained a giant ot the lordlhips of L.iiieiiburg and Kiitow, to be held in the Uine manner •IS liiey had formeily been by the dukes of Ponierania j and having laithcr increa'.ed the power of hii eleiitoral houfe, obtained the title of the Great. Frederic, the Ion of Frederic William the (Jreat, and the I'randfather of the prcfent king, railed the dutchy of PrulFu to a kingdom, and, on the eighteenth of January, I 701, In a folemii allembly of the Itates of the empire, placed the crown with his own hands upon his head and that of hii confort ; foon after which be was ac- kniiwledgcd as king of Pruflia by all the other Chrillian powers. [lis liin Fredeiic \V'illiam, who af.cnded the throne in 1713, peopled his country by the favourable leccption he gave to the diftrcncd and pcrfecuted Salt/hurghers, and rendered his reign glorious by many ufelul and inag- nihcent foundations. This nion.irch was fuccccdcd in 1740 bv his fon Kie- ilcric 11. his prefeiit majclty, who has annexed to Ins do- minions the greatclt part of Silefia and Lalt IVieflaiid, rendered his kingdom formi lable by his v.ilour and un- common prudence, and promoted the happinels of his lubiects by an amenilment aiul reduction of the l.iws, the increale of commerce, and many other wife regula- tions. 'Fhe royal arms arc argent, an eagle difplayed fable, /I • crowned, or, for I'rullia. Azure, tlie imperial Icejiter or, for Courland. Argent, an eagle difplayed gules, vvith femi-circular wreaths, for the marquilate ot IJrandcn- biirg. To thelo arc added the refpevitive arms of ihc fe- veral provinces fubject to tiie Prulliaii crown. There are two orders (4 knighthoo.1, the firft that of the black eagle, inllituted by i'rederic I. on the day ct tiis coronation at Koniglberg. The enfign is acrolsot gold, in the fliape of that of Malta, enamelled with blue. In the middle ot it, on one hde, is a cypher of the king's name, F. R. and at each of the tour angles, next the middle, is a black eagle difplayed. The knights wear this ciofs appendant to a bioad orange-coloured ribbon over tilt lelt llioulder, acrols the brcalf to the right hip. On the left tide of their breaft a filver liar is embroidered on the coat, and la tht; middle of it a black ca^^lc volant. With FruijiA. I u (; V r. ■;f A I Iv with i> l.iiir< I wrfiili III one ot in i.i'.mi , ;iml in tli .1 iliiiii'k-rh.ilt, Willi itiin iiioitu, SiiiM 1111(^111'. (uviTii'^ii I'l iilw.ivi ('.I'lii'l iimIIi'i. iiiil ilic nun ' kniuhl)', txclulivJ ul thi; rny.il (.imilv, ii li' u-.l l.. Nixt to ihi' is tlo orilir of Mnit, inflitnt -.1 liv I'm nirlMil iii.ijillyi ill'- ''uliiMi I.I whi li Is 1) (.(ilj.ii ll.ir ul I'i .ht r.iy- iMi.iiiu ll'il witli liliu', wIikIi Ii worn .i|'- iitnilciil 111 .1 black Mlibdiif.l^'.i-J Willi hlvki-, .in J tlic muiin 1, I'lll'K I.P MHUIK. I'rcdiri.' ilii- Sccoiul h;is piw iiKulillcil il'^ form ot |;n- vtiiiiiK'iiii 'II"' •ipi'iiiiiH'l iiii'^' ilM;iilHrs (it jiittitc till ilctciiiMiiiii;', < •i"!'''' Ill tuilc, ami ivi II cicli'li.iltiiMl .itl.iiri. 'I'licl'i' nil.' liilmnliiulL' t.illiJ liinti tmirt o( jinlicitiiri- .it K()iii';lliiT;r, to whi. Ii Ui-v may j|)|h.mI tmin tlu' liii;li totiit ol judiciiture. An .i|1|vmI iillo lies tu tlic llHlll.lnc• C(lUlt I't .ipi'i^nU, wluri' till' ch,imillor lit'i as prtluK'iit, :iii.!, aciiiriliHi; to tlic ii.iturir of the ciiilr, it may be lartlicr liniuvcJ to llic Iccrct tlianibcr ol jiillitc at iicilin. TIlL' fuprcmc rnilcj^o in I'rtiflii is tlif loyal tmnt ot roi;iiicy. wtiicti lii|)i.riiili'iiiK all the alKiiri ol tin: kiiKf- cldiii, wiuttitT civil, [loliiital, or fulilialtic il, ami liko- ^vl^^■ .ill t'ciiilal anil academical laiilc. Kvciy iikmiIici ii IhKil a privy-counl'illor, or miiiilt. r of llalc and war, and liai lii< particular dcpaitni'.'iit. 'i'lurc.. arc live in imnibcr, wlio have two fecrctanc .. I'mdia lia^ its own particular iligelf of laws, whicti was piibliflicd, witl» a mcndinciits, in the yrar 177.1, and h.ivi; linn: been im- proved and reduced into a Imall compil.. There .iie .illo two elianibeis of war and tlu; doniaiie , ticifed by kin^; r'red.-iie William, one at Konij;(ber|;, and the other at Ciiinibinnen, that have the dircllion id' nery thiiv; re- latiiv to the excile, ill'.- reieniie, (onimeree, in.iiuilae- tures, magazines, lora^e, aii'l wlialcvi r belonjs to the colonies ; every v\'ar and domain ( niinfellor has his pe- culiar department. Subordinate to thefe aie thiioiiii- fellors ol the taxes, the proviiu ial receivers ofthet.ixes, the comniill!i: Ics of war, ti-e ollieeis of the cxcile .ilid licences, the farmers of the royal dillriiSls, and the ollicets cf the revenues in cities and towns. The royal revenue chiclly arifcs liom the produce of t.ic cxcife, cultoms, and leiviccs ; the lami of thero)a! uomains, Uam[)ed pajiLr, almanacs, and new:,-papeis i mills of fcveral kinds ; duties arifnvi; from vcnifon, and IJC (kills 01 Hans, tik.-, and other bealls ; mall, cut in tlic royal forelts j the fait and iron works ; the pot- b.iiifes, granaries, inaiiiilaihires, the chell of forfeitiiies, nn.l tl-.e receipt dull, into which the piirchale money of ..Kids and employments is paid ; amber and the fillieries. ■j'iie taxes are heavy in I'lndii, .'.iid our .inthor obl'ervcs, (hat whoever would live iiulependem, either in town or I iiintiy, mull be veiv careful and iiiiiiidrious ; but adds, that lueh perfons leldom fail of gettrir .1 fo. tune here, when trade is brilk. The military torccs of PrufTia, cCpecially in the pre- fent iei.;n, have been no lei's lormiilable for their dil'ei- pline, than by their number: and it may be judly allerted, ih.it lor a hue appearance, military dilci[diiie, and aiitivity, the armv .l\^ Koniijlbcrj; was lebuilt oil an ither lltlMliotl, It is .1 larjze beautiful city. The r.imp irt with wliii h it is furrouihled is .ibout I'cveii Kiiiililh miles in tir.uit, An\ has thirty-two ravelins and eight (jates. This rampait inelole-, leviril fvirdeii'i, the large cdllc moat, and Ionic meadows and tiills. However, the whole circuit of the city is above ei .ht Kn ;li(h mile,, and contains about thiee tlioiifand ei!;lu hunlrrd bmiles \ the inhabitants a- iniiiint to lixty Ihouland fouls. KonH'llKri.. properly ron- lills of three towns joined together, Alllladt, Lobenitbt, aiiil Knriphof, and of (everai fubuili.. Alllladt, which lii'inlics the Uld fown, was p.irti- cul. Illy called K.oiii;',lL.T(5 till the ye,it lt5S'> but ali'-r- w.iids it was II imed Alllladt, to diltin^uilli u ironi Lobe- iiieht. It contains lixtceii Itrccts, in which are fiveliun- died and litiy hoiiles, above one hundri'd of which arc milt hoales ,ind brew-houfes, It has fix gates, bcl'idci tour pollerns, two tlron;', built towers, and fiuir biid.'Cs. lis iitliei public edifices ,110 the paiidi-ihurcll of .St. Ni- chobis, whieli is of yen' i^teat extent i the paiilli fch.iol, which n.is nine iiuilK'is, aiii in this edifice is the city lihi.iry i the poor-hoiife, which is tor the inaint, 'nance of tliirtv poeir feholai.i the to,vn-lioufe i the juiikcrhor, where wed.linys and other folemnilic.i aio celebrate,!, and which ha-, a Lvirden belonging to it 1 the coiiiinoii garden, wliieh is Ireipiented by arli/aus and nicclianiib \ and lalllv, the hot baths. The lubiirbs of Altlladt are the .Steindim, wliieh i; ex- tremely well built, and cont:iins eleyiii llrett.!, with the; old. if church b ■finding to Monign)crg ; the fubinU calle.l the New Rols-Ctartcn ; on an eminence in this fiibuib (lands th? New RoCs-li.irten church; here is .ilfii a l.-rje hufpital for the bmv^hers widow:-, an or|)haii- houfe, pell-hoiile, and (liootinjj-ground : the Laacke, in which are the city tiniber-y.ird, and a long pleafant walk called Reill'erbahn ; the f.alladie, in which are the merchams magazine, the ware-hoiilis, the pack-houles, the herring-biidge, the cr.nie-wh.irf, the wine-whart, the tar-whaii', and the king's liccnce-houle, in which the colleges of aJmiralty and licences niee: overy .Mond.iy and riiurlday. AVithout (''e wooden gate eif Altlladt lie the" coal -magazines, many ci wlii.h .'.re nowcoiuertcd into dwellings; and the Lomfe, or Lanl'e, in which aru h.mdfome biiul'es, with deligUtiul gardens. The lall fiiburb of Altdailt is Dam, where areeiecte! manufac- tures for woollen cloth, (lockings, and leather. I.obenicht \y,is built about t.*"..' year ijco, and wa? tbrmeily c.illed Neulladt, or the New Town. It nas leui.'- gates, and is divide.l into two parts ; one whicii (lands on an eniinence,is uliially called Der Berg, or the Moun- tain, and contains the cily church, the city fchool, and a public garden ■. in the other pa,'t, which ha-; a lower (Ituation, are the tow. !ioui'c, tl e iunkjriiot, the weigb-boiife, a l.irge hofpital, whuii l',,is a church, and was once a convent ; and the Alunciunhof, which was formerly a monalleiy, but has been con.,crted into a (lure houfe. Without the gate of Lobcnicht arc fiMcral fiibuibs, a- monp wliieh is Siekhcim, which is almolt as old -.v, the city itfelf, and conlills of five loner Hrects, interfcifed by others th.at run acrofs them ; ami hns a Roman catholic church, a (lermaii Lutheran chuich, a I.irhuanian Lu- tiuraii church, the royal orphan lioufe, with its ch,ip-l, and the king's great and little timbcr-vard, with the of- fices belonging to it. Knciphot", the moft modern of the three towns, was not founded till the year 1324. It (lands on an ifland formed by the river Pregcl, and is crciikJ on pdes of U sUst' li 4 ' „,• I % ■. \W. - tl--. %:M Il!>t! * i: i:. ?3 A S Y S T !•. M or (i F. O C, R A V il V. lifSSIA, tri'P, wliicli, liy length of time, arc become as liinl us irciii. It Ills five It;;' p.itc-s, and tliirtei-n (trfi-ts, aiimnit which the 1,(111'! Ilrcit i< tlu' liiicll in the city 'it Kiini^!- berg. Anioii;; tlu- pulilic iililicf; in ini; ari' thf moll ri'iiiarkaMe : the fine c.ithi:ilral, in which V phoftl: : tdlld li the I'amcms five thoul'aiul rstan finiflieJ -?.i, which ciiii pip. ul the \V. >.l lih irai V. lifts which (il has ahiHc hvc thotifaml hooks : the j^ianiniar (cliool : the pnor-linulc Itamls near the cathedral, and contain^ thirty poor hiivs, which are dccenllv prinidcd with all kind> .lla On the other liile ot'tlie cathcdial Hands the hi(ho|)"« palace. '1 he other hinldini;s are the niilver- lity, or colli profelliirs, e »ij;ht tahies ■.cUilive it is called, which has thirty-eight lot' the tutors; in the nt'ciiloiy are and twelve perl'oiis fit .it each of them : twentv-eight of the ftuilenis have their commons I'.iatis, b.lidcs fever. d exhibitions pe nfions, which are be. liowed acrordins; to ir.eiit and the circumihinces of the pnpi The town-home, which is a very tine ildin:; \/liere the niajil! rates of the three towns meet eveiv day the edifice where the loval ( lernian locictv meet ini-kerhof : llio cxchaive tor merchants, which iser 'ilhfd witii curious paiiitin.;';, in tixty compartmei the Xot Mod of the inliabitants ol Konijifber!;; arc (Jermans of the l,iithcran proledion, and a colonv ot French Calvi- iiills of about liliv families are fettled there Coiniiicrct h.is introduced the Polilh and Lithuanian lanj^uagcs into tins en\'. Defides the po.ir who arc pi 'd fir in alms-lmufcj and hol'pit.ds, above tight luuKlre>l lndi^;ciit peifu cei\e weekly penfions out ol the ;',eneral charitable fund, which is .1 proof of the opulence, as well as of the hu- ni.inity ol the inhabit. iiits We (liall 111 if the km. an account of the feveral divifioin • f I'nillia, and the piincip.il placi each. The (.11 1 in.in department isilAultd into Cicnnaii land. Old Nata n, and Ubeilaiid. S F, C T. I\- Of iht PrrjiKCi' cf Gtriihin Stiniltiii/l, and ll;- l>i im-pa Pliiifs it icntdins \ uilli ii fiiirl^-nLir nifiiiplicn cf Pulai, ■J the thk. lUd F>lj:l:c Sm ii>n:i; Cstintiy, iin, 1 Ih t.ir from ti;e exchange is a Inundation for Ihulcnts. There are alio tlv exterior and interior fiibiirbs. \Vc /h.dl now delijiibe the pal. ice, which is built in the lorin of an ohlon-. Iqtiarc with an aic.i within il, that a hiiiulie.l .mil thiity-li.\ p.icesin len;;lh, and Icvcnty five m breadth. I'lie north li.le app.':irs to be extremely an- tient, and even to ha\e been built when the knighis of the Tcuti nie order Ihniriflicd. The foiuband call wiiii;s uere crecied by tlie margrave Albert the Klder, and the margrave Citorge Ficdeiic added the wed fide of this iiriii;ture. In the laft are the i,iitheiaii court church ; the library, which is opened on Wedneflays aii.l S.itur- days ; the domain oflice ; the fupreine court of jiillice ; tlie Sainland confiliorv ; the room where the archives of the court .lie kept ; the Mofcin iteball, as it is termed, which is two himdrcil and feveiiiylour feet long, and l;'ly-nine broad ; .iiul the college ol plivficiaiis. In the call wing are the gre.it palacc-g.ite, with apart- inciUs for the piiiicijial minillers ol l!.ii;., am! the royal .ipartments ; within a pavilion are ihe ihamlier of war, T ontams three I IF. diilricl of (icrman .Saml.md ci goveiimunts, the moll itmarkable placi.-. in wliicli I'dlaii, which is clleeiiied the huKvaik and key of Priiflia towaids the lea. It llaiul; on a poi.it of land that projciits into the IJahic, in the filty-fouith degree loity- .< i live niinutcs luirili latitude, and in twenty degrees five ;,• minutes call longitude. It is well foitilieil: the loit is ne.irly a regular |ientagoii : the ballions make a gr.ind appearance; and all the buildin:;s belonging to the lurti- fic.itioiis arc ilruiig, regular, haiidiomc, and well plant- ed with cannon ; and ihe lort has a magazine foi mili- tary (lores. 'I'lie lireets arc broad, and run in a llraight line ; and the hoiifes arc built and fuiiiilhed in the iJutcli tallc : the harbour is a very fine one, and vellels of great burthen are cleared .md take in their hiding here, for the Frilcheliof has not a fuflicicnt depth of water to carry them to Koniglbtig. The city is lie<(uentcd by people of various nations. JJelow the gate of the caflle is a Ibno eipielhian (latuc the domain-clia-nber, the accompt and rentcli.imber, and I "' I'rcderic William the (ireat, and over the gate is a tin the excik'-oflice. The north wing contains the ainber-ofiice, the private rhaiKcry, the apartment in which the archive', of the I'rufilaii liiprenie court .i;e kept, the nef-ch.imbcr, the levciiue-ollice, the priv\ -eh.imher, where the lords of the reuency meet, the ace. miptaiu'solHce, the college of health, the high tribuii d, and tile apartments in which the llates of the couiuiy allemble, and the provincial I hells arc depofitcd. In the fea'.li wing arc feveral kitchens and .ipartmcnts lor the rov.d family and fiiicign princes ; at one end of it Hands the pal.'ce tower, wdiicli is alcended by two hundred and eighty four licps, and afl'ords a noble pro- Ipecl of the whole city and the adjacent country. The it.'.bles, the waidiobe, the, pleafure-gaiJeii, -.nt.] thcgreat aiul little park are very beautiful. In the iibeitiesof the palace, \\),ich are five in luiniber. thi .11 places are the mint, the Cietii lilt church, tlie new French church, the (jcr watch-tower, where a ecniiiul (lands day and night, 'liiere is alfo a church in the fort, which (eryes both ir the I.utlieians and (.'.dvinids. (Jycr the gate on one I c of the entrance tow.irds the out-works (lands the im, ■; ol Miirs in a hidu attiiiide, looking towards Sweden. Ihe peiiinliila which extends trom beyond I'illau i Filhaulen Is from its extreme pleal.intiiels and fer;ilitv, called the I'.iradife f the Haiife-town: The av It - coni- Pre^el, which is here iiavii able fe the edfl lips. l:om a luiiu! feet in brea lied and tweiily to two hundred and forty 1th. In tlie year i;:; ■th. z th ere ariived in thi port four hundred and ninety hundred iiid ninety eight fiiialler vcRel drcd and feventy-three ilo.its of timber. Ihi , befide iij thret oiile. Thi; loltv edifice ('eryc; for the fliips bmmd to P the profpcct thi and nnthin:' .lib and can cxcee 'l lli'l"r li">n the laiii. [t wa. pi.i- hably liom this lU lii'.litliil !.',i<>vf that the a.ljatciit couiitiy ul)taiii(>l tlie name of I'.iiM.lile. It will Iv piiiper til take particular notice here ot the CanlJie Neiiiin;, ealkil i-i Latin IViiini'iila Curoiieiiiis, uliieh 1^ a naiKiw Hip o' laiiil that I'rparates tlie liallie lealMi.i iheCiirilch '..al, aiulis aimiit fixty miles in leni'tli, anJ 111 nidll pari^ one in bieailth. 'rhiipenin- liil.°is a barren faiuly tiact, where the high vviiuls t'le- ipuiilly make f.reat ravaires by te.;rlng up the pine trees hv the roor.s, .liul biowin;^ up tlie (ami iiitohi.|h rulges ■inJ hills, which Ionic times obliges t!ie poor iiiiiabitams t,) reniiive tluir il^'eliiiigs. Moll of the- tree.., particu- larly -.in tlic liallie t'nie, ~arc more or lels blalted, a:ul ap- pear 111;.- baic trunks ; they however aftnnl (h^-lter Cor i!a"s, taUons aiul I'reat irambers of' tbnilhes. I here lire fever.il I'mall mean v.ila.'cs on this peniiifula, in wliieh the iiihabitaui.s live ebii Hy 'by lilhiii;;., ami have very few dttle. The next place \vc fhall inention is Welaii, an aii- tient will built town, foiimleil in ijj'i. It is leatej on an idaml at the conflux of the AIlc ami (he I're^el, ami eoii'.'ills of two principal anil live crols llreets, two liibu-bs anil two iiun.lre.l ami lixty-foiir houfe^. It has ;;bout a liumfreil ami fifty Inir;.;hers, berules the other in- liabit.iiUs. Cir it part of this town was burnt in 17J'), liiiL-e which time the buiUliiifrs have been nuich improveJ; however, it has not re, overcil its former trade. It is chiellv remaik.ible in hilhirv for the treaty concluded there with I'nlaiid in September 16^7, when the elector Kre.lerie William was invcf'cd with the fovereignty of Ducal I'riillii. In tliisdil'..ict are feveral naviirable rivers that abntind with fllli, and eanal.i that are .ih'o of great fervice to iiaile. Ainoni; the latter is the New Deim, which bcL'.iiis at the royal manor of Selimerberr:;, and iscairied above ten miles, till it enters the IVcgil. 'I'wo new canals called (Ireat and Little Frederic's canal, wliich join the nvcr Dtini to the Wippe and Ncm • monin, ami alio the latter to the Cjilj'.c. Cireat Frederic's canal commciKes at the Wippe, which is a branch ol the river Ncniiiionin, and is catiicd on for fourteen miles to Labiaii, a trading town on the river Deim. Little Frederic's canal bigiiis at the river (jilge, and extends about fix miles in length to the river Nemmonin. 'I'liefe works, wiiich are very convenient for the tiaile with Poland, were executed between the years 16SS and i(iq6, by order of the coiintefs-dow.iger of W.iMburg ; aiul the counts of W'aldeiibiirg received a toll from all vell'cls which pallid through them, till the king purchafcd that right in the year 171 j, and made it a part of the royal domains. We now come to that divifion of the kingdom of I'riillia called N.itangcn, which is a populous and well cultivated country, coiififtiiig partly ot arable ami paitlv of meadow land ; and thougii the loil is in lome parts \eiy Ibmv, it prodiicis better corn than citlier Samland "1 Little Lithuania , it is alio well wooded, and yields .dl lorts of game .ind great plenty ot fiHi. ( )ld N'at.iiigen contains eight govermiKiits, the mod 1 oiiluleiahb' places in which aie, Cicrdamn, a fm.iU town 111 the government of the lame name, was built in the jear i;j25. It is feateil on the liver dmet, .uid has two caliles belonging to the count .md baron Schliibcn. 'File new le.it is .1 magnificent l(ru.;hire, and has an elegant garden. 1 In. town de- rives its name fiom K. tieid.iw, a I'riiilian nobleiiian, near whole c.illle it was built in the )ear aboveniention- ed. In a lake near this town is a floating ill.ind, whiJi ;s a plat of gioiind covered with verdure, and diivcii back- w.irds and (orwaids from one bank ot the lake to the other. It was formerlv three hiiiidicil ami fifty paces in length, and two huiulud and (ifty in breadth ; lo that It atfordcd paltine loi a hundred bead of cattle but it is it prcfent divided into hvi r.il little pieces, which aiecon- riir.ullv decicahng Ibis ill.ind is c.dled theCierd.uun .\lnianac, becaule the mh.ibil.ints of the town progii-jlH- ,.itc ipptoacliing llornij by iti motions. O 1' F.. 7^ Raflenburtr, :i handfome town, with n caflle, in a gn- vernment ot the f.ime name, and feated on the river Ci.iber. It was b.iilt in the vear I v-'' '> and though ic w.is dellroyed by the Lithuanians in 1 54S,it was loon re- built, together wiih its c.illle, and put in a more defeii- fiMe llate tb.in lielore. it is inclo.'ed with .1 wall ami a rampirt. Flie (icrman parilli church is the l.irgell and handfomell liiiietiire of tli.it kind in .ill the I'rulli.in in- l.ind towns, except the cathedul ol .Marienwerder, and the fenior of the three minilleis who belong to it lia.s the luperintemlcncv of fortv-fi:; churches. 'Fhc chinch of .'st. C.ith.uine llands in the fuburbs, and is one ol the nioi! antient in the kingdom ol I'rudi.i ; and in the mid- dle of the great hol'pital is th-.' church of the lluly (rholt. Fhis hofpit.il was founded in rjOl, and coidills of two wards, ill which tu-enty indigent perfonsarc comfortably i provided with food and a penlion 111 money. In the fecoiut iiofpital twenty-live poor perfons are maintained by the alms of the ch.iiit.iide, I Lie is iillo a ichool, under the j direction of a rector and ihiee allill.uUs. 'Fhe burghers amount to about two liim.lrcd, molt of wluiiii .ire Lu- therans ; and the inhabitants aie fiipported by brewing, ' agriculture, and mechanic tradis. I liis town is poHelieJ ; of thelirgell territory of any inland t.-'wn in I'mflia, ex- cept I'llh.iufen. .■\iigcibiirg is a modern well-built town, fitii.Ued in the government of the l.ime name. It is incoiiip.illej ; with paliifadoe'-, .mil defended by a ttrong, calllr, built I '" LL55 "" ""-' '"'d; of the like wdieie the liver Angirap has its luirce. 'Ibis lake, which is feven tierm.in imlea in length, and one and a h.ill in breadth, is of great ler- vice to the town. ihe church ol Angerburg is a large handfome (IriiL'ture. An aich-i>relbytery w.is foundej here in the year 1 -2',. Uy the fide of tne above lake, and about five niilej from AiU'crbiirg, is Steiiiort, a noble feat ol' count Leiendorl', wiiich has one of the linelt gardens in all the coiintrv. I'he idaml which belongs to it, and is fituatej in the lake, with the I'ummer-hoiii'e built upon 1;, .iri; extremely ple.ifant. S 1; C F. V. 0/ llr Piovhii.- aii:,;l f ;/.,■> /««,.', ■:irih ,7 n,-Jl,;'.i;:n cf its msfl roiuirhible 7:ii ,';;. Til K country of Obcilaiul is fertile, rich, and well cultivated, and w.is lormerlv fo populous, th.it it could biiiig into the iield an army of ten thouf.iiul horfc ami blot ; but the peo|->le having, on Ifveral oec.fions, exerciled great cruelties towards the Chrillians, the 'I'eii- toni-j knights, in the year 127.;, ravaged Ihe coiiiitrv, and made themfelvcs mailers of it. ()beiiand, at pre- I'eiit, confills of nine governments, tf.e principal places in which are as follow : M.irieiiwenler, in Latin Infula Mariana, and in the I'olilh tongue, Kwid'.in, is a well-built town, with a calUe, wdiich Hands on the I'roiuieis of I'omerania, oi\ the Leibe, at a fm.ill dill.inee from the \'iliula. M.i- lieiuveriler is lituated in the foity-third degree fifty mi- . luites north latitude-, and w a-- liiil built in 12;^^, on a werder or lir.all lilund called Kwiil,-.in, but w.is loon af- ter rebuilt on the Ipot where it no\v ihimls. Fhe cathe- dr.il, which was erected about the thirteenth ecntuiy, i.s the largelt church in the kingdom of I'lMlIia, itliiimr three hundred and twenty leet long, and by its llronsi breall-works appears to have lornierly ferved lor a fc- trefs. 'Fhe palace of iVd.irienweriler is a fpacious biiildiii:!, creilUd in the Ciotbic talle. 'Ihe adjacent cuumiy is verv pleafant, and tilled with eminences and gentle de- clivities. 'Fhc inhabitants cairv on a conlideiable trade with their neighbours. Salt-woik; were let up lieie in the year 177.J, and in 172H w.is built n magazine lor corn and for.ige. This town has been often J.mnu'cd bv inundations, war, and lire. 'Fhe lea!;iie againlf the Teutonic knights was conclmled heie in 1440, and ni 1520 the town held out ag.iinll a vi^uirous (iesa-. In I7;~() the c/ar I'etrr the (iii.it had an intciview at this pl.ice with Frederic I. king of I'rudia ; and king Staiiif- laus retired thither f:om Uan'./ic in fj.). Fi.e fuburbs iif I51I 1 .ill I i So A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A 1> H Y. PlurSJ ::S:M>' I of Marl^'iiwcrdcr arc cciminiKillv improving, aiul the ail- jaccnt country is Ifttilc ainI wcil inliabitcj. , Reil'i'iiliuri; (lands on iiii cniinc-ncc near the rivet Lcitie, >>, in the fil'ty-third de^yec torty-cight ininutes latitmle, and derives its name trom the a tj icent I'riiiTian teriitury, wliicii was ancientlv called kel'in. The l^nles call it I'rahiitha, vvhieli Iranifie.; a ruinous houfe : indeed it is a mean town, with narrow llrccts. It was built iji 1169, and the rallle, whirh is even ftill more ancient, ilaiidb on a hill, and is extremely decaved. 'Ihe town contains a German and a Pulifh church. The burghers, belides liavin:^a little commerce, I'ublill by brewing, agriciilture, and teeiling ol" cattle. In the year 1325, 1414, and T422, Reil'enhurg was burnt by the Poles. It was alio tonhimcd by lire in 1O2S, i()88, and lyiS. Mohrunccn, a little town in the government of the fame name, is fituatcd to the north-e.dl of Reil'enburg, and is faid to have been toundcd in 1332, and compleat cd in 132S i but the old catHe is nioic antient. Count Dohna has here a remaikable Icat. The town is well built, and furrounded with good walls and a double moat J bcfidcs, it is alnioli cneompallLd by the lake of Alohrungen. As this town lies in the road to I'oland, it is much tVequeiUed by lirangcr,--. It was entirely de- ttroyed by fire in 1097 ; but has been fmce rebuilt in a much more handfome manner than bctore. Ollerrode, a well-fitu.ited trading town, i;i the pro- vince of the lame name, feated bv the liver and lake of I^iihentz, which fupply it with |denty of lldi. It It.inds in the llfty-third degree loity minutes north latitude, in a fandy, but fertile country. Salt u-oiks have been fet up there, and the inhal)it,mts carry on fome trade with Poland. Some ancient Roman mms have been found at a fmall diltance from tlie ellate of Gorlitz, which belongs to his PrulTian niajefty. Holland is a handl'oine town, feated on an eminence near the river Weeike, in tlie lifty-fourth degree four inimites noith l.iliiudc, and has a firoiig fortrels. It is faid to have been built by (ome Hollanders of dilfini!fion, who fied hither oil accoant ot the murder ol count Flo- rentius \'. tioni whom it obtained the name of Holland. Its fituation renders it naturally Itroiig, and befides, it is farrouiided with a wall and towers. I'he llreets are long and broad, and the houfes well built. To this town he- long two I'uburbs, and leveral country feats with plea- faiu gardens. '1 he inhabitants have a free filhery, and the liberty of going out in their boats on the lake of Draulen. St. liarthoiomcw's church is a large hand lonie Itruiture. The CalviiiilU cplebr,.tc divine fervice in alari;e hall ft'hieh belongs to the fortrels, and without the town ftuuls a church dedicated to St.Cieorge. Here is alio a good hoipital, l.dt-worki hav ■ been crefled in the town, and likewife a public magazine for corn and forage. Th-; prefeni c.ftle was begun by duke Albert, and eompleated by George Frederic. It is encompaflcd hv moats and walls, and has tine apartments that yield a noble proi'pect. SECT. VI. Ofthf Diptirtmnit cf Little Lilhuiinirt, ami tit Pcl'ifh Go- ' ■rtytimaitijulje.'l tithe Kii:g of Piujj'ui, ■uiilh the piindpul Picha ai-.taiiitd in eaJ). IN this divifion are e'ghtccn towns, fixty-two dlftriiSls, and a hundred and five parifhes. Little Lithuania ii a hundred and fourteen miles in Icirjth, and from tliirty-eight to fifty-feven in breadth, but"w.is anticnilv over-run with thickets and woods, and 111 I "10 was almolt depopulated by the pellilencc; but in 1720 king Frederic \Villiam generonfly aliilled twer.ty- tli'iufand" French protellants, I'alatims, Franconians, and Swifs, at the expellee of live millions of rix-dollars, to letilc in this country; and in 1732, three hundred and fifty thoul'and dollars were diihihuted among a frefli colony of twelve thoufiiid live hundred Saltzburgers. My thcfkill and indultrv of thefe people, this defolate coun- try has been extremely v.'cll cultivated, fuperfluous woods have been rooted np, nior.ilil':. drained, and a multitude of towns, villages, faii'.i-houles, and churches built ; whence the country has put on a new appearance, am-^ now makes ample returns for the gi eat fun's whiji hii i'rudian majedy wifely laid out upon it. 'I'he richnefs 01 the palfnies, ttie many thoiifand lalts of corn which aru cither txporied or laid up la tiie king's granaries, tlx- Ime horned c.ittle, excellent hoifes, and iiiimeious floeh', ol iheep, with the exeelleiit butter and cheefe this coun- try affords, arcinconteltible proofs of iia uneomnKjn fer- tility. It alio abounds with wood for luel, and has plenty of game and fifh. Sevcial mannfaclures of coaili: .ind hnc cloth, leather, 5ic. are alfo ell.iblillied here. The ancient inhabitants of Little Lithuania have a pe- culiar language, into which the Hible, the Catechilni, and fome books of devotion have been lately tranilated. I'he Lithuanians of this country are far from bciiri- fo Uupid as they have been geneially reprcfented ; but like other nations they have their good and ill qualities. Among the colonilts the Swifs are chiefly employed in grazing and breeding cattle ; the French arc well verfe.l 111 trade, and (killed in the cultivation of tobacco, whicK they have introduced into thi^ cuiintiy ; and the Saltz- burgers are remark.ible (or their ll;ill iii ai-riculture. I'he Swifs, French, and Fr.iiicoiiiaii=, are all divinilfs lo that there are ten German and French reformed pa- ridies, as they aie called in 1/ittle Lithe.ania, and the lell are Lutherans, with very lew I'.ipills .imong them, 'I'here ate tour governments in the Lithuanian depart- ment, the prineip.d phues in wdiieh are, Memel, a trading town, port, and fortrefs, feafd af: the noithern extremity of the bay called Curifehe-hat, in the filty-llfth ilegree (orty-(ix iiiinutes north latitude, / and in the thirty-ninth degree nineteen minutes eilf Ion- ■ cittidc. It was built in the year I. '.79, and lor.ilied in 1312, and has on one fide the Baltic, and on the otiu r tne Curifche-h.ii, befides which it is watered by the ri- ver D.mge. '['he harbour is deep and has a very good entrance, and witliiii theie feu- years has been improveil with two moles, which are crimed above filtv roes inta the b.'.y. Fhe town lies uiidir the guns of the fort, and IS well inhabited ; it coiififts of aho\ c lour hundred houles and beliiies the Germ.in church, here is une !-.ek.ii;.iin>' to the Lutherans and another to the Calvmills. I'lio burgheis, who aie divided into thole of the Old Town and Frederic's Town, arc employed in commerce, brew- ing, lope-boiling, agriculture, nOiing, &c. (Jreat(]uan- tities of (lax, hemp, thread, and Imlecd, are annuallv exported from this town. In 1752 I'eventy (hips arrived in this port, and fixty-nine failed from thence to oihei ports. Memel is lortified with three whole, and two half baftions, with other works all in the modern wav. The citadel confilts of four pretty regular badions, wi:'i ravelins and half moons. I'he buildings and apartmeni-; in this citadel were much improved bv the eleclor Fre- deric William and king Frederic I. The inoft remark- able things within it are the two arfcnals, the fupcrS houfe of the commandant, the garrifon chuich, and the powder-magazine. In this town is likewife a cjl!e;re of juiUcc, a f.ilt-faiitory, and a poll-odicc, which brin.'s in a confiderablc revenue. The next city worthy of notice, is that of Tilfi:, the capital ot the goveiiinunt of the tame name. This city i.s, next to Koniglberg, the largelt and nK>d 0'>ulcni place in the kingdom of I'ruflia, and carrier on tn'.- greatelt trade ; for the river Memel, wdiich runs alonL' the north fide of it, aft'ords the advantai'.c of a very great trade with Koniglberg^ in linfecd, corn, butter, and other provifioiis. It is (ituated in the fiirtie.ti degree eafi ^1 longitude, and in the fifty-fourth degree fi;fv "minutes ^n north l.itirude. T'llfit, prriperly fo called, connili i,\'' two long dieets of a confiJeiablc breadth, called Ger- man-Str(.et and High- Street, contiguous to which is the f'.iburbs, called the Liberty. The number ot houfes in this city amount to about (ix hundred, and the inha'ui- tants to (even thout'an.l fouls. The ccclrfiadieal buildi;u ■ area Lutheran (icrnian cluirch, near which is the ro- ;d pidvinri.il fehool, aLithiiani.iii church, and one belonmn •■ to the Calvinid.. Without the town (tands a l,utheian ehapi I, and at about the diKince of an Fiu'lKh mile is a RoiiiKh ih.ipil. Here is an luifpital, where- ninety indi- gent |H-rfiiis have a comfortable fuffidence ; and iniii- pelt-li'.>ii(c the fitk and lame, as v\ell as tliofc iiifecle,; Wl'^l > r Prussia. E U R O I' ?i with contagimis dil'Mfcs, are caivfully provided for. Here i.i alio .1 pnor-hoiilV, in which tun poor^ boys arc Biaint.iiiK-d, iKiultb a number of widows. Salt-works arc alio tlLihldhid in tiiih town. The ,'at country about Tilfit, whith is eighteen miles in length, and .is many ni bre.idth, is oneol the nio(t ler- tile Ipots ill the whole Iciiigdomi and the inhabitants fur- nii'.i not only I'lullia, but oti\er places, with excellent buttLrand chtel'e, and the hlhenes in this place arc alfo very confulLrable. T'hc natives breed great numbers of ho'ned cattle, and the horfe.-- are laii;c and Itrong, but cluml'y. Barley is alnioll: the only giain fown in thefc pans, which at prcfent .ifford little or no wood. 'I he inarlh l.mds are '.xpofed in Ipring to inundations by the cvcrriowinii of the rivers, which frequently do much damage. Ra'Miir, a finall town, about five miles to the caltward cfTillit, is featcd on the river Memcl, and in the go- vernment of R.ignit. It is furroundcd by palifadocs, and has a caille, which is one of the moft antlent ilrufturcs in the country, and was famous even in times of paganifni. In this eaftle is a very large royal magazine for provi- fions, 5<;c. and the piofpedlfrom a part of it, called Ko- nijibtrg, is hardly to be equalled. On the other fide ofthe Klemel is a mountainous, but delightful country, which, fiom its extraordinafy fertility in corn and pal- tur.ige, is tailed liii.- Larder of Lithuania. Here are pro- digious flocks of Iliec[:, great plenty of all kinds of game, and excellent horL-i. Initerburg, a town in the government of the fame name, is featcd on tlu- Angerap, near its conllu.x with the Infler, where it afiumt-s the nameof I'regel, in the fifty-fourth (ivgiee thirty-four minutes latitude, and the thirty-ninth dr^ue forty-lour minutes call longitude. This town was built iii 1572, and furroundcd with pa- lifadocs in i/J-J. It coiu.iins about three hundred and fifty houfes, and three thoufnid inhabitants ; and bcfides the Lutheran thurchis, there is o,ie bclongiii. to the Cal- vinifts. 'I'hc cafUe was built in the middle of the four- teenth century, and much improved by king Frederic William. Here is a court of judicature for the admi- piftration of juftice in all the Lithuanian government', and alfo a gr.:nary and fait fadlory. The town carries on a confidcrable trade in corn, and very excellent beer, re- markable both for its wholefomenefb and ftren^th. Gumbinnen, which lies to the fouth-caft of Infterburg, is a town regulaily built iincc the year 1725, in a very picafant and fertile country on the river rifle. It con- fids of about two hundred houfes, and the number of its inhabitants amount to three thoufand. The antient cleput.ition-chamber, and the war and domain-chambers, have been removed to this place. The public buildings an the tonference-houle, the town-houfe, and the ma- l^a/.ine, whlcii wis built in 1742. The other public buildings are theCalvinill church in the New Town, and the Saltzburg alms-houfc. Here is a good cloth manu- t'a£lory. The laft town we (hall mention in the Lithuanian de- partment is Stalluiiehenen, a newly built town, to wdiich a chaitcr was granted in the year 1722. Tlie inhabi- tants eariv on acoiifiderable trade in cattle, and a good fair is held hero ; but frefli-water and wood for fuel urc verv fcarce. There arc alfo fevir.d d'flricts (liled I'olifh govern- ments, and two o:hvr uitliicts l'ubje£l to his Prullian majcdy, all of them bordering on Little Lithuania ; the principal places in which we (ball now defcribe. Oletzko is a calllc in the government of the fame name, and wis much embclliftied on the infide in ilm year 1640. Near it (lands the large and regular town of Margrabowa, which derives its name from the Margrave Albert, who built it in memory of the interview he had in that place with Sigifmund Augullus, king of Poland ; and the latter in 1560 alfo caufcdanew town to be built on the Polidi frontiers, about eight German miles dillant from Margrabowa, and Irom his own rame called it Augudovva. The market-place of Margrabowa is the largell in I'ru/fia, and in it fland ';ie church, which v, entirely detached from any othe- building. In the leigh- bourhuod of this town the elecloral and Swedil! troops defeated the Tartars in 1656, and rcleafcd the prince of riad-'.ivil, whom they had taken prifoner. Lick, called in Latin Licca, is a trading town in the government of Lick, feated on the lake of Satriiid, in the fifty-third degree fifty minutes north latitude, and ihe <3 forty-third degree three minutes eafl longitude. Tlie ;,j ■ cafllc, which was built in 1272, is pleafamly lituatcd on an ifland ; but the town has nothing worthy of notice, except its church, the provincial fcbool, and the arch- prefbytcr's manfion-houfe. This toiintry fuflciul ex- tremely by the inhuman ravages of the Tartar^ in 1656, till they were defeated and driven from the froiiiieis by the battle of Warfaw. The adj.ic.nt coun:ry yields- plenty of wood, and abounds with i\(\\ an.l otiier p'o- vilions. The villages of Taluflcn and Kuflinowcn in this dif- tricl are chieflv inhabited by Arians, who live in a quiet inottenfive manner, and perform their devotions in pri- vate houfes. Johannefburg is a fmall but handfome town, featid on a plain near the lake of Spirding, Ln which aie tour iflaiuls and plenty of Hfh. It is feated in the fifty-third degree 53 thirty-five minutes north latitude. Here is a caille, which was once fortified, a large gran:'ry, and a maga- zine for forage ; and in this town an archpreibyter re- iides. In 1698 the elciStor Liederic had here an inter- view of tour days with Augulhis II. then newly cleflcd king of Poland. The king of PrufRa is alfo pofTefled of two lordfiiips in the Poliih territories. Tauraggen, a largediflrict near the river Juhr, in Samogitia, wdilch has an excellent breed of horles, abounds with fi(h, and yields plenty <ts, and pears |oC wi-U fort^, m\; the T^)twitii- -hoiilcs Its, iiiid Ices cx- K'culti- coiihtt it mm ■■ i v,i i 1 V : ■ -U 1 ■ «■ ■ . / t i 1 t ml ^; \:- SwiDEV. of piiics, bci wlii-h art-gci thL- cxtenlivi daily decline making chart land. Oaks In fcvcial graiiiiiJ, but fnialj, and th( order to mend and Spain. (Jt' the extra rein-deer, we (cription of L .ill Torts of d Wild fowl ; an with lynxes, 1 weileli. 'I'ame and \ reder, which i .ulinircd, as is of a hen. Pa called yerper, tridge. In wi bird-, thrufhe; a field-fare, w are luppofed to 'I'hev have bu abound with c prey. 0/tl'i Perfons, 1 kr e/ the lnh<. Skill ill the Sii grcfs of the Ar ef the Trade w THE Swcd ftitutions, tigucs. Where weather they ha that of other r The women at good features, a generally fair : I males undergo a ments. They g the water, ferve the men. The i fuffieient to peoj inft.uice of this ii northerly part, tl drtd peojilc to b. drcd and fevcn fc The number i have been compu three millions, i which arc one r chiding the won faid, thcfc farms inhabitants in th iomc parifhes are thinly inhabited, dilh miles to vifi not more than fev land equal to the ' haps fuch a parifli towns in that flou 1 he common p the mines, grazii both domcflic anc den arifes from it covered, and the be very rich. Th mering mills, and lion ore is in fuch lurlace of the cart SwiDEN. 1" u R o r E. «J of nines, beech, birch, :ililer, juniper, and fomc oak ; whuharegcner.illy Ihaight, tall,aiui lit lor building. Hut the cxtonlivc woods in Svviden become lliinntr, and Jjily dcclint; iVoni the inimenl'i; conlumption ot wood in making charcoal, tar, pitch, pot a(h, and burning the land. t>'»ki in particular grow very fcarce. In fcvcral parti of Sweden the nihi'bitants fubfilt by gra-iiiifc' but ni all the northern countries, the cattle are fniali, •'"^ ^^^ ^""' "' ''"^ flieep very coarfe ; fo that in order to mend the breed, ram.s are imported from linjijland and Spain. The horfes are iUong, hardy, and vigorous. ()r the extraordinary advantages they reap from their rein-deer, we Ihall give a particular account in our dc- fcri^tion of Lapland. 'I'his kini'dom attords plenty of ill forts of deer, elks, hare-s, and all forts of tame and wdd fowl; and fome p.'rts of Sweden are much infeited with Ivnxes, bears, vvoives, foxes, otters, martens, and wcafelj. 'I'atnc and wild fowl are very plentiful and good ; the loder, which is as large as an ordiii.iry turkey, is much admired, as is alfo the orr.is, whicli is about the iize of a hen. Partridges abound here, as does alfo a bird called ycrper, which has foine refcniblance to a par- tridge. In winter they take great numbers of black- bird-, thrulhes, and of a bcautilul bird of the bignefs of a fii;l(!-fare, whofe feathers are tipped with fcarkt, and are luppofed to come from Lapl.ind in the hard feafon. 'I'hev have but few pigeons. The northern countries abound with eagles, hawks, and other large birds of prey. SECT. 11, Ofllje Pi-rfons, Drrfs, iind Alamiers of llie Sive/Us ; the Num- ber ef the Inhiihittints, their Employiiieiits, Fold, Language., sail ill the Sih i.ees, Reiigioti, and Hierarehy. The Pro- grefs of the Jrts and Manufaitures ; with a cancife Acount of the Trade mid Clin of Sweden. THE Swedes are of a good ftature and robuft con- ftitutions, capable of enduring hardfhips and fa- tii'ucs. Where they are not too much expoled to the weather they have good complexions, and their hair, like that of other northern nations, is inclined to yellow. The women are of a jull proportion ; they have alfo rood features, and thofe who are employed at home are generally fair : but the peafants generally make their fe- males undergo an equal fhare in all laborious employ- ments. They go to plow, threlh their corn, row upon the water, ferve the bricklayers, and carry burthens like the men. The inhabitants are, however, far from being fufficient to people the country ; there is a remarkable inftance of this in one place, which thouijh not the molt northerly part, there are hardly fourthoufand feven hun- dred people to be found in the compafs of twelve hun- dred and feven fquare miles. The number of inhabitants of Sweden and Finland have been computed by fomc learned Swedes at about tlirce millions, reckoning eighty thoul'and farms, on which arc one million hx hundred thoufand fouls, in- cluding the women, children, and fervants ; and it is f.iid, thcfc farms make up above half the number of the inhabitants in the whole kingdom. Indeed at prefent (omc parifties are fo cxtcnhve, and at the fame tunc fo thinly inhabited, that a peafant mufl travel feveral Swe- dilh miles to vilit his next neighbour ; othi.'-s contain not more than feventy farms, and yet take up a tradt of land equal to the whole province of Holland, though per- haps fuch a parifli has not fo many cottages as there are towns in that Hourifiiing country. The common people fubfilt by agriculture, working in the mines, grazing, hunting, filhing, and commerce, both domefUc and foreign. Indeed tlie wealth of Swe- den arifes from its mines, fome gold ore has been dif- covered, and there are (everal large filver n-.ines faid to be very rich. The number of the copper iv.incs, ham- meiini' mills, and fmehing-houfes, is verv conlljerable. lion ore is in fuch plenty that it generally appears on the lurlaee of the earth, aiiJ is remarka'.'lc loi its lichnefs. Indeed the produce of the mines coiiftitiites tWO-thirds of the natinnal revenue. The inhabitants of the north parts of Sweden arc (Irangcrs to delicacies, and live very hardlv. They cat a fort of bread madeof the bark of birch and pine-trees, llraw, and roots. The hackc, ur Itampe, is a kind ot bread very common in the north ; and in times of fear- city is fometimes ufed in the fouth parts. This is made of the cars ot corn cut from the llenis and chopped fmall > alter which it is dried and ground ; on th!^ kind of mc.il they pour boilin'r water, and mix it with le.iven and corn- meal, where it is to he had. In Ipring they alio take the: bark of firs, which at that time come.-, the ealiell olF the trees ; but not the thick bariv n^xt the wood. Having- pared off the outward coarle knots, it is dried in an oven, or placed over a wood-tire, till botli fides beromc brown, fwell, and undergo a kind of fenneiuatioii, by which the rehn \a confumed. Tlicfe pieces ot baik be- ing thus dried, arc ground, and then bread is made oi the meal. NeceiTitv has alfo taught thcfc poor people to mai^e bread of a plant called mill'e, and bv tlie Fins, wekk.i, called in Latin e(dlii liy rin;r.il otliii.. In till' niiiliili.' .ig's tlii; ilctj;y li.nl olu.iincil the pullillicin ot (cvftiil l.irj;c ill.itos, iintl the pupc .illiniicd .1 ;;iiMt power liver the teiiipoi.il eoneerns ot the kiiiL'iloni. I'iiele .1- luile.; proeiirnl OKms I'etti, .1 ilileiple ol' Liillier, a l.i- viiiir.iHe leeeptioii in SweJen, wheie he pii)iiuil;',.ileil the pure diictrines ol the ;'(irpii .ind th.it f;ie.it kini', (iiifl.iviis V.il',1 li.ippily intioiliited the relornntion in Snedui, in rpite n in all the lea puits, c.vtcpt that ol' C'ail- fcroon. The biriareby of Sweden is compnfed ol" the nrch- bifliop ol I'pl.d, who perlorins the eoronatiun terenio- liv, and ten billlops, with three (iiperintenilants, one ot' whom niides at (.".iilll.idt, .mntlur at I Irrnol'aiul, and the t .ird in tioth'; lid. The other eeelefi.illies, who are I'lib- ordinate to tlu'U', are llie provolts, deacons, chapi.iins or curates, and tile minilUrsor innimbeius in villages-. Mr. i\. liiieh, in a dillert.ilioi delivered ill the year I74.(), oM'eivev, that in this kiniidiini, cxcliilive of the CJeiMi.in prouiKcs, there arc in all three thoiir.md eecle- (i.illie.d belli liocs, one thoiiUnd three hundred civil polls, (ilUd by perl'ons learned in the l.iws, one thoiil'iiul three liuiidrid niilit.irv poll:, occupied by men ol' literature, fix hiindie.l oliieeis reUtin;; to the I'everal departments beloivjiiii 10 the eovernmeiit, and two thouland H.xhun- tliel ph, lici.im and Uiigcons. We ('aall nov.- t.ike a view of the arts cultivated in Sweden ; and here it is necell'iry to obl'erve, that a lew centuries ajo no m.imifacl.ires were ell.iblillied in thi> kiii_j;doni. The llanl'e-towns not only exported 1111- wrou.'jn iron and copper, but the ore of thofe metals, and wlun they were \viuu^;ht into various tools and uten.lls, liiid t^.elTl a;j;ain to the Swedes. The inhabi- tanrs nf tiiecoalls were all hniermen, and the towns li.ij 110 artinecrs. The Swedes liill began to work ilieir me- tals, and even tin ir wood, in the rcign of the great Cinf- tavus \'afi i and towards the middle of the leventeenth century begin to fet up all kinds nf manufai.'tiires, but chieily cnipioved foieigiiers, particularly the Dutch and Flemings. In tlic year il'4i a glal's- houl'e was lirlt erected in Sweden ; in lt)4^ tl-.e Swedes began to make llareh ; in 1646 they creeled tin-works. They had no book fillers limps till the year 1647 ; nor needle and filk inanulachircs till 1649. Leather-drelling and fopc-boil- \ui were intioduced into this country in 1651 ; I'.iwing- niills wereerecled in 1655 ; iron and llecl m.inufjilurcs in if!54 ; I'ugar-baking in lOOi ; but the woollen and lilk manui'a.-tiires ll^iiriihed more than all the rcH, till the wars of Chailes XII. put a flop to trade, and tonCe- queiitly to the progrefs of the aits. However, in the rcign of Frederic I. trade and nianu- failures revived ; the breeding of Iheep was encoiir,igL-i), tob.icco planted, and foreign artills and manufacturers allowed the free cxercife of their religion. Swelcn has at prefcnt miiuifactures of filk, cloth, cotton, fii'.H.iii, and otiier llutfs ; linen, fail-cloth, .Moroc- co leather, dvuig, and printing of cottons j they have hoiifcj (or boiling or r^'finiiig of allum, fugar, lope, and (alt ; fjr making glals, porcelain, and paper ; they have alio gun-powder mills, Ihimping mills, boring mills, wire an. 1 fl.ttting mills ; vatt quantities of copper, brafs, iron, and Heel are wrojght in Sweden, which has founderics for great guns, pots, and the like, and forjjcs t^![ iire- ■irms, anchors ; great niinibpri of fliip9 arc allii built, .ind wooilin vcliel.s and iitcnlils made in the kini'doin, Sweden is (iinvenicnily lilti.ied (it iW.l prifent Gcvirn- menl, Kxpeiui!, A!it.v/;(.,.(, miliary ami nuvui Stnn^il) gj IK-!).. S" ;'• 1 W'KDEN is famous for being the native country ot the iierce .ind wai like Cioths, whole emigrations make I'lieh a diilmguilhed figure in lullory. Tbc kingdom o! the Swe.les wa.s li:paratc from that of tbc (/oihs till the twelfth century; but in 1132 both nations, with their fcvcr.il (1 pencicneies, were united under Snercher, kin;' of the (Jllrngorhs, who was procl.nmed king of the Swedes and Goths. It was afterwards agreed by hotli nations, that the Swediili and Gothic princes fliould hold the fovcicignty alternately ; but this occaliojicd manv bloody intellinc wars. iM.ignu! Smeek .nddetl Schoncn and the adjacent territories to the kingdom; but at length by his mal- adminil'ration, ilcprived both himli.-lf and his family of the throne : tor after Albert, duke of Mecklenburg, h's llllcr's Ion, had been elected king, Margaret, who was heirefs to the crowns of Denmark and Norway, compelled libn to give up the kingdom of Sweden to her; and by the uiiiu-i oi Calniar, in the year 1397, united the Swr.DEK. Ilie three w^ nion lilled but after Ce by the .t(Till. favus Krir kl I What moll a peril lions 1 by king Chi 'I'll'- hr.ivi extremely p bad (licwn ii D.iiies, was dcr of a line rov.il .iiithori The crow the Swedes b kings ; and ; authority wa thnn the na make war 11 the ronfent o trcfs, introdii into the bat crown then ( I'pfal, an ea lines and I'orf proceedings. nors, which .1 term of yi chinged into held by force, ferved out of nnd rlcigy, \vl lands ol the c ties ; and by t (o reduced, I than live bun kiiiil of I aptaii the fenate in ti (onllied their e nv indepeiulen made war on vcieign. Tlu when they tin courts ; but ti tl'(nil'elves jiill m irk were uiul th"m were eli v.'ithout wholt" bi'd in their d pcrlaiicf. Itiit to rem tills (itiiation. could fuiricien p.ified a folcm (elves to tippi perform for the tender who w. pirticiilar, inq reU)lved th.it H tlic enemies of Tliis happ r rfformation be clergv, (Jullav 1)1 half the l.iii niong others, thought this n | with the doci a'i to be pall Ihops fliould iin king, and dill rights to Hues a longed to the c till the fuperfli churches Ihould the grants of Ihould be vacate that two-thirds bilhops and abb ing the army in dowing public I 5' \'ri, Swr.DEK. r. u P I". ; th.iu iitrv ot s iiiaki: OMl o! 1 tlu- their kins; of the : both fiwuld iilloiicJ djacent mal- mily of ciiburg, ?t, wh« orway, to her ; united the the three imrthern klniidntn', utvlrr one he.i.I. This n- nioii lill<-d the Swedes with the [irc.itrll iiidiiMi.iiinii : liiit nllcr fevcr.il iiiiCiirrt fsful ntleiniit;, thi'y :it Uii ',lh, by the iiirill.mre o\ a Swc.hDi nnl.h-ni m, ii.invil ( iiil- fiviis Kri(kf«ii viiri Vafi, (ho0 bv kiiij; C'hnlli.m II. ■ llu- hi ive (iiilhviii Vaf.i, who hail rcinlcied himlil( extrenulv pnp"''"" ''V ''''" ''""'''"'' •""' iii'i'(pidit\' he bad (licwii in refciiiilj; Sweden from the (ippreflii)n of the Danes, WIS elecilec! kiiij:, ami iiotdiily 1ie( anie ilie finili- dc-r of a line "f nionarehs of hn f iniily. but advaiieed the toval authority to a very preat hei;;h(. The crown of Sweden liad hitherto been elei'live ; but the Swedes had been di-privi'd of I hi'. ri",ht under tin: Danilli )(ji,irs ; and aeeonlin;; to the l,iwv ol Sweden, the royal authority was fo limited, that the prince had litlle more tinn the name of a foverei^n ; for he eould n'-ither make war nor peace, levy money nor troops, without the ronfent of the Hates. Me could neither erciil a lor- trefs introduce forei;^n troops, nor put any (Iron:; pi. ice into the hands of a forcii;ner. The revenue of the crown then folely arofe from tlic fmall domains about I'pfal, an e.ify poll-lax on the peafanis, and fiom Come hues ami forfeitures which fell to the crown in criminal proceeding'!. The p;ovprnment of callles, lii Is, or ma- nors which were at foil j;ranted by the i lown luily fir a term of years, or at molf for lite, were iulcufiliiy chni''ed into hereditary podelTions, which the nohiliiy held Tiv force, without paviiV", the rents that had biiii le- ferved out of them. This vv.is alfo d.ine by the bilh'ips and ricfey, wdio pofl'cHVd fuch edateson pretence that ilie lauds ol the church ouj-'it to b- exempted fioui all du- fic-. 1 and by thefe encroacdniients the royal revenue w.is Id reduced, that tlic kin|; eould fcarce maintain more than live hundred boric. lie was confidered only as a kiiul of captain-iv'ner.il ilurin;; a war, and as prelidinl ol the feuate in lime of peace. The prel.iles and nobility loitirKd tlieireadles, and rendered them the fe.ils ol (oni.i- nv independent Hates; and armiin.'; their vall'.ils, fieipienlly made war on each other, and lometimes on tluir (o- verei'Mi. They neither fouj^ht nor expecled redrcfs, when thev thoU!';ht tliemfelvcs injured, Irom the kin;;\ courts; but look upon thcmfelves the power of doiu;.; tlcmlelves iuHice. The kin;rdoms of Norway and Deii- ni uk were under the like f)rni of [;c)vernm''nt, both of th"m were eleclive, and had their rcfpei'five fenites, without whole concurrence, 4S added Upper i'omerania, IJre- men, V'crilen, and Wilmar to the Swcdifli dominions ; but in the year 1654 that piincels folemnly rcfigncd tht; crown of Sweden, and w.is \ery inlhumenlal in ad- vancin;; lo the throne hi-r coufin Charles ( iiid.ivus prince I'al..liiie of l)eux-l\ints, who in lO^H added Schoncn, Ilallaii'l, l>lekiii!;en, and the Lihll of Irihua to thu Swcilidi dominioi'.s. [lis (on Charles XI. re-adiimed all the alienated crown-lands, and rendered himfelf an abfo- !ute monarch. Cliaihs XI. dyint; in ifjQ;, in tiie forty-feeond yc.nr of hisar;e, and the tiiirty-feventh of his reiern, was i'ue- ceeded by his only fon Charles XII. wdio being; under df- tcen years of age, a regency was appointed, in the year ijcothc lilies, Danes, and Rudians, taking advantigc of the king's youth, endeavoured lo recover the domini- ons of which their anceltois had been deprived. The r.nglifli and Dutch fent a deet to his allidance, and (ompelled the ])jnes to conclude a peace witli him. This young prince then marched againll tiie Rudians i<.n^ i'oie.s, whom at the beginning of the war he defeated in almolt every encasement, with numbers far inferior to thofe of his enemies, tiiough he had weil-diiliplined veteran troops of Saxons to contend with, as well ;. iailliana and I'cdes : but v^■i;lie, filhd with the utmoft Ci.ntempt for his enemies, he hulled himfelf in dethroning the kini'- o( I'oland, the czar I'eter, impioving by his misloiiuncb, ill his turn learnt to conquer : Chailes was defeated at Pultowa, and his whole army entirely cut od", or made prifoncrs, excejit three or four huniir'd horle, with whom he efeaped to JJender, in Turky. He there gave dirnal proofs of bis intrepidity and his lolly ; and, a few years after his return to Sweden, was killed at the dcge of l'"iedTi..flull. His excefilve fondnefs for war hroiight ihc kingdom to very great dilttcfs, and he was the laft male heir of his (amily. Alter Charles's death his fider Ulrica Eleanor afccndej the throne, by the fiec elciilion of the dates ; but hrll: gave up all pretcnfions to arbitrary power ; .i.i I in 1720, by eonfent rd" the diet, triiiislerred the government to her hulbaiid I'rcdeiie, hercdiiaty prince ot Hed'e Cadel. Y King t!'-:i S6 A SYSTEM O I- GEOGRAPHY 5)WF. UCN. i:'it Fviri]; Frcilciii: having no ifl'iic, the (latcj in 1745 noiiii- li.itril All()l|lhu^ TrccliTir, diiku ot HollUiii, aiiil bi•( Kiitiii, his liiccillor, whii aic(ii\li:i(;ly on ihi' Ji'tc.ilc cil Knilitu, nil tlic litth (it Aiuil, I'jl, aliiimtJ the reins ol <.'(ivfrnmi lit. I'hc tuli.> (i( the liiiij;'* (if Swciliii h.ivc h I'll Ircqiicnt- Iv vuritJ, His prili-iit m.ij' (ly i.-, lliU'.l /\iliil|ihiis I'rcilc- rif, hv the L'raio lit (lod, |{iii|; nl Swuilcii, and (il the (inths .ind V'.indaiv i ^if.it I'liiui: nl Miiliilid; hcicdi- t.iry Invctcigii ot' Norway ; diilki- of Slclwii, llollliin, Stormarn, and Ditmarfh ; count otOidcnbiirg andDvl- nuiihorll. Aints I he- arms iro (jiiaiftrly : in the firli ami fourth a/iiro, three crovMis or, for the kingdom of Sweden 1 in tlie lo- tond and third barre, onde arj^inl and a/nie, a lion rainpnnt or, crowned gules, for Cjothland ; with tlic arms iif Hoi III 111 in the cleiitchcoii. In I'+S, KredciK- I. revived two .intient orders of knighthood, iiid touiuled another. Tlie priiinpal i^the blue ribbon, or the order of Si'raphini, inlluuleil in I ^^.\ by Magnus Siiuek. 'I'he next i. the ytllow ribbon, or the order of the fwotd, f or privy-coiinfi llors fitting at fomc diltance from him, the prelident of the chancery ufually compliments the allein- bly in thekinji's iMine; .iltei which a lei letaiy acquaint* them with the H.ite of atl'airs finec thiir recels, and the real'on ot rei|uiiing their advice and allillancc ; tii whiib the marlli.il of the nobility returns .in anfwcr j and alter him the archbilhop lor the clergy, and the fpeakers of the oiIk r order'- ot the Hate. '1 hey then fe- parate to their leveial lioules or chambers, where they choole a fecret comniittee, conipolid of an eipial num- ber ol e.ich body, to whom the minlHry conimunicatu lueh particulars as are not thought proper to be m.idir public, and they prepare what is to be propofed to then refpi/live bodies. In each houle alfaitj aie deteiminej by a ni.ijoritv ol voices ; and a majority in all the chani - beis is necelliiry to the pafling of cveiy .let. When thi: particulars propoled by the king have lici n i.iiilidered and difpatched, e.icli houle idlers its giicvaiiees fepar.itely to his niajt'Hv, to wliiili he returns an aniwer j and each member ol the three inferior houfes has a copy of the king's anfwer to ilieii relpeitive grievances, and of all the acts p.dl'cd by the Hates ; both of which they com- nuiiiicate to their eledlors. Welhall now give an account of the fenatc, and the feveral courts or colleges for the adminiilration of pub- lic att'airs. Thefe arc, The lenate, the council of Hate, or fuprcmc council, in which the king himfelf prclides, and has two votes. Here all national affairs that admit of no delay are deter- mined by a majority of voices. This council confilt-i only of fourteen members, who arc choleii in the fol- lowing manner : twenty- lour of the nobility, or houli: of lords, twelve of the clergy, and as many of the burgclfes being aH'emblcd, take an oath of fecrccy, after which they proceed to chufe three pcrfons lit to be ad- vanced to that dignity, on a vacancy, in which they mult be unanimous. Of thefe his majelly chooles which he picales. No fenator can be cleiited in the intervals of their diet ; nor may more than two of one family be of the fenatc at the fame time. The royal courts of juHicc, of which the Swedi/li pro- perly fo c.illcd is held at Stockholm, the Gothic at Jonkoping, and that of Finland at Abo. The royal w.ir-oflice has a fenator for prcfiJent, ;ind two others of the lame dignity for his :iil'oei.ites, wilb a general of the artillery, a iiuartcr-niafter-goneral, and two counfellots of war, under whofe direction are all the land-forces, the artillery, and furtihcations. Under thi'i office aie the comniiHiiry of war's, the ordnance, and pay-maHer's-oflices ; thole of the militia, the fortilica- tions, Holes, camp, cloalhing, quarters, i'cc. '1 he court ot admir.dty, wiiich is held at Cailfcroon, has an adiiiir.il for its prelident, with all the other admi- rals and piincipal fea-officers lor his affilhints. The Hatc-olHee, in which the priim; miniftcr rcfidcs. As this office has the care of the records of the kiii"- doni, the fecretary of Hate is a member of it. '1 he royal chamber of finances. The royal domain chamber. '1 he royal chamber of rcvihon. The royal college of commerce. The roval chancery. The office of ihe Hates, and the manufjiflure-offiec. I'"oreigners are excluded from all polls in the govern- ment. With refpeiTl to the laws of Sweden, the new SwcdiHi digeH was allowed of by all the Hates in the diets held in '7.5' ^'"i '7?4? •■•nd was confirmed by the king, and publifhed in 1 7 5O. It contains a new courfc of pio- ceedings, by wnich all l:nv-Uiif; are cafily determined and brought to a fpccdy iliiie. The towns and diHricls of the pcafants have their inferior courts, lioin which an appeal lies to the fuperior or provinci.il courts, and from thele again t<.> the royal courts of juHicc. In the village courts of judicature twelve pcafants always lit as afliHailtv in trying caufc . The punilhiiientof theft in Sweden is perpetual (lavery; the criminal being condemned to lalnjiir all his life in the ferviccof the crown, in carrying wood and Hone for the rep.iir of the fortifications, or other fervile and laboriou, cnniluvmuit. He wcais an iron collai night and day ' abo'.t SwiilH.V. about hi.s nc laltciicd that < that rings upi JJuclling, ' with the deal tall, they hot which they at pay a fine. For miirdc rriminal, if n cd : but where circuiiillances. quartered. W , where OIK- lit the partie'. ii (lain, ii piinillicd with the "(li-ath ot' the (urvivor i an! it ntithrr of thLin fall, they both (uO'er two years inipriloninent, dutiii^ which they are to live upon bread and water, and alfo pay a line. For murder, adultery, and burnin;.^ of houl'es, the rrimiiial, if a man, is hanj^ed ; and if a woman, behead- ed: but where the fach are attended with ag'^ravatMiti circuuillanres, the olFetukr is hun^ in chains, burnt, or ig up a feiriiginous earth, Irom wliich iron is ex- trarted. Finland is divided into five ptovincci, of cadi of which we (hall give fonie account. AV'e (hall begin with Fiiihnd I'loper, which is (ituatej at the angle where the giilphs of Kothiiia and Fiiil.nul join, and is about a hundred and (eveiity-tour linglifli miles in length, and a hundred and tight in breadth. The foil is very fertile, and the country yields very de- lightful profpecis, cfpecially in the Ibuthtrn parts, where it is agreeably divcrfified with lakes, rivers, corn-fields, paftiires, hop-grounds, woods, and fiime iron works ; but the north part of Finland is not (b well cultivated. The fief of Biorneborg is one of the mod fertile parts in all Finland ; and here is a rich pearl-fifliery, where? pearls of an extraordinary fi/.e are Imind, (or the mod part fingle ; but fometimes a duller of two or three- pearls are (bund in the fame (hell. The inhabitants of this country fiibfift by grazing, .agriculture, fifhing, and making of wooden-ware ; and traffic in grain, meal, cotton, butter, talc, yarn (lockings, and linen. The principal places in Finland I'ropcr are, Abo, in Latin Aboa, is feated on the river Auroiocki, which runs through the city. It (lands on the po'int of the angle formed by the gulph of Bothnia and Finland, has a commodious harbour, and is the moft conliderablc- llaplc town in ths whole country. It is fituated in fixtv degrees (brty minutes north latitude, and in twenty-one degrees twenty eight minutes ealHoiigitude, and is almoft furrounded with hills. The cathedral, which was built in I 590, is a handfome flriiiflurc. King Guftavua Adolphus founded a feminary here, which ipieen Chrif- tina afterwards converted into an academy. A royal high court of judicature, which is the only one in F'in- land, is held at Abo, where the governor of the pro- vince alio refides. The chief magiHrates are two bur»o- maders. The city carries on a brifk trade in corn, pro- vilions, linen, planks, &c. 'I'he Rulfians, who were in polfcflion of this place from the year 1 7 1 3 ro 1720, com- miltcil great ravages here, it has allb frequently fufl'ercd by fire. In the year 17.13 ^ peace was concluded in this city between Sweden and Rudia. Abo cafUe is one of the mod antient fortifications in F'inland ; it is feated on a peninfula at the mouth of the river Aura, and has been fevcral times dcdroyed by the enemy, and confimicd bv fire. « Af ■'•If. a. m Ui ill It "I m M il -K Ii ' M I ft . t^: «?* '11 . rf J -^? 'f ■m ^i ft^.cr. 6^: 1,1 i, >, : m ■ 88 A S Y S T F. M O r G I. C R A P 1 1 Y. Iri.:j At tho ilill inc'? of ilini' l',ii:;li(Il mik'J fiiiltl Alio I Njilfinl.ihl, 111 l„itiii \ .iIIh Cif.iti.d. A iMiivri't wimli ticd;'("i()ni.il the liiiililiiij; dI tlii-> tnwii, w.n U(|iitlKit-l ;ii llic licl'otmitinii, ttviiiiin, liir.vi'ni, iiiiitiiiiK'.l tlurc till tliL- year IS')S' 'i"'' •■'' "P " mamiKufory ni knit llmk inps whicli liill (Diitiniic. to tloiiridi, mu\ IrMTjl liiiii ilicil p.iir.s ultliiiMil l(i)ckiin(!t ;irt' iiiiiiii.illy l"M •" aurv lowi.ilc, ;i ml lint Imm lumr to Skh kimlm .iiul ntlr.r places. Near tlic town !■. a I'liic mniiciiial f|iilii:'. Hiornebort; is afe.iiiDrt Kwn, (ifu.iteil m tM I'lxiy. fecoiul i!ei;ri'Cot ivirili jjtitinle, on aniituw I'.tn.ly ti.Kt nf (;roiin(i on the Imnk "I the liver Kiini", wIulIi, jiilt lielovv the town, ilivnUs itlcll into kvir.il bi.nieh.w, foriiiini' m.iiiy liiLiI! illuuli within the iliflaiiec "I' three mi!e«. {iie,ity mlour \ Inil iijuii poiiiin ' fiiiii' lour milk into the claulying vciiil, it he conns as VN lute .i'. fnow 'I hi pioviiue III lavallland, in l.itiii I'.ivadi.i, lie ,,i till iiiidilk'ol I'inl.inil, and isahiiiilied and ei^;liiy nul III len^ith, aiM a hiiiulied and iwcniy in bie.idth. I ii< loiiiiiiy, which IS viry liiiile, i.mlills ol line plauu, UMliK'tl by a "tc.it null her if lako and rivets tii.it a- biiijid With lilli, .ind IS diveililied with meadow and a- table lands; and wiih refpecl to thefe naiiii.il advanti:.M, it is learee (iiipalleil hy .my pinvince in ^iwedelt. It w alio lliired with cattle, and .ill forts of game : but it n f.ir lioni being w. 'I cultivated, and confeipientlv the jieif.iiits arc generally p lor. The inh.ihiiaiii • luldilf hy agiieuliurc, );ta/ing, .md breeding ot cattle, and Innn- ot them arc tmployid in the tilhcrics. They alfo tiado III riiiii, pea"-, heans, Inittir, cattle, leather, diicd lilh, l.illow, lt,i\, hemp, lime, and the bark of tucs. (Jiieofthe molf reiriaik able pl.ices in this province h Croiiebiirg,or Tavallchus, in l...it.ii C'roncburgum, a fm.dl town lurli In lO^o, on a plealant Ipot, .nul endcnvv.l with ( onlider.ible piivilegu. Tliij town, wdiicli is Inn. ated in the fixlyliill degrie twenty-live niimites latitude,,-/' was i.iken by ilie Kiiin.iiis in 171 {, .in>l in the l.ilt w.ir he. twecn them ami the Swedes it w.ii laiil in .illies. I'he eallle, which, exclulive ol the town, is properly called Tav.illehus, or Tavalliburj^, is Will lortillcd, and leivej fur .111 .ir,enal and rny.il magi/ine. The province ol Nylin I, in l.atin N'ylandia, lira in j bay of lliC gulf of I'lnland, .md was diimerly peopled S. the I'ins ; hilt is now inhabitrd by the Swedes. It a mar a hundied and twi iitj' eight niiUs in length, and in few pl.ice-. more ih in tinny in breadth. It is a Itvvl, lertile, and pb-afant counliy, b'tier pcopli I and culti- vated th.in the neighbouiinj; piovince.i. Jt conlills ol ,\. rabic .ind excellent pallines, woods, livers and lakes tint .ibouiid With lilh, and is wi 11 llored wiih all lorts i.f game. Here are alfo fome fiwing mills and iron-fouii. deriis The inh.ibitants liiblilt by .1 ;riiiiltuie, gra/iiir, and rifliiiu', and trade in com, planks, linen, aiiddiud. hfh. The p1in1.ip.1l town-, in this province aie, llelfingfors, in Latin llellingnfoi fa, a fiaple-tinvn, and the belt in the piuvince, is fe.ited on a peniiilnl.i, on the fouth eoall, and has a good harbour, not inlermr t,, .my in Sweden. This town w.is built by (lullaviis I. but in the late wars was laid in afhes, and has not yet re- covered its foimcr flourifliing ll.ite. The goveriiiu ni Nvland and 'I^avallland rrli.l.s In this town, and wiiluu thefe feu' years feveial fuits have been built in its iiei'4 1- bourhood. liorgo, in Latin Horga, an ancient fca-port, with j:i indiirerent haibi.nir. This town was almod entirelv do- inolidicd in the late war ; b;i: is now in a vc-y Hmndli- ing condition. It is a bithop's fee, and ha.s a goml f.niinary. The inhabitants trade in all kinds (.'.' liiitn. Degerbv, or Louifa, is a W;:ll-built daple-town on a cr ekof the gulf of Finland, and has a commodious h.ii- l".ur. It was built in 1745 as a frontier town towards t! ■-' Riiiiian territories, according to the limits fettled !>v tin; lalt treaty of peace, and was called Degerbv fr.mi the iiohlemairs cdate on wliieh it (lands; but in 1-57. king Adolphus I'redeiic changed its name to that ol Louifa. licfidcs the above five provinces, Finland contains i!it country of Sawohix, which is two hundred and f i,.t miles in length, and a hundred and twenty-(ix in breadi.i, but produces very little corn or padure, it nioftly conl-il- ing of woods, lakes, rivers, and morades. The laiul is lo iinM|ually divided, and fo thinly inhabited, that the grounds belonging to (iime farms, lie above fixty nir' ; from the houfe. The inh..bitanls, however, get a tole- rable fubriftcncc by lowing buck-wheat, grazing, hunt, ing, lidiiiig and making wooden-ware. They alio tr.ul? in tallow, butter, diicd fifii, hides, and furs. The country aboun.ls in elks and rein-dcer ; but contains lu towns worthy of notice. s E c ;■. SwtUIIN'. S K C V. \ . OrCuMvilhi Xfnir»t\ ill i''''^' Pi *■'•/!"» \ nilhn fi.vH- iiiLir l^^iioit nf thtm \ unJ lliiir jtifiut PrtuiHiti, JjlanJi, iixil {•"^"i- GO rHI.ANlJ u bouiiJcil on thecidaml fouth by the ll.iliic i "11 the well by Norw.iy, the Siiun.l, niiJ iht Cvriiaii iitc.iu l ami on the north by Swi.Kii I'roiHi li IS .1 |)l<.iUiit ami llrtilc country, ronlilliMg otliiic \>\.\wi mill cnilolum, unJ the ,;,ro.itcll pari ol (I. ■ torn 111 till- ^rovvlh "i Swiilcn ii |iri"liiii'il hew. li iillo iibmiml. Ill I'll-''' •I'lil iik'-'i'S wliiih yu'Kl nrc.it iiu^iuiim ill lidi, a.i 1 in <■'««' I'll*' torcfli and i;ch minc^, Cjotlil in.l li.iil .intn-mly itn oiwn lovcrcij(ns ; but Sm . rhcr, kii^ "I ihi- ( )llri)nolhs liin,' |)roil.iiii)i'J king ol the Swulriaml (iotll^ III I HI, I'otli illt-'lt kingiluMi- hv- hms •'•>n>'^ uiiilcil iiniicr one fovcriign. The arms ot Cici'- Uml arc.i/.inxi ■' lion runip.int |;oini!; ovci three llieains , by whith tlic (.loilv. probably iiitcmlt.l to Jcnoic liieit warlike prowil'i, and the I'ucccU ol' (heir arm:* in three coiiiitrii'i ot Kiiropc . I'hc number ol towns in (lolM.iiul ninount to (orty- eiglit, -mil it i'. liividcd into tall (i.itliiand, Welt Cioili- land, •in. I .iniitli <.Jothluiid. I.alt liuihlaiiil, in Latin Oftro-(iothij, propcily Co calUd, iiiiUuks biiialuid, with the illands ( lel.inil and Ciothlaiui. I'liii (ountiy, which had t'orimrly in par- ticul.u kiii^',s audits own laws, ii ninety-lit miles in leii",tli, and ninety in breadth, and produeu wheat, rye, barley, oai», and ptai in Inch pKnty in to Inpply the iitii'liliuiiiiiii; pruviiiies. It hai alii) many luie orchardi, ineadowv and pallines, with l.ikc. and rivers ahoundiin; with vai'etv ol lilli, exu'iilive lotells, lome ot whii.h are of oak and birch, and valuable iron iiiines, 'I'lic inha- bitants aie employed in at^iuulturc, grazing, huniin^, fidiinj;, and in the minci and i|uatrii.'5. vMon;; the bankiTurilic lakeot Wtttcr arc t'ouiid agate, coriiilians, touch-lloiie, and r.iltle-lliiiie.s. In the lord! of Kalnur- ilcii are duj; up line niarlile, and a reddilh violet-llone which iniiit a very fragrant fmi II. Antimony i. found in nioniit Ainbtr;;, and beaulilul petritaaions in feveral parts of tile country. Thoie aic Iwenty-thrcc lakca in Eaft Gothland, the moll leniarkable ot whii.li is the Welter, which extends ninety miles in len;;tli, and tifieen in breadth, and con- tains two or three iflaiuls. It has but one outlet, which is by the liver Motala, though above forty little Itreams difehatgc thi nifelvLi into it. 'I'his lake is laid to lie a- bove a hundred feet hi|^her than either the ll.ltic or the North Sci, and is decj) and clear, but very boillcrous in winter. The rivers of Eaft (lOthland arc the Motala, jull men- tioned, which receives fcventcen rivulets, and palling through the whole country dilchargcs itfelt into the Bal- tic ; near Norkioping it precipitates its waters from a rock tixteen tathonis high ; the Stang, which divides the coiintrv into tlie eaft and weft part., and difchargcs itfelf into the laki of Ro.xen : the Molhy orNibro, the Karclh.i, and the Skena. Kaft Cio-.hland conlilts of one dioccfc, which is that of Linkioping i the lecond in Sweden as to pretedcncc. It includes tuenty-two piovoftihips, and is divided into twenty-one diftriiils, which belong to the prefedurc of Linkioping. The principal place in Kaft (lothland is Norkioping, in Latin Noreopi.i, a ll.iple-towii luu.ited on the river iVlotala. It is next to Stockholm in extent, and is cf- teemcd one of the bell cities in the kingdom. It was de- llroycd by the Ruflians, but has recovered iti'elf, and contains live churches, has a new and commodious quay, and carries on a confulerahic trade. Here arc paper mills, copper mills, a piinting-houle, and woollen manufac- tures. The country of Smaland, or Smoland, is a hundred and twenty miles in length, and fcvcnty-iwo in breadth, and was antienlly go\crncd by its own kings. It pro- bably received the name of Smaland, or fniall parcels of land, hccaufc in aiuient times the country was fo over- run with woods and barren wallcs, that the inhr.bitants 1 dia, lies in the Baltic, diiecllv 51 ' Z tr R O |> v.. Sr) cniil.l only ciiliivat.' i few fpon lifri" nnil ilicrc h'twrpn thrill I ,iiid even in iliis ilav are lorn larjjc h.npi ol lloiiei in ihr woodi, wliiih wi r'.' thrown tngrih'T by the hrll Miha'iitant'-, in ordi r n> 1 1 'ar thr nhnind, Thoii-h Sm.t- land n moiiniaiiinpi,, iliole piUi which ate ciilijvateil Mf very friiilliil, and it ii pariularly nm.irkabtc for ill line pafture.. Ilrii! ,ire lini;e for lis of beech and ofhcr trees. A vein of gold his bi'en dileovered in thi-i pto- \ inee, and tlierc ,iir alio iiilnn of (ilirr, ropper, and in n, and rvrn .i grcit ipiantity of tlu- latter is found at the bollnm of the I. ikes. The hi'ih mountain of IIiinfbiTT rriVniblei si cnnc, nml may be Uiit at lite dillann- ol i-i:;ht .S'Ve li(h miles. The inhab tmu obtain a ronfortal'lu luhfill lu-e by n,;iii mI- iiiro, gi,,/ ij, and the mines. I hey alio deal in cattle, ' "'T, ehccii, l''(h, bacon, tallow, H(h, hop^, bean , p,.,n, mails, tar, |..t afh, iron, andi'i.'in. In tn > (ifovince are twenty-one lakes, whielt alTor J nothing rcin<(, iblc, and ten rivers, the priiieip.il ol \hich ate the LmrfiJ, the Nifla, the Lnga, and the Hel- il' ' Siii.i' " 1 1 onfifts of two diorc''cs, (hit of Wcxia, and that ol l_.ilfii.ir, and contains three pr. iV.ituie'i, which in- rliide twenty- lour diltrias, the mull remarkable plaui in which ate, C.ilm.ir, in f.atiii Calmati.i, i (■ Tt.-d in the prcfiLTurt; of the lame name on ihi; main lea, (ippoliir to ihc ifle of Oel.ind, in the liftyfixth degree forty minutes I.itiludi-,_,VV'.4/'. anil in the Itxteenth degree four ininute.j e dLloiV'itnde.'M .-tf A • It is a fine ft.iple city, ami one of the oldift' in (ioth- land ; it is nearly likewile h.ires anJ wilii boars. The kin;;'s lorell e.McnJs over the whole ilLuiJ. !ioth pait.s ot (Vlaii'i abonml mi alluni-ininis, bhielc maibic, and Itee- lione, ren:.iik.ililc lor its h.iidnel's. The inli.il-ii.ints are i.iid tcj e:;ceed Icven thoiiland perl'ons, vvlm are employed in agrieiiltine, woikirii^ in llic ijii.niies, tiittnig llone, biirjiing linir, lifliiuii;, and n.ivii'ation. In the I'.cjrth part ot' the illand is liorcJiolin, a (lately rnval feat will lortilied, theiiiih il has been levcp.il tijnes taken by the D.'.nes ; imt the Swedes have dl*ays infiftcd on its bein^; ijivcn up to them by tieaties. Near it is tl.c commodious h.ibmir ol' IJorj^a. In the province of Kail Coithland is alfo the illand of Clothlaild, or (Jottl.ind, in Latin Cuitllandia, wliich is fituaud Ki the lialtie, and ia about .i liundred and eif;ht miles in length, though but Iron) thirty to thirty li\ in breadth. From its eonvenii'nt fituaiion it .leipiired the name of the J-'.ye of ttie I'altie. It was foinu-rly ijov.in- cd by its own kings, ami h.ul itsp.eeuliar laws and privi- leges; but is at prelent lubject to the fupreme oouit of juliiee .It Siuckholiii. h is laid to have oblaijud its name fiom its having been the winter-quarters of the Goths, when they put to lea on naval expeditions. As the foil is fertile, it nas go.id p.dhiies, line woods of oaks and pines, as well .is piolitable iKlieiies. It has J.irgc quarries of Hone of diti'eunt kinds lit for building. Here are alio feveral eniious Ipecies of llone, eoral.i, corni li.'.ns, agates, and beautiful petrifactions. Tl.c inhal'itants fnblill by agrieulture, gra^.ing, lilli- ing, burning lime, working in the (juariie!;, nivig.'tion, ."ind feveral lorts t.f meehaiiie trader, 'i'he peafuits fell ]ioi;c of their eommoJities to the inhabitants of the towns ; but whe:i one of them, f.iys Dr. liukhing, comes to market, the burgher to whom he applies, fui- nillKs him with all neccllaries, and gives him money to cnaMe him to pay bis taxes ; while iht peafaiit, on the other hand, deliveis up to the burgher all the produce of his indulliy, without nientior.ing a word about the piiee, both panics proceeding accoidiiig to the dictatej ot na- tur.il julticc and ei.juity. This illand is divided into three pirts, n.'.mely, the North, Middle, and South p.nt ; the liill of whiih eon- tains fevcn, the I'etond ll.\, and the third feve;' dilliicls ; but tlie only tovvn worthy ol notice is W'il'bv, a very ancient ll.i|i|e city, which in firmer times was one of the Hanfe-tviwas, and v^.is Irecpiently vilited by the Sweden, Goths, Daiic^, Nonnans, breiRh, J jiLrlifli, Sa:«.iis, I.ivonians, Spaniards, KiilTMns, (Jieeks, aiufother nations. In times of po|iery tiiere were tiiiee churches and five convents within the city, bch.lcs two within the walls. 'Ihc inaiitinrc laws of W'ilby were lamous in ail parts, and adopted along the coaK ol ihe Jj.illic. W'ilby is the relidencc ol the fiiperintendant .iiid prcfci^t i It has a church and Ichooi ; its harbour is I'al'e and commodious, and the town is in a pretty floii- rifiiing condition. We now come to W'cll Gothland, which contains four provinces. Well Gothland propeily io cal' 1, Waime- laiid, D.iland, or the Vale Country, ai'd iiohus-I.chn. Well tiothland properly I'o called, l.es below the lake of Wener, and is a hundred and twenty miles in length, and iiincty-li\ in brc.idth. It was antiently governed by its own kings, and had its particular laws and privileges. The palturev-. are fo rich, that the inhabitants are able to l'up|)ly other parts with butter and cheefe ; the iail feveral illiiids, Twenty-four riv.i* dil- 1 li'.i 'c tlu nifilvei into it, vet none flows out of it, but the laiiu' iivcnalled Gotha-I'ilbe. The Gotha lilbc, or Gothic livcr, difciiargcs itfeifin-- to the North Sea near (i<:ttenburg. About forty-five miles from its mouth is tlie rcmaikahlc catar.nfl of I'rol- hatl.i, wheie the w.itci is pieeipitaied between tworocksi it conlills ol tluee cafcades, each of them about hvc fa- thoms high, anilnboiit three hundred fathoms Ironicach other. At the dillancc of three miles from this cataraift is abridge, inni -m one rock to another, over another high catar.ic'l tormv. 1 by this river, at the bottom of whiclj grc.it number of falinon arc caught; and twelve miles lower down is anothir w itcr-tall, where the boats anj other vcllcls pufi throimh thiee Unices. I'll' other rivers in \VeH (nitliiand are the Malic ixnA thi- Giillfp.iiig, winch lalt divides Kail Gothland from VV',irini.:..iid. Well (iotliland i,i divided into two dioccfts, that of Skara, and that of Goitenlnirg. I'he former is the third in rank, and includes (ifteen provolllliips j the latter ia the tenth in r.iiik, and eonl.iins nine provolllhips. 'J'hc moll conlideial'le town in Well iTomland Proper is, (lotli iibiirg, 111 i.iiin (ioiliobuigum, a llaple-town, hill built in itjf 7 by C'hailes IX. (Ui the ifland of ilifui • gen 1 but being dellmved by the Danes in i6i i, the iiw hibilaius .ibou; levenye.iis after, removed to the place wheie the town now Hands, and were favoured with (e- vcral eonfideiabic piivileges, Gottenhurg carries on the g.reatcll trad:; of :iny city in Sweden, except Stockholm. It is lituated on the borders of Weft Gothland, at the mouth of the river Moludal, which runs dole by the north tide of ihc city, and is conveyed througli it by fe- ver.ii canals. The llreetsare broad mid kept very clean- and lincc the year 1740 the greatett part of tne houfes ha\c been rebuilt with ilonc. Ii 'a regularly fortified, and on the land fide is defended by two citadels, called the I. ion and the Crown; and tow.irds the lea by the cit:idel of New Kllsbiirg. The governor of the prefec- tures of Ciottenbuig and Hohus, wlio is alio command- ant of the forts and fortihcations, rcfides in the city, (iottenburg is a bi(lio|)'s lee, and has two priiitinp- hoiifes, a city church, a leminary, an orphan-houf'e, mi edifice called the crow i-houle, where the garrilbn at- teiiKiivinc fervicc, aCjennan church, and feveral quayj and docks. 1 he number of inliabitants is faid to a- niount to thirieeii thoufaiul. In 17J1 an Ealt India company was ellahliilied in this citv, for the harbour is a very line one, and is refortcd to by a great number of fliips : there is here alfo a college of admiralty and ;» court of appeals. It is fiiuated in tifiy. eight degrees />^-/, twenty-nine minutes n;)rth latitude, and in eleven degrees //.■.7,i tbiityli.x minutes call longitude. The province it W'.iriiicl.iiid forms a femicirele round tlienoith part of the like of Wener, and is about two hundred and ten miles in length, and a hundred and lourteeii in brcailth. It is faid to derive it n:ime from theCiothic word Wara, which lignilics to defend ; the iiihabit:inis of this country having bravely defended it from the inciirfions of their enemies. W'armeland is very mountainous ; but the Couth and call puts are moft level .ind fertile; yet the woods and mines of filver, lead, copper, and iron, with the fornc- ries :md founderies on the well and north, furnilh a great v.iiiety of employments for the inhabi.anis. In the year 1726 fome pure liiver was found in an iron mine near l'liilip(l:idt, and the memory of this extraordinary circiim- Itance has been piefervcd by lome medals being (Irutic on the oecafion. One of the principal towns in this province is C:irl- fladt, an inland town, built by duke Charles on the ifland of Tingwalla, where the Clara falls into the lake of Wener. It (lands on a commodious iituation, has a- boiit eight hundred inhabit:mts, a fuperintendant, alchool founded by king Chailes XI. a woollen manut'av'lure, a good mcLiI weigh lloule, from which great quantities of iron .iiid copfier are exported, and the town carries on aconfiderable trade. Dalaiid, or Thailand, or the vale country of Weft (Ji ihland, deiives its name from the great number of v.iilie.s it c',MU:'.ins. It lies between :he lake of Wen-r and »■ SwEDEM. anil Uohus-I-t ihiity-five ill 1 IS covered vvitl v.illeys that li ply the coiinti cniefly fublitl I hlhing, and w :i coii'iderable oxen, (hecp, 1 town in this pi Anial, whic divides the tow town hits a met able tiade, par The govcrni fiJe by 'the N country of W< twenty-fix mile twenty four in level, and the ( dows and arabi rivers ; but thei cavities tluit rcli the caves of the which chiefly ci and calcined t\ chiefly einployi They alfi) carry c.ittle, hides, ta country is in the We now con t'( the three p kingen. 'i'he province cJ by its own V nieai'urcd accord! ill length, and al level, plcifant, ; duces plenty of cummin-Iced, ai and pot-a(h, of w ported liom bene • • a eonfidcrahle tra fifll of feveral kin tie. All the aiiin nerthcrn |iaits of I fiilphur, and amt with regard to it (lurc-houle and g well-built towns, nun, than any ctl m Its inhabitants thoul'and peifons. Ihe piincipal p I.unden, in La ci!v, an archbif wiiere the kings of contained in the ti and at leall as m:i ilcilicatcd to St. L.I and has a fupcrb al iiiarhle. Authors l;:y in this church, (hews the hour, 1 all the feflivals ; birth, and encount bei of blow.i that tl a door opening dil tlir.ine, with the in iiieii paying their h in,', all ihe while. v»iih which all th< i::i;i:ication. The Charles XI. wlieni 'hiTum : It has fine fMiit :uiatoniical tl _' lie billiop of the / 'I he inhabitants of c ilture. Ill its nei, pl'i'itations, which j;wsD£>ft r, II R O P E. 9i „„| Bohus-Lchn, and is fixty miles in lcir;tl), and ihiity-fwc in breadth. The grcitcft partot'ihc proviiuo IS cwcrrd with rocks and mountains ; hut the plains and valliys tRat lie between thern arc lu IViiitliil, as to Inp- ply the country with plenty of grain. The inhaliitanis ' imny liihliti by grazing, breeding of fnccp, agriculture, jilhin", and working in the mines. They alio carry on ., ,.„„T„lcrable trade in malls, deal-planks, tar, horlcs, oxen ihecp, bacon, butter, and checfe. 'I'hc principal town in this province is, Anial, which is fituated on the like of Wcncr, and divides the town and market-place iitto two parts. This town has a metal wclgh-houfe, and carries on a confidcr- ablc tiadc, particularly in timber, deals, and tar. The government of Bohus-Lchn is bounded on one Tide by the North Sea, and on the other by the vale country of Wcit Gothland, extending a hundred and twenty-fix miles in length, and betweeen eighteen and twenty four in breadth. The country is in geniral level and the foil, which is fertile, conliils oflineinea- ' ■ lix (econdi. Chrillianfladt is Tituatcd on the river Helgc.i, by which it is encomp.illed on three lides, in the l.itituJe of „ , „ filty-fix degrees one minute twenty feconds. This town $6 n: 10. was origin.illy built in 1014 by Ciirilli.in IV. king ot Denm.iik, liom wlmm it received its name. It has a handfome church, a good fchoid, and a lining bridge, on which feveral w uelioufes are built. It his manul.ie- tures of lilk, woollen, and linn clo-.h, and carries on a confulerable Hade. It is fortified with walls and iiorn- woiks ; hut t!ie callle, which Itan.ls near th.- rbiirch, haj nothing worthy of notice. In ilijO the l),mes made thrmfelves m;ifteis of thi^ town, but the very next year Ch.irles .\l. retook it I'word in hand. Ween, in Latin (lev. in 1, is a feitile- ifland in the Sound, about eiaht thoiif.ind our hundred andlixty paces in cir- cmnlereii. e, and at a ilill.iiice appears like a high moun- t.iin. My the treaty of Rofcbilil, in 1058, it was an- nexed to the crown of Sweden. This ill.md was render- ed famous by its being granted to the celebrated altioiio- mer I'vcho Urahe, togeth-.r with a fief in Norway, and ry.A.^PnjIf fome other lands by FieiKric II. king of Denmaik, who caviled an clej.ant feat to i'c built lor him at a very eon- liderable e\p.-iiee. This llructure, winch is called Liranienbuig, is fixtv feet kpi.ue, and llnenty leet higl). It has two towers deligned for obfervato'ie-, and two others which are no' fo higli, but yi-dil an exteiilive pro- fpeit, and it h.is alio a delightful g.irden. However, the malice of Tvcho's enemies deprived him of thcle enjoy- ments; he was obliged to leave Uianienburg in 15');, and died inCiermany in 1601. His eeldti.il glolic, winch was fix feet in diameter, and is laid to li.ive coll liiin five thoufand doll.irs, was carried liom hence to IJenauky, in Uoheinia, and loon .liter it w.is iemo>ed to I'r.igue, from whence it was conveyed to Neillc, in Silelia ; hue that town being taken in i()J2, this curious machine was ri moved to Copenhagen, ami ilepofitcil inthi; round tower, where it was entirely dellroyed in xyi.'i by the dre.idful fire which laid great part of tliat tiourilliiii;^ e.'y ill alhes. All the oii)er valuable matliematical in- llriiiients and curious machines bei mging to that cele- brated allronomer have likewilt; been giaJually lolt, and his favourite llranienhurg now lies in ruins. In the whole illand is but one village, which confilts of fifty or fixty houles, and a church. The province of Halland, which fignilics highland, was thus called either Irom its lying higher up the coun- try than Schoncn, eden Proper are the following : Stockholm, called in Latin Flolmia, is a (laple city, the cai)it.d of the whole kingdom, and the lelidence of the king, is fituated in the (ifiy-ninth degree twentjr,,y. . minutes of north latitude, and in nineteen degrees thirty "i 1 minutes call longitude, at the junction of the Baltic and the lake of Maler, and therefore has the convenience both of fait and frelh water. Its circuit, computed from one gate to the other, is twelve miles, and it itands partly on iilands and partly on peninfulas. .Moll: of thelticets are broad and kept very clean, and the market-places are Ipa.ious. In what is properly called the city there are above live thoufand lioufcs, mo(t of which ftaiid on piles, though they are entirely built of Itonc-, and are four or five (tories high ; fome of them arc covered with copper or iron plates, and others with tiles. Befldes thefe, there are a great number of timber houfes in the fuburbs, and twenty chiirchei in all. On the ifland of Stockholm, which contains what is properly called the city, is the new palace, which is a very magnificent ftruiiture, the fenate-houfc, the town- houfe, St. Nicholas's church, St. (lertrudc's or the CJer- man church, near which Itands a grammar-fchool, the great market, the bank, the corn quay, and the houfe of the maiine fraternity. The fenate-houfc iult mentioned is a very fupcrb (Iruc- ttirc, and one of the linclt edifices in the kingdom : it i^ as it were, one large pavilion, adorned on the ontfide with columns and marble ftatues, and tvithin with pic- tures and i'culpturcs, cfpecia'Iy two large halls, where the nobility aflcmblc. Among the churches that of St. Nicholas is both the largeft and molt magniticenr, it being fupported by mar- ble pillars, and covered with copper. It is alfo adorned with a great number of tombs of ditierent kinds of mar- ble. The ttatue of St. (jcorge on horfeback tramplin"/',;,- on a dragon is much admired. This is the fabulous hif- tory of his delivering Clcodolinda, the daughter of the king of Lvdia, and twelve other devoted virgins from the fury of the dragoi; ; and that princels is leen kneeling with her hands lifted up, returning thanks to their pre- fervcr. Over the altar is a cabinet finely gilt, on v^'hich is a table of a pyramidal form, with iheives of mafl'y filvcr, on which arc the following hillorics in balfo re- lievo : on the tirit is the nativitv of Chrilt ; on the fc- cond his latl fupper; on the third his crucifixion; on the fourth his burial ; and on the fifth his tefurredtiuii. Thcfe are u\ of filver, an,! on the top is a Itatue of the fame metal about two feet high, reprefenting the Afcen- fion. There are other lilver ftatiies about the altar ol the fame hcinht; as that of Moles, with the two table: of the law; John the li.iptilt, with a crofs and lamb ; and the cvangelifts, with the animals ufually afTigncd them by painters and ihituaries ; all of them of lilver, weighing together about thirty thoufand ounces. This is the account given by feveral authors ; but it is prnh.:- ble that the neeeditics of the Ifatc have caiifcd this fiivrr to be applied to a very diltctent pnrpofe. On the ruOit lide of the altar is a large pidttire of heaven and hell, which reaches from the roof to the pavement, and < :i the left fide of the altar is painted the crucifixion. Thi; church is very rich in plate, and, according to Mr. Mo- traye, is worth no Icfs than forty thoufand crowns. The other churches are little rcmark.ible, only they are gene- rally covered with copper, have very loliy fpires, and in- rttad of bells have very mufical chimes in their (teeplc.-, which play upon fellivals and other folemn occafions. The other iflands on which the city Itands arc, the Ritterholm, which lie, on the welt fide of the city, with which it has a communication by means of a bridge. On this ifland (food the old royal pr.larc, which was buii.t in 1C97, and St. Krancis's chureh, in which are inteiud many ot their kings and queen;. HsIganJfliuIii:, Helgandf lies in thi fiiiiurb, a (t.ihies. Schiirn t ontains t Konigf church. Ladugai contains L belonging 'lee iiiafoi l )n the ea Frederic(li( .1 park and Ihe nor is ca'hd thi containing arlenal, am The lout dug 111 the iuburb are t Dutch Call Sudermaler new market Jioufe. All thefe | bridges. Ti the lake, aiu ing almolt c its water is which is ow thiit runs inti ^Ve have o chiefly built v fomeiimes fen to build to l''ii tions are form ether, andjoii taken down, .i be let up and fi riie numbe tropolis is con: I'he goyerni tnagiltracy an clhinccry, and befides lour bu into four part ir.ide, and mar of judicature. Sweden citabi called. In thi a royal acaden academy for m fiitveying, a c academy of pa I'here are hi .1 navy-ofHce, u a national bank goods manufaeli difpiites betwee weighhoufe, c;; •"hit for fore.'a ^d.il6, filk, woo iiient. I he foreii.'!! -.i fuppoled to be ve harbour ; but the 'lance foinewhat About a mile i fine royal ple.ifuj molt elegant tal ftatues. Ihiee miles to ■""ithei roy.il (eat "markable for the (^11 the illand Hide to (he Wcft 'ineflof all the km I'V IL-dwig Lleano >i'5, the former p il 1) Sweden. U R O P ^i- both the by mar- atiorncil of niar- Ills liil- of the rom the necling ir pro- whiih mallv illo riN ttic: Ic- on ; on rrcdticm. c of tlu- Afccii- altjr ol ■o t.ililc' (.1 hm'ii ■, .f i'llviT, 'I'hi, prolu- his fi'vcT the riijlit iiiJ htll, , anJ < :i 1. Th,. Mr.Mo- is. 'I'hc [arc gciK- , and ill- llccplc--, fions. arc, th>- ;itv, vv:!h iJ.W. ('i> vas bill lit If iiittiii'd iilJfliuin!< lUl'anciniolni, or the iHand of the HolyGhofl, whicli lK-,Tn the north channel between the city and the north (,inurb, and coutains, among other buildings, the king's Schi'tVniolm, which lies to the caft of the city, and ,tint;iins the dock-yaid and the admiralty. K.oni;',lholin, on which (lands the Ulrica Eleanora church. o • . /- 1 1 1 I.adugardfund, which is conlidcred as a fuburb, and LOiitains Hedwick"! church, a market-place, an orchard belonging to the king, an orphan-houfe founded by the Mce mafons in the year 1750, alfo two large ("uburbs. (.)n the ealHidc of this illaiid is a royal palace named Ficdericdiof, built in 1732 by Frederic I. and near it is a park and an orangery, which is much admired. •]"he north fuburb is feparated from the city by what is caUid the north Itream or channel, and lies in Upland, toiitaining four churchci, another orphan-houle, the iiiliiial, and three market places. The Ibuth fuburb is feparated from the city by a canal Jiijr in the ye.ir 1008, and lies in Sudcrland. In this luliurb are three churche., one of which belongs to the Dutch Calvinili-, and alio a Ruffian chapel, with the Sudermaler market, in which is the town-houfe, the new market, a large hofpital, and a fine iron wcigh- houfe. All thcfe parts of Stockholm are joined together by bridges. The city on one fide affords a piofpeCt over the lake, and on the other over the harbour, which, be- iiiir almod cnclofcd by rocks, refembles another lake ; its water is fo little brackifh that it may be drank, which is owing to the great quantity of frefli water that runs into it from the lake. We have obferved that the houfes in the.'e fubnrbsarc chiefly built with wood, and it is faid the inhabitants fomctimes fend the dimcnfions of the houfe they intend to build to I'inland, where the walls and fevcral fepara- tions are formed of pieces of timber laid one upon the ether, and joined at the corners, and afterwards marked, taken down, and lent by water to Stockholm, there to be let up and tiniflied. The number of inhabitants who pay taxes in this me- tropolis is computed at fixty thoiifand. I'lie governnunt of the city is lodged jointly in the ina^ilhacy and the governor, who prclides in the royal chancery, and the citv council-chamber. There arc bel'idcs four burgonialiers. The magilfracy is divided into four particular offices: thofe of julhce, the police, trade, and manufaihires ; and likcwilo into three courts of judicature. Here is alfo held the royal high court of Sweden cttabliflied in 1614, for Sweden properly fo tailed. In this citv are likewife a college of phylicirns, a royal academy of fcienccs inftituted in I7j{9, a roval ac.idemy lor military architecture, and .inother for land- liirveying, a chemical and mechamc.il claboratory, an academy of painting and fculpture, and a royal library. There are beliJes in this capital a board of admiralty, a navv-otHce, a cullom-houle, an office ot the revenues, a national bank, an inlurance-officc, an editicc where !^)ods manufai-hired in the kingdom are examined, and i]ifputi--b between niaiuilaclurcis decided, a large iron weigli-houfe, conimodmus docks, 111 which many fhips arc built for foreigners, with manulactorii s ol porcelain, j.'lal's, filk, woollen cloth, canvas, cottiui, .md parch- IIKllt. The forrien md domcftic trade of Stockholm may be fiippofcd to be vere coiifulerable, as it lias an excellent haiiiour i but the many rocks at its mouth render its cn- tiaiice foinewhat diflicult. About a mile to the will of Stockholm is Carlberg, a line royal pleafiire-houle, with a garden laid out 111 a molt elegant taile, and adorned with Ibme beautiful ftatues. Three miles to the north of Stockholm is I'lricfdal, another royal feat, which ha-, a fine park and garden, leinarkable for the elegance of its ruiious piotlo. On the illand of Lofon, which lies about a Swedifh mde to the wed of Stockholm, is Drotiiingliolm, the fuielf of all the king ot Sweden's palaces ; it was foiinikd bv Il'jdwig Lleanoia, conlort of prince Ch.iiles (nilla- vus, the former pilarc being coiifuiiud b\' fire, lacing S' the fouth front of this noblv ftruclureisaploaf.ini g..;.lcri adorned wiih a variety of fo.iniaiiis, and the e^lt and north fides exhibit a view of the iliips at lea. At the diftance of about twelve in, les from Stockholm, jull at the entrance of the channel into ih- lake, is VVaxholm, a (trong citadel, built on a finall idand, in the year 1649. It has been fiiice greatly improved and enlarged, fo that it refembles a little town. On this idand, which is called Waxoii, are alio a church, a Ichool, and a culfom-houfe, and here all homeward- bound fiiips are fearchcd. The chief employment of the inhabitants Is fifiiing. The next place we fliall mention is Upfal, in Latin Upfalia, a very antient and pretty large city, feared on the river Kyris, which divides it into two parts, that on the calf fide of the river being |)roperly the city, and that on the weft called Fierdiiig. Upfal was antiently the chict feat of the fjvereignv, of Siveden, where they held their lupreme tribunal. During the times of Paijinifm thegreateft facrifices ottered by all the northern provinces were brought hither, and the moft eminent heathen prielfs refijed in the city. It is lltuated in latitude fixty r.v degrees ten minutes, and in the feventeenth degree fifty- /'/ : fix minutis call: longitude from London. All the buildings of Upfal are of wood, except the cathedral and a few ftoiie houfes, and the roofs arc fre- ijuently eonipofed Only of tlie bark of birch trees covered with turf. Here are three clunclies, the principal ol which is the cathedral, which was built in the thirteenth century, but was not confccrated till the year 1435. 'Ihe architeit, being a native of Pans, took the chiircli ot Notre Dame in that city for his model. J his cathedral has been five times dellroyed by fire, the lall time was in 1702 ; however, it has been ftnce rebuilt in an ele- gant manner. I'he royal palace was confumed in 1702. Here the kings of Sweden arc generally crowned. Here is an univcrfity, called Academia (juftaviana, which is three (torics h:^h, and was built by Gullavm Adolphus in 1622. It has a round dome at the top, in which is a curious anatomical theatre ; it has alfo a very valuable library, which contains near a thoufand manu- Icripts. The mufeum, or cabinet of curiofities, is faid to be worth a thoufand Swcdifli dollars, at one fliilling; and nine-pence each : it has an alhonomical obfervatory planned by the celebrated Celfius, and a phyfic-gardeii chiefly laid out by the famous Linnaius. A royal academy ot fciences was inlfituted here in the year 1728. The archbiihop of Upfal, who is the only one in the kiii'j;- doin, is vice-chancellor of the univerlity. The Sweililli geographers place their firif meridian, from which they compute the longitude, at Upfal. Sudermanland, the lecond divifion of Sweden Proper, is a hundred and fifty miles in length, and levciity-two in breadth, and appears to have been one of the firll that was iiiliabited and cultivated in this kingdom. Th.e toil ia fertile, and no labour is (pared lor its improve- ment ; it abounds in fine arable lan.l, pafturcs, woods, iron mines, and forges. Its lakes are well (locked with li(h, and its advantageous fituation, between the fea and the lake of Malir, is the caufe of its carrying on a con- lidetable trade. This country has fevcralother lakes be- fides th.it julhnentioned, pirtieularly the Iviclmar, whi^h is torty-two miles long, and has a communication \<.itli the lake olMaler by means of a cmal and therncr Arboya. Among the principal lakes is alto that of Bawen, in which are a hundred illands. The iiih.ibitants chiut the town is a royal inclofurc. It has a cominodioiK harbour, and the inhabitant^, who amount to about twelve hundred, have feveral manufac- tures of cl.ith, nnii what is railed Morocco leather : thay fpeak the Sivc iifli lan!;ua;!C in the grcatelb purity, and carry on a conllderablc trade by lea. Its chief niagiftrates are two burijomalU'rs, Nikiop'ng was almofl confiimed by tire in jbOi, and UifF.red exiremely by the ravages of the Ruffians in 1710. 'The province vil'Nericia, called bv the Swedes Ncrikc, is fivty miles in length, and toitv-fix in breadth, 'i'he loil is in mod parts fertile, and produces corn and paf- turage. The couniry has alfo quariies of loadllonc, limeftone, and albim ; with mines of iron and fulphur. Here are larije woods, levcral high mountains, fcven confiderable rivers, and twenty-three lakes, which abound with fifh. Ncricia is famous for it., floiirifliing manufaelurcs of nil kinds of hard- ware, and in partieul.ir has always been remarkable for for.ii'v/ arms, 5;c. The chief employ- ments of the inhabitants are agriculture, working in the mines and forges, hunting, and filhing ; and tluy trade in grain and all ki'ijs of iron-wares. J he principal place iti this province is Oreliro, an antic.'it (own iituaicd at the iiinc^ion of the river Schwart with the, hike of Hielirar, in hfly-nine degrees twciity- bve miiv.'.es iiciivh lati'm^e. It is a long narrow town, ^iii.h ,•. rulfU- eiu.oe-r, •. 1 |iv water ; and, as it has been frctjMMuU l'f(:". • ;i:.' (lull wus I. cauled it to be well furtirif'i, i:.,i :[■ ■•.';iii, atii'Ms have been iince improved. It h..> ..I [.11 k-rn in. rh irches, a grammar-fehool, and amanu.'.ictn.-.: f i rii..-ar.iis. Its harbour on the lake of Hiclmar has aconiii'iui;;. ation with the Maler, by means of ihe;ivcr and canai of Arboga, and conleqiiently there is a pafjage by water from hence to Stockholm. The inhal-.itaiitb carry o;i a coiift Icrable trade, and have the r-.putation of uling great e,\a^tni.-fs in their weights and jneaUire.-,. T'hc fiilpiiur work of .Axberg lies about feven miles from Ori-iiro. Of the 1.1c dug up here, our author fays, is firil made fulphur, af'.erwaids vitriol, and lalily a red colour for paintiiv;. We now come to the province of VVeftmanland, in liatin \'t (I5 longitude. It was built by king (lult.ivus Adolphus iti 1624, who endowed it with levcral privileges. Tin: rtrci Is aie llraight and well paved, and the niarket-placE regular and fp.icious. Here is held a mine court, a couit ol works, and town council, and an inferior court ol ju- dicature. To this t.iwn beleng feveral coiilidei.ildc cltates, and the neighbouring villages fupply the iiihabi- tanis with all kinds of commodities at .1 very clieaj) rate ; no cuftoin or duty being |)aid here. Near the town is a very large anticnt filvcr mine, which uled annually to produce twenty-four thoufand l.othigu marks of filver, each of thefe marks equal to nineouni'u twelve pennyweights troy, but it is now greatly de- 1 cliiicd. In 1710 the royal family chofe this town for the I place of their retreat iluiing a raging peltileiice, and in ] 1736 it was deltfoytd bv hre. I VVe now come 10 Dalecarlia, alfo called Swedifh Thai- Land, fiom its many v.dleys. This province is two hundred and forty miles in length, and a hundred and titty- lix in breadth ; it is very mountainous, and has little arable land ; but where the loil between the mountainj allows of tillige, it yields plenty of oats and peafe, of which the inhabitants make bread. It is indeed every where diverfiried with mountains, valleys, woods, heaths, I.Ikes, and rivers ; and abounds in mill's of filver, copper, and iion ; with quarries of ll.ire and mill-lfones, and the palfures arc priiper lor gra.zi-.g, y.diicli turns to good account. The inhabitants, who are called Dalocarlians, arc cciehratcd for their integrity and I'lrm attachment to their king and '"ountry, and particul.irly for rheir bravery. They arc proof ag.iinit toil, harddiins, arnl want; and I'.ave thoroughly le.iined the .idvant.igc of indullry and tjeconomy, by being able 10 fublilf by their labour in Inch a barren mountainous country. In ni.iny parifliCi; th^re is liarce a man w:io is net (l-ilb, d in allneceliary ] handicralt trades ; and when they are in other |nrts of I the kingdom, they hire thcinlelvts as labourers, inafons, i carpenters, and the like. They trade in the bark of i birch trees, hops, fl.ue, lime, wooden-ware, feythcs, i hatchets, and other iron utenlils. In the north part of ; this province they I'peak a pirticul.ir lantruage that has a great afliuity with the (iothic dialect ; and thev dill re- tain the manner id" living, drcfs, and culloms of the an- ticnt Swedes. The Runic calendar is Kill in life amon;^ ^f,^, them, which they carry about them as a perpetual almanac. 'I'he piincipal towns in tliis province are, Hedcmora, a \i:ry ancient city, which has been hand- I'omely rebuilt : it Itands on the lake of H.ifran, carries nn a good irade, and lias an annual lair on the ttlfival of St. Peter and St. Paul. It is indeed one of the principal cities in the whole kingdom, and is famous for the gun- powder made there. A mint was formerly let up in this town by Ciullavus Vafa ; and fume of the pieces coined in this place are Itill to be k<^n in the cabinets of the cu- rious. 'I he gardens around the town, in which fruit trees arc cultivated, are the iiiulf pl.afant in all Dale- carlia. I'rtlun, in Latin Faliina, is a mine town, fituatcd be- tween two lakes .'iiid two mountains ; it is large and very populous, but though its Ifrects arc regular, the houfes are ill built with timber. One of its two market places is very fpacious ,11. J handliame. On the north fide of it Ifands a large Hone edifice, in which is held .1 court of juKice i and in the lame maiket place arc erciifed a granary and difpenfary. On the call fide of it, is a liand- (onie church built with Hone, and the roof covered with topiier, the doors are of bia's, and the tower is re- markably high. Without the town, towards the ca.'f. It inds another (hurch built with Hone, and covered wiili copper. l'".dun has a good fchool, a tine copper weigh-houle, a mine court, and other infeiior courts. At a (mall dillance to the welt of K.^lun, is the famous copper niinc that uled every year tu p.oduce ten thoii- Of SsrdLmd, dtfinhfd, II NORDL nceivei north of Swec the gu'ph of Dalecarlia ; o and Lapland ; only, 'i'his c ddtiiiJl monari tributary. It I the other parts tains leave on It has however that are agree, woods, which cattle are bred i of wild gecle but oak and bir land, fo that th has feveral rich It is divided more than nine The provinc derives its nami lies hofpitabic, \ coiililting of mil the inhabitants j: The only rem in Latin (Jevali.i and is well fituai The river Gefle, plies it with p!e into three branct Ald.rholm and three miles from lea. This i'l a boaOs of being Stockholm. Soi othrrs of wood, fir. ets aie very ir l.iid out, that a without a guide town-hou(e bui that was rebuilt m ries on an advaiit men conf!itui<> tu wa., entirely dcllr fiiue rebuilt, ami neighbouring iflai haiidfon:C iron fur deals, &c. a gazine, and two ami warelioufes ar The province fingia, is one hui; niinty-fix in brea of fine cattle, and good crops. Lijif dultry. Here an v.ciik.'^ The inhabit.int- tar, deal boards, 1 woodcocks, and m cvcy winter carrier liiigians are celehra ihemlelves malters fettled, and to whi licliihs the f-uithic every where know at it is called, whie ot .as a rc- aii- petual iianH- arrifs ,il of Run- th;S lilK'il Cll- Iruit Dalc- d br- and the .ukct h liJc court KJ .1 laiid- with s ri ■ calU vcrcd oppcr outts. nious thoii- f.-vi SWEDEN. EUROPE. H f.ind tons of copper, and in fome years even more, but of late its produce is i;reatly decrealed, The depth of this mine is 350 Swedifti ells, and a great variety of cu- rious '-ngines belong to this work. SECT. VII. tts Pr Of Worrluiml, in Situation and Pro In:,: Its I'rr.'iiun tkpilxil, tw'* '/•" Peculiaritia and principal Plucii in tach. N()RI)I-AND, in Latin Nordlaiidin, doubtKfs ri crived its name from its being fituatcd to tlie north of Sweden Proper. It is bounded on the call by the ^iilph of liothnia ; on the foiith by Upland and i:)alc;catlia ; on the weft it joins to Dalecarlia, Norway, and Lapland; and to the north it borders on l.apland only. 'I'his country, in tlie times of paiianifin, was a diltinifl monarchy, to which feveral valVal kin;:.? were tributary. It has more timber and vcnifon than any of the other parts of the kingdom, but its rocks and moini- fains leave only a fmall"' extent of land fit for till.ige. Jt has however ionic fertile fpots and verdant palhircs, that are agreeably interfpcrf.-d with lakes, rivers and woods, which bound with fifli ; and a great number ol cattle are bred in the country. Here are greater flights of wild gecfe than in any other part of the kingdom ; but oak and birch trees do not grow wild beyond Up- land, fo that thofe trees arc very icarcc. This province has feveral rich mines. It is divided into feveii provinces, and yet has no more than nine towns. The province of (Jafl-rickland, in Latiti Gaftricia, derives its name from the word CJaftrick, which ligiii- fies hofpitable, and contains little arable land, it moldy conlilting of mines, woods, rive;. , and lakes, fiom which the Inhabitants procuica tolerable fublillancc. The only remarkable toA'n iti thir province is (nflc, in Latin (Jevalia, which is the largclf in all Nordlaml, i-.nd is well fituated on a creek of the g.ilf of Hothnia. The river Gefle, which runs through the town, lup- plii-s it with plenty of falnion, and afterwards dividing into three branches, forms the two pleafant illiuids of AKLrholm aiivl inandfliolm ; and about the diftance of three miles from the town difcharges itfclf into the main ftM. This is a fta|ile town of fuch antiquity, that it boalls of being founded three hundred years before Stockholm. Some of the buildings arc of ilone, and (ittirrs of wood, others have a mixture of both. The (Ir -ts are very irregular, and the nvarket place fo badly l.ua out, that a (Iranj^er would nover be able to find it without a guide. The town is populous, and has a fine town-houfe built with Hone, a very ancient hofpital, that was rebuilt with ftone in the year 1731 ; and it car- ries on an advantageous trade. The company of fiflier- men conflitute two thirds of the burghers. The c.illle waj entirely dcliroyed bv fire in 177.7, but it has been fiiice rebuilt, and the governor rcfidcs in it. On the neighbouring idand of Alderholm juft mentioned, are a haiidfon;C iron wcigh-houle, a dork, a laniling-place for deals, &c. a laigc culfcuii-houfe, an arfcnal. a ma- gazine, and two warehoufes ; and feveral magazines aiu) vvarelioufcs arc alio creilcil on Ifl.nullholni. The p,-ovince of Il.dfinglatid, calkd in Latin Hel- fingia, is one hundred and twen'.v miles in length, and nuutv-fix in breadth : its paftures Iced a great number of fine cattle, and the little arable land it contains yields food crops. Liiifccd is cultivated here with giear in- dullry. Here are alfo large torelfs and good iron v.<'rk''. The inhabitants trade in iron, linen, tallow, butter, tar, deal board-i, tinilier, and wild fowl, as partr cocks, and niooili! fome ihoufands of which cvcv winter carried in I'edees to .Stockholm. 'I'hc Hel- fiir.;ians are celebrated lor their bravery, and have in.ulo ihcmlelves matters of leveral countries where ihry have fettled, and to which they have given their own name. licfidLS the Gothic or Runic calendar, which is here eicrv where known, thiy have the Halfingland Runic, ab It is called, which difl'eri fioni the former. There arc no coufider.iblc cities in this province, tlioft; mcdf noted being only fniall fca-port towns that contain nothing worthy of obfervation. The province of Medelpad, in Latin Mcdclpadia, is oi!>hty-four miles in length and forty-two in breadth. Though it is very mountainous and woody, it has feveral valleys of arable and meadow land. The ienA is not (own here till .iVout Whitfuntide, but the corn ripens in ten weeks. Among the (orelis of this province there aru fome of prodigious extent that abound in game of all forts, as elks, rein-dctr, beavers, martens, lynxes, foxe:;, weafels, and wild-fowl. 'i'hc country is agieeably interfperfed with lakes and rivers, which fupply it with plenty of fifli ; .ind the grain produced in the province is fufficient for the fupport of its inhabitants. They have alio plenty of cattle ; and deal in timber, hoops, flax, hemp, butter, fowls and drioil lifli ; falmon and feals are alio caught here. The principal place in this province is Sundfwall, a well-built fniall town, and the only fca-port in the country. It was built in the reign of Guftavus Adol- phus, on the fpot nov. called the Old Town, but for- merly the Trading- Place ; but in 1O47 was rebuilt by Qiiri n C'hriftina in its prcfent fituation, which is a bar- ren f.inily plain betv.ecn hiiji mountains. In the niiddit; of the town is a jiond well ftocked with a kind of fmaill carp. A woollen manufaflure has been lately let up in this town ; and here is a dock wlicrc feveral large vcf- fels have been built. The harbour, which is above a league in breadth, is very commodious, and the inha- bitants have a good trade in linen, fldli, chccfe, butter, wooden chairs, deals, tar, and the bark of birch trees. The next province we (hall dcfcribe is tb.at of Janlt- land, called in Latin Jemtia, which borders on the kingdom of Norway, and is neatly of a circular form. It is an hundred and thirty-lix miles in length, and an liundrel and twenty in breadth, and was annexed to the crown cd Sweden in if)5K by the treaty of Mofchild. It is in general a mountainous country ; the v.'eltirn |)ar!, I'll the frontiers of Norway, is over-run with valt craggy rocks and high mountains, and between thefo arc deep vallics and rajiid torrents; but there are fome verdant fpots among the mountains, that afford good p.dlure; in thel'e parts the inhabitants houfe their cattle even in I'unimer-tinie, and by this means breed fine cows, whole milk yields excellent butter. The eailcrn part confifts of a champaign country^ watercil by feveral lakes and rivers that abound with (idi. Barley is the grain mollly fown here ; they alfo low a confiderable quantity of rye, and fome wheat, with oats of an cxtraordinarv gcodncfs. The country aboiMids with excellent turneps. The fcvcrity of the frolV fometimes, indeed, caufes a fcarcity of corn, which ohlijes the Jamtlanders to make bread of the pounded bark of trees, the rye bri.ad being referved for feltivals. Here are great numbers of elks, which tlie Jamti.inders calfratc, in order to make them growlar^c and fat : and many hands are cmploved in cxtra^ing iro'i fro.-n a kind of iron ore, that refembles fmall (Itjnes, and arc col- leded in fennv places. Here are alfo allum quarries, fand-flone, ilate, the lapis ollarius, fine rock-cryflals, lead-ore, a place where falt-iietre is refined, and twc» new built copper-works. This coulitiy is (o tliinly inhabited, that there arc only fix places where divine fervice is performed every .Sunday ; in fome churches it is celebrated every other Sunday, in others onlv every third Sunday, and in ;dl the reft the congregations airemble but tiirec or four times a year. There is not fo much as one town in the whole countrv, and only eleven parifhes, in which are erecleil foitv (ix chutehe-^ : in all theic pariflies there are but leven bundled and fevcntecn chimr.ies, though thev form an area of two thoufand (our hundred fquare miles. The inhabitants chiefly fubfift by agriculture, grazintr, luiiuing and filliing. They likewife carry on a conli- diiable tiade with the Norwegians, whom they fuiiply with (alt-i)ans. Heel, iion-waie, and a kind ol leather, dielled in (iich a manner as entirely to keep ojt the wa- ter ; with this leather they make ihocs, boots, and even j..ckets, that are proof sgainll wet. In tins folilary and OvUrt i 1 m II '. 'V w 'I'l : |; 1 i 1 rl ^•i f f i 96 A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A 1' H Y. I •5 ^ dcfurt country, hypocondiiac ilifordcrs and fclf-murdcTs arc very rrc(|uciit. The next province we ftlall deferilie is that of Harjc- dalcn, in Latin H.ip.lalia, which was added to the Swe- dish dominions by the treaty of Bremlehro, concluded in 1645, and ii ninety miles in len^ith, and from fc.rtv-two to forty-eight miles m breadth. It abounds in woods and mines; but little of the gromid is tilled : it his however padurcs that enable the inhabitants to carry on an advan- tageous trai!e in horned cattle ; they fubfilt by gra/iny, hunting;, and fifliint', and lell a great ijuantity ol cheeie, which IS much eflcemed. 'I'hc province of Angermanland, in Latin Angerman- nia, lies to the north of Harjedalcn, and is an liiindrcd fort\'-four miles in length, and thirry-fix in breadth. It is extremely mountainous and wouily ; but (ome pans produce barley, rye, peafo, linfeed, and pood Hax i the mca.K.w lands afr'ord palluie for the cattle, and Ibc lakes and luers yield plenty of filh. Here are fcveral line in)n vvdrks ; and in the bottom of Ibiiie of the ll.ignant lakes is found a fine led colour 'it for paintiii;:. The only town in this country is Hcrnofand, in Latin Hi-rnclanJia, a lea-pnrt on the illand of Ilcrnon, near the ri^ouiii of the river Angeriiiaii, where it difcliarges iti'elfinto tlie gulf of iiothnia. It was built in 15S4, and has a communication with the continent by a biu'^i about a hundred Swcdiili ells in length. 1 iii: iioules, which are of timber, ha\e very thick wall--, ;,!.d Hand on the declivity of a hill towards the fca. ( )ii tne north fide of the harbour the water is ot a furtlcient depth for the la,-gcli iliips 10 come up and unload at the warehoul'es ; but on the fcith (idc this can only be done by flat-bot- tomed vein Is and ligluers. This was formeily a (t.iple town, and it IHII carries on a confiderable trade, parti- cularly in linen, and the annual fair held at this town on the fourtfcnth of September, is the moll frequented of any in Noidland. The town lias a feminary and a fchool. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it was burnt by the RiifTians, but it hasfincc recovered from thefe dread- ful defolations. The lad province in Nordland is that of Weft Both- nia, which lies on the well fide of the upper part of the gulf of Bothnia, while the opptdite fide is termed Ealt Bothnia, of which wc have given an account in oui defcription of Finland. The inhabited part of Weft Bothnia, from the frontiers of Angermanland to the church ol Upjier Tornea, is com- putedto be about three hundred forty-eight miles in length, and its breadth from ninety- fix to a hundred and eight miles. Many pleafant idaiuis lie off the coaft o' this province ; it has alfo feveral forefts, with many lakes and rivers. ^Veft Bothnia has fome excellent paftures, though tlie fumaiits of the high mountains are moftly covered with tnofs, on which the rein-deer generally feed. 'I'he land is for the moft part level, and the (oil tolerably (ertilc; for though they fow the corn very late, it ripens in fix, feven, or eight weeks, according as the place lies more or lefs expofed to the north M'inds: fuuden frolis, how- ever, often prove extremely detrimental to the corn, particularly the frofty nights that freqinnily happen in the month of July, There are alio feveral good copper and Iron mines in this province. The inhabitants, who arc famed for their courage and bravery, fubfift by agriculture, grazing, hunting, ai.d filhing ; they endure hunger and want better than molt other people, they being inured to it from their youth, and even in fruitful yeais they m'x their corn with chart" and pulverized pine-bark, to make what they term pounded bread. They ' de in f.ibles, and the fkins of blue and white foxes, b nas, bears, wolves, ermines, martens, beavers, and rein-deer ; and alio in beams, deal boards, timber, and ihingles ; tar, Olted and fmoke- dried falmon, and other bill ; train oil, veniCon, tallow, butter, checfe, caftor, and linen. Thefe commodities are not only carried to other parts of Sweden, but ove, the mountains to Norway, or through vaii defarts to Ruflia. Welt Bothnia is divided into four inferior goyerii- ments, the principal places in which arc, Umca, in Latin Uma, a confiderable lea-port town, built by (juftavus Adolphus, at the mouth of the river Svfiois. Umca, It has foui ftrcct.s vliich extend in a llraight line from caft to weft, with Icieral others interfec'liii' them at right angles from north to fouth. At the cau angle is a large area, on which the church ft;:ndb ; the hdrboiir is commodious, and the inhabit.ints carry on a coiifiderabli.- tiade. I'itea, in L.itin I'itovi.i, is a fe.-'-port fitualed in a fma;; id.ind at the month of a riier of the (.mie n.une. It ^ joined to the continent by a wooilen bridge, at the end of which agate is eree'^cd. The ftrects run in parallel lines ; but the chiiicli Hands a good way wiiliuut the town; fo ih.it the hiidge muft be ( r.dled to go to it Pitea was tirlt built in 1621, by (Juftavus Adofphiis 3.^ bout thiee miles higher up in the country ; but the town being einirely dflhoyejby tire in 1006, it w-s lebuilt on Its prefent fituation, where it h.is a commo;lious harl-.our .end a good fchool. Old i'itea is now a l.iigc villai-e, con- lifting ot many hoiiles iricgularly icattered on a fine conr.iion. _'l he laft town wc fii.ill ir.cntion in this province is Toinca, in Latin Torna, 11 (ni.ill lea-port firuated on a peiiinbiia formed by tiie lUer Toiiiea, where it fills into the gulph ol Bothnia, in the lixty-lifth degiee lifty,iii-( niites liliy feconds north huliudc, and is laid to be the fartl'.ell tovvi'.rds the north of any town in Europe. It has tlirie ftreels, whieh run in parallel lines from north to liiutb, and are inicrfee'led at right ani;les by fourteen crolV ftuets or lanes. The church, whi'ji is built with timber, (lands at a finall dirtance from the other build- ini's; but within the pallif.idocs th.it inclofe the town ai,d ailo a pretty large piece 01 arable land. Divine (It- vice is here performed in the Swcdilh language, which is ufed by the burghers. 'Lhero is aiuu' -r church built with Hone on an illand called Biorkhon, wm.cIi lies near the town, and here the fervicc is ptrloriTied in the Fi- nean language for the benefit of the lervants of the burghers, and the inh,;hit.ints of the adjacent country. All tne dwellings in Tornea, like thole in the neigh- bouring country, have al.iige court, of which two fides at lealt are taken up with apartments ; and in the other two are the ftables, bams, and ether out-houfcs. Thefe courts, in the country habiiations, are ex.iiftly fquare ; but in Tornca are of an oblong form. A very conlidei- ablc trade is carried on here, not only by the Swedes and Laplanders, but by the Noi w.gians and Kullians; who alio rei'ort to the tr.iding places of Tornca, in order tu tratKc. Mr. Bufching (ibferycs, that in 1694 this town was honoured with the prefcnee of king Charles XI. who, being accompanied by feveral perfons of diftindHon and* learning, took a view of the fun at midnight from the tower of the church at Tornca ; for in the midft of I'um- mer the am niiiy be feen above the horizon when in the oppoiite part of the meridian of Tornea, by a fpectator pl.iccd at a certain heigh: above the furface ot the earth. SEC T. VIIL 0/ S^yEDnll L.xpi.akd. Its Sitiiation ari/l F.xtnit ; uii/j a vny part-.tuLr Aioimt cf the Climate, onJ h\ue of tin Cewtty ; t'c B.viuty of the Not that! Lights in a Lu'^dund li'mtcr ; the Bc it was thougl " below the trc " ty-fcven. Tl •' if we opened " air inftantly c " whirling it r. " broad, wc fel " pieces ; and t " hoiifcs are bui " continually al '■ in this coiintr '• an arm or leg " very great, foi " fudden fits, as " are fo unhapp; " there rife fudd " dangerous. '] " ters at once, ar " that all the ro " Dreadful is th " fields by fuch a " and even the n " cannot avail hii " attempts to fine " during the wh< " that on the fevi " the thcrmomctf " the point of fr( " two or three " height not muc " and cold felt al " ment. Thus ii " riety felt in the " whole year." When at laft, Lapland is intedtei of various fpecies, ,ind obfcure the ii naked part of the fome draw blood \ After this dcfcri] fing that Lapland ( ihould be peopled ; advantages, Nature Ic'veral convenicnci bable it may appea be found there. The mountains, extent, are perhaps Molent winds ; and has fomething verv liimrncr : the alteni hibit a delightful vai r'^'ces in this rounti ed amonglt the mol i'.ne lakes, fays the I the mountain' of Ni* 'Hand ill rom.ince. tiees rife froir a plai ^g.trden, am at fiic nis the walks, nor 1 stie foot of the moun mfiits of diHcrciit (izi JfS and who jrJi.r lu vn was who, ;ion ajid jm the of I'uni- iii the [iL'ct.uor tafth. Birds, iiihabi- oii the le i'outli •Wfgi.lU iniiitiy -.1 thri .• at It ..■■. :ouii'T',' t to ;.. ,ts Wl-.l :icc the Oiha iiJy il^-'- ICC 1111- llL'VOllii liDtll.r, I SwnoHS. 1^ " K another with little or no pafturc growing on the iiitcr- nieJIatc Cpnts. . . , , ■ r Bclides thcic inconveniencies, the long and levcrc wai- ters, the cold, .l^irk, and tedious winter nightb, with the vjft'ilepth of liiow that covers this deColati; re ;on, inti;ht iccni Ciifficicnt to determine the figure of the earth at the polar circle,' is eiioui^h to make one Ihudder, though he made his oblervations on the foutherii borders ot this country. " I" December, fays he, the fnow continu- •' allvfallini', "f 'c^f^V «" '-I'l' '"■■ ''"" '""'' P^" '"'' '^'-' " lun the kw moments ho might have appeared at mid- " dav. In the nvmth of January tlie cold was inciealed >' to that extrrmitv, that Mr. Reaumur's mercurial ther- " mometer, which at I'aris, in the gre.u frod u( 1701;, >• it was thought Itrange to fee fall to fourteen degree •' below the I'leey.ing point, were now got duwii to tliir- " tv-fcven. I'he I'pirit of wine in the others was frozen. •' If we opened the door of a warm room, the external " air indantiy converted all the vapour in it into (now ; " whirling it round in white vortexes. If we went a- '• bioad, we felt as if the air v/.is tearing our breads in " pieces ; and the cracking of the wood of which the " hoiifcs are built, as if fplit by the violence of the troll:, ■•' continually alarmed us with an encrcafe of cold ; and •• in this country you may often fee people who have loft " an arm or leg by the froft. The cold, which is always " v;-ry great, fometimes increafes by fuch violent and " fuddai fits, as are almolt infallibly fatal to thofe who " are fo unhappy .is to be e.xpoled to it ; and fometimes " there rife fuddeu tempcfts of fnow that are itill more " dangerous. The wmds feem to blow from all quar- " tcrs at once, and drive about the fnow with fuch fury, " that all the roads arc in a moment rendered invifible. " Dreadful is the fituation of a perfon furprized in the " fields by fuch a ftorm ; his knowledge of the country, " and even the mark he may have taken by the trees, " cannot avail him : he is blinded by the fnow, and if he " attempts to find his wayhomc is generally lolt. Infhort, " during the whole wii'iter the cold was fo cxceinve, «' iha; on the fevcnth of April, at five in the morning, " the thermometer was fallen to twenty divifions below " the point of freezing, though every afternoon it rofe " two or three divifions above it; a diflerence in the " height not much lefs than that which the grcated heat " and cold felt at Paris ufually produce in that inlfru- «' ment. Thus in twenty-four hours we had all the va- " riety felt in the temperate zones in the compals of a " whole year." When at lalf, in firmmcr, the fun warms the air, Lapland is infelled with fiich fwarms of gnats and flies of various fpecies, that, like clouds, they d.irken the Iky, and obfcurc the light of the fun. Thele fix on every naked part of the body, bite with unremitting fury, and feme draw blood wherever they fix. After this dclcrlption it muft appear much lefs furpri- lin;; that Lapland Ihould be thinly peopled, than that it ihould be peopled at all : but notwiihllanding thefe dlf- advantages, Nature has bellowed on thele dreary regions leveral convenicncies ; audit is certain, however imjiro- bable it may appear, that content and happinefs are to be found there. The mountains, which are of a prodigious height and '■xtent, are perhaps intended to ihelter the plains (rom Molcnt winds ; and even their wildncfs and irregularity has fomething vcrv entertaining to the eye, cfpecially in liimmer : the alternate fuccellion of hills and valleys ex- hibit a delightful variety of profpects ; and there are fomc places in this rountiy, which in funimer may be reckon- ed amongit the moll delightful (pots in the v\'orld. The i'.ne !ake^, lays tlie lall mentioned author, that furround the mountain ot Nienii, give it the air of an inch.inted illand in rom ince. ''^11 one hand you lee a grove of lues rife froir a plain fmooth and level as the walks of 1 i^arden, am at Inch ealV diitaiiccs as neither to cmbar- lils the walks, nor the profpeCt of the lakes that walh itic foot of the mountain. On the other hand are apart- iiKiu^ of diHcrcht fl^vs that fieii- cut b) ait in the rocks. O P ]■, ^f and to w;;Mt only a regular roof to rcn.ler them complete. The roi lur or five hours befoie lun- rife, and lalts as long after tli.it luminary is let. Indeed inany of the inhabitants (leip away moft of the daik kalon, and employ the luininou's B b part 'I , ■ fi ; .fcT M-i ■i il ^ an A SYS T K M O !■ O F, O C, K A I' 1 1 Y. SWEDtV. I'nrt (if till' v:nr in tlu'ir ri'lpciriin' (ni'iip.uiiwi'.- ; and, in gcnirul, I'lift'i r little in tlii'ir health iVoni thi;. ;iii|i.irciit i'lconvcniciKi . In the wuoj,. iipnii the niouiitain'! arc aliiioft as mniiv trees (alien ai (lail.lin;; ; Itir the liiil, alter luvinu; lailiJ thcni to a critain hei^'ht, can f,ciii.Tally ii'> I t!ie bark; aiul one woul.' lie furpri/cj to limi pretty lar;;!: trce:i that erumlile upon thefli^htell tmieli, Tliis prohablv gave the Swciles the hir.t of coverinL; tlieir houfes with this bark; ami iiulced iiothiiv; can be iinagineil liiter for the purpofe. In th? valleys-, aiv.l ah n:; the banks of the lakes ami r-'.eri, v.-liere tlietiees fiii 1 a 'leeper f'il, pine, fir, birch, jiir.ip'.r, afpcn, allcr, v,-i!!ow, and other trees, are ob- iiveJ to thriv! feme wholefome vcl'c tabh ber- ries, and flowers arc prodiiccJ. Tile pine-treen are more Tervlceable than oreli.irdb would be there j that bcne- iieial tree, hcfules feveral other ufes to which it is applied, bein^^ a.-i efll'i'tial part of th.e foi,id of tlie inhabitants ; lor a labouring nian who feed:, on bre.id mu.le of the ponnded bark of the pine-tree, preferves hio health and \i;j.)iir to L:ip!:;nd abound, in mnny kinds of bead,-, bird^, and fifhc:. 'J'he ftirs and fkiiis ot bears, widv^s, beavers, marten-', otters, wild and tune r..,i leer, hyenas, er- niineF, hares, fipiirrel;., black, r.d, and w.!'ite foxes, 5ci.. briiig a great deal of money ir.to the coiintf. Heic are s'r.i a fpeeies of partridi;es, moor-hens, woodcocks, lal- cons, fnow-birdt, as thev art called, and other lari;:: and lir.all bhds. The fiilK-ries nut only affor i a plentiful fiibfiftcnce to nnny of the inhabitant-, but 'nabie thjm to fell aeon- fldcrable quantity of lilll to their nei ;!ibonr;. 'I'he pearls ■>':'i 1 in tlic rivers of f,;ipland are remarkably valuable ; ■-:. -ail'--, i^eefe, all kinds of wild ducks, and feveral '' ■: ■ I'lfowl unknown in other countries, abound r.e, -';■■.. :;.!iy in the fouthern parts of Lapland. S E C T. IX. O/'j-';.- Pc'-fim, n>,fs, nn.l.M.inmr',fL':fc of iL' Lr.t.land,-rs, ■llhifi princil:!/ !f''crii'th mdSuhUlkr.ct onftjh in thfir Rein- deer, lei.v/) «)v li.eref.ye p;irt:;iilarly dtfa-dh-d. Their Jrti ; tht Ri:hci of 'thifc vjhi i->r;,r;t in Tri:d,- ; ihrlr Tn:ts ii'ir! Fioiiiliire ; a'll thvir Skiil in the Mdui^-iiuiU cf their Uic-.h. Th; F::d of ill: different Tribes. THE Laplanders are of a brown and fwarthy cr ni- plexioii, which is the cafe with the inhabitants botli of very col ! and very hot countut-.i ; their hair is black, and their f;,-cs broad, with jieake.l chins, and hollow cheeks. Thev are generally of a imldliiii; fl itine. The r.il- wife C.-i at'or ha;; made a pro\ ilion tor them a: ainfl the ieveiitv of winter, bv piaein;; thirc a niiiltitiide of aniinaN, v.'hofe fofi and warm fiirs and (kins defend them from th • nioll piercing cold. The iin;-,;.-r g.:rme!;t both of the men and women is made .d ikiiis with the hair on, form.-d like the plou'^h- nian's frork, i;irt about them with a buiad beic ; tiiey wca: b:eeeh--3 whicli reach down to their ancles, and tluir c.ip, v;hich is made of the Ikin of a yoiinj; rein- li.'cr, (its a> dole to their heads as a lull-cap, covering; ;ill t!i'- neck and Ihouldcrs. Their ftioes arc peaked, and tiiriu d up at the toes. The linery of the women coiili'.ls in a kind of pewter wire, with which they work the bofoms of their coats, their firdlcs, and the edt;es of their 1 caps. Neither lex know what it is to wear linen ; but i in the cold feai'oii wear next the body a fawn's Ikin wairtcoat. Alir.oi! the oiJv dilf'erence between the drefs ' nf the nun and th.u of the women is, that t:-.e latter is fuincwhat lon'.'cr. .A purfe han_7S at their girdles, with their money, nnj-, and toys; a knife, and a leathern Thele I'.rojde .liuird an inftancc of a whcde Kuropcan nation fiihlilfni:: contcntully without ploiighin;r, lovvini', or p!:irti:iL'; withuut fpini.inj or \vea\ iii^;, brcv.'iir^ cr fcakiii". Thiv employ theinltlvcs in fccdiiii; of hcrdi | and as tl'.eir lot is calt in acoiiiuiv wheie winter takes up the ;;reatc(l paitof the year, and c.)uth Lapir.ark, make wl'e of a kind of bua: or little baiit (oi o 1' i:. 9j I Killing risirs, made of diglit boards curioufly joined lo- ('cther with lilameiits of the root* of trees, or hempen' llriiV's, and arc fo light that a L.i|'d.inJ''r e.irriea hi' boat on hii flioiildeis, Willi the oars and every tiling belong- ing to it, btlides hi.i bag of provifioni. Thefe boats ihry lleer with aiii.i/.ing d^.\erity, even among the rocks and down the nicdf i.ipid water-lalL ; and iliou;.:li the cata- r.iiit be ever fo druidful, and the Laplander ever fo great .1 llr.ingir to it, he undauntedly lentures down the pre- cipi(e 111 hi^ little boat : but when he (leers againll tha llieani, and comes to a wati'ri.dl, lie puts alhore, takes ill., lio.it upon his back, and iravelj till he comes to Imoiiili water. In the Northern lapnunk^ tliey have 1 ir ;',. r boat;:, lour or live f.ithom:. in leiu;tl. ; tiiel'e they either haul up the gre.it w.itir-l.ills with lopes, or Wlicre the calculi ; arc Imall, (liove them up with pides ; which is done by twii men, one of wh"m (its at the he.al, and the other .it thi; llern. As for going down the w.iii r-l.ills with the llreim, tliey conli.ler it as.iitcnde.l with no dilliciilly. 'I he Mountain Lapl.inders in I'uinmer live ehielly upon milk, and of the cheel'e made of it, of which they lay up a (hire for winter. In the monlli of September, be- hirc the piercing fiolls Cet in, they kill as many of tiieir rein-deer as they think will ferve them till Cliiillmas : afttrwards they kill as many as will fupply tlnm lor the ri.ll of t!ic winter, and ronutinies kill one or two occa- fionally. It i, not unul'ual with the VV'citcrn Lapl.indeis to buy Norway cows and flieep in I'ummer, wliicii they kill lor their winter provilion. Tl'.ey all'o eat the fieih ol bcaii and he.ivers, lea a:id wild fowl, iV'-. 'I'he ,.ooi who live ill village.t are comeiued with the (lelli of t!og-, wolves, foxes, and horfes, when they cm get them. I'he Killing Laplanders live on (i(!l, 'which they have- v.iiious ', ays of drefling ; and thcd'e who h.ivc rein-il'cr on tlieir nigh days and I'ellival', drel's fielli and lilh toi;e- ther. < Cummer tlley buy their I'altof the N.irwegi.ins, and in t . winter |)iirch.il'e it of the burghers. 'J • Iviceo is not very uncommon among them ; but thev buv II ac a very high price. In this country none of the '..(.men have any hand in dreiling piovifiMis, that office belong- ing to the mailer of the houfe. They never omit faying ol grace bel'ure and after meat, nor (Ii.iking one anulhtv by the hand beloie they rife i'leiu table. SEC T. X. (■)///.'.■ Ar,ini.:r!i .:'i.l P.u'i:.'')?! cf lb; S-.vtislh L.-ipL-:.!,;-! ; l.Uii Soii,ii,i, unil the Ahiih.i- ill whijl) t/:rv prrUn;/ 17 pni.l JHlWi- Evffih hy tl.rir M.r-t: Dn-.niu TL- Govcrn- iiuiil, i'liiiL; and D'tvijhin cf Li^'>.'t:.':;!. TUV. m.irriagesof the Laplanders dep:-nd entirely on the idealuie ol thci,- parents vvl.i. pay no regard to the iiKlm.iiions .ind attectioiis of t'.eir childien ;' and it IS l.iul that a widov.', though dccrepid with age, and both deal and^ blind, will never want fuitors, if (lie be but rich. 'I'hey feem to difapprove of marriages between rel.ilion., and even intimate fi lends : as to |i.d\ gamy, it: has never obt.iinrd .imongit iliem. ^Vllen the' paients iiave determined to choofc a d.iughter-in-law, they t.ikc their Ion, let him be ever (o unwilling, and accompa- nied by lome of their near relations, go to the dwelling of the foil's tutuie fatlur-in-law, always taking (on'c brandy with them. This iiijuor is the lirlt ami iTiolt powerful iile.ider in their behalf, and the acceptance of it is cllceu'ed a good prel'.ige of I'uccel's ; btit if the treatv comes to nothing, the yoiiii; woin.in's parentsaic obliged to pay for all the brandy ul'ed during the ctiurtfhip. "' h" the marriage takes place, an agreement is made about tiie money and goods which the p.ircnts of the bi ide^-rooni are to give to thofe of the biide. Li return, the bride", parents are obliged to give the ncw-mniried pair as much furniture and as many rein-deer as arc elieemed an eoui- valeiit lor the prel'ents they have received. Thole who ,iie poor marry without any of thefo previous ceremo- nies, every one at Inch times providing according' to hia ability. 'I'he mariiages arc iolemiii/.ed in the churches j and ihebiiile iifu illy feigns fuch timidity, and lliews Inch r'liiJUnce, that foic-.- :j ic-mctlmcj obliged to be uled to tet u !l I '' 1';f! :' ll ll ilii v; i 1 1 ''{ H' 4 >« ; . I ^' 1 SYSTEM OF G F. O C, H A 1' U Y. JG'J •It litr llitlifr. After tlie crrcmDnv the coiniiiiiy rcdirii M tiKir uiii>., wlieu- tlicy luuc a IimII, every (iiii- liriiig- in;T hi» (j'-iiiirin of pun il'ioiis, wliicli are all JrcllLd .iml 111 Mil up ti'j^itliir. ■Jlie cliiKiicii aic iniircil I" hatildiips from fhcir in- faiRv: tlK-v arcliill liciinly lacal up in little- nailkv, wliiUi are fiifpimliil in the Ciiiokc near tlie top d ilic- tent, ami nnLid hy pulluv.', two conls that liaii- ilowii troiii t-atli fide. 'I'liev arc very carcliil when llies' be|;in ti) !',tow lip, to icicli tlieni to earn a nmilnttalilc liih- filluKe, hv acciiltomiii;; iheni to all kiiiil-. , jire- tended to be in a trance ; but at lenj (li tctclliiig a jeep li;',h, he gently railed ihe drum .vlmve his head, and look- eel at the rings, whicii he could calily diUern ihiough llii. ranl|>arent p.irchmcnt. H.ivi.ig obfervid their iioliiiou and dill nice from the fivuies ol the ceKllial (igiis, he li.xcd his eves upon l\L iVIoiraye, and deelareii he woiiM run a gre.it lia.'ard of his lite by water as he reiuiiu-d m his Hedge, and would alto be in great danger in goiii.', down the cataracHs in .i bu.it ■. that lie would have another narrow ell, ape from lire; and that his life would b.- lOiig and healtbliil alter he had ovcrcmtie two (its of illncls, both whiili would I'ei.'e him within the Inaceof two years. As for the Lapland interpreter who led M. Motraye tii hi, cell, he diioiU'd him to go out to lilh on fome par- ticular days in that and the following month, when he (hould return home laden with liih ■. he alio pietendcd to tell him on what days he vi'oiild be equally iortuiiate in hunting. M. Motraye afked if he could tell whether hti was a batchtlor or a man ied man, into what countric, be had travelled, and other quellions of the like nature ; but this pretended magician was loo wife to guels at thinL'ilhit were pall, in which he knew his ignofancc mult be iiillantly dilcovered. Witli refpei^t to the government of this country, the Laplanders in general acknowledge the king of Sweden for their rightlul fovereign ; though fome of them alio pay tribute to Denmark and Ruflia, as at certain leafons they pitch their tents within ihcdomiiiionsot tliof JW.-.s They, however, conform to theSwediflj laws ; 'om: ot" them attend the celebration of divine feivicc in the Swe- di(h churches, and apjily to the Swcdiih courts of judi- cature cllabliihi'd all over Lapland. The judges afliftants are chofcn from .imong the Laplanders, and the taxes arc ufually paid at the time when thole courts of juilice are held. y\t the places ap- pointed for thefe courts, and tor levying the taxes, are houfes and tents, erected by the Laplanders lor t. -ir owii convenience, with houfes and fhops that are let to the burghers who frequent the annual fairi. The moft con- fide rable of thefe fairs arc held at tne fame time with the courts of juilice, and in feme provinc.s K.il about a fortnight, but in others only ■* kw da\ . The goods which the Laplanders buy Irom the inh..bitants of the towns are chiefly tobacco, fait, meal, cloth, a kind of coarfe cloili called walmar, kettle;., pots, lilvcr fpoons, buckles, girdles, rings, cups, needles, laces, hatchets, knives, fcillars, lead, powder, fire-arms, tin, or pew- ter, fulphur, wine, malt-liquor, figs, &c. The Lap- landers in return fell to the inhabitants of the towns fur; of all kinds, the fleih and (kins of rein-deer, fur gowns, boots, (lioc;, filh, cheefe, &c. There are neither towns nor any tixed or mcafured miles ul'cd in any of the lap- marks. Lapland is divided into feven lapmarks, or provinces, which rccf.iec their names from the places of note in Nordland in whole neighbourhood they lie. They all belong to the government of Well Hothiiia, except Jamt- land lapmark, which is included in the government ol Wcfl Nordland. Wc might here give an account of each of th-;fe lapmarks, but as it would afford neither any ufeful inllru6tion nor entertainment to the reader to de- fcribe petty villages, coniifting of a few little wooden houfes, or huts, and a church refembling a barn, we (hall conclude our accountof Swedifh I,apland, and pro- ceed to Norway, which bounds it to the weft. {)/ll'C Sitiu. mi.l Fdit Kinils of J L)UHt of ll. Fliix ; •nil N' C H A P. roRw __ _ NurM iiiiiin and u Lapland ami ilie C'ateg.ite degree lorty. vcnty-lirll di ■( . breadth Iron' unetpi.il dilt two hundied iifty, ,iiid in In mod |) but more fo i coart i for in extremely v.i are very com In the Aim is fo clear ; read, write, and in the ex of linmark, ally in view, the north pol enlarging it, other hand, i weeks invitib a faint glimm half, which, horizon, chic on the higheft clearly than i tor has g.a.'itc bcfid.'s the m mo;:ntains is i the people re borcalis, or i them as much their ordinary In the welle generally lets i tiiiiies till the I 111 a thick ice, with (how ; yi welfare of the who live anion crs ; for withu neither convey nor carry theii ties, in their fl f.ile of them c.i are there fuppli ing cataracts, ; iuul the very I;; it is congealed, the wife Create climate a greate tlier, than moll ply them with | t.hc wool of th b-ills, furnifh n.'id covering fu f.nvl f.ipply tl'.ei themfelvcs fervi tJit winds, and 5^ ( «0I ) C il A P. VI. Of N () R VV .■\e- S K C F'. r. Oj'lh S!lii.iti]'i,(:iii'iilt;(:>.ijl, Mouut.iin!, Riaili, Biiil^n, tiii.l Fiiit of lilt C'lii'il'f in S'iUViiy (if thi' (itjjtrent Kin.ti o/Miirl/lf, imil othi-r Stma ; with a pariuuLir .V. ■ ij««( oftht /tjkilos, or /fmiiinlhiii, u Suit of irn'MbujIMt FUx ; ,u'k.s bii">i' ill' v mv l.iiti in ii t '!iiii i .ui I at fiiir.e I'ill ii'.i" ! tin 11 IU'i-^i'n, liny arc <>!'.l III wiill>:r i) >Ii ivv Uic mill nvir (hi.- tlapcll niiHiiiI.iiiii, Oil ■ til' I'll' piincii'il imi'tiviiik'ncii* cxpi rlciuel by t U'i-IL'i> r.iilV'. Iioni tiic lo.id' ) lur ihry I'.iiiii' t, witli- oiii 'cit.jr, |i.\li <'."ii the kiiu'i rii.iJ, wliuli iii t.nr.'l [■! ici-. i.NU'iiJs up ill'.' fiJit ol llci|) aiij ii.i^".'y iiviiiii- i.iin.i 111 w.iy* that ntc ritiuT llinicil ii|', tir ii!i',iiiiilul by iroiiboltn IKl'.I in tlif iiiouiii^niu i ami, t'lcii^li not alx/ve ttifbrc'ii'lili ula lucit pith, luvc re r.iiln on llv." frlr. Il two f mull. Ti were tiinnct thcitf in th< ni;;ht, ani nut fiC CL\ih oiIrt (ipon i'imii,-,li til llup wlu'u' tnc ni.i.l will ('iiMiT thrin t.^ p.iG, thcv inull (tnp (Ivirt, without lu-iii;; ftbit; to pil'-i by tach o:iier, or to !''.ul atiirni:i;^ Inr tlitir horfi.!!, or vv^n to ali;^',hi. 'I'lio only r-rmrcc I can im;',;iiK' ill tl-is ilifH'ulty, Cayi t!iL- Inlliop M|'|lr,T:cn, i'-, liiat one iiiiili I'luk-.iviiiir to i liii|;t(i ('.ii'ii.' i lilidl this tlvip lTiiHiii;;iiii,or, if help be at liatui, be ilrawii up by a rope, mill tlieii thro.v hi% limle luMillmi r Juvvii a iR'iiiPiuloiii pricipiec, ill orJer to make room lut t!ie other travcll-i tj paf>, 'I'll'.' c.'.'.xrm nC llie tnoiiiit.iin; all') nlVonl fli.'hcr to the %vi!il bc.illi, u-hith r.-Mt'er it iliirieiilt t > iMiipate t'l m ; ritul it 11 not cjly todeUribetheh.ivnc iii.nle by the h iixc:, l'o>:e:', bear?, nil I clpeeially wolves, anioiij, the tattle, goat5, lure, and other iikl'ul aniniiN, Anr,;,Ki' iliOtlva itai;e is, that 'he cow, flirep, and j:ou; bcloi :• i!' to lac pr.il'ants oltrii fall down ill ; pic- ii;^iit , ;.r i ;.■.'.• di.'hojvd. Honutinu's they make a I'.ille lie;) ii.M . I K je. li n e lied . iiioiinta'ii-lviimiK'r, where they e.li neither iil'eeiul lur defiend : on tliii oeealion a lieal'ant chtati ill" \cii:ures bis life for a (h'-rp or a ,'oat ; dcl'ien.'ir.;; fioMi tile top ol .. rr.oim'..iiii bv a roptf <•; ionie hundred fath'>n-s in 1-iiL'tli, with bi^ Icj^s m tr a crofa (tick, till he f' t; his 11 ot on the plaee where be finds lis (;( .If, w!i' ;i t-,.' l'.:'i.■ll^ it to the rope, ;ind 11 is dra'vn up alorg •.•■':!!i bi::!' if. lint the moll a1n.17.i1v.; eireiiin- it.'.!ic^ i-, that be liiiis iiii< ril}; wiili the help of only a tin;^.k' pcifiii, wl'.o hold;, the end of the lope, or lalleiK it to a roci;, rf ih^ie be one .it li.iiul proper for that piir- pof', 'I'lerc are inltaiirc;, of the ;ifli;l.iiu biinfilf bavin;; been drJ£;::c'd dov'n, ai.d lacrifieiiig bis lile lioin bis fide- lity tohiii frii-iii'. 111 wi ieli bolh have perilliul. When a mnn or be.ilt h \s ill, is tlie niisl'ouune to f.ill I'ome hun- dred lariioms do\'. n the precipiees, jr is o 'ft-rved, that the air prvjlli s with I'lii.!! foree ng'iiiid the bodies thus fjlling, th.ii they are not only depiivcd of life for four,- tiiiic be- lore thev r'.jeh the ground, but tlieir bellies built, and their eiiiraili eonie out, wliieh is plainly le tale when they fall iiiio deep v.-.iter. From the multi;ude of fprinj;) tlmt ifl'ue fioni the mountains, and the vait malies ot fnow aceuniiiKited on their fun-.nuts, wliieh gently dillidves in I'lininKT, ate formed many lakes, in fome of whieb are fioatiii;:, ill.inds, and aeonfiderable miniber of rivers, the l.irpell ol whieli is tlie( jlo;iimen,or(j!anier ; but none of iheiiiarcn.iviyable far up the country : the pafT.U'.e b in.; every where in- t'.rnipted by ro.ks, and in fome plates by dreadful ca- taracts, in which the llream piceipitates iifelf from the height of I'orty, fifty, and even a hundred f.ithonis. The bnd^Cii over thel'c rivets ;.rc not walled, but formed of tiiiibcr cafes filled with (tones, w'lieh ferve for the piers on will, h the timbers are l.;id. I'he Lirjult bri,l:>!' of t.iis kind has forty-three lione cafes, and i.s a hundred puts ill lcii^;tb. In ihofe places where the ii:irrownefs and rapidity of the current will not admit of finking tbefc c.les, thick marts arc l.'.id on tarb fide on the {I'ore, with the thickelt end falieiied to the rocks : one mall beiii^; llius laid in the water, another is placed upon it, reachii;:; a fathom beyond it, and then a third or f jurth ill like manner to the middle of the Itieam, where it is joined by other conneifled malts from the oppofite iidc. Thus in pafiing over the brulge, efpcci.dly in the niidole, it ii'eiTrj to faiiiL;, which to tliofe who are not ufej to thefe briditis appears e.vtrenulv damrerous, (o thai fiiled v,'i:ii tenor they alight from their hurll's, and lead them lorm niiiiintain. gradually tiliii(; to a vail heiidit. b.twi.vt wliub runs .ivalley luar li.ilf a le.igue in buajth, and .1 tivir wlmb lumetimes prceipiuiei illelf down the rncki in lo.imiii;; cataraCls, .md .u othen Ipreads illelt intu fnall likes. On bi ihlidesit i-, bordered wiui the fincll nuidoA's iirlcrmingl.d wiili little ihi kcts, and by thu cily deiln itics of ihe veidant mouniaiiis covered' witli friiilliil In lib ,iiid laim lioiife,*, llaiiiliii,; above e.ith other in a fuetelliunof n iiur,d teiMlbs. Ueiv»\'cn lliele .1 (late- ly lorill ptelLiils i'filf 10 the view, and beyond that the lunimir. ol niouiit.iiiis eoveied wiili piipemil fiiow, and tin rodueed by cotton, 1 laid it " a.'i.le. 1 luve alio in inv polKllien a piece ol paper of " this albedos, which wlun thrown into a fierce lire is " not in the kail walled ; but what wji written on it to- '' tally difa|ipears. 1 " 'I'bc m.iiiiiej- of preparing this ftone-filk or Uone- 1 " flix is ibis : After its being foftened in water, it is ' " beaten with a moderate foite, till the fibres, or long :" threads, fepar.ite from e,ith oihcr ; .ifterwards they arc " caKliiUy and repeatuUy w,i(hed nil clear of all terrene i " particles j then the llax is dried in a lleve : all that le- ■ " mains now is to fpin thefe fine filaments, wherein " great care is required ; belides which the lingers mull " be fiifitned with oil, that liie thread m.iy be the mun; " lu|ipk' and pliant." 1 hough this country thus abounds in (fones, no (lints nave yet heen found there, fo iiMt thole for fire-arms are imported liom iJcnmark cr Ciermany : but though there arc no flints, there arc amtthills, garnets, chalcedonies, •agate, j.ifper, and cryllals, Norway fornieily produced gold; but the cxp:ncc of woikiiiL;the mines, and feparating the gold from the ore, bring gr.ater th:in the profit, they have been iiegledted. There are, however, filver mines, which are extremely valuable, and give employment to feveral thoular.d |)er- fons. 'I'he coppci-miiies are alio cxtraordin,irv rich, and eni|)loy great numbers: one of the mod profitable pro- duehuns of this country is iron, feverjl hundred thou- faiid IS'ORWAV. f»ml qumtaN bfinn anmully fvporlfil cliirllv in har', nivl the rcll i.id nun tJiiruui, kcttio'., itiivn, ariil II"' |il,c. liac .irv likcwiiu Ionic Icul-niinci, but nunc ut lilt urquicklilvtr. 1' IT K o V r. r^j S K C II. alio OfllnC>ii, Fi'ii's iiiilTmn ll'D/li, liifti'.'', BirJi,anH TIIOL'CtM ihii country ii fituatcd (n I'.ir in ihr i\i)rih, it proJucc* rye, barlty, whitr, [^rcv, and (Mnii iiiMs vrltlifs, which iuc iiliil an prnvuKltr (ur liorl •! i li"|ii. "•'"i '"J ficnii)! trjiiv kiiiil'. i I riiiiti .mil utciiis iDt ilii" Ititchi'ii, with ,1 iiiiilklcr.ililc miiiilur nl h.iiiU (lovvi rh. 'I'hc-ri- .lie llvtr.il kiiuls <>t lu loielis, liom whi' li ninll id the pro- \,iiceh ate enabled to rcerive imnu'iile liiiiiu Iroin loreij'ii- cis lor beams, nulls, pl.ink^, and boards) beliiles ilie rre.'.t cniiruiiiption liir lioules built at borne, eniirciv ol li.a.isid wood, (hips, biKlj;es, ami a priKlij^i.r.is mini li r ol louiiderics, whieli recpiireaii iinmcnfe ijuantity ol' c'l 1, ■. nl in t!ie liilinii 1)1 nictaib i to which we mull .idd, ill It in many pi.K'cs the woods are Itlled mily to clear the e.ound, and arc burnt lor the lake ol' tlie adic, which leiie r.ir m..nuif. Ill tiea'iiij; of the animals in Norway, wc (liall br.'iii wi;li t'.ie liorlis, wliii li are ot' ^le.iter ule in iuIiuli: than in J;a'.viii(;i they have an eafy p.ice, are lull nt I'pint, and verv rure-liiolcd. When tliev mount or di.lcend a iKep Djli on llon.'s, like Iteps, they lull tread genllv wit'i p;ie I'not, to try if the (lone they touch be talt, and In this thiv .iiu't be Kit to themrelvcs, nrtlie bell rider will cn- ilm /M his neck ; but wiien they arc to po down a very li ep and llippcry pl.i- c, tlicy, in a I'urprizin i; manner, di.ivv tluir hind le;;'j uiuler them and ll.de doun. They l!uw ;;ieat courage in lii;h!inj; with the wolves and bears, wireh is very ul'ual wilh them; lor when a hoi I'e per- ceives any ol' thcle I'uiious .iiiiinals adv.iiicin,; towards bun, and has a mare or gelding with hiiii, this (generous uiiiiii.d places them beiiiiid him, and then attacks hisaii- t! .:i:;t, by linking', at him with his l'ore-!e;.'viirm, which cat» .iw.iv the loot. The fime f;tiitlemili all'.) takes iiiriec, tliat the lein-decr call dr.iw over his eyes a knd of Ihiiii iliimi h will, h lie cm lie, when oiherwile in the b,irJ liiows, he would be ohlij..ed to Ihut his eves entirely ; .1 liii.MiIar inllanei' of the vifdom and bcnevolenc ■ ol ihu Cii itor, in piov idiii;; for the wants of each cruiturc ac- (■iM,liii;r to ilideilined manner of hie. Ml I'idis the beats and wolves, ..Irr.vlv nviit oncd, lln re •lie hi re the lyii.x ; vail numbers of white, re ', and Id.icic f.i\ci i and the I'lutton, which leecives its ii.im • liom its voracious appetite. Thole o( this country, in tiuir (lia|ie and li/e, h.ive fome rrlenibl.in. e to a Innt-boilieJ dii:', with thick lec;v, Ih.ijp claw's aiij fceth i his col ur IS Id.iik, vatiei'ated with brown and vcllowilll (tir iks : he has the boldiiefs lo attack cvirv bc.ill he can p. ili ly coiupier, and if he finds acarcafe il.\ times as bij; as l.iin" felt, be will not leave it, wlidc thire is any leit : » en lully L'ori;cd, f.iys our authnr, he preli'es and Iquec/.es liiiiil'ill between two trees that It.iiui n.ar togctbii, .ii.J ihiis empties himlelf of what he lias not time to d:i>e(l. .\s his (kin iliines like damalk, and is covered with liil'e hair, it is much valued, and .t is therefore well wmtlj the huntfm.iii's whil'.' to kill the animal without woiind- in;r th'.' Ikln, which is done by fliiiotinjj him with a bow .ind Muni arrows. 'I'he marten is likcwil'e hunted for the f.ikc of its ficiii ; as arc alio the ei mine and l!ie fqiiiirel, both of which artf Unit wilh blunt arrows. 'I'he Ikin ot the crm.neisot a be.iutil'iil white, and it bis a black fpot on the tail. I'hefe little anim.ils run alter mice like cats, .iii.l .liag away what they catch, particularly eyys, whicii aie their (.•reatell delicacy. Here arc alfu ottcis, callors, licdjre- liii^'S, and badL'crs. Anion;; the mice, fome arc thought poifonous, iind oiluis are remaikahlc tor their beiiu; white, and. their li.viii;; led eyes. )!ut the moit pernicious vermin is a little animal called the Is'mub or leniiniii.', which ii beiween the fi/e of a rat and a moule ; the t.iil i-, (lioi t ati'l turned up at the end, and tlie le;.;s ai-'ahofo ihort, that the',' I'carce keep the belly from tile giound. They li.ivc very foft hair, and arc of dilFerent colours j parti- cul.irly black, with yellow and brown in Itreaks, and foiii' in I'pots. About once or twice in every twenty yeais, favi our reverend author, they atTl'inble t'rom their fecret abodes in prodi!;;iou5 nmnbcrs, like the mcllen.;crs ot htavcn to piinilh the neighbouriii4 inliabitants. Tliey proceed from Kolen's rock, which divides the No;iilanil m iiior t'rom Sweden, and is held to be their peculiar and native place, m.irehiii^; in vali nuiltitudes through Nor- 1,111.1 and l-'inmarK to the wellein ocean ; and other be- llies ot them tliroii;;h Swidilh I.ap.r.arl: to -.hc S'lius Hothnicus, devouiiiiir all the inafs and vcisctables in tiicir wa',-. 'I'liey do this in a direct line, and going llralL^ht lor.vard, piocied into the riveis or the lea : thus, ifthty meet with a boat in any river, ihcy run in at one end, or fide, and out again at ihe other, in order to keep their courfc. They carry ihcir young with them on their backs, or in their mouths, and if they meet with pca- fmts who come to oppofe them, they will (land un- diniued, an, I baik at th'.ni like col^s, This e\il is, li'jwevtr, 111 10 + A SYS 1 E M O !•• G V. O G U A 1' }] Y. Norway. howevfr, rif niiirt Jiir.i;ioil ; fur on tntcrin;; the lln, (licv (w'itn as lull.; as thiir ltrcii:;th l.ills, aii.l llicii arc tlrown- <<1. Il' aiiv an' Uopi'.cJ in tlu-ir loinri-, an^l iinalilc to /;M.-li the ii.i, tlicy aic kiilcJ bv tliL-lVinK of winter, aiiJ ii'aiiy 1(1' tlielc cl'cape, ir.oll nt ilii'iii Jic a-. 101111 as they cat till- lu'w ;;r.il'<. With rcfiiiv't to the leptil •, toads and Ciiakes arc oiilv in the fouth^'in p.irts ol' this coiiiii; V, ami ilule liiakes are I ■fj pdiC.nous than in vvaMiicr cliiinles. I'herc arc li/arc',1 lieic of" various colours, as hr' • it hiuntj thelil_'hell places in the tountry, and Ireijuent- ly kills hares, ilieep, l.'.nihs, and the like animals, as well as hiids. The (armers lieie Cay, that lie will Comc- tinics at:aek a il-.-er, in which eal'c he makes ul'e ol the followin;j; (irataijem : he (oaks his win_^>s in water, and then covering tiieni with land, and ilyin;, aj;anil{ the deei's face. Minds him for a time, when the pain nukes him rim ahout as if mad, and he fre<|uentlv falls lds by the thioat, and will carry out to fea, r.iid droun him before he loles his hold. This bird builds his ncit in adanting hole in the jjrcund, two o:- three ells deep, and alio between the clefts of the roeks. The black cap is almoft as Cmall as the wren ; the body is black and vellcnv, white under the bellv, and the top of the he.ul hi lek. 'I'hcfe biuls keep near ine houfes, and are fueh lovers of meat, that the firmers can hardly kiepihein (iom it, and thcreCoie catch thcni in a trap like niirc. In (hort, there aie (iich incredible numbeis of fea and land fowl near the ro,ks on the (ea fliore that they (bmetimes oM'euie the light oC the heavens for many miles out at fea, fo that one would imagine that all the (owU in the uiiiverte were alienibleit in one flock. Norway is alio as plentifully (iipplied with fi(h ns anv country in the world. 'I"heie aie heie wh.iles of fevcrai kinds, piirpofes, fwordlifli, and (liarks ; (lutgeon, (a!- ni'iii, lalii.oii-trout, tuiliot, cod, thoinback, iock-/i(h fl)ing-h(h, whiting, carp, ;;urnct, flounders, plaife, m.ickrel, heriings, bream, anchovies, eels, and many others well known in other countries. Among tliole which are more uncommon is the fin- lilll, which is forty feet or more in length ; their liver .lone yields feveial calks cC train-oil. On their backs tliey have a high round and (li.irp bone, with which they t.'.ir open the bellies oC other hfli. They are covcretl with a kind of hair, fomething like a horle's mane, and are olten (ecu alnnit the boats 01 the hlliernien, who are as much ;.f.'.iid of them as ol the moll dangeious I'm n.onller. Tl'.e ink (■rti, railed by funic the fea-gnat, is ■ e of the mi, it extraordinary creatures pioduced in the i'i.ean> .ind are fiom nine inches to upwards of two feet in length. 'J'he head has two l.nge eyes, and the mouth has lonie refemhlance to a bird's beak ; above which tnere Itaiid two long arms or liorns, each of which is oct.ingular, and cohered with a number of fniall round halls, liimewhat longer than a pin's head. At the back of t!ie head arc two c;f iliefe horns twice as long as the rert, and broader towards the end. The body is almoll round ; it reienihles a fmall bag, and is blunt at both ends. On c.ich fide of it are two Ikinny membr.uies, with which the .inim.il can cover itielt over; and it all'umes various forms by the iiiotiun ol its Ikin and arms : but what mult ap- pear very cxtr.ioidiiiary, the forepart of the body is hll- ed with a black (luid, which makes the (i(h appear of a blue colour, though this fluid is of a hue black, and m.iv ferve lor 1:1k to write with. When (hefe creatures .lie in danger, they dilihargc this licjuid, which blacken- iii; the water all round them, tliev become invihble to their piirfuers, an.l thus make their efcapc. Thus this otheiwile helpkls aniinal is provided by the wife Creator (or Its delciice. If any of this black fluid happens to drop upon the hand, it burns like acaullic. 'J'lieie are hcre.illo a va(t variety of Ihell-tifli, as lob- (Icrs, crabs, craw-hlh, prawns, (liiimps, oylleis, miilelts, cockles, Ica-Cn.iils, Dar-hlh, hermit-iKh, and ni.niy others; one ot the moll cuiioiis oCwhich is the lea-urchin, known alio by the name of the fea-apple, a name that lepielents the li'.e and ligure of the thin and lender fliell that Ciir- louiids this extraordinary (ilh, which arc very common on the coall oC Norway, where they arc f'een every day. I'luy are oC various (izes, Crom that oC a walnut to the head ot a iicw-horn inCaiit ; tome arc oC the Corm of a cone, and otheis are (|uite round, except the un ler part, which is pretty flit, and oC llieCe are the gicatell nimi- bei. [he (hell is covered with a multitude oC fmall (h.irp prickles like Cniall pins, which they probably (lied once a yeai, and have new ones. When they are jiilt taken out ot the (ea,they have a beautiful giccniOi lultir; hut their gicatell beauty appears when they are dried, boiled, and the prickles rubbed o(t'. 'I'his confids in cer- tain regular interchangeable (Iripes of a cylindrical Corm, running Cioni the top to the bottom : lome are white, others oC an orang.e colour, others oC a light red, and others ot a deep led ; and thcle flripes are (Irewed over with as many little white knobs as there were originally prickles. When this be.iutiCul iliell is broken, which is I tjlily he ncithi "lount.ii ing roun gians are tioiis ; ar complex i blue or o, il'lfeient I 'he north tiieX. ing-niou.s, |hoe-make joiners, or every farm an u((.f'ul r becominj^ . The No, remaikahle I'le themtc firmers jia; '' hey li.uc "'"'h, as ar 'find of aj-.j ol adilt'eiei in.iik.ihle 'he drci; of fiiat cf anoi '"W : iiiul ^■'I'V in i!k' Thev ui Mack ea;. With hlji'k . condruiJlion upper- leathe foined to it "■hen they tr 11,1 to the cal • •'■'hen il,i-y fii^ivv-dioe's ' '' ' ^ a great 'liiieh are ab 'eel Jong, ;„„ 'I'-ath will, (CI ""•'!s backwa ''ii'V Aide as f„ '^'I'ie cankee; ' 11"-' [K-alant '^•1' kirn), cxc •Hid bread are '"f" Iheir bofc '''"is, hi/iJing "Kir body thev 5^ the out "his ;wo the the the iJly trap ibcis lore, IS for that 1 one s any Lvcral ,, ial- ;-filh, plail'c, many ie fin- ir liver r hacks :li they ;overed ic, and vlio are oils Itil i o'le of ; ocean, feet in : mouth c which which is li lound f hack of > the tell, 111 louiidi . On chthc fornix nil ap- is li'.l- ,\r ot .1 k, and rcaturci l.uke;i- lo hus this Creator pens to 1'. U li /ill as lob- niiilclcs, ,' Dlhi'ts; , known cpieleiits that liir- coniinon rvcry day lit to the form ol a 11 Icr part, tell niini- e of Iniall bably (iK'd :V are jiiil iiniUiltic; arc dried, \Us in ccr- ical form, are white, t red, and rewcd over ■ originally 1, which IS taiils' ^,'oR\v.v^ . c.ililv dun.-, there is found in it a qnanlily of (lime an.! water, with a fmall tidi, of ahhak or dark red lohmr ; and lui'U this hitic bodv tlicre runs into all the turnings .\i\.\ wmdiiifis of the (hrll a iMcat number of fine tlireads, that Icem oiilv compofed of a thii kcr llinie, and have a LM:nmiinication wil'.i tae external prickles ; and between tlK'f.' is difpole^l in llripes a yellowifli (pawn. The (idi hes llretelied liorii tlie bottom to the top of the (lull, where there is an almoll impeueptihle opening, tlirounh which the excrements pal's. 'I'bc iiuMith, which is ex- ticnielv curious, is formed of hie liones, part convex and part concave, all running to a fmall point, where th.-y join together like the bill of a bird, and have fome rclemhiance to a fiiwer. The fea-unhiii is found m a faiu'v bottom, where he rolls himfelf about on his prickles wherever he pltufes. SEC T. III. Oi' the Pi-rfirK, Dieji, Ifrnjis, Food., iin,l Employ.Kmls of ' tl'f Nont'ixiiini ; will/ ri patticii/iit .lamiiil nf the tslr,m - Miuiry Mmncr in %i,hiih ihey ov^/i Fowl on the hi-Jujl Rudu TIIK Nnrwo.live, and (o ini^-niou.s, th.u the peafants employ neither hatters, ihoc- makers, weavers, tavlors, tanners, carpenters, joiners, or Iniiths : all thc(e trades being cxerriiid in every farni-houie, and they think a boy can neither be an iifefiil member of fociery, nor a good man, v.'ilhout becoming madcr o( all thele arts. The Norvvegian";, who live in towns, have nothing rcniaikable m tluir diels; but the peafants do not trou- ble themfdves about (a(bions. Thof- termed llrile f.irmers have th .r breeehis and (lockings of one piece, 'ihey li.ive a wide loofe jacket, made of a toai Ic woollen cioih, as are alio their vvaillcoat ; and thole who are fond of appearing fine, have the I'cams coveicd with cloth of a did'erent colour. The peafants of one paiidi are re- ir.aikablc for wearing white doaths edged with black ; the dreli of ano'lur paiifli is black edged with red, and that of anoiher Is all black; others wear bl.ick aiid\el- Inw : and thuf, the inhabitants of almoil every paiilli vary in the colour id' their tioaths. i'hev wear a flapped hat, or a little brown, grey, or black cap, m.ide (piite round, and the teams adorned with black libbons. They luivc flioes of a pailieular conltrudion without heels, tonlilling (d two pieces, the upper-leather litting dole to the loot, and the l.le being mined to it by many plaits and folds. In winter, and when they travel, they wear a (ore of half hoots that reach lip t>> the calf of the leg, and are laced on one I'ldc ; and v.heii tlicy go on the iiieks in the (iiow, they put on fn:nv-lhoes : hnt as thefe are troublefoine, when they h \e a great way to travel, they put on (now-(kaies, wiiieh are about as broad as the l : -t -Wi ■J i I • !06 A SYSTEM O F G I". O G R A P n Y. lis l«» The licft daintii"; of the Norw.iy pcnf.ints confill in milk, nicits, ami ditt'frciit lurf:, of clu-cff, on which thc/y fprcad butter a;, on hriMil. The hirjlihuiil pcafants are fo fond of an:;clic.i, whicli ^rows very plentifully in the inountaiiis, that they chew it in a niurning dried, and A(o make fnnft" of it. 'I'he mountains tnrnifli the people with pamc, and the lakes and rivers with plenty of frelli- water li!h. They kill cows, flieep, and L'oais lor their winter (toek, part ofwhieh they piekle and fnioalc, and fome of it they cut in thin llices, fprinkle it with fait, then dry it in the wind, and eat it like hunt: heef. They arc fond of brandy, and of chewing and fmoaking tobacco. The peafanis employ thenilelvci in cutting wood, Icll- iii" and floating of timber, burning of charcoal, and ex- tractiiii; of tar. Many are alfo ciiiploved in the mines, tiirnaecs,aiid Ihuiiping mills ; and alfo m navigation and lilhing, befu'.es hunting and ihooting; for eycry body is at liberty to purl'iie the game, efpecially in the moun- tain';, and on the heath'., and coninions, wheie every jiea- fant may make ufe of what ainii he plealei. S E C T. n'. 7h Tldiii'uii-fi of't''f X'j>zir;i,iii< ; //;.■ Marnier in wJ:iJi tl.fy tiirrym their Fijhi'i^., and their .tgrieiillure; uith their ii/hnijhi)!^ Melhoih ej' eutJ-ing Foivl. THK Norwegians arc inured to cold and hard/liips from their childhood ; for in the latter end of November they run about bare-foot, even upon the ice. The mountaineers who daily go in the woods have fre- quently their beards full of iliclej, and their bofom lull of fnow. Our author fays, that in his travels over the liigheft mountains of Norway, which are covered with fnow, and where horfes are of no fervicc, he has fecn the peafants in great numbers do the work of thefe ani- mals, which they fecm almoft to equal in iheni;ih. \Vhcn they have been in a profufc fweat, he faw them throw theinfclvcs every half hour upon the fnow, for the f.ike of its rcfrcdiing roolnefs, and even fucked it to quench their thiril. This they undergo without the le.ilt apprelienfions of a coid, or a fever, and without murmuring, or betraying the lealt dilcontcnt. On the contrary, thcy'go on fiiiging merrily, and with incredi- ble ehearfulnels and alacrity umlergo the hardcli labour imaginable for nine hours together. The ilioiig conllitutions of the (iflierincn and feaf.iring people of this country arc no lefs remarkable. 'I'lie pea- j'ants of both fcxes aircmble together in prodigious luim- bcr< about the middle of January, to make their wintcr- harveli' of the rich produce of the ocean. The people of every family at thefe times take with them Hve or fix ■weeks provirions, which chiefly confill of dried fifli. They keep out at fca all day and a great part of the jiight, by moon-fhine in open boats ; and after that croud together by fcores into little huts built in the iHaiids iicar the coaff, where they have hardiv room to lay themlclves down in their wet cloaths. Here they reptde \ themfelvcs the remainder of the night, and the next morn- ' ing return to the fame laborious employment with as much pleafurc and chearfulncfs aa if they were going to a iiRriy-making. | Agiitulturc in Norway is lefs burthenfomc to the for- ' mer than in other parts ; for he does not here toil in the fields of an ojiprcfHve lord ; but the fruits of his labour, i as in the liritifli dominions, arc his abfolute and cfrtain property. Ijut, on the other hand, it is in many places at- tended with great inconvenience and fatigue : the Helds conlilting of little (pots of ground among the rocks, many ot wbieli muif be dug inllead of being plowed, and particularly in the diocefe of Hcrgcn, where the ' (oil is lefs fruitful, and affords few places where the ! plour^h can be ukd. Inltead ot this they fomctimes afe a crooked ftic k, with an iron at the end, which yielding Bafier to the llones, is not fo lubjcvft to break. Nor is the harvcit without its difficulties ; the grain, according to the old cullom of the peaf.mts, not being mowed with ifcythc, except about Chrilliana, where it is lately come KoKWAi . into ufe, but cut with a fickle ; ft.r ;hr coin often grow- (o thick and clofe, and the llalks arc io apt to bend with the weight of the ear?, th;.t the reapeis grafp the licm:, with one hand, while they cut them with the other, and then bind them in (heafs : ih.it tlu-y maybe thoroip'hlv aired and dried, a gnat niimbei of poles are lit up in thc l-.elds, and fix or eight (hr.ifs hung to each p- le. N.j \yaggon.i are ufed in harielt work, except on the fioii- tiers, where they have been introdured ; but inftcad of them the Norway peafanis ufe Hedge?, .iiid are prejudiait again.'t any o'.her kind ot vihiile, even in place- whcic waggons might ealily travel, though their work would be performed with much greatei cafe an, I expedition. I!ut in this and every thing elle they arc fo liiperllitioiiflv' tenacious of the culloms traiifnmtcd to them by then torelathers, that they will not ventuie lo move a ((one which their parent.- had fulfered to lie. The catching of birds atl'oid.s (on:e of the inliabilaiits a very good muintenanee : but it is impnllilile toiMve a julf idea of the fatigue and danger with which tiie people fearch tor the birds in the high and ffeep ro. k ,, many ot which are abo\e two hiiiulred fathoms per|ien,licular. Thefe people who are called birdmen have iw.j methods of catching them : they either climb up tluie perpendi- cular rocks, or are let down from the top ly a Ifrtui" and thick rope. When th(y climb up they have a large pole of eleven or iwel\e ells in length, v.ith an iron fvook at the end. 'I'liey who .iie underneaih in .i boar, or ffand on a cliff", U\[\c\\ this hook to the waillband ot the man's biesches who climb.--, by which means they help him up to the highefl: proieetioii he can reach, and fix his feet upon, 'i'hey then help up another to the fame place ; and when they are both up, give each his bird- pole, and a long rope which they tic at eacli end round their wailh:. The one then climbs up as liii»h as he can and v.'herc it is difficult the other, by putting his pole iiiu'er his breech, pufiies him up, till he gets to a good (landing-place. The uppermolt i i tlic two then help.') tlie other up lo him wirh the rope, and th.us they pro- ceed till they get to the part where the birds build, and there they fearch for them. As they have many dangerous places ffill to climb, one always (eeks a convenient fpot where he can (land fecure by being able to hold himfclf faff, while the other is climbing .about. If the lattcc (hould h.'.ppen to flip he i', held up by the other, who (lands tirm ; and when he has palled in fafcty thofc dan- gerous places, he fixes himfclf in the fame manner, ih.it he may enable the other to come fafe to him ; and then they clamber about after birds where they plcafc. liut (omctimei accidents happen ; for if one does noc (land firm, or is too weak to (iippoit the other, when he Hips they both fall and are killed ; and every year Come pel lib in this manner. On their thus reaching the places that arc fcldom vifit- ed, thiy find the hints lo tame, thai they may take them with their hands, they being niuvilling to leave their young ; but where ihey aie wild, they throw a net over their, in the rock, and entangle thole that are flyini'., with .1 net fixed to the end of their poles. 'I'hus the/ catch a vaff number of fowls, and the boat keepinc un derneath them, they throw the de.ad birds into it, and foon fill the ved'el. If the weather continues favourable, and there be a great deal of game, the birdmen fome times continue eight days together on the rocks; where they find holes or caverns, in which they can fecurcly take their repofe. In this cafe tliey draw up provifiop.:; with lines, and boats are kept coming and goiii" to car ry away the game they have caught. A3 many of the rocks arc fo fteep and dangcrou.s that they cannot potFibly climb up them, they arc then let down from above ; when they have a ftrong rope, ei!>litv or a hunilred lathoms long, and about three inches in thicknefs. One end of it the birdman faftens about his wailt, and thm drawing it between his legs, (o that he can fit on it, he is let down with his biid pole in hi'. hand, by fix men at the top, who let the rope fink liy degrees, but lay a piece of timber on the edge of the rock, for it to (lide on, to prevent its being torn to piece by the (harp edge of the (lones. Another line is (^afiejied round the man's wailf, which he pulls tu give fi"n- « wheu No.aVAV. r, U R O P K. iaj ,'hu Ian- icr, \iid afc. nuc he lomc IIIl'-, hey (in- anJ ^Ic, n\c- hlTC uicly loiia car tli;it II let ghlv s ill ! his It he 1 his k hy ill- thi- llCCl". I cue J f,..n.s whi;: \ when he W01.KI have them pull linn 11;', let liiin Io\A-er, „r kei.') him where lie i>i. He is in l^ieat danger of tlie llones'looieniii:ihv ll'<-' i"l"'. aiiJ r.illin!; ii|»in hiin ; he thereiore wears a thiek li-rred tap well liiiej, which le- lures hiiii I'toin the blows he may leeeive lioni fmall j(,„.cs ; but ir large ones 'all, he is in the greateil ha- /irJurldliiifr his ht'e. Thus do thefe pdor men often (.•xp't'i'c Ihenifelves to the mull imniineiu d.iiigcr, merely to "et a fiibfillence for their families. There arc Come indeed w'!>" '•'\' ^'"•''^'■' '^ "" ""'■" '^^^^'■'' '" ''' '•^^^" ''^'•■y are .leeellonud u> it ; hut at firft the rope turns round xvi^ih them, till their heads are giddy, and they can do ■lothine :o lave themfelves. 'I'hole who have learnt the irt ii:ake a plav ot it ; they put their feetagainft the rotk, thr.jw theiiilelves feveral l.;thonvi out, and pufh thcm- iclve^ into what place they pleale. 'I'hey even keep ihcniklves out on the line in the air, and catch with their p place of all the re(l. Under the billiops are the provolts, the prc.ichers, and the chaplains, or curates, with inferior church olliccr:. A pj- ifli ufually contains mote churches than one ; whence the pirochial incuin- hent h i^ otten the care of maiiv. Willi relpeci 10 the laws of Norwiv, king Olavc is f.id to have be, n the liill legdlatot of this country, .i';J tj have iiiilitiited a la-.v foi the punilhnuiit i.'f rob- bery, fiaud, and adaults. King Chiiftian IV. pubii/lieil a new body of laws for Norway, which were in force nil the reign of Chnltian V. who c.iiifed .1 new digelt to he drawn up, and thefe are the only laws now obU'rved ill the kingdom. This law-book w.is printed in one vo- lume in quarto at Co|Hnhagen in 1^X7 ; the fubltanee of it is taken Ifun that of Denmark, with only a few alter- ations made nerellary by the dill'erent circuinllances of the two kingdoms At prefent the chief ofTieer in Norway is a vice ftadt- holder, who is prefhlent of the fuprcme court of judica- ture at Chrilliana, which is the gi ivral Iribunal for all Norway, to which there lies an a| .1 in all caufes from the inh.-iior couits of the feveral diocefes, or general go- vernments, in this kingdom ; hut may, however, be re- moved to the fupreme court at Copenhar'en. I'.ach of the four diocefes, or general governments, into which Norway is divided, has its genera! I'overnor, and under thefe are the prefeih. The ollics of both is the fame as in Denmark. Next to the prefeiils arc the fccretarics, and the col- Iti^tors, who levy the king's taxes, and pay them into I the hands of the receiver. I Over the nine provincial courts arc nine judges : there are alfo inferior judges, each of whom, in conjunc- tion with eight adiltants, ha-, the power of decidin'^ caufes within his diltrict. IJefides, in the four chief ci- ties of Norway, Chrilliana, Chrillianfand, lier^cn, and Drontheim, arc prefidents appointed by the kinif; and under thefe, as in all other towns, are colfeciors. There arc likcwifc collciSIors of the toll, comptrollers oyer the farmers of the duties, and commillaries of pro- vifions ill this part of his Danifh majelty's dominions. VV'ith refpefl to the divifions of Norway, nature has divided the ma,.i land of this king.' sp, into two parts bv the immcnfe chain of mountains called Dofrefield and Langficid, which feparate the vreftern and northern parts that lie near the fea, from the foutherii and eaftern, or inland parts. Here it mult be ohierved, that the hii;li lands which lie to the fouth and calf of thefe mountaina are called Sondenheld, or Southland ; whde that lyinir north of Dofrefield and well of I.angfield towards the fea is called Nordenfields, or North-l,i.-id. Hut,_ according to the political divifion of this country it confifls of four general governments ; two of which' that is Chrifliana and Chriftianfand, lie in the fouth ; and Bergen and Dontheim in the n.irth part of the kinn'dom. The ccclefiadical divifion into four bilhoprics, is a^'rccal ble to the civil, and as the general governments are fub- dividcd into prefciifures, and dillrie'fs or Hefs, fothebilh- oprics are fub-divided into provollfhips and parilhcs. SECT. VI. Of thi four Gsixrnmnit! '/ Norifny, niitl ihi prindpnt Places in each ; [Hirticiilarly of the Silver- Alines of K-./n'f. her ■■'■£' THE gcvcrnmcnt of Chrifliana, or Aggerhuiis, is the largcd in the fouth part of the kingdom, and the richelt in all Norway. Its principal city is Chrif- tiann, which is faid to be the moll magnificent city in the kingdom ; it is regularly built, is of confiderable ex- tent, and carries on a great trade. Here the governor and the biftiop of Chriltiana re.ldes, and here are held the genera! and provincial high courts of judicuure. It hai a work-houfe, and two fiibiirbs called Waterland and I'eper-X'igen ; through the firll runs a river, which rifes in Maridalcn, We have, however, no particular dc- fcription of the buildings of this city, which is fituated in fifty-nine degrees fifty minutes north latitude, -ind lu AJl^t. ten degrees fifteen minutes calf longitade. ^. ' Kongfherg is a ilourifliing mine town in this [-rovcrn- ment, that contains no lefs than ten or eleven tlVoufand fouls, among whom arc a congregation of IXmes and another of (Jermans. A mint was fit up hi this town (o early as the year 1686, and in i68f) the mine college wascieifled. konglberg is nioft fimous fur its filyir mines, which arc the rithcH mail Nurw^v. I'litlc were iif. ■ If- t, 11 11' !C0 Y S T E M OF G R G R A 1' II Y. * ok WAV, /agarrfr 11' ciifcov rc.i ill l6.!_j, upon wiiiili tin. town wns iniiiic- liiatfly built, ami proplcd ui;h (iiTiiK.ii minors. In 1751, foiiy-onc ihalii! and twtlvc veins were wroiiglu ill til'.- fo'ir ii'vicrs of tlii< niim', in wl'.icli thri-i" tliouCind five liiinJicd officcis, aiLlkers, and laliounr- arc ul'ually frnploycd. 'I'lie riJi on- in tli!.> mini- i.s loin. J only in ilii'jicircd llratas and interrupted \eins. Kven pure Id vcr is lonietinie . duu: (Hit r.f it i and in 104,7 (.mie gold w.is (bund .^nniin' the filvcr, of whieh kii.:; Chridian IV. i.'aul'ed the r.uiunis J'rilkn ducats to lie euimd, with this legend, ViDi. MiKA Domini ; See the wonderful works of the Lord. In the year ibq-, a vein of gold was dif- coveied liere, of wliieii ducats were coined, which on one fide had thi.s infLriprion, Chrisiian V. D. G. Ktx Dan. Norw. V. G. I he l.geiul on the reverie was lioiTi the book of Job : \'on ;.in tfrnach r Ko.MM'i' GullJ : that is, Out of the north toineth gold. tvon;.'lbtrL;, l.)ecember I, itJ97. Tiule mines are in a mouniain between Kongflierg and the river Jordal ; but it has been found that the fil- ver ore is not, ai was as firll imagineii, limitted to t)iat mountain, but c.\ti nds its veins for foine miles, through- out the adjr.eent dilhicls ; which is proved by the new mines that are from tune to time undertaken in fcvrral places, and nio(} of them can ied on very profpcroufly. (,)ne of the nioft aiieiuu and lich of all the niino, named Old (iod's 'Jl' fling, has fometimcs within a week yielded fever.il hiindicd pounds weifiht of rich ore. 'I his mine never fails to fill the beholder with amaze- ment at its aflnnilhiiig depth, which i^ no Id's than an hundred and eightv perpfndicular fathoms ; and the cir- tuniferencc at the b'ttom forms a clear of fome hun- dreds of fathoms. Here the figiu of tliirty or forty piles, burnin^r on all fiucs in this gloomy cavern, and continually fed, in order to mollify the ftone in the pro- fccution of the mines, fetms, according to the common idea, an ima^e of hell ; and the fwarms o( miners, co- vered with foot, and bullling about in habits acrording to their feveral employments, may well pals for fo many devils ; cfpecially when, as a fignal that a mine is goin.; to be fprunp ui this or that courfe, they roar aloud, Berg-livet! liirij-livct ' Take care of your lives ! Fredeiiekfliall is a famous frontier town towards Swe- den, fituatcd in latitude fifty-five degrees, twenty-fix minutes, at the mouth of the river 'I'lltedal, where it liifchaifies it. -If iiito the Spiiieiuiul. This town was for- merlv called Haldeii, and was a mr-an place, under the jurifdiiiiion of the ma>/irtiacy of I'VcderieklKidt ; yet it made a very gallant dtfence a;;ainlt the Swcdei in 165S and 1O59, by means of a linall intrenchment or rampart. It was afterwards llrengihened with additional fortifi- cations ; and in 1660 fullained a third fiege from the Swedes i and Ch.irles Gudivus is by fome thought to have received here the wound of which he died. Five years after, this town received a charter with the pri- vileges of a city. In 17 'ti and 1718, thj inhabitants again diltinguiihed themllKcs by the vigorous defence they made againll the attacks of the Swedes : and here, on the eleventh of Jleeember 1718, Charles XH. of Sweden was (hot in tlie trenches. King Frederic IV. ordered a pyramid tvvcnty feet high to be crcded on the fiHit wheie that hero fell. Its fides were decorated with military trophies, the arms of Sweden, and the king's name; and the top was furmounted v\ith a gilt crown. On four marble tables at the bafc, weic one Latin, and two l,)anifh infciiptions in golden letters. Hut king Chriltian VI. in compliment to Sweden, ordered this pvrannd to be taken down. The town itdlf is of no great (Irenijth ; hut on a high rock oppofite to it, (lands the iirong fortrefs of I'rederiekllein, and there are other Im.dler forts near it. ilcdroycd by fire The general government of Chiillianraiid is fituatcd in the nil. II foulhei.i extremity of Norw.iy, and i^ bouiidul on the north by the government of Chiiiliana, and on the cad, fouth, and wed by the North Sea. This iiru- vinee is tcrtile in torn, and has fevcr.il rivers, oik' ut This city has been feveral times Ircderie'rdadt was built in 1567 by Frederic II. who granted it a favourable charter, and removed the pro- vincial court thither. It lies thirty-four miles to the fouth of Frcderickfliall, and is governed by a town ma- "'drate, and its chief trade is 'U timber. Frederickftadt was regularly fortified in 1655 by Frederick III. and new vorks have been fince added to it ; fo that its (frength by nature and art, and its convenient fituaiion, render it ; northern province in Norway, and the largeft m exi;nt. the II, od important fortrcfs in Norway, | It borders pn the North Sea, on Sweden, and Swcdilh Lapl ind. which is the Mandel, which in one pla.e has a b laid over it from one rock to another, thirty-fix feet a- bove the furface of the water. At afin.dl d'lliance from this bridge is a cataraft, where a very iineominon nuthud of filhing is praclifcd ; the fiflicrmcn go under the tat„- radf, which forms an arch over thc'r lieads, 10 catch the lalmon, at the extreme hazard ofthpir lives, in a hy!e in the rock. Th s government confids of four urelcc- tures, five diftrufts, and has two provincial courts. The principal city of this goviriiment is C'hridianfanJ which is fituatcd on the cadein coad, in the fiftv-nintli degree three minutes north latitude, and is the refiileinc ' ol the bidiop and the geneial governor, where is a ca- thedral and epifi.rpal fihool. This city was built hy Chridian IV. between the year 1641 and 1O4.J, and 13 thus called from ita founder, and the great fande of drand, on which it is built. It is of a fijtiare form, and the drects are broad, regular, and handlonie. Its (itua- tion is very coTir- :)dious, thiee fidei of it belli" fm. roundcil eithe. h fre(h or lalt water, and on the tourtti it has a coir iiiicniion with fine iiiculows and the moinit.iin-. In 1734 the church, with the greatell part ot the city, was deltroyed bv fire. The (mall town of Arndal is remarkable for its fitu.i- tion on a rock in the midd of the river Nid. It ha'; a good wharf, and moll of thehoufes dand on the aeelivi:.- o('ihe rock, the reft being built on piles in the w.itci. I"he drects are only formed of bridges of boats, bv means of which the inhatiirants go from houfe to hoiili-. The water is of fulTu-ient depth (or the laiged (liips lu lie alcngtide of the oiidgis. As the church Hands hioh and almoli on the fiimmit of the rock, there is an alcciit to it from the houlcsby a great number of Heps hcwir oi.t ot the rock. The inhabit.uits make a good u(e of ihe commodious fituation of this town for trade, by employ- ing many (hips and dealing largely in timber. The government of liergen is from two huniircd and forty to three hundred niilcjin length, and contains only the fingle prefciflure of liergenhuus, including fevcn dif- triils, and the fame number of provoflfhips. This coun- try is very populous, and is remarkable for its haviip fc.cn marble quarries i but produces little corn. " The only city \vc fhall defcribc in this government is that of Bergen, its capital, which has the greated trace in all Norway. It is fituatcd in the (ixty-firlt de:'ree c eleven minutes north latitude, in the midd of a vaiiev and built in a fcmicircular form, on tlie fides of a bav called by the inhabitants W'aag. It is fo well forti)ieutli-wi.fti iiiiJ bftwuii tlicm and the coiitiiiciit runs ,i l.irnc li.iy c;ill' il WlII Fioidcn. Amour; the abuvc illiiiJ.. ii ,'iuMii.irk:dilc kind w water, when its niiintuolity feenis at a iland^ ;'iiJ hlhernien vcntuie in : but thib motion loon returns, and let the lea be ever fo calm, yiadn:'.lly iii- creaies with fueh a draught and vortex, asabforb whatever corner within their ipnerc of ailion, kccpmg it for fomc horn J undiT water, when the Iragmcnts, ihivered by the [otks, ajipcar ayain. This circumltancc, amoniwitheis, makes f.'vcral au'.hors lirnily believe, that here is an abyl^ penetrating the globe, mote parts ; nd illiiing in fome very re- and Kiieher ib fo paitieular as to allign the i;uhh of liothiiia. Hut the learned billiop of I'oiitoppi- danobkfves, that, alter the molt exact refearchcs, this is but a conjecture without any foundation ; it having no otha- caule than the coUilion ot the waves riling and fallni" at the flux and rellux, againlt a ridge of rocks and (helves, which confine the water, lo that it precipitates like a eat.naiit ; and thus the higher the llood rifes, the deeper mull be the fall, the natural relult of which is a whirlpool. ... Mr. Ramu"; is of the fame opinion, and oblervcs, that at the time of flood the llream runs up the country be- tween the iflaiuls of Lofodcii and IMolkoe, with a boillcr- ous r.i'>idity ; but the roir of its im|)etuous ebb to the fea is fearce erjualled by the loudelt and molt dreadful catar.:els, the nolle being heard at I'everal leagues dif- taiice. The whirlpool is then of fuch extent and depth, that if ;> f^ip comes within its attraction, it is inevitably ;ibforbcd, and daflied to pieces againlt the rotks at the '..r.uom. '^"t when the itream is molt boillerous, and ,-s luiv heightened by a Itonn, it is dangerous to come ■'-uir one Norway, or lix EngliHi miles of it, boats, I Hilp-!, and v^ich'.i, iiavinj h^cn c.iriied nwny, !>v not ' ;uuidirg agjinll it, b.lore they v.'eie witliin its riii.-h. I It freiiuently happens that evi n whales coming tO') near ■ tl)!' iheam, n"e over p;)\veicd by its violcn.'c ; and then it ij iirpoflible to d.-!cribo th^ir hov/luigs and hillov.in^j ill their fruitlefs l*ru.r'/les to irifeiig:ii;e Ih.nifelves. A I bjar onco attempin; to fwim to the iHand of Molkii-, in I Older to prey on the Iheep at palture in the ifland, afl'ord- I ed the like fpect.icle to the people ; for the itream caught I liini and bore iiinv down, while he ro.ireil terrible fj as to be heard on (bore. Even large Jirs and p!ne-trce«, af- t.:r being ablbrbej by the curient, rife again, with their trunks broken and torn to fuel) a degree, that thev feem as if covcied with brililei, ■l"he general government of Drontheim cont.iins tlirc; prefectures, which aie thole of Drontheim, Nordland, and Kinmiirk. 'I'he piiiK'ipal citv in tliir. prnvinc? \< that of ]")ron- theim, which is in the prefect of the fame name. 1: is two hundred and lixty-onc miles north-ealt of I'crgen, „ , in the li\tv-third degree llxtecii minutes north latitude, /?:5./;''' and in the tenth degree lilte-livc ininatts call: lon-itudc H>:ii- fiom I/ondon. It islitiiated on the river Nid, whithal- niol! I'urroun.ls it, and na 1 formerly ten churches and hve convents, but at prefent it has onlv two churclu-> hefides tliat at tae hoi'pital. The cathedral, which was a fupeib cditice built witft marble, was all burnt down in 153c, except the ciioir, which is rather too large for the prefent church, and is Itill called the caihe.ira!. ibis city is the rehdencc of the general governor an.t the bifliop. It has a line calhedial I'ehool, a femin.sry of milTronaries, an oiph in lioufc, a work-houfe, a hoiile of correction, and an hofpiial. A confiderable trade in timber, liili, tallov,', and topper, is carried on in this citv i which is ilefended by tort Chriltianllcin, ere^'tej in lOSo i it has alio fome fortilicatiorii on the lanl-fide ; and the caltle ol Munkholmen, which It iiids on a rock in the harbc'ir of IJiontheini, and defends both the city and harbour tov\'ards the lea. '^m 'm :j'^'^l y, 'lU, if l> 1 •t..;t 1 w :'M I I -f:' \ \ M4 ^ CHAP. VII. 1^ -'i ;r' I r v" ■'■■ 1: ^ . -Si ''•il Of D N M A R K. Tu h D SECT. I. '..■■.■.■.•'-' nnd C.juiily\' tmlti:i'ftl tm.L-r that S'.^m:. Tlhir Sitniitiiii, Ciimaii-, and Pndu.i: in ^ niet.iK, :inil very little I'.ilt. Mdltdt' the provinces have wooj ruflicient for their necrll'jry orc.ifions ; but as thii; !•> lint the cafe with them all, the Danes arc ohligcil to burn a great ileal of turf. W'c (hall j;ivc a more partiiiilar account of tin- pro- duce of this kiiv^iloni in treatiii'; of it- lever.il parts, ami ili.ill now proceed to the inhabitants, their manners, cuf- toins, and j^overnmeiit. s f: c t. II. 7L- Pr/ins, Dnfs, Mwmcis, nii.l Cii/hms <-f the D.iiici. '"r^MK Danes are generally tail and (Ironi; limbed ; X. thcv iia\c gooJ features, and an a^irccable com- plexion ; their hair is fair, and tor the molt part yellow or r.d ; and, as few of them wear wigs, they take a ;;rcat deal of pains in combin;; and curlinj; their locks. As rcil hair is natural to the eountr\-, they have not the folly to be .^diamed of it, an.l therefore do not endeavour to conceal or change the colour. I'oth the gentlemen and lailies in fuinmcr diefs very fplendidly after the i'reneh mode; but in winter, like the rell of the northern peo- ple, they wrap themfelvcs up in furs or wool The winter drcfs of the ladic., which i.s Danifti, is very convenient and bcroniing. The burghers, the fervants, and even the peafantH, are neat in their linen, which they often change, and all who can alfbtd it are for.'.i of making a Iplendid appearance. The lord Molelworth fays, th.nt he never knew .t country where the minds of the people are n-.ore up-;n a level ; and that as there are none of extraordinary (]u.di- iic'itions to be found, who excel in particular arts or icicn-e-, fo there are leen nocnihufiaih, madmen, natu- ral i,io!s, or whimfical peo|)!c ; hut a certain ctjuality ct ur.Jenlanding reigniiv; amoib; ilicm, every one plods on in the ordinary beaten track of common lenfe, with- nut de\iatin_; to the right or left. The people in gene- ral, however, read and write, and tlieir clergy ufually talk latin. We canr.ot fay how far this nobleman was prejudiced in tl'.c account he has given of thel'c people ; but the encouragement given to learnini:, ami the mo- dern improvcmc-nis that have been niade in Denmark, by the introduenion of the arts and fcicnces, has rendered his picture ex:reme|y unlike the oriL'in.il. We are informed by that r.iibleman, that the vices which the gentry aic mo.'l ajilic^cd to are gluttony and drunkcnncls. \Vhen tlicy fit down to eat and drink, fays he, they never know when to rife ; but the debaui h ionietimc^ continues whole dayt and iiis-hts. 'I'hr tirfl thing a friend is prefcnted vv-ith at his entering the houlc, is a dram of brandy ; and thcv no fooncrfit down to din- ner, but all tlie men and women have agl.ifs fet by their plates; and, on propofim; a health, all take off their gUlTes together, and by that means make quick difpatch : th: women indeed, he fays, retire foon after dinner ; but the men tit till they have loli: that little fenfe which falU to their fhare. liut af:er all, there is nothi.ig mure unjiirt than thefc national rclleiilions, which have I're- •picndy no other foun.l.ition than that circle of acijuain- tance which a ftran;er happens to fall into while he rc- iiJes in a country ; and mdccd where they arc jull at one time they arc far from being fo in another ; forcuf- toms like tnefe ditFer greatly within the compafs of an age. The liquor drank by people of rank arc chiefly rhcnifh wln^, cherry brandy, and all forts of Frcnc!i wine ; while the common |)eoplc drink beer and malt fpirits. The tables of the great arc covered with a variety of diflies. They have no fallow deer, woodcocks, pheafants, or rabbits; and red deer being the king's game, are not to be purchalcd : their beef and veal are excellent, as arc :Ifo their bacon and hares. The common people, whether in town or country, generally live upon coarfe rye bread, lean fi!t meat, (lock fifh, roots, and bid ciiccfe, fcldgm tailing of il;lh-ni.:at, except on fume ex- traordinary feflivals, as on St. M.irlin's eve, when cacji lamily in Denmark never fills to make merry, and to li.ae a roalled goole tor flipper. As to the p.'af.ijus, they chiellv live on toots, greens, while niMts, .iiid rye bread. Se.i filli is fcarce, and not vei y giKid ; but the riv;f filli nialerch, carp, ami cr.iw-tilh. One cannot expci't very cxtiaordiiiai/ Iruit fo lar to the north j y< t the gentry do not want lueh ,is arc very tolerable ; and lome of the nohility ha\e grapes, melons, peaches, an J ail forts of falladj very early, and in great perfciition. It is f.iid to be ditlicult for lirangers to find ihecon- veniencics of lodging and boarding in Denmark ; l.)r even ill Cnpciibagen there arc few lodgings to be let in pri- vate houli's, and in the taverns people mufl be content to cat and drink in a public room, into which any other company may enter. With refpeil to their marriages, they are fomctimcs contracted tlircc, tour, or more years before the ceremo- ny i. performed. The gentry give |)orti(Uis with their daughters [ but the burghers and peafants only give cloaths, houdiold goods, and a great wedding dinner, which are all they part with till their death. Magmtieent burials and monuments are ufual with the nobdity, and lometimes the body of a perfon of (piality is kept in a vault, or the chancel ot a church, for leveral yeirs toirether, till they have an opportunity of celebrat- ing the funeral with lullicieiit (pleiidor. The poorer lort arc buried in great thick chel!?, aiiil in tiie towns there are about a dozen common moiiiners beiongin"- to each pardh, who are oblig -d to cairy and attend thu peojjle to their graves. S F. C T. III. 0/ ll:.' [.t3iiru,ir( ef ihr /)rti;,i ; thir Siill in t^v At II anj iS'wVriVJ ; the ALintlfji'.lura Ciirricd cii in thr (jo:i'itr\ ^ ihcir Ccmi>i/>c( ami iinMiit; Cimpiinics ; with tl'iir Ccins, Wii^hts, and Ah:ijiires ''Y^WV. Danifli language is only a dialciS of the Swc- A difh and Norwegian ; whence the inhabitants of thefe three nations in general iindcrltand each other, ex- cept in a tew words and phrafes. The modern Danifli is a mixture of the antient (jothic, Frifian, and German languages ; and, with rcfpiit to the pronunciation, ha3 fome allinity with the Englilh, with which it has many word . in common. The number of learned men in Denmark is faid to be now as conhderable as in an\ o'.ber country in Kurope of its extent, for there is fcaici .ny branch of literature in which ti>e men of ginius of this kingdom have not ac- ijuitted themfelvcs with honour. Helules the univcrfity at Copenhagen, which coiifiils of four colleges, the aca- demy at Soroe, and the feminary at Odenfc, there »rc fe- ver il fchools well cmlowcd in country town-', where th;' mailers are not only liberally provided tor, but the fcholars are inllruiled and partly maimaincd gratis. In 1747. a royal academy of fcicnccs was iiillitutcd at Copen- liaoen, with a royal focicty for the improvement of the northern Inllory and languages. Socielies for the im- provement of the nfeiiil arts and manuf.iiiturcs, and of the fever.d branches of natural philofopliy, have been in- llituted i and in 17;^6 the I'heatrum Antoniico-Chiruriii- ciim and fcveral libraries were elected. At Copenhagen is alio an academy for painting, fculpture, and architec- ture ; and there the pcdite arts arc in high eftccm. Scarce any manut'aclurcs were cairied on in Dinm.Tk in the lall century ; for they were full introduced by Kreilerick IV. and Chrillian VI. There arc at prefent artilts of extraordinary (kill at Copenhagen, and every branch of the mechanic arts is well executed in Denmark. Silks, llufti, and velvets; cloth, cottons, and woollen lliilfs ; gold ami filver lace, tapellry, (lockings, and hats; with dilterent lorts of h.irdware, are alfo made in thi-) kingdom : as are likcwife porcelain and lire-arms. Here are befidt-i paper and copper mills, one lilk and two cotton printing-houles ; with manufaiftories of lope, llarch, lleel, glue, luLiar, tobacco, and lacquer. T"he lace of Tondern, and the gloves ol Odenfe and Rander?, arc al- lowed to be excellent in their kind. Indeed no manit- I'aaur.? ii^l* |iJ to be; iropc cif titurc ill rot :ic- jrl'ity Itlu' ac.i- arc I'l'- IIkic the lluit the lti«. In Copeil- i Ik-cii in- |hiriiri;i- rnli.igiii [rcliitec- inm.itlc jctd by prcfciit \d every L-nmatk. ■woijIK'h |ii(i bats', ill thi-i Hire ) cotton (Kirch, lace ot LTC ;il- tr.jnii - llailu:..' OenMarU faaurcs arc now permitted M be imported into D^ii mark; inul, fiiice the year 17.56, the vvc.irin- ot jewels, r r. If k o I' F„ III iiJ (liver dulKs,' ami torci-n laci', has been alfi nohibiteJ. In 17-58 a general warihoiifc, or nia;j;a/.iiif, was opfMcJ at the exchange, in Cojienhagen, to which in'anulaolurcrs biiiig all the wares ihey cannot ililpole ol'in other town^, and arc paid ready money lor them ; and trom this warihoule the jjooda ate delivered out to the retail traders on credit. Indeed as Denmark enjoys the mnftcomnindioiH fitua- tion lor ii.ui^,"'"" ■''"'' toniniercc, it nii;4ht be made the cent, r of the"'inip-rtant trade of the Nottii, and particu- larly that carrici' on in the Haltie. All the commerce of this kingdom wni formerly car- ried on by the Hanfj-towns 1 but they were aflei wards liinplantcd by the Englilhand Dutch, but chiefly by the latter. The Danes firll began to carry on their own trade in the tcign of Chriftjan III. it was encouraged \r,- Chriftian IV. and in the reign of ChrilHan V. was carried on in their own bottoms ; but Trcderick IV. may be call- ed the real founder of the Danilli commerce, which was fupported by Chrillian VI. and Frederick V, by his mu- nificence, endeavoured to carry it to its bighell pitch. 'I'hcllriit applicition of the Danes to navigation and commerce partl_ appears from the fevcral opulent coni- nanics cftablilhed at Copenhagen. The principal of thefc is the royal Afiatic company, iirft credted in 1616, and confirmed by a royal charter in 169S, which was renewed with prop-r regulations in J72Z and 174+. This company trades to i'ranquebar cm the coal! of Coromandel, where they have a governor, and to Canton in China. I'hey carry on this commerce almoll entirely with current fpeeie, or bullion ; and in return bring chintz, cottons of all forts, mufliiis, pepper, tea, fait pctrc, 5cc. For thcfe commodities they receive cimfiJerable fums of money from foreigners, who take them olV their hands, and by this means refund the fpeeie tarried out of Denmark. They alfo fupply their own country with all thefe merchandizes, 'i'his company fenus two (hips annually to Canton, which return richly laden, and two 01 three more to Tranquebar. 'I'he Well India and Ciuinca compmy, which was formeily eftahliflied by charter, was dilUdved in 1754, Tln^ the trade to America laid open to the natives of Denm.irk, Norway, and Slefwic ; hut in 1755 the king cllabiidied an African company, with a capital of live hundred actions, every ailion confilling of five hundred rixdollars, which arc divided between thirteen adven- turers. There is alfo eftabliOicd by a royal charter a general tr.iding company, infiituted in order to carry on fiich br.ii'.clies of trjde as no private adventureis are able to undertake; and at the fame time to fer^e as a kind of academy for young merchants. This co"ipany was in- corporated in 174.7, and enjoys confiderable privileges. Its actions are one thoiifand, each of which conlills of five hundred rixdollars, but only three hundred are paid down ; fo that their fund amounts to no more than tlirec hundred thouland rixdollars : but the remaining two hundred of cviry aiTlion may be demanded on anv emer- gency. This company carries on a trade to France, tipain, the Mediterranean, the iKiltic, and likewile to (ircciiLmd, by fending (hips to the whale lidiery. Tile Iceland and Finmark company, who obtained their lai^ charter in 1746, have mi.aopoli/ed the trade to Iceland and Finmark ; but that charter is to expire in 1771. Ij.lides, other Danilll adventurers, trule to dilurrnt por;s of Europe ; but the import.s in Denmark aKv,l\■^ ex- ceed the exports: however, it is quite the rcverfc in the kini:uoni of Norway. The .AlTignation-Exchangc, or I-.-ian-Bank, was creiTl- ed at Copenhagen in 1756. Tlie bank-notes arc drawn for a hundred, (iltv, or ten rixdollars, and pals through all t!ie king's dominions, and the public offices, as cur- rent fpccic. Great and (mall fum?, not under a hundred rixdollars, are lent out of this bank at fiiur pf-r cent, on depnfiting a fulHcient pledge. The capital (lock is no more than five hundred thoufand rixdidiars, and though their circulating notes amount to much more, they are ill very j^ood credit. Th.-i'? is alfo an oflicc of inrur.inr: f.ir .1ilp5 at fe.i, efl.iblillied by charier. The n.imb.r of (liips that an- nually enter the port of Copenhagen is veiy eunfidei.i- hle ; tor it appLarii that above three thoufiiul /liips and finall Icis, la.ien with all firti of mcrchan.li.-e, i-l- peciallv timber, m.iteriab tor builJing. were entered at the ciilloni hnuf.- in the ami pre "vidcns. -■ year ( t^ 'I'he current coins in Dcnm;iik are, n roie-noWe, which is eighteen (liilllii,;s (Idling ; a ducat, nine (liil- liivrs; a rixdollar, four Ihilliiigs and (ixpencei a (let- dollar, three (hillings ; arix-maik, about eleven-pence ; a Het-n'.ark, about ninc-peiuc j and a (liver, a penny } befules thefe there are feveral copjjcr coin:, of ('mall va- lue, The weight:-, arc the great and f.nall hun.iied, the llrft a hundred and twenty pounds, and the other a hundieil and twelve pounds ; they have alfo their lifpound, which is an much as our (lone of ('ourtcen pound-, ; and ilicir (liippound, which is twenty lifpounds. A D.inifh ell i^ about one-third lei's than the En^lidi ; and a D.uiifli mile ahnolt fi.t En"lifli miles. S E C T. IV. 7 ccdi'fiiijUial yiirijdlnicn cf Dmi.arh. in antient times, paid religious wnr- fliip chicily to the gods Fryer, Thor, Thyr, O- Oflhe Rtll^'ion ma THE Dane I din, and Freya, and in the Danifii lanjuagc four ilavs in the week (lill retain the names of the four Lift imagin.uy deities; of which Odin was the chief. Several atlempis were made at different times, in the middle ages, tocon- vert the Danes to Chrilliaiiity, and in SS,'., Ebbo, bi- fliop of Rheims, preached the gcd'pel in Denmark. Kin;.; Harald Klag, who fled for refuge to tiie emp"ror I,"wi~, conl'eiuing to b.- baptized, was attended back to his king- dom by feveral monks, who fjuiided churclies in many places in Denm.irk, particularly at iiaJdebye, in till- dutchy of Slet'wic, where the iirll Danilli church was creeled. liut the ('iieetding kings were the inveterate enemies of the Chrillians, and cruelly perfecuted the new converts ; however, after various vicili'uudes of fortune, they at leng,th obtained a free and uninterrupted tolera- tion from king Sweno, about the year lo~o. At length, when Luther began to rcllnrc the doiTlrincs of the goCpd to their genuine purity, they were faicur- ably received in Denmark by CiiriJiian II, The reform- ation 'gained Hill more ground under Frederic I. and at the diet held at Copenh,igeii in 1537, was made the elLi- bliflied religion ; when John Hugeiinagen drew up a new body of eeelefialHcal laws, and made feveral other "ood icgulations. "rhouTh the Euthcrnn religion is cfl.iMifiied in thl« country, other religious (ect.i, as the Calvinilts, the Jews, and the Papilts, enjoy the free cxercife of their religion in Copenhagen, I'redericia, and Ftedericltadt. The Arminlans, Mennonitcs, and (j^iakers, are alfo to- lerated ac I'redcricfladt ; and on the illand of Noidiir;'.nd, the Romaneatholics enjoy the public cxercife of tlicir religion. l)y the laudable endeavours of the kings of Denmark, the light of the gofpel alfo (liines in Finmark, (Mcenl.md, and among the inhabitants of iMal.ibar, on the coaftof Indi.i ; and in 1 7 14, a foeiety for the propa- gation of the gofpcd was i",lituted for that purpole. The chief ecelefialtical juril.lic'li.ui is under the bl- {liops, of which there are (ix in Denmark, four in Nor- way, and two in Iceland. Of thefe the bfliop of X-.'.- land and Chriflhuia have the precedence. The t'ormer is alfo third proiel|i,r of divinity in the univcrli'.y of Co- penhagen, and conl'equeiuly is obliged t,i refule in that city. "The title of arehbilhop is aboliflied in Denmark ; and both Slelwic and Holllein are under a gcner.il fiipcr- intrndant. The power of the bifhopi was formerly very confi.lei- able in Denmark ; for, witii the other principal piel.itc-, they formed the third flate of the kingdom ; but at prc- ('eiit they enjoy noother power, but what the general fu- perintendants in (icrm.uiyaic inveited with. I'luv are always appointed by the king, and arc obliged, every thiee years, to vifit the churches and fch lols in their ret"- 1 i 1 m li ^!l I I i- i Ji, ! . I 1 1 J i\ b rcf,)u.Tivc JiOJcic-i ; to rNimiii ■ .itiil iij.iiii ii.'W pro.n tier;, ; aiu, toj^ttlicr witli incir provod ;, tn huld, at ll.uiil tinit.i, (HDviiui.il lyiiiils, wh'-Ti.- llvy prcfi k' iiicc njiiiu - ildii vvitn tiK j.'.ivLTii'jr ot th;: (iini'in c. 'I'li-ir ii'vi luic anks t'ro.n l.iiiJs iv.lr.'.;, an.l wh;t i» called i''" cithc- ilrjticiim, i>r a Im.ii! I'li'ii whuli tlu-y n-.-civc tu 'ii tvciy fluircli i;i th-' i!ii)(i IJ. In rvt.y iMtluJial U a In. ill lol- K'.^o, whi.h L'oiilill . oC t;.i.r or live caiiinii, wlu nutt twice a ytJi' ill (!i; i li.ipu'i-hciuli', in order to (it as jii.ljii ill Mi.miiiU'i'..jl an I Dtlicr i;aiili.-j, which were lur- mcil' deciL'.lliy tne e.iium law. There was tormeily a divi.iitv leituier, who re id [lublic kcinrcs weekly in tvery t.iiliedr.il ; but tliele have been l.iid .dido. Next t.) t!ie bifli )}" ;ae il'.e provoli^, iil' whieli there aie .1 hull bed and lixtv in tne whole k;n,doin, who an- luiall)' viilt tlie preaehei'j and leli )uhii..ller.i within their jiirildniioii i d.cide dil'putes between the preaehcrs and the velbits, cirpinflKs, when tney a.e eu_'ni/.a',ile by thi- c.elefiatlie.il \,iM; and twice a year appear .a the pro- vineial Cy nod. I'lie provills have aiimi.dly a rixJullar, or lour (liillini'.s .m.l liApence llerliii.'., tiom every church in their jiirirdiLluui, and in tii.ii vifllaiions arc eiuer- l.lllU.,1 yjalij. Ne\t t.i ihefe ,u<; the preachers, wlinle r.lT.ll.ir.ts ;ire calle.l th.ipl.iins. The levemies ol' the I)aili!!» ilei;)', which atiicpaiilv lioai tvihes and partly Iroiii liie libera- lity o!' their relpieti\c Hocks, .ire very conlider.ibie. ConlVliioii money a in.Ke.l abolilhcd -, but inlleid ol it, the preaeh.'i-- enioy the olieiin^s made by their ci)ii;;rega- tioi-.i at Chrillnrii, Kalter, and W'llitfuntide. A pre.ich- rr's widow in lienmaik reieivci h.ilf the benelit ut the iiiflyc.ir, .iiid the ci,',bth pirco!' the income every year alter, I'rom the Cuccclii.i of iRrdetealed hullnnd. In the lirmelpd town of tv.ry diied'e is ,dfo a widow's box, in wiiicli every preacher put-, a cert.iiii (iini, and il' nis wi- liow lirrvives him, (lie enjoys .in annuity ill piopottion to what hj has coiitiibiitid. SEC T. V. J l'.i:tl^:ihi- /hc:un: if ilh- Mvaiir in '.M.h ih- Dunes ir.i-L- a •.'■.lunliny Xurriii.uy cf iLir Likfliit ; ivith the I'livi- Ic'Li injiycJ lit Jinj'tiit by tin K.Jiily, th Biir^kn, ai.J the Piiij'iiiits, IT will be prnp'T here to pive an account of an event which will always be clleemed one ot the moll ixtra- i.rJiiL.ry that I'.as i ver been mentioned in hiltory. Till about the middle ot the lalt century, Denmark was po- vern'.d by a king choleii by the people ol' all ranks, who in their choice, paid a due lejard to the family ot the precediii;.' prince, and if they found one of hi'j line pio- peily qualiiied to enjoy that lliyh honour, tliey thought it jull to prefi r him before any other, and were pleal'ed when ihey had leafon to choole the eldelt Ibn of their lormer I'nereiL;!! ; but if thole of the royal family were eiihir .r's portion. 'I'lic king's ordinary revenue canliited only in tlie rents of lands and demefnes, in his licrd^ ut cattle, tiis I'orells, fervicr s of tenants in ciil- tivatiii ; hii (ground, ;?ee. for cultoms of merchaiidi/e wcie I. )t then known in that part of the world ; (b that he liveil like one of our modern noblemen, upon the re- venues of his ell.'.te. It was bis bufinefs to fee jullice impartially adminillered ; to watch over the welfare of his |)e. pie, to comm.ind their armies in perfon ; to cn- coura: I- in iiiflry, a-ts, and learning j and it was equally liis dtrty and inicrcd to keep lair with thu ncbjlity and T E M (> r G I'. O C, |{ A I' 1 1 Y. n,: N ,\f > • peiitry, an I lobe c.'.refiil of the plenty and profncrit' c.' the comii:> r\\, luit in K.Ia-, tlie ibrre Hates, lint i', the iiobil.:., cler,:y, iiiid connnon.iliv being altimbleil, i,i i.r,i,.r .., piy and diibaiul liic tuu.ps wlikli li.id been cii. ployed ,■ g.iiiill the iwtde., ilie nubility inde.nouieit to lav the wlnde liuiden on the tomnions ; while liie l.itler, wlio liad diteitdcd tlltii rniuitry, llieii prill, c, ami the iioti . Iity their.lelves v. iiti the mmoll Inavcrv, ii lilled that the nobles, v/ho cnjojrd all the lands, llu'ul.l at le.ilt n.n- their Ih.ire of tlie t.ixes, liiice they li.id (iillVied Ll> i-j the loinmoii lalaainv, and done Ufj lo prevent Hi p'c. gich. At this the nnbiliry were nil. '.:•,'■''!, and m.inv litter i.-. plie- palleil on bulb lidcs. At lcii;'th ll,e pinicipal 1, i ,. toi llaiidiiig lip, told the preluleiil ol the r.ity, that t .t- loinmoiii iiiiiiier im.killi.od the (rinligi, cf' the nolji. lil\, nor coiilidired th..t lliey ihimli Kes w re no .>if\r ih.in flaves. 'I'he w.ud Ihm-. w.ii lidlowtd by a Ini.J muimur Ironi the cler;.y and Imrghtrs: wlitn Nunlcn, the prelideiU ol tlie cilv of C'hera heaile.l by their prelldent, proccTdtd, without the noble; to the p.d.ii'- ; and were met by the prime niiiilller, whu loiidiii'Kil them to the hall of audience, whither the kin/ loon cinie to tlu 111. "" 'I'he bifliop now made a long fppcch in praife cf h'i majelh, .:n,l loneludeil witli olfering him an ner''dit.iiv .iiiil .iblulute di.iiiinion. The king leiurned them thanks- butoblervcd, tliat the cimciiritnce of the noDies was nc- ceirary : he airuicd them of his protection, and proinifeJ to eate llieir grievances. '1 he iiubles were all this while in the "/catcft diflnu-- tion i they coiild come to no ref.jlution, .uul broke up in Older to attend the luneral of a principal Ic-nator : but. Willie they weic at a magniiiecnt dinner, which v.-a* iitually provided on I'uch occahons, thev were told that the city gates were Ihut by the king's orji rs, and ihj keys carried to court. They were now lilled with tiie apprehenlions of being all malliicred, aiul the dread ut loling their lives took away all tlioiiglits of their liber'v " they theielore immediately dil'patcheil nieliineers both li> the court and to the commons, 10 give notice of their compliance. Hut the king, being lefolved to piirfue the afl'air to the utmotl, would not lulVer the gutt-s U) be opuud liil the whole ceremonv of llie iiiau'!uralion w.is coiuluded. 'i'hiee ilays were employed in piepaiin:: t.jr the f.ii.d hour, in winch tliey were' to m:ike a foniul luiiender of their liberty. Sca(i'<.his covered with t.inelliy were erected in the fipiare before thei.iill.-, and ordeis weie given for the burghers and the foKliers to ap.pcar in arms, unJ;i their iclpeclivc otliccis. In Ihoit, on ilur 1 twcnf,- ••■Il' DSNM \P. K. r, u R o i> r.. 113 fcvrn.H ().' D.'ViiiT, 111 tlir niorniiij, the king, i|iii;cii, uiiJ Mv.il hiinily Iv.M.' Ill iiiiucil on the tlKMtrci-ic:lcil for til..- I ■■ir|"ii;, .ml U-.iu J m rh.iirs ot iKiic un.Kr vi'l- vct i.i! ■ '■ . u-ci'ivnl puhlicly the hiiniagc of all the rciMUii' , /I .i>iliiy, tli'iyv, aiul tdiiuiions which were ptrliui'.' '■■ I'n tlir'ir knu's, iMch t.iitiiin lui o.itli id pni- inole i.i> niiijilty's mierilf in .ill thin;;*, ami tii ft^rve hini IdilhliilK ,1. Iiccinie hciiilitary luhjicls. (Jnc (icrlilurt, aiiriiui|i.il liii.iioi, \n,\i the iMily pfrloii who h.iJ the lourag..- :.i opui hii lips in huh.illOt' their txpinn:; lih.T- tici, aiiJ 1.'..', tlut he ho|wil anJ trnlte.l that hi.i ni.ijdly (IcIijiuJ noliiuiK hiu the f[im\ ot his people, anil nut 10 govcin ttu-ni :.tter tiie I'mkini manner ; but wilheJ his luccell.is w )ulJ tollow the tx.niiple his iiLijelty would uilJuuJ'eJh let them, aiul niaice iil'e (if this unliniilled uuwei t ir the !;i'<'J, and not tor trie prejuJice cil his liih- jeilb. None o"t the lel! (poke a word, ur leeiiud in the kail to muiiiiui at wh.it was dune. Thole who h ul payed l!ii-ir tloni i;;e leiircd to the council -houf'e, where ihe lui'uility hein^ ealh-d over by name, and oulered 10 lubkiibc tiie u.'.tli they had t.ikeii, they inKantly obeyed. 'Ihu-s in fuur d.ivs time the kiiipdoiii of Denni.-irk w.t; l■haI!^;ed lion a llate but little ditfeicnt li.nn that of an arillueraey, to that of an unliiiiit-.-d nii.iiarrhy. We here Ice a home or coiiiinuns Ifiiiiulatwd by relt ntnient, and tilled with Mulii;ii.ition at the infoL'iice of the nohilitv, betrayin;', ^heir eonlticucnts, and iiilk-ad of a noble et- l.irt to oL.lii;e tin. le nobles to allivv them the piivileaes tli^y had a right tj ileniaiul, voluntarily pivin;^ up lor tiiemfelvei, llieir conllituenrs, and their pollerity, what they ou^'lit to have lirugj,led to prelerve at the hazard ol their lues, and of whatever elle niij^ht have been elleeni- cd valuable ; while the only comfort the people h.i.l left, was to fee liieir Ibrnier oppreilors alnioll as niucli huni- bleu as tlienilelves. The clergy indeed reaped many ad- vantages from this chaiiiie ; but the citizens of Copeii- lisgen obtained little moie 111 exchange for their liberty, than the inl'ignirteant privilege of wearing fwords. The nobles of Denmark arc diliini;ui(hed by the ap- pellation of the higher and lower nobility. There never were .iiiy diikis in Denmark, betides the king's tons, ex- cept one nobleman named Knut I'ors, who was created duke of Halland by Chrillopher II. fo that the rank ol higher nobles includes only counts and barons. I'he counts enjoy certain privilejies, and their younger fons and daughters arc not only Kiled barons and baronclles, but enjoy tlie privileges annexed to that rank. In their coinitus they have the right of patronage, and of ap- ])ointing a j.idgo and feeretary, from whole lentence there lies no appeal, but only to the fuprcnie court ot judica- ture. 'I hey ;.re allowed three hundred acres ot land free from all inipjiitions : they bear a coronet over their coat of arms; and ail luits carried on ag.iinil them multcoin- mtiice in the lupreme court of juJieature. The rights and privileges of the barons is much the fame with thofe of the counts. The principal difference is, that the baions enjov only one hundred acres of land tree from tythes and contributions, and arc foniething in- ferior 10 the counts in rank and litle. The privileges of the lower iiolnlity, like thote of the former, coiililf in their being :i:ed only betore the king's lupren.e court, in all alfairs that atfixf their lite and honour, except they have a polt 111 the militia bv land or by lea, in which cale this privilege extends only to the lupericr olHeers. No interior jud-c can execute a len- tence palfed upon them, tor that mull be done only by the judge or his commili'ary. .•\ lo.d of a manor who, befides the produce of his manor, together with the mills and tythes, has two hundred acres id land in farm ellate 1) ing within two miles of Ills manor, is tree from contribution. Lords ot a manor have alio the piivilege of appointing a judge and lecretary ; that of hunting and hiiiiMg ; tiie right of trover, if tiio proprietor of the goods tbund does not make his d.iim within a \ear and fix weeks 1 and the right of pationa.^j or prcleiitaliin to theii own churches. I'iiele are the piuicipal piivileges tiijoycd by the nobility fnn;c the king,s of Denmark became .iblolule; but before that period ttieir po.ver rule to the liluhell piicli- SJ The burghers enjoy greater or lefs pdviUgci accnrdin;j fo the cities of which they are members. Hence thole of Copenhagen enjoy the pre-eminence, and have advan- ti;.s enjoyed by none of the rell. 'I'he Daiiifli pea- f.iiiti are of dilferent claflL's. .Sonic are poUeU'ed of .i l|)ot of land, which may be conhdered as their own |)r(i- pirty, llnce they only make the lord of the manor lonx ineonliderable acknowledgment. CJth.rs have only 1 farm, for which they pay a certain rent in money, cat- tle, or corn, to the proprietors of their farms, and du inlL-rior Cervices at the manor of iheir lord ; but (laverv, or a llate of vallalage, was eiuirelv aboliUKd In Oeii mark by Frederic IV. in the yc.ir 1702, and is only con tinned in tome part uf the dutchy ol hklwic. SECT. vr. Of l}>i PrirtgaUvt, dfiurl, Tilltt^ and Aimi cf l/if Kin^i of niimiit i the Ori/ifi of Kui^hthcid; the puhfi Ojfins (iiil Riveniiei ; will) a C'^ncijc ilicmnt of the miiilary unit vnl force of the Kingdom ; ihl civil Uovtrnmtiil of the P, i, and tht different Courts of'Juduaturi. THK king of Denmark, ai hath been already ob ferved, is an abfolutc prince, and conlequently his prerogative is unboundeil. He is pleated, ho"';ver, to ail by the laws framed by his ancellors, or by himiVlf and council 1 though he has the power of repealing an.l altering them as he thinks tit. He is the guardian of all the noble orphans, and none can fell or alienate their l.iiids, without leave of the crown, the king being en- titled to a thiid part uf the puichafe money upon every fale. He has, however, few cnfigns of mnjedy, except fucli as are military, as horfe and foot guards, yeoinen, and the I'ouiid of drums and trumpets ; for the badges of peace, as heralds, maces, the chancellor's purle, and the fvvord of (late are here unknown. The officers ot" the houfliold are the niaidial, who regulates the affairs uf the family, and gives notice when dinner or luppcr 13 ready ; the comptroller of the kitchin, who places the dillies of me.it on the table ; and the mailer of the horfe, who looks alter the king's llables and (luds of mares. The king (its di-v\n to dinner wiih his queen, children, lelations, and general officers of (he army, till the round tabic be tilled ; the court-marftial inviting fometimes one and lomctimes another to cat with his majefly, till all have had their turns in that honour. A page in livery fays grace before and alter meat ; for no chaplain ap- pears here but in the pulpit. The attendants are one or two gentlemen, and the re(f livery fervaiits. Tha kettle-drums and trumpets, which arc ranged b.-forc the palace, proclaim aloud the very minute \s\\cn his niajefly tits down to table ; but the ceiemony of the knee is iioc uled to the king. Every winter, the fnow is no fooncr firm enough to bear, than the Danes take great delight in going in Hedges, the king and court tirll giving the example, and making feveral tours about the capital in great pomp, attended by kettle-drums and trumpets ; their (ledges are drawn by horfes adorned with rich trappings, and the harnefs full of linall bells. After the court has thus opened the way, the burghers and others ride about the llrects all night, v\'rapped up in their fur gowns, with each his female in the fledge with him. His Danilh majeiiy's titles at lull length are, Fre- deric \' ■ by the grace ot God, king of Denmark and Norwav, and of the Goths and Vandals; duke of Slef- wic, Ho'.lkm, Sturman, and Ditmarfch ; count of Ol- denburg, and Dclmenhorll. The roval arms are parted by the Daneborg crofs into .4 tKtS. tour principal quarters. In the tirll or, three lions pal- I'.int gardant azure, furroundcd v\'ith nine hearts gules, lor Denmark. In the fecoiid gules, a lion rampant crowned or, holding a Danifh battle-ax argent, for Norway, in the third azure, three crowns or, the lirll and fecond fur Sweden. In the fourth or, a lion leopardiy.ed ^.zure, with nine hearts Rules, for antient Gothland. The inel'cutchcon quatterly, in the full or, r i two lii! A.. I •In Mr L M H' H4 A S Y S T r M O I' G F. " G K A 1' 11 V. r)f.VM/»nit, I ' ■ 1 two linir r.i{r.ii,t .v.iiri', tor tin- Oiitc'ny of Sl^fwic. Ill the fcioii.l (Miles, tliiii: lutrli'-li'.ivi'i at/.ciit, jilcrri'd with tlirto n iiK 111 ilie rroS i ihili.' Icivt^ .irc ch;iij;'il Willi a liiuill I'lrliiKi'lKoii .U|',iiM, tor iIk' iImIcIiv ut Hiil- lliiii. In thf tliiiil (MiKs .1 ivj'.iict iirt'i lit, (;.>i;;rJ Willi u Clown or, fur Storiiuii. In tin? loiiilh r.nli.'t, a c.i- \.illir iirnnil arj-iiit, hoMi.ij; a IwonI |mninifili.J or, (or Dilnurlili. I'lion 'H .in incrciitiliriiii in the ceiiti-r (i.iriv per p.ili or, iwo bui j;iilf<, for Iji liiicnhnrlJ ; iilul ii/urr, a crols putlre or, lor jiillaiiil. The liippurlcrs aictwo f.iv.T'is ,\Miu'v1 Willi rliilis. 'I'hi- piir..i|ul order ot' liiiii'hilidnil in l')ciimnrk ii that of ilic cliph.int, or the hlnr rihhnn, whiili loinc au- ilioi . I'lipiuilo to he tuiMuliJ 111 the twt'llih I'cntury, bv C.iiuilo VI, wliile ollur-. lav, ili.it it w.is inlliliiti-d alimit three luiiiihi'cl via:;. a.>o hyChrillian Latins fon's wi\l- •liiy. In inlij^n, or ha.l^e, is .i whiti iii.iiiiellcd i-!i;'hant with a eaiHi- on ir. hack, appiiui.int to a hiiie rihhon, ^vcirii over the lift ftioiilJcr to the rii;ht tiilc. 'I'heft jciilnh;. wear (in ti.i; left brvalt .1 ll'ver liar ot ci^ht rays, with the L'aiifbnr.; croi> in the nil Idle ot it. Tlie '\-oii(l Older of knijihthood in this kiii[jdom, is t.dled t^o J)inebor;r order, or the white ribbon, whiih wa' iiiltituteii by W.ildfinar II. The badire r. .1 p,old «iol.. .•■ •'I'ilcJ, and let with eleven diamond.. This ■ aiiys !it a wateicd white ribbon with a red border, which is worn ovir the ii,'.ht Oioulder to the b It fi.le. Thvle l;ni;\lit-, wear on the ii|;lit brealt a fiivcr liar of riiiht 1 I's, in v.'hieli a (.lof> is to be feeii, wilh the woid rdliiiilor thus divided, HI :■■; 1 l-TV- 1 1 K, and the nnnie nd icelelialHcal employ- ments, arc preleiitcd. 'I'he pro;h,jiU'tarv, with the prin- cipal t'. cret..rit:i, and two otl-.er pcllbn^, ivs aflilbnts, coiiltitiiie a chancery. 2. 'I'he CJeiman chancery, which v.'as inflitiited in i'jHS, and cuiilills of a prolhonot.iry, a follicitor, and feveral feci claries, All petit'oiis rcla'.iii;; to the affairs of Slefwic, IJoillLin, and C)ldciibiir;^ are ^'iven into this court. It .ilfo cirries on a ccirrelpondcncc with foreign conns .Tnvl .':mb.iir.:dors ; and all treaties and alliances concluded with foreign pov^'er^, are difpatched by this collei'c. 'I'lie members of the weekly chaiiccry-fcflion are the protlionotary, fume oilier Iccrctaries, and twofo- jci^Mitrs, ai alTifl.U'.ts. 11. 'I'hc military chancery for the land fervicc, which confifts of a prothonrjtary, a recorder, or keeper of the archives, a lollicitf^r, clerks, eiiifr.ois, and notaries. This col'cj'C has the care of military promotions, and in treneral, the direclion of c\ery thing belonging to the ar- my and to war. liut the pcculii:r militaiy a-conomy is connnitteJ to the fcncral commiiiion for the land fervice. 'I'hcfe commifi'arii s pay, maintain, and recruit the army, fill the nias-ayiii'.'s, kcej) the fortifications in repair, and liavc the c;ireof the aitillery. To this college are ftibjeif all general conimillarics of war ; all idHceis that have the tare of provilions, arfenals, and materials fur bnildint:. The magiilr.itcs, and other civil officers, arc under their jiiiifdiclioti, as far as they have any concern in the itiarchin'.; and iiuartcring of the army. 'I'lie money ex- pended 1-y this college, which is imniediaii Iv under the king's command, is ilTued bv the deputic:. of tlic fi- iiaiues. ill. The military cliancory firthc fea fervice, cnnfi'l'-. <)f a prothonotary and follicitor. ']~hey order ;ind dircdt whatever relates to naval promotions, the marine and Inrboiirs ; but the peculiar iT..iiijrcniciit of naval afl'air.s is imdrr the general niaiiiie tdininilTlon, ulncli lins lieeri iinitij 10 the college td ..diiiir.iltv, ivir Ciii e tile ytjr t'.\(>, I'he adiiiir.ilty college w.is iiilliiiiii..l in iljri.j, and liis not only the toniniand ol the ll.et, but h a lu perior court ol judicatiiie 1 lor all the fentemei p.il|ci( by ilie iiifeiior court if admiralty come bclore ihun. The iiifi nor court ol admir.ilty has power over all iiiil and mili. ry lubalteiii olliiers in the iiavv. IV. I'he tieafiiry and the collij'e o( the finances, arc better legul.itrd th.iii loinierly. I he (ii(( wis iiillit itei) by Kredciic IV. who .dudillud the college nf iic.ilurti., and appointed in their room, a (ingle trealiirer and viee- treafurer. lie alio intro.luetd the college (nr the (i. nances, which confilK ol the ilcpiities (or the linaiii cs, and rinimilfioiicrs of the col'ege ot the liiiancrs. The deputies, in concert with the lommiflioner-, dirciSt all ali.iiis re'..iiiig to the hn.inccs ; but the drpuliis aloi.e hue ,ic miiiagcmeiit ot the public nioiiey, m ikc dil- burlemeiits and fubleribc all lontradt;. The coiimiif. fioncrs .lie iiitriifted with the care of every thing elfe thai relates to the revenues, and the iinpolts in money and coin; they (arm ti'.e public reyeiiues i have the iiifncc- tioii of every thing that may tend to their iniprovcirieiit and augmentation ; and fubfciibe all repicl'entalions made by the chamber to the king. 'I lie chamber of (in.iiice has iwo chanceries : thele are the JJaiiidi, or iiorihcrii, which has a fecrciary and two ageiiis j and the Uermaa chancery, which ctinlids of a iecrci;'>-v and one ,T;ent The chamber court of judicatuie has ,n julliciirv anil an agenl,_ whomanage tlie judicial piiKcediiii's of theilutn- ber. The correlpondcnce of the ihamber eollcc is car- ried on, and the aerompts of the colli.Uors iiifpi,>;tej and adjiined, bv feveiilecn clerks of the revenues. Thefe clerks li.ivc their refpeilive departments and olfieos, of whicii there are (even, and as many clerks, (or iJeii- mark ; live for Norway ; and live (or the German dotni- nions. V. 'I'hc gcner.d college for the improvement of mnnu- faiffures and commerce, was inllitiited in i yj;, and co/i- lilh of deputies and comniiiriorcrs for the domcOic and commercial departments, and of a Djiiilli and (lermaii I fecretary. 'I'his college has the dircilion of every thin ■ I that may promote the iiicrcafe of domellic trade, m.'nu' (actures, (ilheries, and .ill new (buiidations or eltablilh I meiits. lly virtue of a royal ordinancf, ilTued in 175 {, , every deputy has hi: particular department, but is ulidi ' the coiitroul or thct k of the genrral college. ' The gcncr.il ccclefi.tnical college of ir,f)H.lion wa, inllitutid in i;'}? by Cliiidian VI. and ulually confill. ' oilix niembeis, three divines, and as many I.ivnirn, wh., ; are all calKd general eecleliadical mlpeelor--. ' 'I>,c lliii,' la\-infpcClor is alio feerclary of the college, and h.-'i 011. or tv.o fecret 'ir iimlei him. 'liiis college li.is the ^e. neral dirt£tinn of all ccclctiaH-ical alVairs in lAninark ' and Noi'.vav, .iiid its iiitn.hcrs infpc.'l into thebehaviou' ^ of the clergy, .md the (fate of the univcriities and felio.d, in their luiifdiclion : ihey likev-ife pafs their icnfure on all llieologieal treaties on rdigidus cuntroverfui, I 'I Ins college is ulfo under the king's innnediutc jurifdic- tioM, ' The fill college i< that of the t'eneral poft-cfTice, which hastheihreitioiuif the polh in the two kingdoms, audit) the accounts cif the poll-inalleis, luid inlpeeh into thiu coiidua. This ctTice has its diiectnrs, ticafuries, ar.d ' revdion ihamber. In all towns the cuuiiui (or Itt- ! tcri go out and come in tw'icc a week. 1 he roads a-e I mcalured all over the king^dom, and at every .purtei ut I a DaiiKh mile the giouiid is a little raifid, 'and a Uon- eiccl-led upon it. VVc now come to the revenues of Denmark, which arife Ironi the cultonis, paitieularly ihofe of the .Sound, Coldingen, and Norway. A toll' m paHing Irom the northern ocean into the Ijaltic, and from tlieTall into the northern ocean, is paid in the (trei,s|;:s, at bJlino-c, Nyburg, and Fredcricia, luit the piincii>.-d cullom hniee is at I'.irmorc. In lomc years, aboie lix thnufand (hips p..l'i through thele (heights, and confiijuent'y the toll i, very conlidcrable. This toil is not on an c(j'-.ial (ootir./ with relped to all nitiims ; lor the Hambiirgh.:r; are ob- liged to pay more th.in iitiicrs for pafiii'g "tr.rourh the buuad. The LJigldh, Dutch, Llwed'fli, and French Ihii" -I" •!"' I''!'''"!' ^'"" 'hfy.irc provijij, Bccoril- ,11,1 K. Ill MK» with [>jlli.> : llK'V .illli piy il'iwii only diu; permit, Ml lucll |""i>lii »» iii« l|i'>Hn'J in llu' tJiill, «liilo all Mt.iu- li.lliiiii'i .".re ii..t i.Jilv kMiiliol, luit au •ilili;;i'J III |i.iv iiiii-' •»'"! a 'l"'""'"'' I'"' '■'•'"■ ^^'ii'' 'i'- ptctrotliJ Munlc-Kiwin th.it l.c uii tlic ll.illi(, tlKTc !■. ,1 (-rc.it v.uirtv Ml the tull (hiv p.iy i lor alttioll every imc ill 'tli"H' linviii l> trc.iti'il uutl III paitic'.il.ir. 'I )li' tull-, jic, 111 itiiiir.ili ^'I'l"-' l""i"-'l mil or io'iIilIcJ liy olKcen ji)[Mi.ii!iil I ■' ili4t piiipiiiv, aiiJ lliirc .lit- iiini|iiu)llei , jn|MiiiiuJ liy llic kiiii; o»tr the I'.iriiiri-. .mil ^|t^u■u^. Thi. Dltiu rueiiutj arilc liuin ilit; cM-iCc aiiJ con- fjmpi'iM. From the mxcs pni.l hy llic larniiiig peaLmls lor free- holds and contnhiilion* "I provili hih hi Norway; lioiii iluticj towiii is Iod;>-il ill a tiurpnmiOcr and council 1 but in linaller towns in .1 kind ol lie.ulboiou^ii. Many lowiik have alio a io\ ,il pidl Kiii, and livtral ul ilicm liavu tint piiiilr^e of lioldni", coiilt-. ol jiilliie. Ilelidci Ihi' lowii loiiit. ol judicature, ami iholv hiU by the nobility in their own iiiano.?., ihire areiline other cunt.,, the 1111;^ court, land-court, and the t'unreinc lii- b: nal. ill tht tii'^ji mtit caulcs .;re geniially fiill brought, bo;h ill the town, .ind in tin; cnuntiy i every liiiall dil- tiiil conlilting of 101 ly 01 fifty vi!la;;es, or liamkt-, wliiih have iluir luadboiough, ajud^'., .ind a fccretary i to which are add d ci '.ht pc.ilanis. Thife colitis archjd week!). Fioiii this iiileiior court .ui appral lies to the piovinci.il coiiil, or alli/.es, which commonly conlilb, nf twujiidici aii.l aficict.nv, and ii liiM once a month iii Icvcral of the principal towns. The other court, from which tlieie lies no appial, \» the liiprenie tiihunal at C'opinhageii, which i, held ..Inol! all ili- uar round, and IS opened by the kiiij; in peifonenry year, iihout thu beginniiij^ ol March. I'hii loiirt, where the law i» (ilciit or doiibtl il, li.is a power of detciininin;,'thc alF.iir i .uiil. It IS fai.l, that throu.jh all the fe louits a fuit is ear- ned in the Ipace of thirtun iiionihs, and the whole ix- p lue, notwitliHandmg the uppe.ds fiom one court lo tmother, amount, to no more than ten ortwilve pounda Iteiling. 'Flicy have in.lecd no inn. of loiiii, or publii: liH ietics of l.iwyeis ; but every on.' w ho pleafcs may taktj up thcprotcirioii 1 yet the fees arc lo low, that theic art! lew advocates ; an.i theie is the Ids occalion for them, .is cveiy man is at liberty lo manage hi. own fuit, and plc.itl his laul'e hinillll. I'hc '.'icatert cxpence aiifes from tiie it.impt (i.iper, upon which the proceedings ate writ- ten 1 and, to prevent this biing cxciflive, the clirks, or rci;i(lcrs, are obliged to biing the whuL- matter into A Cirtain number of flieets, .is well the allegations ami proofs, as the fnitencc itlelf, which are all reduced to writin/. In the inlciior couits the real'ons on which eveiy I'entenee is founded are cxprcll'jd, but not in the fuprcmc couit. 'I'he judges of the iiiferior courts, whofo f.ilaries arc very inconfider.ible, arc not liiily punilhcd for niifdtmeanois committed in the txecuiion of their offiec, but arc ob!i;;cil to make fatislacUun to the party injured by an unjull fcntence. Our merchants who have had occafion to profecute lulls in this country, admire the etiuitablenefs of their laws, and the cafe with whiih jultice is obtained. The crimes of high treafoii, robbery, and houfe-brcak- ingaie fcldim heaid of in Swiilcuj and fedii^ous dif- courles, and praj^ices are Hill more uncommon. The punillimcnt b,r capital iiiines is beheading, which 1^ ulu.illy done by one llroke with afworii. In the city of Copenhagen is an (fllcer called thepo- lity-nialUr, who takes care that good orders are kept, compolcs ilill'ercnces among the merchants, and fcs that their merchanJi/te is good and faleable. lie caufes tin: llrcits, biidgcs, .lud canals to be ilcanlcd, kcjit in gno.l repair, and lue frem iiiilaiiccs (ir obllriuJliiuis. lie t.ikc. cue that the city be fuppliid with corn tit fm br>-ad al. a moderate piice i fei/.es piohibited goods, and artilfs at the ixtiiiguilbing of fires j for the mob i.s not fiiU'cred ti> rufli in on thefe occafions ; but have companies like our tiremen, whole proper bulincl's it is, who arcprovidei! witii inltrunients lor the p.npofc ; and no other prilons mult approach within a certain dill.mce of the place. 'i'he poiity-niallcr allii c.iufes people to be apprehended who walk tho Itreets by nighi, no perfon bcinur allowed to bo abroad alter beating tho tattoo. Me likcwife fiip- prcH'es riots and tumults 111 the ftrcets. The poliiy-malfcr is alio the goner.il game-keeper, and lijs the power ot lei/.ing guns, nets, and vcnifon unlawfully taken. We fliall conclude thi. account of the government and adminiliralion ot the laws, with oblervin", that the Danes Iccm to b.: vciv apprehenfive of the abules of apothecaries in felling and applying their drugs ; for thcv permit no pcrlbn to eMcrcile th.it pi.d'ellion who is not ap- pointed by the college of phy.'ician?, and conlinmd In- the king himl'clf. Not long ago there were but tv.'o oV them allowed in the city of Copenhagen, and one in every other sircat town, which would doubtlels l-e much too few did not Ibine of their phvlicians prepare their e'wn mrdicilics, The apothctaiies Ibop* .ir.; ■. Ifitrd by I lie '■'ii V ,' 1 i !■ I - ■ !■ I 'i i\rj lit, ' ? 4; %th A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY D LNMAR f. iplim of t/ c highcR .1 eii;hty univcr-' the ch)y- •'" erly two iSurn iii- loiJ their Diifiilory, |inJ oth.T ■ fpaciou^ |hc yoiiii:; hem :il- [\ colK-c tWCIll/ rcliiie III (.icori^e Tic There ;irc hefui,""! many othor ciiil.'riiics in Ivnry, chony, Ivix, anibcr, nn.i otiier ni itcii.il.-. kept lor (lie lake of th'j el;'i.'ance or miniitciiefa of the worknianlhip ; aiiJ, it is laid, there i:: a coninion rhcrry-lloiie on the furiace o\ whicli arc cni;iaveM two hundieJ and twenty heads, but their fmallnelb makes them appear i.nperKit and eonlufed. In t'iisi|iiarter islikewife tlie niap,a/.inc fur proiilioni', the port-office, and the cxchanpe, which is a ^ranJ Itrmlturc in the (jothic talle, lour luindied i'.nd fix leet mi length, and llxty-fix in breadth, the L;rcatell j "tOf'.vhirh was built in 1624 by Chriftian IV. The lowell llor/ is laid out in warchoufes, whicli are very commodious for the merchants ; for on both T.dcs of this llruituru are can.ds wlierc the (liips may lie dole to the warelioufes, and goods be conveniently landed or fltipped from them. In tiie fecond Itory in the north liJe is the pUiee where the niciclianis iifually meet. In the middle and dowa the wh(de length on both fides is a range of fliops ; in one wing of the fouth fide is the roval b.'.n!:, and in the other the royal niai^a/.ine, where moil ol the clotl-.s, filks, and C.ulFs made in the city arc dcpolV-eJ, and fioni thence fold to merchants and dealers. 'I"hc feventh is the Rofenhurg quarter, in which is a C'alvinill church, a fmall neat edifi.e, where the niini- llers pre.ich in I'rench and hi;;h l)iitc;i ; and the TMniti/ church, generally called the Kound ci'.urcli from its rounil tower : its arched roof, which is prtttv hig>i, is fuppor!- ed by two rows of very llenJer octangular pill u;, whicli give it t!ie air of a very light building. This edifice luirered Kfs than the other churches in the great fire in 17JS, and was I'oon repaired. 'I'he gieatell lofs was the i.oble collection of books belonging to the univeifiiy, kept in a l.irgc room over the aiclied ro;if of the church. However, a new library lias been fiiice coUeilid, in which are feveral valuable manullripts relating to the Northern hillory. The tower of tiiis church is ellecnud a mailer-piece of its kind, and was defigncd by the ccle- wife held in this (lory. The prince royal's (lory is thus ' brated Chrillian J.ongomontaiuis, the allronomcr. It iiaaieJ from his highnefs and the princelles royal having ! is round, a hundred and fifteen feet high, and li:ty-four their apartments in it, which arc extremely elegant and ; feet in thicknefs ; fl.it on tlic top, and fiirroinuled by an (vcll contrived. The iiifide of the royal chapel is alio iron baliil'.radc. Tf.c afccnt i^ fpir.il, and (0 fpacioua very beautiful and magnificent. The ch.iiicerv is join- j and cafv, that a coach and horfes may go up and down t.l to the palace by a corridore, or covered gallery, and ; again with ta(e j which experiment w.is tiied byl\ter D EJJMARK The Borrichian College, or the Collegium Mcdiceum, is the moft elegant and bell endowed of all the private foundations. The learned Olaiis Horrichius credted this tollei'C in 1689, for fixtcen Danidl and Norwegi.m ihi- deiitsl liivery Undent has apartments gratis for li.e years, witli an annual penfion of iixty rixdollars. The library .^nd cabinet of curiofities which joined to this college were burnt down in 1728, but have fince been in fonie nieafurc rcltored. The lad place we (hall mention in this quarter is the north gate, which is the mod elegant (truiilure of the kind belonging to this city, and was creilcd in 1671. The fourth divifion is the freemen's quarter, in which are two churches, and the church of the Holy Crholt, or rather of the Holy (tucIIs, it deriving its name from a lar"e hofpital or giielt houfe that formerly ftood near it, and was coMvcrted by Chrillian IV. into a lioufe of cor- reflion. This church was rebuilt after the fiie of 1728. I'he fifth is named Siiarren's quarter. The fixth is called Strand quarter, and contains the following places worthy of notice. The magnificent royal palace of Chrillianfburg, which was enlarged and cm- hellilhed by Chrillian III. Chrillian IV. and Frederick IV. but being very irregularly built, Chrillian VI. caiif- cd the whole building, with the adjoining houfis, which had been purchafed of the burghers, to be pulled down in 173I1 '"iJ 'fi*^ fallowing year laid the foundation of the prefent fpacious and magnificent (trudlurc, which was fiiiilhe.l in 1740. The firll floor is called the ladies (lory, becaule molt of the laJicsand gentlemen in waiting have tluir apartments there. The royal treafury and cafli- oiiice arc alfo kept here, and the king's court of jullice r.iid the burghers court are held in other apartments. The office of the general ("upcrintendants of the huild- in-s is likewife in this Itory. In the fccond or royal (tory tlie ap.irtnients arc adorned with the utmoll magnificence id elegance. The fupreme court of judicature is like i., a luperb llructurc. In the lowelt (lory, which is vault- | cJ,are kept the archives of the kingdom. In the fecoiid [ is the privy-cnuncil-chambcr, and alfo the chanceries of Dcnni.irk, Norway, and of the Cierman dominions, tlie military colleges, and the college of the finances. In the third Itory are the ollices belonging to the treafury, aii.l the rent-chamber. Ill ihi. quarter is alfo an edifice in the firft (1 iry of w'.iuh is the arfenal, an I in the fecoiid the king's library, which is above two hundred feet long, and contains a- bout fixty or fe\enty thouf.md volumes. In the third flury arc the royal cabinet of curiofities, the piiture-gal- krv, and the cabinet of medals ; and in the fourth Itory is the cabinet of models. In the royal cabinet l the bell oinamented both within and without; the roof is covered with copper, and it has leveral curious 1110- nuiiienial inlcriptions. The l>icmer Holms church, alio called the aiimirahy church, it being firll allotted fiir the life of perli'iis be- longing to the navy; but afterwards a large congregaiio.i of burghers were added. The general commilTion-oflice is a large llruflure creeled by I'rcdcric IV. in the year 1704. Here the united colleges of the admiralty and general comniifllou meet. Heliiies this (Iruiflure, the foll.nving edifices be- long to the n.'.v.il department' tlieOldor B.erner Holm, a;ul Ihe New Holm, where the naval (lores are dillribut- ed : Chiillianlholni, where is the naval arlenal, whicli far exceeds that of Venice, and where the ruy.il fleet uluallv lies. rile New Tov\'n confifis of tvro quarters : the firft is St. .Ann's call cjuarter, in which are Chailottenburg, ;i pretty large and regular (Iruclure, begun in 1O7.'., aiui completed in the fucccediiig years. It derives its name from (pieeii Charlotte Amelia, confort of Chrillian \' . The filuation of rhis callle or palace is very agreeable, its principal front t.icing the fiiuaie c.dled the King's New Market, which is emhellilhed with an equellriaii llatue of Chrillian V. of lead gilt, placed on an elegant p.-de- llal. On the fidis of tliu hni,- fquaic arc alio the t; - ijtea! ■M'^iff U3 Y S T F, M OF G i: O G R A P 1 1 Y. Di ii 1=1 ,|fff great ^uJrJ-h.Mifc, the foimJifry, aiiJ tl.c Djiiilli pl.iy ■ hou(c. Then' arc alCo \n lliis qunrtcr the navnl hofpital, llic church bilnnj^in!; to the gjrrifon : the l^'rcJcnckllaJt, whkli is now aJorjK-J with (overal c'leicifin;;-roonis, and is under the ii\- fpcclion of its proper officer, who liktwife lives in the acidcmy. Thi.l'c yoiinij men are not only fupplied with !odiin_:;, clo.ithinj, hre and candles, and a monthly l^enlioa fuflivient to find them in diet ; but are alfo in- JtruiSted at the kind's expence in all the fciciices by able m liters appointed for that purjwfe. Thvle two compa- nies arc a kind of nurfcry for the army and navy. In St. Anne's weflf (juarter is the royal palace called Rofenburg, a fmall cdiMcc built by Chriltian IV. in 1604, •11 the fenii-nothic t.i'le ; but is a grand Itruciure, adorn- ed with one large and two fmall towers. It is I'urround- cd with a ditch and a kind of fortification, and has its own commandin;; officer ; hut the guaril is daily relieved from the garrifon of Copenhagen. The adjoining gar- dens arc very cxtenfivo, and cmbclliflied with a great number of ornanienis. 'I'hcl'e, in iummer, firv the in- habitants for a public walk, and the royal family I'omc- times relide a lew days in this palace. I'he third llory of tiie palace is laid to be the molt remarkable from its containing a treafure of incllimable value. In the great hall, which is in this llurv, and takes up the whole ex- tent of the building, are five pieces of painting by the Danirti artilt Krogk ; twelve valuable pieces of ta|)ertry, rcprefenting the atchievc-iicnts of Chiillian V. and three filvtr lions as large as the life, which at the king's in- auguration arc pl.iccd round the throne. In two cabinets ajoining to the hall arc kept tlie old and new regalia, with other valualile jewels, and a whole fervicc of gold. Another cabinet has a colleClion of curious and valuable drinking glall'es, and other gjal's velVels. The royal throne ufed at tiic inauguration Ihnds in another apart- ment. Chriflianfliafen coiififts only of one ciuartcr ; it is fuuatcd on the ifiand of .\ni.ac, and had formerly its own ina^ilfratts ; but is at prefcnt under the jurildiiilion of thofc of Copenhagen. I'he moll remarkable places in this fuburb are St. Saviour's church, which is cHeenied the moil magnificent and elegant church at Copenhagen 1 and n.i-. a beautiful iKcple, that has a I'piral alcent on the outlidc, bv which one mav go op to the top. The lierman, or Frederick's church ; the orphaiihoufe for the education of two hundred poor boys , the Eall India company's houfe ; the line dock-vaid, where Ihips of war are refilled ; and the gate of Chrillianlhafen. Hetween Copenhagen and this fuburb is a high pillar ereih'd in the niidll of the water, on winch is a Itatue of a ii.iked woman, v.'ith a fwan c^n licr left fide that ex- tends its long neck bchinJ Iter back, and, bringing its head over her tight ihouKler, puts its bill into lier mouth. This pillar and ttatue are conlidercd as a fymbolical rc- prelciu.ition ol the city of Coprnh.igen : they were, how • ever, found near CJalmar, in Sweden, during the war in lOi I, and from thence conveyed to this city. Ill this citv the Calvinilts have a church to thcmfelvcs •, ih'ile of ibe,Romifii religion liequent the chapels of to- il igii niinill.'ts of that piolellion, and the Jews have their fyi;igogn's._ The iiiagiftracy of this city is appointed by the king, and conlilis of a prefident, three biirgomalters, with vice- burgoniaftcrs, and conimon-couiicil men. liciidcb the lupremc and other colleges, academics of painting ami drawing, the Ihcatrum Anatomico- Chirurgiciim, trading companies, the bank, and the ofiicc of inlinancc already mentioned in treat, ng of this kingdom 111 gcneial, they have an iiiluiance-officc for c.iHi, fre and waicr-otljces, and diUcient m.iiiufaitures, in which lilk and woollen Itiiffs, cloths, line jjuld linen, i:id lilvcr lace, purcelain, ^'c. arc nude. This city has b'.en frequcnllv villtcd bv tf:e idaiuic. which I'wipt away gieat numbers of the inh.ihitants. Ir has often been bili-.ged, ami in 165S, and id'i'), held oi;c againll: the Swedes alniolt two \earb ; and in r7co wa^, bonibaided by the combined Heets of Swcdi n, Kiig|:inf Amac, It is ncccllary to take fonic notice of that ilhnd, which is joined to the city, and conlcqiiently to Zealand, by two bridges. That illand is about nine miles in length, and three in breadth : it is entirely level, and has no vvoods, except a few thickets. The foil is uncommonlv rich and fertile, and is therefore cailcj the garden of Copenhagen. A part of it was i;iven in 1 516 to fevcral families, who were invited thither fioin North Holland by Chriltian II. at the defire of Elizabeth his queen, who was a native of the Netherlands, to make butter and chcefe for the courts anil their defiendanis Hill retain tlie habit, language, and cuftoms »f their prcdecelinrf:, together with their cleaiilincfs and indullry ; for they will not mix with the D^nes, but intermarry wiih each other. This iflami, through the indullry of thefc laborious people, plentifully fupplies the markets ofCo- penhagen with all torts of roots and heibs, befides but- ter, milk, great quantities of corn, and fome hay. The whole illand is divided into two parifiics, and is peopled by about eisht hundred families, many of whom arc Danes. In the neighbourhood of Copenhagen, is a magnificent royal palace, tituatcd on a hill. It'derives its name from Ficdcrick IV. who was its founder, and has been fincc greatly enlarged by Jhriltian VI. This edifice is very Ipacious ; on every hde it makes a mod magnificent ap- pearance, and has a fine profpe^t. The garden, which lies below the hill, is very ixtcniive, and contains apreat number of pleafant walks, feveral groves, a labyrinth, a theatre, many llatues, fountains, and fiimmer-houfcs ; and, in particular, a very fine cafcade jult fronts the pa- lace. From this edifice is a dcfccnt into the garden by two flights of broad Hone Heps, 'i'he mcnagcry in the garden is (locked with lions, tigers, and other wild bealts. From this palace a pleafant avenue, pl.inteJ with a double row ot trees, extends above half way tj Copenhagen. Jageiihurgis a royal !iuntin,;-feat, rebuilt by the prc- fent king ; here the ollicrrs of the chace refide. From hence a Uraighl avenue leads to the noble paik of Char lottenlund, lo called from the king's picafurc-houfi., which (lands in it. At about the diltance of a mile from this park lies that of Jagerttiirg, which alfords a great deal of game. A- bout the middle of it (lands a new edifice called the Her- mitage, which is thirty ells in length, twenty in brcidth, and elegantly adorned both within and without. In th • lowed (lory is a curious machine, bv means of which the victuals, &c. are conveyed to and from the king's table in the (econil llory, when his majelly dines there. At tlie dill.ince of about five miles is the cattle o! Hirfchholm, a royal palace, which w.is aniieiitly a pla.e of confiderable Itrength ; but nothing now remain^ of the old callle, belides the name; for it is not only tic- molillied, but the very filuation of the place has been en. tirely altered by art. Chntlian VI. who took pollidiun of it as prince royal, caulcd the foundation of a new edi fice to be laid on the (pot where the old callle (lood. and his qiicni, after his accetlion to the throne, continiiel the building, the king h.iving made her a prelcnt ot it. In 17 jo it was thought to be liniftled ; though every year lincc, new iniprovcmciitb and cnibellifhnicnis have hem continu.iHy ' I '' 4M ith, (hnulkS ; the p;i- ill' II by f in the :r wiM pl.mtt.l way t J [he pre- l-'runi If Ch,ir -houli., Ilics t!ia: lie. A- Ihc Ilir- .idtb, II t!i • iiic'li tl . \ tabic aftlc illi-flioii lew cdi- lod. unti tiuilllli.'i |nt ot It. ry yiMt e bci a Itinuallv r)£S'M'\''K, U R O it9 ■ ontiiiu.i lly aJJci!. TIic ontfiile Ims ii very mng ■M'l"' araiKfi it Iclsckj It witliiii. TIlL- ■ac hu kc- (i|)lliclKit>,IU oi two Itiirics, aiiil lia'i a iioi lie t(J I that throws up I loiiiinii of water above twenty lect h j^h, which tail'' ilowii a^ain into a copp er hafon. The h.ipel IS ek^'an t and well adonicd, and the garden very beautitiil. the pa the ga lt.indstheNorw.iv U the cxtteniity of it, dirciSHy oppofite t' houfe i and on one lidc of ace, IS a iiolile mmcr rdeii is an enimcnce covered with trees, (in which home, which is fo called from its bc- jiisT built 111 ine Norwci'ian taltc. At the diilaiice of about twenty iles fr' om Copen- lie famous calHe of Fredericltfburg, which is efperiallv the kniaht.s b.ill-ronm, which i;- over tlicchnrcll 'S' 'rhere ^hbo ill the third (birv, and has ;il(ii a noble or is a fine i; irden behind the palace, and the pailc is iiiterlperlcd with chikiIs and lifti-pomls, and a- ijrecahly diverllfied with a nii.\tiire of grals-plats, anil little hills anil valleys, well Hocked with lallow-detr fii om Jin^land. ha At the dillancc of about eighteen miles from Cnpcn- neur, a town fituaied on the i'eii, IS Kll more, or Klfi Sound, directly oppofite to Klfinf;burg in Sweden, in the: fifty-hxth degree eight minutes north latitude, and in/,- the thirteenth dep;iee twenty-thr III ric ^T ^ ha*'en, is t '*'' illeemcd the moll beautiful of any belonging to the king, and is frequently called the Verfailles of Denmark Chriftian IV. ciiilid the old building to be demolithed, ami the prefeiu niagnilicent (Irudure to be built by the ablelt and iimtl celebrated architeds in Europe. It (lands in the niidli ot a lake of frefli water, and conlifls of three iirincipal part.s each furroundcd with water, but joined to -ether by bridges. 'l"he hill divilion, to which you ar- rive by palling over a bridge, reftmblcs a horn-work, the front of which is quite round, and faced with flnne. On both fides are feveral buildings, which fervc either ;!i dwellin" hoiifes for the officers of the caftle, or (tables for horles. From hence you pafs over a (tone bridge to a noble high tower, which ftaiuls over the gate that leads to the (ecoiid court. On each fide of this court to the ht and left, itands a magnificent building, in one of which are the governor's houfe, feveral apartments for the noblemen belonging to the court, and the king's kitchen ; and on the other the chief ma:;illratc of the iirelcdlurc ol Scroe rilides. From this lecond court a fine ftone bridge, built over a derp canal, leads to the craiid portico of the chief entrance of the caftle, which IS built with free-ftonc, and adorned with fculpturc and cildiii". The principal buildingconfills of a corps-de- loiris, and two wings, four (lories high, all covered with coliper, and adorned with feveral towers, of which the church tower is the higheft. Hoth the wings are joined to the front by a low building of one llory. Upon the firll entrance into the inner court, the magnificence of the Ihuiture, the beauty of the marble, the elegance yf the fi ulpture, and the richnefs of the gilding, fill the be- holder with aftoni(hment ; but what principally (Irikcs the eye is a noble imitation of the ancient aicbitecfiire, confining of two grand arcades, one over the other, in the front of the building. Thefc confift of (even arches below, and as many above, built with frec-ftune, and cmbelli(hed with ftatues that ftand either in niches or de- tached from the wall, with many other ornaments. Near one of the wings is a beautiful fmintain ; and which way foevcr you turn your eyes, curious fculptiue, and a variety of other embelli(hments,prcfeiu thtmfelvcs toview. The gallery that leads to the hall of audience, is a- dorned with a fine collection of paintings, molt of them brought Irom Italy; and the hall is hung with the in. - tures of lever.il of the Danidi kings, and of the prelcnt foval family as large as the life. Tne exploits of fonie of thefe nionarchsare alio beautifully paiiued in dilt'ercnt parts of the (lalace, and the givat actions olChnlli.m IV. are reprelented in rich tapcllry. In the chiircb belong- in ■ to the caltle, the eve is in a manner daz/Iid by the ulittering of the i;"ld, I'llver, and curious ni.iri-le, with which it is cmbelliilied. The altar is of b'l.ick iii.irbie, the front of the table is of lilver and ebony, and the pul- pit IS of the tame materials. From the gallerv von h.ive a view ot the lariic pictures with which the pilallcrs be- tween the windows are decorated. In the windows, and on the walls of this church, arc the efciitcheons of the kiii"hts ot the Danebrog order. The gallerv leads to a fp.icious place behind the altar, where the royal throne is eieited i and on the walls, which arc hung with criinlcn v( Ivct, ate leen the arms of all the knights of the order ot the elephant. The grand organ iti this apartment, IS curioufly embclliftied with Iculpture and gilding, i'or- mcily a fine organ of filver and ebony likcwife lln.id here. 1 he kings of Denmark arc always anointed in this church. In the tower is a fine ring of bell-. In (halt, all theapaitmcnts of thecaltlearc very magnilicciu, liniites e,i(t longi- 13 ''.''. tude. This is the riched and molt elegant town in Zea- land, next to Copenhagen. It has two churches, ia one of which, named St. Peter's, the minillers preach in the Germ. Ill language. There is here alio a grammar fchool, in which thirty- three poor fcholars arc educated and maintained gratis, a good hofpital, and the king's ciillom-houfe, whirh is a fine edifice newly built. Fl- finorc has a confiderable tiade, and is f.imoii^, both on account of its being the place by which the Swedes and Norwegians ufually pafs into Denmark, and for the toll paid here bv every fiiip that fails through the Sound. On the north fide of the city ftaiids the famous and im- portant cattle of Cronenburg, which is built with large blocks of hewn ftone, in the moll durable manner, and is adorned with feveral turrets and a varletv of fciilpture. The fortifications of this caftle arc in excellent order. Friedcnfbiirg is a roval palace, pleafantly fituared a- bout nine miles from Cronenburg, in l.ititude fifty-five ,<5'.'j<-" degrees thirtv-fix minutes. Frederic IV. was invited to build this palace by its delightful fituatioii, and as tha edifice was compleatcd in 1720, when the treaty of peace was concluded with Sweden, the king gave it tliis name, the word ftiedcn fignifying peace. This prince, beingex- tremcly fond of this place, often refidcs here, and there- tore, to render it as agreeable as polfihle, endeavours to fupply by art whatever beauties were denied it by na- ture. The inner court is a regular octagon, formed by feven wings, one ftory high, and the main building, which is oppofite the principal entrance. In the midlt of the court is a fountai.i adorned with a marble (t.atuc ol peace, made at Florence. The main building is in the form of a parallelogram, and covered with copper, and in the middle has a fpacious, light, and elegant fqiiare hall. The other apartments in both (lories are nobly furnidied. 'I'lie garden is not very extcnlive, but is well laid out, and embelliflitd with ftatues, vales, and other ornaments. It is I'uriounded with a lari;e wood, that affords plenty of game, and in which feveral villas are cut. I'rom the palace is a delightful profpedt, the eye commanding almoll all the vilfas at once, and ac the end of them is an extcnfive lake, in which is a beau- tiful yacht. Near the palace isalfo a fine orangery, an4 an elegant church. In the wood which joins the garden, is a nianegery (locked with a variety of beau'Liiul taim; and wild fowl. Rofchild, or RoelTiild, is an ancient city about a miK; from the extremity of a bay called Ifefiord, ar.l derive-; its name from Roe, the eleventh king of Denmark, who was its founder, and the word kildc, which lignifies \ fpriiig; there being feveral excellent fprings on the fpot ^ where it Hands. This city is fituated in the fifty-fifth degree f,i "C. thirty minutes north latitude, and in the twill'th degree fifteen minutes ea(t longitude, and once contained tweii- tv-feven large chnrchns and convents within its walls, and its (Ireets extended to the fea-fhore. 'I'he kings of Deiiinaik were tormcrly elected and crowned here, ant aifo made it the place of their refidence. But (leijuent fires, the tyranny of the biftiops, and the flourithing Hate of Copenhagen, have (b far reduced this city, that it at prcl'ent conlilts of only an inconfiderable number of hollies, which are for the mod part meaiilv built. The inhabitants (iipport themfelves by trade and iiiduftry, but :heir chief employment is agriculture and the planting of tobacco. The cathedral is a (landing monument of the ancient grandeur of this city, though it has l>'-en three times confiinu'd by fire ; it being adorned with many mo- numents of the kings and queens of Denmark. A finall royal palace was built hcie in the year 1-33 that has 4 I com- r W h f f'i'l *l 120 A S Y S T E M O !•" G F. O G K A 1' H Y. Denmark. I- \ ' S(- iO. \^ :' ■ U. 1* If . communication with the church, by means of a covcicii palliigc. In the cathcJr.il fchool, fix niafters and forty fchnlars arc iii.iiiitaincil and educated. Here is alio an hofpit.il fur fix poor widows ; and in 1609 a convent was founded in thii town for twenty-one l.idics of quality, and a Ijriorels. Kach of thefc ladies ha:, an annual penfioii of tiyhty rixdollais, befidcs lodging; and board, ChriliianV. alio endowed this protelLuit cojivent with live hundred li.x-dollari a year. At the other 'z\\\ of the town is a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, in which, mo- ney was formerly tuincil, and a multitude of relics was prefcrved. The city of Calinburg, or K.-llundborp, in the pre- feilurcof the fame name, is one of the nmli llourilliiiij; towns in Ze.iland, and has the belt harbour in the ifland, except CopcnhaL;eii. St. Mary's church, which has four lofty fpires, makes a good appearance. I he inhabitants carry on a confidcrabic irad^-, and a great quantity of malt is annually exported from hence. 'I'he paliage to Barhuus in Jutland is ufually peiformed in twelve hours ; and a certain number of I'inacks fail twic; a week from one town to the other. 'i"he ifland of Samfo, in Latin Samfoa, lies about thirty-eight miles to the north-well of Kalinburg, and nineteen from Arhufe in Jutland, in the fifty-fixth de- force north latitude. It is about fourteen miles long and five broad. It has fevcral hills and eminences, and the foil is for the moft part fertile, and in |-.articular yields plenty of pe.ts, whence moll ol tl\e inhabitants are in ccod circumilanccj, and carry on a conruler.ible tr.ade with their finall craft. !t conCifts of live parillies, and is furrnunded wi'.h feveral very fmall ill.indsandfandy flioals. Sora is a little noted town, in a pleafant country, in the prefecture of the fame name. It is I'ltuated ten nnlcs to the fouth of Rofchild ; where it is furounded by three lakes of frefh water, and thefe are again almoll encom- palied with line woods. This town is remarkable for the royal academy iituatcd at the fouth end of it, to vhich belong a grand mailer, an infpcvllor, profellbrs in iill the fciences 'that relate to civil or political employ- ments, a French mailer, a riding mailer, Wuli projier mailers for fencing, d.incing, and drawing. Iberc is alio a ptinting-prefs fet up in this academy, Tf.e llii- deius have their apartments in a large and commodious llonc building. The illandofMona, Mocn, or Moon, as it is ufually called in our maps, lies ne.ir the coaft of the fouth point of Zeaianii, in the llrcights called the Wollsund ; it is Iituatcd in fifty-fne degrees twenty-one minutes n< rth latiti.ie, and is nineteen miles in length I'rom call to weft, and about nine in breadth. The high chalky dirts towards the Baltic may be fecn at a great dillancc at lea, uiie of which has fome refeMiblance to a thrime, and is therefore commonly called the king's chair. .Stonea of an unconim in figure are in great plenty on this coaft. The foil of the whole llland is fertile, and yields great plenty of peas. It coi-.fills of one p,ielec!ure, and contains levtn rural |)atiflHs and the little town of Siege, fnuated in the middle of the illand. The ifland of Bornholm, In Latin I'omholmia, or Borinjia, is Iituatcd in tlie IJ, in the liity-tiftli de- mi: grce fiiteen minutes north latitude, and ill tiie filteenth ilegtLC ten niinutCi call longitude, about le\cniy-llx miles from the extreme point of Zealand, and extends a- bout thirty-thiec miles in length from north-well to fuuth-caft, and is nineteen in breadth. Tlv foil is fer- tile, and produces all kinds of grain, particularly oats. Here is alio good pafturage, and a great (|u3ntiiy of but- ter is exported from hence ; it has alio quarries of niaible and lime-ftone, aiu! abounds with pit-coal. The coaft, from its dangerous totks and (lioals, is inacccnible almoll on cver\ fide; but where there might be any danger of an enemy's landing great ;.'iins are planted. At the peace of Rofchild in 1658, it was ceded to the Swedes ; hut the inhabitants being, tieated with great feverity by their new irufter:^, thiv took up arms t!ie fame year, and, under the conduct of Jens K.oefod, recovered their liberty, alter which they delivered up the iflanJ to thi- king of Den- maik, wdio, pleafed v^'ith this proceeding, lent them a Iftlcr of tl'.Jiikt, and in a fccoiid letter promifcd t« take ihoni under his imiiiedi iKr prol,.'Jlion ; an enjapemcnt which the lueceednig kings ha\e conHrn;eJ tiotn linic t<' time, and liornholiii has been ever fince an 'crcdit.iry cinintry, beloni;iiig to llic kings of Denmark. In I67S, live thouf.ind Sweddh troops were llranded on this ifland, in their paliage from I'onu rania to Sweden, when, not- withllaiiding the r being piovided with Danilh palles, thole that elcaped tlie fuiy of the waves were made pii- fonersofwar, i'he inh.ibitants delend the illand with their own militia, withunt any expcnce to his Danilii m.ijcfty, \\\vS have a governor, deputy-governor, prefedt, and other officers 'I he ill.md coiifilts'()f one prefedure which contains about a hundred villages, and fixtccn ru- ral churches. SEC r. viii. Of th 9,iiiiiil G^X'i-inmiKt if Fui:ni, imluHing a Difcriptl:H of ll'dl I foul; •!':,! (J' iht Ijlar.ils cf Lunjilin.il, Fiiljlcr, ttiiJ LiiiiUiiiJ, with iDt pruiiiful ''1'uwks in euih, I'^llIS government is the fecond in order, and in- clud.s l'ui\Lii, Laiigelanil, Kalller, Laaland. and other (mailer illands. It has iwo guvcrnors, under onu ol whom aie Fuiien and I.angeiand, .-.nd under the other are Falllerand L:ialaud, 'I'he ifland of I'unen, called in I,atin Tionia, and by the Danes I'yen, lies between the Great and Little Heh. his about hliy miles in length, and furty-five in breadth. It received Its name Itoni its being a fine coiintrv, iht whcde ifl.ind being fertile and very ple.if.int ; W'liencc moll of the noble families ol the kingdom relidc there. Indeed, it is not cafy to rind in any orhcr place of fucti fmall extent, fo many noblemen's i'cats as there are in this illand. The foil yi-.'lds fuch plentiful crops of grain, that the inhabitants may annually export above a hundred thoufand barrels of rye, bailey, oats, and peas, to Nor- '' way and Sweden, exelnfive of their home confumption. It alio produces a vail quai-.tiiy of buck-wheat, whicii ii chiefly cultivated by the inhabitants. They employ a great deal of care in breeding bees, and m.ike a conliJer- ahle quantity of line muid, which is exported to all parrs of the kingdom. The apples that grow in this illand .ut- alio much admired, and ii likewife produces plenty of hops and elculent herbs ; but the learcity of wood obli'JCi the inhabitants chifly to ufe turf for fuel. 'I'herc are in this illaiid two mountains of confidcrable height, fevcial frefh uater lakes, and rivers that abound wlm tifli ; but noneof ihem aie navigible. In the bays, and all alun^- tlie emails, are taken a great qu.intity tjf fca tilh, parti'^ eulaily tuibot, cod, heriinj<, and e:ls. The whole Illand is dnid^d into . five prcfctTurcs the priiuipal plactrf in which arc, Nybnrg, or Niburg, in Latin Neoburgum, a ftron"- town on ilic Cjreat Belt, and though not very large, ha^ a commoilious fuuatioii, and is well built. ' 'l"hc~ pani'i chuieh and the louncil houfe arc the bell in th- ill.md. The h.iibour is large, but neither futliciently derp, n^r (liiltired /rom lome winds, 'i'he lown is leattd in tha hfty-lifth degree lwenly-fe\en minutes north latitude jv and in the tenth degree fifteen minutes call loii'.tude, ^'' The inhahitaiils lublift partly by accimimodating thep.,f. lingers who daily crofs over trom hence to Zeahind or return hither Irom thence, and partly by coinnurce The fhips that pals through the Great Belt are obli-ej to pay toll here, lor which purpofe a man of war is^il. ways llationed in the Belt. 'I'his ciiy was fi.ft built ::i 1175. All that remains of the r.iya' _,. lent palace,.^., where Chriliian II, was born in 14S1, and when m\ in- ,r'- lant carried up to the top of it by a nujiikey, and brought down again without receiving any hurt, is only a Kiri.c wing, with a Hat tower, a liitl-. higher than the roof and at prelent lerves tor a maga/ineand an arfen.il. Odeulee, in Latin (.)thinia, is a city of great antiquily and the capital of the general government ; itispici;/ large and populous, but the gie.itelt pun of tlie citv is old and decayed ; lome of it is, however, new and wt 11 buill. It is laid to nave been erected bcfnre the Chiilli;iii era' and to derive its name Iruni the idul Odin, and not a' lome lut e inia^ineJ fioni the einjjcror Otfiu I. whu never vvaj bcNM. 1,1 i'- was there degree t»v tenth degi yields a va runs into mile an 1 churehe . marlc.ibl. tilleil i hi Friars, o and Cln, king t' In 1 the gilt ol tiful. Ne the year 1 = modious, for biede Fuiieii i bii thi.i c>.\ Chriftian V iiig of f; ; I education, poorer loit 'I'he provii nail of the th- city maik, and ploy ihiity- fni-iller vdk The ill.in ;., fifty-fifth d 4, the tenth thirty- three It is very I'er as Funeii ; 'I'ranckiar, each coufillii 'I'hf illand ■. from Ze.ihin I about twenty wards th-' no wards the fo; btj.id. It is \ «)f Denmark, forts of game illand is connn and coiihlls ot dillricls, in 01 and in the otlu The princi[ Latin Nicopi,- llrcights called fiftv fix miiuit well built to-vvi but is not in fo the queen <\ii\\ flantiy refided 1 wall and ditch, endowed holpi to the town, a pretty huge, n ries on acmilid Theifl.'.ndo r.aaland, is lep fircig.hts c.dled is encompaft'ed ninetci-n miles thirty-three m breadth, and t! nions. This i ly very fine wh niniis lor a V\W tade rcfemldes lleiii i it atfo ab hut thife arc mi hile of the illan the adv,iiitago r count of gra/in the foil isd.inip, arc here, howei ;'hlc clfites, aiK 5 + was there. It is HluatcJ In a line pl..i 1. tf R in the fiftv-fit'th ilc'iTce nvcntv five minutes nmih l.ititiide, anJ in the tenth Jeurcc ihiitv minnt.'s ealt lon2ituJe, .m u river thjt vieUls 1 variety oflllh, aiiJ about ;i mile hch>w the town ul|>h otSte runs into the {^uipn o, oiL-ellraiul. 1 he city is about a mile ami a hall Ion-, aiul half as hroaj. It has tour churches, anion'; whK h the cathedral is the moll re- inirkable : ilie inruie has been lately repaired and hcau- tifiei'j but the aiehiteanre is old and mean. In the ( Jrey Kriws', or Kraiicifean church, aie interred king John, his niieeii, with their foil Frailc' ' and i'l- has I l)ar;!!i ill.ind. ', iiof in ihs i tilde, s/ !) ituJe. /.' . ',' e,,..U li, or urce. Ibliged is .il- "lit ;., la!ace,,'?.O.i;>, lin in- .r.v.'i'. . [ought laryc root, ^uity, |>ict!y lisolJ Ibuilt. In era, |)ut as I never Via * and Ci"il!i:ia lus t) ■* liiivrL'hiillian II. The table of the .dtar, which was ■^ thc'irill: of llie .ibove-mentioned iiueen, is extremely biau- "'^ iifu! Ke->r ''■'» ''hurch is a haiullome hofpital, built in the ve-ir i ■; ',''• '''''^' ^'"a"- I"'-"-''-' is neither large, com- modious, nor cle,;ant ; it being only ereL4ed as a lodging V for Frederick IV. in his occalional progrels through % Funen ; but there that eJtcellent prince died in i 730. In ' tliiicitvis a colle[;r, creeled and liberahv endowed by Cbritliaii IV. and alio a large cathedral fchool, confill- iii floii.-iiiiing a condition as formcilv, when ihc oueen dowager, and other royal perfonages, coii- ftantly rel'ided hero. On the land fide it is fortified by a wall and ditch. It has a free grainmar fcbe.ol, and a well endowed hofpital. The royal palace is a great orr.amcnt to the town, and is fituatcd very agreeably : the garden is pretty lar.-.e, and kept in good order. This town car- ries on acoididerable trade. The illand of I, aland or I.olland, call.i! by th.c nr.nc.< T.aaland, is le]iar.iLC!, like Fal- 5+ AiS'-' d p t. \ii llcr, has a particular governor ; but in fpiritual /.fV.iirS both aie under the biihop of Funen. It contains three prelechnes. The capital of the ifland is Nafliow, in Latin KalVo via, which was .'.nriently well fortified ■, but is now onl" cncompaflcd witn a wall. It is of a noddling li/.c, and haiulfomely built. The inhabitants arc wealthy, am! tr.ide in the produce of the country, it having a prett\" good harbour. The jews are allowed the public exercil'' of their religion, and have a iVnagogue here: the tovvi' has alio a giantni.-r I'elitjol, and an hcipital. S F C v. l.v. 0/ ''/'iiliitril ill ^I'lciiil ; with a parli;iiLir ^c.iutit of \i>ih 'Jntlarr/, its fiveml G',vciiiii'iiits, unJ th,- pr:ii.ipjl P!.,.t: L'jitaiiicd in idd: '\\JY. now come to the pcninfiila of Jutland, callcj VV bv the Dane-; JiidlamI or Jylland, 111 Latin Jutia, the ancient Cimbriea Cherlonefus. This large peiiin- fula is boirndcJ by the Baltic on the call; by the North- Sea on the north and well ; and on the I'outh is (eparatcil fre-m Holllcin by theFider and the Lcwcn. It is com- puted to extend, from the river Fider to its nonberii ex- tremity at Cape Skau, two hundred and fortv-fevcii miles ill length ; and f'om Bouberg to Nallet, a h'lindreit and fourteen miles in breadth. It is divided into N'ortli and South Jutland, the latter of which is called the: diitchy of Slefwic, of which we fliall give an account in a feparate feciioi'r. North-Jutland, which is commonly calleil by the ge- neral name of Jut'and, is bounded on three fides bv thi: North-Sea and the Baltic; but on the louth is dividc.I from South Jutland, or Slefwic, bv the liveis Koldiiu; and Skotbing. It extends a hundred and lightv miles in length, and from I'eveiity-onc to ninetv-(i\e m breadth, and, of all the territories in Deirmaik, is the largeil, and yields the greatefl revenue. Indeed the middle pate is moKlv competed of heaths and moors, which, how- ever, alt'oid good pallure for oxen, flieep, and goats ; but the other parts, which arc of greater extent, arc ex- tremely frrtil?, ITS appears from the grc.it quaiititv of all Inrts of :;rain annually exported to Sweden, N'orwav, and Holland, and from the great fums received by the in- habitants for their liorfes, oxen, and hogs. Hence lut • land has been frciprently called the Land of Bacon an, I Ryc-Bread. Here is alio great plentv of lea and frefh w.iter fifli of all kinds; but the large il lakes. In which the moll iilli are found, are near the palace of Sc:inder- biirg. The chief bays and gulfs arc on the eiift fide oT the peninfula, the principal of which is the gulf Lvitif'urr,' which runs from the Categatc, iiinet\-five miles within ■ ' " ' ir of' in-n,!. and, and gradually widening, fnims I'cveral ilh-.nd is navigable, and abound; with filh ; but though it is fuch !arge extent, it is feparated from the lea on!v bv .1 narrow tr3ct of land. Here are alio f'cveral other <,'uifs,' vviiich fo.-m good harbours. There are a great mimberoi' I'nia'.I llieams, but the l.iigcll river is that of (iudei',- from which Jutland is laid to deiivc its ii.imc ; it rifiii"; in the govcrnmen; of .-Vihule, and .d'ler receivin;'; abovi; fortv fmaller Iheanis, becomes n;u igable mar Kaiulers, and baling run a courfe ol about a hundred .md nineteen miles, fa'!> ii'.to the t'ategate. Jutland is everv where interlpcrf'ed with hills, and on the call fide has fine wood.i of oak.,, fir, be-ach, birch, and other tiecs ; but the well fide being lefs woodv, the inhabitants ..re ohiiaed to life turf m\A heath for fuel. Here is alfo .lent plenty of all kinds of gaiiif. Fhe air is fiimewhat keen ami piercing, efpccially towards the North-Sea. The Jiirlinders arc of a robiifl conllituiion anil rtfii- Inte temper, fceming to have lail'ed themlelves to a (late (>t tV-ed.om fiipcrior to that of the other inh.ibitants or' l?inni.'.:k. .Many of the pcalants have freeholds, for which they only pay a I'mall acknowledgment to the lord of t'lie manor. The Danidi language is (poke with lefs purity and e- IcL-iiue hi ic th.iii in the other provinces, and belidcs, the l-iitlaiiJcrs ha', e a pi'iticulat accent. Frcdeiicia i. H h thi- ^-A\ :-l| J: i.; Il ^■!' *J 122 A S Y S T r, M OF G E O G R A 1> H Y. Di;n.m i i ; ' 5 i I n \ ■:■'•■/*'. ;6':f». . i the only pla-c where any n.!iglun, btfiJcs that of Lu- ilK-raiiiliii, is tokr.itcd. North Jutl.iiul UMs formrrlv illviiled into nine lnrij,c ilirtrich i but thi^ .iiiciuiit divilldn is now aboliflied by tht' roy.ii courts otjudiciturc, and it is at prcftnt com- polal ot' tour diocclcs, org-joi'ral govcMnmenli!. Each of thcl'c has Its blihop and m.-Mcral-govcrnor. 'I hev ik-iivc thiir names from lour chief c itic. \Vc (hall be^;iii witli thofe th:it lie moil to tlie north. The p,cneral government ol Albiirp, or Aalbor;-, com- prehends [he nioit northern part of Jiillaiid, it bcin;; di- vided from the other provinces liv the gulf of I-ymfurt, and would be an idand were it not for the narrow ilHrnius between the North-Sea and the inilf of Lvnil'urt. It ex- tends 111 length fomcthiiip; above ciiihty five miles, and its greaied breadth is nearly as inijch. Nature has di- vided this province into four parts, which arc fubdividwd into a certain number of prefec'lures. Albourg, in Latin Alburgum, the capital of thl-. j;o- vcrnnient, is a large, populous, ancient city, and, next fo Copenh,.geii, the molt wealthy in tlie whole kiii;',dom. >, It Hands in latitiid;' fifiy-rix de;;rccs thirty-five miiiutts, in a VL-ry low fituation, and is watered by two rivers caikd the Kail and Weft River, which run throut;h it. It has two parifh cliurches, an hofpitai with a chapel, a cathedral fchoo!, and two alxs-houles. An epiicopal palace was built here bv Chnfti.m V. and a roy.il palace fhinds near the water-fide, where the general governor relidcs. Here U alfo an e.xchan[;e for merchants, and a deep and fafc harbour, but its mouth is fomewhat d,f- licult. A j;re.:t cpiantilv ol herrings and grain is ex- ported from hence, as alio nuilkets, pillols, fadJles, and gloves, for which the city is famous. The next general government is that of Wiooiir'^, W'hieh is boiiiulcd on the north by the gulf of Lymfuit ; on the caft by the Categatc ; on the foiith by the go- vernments of Arhufe and Ripen ; and on the v.iil by the government of Ripen alone. Jt is about lorty-feven miles in bicadth, and fil'ty-fcven in length, andi.ef- tcemcd the leaft: of the four govcrnmeius into whicii North Jutland is divided, it containing only two prelec- tiires, iji wliich are forty-Ieven m mors. The moft confiderable place in thi.i govcrnincnt is W'i- bonrg, in Latin Viburgum, the capital of all North Jutland. It ftands in the il(ty-fi.\!h degree cightcrn mi- nutes north latitude, and in the ninth degree twenty mi- nutes ea(l lon'^'itude, aimoli in the center of the counlrv, .and is fcatcd on tlic lake of Afniild, which abounds with fidi. 'I'liis is one of the moft ancient ciiies in the whole kingdom : btfcrc the Reformation it contained twelve churches and fix convents. It is at prcluit near two jTiiIes and a half round, and includes three parilh eliur. he., three market-place;-, fix gates, and twenty-eight (ircti,, and lanes. The coveriior-gcncral ol the province iilldes here, and it is a bifliop's fee. The rath^dral was burnt down in the year 172D ; hut proper meafnrcs wire im- mediately taken for rebuilding it. 'I'he epilcojial, or ca- thedral fchool, ha.s fix niafters, with handfon-.e falaries, rnd a royal foundation for poor (cho'.us. H.-ie is alfo a rtately cdihcc, in which the prounci.il court for all North Jutland is held inonthlv- In the year 1606, this . citv was entirely deftroycd by tire, and in 1 72()the largi-ft and heft part of it was a fecond ti.aie burnt j but the da- mages it then fuftained were foon repaired. 'I'he general government of Arhufe, called bv the Danes Aarhuus, borders on the gulf of Wihourg, and i-xtends about fcventv-one miles in length, and from fortv to forty-three miles in breadth. This government is, in fome rcfpects, preferable to any other 111 Jutland, and the extraordinary fertility of the toil enables the in- habitants to export annually very large tpiantitics of {;rain. It is divctfificd with many woods, feveral lakes abounding vN'ith fifh, and commodious bays; and is wa- tered bv (cveral rivers and brooks. This government is divided into eight prel'eiilurcf, the principal places in which are, Arhufe, Arhufen, in the Danilh tongue Aarhuus, the capi.al of the diocefe, is fituated in the lifty-fixth degree ten minutes north latitude, and lies low in a tine plain between the fea and a lake, and from the latter a theam runs ia 2 pretty wide channel tb.rou^h the city, dividing AKK. it in two unequal parts. It is a lari-e, populous, and mui h-fKi|iiented town, that haj fix gites, tvNo >.liufelies, a chapel of cafe, an epilcop.d pala.e, a eachedral Icliool, ,iiid a will-endowed hof|iii.il. The caihedr.il is a laiee (Iniilure, a htiiidied and tifty paces long, iiinctv )u broad, an I ne-r torcy-five Dutch ells in height. Jieloru the l'>t|i;rniation, liere were two nionatleries, and one convent of nuns. 'I"he provofts of the dioccfe hold an ali;.nil,ly twice a year in the chapter-houfe. / lii. bar- biiiir, wiiich is at the mouth of the abovemeiitioiieJ ch.iniul, is (,\t^: and convenient, but is not veiy l.nge, and liimetimes has not a proper deptli ot watii ; how- ever, the city cariies on a conliderable trade. Scaiiderbourg is a very aiicieiii palace, tituatrj in a plt.cfint country, and fuiiouiidcd on every tide with woods and w.iter. 'I'he kings of Denmark have, evir frice the C'hrilti in religion w.is introduced into the kiii"- doni, ri liJed more or lei's in this place. In the reign of I'udLriclV. the apartmciiti were rendered more com- modious ; tlu-y weie ciiibcllinied with new ornaments, and near lliis tlriiLliirc a garden w.is laid out. On oiij tide ui this palace is the little town of the t'ame name the inhabiiants of which are chietly employed in agiicul- tiiie ; and in 1751, fome works were let up for letinine brown, red, and yellow ok' r, all which fpecies of cartll arc very common in Jutland. The general government of Ripen is bounded on the norih by the gull of Lymfurt, and by the dioceles of \Vi- boiiig and Aihufe, with the Little Ik'lt on the caft ; on the li,iith it joins to the dutchy of Slelwic, a pait of which belongs to it ; and on the weft is waf'ied by the North-Sea, It is a hundred and loity-two miles in length, and Jifty-feven in bicadth. 'I'hu is tiic inoft ex- teidive, but neiilur the moft fertile nor populous, of the tour general lovtininents, into which North Jmiand is divided; lor it is intcrfperfcd with large barren waftes : the I'oil i;-, however, very fertile in feveral parts of the government. The fee of Ripen was founded in g jO, bv the emperor Otho I. who, after a fuccefsf.il war with Harold king of Denmaik, prevailed on liim to embrace the Cliiilliaii religion. This province contains four pre- lecltircf, llie moft confidcrable places in which are, Jiedericia, 01 1 icdeiica, in the prefeiiure of KoMin", the n:oft fcitile part of the country. This is the only lortiiied pl.i.e in all North Jutland. It is a modern town fitu.ned on tiie Little liilt, but though it takes upaiar.'c coniiiafi, it is f.r In. m leiiig full of buildings and inha- bitants. It tirit began to^bc built in 1651, by Kic- dcric HI. but fcarce were the fortifications finiflied, and the town properly inhabited, w hen the Swedes, in 1O5-, took it by lloriii, and burnt a great part of it to the ground. IJuili the fyrliiii .itions and the town were re- p.iireil at the conclulion of the war, and in 16S2, Chrif- ti.iii V. granted a chaiter winch rendered Fredericia an atylum lor all bankrupts, wliether natives or forci'^ners, and allowed all the Calsiiiifts, I'apifis, and Jews, who lettled here, the fiee exereife of their religion. The for- liticatinns of this town arc in good condition, but arc t'o hirge in exieiit, that they would ree|uire a numerous gar- rifon to defend them. Here are two Lutheran cluiiclies, in one of which the fervicc is aiternatciv peitinined in the D.'.nini and Cierman languages ; a Calvinift cliuich a popilii church, a fyiMgogue, a grammar fchool, and a good .irlenal. ,\ conlider.ible quantity of tobacco is plamed both within and without the walls. Ileie.ill vel- fels p.iQiiig through the (Ireight called the Little Iklr, pay a tidl. Kidiling, in Latin Coldlnga, a fmall town on the ri- ver Trueth, or kolding, which here difcharges itfelf in- to a bay that runs about live miles from the Little IJelc within land, as far as this town. It lies low between two hills, and is one of the oldeft towns in the couiuiv. It has one parifli church, a rich holpiial, with a ehureh belonging to it, and a grammar fchool : but the haibour being choaked up, is a great dil'advantage to its tiade. On an eminence to the noith-well ifands a ( Jtle, built in the year i?4.8, but it was greatly improved by Chril- tian III. L'hiiliian l\'. and I'redeiie W , Om of iu greateft fiiig^ularities is the giant's tower, erciled by Chriltian IV. which is flat on the top, with a (tone ba- luftradc, and has at Mch of the I'jur conicrs, a ftatue of ft.. no. Denmar ftonc, fevc church or i the royal ci the bridge, modifies th fiir the horfi wic. I'he with anothc fixdollars ar The city pital of the tliirty-lix m greee ten m river Nibs-/ moft antient one of the r North, it ha bcfides the cr and between confiderablc r to Norway, city had the f jiut to this 0| grations, and war. The ci Nibs-Aa, wh fometinics lay; befides the cat Mary, and ftar and contains Chriftopher I. houfe, in whic effigies of all tl the (irft excepti edifice, faid to by the Domini guous to it. T been founded ii in Denmark : ii and a library c vent is convertci exchange beloni Heic is (iill a fi cattle, and horfe admit of only fn thcfe only at big Vf South Jiillim, h.\ti'>:t^ Rivirs J^: ipt.cn of the I Jjlinds on ,li C THL" dutchy pital, but Jutland, particul e.roneouny annex p.irt of (j.rmany nark, and is (!i\i. bounds i: on the I: n;.;:i cnipl.-e, by tl '^ bounded by ih Skotburg, wliieh tn the weft it is extends in length figh:y-fivc mile:., lome places no mo pirt it is about fi; illands of Arroc an 'I here are no hig! fmincnces. The Slefwic and Apenr; "loft of which flov "^"V mentioned, ilie Trecn, which ■-.nd the Nips-Aa, vcral fmaller itreani IVnidence has , 'orn, cattle, and fil I f. I Denmark. £ U R O P E. lij none, fcvcn feet lili^ji. Thi'; caAlc has its particulnr ciuirc'h or chapel, liut Koldiiig is chiefly rtmarlcabic for tl,c riiyal culbm-houfe, which (lanJs over the water on the bri>lge, in order to receive toll fur all foreign com- nioJitits that pafs through it in carriages, ami likewifL' for the hnrfes and oxen that go into the dulehy ot Sltl- wic. 'Che number of oxen palling this way one year with another is computed at twenty thoufand, and two rixdollars are paid for every head. The city of Ripen, in Latin Rip;t; Cimhricr, the ca- pital ofthe dioccfc, is fituated in the fifty-filth degree thirty-fix minutes north latitude, and in the ninth de- creee ten minutes caft longitude, on the b.inks of the river Nibs-Aa, and, next to Wibourg, is reckoned the moft antient town in North Jutland. It was formeily one of the moft celebrated and fiourifliijig cities in the North, it having four parifll churches and five chapels, bcfides the cathedral, four convents with their churches, iind between fix and fcven hundred free burghers. A confiderablc number of fliips then traded from this port to Norway, England, Holland, and France, and the city had the privilege of coining money ; but an end was put to this opulence, partly by feveral dreadful confla- grations, and partly by inundations and the ravages of war. Tlie city and fuburb arc feparatcd by the river Nibs-Aa, which entirely furroiinds the former, atid fometimes lays it under water. Here are tv/o churches, befides the cathedral, which is dedicated to the Virgin Mary, and ftands on an eminence. It is a large llrudure, and contains the monuments of king Erick III. and Chriftopherl. On one fide of the choir is thechaptcr- lioufe, in which the confiftory is held : here arc alio the cfFigies of all the bifliops of Ripen fincc the Rtformation, the firft excepted. St. Catharine's church is alio a large edifice, (aid to have been built in the thiritcnth century by the Dominican monks, whofc convent was conti- guous to it. The grammar-fchool, which is laid to have been founded in the year izgSJ, is the inoCt antient of any in Denmark ; it confiils of lix dalles, has I'cvcn malters, .nnd a library creeled in ijzr.'. The Dominican con- vent is converted into a commodious hofpital, and the old exchange belonging to the merchants into a town-houfe. Heie is ftill a finall trade carried on in grain, horned j cattle, and horfes ; but the (liallowiiefs ofthe liver will j admit of only fmall vellels coming up to tii: city, and \ thcfe only at high water. SECT. X. Uf Soul'.' Jiilliml, or the Dulcliy cf SLJivii : in Siltiatioii, \ J:.:ii'U, A'/ftTj, Produce, iinii hihalntanti : uilh a De- friplicn cf the p> ineipiil Tonus in ll>at DulJ'y, tiiiei ofthe Jfundi on Us Cci'ji. T'llM dutrhy of SIcfwic derives its n.imc from its ca- pital, but is frequently termed in hillory boutli Iml.iiul, particularly by antient writers. .Some have e.roneoufly annex-d it to HoHlein, and defenbed it as a p.-.rt of CJ.rmany ; but Slefwic is in reality a p^irt of Den- mark, and is di\i.!ed from the dutchy of Holliein, wiiich hounds i; on the louth, and confeijuently Ironi the Cier- ii;.:;i empire, bv the Eider and the Lc.ven ; on the call it is bounded by the Baltic and the rivers Holding and Skotburg, which feparate it from North Jutland ; while to the weft it is vvaihed by the North Sea. Thus ic extci'.ds in length from Renddiurg to Koldingcn, about fi;h!y-five miles, but its breadth is unequal, it being in I'omc plates no more than forty, though in its broadelt part it is about fixty fix miles, including the two fmall illands of Arroe and Helgeland. There are no high mountains in Slefwic, but only fome tminences. The highell hills arc near the town< of Slefwic and Apenrade. The chief rivers in thisdulchv, ;:!o(l of which flow from eaft to weft, are the Lider al- K'acy mentioned, as dividing Denmark from (iermany; the Trceti, which falls into the Eider near I'uderiekltadt ; .■.nJ the Nips-/\a, which runs clofc by Ripen, with fe- vcr.il fmaller Itreams. Providence has plentifii'lv fiipplled this country with ^orn, cattle, and filh ; and foiiie parts cf the w. il lidif of Slefwic, lying belv.'ccn the conliiiont .ind ihc iflands, which are ovcifluwed by the tidej, all'urd a great many oyllcrs. 'I'lie inhabitants are a mixture of Danes or Juts, I/ower Saxons, and Friefians ; liefides v.hi'. h there arc llivll.iiiders (eliU-d in Fredeiickl^adt, and I'lemini-s ill Nordllrand : whence in (ome places the Iriefian is thu ciimnion langm.ge, in others the Danilh, and in otherJ t!K; (J'-rnian. Jjutlieranil'm is the prevailing religion in this diitchv, except at Erederieklladt, where papiils and Jews, bcfides feveial lec'ts, are tolerated ; and on the ifland of Nord- llrand the Uonians have a popifli church and a chapel : the (-.ilvinills are alio indulged in the excrcife of their religion in this dutchy, by an tdidl illued in 1734 J but they are not very iiiinierous. The nobility of Slefwic have the fame privileges with thofc of Holliein, but are not fubject to the fame gover- nor ; for they acknowledge the king only fur their fovc- reign, and are under the jurifdiction ofthe royal provin- cial court at (jotlorp. 'I'he whole dutchy is divided into cities, pr^fciSliircs, tliltrict-, parillics, manors, and other finaller divifions. The cities have their paiticular niagiltrates, who are en- tirely indcpendaiit of the prcfciSfs. A governor is prc- lident or chief judge in all the towns ol the dutchy. 'I'he taxes in the country are fometimes levied by the flcwards or cleiks ofthe pretties, and fometimes by the niagiltr.ates of the dillricts, and by them paid to the king's receiver at Rendftiurg. In every prefect there is alio a Reward or aJminillrutor, who takes care cf tho royal revenue:;, tlie repairs of the roads, the preferva- tion of the woods, and the like. The principal pl.ices in the dutchy of Slefwic are, Apenrade, or Abeiiradc, in the prefecture of the fame name, which is one of the bell and moll flourifliing towns in the country, and is continually improving in beauty and extent. It is fituated in the fifty-fourth de- gree til'ty-two niiiuites north latitude, and in the tcntli degree fevcn minutes caft longitude, at the bottom of a deep open bay, which runs from the Baltic a good way into the land, and is funoundcd on three fiiles with hijii mountains. It has n Cafe and commodious harbour, but not deep enough for fliips of burthen to come up dole to the bridge. Molt of the inhabitants, who are famed for fliip-building, are in good circumllances ; and though the town has frequently futlcred by fire, they, by t!i;jir ...viui'liv, have repaired all the damage it h.'.s fullained, III the prcfedfure of l"undern is the illand cf svit, whuh is nineteen miles in length, but very unequal in its breadth. The foil is not fertile, nor docs it produce either wood or turf, on which account the inhabit.;nts are obliged to fupply themfclves with fewel fiom the con- tinent. They luhliil chiefly by navigation, agriculture, gia/,ing, and knitting) and are fuch expert fcanien, that the trading towns are glad to employ them on board their (hips ; but as they are very feiifible of their abilities, lew will (erve as common (ailors, but expect t!ic pay as mailers or mates. Both fexes are very tenacious of their antient drcfs. The ifland contains four pariflic;, and had formeily an harbour at the north angle, but it is at prel'ent quite choaked up with land. Ti.e illands ot .'Mien and Alloc contain the prefectures of Sc.nderburg and Norburg. The ifland of Allen is (ituatcd in tho Baltic near the continent, and is feparatcd from itbyanairow ftieight called .Mienliind. This ifl.ind is about nineteen miles in length, and is about four miles in breadth. It lies under the fifiy-fifth degree of noith latitude. The foil, which is every wl.crt; very fertile, yields all kinds of grain except wheat, and plenty of fruit. It lias alio leveral fine woods that abound with game, ar;d lakes of frelliwatd, which aflbrd a variety of fifli. In the pre-- fee^ture of Sonderbing, in the Ibuth part of the iiland, is the town of the lame name, wliich is of a middling fize, and (lands on the acclivity of a very rugged hill that rcn- dcis the llrects very uneven. This town is lately much improved in its buildings, yet it has but one chincl;, which (lands on an eminence alnioll without the toun ; and adjoining to it is an alnis-houlV, built c.t cf the luiiis of an old convent. '1 he baibour i> el';.- ir.,d cnc of I V : t I' "P'fi I 1*1.1 »-• ! A SYSTEM 01- O K O G R A IMl Y. DflN'MARK. ft' she '.1^(1 ill !)'i.in;irk, :inif moll ol'tlio iiilmliitaiits .iru vnitriii.v- . liu' kiii^':- |i.il.icf, vvhifli Ihiiils at the tii- ir.iiK'i III' tile li.iiliOiir, li b.illi ftiiiiij' aiul l|).itious ; it i> a i!ii.ufi.iiv;ii!.ir Itriictiirc, Ciiitilifd altuT thu' .iiuiiiit man- :!.i u-iti) round liallioiis. On the- call fulc ot' this calHi.' in a ic'.ni I tusvrr, in the lower pait of which k\ufi Cl-.rillian II. w.i . imprirmicd tor twelve years. I'lus ca(Hc i^ the rtliilcnce ot' the king's picleiTl, and has a bcaiiti.'ul ih.ipi-1. I'lie ill.in.l (it".\roc, which is at the dill.mce of about thii.-e ini!'.> iVom Funen, an,l I'.hoiit twelve iriilcs to the luirlh-c.ilt ot .\!(Vn, i.s about (ourtceili niilrs in IciiL'.th, and a'.vnit tr.rte miles in brea.lth. It was formerly very wooilv i Imi: has been entirely cleared, in order to render ,t Ht tor tdhu-e. I: h:i.! no deer, but abounds in liaies and wild I'owl. It li.ib two good harbour', th.it in the !ari:e bav, at the er.tr.'.nce of" which two callles tormerly l!f,nd, onj on c..ci» lide ; .iiul tliat of the littU town ''t .■\rroes-K.lo)ipin.', which is (heltered by the little illar.d ofDcvirre, that li ■• rppniite to the harbour. H«re i'. I'.reat p'.ei;ty of .'.11 kiiul- of veectabies, ef|)ecially Danifll cummin, cabba:,e', and onions. The inhaliitaiits are a miMiiie > f peaf.uits and fea-faring people. With rcfpeet to fpintii.il affair", this iilind is in the diocefe of b'uiu-n ; but, with rei;;ird t) civil ait'airs. Is inrluJe>l in the dutchy «if Sk-l'wic ; and, bv \irtue of an tdiiit publidied m 175O, is under a particular court of judicature. J'lenliniri: is in the prefecture of the fame name on the continent, .inJ is a ;;retty large well-built town. It li.is a low fituation, a::d i) (urrour.ded onthree fides by moun- tain', and on the fourth lies the famous ^ulpti t.illid I'lenlbur^^erwieck, which runs ninety-live miles from the Ualtie into the land. Tlic hills on both fides of the {.'ulpb foim a I'ecure haibour, with a depth of watfr (\it- i'icient for the Iar;;i. il Iliips, which arc at prclent uiil'iad- ed at the <[uay ; but lliis vva^ formerly done clofe to the warehtnifes. At that time the trade of ttiis town was very confiderable, but it is at prefeiit greatly dcxayed, for the commerce of rlic Fleii(liur!;hers to Ncrwav has been clop;;ed v.'itli giear Hiriiculiies, and that to Copenhaj'en and other p.iris of Ueiimark eiitireiy lo(f, they being pro- hibited from e\poitin'.^ thither anv lilk, cloths, woollen IKiffs, wiiv.s, and braiidv. Fltiifburg is a long narrnvv town, t;;teiiJ:iig above four miles in length from the north gate to St. John's gate : it has twelve lanes, be- fides the higli llrett, and fix gates ; and is divided into twenty-two cjuartrr.s. Moil of the houf'es are fpaeioiis and llrongly builr. Mere are three (Jerma.T parifh churches, one Danidi church, an orphan hoiife, and a good Iciiool ; alio an alms-houfe, with a chapel, th.it wa.s formerly a convent of Gice I'Viars, and in which fiftv poor perl'ons are cnnifcrtably maintained. ]>y the water-l'ide is a war. hoiii'e lot men h.intv. The north and fouth market-places are both I'pac-ious, and the latter a- dorned with a fountain. With .'it. John's gate is a ple.i- fant fuburb facin',' the harbour calhd St. Jurgen, the great'dl part of which bchwv's tci the alms-houf'es. The caitle of (I ;:torp, orCioltoif, Hands inthemldft f'f a fmall lake, a;'d is built in the toim of an oblong I'piarc. Some derive its name from (lottefdorf, orCJiid'.! villpgc, it otiginaHv belijiiging to the billiops of Slcfwic, and was appropiiaicd to a jiioiis u(e. A ramp.irt en- oompades the lirff cniirf, and the gate of the caitle is of a line blue (lone as bird .is marble. On the north lidc of this Ihiicture is a biiilgc over the lake two hiuidrcil paces in lent^th, at the end of which a pif.iiaiit walk, be-- tween rows of trees, K.idi to a (i.ie caiden, adorned with cat'cadcs, fountains, and other water-works ; p.irtieu- Ijrlv in a large bafon is a ll.itue of Herciib ': combating the hydra, whole fe\ en heads fpout water. On the north is- a parterre in the foini of a cref'cen:, divided int.) coiii- partnients, and e;iibeillfiUii with tlic hurts nfleve.-al kinps and princes. IJefore the houli: is a level piece of ground, about a hundred and fiftv pace, long, divided into thice parts ; thole on the fides beiii;: two line partcires, and that in the middle bavin; a lar^c bafon in the reiiier, with line waur-works. From thence you afceiul to dif- icr"nt terraces, one above another, let round with lla- tues, buds, and other ornaments. 1 he highelt terr.ue exhibits a moil d-li^lufiil pioipcct of the i. idle, the fur- .'ouiiding lake, . nd .1 fine (ciintry. and, on the ether i hand, of a noble orangerv, and the neighbouring' paik, which is luur or five iiiilc;> in circuit, and well lluckej with deer, Slelwic, or Sthlcfwig, in Lilt in SUrviciim, Is the ca- pital of (he .lutcli}-, imd is fiippoled to derive ita name from the Wieike, or gulph of .'ichl.y. It is lituated in a mud delightful country, in the fifiy-fourth degree hfly- f^) , one miirites north latitude, ,iiiJ in ttic ninth degreo y.^v filty minutes calt longitude. Its foini is very irregular, but has fome relendilance to a crelweiit, and is about half a D.inidi mile in length. 'I he city is divided into thiee parts, C)ld Slcfwir, l.oHfufs, whicli is a long dreei |e,:diiig from the town to the caitle of (luttoip ]ud de- fcribtd, ami FreHericllmrg, loriiurly called Kiat/enbcig, which lies at the fouth ixtremiiy of the town. In the Old 'I'own isonl,- one rhiiich, which is the cathedral, devUcated to St. [■'eter. Tlii.-; is a grand driistiire, thai makes a (jood appeai.inrc both within and without It ' hashowevir no fleeple, though .i very ntdile foiindatii-n of hewn Hone has been laid for one. Not far from the cathedral is the orplun-hoiife, which w..j founded in the year 1714; and in the gieat market-place d'..d the town houle and the Clrey Friars convent. On the north fi !e of the city on St. Michael's hill d.uids a church called by the name of that faint ■, and in Frcdericlbuig is Trinitv church, (yn the ealt fide of the city, on the other livle of the F'iflwbridge, lies the Holm, as it is called, where Itands the famous convent of St. John, which was foiin led for ladles of noble families, and t.n nuns, in- cluding the abbefs, now refide in it. 'J'his city has beta levcral times pillaged, burnt, and razed to the ground ; and ill 144; was entinly dedroyed by tire. It wa;, however, a llourifhing town after all thrf'e misfortune:, till the year 1 71], when the ducal court being remove.! from Slelwic, it fell to decav ; and though the governor and the date officers dill leiidc there, rhefe aJvantagts arc not an equivalent for the .ibovc lois ; nor is .t capable of canving on any great Ibtcign trade. The mouth of the SIcy being choaked up, at prtfent many houl'cs j,; the city are uninh.ibited. Krcdericdadt is not a large, though it is a rcgul.ir and well-built town, of a fquare form, fituated between tla rivers I'iider and Trceii. Its dreets arc kept verv clean, and in fome of thvm are planted fine rows of lime trees. Some Dutch .Ari-iiiiians, who ([uitted Holland imme- diately alter the lynod (d Doit, tounded this- town, an.i' called their lettlement by the name of I'redeiejk IV, vvl'j was then duke of Slefwic. Halfoftl'.e m.igillracy isoftl.,: Aiminian, and the other half of the Lutheran peifualion the (.-'alviiiills alio .di'enil le in the ,\rinii.iaii thurei-, , but the i.iod fubdantial traders and nierchant:i in thi-- town are .Vleiinoiiites. Here arc alio fome (^lakirs an, I Jews, who hai'eafvnagogiie in Hie town, rheiiiluibita:!; . lublill by filk and woollen mamifaiilines, navigatioi., aiui commerce. Indead of a wall Fredcrieft.idt is encomp.ifk,'. by a moat, with Ia.-:',e titcs glowing on its banks. 'J'he illand of i'eincren, I'lmern, or Femarii, in r..i::i\ Imbri.i, l'"inibria, or Cimbiia-parva, Ins in the Ikihie, .teiir the coad of (icrmany, in the f'iftv-.'^inirth decree ,., fif;v-fiv minutes north l.ilitude, and in the eleventh de- w gtee twelve minutes cad loii;>itude, and is fcparated iron: Holltein bv the narrow dreiglita called Feincrn- found It is generall-.' computed to be about fifiecn miles i". length, its breadth is lomething above fix miles, and r. eireunifercnce about forty-cii'ht. The foil is in generrd very fertile, ani iLV. «lv isot tl..: lualM" ch'.ii.:;, i i.; till- bita:ii- 101., an.i nnMiie.l |in T.at 11 lt.d;u-, |h degree ..... enth lie- II .'•■ ited I'roni 1- found miles i:i and i; general ivatkv. Is. ru- ler is the liiers th;- Icf trelh llar.ci, Ol' lur I.eni- lered ex- |in 141(1, larbariiy inhabi- !ungs to ehende.i dillina '1-hc CHAP. VIII. Of HUNGARY, including HUNGARY PROPER, TRANSYLVANIA, SCLAVONIA. CROATIA, and DALMATIA. SECT. I. y.'j Wimts, Bmntlaiiis, and Exiint. hi C/iniat,-, Moun- taiiii, I'liiint, Luits, Riucis, Alineiah, and i'ajjih ; Plunli, and /Ininmli. HUNGARY, the antient Pannonia, received its prelent name troni the Hungarians, a race of the hiiii3) a Scythian or 'I'artar nation, who i.i the ninth c.ntury look pidFenion of the country ; but the Hunga- rians tlieinlclve.s call it Magyar Orfzag : the Sclavonians oive it the name of Wergierfka ; by the (lermans it is c.illed Ungetii, and Hungcrland ; and by the Italians Ungharia. The name of Hungary is ufed both in a limited and extcnfive fenfe. In the former, this country is bounded on the fouth by Servia and the river Drave, which fe- piirates it from Selavonia ; on the call by Walachia and 'i'ranfylvania ; on the north by the Carpatliian moun- tains, v%'iiich I'ep.irate it Irom Poland ; and or, tlie welt by i\iuravia, Aiillri 1, and Stiria. But in its more ex- tcnfive fenfe it tompreluiuls Selavonia, Dalinatia, Hoi nid, Seivia, and Tranf)lv.inia, lying between thelorty- fourth dcree lorty minutes and the forty-ninth degree north latitude, and between the fixteenth and twenty- filth degree fitly minutes call longitude tiom London. The air ot Hungary is very unliealthtul, t-tpecially to forcii'iicis ; which is generally thought to proceed in a gicat mealure fioni the (udden alteration of the weather ; the d.iys being exceiruc hot in lunimer, and tlie nights inuleiably cold ; whence it has been called the Church- y.ird of the Cietmans, tVom the great mortality which uiui'dy h.ippens among the German torces when they take the field. The noxious vapours which aiilt; from ll;e nuny fwamps and niijijlll';., arc all') i.inti.icrcd as 54 another great caufe of this unhcalthfulneft j but thcfc: noxious exhalations arc let's common in the mountainouJ and mote barren parts than in the fouth. The thief mountains of Hungary arc the Crapac, or the Carpathian : thcte at the foot are overgrown with com- mon trees, higher up with very large ones, and at x greater interval, which forms as it were a third region, with brufli wood : the fummit is a chaos of trighiful crags and precipices, continually covered with fnow, and lakes of very tranfparcnt water lying between them. However, the inner part of the country is far from being mountainous ; for the land along the Danube, troni Pretburu; to Belgrade, is almoit one continued plain, of near three hundred miles in length : there are befidcs many other large and fruitful plains in Hungary, very little of it being taken up with mount lins and woods. Though this country lies at a dittance from the fea. It is well watered by lakes and rive:-;. The moll con- fiderable of the fiirmer are the lake I'alaton, or PLutenl'cc, which is about forty miles in length, and lies on the ■rtlt fide of Hungary, between the Drave and the Danube ; and ihc New Sicdlerl'ee, or Lacus I'eifoi'.iu.:, which is about twentv-cight miles in length. Ttic principal riversof Hungary are, firit, the Danube, whicli rifing in Swabia, runs ealtward through Germany, Hungary, and Turky, after receiving lixty .lavigablc rivers, and above a hundred ane' twenty in the whole, dilcharges itielf by feveral mouths with I'uch violence into the H'ai-'' Sea, that both the Itream and water are perceptible in it for ievcral miles dittance. Ihe Drave, which illues out of Stiria, feparates Hun- gary and Selavonia, and at laft falls into the Danube, near the tower of Darda. The Teys, or Tibifcus, which rifes in the Carpithiarj mountains, and, while among '.hcni. has a rapid and , 1 i cIcaT l',dj m i;h:! ',! IJI i«i A SYS T r, M O I- G I'. O r, R A I' 1 1 V. H '.' •! ' ','< •, ! I t,. : 'if !l^ f 'rt^ ' rk-ar Ihca'Ti ; hut afu'rwa;,!^ Ikcoiups IIdw .iivI tmlml. It rcccuci I'cviTal I'iiialli'i rinii, .nut l'.\\\> iiil>i ilut D.i- iiuliu- .It J cucli J.T.ibIc ililhiK'c .iliovc Itclyrjd^-. Ni> iinr 111 I' uroiJi; nni.iN till, in [ilriitv of lilli. Till' Aralia, m R.ial), wliali liliiig in Stirij. ruler!, thi; wc'l liJc »r liuii^un, aiiJ t.Mi into tlic D.iiuibc near I^iili. ■!"h.' (iran, or (Ir.inuK, whiili ril'i-s in the Carpathian mll•,lliraiIl^, ami iiiiiniii;; to tliu IbuthwarJ, I'alli into the i)aiiii!ii- mar the tity ot Gran. Til;; W'r;, which alio rili:i in the north of Hmv.-ary, .itiJ ilillhargcs itklt' into the Ouiuibc a little abuvc Co- iniTfa. Mo'A of thffc rivers arc will ll.ickiHl with fifli, wliiiti in l'on;L- I'arts of llungaiy are 111 plentiful that they Ue.l th-ir I'.i'^^ with them, .uul in other plaee i it is faij that a thowfanJ carps have been bought for the value ot a trowii. 'I'dij country ahouiiJs alio wi:h many falutarv hot baths, anJ leveral fprings that have very iiiu-oninuui ipia- Iltiti i anion;.; whieh is a Iprin;; of Mtriol-water, near Sliniolniti, which in a fliuit time !;ivcs the appearance of copper to pla:es of iron i aiul there are otliCis of C> poifonoui a nature, tlial an aiuinai's Jrinkiiij of thctii i: fi.lloweii he iiiinii.Ji,Ue ilraih. W'liii lel'pe:^ to the niiiu rala of this ronntrv, it is oh- fcrvoble that pure i;oKI oie is never loim.l ir. the mines, thriiith tliey yii-lJ guIJ ore with a mixture ot iilvcr or lead r a"-! o" th: other hand, no Iilvcr is du^ up here that does lilt contain Come golJ. A quintal of the richifJ ore, accordion to Mr. Ke\fler, yields thirtv-hve oiiiiri s of filver 1 but fonie is riiined, cfpceiallv at Creniirl/, that fioes not yi'.ld above two ounces out of a huiiJied weight, but the ore that vii-lJs the kail iilvcr geneially yrodueti the moll gold. T"hcrc are a!fo mines of cop- per, vitriol, iron, lead, ipiiekulvcr, antimony, rinna- l-.r.r, yellow orpiment, fulphur, niarcafite, roik-lalt, l'.i!;-petre, maj;nets, albcitos, and f^cm'-, though the lat- ter are verv dilKcnMit from thcoiiental; with aUbalttr, and quarries of maihle. Tnc Ibuthcrn part of this rnuntry is fo dcllijhtful, that ?. traveller has (aid of it, " Out of Hungary there is i.o " llviii-C, or if there be livinL; it is not l,fe." The level country produces efculent plant?, toiucco, faffroii, afpara;;us, melons, hops, corn, pulfe, millet, lielicious wine, and a "reat vaii' ty of fruits. Tlie aniniab lil' ll'jii;.';'"y are chiefly line horfes, moftlv moufe-colouied, and ol which inuredihle numi'ers are ixpoitcd i mules, alles, hulfaloe.,, tov.'S, fheep, iiont", fwine, and manv fp "cies of wild healK, deer, chamois- go.iis wild boar,, bears, wolves, and lynxes. lleltdes the !!ieep eonnion in moll countries Hun- riry aft'orJs a paitKular fpeeies, that have larjie twill- ed lionis, i;eiiera!lv about two feet in lciu',th. Thele aie kept in iVparare flocks, and great numbers of them ..re aniuiallv feiit to Vienna. Amonf; the birds .■.re phcafants, partrid[»c^, wood- cocks, &c. The number of the wild fowl is, indeed, incredible; and it is not uncommon, in luch flocks, for Ibme of them to live to a good old age. S K C T. H. Of the differ rr.t 0/ :■;!>! of the InhMtar.ts : thiir Lan their an- ceilors, llill (liew luiiie traces of their Scythian extrac- tion. Another part of the iiihahitants arc of the Sclavo- niaii race, and thii includes the Kohemian-., Croats, Servians, Ralcians, and Vandals, who inhabit the call and northern parts of Hungary. I'heli., indeed, are found all over the coiintrv, and feem to h'.ve been fettled here from the rcinotell aiuitjuitv. The (ierman nations ate the Auftriai;:, Stiiiaiij, Havarlavs, Franks, Swa- bians, and S.ixons, who lecm to I; ivc cnleird Ifiin^arw much ah mt the tiiii'- when tl.'! Saxoiii leaved themftlve; ill I'raiilylvania ; hut war, commerce, an I the' fiuittiil iiels ol the cjiintiv, have dr.vwn hither other CJerman?, will have eonruli i.'.hlv iiKTeateJ finee Muiij;iiv hecanir luhjeii lo till: lioiile ijf .Aullri I. The Walacliiaiis, wht.) iiih.ibit ihi' coiiiiliy next lo rranlylv.mia and \V'aluhi.i, leem to be the delcendaiils of tli<' Uoniaiis that Icltled m IXicia. ,Anioiii> the fcweign-Jts aie the Greeks, who re. moved hither lor the fake of a mote ailvanlaj'.eous com- merce j the Jews, who were loriiierlv mueii more nti- merojs than they are at prelent ; the I'utks and Ziiig.i, li, who are a waiulerim; people of very iinerrtain oiii'in ; iiiaiiv of thele arc Iniiths and mufieians. 'I'luu the in- h.d'inr.ts iniift' h.ive been aiiLienily ot dilletent ililpoli- tioiii, though, bv treijueiit inlercoi.ilc, they now reliin- ble each other. They are, for the moll p.irt, ot a fan- j'uine choleric temper; the nobility are numerous, and both in their drefs .ir.d tables are fond of pomp and man-, niticcncc, yet .ipply themfelvcs to learning and rural ini- proveinent.s, but iiu re to war, huntinc, and martial cx- ereilis. Til ere are fnir common langunjrs in Hunqary ; the !b!'ii;ariaii, whi.h is of Scythian oiigin, without the l.all affinity to anv of the Kuropean tongues, and one uii- > iried dialeet. Tlv; Hungirians, in writing, ul'e the !\oinan cli.iractcrs ; but the tjeim in has ni dift'ertiit dia- K'cls .iccoriling to the ditlerent nations of (Jcrniaiis fet- tled here. 'I'he Sclavuni.m, which deiivcs its origin fi.im the SarmaLian, i.s divided into the liohcmlan, Croa- tian, VanJ.uian, Uafeian, and Rulfian dialects, 1 he \V'alach;an tongue is allied to the Italian, and fotme.l by a n'.i\;u:e ol l.itin an. I Sclavoni>. The Latin is not only fp'ik'ti by the li; Mti and ;;• iitrv, but .-.lib by the commoiuitv. The Zingarians have a fpeech compoftd of a iiirrupiion of the llungaiian, S^Iavenic, H'alachian, and other l,iii';iia';er. The Hungarians arc well pioporlioncd, of a t^ood Ita- ture, and have toler.ible ic)in|jleMoiis. ( )n their he.idi they we.ir fur c.ips, and the) have dole bodied coats j.jtt about them with a f.dh, o.er which tliey wir a kii;d if cloak or mantle,, that comes no lower than the hips, and IS lo contrived as to buckle under oncarri, that the ri.'lit li.i;.d may be always at liberty. The co.ours they molt all'ecl 111 their do.iths arc red, green, ar.d blue, the lat- ter ol which is moll cummon. The men fbave their beaids, but leave whifkers on the upper lip i and belid.s .1 bioad fword, the ulual arms of an Huiigaiian are, .uj iron mace with a round head, and a kind ot hatchet. The young gentlemen have frequently feathc:s in their I he Hun-arian ladles arc much handfumer than thufe ofAudri.i; and the beauties of Vienna chiefly conic Irom tliis country, 'I'hcy arc generally very fair and well fiiapcd, and tlu'ir drefs exttenuly bccuming. The lady W'onlev Mont.igue ileferibes one of thefe ladies, as in a gown of fcariet velv.t, lined and faced with fa- bles, and made cxail m her Ihapc, the li'.irt fa!lin.'' to h(T feet. The fl.tves are llraight to their arms, and the ll.ivs buttoned befuic wi;h tw.i rows of little buttons of gold, pearl, or d.amonds. Gn their heads they wear a lali'el of gold, tt:,!t hangs low on one lide, lined with fa- bles, or fonie other hue fur; and their behaviour is ex- tremely polite and agreeable. The women's eJrel's in the mine-towns is not imbe- comiiig; thty wear knots ol ribbons on tncirfliift fleevcs, and others hanging down their backs, but the peafaius .iiid lower lorr of peeiple drefs very meanly. Anion:; the latter, the rn 1 .i.'c very lond oi wearing a furred nKnille, .Hid their dref.. i: generally no more than a plain flieep's Ikin, wi.il a cap and boots of tin' f.me. Moll of the women have boots, and many of them a long furred gown : they have a kind of fliKts of very coarle linen next their Ikin, with a giidle round it at the waift ; and their hea.l-drels is a piece of wl.i.c linen with two laiii'.el . hanging down behind. In the towns of Hungary the entertainment tr.ivclleri meet with is not to be f.uiid fault with ; but in the cou.-i- try it is livquently fo b.:d, that belides the want of <'o(ui piovdioii-, there is fcarce llraw to lie upon ; and wheie beds are (o be had, th':y ate !u fhert, that ui:c would thin): 1 ^\2^ M il' ,\n tliole Iv come pair ami The hiiii's, Ivith ta- il in:; to- ;iiij the Itoiis ot wear a Iwitli fa- ir is ex- it iinlic- : flcevt'5, IpfalaiU') Ion 'J ll'.c nv.iiitk', of the ll furr.j lilKH |irt ; ami ) lappclj ^r.ivcllcri lie ci)u:i- iif ^ood Id whL-if |;f wuulil ihiuk i. full prcatliing tne iloetrint; ol tile |roi|)Ci in mis . but It had before made its way into TranlVlvania. Kroiu that lime j^rcat numbers of Hungarians went to ftiiJv in (jeini.iiiy, ami at tlieir return were confidereil as the difeip!e> of l.uther. Soon after tl'ie opiivoiis of Zuing- lius, in relation to the lacranu-nt, were made known in Huiigare, and a little after tlie fentimeiits of Calvin were cmhraecd by great numbers. Hut from the time Hun- gary became fubiecl to the houfe of Auilria, and the Je- luits !^;ot footing m that kingdom, the prot'.lhmts under- wcr.t many fevere triali, tipeciallv in the bc^'inning of the levenieenth eeiiturv. Under Kerdinand 111. the pro- tc'.l.'.iitb were deprived of fevera! churches, and of more under the emperor Leopold, in whole lime it was enact- ed at tiie diet of Sopron, or Oldenburg, tiiat the reform- ed ftuHiiJ not -^oircli more than two churches in each pa- laiii:ate. Nor coulj their eaeniies reil here 'ill they had diinT then: out o! all tl.e chirch'." :V.-'. \:u^ not been (Jhriiiiims of the 'jreek tliurch alio begin to (licw j, greater inclination to learning than formerly. The law was antiemlv tiug'u only in private ; but at prefLiit th^:re is a public profeflor appoinud for it in the univtrfity of riiiiau, and even a particular college credt:J ior th-t purpofe at Krlau. SECT. IV. Th h'i/lon of the llurgariani ; //v Marnier in which th-ir Km i weie cioiii:.':! \ the Arnn of Hungary \ the States of the Ki>i'^(hm ; the piihlie C'i'ices, Fnea, tm.t C:u)ti cf jujitec. WV. fliall here give acontife view of the liillory of thij country. It appears that its aiitient weitern inhabicaius wer» calkJ I'annoiiians, aiij the noriber.i i 1 i ■■ i 1 Of ih diffenit Oil'^in of t'e Inhililnnls : ihlr Limcua"n, ' Pnfym, Drfj], an. I ALitinei of •[ravitiiif^ : t! eir Ex- perts, /mpali, atri C THE iiih.iliit.iiil'; arc of iliH-'iTciit oii-in. '("lie true HiiirMii.iiis ■■'■'j WL- luivi- ;ilri:iilv iiilim.itiMl, arc tlic .lcict.-ini.ini-.'')!' that ii.rcc [Hciplc callc^l hv tlic C.imc iianic, liv lorce 111 arnii, I'J.itcd ihcmUlns lure in tlic who, y.-ar ySt) ; ;inJ tliclc, celtorb, Hill flicw loine traces ot their Scythian cxirac- thoin'l) iiKirc civil tlian tlu-ir CCUOIb) ll"» llli.« iijiiiv. t.,.^. ■ ". --_,.. tion. Adothcr part of the inliahitaiit^ arc ot the bclavo- iiian race, and ihik in.lihle< the Bohemians Croats, Servians Rafii.ins, aii.l Vandals, who inliahit the calt ;,lid northern part", ol' Hung.irv. 'I'here, indeed, are lou'id all over the coimtrv, and fjcm to have been Cettlcd here from the rcmotelt aiitiquitv. Tne G'.-rm,in natioiib Auftriii!;., iJtiiiaiii, H-viria!'v, l-'ranks, Swa- ace the iictiiiiv pmttrand n|;rccablc. The women's Orel's in the liiinc towns is not uiibe- roniinL'; th;y vvc.ir knots nt' ribbon< on tneir fliitt necves,, and others iiaii'Mii^ down tlreir batk'', but the peal'aiu and lower lort of people drefs vcrv nieanlv. Anion:; the latter, the men aie very fond of wear:n;^ a lurrcd mantle, and tluir drefs is generally no more than a plain (heep's (kill, wiili a cap and boots of the f.ane. Molt of the women have boot.s and niany of them a long furred ■own: tliev have a kind of (liids of very coarle linen next their Ikin, with a girdle round it at the wailf ; and tlu ir hea.l-drels is a piece of wl.i.e linen with two lappets haniMiU', down behind. In the towns of f!iin:»arv the entertainment tr.ivcllcrs meet with is not to be fiund fault with; but in the coun- try it IS frequcntlv fo b.;d, that belide; the want of good piovifioirs there is icarcc llraw to lie upon ; and where beds are to be b:id, th':y arc fu ibort, that ui:c would thiiik ','■ ^h \ ! 4 ]., i 4 I t i I 'rf I Of thf differrr.t Oilyjn of ih hi^'nlUmn : thir LmtrNit-rt^ ' J'nfjm, Dre/ly iin.t Mdinier of Tnivtliiir; : I'iir iix- parti, Impittiy audCoin. THE inli.iliit.iiit'^ are of ililFi-reiit ori :in. The true HuM'^:lrian^, -yj wl' ii.uc .ilrc:ii)v iniiin.itcMl, are the (lei'cciiJaiu-, ot that tiir>:e people c.tllol In- the (.line name, will), liv force ol arm;., le.iteil themlVKei here in the year 8BS ; ami thcle, thoiiyh more euil tl>aii their aii- «(tors, llill fliew loiue tracer ot their Scythian rxtrar- tioi). Another pait of the inhahitaiit, arc ot the Sclav o- iiian raie, am! ihik iiuliiJes the KohelIliaIl^, Cto.Us, Sorviaiiv, Ralcians, aiiJ \'aiidals, who inhaiiit the ealt :,iid northern parts ol" llunnarv. Thele, inJecil, are fomiil all over the countrv, an.! ('..cin to hive heen (ettleil htre from the rciiiotelt aiuiquitv. Tlie Geriiini li.iiionb ate the Auftriai:-, S:i;Mn>, l?JVir;:i:-s, Fra:iks, Swa- IK and a^teeable. The women's Jrel'; in the miiietowns is not iinlie- loniiiiL'; thvy wear knots of ribbons on their fliitt fleevi'-, anJ otherb iianj'inj.'; ilown their hacks bit the pealapt> aaJ lower (ort of people .Ircfs very meanly. Anion;: t!.e latter, the men aie very fonJ of wear:n<^ a turrcJ man;!-, .itiil their dreis is generally no more than a plain (heep'b Ikin, wiihacap and boots of the f.ane. Molt of the women have booi>, and many of them a long furred '•own: thev have a kind of fliilis of verv coarle lin^:i next their ikin, with a girdle mimd it at the v^■ai(^ ; and their hea.l-drels is ,i piece of wl.i.c linen with two lappet', hani;!!!'.; down behind. In the towns of liuni'arv the cnti-rtainmcnt fr.ivellcri meet with is not to be f.^uiui fault with; but in the coun- try it is ticquentlv fo b.id, that behdei the want of ;_'ooJ piovifioii', there is ic.irce llraw to lie upon ; and wheie think the Uuiif ride. They gt baeoii, which i laiila. The ho partmenc with .As Hungary imial way of tia they have not by two, three, vtller with grci the ail is exircn fuuthern lituatii fixed upon a ilei c.vpedition over . rtcct breed of h( whicii arc conl'i. loa.lj lie tliruui;! the wild healls^ places are very n 1 he niolf cr. gout, in it.', Iev( wliivh lb even ca fyniptonis of thi; cles on lue haii.l with vineyar, lali is put to tiie pro, co'nes from I'uri 1 he biiiglicrs b'.it the lalt is all I'roni Huiij^ary is hrly tokay, la(}', thcr, wool, tallo' tin, filk, velvets, 'I'he pieces of ( which 111 I'jjper 1 gruleli, and in Lc the 'ourth part of the third part of ; gulden ; the pulgr a gulden ; the fieb tenner, worth fevc twofhillim^s and f den, worth fevcni gulden, worth twe gary, are worth a Hungary, a hundi Rhenirti guldens ; nitz ducat is wort' Tranlyivanian goe: worth twofliilli:!"; b'.di are to be h:id, t!v!v ate lu iliort, that one would think i. wM -D iinbc- Iflccvc-, liii;; tl'.t; lii.iu:!' , lot' tllC Ciir: '.i 1,11 . |) i .ii< 1 lani'i-t . Iivellcri • CDun- llt ^00 J whi-'ii; \v 'be Reformation began by Martin Cyriacus flirt picciiing the docliine of the golixl in this country ; but It had btlore made its way into I'lanlylvania. Kroit' that lime great numbers of Hungaiians went to f!udv in (jeiiii.iny, .in>l at their return were confidered as the difciples of Luther. Soon after the opitions of /.uing- lius, in relation to the facramrnt, were made known in Iluiigary, and a little after the fentinieiits of Calvin were embraced by grtat numbers. Hut fiom the time Hun- gary became lubicul to t;ie houlc of Aulhi.i, and the [c- luits got looting in tliat kingdom, the prot' iLints iinder- v.ci,t many levcrc t,-i.i!i-, tipt'ciallv in the be:'inning of the levinteLiith century. Under I''erdinaiid 111. the pro- tclhtits were diprived ot I'evcra! churches, and of more under the enipcror Leopold, in whole lime it was cii.ict- rd at tiie diet id' Sopton, or Oldenburg, that the rclomi- ed ihould n.it polVefs more than two churches in each pa- l.iuiiaie. Nor coulj their cnenucs reft here till they had ui^vtr iheiv out o! a!! tit clu'tht.". '\:-\ hud nut been ex;)reny mciiiloucd in lb- t.v.:nty-fix'!i .".rticle of ih,!dier <.f Sopion, and accordingly above three hundred werc •iCtually taken from them. 'I'he Vandals too iuid fix churcf.ci, and now are without lo niucli as one place where divine wcifliip ii perlornicd in their own bin- guage. Mr. He\ (ler onferves, that fix or fevcn thoufand ol tin' inhabitants of Si hemnitz, which ctmltitute two thirds of tiie city, profefs Lutheraiiilhi, and yet the niagiltratcs are always Romans ; but at Cremnitz the ma^;ii^racy a flijr:i ol' their Itttlenu-nt ; but tlicli.- were .d!'o, in i!i:ir tuin, (>b!ij;ed to refign their new liill-ilions lo the Huns who had likewifc driven them IruM ihcir antient habit.itioMS. In tiie year 88S, the llun-i, under the name of Hun- garians, made a feco.iJ irruption into I'annonia, as auxiliariei to Amulpli enij-eror oi the Well, and Leo tii:|i?rnr of the Ealt, a^iinll the IJul^arians and Selavo- nijiis, whom thev r.d uced. 'I"h 'V had feven conimandcrs, and lioth (jeniuny and Italy alierwards felt the ter- iil)'e eH'eel,; of iheir ferocity ; hut by decrees their man- iK'is became more civili/.c.l, tl,iecially towards ilie latter end of the tmth century, when Geyfa, their prince, cni- !>;aced the Chnltian reii.'ion, and his fon Stephen, in 9117, became the firtt kin^ of HuiiL^ary, and, as hath been already obf.rved, c );iipletcj the ellabliftjment of that rttitjion, arin^'xed Tranfvlyania as a province to Hun^jary, and after his death was canonized. After him followed a fucccflion of twenty km;;'., natives of the comitry, the lalt of whom was Andrew Hi. who died in the year I -{CI. On this followed a fucccirion of twelve foreign kinj;*, the lail or whoin, who was Lewis II. Ii.ll in an unfuccfsful battle 3|;ain(t the Turks. The kmi;- dom next devolved to the houfc of Aiilhia, under whom arofe a moll bloody intelline war, which billed for a long time, in which the country was cijually ravaged by the Turks and Aultrians. In 1OS7 Hun;';ary became an he- leditaty kingdom to the .1 chilueal houl'e of Aultria ; and It Was ai;ieed at the diet m 1722, that m c.ife of lailure ofmaleheiii, the princelles ihould alio fucteed. Ac- cordingly the emperor Charle^ \'i. ilying in the y^-n 1740, his cldtHl daughter M.iria Therela afeeiided the throne, and was crowned in 1741. Her majelly is coii- ibrt to the prel<;nt emperor t'lancis Stephen, whom tne ihtes of th: kingdom, in 1741, alfo mvclled with the joint fovcietgnt). A iate author obfervcs, that the Hungarians have con- tendod with their prinrcs about their rights and privilej;es, till the Imperi.il c.igle h.is decued the contiovcrfy by de- vouring both, and"l=;t th..ii only the lh.idow of their ;,iuiciu conlhtution ; and il'.at tncir Ibtes or diet ad'ein- ble li;;e the paiiiament of France, for form fake, or ra- ther to record tlie arbitrary deciees of the empeior, and by fit/nim; their cnnfent to them, take otf the odium of ivcry deltru.ili.'c fehcme from the tourr, and place it on thenifelves : by whi,;h means their chains are probably now io tirinly riveted, tliat tiieii ll.ivery will be evcrlalt- in", iiniefs a.ioihtr family iliould be elected to tile Im- perial crown. At the co.onation of the Hungtrian kings, the people niniciitly .illen.blcd in a plain calhd Racko, near I'ell, where the bdhop:, the nobility, and the reprefentativcs of the feveral toiiiitici and cities, having unanimoufly approved of the pcrfon ptopokd for their king, who w.is iifually the iie.\t in fucccflion ; he vv'as conducted to ;tiihl\viciruiburg, or Alba Kegali,'-, where he was pic- fentej to the people bv the palatine, who demanded three times whether they approved of the new cledled king .' and thcv havinir exjirelied their confcnt, he put a drawn l.vord ir.to the iiand of riic new king, who nr.indifhcd it towards the tall, weii-, north, and louth. He was then attended to the great church, where the aichbifhop of t^iran hoiiiir.'.' the royal robes in his hand, alked the peo- ple if they were fatisricd with the king cle^t, and were v/illini' 10 become his fabjects ; and receiving an aniwer ill the amimative, he proceeded to perform tne ufual rites oblcrved at the coronation of their kings ; alter which the p'elatcs and nobility carried the arms and other re- lics of l.iiig -Stephen I. before the new king in a fplendid jjrorcfiion to the pal.-ce. The crown of Stephen is (fill ^referved at I'lelburg with great veneration, and no piinte is allowed lo be duly crowned with any other : the Himiaiiaps in general believing that the tate ol their nation d' pcnds on tlieir carefully pu leiving it, and there- fore III ail their calamities they have taken care to convey ic '.9 a place of lafety ; imr have ihc I'uiks been Lfi fulli- citous to mike ihemfelvcs mad.rs of it, from the opinion that the Hungarians would make no leruple of puini' teir allegiance to the gr.!nd leignior, could he but once cauie king Stephen's crown to be placed on his head. The kings of Hungary are by the laws ftilcd catholic and apollolic, on account of the zeal which Stephen I. fliewcd in the converfion of the Huiiiiarians. The re- galia, which confili of the golden crown, made in the eleventh century, the fceptre, king Stephen's fword and mantle, gloves and flioes, with the filver crofs, the maik of hin apoltolic function, are kept in the caftle of I'nftiurg i and in that city is Kill performed the coronation of the king by the archbilhop o! Gran. The arms of the kingdom arc, a (liield longitudinally yf^'-, divided ; the light field gules, divided by four bars argciu. The left quarter is alio gules, with an archiepilcopal crofs argent, (landing on a triple hill vert. The Ifates of Hungary are divided into four clafles. To the (irll belong the prelates, who diredt all reli- gious matters, and precede all other perliins, except the governor of the kingdom, who gives place only to the archbidiop of Gran. I h-fe are the archbilliops of ihxn md Koloc/.a ; the former is primate of Hungary, chief fecrctary and chancellor legate of the pap.il (ee, and piince of the holy Roman empire. He alone crowns the king or queen, is peipctual count of the CJefpanchal;, or county of Gran, creates even noblemen, and never lakes an .j.ith himlelf, but his official (wears in his ftcad. UnJer hi. a a:e the fix bilhops of Lilau, Nitra, Kaab, V'aiz, Flint kirc.hen, and V'el/.pnm ; to whtim may alio be added the Greek bKhops of IJuda and Mencaiz, who are united to the Roman church. Next to him is the aichbidiop ot koiot/a, with the following futt'ragans : the brilr.ip of Ba's, which is however annexed to the archbiHi.rpric of Circat Waradm, Cfanad, Zagrab, Sir- inia, liciliiia, Tranfvlvania, and Uiikow in Walachij. Theie bdliops have a douDle cnaracler, and all of them, except the biihop of Hats, are perpetual counts of the coui.ties in which thev refide, and have alfo a feat in the diet, licfides thefe are the abbots, who are ten in number, and nine probds. To the (ccond clafs belongs the magnates, or ba-- rons, the principal of whom arc the great barons of the kingdom, who alfo hold the chief offices : thefe are the palatine, who is the principal, and in many cafes aci\ as lovereign ; the court judge ; the ban or viceroy of Dalinatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia ; the governor ol Iraiifylvania ■, the treafurer ; the great cup-bearer j the (K ward of the houfliold ; the mailer of the boric; the lord -chamberlain ; the cj .;in ot the veonicn of tlic guards ; and the grand mailhal of the court. To thefe may be added, the infeiior ban, or counts, aiul barons. To the third clafs belong the gentry, fome of whom have noble manors, and others only the privileges of nobles. To the fourth clafs belong the royal free cities, whioh arc fummoncd to the diet, and aic not (iibject to the counts, but hold immediately of the king, and have a council of their own, in which a city judge and burgo- maller ufuaily prefidc. The diet is fummoned by writ from the foverci^n every tlirtc years, to meet whenever his majelly's lervii': or tcic public welfare ree^uire it. .Accordingly on theday appointed the lords (piritual and temporal perlonally ap- pear in the chamber of the inagidrates ; but the towm and gentry fend two deputies, who meet in the Kates chanUier. I he (lales l..y their reprefentaiio.ns betoic the king or queen, who alio refers to them lueh articles of public coneein as require their alleiit. The public offices by which the government 1 . ad- miiiillered are the lollowing : The Hungary edfice, which is at Vienna, and f.is a fecretaiv ot lljle .it its head. This otJice expedites the royal edifis in municipal, religious, and judicial .dii n for Hungary, .md the incotp'jiated kingdoms ol Cioa,i,i, D.iliiiatia, and Sil.ivoina. io this office belong .ill matters itlating to the king, and wholly depeniknt > 11 his pleafuie. All why Ituid in need cf » peiloiid ui- dicncc examining tlie IIUNOARV. Jiciiceofthc qucon, mnli firft ;i.-qualiit this ofTicc with ,- In oihir rtlpict^ it has very litilc coiiiK-ctiuii with the kinjilom, its principil buiiiicis being to cxutu'.c the |,'>vlir s or govrrno-s cniMicil rclnlcs at h'rcl- l,„r'' ;iml, bcliuts the gdvcrnur, who is iireliiieiu, coii- lills"ot twenty-two coiinlellois, whom the kiiiL.' •■hooles -t ple.irnrc IVoMi anioiii; the prelates, nobility, anJ gen- trv. In Hmnarv ai-.J the intorpoiateil countries it I'j- iicr'iiitenJs the'iivil cniu-crni ol the towns as rei»ul ited L, ,|,e Ijws of the land. It is rubjei't to no other orTice; but whi-n it lias any thin;; to lay belore the king applies I nmeili:itc!v to his majerty. The roval cxchctpier is divided into the Hungnrian .nid mine'chcmbers, I'lid takes care of the royal eUates, incomes, and dues. This excheiiucr is held at I'rellnir!;, ■nd has a prefidcnt a;iJ ei;;hteen coiinK-llots. Under it is the office at Calchaw, bei'ides eij^ht provincial commif- I tries lor collei-'tin;; tile contributions. 'I'he niinc-cham- bcr is held at Crenmitz, and manages all atFairs beloni;- jpT to niiivs and coina'.!;!-. It receives orders fiom the treafiiryat \'ienna ; and under it are tiie mine-( hainbers of Schcmnitz, Neufohl in the gefpanlcli.ilt of '/.tp, and at Koni^iherb. The public revenues confm of contributions, cnlloms, mines, falt-works belonging to the crown rouil domains, and cl'chcats, which abundantly anfwcr the cxpcnccs ot the court and delence of the frontiers. The kingdom of Hungary can eafilv raife an army of a hundred thouf;ind men, keeping (il'ty thoufand in pay, and the provinces furniiliiiii; the fame number. Their hotfearedeniuiiiiiated hulliirs ; thefe arc cxtremciv expert horfemen. I hey ufe very (liort Itirrups, and lifting with their knees high, rile up when thev make a llroke with their feimitars, to give the greater force to their blows. Their horfes are fleet and well managed, but too fnialli am' '" •* regular engn^ement are far inferior to the Kn^lift horlc, whole weignt alone will bear them dou'ii. Their foot are denominated heyducs, or toot huii'ars ; ihefe branJiihiiig their n.iked fwords, put themrelves in- to a hundred terrible iralhires, adv.ineing, retreating, turnin'r, and wiiiJiiig a'jout with great activity, linging all the^whilc. Jiilticc is adminilleied in civil att'airs in the name of the fovcreign, after the manner prelcribed by the l.iws inJ cuftop.is of the kingdom. Suits are carried from the e.iurts of the linalkr towns, either to ihc court of the rTtinanfihafl, or county, when it is a free town, or to ti'.e lord of the inannr when it belongs to .inv pariicul.ir liirJIliip. In the royal tree cities the lint he.ning is be- fi're the iud;'^e of the town, the feeoiid belore the coun- cil, fioin which there is an appeal to the treafurcr. The mine-court in the free mine towni is dilliiul from the town court, and takes cognizance of oiilv Inch affairs as relate to the mines : the mine judge prefides, but an ap- peal lies from him to the commiffion-court of the mine t^nvns. Inferior nnhle courts arc held by the lord of the manor ill each county for determining caufes relating to the f liniinonaltv, and where noUlciueii are concerned, bv the mint judges or iudge of the nobles, and the vice-gefpan; hit a caiife mav be ran iid Irom thefe to the county court, uiid afterwards to the iii'ni'ii r,-'iii ,ini j:t-ul'n. The middle noMc court meets at Tirniii, liuniz, Kperies, aiiil Dipretzen, and has the trial ot all caules in which i.v) or more counties aie conceined, and m.iy tro:n thence he ienii>vcd M xhe 'rii!uli >;:iti M\d l,ft.n::riiiis. The upper n.ible court, which relides at F;lt, is divided into llie Tiil'uiii ifgi-i and the 'ln'\il,i li;^t,mi>i):ilii, and not only ill", ides caufes brought hilher bv :ippeal, but alii) other important luits rrlaiin'j to the nobiliiv. In the lirlt prc- fil"s the king's repr lentative ; in the fecond the count palatine, or, in his abfeiice, cither the court judge or the trcifiiter. 'Vht '/"ihu/a hjilc/rvira.'i, is thus callcU from i'. formerlv confittini; of (even perfons ; bii; Charles VI. ni:tde .111 addition ot eight more. It t.iki s co^nii.m.'e Didv ol lurh ca'i'Vs a< are i.feirel to it from tiie Tuiuiu if/tii examinin-: tlieii>, and making the necellary aiiund- flien:s. 'A EUROPE. 129 SECT. V. or ihc D',:'if:vis cf Ihin^ary^ ii':th a ^iitrl'uid.xr Atcmni of I'pper hiuH^i:'y, a Dfii ij'li'j'i 'f ii umiirkMc CuUiin, un.i cf the l>i".ktpnl'ton.uiii sj' lh..l Dijif.n. HUN(i.'\RY Proper is divided into Upper and I^ower Hungary ; here fome give th- name ol Upper 1 iuiiiary to thai p.irt which lies between the Dar.iihe .wid I'olaiid, and call that which lies belc;w th.: JJjiiuba I>ower Hungary ; while others drawiiiL' a line from iho county of Lip, to the iun.ll ion of tiic Banat of I amclwaer, and the county of Sirini, call that part which lie; to the ea(t oftiieline Upper llungury, and that towards tht: welt 1,0 A'cr Hungary. With refpcil to its governmenc by the gieat jundicii courts, it is divided into tour large: circles, and lifty-two gel'p.infchafts, or counties, calle;! by the Huiigaiians varinegye. I'het'e counties are finall provincis iindir counts, ulcoiiiits, and all'etrors, who iit the name 01' the foveieign hold provincial afliimblies or diets. We fliall begin with Upper Hungary, which form^ the call p.irt of the kingdom, and borders on Poland, Iraiifvlvania, and Walachia j coiifilling of two circles, that on this llde the l\ ill'e, and that on the farther fide of that river, i he former of thefe circles contains eleven counties, and is inhabited by Hungarians, Bohemians, .Scl.ivoniin-, (Ji-rmans, inid Rullians. Tfie county of Sips is ahnoll every where woody and mountainous, but is intcrl'i-.crred, cfp"eially towards tlu- imddlj, with delightful plains, t'luiiful tield-, paltiiie,, and rivers that abound in tifh. The C.irpathiaii moun- tains are here at their grcateft height : here are alto feve- ral other remarkable mounrain.;, among which aie the Ochi'enberg and the Konigllierg, or Kmg'i mountain, in called from king Matthiaa Corviiuis, wlio in 1474 din on its fummit. From thefe mountains iiTue the following r'vcrs : ihi. Popper, which tuns from the lake of the lame name ii\ the wcltern part o( the Carpathian mountains, and runs into the Dunavct/,. This ialt river riles in the northcru fummits of the C.npathian mountains, and at Ialt dif- charges iti'elf into the Viltula. The K!undcrt, or Hcrnnt, fprings at the foot ol Ivonii^fberg, and runs into the Teillc. I"he Golnitz, which has its Iburce in the mountain named Ochfcnberg, and alto falls into the lornier. iieliJes thefe there arc feveial rivers of let's note. Thv air is hc.c cold, but very he.ilihy ; and though no wine be produced in tiiis country, it .ibounds witK Corn, particularly wheat, barley, and jHias ; and the in- habitants r.iife ll IX. I'he wild bealls here are lynxes, bears, wdd boars, wolves, foxes, ttjgs, hares, chamois, and marmottes. ] The inhabitants are not fond of mining, agriculture; ' turning out more to their advantage. (.)iie of the greatelt ph.cnomeiKuis in this circle Is a ' wonderful cavern in .1 niountaiii in the nei^libouihood of a xill.ige n.mied S/,elitze. The neiithbouring countrv 1- j hilly, and abounds with woods ; and tlie air is (liarp and : cold. The entrance of the above cavern, \vhkh tronts I the I'outh, is eighteen fathoms high and eight broad, and conf(.i|uently wide enough to receive the fouth wind, : which here generally llows with great vioienci- ; but the I fuhterrancan paira.;e3, which conliil entr.cly of folul lock, winding round llretch away farther to the I'outh than has been yet difcoverid. As far as people ha\ e gone, the I height is found to be liliv fathoms, and the breadth ' twenty- fix ; but the niotl unaccountable rin::u!aiiiy is, that ill the midlt of winter the air is warm in the in- li.ie i and when the heat of the fun without is Icarce I'up- portable, the cold within is not only very piercing, but fo imcnfe, that the top is covered with iciiles of the lize ot a Urge calK, which Ipreaiiini; into ramification . form very oad ti.;uies. When the fiunv melts in fj ring, the iiil'ule of the cave, where its Ciirla.e is cxpol'ed to the I'outh fun, emits a pellucid water, which immediately congeals as it drops, and thus tbrms the above iciiles j and the very water that drops from them on the jMound, which is findv, fue/.c- in an mll.ini. It i- even ol.>l'rrvr), H k th.t P I wm h ti 130 A S Y S T F, M OK G I. O G R A I' H Y. II L'NCAli V. lii.il i »*• lin.; uuir liiiuors. In aiitiimn, wlun the nights grow c.. 11, and the he.it ol' ilic ilay he;iiu to ahale, the ice ill tliL- c.ive he.;ii)s to diU'nlve, lo that by winter no more ice is fee 11 ; ihe tavrrn then hitoim'i i.erkctly dry, and has- a niiM warmth. At this time it is fiir- prilin;.; lo lie the fwarms df flies an I gnats, hat^ and cwl-, and even ef loxcs aiid hares, (hat ihoole tnis toi thiii u inter retreat, til! the be:',innin^ ot' l'|iiinir, whin the cold (ihli,:<'s tliem to iinit tlirir dwcllin:;. Aliovt- iht- cavern the i^il! riles to a vcrv jjreat height, and oh the foiitiie.n i'l le produces plenty ol graCs. Aiming thf! p.in ip.d towns of this circle are, Kai'ni.i'ii, or ICjhi;irk,a roval free town in the county of S:(i-, not far from th ■ liver I'opprr. It is licfetuled hy a wall and tower.., and is one of the mod antient places in Hunearv. It has thiLc eluirclus, and at a (mall dif- tanec from the town is a protrllant oratory. It has heen frciiucntl.- taken dnrinif tlic civil wars, and has bein fe- VCial tinir> hnriit to tiic groimd. I.eulfehaii, l.otfe, or I.ewotfe, is a royal free town, and tile r.-p:tal of tne c.Miiitv of Sit/.. It llan Is on a hill, and i'-s walls, whiJi are rrmaikahly thick, are ftrengt.-K ned by twelve towers. 'I'hc church, which is dcdica-.ed to St. James, is a fine huilding. Here is a Jefuiti collej'e, and a f mi nary for nohicmen. The inh.:hit..ii's are moldy (lermans: it has heen fevcral times (acke^.; and Ire.jiicntlv eonfiimed hy fire. 'l'ok.iy, a pi -ttv conliderable town pleafaiuly fitiiated ne.ir the eor.fhix < f the 'I'heis and l>odrn_', in tne county 4^ 'C : ofZi.T.plin, am., in forty-eiL'ht dcirecs lixtecii niiiuito nort'.i iaritudc. Ft had formerlv a (Irorg ca'lle and a le- minarv ; but is molf rc'iiark.'hle ior its cxr.llcnt wine, which \v flavour and ftrcn^th exceeds all other wine pro- duced in Hun.'.ary. The fpot of land which yields this noble liijuor is about feven miles in ciiciinifeience ; and, was a'l of it to be will cuhi\ated, no part of b.urope would be without the li. li wine of I'okav. Miinkats is an al,-ni'll impiegnahle callle, fcated on a lli^h aiiJ llei-p rock uliirh rifcs in a fpacious plain, its natuiai llicna'.h bi.in;j; increal'cd by art and l.diour. It i-- the capital of a lordlbip, which formerly bore the title of a daicliv. ]!enc.i:h it, on the liver I.aiort7,a, is a town wliicii is the lendenec of a (ireek billiop united to the Komaii church, and has a convent of the order of St. i'..l".l. Thii t.iMious cartle furrendered to the Impcnaiilis in ifiSS, after a blockade of three years. Count Tekely's li iy, v/ho had made this Ion;; defence, was carried to Vienna, and great funis of iiiuney were found in the j>lace. (iieat Waradin is a metrop'-'iian ci;v in the county of _, , ]liliar, fitiiated .mi the rivfr ICows, in the forty-fixth Iff .-J. . degree filtv three niituiti s north latitude, and is furround- cd with iiood forlifKatiun.s. This place was formerly inuch cclcbritcd for the nl;. s of the canonized king I-adillaus, and i: now the ici'i Knci: r,fa bilhop and chap- ter ; and has alio a collcLe oi Jcfuils. The adioinint; foitrcfs is a regi'Iar pe.-itagon, well fortitie,! and defended bv a deep and broa.i n.oat. The town itieli" i, not large, hut has thr-i' fuburbs of vcrv conliderable extent. It was tal.tn by the Turks in 1660, but the Impcri.ilills rc-toi>i: It in i6i)2. Tcmcfwacr is an important and ftroiig town, the ca- pital of a coiir.ty of the fime n line, feared in the forty- ^i ''• fit'th deerte fifty- four minutes north latitude, and in the twenty-lccind degree fitteen mrnutcs eait longitude. It wa;, lormirlv rfh-cmed impregnable, it being leated in a niorafs, whieli render., it ina-.c.llible, tinlcfs it lie dried up for want of rain. In 1551 the Turks made thcm- felvcs m.iOers of it ; however, it was taken trim them tne very fame vcar ; but in 1552 it was ag;iin invelled by the Tuiks, when the Imperid commandant, dreading their craeltv, k\ fire to the place, and ibcn abandoned it; but il'e ■[■urks,cxtingiii(hinu' the flames, took ptiliel- flo.n of the fort, which they kept till the year 1515, when it wast..k;n from thcin by the rianlylv.-.nmiis, who af- ter-wards fiding with the 'I'tiiks, the linperialiils n.ade thcnifelvcs ii.adcrs of it in I'.c j -, hut 111 1014 it was lofl again: however it was taken ia iyi6 by prince I'-ugene in a dry fcalon, who threw leveral thouLmJ bonib^ into the place. S K C T. VF. Of I.iivtr Hungary, with im .iicuiiit cf iht piincipat Pt.^ui it isnttiini. L(.)\V'KR Hungary confids of the two following cir- cles, that beyond the Danube, wlii^li llielthes through the upper region towards the wellirn parts, and liom t!ie Daiuitie to the Carpathian mountaiiia ; ioid i,ie circle below the Danube. The former contains four- teen countie:, inhabited bv Hungari.ins, boluniians, Scl.ivonians, (jerniaiis, and in one part by S.nians. In this circle is the county of I'leibuig, wliiih lies on the borders of AuUria, between the IJ.mube and Al.ira- via. It is about fixty-five miles in length, and forty- three in breadth. Its mountains begin the Cirpathijii ch..in. The country about I'lriiau i:> the bdf and niuit (riiittul } but the I'o.l does not want fenilitv, iliou"h Icarce a year palils in which the grain is not damaged bv nid.IcA'. The large rivers in this country arc the Danube, .Murau, and Wag. The air is he.illhv, particularly mi the inoumains, but unwholefome aiiiung the inor.ilL^ ; near the D.iniibe. The inhabitants are Hungatians, Cjerinans, li.dRniians, Sciavonians, Croats, aii.lagrea; nuniicrol' Jews. 1 he dignity of palatine v.js nude here, itarv in the year 1 51^9, in the houle of I'alri. I He wlude proenice is divided into live dillriilfs, called by tlif llungaii.ins l'ro-niu^, and eac.n has a iiobic judge. I he principal places of I ower Hungary arc, I'reiberg, u roy.il liee city, and the capii.rl of the kill". dom, f'eated on the Danube at the loot of a niounta.ii, on wliieh Hands the callle ; it is plcal.intiy litu.ited, and enjoys a better air tlian nioit of the other i.iw n-, in Hun- gaiy. The cathedral, dedicated to St. .Martin, is the |ilaie where (fioin the tiine of Ferdinand 1.) the kin>s of Hungary liave been crowned. H^re the diets .ue herj, and the trealury office for Hungary kept. Here are alij a cb, ipter of fourteen let'iilar i.iiions, a Jeluits collcc. With a leminaryand church, bcfides three other comeins and churches, a Lutheran church, and a I'rotefbint tchool. I'his city is of great antiipiity, but is ill buiit, .ind tlie houl'es of the town, properly lb c.illed, d.j iiut much exceed two bundled, which are encompafied bv a double wall and moat ; but the fubiirb.<, which are large and handlbnie, contain four convents, with thur churches, and two hofpitals. The I'liburb on the ioiiili fide of the city makes a tine'appear.inee, ami is laii!oi;s for the IsLing's hill, on wliicli every new elected kin.;, being leated on horf'eback, brandilhes St. Stephen's fword towards the four cardinal points, to flicw that fic will defend the country againd all its enemies. It is ^> fuuated in the fotty-eiglith degree eight niiruites, north i'l ■ latitude, and in the leventcenth degree thirty-fix mi- nutes, caff longitude, lielidcs its fieipieiU lieges, it lias often lufiered bv fire. I'refliiir;; callle ft.nids on a plea- fant eminence, two huiidiid paces to the vvel' of the city : It is ol a quaJraiinular form, with lour towers e\- aiitly alike at the corners. As the l'oveieii:n, when here, relide.s in tiiis c.dlle, there are in foni> oi the apart.iients the hiliorv of Feidmainl 11. with inllaiues of his vir- tuei, painted by eminent hands. In every one of thele pieces, which arc all on religious lubjecfs, is leen .nri e.\act rel'e nblancc of the emperor's face. I'he crow;:, and other regalia of Hungary, are kejit in the ah,).,- towers, but are never (hewn. In the armoury are le- veral ancient arms, both off'nfive and defeiilivc, wiiir lome old machines iil'd in allaults. The prol'pect fioiii the calUe is extremely delightful, el'pecially over the vali plain, towar.ls Lower Huniiary and Helgrade. Be]'.. li.e callle is a frii.dl town, cdied by the iluiigariaiis \'.. rilia, and by the Geiinans Schlolsbei;', in wdiicii are .. great many Jews. Ilie county of Lipto is about thirtv-ei.;b.t i;:i! .. n 1.1. gtb, and abuel ugbt bre'ad , it i^ every sNliire luil u. IIirNCARV. X ! inountains, v Alps, but alii of admiration ciilarly thofe ;v.'.v. kova, is per] heijht. In t with multitud witcr: bones liilr'erently flia cattle or horfe The chief r are a multitud which are niir water.s of ditt'ei exhahitions fro focate birds ii the country ad alio inconfider; This country a Botfa inountair ver, foiiie of ir but it has no to III the count ores and mine pearance of a tc and all its iiiha valf copper woi , ■• patently turned - 'f> of iron are thus docs not properb finuates into it ' rated ; and this fortnight or thrc lie too long in tl diiccd to powder In this diflrict belt of the mine t nnd built pretty chi/rches, a Jefui market. It is f.ii mountains; but chc.ip, the Imeltin Upon a hill on tl which is a Itrong In this county for the warm bati fix hundred paces meadow which ni an apertrrre long fi\ni to be I'ulpbu The rtriam guflii imniediatily after elil'.ieia are howev hediarik, and the fjfely eaten. No fj^ririi'. The coiintv of and about twilve 1 tlie.N'irr.i, and the famous hot baths i roirntry afi'ords tro hew rattle are brui irih:diita;us coiiliff iiisr^s, and Cierni.ir In this county is ■ which is fitiiated i minutes north l.itit one minutes e .It I deep valley between I'e lecii till one is ju iiK-onliiler.ible pl.i'ce I'larieilcan convent, thirty houfes; but tl fiiliil of nine (lieet> '11 'liis town the ki ii.lor, receiver, bm '■^ a mint, to which : ' ! .iiid filver. It i ■ » hundred th inland '' ..;hbourhood is div •' lariiier contaii-.iiv ARV. ptiiue /'/,, ig tir- iclthc3 Is, aiul irul t.ii: li t'oui - illiaih, alls, licf on M.,ia- J iuity- piuhian lul nuilt dlou;^ll lailia^cd Danube, larly on inoralL:, igariaiis, .; a great as made i. i'lie , called J lioblc he kin:;- luuiita.i:, itcil, and in Hun- II, IS the lie kings . aie li'..ij, .- arc all J convLir.'j roU-('>:MH ill built, I, duUut lalilJ by lin-h aij nil thi:r the iuutli laiiioi;'; J knu, tei'liLii's Iv tll.it l,c s. It \i .,» . ■i, north '' '■ -fix mi- 's. It h.is I a i.;>.;- 1 <,i the |»WLI > l\- IKP lieu, ail.iu iiti his \\:- ct thelo ken ar. |e tr.i;'. .'.. .- a'.>,.; • aie 1v- Ive. wr.' the vali lie!.... liaiii \ .1- lieh aie a IIUNCARV. U R O P E. t5< ■jfrr. '•». «^.'' ^ ir.i!--.i in tc lull ui iivjir. irounLiins, which are not only faid to be higher th.in the /VIpS but alio to fnrpals them In ciiriofnics .in. I I'liUjeab „,■ admiration. Its roeks arc indeed alhinilhinj;, parti- cularly thole of Derminfalo, one of which, called lieni- kova, is perpendicular, and three tliouf.ind p.iees in height. In tliel'e rocks are fevcral vail ii.itural cavcriif , with multitudes of Ihange figures formed by the petrified \e.i!cr : bones of an uncommon li/.e are alio found lu.re, dilt'erently fluped, and even larger than thole of horned cattle or horfes. The chief rivers are the Wag and the Bicla. There are a multitude of frefti fprings in this dillnct, fonie of which are mineral and medicinal; and there are (ither waters of ditterent kinds that arc verv remarkable. The exhalations from thofe of Szentivan and Stamkowan fiif- tocate birds in their flight over them. The nature of the country admits of very little tillauic, and grazing; is alio inconliderablc, though its cheele-b are very famous. This country abounds greatly in metals, particularly the Botfa mountains, which contain mines ot gold and ill- ver fonic of iron, antimony, nitre, and other minerals i but it has no towns worthy of notice. In the county of .-Mtfohl, which abounds in valuable ores and minerals, is Herrengrund, which has the ap- pearance of a town lying among the tops of mountains ; and all its inhabitants are miners. It is lamous lor its valf copper works and its vitriol, by which iron is ap- , parcntly turned into copper, and fevei.il hundred weight -^ nf iron are thus changed every year. The vitriol indeed docs not properly transform the iron into copper, but in- finuates into it 'he copper particles with v/hich it is fatu- ratcd ; and this feeniing tranlmutation requires only a fortnlKht or three week:. ; but if the iron be luffcred to lie too long in this vitriolic liquor, it becomes at lail re- duced to powder. In this diftrict is Neufohl, a royal free town, and the bcft of the mine towns. It is fuuatcd on the river Ciraii, nnd built pretty much in the Saxon manner. It has iix churches, a jefuits college and fehool, and has a weekly niarket. It is lanKius for the copper ore in the a.ljacent mountains; but though provifions hire are good and chc.ip, the linelting works gu e the air an unhealthy taint. Upon a hill on the north tide of the town is the callle, which is a ftrong place, and has two churches. In this county is alfo the village of Ribar, celebrated for the warm baths on a hill in its neighbourhood. About fix hundred paces from it, towards the fouth, in a f.ne meadow which makes part of a moft delightful vallev, i: sn aperture long noted for its noxious effluvia, which fcL-ni to he fulphuieous, and kill bolh beads and birds. The ftream guflics out with great inipetuolity, and vi t iniRiediatily after is abforbcd in the aperture. Tliefe ctii'.ivia are however not poifonous ; for the water may be drank, and the de.ul be.ills Mid fowls killed bv it, fafely eaten. Not far from this Ilrcam is a mineral fpriiig. 'i'iie couiitv of P.irs is about thirty-eight miles long, and ahout twilve broad. Its chief rivers are the (iran, theNiir.i, and the .Sitva, or /.itawa. Ilerc are the niolf famous hot baths in ail Hungary, and rich mines. The country atiords iiood wine, and the level parts grain. Kav cattle are bied in the mountains except iheep. The inh;;bita:its coidilt of Ilungaiians, Bohemians, Sclavo- niar.s, and Geriii.iiis. In this couiitv is Cremnitz, the principal mine town, ■ wliieh is fituatcd in the forty-eighth decree fiftv-two mimites north latitude, and in the lolh decree twenty- cue minutes e dt longitude lioni London; Ivin^ in a deep vall'v between high mountains, fo that it cannot he leen till one is juft upon it. The town of itielf i:. an iiiconlideralile phice, though it has two churches, a Fiaiieilcan convent, and a callle ; for it has not above thiity lioufes ; but the fubutbs, which aie much Iari;er, fiTiliil of nine (beets, with a church and an aliiis-houle. In thi> town the kiiii has a revenue ofiiee, with a di- li.liu, receiver, book-keeper, and other otlicers. Here is .1 mint, to which all the oti.er mine towns biiiig their ;j 1 1 and lilver. It is computed to coin every year about :iii hundred th mfand ducats. The mine country in its l";^hhourhood is divided into the Alter and I''(ire .Mint ; t.... fjriuer containing feven mill. 1, and tlie latter two; but all the nine belong to the king. There are alfo mines which belong to the town in general, and to pri- vate perfon ; ; but at prelent they are all fo exhaulied, that the I'old olitaincd fioni them fcarce anlweis the cx- pence. I hi a hill near the town i.i a c. lUe with a < hurch. The linwliolfomciiela of the air and water occ.ifions a great de.d of illnefs among the common people. In the year i^^i, the cmp-ror Krancis I. v.'ent down a very deep (haft, in the s',aib of a mir.-r, and is the only in- llance of a p; 'nee taking fucli pains to gratify his cu- riolity. In the county of Hont is .Schemnitz, a pretty large and populoiii town, in a Injig vaiiey, the houl'cs of which Itand feaitered a confideiable way up the acclivity on both lides. The prote;ian: inhabitants, who .miounc to about two-tliir.ls of the tov.-n, are betwr/i;t. he went down an hundred and lifiy fathoms in .i fliaft without the Icaif danget, being buckled up in a kind of leather chair, after which he defeended about fifteen lathoms deeper, by mean.s of a ladder. He adds, that it would rccjiiire three or four days to walk through all the padiiges (d' this mine ; that the number of lah(uirers employed in it amount to live or fix thoufand men, .iiid thole without, together with the carpenteis, &e. arc computed at two thoufand, exeliifive of tliofe em|doved about the carriages. The proiits are, however, faid to be not near fo coiilidcrablc as foriiieilv. In the above mines are alio found crUfal?, .nmcthviK-, and vitiicd naturally cr\l!alized. At a fniall diltancc is a roek, in wdiieli is found a red fubll.iice, called cinna- bar ot filvcr, of whieh is m.ide a fine veiniillion ; and near the town is alfo a high perpendicular lock, p.irt of whieh is of a (hining blue, with green and yi How Ipots. The county id'I'ilis is incorpoiated with that of IVlt, Aniiull its mountains and woods is a lar. .• plain, which lies between the Danube and Theis, but is lor the :'!in(l part faiidy and barren. The priiu ipal river is the I)a- nub.e, aii.l the ('mailer are the Galga, Tapjo, I^ak. ■:, Vajas, 'I'heis, and Zaijyva. In the mouiuainous pans the winters are eold, and the fummeis temperate ; but in the l.irge plains, the winters are I'evcre, and the rummers intolerably hot : the warm d.us are tin n fuceceded bv veiycold nights: good water is extremely fcaree; and the gnats aie very troublefome both to man and bead. Ill t:ie mountainous parts is produced an exeelLnt kind ot red and white wine; but no corn can be railed in the laiidy foil. The defart plains, however, affoid good padiiragc for cattle, where they wander at l.irue. The wludc prox ince is divided into four dillrieb, the princi- pal towns ill which aie the lullowing : I'ell, a rov.il free town in a plain on the l^anube, over againll liiida, to whieh i> a pall'age in I'unimer by a bridge ot bo.its. In this city is the fuprcmecouit of ap- peal, alfo a large military hofpital, built with (bjne, two hundred paces f-iuarc, and three dories high; fi.v convents, and feveral churches. In the years 15:6, and 1541, it was taken by the Turks who iield it till ifjo2, when it was recovered by the Hungarians ; but the fol- lowing year, being abandoned through tear, it once more kil into the hands of the Turks, wdio in 16S4, fet it on file, and then marched to Uuda ; upon tins the Impcrialids took pilFi-irioii of the town, but aban- doned It again, and did not return till two years after, when the inh.ibitanis were reduced to great dillrefs. V'aitz is a populotis cpilcopal city, pleafantly fituated on t!ie Danube. Befidcs the houfe.) belong!:'; to the bidiop, here are three convents, and a f.minaiy. 'J'h2 city chiefly own its |niirperity to its gre;iC animal fair, and bead market. Ic has been fiequenily deilro\ed by fire, and fevcral times taken by the Turks and Impe- rudills. Uuda is the name both jf an old and new city, fitua- __ , ted in the fuitv-ft\ ciitb. degKO forty minutes north ^.'.-i^. latitude, 'i> ';'• J- mm ill i;- ^' ■"• I', y ^iiJ 1 f< 11 ■ ir " 1 "' ' ' 1 ■ ■ ' . i :)• i r f fit' ' ^' I ■1 , i..'i «?« A S Y S T i: M OF G F. O G R A 1' 1 1 Y. Ilaru l.ititikli', ninl ill the niiiilcciuli degree tvvei'.lv iiMmiles Call loiijiituJi'. OM KiiJ.i is titii.itcl ill a pl.iin wnith cxtcml;. iVom thi.' l'iil)iiibs being tVeioiicd tli.itchcd tents, each coniifiinj; of one hovel above, and another under-ground, 1 htle are their luiiiiner and winter apartments. In the fubiirbs of W.dll-rfi.idt and Reifenft.ult are fnc waim baths; the principal of which, c.dled the Em- peror's, is built I'lMucwhat in the manner of the Rotuiid.i at Rome, with a laige aperture in the centre of the dome, lielldes feveral I'liiall holes or windows round the cupola for admitting more light, in a l.irgc bath in the cuitre of the other fuiir, V.>th lexc. publiiklv bathe to- ^;cther, the men wcaiing only a kind ot drawers, and the Women what they term a forc-fliift ; but the common people, for whom one of the other baths is appointed, look upon cvf n this fliglit covering as fupertluous. There ts alfo a pond of miiuial water, which ha« this fur- priiing property, that when the water is wholly turned eft', the water lpriii;;s ceale flowing, but when the pond is a little above haii full, thev return auain. The wine produced on the neigldi uriiig hills is red, and of a ver\- good fort. Here aie alio excellent melons, which arc lold for the value t.f a pi r.ny a piece. Hilda was tivll taken hy .Solyman the Magnificent, in 1^26, iMid loll the following year to I'crdiii.ind I. king ol Boluinia. S(d\iTian regained it by the treacherv of the gariil'on, and \oliinlaiilv give it up to king Jchn of Hungary ; alter whole death, his foil liting an ir.f.'.ni, Ferdinand laid fiege to it, and the <)iicen- mother was forced to call Solvnian to her r.id, who indeed raifcd t!'e iicgo, but left a Tinkifh garrifon in the town, and coir- ni.uided her to remove hir court from thence, to uhich ihe was forced to fulmiit. It afterward-- refilicvl the lieges laid to it hv the niar()uis of itrandinhtirg, in the year 1^,41 \ by count hchwnrf/i :i'.>iirg, in 1 5'')0 ; by general Rof^orm, in i5o2; and ry the ilukc of Lori.iir, commander ot the emperor's forces, in i6!l4, to whom it \ ielded in iLKo, alter an ohilin. te defence; Apti Balli.i, the governor, b.-ing killed, fi.'.hting with the iitmoll bravcrv in the i^;caeh. The lofs ot this town was of lurh import.mce, and I'o much relented by the Turks, that it occalioned thtir depolliig of then emperor Mahomet IV. the vear following. About a mile and ah.dfbiluw liiida is the iHand of F.fepd, in the midll of the Uanul'e, and luttouiuled on both lidcs by fmall illaiul,, among which the I'heal ir.t ilhiiul is particiilarlv remarkable, and is a thonl'.iiul p^ccs I'm::, and covered w;lli wo.i.l. The ifland of I'jvalvinlche is twenty l'. vcn mil s in h ii'"li, and has a fjined clr.irch, I'ai.! to h.iic been biidt Sv St. Margaret. This ifl.iiul is not verv truilful, but it abounds wi-|, g.ime, and h 's great plenty of liiies. Near the illjul 01 Kicpei a promontory, covered with woods and vine projn Is iir.o the liver i and in its neighbourhood is a ple.iiint and Iriiillul plain, about live imhs in ciicuir- kri nee, conl.iining the feat of prince Kiiiiene, u|,o otteii relidcd here, and h.id a breed ot Arabian flieeii, and on this plain an- (Vattired feveral l.um lioiiC s, W'c now come to the other circle ol Lower Hun 'arv which IS that below tli^' Danube, containing twrK-- counties, and is inhabited by llun.'ari.iiis, inieniiix' 1 with Croats, Raleians, and tome Schuonians. i he pim. cipal places in this circle are, (Isdeiiburg, Kdenburg, or Sopron, a roval free town in the couniy of the t'.imc name, and though not ver/ large is well built, populous, and li;:s e.vtenlivc fiihiirh';. The inhabitants apply themfclves with great indultrv lo the ciiliivatKiii of vim virds, and the wine is accordiii^dy remarkable lor its goodnefs. Here is a fefuits cidleL;e, and 3 Lutheran fchnol. Among the diets which have been held here, that in |6S| is remarkable for the free e.\ercil'c of reli^iiin granted to the pioteltants by the em- peror Leopold. " Raab, wliieh was made n royal free city fo lately n< the je.ir 1742, is an ancient and (trong fortrels, fituated 111 a pleatant country at the conflux of tfvc Danube, the Raab, and Rabnitz, by which it is enconipalled. Its houfes arc all built with Hone, the llreets arc large and llraight, and it has a bifhop, a chapter, and an uiiiverlitv, the proleliors in which are Jefuils. The torlilie.itions e( the city and calllc are chiefly the work of the emperors Ferdinand I. and NLiximillan II. and it has always i llrong g.'.iriloii well provided with military Uorcs. In thi- vear 15/g the gartilon, for tear of the Turks, firll let ti: e to the callle, and then abandoned the city. In 1 5C6 it was burnt to the ground. In 1594 it was by agreement delivered up to the 'Tiiiks, from whom it was at'terwards lecovered by ((ratageni, by count Adolphus of Swait/.en- burg. In I74f( the churches and fchooI^ of the l.u. therans and relormcd were (iippreHfd 'The city of (iran, the capital of the county of the lame name, is fituated in a delightful country at the conflux ot the river CJran with the Danube, in the forty- j eighth degree twenty-one minutes north latitude, and iti ii ^ the eighteenth degrie forty-fix minutes call longitude. This city was formerly the refidcncc of the primate of Hungary, and had alto a chapter, which is removed tj 'Tiriiau ; and the archbifhop rclides at Rrelbiirg. 'There is here a Jcluits college and I'chool. 'The city of (iran properly confilts of a loyal free town, the cattle, whirli IS fituated on a high roek, and in which is the cathedral . the VVali'eilladt, which lies on the Danube ; with ilu- Ralcian town, 'Thonieflierir, and jungrrHadt : all which are fortified fo as to be a miitu.il defence to each other. King .Stephen was born here in the vear cj^rj, and buiied in the c.nhedr.il built by himrelf. In 1 i;4j the city w;i. lor the fiilf lime taken by the 'Turk^ ; but in i rqd it um- tikcn lioni them bv the Iniperialids. (Jn this occa;iu:i Sir 'Thomas Arundel, ot W'ardour-callle, lor his fiL'n;;) br.ivcry in Hoiniing the water-tower, and pulling di>v."> the 'Turkidi baiini r, ^'c. wiis created a count of th': cv.p're by the emperor Rodolph, ;iiid afterwards kii /^ James 1. made him a baron of tni'land, which hontni: . .^re llill enjoyed by his polleritv. 'The Tuiks bcliegeu it in vain in the year i(."'4; but the foil iwing vear tin obliged the city to luriender, and kept it till loSj, when, alter the defeat of their army bcl'ore Vienn.i hv John Sobieflii, the Inipen.dills once inore iceoieied 11, and afterwards delended it againll the 'Turks, who laid liege to it ill 1685, but weie cntnely del'c ited hv l!u- dukes of Lorrain and Uavaiia, and it is llill lulmct t-.- tl'.e hoiil'c of Auttiia. Coi.'iorra is fiiimted in the iiland of Scb.iitf, at Ik' eoi,flu\ of the VVa'' .iiid ihc Danube. In thi, town i- the court- hoiil'e of the count), with a Jelui;- collci'^eand I'l hool ; and near ir is an impregnable f.irtili.-ation, Im- rounded on the welt with deep moars, and on the nortli and foiith bv tlie D.inuhe and W.)". v\:,:.li meet to l!i loiiihw.ird. It was built bv I'erdinand i. and it is r- inarkaLle that it never tell nil.) ■.I.r h.ii;J' o: :ne i'ui:. L I ■J,i !i\ Transylv gia; es arc previ tne iiortheily bl, 1 Is WP'll L' illanl d ni:i; , od IS .1 ClICllll - c, w 1.0 I flKl'p , li!n;;uv. ; iwiKr iriniv j lif pur.. tie tdwn nut vur/ fulmrli':. diiltrv lo :(>rdliijly Cl'll<;;r, nil h.uc the triE I the cm- l.itrly .i< , lituatcd mbc, the ll'cd. lt% large aiii lUVCIlitV, f.lIlOllJ ct iiiipcroii alw.iv? i s. Ill the 1, fiiit lit in 1566 is iwrfcriiciit il'tiTwarilj Swait/Aii- t the I.ii- ity ol the ry at the the forty- j^v !i\ Ic, and In ;; ^ longitude. irimate of moved 13 . I hcie of (ir^iii i-, whiili .\thcJr.il . with th;- all wliii:h lich ciIkt. nd Iniiii'J eity V.:., 9') it \v ! ocfj :;•';! IS fl.'lK.I ling .UAv I lit o( t;-.'. lard;. k\i , \\ hnn ',1: . hilu'U'.a Iviar thi\ ill I'lS;, ienn.i bv ivfifd ;i, Wll.l l.l'.i .1 hv !■ IllltiU^! t nt w: luwri 1 L'lci»cai>ii It. I'll, iiii- lih.' nnr':'. lift Ui 1': I :t !•> 1 1 Hi':. '■ C. T. Transylvania. r, II R O P F., »3.? SECT. vir. 0/ Transylvania. ti; Afotditatiii, lil.'cis, Ailiimils. \fT 1 K A N D » I. V /\ ;-. I /\. Ui S'lmi^'i Stuallmi, Exttnl, Cliiiuilf, Mow. AJim-Ttili, P/aiili, and Amnuils THK country now known by the n.im^-- of Tr.infyl \aMia wab a part of the anticnt lJ.ui.i, and iltiived if. prclcnt name from its lyin;; behind the fotells with wliiili the Carpathian mountains are furroiinded ; and lur the I ime rcalon the Hun^;arians call it Krdely, which li'Miili'.'. .1 woody nioinitainoilj coinitiy. Tiiu tiernian^ give It tiie name of Siebenburgui, from fevin ciKbr.iteil lulls, or e.illlcs, by which it is defended. Traiifylvania is bounded on tlic north by Moldavia, I'oland, and lliin- rurv ; on llie ci'^ by Mold.ivia; on the foutli by W'al.i- cu.i, .ind the 'uiinat of Temefwar ; and on the w, hr.a, RlVchiu; ami Mmiiiijtratioii of ''jujl'U. WITH refpcil to the various nations who inhabit Tranfylv.mi.i, thcfenrc llungari.ins, who In tlieii n.itiiral genius, iiiulerllanding, ililpolition, and language, rd'cnible the natives of the uMintiy ; the Siciili, a peo- ple dcfecnded from the Scythian lluiis. an I Ici'licrK en- 55 joyed fomc pnrllculir privileges on ncrn-.inr of thc'r aniiipiltv ; hut thcle hue been i;radii.illy .iboliflicd they fpeak the Huik-.irian laiu'uai^'e, but llieir proiuui- ciation ii bi(>ai, and they alfo retain fomc old Hiii- words: the Sa.voiri, who are partly the leinaiiis of thr GcpidI, and |i.iitly the dcfeendanis of thole .Saxciii wliu in ii<;4enterid thecountiy: thcle llilHv adluie to tlieii n.itiii.il dilpolitioi- -.aid aiitieiit culloni., wl'ich .ire widely dilleriTit from thoLof tiiu two above-mentioned iiation«, but rclemble the modtrn liiiiig.itiaiH, an I like tlicni aji- ply thcmlidves to learning, war, art?, ;;iid tiadc. Theie langu.igc agrees with th..t Ipokcii in I.mv.r Saxonv. riicd. arc the principal people of this country, and the rell, who .ire elleemed foicigncis, mull unite with one of the above nations. 'I'liolc whom they thus call foreignrrj .-re the (ler- mans, who fpc.ik the fame languaj;e as the other natives ol d'erinane, but .1 dillereiu one from that of the S.ixoiis; the W'alacbi.ins, the defcendants of the Tiiticnt Roman colonics, who therefore (lilc tbemli Ives Romanius, that is, Romans. 'T'heir language confills of a great deal of I, aiin, corrupted with a mixture of the Sclavonian. I hele refemble the Romans in their diefs and diet, anil are fond of the Italianlanguage ; the waywodes have their pbylici.uis and feerctaries Irom Italy, and the few who apply themfelves to literature go to the univerfity of I'adua. 'f'hey relulc in the mountainous parts of the countiy, anil wholly apidy tlv. nifclves to agricu'turc. I'rom their liill embiariii:; the Cbiillian religion, thev have prokllcil iheiiifi Ives ol the Circck coniuiiiiuon ; but finee Tr.mlylvania became fubjeiil to the boufe of Au- llrl.i, the Jel lilts have been perpetually endeavouring to unite them to the RoniKli chuich, und<:r the ambiguous title ol the G'l.Ai )-.'/,vj L';;.(.'. The qualifir.itions of ihe \\ aladiian clergy barely conlill in tncii being able to rc.id and ling ; and when anv of them Wd'd.l Hiiiie, he makes a tun to Bucbeicll in W.dacbia, wnir. he Ic.irns fo be polite, .:ii,l to fpe.ik in .m orna;n.ntil llilc; buf returns in otinr relpe^lfs a; iililerate as he went. The comnuui people among the W'alachians are laid to be ki iL'ni"-am, that feaicc one in twenty ot theiii can icpeat the Lord's I'raycr. The others are Armenians, who have a particular language, and chiefly appiv thcmfelvc;; to trade, R.ilciaiis, liuljari.ins, Greeks, and Jews. J'lic Hungarians, the Siculi, and a few S.ixons, arc of the Romilli chiiu:i, and have fome lites and privileges in coninuin with th i' church in Hungary : thcle are un- der a billiop who lelides at W'eiirenbuig, and is fubc- dinatc to the archbifhop of Colotza. The reformed, who ronlill of the llunii.uiaiis and Siculi, have a fupcr- intciidant, who by the i.uvs ef the kingdom is the fecond in rank. The protellant Lutheran church, which con- fills of Saxons and a few Hungarians, is divided into nine chapter^, and governed bv a blUiop. This church, with refpcil tcf the number of its memb.-rs, is lo fuperlor, that there arc reckoned tvvciuv live pio:e'.tants to one catholic. The Socinians, or L'nitaii.ins, wcie lurmerly the prevailir ■ feci ; but at prcl'ent they arc greatly dwin- dled, tbou;ih thev have llill a fuperinteiid.int. Thefo four churches arc crtabllfhed by the I.uvs of the kinguom. The (iieek religion, profefled by the W'alachians and Ciieeks, has particular privileges granted by the prince of the countrv, as well thole who .V'i united to the Romilh church, as thole win dill'i'in fie'in It. Over the former 1; n bifticp, who has pi it lis under bim ; but the latter is fubieci, in cccleliatllcal atVaiis, to the billKi|)s of Walaci'.ia i and under thei'e alio are the Armeni.iii=, fome of whom iliHer, in point of public worlhip, from the (irecks, while others acknowledge the church of Rome. With refpcfV to the 'Kite of learning in ibi- country, the catholics have a college of Jifuits at CI lulcnbiirg, and feveral feminaries. The dltreunt leiLs of iirotell.ints have likewile len'liuries and Ichools, in whicii the ele- ments of the fciences are taught i alter whicii, fuch llu- deiits as arc of the reformed religion go to SwilleilaiiJ and Holland, but th: S.i.ions arc lent to lludy in Ger- m.iny. Tlic government of TranlVlvani i is entirely diHerent from th.it of Hini'arv, and by the joint conleiuot prince .iiid people, i'i fi.irnied ii\v> an aiilbxr.itical ijovernmeiit, I , I which •: I'l liillr .1* II i ii ■;|i: ill ■i'\!- U: ill* hi i «3+ A which fmce the year i-lihas liccn hiTcditarv to the nriiici's ami priiii i;I';s nl tlit liniifc cf Aiillii.i. I'urnicr- ly tht prince ot ri.mfylvaiu.i fuccteJtd to the ;;'ivirii- mcnt by ■' Ircc i kill i mi ; Imt liiicc the above ptiinJ, by inlicrii.iiuc i and ihnn^li hi.powir i; inrincclL'd wilii th.it ot'ilic kini; ot' Hungary and the arili diiki' ot' Aii- Ihi.i, yit his i'uvcrnmcnt and privdc;;i.;, ilift'tr In'Mi both. The- ptincipalitv ot' TraiiH Ivania is "ovirncd i'l ibi' n.itiic ot' prince .nul nol.ilitv, by tlic dut, the ofliee (j1 ftate, the roval iMnernmcnt, thj ixthiiiuir, the alKni- biy 1)1 Kiin^arian loun'.s, the trlbiin.ils ol jiilllce, and the m;ij;ilirates <4'thc liax!i away the prilK•e■^ orders, is held at Vienna, and, with refiiecl to public allairs, lui; not the le.dt coinicCliun cither with thole of Aiillria or Hunj'.aiv. 'I'he royal government iciidcs at llcrnianflailt, and fu- pcrintends both the temporal and fpiiitiul ali'.ms of the principality. At its head is a governor with the conn- fello:s of the three nations and alfj of the three reli- gions, the Romans, the Calvinills, and the I.uthcians. The exclic(|ucr is divided into the Tranh Ivania and mine-office. 'The forincr is held at Hcrmanltadt, and tli.it nf the latter at Abruivl!'>n\ a. yirttis 'I'he arms ot 'I'ranfylvania are di\ idcd into three parts by two indentations diverging downwards. In the iirlt are leven Hungarian callles in a I'uld or ; in the fecnnd, in a Ik I..' gules, trie eagle of the Siculi ; and in the third, the Saxf.u fun and moon in a t'leld pules. I'ranI) Iv.inia could formerly biing from eii;htv to nini ty til lulun J nun into the liclJ ; but at preleiit t'le wiiole fj'ce of that priir^ipality confilU of fix regiment:., under a. eommaiiJcr in chief, lor the detencc of the country. ■^riie revenue of Tranrylvania rifcs 'rom coniribiitions, cuftoms metals, minerals, rock-falt, ro'al doinain.., cfcheat-, and coiififcations, and are levied by the trca- fury. \Vith refpccl to the adniiniftratinn nf jiidice, ci\ il caufes are tried in the piince's name, in the fuperior and inferior courts; and each of the three naiiors \\:\z its particular court. In the royal free towns which be- long to the Saxons, the caufcs of the burglms aie (iiif heard before the judge of the town, and afterwards dil- ciili'ed by the town council, from \vliii-«ia. \n the couits of the Siculi, who have their peculiar cufloms and privileges, caufes arc (irlt heard before the king's judge, and in du- bious cafes carried up to the king's lieutenant, and from him to the 'lahiila rem. This TiiiuLi r,-iti, or royal table, is the chief court of jultice, and has a prefulerit with prothonotaries and alVcllors; yet even from this board caules may be carried up to the government, and from thence icniovcd to the fovereign. Jn affairs relating to the church, there is only one couit, winch is held at the reiidence of the bdhop of Tranfylvania, from whom appeals lie to the metropo- litan, Irom him to tlic pope's nuncio, and I'reni thence Jo the court of Rome. Y S T I'. M OF G F. O CI R A 1' H Y. S CLAVONIA. the royal country of the Saxons, which confills of live dilhit'ts. 'Ih'.' principal places in Tranfvlvaiiia are, Claiifenburg, which is fe.iled on a plain hv the livulct ot .*iamos, near the loot of a niounlain, ni the (nriy. ,' (eventh degree fou;leeii minutes north latitude. Thu is a Inge popubnis town, that has many lioufes of Ibjnc .ind lliong w.ills fortified Willi towns. Over the Tur! tin. I gale is Hill to be I'ecn .\}\ infiiiiuioit in honour of the empiror Tr.ijaii. The Jefuils have a coilege here and the leformed a femin.iiv, as have alfo the »Sueini...i,' who are very nunurous. Till the year idoj, they were m poliini.in of the caihedr.il, which was t.ikcn Irom ihun, and given to the Je. nits, wliofe e hurch and col- li ;;e the v h.id pulli d down. 'I'his town has been fevctal times belic.'ed and t.ikeii. Hermaiilladt, by the natives called Zebcn, is the ca- pilal of Tianf)K.iiii.i, fituated in that pait called ihc loyal idunlry of the Saxiui., in the fortv-fixth deyree i lilty line minutes i. Mh latitude, and the twenty-tilth ?, ' degiee one minute r.ilMongi'.ude. It (lands in a plain .nid Is large ami well built, ami is defendeil by a double w.ill and dee|i moat. This is the principal place of the -Saxon cidnny ; and it is governed by the royal chamber the tribunal of appciN, and the diet; befides which, the general ami royal governor of the Saxon nation refijc here. The air is however unwliolfome, and produces the gout ; Co that many of the finell buildings are unin- habi'cd. The houfes within the pates arc molHy well built, and covered with Hates, which in this country is reckoned an extraordinary piece of magnificence. Mefides feveral good fprings in and about the place, tlic river water is conve\ed through every rtrcet by \iu\c canals. This city is a granary for the whole principj. lity. Its principal trade confills in cloth and mead, made here in gre.it quantities for exportati.jn into the* nelglibouiing ceiuntriis. This city had formerly a con- fivlerable trade with (.irecce, which they loft during the war, ; but it li is greatly eleclined on account of the per- fecution the inhabitants have futfered, and the fcvcrity of the government. Weid'emburg, or C.iilfliurg, is a flrong well built town, fituated on a rifing ground, from whence, for about two miles round, tlieie is a mo(t delightful prof- \kH of a (luitlul couiury, aniidll corn fields and emi- nences covered with vines. It is watcied by the gentle dreams of the rivers (3nipay and Marifeh, and is two miles in length ; but was inucli larger formerly, a' ap. pears from its ancient boiind.iries within the walls, which are (aid to he twenty miles in eomiiafs. It was for a long time the metropolis of ancient Dacia, and was cillcd Alba Jiili.i, from full.i .Augnfla, the mother of the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ; and Is now generally called Carliburg, in honour of Charles VI. by whom it was confiderahly impioved. It had formerly a ni.ignllicent palace, which is now gone to decay, and h - at prcfent a bKliop and a college of Jefuits. I'he lift place we ifiall mention in Tranfylvania Is Cionftadt, which is next in rank to llermanft.ult, both with relJKCt to its appearance, the number of its inha- bitants, and its trade. It .5 feated among pleafant niount.iins, and is forti/ied with walls, towers, and noats. None refide in the town itfelf bclidc (jcrmans, out In its three large fuburbs are Hun, .ulans, Saxons, Bulgarians, a.nd Siculi. SEC T. IX. j1 (Jtiife Dif.iipth'1 oj tl.'f principal P,'jus in 7 ranfyhania . TH K wh<)\wns il, x-.hich are, Idleck, the capital fcutcd on the river I)r: remarkable for the lar ere^ed over the Danuu a'l 1 extends in length ; ^ibb, by Solyman, en .!! \ prol- 1(1 cm;- gentle is two a' ap. , whiih IS tor a ntuw ics VI. jrmcrW ly, M\i jania is It, both |.s inha- plcalant a II J |rnians, Saxuiis, L/)H' Ihth :n puthors Is Irutn livers livoiii.:, AJri- II i'Ml , Croatia. E U R o r r. but the maritime places are not eflccmcJ healthy. It nroJm.is ;»ll the ncccllarics and convi.-niintii'i of life, piiiuularly corn, wine, ami oil ; ami bdiJcs the rivcis iircKlv mmtioncJ, has ihc Culpa, which riCos in Cro.i. tia, aiiJ fjlla i"'" 'he Save ; the Keiki, which toj- 'thcr with the finall rivers of Dalniatia, dilchargc- thcmUlvcj i„ro the Adriatic fca. The inhahitants are of Sdavonian extrncluin ; an. I ac- cording to the dill'crcnt provimcs, arediviilcd into ilirfc- riMit people, among which arc Hungarians, (Jcrnians Venetians, and Turks. The principal nations arc the Sclavonians, who make as it were one people- with the Servians and Rafcians, which, with a mixture of Ger- rrians and Sdavonians, inhabit Sclavonia : the Croats, who dwell in Croatia and Sclavonia, and arc iiitcrniixcd with colonics from Cicimany and Walachia ; the l).il niatians, among whom arc the Ulcoes and the Mor- hclii.ins. They have likcwifc Venetian, 'l.'urkifli, and Alhaiiian colonies among them. With rcfpciSl to the language? of thcfc different peo- ple the Croatians and Ralcians fpeak (jcrnian ,ind Hup'^arian J the iJalmatiaiis, Italian and 'I'uikilh ; the Walachians who have fettled in thele countries ictaiii ihcir own language. 'I'he only religion tolerated here is the Romilii, which is under the government of three archbifliops and twenty hifliops. Thefe nations, however, concern thenifelvcs little about (ludy ; yet Zagrad has an academy ; and amon!;the Croats and Rafcians arc manv pcrfons of an excellent genius, who entertain a pafliun fur literature, which they endeavour to promote. I'he uovcrnmcnt of Sclavonia and Croatia is con- nected with that of Hungary and Stiria, being hereditary in the archuucal houfe of Aullria. Croatian Hungary is under the jiirifdielion of I'lic ban or viceroy of Croatia, Sclavonia, and Dalmatia, who governs by tlic; law> ol Hungary, and the provincial aCts of Illyiiciim. Croa- tian Stiria has a governor both in Stiria, military Croa- tia, and on the coall of the Adri.itic. The prelates, nobility, gentry, and royal Cnftellans, cni'iy the fame privileges as Ihc Hungarians. At the diets, which confill of the four orders <.<\ the province, all deliberations run in the name of the fovcreign ; and bcfiJcs, the fiatrs of Illyria appear at the Hungarian diets by their reprefcntatives. The adminiitration of juflicc in Sclavonia and the bannat of Croatia is the fa.iie as in Hungary; the free towns having inferior courts, from whence caul'es may be removed to the royal treafury. The other towns havi- ailii their inferior courts, from whence there lies an ap- peal to the bannat court, which is thus named troni the ban, or prorcx, who prefides in it ; and this at certain times hears caufes brought (rom the counties, and holds confultations on other important matters ; but ionie- timcs, when the caufeS require a farther iiifpeJlion, the litigants are difmilled to the Taiu',,! recjuii at I'elf, from whence they may proceed to that of the Sil>tetnviiaiis. The public revenue arifes from contributions, cuf- tiims tillage, pra/.icrv, and trade. 'I'he military t( til the 111 irilinie partj. in the war. whiih the kiiij^; ot Hungary haJ witli tl'.e Wnctian-. aiiil Dalmatian^, tluy were lor loine tunc lud-daful ; yet in the lilticnth toii- tuiv tlie X'eiietians reduced the whole kiiigilom olDal- niaiia, buf the lurk-, have fincc dirpollilfed ihriii ot a •bbetie^, and other acts ol viulcnee, to remove and I'ettleat a place appointed for them in a iiiountaiii of Carniola, four Cjcrinan miles in length, and two in bicadth. In the center of this niMiintiiji (hind; Sii hel- beii; calllc. to the gnvcinor ol wliieli all the L'lfeocsaie lubjcti. Some t>f thuii live in fcatteied hoiifcs, and others in lari/' villages. i'liey arcarou:;li, f.iv.ige, peo- ple, laige-bodied, intrepid, and given to lapine, though liicir only \ifiblc cniplovment i-^ grazing, 'fhev ufe the W'alachian language, and in their religion come neaiell to the Cjiee'.c cb.urch ; but fomc are Roman e.ilhullcs. 'I'hey have an archbifliop, bilhop'^, popes, or priclls, and folugcs, or monks i their ptielts arc not prohibited mar- ri.i^r, but the wil'c mull be of a good faniilv, and at her liiceafe they arc no: to marry again. Their children .uenoi baptl/.ed tdl they are adults ; and none among tiicm go toconleirion under thirty years of age. .Moilaciiiacxtciul-. from the jurifdiction ol Zcngh, near St. Cicorgc, to the county of /,.ira ; or, according toothers, f.-oin ViiioJok to Novigrad ; it being fifteen (jerni.in n-.iicj in length and five or \]\ in breadih, and full of liiL;h mountains. The inh.ibitants are a branch of the \V'alaeliiaii5, and arc very fwarthy ; but are a large, Uioii'i, tobull people, inured to toil and hardfhips from thcii living amidit barren mount. .in.i. Their ctiief em- jioyir.eiu i. attending rattle, an.l the grcatcft part ol ih^in are of the Greek icli.'ion. Some of them at ]ire- llnt rue under the proteelioji of Hungary, and others arc i!epcndent on the Venetian-. 'I'here is hardly a place of any llteiigth in I.)almatia th.-.t ir.it governed by thefe people. Hungaiiaii Dalmati.i confilts of five diilriits, rnoll of which are under the generallliip of CarKladt, in v;li;ch the iv.wll icir.arkable j latcc aie the fullywin;^ : /•■iigl', .Segiiia, or Seiii.i, a loyal fiOc Icjwn, fi.f.ifi ; both by ait and nature-, is le.ited ne.ii the La in a hi,. .;. niouiil.iuuiiis and barmi foil I'll- billiop of tlii.^ pn ■ ii a (iilliag.in to the ari hbilli.p ol .Spal.uio. Here ,: z twelve rhiirilu 1 .md two cuiiviiit.. I he governor reiiU, ill the old pal.iee c.illed the roy.d c illk, .iiid in the upp'.r toil, which Itands on a tiling eiound iioiitiiig the tov/n, lives the dcputy-governoi. Nt.u thi^ pl.ici; dwc!l tl.-: L Icoes. Chio'eh.it/, a fiontirt fortili. alien In the river ( lat/ka which .iboui'ds with liOi : tli.U pan of the loitrcls wiitio the governor and the greatell p.iit ol the g..irilliii relide, is liiiriniiuled with a wall .uid lome towers ; while the relt ot the buildmgii, which are but mc.iii, ate crcillid on piles 111 the water, whence one neighbour taniiot v;li: another without a boat. We have already given a defirlption of Turkifli Ij^t- matia in treating of' Turky in Kuiopc, .iml (hall w,^ therefore proceed to that p.irt of th coiiiitiy called Ve- netian Halmatii, an. I the repuMie of l< igiila. Veneii.iii Dalni.itia is fitu.itcd to the loiiih caflof th- country l.ilt defeiihed, on the borders of the Adii.itn- .Sea, and abounds in (.altles and foitificd jdates, thoiig!i but lew of them are of nvdiin ilrue'tiire. 'I'he piiiiupal pl.ices in this country .ut, /.ira, the eapital of Vciieti tn D.i'matta, 1-^ firii.ited i/j the country of the f.imc name, in the foity-louitli dt!'iee,f.i twenty-two niimitc: north latitude, and is lurroiindeil on all (id. by the lea ; but h.i. a communie.itioii with the continent by tnrans of a draw-hiidge, which is deleii.k-J by a loit, I'liis is elleeiiuil one ol ti^e belf fortilie.ilii)i.i in i).iliiiali.i, and is thought to be almoli imprei;n,iM,.. I he cit.idel is lepar.itcd (tom the t.'Wii by a veiy di-i-p (lit' h hewn out ot the rock, and in the cattle relides the governor, (jr provedi.vu of iKilinatia, wliole otlicc 1. e'n!y triennial. The harluiur, wliieli lies to the north, |s c.i. paciuu,,, (ale, and well puai led ; and the rain is carrlu'ly prelervcd in cillemto lujiply the want of frefli water. It IS the lee ol an aichbilliop, .iiid St. Simei'n i-j patieu . (' theiiiy; and in the i .ilhedr.il, wdiieh 1. dedicated to linu, they pideiid 10 (hew hi . body depciliied in a rotiiii covei .1 with aciyll.il lid. 'I'here aie veiy tine paintings in th.; chuiehes done by the belt mailers; and near the chuiih c.illed by the CJreeks St. Helui are two handfomc tlntcl columns of the Corinthian onler, fuppoled to have bei.i part ot the temple of Juno. This city was formerly moie conliderable than it is at prelent, the walls being but tw.-) miles in conipal's, and the lumiber of the inhabitants no; exceeding fix thoufand. Teiien, a fortihed town on the extremities of Bofr,:a and D.iliiiatia, is featcd on a hill, and, though not lariic, is clleemed of impoitancc fiom its elevated iituation. Ir IS cneompafled with two very broad and deep natiuil ino.its, formed bv the rivers Kerka and Uotifiiiza, which precipitate thcnifelvcs at a I'ma!! dillancc from the hi!'.. This city, which, in the thirteenth and fourteenth cui- turies, was the capital of a country, is the fee of a hifliop. In the year 157.2 it %vas taken by the Turks. In ifj;) it wa^ recovered by the Venetians, and for the molt p.-,;£ demolifhed ; but it was afterwards rebuilt by the Turk;, and again taken from them by the \'enetians. Trau, or Traguiium, a town on a peniii.'ula, hut fe- par.iled Irom the (ontiiuiit by a canal. It is divided n;:n the Old and New Town, the lormcr of which h..s a fiiiglc, and the latter a double wall. Its thiec to'.i:rj are alio a good defence. Notliini' can be piealartei th..a its fituation ; for the north fide is covered with l:c.;i:;i,.il gardens, and on the illand of IJua it h.is fine fui-u-:- . that have a lommunication with the town by m'..ii a Ib-inc bridge, and is joined to the continent by three ;.. wood. It is the lehdeiiee of a Vmetirn pri.veditor,uhj bears the tiile of count, and alio of a bifhop, futtVaiMn r> the archbifliop of Spalatro. The h.trbour, which ,; formed by a bay, has depth of water fulTicient lor ',, ■: largelt lliips which ride th>Te, fli'it-redby two rapes. .Spal.uio, the c.ipital ot Veneli. n IJalm itia, is I'eateJ re apeniiilula lortihed with good biftioii- of free-done, b.i thele woiks are commanded bv the nei;.'hbouring ir.eni:; tains. Thistity is the lee of an archbilhop, who i. pn mate gf .ill D.diiiatia and Croati*. It ij alio thell.;il: i! M ... !K Dm.matia. U R O here all mcrc!vni.li.'?r''''''"3 f^'"^' 'I'mky tn ImIv mull flatf, 5i:.l dor Mi? n(-;-.sh of fiiuil v;iluf. Five rrnvvd lu' ir.in IIIU'. r.ictL-d. in I lb IIIX AlIlDllf,' 1.,/. Iiirli 1- viiy l.ir^c jiul , tor» t.Ji.l.nn, I'v a nujority it votes, llic protciJin^i uf rii'.i) liir |i.tlomiiii(: tiu.uc lIlC il.llliillllll..tl()ll ,iMiii|iiiiiis til lie Itiii 111 10 Jrc I Civil iMiil'iH, iiml |i.iitl.iil irlv ttinlJ ulli'i': fo iMm llK' lllMll'' renin ii!i nl l^imli li.in's paluic, oi wliith llic arc liill heard lu.lon; (ix roiiluN, or liiiiun*, (icin «lii'iii iity itl< built, and it-, w.i .iki; tvMi-iliird-. ol thofc I tt.cic l!is an .ipp.Ml Id tnt mlU'^-c ol linrlv, an I iMiii (J. ol h|'ai .iiii> luin'ni'* 111" It is in thr tiiity tliiiil d ;mic liUvlliiii: llu'iii: .IIM, in pariKiilar rari."<, to tlic khiikiI, Inm- llK- Vuil': ill lalitml''. I hi* lily h.is 1)l<.h policllcj by , 'iini.d ijiiIim Ipii i.iI jiidj>ij aic iiiipuinliil. T ,1111 ivcr lime til' y»ar 142 : Cj[K-I Nmmvo, \VM anlieiuly I. clUolnit in 1.171, in the b It I'oitiluatiDn III Daln liitwik- ihric niiniiiirticmPrs fur tlio vvMi.llin tr i;i, I bjaui i>f livalth, ( i>iililiiii>', ul lite ii»!iK' ilcd Nl an c'lcallri), a:iil was lilt bv I l>lii: to iinl-iVL' tile eilv (ri'iii , u!ii> tn e'illta:;i!iii'. iii','oali.i dcav an I a hi|,rti rii [( i, b'ttcr fill till hy ."k adjn to thi; (c.i lii irc tlun by ait, it b.-imt an ! mmt iir patiiiiij ul tiiriiKiKc maiia;^e tiie taxti, cxiiie, and ■ic'.ii.ir 11' idianj-b', fcoiui'il toward, the iVa by llitivia I A-< tlu' 15 iinif.nmrc- iiiubli' to prite.'^ thenil' vi's thov UIV J iiac> I- flibk- 101 In tlic upper town i. IJK m.tk>: till, of til ol'Suliniani'^, ,1, aiul ;•(! Inr-.lhcition I the fi'rti.'r.il town ot l!.iltavic iir we.ilt.i to proiiire tnt-ni p'oticloi- til. luit clii'f ol wliom ii till! ^;rund l'i'ii;ilior. I h v are l.ud t 1 is the capital of Omii.'t.id, wbuli 1 pay iiiiu!;'.- to me I'nilcs out of le ir 1 to the \'iii.tiaii llan.is to\V!l. jl'jlit lix lum.lrtil and littypuis nor It WIS talci n by the V'tiietiaii:., and ,f u/iilkletable tr.idc. nil of tlie I uuc of li.itud 1 loth'.' 110 u now .1 I ou t t f refpect pope, emperor, .^pain, an J N. lite, Willi tlie I xiie poliiieal views. ll pen e trihute to tin; Uallv lit the annual enUallv, ainoiintH W'itliin t^iis pruvinee arc aifo fevcral ill.iii !s, a', I.' to aliuit twenty tliouLind /.cipiiii'., wckIi about iiiiif ,»/ .' i (1feri>, tiiin wi tra^l, {J.'i 2, Clierlo, which has u eoniiniiniea- tli the (ornier bv nie.ins uf a bridge, ll is .uul .1 brii h.irl' ulous town le.il iiuiiibeis of cattle ol the f.inu- name, th.it hi Ith udy n iij' . .111.1 two pence each. The lurks a;e iii.leed of .c to ihiMU, bv briii'zii",' thithir all kinds of re.it I'lvi ell 1 1> .1 pretiy ii.tell.iues, elpeiLiiiv l>i )ur. 1. Vi :m, or Vc..lii venieut the Ra^'iifjii.. keep Id w.itchtul ail c< .111.1 niilit.irv (lore V ir ll an.l I lepiiaic III h tontiiuiit by a narrow ch.iiiiiel, aiiil h.is a town of the ojku only .1 (ew houts in the day leir Ircedoiii, from the t'nat the :;.itej ol R.i.jiil'.i, tiulr lapii.d, are allowed to bi f I hi fame name, which has a harbour and c.illle, inwliiih n liJes the Veiutian count or povernor. 4 Arbc, whicli Armei ey profcl. the Koniilh ielij;ioii; but the (ircck?. te aboinuii roduces mo and Tuiks are toler.iti.l. The laiij:iia.;o witn I'lL's and the I'lnaller kiiiJs of cattle, and chielly in iile aniom; the Rai;ulaiis is the S .lavoni.'.M, but ll dcliciour. wine. Its cai'li.il is ail cpiicopal the greaiefl part ot them alio fpeak the Italian. Aliiiolt CUV. ; tallies. fcture haii its wine, an (Jrcitlfole, which contains fivei.il t<: ul all the citi/e 6. Morta M. k hie hi aretr.uleis, ,ind thi, pl.ice i;; dilliiifru ilh- ,ir between two i n,i deep ..nd , cd by the liiKiul, of it., niaiuitajluri'i. As its teriiturv I'l irated for ; but finall, it h.is but few places of 11 >te worthy ol .1 d its ibouii.liiV' all.) Ill olives an d me larticui.ir dell 'I'iic town of the fame name is IN of various culture featcd in a vaKcv betwee Till iption, bel'kles iti capital, le city ol K.i^ula was built a conlilera ble til two ,11 I.efiiia, l.iid to be the , fore the Inrlh of our S.iviour, and was .intieiitlv callel i|l •V. Ci- bre brateJ ille of I'haio-, is rocky, but produces lii;s j l'.pi.laiiiiii It at Iciij^ih became a R oman colinv, an id and vvino arc very cnc.!|' i!\:\ from hence a II It.ilv cnturv w.u demolilhcd bv the Sevthiaiis. It J£■^^ anddreece are fiipplied v\-i li lardiiies, The town of il.ind.. in the peninlul.i of Sabioneello m the ;Milph ot" tlie lain- name. thouL'h finall, is w ■II f iiiiliei! n the forty-leeoiid deirree lony-ei.:ht minutc.i .i?..^'*. ■■JfC or/ola m: ra, the antieiit L'orrvra, abounds with tini- noith latitude, .iiid in the eijibteenth deL'rce forty mi- I1,J,P 111 the city of the lame name, which is b.:r of all kniJ (he only one in the illand, relide tlu; (jovernor and a all lo dc fr Loud on. Th oii:»h it not bidiop a tiii'- It 1^ fortilied with llroiiif wail, and tower: h.ul iour,aiiil nrodii Ul es plenty ot wine has I'lie I'uiks l.ir^e it ii well-built, and ha-, lome beau:ilul editiees. n lis Illy, which IS ine lee o f an .iiehbilno;), is de- by llron^; bulwarks, and the fortref) ol .St. Nicho- ■M ntiiU' to make a defcnit here, were, in the year 1 las leeiirts its harbour anainll any liolhle attempts. Its 15^-, r'.'pullcd by the wrimen, who b. haved with her ulution, wh;-n their oa llaullv hunviiids had, throUL^h alette d thi e city lie Nl) into the couiiti thcfe there are fever.il other i (lands \V. i.v come to R.i'^ulan Dalmatia, which lies tn t'v. f.iuih-eall of tlie foinier, jii.I is about hity-live inile. 1:1 leii: ;ih, ioid twenty in brcadtl Kagiil.i IS an aril- tocratieal ll.ite, loniie d nearly after the nuulel of that of 'I'liice. The gov iiJ the chief of the repi eminent is 111 the hand;, of the rhaii ^rcJ cvLry nth, lid nobility; iblic, who is liiled rector, is ad cleifjd by fc:u;inv, or lot. the iJiiiui:; his admiiiilli.itiin he lives 111 the palace, wears habit. Hetvc apt led of a lilk With white port, which is CiiUe.l bauta Croie, or the lli.ly Cr.il's is Iccured on one fide bv the little rocky ifland of Chiroma, which lie. Ill the le.i about half a mile diltant, and the headland of the penlnliila on the other : the latter ii ill fortilie and vverc the former fe i:d be table. 'I'lie city i, furrouii.led with Liri'c fuburb;; and has a g.urifoii of about two hundred men bur. 'Ill the llij ke 1 conifa The city of Giavol'i is alio fif.utcd on the pcninlui.i of S ibioncello, and has the bell harbour on all the coali. The entrance to It is very commodious, broad, deep, aiiJ well lecured. It is 01 .! ' - I 1 ■ ( id ilis lal.iry is live ducats a month ; but if he beoiieol the pre id dlTiH aiiucat a ilay. Nil s at appeal: h ol the adjacent nui vineyards, pardcns imented w'th ravilhin^ prclpcLts lis, which arc covered with linu e receives xt to him is the council of tin. In and hininl'.r-houles, tu plealii ch th'j jians retire tor the lake here are alio live I'm ill illands fub-eil to the Ra:; the ;4reat council all 1 loblemen above tweiitv years ifa^c fans, the principal of which is Mel;. la, which fonu liiiitted, and in this council are chofen the pLrloiis learned men fuppole to be the illand Melit.. Wi'iii con llitute the board of the prej;aili, who f civil .mil military a alf.i iliiole 01 ul receive am lend cnvovs f all I up.riiiteiiil emnlovments. which St. 1 wa:. Ihinwrcckc -p.Mj Thef It IS about twciuy-hve 111 e continue a year in 1 oranges, citrons, wine. wlij t The little council conl'ill.s of thiity nobles, id' the la akc care of the po'.ity, trade, and revenues of the paflurcs. recked ; but this is not probabli les in length, and abounds iii ind tifli. It has a fma'.i town iilHce together with fix villaj l-.iij 55 M n C II A P. IT ¥ ■\ i { »J8 ) C II A P. IX'. (Jt ilic li 1 , R M A N I M i' I R !•: G' I i ' r |il ^ ' t I s r c T. I. r>/' C! K a M A N V ID fulfill, III S'.inri, Fimntivi, Kxlinl, Clfii.il; AtmnUiini, Rivti i, ll';iiti, Fi :i:t, CiKi, ,ii,l ill.;r f ',.••!. li'l.i ; //,./,7., /j'ii./i, nil J t'ljha ; uil.'i iht I'l iMk: ff lit: Mintud Kin^.hm. iKRMANY, w!ii.h m imII'.,! Infhcl'rnuh A!Ii-- iii.i '111', ;inil hy ihu n.itivt'.thcuiliKci Diiitrtlil.iml, i, tiiiiiiiilcl liy l'r.ii\i.', tin- Ncilurl.iml-, .iiiJ the Cicrmaii I'd (111 the Will i hv S'liitl) Jiitl.ituI ;\iU tlie Haltic on the iiortn ; liy I'lililh PrnlTi.i. I'lilaitJ, aiiJ Him^.uy on the t:ili i an.l liv llic p,'il|''i of Vcnicf, th; clonunidiis of thi! , , ^ , ll.it'-: of Venice :in>l Swilli'il.inJ on the lirjth ; evtcading , '.t-.v,,*!.*. iVoni th'! foity litihiK'.'.recloni miniitc< to the lit'n'-Coiirth >^,;». jf. ilii'fe'.' lortv minute, north l.iutiule, .mil Mom the fixth ilei^rce to th." nin'-teop.th ile^rce tcirty-five niiiuites e.ill Ion 'itihie ; aiitl acTonlini'lv iti gre.ite(t cMen; trom north t 1 loiith IS fix hiimliel .nul t'orty K.ij^lilh nuIi. in length, .ijiJ live huiulieil anil tilty in bicidt'h. Thouiiji (lerm.iny ni grmrjl ni.iv lie faiJ to cnjnv a temiK-i.iie air, yet with rei|iccl to its piiriu', w.umth, anJ hejhiiliilnels, it is verv ilitl'erent ; Imtli from the iiHitiicrly or northerly lituation of the pl.ucs of the coun- try, from the [roxnuitv and ilill.nice of ihc fea, and t'lom t!ie dilt'erence of tlv." (oil. 'I'hm the level p.nts enjoy a tlillVrent .I'r fiunt the tnoiMitain-, .mil the |ilaeis where the foil i» ile^p, n.oilf, and injifh; ii diftVrent from the more elevated, dry, and dnuiy. ilence iht' proiluce ot the tiL^s, fields, and gardens ripen in ditfcruit parts at iliH'ereiit timci. Cierinany ha;, many mountains, for Bohrmi.i i.j prin- cipally environed will) them ; it is fcparafcd from Silefia by thofe called the RiefenL'ebirge, and a Itill more r m- iidcr.iblc ran.»e of nimmtains part^ Silelia and Moravia. In the very heart of .Silcha ;irc alfo m.iny lar." monntaini, and the tountiiesin the eircleof Aulliia are nn.llly moun- tainous. I he Upper I'al.itmatc has likewilj many nioiin- cainous and hilly tratl^, and the bifhopnc ol Saltrtiuri; is alli> very mountainous. Kranconl-i, bolli withni the toimtry and on its border <, has a tuiifuieridile number of mountams ; and m Swihia arc lar;:;e ran;;'-i of them, with many liivdr mn-s. Tli-,' I'pprr and Lower Rhine arc alio mouniainojs, and partieularly the cleiSfor.ite ol Colocn. In the cirele of U'lllphalia are lome moun- tainous tra>.-\s, and in I^owcr Saxony the Hart/, arc fa- mous, ill Upper Saxony are lik'-'Wili; many mountainnU) trae^s ; but the hi;;helt mountain-, in lierm ui',' do not exceed four thoufaiid live hundred feet in livi;;hr. In fevcral of the mountains are rem irk.iblc raverns an-l natural grotto,, of which we (hall ;;ivc adefciiption in their place. I'he principal rivers in Ciirmnn',' are the Diiuibe, the Rhine, the .Vlayne, the Kibe, the Oder, and the Wcfer, This country was antienlly very wnoJv, and 1-, fldl in general well pri»ide,l with ufeful woods; but thefe aie dailv growini.'; thinner, and in many parts timber ii wanted for buildin,; and fewel. '\'\\i: (ierman woods yield oak, beich, pine, white and red lir, limes, alder, alli, blaek popi ir, larch, pl.iiie trees, ebelnut trees, and olive trees ; .iiid for the cultivation of lilk a great num- ber of M hite niiilberrv trees aie planted. Creimanv i*. provided with all the nteeflaries and con- vcniencies o( iilc ; it, loil indted is not every where fer- tile, but the barremv.r of one [ilaee i> ni.idc up by the fruitfalnefs of .moiher. /Vgiitulture is here daily im- proving, and the lands are rendend more d rtilc, rich, and beautiful. It yields plenty of .ill kinds of i:rain, as co.Tim'in vvhc.it, Ttukv wheat, rye, (pelt, barluv, oats, peas, beans, k ti lies, lentils, chiches, millet, and buck- wheat, ot v/nich It is able to ovport avail iju.iir.iiy iiuiin.i i, alfo found there. The (Jainanj likcwifc cultivate hopi, ami,', lumniin, llax, hemp, tuba , o, niaddti, wo id, (.ift'ion, and bid lid (.illioii, willi tmlH. s, potatoc,, and .1 v,irietv of rxcclknt pot-herbn, l.il|.ids, and iooi». Tliev h.ive likcvn(e all forts of common, Ktench, aii,l Italian Iruin, as .ipples, pear, theriiis, plumbs, chef- nuts, almond,, olive*, medlars, figi, prathe-, apricots, orange<, lemons, (.itruini, t'^-'P*-'** ""''') fi'bitis, wal- nuts, A:c. \Vith rcfpec'^ to the c.ittle of (icrmany, there li a pro- digious number of horfc-, cows, fheep, |.'.oats, and f.vine i llie iiiaifli liiids in the dutchy ui Uolllvin, Kalt Kriedaiid, an I litenicn alFord checl'e an I butter in the k'reatcll plenty. 'I'he wild beads arc deer, kks, boars, lures, and laLibets ; in foinc pl.iccs arc alio bears, wolves, lynxes, loxcs, wild cats, badgers, niattens, wild goats, and chamoit. Of tame fowl they have plenty of poultry, turkiej, pigeons, "eife, and ducks; and of thole ihit arc wild, (wans, bulrards, pheafants, woodworks, partridpes, groufe, fnipcs, l.irks, fieldfares, ortolam, cpiads, wild-geclV, wild-diicks, the Ipuonbill, and Itoik ; alio the fakoii, heron, hawk, >*>.d \ and uf mctuls, gold, (ilver, copper, aiid iron. SECT. II. Tie Pirfytii anil MukhiT! cf iI>/ C/rmans in i^enenil, 7ri:r SJiili III ih Pilit) All), MiiLiifuduiiSt C inmtiu anJCoini. THE fiermans are i;enerally tall and well made, and it is caf) to <.blerve amongit them a rcni.irk- able dilfeicnce with iclpecl to their charaiiter, temper, and manner of life, which is an evident proof of their coiifillin;; of (cvcral dillimtl nations. They are, how- ever, in ij.ncral, very remarkable for their honellv and fairnefs in iheir dealinijs, Jioth the ancient and the prc- feiit (leinians have been long diHinguiflicd for their huf- pitaliiy. Julius Cx'lar obfervcs, tliat in his time their houlis were open to all men, who were welcome to lueh entertainment as they found provided. That they elleemed it a piece of injulliee to atfVont a traveller, and thou^jht it a necellary act of religion to protedl thnle who euiii': under tin ir n-of. The prefent (Germans have not degenerated fiom their ancellors, and a (hanger is (lire to be every wheie well entertained. The courage and bravery both of the a;icient and prelent (jcrmanj were never difputed. 1 lie IJermaiiJ have alli) the ho- luiur of having almo'.t all the kingdoms in Europe ca'C til German bbod their crowned heads, particularly Cjrcat-Uiiiaiii and lielan.l, Denniirk, and Norway, Sweden, i'oland, Hungary, Pruifia, Uohemia, and Rnilii. With rcfpect to learning, the Germans arc not in- ferior to anv other nations ; for not only their naiiir.il tondii.-fs for imitation, but the variety of g;;vcriimeiits, I their . i! I ^^J .--- 1 —1 ■ 'Vf )\ ■ ^-f /is ^ !> 1 II ij?^ not 111- Ir lunir.il [rrnnu-nts tiKiC I I i T -fT 1 ^ i:P] j 1 ^k I. ■' t ■ 1 , 1 ■^ , t 1 i, ■ ' 1 ■' 1 i^'i- •i \i Mr ' Ml ,,t liER.M.WV. their mutii.il en jov ol Willing ■p,,).iii<.'d iIk- i;r l-liMlurf thry t |i,irtK'ul.irlv am iiiihrci'iiiiiij! n r.ink, Miu 111 I' .iMV ()1.iff ill t! :in>l iiiillU'il ; M |i, il,):i>uiri(cs I I, nt wiirki i .111 ti.iu;, julllv c-di' A> to the vii Inn J tor ihiir il niiMi- Ljiiil'y "t (li iiiJiTil ili.m In .ji rJiik ihiTi wlui will iiiiill |.|,in- 111 iliiiilii Ik- ,lir|Ulll.'ill lui .iiiii both iliiic tli.iii r.irnu-ili'. 1 licir ilimk hue ihe l.iucr lu.l only Mi'lel own i^iiiwthi b wliioii lie t(imi;j; |iiiiiluceil. 'I'lieir oi.liiMi .immij; us, wh'' .m\ i.i.ilfcil lli.ii wl;irli was rllei js It is by llieiii, vjriiiiis mannets as a ;;rcat raiily I'fow III an e.xira lilcmanV j^iulcii iilg aiul laltenini', Aniiini; the oti flre-liile, wliich c their rooms wilh fcaihcr-beil as u alight t'ealher-be the upper ftieet. Anion;; the liii in;; the wiUI bo. ftricis on the lim aceoiitrcil, ami .u In (lernuny a which beloiij; to tn ihe Roman t'. thole of l^rrintli .: brr ol acaileinie'. lihiKils. '['lie ( i Ihemitlvcs by tin hillorv, anil the \ 'I'hf Kieneli b. all other iia;ion> i aie iieaily eqii.ilb'i In the (loliic .11 Works of 'I'eleni.i Sonic of thiii poll ii.iiions in the Inb f\Ci\ llieiigtb an. rclpeill to p.iinliii il.ilians, and jiilir l'..lker, and levi : . (H'Jied in Ciirni.iii lulore tliL- It.ili.iii VdiiSn hcni, an I l.iy bv |iiiiue Kop veiition of a i'u'w pniilinj; eannol u and Heiihold Si lu\ (nvrii-d at t'olo^'M mrable in the ait With refpecl i ficrrii.ins at prelt ll'.H'.. and h.df lil M-J all nuiniier < C.ERMAVV. ihcir mutual cmul.iiioii, anJ ilu- fifciloiii pidtcft.iiits ni- ■ . „(' wriiiiiL' .ii-ciirilin;', m lli"ir mvii iiiili;iiuiit, li.iv ^"oniii-J tlu' IncHtcIl iinpLuciiK-iit in llu- ka-inrs. 'I'lii- 11-iliirc thry'tako in rvi.Un ', is I'o urt-.u, aii.l |.<-n(i,.l, ir'tiiulirly aimiii; il"- pioti-llaiits, that it is ttioiii'lit nnhrcomiiii; < "-ii the Inii.ilc ll'x, ami ikiI;...s ol anv rank n"' '" '"" i"!"'''''"" ^^"'' l'""l^- ^'^ ''^ '■'•^'''^ ■ lilare in tlif unrlil wIk'H- moie liouks arr wiitliii ■wIj i.iintiil . aii.l tli(ni);li this i;ivcs rile tn many nuaii , ii-'.-niancc;, llu-y liavr a i;rcat nnnilior of vny i-m.iI- !' t wiirk. ; .:ii>i ihtrc aic at jiulcnt many (niniaii aii- ,',",. iulUv cltit-nKM lorllKir ccniiis an>l al>ili!ic:. As to tiK- viics i>l tlu; llcrmans, tlii-y liavc lici-n ccn- .^^,'^j,„r iluir cliimkcniHrs; lint t!uy luit rfcm lu Ic "lucunillv "'''>''' vice tlian their iioiihcrii iK-n;hlu>iir'., K U U O I' F,. 'J) e nun' V I'l "■'■■ ' "^ r^ 1 Ol niJi-i''! 'ili'>» ihi- r.niilllh : th.t there- arc- |Hil(ins rned wiili bells ami feathers. Ill ("lermany aie ihirtvfix univeiliiie-;, feventcen of which belong to the protellanls, and llie lame number 111 ihe Roman Catlii lie. ■, witli two other mixed ones, thole of luliirth ami Ueidilberg. They have alio a iiiim- lur of academies loi the lucnves, and many colle;-es ami lihnols. 'I'hc Ciermans have particiilaily dilliiuoiidied ihemlelvcs by their kiiowledi'c in ihc civil law, natural hilbiry, and the various biaiu he: ot philofophy. The Fiench bad loimeily the rcpulatii n of ixcelliiii; .ill other nation, m the polite arts ; but at pielcnl tliey air nearly ec|ualled by the Ci iill.iin. hi the poliie arts, th< y exu I in miific, and boalt the w.iiks of Telcman, Haiidd, I'iraun, Uacli, and llalie. SiMiie of thiir poets li ive excelled moll ol the l-.niopeaii ii.iiiiins In the liiblimity id their tbou.-hts, and the min- pe.l llren|i;th and hveetnels ol then laiigiiap,e. With irlpeiLt to paiiitin/, tliey claim the tirll piaie after the- It.ilians, and julUy boall their IVn i Paul Rubens, John talker, and leveral other i. The bill copiier plates ap- peared in Ciermaiiy ; Albeit Diner alio etched m copper Ik lore the Italians; and mcl/otmto was iblrovercd by \niiSiibcni, an llelbaii lieutenant, in lOfS, but others l.,v hv pniice Rnpeit: wooden ciiii wrie alio tl'.e iii- Mi.ti in of a fienn.iii. The liiil dilcoveiv ol the ari of punting cannot with juliice be nluled tlie Ciernuns ; j:id Heithold Scbwarl/, in the thiiteenth century, dil ...veied at C'oloi'ii bow j'unpow.'.cr nrj^lit be made ler- i.triblc in the art ol vi-ar. With refpecl to mechanics and nunufaiihires, the flirnians at prclt-nt iiiaki: vilvcti, beautiful filks, tub II df<, and half lilks, with a variety of woollen Hulis, Ai.S all nuniu'r ot cloth-, tibboll'., lace, veiy laipe niiantities of liiicn, fuflian, embroii'orcd woik, (ina lials, and t.iprflrv J lliey alio piim cotton in .. be.iiilili.l manner, make Spanilh loiij^b .ind fmooih le.illu i ; .i,, v^'hiili the Miliiiaii is laid to be ihe liiiell in the world. In (lior!, Niii-nburi; is lanious lor a vaiietvol ini-eniou, woiks iii wood, ivory, metal, (lone, j;lals, C. which are ex- ported to all parts of the earth. Willi rrl;ui.'l to ronmiercc, (leiiii.iiiv cnioys rvcrv .idvanlagc ; lor it not oiilv bouleis on l!,e lierman oiean, I the liallie, and the ., glalle., bee', Hriiiilw:c mum, lio/, btillles, t.;r!.ir, fniall, 7.1!-. ler, I'rnllian blue, piinten ink, and m.iny other articles. I Wiih lelpecl to the loiiis in (jiiiii.iny, it is proper li> j obfetve, that ti.e cmpcior, with the cleciois, the chief part v, iVIdoni i make life of this pi ivilei>e. (Jnc or tivo il.iis .ue ap- I pointed iN.iy year in eaili iinle 10 be lleld by the luiiic 'mailers lor the ex.imination ol the toin; and the e 11 - ' peior has ciii'at'cd llut tiny lliall In; rej'.iilaily held 111 1 evety circle. All the money in the inipiie oimht like- ! wile to be coined of the l.inie lland.ird, and to be of 0110 weight ..ml intrinric value: at pielent, by virtue of a lelolittioii ol the iliel of 1 7 37, this llandarii ought to be that (d l.eiplii ; but neither ihi., nor the oilier legii- laiioiij ol the enipiie, with refpecl to coinigi , have been able topieviiil ils dcbalernent. In llambiiigb and I.ubcc they reckon by maik«, flul ■ liii;'s, and plcnnings : onem.uk, winch 1. one (billim' and fix pence Her liii.', make . Iixlei n lliilliii:'s, one fliil- lini- twelve pliiinings ; but tl.i. pleniiiiiv, is no real loiiij foiiy-eight Ihillin.'s, or three in.iiks, make one rix-dol- l.ii. I tit current heavy money ol lliii couniry is eeiie- ■fall/ * Mn i! I m \ ■ : mi^ ! 'fii! ,1, •• . m :a hi ! ; . -I h- r,o A S Y S T r. M or G E O G R A I' 11 V. G IRV.W, rj'Iy twenty- fuT ^.v iy;;/. better tli.-.ii the lL»lit cmTcin toiii (il (Jcnn.iiiy. Ill !'icM'ii\tl>cy r-ck<)iiliv rix.lnll,irs,;;rots ^nJ fi-ll'AT.rs: oiu: rixJolLir wortli lour illillm;;s ;iiiil rixpciuc makes fjiif and a halt iloubli', and tlircc lin;;!c MrcmiMi marks, iLvt-'ntv-two r.r'it?, or thriT htiiulu\l ami lixty l.hwars. in Fyfiplic, an,! in all the ilcctoral rnwntri.s ol Saxony, ai alio at Naurninn;', jiiilin, Ma;;ilcliurg, .niil Tranc- lort (111 the (».Ut, tluy nckoii hv lixib.llac-, !;iit- pro'.ihfii and plcniiin;',- ; that is, one lixdollar, whiih 1^ there an inianinary coin, contains one imperial do: in and a hall, or twenty lour init-Lirorchcn ; and one ;;iit- grolchcn iwclve pfeiinin^rs. An iinpeiial tlnrin cnmaii'.s iixtciii i;iit-iMol(.!i.'n ; a one third pieCL, ii.'ht grorcii.n ; and one IimI; |iietf, (our t^tit-t^roltlu'ii. At I'Vanttbrt I'll ih'' Mayiie thtry it-ikon in rixdulia's, kreiit/er:;, an. I I'lViininj;^ : one rixdollar ni ikvs hil.ilopliv .m^i nhylics, and were iilujllv call'.d to coiiiieiU (.1 llate. \'.'..inen were likewile .,i|, iliirti'd to the piielHv olKue, an I liith the one and tin; o;!',: r werttrc.;ted with iIk n» (I prolound relpea 1 j ii,,. laiiy. 'I he doctrine of tranl!ni;;uiioii then prtvaiKd m Ciiimany; they bt li^-ved that i!e|.j! ted (uulb, when t.'u'v h.iij hh ihele bodies, aiiinidte.l oiiicr creatures; and, :u'. eordiiii; a-, thev behaved in thii lile, rt'cic happe or iniii-- raMi'. Cliuenus obleries, that they woiiliippij ilif fmj wi'.li lueh devotion, th..t they leemed to ai know led ^,; that planet as the luprroie (Joil, and to it ilidic.ited tne (i: it day of tl:e week I l.i \ alio win Ihipped Woden, r.r (I'nlaii, alter whi, 111 tlir l,,iiiih dav ol llie week waic.il- ed Wediierdjy. Il is laid that th.s word (lodaii beeiari- nn; alierw.irds coiitraeUd iiuo(iod, tli,' (leiriuns and ^ ii;;lilh jMvc that n uiie to the De.te. I'i'.ey alio Hi.;, (hipped thj I'o.l b'ar.iius.the lame with the lJ.,ii.lii I'j.ui the Ihinulercr, lioni whom our I'hurl'Jav has its naik plennin^s : one iinper n lonii, or two thiol luece, k' s liltecn bat/.cs, lixty kreuizers, twenty erok Ks, or two huiulred and (ortv pteniTin and I 1 ucfda od.le iiiiio, the , or \' fain. with .Ma :vc her name to 1-iiJ ') ^, gave ranie t,, I Like t'le antient llriions iliey peifoinied tiieir Cacriucs in r.rcllaii, and all Silel'ia, thev reekini bv rixdollars, in groves, the o.ik beini; iilually eholen lor .in alt.irj aiiJ. filvcr ^.rofchcn, ai.d pfennnKTS : one rix-dollar contains inltead ot a temple, thev erected an arbour made ot tli thirty impcria fi! groi ichcs or bohms, I'oriy tive Iiou'lis of the o.;k and b.eeh. 'I'll te I'Mifclics, nineiv kreiif/crs, an hundred and twen- tile iaciilice, were alwas i erowiud with wreaths o! as Well as ole an heiulie. iindrcd an.) fixlv i.U nniiii'S. tii^hty drejers an id lliiec or ol ('..nc other laere beads, but id lie le hum.i oak, I'luv r.xnii.eil not onlv 11 faerilite. were t.^kcJi ill l>ru:ii'w!C, ;:r.d r.ianviithir places in r.owir Saxony, Crom aiiioiu! their llaxcs or n;..Ie!'..ctors. I'iieir behef alio ill tlie whole circle of \\\;!|ihalia, they reckon that thi ir (ouls (lioiild aniiiiaie o'lier bodies alter death. bv rixdidlars chen and rl'enn'iii: len ;!;ofehcn, and alio bv gut-irrol'- , it is l.iid made them l.ailels ot d.ii and upon extr rixdollar makes twuitv-tour ordin.irv oeeaii.ins thev made no leruple ol dilpate ;u:,i:t ai dvi-.lo-- //.', li ( jerm.ui . were in the e ar!v a-'es of the w.irld. 'I"hc eoiuiuered (leinian n.'.i.or.s nad at liiil lie;editjiv dukisof tin ir own, aiul were governed by their own laws i but Cnailrs put an i nd to the former, and ri- fomc governed by kinus whole power w.;i limited, and vernedihe louiitries by counts and royal miliionaries. 1 divu'ed into many pittv nations and principalities and fen; of the great were liiti ol then litioic I't'lions. '1 liefe were ihe maun; were fiibducd bv the Romaii>, w li ::{ tlij Gen; ns b: fe itli fuel relill- eiK-e, that they weie contented wiih makini; the Rh id the Daiuihe the boundaries of tl heir eompielLs li ui!t |oItle!ie^, and planted gariilijnson the b.niks of both thofc rivers, n ) on vent the iniuiiioiis uf what thev termed tiie baihaious nations : but within bo, Fr.! .1 huii.lied years alter Coiilt.iiuine the CJreat, tlie s^, Kiir:undian'-, Ahnian .. and oilur C ienii.in ii.i- tion^ broke ihrou -h tlioie btiundaru .Ills .in.i and dl.'pofl'etiid the RonMiis c f all Gaul, Uh.i-ti, . Norieum, wliuli til y tliaied an.rjng iliem ; but tlu I'Mnks picvaiiin;; over the nil, at icngtii iflabiiflied thtir cmpiic over Mo oderii (lernianv. ider the conduit of Ch. ileniai;n, or Cha and It . lhe( .JIC.lt. otliere were abfolute ; fomc of their priiues were elec- ; However, the antient diets wi eie llill ret.iinee il cicmoc 1 nd others hereditary ; and fonie arillocratnal and year H C'hail es rtvivet ratie.il govetiiments were a Ifo t and conferied the dianity o( found anioii! them. '.Oman inipeior upi him elf and lam ly : but 11 IS loll Many <.f tbefe ll.ites and kingdoms frequently united . i.evvis divided the impiro anioii;' his liins ; upon wlmii under one head or general, both in their ili'eiilive .,nd r;reat troubles arolc, which, in 84^, were adjiilk,! de fen five wars bv ir\ aei 1 latuii ; bv 'vliich Lewis the G lame d all (.; jny as far as the Rh ■ithtl ■ thu Ibis was the date of the Germans h. fdie they were cciiquered by the Romans. At that time the children : town? of Spires, Wurmi, and Mem/ ; and thusCi went n.iked, and the men hung the fl:iii of I'.inie wild ni.aiy bee.imc .in independent kiiiLld.uii. in 8-;\ Le l«e.ll and ijion then I.10U -It Kk l.illeniii!; it with a tlioiu' ttle re.liieed half of the l.othar rioiis of the b-lt iiuainy wore only a little uocdlen I i mantle or a coat without Ibeves. I'heir uiiial bed was iection, and his fun Ll.■wl^, t in oari kiiii-dom under > (uh- thc "roiin Itr the (k ins ol Wolve.. or .drned the orhtr. Lewis the Voui , the ;oun.;er, nine )ca bears, i lieir luod was bread, flefli-iiuat, Inittir, and both hi- brothc; er (liaiiiig hi. paternal kinjdoni wi;li line king of liav. Iiuil, I' . 1,1, and their diiiik waler, ir.ilk, and Lewis of I'.alt Fraiiee.nia, ami Clniiles the l''at of AI. beer ; lor in ihoie early age; they were lit . to thi I m aiinia ; the lall lurumnr his bioihers, not til'c c;f wine. 'I hey wire ulually very merry at their en- lited ti.c.r kingd uir, but obianied the imperial d'.^mii, tertainnieiits, littiiig in a Icmi-ciicle, with the rnalter tog- tlicr with all Italy and i'rance . yet govcrne.i in i.> cf the lamilv in tiie middle, and the rcit on the right weak a manner, that 111 SS; he was depolcd by the Gn ■ and d left, atiordiiii' to their quality; but to thele (calls 1 man ft ite% who eontlitutel Arnulph, (.'arlniai 1 s natural no women were aunntled, tier a (on under tweir of a^e foil, king of (jeiniany. 'I Ins priiiee be.it the Ni who ha' in J v.iUa 1 in (iiUiiany VrM 'ir •illllC t,j ; foro I ';.■.• ucli iclill- lii' Rliiii • dlsj ...1 on Uv: liuii , ul' I'liii .'.- 'It, I. IS ri>. «|;| 1 III II. L- ilii;u-, t:.i, .111.1 IK iIm 1.-J tlitir i iMlv, (jic.t. cJ.tJlV heir own iiJ !■-- in.iiifs. la in- ;tiitv iii" lii.^ ii ;i Wl.l, II .i,!;i:lkl nliv.lll if thur isdi, I .iw:. I.l^lub- ,Ui ,i;i;r inn ui;li li.iv.u:,i, ly iiiht-- ii:^liiH, lM ill I.J licCui li.itur.ll '11111.111 1, aik!, by :R'MA\1 U R O i^ 141 t'fif alUit.inc;^ oi' tiv: liiiir, rirm!in.il llio Holicniiaii'i. liut .1 «nv:itils hy til" il MtM "I" his (im Lu-vvis tin; CiiiM, Ins ij'iii'iv l'i'c:iinc c.xiiiiCl. (I'trniJiiy was iit tli.it lime an 'iiir.litiiry kin';'!'"!', but Ihi' powvT of its inon,irclii was liiiuiiil In- tin; ilitt«. 'I'lu' I.Htr.il teiritorics bclonjiint; t.i It were Tovirncil iin.lcr tlic kiiui I'V counn, .inion;; ivii'.ini tlic in.iiiji'nts dciciiJtJ the borders a^aliill hollili.- I he Cicrmnn (Kites nr)W r.iilej a Frankini lord, nnmcd C.mraJ, to th.- throne, he belli.; cl-jlcendeil troin the !i'l'- "' ^'i^ony, whom on hi.s death- h li he retomi'ieiided lo the ll.itcs Id Henry II. tlic mile rice of the S.ixon kings and em 'eiors end 'd in lo/.v, diirin;^ whirl) time Geimany i.i!uin;iev mean- of his (on he an- i.,'\.'l tile '«iii.',ii''''n ol tliM!;iind|' to the empire, rendered iVdiiid (ul'ii-.:t to his dominion, and in a tieaty with I), iinurk iij'|i linted the tider as the boundary of the (itnii.in ' mpirc. Hfiiivlll. di'iiu'ed three popes who h.id fit up a- • unit e.-ii h otiier, .i|';i(iiiUiiv; a fourth in their (lead ; J'.H-e which tinie the v.i aiiry of the p.ipal chair has .ilvj.ns been iiilimated to the enipw-rnr, who fends a per- loii t:i Rome to ilefire tlMt a new p ipo m.iy be elected. Krriiv IV- his lim, w.i^, however, put under the ban bv nie I'ojie, on wiiieh lie wn« -lepolVd by the (tatcs. ficiirv V lueeceded hi.. I.iti i r, but was oblij;e(( to re- tKv.incc all prefiifions to ih'; invelliuirc of bdhoprics, whith had been tliimcd by his aneoll.irs ; and in him b.ciine e.stiiKt the male line of the Kraiikiili emperors. I'pon this the popet.iufed Lothiiriiis, duke of .Saxony, til he el'.cled ^ but he wis not atkiiowledjicd by all Cicr- iiianv fir ihtir foveivign, till after a ten veais war. After h;ir. Coiir..d of liohrnilanlcn fucceeded to the crown. '1 lie emperor Fredeiic I. effecliially CNercil'ed his fovc- liii'iitv over the fee of Rome, by virtue of his corona- tion at .Aries, rclcriin^ .ill'o his dominion over that kin;Join, and nbligini; Td'aiul to pay him tribute, and t.ike an oath of alL-Jiance. H/iiry VI. attempted in \,iiii '.:> render the crown hcredit.iiy in his family. I'i.i- lip, t.ic brother of Henry, luccceded him ; but. rifuling to arkii(iwl-.'-I;'C the popv's I'lipr-macy, was cxcommu- • Mc.itcd, and (.)t)io, duke nf iJiuidwic, fet up aijf.iinit liim bv the p"pe and ihc elccl.irs. The whol- rmpirc was rn 'i",--'d in this aii to recover fror . its diftraflfd .late in tr .'. when count Ri.d'ilphiis of Haplburg was advanced ''\ {*\v imperial dli',iilty, the otl.-er eLi.'(ors leaving the ''line to thi' palf.'j.ue Lewis ; and lioni him the houlc .if '\'i(bM fpriint'. C ount .\dolpliiis .1 N'alTau was alf >, bv virtue of a com- ;msiiiI'", crcat.'d rmp. ror by the elector ot .\Icnt7. ; but :i' I'i difoullcd Ih.' elector' of the cm|iire, that ihty made liioire .if Albert the fen ot Rodolphus tor their fovcrtign, whi'l-fea'cJ /Vdolphusin a pitched battle, and (lew him V. ih hit own h.uid. Albert's coronation was conlirmed v.- (he pope ; h it li." was aftcrwarji miirderfd by his ■ (. irw and ihrc. .fi'airiiu, 55 On the dtatli of Albert, In 130S, Henry, count of I.ul/.clburg, w.is created emperor : he wa. f.mied for his wifdom, tciiipci, and courage; but was poifoned bv a Fraiicilcan (liar with the conferrated elements. 'I he emperor ii'j li.oner p'jrceived w.iat was done, than he generouny adviled the vilLin to make hi'., efcape ; hut negleclin;; lo perform it, he was taken and fliyed alive, l.udowir, or f.ewis of iJavaria, after an interregnum of fomi; y ji-,, was cliofen eni|ieror, bv a majority of the electors, ill ijil^i but Frederic, duke of Audria, fonof the l.ii'j enip"ior, wa- lvtii|i by a contrary f.niliim. Fie- ilcric'.i (orcis were defcavcd, aiiil Lewi, remain 'd Iblu emperor. After his death diarU-; IV. was unanimoully elfcltd eiiipcior, and dilliiigiiillied hinilVlfby dr.iwin^up the r^'iMen bull, or thofe rcp,iil.iri,)iis for tlic ch'dlion of a;i tmpeior, wl'.icli arc (till obfcrvcJ. Charles lived to fee his liii \Vtn7el, or Weiuedaus, eleiltcd king of the linmans. 'I'hi.s prince, who was the fourth ton of Charles, at his father's dilire, fu.ceedc.l Wj the empire i but, bciiv; ilididute and cruel, was dcpofcd, after he had leignrd f.v( nty-two yen;. Chailisw.i, (utcccdcd by three other pi^nccs, whofe reif^n; wcie (limt ; and at length, in 1411, Sigifmund was unaniiiKiu.'l\ cholcn emperor, who, in 1414., pro- clai.i.cd a I'.ncr.il C'-uncil to hr held at Conltance, in which three pop.rs v.e.'c depofed, and anew cnc fet up. At tl-.i.s coi.iu.i tliofc rcformcrj John Huli and Jcrom of Prague w.-ic ei nlc. lined and burnt, though thi.s emperor had gram d them a (Lillport, and was cnj^a.'.cd in honour and c.infcicm e for thfiir f.ifc return to their country ; which (o cxalp.Tucd ihe llunitcs of L5ohcmia, th it they raifed a formid.iblc army, an.l, iind..r tiic c.inuuil of Zilca, their general, defeated his forces in fourteen battles. Frederic, duke of Au'tria, fon in-law to the emperor .Sigifmuiui, was chnl'en emperor upon the death of his lather, and rii^-nrd lif:y thice yc.-'s. His fon Maximi- lian WJ-. c.'iol'en king of the R-jmai.,- during his father's lile-timc, and afterwar.-is obtained from the pope the im- perial crown ; and during his reign the empire was di- vi.led into ten circles. Cliarl.'s V. fiirnamcd the Great, fon to Philip king of Spain, and gi.iiid-foii to Maximilian, w-s eleiltcd em- peror in 1519. He procured Luther's doitrinc to be coil- demiud, .ind in his reign the dilciplcs of that great re- loiincr o:itainvd the name of Proteftnnts, from their prote(iing agamil adcaccof the imperial diet in favour of the Catholics. He is I ild to have been victorious in feveiity 1 attics : he had the pope and French king prif'on- ers at the I'lnie time, and carried his arms into Africa, where he cuiuiucrcd the kingdom of Tunis. He drove the Tiiiks Imm the ficge of Vienna, made war on the protcllaiit priiiec:, an.l took the ehdor of Saxony and the prince (if Hide piiloncrsj but, after a reign of thirty- eight years, h.-; rcfigned hi.s empire to his brother Ferdi- nand, an.l retiicd into a convent in Spain. Fcr.linand I. dirtingu'.lh.d liimfelf by ellablifliing the aiilie coaa.il of the empire ; he was a peaceful prince, and iifed to mrigii a part nf the day to hear the compl lints of hii pcop'c. .Maximilian II. and his (on Rodolphus II. were botn elect, d king of the Ro>u 'ns, but the latter could not be prevailed upon to nlloiv a fuccedur to be chol'en in hi . lile-timc. fie was fuceceded by his brother .Vlatthi.'.s, in v;ho(c capitulation it waj (or the fir(t time inlcrted, that the elce't'jrs for the futiiic (hould be entiiled to elecl a king of the Romans f.eti againit the will of his father. In the reign of Ferdinand II broke out the thirty years war, In whiin he cndvavourcd to deltroy the Protcllants, and which wis put an end to by his (on Ferd-nand III. in the year 104S, by the peace of Wcltphalia, tiy whicll the IVoteltants weic fecnred in their rcligiou: and evil pri- vileges. Phis emperoi conferred on duke Eriieil Auguf- tus of Brunfrt ic Lunctiburg the ninth electoral dignity, and was Ijcceeded by his fon Jofcpii, kmg of the Ro- niapj. Tins lafV was t'jlio'.vcd bv hi., brother Charles \'I. who in the year 171 3 publiflitd the ordinance callc4 the f: 'i^matic fanclion, to (ecure li.s hereditary domi- nions ill his lamily, and died in 1740, without male heirs. In 1742 Cii'itlcs Vll. of Ba.aria was chofcti emperor, by :hs fiilpetii'on gf the vote cf Bohemia ; but, after an un- N n happy I Ui A S Y S T 1'. M O I- G E G R A P II Y. Oerm/.w ("lERM 'AV. • < (<" ■i r i. ill' ilnjipv rei.!;n, in uiiicli hr w.t; cr'Mitimiiilly :it war, he (licii in 1745, .inil w.Ti I'lUTrcnii-d by Krar.cis 1. gi.ind itwkc ol 'riiltMnv, 111,1 iliikf n( I,nri,ii:l, ivhi) li;ul iiKir- ricd tnc tjutcn ot HDhcinia, tin; daughter ot (Jliaticb VI. SECT. IV. Of ih Etrnhn OH.l Cinn/ilUn ef ll( F.inpn-or \ I':, till/ the Power mid PiiviU^L'i o{ th: Statu i,j :he tiii.l tlw Dirt. Pm'.-r, Empire THK empire if. derive, and every n'.w k.n[r, of tlic Rciinaii') is tililii!;Ld lolemnly tn renounce .ill at- tempts of rendcrii"; it hcreditaiy in hi? family. The laws of the tmpirr make no limiiation with refpci?! to religion, nation, (late, or at;e. 'I'he clioiie is fettled iiy the maiority of the cleiilors and deelaicil by the elciilor (if Men:/, withiji a niontn after an aeciMint is received of the former enip'.-ror's death, by means of envoys and public relirij-ts to each eleclor. TluMiiimoMy ofelec- sion is perlDrnud at Frankfort on the M.iviie; where the clciftors appc.'.r, eitlicr in peri'ou, 01 fend two or three envoys, wilo mull be provided with (uflicient powers. After fetllinj; the deliberations, a. well relalln;; to the ca|Mttilation of eleclion, as to other matter , piopofed by the llaies, foreitjii envoys, and others, all the lorii;;ners wni. do not bt!o:;;; to the letimie of thecleilors, or their CMVOV^, arc o'dend ti; leave the town before theilay of il.,^.'n ; after which all the electors prefent, with tile lirft ciunye of fucii as are abfeiit, march in their elec- toral habits in proceiTloii on horfibaek, the three ecclefi- allieal electors \«'eariri^ fcarlet robes, vvith caps lined with Ciniine, and the robes of the fecular clec'fors of crinifon velvet lined alfo with ermine, each with his hereditary marflial carrying a (word in a fcabliard before him ; but this honour is not paid to the deputies of the abfcnt cledors. In this m inner they proceed (^rom the couiicil- hnufe to St. Hartholomcw's church, where alighting at the eate, thcv •■<) to their refpcCtive feats in the choir, followed by Iciei.il princes and counts of the empire, the Icveral fworJ-lManrs (landlri;; before their refpeftivc dcc^ors, with their fwords drawn a, id laid on their fhoul- liers. Tlie f.i\iie begins with Vcni Creator, and the Ptoteflaut ileelois wrtlulraw till rnafs is over; after wnichthey ictiirn, and they all folemnly take an oath he- fore the altar, to clet't the tittcit peribn to be emperor, and then Ihut theml'elves up in the chapel of elei^hoii, which is a linall vaulted ^;allcry, to which there is an untraiirc from the choir. \Vhen they liave once more iVorn to (land to a plurality of votes, thel'e voles an; colleited by ;he cleifUir of .Merit/, according totlierarrk of the electors and then the eleilor(.|Ment/ is al];ed by the cleilor of Saxorry (or his vote. Whoever ha. above half the voices of the colhiie is cleiUd, arJ an clecSur may even vote for hrmlelf. The c'eflion beiiij; over, the perfon elcflcd, or his proxy, muH imnicJiatily (wear and fubfcrihc to the rapi- tul.'.tioii of elcclion, which being dorr e, he receives the con- gratulations of theelec'tors, and the choice is made public III ihc church. If the eledcd kin;' ol the Komaris he ii' , (ircfent in pcrfi'ii, he niu(t f^ive a counter-borrd that he will maint..;ii the capitulation ol elei'^lron, and, before h.i roronutio;i, mull (xear to it in perfon ; and, til! this i~ done, h'J cannot alfume the government, but intrit [^aveittothe vicais of the einpin . An authen'.ic copy of the tapiivilation of tlnilion, Inblenbcd by the perfon elected, or his envoy, and conlirined by lirs (''mI, ij de- livered to c.icli of the electors ; and, ( ir the other h.irrd, the elector .il col!e(>c caules to be cteliveted to the p.rloii ei.cled an mHiiiiiu nt ofhis elct'lion, which, when be is ablent, is earned to him by a prince, with a writini' of notification. Upon this he appoints a day for his coro- nation, which ought to be performed at Aix !a Chapelle, but at prelent is always held in the town of election. ; P.irt of the icwelb of the empire are kept at Aix, and part at Nimnhuri:. .Molt of them hclon;;ed to Char- ienLiTne, and arc folcnmly delivered up at the place of I'oroiution. Kxclufive of levcral kinds of veltments, there are the crown and f.epfre, with two rings, one imperial rnondc, two bread fwoid^, one fmall oir.-, a book of the gofpel-, iS'c. At the coronat'on the temporal elccter-, or their ambalVadors, attend the perfon elcd^ed (Vom Ins palace fj the church, in the follownrg order ; the eleclor I'alaiuii: with the crown, the elector of Hivaria w th lire iiioiule, or ^'lolie, and the tieiitor of lirandenbiirii; with ihe fecptrc, march lirlt, abreall ; the cIn;tor of .Saxony (.1. riei the (word, and the elector of Hanover the (laiulaij. At the door of the church he is received by the three ccclcfia.'tical elcitors in their rohes, who attend him t., the altar 1 and having taken a general oath as a rule.- and alio proniifed due veneration to the pope and the church, the archbidiop who oiTiciates, anoints his head and between his fliiuilders, his neck, brealt, and rii;ht arm •, then being clothed in the .nicient imperial robes, he is brought to another altar, and once more ("worn ■ he \$ then crowned, and afterwards conducted to the throne, where the archbilhop bids him receive and keep the pledge which was dellgned for him by I'lovidriue. le IJeuni is then furig, and the trumpets .iiid other niii- Cic proclaim the general joy. After which he dubs fonu- knight.i, is made a canon of the collegiate • hiirch n| St. Mary at Aix la (Jhapelle, and is then cor. iicled cm toot, in lolemn proccffion, to the council-houfc to a table, at winch the heieditary olficers attend. Till the rer^n of Charles V. the emperors fuffercd themfelves to be crowned at Rome by the pope, anil then Itiled themfelves Roman emperors. The ciuperur, immediately on his entering on the govcrnrn'mt, (hen, his veneration to the pope by an embafiy. The title ut king of Italy and Lombardy, if we except twenty-our fiels of the empire, that lie in the cccleliaillcal Hate, ii merely titular. The emperor's title runs tiius, " F. by the grace ci " God elected a Roman ern|vroi, and at ail times au;;- " mentcr of the empire of (ierm.iny." Next (bllciv/ the titles of the heieditary imperi.il ilominions. The I (tatcs of the empire give the emperor the title of niolt illulliious, molt pov\erful, and molt invincible Roinaii I emperor ; but the lalt is omitted by the cKillors, I 'l"he arms of the emperor and empire are a hlark^^fp,, I fpread eagle with two heads, hovering with ex|iaiulc>i wings in a field of gold, and over the head of the ea;;li; is (een the inipeiial crown. To thcle are annexed thr arms of the levcral hcredit.irv countries. The prerogatives of the emperor confift partly in h; being looked ujion by all other crowned heads arid (tatc in Kiirope as the (ir(l Kuropean poti-ntate, and coriic- tpienlly has precedenrc given him and his anrbadadurs. \Vitti relpect to the German einpiri', he ia its (iipreme head, and as fiich enjoys m.inv privileges. Yet his powc," in the adiniiiiltration of thetierman empire is limitci' both ly the capitulation of the election, the other law of the einpiic, hy treaties, and by the culloms of th.- eiiipii;'. I'liofe privileges which he has the riaht i-; exerciling without the advice ot the Itates, are ca'.lej Ins refirvniii j but his grcaieli power docs not confilt in the'.-. which are far fioin bring repugnant to the libertie:: of th- (tales of the empire. \\\-- light-, with refpcifl toccdefiartica! utt'iir,., corif.i; in little more than conhrmiir,; ecch-itailical clerlion,. and lending coniiiiidariei to the cleCtiuiis ol archbilhops, bilhop.-, and abhuis, that thev may be peribrmed in d.i.- order; but the conimiliary 1 ; never perfoiially |icfcnt at thel'e eleiilions. With relpect to fcmporil atiairs, the emperor h;n tin- right of beltowiiiL' perloiul dignities; as for inll.uue. the cre.iting of ni'.deiiieir, as lords, b'rons, cmnr, who enjoy the dirniiy ol princes, and ol knights .iriJ gentry ; as alio that of r.iihng countries and Icrrjtoric to a hrgher rank , of belbjwing coats of .irms, as alfo ilic enlarging, improving, and aliciing them, lie has the powei of ell.iblilhinL; uiiuerdtic , an.l enabling ihcm 10 contetacademic.il degrees ; of ar.iiuing a light of hnld- ing (airs and m.irkets, and ( f erciiling any place in:o a fanctu.iry. He has likewise the p.jwer of belluwiii', letters of refpiti, of fccuring a debtor a '.ai'ilt his cre- ditor, and ot conleiriny maiurify on iniiiors. He i.iii put children who are h.irn out ■>'. wedlock upon the hut iiiiioffuchas are legitimate , can conhrm the contract; and (lipul.itions ot the membus of the empire ; an.l I', far remit ih.e ojtlu extorted tuni them, th ,*. tluv n i- tll( ic j'raco 1 1 tiiiicb au.'- L-xt tollciw ons. Th',- blc Roinjii irs. e a bl.irk ,\r-^ i 1 cxpaiulci the c.\.\\^ lIUlCXcJ 111' !v in \v and Hate C'lll'c- an.ulor-. poivc S llillltl '■ icr 1 i\v jms ot !i., righ; I ■ V.lrJ 1,1, in ill." ■, licj of th ■ ioii;.i; ;-r! lulls. L-hhiihnp^. '.d ill d:l; jr h;!-; t\v inlliiiiLi'. UM'' , Mil. .!llJ Uilitoill'. •, .lllO lllf li.is ihc ihciu 10 of hnld- co into a n:llu\viii,', hi", iri'- He (.VI tlic font tol'itl.ii'!. an.l |.i kli.vn , Germanv. K n R O P P.. Hj nmmfiii-c an a£lli.n at l.iw ^^Mn{{ aiimlicr, on account \'thcvirvtliinir fir wliith the (i.ith wa.'i aJiiiinilU-rcd. " The cinpcrur', h>r.vcv. i, has no right, withnut the cnnfcnt nf thf lollcaivc Hues of the empire, to put one „t thiilo (l.itc. under the b.m ; to exclude a lt:i!c ol tlie rmr'nc from a le.it and voice in its eolle-cs ; to inteijerc ui the laws of llie empire ; to conclude treaties in attairs Iclalini' W ''"^ empire ; to involve it in a ivar ; to raife Kvies; or to conclude a peace in whicli the empire is lOiKCi'iud ; to appoint lixes in it ; to rc^;iilate the coin- „ . • to I'u'Id forts in the empire ; or to determine reli- ..|cnis dilpuli'-. ' The fuccellor in the adininiltration is frequently hofcn by 'l»^ eledlors durinir the lile of the emperor, md .. • 'cif. n fo chofeii Itiled Kin;; of the Romans, lie ii tieiled and crowned in the very fame manner as rhc emperor ; and though he has propel ly no kinjjdom, is ailually a crowned head ; is faluted with the title ot M.iicllv, and enjoys the title of I'erpetii.il Au^mcnter of tlie eiiipire, and king of (lermany. He beais a fpread ,-j,i|e with one head, in his anns, and takes precedence M'nv all other kin-'.s of Chnllendom. With rcfpci'l to the emperor's court and chancerv, he ba> lor his aOillants the arch-olBccs of the empire, wlii.h ,,rehl!;loral college: this prince, belules the olliccs he enjoys at the coronation, as already nieii- lioncd h.is ihe general direilion, and is not to be con- trouled bv the emperor ; he l.iys belore that body the iiievaiice> of the leparatc Hates. IKforc him, or his eii- vov<, all tliofe of the flates of the empire, as well as of forcii-n poAcrs, legitimate themfeives. He nomi- nate, the vlce-cliancellor of the empire, who mull ta'e .-.n oath to him as well as the emperor. He likewile ap- points nil officers for the chancerv ot the empire, and has iiipremc jarildicJion over them, and alio the infpvclion of the archives of the empiie. The cUtHor of lieves, who is the fecond fpiritual c- leiitor, is the arch-chancellor of the h(dy Roman empire in Ciaul and the kiiiLvloin of Aries, hut this is at prelent no more th ui a mere title. He has the full voice at the cicdion of a king of the Romans, and conllantly pre- cedes the ell elor of Cologn. 'I'he cleclor of Cologn is arch-chancellor of the holy Unman empire in Italy, and has a lecond voice at the e- Icction of a king ot the Romans. When the ein;K-ror is crowncl at i\ix-la-Chapelle, and in the archbiihopi ;c of Cologn, he has the right of pcitotiniiig the coronation alone; but if it h.iiipen in a third pl.ice, th.it is luither in his areh!ii(]iopric, nor in th.it of .\lentz, he exch.inges liieieiii with the ekvtor ot Ment/. ["lie temporal electors are the lolkuving : The king of Bohemia, the cl xtor of H.ivaii.i, th.c elector of Sixony, the elee'tor ol lirandenburir, tlie elector Palatine, and tlie elector of M.mover. 'I'lie ki.i'!, and elc>;t;)r of IJohemla \l arch-cup-bearer ijfth.'holv Roman empire, and as Inch, prel'ents to the emper.ir the chalice, filled \\ itii wine and water, an^i hands th^ tirlt liii'ior to the t.ible in a lilver cup, which weis'hs twelve marks, or about ninety-fix ounces Kn- i-Jifli, which atterwards, together with tlie hinle, be- comes the property of his vie.ir. His other prerogatives are, liia preceding all other tem|)oral electors, waUing in proeilRon iunnedi.itelv after the emperor, followed by the einprefs, and the eleCiors of Meiiti and Cologn ; and ill the electoral loUcge he has a third voice. The elector ol llavaria is arch-fewer if the holv Ro- man empire. /Vt the coroii ition he carries th,.' moiide hi'tore tlie emperor, ranks next to Bohemia, and at the imperial coroiuiioii places 'our filver dldu ::, weighing twelve marks, on the imiK'tia) table, and lerves up the (lift couile. 'I'he elector of Saxony is arch-maiflial of the holy Roman empire. At the di.;ts, and on other lolemn oc- f.illoiis, he cairies the (word of It, ite belore the emperiir, and at the coronation rides into a hc.ip of oats, and hlls a filvcr mcpfure with them. At tlie dieti he appoints quaiters lor the cicilors, or their envoys; and diiriiigtlic holding of the iliets, has jurifdictio.i over all cledoral, .111.1 otiicr oificers of the empire. riic elector of IJrandeiiburg is arehcliamberlain of the empire, and carrie. the Icep'.er belbie ;hc emperor, ami prelents liini with water in :i filver I. il'ou, for bim to w.dh his hands. 'I'rie elector I'alatine has the office of arch-treafurcr, an.l through-jut all Ciermany is protector of the order of St. John ; he can alio raife nobles and gentlemen to the degree of counts. The eleclor of I^ivaria being put under the ban of the empire, and the I'alatine obtainiin; the olKce of arch- fewer, the elector of Urunfwic Lunenburg alfo oblaineJ the oiricc of arch-treafurer, a title which he Itill biars, till another fuitible office be found him. He enioys thi; aliernate fucceffion of the hilhopric of Ofiiabuig, witli tome other rights and privileges ; and his electoral jurif- diction extends both to the territories of Hanover and Zcll. Indeed, the emperor Leopold railed the illuftrious houfe of Hanover, on account of the extraordinary fer- viees both he and the empire had received from it, to th:; electoral dignity, lo eaily as the year l6q2 ; but thofu electors obtained neither a feat nor a voice in the elec- toral colUnetill the year i^cS. Alter lliele follow in rank the piinccs of the empire, who are partly fpiritual, and p.iitly temporal ; partly old, and partly ;-ew ; or firft railed to that dignity (ince the reign of Feidinand U. The fpiritual piinccs are either arclibilhops, biftiops, or princely abbots ; and to them likewife belong the Teutonic malleis, together with tba martc'lhip of the order of St. [olin. Among the tempo- ral piinccs Is an arch-duke, and the reft are either dukes,- pall^ravcs, margraves, landgiavcs, burgraves, princes, or princely counts. In the college, or council of tho princes of the empire, are three benches ; on what n called the fpiritual bench, fit the fpiritual princes, will» the arch-duke of Auftria, and that of Burcundy, but in Inch a manner that Auftria dally exchanues the lirft placo with Saltzburg ; on th-; temporal bench fit the other temporal princes; and ,. i the crofs bench the bifliops of Liibec ami OInaburg, when the l.itter happens to be a Lutheran. The diet ol\he empire is an aftembly of the emperor, and ot all the ftates, or their envoys and plenipoten- tiaries, in order to conlult and take lef ilutioiis in I'ucti aftairs as concern the whole Cicrman emp.re. I'he diet is fuinmoiied by the empeior, who, after conftilting with the electors, appoints the time and place where it (hall meet, which mult be within the German dominions. The funimons coiififts of piinted patents fubfcidied bv the emperor, and lent in the form of a letter to earh ft.ite ol the empire, briefly declaring the occalion of their meet • ing, and the molt important matters to be tranfacted . Tbe emperor either ailifts at it in pcrfoii, or h,u a piiii cipal commill'ary, who is generally an old impeiial auliu counlellor, and a perfon ol learning railed to the dignity of a b.iron. The lefpeflive ftates inav cither appear themfeives, or by their envoys, or charge an.pther ftate, or its envoys, with their voice. On the lide of the ftates the eltclor ot .Mem/., or his envoy:., has the general direction ; aii'J thefe envoys ftiew their credentials to the elector of Ment'/, or his envoys, and to the imperial princip-.it commiilary. The ftate > (if the empire, in their confultatlnns, diviJf into thiee colleges, the eiei:"'.')ral, the princely, and th^ college ot the imperial cities ; each of the two firft, which are called the higher cidleges of the empire, ha-< a piincipal and by-chan\ber of its own ; but all the ibte;- colleges meet to hear the imperial piopofals, and at the exchaii'.Mng ot the conclufions ol both the higher colle-je> agaiiift the imperial cities, in the h.ill of correlatives. It ought not to be omitted, that the eccleliallical and lecular princes of the empire, and all prelates who ha-.i piinccly dignities annexed to theii funiflions, with the inafter of the Teutonic order, have each one finirlayoice; hut the reft, who have no temporal principality, givii theii voices by companies, ot which kind arc the twn benches of the Rhine and Swabia. Th-: reprelentatives. Of ^W 144 A s Y s T F. M o r r, r. o g r a imi y. Germany, w or the itcputic! of the impctl.il cities, form the lall ami tiiirJ r.mlc of mcmlicrs in tho illct, .iiiJ arc alio divi.U.l into (lie Klicnilli ami Sivihun ln-iKhcs. (Jn the liill lit thff tt|irercntaiivcs of l,iil)cc, the free ciiios upon the Rhino, wiuc-li amount to hftCLM -, aiul oi\ thi- other the rcpielrntativts of the thirty-fcven fne cities in Sw.ibia atij Francoma. The reprcfentatives of tnc city wliere the diet is lielj fit at a table by theml'elves, aiiJ take an account of tlie voices of the oti'.er deputies, which are rei»il)cred by the two regiflers of Ulin ami Spire, one o( ihir.i reprcfentini; the citie;'. in the eir'.'le of t!ie Rhine, and the other the cities in the circle of Swabia. In each college the rcfolutions are formed by a nnjo- lity of voice? i but when alF.tirs rclatin? torili^ioii aie (lifciilVeJ, or where all the Catholit.-; aie of one opinion, and all thcl'rpteit,.n;;. of anuther, it docs not turn on a inai.irity of voices. If the three rollei^r', be iinaniir.nui, a jiidgmetit of the empire is formed l( r the ufe oi the emperor, or his prin- cipal comnuliiry ; but if nnlv two of the colle-jci arc un.inimous, their rcfolurion, with Ine particular con- clufum of the third, is delivered into tnc inipi rial coni- iniflion. When the emperor approves either of the judg- ment 'if the empire, or the coiululion of two collci»es an obligatory ix'iuliirioii of ilie empire aril'cs out ol it, and it IS mimeiliatily put into execution. SEC T. V. O/the Foi:cs,7'a.wi, Courts of 'ynjHiiyan.iL^iVi 'fthe Enipiti-. TAXK!) and otiier impofl'. ran nootheiwifc be laid on the empire m general bv the emperor, than with the advice, niviiy, and confeiit of tlie electors, princes, and Hate, at tho p-neial diets, Tlicfc taxc.i irc partly ordinary, and partly extraordinary '■ ihc former, ^hich arc ftvledthe chamber-terms, are what each Hate id' the empire is annuailv to contiibiitc for maintainini;; the chamtier-judicatorv of the emperor and empire ; and the proportion paid bv each Hate is cxpr-ffcd in the ma- tiiculaof the chamber. Hut thcfo chambci--tcrni', are fo ill paid, that in 175J the cmpiio was indebted to the chambrr-'iudicaturc fix hundred and fifty- four thoufand and thirteen ri\i!olljr^. Indeed iv.anv compiairrrs have been made, that the mitiiculais imp'iiie^t, and the llatcj not propoitioiiahlj ralcii. The extraordinary taxes are fuch as are frequently ^'r.inted, in caf: of necelliiv, bv tlic ll.ites, for the (up- port of the emperor, nr the armv of the empire ; fur the maintenance or buildint; of i:s forts ; and for a war, par- ticularly ai/ainll the Tuiks. Thele are granted accord- ing to what is called in (iermanv Roman months ; a denomination which took its rife fioni this ciicumilancc : in aiitient times the e,;,pero"r, in order to rccclv; the papal coronation, took a jouriuv to HoK'.e, and tlie Cier- nian dates of the empire were bound to cfcoit them with a certain nunib.ro! hoife and foot for lix momhs, at their own expcnco ; or to pay twelve fiunns monthly for a horfcman, and four for a lootman ; wi.ieh moiiev ob- tained the name of Roman months. This foot, or itaii- dartl, was afterwards teta ned, ai^d the rate o! ca-Jiflatc, cither in men or money, is fctikd in wh.it is termed the matricula of the empire. A Roman inont.i ouL-ht to bring 111 fifiv eight thoufand two hundred aiici eighty florins. The emperor i^ n it fo commerce a war of the empire, without the conlent of tlie elc'.tors, princes, and dates obtained in an open dirt. Hut when il'.e empire icfolves iijion a w,ir, ihe <;eiHrality of the empire. With the field- ni.iiftial at the head, and alfo tlic diieclorj and ccunlel- lors 01 the military council, are to be nominated bv the emperor and the whole body ot the dates ; and ihofe to an rijual number o.' both religions, who, toi.eihcr wiih the who'e army, are fubjciif to tlic emperor a'.' cmpi.-e. The war mulf alfo be carried on i'grecably to the ordi- nances of the empire ; and the oldelf (ieid-marlhjl, with- out diltiiiction ot religion, mufbcomniind the army. But at prefe.-it no dircitori of the military council arc any longer called in, and the war i: generally managed by the emperor and his aulic military counc;!. W'ithrtfpen to tlrr I'nrc.'s whicli the feveral piincesof I'lc empire aie able to m.untain and pay, the lollowmj calculation ha.s been iiia.le : I'he eUctor of .Meiu/. can maintain - - 6c»o The elct.ir of Triei.s , . - tic-j.^ 'I he elejlor of Coloon - ... - 6jju 'I'he bifliop of MuiilL-r ... Kooo 'I'ne hilliop ot 1.10^'" . - . . Koocj The arciibiih.ip ol Sa'fiburi; - - . . ticoo Tiie bidlop of W'ut.'.lv.iig - _ . _ 2000 The bidiop of liaiiibur;,; - . - - joou Thebiliiopuf i'.iueiboin . - - . xooo The bidlop of Ofiiaburg .... 2500 Tiieabhotol !■ ulda - - - ... tiooi The other billiiipiics of the empire - - 600') Tm. abbici and piovolldiip-. ol the empire buoo Total of the ecclefiaftical princes 74,500 The emperor for IIuiii5ary ... 30,000 I'oi lioiiemi.i, Silelu, and Moravia - 30,' 00 ! or Aultiia, and his other dominions 30,00.3 T ho kiiii; ot I'nidia, as eleckif of Brandenburg 40,000 The ilector ot S i.xoiiy .... 25,000 The (lector I'al.itiiio - - - . 15,000 The duke ot Wiitembiiri; _ . . 15,000 1 Ik Landgrave of Hello CaHel - - 15,000 I ho pi nice of IJaden - - - - 10,000 The elector of Ilanovtr . - - 30,000 I iio duke oi Ilolliein . - - . . i2,oco I bo duke of .Mecklenburg ... 15,000 'I he piinces ot Anli.ilt - - - 6oco 'I'fie piinco of [yawcnburg - - - 6000 Tilt cli.»,lor 01 iiavaria . - ■ 30,000 The dukes ol Saxony .... ic,cc:) The princes of Nallaii - . - . lo,cC3 The other princes and imperial towns - 50,000 The f.Tular princes . 'I'lie e,.i.k-li„ltical princes 379.000 74. 51^0 453.50--' But of the body of men which the empire iin.uiimoufly ague to fend, and promifc to fupply, one-half fildoiii actnaliy appear in the held. With relpcct to the courts of jullice, t!ie principal \% the impeiia! aulic council, which is held at the imperil court, and fiK-Iy depends on the cmpcior, who is fu- preme head ami jiidi;e, to whom in all matters of impur- tance a judgment i; e.\hibi:ed by the iiii|)erial aulic coun- cil. Tnii judicatory conlills ol a prelident, the impiiMl auiic vice-chaiicelior, a vice-pnliden;, and a number .■ impoiial aulic counlellors, lix of whom are alv^•ay3 to be I.iitliei.ms ; bifidci; lli-.fe are two fjcrcli.rie:!, and a tile..! ol tlie empire. To ibis claf. al'.'o beloii;', the ai^cnts of the impeiial aulic councii, who give in the writings, urge liio refolulion., i\;c. I'he inu-.erul and chanibcr jiulicaforv of the empire, which IS hlled by the emperor and dates of the empire at tile I'.une time, but maintained cnlv by trie latter, 1.; dt pre lint held in the ii.ipeiijl city of Wctziar. This in- dicatory conlids of a chamber jiidj;r, tv/o prrfuicnis' of the clumber ju-JicaKrv, one ol wliom is a Roman, and the otiier a Lutheran ; as alfo of fevciiteen alltdiirs, cicht (if whom are Lutiiria.M, and nine cathrdic. I othiscouit alio belon.;; a g"iierai and ailvncate fr.cal, with ibirly procurators, and a number of advocates. The chamber judie.'.tory h.is alio a cliaiicerv of its own, and a trcal'urv, and has the diricliuii ot the tliambcr-tcrms of p.ii- nient. / he other judic.itoties are cdled pn-uilnr or lower and to thefe belomj; the impeiul land judu atniy in Up- per an i Lower Swabia, held in the three imperial ciiiis ot Rave dburff, VVaii,' holinefs to loll bis par 111 a'l tlic great towns of (jeimany lieanng .H this, piolcllcd a;;.iin(l opeitly ililputed at Wiitembeig am wtio alleited the powir uf llu pope iiiliiijtences, notwithd.mdiiig his | cx.o'iiuiunication, and wit'h beii hcreiie ; but the elector of Saxoi di)driiies, he boldly proparited Ih (I r.T.,inv, where the duke/, lirun Uiiumburg, Mecklenburg, i'onv lJr,aiJenbuig, the l.iudgrair of H, tjiit^ of moll of the imperial cities, anJ, ill i52,_), protellcd agamit th diet at Spue, by whi,.h all innovat the decree of a future council (lnui dwiared unlawful ; an holinefs to (ill his pardons and indulgerKies in a'd ;i'.e great towns of (jeiinanv. Dr. Martin I/Uther hcani'" of tliis, piotelied againit the pi'oceeding, and oper.l'- difputed at Witteinbeig and l.eipfic againit thole whoalleited the power ol the pope to giant pardons and induigences, notwithll.inding his being threatened with fxeoniinunication, and with being eondemntd as an heretic ; but the elector of Saxony approving of his doctrines, he boldly propagated khem in otlier parts of (uTiiianv, wiierethe ilukes , lirunfwic and lAinenburg, ■\Viitemburg, Mecklenburg. I'omerania, the maupiis of Dr,mJenburg, the lamigrave ot Helle, and the inliabi- tariti of iTloll of the imperial cities, became his dilciples, ar;J, in I5?9i proiellcd agamlt the conclulion of the (lift a! Spire, bv winch all innovations in rehjion, till the decree of a future council (liouid be nbtained, were (litlatcd unlawful ; and Irom this protelt thi-y recerved the name of I'roteltants ; and hom their corrfefliori of fjith, whrch the lollowoig year they folemnly deliiered lo the diet at Auglbiirg, tliev obtained the name of Ad- herers to the Auglbur ' Conteiliiui. Thev took no part 111 the council ot Iriiit; but the year before, that is in J5.;-, at an allcmbly at Smalkald, they fet fortn the fublLuKC of their doctrine in certain articles, in order to ililivtr them to the allembled Idlliop.,. Alierwarus le- luhng to recede Irom the opinions ihey had profelKd, lia iinpcror Charles \'. endeavoured to 1 educe them by lurcc ; but after a long war, which brukc out in the 5tJ year 1546, he gr.uitcd them a toleration at P.ifl'oi in 1552, wliicli was afttiwaids conhrnied to them at Augf-« burg ill I 555, during me nwls ol the diet of the empire. lU itiis pe.ice, ail trie adh n nts to the Aiiglliurg coll- ie ifrori were conhrmi-d in their full religious lilierty, till a tiii.il agreement comeining both religions (liould be brought aboiii, and in cafe that could not be ett'edted, for ever. 1 o the mainiaining of this important law ot the empire, the em[>erors and popiih powers nave Ire- quenily bound themklves by new obligations ; aird tho I'ormLr in particular liave always conlirmcd it b;,' oatlr 111 their capitulation of election ; and the doubts that arohi upon it were removed in the vear 164S, by the treaty oi' W.ltphalia. Hy virtue of this renewed and ronfirmcd religious peace, no other religion, but that of the Rom. in, Lutiic-- ran, .rnd reformed, is to be toleratd in the empire ; yer. tlieie are fects that adhere to neither of thefe three reli- gions, and yet in fonie places eiijo • the free (.'xercife ot their own. The determinalion wluther a perfon be ;. member of this or that church, belongs only to tliat ve.v' church ; and each (ovcreign, or lord, is bound to ailnv his own vall'als and fubjeds who are of another religion, not only the public and pr'v:irc exercile of theiis, hue every thing belonging to it, as churches, fthooi-, I'pitr- tualities, income-, corililtoriss, &c. in the lame iiiarrnei- as they flood on the lirlt of Jamiarv, 1624-. but in .1. country v\'here there are fubjects wao adhrrc to one r.:- ligion, which in that year was nether publickly nor pr.- vately oblerwd, it liei ii the lovereign's brealt wheth,:r he (hall fuller them in his country or not. If he enlcra into a llipulaiion with them, ;ind promili-j tliern a tole- ration, it mult be maintaiiKd, not only by him, but by his luccell'ors ; for the rights of Inch fuhjeds mui! notbu infringed. But if he will grant rro toler.ition, he mull: allow thofe who .It the tune of the tre.ily of \Ve!tpliali;t were already fetllid in liis country, live years at lealt j and thole who alterwards came to iLttle therein, or havo made any chanj;e in their religion, at le.'.ll three years- llowever, thefe regulations have in later limes been re- peatedly inlringed. Each proteltarit Itate tnay make what regulations ani changes it pleafes within its own jurifdictron in m.itters relatirrg to the churches or fcho(/is. Hence the external forms differ greatly in the proteflant (ountri.s of thu empire. The fovereign commonly decides all iinportanC altaits, fettles and eliabliflies, removes, promotes, cadiicrs^ or otherwile puiiiilies fuch as lirve either in tile cliurctj or fchools ; he forms eccleiialtical regulations, appoints fealts and taits, and in els colleges, whreii in his namo I'uperintend tlie other atfairs of the church. Confiltorics are .ilfo generally appointed Iv, rhe protellaiii dates, vvhicl* for the molt part conlllt ot Uy and ccclefialtical coun- lellors ; but in fome places more, and in others fewer- things fall under therr iiotice. In many pl.iees alio pe.- culi,ir fynods and a chaith council are held. Tholn that ferve the church and fchools are either appointed bv the fovereign of the country, or the conllllory, the elder.i of the church, or its members. 'I'hele alio appoint iii-- Ipeclors, provolt.s, or fupeiintendeiits ; and general lu- perintendeius are frequeiul\' placed over thele. The p.nvir of the prote'.l.int dales over their catho- lic fubjeiSls is the fame with that which theeotholic daiej have over th '. ,roleftant fubjects. In favour too of thofcj who in the year i(:: 4 errjoyed the public exereii'e ol thi ir religion, it rs j 1 lued, that the cathidic bdliops in wliola didrict they bei-..ilg, dull ret.i.n the Lurie tprritual iurif- didionovei them Ui. far as rn that peri.xl : coiilcquerulv, lu.haswere merely tolerated out of grace or favour, are alio wlio'.ly let't rn thrs particular to the fiipreine ju- rrfdrilion ot tlie lord of the country ; but with rjui Inni- tation, that he can require nothing of them which is' contrary to the principles of their ch.iRch, On tire other hand, no cloiller lltuatcd in the territory of any pro- tellant I'upcrior, or lord, mud be converted into any other ordtr, unlets the former older be wholly extinct^ and even in that cafe, the clorder rs lo be lupplied orii\r with fuch regulars as had a being as an outer, prior' la tile rehi'ioiis dillentions. In dioit, the proteltarit body has mutually acreed, that whenever, fur the luture, aLutheran loid of .1 country y 'T.i f-1 \v \M * I i! •■ill )•! l.^Ci A SYSTEM or G r. O G R A I' II Y, At'jTR I A. i. li" 1 i I.. if li fl).il| turn to the rcfoimcd or ():ilvini(l tliurcli, or (il>- tjin .1 rcuiitry nntuxfil to it, and vue -vcrjii, in thatc.ilc he Ihill leave liis fulijcitj the free cxcrcile of iluir reli- gion, their whulc turm of church and feho(d diriipline, and all their other pri\ ilegcs. Hut if a church dial! ot itielf turn to that ol the lord of the country, the pub- lie cxcreife of nli;^:. ,i fliall he peiiiutted the people \ but Kt their own cxpence, .ind without prejudice to the others. The ronfifJorial eounfellor, fupennteiulent;. of divinity and philofophy are lo he of the relii^ion that prevailed in the ciiuntry at the condulion of the treaty of Wtlt- ph.ilia. SEC T. VII, Of tilt C.Wda ill} uhiih the German Empiit is divided, and tl.c ilalian Fiifs fuijeSI ta tlit t'lperat iindtlie Umpire. GKRMANY is divided into ten circle?;, in order to promote and inaintain the internal peace an.l fe- curity of the empire, and the better to repel hortile violence ; this isalfodone for (he betier examination and difpofal of whatever regards the publie wclfjie ; for the more juft divifion and collection of the aids gianted by the empire, either in men or money ; and for prevcnt- in^ and remedying the diforders in the taxes, coinage, fic. The circles have, however, no particular regula- tions with refpcci to precedence, but are very ditfeiently ranked in the oiilinances and acl^ of the rnipire. but if we confider the rank of the aHedlirs of the chamber- judiciary, and the n-gul itions (tipulatcd between fome ct then', they will appear in the following order, viz. the Aulfnan, the liuigundian, the KlciiUral Rhcnifh, the Kranconian, the Swabian, the Upper Rhenifli, the Lower Rhcnilh Wellphalian, the Ujiper and Lower Haxon. But this d.vifmn of the circle! is impcrtefl, it not including all ihe dominions of the Ciermar. empire ; for Hohemia, Morai ia, the Lufatias, and the Sikfiis, arc not comprized within them ; nor was a fufficient regard paid to the fi'.ualiun of the countries ; for a part of the teriitori'-s belonging to the Aufiri,i.i circle lies fcait red r>\er all Swabia, and fome eountiier. of the Up- per Rheiiidi lie alio therein, thou:h they might with more proprictv be added to the circl? of Swabia. With refpcd to religion, the circ'cs arc di\ ided into thofc that are entirely popifli, as the *\ii(tiian and l!ur- gunJian ; into (uch as a-e wholly prot.ltant, which arc thofc of I'pperand Lower Saxony ; and into the mixed, to which ;dl the others belong. The French wars have frtqurntly occafioncd an a(ru- ciationofthe four circles that lie nc.irelf the Rhine, tor their common defence, as well as that of the empire. It will be proper ju It to mention here the riefs belong-- ing to the emperor and the empire in Italy, which the emperor in the laft capitulation of election promi:ed to preferve. 'J'hcfc fiefs art at the impeiial court divided, 1. Into thofc of Lombaidy, of which there are thir- teen ; and among them the dutch'e> of Milan, Mantua, and Momfcrrat ; together with .ill the principalitl-es of the houfe of Gon/.aga, and the principality of Miraii- dola. 2. The Ligurian, of which there arc nineteen, the chief of which arc poflelicd by the princes ot Doria. 3. The Uononian, of which there are twenty, among which arc the dukes of .Modena and Ftrrara, with the princes .Sj)ini.U. D.uiu, &c. 4. The Tulcan, of which there are ten, and amoni them aic the grand dutchy of Tufcany or Ilorenci, I'lombino, Soramo, Comacchio, ice. 5. The rirnil,-.r\i, of which there eleven, and among them the princes o Mafia, Malafpina, &c. \Vc fliail deier gi\ in.g any account of thefe princes till we come to treat of Italy, to which th'.y properly belong; an.l (hall now proceed to the circles and other divilions 01 (lermany ; beginning '..-ith Auftria, which is bounded on the fouth and cad by the countries we h.ive ju(t Lid before our readers, and defcrves to be hr(f mentioned on account of its coiitainuK' lb;; cajiital of the v/holc German empirt. s L c r. VIII. Of Austria. lit Sliiati^n, Clinitite, Riven, Atmntaint, Picduce, and I'll, / of tl'C Country, hi jpoiii- by ll/e t'eofilt, and ill iimtrnment. niih ti iiHiije Auoiinl oj tl'i Siitiiiiiy .Irts, Manufactures, and Trade, TIIK circle of AuAria borders to the north on Mora- via, Hohemia, and the circle of Havaria i to the cad onC'roitia and Hungary •, TO the fouih on Cfuatij, the Adriatic Sea, and the territory of the Repuhlic of Venice ; and to the wed on SwiHerland. The countrici didingiiidied by lliihcr Aullna are I'catteied in and 1. bout .Sivabia, and all thi; tcrritorie; within this circle amcuiiit to about two thoufand and twenty five Gernuu (ipiare miles i lo that thi; appears to be the largelt of them all. it takes its name trom the arehduiehy of .■\ulJria, which conllitiitcs the principal part ol the cm Ic, and alfo cont.iins the provinccj of Aultria i'roptr, iJtiiu, Catinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, I'rcnt, and Uiixen. 'I'hc aichdutchy of Audria is in general divided into two parts of very different extent. The larger tra;l, tailed Lower Audria, forms the callerly part of the country, and the fmaller one, named Upper Aullri.i, co:,- (litutrs the weflerly- i he air of Lower Audria woulil be very unhealthy, wjj it not purified by ftrong gales of wind. It is prnuipaiiy leve', and the highelt and moll numerous mountains it contains are towards Siiria. The country is fertile, and yields fuch plenty of corn, that the inhabitants are able to dilpolic of conliderabic quantities to their neighbours. In a few places they alfo cultivate mullard, calamous, lattron, and, partiiu- larly towards Hungary, an excellent Ibrt of wine. I'):; breed of cattle is gooil, and it has alio a variety ot game. At tit. Aiinuherg, near the borders of Stiria, is a rich lilver mine, which was (iilf woiked in ih"^ year 1-^4.. It is rem.irkable that they have found in it a new I'picm ol filver ore, which is ol an alcalinc kind. Alhini is alio prcp.ired here in plenty. At Daden arc fome celebrated hot-baths. The Danube traverfes Aullria from ead to well, and receives a!l the j'.reat and finall tiveis of this country. The Ibrir.r i.f thcfe are the Morawa, or .March, which rcc( ivrs the Teya, and divides a part of this country from Hunj^arvi the Leitha, which alfo lorms the limits of Hungarv ; wii-l the rivers Trail n, Krlebach, Ips, Kamp, ice. which jil rile in this counlrv, and produce preat variety of hlh. l^pper Audria is nuuntainous, particularly towards Stiiia and Hohemia, in which countries I'evcral ti.'.ds lie uncultivated ; but the red of the coiiiitiy is fruitful. Towards Stiria the mountains arc hii;h, but the mhtr parts abound in low hills. The liiil of Upper AtdlrM, from its many Ipriiigs, is wet, and the air all the yc-ir round moid and (oul, which feems partly owinj' lo the faline earth it contains, but chieflv to the tituation of the counlrv i for as it lies on the fliady fide of the nionnt.iiiis of .Xuliria Projier, .\n^ of the ffill larger and higher ones o* Upper Stiria and Sa^lzhurg, the warm foutlicily and welterly winds are precluded. Upper .'\udria is uncominonW fertile in mudirooms and the inhabitants plant a v.alt number of fruit-trc/s. As there arc here no viiKVarJs, the inhabitants p!eii- tiiiiUv fiipply tbemfclves with cyder and perry. I ins is alio the iird beer rountry on proceeding from Limcr Audria towards the i)?.nubc ; but as it has not a fulR- ciency of corn, thatdelcdl is fupplied by Lower Aultri.i. I'he breed of cattle here is pretty good ; the woods .mj foreds are numerous, irnd abound in all forts of game. Near Munden is a confider.ible mine of fait, out of which both the crvd.d and vaiicgated fort is diiiv, but the latter is little edcemed. l.i thefe parts too frcfli wator i.s co;ncvcd into the falt-works, or pits, which, aft-.t i; has impregnated itklf with alcalinc partiiles, is exthi."*- cd by machines, aiid conduitcd through canals for l.-.t- ral miles in order for boiling. There are fome oiii-.-r fait works and loine fi'inc fptinjs, and others that havca petiilviiij — ^ -- V— ' -< i ^^~, V >-<.':.^ > IhlghlT OIKS |uilierly and (niftirooms tiuit-trc'j'!. Itants plcn- ly. 1 Ins ii Trom l.i'vvcr liiot a lulfi- |,vcr Aiillri.i. wooil'i ,inj I of gjnic. |f,ilt, oui of dti;; i but J fnfli wattT |ch, alV-i !'. IS cxti.i.^- |h tor I'.vv- i'oinc oi'nvT that have J l-el.iryiiij .( !/' m . ji'i ^> 'f. i U5.*5 Ai :""\* ; .^ « "i ^/J I, (5^ \^ O-jN l',J>' ]^.S H^tC^ > w 1 /^^' '^ i' :- 9 1 t i' P' i - ■ " ; ' V Ml 1 1 1 tf 'i ' 1, iv^ 1 1 ' 'r HI ' /.tJ ,i/t ''■'i^\ ■ ■ /»'' !)|'=1 i m m k 'I' ! i AvJTRfAi pftrifying qua blinking of an Here- .ire fr niaiiy lorti ot There arc ft ti'ihtccn other niarlicl-towiis foiinil.iii"'is ai voice with the tit iilils, anil n( In I'ppiT Au lonnn;; to par HI I'.v < iimmon whi' li cnjciy b.) kmnlu. tomira Ige, fi'vcnty <>l vintren citaiKIs 'I'h'T Auftnan from the Hi;^h from the Aiiru wcll'flv as far n bwilli'ilanil. It throii;;h Hnnnai thfre IS an o!)(cr anil in a few pan larj'.c trad of coi I'licftatcs of/ hifhops, abbots, claf'. ari- rcckonn knights i anil lal taiul-marfli.il is hi but the deputy la 'I'lic alL'mblics diets, or ban-ilirt the greater and It eil bv the fupcrioi eithir by the auli puiv i but the df lanii-matfti.il. In tioiis taxes niili Lower Aultria is f at I.int/,. The biflinpric < the fee of Rome, right of ncniinatii turn of the enipern in .1 metropolitan biihop is a prim c i hirtiip of Ncwitad is lul'jidt to the Audna. The fi'icnrcs in dition, fur there i; m]'"! ot painting, fadiirc-. are much i ofliilc, gold .ind .' ftiitl:., (lockings, j otiiir article.;. Th is ■ ilhir prohibited tr.ijf of A jfl'-ia gr.i exported from ilu- powder, T":' Dh'!/i:m of Lc; I. 'I 7 tht Lily tj ktitUv.ts. LCnvr-R Aiiftri I'llow the El,: each of wiiich is ap c rclis, two lie on tl f I't Danube ; thi "!;' >.t tij the (oref b'.'l-iw and above tt I."i;ti their fituation c;rilis below and abi W'e (hall begin wi c pal places in wb.it ill \l Al'JTRlAi P, n R o p t. */ pftrifyitiR quality', an.l yet afford the bed water lor dunking ofany in the country. u u ii Here arc frvir.il lakes anil final! riviTs, which yield many lorM ot h(h j aiul alio two medicinal b.ith.. There arc (ilieen royal townn in Lower Aiillria, with ti 'htcen others belonging to particular lords ; as alio iTiarket-tcwns, and many common borough!, rcli -ions foiiiKlitions, and cloidcrs. which enjoy both a leat and voice with the country ; and likcwife other cloidcrs, cit uUls, and noblemen's feats. In I'pP^'' Aiilhia arc (even royal towns with five be- |o„^,„g to pariiuilar lords, eighty-one market-towns, miuv lommon boroughs, thirteen religious foundaimns, whii h enjoy both a feat and voice with the country, two kiiiiihlb eomiranJeriis. two colleges, one Jcluit. tol- l.nc, feventy other cloidcrs, and two hundred and li;- vcnteen citadils and noblemen's ats. Thi Aiiftrian-(icrman dialef), which is very different from the Hi;;h Dutch, or proper German, is Ipuken fruni the Adriatic Sea to the north- north 'veft, and wcll'i'v as far as Silefia, Saxony, Kranconia, Swabia, and Swillfiliii'l' It alfo extends to the eull and foath-calt, throir'h Hungary and the Sdavonian territories •, yet there % an oblcrvabic difference in the pronunciation, anil in a few particular words ufed in certain parts ol tins |,U(H- traL't of country. I'lie dates of Auffria confiff of the prelates, including bi(bi>l"> abbols, and provods j of the lords, under which clals are reckoned princes, counts, and barons ; of the |(ni''ht5 i and ladly, of the towns and markets. 'I"he laiKl-mardl.il is here always clcfled from anions the lords) but the deputy land-marlnal out of the order of knights. The al!-mblies of the dates arc either general land- diet?, or b.in-diets j the latter of which arc divided into the greater and lellir ban. Thcfc aflemblies are appoint- ed bv the fupcrior, and the bufinefs is laid before them eiihrr by the aulie counfellor, or by the archducal de- putv i but the deliber.itions are t.irried on before the l.imi-ni.iinial. In thefeallemblies they trc.it of tontribu- ' tiuiis, taxes, miliiary affairs, he. The land-diet of Lower Aultria is htlil at Vienna, and that of the Ujipcr at Lini/. The biflinpric of Vienna was immediately fubjcft to the fee of Rome, though the archduke has long had the rieht of nominating a birtiop. Ini;22, at the folicita- tiiiji of the emperor Ch.irles VI. it was railed by rhe pope 1,1 .1 metropolitan cbiireh ami archbifhopric. The arch- billiop is a prim e of the holv Roman empire, and has the billvip of Newdadt, near Vienna, for bis futfragan, but n lulijid tj the (upremacy of the archducal houle ol Aultria. The fricnccs in this country arc in an improving con- dition, fur tliere is an univerfity at Viciun, and acade- mi'S of p.iiiiting, fculpturc, and archiieilurc. Mami- fulurcs ,jre much improved ; for in this country are tliofe offilk, gold ;ind . Iver lace, woollen and linen cloths, flut!;., Hoelcings, pi'celain, miinus, plate, brafs, and othii article:;. The i nportation of foreign maiuifjiSlures is '.ither prohibited, o u'ulcr great reltridions. The :r.iJe of A jd'^i.i gr.uli) .11; incrcales, and there are chiefly exported from ilic-.cc I'atFron, wine, allum, and gun- puwiicr. .^ i; c T. IX. 7^1' Div'ifim of Lnvn Aiijiria., and a pr<-Ucular Dtfcrip- l::n './' tht Lily of Vicmia, narrow the rooms are extremely ilaik, and, what ii llill a more intolerable inconvenience, no lioule haj fo few as five or fix families in it. The apartments of the greatud l.idiis, and even of the minillers of d.ue, aro divided but by a partition from that of a taylor or flloe- maker. Thole who have houles of their own let out the part they do not ul'e to whoever will take them j and thus ihe jrreat Ihiirs, which aic all of done, are as common and as dirty as the dreet. It is true, when one* you have travelled through them, nothing can be nioro (urpiifingly ma2nif)cent than the ap.irtnv.iit:.. 'Tluy aro commonly ayif/rc of eight or ten large rooms a'l inlaiJ, the doors and windows richly carved and gilr, and the furniture (uch as is feldom feen in the pal.iees of fovc- reign princes in other countrie.''. The apartments are adorned with hangings of the fined liiulUK tapedry, prodigious large looking-glalles in filvcr frames, (ine Japan tables, bed.'', chairs, canopies, and wmcowcur- tains of the richeff Cienoa damafk, or velvet almod co- vered with gold lace or embroideiy. The looms are alio adorned with pictures, vad jars of Japan poic^lain, anJ large liiftres of rock crydal. The city is divided into four quarters, the Schottcii, Wubmer, Stuben, and Carinihi.in. There are tiftecii principal Iquares, the mod remarkable of which are tin: fix foMovviiig : the Hof is the larged (.'( them a'.!, and, befides a done fountain, has a magnificent monument ot gilt metal, which the emperor Ferdinand 111. caui.d to be crci'tcd in the year if;47, i.i memory of the immatu- late conception of the Viigiii Maiv; but this [id'ar waa removed in 1667, by the emperor Leopold, ii.nd another of brats erected in its place. The image of tli : Virgin Marv on this pillar is a madcr-piece, anJ is of orals rrilt. 'This pillar has a pompous Latin inlciiption, compofed by the emperor himlelf; the letteis arc of gold, and let in a brals plate. 'The New-market, in which is a tine fountain. 'The Cirabcn, in which, befiJes two be:iuti- fill fountains, dands the marble 'Trinity pillar, which i'j fixty-lix feet high ; this is an admirable piece of architec- ture built with done, on which is alio a Latin infctiption bv the emjjtT'.ir Leopold itt founder. Tormcily it was utual 1 -Tf 'Tfq I W !i !'■ ^i»ftlfe) IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) t 1.0 I.I 1.25 1^ 12.8 ■ 50 '"^* t 1^ i;ii2.o I— 2.2 1= U II 1.6 6" f i ^N /] V ^? V] Photographic Sciences Corporation 23 WEST MAIN STREET WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580 (716) 872-4503 14^ A SYSTEM O F G H O G R A I' II Y. A I |i h'- ^- -1 ,"' f ufi:;il for pc.-.p!;', hv w:iv of aniufcmeiu, to fit roiiinl thcfc jiillan. i u';i:cli i)!':cii p:;iJiK-c.l ni;my picarmt incidents. Hut .1 coiiipanv, anioiij whijh were fcveral coiiiueHl;, haviiu; iivon too iniifh wine to a folJii'i on guarJ at the \ ir.'Mi Mary's pillar, iiitii adittiirbance cnl'iiej aj cauldl in.le aliliiilliis to be forbidden ; and at prefent peo|)lc «)]ily knct'l round tlie pdlar.s. In the HiL;h-market Itand.-: Jofeph'b nutal pillar, which was eicilcd in the. year The prnicipal church in this city is the metropolitan tluirch of Sc. Stephen, a very daik Gothic Ifriiaure ol trce-ltone, adorned on the outfide with fcnlpture repre- fenting fanits, hearts, lloweis, pyramids, ike. The roof is covered with glazed tiks of various colours. The liigheli tower is four hundred and fi.xty, or accoidinj; to others, only four hundred and forty- feven Aultrian leet ;nid a half high. It is built of large blocks of frec-ltonc, taltened together w.th iron braces, and is the ihongelt iieeple in Kurope. It has a great bell hanging in it, up- waids of ten feet in height, and thirty-two feet two inches in circumference, v.ei!rhing,exciufive of the clap- /r ■ /.r.s. per, Ibvcnteen tons and a half. The clapper, which is eleven feet an.) a half long, weighs thirteen hundred and /.'■'x*'/-".<5twcnty-eight pounds. It -.vas call bv order of the em- peror Jofeph out of the Tuikifb ticld-pieces taken in !'e- veral bittles. In the infide of this church is acoltly higii altar. With inanv relics and curicfitiei, and a magnilicent marble monument of the emperor Ferdinand HI. In Vienna are reckoned tour paridi churches, with ten other churches fcrvcd by particular cccleliallics, lixieen cloiller churches, and eighteen cloilfer.s ; among ihcle are three colleges of Jefuits, a college of regular canons, ofAuguftins, of St. Dorothea, a Capuchirie convent, a Mniorite convent, arid the cloiller of bare-footed Au- gullins, who have the imperial .'\ulic church, in which is kept, in filver rcpofitories, the hearts of the high [ler- fon.igus of the archdiic.d lioufe. Tins church beloiigs to the court, and you aiceiid to it up a pair or Hairs out of the palace, ''"erdinajid III. had a chapel built here to St. Apollonia, the jiatronefs of the teeth, in confeipience of a vow he had ni.ide when hii Ion prince Leopold c .c Ills teeth. The tooth of St. Apollonia flicwn here is Jikcwifc adored and killed by the vulgar, who imagine the touch of it a cure for the tc.oth-ach. Amont; the charitable foundations is the burghers hof- pltal, in which three thoui'anu perltins arc maintained. Thj imperial mu'.'eum is in the caltle, and has an allonifhing variety of curiofities in gold, filver, ivorv, and mother of p";.rl, mathiiiiaiical inllrumeiit> oi' ex- qnifltc worknianihip, excellent pictures, amique intag- lios, vafcs of agate, jafper, cryllal, garnet, tmcraid, and jewels of incfhmable value. Among the curiol'ities is Jerioufly fhewn a dxmon, or familiar Ipirit, which being coniured out of a demoniac, vs'as confined in a glafs ; but this is really nothing more than iorne I'ark-coljuied mofs, or loan-thing of tha: kind, which has fonu dilhint refemblance of a little man, and is naturally incloled ■within a tri.ingular piece oi cryrtal. The imperial library is a very handfomc edifice, adorn- ed with good paintings, fculpture, and a luperb gallery : with refpeifl to the number and importance of the mami- fcripts and printed bonks, it may \ Ic with the Vatican and joyal French libraries, and, with rcfpecl to printed books, exceeds thcin. The land-houfe of the ftates of Lower Aurtria and the town-houfe are t-.ne modern ilructures. The riding- houfe and the chancery of the smpire arc noble build- in"s in the modern taftc. The other public buildings heie arc the imperial atfenal, the burghers arfenal, the impe- rial arfenal near the new gate, in which is every Ihnig ne- ccHary for the enuipment of the (hips ufed on theD.uiube, and the ojiera-houle, which is a magnificent llruclurc. The univeility is laid to confilt of four nations ; thefe rffe the Auftnan, Rhemlli, Hungarian, and Saxon. An ac.idemy of painting, fculpture, and architecture, was founded here in 1705. The Therefian college, v^'hich was founded by the emprefs queen Alaria Therefa, is a ■well inftituted riding academy, the members of v\'hich arc -jU uniformly drelTed, and each of them pays for hi^ board, lodging, wafhing, fchool-books, and other necef- laries eight hundred florins yearly, and another hundred tor r.ding. 'I'iie Savoy Lichteiiliein tiding acideniy w,j founded by Mai la I'herefi, dutchelj of San'y, who w„- born princels of l^ichtcnilein. v\inoiig the palates of Vienna is that of prince Eu?fi!c which conlilfs of lour (lories, the thlid of which is the molt magnificent; but the apaitmeiits and flair-cale art liiiiiewhat darkened by the houles on the other fide of tl^ llreet. In the front are three doors opening into :,, m.iiiy balconiLS, and in every Itory are leveiiteeii u-.i, , dows. Tiie roof is flat, in the Italian talle, and adoiricj with eighteen large ilatues. In one of the antichainberj lire line paintings, reprelenting the battles of HochiU-'t Zenta, and four others ; but the piece which tirll l!n!cV! the eye, is the relief of the city ot Tuiin. Anions ti' • beautiful tapeltry, that reprelenting a (hipwreck is 'pai . ticulaily .idmiied. Some of the .ipartments aie him, with ciimloii velvet, elpecially that in which the |,,;"'. prince Eugene gave audience to the Turkilh ainbulfkliji' under a canopy, and in a chair of (late. 'J'he (love in this room is made of brafs, and rcprelents Hercules vau'- ijuidiing the hydra. In another apartment is a book, cafe and a defl; covered entirely with tortoifcfliell No. thing can be more beautiful than the lookiiiT-ulaij chamber; and indeed every part of this fuperb p;i].ice ii embcllillied with cxquifitc pictiiies, glafles of all kiiijv and line chimney-pieces, 'ihe libiary contains loui- teen thout'.iiid volumes, which aie mollly folios, an 1 being bound in red Turky gilt, make a line appearaiu^'. In this library is alio a planetarium, in which Mr. Ro'.v-^ ley, an Fnglidiinan, h;;s accurately rcprefented the re- volutions of the heavenly bodies according to the 'Ju- pernicni rvftcni. 'Ihe prince ol Lichtcnftcin has three palaces in Vienna- but that in the Ilerron Itrcct is the mod magnificent.' The front is adorned with columns and (latucs ; and thi". palace is turnifhed in the Italian talle, with fculpturcs" paintings, and antiques. Among the paintings are fc-' veral pieces by Rubens ; particularly iix capital picci.-, reprelenting the hillory of .-Mexaiwler the Great, valacj at about twenty-four thoufand dollars ; Hcrodias witit John the Haptilt'- head by Raphael: the building ofthi: tower of Babel on vellum, and the overthrow of i'iia- r.uih with his army in the Red Se.i, painted on marble arc very curious. The faloon is elegant and lofty ; the vaulted roof was painted by Helucci, who alfo p.iiiuta the cielin;iof the full and ferond (lories on canvas. The fuburbs are much larger than the city itfelf, which they encompafs, but aie removed to the dillance of live or fix hundred paces from the woik, of the (ort. 'I'ii- line which eiiclofes them, and extends on both fides to Leopoldftadt, was in the year 170+ thrown up againfl the Hungarian rebels, and afterwards lined with bricks ; the gates and eiiiries to it being always kept by re; uljr guards ; of thcic Leopo'.dlljdt is the principal, and lies next the city on an iflaiid of the IJ.uuibe ; it was for- merly called the Jews Town, but in the year 16- :, the emperor Leopold driving that people from hence, it took its name from him. it contains one parifli churcn two monatlciies, the old imperial Favourita, a citadul which in the year iCS'3 was almofl dcftroyed by the 'I'uiks, and only a I'm.ill pait of it is repaired. There are here alio in.my fine houles and "ardciis. t fpiiofite to It on the other (ide ot the Danube lie the large fubuibs of Rollau, which contains Ionic line churches, palaces, houles, and garden's. The- noblcftof thele pal.ices is that of prince I.KlitenlleiM, which iscx-- tremely magnificent. 'I'lie great ftair-cafe coniifls of two (lights, and every (Icp colt flxty guilder;;, each being a lingle block of led marble, lc\en p.icis in lenmh, and in the two flights arc a hundred and eight ot thefe ftcps. Fhough the Italian p.-ilaccs greatly lurpafs all others in the beauty and magnificence of the (fair-cafes, yet Italy affords very few that equals this. The faloon, which is very fuperb, was painted by I'ozzo, and is adorned witf. four beaiitilul ttone Itatues, fo finely encrufl'.-d with plafk that they have the appearance of al^bafter. Two of the apartments are entirely painted by Francefchini di liologna ; and in every |)art of-f iiis nobic palace, the eye is ciucitained with pieces of painting by celebrated artifls. Ihe i'!>''. ) i'" vi: ill Vienna; lagniliccnt. :s ; anil t!u'. fculptuici, ngs arc w. pital piece-, cat, valatj :roJias with Jing of the ow ot I'lu- on marble, I'jfty ; the ilfo paintul nvab. tfclf, which ante of live tort, 'I'lie :h lulcs to iirainlf the iricks ; the by le; ular i, an,l liCj it wai for- Ir 167?, the hence, it fli churen, a citadel, fell by the J. Tliere lube lie the lonie line : noiiklt of Ihich ibcx- Ififts of two Ich being a tth, and in |he(e fteps. 11 others in I, yet Italy |, which is jrncJ wi'-h LilhJ with ker. Two Icefi hini Ui le, the eye ItteJartilis. ■ihe At'STRIA. The Will's. naitctr;5, watti-woiks nnJ llatiies, ren-^cr ,he Harden a moll deli-htful place. It contanii a jreat liumber of uncommon vegetables, anil at the ends utiord , ., very fine view of the country. . ' In the fubtirbs of Waringergefieii is nothing worthy " l"n 'that called the Alfterijane is the hofpital of invalids, with the pelt-honlV, the great hofpital, the 1 inver Auftrian provincial academy, and count Paar -■. rid;iig- "^ The populous fiiburbs of St. Ulrich is inhjecT: to the uirifdiaion of the. Heiiediaine Scots abbey 1:1 Vienna, and contains one pirifli church, a Capuchin moiiaitery, and upwardsofa hundred gardens. Inthefuburbs called the Leinigrubc is one church, one doider containing a chu.ch, a inilit.iry academy (oundcd by Maria Therefa, the emprcfs iiuecii, and the imperial Ibblcs, which are equalled by few buiUlrngs ol the kind, though the ftalh. in them arc too nanow. The fuburbi called the Wieii, from the little river of ti-c fame name which runs through it. Gaudendorf, which behmiis to the provod of St. Do- lothca in \'ienna, contains one convent of Dominicans, and a fmall church. The Wiedcn is pretty extenfivc, and, behdcs a cloiltcr and the church of St. Charles Boromaui, contains the new imperial favorita, a fummcr rclideiicc, though but nicanly built. The Rennwcc; is remarkable for its churches, convents, palaces, and noble houfes. The cloilter of the female Salerians, or Englifh nuns, is pretty large, and has a imall but coftly church. Thcfe nuns art obliged to bring iip'and iiillrucl young ladies. The palace of prince Schwartzenbcrg is extremely magnihcent ; the (aloons, (lair-cafes, marble tables, looking-glades, porcelain vafes, iiainliiii's, beds, and other rich furniture, make this one of the hnell palaces near Vienna. The trees in the large orangery in the garden, inltcad of being planted in pots or'tiibs, (land in the ground, and in winter arc (hcltercd bv little fheJs, which on occalion may be warmed. The viiks, groves, and water-works are extremely beautiful; and the lad are fupplicd by means of an hydraulic engine worked by fire, A.Jioininc to the above palace is that of prince Lugfnc, t.neof the ^neft buildings about Vienna. It has eleven 11 a direct line in the front and the towers at the and fcvcn rooms in the wings. In the room ad- to the prince's bed-chamber are I'veral exquifitc 'pieces ot painiing in miniature, and in the next apart- ment is a chandelier of rock-cryftal valued at twenty J.'! thuiif.ind guldens, each gulden equal to two (liillings ;.iid loiir-pence. Here is alfo a Dutch piece of painting 01 i;tcat value, reprefcn'ing an old woman on her death- hcS, with l-.er daughter on her knee taking her leave of her, while her maid is ftirririg a medicine, and the phy- iicL;n looking into an uriiial. In the chapel is a fine pic- ture of the °cfurrcaion of our Saviour, 'I'he large filoon is an obloni; odagoii, the cieling of which is iiiiely painted in frefco, and it yields a v ery fine profpeel liver the "ardens towaid.s the city. Among the excellent n.iintinis in the other apartments are a beautiliil piece iiprelenting Adam and lOvc as big as tlie life, a woman inibr.uin:; a youth in a bath, Endyiiiion and Diana, and J copy of Ruben's ihrccGraccs, which i-niuch elfeemed. The gardens lie on a Hope, and on that account make its clei;ant water-works appear to advantajie. In that part of the g.uden on the left called I'aradile, is a fp.itioiis mi.iry made of curious wire-work, and alfo beautiful walks and gilt fumnier-houles. t)n one fide of this pa- i.ice the prince has a view from hi.s apartment of eight faiall courts, tnibelldhed with fountains and rows of iheinut trees, among which are to be km a confidcrable number of exotic animals. The fiibuib called the Landflraf/.c lies directly oppofite cm t!ie n;her fide of the Danube, and contains a fine chillier of hermits of the order of St. Augultiii, who here wear while ermine ; alfo a couple of chape Is, a Itminarv of Jefuits, an holpital, and fcvetal fm:; lioules. The I'rater, or impeiial paik, is a pretty large illand planted with wood, and has I'ome tine walks, to wh.ch the pccple in fptinjj retort for taking the ..ir. I -17 room, aiiglo iullKll i" The inhabitanis i