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A N K W
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E M
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GEOGRAPHY:
■ 1 I /
O R,
A General Delcription of the World,
C O N T A I N 1 N C;
A Particular and Circumftantial ACCOUNT of all the Countries,
Kingdoms, and States of
EUROPE, ASIA, AFRICA, and AMERICA.
Their Situation, Climate, Mountains, Seas, Rivers, Lakes, &c.
The Religion, Manners, Cuftoms, Manufactures, Trade, and Buildings of the Inhabitants.
WITH
The Birds, Beads, Reptiles, Inl'efts, tlie various Vegetables, and Minerals, found in different Regions.
F. M B PL L I S 11 E D WITH
A New and Accurate Set of M A P S, by the beft Gkooraphersj
And Great Variety of COl'l'K ll-TI, A T ES, containing Perspective Views of the
Principal Ciiics, Struftures, Ruins, &c.
By D. F E ' N I N G,
(Author of the Royal Englifli Didionaiy, the Ufe ot . ^ globes, the Young Algebraift's Companion, &c.)
J. COLLY E R,
(Author of the Letters fiom Felicia to Charlotte ; and Traiidator of the MefTiah.fiom thcGermanof Mr. Klopftock.)
AND O T H F. R S.
4
There ii not ii San ar ii Daii^ht ■>■ cf /tilum hut ha! fame Concern in G E o c; R A P M Y .
Dr. \Vatts.
V O L.
II.
^~ Mi.
LONDON:
Printed for S. CROwnKR, at the Lnoking-CJl.ifs, in Patcr-nonerRow ; and fold hv Mr. Jackson', at Oxford ; Mr.
Merril, at Cambridge ; Mcfl'. Smith, in IDublin ; and all other Boykfellcrs in Great Britain and Ireland,
MDCCLXV.
t 7 :, s
i-, 'R'lt
■7
JaSst^L-u— ■- -,■¥•'-
A N r, w
J
E M
p.lll 1>1 I.ill.>l.», ^Atl.|.L 1 1111. , ,. ..._ ,.•,......
iMIi.icitic. of the huinnii mlnJ, ;iiiJ the- i.liU..iciu lij'lUi in
wliuli rpccukilivc opinions ;u\' ;i]it to ;i;ipc.ir vvlun vii'W-
cil by pcr;(iiis of liittiTcnt ciliic;i!iiin ;niil p.ilTiuiis, that re-
!i::ion i-i iliviJi.il into a niiinbtT of i'ilR-n.nt kiXi. \\\
llufli.i) f-'nu' p.irts of Pul.inil, i!i W'.ii.i'.iii.i, MclJ.i', i,'.
Mon.i. "vl jomholm, fiiVjo/i to Deninar'ic.
Ill the North Ici is Icclaml, luhjixt to Ucnm.irk.
And f.irther ti' the- fouth iireCiaat Britain ami irt-lanil,
with ti'.' ri.'i iti'UL i.l.ui.i-, fii'.'ircl to hii Ur.tamuc m 'ji-lty.
C II A P.
%\(o'l.Q>
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A N E \V
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U'Su'iirKolHrtVHf
tri.AS. j^\ %
GEOGRAPHY,
»»#t*tt#»*»»»«»**«*********«»*»*«**t*»f*#«#t*«**«**««*
BOOK III.
Of EUROPE in general.
td—i^'i-
THIS part of the globe was callcJ Europa bytlic
Roman.s as it ii ihll by the Sp.ini.u J:- .iiij Ita-
lians, and Kiiriipc by the Enj^lifll aiiJ I'r^iicli ;
Init tlic Turlcs i;ivc it the name of' Allraiik, or Rumtli,
the Gcurf^ians of' Afia call it Frankoba, and th.^ rcdl of
the people of Alia give it the name of l''rankillaii. It is
lioiiiuUd on the no.th by the Frozen fe.i ; on tiie call by
VXlia, Irom which it is parted by the Ar(hi;)cIaj;o, the
laixme or li'.ack fea, and the Paliis M.e(-ti», and thence
bv ahne diavMi froni tlie livcr Tanais, oi Don, almoll
to the river Oby ; on the foiith by the Meditcrr.u.ean I'ta,
■which divides it from Africa ; and on tiie welt by the
Atlantic Ocean.
'1 his :;rand divifion of the earth is fitiiated between
the tenth decree well, and the fixty-fifth degree call loii-
j;itude from f,oiKlon, and between the thirty-fixth and
leventy-fccoiul degrees of north latitude, cxtendiivj; thiee
thonfand niiUs in length, and two thoufand live hun-
dred in breadth.
Tlionch Viirnpc is the Icaft of the four parts into which
the caitii i divided, it enjoys many ailvantaj,i.s. No p.irt
of it is in the torrid /.one j and though lini^e coiin'rics to
the north pjrtako of the coldcft climate, yet the g^reatcll
part of this divifion enjoys a mild air, and great fertility
(ifl'oil. 1 has a multitude of navigable rivers, and a-
boiinds in corn, cattle, wine, and oil, at once pollefllng
ad the necefl'aries and molt of the luxuries of human
hie.
Ferope has for many ages been exceeding populous, and
her inhabitants are diliinguilhed by their valour, wiklom,
and virtue; the excellence of llieir governments, the
equity of their laws, tlie freedom of the fiibjecls, and lor
the piuitv and fanctity of their religion.
'Fhc Kuropeans have been the moll celebrate! for
learning and^irts. All tlie fchol.dfic I'eiences are here
brought to)jJ|ich gre.iter perl'eetioii than ever they weic
carried by the Afiatics .iiul Africans ; and the invention
and improvement of nimibcrlefs ulefiii anj ingenious arts,
particulaily th.it of navigation, on which the intercourfe
with forei;Mi nations, and all the advantages td' commerce
depends, is entirely owing to the genius and induliry ol
the inhahiiants of this pait of the earth.
The Ciirllti.ui religion is ell,.bli(hed thrnn 'bout every
part of Kurop;', except Turkv ; but, luni the various
capacities of tl-.e human mind, and the ditilient lights in
whuh fpceiilative opinions are apt to appc.ir when view-
ed by periiMis of ditlerent education and p.iili.ins, that ro-
!i::ion is divided into a number of I'llFeient fc'l.i. In
Ruflia, fjme parts of I'ulaiid, iii Walieliia, Molda-, !,•,
%AQ>t.C>
I'odolia, V^olhlnia, and Greece, the doiTlfmc of the caftorn
or CJreek church is elitblid-ie 1. In It.ily, pa-t of SwilVer-
land, .Spain, Portugal, France, Poland, part of Germany,
and the NetliLtlands, the inhabiunts Hill foilrw the doc-
trines of the rhurrh of Ronic ; wliile Great IJri'ain,
Ireland, Denvvark, .iwedcn, Norway, great pr.ri oi (Jer-
many, the United Provinces, and part of Swit/.erlaiid,
have embraced the doet.ines of the Reformation, andpro-
Icfs the Protcttant re'igion.
The langu.'.ges of Europe arc derived from tlir fix fol-
lowing : liieCJieek, Latin, Teutonic, or ^i.l tjerman,
the Celtic, .Sclavonic, and C5othic. r..iiii tlie different
dialciits and intermixtures of thefe, ;.i- i'i.;i.,-.l liie lan-
guages of the moll confiJerablc parts of Fuio;.c, except
ih.it of 'Fiiiky and 'I'art.iry.
The principal fovcrcignties, beginning' at the calf, are
the empires of Turkv, Riiilii. and Germany.
The kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, Boaemi.-!, Priliin,
Sweden, Denmark, Naples and Sicily, Sar.linia, France,
Spain, Portugal, (ireai Crit.'.in and Ireland.
The popedom ol Rome.
The republics of Venice, Genoa, Lucca, the Cirifnv;,
St. Marino, Swifi'eriand, (kiicv.;, Ragufa, and the United
Provinces.
Iicfides thcfc there arc the i Iv-Ilorates of (icrmany, and
near three hundred other foveieignties in Germany,
Italy, &c. whofe profc'd'ors are either fpivitual, as areii-
bifhops and biihups, or tempor.il, as prince^, landgraves,
dukes, marciuilll's, cnunt-, e-:c.
liclidcs thefe there ,iie the Ch.im of European Tartary,
the hoipo.lais of Wai 'chia, i.Ioldavia, cVc.
'I'he principal idanJs, beginning at the e.ill, arc Candia,
and ihofe of the Arclnpei.r^o.
'I'hol'e in the- Adriatic and Ionian fe.i, viz. Leucadla,
which belong? tn thc'FuirvS and Lieficna, Corfu, Ce-
phalc:'ia, and Zant, which are fulijeit to Venice.
In the .Me.literrar.ean fea are Sicily, fubjecl to the k'ng
of Naples ( Sardinia, fubj.-ct to the ki.ig of Sardinia ;
Corlica, I'ubject to Cicnoa ; Minoica, to Great iiiitaiii ;
Al.ijnica and Ivica, to Spain.
'i'he ifiands iii the li.iltie fea areUi'edom and W'o'lin,
fu'>iedl to Piui'Ii.i ; Oil and Dagho, udiie.i to RmVi.i i
Gothland, Aland, and Riiiicn, winch belong i ' Sweden;
.iiid Zealand, l'un,-n, .\llen, I.ongiav.d, Lal.ui.i, ImUIc;,
Mona, and Uornholm, fubie/l to Denmark.
In the North Ici is Iceland, fubiett to Denmark.
.And farther to the feuth arc Great Kri;ain and Ireland,
wiih tb: a.ij uenc i,l„n.i^, fiibirol to hij ui.taiiinc m jeity.
C 11 A P.
'11
( 4 )
C H A P.
f.
Of TURK V ill L U R O P E.
Ill fisuiijjr.
s E c r. I.
'ill-, Diviji;
bouisthc T'utlc^ excel ull thf left uriiiaiikiiiJ
all'tl
on ib tcmliiiiR-d in' li.
Sem, Sliiii'hl!.
T
urf:y im tu
fmpirir of the Kaff, is
pc, a part ',)f the anticiit
Chiilli,
rth by C
roatia, Sc-l
at prelciit bouiiiiLiI im t
ivoiii.i, ami i'laiirylv.iiiia ; on
the
eaft by Poland, Ruliij, and Alia ; on the foiitli by th
Med'
Da
iterranean fea :
precifid
The
Th
j>n the welt bv the Adri.itie and
c extent 15 not to be al'certained witli any
of Turkv
Europe i-i in itfelf hcalthv, but
( )ne reniaikable inll.im
iilliir tr
elle
and th;s
in ih(
called by tlie Alliti
of then cliaritv lu.iv be (vcn
es caravanleras, which
re to be foiiiul in alnuiit every Utile village. In thele a
ell
:r, of whatev
rcl
Ihr
r^ion or euuntrv, may cuntiiiui;
itavs gratis, and ni in.niy of the
klual
The Turkh
he !:> alio louihl
uildi
c very fond of crciiling thefc
which the) jullly edeem a work of charity
ecpl.ible to the Mull llij^h. They bt have very coin-
nieiidably to their Haves and leivaiits,anJ rrcquemly better
than the ChrilUans do to theirs. Indeed
in the tirlt
the pcrtilence is often broui^ht there from
'ighba
Ku,ypt
and till
one
ni
iij;countrie<, and has feveral times fvveptaway
■filth of the inhabitants of Conltantinople ;
years of their fervitude, thele people fulfer inolf, c(pe-
g, partly by
all
it voun
the Ttiiks endeavour
abo
yet from the prevalence of cultom, and of the Turkifll
ilodlrine of fatality, they give thenilelves no great con-
cern about it. The prounccs are iiiiiverrally fruitful,
though with fome diilerencc ; whence agriculture and
gra/.ing turn to grc.it prolit there, prodigious ciuantities
ct all kinds of excellent grain and fruit being annually
exported. Hut of this we Iball give a particuiar account
in the feparatc del'cription of each province, only it may
be ncccH'ary to add here, that all the neceiraries of life
arc equally good and cheap in Tnrky.
It contains the following provinces : to the fouth are
the Morea, or Pcloponnclus, Achaia, Thedaly, Epiru.'.,
Albania, and Macedonia ; and towards the north, Ro-
mania, Hulgaria, Bellarabia, part of I'odolia, .Si rvia, part
ofHuiigary, part of Croatia, IJolnia, and part of Dalm.itia.
Its leas are the Kuxiiie or Black lea, thel'alus Ma.'otls,
the fea of Marmora, the Archipelago, the loni.in fe.i, and
the Levant.
Its llraights arc thofe of the Hellcfpont and the Hof-
phorus.
The chief rivers of Turkv in Euro|)e arc the .Save, the
Danube, the Niefter, the Niepcr, the Don, and the
Theis.
blaiulininieiits, and partly by feveritv, to bring them over
to their rel
but thele trials being happily
SEC T. II.
Ofth( Inlhihitanti of Twly in Euf^pf, with <t more purtiu-
lar .'iicoimt of ihc European Twki utid Greth.
WE have alieady given a very particular account of
the perfoiis, drefs, manners, and culloms ot' the
Turks, in treating ol 'I'urky in Alia, fee \ol. I. from
page 2O5 to l-'^ i and as the Turks are every where the
fame, we fhall here be very eoncifc, and lh.dl only add
lome I'.articulars which vveie there llightly touched upon,
and a (hurt fuinmarv of foine of the moll confiderable cir-
cumltances relating to that people.
The number of its inhabitants has not the lead pro-
portion to the extent and fertilitv of the country, which
mav be chiefiv attributed lo pelUlencc, polygamy, war,
and the avarice of the governors.
The inhabitants confift of various nations, as Turks,
Cireeks, Armenians, Servi.ms, liofnians, Hiilgarian^,
IValai'hians, and Tart irs ; with a confiderable number
of (ews, efpeeially in Conllantinople and Sclavonia.
The T'lirks are Uigmatizcd by the ChriKians as a
Ilothful and inhuman people ; but thcv are far from be-
ing fo wicked and dre;.dful a let of creatures as pr.pilh
wiiters have endeavoured to reprefent them. 'I'urky is
not without men of parts, probity, and honour; and has
many benevolent, liberal, temperate, convcrlible, and
ingenious people. In Ibort, there is here, as in all other
coiintiies, a mixture ot good and bad. Driceich main-
tains, that in compjlFion and love toward'- their iieij/h-
captivity IS no where more tolerable; fo that if a fervant
underltaiuls any art or tr.ide, the only thing he can want
Is his freedom, he being well fupplied with every thin"
die.
The Turks arc gcnerallv ndnift and well-fliapcd, of
a good nncii, and patient under liaidtliips, which ten-
ders them lit for war, to which they early inure theni-
felvcs. Eerfons of rank leldoin train up their children
to anv other employment, fuiin the notion that no glory
is ciimparable to that acquired in war.
They are very particular in their drefs, manner of
living, and culionis. They Olivc their heads, but wear
long heard', of which they are extremely careful ; ex-
cept thofe in the feraglio, mv\ military men, who wear
only whilkers. The turban, or 1 urkilh band, worn by
the men is white, and confilts of long pieces of thin
linen made up together in levcral folds ; and none but a
Turk nuilt prefumc to wear a white turban. Their
duthcs are long and full.
Agreeably to the cultom of the orientals, they fit, cat
and llccp on the floor on culhion.«, or (bphas, niattrelles
and carpets. Rice is their general rood, and coffee their
iilual drink, wine being forbidilcn.
Thcv fpend great funis of money on fountains, and
no country affords finer; thele are not only in the towns
but in the countrv, and other fulitary |ilaccs, for the re-
trefhment of travellers and hibourers.
Their ul'iial falutation is bowing the head a little, lav-
ing the right hand on their brealt ; but to perlons of
rank thev ttoop fo low as to tor.ch and kifs the border of
their vclt. In war-time the left hand is the place of
honour among military men, but this diftinftion ceafc3
in tune of peace among the officers- of Itate and relations.
The nobility among the T urks arc the chief military ol-
ficer-, judges, and ecclcli.illies. The Eurkilh com-
monalty enjoy the greatelt libiTty, and thole only arc
expofed to the tickldli orders ot the i'orte, which
mull be anfwered with the head, who hold confiderable
polls.
The Greeks, who arc the antient inhabitants of the
country, are intermixed with the Turks, and in feveral
places, particularly the illands, out-number them. EJvcii
111 Conllantinople alone there are computed to be no le.'s
than four hundred thouland. Thele people aie aceulloni-
ed to krvitude, and prif'er living under the exactions of
the Turks to ti.e Ipititual tyranny of the pope ; but the,'
are ohlined to be very cautious of not giving even the
leall colour tor fulpi^ ion ot then holding a corrtlponden'.-e
with the enem;es of the Ottoman I'orti', or ot mediialiir'
a li'dition. ilencc, in i.ife ot a war with any i,i the
Chriltian powers, the Turks ufually diiarm them.
All the Cireek^, from the age ,i (ourte^n, pay annually
at the h •ginning of the Turkifll leall of Hairam a poll-
tax of .ibout a ducat ; but the cccleliallics are alielled
higher, a deacon paying two ducats ; an auhiniandtue,
four ;
Uig
I J
rotl
larJ
■'ra|
Tul
lortl
del
teal
'1"'1
to if
into|
< ale
oil l|
lI
like I
nav)|
^iref
Jl..-« '.awt-i-- ->-'■-....
Tlkkv in L.';iori.
1
U U O P P..
fit. cat,
.ittrclles,
uffec their
HIS, and
lictowris,
the ic-
io, l.iv-
rluns (if
liorder of
|)I.1CC of
ccafcs
■l.itioii.s.
itary ol-
coni-
inly ;irc
which
icrable
of the
I lever.ll
Kvcii
• no le.'s
..ulloni-
tioiis of
lit they
en the
iulen;e
litiitin^
.1 the
n:i,illy
poll-
illdjeci
iiJriie,
fout ;
fiur ; Mill the '."'iili'-His ,i:\ Ii'uWh >;is nh 1 ;i.i:riarch3, pay
l.irre I'lims, nnd :is luiuh a. tlie ,Hb ■.;..r.' .ivnriee of the
■ rraiiJ vi/.icr anil 1m{1u-- tl'.ii.k iiro|i,i- ;o require; for the
•j'urks every vvluie l.iy hoM ot ;ill opport'.i;iitie<i of ex-
torting money fi'nii tlie Cjrot!:< j hut efpeci.illv iVoni their
clcri'V. Ill ri-tiirii l.^r thi; tiihule, they enjoy the pro-
tciiiion of the iHtiiiian i'oite, :inil are niaiiuaineil in the
quirt pnf:'-(lioii of ihfir propeitie;; fo tli.it no 'I'lirl; is
to inl'iilt iheni, t.il:e tl^iir properly, or intrude thenife'ves
into their hoiiL. .i;',.iinll iheir v.ill ; ami, in any of thefe
I .lies, ihev are eeriuin of julhce bein^ I'lee^lily cxeeutej
on the offender.
The (ireelt women are exempt from all taxes, as are
likcwife ;;rea; mim'.-.ers of oilier Greeks who fervc in the
navy, or elfewlierc. Iiuleeil it fomer^nie;, happens that a
(■jrcek '.'ill of ili(lin_;iiiflie(l beauty is feized and carried
to the feia^;lio ; biu it is a mitlake that C^hriftian chil-
dren are in general toreed away from their parents to lie
liroiJL'Jit I'P ill Mahoriictifiii ; .iiul when any thinr; of this
kind is done, it is only in tlie dill.ir.t provinces.
Forei:.',r. Clirillians, who arc uiuler the proieiLlion of an
cnvcv, are included under tlie gencr.il title of l'"raiiks,
and pay nu poll-tax. We jhall ;,i'. c an account of the
cither nat:uii3 in the defeription of the particular pro-
vinCL ;.
The principal lansuajc in Turky in Europe is the
Turkilli ; hut the Ciieeks alio fpeak the modern Greek;
the Servi.1115, llofiiians, and Hii!L*:;rians Ipeak the .Scla-
voniaii ; ihe Wiil.'.chians and Moldavi.in;., the Wala-
chiaii ; and the Tartais, the Tart:irian language, which
nearly refemblcs the I'urkidi. The literati conimo;i!y
ufe the Arabic.
SECT. III.
0/ the Rc'H^iins in Turky in E:ir:pc
Learning.
t'wr Sd
THE Turks appropri.ite to thcmfcivcs the name of
Moflemiin, which has been corrupted intoMulfel-
ilian, fignifyiiiL; perfons profeiTmu; the doctrine of Ma-
homet. I'liey alio term thenifelves Sonnite.'i, orobfervers
of the oral iradiiionsol M ihonict and his tlirec fucccHors;
and likewife call themfelves True IJelievers, in opprifi-
tion to the IVrfians and others, the a.lliercnts of Ali,
whom they call a wicked and abominable i'vcX. 'I'heir
rule of faith and practice is the Koran. Some external-
of their leli^^ion are the preferibed ablutions, which are
always to be performed before their devotions ; pravcrs,
which are to be faid iive times every twenty-four hours,
with the face tunuJ towards Mecca ; alms, which are
both eiiioined and voluniary ones ; the former conlifts of
paving two and a half per cent, to charitable ufes out of
their whole income. Their fealts arc either iiuiifpen-
lable or voluntary ones ; of the former is that of the
whr.le month of Ramadan, which is followed by the
liairain, a time of fcllivity ; and every M.ihonictan miift,
at lealt o!!.:c in his lite-time, i;o in pil.;iiiTiaj;C, either per-
ibnally or by proxv, to the C.iba, or lioule tl'Clod, at
Mecca.
Ami nir the binding traditions not mentioned in the
Koran is circumeilion, winch is periormed bctv.ixt the
iixth and feventeenth year, but j;eiierally on the thir-
teenth. Indeed drinkir._:; wine is evidently prohibited in
the Koian, yet tlie I'uiks make ufe of it occafionallv
without any fcruple ; but f^eneially ufe initead of it
Ihcrbet, a liquor made ol honey, (piies, and the juice of
Ituits. Othtr things interdicied are };ames of chance,
prophel\ing with airows, and certain foods, as blood,
pork; or the (lelli of any bealt that has died of ftckncfs,
or been killed by a wild beail, or by a fall or a itioke.
l.ikcwilc the woilliippiiip; of idols, ufury, and fo.rie lu-
pcrlliiious and pagan pr.ictices. I'olygtimy is in.U-ed pcr-
milled; but the Koiaii allows no man to have nic-rc than
lour wives and concubines, and to exceed ih.it number
is the particular [/tiviUgeof the prophtt and his fiicci f-
lors : ind.'id lewol llie piopU'lia\e more wives than one.
Divorces are alfo allowtd ; but no n.an in.iv lake back
again the wile he has once repudiated, till (lie li.is lueii
married to another, and afterwards divorcvd In- him,
44
'l"he chief ecckfir.ni.- i- the inufti, v.h:> !; niniD t* ;f..
fits an expounder cflhehiw, and hi,. < lli.c i, of fui '•
dignity, ihat when he comes to coitit, llu' e.ir-.rror him-
f. If rifes fiom his fc.ii, and advances feycnii. pj iii nc .'l
him. He alone has the honniir of IdfTing tb.c fahan's lef'
illoulder ; while the grand lizier, with a tnt,.''': prcloin;.:
inclination of ihe bt-di', kilfes only the e !jc of tr.v ii;t-
peror",. veft, who advances no more tl'.a:-. ti'.ree iieps t <
meet him. 'I'lie lav/ requires, that the it'ut'ri f.ltiuld Lu
confiilted on all eiticrgenctes, particularly in thofc i.;.;t-
inj to peace and war ; but the peculiar regard rT.vi:,.v:i
to him is little more than mere form ; for were l-.e either
to give adil'agreeable interpretation of the I.ivv, or, wl.il.
in council, to prel'umc to traverf.- the enipcri\': dir;_i:^-.
he w.iuld he iiiftantly dep.cfed, and his pl.ice fupplirj by
one of a more compilable difpofitior. Oa conv.clion oi
treafon, or any other capital cimc, h.e i. fj; ic.to a Cir
tar, kept I'nr that purpoli' in one of th j U'. .r. icv.-l:.. at
Copftantinople, and pounded to death.
']'he Hiv. ]):■. L'ufchint; obferves, thn as the n-..\i'. o!
the Turks may be compared to the p'.'pe, i':> a c2dali!l;.r,
who is a Ivcular pcrfoii, is not uniike a patriarch; a
mola is an arch.biihrp ; a caJy, who is alfo a lajnr.n,
may be accounted a bilhop ; and ati ni^aii, a ;.': lel!, whofo
chief emph'Vnient is piaviiif;.
The 'I'urks have alii) their convents and monks, under
the general ii.ime of derviles, the chief oi which are th?
Bekl..i!ii, Mebelevi, Cadri, and Segali ; whofe forms cf
woifliip chiefly confiils in certain religious dance;.
Th>' Turks ;it prefent avoid all appearance of propa-
gating tlieir religion by hre aid fword ■, and the Chrif-
tians of various feils, who refidc ainoti It them, ei>;o',
lull liberty of confcience, and live in much greater trail-
(luiiity than among li.nie who ilile theniLives Chrdiian-.
'I'lie Greek church in thi^ pait of the world has a: it I
head the p.itriaich of Conflar.tinoiile, v.'ho is chufeti bv
i the nciglihouring archbilhops and metiopolitans, at; i
I confirmed by the emperor or the grand vizi-r. This is a.
perlon of great dignity, he being the principal of ail thj
Greek patiiarchs, and the he. id and directnro; the Ealletii
church. His revenue amounts to no lei's than a hui.Urcu
and twenty thoiifand guilders, one half of winch he pav ;
by way of tinmitd nibute to the Ottcmt.ii Porte, audin,-;
i fix thoufand guilders bolides, by v.ay of prefent at the
j feaft of Hairam.
! Subordinate to him arc fevcnty archbifh p- r.i-.J metro-
I politans, and a miicii greater number of biiho|o.
' An archimandrite is ilie dirciifor of one or more con-
I vents, which arc called mandr' n, and ranks above an
' abbot, of which each convent has one. Tie monks aie
' obliged to follow fome handiciaft bufimf-, tmd lead ..
i very aultere life ; but this is not the cafe with refpect tj
, the priells and itudents. The moft celebiated monal'tj -
j ries tire thofe on .Moutit Athos ; but the CJteeks h-ica:
i prefent few nunneries.
i The (eetilar clergv are obliged to fubmit to no rules,
! though the regulars are, who perfoim divine worlhip.
j The firl! is the Ice'furer, the lecon.! tlie chanter, the tliiic''
■ the under deactm, the fourth the de.icon, the t'tfth the
: pricll, and the fixtli the archprielt. 'I'hev ttre ailowec*
j to many; but this muft be done before ordination, and
: then onlv once, and that with a virgin. 'I hefe fcculai'
I ecclefiallics never rile higher th:'.n an arclipiidl; tiie
bilhops, metropolitans, arclib.fliops, ai;d patiiarci-.s be-
ing cholVii ftom an.ong the monks.
The Armenians have many churches i,i this country;
the Jews and Roman catholics have alfo the tree exercife
of their leiigioii, and the Swedes have been neiir.iited
to build a Lutheran church at Conltantiiiople.
The Tuiks arc not without all kinds of leainintr, hav-
ing fome fchools, colleges, and academies, bv ihuiic.dl-
ed meJaris ; but iliefe aie gencially inferi.ir to thole a-
ir.ong the ChriUiaiis, and their inan.t.'emeMt of them .ilfo'
vay dilKrent. Lately a ruikilli priiitin..'-olKce has b.en
let up at Conltantiiiople bv .'Xbrahim I'tiVadi, wtio, afti r
great oppclition, oblaiiud le.ive to punt all kinds of
books, except on matters of religion. He alio pubiiflied
fome maps, and books (.f hillorv and geography, and
IS faid to have had a conhder.-.blc knowledge of ib.e Laiiiv
tontruc.
B
i^i
Is!
M
m
(,
A S Y S T E -M O 1' r, F, O (} U A P II Y.
Tlukv ill Fi'ROPE.
Literature, however, is not fo rareninniv ihi; Clrfek-,
who h.ivc ii.ii' onlv Cehnol'i fur iiilliiicliiU' chilJren iii the
liiliiei|)lis (t' religion, as riMiling, writing, .;;i.! Ie.iriiin;i.
liy lit iv! ih'i I'Uliii' an 1 |i.iirii;c.'. of Scripujre ; li;il iiave
iilfd iMiii'erfitios, in Wliieh aiL- tau;Tht !;r.i;nin.:r, I,;i'jii,
and the iiiatheinr.tics, with the Ariitc/telian |);iilarii(iliy,
hoth natural anil moral. 'I'hcfe are faivl to he at Di'iiiu-
tiea, in the illanci of I'atmo., Jainiiiia, and other [)laees.
J^ivinitv is tauglit at the patriareh's palate at Conltaii-
tinup!;', by a chaplain of the patriarch's and f.inie alfill-
ants i but particularlv on .Mount Atluis, whieli feenii to
be the [iiiar of the ( ireek chureh, ami in other parts by
the bidlop:-, who are men of eapaeity, and take tins tum-
ble voUmtaiily upon them.
The itale of learnin-, indeed, anion:; the (Jreeks is
at pri.fciit at a very low ebb, in eomparil'in of what it is
anioii^.; us ; but it oupht to be renieniberrd, that they are
del'itute of the fame means and oppoitimities of mental
inipiovenicnt. As to phvlie, the tjiecks either learn
from the Arabic, Jewifli, or Chriliian phyhiians refidlng
anioiu theni ; or cife lliidy in the univeilities in Ciei-
iiiany, Holland, or Knijland.
S K C T. I\'.
Tie Xame, Or'r^in, ami Ilii!','\ rf ihc Turks, ui:i> ii p'ir-
t:tiiiay .•Iciotiiil of their Gjuerr.iiiiiit ; //'.■ Pcivrr mnl^l'lin-
il'.r of tb^ tiuhiin, or Griiiitl SJ^i^ior; Im Tllr':, Ojlhin
cf Stal:, ' fi^iii Ziirlei, ivid i.l':cr Trs:ps. yl U,Jiri[iluli .-f
ihe Tii'kjh Camj<,ii::)l cfllc Pr:o-Ji:n nmile hy the 'friiilef-
7n.n when thc\' go to inike tbeir I'rejiiils, on the iUihiiiii
ccm/nuikuii'.
the Army in Pcrjm,
Till', Turks are of T.irtarlaii or Scythian extraef ion ;
and this appellation was tirlt j^ivcn them in tlie
middle a^es as a proper name ; it bcini: a general title of
Iionoiir to all the nations comiirehc-nded under the two
priiuij':;! branches of Tartar and Mongul, who there-
fore never uie it as a proper name of any Scythian or
Tartarian nation. J'he word tur, as an aduitive, fi.^ni-
fies I'ublinie and pre-eminent ; and, as a iiibllaiitive, a
governor. 'I"hc Seythian or Tartarian nation, to which
the name of 'I'urks has been peculiarly given, dwelt be-
twi.xtthe iJlackand Cafpian ii.-as,and l-.ee.ime firlt known
in the ievcnlh century, when Heraclius cmpcrorof the
Ealt, took them into his fervice; upon which they lo
o'illin:;uillu.d thenifelvcs by tliuir hdclity and bravery in
the co.itpieft of Perha, that the Arabian and Saracen
caliphs had not only pirtieular bodies of them for iMiar<ls,
but their arir.ies were liihd with them. 'I'hus gradually
getting the j.ov.er into their hands, they fet up and de-
throned caliplis at pleafure. IJy this llrict union of the
Turks with the Saracens or Arabs, the forn:er were
brought to embrace the Mahometan rclijion, fo that
thev are now hecoiTie intcrnuxed, and have jointly en-
larged their comiuells : but as the '["urks became I'upe-
rior to the Saracens, they fubducd them.
I'rince Ca;iteniir gives the following account of the
ori:'.in of the (Jttoman empire.
(.ienii:h;l"kan, at the head of his horde, ilTued out of
Circat 'I'aitary, and made himfelf mailer of a valt tract
cf lar.d near the C'alpiaii fea, and even of all Perfia and
Afia Minor. Ineited by his example and fiicccfs, Sehah
.S.ilvnian, prince of the town of Nua. on thcCupian
(ea, ni tiie year 1214, pallid Mount Caucafus with tifty
thoiifand nvn, and penetrated as far as the borders of
.Syria ; and thou;;h his career was itopped there by the
GeiL-Jiifi-Lan Tartars, yet in the year 1219 he penetrated
a fcrond time into .Aha Minor as far as the Euphrates.
(Jthman, his i-randlon, made himfelf malter of feveral
countries and places in Leiier Alia belrnginj; tu the Gre-
cian empire ; and having, in the year r^oo, at the city
of Carachifer, allumed the title of cinperor of the Oth-
maii^, called his people after his own name. 'I'his prmce,
among many other towns, took, in t!ie year 1 ■526, l^nil'a,
in Kiiiivnia, now called liurfa -, which Oreh.in, his Ion
mpire. Oichan Cent
and lueechor, made the feat of hii e
Solvman and Amurath, his two Ions, on an expedititui
into I'iuropc i tiie former of whom re<hieeil the citv of
Calllpolib, and the latter took J\iilo=. Amurath fuc-
ceeilm;\:
Ancvi
llitute
.Macedonia
w.'.s verv luce
his l.iiher in the iTovornment in 1^60, took
Ancyra, .Adii.mopic, and I'hilippopolis ; ami in i0{2 in-
'' • • ' the jaiii/,arii», over-run Serua, and invaded
and Albania. Haja/.et, his Ibn .ind fiicceilbr,
•iifiil both ill Euid|ie and /\li,i, dele.itnii;
the Cinillians near Nieopolis i but, 111 1401, he was rout-
ed .md taken piiloner by Tamerhne. Ills (oiis difaf;reed ;
hut .M.ilu.niet I. enjoyed the fovireignty, and his Ion
Amiiialh II. dillinguilhed hinifelt by levei.d important
enteipii/ts, and p.utieul.uly in the year 1444 ^.liiied ;i
lii-n.il vietoiy over the Hungarians near \'aina. Ma-
homet II. the gieatellof all the empenus, in 1453, made
himlelf malter ol (Jonllantinople, and reduced the whole
(irecian empire under his doinimcii, fuhduin^^ twelve
kingdoms and two hundred towns. After this li'ajazct II.
and Sehm I enlareed the Turkifh empire in Europe,
Alia, and Africa i and Solyman 1. became lels famous
lor his victory over the Hungarians than his body of
laws.
In lliort, the fiicccedin;!; emperors were Icfs fucccfsful;
for though .M.ihomet IV. lubdued Candia, and laid fice
to Vienna, he met with ill I'liecels in Hungary ; and ni
the reigns of Solyman 11. Achmet II. and !\lultapha, the
Hungarians and Venetians were fo fucciisful againit the
Tinks, th.it Mullapha II. in 1699, was glad to con-
clude ilie peace of Carlowit/.. Aiahomet ill. in 1718,
agreed to the peace ot Pallarowitz ; but Achmet V. by
the pe.ice ui lielgrade, in 1739, re annexed Servia, a
part ot ^Vahichia, and Chozim to the empire.
I he hill lultans, or emperors, owing their fucct^s
purely to their own valour, and being hi led with maxims
of war, would have a blind ohedience oaid them ; they
punilhed with feverity, and laboured to keep their I'ub-
jects under an inability to revolt; and, in fliort, would
be lervedonly by perfoiis who Itood indebted to them
for their fortunes, whom they could advance without
jealouly, and crufh without being charged with injuiticc.
Ehefe maxims which have contin'ued aniongft them above
live centuries, render the fultan ablolute mailer of thi;
empire.
\Vhen there is a new emperor, or fultan, it is the cuf-
tom to conduit him with great pomp and triumph to a
place in the fuburbs of Coultantinople, railed [oh, where
IS an antient monument of one of their holy men of that
nainc. y\t this place foleran prayers are made that God
may profperthe fultan, and infufc wifdom into him who
is to manage fo gicat a charge. 'l"hc mufti then em-
bracing him bellows his blefnng,aiul the emperor folemii-
ly fwears to maintain the laws of the prophet Mahomet.
'Ehen the vi/.icrs of the bench, and other hafhas, with
prolound humility, kifs the ground and the hem of his
velt, aeknowledgmg him their lawful emperor. After
this form of inauguration, he returns with the like lo-
lemnity to the (eraglio. Thus he obliges himfelf to
govern within the compafs of the law j but the I'urkiih
docfors reltrain the imperi.il oath only to the obferva-
tionofthe religious part of the Mahometan law, and
fiy, that in civil matters it is fo arbitrary, as to need no
other judge than hi-, will.
I'he fultan's cloaths differ little in fafliion from thofe
of other men, only they exceed them in length and lich-
nefs. Mis turban refembles thofe of the balhas ; but he
we.irs plumes with gold clalps, which they do not. He
deeps upon mattrell'es of velvet and cloth of gold, cover-
ed in fummcr with Ihccts embroidered with illk, and in
winter with fables.
Whf-n he goes by water, he is carried in his barge,
covered with a canopy ot crimfon velvet ric hly embroider-
ed, under which he fits, while his agas llaiid .ibout him.
■]'he vcliel is rowed by the Aglaini \)glans, and Iteered
by the lioflaiigec Baflia. When he goes hy land, he al-
ways rides on horleback, and commonly proceeds out of
the i>reatgateof the palace. Onhisgoingto theniofquii
on Fridays, he is accompanied through the city by all
the haflias and grandees of the Porte. I'he ladv \Vort-
ley Montague lays, that when llie law the Grand S;ig.
nior in iiis paiiage to the moftiue, he was preceded by a
numerous guard of janizaries, with va!f white feather.'!
on their heads ; as alio by the Ijvii'.i- .md boftangees, who
are foot and hnife guards, and the royal gardeners, which
are a very roiifiJerahle bo>ly of men, duCie.i in ditti^'rent
li.ihits
Amy
;v ill luiRopE.
i" ij6o, took
•wuliii i0{2 ill.
ia, .ijid iiivailtj
on -uui rmccilbr,
Ali.i, ilcli-.itiiij.
i.>i, liu was rout-
is liJiii iliCigrtrd;
ity, aikl Ills Ion
li.v(.i,il miporiaiit
J -144 {iaiiicd a
Vauia. Ma-
S ii' i4 53>"ia(jV
L'.liictJ thf whole
lulH'uiir^ twtlvK
this ij'ajazct 11.
piit- ill Kiiropc,
wjic IlIs (atiiuus
an hib bojy ot"
c Icfb fiicccfsfuj;
!.i, and laid fu'.Tc
iiiigary ; and m
id [vlulfapha, the
I'stiil againit the
■IS glad to con-
ict 111. in 1718,
t Achmct V. by
iiicxtd Scrvia, a
ng their fuccefs
:ltd with niaxinis
|>.iid ihciii ; they
J keep !liL-ir I'lib-
in flioit, Would
ndtlitcd t(i thcni
idvaiKc without
cdwith iiijulticc.
uiigftthcni above
tt iiiaik-r of thi:
an, it is the cuf-
id triumph to z
■ailed fob, where
luiy men of that
: madt that God
)ni i.ito him who
mufti then cin-
cmiKror foleirm-
upliet -Mahomet,
ler bafhas, with
the hem of his
:niperor. After
ith the like (o-
liges hiiiil'elf to
but the rurkilh
to the obferva-
Ktaii law, and
y, as to need no
liion from thofe
cngth and lich-
balhas ; but he
ey do not. He
of gold, cover-
■ith lilk, and in
(i in his barije.
My embroidfr-
aiid .ibout him.
ns, and Iteered
by land, he al-
l>rocceds out ot'
[ to thcmofqui!
the city by all
'ho lady Wort-
le lirand Seig.
preceded by a
white feathers
ufbii-ees, v.'ho
ijil'^mrs, which
ie<t in ditii.'reiit
habits
TfRKv in Europe.
A !■
li I C
A.
Arm.^
habits of fine lively colour;, (o that at .1 diftance thi-y ap-
peared, fays (he, like a parterre of tulip«. After them the
a'^i of the janizaries, in a robe of purple velvet, lined
WMtii filver till'ue, his borfe led by two Have:, richlv iliclied.
Next him the killcr-aya, who is the chief ;.niarJ:an of the
ladies of the feraglio,' in a deep yellow chnli, (which
fuited well with liis black face) lined with fables. I/all
came the fultan himfelf, arrayed in ^',reen, lined with
the furs of black Mufcovite toxQ:^, fuppolVd vvo::h a-
bout a thoufand pounds fferlinp, and moinitid on a fine
horl'e, with furniture embroidered with jewels. .Six
niDie horfes richly capaiifoned v/cre led after him; and
two of his principal courtiers bore, one his \_«>\^, and t!ie
other lus filver coffee-pot, on a (faff ; anoliicr carried a
lilver Itool on his heal, for him to fit on. It would be
too tedious, fays that lady, to defcrlbe the various diehes
and turbans by which they are diltinjniidie.l ; but they
were all extremely rich and gay, to the number of fome
thoufands ; fo that, perhaps, there cannot be feen a mute
beautiful procefTion.
The titles of the emperor, according; to the cuftom of
the Ea(l, are very prolix and magnificent, as will ap-
pear from the followini'; fpecirnen. We, the fervant and
lord of the moll honoured and blelled cities, the veneiable
houfcs, and facred pl.aces, before which all nations bow ;
of Mecca, which God delights to honour ; of the relplcn-
did Medina, and the holy city of Jerufalem ; of the im-
perial and dcfirablc cities of Oonitantinople, Adri.moplc,
and Hurfa, emperor ; alio of Uabylon, Damal'cus, of the
fragrant i'aradife, and the inciyinparahle 1-gypt ; of all
Arabia, Aleppo, Aiitioeh, and many other highlv cele-
brated and memorable places, cities, and faithlul vali'als,
cmpeior; emperor of emperors, the molt gracious and
all-powerful I'ultan, &c.
The Turkilh arms are a crcfccnt.
In the fuccefiion to the empire no regard is paid to age
or birth-ri^'ht, the Turks ellecming it fullieieiit, il, m
their elections, they keep to the Ottoman lamilv : but
women are excluded from the throne. Though tS.e go-
vernment is purely monarchical and defpotic, yet if the
emperor takes no care to indulge the humours of the
people, and cfpecially of the mutinous janizaries, he '.:,
not only in danger of being dcjiofed, but alio of being
murdered.
The emperor's divan, or rouncil of Itate, meets twice
a week in the emperor's palace, that is on Sundays and
Thurfdays. The grand vizier, who (its as prelldeiit, has
on his right hand the cadinlafkicr of Ronuli 1, and on his
left that ofNatolia. The mufti alfo alliltswhen cxprefslv
fummoned. All the other viziers have likcwife a feat
here, and next to them fland on one fide the tcftcrdar, or
hiah-treafurer, the reis-eftendi, or fecretary of ilate, and
other comminioncrs of the exchequer ; but the military
officers, as the aga of the janizaries, the aga of the
fpahis, the aga of the filiids, tV'c. lit within the divan.
'I'licfe I'everal members wear a particuh.r habit. The
fultan does not enter the room ; but hears what pallL-s
from an adjoining chamber, which looks into the divan.
When he convenes a general council, to wl;ich all the
great perfons of the empire are fummnneil, as the cler;;v,
the militarv aiid other officers, and even the old and molt
experienced foldiers, fueh a divan is called ajak d'vani,
the whole afl'embly Handing.
The highcll office, next to the fultan, is the vizier
nzem, or grand vizier, wdio has the care of the whole
empire, and is not only cntruKed with the manaL'cment
of the revenue, with foreign affairs, and the aciminif-
tration of jiilHce in civil and criminal concerns ; but alio
with the condiicf of wars, and the comiiian.l of armies.
When the fultan nominates this great oiiiccr, he puti
into his hand the (Val of the empire, upon wiiich is en-
driven his name. This is the b.adiic ot his office, and
he always carries it in his bolbm. \Vith this fcal he dif-
patchcs all his orders, without confulting any one. His
power is unlimited, except with rcfpcct to the troops,
which he cannot punilli without the confcnt of the com-
manders. All affairs are decided by his |uJ:;meiit ; and
he difpofcs of all the polls in the empire, e.\cept thoi'e
of judicature.
The grand vizier lives in the iitmoft fplendor ; he has
above two thoiiland officers and donnllic- in his palace.
and when he appears in p.iblic hai his tuib.in a lorncd
with two |>lume3 of feathers, charged with diamon K and
|)reci(jiis ll.ones ; the li.irnels of his hoife is iifiially fet
with rubies and turijuoifes, and his houling richly cin-
broiJered witll gold and pearls. His guard is conipofed
of about four hundred Uofnians, or Albanians, Ionic of
whcni attend him on foot when he goes to the divan; but
v/heii he marches into the field, they are all well mount-
ed, and cany a lance, a fword, a hatchet, and a bra' cot
piflols. He is preceded by three horfe laili, on the top of
which r. a gold ball. Tliis is the military enfignof the
Ottomans ; for one of their generals being at a lofs how
to rally his troops, who had loll all tiieir llaiidard';, cut
of} a horle's tiiil, and creeling it on the point of a lance,
the foldiers flocked to thia new enfign, renewed their at-
tack, and came off" with vliitoiy.
\V'hen the fultan honours the grand vizJcr with thn
C(,mniaiidof an army, he takes out one of the plumes of
his own tiirb.in, and delivers it to him to place in his
own. Upon his receiving this mark of diflinelion, the
fbldier" acknowledge him for their general. The urand
vizier's income, without his being guilty of any injufUce,
amounts to about fix hundred thoufand dollars a year,
exclufive of prefents and other percpiilites. liut, not-
withltaiiding the greatnefs of his revenue, and the fjikn-
dour in which he lives, he is in continual danger, it be-
ing the ufual policy of the emperors to fcreeii themfelves
from the clamours of the people, by throwiiiL'; tiie whole
blame of any Inltance of m.de adminiiliation on this of-
ficer, and giving him up to the public releiitment.
While the emperor refidesat Conllantinople, or Adrl;'."
nople, he is without any power ; hut if he be only eight
hours diltain from the citv, h:s authority is little iels
than that of the grand vizier.
'A'hen the emperor takes the field in pcrfon, he tiomi-
nates a kaimakan out of fueh viziers as are p-r'nnted to
carry three hoife tails. This officer, in cale tli;- grand
vizier be at the diitancc of cii'ht hours from the enipcror,
has the lull power and managenicnt ot all attairs ; but ia
not to ail contrary to the grand vizi.-r's inihuctions Tlii;
kaimakan ought not to be confounded v\'ith the gave, nor
of Conllantinople, or Adriaiiople, who bears the Gme
title.
Next to the grand vizier arc (ix other?, (filed vi:'icrsof
the bench, or council, and balhas ot the three horfe
tails ; becauf'e, when thev march, three horfl- tails are
carried before them, while only one is cariied bcfoic
tlie ordinary b-idias. Thefe viziers ought to be men
diltinguiflied by their wifdom, and theii knowlc.lfc of
the laws. They affi'.f at the divan, but never deliver their
opinion upon the aff.drs which are treated there, uiilcfs
required by the i;rand vizier. Thefe have each two thou-
fand crowns a vear, and the grand vizier often refers
matters of ("mall coni'eo_ucnco to them, as well as to the
ordiiiaryjudges. Cady is a word u fed for all judges of
a province or particular place.
A beglcrbeg is a viceroy, with fevcral provinces under
hi.i command, the name itfelf lignif\ iiig a piince of
princes. The three principal are the bcLtlerbeg oi' R'l-
niili, who relidcs at So|dii,i ; the beglcrbeg of N.itolia,
the feat of whofe government is at Cutahia, and the
begleibe!i of Damafcus, who keeps his court in that city.
Under tfiele are the balhas or governors, whole polls aio
very confidcrable, but precarious ; and fuboruiiiate to
the(e are the fangiacs, who m.iy be termed deputy-go-
vernors. Thefe are all military officers.
The rcis-eft'endi, alfo called the reis-kital, is lord
chancellor and fecretary of ftatc. His name figniiies
chief of the writers. He attenils on the vizier, to pais
ordeis, decrees, patents and CiimmilKons, into all part-j
of the empire, which are daily diipatchcd in incredi-
ble luimhers, and thcicloie he employs a multitude of
cleiks ill his office.
With icipcct to t'le naticnal revenues, they are re-
turnable to two treaf'uries ; the public ircal'urv, and the
treafury of the muliehnans. The public trea'turv is un-
der the management of the tcfterdar, or high trcafurer,
who has under him twelve offices, to vvliicii all the re-
venue 1 of the empire, aiihn.; from tiibutes, cuftoms,
^'c. are rcturn,ible, and out of' thele the arinv is paid.
The treafurei is allowed live pel cent, of all the money
brcii;-,ht
-f
A S Y S T I'. M O l' (■ i: (/ (. I' A 1' 11 V.
K. t 111 l.VRdl ..,
lir.iii !;lu into the triMl'iiry, w'liU'li imill 1m in;; liim in ;it
'< .III two liiHulu'd tlviiil'.uul il<>ll.ir:> ;iiiihmIIv. (>ii<; lotu'ili
111 tlio ni<iin-y lie rcccivci lir p.iys Ki ihc kii-ii-luul.ilK';^,
<ir kahia, wtio is ttic ^v-iU'l vi/.ii.rs coniinill.iiv, i\iid
aliovc i!'U tiiurJ.ir. 'I"iic iininoy of iliis ticiiliuy, i'.il!c(J
tlic" piili'io inaiicy of tlii; niulli.liii.iii'., i, not lob^ linali-
I'll I'V tlic cniiKTur Init in the j;u'.itcll cxigiNicy, much
Ids in' prii'au' cccaliuns. Tht liilcin's |)iiv.ite tical'iirVj
>Ahicli 111: liilpol'-s 111 .ii-coriiin^ to his own jiIlmIuH', is
uiulcr the CMio of thf ln!n;ul,u' b.ililii, who i^ ihj next
ptTlan ni i;iiik to tin; kill.n la tiii.- r.r,ij;lu). I'lincc C.'.ni-
n.inu' r.iy,-, ili.it ill his lime-, twi--iity-li'vi.Mi ihdDlnr.d
juirffs aiiuitmtiiv; to thirtci;n iiiilli'.Mij and a h.dt of rix-
iloiLirs, wip: annuallv ictmiKd tJ hot!) trc.ifurics. The
con.'ilc.itions ot the cll;it..'s ;iiid liiicls of the bai!i;is,
and otlu;- olKieis, to.ather vviih ilu- iiioivv il'iifiii;; Iroiii
!hi- cleheati ot '^llrk^ dviiit; without male ill'jc, make
»ll!) a very coiilidcr.U'Ie .uti..le.
Tile janii-ancs aie the tlower of thi; Tiiikifli foii-c?,
|li(v:iie all int.mtrv, and wi-re tiill t.. lined ot c.iptive
C'hrillians by the empeior Ainur.ith i. I'litir niiiiibcr
{.■eiKiallv amounts to foriy thdulUnd, divided into a hun-
dred and fixtv-iwo enmiianies, or eh.unbcrs, called odas,
in whi'.h they iive together ,'.t ConlUntaiopIe, .is in a con-
vent. 'l"he iaiiizuri'-iare (fa liipenor r.iiik to all other fol-
dicrs ; hut .ue alio more arriij;.iiit and faiitious, and it i<i
by tlu-m the public trampiilitv i'^ mollly dilhnhed.
" 'I'iie !,overiinKnt, lays tlie l.idy AV'orlley Montague,
" ij eiitiivlv in the hands of the army. 'I'he i:rand
" riL',nior with all his abluluie power, is as much a slave
" as any of hii fubietls, and trembles at a janizary's
" frown. Here i.-;, indeed, a much greater appearance
" of fubiedtion than amonj,ll us : a niiniller of (late is
" not Ipoke to but Ujion the knee ; ihuuld a relle.;tion
" on his eondue'l be dropped in a cjttce-houle (forihey
'• have their fpies everv wliere) the hDufe wouid be ra-
" 7.ed to the L',rouiid, and perhaps the whole c.ntip.my
*' put to the torture. No hu/./.iiiii; iiiohs, feiilelers
" [laniphlcts, and t.i'.ern diiputes ahout politics. WIrii
" a iiiiiiill.r here dilplcafes the people, in three hours
" time he is dra;vjcd even from hij mailer',, arms. They
" cut dtt' his hand,~, liead and feet, and throw thoiii b"-
'• fore the palaee gate, with all the rel'pect in the world;
" while the fultan, to wiiom thev all pro:efi; an unh-
" mited adoration, [\V-i tremblini; in his apaitmenr, and
" dale neither deiV'iid, nor rcveni^e his favourite."
'I"he j.ini/.aries have, however, fonie vi'od qualuieii ;
tlicv are employed to efci;rt travellei.., and efpixi.illv ain-
balladors, and perfons of Wi<\\ rank, on ihe road, in
which cal'e thev behave with tl'.e utinidt zeal an.l lidelitv.
The ingenious and learned lady, whom we li.ive jull
mcntiuncd, happenin_; to bi fpeak fume pii;eons for lup-
per at a vill.i;',e ne.ir I'iiilippopidis, one ol the janizaries
went immediately to the cady, the chiil civil ofluer of
the town, and oideied hiin to fend in loiue dozens. The
p,'ior man an!we;\ ', tli.'.t he l;.id already lent about, but
L-ould get none; up m which the jani/iry, in the liei;;!it
of hi.s -zeal for tluit bidy's fervii e, iniinrdiately locked
Iiim up prifoner in his room, tcllin;,^ him he deferved \
death for his impu.lence, in ollering to excufe his not j
ubeyiiii; her commands ; but out of refpect t(j the ladv, |
lie would not puni'.l) him but by lier order. Accouliiu;.
ly he came very i;ravelv to h'T, to afK what Ounild iic
done to liini ; addini: by way ol conipliniein, that, if l!ie i
pleafevi, lie would bring her his bead. " Tnis, l.ivs
'• the lady Montague, in,iv give lome idea of the unli-
«' miled po.ver oi tlafe fellows, who are all fworn bro-
" thers, and bound to reveiij:e the iniunes done to one
" another, whether at Cairo, Aleppo, or anv other part
" cd' tlie world, 'I'his inviolable leajoje makes them fo
" powcrlul, that the urcatilt man at court never fpe.iks
" lo them, bin in a flatterint; tone."
'I'he capis arc alio infantry; the fpahis lij'lu hoife;
but the timar fpahi, or, the old luid preferred fpahis, iii-
Jlcad of pav, have \ill.i;;es in fever. .1 of the provinces,
and are obli-'ed, aecor,i;n;^ to their income, to biingat
lealt three Haves wiih them into the field.
'i'he tribuiarv princes, as the cham of iheCiim '["ar-
tars, and the p.inees of MoIda\ ia and W'alachi.i, areoh-
lii^ed to fend auxiliaries. In (liuit, the whole 'I'lirkilll
atmy i^ cgmpolcd c>f above ihiec luiudred lhuijf,!ud men.
W'lun the Turk, are i:, canned, the tcnf-. nniko a
very maL-niheent appearance. 'I nole of the erect inei:
are lathtr like palaces th.,,! tents, taknr,; iiji .i nreat
coMipafs of ginuiid, and being divided into .i ;'jeat nuin ■
her of apaitnicnts. They are all I'.ieen, and the baili.i
ol thue tails h.ive thole in!i:Mis of th.ur power plami
in a very conlpicuous maimer before then tJiits, whiili
are adorned on the top with gilded balls, mole or Ufs,
according to their dilferint lanks.
\S i:en the liiltan is refulved to lead his armv in pcr-
fon, all the companies of tradeiinen aie oMined to make
him a ptcfen: according to I'leir abdity ; and, on this
otc.ilion, tluy make a veiy fpiendid piuci (lion through
the [uiiuipal itreets, while ihe fultan views them Iroiii
one of the windows of his feraglio. When our author
faw this cavalcade, it was picccded bv an cliuidi,
mounted on a camel, reading aloud the K.oran, finely
bound, and placed upon a culhioii. Me was (urround-
ed by .i paicel of boy in white, liiijiig liime verfes of
it, loilowcd hy a ni.ui drelRd in green houghs, rejire-
f'cnting a hulbandman iowing feed" After him flveral
reaper,s, crowned like Ceres, with ears of eorii ; they
had alio fcvthis in llieir hands, and feenied to mow.
1 hen a little machine diawn by oxen, in which was a
windmill, and boys employed in giinding coin, follow-
ed byanoilur niaehnie dr.iwn by bulf.iloes carrvint; an
oven, and two more boys, one employed in kneadint'
bread, and the other in drawin;; it out of the oven.
'I hele boys alio threw little cakes on both fides amo.'ii'Jt
the crowd, .iiid were folhiwed by the whole c;:mpa'nv
of bakers, marching on foot two by two, in their belt
doaihs, with cake;,, loavc;., pallics and pies of all forts
on their head,', and after them two hulFoons, wiih their
laces and cloaths fmearul with meal, who diverted the
mob with their antic gellures. In the fame manner fol-
lowed all the other trading companies; thi- jewellers,
mercers, ^c. finely mounud, and many <( tlie pat;L'-.
ants rcprefenting their trades, truly m.igniticent ; ^a-
mongft which that of the furriers made one of the beli
figures. It being a very large niailiine fet roiin;l with
the lliins of ermines, I'oxes, ice, lo well Ifulfed, tiiai.
the animals fecmcd alive, and were followed by mulic
and daneers. Ihe rear was doled by the vtdunteers,
who came to beg the' honour of dying in the fultan',.;
fenice ; they were all naked to the middh; Some had
their arms pierced thiough with arrows left flicking in
iheni. Others had them flicking in their heads, the
bloid trickling down their faces. Some fiaflied Ideir
arms with (li.np knives, making the blood 'piini' out
upon tiie bv-llanders ; which is looked upon as an cx-
piei-ion of their zeal tor glory. 'Tis laid that fome make
111',- of tiiel'e arrows and knives to advance their love, an.i
wdien thev aie near the window wheie their milliefs
ilands, (for all the women are veiled to fee this fpeetacie)
they flick another arrow lor her fake, who giv s fome
lign i;fappri.bation .inj cncourngcmcnt to tins gallantry.
S E C T. \'.
T'l'e Ofiuiis cfilu'Sri/ifi'it, nnit l/.w Rryii/ullcn ol'lcfjiil '.hire
with I i-jp,\-l IS tiH- I! 'ai!,-n ; tie SJ.'niJir cf ihir Dre/'tf
an.i ihi- .l/fi^v.-.-'.'.v;.:' in -.lUJj thi-y !,ve.
TIIK principal oilicers of the feraglio arc the eunuchs,
who ate in the l'.it;helt eonlideme; for bei:i^ e;i-
tiiely dileiiL'aged fiom love intrigues, ihcy religii ti'.em-
feUes whollv to ambition and the care of obii^in.^ their
lovereii;!!. The white eunuchs are employed in the fer-
vice ol the fultan, and the black wait upon and guard tlic
women. Thele aie toiccd to ule a lilver [lijie in making
water ; tiny being de|irived of the natural conveiiiency iil
their inlaney ; tor the lultans were jealous of theni,
while they weic m.ide eunuchs in the o.d.nary manner,
and on this account they are cut fmootb dole to the belK' ;
a dangeious operation, th.at co'.ls many ol them their
lives.
The capi-aga, or chief of the whit-' eunuchs, is treat-
ed in the lame maniKr in bis \ouib, and is the t;ieat
mailer (4 the feraglio. He has the inlpeclion of ;;ll the
l)a-;e^ of the lul.icr, and all petitisiis wiueli arc to be.
I'l dented
;n I.
.L'ROl
■ Dnyii
♦
Tviv.
m
i .
''4
.'L •• i J.r'i,/if, f^itii/ /t,i/'//,-i/ ////iii/fUft/e /•/,)//.) me f//i/^tl)ur //ftrrf/fH
Tv:
ill F.i';;(.ri:.
J',
r
a o 1' F..
prff'iitci! to th- luiiK-r nrc lUlr.'.'-.i to I'.ini. lU-r. in
till' Ici ret i>f till' t.iliiin.-t, iiivl li.is tliv i.()i!iiii.iiul ol .I'l tin
cniiticlii 111' lii>> <iwii ciimpK'xion. Tllc ()ii;'.ri|'.il ol llifit'
riiiiiii.li> ■il>') tin- ^.'iT.ltih.iniliciliiiii, ulm lus lulls |)il;'.'s
uiuicr 111. II, tli.lt w. lit nil tin: Til' m : tlr iK|)iilv-raiKi-
vifor 111 till' p.i' 11 ai>.iri"i' ii'i aiul mlicr I'liil'liiiiL'. Ill tli''
p.il.ici', wlio ii.iiiiiiil.iily t.iki-s ciiro lit ihiii linen .111 I
wi iiiir- -.ii'iLircl : tlu' CiiImu's iiiivy-trcaliiu r, wlm knp'-
till- |cv.-. Ill of thf trown, nml one ol the ktyi. orilic Luiiil
trtaliirc : the kil.in'i li.iflii, or i;r.iiiil c-xiK-n.lilor ol tlii.
fct.i:;'io, who is ;illi> RHMt in.ilhr ot tliu wanliulii' j it in
his olTi.c alio to look alur tlic rultan\ l\v(it-iin;at» ainl
liiinks til- lyiopS flu'ihtt, anil LOiiiiti.T-|ioiiaii'. ; In- alio
tnkrs care ot the fultan's ihiiM-wari.' ; the other white
tiiniulis are, the precc;)tor. to the pages, the oveileer
of the infirmary, the great fakoncr, the overleer of the
lialh'., ami other offievr, who wait on the fultair.! pcrloil.
The kvdera^ra is the ehicf of the hlai k eiiniiehs, an.l
has the ahfolite coniiiianil of tin- women's aji;:rtments,
an.l all the other blaek eiiiiiiehs plaeeil there pay him an
implult oheilunee. lie has the fuperinteivlenrc of all
th;' royal molip.ies of tlje empire, an.l dilpoloi of all the
tifTuis that beloiiL; to them. The pi ineijial (.f the other
black euiuirhs are, the eiiniH'h of the ipieeii mother, the
j;ovirnor of the princes of the hl.)o,l, tne comptroller of
the queen mother's trcafury, the llevvanl of her pLTfuni.-s,
fivctt-meats, an.l liipiors, the twochi-fs ot the ;;reat and
little chanilur of the women, wirh foiiie others.
In the feiaglio there are alio mufiei.ins, ImiFoon';,
tunililers, dwarf', and mutes.
All who live in the feraglio are the fultan's (laves, as
indeed are all the fiihjedtj of his empire ; lor they ac-
knowledge, tliat whatever they enjoy proceeds from his
liouiuy, .111.1 that their ellatcs and lives arc abfolutcly
at Ills difp..|'al.
The women in the fultan's court, includin.; the old
and the young, amount to about twelve luiiulred. Mis
coMcubinas aie beautilul and ac. omplidied virgin:;, who
have been flo'en or purchafed vvlien children frtim (Jcor-
gia, Circafii.i, or 'he neighbouring countries, and re-
ceived an ediu ation that renders them well iiiialilied in
the arts of pleafiiig, fuch as fiiv-iiig, pl.iving upon nm-
fical iniiruments, dancing, drilling to the bilt advan-
tage, an eng.iging behaviour, and great tk.ll in cunou:;
needle work, particularly cmbioiderv-
It is gciicially laid, that the llr'I of thcfe 'adics who
conceivi.s by the lultaii, and brings forth a child, is lliled .
fultana (piien ; and, if it be a f.m, is confirmed and
cHabliHied by great fellivals : thenceforward (lie has mag-
iill'iceiit aparinieiits, a great nnmber of (ervants, with a
large revenue, and all peifons in the leragli.) mull pav
her the rel'pect due to a queen. The other women who
bear him children are called fullanas, but not queens, yet
Ti-e daughter^, rnlcf, .in ! .11111'. •. of rr enip.-^r.^r lo 1^
in the fain.- l'..aglio ; ,in.l, bing rltliK drilT..| an I rj.-
ally atti n led, live bv them "Ives in eontlii'i il p!ea<'ure<,
till the I'ultail gives thciii in nurrl. .;■,■■ i.' In" ;','eit ofii-ora
of lii^ court, or liie goveriMH of proviii. . s, I'licv aro
I'ai I to carry out with lliem ,! .bell, po .'l-ur.il Iiy the ful-
t.iii, tilled with rii h chiatii;, jew. 'h, ,iiid nion.'v, to tli?
valu'J of ahoit lliiity th lul'and poiin l.i lii'rlii », btfi.ici
what they h.iVL'fave.l, whu h lometimes .iiiunritsf) ,i.;rrat
luio : and ll the Cir.ind SL-igni..r has .; pat:i i.lu' ril|e t
for tlv'in, he even rniitiiiues their allo'.vance of .1 tliou-
fand or liftccn hundred afiiers a d ly. As for the Imniand,
he is to make her a hill o: dowry of at le. (I a hu'iJial
thonfand cliequins ;n mon.y, betides cloaths, iewrls, and
other ornaiii. nts. The,, however, convili? with no
other men l);lides their li'ifh.;-! Is j and, with the fult.in's
le.ive, are allowed to vifit their old ac(]uaiiitance in the
feragllo. Tlu'fe are the only women in I'uiky who claim
tlie pru ilc.'c of having a m.m to thcmfelves. 'I'lvy al-
(unie the (Kite of (|ueeiis, .ind have their hulli.inds in the
fame fubj..-i.iioii as other Tuikidi hiilbands have their
wives ; and they are I'ai I to o!iligL tlieiii to [lit awav tlic
red of their women, how long foever tin y ha'.c lived
with them.
Authors have given very incredible i!i.rcrip;inns of
the in.iiiner in whi h thele la.lies live in the fera^lio.
.ite apartments, whi^h are extremely fpl
liv
did i thcv are well fervcd and attended, anil are in no
want ofmonev, jewels, or the ricnell apparel ; but if it
liappen . th;;t the heir of the empire dies, and another of
the fiiltanas has a fon to fucceed the deceafed heir, it is
fai.l that the luitana qu'.-cn lofes her title and rank, ind
another becomes queen in her ftcad ; fo that the title run,;
from one fi;!:aiia f) another, in virtue of the fun's right
to the fuccefii.in.
The fultan was formerly married to the queen, but
(lie now port'-li'es that title without the celebration of any
nuptial rite'-, and yet eiijo\s all the ptcrog.itives of roval-
ty, with a guard of thirty or forty black eunuchs, under
the command of the kvller-aga.
The foils of the fultan, by the fultana tpicen, a-.ea'l
lirmight uph-,' thcmfelve:., and have nurl'es provided for
them. His ibiis by the other fultanas are alio brougiit !
up by thcmfelves ; but they may play with each other | " lifteen years in
till they are fix or feven years of age. They live nine
or ten years with the women, and at about Iburtecn ate
pomp.
and of the tie.itnient they receive from the fultan ; but
as it is cviden', even from ti.eir own aeeount, tiiat they
n'ver fo niu;h a; faw on.: of thefe l.:die', and that they
had no p,.fii'.i'ic nieaM> ..f rom'iig at tiic knowledge of
what they di-feribe, wc fiidl pafs them mer.is the fic-
tions of t'ravell. 1, ; -..ml . onelude this feclion with part
of a letter wrote by an Engliih ambaH'a.lref. 011 this lub-
jedl, who writes from her own kivwl.- 1 ,-, and, fr'mi
her I ank and ("ex, had an opportuni'y of I.eing whit is
c<-r fu.lv conrealed lioni 'vry m.'.n. Though tlie lady
(lie (Mc'rihis had left the f raglio, yet (lie (ifli fu'.'ms l■.^
have kept up the way of lif, ilu' lei ihcre ; and, indeed,
all that is fiid of her will jive ihc r.ai-r a better idea of
the fplendor in wiii.h thole ladies live, th-n any thiii;i;
that has be;-n written on the fiibjci^.
" I went, favs this le.-.rn'd and p'.l't,' v.-ritrr, to f.-o
" the fultaii.i [l.ifiten, fav.niriteot the Ijte cnip 'oi Muf-
" taplia, uiio W.15 depofed by his brother, th; reigninj;
" fultan, and died a few weeks after, being p uf uied, as
" it was geiicr.dly believed. This lady w.is, i.nnicdiatc-
" ly after his deaih, faluted with an abfolute or.ler to
" leave the feraglio, and choofe herfelf a hufb.md among
" the great men of the Porte. I liippofe you may ima-
" !;ine her ov.rjoved at this propofal. — <^ii:e the con-
" frary. — Thefe women, who are called, and cllceiu
" thcmfelves queens, look upon this liberty as the great-
" e(l difgrace and alViont that can happen to tbciii. She
" threw hcrfclf at the fultan's feet, and begged him t.>
" poniard her, ratlicr than ufc his brother's widow with
" that contempt. She reprcfented to him, in agonies of
" forrow, that (lie was privileged I'rom this misf rtiin-^-
" bv having brought fue princes into the Ottom.:ii fa-
" niilv; but all the boys being dead, aiv! only one girl
" lurviviiiL;, this cxcufe was not received, ;md (he was
" compelkd to make her choice. She ciiofe Hekir Ef-
" femli, then fecrctary of (I'.te, and above Iburfcoa-
" years old, to convince the world that (he tirmiy iii-
" tended to keep the vow Hie had made, of nevci' iuffer-
" ing a fecond hufliand to appioach her bed; an.i liiuT
" (lie miift honour foine fubject fo far as to be e.illed
" his wife, file would choofe him as a mark of lier gr,;-
" tltude, (Ince it was he that had prefented her at :i;^
" age often years to her lalHord. But ilie never per-
" mitted him to pay her one vilit ; th;ugh (he has been
lis houfe, wdiere (he palii's her tini-
111 uiilnterruptcil mourning, with a condaney verv
Utile known in Chridendom, efpecialiv in a widow
foi
n is circumcifed, he is fometimes lent with a I
iiitabie
equipage, under the care ot a trudv eunuch, to he gover-
nor of .\Iajncfia ' '^
lit the
much is bound
to fend coniir.ual advice to the fultan of his fon's beha-
viour ; fo that if he exceeds the limits of hi, commiliion,
he foon f.ills into difgra;:c,
4+
of one and twenty ; tor (he is now but llurtv llx. Sh-
ibll;
black euni
.1 to rcfpect
at all into wh.it is done in her apa
hs for her guard, her hulband bein.:
as a queen, and not to enquire
I.
into a large room, with a fopha the whole
.th of it, adorned with white marble pillais,eov
■d with p:ile blue figured velvet, on a filvei
md.
ill
I- eil
m
M
m
w
I<»
A S Y S T r. N! or G F. O G K '\ F n Y.
Ti UKv in I''.i Ror-c.
r
I
" with futhinns cit tlii; f.imc, where I vv.is (liliril t:i rc-
" |ii.l>: till tlif lil't.ijia appc.iiril, who h.ul timtrivcJ tlii'i
*• iii.uijKT (if ri'cC|itioii to iiviiiil rilin;^ u|i at my I'litr.im f,
" th.avh Ak' iiudi; nic an i:u liiiatluii ol' the lit.id whia
" I !!'(:• up to lii'i. I was MTy i;lail to oliftrvc a i.uly that
" h.nl bi-'.'ii dil}iii;;ijillKii by tin: lavoiir of an i-nipnor, to
" vv;io'n luMutii."i wiTi' 1-vi.rv I'.iy pnlVntcd troiii all pari-.
" ot i!i; wo:lii. Slir li.lJ the ii'in.uiii ot .1 fine laif, nioic
*' iki u I'll by loriow than tiiiK'. Hot hiT dri'ls was lonv.-
" thill;; Co hiipiiliiii^ly fill), that 1 laniiot lorbiai Ji'-
*' (cilb'ii;; it to you. She wore a nd c.illeil adu.ilma,
*' which <ljti'rrs Ironi u rat'taii by its bavin:' longer
"fljivis, aii>l riblini:; over at the bottom. It w.is ol
" purjilc cloth lliai_L;ht to her fhape, ,iiul thkli-let on
" caeli fule down to her (ect aiiJ round ber fieeves, with
" pcariii of the beft water, of the lame li/e as tlieir but-
" tons are ; that is, about the bii-iuls of a pc.i, and to
•' thefe buttons large loops fct with diamonds. 'I'his
«' h.ibit was tied at the wailh with two large taiTels of
" Cmallrr pe.irls, and ruinid t!ie arms eiiduoi lereJ with
" large diamuiiils. Her (hift wai fallnud at the bottom
♦• with a r.re.'t iliamoiid, (liapcd like a lii/engc i bergiidle
" as bread .is the bioadell Kn_;lilh ribbon, entirely co-
" vered with di.uiumds. Round her neelc fhe wore three
" chains, whieh reached to her knee, ; oneot large pearls,
" at the bottom of which bung a fine coloured emer.dd
" as big .^s a turkey c^g ; another conlilling ol two
" huiiJred emeralds clofe ioined together, oi the nioU
*' lively gr^cii, perfectly matelr.d, every one a', large as
" a h.:(f crown piece, and as thick as three crown pieces ;
" and aiRithcr of fmall emeralds perfe«i1ly round. Hut
" her eai-riii'j;s cclipfed all the relh 'I'hey were two
" diamniui:; ffiaiicd cxaiily bke pc.irs, as big as a large
" ha-.'.leinit. Round her talpoche (he had Ibu- (Iriiigs
" of peail, the whitelf and molt prrleit in the world,
•' fafl; lied with two r(ifei,each conliltiiig of a l.irgc ruby
" for the middle ftone, en irclcd with diamond-. IJc-
" lid..- this, lier hcad-drefs was covered with bodkins ol
" em-r.dJj and diamonds. She wore large di.imond
" bracelets, and h.id five rings on her fingers, w.tli the
" largeft diamonds (ixcept Air. I'itt's) lever law in iiiv
" life. ' Tis for jewellers to compute the value of thefe
" things ; but, according to the common elliniation ,ii
" jewels in our part of the world, her whole dIel^ mull
" be worth a hundred thouf.iiul pounds (fcrling. This
" lam fine of, that no f.uropeaii ipiecu has half the
"qii.intiiy; and the cmprefs's jewels, tho' very line,
" would look vciy mean near hers.
•" .She gave nie a dinner of tiftv diflics of meat, which,
" after their fafllion, were placed on the t.ibte but one
" at a time, and was extremclv tediou--. iUit the mag-
" iiirKcnce of her table anfwered verv well to that of
" lur drefs ; the hafts of the knives being of l'oUI let
" with diainondb. Hut the piece of lu.xury which gtiev-
" ed my eyes was, the table-cloth and n.i])kins, which
" were .,11 tifijiiy embif.i.lered with filk and gol.l, in the
" fiii: (I manner in natui.il (lowers, it was with the ut-
*' molt legret that 1 made life of thefe coltlv napkins,
'* which were as finely wrought as the Hneil hindker-
♦' chiefs that overcame out of that country. Vou may
•' be furc thev were entirely fpoilcd before dinner was
" over. The fiierbet was fervcd in china bowls, but the
«' covers and I'alvcrs mallV gold. After dinner water
«' was brought in gold bafoiis, and towels of the lame
" kind with the n.'.pkins, whieh I very unvvilliiiLjlv wip-
" cd my hands upon, and cotlee was fervcd in china,
" vvith gold fauccrs.
" I'he fultana feemcd in a very good humour, and
" t.Uripd to me .-, ith the iitmolt civility. I did not omit
" this opportuniry of leari'.ing all that 1 pofTibly could of
'' the feragli,), wiiich is fo entirely unknown among u-.
" .She alliired inc that the ftory ol the fultan's throwing
" a han ikerchief, is altogether fabulous ; and the man-
" n';r up-'ii that occalion no other than tliii : he fends
the
vll:r
to li'nify to the lad? the honour
" intends her. She is immcdiattiv complimented upon
it by tb'
thcrs,
led into the bat:i, where file
aied and drelU'd in the mod nia^ii:li;ciit an
be-
comi;ig manner, 'f'h'j emperor prece b". his vilit by
a royal prel'cnt, and then comes into h.r apartment.
N'.-ther is there any fach thini; as her trcpin-^ in .it
' the lied's fuol. bhe lai.l, that the liitt he made choice
' ol, was .dw,ivs alter the lirll in i.nk, .ind not the mo-
' ther ot the tlilcit fun, as other uiiliis would make
' us believe. Sometimes the lull.in diveils lunilelf iii
' the conip.iny of .ill his ladies, who Itand in a circle
' loimd him. And (lie cnnfcd'ed iliey were ready to diu
' Hitii envy .md ie.doiih ol the happy (lie, tli.it he di-
' (lingndhi d vmiIi .iiiv appcaiancc ol preli rincnt. Hut
' Ibis Itemed to me neither better nor worle th.in the
' ciicles in moft courts, where the gl.iiuc of the nio-
^ narcli is w.itehed, and every fmile w.iited lor wiib iin-
' pafience, and envi.d bv ihole who c.iiinot obt.iin it.
'• She .ifkeil me to w.ilk in her g.irden, and one of
' 111 r ll.ivvs imniedi.iiely lirought her a pellico of rich
• bin. .ule lined with fable-. I waited on her into the
' gaidiii, which h.id nothing in it rcm.ukahle but the
' louiiiams, and from thence, (he (hewi d nic all her
' a[),iitmcnts. In her licd-chamber her toilet was dif-
' pl.iyed, confillmg of two looking-glallus ; the frainci
• covered With pe.iils, and her night l.ilpoche fct with
' bodkiii:', of jcweb, and ne.ir it three veils of line I.;blc5,
'■ every one of whiih ii at leaft wiutb two hundred
' pounds Knglifh nuuicy. I don't doubt but thJe rich
' h.ibit:, were purpoleh' pl.iced in fight, though they
(ecmed negligently thrown on the li plia Wli.n I
took my ! aye of her, I was complimented with pcr-
lumes, and prefcnted with a very (ine embroidered
handkeri liirC. Her Haves wero to the number of thirty,
befides ten little ones, th'- elilell not ab.ive feven ye.irs
old. 'I'hele were the iroft beaul:liil girls I ever law,
all richly drclii.',!, and 1 obferved that the fuliana took
a great deal of pleafuie in tliele lovelv childicn, which
are a valt cxpence ; foi ilicre is not a handioine mil of
that age, to be bought under a hundred pounds ller-
liniv They wore little garlands of flowers, and their
own hair bi aided, which was all their head-drefs ; but
their habits arc all of gold (lutts. Thefe ferved her
ciiHec kneeling ; brought water when (he wi(hed,,Sic.
'lis a great part of the bufinefs of the older (laves to
take care of thele young girls, to teach them to em-
broider, and to Cerve them as carefully as if they were
ihildteii of the family."
S K C T. vr.
0/ r/c Af.iiinfiif/urei, Trade, and Coin cf Tiirly in Erirope.
THK Turks have very curious and beautiful niami-
laiHures, The inland trade too, v^bicli the pio-
viiues, towns, and inhabitants carry on with each other,
an.l with foreign nations, is very conliderable ; though
it is cliiedv through the channel of the jews and Arme-
nians. The Turks, indeed, convey both by land aiul
water the prod nil:) s of the countiy and other goods IVom
one province to another ; but not to foreign Chriltiaii
countries: great numbers of I'.iiLililh, Dutch, I'rcnch,
Italian, and Spanidi (liips, as well as tliol'e of otb-T tra-
ding' nations, lepairinglii ;Me;it numbeis to the haiboiir^
in Turky, where thev imiimt their goiids., an.l purchafe
thole of the country. They have alfo their envoys and
relidcnts at Con(hntinoplc, and their confuls in other
port-.
The exports from Turky arc filks, beautiful carpers,
gnats hair and woid, camels hair, cotton yarn, biirdets,
dimity, waxed linen, (hagreen (kins, blue, red, and
yellow leather, cottee, rhubarb, turpentine, llorax, gums,
laflron, opium, galls, nialtich, emery, hcmnian bole,
pomegianate fliells, (ponges, dates, almonds, wine, oil,
h;;s, raifins, mother ot pearl, box-wood, wax, ^'c.
The traftic of the human lj)ccies, however fliockins' ic
m.iy appear at hr(t fight, is inlinitely kfs cruel than
that c.irricd on by the Cbrillians on the coaft of Giii-
nea : this is a confiderable part of their commerce ; for
they not only fell fl.ives of both I'cxes, but alio beauti-
ful young girls, who are bought up, particularly by the
' ~ " Cireece, and other couii-
vs in CircalTia, (icor
them, in hi
their parents and relations readily parting with
OjlCS
)f raltiii;! their fortune
The Knglilh Turky merchants export thither broad
nth,
ells, ti
I'liiiar, watche-, louic bul-
/<?!./- .»/.'■'.
U/fHI" -5/,'^.
1
lion, and many other art. ele
T.epai
above
iixlh 1
degrei
twent
fourth
Its gr
Mata]
dred ,
weff t
much
gulph
Its
IVIoru
its for
null be
Its
pbcus
Kurot
the ni
ph.ilu^
iijrted
the ri
freeze
and
have I
Th
contai
Corin
diftii
and '
the fe
which
ous fr
deligh
iniddli
more
of I hi
being
ever,
that M
tivate
Th
Chiai
He
Elis a
Cor
i\lore.
it L'iv
c;aiiL
is of
.1 larg
lint W
p.ilicd
TtiRKV in EuRorC.
i: ij R (J r r.
u
t in Enroll/:
[il'iil in;iiui-
:li iIk' [iiu-
L.ich other.
If ; llioii^lh
;iiul Armc-
V l;i!i'.l unci
niKuih IllilU
CluilUati
, French,
oili.'r tra-
i- li.itb<)vir:{
piirchal'i;
iivoys aiul
ill otlii-T
ifiil carpets,
II, hiirilcts,
rtJ, and
irax, glims,
iiiiaii bole,
wiiic, oil,
wax, v\c.
(liockini; it
rrud than
laft of tjiii-
imcrc^- ; for
alii) bcaiiti-
larly by thf
nbcr coiiii-
artin^; with
ither broad
loinc bul-
Tilt:
9/' HI"
The pold and ljri;i' filvcr Cuiii of all coiintiics are cur-
rent ill Tiirky, niori: tf[ii-i iaily the erofi liollars of Hiir-
|Minilv, and the Dutch Imn dollars, wlurli they term
iilkin. r II ■ J- r
The proper coins ot the country arc, hilf tnole ol
cold i namely, the altiiies, or ducats, which aic worth
about fiveii (hilliiip i and the /.echino., worth about
nine lliilliiii;s. I.arjje funis are reckoned by purfe^ i a
purl'- beinji one hundred and tight pounds hx Ihillinj'.s
uiul eiL'bt pence.
The filvcr coin tonnds of the folato, wortli about
two (hillings and two pence farthing i the knp, of the
vaUiB of -ibout cliveii pence i the urolli, about three
pence -, the para, worth three afpers ; an af,ier ix of the
value of about thiec half pence.
S K C T. VII.
0/ the MoRFA, anJiiiily c.ille,l lii PKI.oi'ONNfst's.
lis SilH.ition, Kxtiiil, Kami; RIviii, Laia-s, Siil, iin.t
Proihue. llilho D.jii ifilion of <iU llic [iriiuipM Cilui
unil Tnim ill that Ptmiijida.
lg:r:
?/. t»
THE Morca is a large peninfiila on the fiuthern
part t)f (ireece, to which it is ji;iiied by the
illlimus of Corinth, whicli extendb between llie yulphs of
l.epaiito and Engia, and in its narrowell part is not
above lour or live miles over. It lies between the thirty
lixth degree twenty-three minutes, and tlie thirty-eij;lith
dcTce leventcen minutes latitude j and betwetii the
tweiity-firll dej;rce twenty miiuitcs, and the twenty-
fourth degree ti;',ht niiiuitcs call loiui;itude from J,oi'doii.
Its p/eatclt breadth from fouth to north, or lioiii Cape
Matapaii to the llieights of Lepanto, is about one hun-
dred and fifteen mile, and its greatell length call and
weft one hundred and twenty : but in many places it is
much narrower and fliorter, on account of the many
gulphs, bays, and inlets all round the coalt.
Its prelent name of Morea is laid to be derived from
IVIorus, a inulberrv-trce, cither from its rcfembliiig in
its form the mulberry leaf, or from the great number of
mulberrv-trees it produces.
Its chief rivers are the Carbon, anciently the Al-
phcus 1 the I'iriiaza, anciently the I'.inifus ; and the
Kurotas, now called the Bafilipotama, Of the lakes,
the moli celebrated among the ancients wa ; the Si^ni-
phalus, famous for the many ravenous birds which te-
(brted to it ; and the I'hineus, for being the lource ot
the river Styx, whofe water is f.iid to be fo cold as to
freeze thofe to death who drink it, and to corrode iion
and copper, for which extraordinary qualities the poets
have made it one of the rivers of hell.
This peninfula, notwithltanding its fmall extent,
contained the kingdoms of Sicyon, Argos,and Mycene,
Corinth, Proper Achaia, Arcadia, ami Sparta, and was
diltinguifhed by the fplendor of its cities, the courage
and virtue of its ancient inhabitants, and the power of
the I'everal Hates ; as well as by the fertility of its foil,
which produces plenty of corn, wine, oil, moll delici-
ous fruits, and every thing that can contribute to the
deliuht, as well as the iiecellaries of life. Indeed the
middle p.^rt, which contained the ancient Arcadia, being
more mountainous, is not lo truittui, and thereto! e molt
of the inhabitants were formerly (hcpherds, tl'.e toil
being more propel for pafturc than as;rieulture. How-
ever, even in that part tlure are feveral lertile vallevs,
that would produce plentilul crops, were they well cul-
tivated.
The country is divided into four pnrt=, Uelveuer.i,
Cbiaren/.a, Brazv.o di Maina, and Saccaria.
Uelvedera, the moil fouthcrn part, contains the anridit
Elis and iMellenia ; and has the following places of note.
Coron, lUie of the molt confulerable towns in the
i\Iorea, is fituated on the I'outh tide of a gulph to which
It ■lives Its
Ciallo
name, about fcventeen miles I'rom Cape
le city
At a I'm ill ilill.ince fiom the town i« ,1 fiiburb, cnnfillin^i
of .iIkuiI live luiiuir d lioufes. The adiacuit couiitrv
atior.ls plenty ol fniil, corn, oil, and lilk, wliicli the
inhabitants exjiort with great advantage.
Modon, the aiu lent Methone, is leated on thefuutli-
ern fliore, oppolite the ifle of Sapicn/J, and ft.iiids on ,i
hill which projcits into the le.i, at the toot of which is .i
good harbour. It is a lining, liih, ,ind tr.iding citv, thu
rclidence of the governor of the Morea, and a bifhop'i
fee.
Navariiv), the ancient I'yius, Ifands on a rifing ground,
at the loot of which is the harbour, which is elleemed
the bell and molt capacious of all the .Moiea, it being
able to contain two thoul mil vetleh. It is defended by
two callle^, one of which Hands on a high mountain,
and commands the entrance into the liaibour on the
north tide, the other defend-, the entrance on the Ibuth,
and at fame time defends the citv.
Arcadia, lornurlv CvpariU'a, is now a mean place,
Ironi which a bay takes its name.
I.anganico, the ancient Olympia, is feated on the
liver Caibiiii, and was once famous for the games cele-
brated ou the neighbouring plains, every filth year,
Irom which the compulation of time by olympi.ida took/'/ywy
its life. In this city was alio a fine temple of Jupiter
Olympius, in which the image of that god, which was
of .111 amazing lize and beauty, and elteemed one of
levcn wonders (d the world. 'I'his city is now but a
fmall and iiicoiiliderable town.
Ijelvedere, by thedreeks called Callofcopiiim, is li-
tuatjd on the fpot where the ancient capital of Klisllood.
i'he town received its name trom the delightful placen
round it.
The next divifion called Chiarenza or Clarenza, con-
tains Achaia, properly lo called, together with the tbl-
lowing places, vii.
Chi.ireiiza, or Clarenza, a pretty pood town, feated
at the bottom of a guljih on the wellern (hore of the
Morca; but it flittered much in the lait Venetian war,
I'atras, I'atrallb, by the Turks called Hadra, or Halu-
bathra, is (ituated upon a hill at the foot of a high
mountain, not a mile trom the lea. This city is go-
verned by a cady, who determines all controverfics :
here is alio a waywode, who executes the determinati-
ons of the cadv, and gathers the taxes and duties up-
on merchandize and provifions. The Turks, who are
about a third part of the inhabitants, have fix mofques
here, one of which was formerly a cathedral church.
The Jews, who make alio another third part, have four
lynagogues, and a kind of policy among themfelvcs ;
for they ctioofe ancient men or elders to decide all the
ditt'eienees that arife amongtt them. The whole num-
ber <if Cliriltians, Jews, and Turks, is computed tt>
amount to .ibout four or five thoul'and perfons. It is the
relidence of a (ireck arclibifliop, and gives name to thf
gulph which runs between the coalt of the .Morca, ami
the illand of Cephalonia.
The currants ot I'atras are cftecmcd the bell in thofc
parts ; but there are no great quantities of them. Tht;
trade of the inhabiiants chieflv conlilts of raw filk, inado
in great quantitieb in the Morea. Leather is alio cheap,
as are alio honey, wax, wood, and cheel'e.
Hraccio di Mani.i, or Takonia, comprehends the an-
tieiit .^rcaJia and Laconia, and contains the following;
places, viz. .
Militra, the antient Sparta, is fituatod on the river ^^(//'■'5j|
I'.uiota!, now called Bafiiopotamus. It confills of a cadle,
the city piop>rlv fo called, and below it two l.uge lub-
urbs. The town and caltlehave each their diltiiu't w.dis.
The turmer is advanrageouny fituated on the top of a
mountain, and its u ills are Itrong and kept in good re-
pair. It is defended by eight or ten pieces of ordnance,
and the whole gacrifon confilts of eighteen or twenty
janizaries, commanded by a governor, who feKiom ri -
fides in the calUe. The Turks imagine, that it can
It is Itrong both by nature and ait. Tl
of a triangular lorm, and oiipoliti
a large tower built on a rock
jipohte one ol its angles is
Ihe t
own, wlieie it is
tit waflied by the fea, is del'eiuled by a forirel's, cnconi'
palled by old thick walN, fl.uikcd v/i'h l.u^;c towers
Illy be taken by famine, and have theiefore provided
with
magazines
conitantly tilled with cor
Withi
the place are alio citterns kept full of water.
The town Hands at the foot of the cattle, which cover
it to the n II til,
and conlilts of two fpicioiis (trects
crollir
tbem.
The uid
iket-
p'ac
ta
A S Y S T I M O 1 G I. O C. U A P II V.
Tnti;v in Kunopt.
'11
pUcehai v<-''"'i">i» limntMii, wlm h iIimiwh up w.itcr Irom
throe hi, :/.'.'n pip"'', >iii<l iit'.ir ic \t ,i >luii\'ii built n, it iil
the ruiiii ot Miiuiv.i'' iciiipr. ThiTc aie ailo tlu' n-
m.iiiit nt iiiiii iiM^nilicviit itiiirliL' hiiil liiici the I'lTli.in
pillc'iy, iir |i>)riiii), tuct il ii) mciiiDrv ot' the victory
K.iiii'il l)v ill- (ill I Li .It the li,ittl. Ill I'liiMM, the ti'ili-
plfcit Milni.i, till mii|ilc (il HinuU'Hi and ih.it nt V'cmis,
III the liiwii it.iiiil' all'i) iIr' laihc.lr.il, wluih is a very
ll')blc liuiMiiijj; Ih'.- mot' i< lii|)[)oitCil b\ miihlc pillar^ ;
it h.w (i\ ( 11 iliiiiu's, and tu' p.iv^'ni' nt ii a i iitiouH piiic nt
Mul'aic wiirk. Thi. i. the I't-c iil a lircili arcliliilhop,
whii it KiL'd inctrjpiditaii, anj h,i< a haiulionic aiul loin-
niiKli.iiH palaie, in which are liidniiii;* l"r ten nrtWiKc
coliiyeii, or muiilc«, who arc di^nitariej ol the lathe-
ilral.
Towaidt the fouth-cail part of the tovn ii a convent
<it' iiiiiK, whole thiirih, thmifjh not In larijc, it iivue
tieautilul tliaii the cathedral, in one ot the liihiirhi i.
aiioiher cluirch, tar iiioi.' ini';iiihc 'iit t'l.in the two al-
ready memioned. The inlide n auoiiiod wiih vi rv hue
paiiitin^fi 1 the niarhle ol its ccdjiiins i.j very bcaiililul,
and adorn 'il with llie mult curunij workin.inniip, an I
both the portico and the donien are admirable. In e.ii li
ol in.'le churches is a p.irtKiil.ir iiirloruic, within wni.h
the lireek women are placiil lep.irate Iroiv. the nun. In
the laiiie (tibiirb (tands the tiiult niol'iiue the I'lirk ^ have
at Mihir 1 ; it w.i'. built out ol t .c ruiin of aniiciu .>pana.
I he donicj arc cMieniely noble, ai\d it . niiiiore:'. molt
ciliio'iily wrou;;ht. Adjoining toil is the belt endowed
holpii.il ot any in Tuiky i provd'ions are there daily
dilluluited to tile poor, and txtr.iordimrv care is t.ikcn
ot' til. Ikk i and both Jews, Moors, Tuiks, .-.nd Chril'-
tiaiv. are cipialiy welcoiue. 'I'tierc are alio at Mifitra
two I'.aii', or caravaiil'eras, for travellers ; both ot which
are line buildings, p.inicularly th' new one, where there
IIP- chambers lor the merchants, with It iblci underneath
lor their lioiCe, and other beall.ol burthen.
They reckon near two ilioul.ind lioulVj at .Mi'ltra, and
ncai a., many in the above I'u'iurb ; but the laiter are
by lar the hnell, and thcrd'orc the nuilt eonliderabic of
the Turk', live there; v.'hcre they have pb al'ant i^ardens.
'I'lieoihiT villa;;'' cimia;iis about a thoulaiul houles, molt
ol them iiihahiied bv jews, who liave a ryna;4<i;;ue there,
as they iiave alio at Nlilitra and iiithe other vi;!.i'>c; the
."sadducees have allii particular rynaio;;ues and bui -ii'i;-
plaees, and never intermarry with the other Jews.
The city olM.ilvefia, by the modv.Tn (irecks called
Moiunibjlia, and by tiie Turks Meiu wtlche, is I'eated
on .1 little illaiid, on tlie eaftern coall of the Morea, near
the mouth of the gnlpii of N'eapoli, thirty-nine miles to
the l'outh-c..lt of Militra. The illinl on which itttands
ii iMt above apilbd fliot from the toiilineiir, and is loin-
Cil to it by a b.indlome Itinc biid;je. The town is built
at the foot of a (tcep rock, on the top of which is .i
good fortrel's. The walls of the city are towards the lia-
fllore, and in very ;;ood icpair; thofe of the fortiel'-, .ire
very iiidilferent ■, but its fituation renders it in a manner
impic,;nable, there bein;; no afccnt to it but by a very
dangerous path. It ha. .i pietty good harbour, and i,
the lee of a Greek bifliop.
The ifland on which the city is built is planted with
fine L'lrdens and vineyards, whi^ li produce that exeel-
Iciit wine called malmley : but, as the illjnd is fmail, it
cannot produce a fuflieient quantity of it to aiifwcr the
demands of the public; ibey h.ive therefore planted on the
oppofile ihore a fpacc of ground about ei^'.ht leagues in
extent, with vines from this ifiand ; the wine they
produce is generally fold lor nialni/ey, and is little in-
ferior to it.
IVl.iina is a town with a dildict belonging to it on the
foiitb part of the illand. Its inhabitants, and thofe in the
iieighbouriiood called .Mainoiti, arc the defcem'aal . of
the antient I.aeedemonians, and are llill diltiiu'iiifhed as
the bravcft of all the Cireeks. Though their whole mi-
litary force is laid not to exc-cd ten thoul.ind men, thev
have never been coii(|uered, nor even rendered tributary
to tnc T'lrks. Their country is on all fides fin rounded
W'th mountains. Their modern name is derived from
/iri.vii, or madnefs from their culloni of rufhiii^ ujion
tiic enemy, as if actuated by a p!iren/.y.
'I he l.'-inh ilillriilt n Saicnidi, nr Romntii,! Minor
wliirh contains the aiilKiit iliiis of Corinth, hu von, jnj
.\rg.i..
Corinth, firft callcil Tphyra, ami now by the Turki i'JwV'rf
(Jerame, wit built at the foot of 4 very lii^h rock, ..11
which llaii.li aeallle, that lia« a moll btaiii[|'ul piolpia
on I'Vi ry (ide. It w .is aiiiii iitly one of the liiult utns of
.ill (ireece, and aboiin.le,! in Mv-.niticent biiildiii/s. Inch
as tempb-i, pilaces, amphithiMtrcs, mominienn,' b.itlis,
.iiid otIUTwoik, .uloincil with (latiies by the ^r.atilt
m.iller., an I b.autiful poriieri* of columns, whole fin-
gul.ir iliroi.iiions and il.i'ant capitals (-ave rile to the
app,llaiion of the ('orinthian onler. Ihit thel'e I'liperh
edilicei are demolifli d, and all this ni ignilicinee biirieil
111 the dull ; and the Ipot on which Corinth flood beint;
Hlled lip with fields and LMriKiv, it r itlier lelcmbles .1
vin.i.,e than acity. The buildings are not (onti^uous,
but ill (lullrrs ol li:df aile7''ii, ten, or fometmies I'wenty
to;;i ther, but ftldoin in. ire, with (."ideiii of oraii:'e,
lemon, and cyprels trees i.boiit tbem. Tim inwi\ ii.ii
twomol.iues, and is llill the (cr of a ( Ircek nrrhbifliop,
who lues ill the cathiJial, which ii the 01, ly church
here.
Niniea, a vill.if;c (V.ir.'d for ihcantient NcmaMii games,
celibrated in hoii.i... of llerculr^.
Sicyon, now cdled H.ifilica, wis once a very torlfi.
dcrabl'e litv, tlv capital of the antient kinj-dom ot .Si-
ciona, which Hood upon a hill by the river Afopiis,
about eiidit miles to the well ot Coiiiilh; but i:* now
only a heap of ruitn.
Argos, a mean place on tli" river Naio, or Inaclum
lormerly a fplendid capital, is the fee ot a billiop, and i»
defended by a cit.idel.
Mvcene, a village, once the canii.d of a l:in,';dom.
Napolidi Romania, in Latin Ncapidls, was antientl/
called Naiiplia. it ll.mds on the top of a fiiiall pro.
montory, thirty-fix miles to the I'oiilh of Corinth. The
port, which is one of the bi(f in the .\Iorea, is Ice u red
agiiiiK pirates by ^ little calile built on a rock, that
dell lids the cntr.ince into the harbour ; which is fo nar-
row, that only one galley can pafs at a time, though the
h.irboiir is fo fpacioiis as to be able to coiitain a Iar'>c
fleet. Theie is but one avenue, and only one gate to
get into the town 011 the land fide ; every where ell'e the
lea waOies the w.ills, whieh are pretty Itrong, and flank-
ed with idd towers. Ikfides the above-mentioned caltle
there is anotlier on the north fide. As tlic h.irbour is
more feriire, and has be'ter anehorai;c than any other on
the wJl coall, the inh.ibitants carry on a ronfiderablc
tr.ule in corn, wine, oil, filks, cotton, and tobacco. 'J'hc
city is inb.ibiied by Chriltians, Tuiks, and Jews, anj
Is the Ice of ;in arwhbilhop.
SEC T. VIII.
0/ r,r. AniA, cr (jiiEnci; I'ltoprn.
/is Silii'ith'i, li\tint, Afoi4'iti!i>:s, Rivrrs, ivith tin .lamnt
■Jl ii-mnrMl'ld P/.-ias now in ihut Ciunlry.
of ill,-
U
NDKR til- name nf [dvadia isai prefent comprized
..*
I
anli-'iii Cire.ce, pioperly lo called, to which belon"
ed the little kingdnms of Acarnania, /T.tolia, O/.ohca,
Loeris, I'hoei,, IJoris, Kpienemedia, lin?tiea, iVIegara,
and Attica. This province reaches from the Iiniian fc.i
to the Archipelago, and is bounded on the north bv
I'.pirus, now the (treigbc of Ne^ropont, and by Thelliily,
now called Janna ; on the caft by the .'\rchipcl:igo ; on
the fouth by the "ulpli of Kiigia, or Kgina, the ilHimi!';
ol Corinth, and the giilph of I.epanto ; and on the well
by the loni.m lea, and part of Alb.iiiia,
It is a pleafant an! fruitful country, cxtcndin" about
a hundred and thirty miles from the foiith-calt to the
north-wed, and is for tiie moft pait mountainous, con-
taining Mount Octa, in HiEotiii, f.imous for the pal's of
I'bermopyle, which was not above twenty-five t'ect
i road, and derived its n.ime Irom the warm baths in its
nelgbbouiluio.l ; and for Mount PainaH'iis, facred ta farng/jitS-
Apollo ; with Mount Helicon and Cytberon, conlecrat-
td to the Mul'cb i all of thein celebrated by the poets.
The
/^* r i X .V „r , /
,A
■ ;Sli.
/>rffU/r erf/' ///f ' ' A^rf^
1
'i
ll;'Ain(l thi»
I'iic hmiict
■ry lUiriiw.
I, i> iliviilcd
>iin[iulc.l 1(1
rii- (Miu lit'
no JcHI
he a.- ((
r hundred
ivvi) hun-
: Aihciii,
i the nil
louiiJcri,
nllt.lll, or
\ .(ildriKil
-•iMilin.iry
'cr.il con-
m(i('qui.<i
;ly tcinp'o
.'ic of aii-
Vtiuti.111
mtioncd,
.ry conli-
Thc t'lji
a mile in
rpniJicu-
vvH. Its
nil round
ht be n-ii-
: of iVli-
iilc of the
It pillars
UiJiiim,
were cx-
Icuin, or
(I us, and
• Ph;iriiti,
) be Iccn,
the plain
)<-• forimr
the olive
thcs intu
had an-
^halarcui
I'i to the
ofiil f|)a-
imich rc-
(), but by
memory
lice.
iins and
rcmaini
travellers
mod fu-
aJorncJ
nguiflicd
:ile Itruc-
Tandcur,
alls feeni
e. It is
e Turks,
its, have
9.
1!
?/!(/ friri'
**V--rf,-~ *>.
m kino;
■ 111 ny Mace-
h by Livadia,
;u!ph of SjIo-
'hcrc longcit,
from north tv
o Macedonia,
fomctimcs
/V:
13
' agaiiifl the
'he huulls
.'^Ty narrow.
I, is divided
• omputtd to
rci; parts of
ji r/jjYs of * ^ jiujuX .s
W^.:
^^ \4i
r
.'^■.■,-/,;- ,'.;,,
I !•;
i!
<►
.111 iiy Mace-
h by Livadij,
;ulph ot '.Salo-
'hfrc loiigcif,
i'rom north t(i)
:o Macedonia,
fonietiiiicj
^
\
i'lU|
\
'' I'f
I
%
i.
{ "
■t*
111
■ r
11
iiV
:r!^
;iif^
r:1
13
A SYS T I", M O 1 GEO G R A P II V,
Tri!;;v in ]'.
:Rorc.
place h.Ti I'ciirioiis finiinain, wlili'h throws up vvntcr from
three
the r
!>t Ml
I'pcs
aiul iKMr it is a chiiiL'ii built out ot
tfiiipl.'
The
all'o the if-
in.iiiis of lour iii,i^ihI\cc.-iU m.irblj huiMiuas, the IVrfuui
gillcry, or portico, eti'ct.il in ineuiorv of the victory
gaiiK'il by the (' ' . . • - ■.. . •
pie of Helena,!
The fr
illrift
which contains theaiitKiit cities uf C
Arros.
IS SaccoiM.i, or I'Tiiania Minor,
oiiiit.i, hi; von, and
Corinth, finl c:
jeranir, was hiiill at the loot ..f
phyr.i, ;uul now by the Turk? C-/-/'n'^.
\\\l\\
rock,
In the i;iwn rt
nohle buiUimg.
it has {<:\v\\ iloi
Mofair work.
who is ItiL'd m
inoilioiis palace
coloyers, or in
Jr.il.
Towards the
,vh<>(
ot nu
beautiful t'.iaii
another church
readv mention!
thi
rtic
itri ; It M
paintings ;
and ad!)rn.-
both the po
ot thele church
the Circck wor
the fame I'libur
at.Mif
The domes are
curioully wrouj
hofpit.il of ail'
ddhilnited to ri
of tlij f'lck ; ar
tians are equal
two haiis, or c
are line l-uildit
arc chambers fc
tor their horCes
They reckon
near as many I
by lar the finel
the Turks live
'("lie other viilaj
of them inhabit
as they have all
Sadd
ucces navt
piac
Mo
es, anu lu'v
The citv of
iibati.
on a litile iliand
tl'.c mouth of tht
III,-' fouth-cdt ol
ii II It above a p
cd to it by a har
at the foot of
siood t'ortrels.
(horc, and in vt
very indilierent
impiCjtnalile, th
dangerous path,
the lee of a Gref
The ifland on
fine L' irdens and
lent wine called
cannot produce
demands of the p
oppofite (hore a 1
extent, with v
produce is i;cnen
ferior to it.
M.iina is a tti\
fouth part of the
iieighbournood c
the antient I.acci
tlic bravcft of all
litary force is l.iiti imv
have never been com
nor even rendered tributa
to the Turks
with
Th
mountans.
eir couiitrv is on all fides furrouiulrd
Their modern name is deriveil f
fii.i'is
aadnefs tr
Ih
e:r eiittoni o
if rulhi:
tae enemy, as if actuated by a pi
loni
up Jll
tiunini
i'liermo
■Mf
lint Ucta, in nuCTtrri, lainou:, i
e, which was not above tw
cntv-tivc feet
anil derived its name Irmn the warm baths in its
'hhi
Apolli.
and for .Mo
ih Mount Hi.
t I'arnadiis, lacrcd Xo fttrrtffj/iit.
in and Cvthe
cd to the Mules i all of them celebrated bv tl
roil, conleciat-
le
poe
ts.
The
''Wt
13
■ !\;>ainft the
The houli.'S
.'ltv iiairow,
I, is divided
omputed to
ite parts of
lor 110 Jews
i tlii; fti.- cf
uur hundred
be two hun-
jut Athens,
(Is i the rdt
ir founders,
itholicui, or
be(t adorned
jilding.and,
theiiidiM.iry
fevcral eon-
ve mofques;
btely teiiip'e
p ece of an-
jlt Venetian
ion.
-mentioned,
I very confi-
ns. The top
of a mile in
perpendicu-
hwelh Its
ed all round
nii^htbe rcn-
nple of Ali-
th fide of the
"i.-.-!U pi!!ar«,
th;.- liaJium,
2, were ex-
: odeum, or
ug'illus, and
tile Pb.irari,
ill to be lejn.
,'ntcrt:ic plain
; tlic former
rin.\ the olive
branehcs into
hens had an-
led Phalareus
yra-us to the
inclofed fpa-
rtill much re-
3ragci, but by
re in memory
Venice.
in ruin^ and
: the remains
i(itc travellers
of a moll fu-
■blc, adorned
^.' '■>?[
\ i
diftinguiflied
T noble Itruc-
:nt grandeur,
•nt wjIIs feeni
fi<!;ure. It is
The Turks,
bitant", have
urches.
■^'lil
/■ !!i*l
Ml
LY.
i/ity, and pr'tn-
\c from kinij
rth by Maee-
h by Livadia,
;ulph of Salo-
'herc Icmgelf,
from north lu
o Macedonia,
fomctimca
■':!: -i ii
U' :a
ill
)H
»'
>7././y
/Y(//f,t <
U//f(,-//i
Wr/
R r I \
.
» ^(///u/(' (>/ f 'u/f//'r/r.
.'4
.S ol
• . / 7'/f 7^' ;v J' .
■^--,1.1 -■- 7 ■ -■ ^^^-^^i^ fc : =777-
"'i'Ji.**^^
-J^
i^i^^
:j>«6 '^^
„-j«*^-i
m^
ua-
H
-vp^^^H
1
^
BluI
js^fl
'''Jl^l
^
1 .'^ pHH
_^
^4
1
.-*,
r
{ V
/^V/V7V'/ //^' /(n/r/.>
( -)
/r/N///(
( (>/
/ T Ji K\ V
11
phce I'ciiriou
three L .;/.vn |,,pt
the ruins ot' .Mini
ni.iiiis of lour nis
gillcry, (ir (lorci
g.iiii'-il by tho ''~
pic i)( Iklciia, I
ill the town l]
nohle huilihii;;.
it has (even iloi
IMofaif work,
who i:, itiL-il m
nioili.nis p.il.U'C
toloyers, or m
ilr..l.
Tow.irils th(
ot" nuns, whii(
be.iutilul tlian
another churcfc
re:i;lv mention!
paintings ; th'
and adorn /il v <
both the portic
ot thcde church
the Cjrcek woi
the lame lulnu
at Mifitri ; it V
The domes are
rmio'.illy wrou
holjiital of an'
dithi'juteil to t
of tile fick •, ar
tians are equal
two haiis, or c
are line Imildii
arc chambers ft
fur their horfes
They rcckot
near a,; many i
by far the fine
the Turkb live
'I'he other vill:i;
of them inhabit
as thev have all
Sadducces liav«
places, and \\i\
The city of
jMomnibjfia, a
on a little iliaiid
tl'.e mouth of thi
the fouth-ealt o:
i.i ni)t above a p
cd to it by a hat
at the foot of
good Ibrtrei's.
filore, and in vi
very iudiiierent ;
iinpie,;nable, th '■
dangerous path,
the lee of a Cirei
The irtand or
fine g irdeiis aiic
lent wine called
cannot produce
demands of the p
oppofitc Ihore a
extent, with v
produce is gener;
ferior to it.
iMaina is a to'
I'outh part of the
iieij^hbouriiood <
the antient Lace
the braveft of af
litary force is faiu ii.^»
have never been conq
to the Turks. Their
with mountains. Th
//■I'.y'if., or madnefs, fn
tiic enemy, as if actua
^A
y*'.!^
^.J-
^^
^ ■•.^' .^_^ "vf jb
1
'
. ^ ('//////(' f>/
Cojyj////
S^WA.-.
TltRKv]
The
theanticij
from the
lake of Cl
nus, whi(
difcharg
Thefol
able :
Lepant|
tain that
formerly '
the mount
rounded
and vincyi
lemons, al
ThcDJ
of the gull
year I57i|
fleet.
VA,keJ: Caftri.
^^ two TurkI
and ftandsl
famous for|
only a
houfes.
Livadia,
name, is f
ifthmus of
terminates
The river I
with fuch i
number of
place is laq
Turks, wh
and liavc ti
five old rui
The city is
en a pretty
\>hniliis. town was a
nius, whicl
The lake
the city, on
palled with
Megara,
wards the (
able to carr;
.^nd to plant
and confills
inhabited oi
by tillin;; th
the reft bein
make pitch,
.md firs that
iiiU moanta:
Salona is
fruitful valli
the northw:
I/ivadia. I
rock, and ii
Athens,
about equal
latter feven
The trade
bacco.
Athens,
f.7 ,i,f. was at firll
■ liSf. but afterwa
I . * " is derived I
I'J-^iYP'-. power, ama
celebrated I
philofophcr:
It was at fit
afterwards
fians, Mac
came unde
was taken b
retook it.
but in the 1
fell into the
This city
of its buildi
45
TuRKv in FuROPC.
K 11
R O 1'
E.
'3
^^A
>(/'r/f .
^w^
-^i^'
:>q
V
The principal rivers of iliis roiintiv arc the Sionapro,
theanticnt Achclous, whiih Icparatcil the Artaiiaiiiaiib
from the yKtolians j the Cepliiiriis, that falls into the
lalce of Copai, which it [jropurly forms ; anJ the Ifmc-
nus, which probably ran into the Afopus, a river that
difchargcs itfclf into the Archipcla;»n,
The following places are at ptefent the niufl remark-
able :
Lepanto, the antient Naupadlus, a town on a moun-
tain that runs alonj; the (horc of the gulph of l>tpaiito,
formerly termed the gulph of Corinth. On thefnniniitof
the mountain (tands a fmall caUl';. The town i . fur-
rounded by a fertile country, covered with olive trees
and vineyards, corn-fields, and plantatioMb of oranges,
lemons, and citrons.
The Dardanels, are two caftlcs that defend the entrance
of the gulph of Lepanto. Here the Venetians, in the
year 1571, gained amoll fignal vidlory over the TuiUifli
Aeet.
Caflri, the antient Delphi, or Dclphos, is fituatcd
two Turkifll miles to the north of the gulph of Lepanto,
and ftands on a bare mountain. It was antiently very
famous for its temple and oracle of Apollo ; but is now
only a poor place, confiding of about two hundred
houfes.
Livadia, the capital of the province to which it gives
name, is iituated twenty-two miles to the north of the
ifthmu3 of Corinth, and built round a mountain which,
terminates in a peak, on the top of which is anoldcalHe.
The river Hercyna riles out of the mountain by the cattle
with fuch a plentiful dream, that it turns a confiderable
number of mills in its pafi'agc through the town. This
place is large and populous ; it is inhabited by many rich
Turks, who are here more numerous than thcChrirtians,
and liave fine mofqucs. The Chriftians have four or
five old ruinous churches ; but there arc but few Jews.
The city is governed by a vaivode and a cady, and carries
on a pretty good trade in woollen ftufls and rice. 'I'liis
thtliliis. town was antiently celebrated for the oracle of Trypho-
nius, which was in a cave in the hill above the town.
The lake of Livadia is five or fix miles to the c.ilt of
the city, on the north fide of a large plain, entirely encom-
pafled with high hills.
Megara, antiently the feat of a monarch, and after-
wards the capit.al of a republic, fo formidable as to be
able to carry on a waragainll the Athenians and others,
and to plant a colony in Sicily, is now but a poor village,
and confiils of about three or four hundred pitiful cottages,
inhabited only bv Chriftians, who get their living chiefly
by tilling the earth, for which they have half the crop,
the reft being paid to their Turkifll landlords. They alio
make pitch, and faw boards and planks, out of the pines
and firs that grow in great abundance on the neighbour-
ing mountains.
Salona is feated upon a rock in the inmoft rcccfs of a
fruitful valley, under an high mountain which rifcs to
the northward, about twelve miles to the north-weft of
Livadia. It is defended by a caftle on the top of th^'
rock, and is a biftiopric fuhic^'^ to the metropolitan of
Athens. The number of Chriftians and Turks arc
about equal, the former having fix churches, and the
latter feven mofques ; but no Jews arc permitted here.
The trade confifts in fomc cotton, but chiefly in to-
bacco.
Athens, now S;tincs, the ancient capital of Attica,
was at firft called Cecropia, from Cecrops its founder;
but afterwards w.is known by the name of Athens, which
is derived from the goddcfs Minerva. Kxclufivc of its
power, amazing grandeur, and opulence, it was highly
celebrated for being the nurkry of the mofl: eminent
philofophcrs, ftatefmcn, orators, and great commanders,
it was at firft governed by kings, then by archons, but
afterwards fell fucceflivcly under the power of the Per-
fians, Macedonians, and Romans. In later times it
came under the dominion of the Turks, from whom it
was taken by the Venetians. In the year 1455 the Turks
retook it. In 1687 the Venetians again recovered it ;
but in the laft wars between ihofc two powers, it again
fell into the hands of the Turks.
This city, once juftly celebrated fi)r the magnificence
of its buildings, has no wall? ; but the avenues to it bc-
45
ing fluit by gates, are a fiiflii icnt f.ninfy a'.ninft tht^
corlairs, wliicli fometimes frequent the co.iil, I'lie houfes
arc built clofe together, and the llieets are verynairow.
The town, which is defmded by a citadel, is divided
inlo eight quarters. The inhabitanti aie iumpuled to
amount to about cii'ht or ten thorn iiul, lliite parts of
whom are Chriftians, an 1 the tell I'uiks; for no Jews
are permitted to live aniongft thcin. It is the fee t(
an arehbifliop, whole revenue amounts to four hundred
thoiil'.wiil dollars a year. Tlicie arc laid to be two hu:i-
ilred chuiches and little cliapels in and about Athens,
lilty-two uf whieh have their peculiar piicfts ; the nit
are leldom ufed, except on the days of their Iminders,
and are indeed only little oratories. The cathidkan, or
tatliedral, is the heft kept in lepau, and the beft adorned
ot any of them ; but in reality is but a mean building, and,
in point ofniat'iiilicenec, exceeds very few of the oidinary
parifti churciies in England. Here are alio fevcral con-
vents of monks and nuns. The Tu:k I have five mofques?
one in the caftle was the Pa, thenion, or the ftatcly teiiip'e
of Minerva, and is now accounted the finelt peee of an-
tiquity in the whole wot Id; but in the lall Venetian
war this building fuft'ered much by the cannon.
'I'.ic Acropolis, which is the citadel above-nienlioncd,
is fituatcd upon the funiniit of a rock, in a very confi-
derable elevation above the circumiacent plains. The top
of this rock is flat, and about three quarters of a mile in
circumference, to which there is an alino(t perpendicu-
lar afcent on all fides, except to the north welh Its
figure is an oblong fquarc, and it is flanked ail round
with a toler.able good wall. This fortrefj mightbe ren-
dered almoll: iini)rcgnablo. liefides the temple of Mi-
nerva, now a mofquc, there is on the Couth fide of the
caftle the theatre ot Bacchus ; the magnifr.-ent pillars,
gate, and aqucdudl of the emperor AJri.tn j the liaJium,
where the public games, called panathciKta, were cx-
crciled ; the ruins of the arcopagus ; the odeum, or
mufic-theatrc; the temples of Thel'ens, Augtiftus, and
Jujiiter Olynipius ; the temple of the winds ; tiic Ph.uaii,
or lanthern of Demofth.'nes: all thel'c arc ftill to be lejn,
cithn entire or in parr.
Tlietwo rivers, lliliu.' aiul rridaniis,that waterthc plain
in whii h Athens now (lands, are very fiiiall ; the former
beiii^ diverted into fcveral canals ior watciiiu^ the c.livc
yards, and the latter loft: aniidft the many branches into
which it is conveyed over the country. Athens had an-
tiently three harbours, of which thofc named Phalareus
and Nliiniehia lay to the caftward, and Pyntnis to the
v.'cft of a fmall cape. The latter being an inclofed fpa-
cious harbour, with a narrow cntranc, is ftill much re-
forted to, and by the Greeks called Porto Drago, but by
the Italians Porto Leone, from a pillar there in memory
of a lion which was cairied from thence to Venice.
Lcplina, the antient Eleufis, now lies in ruins and
is in a manner deftitute of inhabitants ; but the remains
of the magnificent temple of Ceres ftill invite travellers
to vifit this |)lacc, there being vifible marks of a moft fu-
perb ftruflure, all of very fine white marble, adorned
with excellent carvings and ilatucs.
Stibes, cr .Stives, the antient Thebes, diftinguiflicd
for its fumptuous temples, palaces, and other noble itruc-
turcs, has at prefent no remains of its antient grandeur,
except its being the fee of a bifliop. Its prefent walls feeni
very antient, and it has a caftle of an ov.il figure. It is
faid to contain three or four thoufand fouls. Tiie Turks,
who appear to be the leaft part of the inhabitants, have
two mofques, and the Chriftians fcveral churches.
SECT. VIII.
0/Janna, the anthnt Tufssaly.
hi Situation, Exteit, Almntains, Riiien, Fertility, ,;/»</ prirf
cipal Tszrns.
THIS country derived its ■■Mcnt name from kin^r
Thell'alus, and is boundr or. the no tli by .Vlace-
donia, on the weft by Epirus, on the (ouih by Livadia,
and on the eaft by the /Egean fca and the gulph of SjIo-
nica, extending about a hundred miles where longeft,
from caft to weft, and its greateft breidth from north tw
Couth, ninety, li waj fometimes annexed to Macedonia,
O fomctimcj
n
'J
:' >.«
■i:i|
mm
!S
'
Wi
1 :'!i
ill
■ 'l In
Iflj^^^M
1
14
A S Y S T E M O F G F. O G U A Pit V.
I i:rkv' in I'l-nops,
fdinciimcs divided from it, and then iiniteil to it a-
Among its once celebrated twinty-lmir nioiintains the
moll reni.ukable ii Olympus, now called Ljilia, whitli,
from its uncommon height, was celebrated by the an-
tients as the rcfidcnce of the gods j for they luppoled it
to reach up to heaven, though it is not much above an
Engli(h mde in perpendicular height. Mount Oli'a, to-
gether with Nephele, was, accordin:'; to the labulous
accounts ot' antiquity, inhabited bv the Centaurs, whom
Hercules liew or drove out. Here alfo are tituated
the plains of I'harfalia, and between the mouiuains
Olympus, I'l lion, and Olla, is the delightful valley of
Tempe, which was fo adorned with the gifts ot nature,
and lodelightfiillv watered by the gently wiiiJing Ihcanis
of the tranl'p.'.rciu I'eneus, now the Salampiia, that it was
clfcenied the garden of the niuf;'s.
The priiuip;il rivers in Thelialv arc the Salambiia, or
Selanipria, tiie I'encus of the anlients. It fprings tiom
the mountains that divide I'^pirus from Thcllalv, iiins a-
crols the latter fioin call to welf, and, having watered
the ciiics ol Janna and Larill'i, difcharges itlclf into the
gulph of Sjlonichi. liefides this, there 15 no other river
worthy uf notice but the AL'riomcla. called bv the an-
ticnts the .Sperchius, wiiich fprings from Mount Hindus,
now Ml/.zovo, runs caliwar.l through 'rhcH'aly, and
falls into the gulph of Zcyton.
'J'his country, in its amazing fertility, fecms to ex-
ceed all otiur parts of (irccce. It produces citrons,
oranges, lemons, pomegranates, grapes of an uncommon
fvvcetnels, excellent figs and melons, almonds, olives,
chcfnuts, cotton, and all foitsof grain It wasanticntly
famous for its breed of cattle '.nd horfes, from which,
and the extraordinary fkill of the Thell'alians in hc-rfc-
nianfliip, the fable of the Centaurs is fuppofcd to take
it- rife.
The moft remarkable towns in this country are,
I.aiifla, or I.arfo, by the Turks called Jengifhair, the
capital, ftands on the river Pineus, in a hilly and delight-
ful part of the country. It IS feated on a rifing ground,
with a large plain on the fouth, and Mount Olympus
on the north. Over the river is a handfonie (lone bridge
of nine arches ; but the town has loft much of it. antient
grandeur, though it is lUll one of the motl powerful cities
in Greece. It is the fee of a (jrcek archbifliop, and yet
the Chriftiansare faid to have butone church here. There
are above two hundred Jewifli families, moll of them very
rich, and a confidcrable trade is carried on, particularly
in leather.
Tornovo is a fpaclous and plcafant city, in which are
eighteen Greek churches, and three Turkifli mofijues.
The prefcnt bifhop is under the archbifhop of Larifl'a.
Janna, or Jannina, from which the country receives
its name, is Icated in a little ifland formed by the river
Peneus. It is inhabited by rich Greek merchants.
Zeyton Hands on the bey of the fame name, fifty
miles to the fouth of Lariflj, and was formerly defended
by two l.irge callles. licfore the city is a beautiful and
fertile plain, which abounds with corn-liclH^, kitchen-
gardens, and orchards ; and is furrounded by feveral v il-
lagcs, which, together with the .naiiy windings of the
river Agriointla, afford a mofl delightful prospect. The
citv is inhabited both by Chrillians and Turks.
Arniira, a town on the gulph of the fame name,
thought to be the Erctria of the antients.
SECT, IX.
0/ MAtEDONIA.
its Situation, Climate, Soil, Gu/f>/is, Rivers, ati,l AInuii-
tains ; tvith a parliculiir Dejcrijithnof Mount Jibss and
its Inhaiitants, and of the princij'ol Towm in Alacedsnia ;
particularly Sukniihi, the antienl ThfJJalmua, and I'hillppl.
MACEDONIA is of a very irregular figure ; it is
bounded on the north by .Servia and Bulgaria, on
the taft by the Archipelago and Romania, on the fouth
by Theflaly and Epirus, and on the weft by Albania.
Its fituation is advantageous, and the air clear, Iharp,
and wbolefomc. The (oil is for the moft part fertile.
partiiul.irly on tlie maritime coad-, which abound m
corn, wine, oil, and whatever can be delircd for u(e and
pleafure ; but in the inland part^ are lirveral uninhabited
walles. It had forineriy mines of almod all kinds of
metals, p.irticuiarly gold. Hce is great plenty of wood,
and all kinds of timoer ; and its many (mc bays arc of
great advant.ige to trade. The moll remarkable of thefo
are the Contcda, or the Sinus Stiyinonicus, Monte
.Santo, or the Sinus Singiticus, and the iiaJonichi, or
the Sinus Themmn.
'llie priniipal rivers arc the I'latamone, the antient
Ali.icnion, which runs into the bay of Salonichi ; the
V'llin/.a, the antient Erigon, which runs into the Vardar,
the antunt Axius, the grcatrll liver in all Miicedonia ;
and the Str' uion, which riles ii> Koinaiiia, or Thrace,
and dilchargcs itlclf into the gulph ot Contell'a.
Among the many large mountains in this country is
the chain of the Scardi, wliich tiaverlts the northern part
ot it. I'angxus, fotmeily tamed lor its rich gold and
filver mines. The mountain of H;cmus joins the Scardi,
feparaiing this country fn.m Romania. Mount Athot
is one ot the moll celebrated mountains in the whole
worle, and therefore delerves a paitcular defcription,
wliich we fhall give from that acccurate geographer Or.
Butiihing.
Mount Athos, commonly called Monto Santo, lies orj
a peninfula which extends into thcfliigean lea, and is in-
deed a chain ot mountains, reaching the whole length of
I the peninfula, feven Turkilh miles in length, and three
in breadth ; but it is onlv a fingle mountain that is pro-
perly called Athos. Its uncommon height appears from the
accounts of F''nv ..nd Plutarch, who a(Brm, that when
the lun is at th lummer ((dllicc, probably a little be-
fore its fettin.;, the niounlain cafts its (liadow as far m
the market-place of Myrrhina, in the illc of Lumnos,
which, in the bell maps, is fitty-fivc Italian miles dirtantj
wlunc- the height of Mount Athos may be inferred to
be about eleven (ladia.
It Is evident from .^li:\n, that aniiently the mountain
in general, and p.ut'ciilarly the iiimmit, was accounted
very healthy, and conducive 10 long life; whence the
inhabitants were called Macrobii, or long lived. We
are farther informed by Philollratiis, in the life of Apol-
lonius, that nur.nci., ■'' nhilofophers ufed to retire to this
mountain for Me better con.emplation of the heavens,
and of nati'.e ; and after their example the monksdoubt-
lefs built their cells.
On it are twenty-two convents, befides a great number
of cells and grotto.% with the habitations of no lels than
fix thoufand monks and hermits ; though the proper
hermits, who live in grottos, arc not above tw.nty :
the other monks arc anchoiites, or fuch as live in
celts.
Thefe Greek monks, who call themfelves the inhabi-
tants of the holy mountain, are lb far from being a fet
of (lothful people, that, belides their daily offices of re-
ligion, they perform all manner of work, cultivate the
olive and ". ineyards, are carpenters, mafons. Hone-cutters,
cloth-workers, taylors, &c. They alio live a very aullerc
life; their ulual food, inftead of flcfli, being vegetables,
dried olives, figs, and other fruit, onions, chi-e(e, and on
ccrt.iin days. Lent excepted, filh. Their falls are many
and feverc, which, with the healthfulnef's of the air,
renders longevity fo common there, that many of them
live above a hundred years.
In every convent arc two or three ftudying monks,
who are exempted from labour ; but ufe exemplary di-
ligence among the many writings to be found in their
libraries ; the'.c arc highly efleenud for the orthodoxy of
their doclrincs, and the fantlity of their lives ; and here
it is that the Greeks propeily and chiefly learn their di-
vinity. 'Ihefe convents and churches have bells, which
are no where clf'e allowed the Cireeks; and are alf(; fur-
rounded with high ai'.d (Irong walls, planted with can-
non, as a feciiritv from any lui prize from Corfairs.
Befides churches and monaltniev, the mountain has
alfo a town called IC.ireis, m.iah.te 1 by monks, and the
rcfidcnce of a Turkidi aga, wiio lommaiids here in the
name of the bollangi balha, to defend the pl.ice againfl
the corfairs, it being under th'- pio.edlion of thst ba(ha,
to whom it annually pays twei\e ihoufand dollars, and
near
['URKV
near as \
the fultai
and the
of \V..l.
held cvci
which \.
faints,
chafe bre
where, n
arc kcj t
y.iers on
their c.itt
five ciiii-'
The pr
ancient I"
the fame
In Mace
but Call'a
'I'heiralon
her name,
babty owi
of Maccdi
from it
fURKY in I'.tl'.OPE.
u R o p r.
I
near as much more is paid at Saloiiiihi for the ufo of
the fultaii. Tl'is heavy tribute is difchari^cd by alms,
and the liberal contributions of Ruffia, and the princes
of W.dachia and Moldavia. In this town a market is
held every Saturday among the monks and anchorites,
which lall bring hither knives and little piiiturcs of
faints, and with tin- money they thus earn, they pur-
ihafc bread •, but the monks carry them about every
where, and receive alms for them. No fowls or cattle
arc kept by the inh.ibitants of this mountain ; but gra-
ziers on p.iying a confi deration are allowed to fatten
their cattle there. On this chain of hills formerly ftood
Jive cities.
The principal towns of Macedonia are Salonichi, the
ancient I'luflalonic i, a celebrated trading city in the bay of
the fame name, and at prclent the moll confiderablc city
m MacedoMi.i. It was once called Halia, and rberma;
but Caliandir rebuilt it, and in honour of his wife
Thciralonica, the filler of Alexander (he (ireat, gave it
her name. To its admirable filuaiion for trade is pro-
bably owing the re;:;ard which the feveral conipierors
of Macedonia have fliewn it. The advantages derived
from it are luch as arc fcarcely to be met with clfe-
whcre; and as it attr.iiKd the encomiums of the anci-
ents, ii) it has the admiiation of the moderns.
This ritv, which is fitiiated in twelve degrees twcnty-
:tj. three minutes ealf lonj;itude fioiii [.ondon, and in forty
:!,•'• degrees forty minutes latitude, is one hundred and (ixty
miles to the north-weft of the ifthnius of Corinth, and
ftands paitly on a hill, and partly (Jii its declivity. In its
neighbourhood runs the river Vardar, which abounds
with (ifll, and its banks arc adorned with beautiful trees.
The city is faid to be ten miles in compafs ; its walls
arc flanked with feveral towers, and it is defended by
three callles; the firll, which is the fmalleit, (tands
where people land from the fea, at fome diftance from
the walls, and is furnifhed with twenty pieces of ord-
nance. The two others are within fight of the fea, on
the higheft parts of the wall, and arc provided with
forty heavy cannon. On the land-fide is a fortrefs which
commands the city, it being featcd on a hill, at the foot
of which is a large fuburb cncompaded by its own
walls ; but yet contiguous to the town. It is extreme-
ly populous ; but molt of thofe boufes in the plain are
too low, and hardly fulficient for the great number of
Jews who inhabit them ; nor arc they lefs inconvenient
on account of the olTenfive fmcU caufed by the narrow-
nefs of the (Ireets. In this city a great quantity of I'llk,
wool, leather of all forts, wax, powder, grain, cotton,
and iron are continually worked. The trade is chiefly
managed by the Jews, who have the monopoly of
the manufactures of all the ftuft's made for the ulc of
the janizaries. The Jews have thirty-fix large fyna-
gugues here, befidcs feveral fmall ones ; and two col-
leges, to which youth flock from all parts to (fudy. The
Greeks have thirty churches, and the Turks forty-eight
mofques, among which is one that was formerly a chri-
itian church, dedicated to St. Demetrius. I his is di-
ffinguifhed bv its beauty and magnificence, it confilling
of one church built over another, and having in it above
a thoufand columns of marble, jafpcr and, porphyry.
Among other ftately remains of the ancient grandeur of
this city are triumphal arches, one of which is almoft
entire, erected in honour of the emperor Antoninus, and
without the city are a great number of entiquc fra:;-
ments with infcriptions. Numbers of coins too are alfo
found here.
This city is the refidence of a Turkifli bafha, and
likewife of a Greek archbifliop, who has eight fuffragans
under him. The Chrifiians were formerly fo coniidc-
rablc, that St. Paul addrefled two of his cpiftlcs to
them. In the year 1313, the city was fold to the Ve-
netians ; but they wer-- difpoflefled of it about eight
years after by Amurath II.
Philippi now an inconfiderable village, fev?nty miles
to the north-calf of Salonichi, ftood on a hill betwixt
the rivers Neflus and Strymon,on the border'; of Thrace,
to which in its molf ancient times it belonged. It was
at firft called Crcnides, or Spring-town, from the many
fprings iliuing from the hill on which it ftood ; after-
wards D-'fos or Thafus, from the Thafii who built it,
and laftly Philippi, from Philip of Maccdon, who, afiei
reducing it, rebuilt it with confiderablc improvemcnH,
and from thenceforward it belonged to Macedonia
Near this place Urutus and CafTius were Jelcatcl by
Oiflavius and Mark Antony. Under Julius L'a;lar anil
Aiiguftusit was a Roman colony. Here the apoiHePai;! j."'/!'"/.
preached, and wrote one of his epillles to the Chiilliar. .
of this city.
On approaching the place you firft fee the caftlc feat-
ed on the hill ; it is vi ry large, and its walls almolf en-
tire. On the feveral hills tliat furround the caftle ftand
feveral other fortrelles, which have a communicatioji
with it, encnnipallld by lar;;e walls that extend into
the i-lain. Wahin the place arc heaps of frce-ftonc,
and pieces of marble, but no footlteps of any buildings.
Farther up you lee a great number of edilices half de-
molifhed. It is eafily peiceived that there were here
magnificent temples built of white marble, and noble
palaces, the broken remains of which give the beholder
the highcft iili .1 of the beauty of the ancient architec-
ture. There ..re, I'.owcver, only a few hoult"; near the
ruins of this celebrated city ; and its inhabitants confilt
of a fmall iiumbir of poor Greeks, notvvithftanding
which it is the refidence of a (Jrecim bifliop, whoftile-.
himfelf metropolitan of Philippi and Drama.
Contefia is a fmall town twenty miles diftant from
the ruins of Philippi, and gives name to the gulph into
which the river Stiyinon runs.
Cavalla is fituated alfo on the fame gulph between
Cornelia and Philippi. Its calfic is fiill entire ; but what
appears more remarkable is, there beiiij; ftill in the
neighbouring mountains long and thick walls, and feve-
ral fortifications, which werr probably built for the de-
fence of the city. The walls extend to the top of the
highcft mountains, and feem to have been defigned for
ftiutiing up the pall'es. There arc at Cavalla the re-
mains of an aqueduift, with a double row of arches, one
over the other, which ferved to convey water into tl'.c
city and caftle. This place has fome trade, and alfn
gives its name to the gulph, which is fometimes called
the gulph of Cavalla.
Kmboli, the ancient Amphipolis, is featcd upon the
river Strymon, about fix miles above its mouth, and was
once famous as an Athenian colony ; but is now a very
inconfiderable place.
Pirlipc, a town fituated among high mountains, which
glitter like filver, and bcfides talc, abound alfo in me-
tals and minerals.
SECT. X.
Of RoMANl.t, by the Turis called Ru.MlLi.
II! Name, Situation, A fountains. Rivers, and Climate, with
an Account of tl>e principal Towns, and a particular De-
fcription of Acirianoplt.
THIS country, which received the name of Roma-
nia, either from the Romans, or from New Rome
or ConHantinopIc, the feat of the eaftern part of the
Roman empire, is the ancient Thrace fo often mention-
ed by the Greek and Roman hiftorians. It is a fpaci-
ous country, bounded on the north by mount Ha;mus ;
on the cart by the Red-Sea, the Hellefpont, and
Propontis, or Sea of Marmora ; on the fouth by the Ar-
chipelago ; and on the weft by Macedonia, and the river
Strymon.
It is fituated between the thirty-nintli and forty-third 'J^—/A.
decrees of latitude, and its utmoft extent from the'fouth-
eaft to the nortli-weft, that is from the city of Conftanti-
nople to the extremity of M.'.cedonia, is about two hun-
dred and eighty miles, and its breadth from north to
fouth one hundred and cigiity.
The country is moftly level, though interfpcrfed with
fome large and remarkable mountains, the moll confi-
derablc of which is mount Hamus, which on the
north feparates Rumili from Bulgaria. The next in
bignefs is Rhodope, celebrated by the ancient poets for
the cataftrophc of Orpheus. Mount Pangasus feparates
this country from Macedonia, and Orbelus lies at nt>
great d:rtain;e from the river Ncftus. Hxmus and Rho-
I'i"
M
dog^B
( 1
'U:i ^
l6
A SYSTEM 01- GEOGRAPHY
Ti'RKv in Ei'Bopp.
ff I
•I
ii
dope iT^. two Iniip ri.Ij;cs of mountaitib, that extend fioin
the frontiers of Mjccdnni.i to the lllaikSca.
The liver i worthy uf iiotac arc,
The M.iiit/., cillcii hy the ancients thcllehriis, which
rifej in iiimint Haciiui-., and travcrrini; Runi.iiii i, l.ills
into the /I" »cin lea. The Carafii, NKftro, or Nillu',
riles in mount Rhodopc, from whence it difchari'cs it-
felf into the A'.gCMy lea ; and the Strymon which iiles in
mount Pangrius, and alio falls into the /Iv^eaii Sea.
The territories fituated anmii!' the mountains aiecold
and barren ; but thole nearer the lea are plealant and
fertile, producinj; all kinds of grain, and other iieecll'a-
rifs, particuiaiiy rice, which grows there in yreat plenty,
and is remark, .dy t;ood.
The country was anciently divided into many inde-
pendent kin;»doms ; but the piefent inhabitants .ire
(Jreeks, delcended from the ancient Thracians, with a
mixture of Turks. The nourdhini; (late ul the Iciences
and polite arts was chiefly owing to the I'hracians ; but
at prefent there is fcaree a perl'on of any remarkable
eminence in literature in all Romania.
Thccountryij divided into three f.ingiackfliips, and
is therefore governed by three fangiacks.
The fani;iaek(hip ot Kirkeli lies to the north, near
Mount fl.viiius, and contains, among others, the fol-
lowing places ;
Balartlhick, a confiJerabIc town featcd on the river
Marit/., into which falls at this p! ice another (tream,
whic'-. runs round the town. It is delightfully fituated,
and univcrfally well built ; the (trecis are broad and
clean, and its iiibabitanti c.ury on a great trade.
Philippopuli, a very antient city, firif founded by
Philip, the lather of Alexander the tircat, from whom
it received its name, is llill a pretty large town. It is
built on three little hills, which in a manner join. Upon
one of tliel'e bills ftands a ipiadrangular tower, which
was once a fortification, but at prefciu is on'y iiled for
a watch tower. The Marit/, winch bctriiis iicre to be
navigable, feparates the town from the lower Uibiirb,
which is joined to the town by .i t^ood wooden bridge.
There are hereabout a hundred and twenty Jewilli fa-
milies ; but molt of the citi/ens arc CJreeks, who have
fix churches, and it is the relidence of a Cireek ;ir. h-
bifliop.
Multapha Haflia Kiupcri, a town which takes its
name troin a very beautilul bridge erected there over the
Maritz, by Muliapha Hailia. This bridge conlills of
twenty arches, all of free-llone, and is laid to have
coft four hundred puills, or two hundred thoiifand rix-
dollars.
The fangi.ickdiip of liyzia extends from the foot of
Mount li.emus to the lea of Marmora, and contains the
following places :
Adtianople, called by the Turks p^drcnc, takes its
name from Adrian, wha founded or rellored it. In the
year l',6o fult.in Amurath I. took it Iroiii the Chrillians,
from which time it became the fc.it of the Turkidi em-
perors, till they took CanlhiiUinopIe. It is of a circu-
lar form, furroiiiukd with a wall and towers, and is laid
to he ci:;ht miles in compafs. It has good houfes, but
nairow ,;nd unequ.d llrccts. The feraglio Hands in a
moft delightful ritiiation, the country all rouiul being
very beautiful ; hut the air is bad, and the river Mai .,
Oil which it is fituated, being dri';d up every fummer,
greatly contiibiites to render it unwholefonie : but dur-
ing the refiof the year it is a very plealant ilrcam, over
which are two noble bridges. The bazar, or exchange,
founded by Ali l!a(ha, cxterds half a mile in len;'th ;
the roof is aichcd, and kept extrenv.ly neat. It holds
three hundred and fixty-fivc fliops, turnilhed with ail
iorts of rich goods, which arc expoled to laic in the fame
manner as in Exeter Exchange, in London. The pave-
ment is kept lemarkably neat, and the fhops as clean as
if julf painted. Idle people of all forts walk here for
their dlverl'ion, or amulc thcmfclves with drinking colFee
or flierbet, which are cried about as oranges and apples
are in our play-houfos. Moft of tile rich tradefmen here
are Jews. Near it is the Sherfki, .a narrow flrect a mile
ill length, covered on the top with boards to keep out
the rain, that merchants may meet conveniently in all
weathers. The liefillen near it is another exchange,
built upon pilLirs, where all forti of liorfe fiirnitufc i.s
Icid, aiitl i< I.en every where ;litteriii;' with go'd, rich
embriiidery, and jewel i, ifpcei.dly wlun tlii court is
there.
The mofijup of Sultan Selint I. is a buildin.; well
woith the cuiiofity ol a traveller. It is advaiit.igeoullv
liliiaied in the iiiidll ol the tily, an.l in the h.i;liilt pair
ol 11, whence it is fecn on every liJe to great .ulv.uil ige.
The lirll couit lias four g.itcs, and the iniieiiiiolt time.
I hey are both (il them (uirouii. led with il.iiHus, witli
marble tolumns oi the lonie older, limly puldhed, aii.J
of very lively cidoiirs. '1 he whole p.iviiiunt is ot white
inaiMe, and the root of the eloillers divi.led iiilo feveral
cupulas, or d. lilies, he. i, led with I'llt lulls on the ti,|,.
In the inidll of ca, h court aie louiitaiiM of white inaible;
.ind bilcre the great g.ite of the inoliiue is ap.irtico, with
eolumtis ot green m.irble, and five gates. The niofuuc
IS (iivered by one prodigious dome of a vafl height.
The l.uly Wortley Montague, who hai given the only
intelligible and conlill.nt uileiiptioii of this nudquc, and
was perhaps the only Chrillian that ever entered it, fays,
llie thought it the noblelt building flic ever law. ()i\
the iiifide it has two rows of galleries, fupported by
columns of red and white marble, with m.iible balul-
trades ; the pavement is alio marble, covered with Pcr-
lian carpets. The walls are cncrulled with Jajian cliinii,
in flowers of the molt lively tolours. In the middle of
this (Iruiitiire hangs avail lamp of lilver gilt, and about
two ihoufand of a fmaller fi/e, which mu!t have a glo-
rious elicit when all are lighted. Under the laige lamp
is .1 great pulpit of carved wood gilt, and jull by it .i
fountain to widh. In one corner is a little gallery en-
clol'cd with gilded lattices for the lultaii ; and at the
upjier end is a large niche, very like an altar, railed
two Heps, and covered with gold brocade, liefore ic
Itjiul. two filver gilt eani.'elticks the height of a man,
and in thcin were v/.>x andles as thick as a man's
wailt.
The outfide of the mofque is adorned with towers of
.1 prodigious height, 511I. on the top, from whence the
imaiims tall the |)eoplc to prayers. 'I"o each of thefc
towers there is but one door, which leads to three dif-
lereiit It.iir-cafes, rifmg t(; the three difl'erciit ftories of
the tower, in luch a manner th.it three priells ni.iy afeend
rounding, and defcend, without meeiing eacli other • a
comriv.uice very much admired.
lichina the molipie is anotV.er exchange full of Ihops
where poor artificers are lodged gratis.
There are fome other mofijues bmlt mu.li after the
lame manner, but not comparable in poiit of magnifi-
cciif-e, to that juft defcribed.
."..ivrea, the antient Selimbria, is a celebrated port on Ji/'"i^''<
the fea of .Marmora. It has an old ruinous cattle, which
Hands on an eminence, and was formerly very ftronn-.
The town is neatly built, and has a bridge of thirty-two
arches. In the fuburbs is an imperial granary, into
which the grain of the province is brought. Heie is a
famous antient Greek church ; but it is an ill built edi-
fice, fet out with the fame fort of ornanicnis as the Ko-
mitli churches, but thcl'e are le(s rich. They here pie-
tend to Ihcvv a faint's body, and a picture of the Virgin
.Mary, drawn by the hand of St. Luke, very little to the
credit of his painting ; but no piiture among the papills
is more (amous for its miracles. T'he (Jreeks have in-
deed a nionltrous talte in their painting.s, which, for
more finery, are always done upon a gold ground ; and
they iiave no notion of cither fliade or proportion. This
town is the fee of a bifliop.
Hcracica, antiently Perinthus, was former!- a lar;
city ; tliougb now it is but a mean p.ilace. It h.is a good
harbour, and is the refidence of an archbilliop. Mere are
abundance of fragments of ftatiies, entablatures, columns
and there are Itill to be fecn the remains of an amphi-
iboatrc built in the time of tlij emperor Scverus.
Rododo is a large and populous tradinv, town, lyin
nafrf ■
]/L-r.^;iJ
Pert/./fii
on the lea of Marmora. It is fituated upon the !:
a hil
Rtr/Ash
, at the bottom of a bay, and makes a handlonic
iippearaiice towards the fea,
liclgrade, avill.ige near Conftantinople, fituated in the P^^/^rai
midtl of a wood, conliiling chieflv of Unit tices, w.iterej
by a great lumibcr of fountains, tamous for tbee.tcejlence
of
TUBKV ll
of their wal
in view off
pctually arl
heat of fur
jichcll ami
We mic
which is 111
take up a c|
ihe next fo
The thiJ
txtcnJs frol
it belongs,!
T.ifrnts. Trajanod
paired and I
end of the I
ttill the feel
and very thi
Demaiicr
Greek biflid
fume time il
The ThJ
is a peninftil
mora and ttl
lago, on thl
liiiall river I
continent b
reckoned by
Jt formerly
following ai
Gallipoli,
prince of tht
and i» llill
ftreight by 1
vides Europ
fand Turks,
c|uite fo ma
making exc
building., wi
town has no
an old towel
At the enl
are the celel
mand the wh
pic. One of
point of the
begin, and t
Europe only
works; clofe
were built b
1656, the V
drove the Ti
of this Itraig
fome fmall c
to llccr by,
tower. " £
" genious 1:
" bable in 1
" tul in the
" 'tis not I
" fwim, or
" it. But
" the lover
Of the Nam
Hijhry oj
t'mn ofiti
THE c
by t
Turkifh en
Romania, 1
tolia, from
mile broad,
and the twi
from Lond
fublime ful
felicity. 1
from the la
45
iiinrittum
L'ROPr.
itllfC if
d, (icli
uurt I!.
1,; IV. 11
rjcnullv
I If |ijit
ilillljrf.
1 tllKC.
I, Willi
J, illlj
I white
ii'va.tl
If t(i|).
11.11 'j|(;;
, with
H<)|l|UC
t.
ic only
c, and
:. fjys,
. On
:cd by
b.ilul-
) I'cr-
cliinj,
die of
aboiiC
a j;lo-
i; lamp
>y it .1
ry cii-
at the
tilled
ore ic
nun,
man's
ers of
c the
thcfc
dif-
ies of
end,
|er ; a
hops,
the
;nili-
|rt on ^V?//'./ •
[hich
Ion;;.
■two
into
a
TuBKY in Europe.
t V U O 1' r.
l)ud
la re
Ins
[li-
r
Ice
of their water, and divided into many lli.vly walks, with-
. in view of the .'Mack' fca, troni whence a < iml brec/.c jki-
pctually arifes that make the inhabitants inlcnliblc ot ilic
heat <i» fummer. This village is only inhabited by the
richcd among the Chriftians.
We might here give a dcfcriplion of C.'tinftantiiinple,
which is lituated in this fangiacklhip i but, as that will
take up a confidcrable length, we choofo to defer it till
the next fe^lion.
The third fangiackihip i* that of (Jillipcli, which
cxtciMis from Mount Rhodopc to the Archipcla<^o. 'I'o
it belongs,
Zertiis Trajanopolis, antiently called Zcrnij, but being re-
paired and beautified by the empc/or Trajan, about the
end of the firft century, was called by his name. It is
ilill the fee of a bifliop, though the town is but finall,
and very thinly peopled.
•maHrti. Dematica, a town on the Marit?., the rcfulcncL- of .i
(.ircek bifliop. Here Charles XII. king of Sweden, (pent
fome time in the year 17 13.
The Thracian CherfoncfuJ, which is in this divifion,
is a peninfula waflied on the eaftward by the fca of Mar-
mora and the Hellefpont, on the fmith by the Archipe-
lago, on the weftward by a gulph into which falls the
fiiiall river of Melas, and on the north it is i<iincd to the
S continent by a trail of land, the breadth of which was
•ii' reckoned by the antients to be about thirty- feven Oadia.
I It formerly contained eleven towns, but at prcfent the
*•: following are the principal of note:
im<i/>.:fiS , Gallipoli, the anticnt Callipolis, was built hy Callias,
;} prince of the Athenians, from whom it received it3 name,
,? and is ftill a large town, fituatcd on the celebrated
5 ftreight by the antients called the Hellefponr, which di-
T vides Europe Irom Afia, and is faid to contain ten tliou-
1 fand Turks, three thouland five hundred (irecks, and not
* quite fo many Jews. The inhabitants arc famed fm-
making excellent arrows. The Ha/ar is a handfonie
building, with feveral domes covered with lead, i'hi.'
town has no walls, and is only defended by a calHc uiid
an old tower.
At the entrance of this ftreight, next the Archipelago,
are the celebrated Dardanells, two cadles which com-
mand the whole ftreight, and are the key of Conftanlino-
ple. One of them ftands in Europe, on the nioft fouthern
point of the Thracian Chcrfonefus, where the ftreights
bei»in, and the other oppofitc to it in Afia. That in
Europe only confifts of one round tower, with fome out-
wi>rksi clofe to which ftands a village. Both thefecaftlcs
were built by Mahomet II. in 1452 \ but, in the year
1656, the Venetian fleet forced their way through, and
drove the Tiirkifh fleet aftiore. On a rock in thi middle
of this Ihaight ftands a tower, on which the Turks have
fome fmall cannon ; this fervcs the mariners as a mark
to ftccr by, and is only ufed by the Turks as a watch-
tower. " Since I have fcen this ftreight, fays the in-
•' genious lady Wortley Montague, I fee nothing impro-
•' bable in the adventure of Leonidas, or very wondcr-
" ful in the bridge of boats of Xerxes. 'Tis fo narrow,
»• 'tis not furprifing a young lover fhould attempt to
" fivim, or an ambitious king try to pals his army over
«' it. But then 'tis fo fubject to ftorms, 'tis no wonder
" the lover petilhed, and the bridge was broken."
SECT. xr.
Of thf Namis and Situation of Coifjlunlimplc ; with n ::i!i :fe
Hilhry of that City : its a^retabtc Ciimi.lt'., mui a Dffciip-
tim ofiti principal Buildings.
»,,,,,/,/< rH. 'T~^HE city of Conftantinople, the antirnt Bvzantiiim,
A by the Turks called Iftambol, the capital of the
Turkifh empire, is fitiiated on the moll callern part of
Romania, on a neck of land which projeiSs towards Na-
tolia, from which it is feparated by a ftreight about a
,/:rr'. mile broad. It ftands in the forty-firft degree of latitude,
-f.lto. and the twenty-eighth degree forty minutes caft longitude
from London ; and is alio called the fublime I'orte, the
fublime fultanian Porte, the Port of juftice, majellv, and
felicity. The appellation of Porte is faid to be derived
from the large and magnificent port or gate built by Ma-
4S
homet II. at the principal entrance of tiudraglio, or im-
peri.il p.ilacc.
'I'he anticnt By7.antiuni was built bv I'auf.inias king
of.'^p.irta, but alterw.iiiii l»'cnniiii^ fiibicit to the Ko-
nutiiij it was demoliflieil by the cinpcrnr .Severus, in or-
der to punilh the rebellion of the inlialiit.uita. it w.ts,
however, afterwards rebuilt bv Coiill.intinc the Oiear,
will) called it New Rome, and rcmnvcd the (cat nf the
empire thither ; but afterwards called li Conllaiitiiiuple,
from his own name.
This city, after bcinj; the capital of the I'.aftern em-
pire almoft three hinidred year;, was lirlt bcfieiivd in the
reign of the emperor Phocias by Chozro.s, king uf I'tr-
lia, who blocked it up for eight ycati together, till it
was delivered by Ileraclius in the year 61 1, who on tlii^
account obtained the empire.
In 67?, it was hclicfjed in the reign of the emperor
Conilantine Pogonatcs by Y( fid, the Ion of Moavia, the
firft caliph of the family of the Oinniiades i when Iho
(I'rei k emperor was (o prelled, as to be alinoll reduced t(»
defpair ; for while the S.iracen army lay before it on the
land fide, they blocked it up with a prodigious fleet at
fea. Hut Callinicus, a famous tiiginecr, i.ivented a
kind of wildfire, that would burn underwater, and by
thib means is laid to have deftroyed the whole fleet.
In 717 this city was again belieged bv Mollemali, the
brother of Solyman ; but v/as n.iieved bv Leo tlie ifau-
rian, who caufed thj emperor to be Ihaven and ccalined
in a cloifter, and then Rated hiiiifc'f cii the thionc.
1117^0 llarouii Alral'chiJ, Ion of the calij>h .Matraiii,
invcfted Coitftantitiople with a proji; ioas a;iTiv, whin
the (ircek empire bcin;; r;ovcriic.l bv Irene, as regent 10
her lim Conltaiitino V'l. furnaincd Porpliyrogcneies, fhe
was lo hard prelled, as to be j;lad to deliver hrrfelf by
a treaty, in which flie proir.iCeJ to pay an .mnual tribute
of feventy thoufand |-.ieccs of gold to the caliph. Tims
this part of the Roman empire became tributary to the
Saracens.
The Greek empire now began to deline, and that of
the Mahometans had greatly increafed, when cruladcs,
produced by bigotry, began to be formed, under the pre-
tence of recovering the Holy Land. I'hele crul'adera
commitcd the greateft barbr.rities in the Eallern empire ;
and in one of thefe expeditions lialdwiii, earl of Flanders,
in the year 120+, fiirprifed Conllantinople, notwith-
ftanding its being a Chriftian city, and caufed himfelf
to be proclaimed emperor of the Kaft ; but dying in lefs
than a year, he was fuccecdcd bv his brothtr Henry, carl
of 1' landers, who held the government ten years; and,
at his death, Peter Courteney, of that noble family,
which ftill luhfiftsin England, having married hisdaugh-
ter, fucceeded to the throne ; but was kdled in the fixth
year of his reign. His Ion Philip refiirncd the empire to
his brother Robert, who was murdered, after a reign of
feven years, when Robert's fon, Baldwin II. though a
child, fucceeded, under the tutelage of John de Brenne,
who ftiled himfelf king of Jeruf.ilem.
At length, in the year 1232, Batu, grandfon to Gcn-
gilka-i, the founder of the Tartar empire, after over-
running Mofcovy, Polanil, Silelia, Bohemia, and Hun-
gary, advanced through Bulsaria to bcfiege Coiilhinti-
nople, when the Eaftcrn andAV'elfetn Chriftians uniting,
pave him battle, defeated him, and obliged him to aban-
don his defign.
In the year 1259, or, according to others, in 1262,
Michael I'aleologus recovered Conllantinople from Bald-
win Courteney ; from which time it continued in the
pnHeflion of theCJreekcmperor.s, till the year !.;.5 J, when
Mahomet, emperor of the Turks, laid fiege to that city
on the ninth of April, and took it bv ftoim on Tuefday
the twentv-ninth of .Mav, the C»reek emperor being, as
fome lav, killed in the breach, or, according to others,
trampled to death by his own foMiers in their flight.
Erom this time it has been the feat and capitcl of the
Tiirkidi empire.
The climate of Conftantinople is extremely delightful;
it would indeed be very hot in fummer, were it not cool-
ed by a breeze which blows evcrv aitermon from the
mouth of the pent; and in winter the air is fo moderate,
that lady VV'ortlcv Montague, in one of her letter.--, men.
tions her being v.'ritnu; ot it o;\ the fourth of January
E with
'is
I •
ii-
'i
1-
It
A S Y S I IM i> I I. 1. O I. k yi r II V
Ti'; f.v '.') I iMorc,
Willi llir wIiiiIdwi ii|ipii, cnioyilln llu- w.iiiil Inii lliiiic
V'liilr 111 r liuii>l. Ml |-
")'.
,111.1 W U lui/llli' ilt .1 (iM lll.l
lire, .iiiil hir ( h.iii\liir lit out vvilli caiii.ilhiii-), ruin, Jiul
joiU|iiil>, liclli li'ini till ivinli'ii
'I'lu'iilv n I't .1 lii.iM.(ul,ir li 'iirr, ,mi I lin llw "icilk
tiiTi'r.ilili' .iii>l iiKilt .iilt'.iiit.i M'oiiH litii.iiiiiii III ilu' wiiiKI.
It (Venr. .in il thr i.iiul (il llii- D.iril.iiulK, anil that iil'tlu:
(tl.iik liM, wrrr tii.iilo 111 briiij; tliilhor llu' ruliii nt .ill
Ihi' Imii >|>i.iili'i I'l' till' (.11 til.
riiiilc (It ihc Moi'iil, the
lii.lu's, t'hiii.i, .iiiil thr ri'iii.ieill piiti nt llir iinrlll, iimii!
liy th
',iy lit thi' KI.K'k. liM i .liiil I'V the Whitr li'.i, ui
liM 111 Vl.iriiini.i, iiinic ihr iiu ii h iiii|i/t< iil Ai.ibi.i,
l'pV|it
ever 11 |)i
'I'll till'
th.- ii-alJ lit All
the W'tll llhlll:., .iiiJ vvlui
iiliii
111 l'.llt<l|K'.
nil 111 thr (UN lii'^ it) hnrhoiir, whirh i^ Imili
llVl'llli'llI .IIUl III 111 l.lli
L'Xtriil, lh.it It IS laiil to hi
ubic til rmilaiii .i thi>iil.iiiil lliijis, it biiii^ loiinr.l liy an
;irni lit till' llii'if'ht uliiili iiiiiH iiiirth-wi'll ii|> iiiln tin'
touiitiv, •mil f- inMitil hy aiivi'r. It i» i'miiiii|ialli.'il with
W.lll.s
laiul,
v'hiih h.ive twriitv-iwo isili'i, U\ lowanli the
.11 many .iliiii!<
the
cif the lea
thele have
.1 .M
all I.I
port.
iiiiiiir.i, aiiiHiillv ealletl
I le
lie
|ilaee^ .iiiil
ll.llls
the llreij'ht
'lejHintu ;
The loiliilea
the
linn:
hiiwever, are Ion aiilioiie aii;l riiiil<iu» to make
any tnlerahle n lill.iiiee .i,'..iiiill an eiien
The eily llatuK, like .nitieiil Knim
111 (even
hills
III inak
lliially fVnill I
es a |M.iiiil .i|'peai.iiue lioni wilhniit, ri(ini.i et.i-
he ill
lire 111 the Inriii nl .in ainiihiihcati
Ihe
uiH ijual
hrii'hl^i (It the luiiKlin
ni.ike It leeni as lari'c
a^-.iiii as It IS,
111
an a.'.rteahK' niixliire nt );.iulei
and cy|ire(:. iiee , |ial.iees, iTKiliines, and other piib
lie huihl
it is not r.|ii.il
viewed from ihe Ulaik
and (lippery, iiiiininL; aUmj; a deelivity, .iiid moll ol '.he
houles are low, built only ol wood and mortar ; but .irr
crowded with inhabllaiits. The belt hoiiles (land in the
»'' . , ■
where the itty is molt thii
I'.iiititiilly riliii); oiif above aiiolher ; hut
within to the ideas Inrnied ol it when
for the II reels ure nai row
e.ill liibiiiil lo any j;rr.it eniuoiirle ol people, and
ihabited ; for the tiiieli
biiildinj;s are witluiiit the eily iieai the harbour.
The eallle nl the .Seven Towers inins the walla on the
tontiiunt (ide to tliolo th.it lie upon the leant .Marmora,
but is only uled as an honourable priloii. I )n the out-
fidc it has two l,irge tii;iiies in white
hallo relievo, oiii
the other Diana coininir to vilit hiii
liii;(le liuildiM;', It II a null- .lid a hall' in eompuli, aiiii
II iiieloli.l bvallioin^ u all that l;a, lei eial wal. Ii-liiwri<,
on Mhitli );iiaid I, kept day and iiifhl ; aiiJ lliiiiii',li ic
h.ls iiuiiy [[Mc-i, liulh nil the I, ,i nid l.ili,| >ide, only that
lov* nils the ki is ilailv iih J, and the irl» iieni opeiicU
but iiiiiin liMiii; piilKiilai inalinns. I he pliiiup.il y,Mii
i , o( iiiailile, and by the 'I inks lallrd Capi, ill ihi; I'oilej
and lioiii heiuc ynii enter the lull euiiit
, III wine
Il dit!
the niiiii, Ihe inliiinii v, .nil nile.i ImiiIJim^'s, I'lif let iiiid
eouil I i.illed tile Diiaii I'ouil, tli*i;reil ci'Ulli il ' li.ilii-
V, illlll
I lie li'-
hir beni(; tlieie, with the kilehtli, ihc lle.ifu
liable
•I
111 the III
Uj
lollll .ullnllllll" III
the ill'
iiu'lio, pi.i|Hrly III lallcd, llirnu/h wlii.'h ii a iMirow
p,illi;',i ill, il leads U) the HuJieiuc-i h.iiiliir, wlinh m u(
aiii.i/ini^ iiiai'inliieme, paitieuliily the lliiciie. I'hu*
1,11 .iiiiliall.idori iiie prniiillcd to lonir, and no l.iilher
il.iie ,iiiv (nri'Hineis a|ijii,,.,i h. ihniii^li not a li w li.uelleii
IV, that lliiy h.iw prii'.'liati.d
Il i»e had the bnldlK'l, to I,
the a|).iiiiii nrs ol tlic wuilieii, aii,l luive eiui deleiilicJ
the bull Ii.iiiiIh'i , nt the lull, in,
I he jiardnis take in a larpe compa''!i ot (i,rnulld lull of
liil'.h npiif trees. The buildili/s aie all nl while Hone,
and have gilded iinrits an I Ipius, wiith have a very
inaenitii I'm appear.inee, ,iiid ii i, laid that ihe palaec ot'
no Chilli 1,111 k I n|» IS h, ill I,) |.ii;'e. If ha', fix I nee louit'i
.ill liiii!l loiiiul, and let wilii In es lor the ule ol ihe iiuU
t.in, and his ollieei , ^ and on the l.idic> fide, (licic arc
laid lo be .1] many
th
.■\» no ciedible ,1111 lui iii] ^i .e a jiill difeiipliun of
erpiil ol ihe inipenal lir,i';liii, we lli.i'l hric
•I a
'land
vi/ici, will) w.is kir il .11 I cteiwa-
ridiii, and whieh he buili to reeeive hi, roy.il biide, ihc
lau^lilir of a late I'ultan, Ihib delerijitiini we llull lake
Me, di;
e of whieh leciiii to be Kndymio
and
the nine mules, and the hoil'e I'cuafus
There are all'u
lie
by
pond hand. A lipiarc tower
Ihinds
in the lea, at about
Iroiii tie letter, ot the iiij;en
extr.iilb which wc have already ii
i'l
ilid leal lied lad), witit
illlicd this woik.
It i.s fitiiate.l, fays (he, on niie nl the ninll deli;'.litlul
paits
,)l til
e (.iiial, with a line wood nn (h; lido of
hilt behind it. 'The extent nf it is prod
lardi,
allured
me, tlu'ie are eiiih* he
the
lonisin
tu paces finm the city walls, where it is (aid Julliniai;
imprifoiied his hrave ueneral Hclifarius.
liy this tower is a (pring, ftir which the (Irecks have a
nrcat veneration ; and, upon the d.iy el Chrill's traiisli-
■juration, carry their lick to it, jjive them (ome nf the
water, and cover their bodies for fome time with ihc
fand ; bv which means they pretend that lurpriling cures
have been performed.
Near this Cprini; flands the kiiiflc, or pleafure-houfe, of
the overl'eer of theganlens, 'This is a paiilion ju(l with-
out the walls of the rerai'.lio, atlordin.; a view of the fea of
Marmora .ind the Thr.ieian ISofphorus. Heyond this kinl'K
are many eaniicii planted level with the water, to fecure
the entrance into the purt, and the fera;;lio, (hould any
attempt it by force ; and in the center ot tne pl.ice where
tlicfe eaiinon arc fixed is one nf the four polleriis of the
icraglio, called the (latc of the (lardens; it has two
lari;e turrets, and is guarded by two companies of garde-
ner , who keep all Iroiii entering at this gate, except
the olTicers nf the feraglio.
On p.i(Bng the cannon .md doubiing thecape, yon come
to two kiolki, built by Sultan Solyman, to take a view of
the men of war as they fail out and co,Tie in, and to divert
himfelf with his women. Both of them arc adorned with
gilt cupolas and alcoves, with rich fophas, and every
thinij fit for ("o great a prince. At the(epIeafure-houfes
fome fmall gallics and (aics attend to receive the CJrand
Seicnior and his train whenever he pleales to divert him-
fclfon the water.
The word fcrai;lio fignifics no more than a palace.
This edifice is of a triangular figure j but is rather a
collection of paLices and apartments joined together by
»he emperoff, as their icvcra! fancies led them, than on;
" it; I will mil, however, aiilwer (nr that miiiiber, linet 1
" did nnt count them ; but it is lert.iin the number is
•' very large, and the wlude adorned with a proliilion
•' ot marble, gilding, and the imdl exquilile painliiijr
•' of (nut and floweu. The windows ate all l.ilheil
' with the fined ulafs brought from l.ngl.md, and lure
' is all the e.\peiifive magiiilieeiiie that you can liipp<i(c
n a pahico (nunded by a vain luiiirioiis young man,
iiiijiid, liui
with the wealth of a vail empire at liiu i
" no p.irt of it ple.ifed nic better than the aiiirtnieiits
" deliined lor the bagnios. 'I'here are two huilt exai'.lly
" in the l.ime nianner, aniwering to one another ; the
" baths, (ounlains, and paveniems all of white ni.irblc,
" the roofs gill, and the walls covered with J.ijian china.
" Adjoining to them are two rooms, the uppemioll of
" which is dividjd into a liifa; and in the lour corncis
" arc falls of water fioin the very roof, from lliell to
" ftiell ot white marble, to the lower end of the looni
" where it f.ilb into a large balon, lurrinind'.-d with
" pipes that throw up the water as high as the loniii.
" 'The walls aie in the iiatuie ufLittices, and ontheoul-
" (ide ol iheni, there arc vines and wooilbincs planted,
" th.il lorm a fort of green tapeliry, and give an agrce-
" .ible obleurity to thofe delightful chambers. I fhall
"only add, that the chamber d Itiiicd for the fultaii
" when he vilits his daughter is wainfcottcd with mo-
" ihcr of pearl, (atlcnrd with emeralds like nails. 'There
" arc others of mother of pearl, and olive wood iiilaiii,
" and fevcial of Japan china. Ihe galleiies, whieh arc
" numerous and very large, arc adoined with jars of
" flowers, and porcelain diHies of fruit of all foVt.s, fo
" well ilonein plaidcr, andcoloined in (o lively a manne',
" that it has an enchanting clFecl. 'The garden is luit-
" able to the houfe, where arbours, fountains, and walks,
" aie thrown together in an agreetble confufion. 'I'here
" is no ornament w.inting except that of Itatucs."
'The next remarkable llruiElurc is that of .St. Sophia,
which vvab (ormerly aChrifiian church, built in the (ixlh
century by the empcior Jullinian. 'This is a viiy noble
edifice. The dome is laid to be one hundred and thir-
teen feet in di.imeter, built upon arches, fupportcd by
yall pi'i'ais of niaiblc ; the paveihciit and flair cafe are
t alTo
'J riiKV in I'.rKon.
J, I' K C) V I.
19
Itidll of
1 1 llt'lO
iili', ilie
ull Like
I), with
>. wiiik.
ll;'lltllll
iJo ut A
DtiM, tlie
I KlIIIS ill
J, lilU'cl
iml'cr i>
roliil'ion
|1.l:lllllli;
1.1 1 lied
11(1 IllTC
ippillc
ni^in,
. Hut
nu'iits
xadly
the
m.irblc,
liiiii.
..It of
irjicts
kII to
loom,
wilti
lOCIII.
;ic mit-
LintcJ,
:igrcc-
I lh,ill
I II It a II
II 1110-
'I'lieic
liihiii,
iih arc
iats of
;)lts, io
iiannc,
is liiit-
wallcs.
There
Sophia,
he lixth
ly noble
iiJ thir-
Hicd by
t.i'.'f arc
aUL^
dlM III iiijililt. 'I'h.'ti- arc fwn row. <if (•iill.'iin diii-
iM.itni wiih |iill.iii ol .1 |..itlv ((.lour iiuilili', ami iiic
u hole mot' licovtrid wiih iiiof.iii' work, wIik*i .lii.iyi
Vi-ry lilt, and I'll I ol l( li.i. I.i'i('ii down. In ihi . Iti.ic-
eiirc they (how the lotiib ol ihi- cm|Krrir l.'oiiil.mtiiic,
for whi( h thi y li.iv a hi ih v. lurainin. It w .^ wiili
prci ililli' uliv i!ii' Lilly Woitliy .Mmiiij'.iii' oIii.hiic.I |ier
Milliiiii to Ku thn Itri.iMiirc, iind even the inulii wa^
Ciiiiliill' 1 iipin th.' 11. Lilioii.
'i'h.iiit'h th,' nioliiiic jiilt dclcrjhc.l ii fcncrally rcprc
liKti'.l as ihc ii'ihli If liiiiMiii^^ ill l!iinll.iiiiiiiii{i|.', tfiiic
arc otlicru vvh.( h h'ciii llill more h.aiinln', rii.it nl
Siill.iii ^idun.iii I . an i'\a(.'l li|ii.iit-, w.tli l.iiii I. . ' tow.r .
Ill (he .inf'lcn, III ihc iinilll n a iiohlc ciipnl.i iii|i|i(.rt('d
liy liiic niathlo pillan, and (wo lin.ill.-i at the t nd liip-
(Virli'd III the Unif 111 inner. Ihc p.ivcnicnt .nid i.allory
round till.' iiiolipir i . (d iiurhlc. Under the j'riMi i iipida
i» a liiiint.iin, .idoiiii'd with pill.iis ol Imli hi aiiciliil
coloiiiH, that tlicv Ictni to rxici ll lialuic. ( )n one Inlf
is the |i.|lpit ol white in.iililc, and on llii' olhci i liltle
i;,illciv I. II ihr lull. Ill, which is al(i-nili-il hv a hm; (iiir-
vafc, with I'ill laliiK '. Ai the ii|ipir rn.) i a kind of
aliar, wIkic t!ic ii.iiii.' ot ( Jod is wiiltcn, and hct.irc it
Ifand two r.indli'lti( k>, xs hii',h .is a man, with wax
(Miiillcs a< thick as ilnoc namhiMiix. 'I'h ■ pavrincnt is
Ipicad with liiK c.irpcl ., and llit- nmlipii' illuniinaird with
a valt iniinhcr ol lamps. Ihciouii Icuini); to it isvrry
Ipaiaiiis, and I'luoiiip.iircd with |..illiiies liii.p.iu.d liy
columns ot );re.n iiiathU', and mi iwo li.lcs (.ovcii'd with
twciitv-cii'hl ( iipol.is, with a fine l.iiiiitaiii in iiic "iidllc.
ill all ihc m.il(nii's an' little ili.ipds, when- aic the l.."ibs
of the t.iiiiiili'is ,ind tluir lainilies, with wax caii.ias
buiiiiiij; b(.lori- ihiiii.
I'hii dekiiptioii may fcrvp for ill tin- mofqiics int'.in-
n.intiiiople ; fur the nioilcl ol all is exacily the ianip,aiiil
t'lcy dilier oiily m li/c and the licliiicK ol thi" matcn.ds.
'I'hat of the Siiltiii.i Valida is the l.iinclt, .n d Imilt en-
tirely of inaiblc. It was Inimded hv the iiio'lnM- ol Ma
linnict IV. The l.i.lv we have juit nientioiu I obf. ;i' -s,
that the fr/.e is prodij.ious ; th.it it is ilu- iiii.ti liiaiiiuil
fIruiSiirc ftic ever law ; .ind that St. Paul's ( liurih ai
l/onJoti would 111. ike hill .i pitiful (i.'iirc m ai it. She
obferves too, th.il this would Ik- the cafe with any of cur
f(|uares were they compared with the altii.l.in or pla. e
of horfc'. This was the llippodioiiie in the reipn ol the
(.Jretkeinpcrois. In the middle ot it is a lir.i/.cn (cIuiU'i
«if three fcipcnts tvi'illed to;;ether, with lllcir motllll pa
jiing i tor their heads are not broken oH, as Ionic travel
Icrs have pretended. It is impolTible to learn t;ie realou
for which this pillar was ercilted : the (Jreiks can
tell only labulous lei;eiids in relation to it, .md iliere is
11.1 lii;ii ol its ever haviiip had any ml'ciipti.ui. At the
upper end of this lipiarc is anobeliikof poiphviy, brought
Iroiu Kjzypt; it is adorned with liicro^lvpliii-s, which aie
all entile, and is pl.iced on four little ln.izen pillars upon
a pjdeH.il of fcjuare free-ftoiie filled with hcme'i in hafs
relief, on two of its fides, one Cipiare reprefentmi; a battle,
the other an alfcmlilv. ( )n the other fides there are
(.ireekand Latin iiifcriptiiins.
The hiftorical pillar mentioned by fcvcral authors is
no more; it fell down about fifty years 3i;o. Among
the other antiquities are the aqiieduits, whu h are pro-
'Igiouflv lari^c, and a. ancient as the (ircck empire, tho'
tne Turks have cut upon them lonie Tiirkilh nifcrlptions,
to give them tht; honour of having pcrlormed Io j^reat a
work.
The Greeks have thirty chiirrbes, and the Armenians
a great inaiiv. Ih- Roman catholics have alio more than
on?, and the Swedes li ivc been permitted to build a Lu-
theran church here. The (Jrcek patriarch has a palace,
which (fands on a hill about two hundred paces from the
harbour near the patriarchal church, which is dedicated
to St. Georgr.
'Ihe exchanges are all noble buildings, cnnfiHing of
tine alleys, the grcatefl p.irt with their roofs fupport.d by
pillars, and kept wonderfully neat. Every trade has its
diliiiiiit alley, where the nicrchandi/,e is difpofcd in the
f.imc order as in Kxcter-Kxchaii'^e in London. The
jewellers quarter is extremely rich, and (hews fuch a
valt quantity of diamonds and precious itoiicj of all
kiii.l., that ll'.i) da//l. llir fi 1 r. Thi- '■nibroiiicrici arc
■ill.i \('iy rich. The m iikas ar.' iiioll ..| til. in haiidl.iiin*
lipiiu's, .almii lid' W(ll piuvid.'.l, an! .ilfotdliiir ivcir
ihin^^ III till gii.ih'll pli'.ilv, riie iiihir piihjic li.iil liii."i
.ire lh(' h.iiis 4111 iiKiiialtciiri ol ileivii''ii the titll an;
very l.irce «lld iiiiiiiei.iir , the (ccuiij |..w ill liumbii,
an. I not .it all iii.i 'iiil'ceiit.
The number ol p.'opli in I'dnflaniincplc li.ivr been
(oinpiited at ii).'lit liuiidied llioiiland. I hi pla'xu, whi. Ii
nhts the city in IV V'.ir, lie(|iirnil> n ,il.' , ilica.'lul h.i.
vixk : the Illy has alio oluii I'ull.iid bv liies, loiiic ot
which have deltrovt'd tluni hlly In Icvrnlv thuulint
lioules lit (line. In the vi.ir lyj.), it liitd red iihkIi by
III c.irthiiiuki , a liie bie.iking out .it ilu' lirnc Inn '. In
I75'i and l}^t), iwn other Uiiaiiliil t^li(laf^ratiiilis hnj •
pciHil here
On ilic well tide ol the cilv urn th" Cubiitb'! of Kj.ip,
or .St Job. Ihe loiinliv .il.inj.', the llrii.ht inl.> ih'j
HIaikSr.i is lovcird with tinvii. I'lid viliai;c , tiohl.;
I.ati, jiyidcns, iiii adows, vimv.irdj, mi I wcidi. Tlw
( liicl ollid 1^ i.l the ( .Hill rcnri.illy r^lid.- tli'.r. in (pring,
liiminer, and the bC|.innin)', ot nutimni, hoiti tor the
ben. Ik ol the tielh air, and in old' r to I ii near Ihe crr.>
(I'lur, who Ipcnd) iliu luiiiiiier ut iL'tlctadi, where he
has ,1 Iria^.lio.
(iilati is a fubiiil) furromi'lel with w.illi, toweri, and
ino.if,. 'I hi, and ilic lullowiiig lubiiibi arc (itiiatcd on
the op|»i(iie li.le of ilie harbour. Ihe inhabilm's of
Galala .iic chully (ireiks, Atrieiiians, I'ranks and
Jews, who ihii.ilc it for tli'ir relideiice, foi the Like ot
living more ,it liliiriy ili.i'i in the rity. The citliolics
have a tiw churches lui.',.iiid the (iterk'. ha\et"ix. Ileic
alio aic the w.irili(.iiles ot the iiicrLhaiii.,, .iiid iic.ir them
dole lu the haib.iiir <:■ the dock.
/\t noirreai dillaiice ij iVra, which is alio a han.lfomi;
fiibiirh Handing on an eminence, and is the ipi irlcr whcro
til'- Chiillian envoys lelile, llioiij'b it ii (inncipally inha-
bited liy wealiliy (irecki. The .iir ii healthy, and tin:
profp. dt ( xtremc'y pledant.
Tophana, which is Co tailed from its eanium foun-
dery, may be ( .inlldered as anotlier of the luburbs of
..'o ILiiilinople, .iiid la. diuclly tr.iiitinj.j liie impciial
It
fl i: c T, xu.
f)f ii u I. (; A R 1 A.
lii Situalkn, Lxiiiii, Kiim,\Rh>tn, A-himtu'mi, hsi Spriitri,
iM.l pllllilliul loniil.
THIS country, which was formeily c.iiled ihe I,owcr
Myfi.i, is boiimlcd on the ninth by the Danube ;
on the call ward by the I'.uxine or lil.ick fc.i ; on the |..iith
by iVlouiii Hx-miis, winch lepiratcs it from Uoiiiania,
l.df dcfcriheil ; and on the wiihvard by Sirvia. Its
greaielt length, Irnm e.ift to wed, is about two hundred
and eighty miles j and its breadth, from north to fouth,
about a hundred and eighty.
It was antiently fubjeCt to Thrace j but being conquered
by the Romans, it at length, on the divilioii of that em-
pire, fell to the (hare of the Kallern emperors. Upon the
diclenlion of the empire, it w.is fuhdued by a people from
Adatic Sarinatia, fuppnltd to have come from the banks
of the Volga; from whence fome derive the name IJul-
garia, liom a corruption ot Voi;;ari,i. Others maintain,
that the people who j'ave their name toth:> province were
callid liiil^ai, (.r lloli^ar, .ind the people oiiginally called
Biilgaics. However, they rendered this country a pan
of the kingdom of Hungary, and pollellej it till it was
taken by Amurath II. cmpeior of the Turks, about the
midille of the lilKenili century, fince which it h.T. con-
tinued under the goi'ernrnent of that empire.
The Damiiie, which runs thioiit^ii this country for
the (pare of eighty iiiile>, receives tlie liter ot Axiopolis.
There i.i here anoiher liver, called th'.'Uhir, which ril'is
in .Vloiint Ilj^mu3,aikl tails into the Danube ii.ar Nico-
polis.
The oiintry is in general very mountainous, but the
valleys and plains arc extremely rich and fruitful, pro-
ducing
ml
I
%m
r .\
i4
A S Y S T E M O F Cj L O G U A F ll Y.
TuRKY ill KirOPEj
!l
. I
I <:
'/}»/./"
diicing wine and corn in tlic ^.rcatofl pkntv. I lie moim-
tniiis tno are aICo far tVoni licing lianrii, ami in particu-
lar alFord c-xccUtiit paituragc. I'liiis tliat of Stara I'la-
mina, thoiia;h bare and di.'folate towards its funiinit, is
cxtrciiicly fcitiic in the middle and Imvtr part.
At the foot of tlic mountain wiii.h divides Bulgaria
from Servia is a warm hath, where the water gullies out
in a llrcam that is laid to he of the bigncfs of a man's
liody, and yet but fixty paces from it is another fpring
ill the fame vallcv as cold as ice ; but, from the imtll,
it evidently appears, that thcv both contain nitrous and
iulphureous particles. Upon this mountain is a Cireek
convent for monks of the order of St. Uafd. On the
Irontiers of Servia, between the mountain of Suha and
the river Niflava, arc fcver.il warm baths, whofc waters
arc of a fulphureous quality, and ill'uc from the mountain
deeply tinged with red fand and llonc.s. At the foot of
Mount Witcil'cha, towards the borders of Romania, arc
likcwife four warm baths of great repute, and the moun-
tain has not only iron mines, but is covered with villages,
corn-fields, vineyards, and paiturcs.
Among the natural curiolities of tliis country are alfo
the vail nuinbi.' of large eagles in the neiglihourhood ot
the town of JJabadagi, whei tlic arcli'rs all over 'I'urky
and Tartary I'upply thcnifelvcs with leathers lor their
arrows, though each eagle has no more than twelve lit
for their ufe, and thofc only in tlic tail. 'Ihefc feathers
are commonly fold for a lion dollar.
The inhabitants, who were anticntly renowned for
their martial atchicvements, now apply themfelves to
graziery, agriculture, and handicraft employments, 'i'heir
language is Sclavonic, but dillcrs a lit'.le from the Ser-
vian in pronunciation. Some of the inhabitants are
Greeks, and others Mahometans. The Creek church has
here a patriarcli, though he is not aekiMwledgcd as fuch
bv the other patriarchs, and alio three archbilliops.
The country, being i;overnud by four fani'Jacs, is con-
fequently divided into lour laiigiacfliips. The fangiac-
fliip of Sardic contains the followinj; towns :
Sophia, called by the inhabitants Triadit/.a, is a very
lari;e and populous trading town, well built, but open.
It is lituatcd on a large beautiful plain, and I'urrounded
with diitant mountains. 'l"is hardly poffible to fee a
more agrce.ible landfcapc : but the ftreets are narrow,
uneven, and dirty, bein^ paved only in the foot-ways.
However, c\cry fioufc has a garden well planted with
fruit- trees and Ihriibs. The Ifcha in fomc places runs
.ilong the (kirts of the town, and in others palles through
it. "rhe principal part of the tr.aders here arc Greeks or
Armenians. It is the rcfulcnce of a b^glerbeg, and was
built by the emperor Jullinian out of the ruins of tlic
antient city Sardica. It is one of the greateft thorough-
fares in Turky, fince all who travel fromConftantinople
to Ragufa, Venice, or into Hungary, muft pal's through
this town ; but the air is fo unwholelome, from its be-
ing I'urrounded with marflics, that it would be in a much
Icis flourilhing condition were it not for the refidence of
the beglerbcg. The mountains to the fouth make the
winter continue longer than the fummer, and arc the caufc
of frequent rain. This town is famous for its hot baths,
and for their medicinal virtues.
Amo.-ig the hills, where the fteep rocks and dreadful
prccip'.ccs I'carcc admit of any acccl's, is Trajan's gate,
which that emperor erefted in commemoration of his
inarching with his army through this country, where he
made a road through places before impafi'able. This gate
confifts of two flone pillars, which fiipport an arch re-
prcfcntiiig a large open gate; but this building is now
very ruinous ; it confilfs of hewn-ftonc and bricks; the
curious in antiquity have been, however, too bufy in
taking o!F the Kones, VN'hicli has greatly cit'accd this
Jbtely monument. In the mountains leading to this
:'ate arc fevcral iron woiks, and a boiling fpring.
I'crnowa, the antient Ternobiim, was formerly the
capital of Bulgaria, a royal feat, and fortified, though at
prefent it is but a mean place. It is litu.itcd about a
hundred and twenty miles to the call of Sophia, is the
refidence of a patiiarch, and has Hill an arihlulhop, who
is fliled archbifhop of Ternowa and all liul Niria.
The fangiaclhip of Hibin, or Widin, among other
places, contains,
Widin, by the antienfs called Viminacium, a Itrong
lortilieatiun on the Danube, and a bilhop's lee. In
ly^q the Hungarians made a truitlefs attempt upon thi»
place.
Colombotz, or Colon. 'jotz, a well fortified callle leaf-
ed on a mountain, at the foot of which is the lliong pafj
of Urania.
This fangiacfliip alfo contains fevcral other fortrcH'es,
and lome pretty good towns.
The fangiacihip of Nicopoli contains,
Nicopoli, or Nigepoli, a large town on the Danube,-
defended by a caltlc, and rendered famous in hillory by
the tirit unfortunate battle fought there between the
Chriltians and Turks in the year 1396, when the em-
peror Sigii'mund was defeated by Sultan Hajazct, and loll
twenty thoufand men ; though H.ijazct is laid to have
bought the victory fo dear as to have lixty thoufasid
flain.
Prcflaw, antiently called Marcianapolis, was built in
honour of .Vlarciana, filter to the emperor Trajan ; its
prefent name fignifies an eminent city.
'The fourth and laft faugiacbiip is that of Silillria,
which contains the following places :
Sililhia, a large and fortified town, fituated on the
D.inube. It is a billiop's fee, and Hands at a I'niall dif-
tancc from the remains of the wall ereiled by theCjrecian
emperors againft the inroads of the barbarous nations,
lixty-lix miles to the caltward of Nicopuli. Its great
antiquity appears from the nature of its walls, wiiich arc
evidently of Roman, and not Turkifti architecture. Very
lew of the inhabitants are Turks.
I'here ai vcral other towns, but as they are in gc-
neial fmall and inconfidcrable places, and have nothinp-
wortliy of obfervjtion, we lliall not trouble our readers
with a repetition of their names.
The diltridt of Drobrudfch, which extends to the
mouth of the Danube, is an entire plain, interlpcrl'ed
neither by woods nor rivers ; though at the end of it is
a wood called by the Turks Daii-Orman, or Fools-
Wood. The inhabitants, who derive their origin from
Tartarian emigrants, are famed for their finguLar hofpi-
tality, which IS fo great, that when a traveller of any
religion or country pail'cs through any of their villages,
all the houfc-kecpers of both Icxes come out to falute
him, intreating him in the civilelt manner to take up
his lodging with them, and kindly accept of what God
has been pleafcd to beftow. The perl'on whofc invita-
tion the traveller accepts entertains him and his horfes,
if they do not exceed three, for the I'pace of three days,
with a cordiality and chearfulnefs that can fcarcc I- ;
paralleled. He lets honey and eggs before him, in b..;'i
of which this country abounds, and very fine bread bakcl
in the embers. They alfo build a little houfe lor the
reception of llrangers in particular, with couches lounJ
the hearth for travellers to ulc as they think proper.
Having defcribcd the Turkifh empire in FurO);c tt> the
weft of the Archipelago, the lea of Marmora, and the
Hlack fca, we Ihall, before we proceed to defcribe the
more wcftern rcgiciis, give a defcription of the European
illands of the Archipelago, the Mediterranean, and the
Ionian fcas.
SECT. XIII.
Of ihc prinupalljhidi of Greice, in the Archlpehyo ; cn-
taining a ancije Defcription cf whnlfver h mejl rntiarkahle
in etiihy with rffpecl to their Antiquitia and pnfrnt State.
THE moft natural method of clafling th^- manv
ifland on the coalts of the countries wc have jutt
dcfcribed, fcems to be dividing them according to the
I'cai in whi^h they lie ; that is, into thofc of the Archi-
pclago, the parts about Cantlia, and in what was formerly
called the Ionian lea.
'The illands of the Archipelago, antiently termed the
ylilgsjan fea, lie to the call of 1 urky in Europe, and are
comprized by antient gcogri<phcrs under two lunei.il
n.inies ; thole called the Cyclades, or the Circle Illands,
from their forinintf a kind of circle round Dclos ; ami
tholi:
[ifmnes-
thofe
bclos
Sam
(icnts,
for the
were hi
profane
Jnondra
]irofpci-.i
Itnii'JS. Kml 1
tainou^
bcalls .1
bears til
calHe.
crated tf
<'•'"■' Th,in'
if Coiiti
/'or its ^c
Stabm
cultivate!
danclls.
miles ove
barren,
noes, and
habitants
always be:
from the
marks llai
<;xcelli-iit I
wound'., ii
'■cremonici
Venetians,
hitants of
that day
twcen the 1
the earth is
to the top c
the f.itursi
that ;urpoli
vein of the 1
•W'ho fill r„,
the TurkiflJ
they have |,
lill up the
before. So
rell marked
imachton,
or his dcputi
The fingi.it
fury of the 1
inhabitants
eaith in ihei
permiflion.
rinth, whic.
forty pillars .
iland is the
r''ces here .
■L'.nino, or S
Sciro, ant
pyraniidical
■ two ways.
is the fee of .
has a f.u'c h::
is ftony .nnd
'The Greek f
three huiulr
Negriipoiit
capital called
and extend', ii
■wed above
not exceed tw
largeft ifl.ind
antiently joiuc
broke either
carthqiiak'
called the Ki
corn, wine, fi
forts of provi
of Caiillo is 1.
lione aniiantho
was made, wi
4S
U
ii I
^•1
I'uRKv In EuKorn.
I.
K O P F.
IjTO ; OH'
iftnariiihle
' Stale.
■: many
Ihavc jult
lij to the
|ic Arclii-
i totmcily
Irincd llic
2ild arc
lo iMiici.i!
lie Ifiiinds,
Jclosj ami
tho:c
ttjiifOS.
■Xc'ia
l tmMS,
'vbii'-i
tliofi: whirl] lyinj fcattercd ;it a ^rcator iliitaiicc from
bclos vvfiL- callcl the S|)r)raiiis, or Scattcrctl llldihls.
SaiiuiiiJrachi, tlv,: Ekvtrii and Dardani.i ot the an-
ticiits, Iks near tlif coalt nf Rnmaiiia, arul uM'i tamoiis
for tin: wjrllli|) paid to ci.rtaiii denies called Cahiri, who
were held in fiuli high veneration, that it was thought
prutane even to nu-jition their name. 'I'hc town of Sa-
mondraclii is fimated on a mountain that commands a
jirofpect of its I'pacioiis harbiuir.
Kml>ro, or I.enihro, the antient Inibros, is a niotin-
tainous illand over-grown with woods, harbouring wild
bcafts and (^ame. It has four village,-., one of which
bears the fame name as the illand, and is defended by a
callle. It had fornierlv a town of the l.uiic name confe-
cratcd totheCabiri and to Mercury.
Thaffus, the antient Aeria, or Aeiliria,lies in the gulpli
cif Contelli), Slid was once famous, even to a proverb,
for its ^old mines, its fertility, excellent wine, and marble.
Stal'.mene, the antient J>cninos, i,s a fruitlul and well
cultivated illand, feated oppofite the llreight of the I)ar-
danells. It is of a quadrangular form,3about twenty-five
miles over : but the eallern p.irt of the ifl.iiid is dry and
barren. It ha.s two mountain'., which were once vidca-
noes, and was formerly I'acH'd to V'ldcan, whom the in-
habitants woriliipped as their patron. 'I'his illand has
idways been lamous for a kind of earth, or bole, called
from the place terria lemnia, and from the feals or
marks llaniped upon it ten a figill.ua. It is thought an
excellent remedy ag.iinit poil'on, the bite of a ferpent,
wounds, and the dyfenlery. It is dug up with many
ceremonies, th.it were probably firft introduecd by the
Venetians. The principal Tiirkifli and Chriilian inha-
bitants of the illand meet on the fixth of Augult, and on
that day only, at a chapel called .Si>tira, half way be-
tween the village of Coehino and the mountain where
the earth is found, an.i from thence proceed in proccflion
to the top of the mountain, where the Greek priells read
the Lituriiv i after which feveral pcrlons appointed for
that '.Hirpoli begin to dig, and as foon as tlicy difeover ;
vein of the d. fired earth, give notice of it to the pridfs,
who fill fniall hair bags with it, which they deliver to
the Turkifli governor and other o/fieers pielent. After
they have t.ikcn up as much as they think propi r, they
lill up the pl.acc again, and return back in proceflion .is
before. Some of the bags are fent to the fultan, and the
reft marked with his leal, or with thefe words. Tin
imachton, or. The feakd earth, and fold by the fangi.ie,
or his deputies, to the innabitants and foreign merchants.
The fingiac mull fend an account to the fuUan's trta-
fury of the money annually produced from it; and the
inhabitants arc piniilhcd with death if they keep this
eaith in their houl'es, export, or trade in it without his
permiffion. In this ifland was formerly a famous laby-
rinth, which confilk'd of a llat<ly building, fupported by
forty pillars of an uncommon height and thicknefs. This
idand is the refidence of a Greek bifhop ; the principal
p' ices here arc Cochino, the antient Hcphcltias, and
L'.mno, or Stalimcnc, formerly Myrina.
Scire), anticntly Scirns, is of a triangular or rather
pvramidical form, with a ridge ot mountains that crofs it
two ways. It has a little town of the fame name, which
is the fee of a Greek bifliop : bifulcs this town, which
has a fal'c harbour, it h.is fever.il villages. The country
is ftonv and barren, and has fomc quarries of marble.
The Greek families in the illand arc computed at about
three hundred.
Negropont, antiently Fnbcca, and afterwards from its
capital called I'.gripos, is fituated on the coalt olLivadia,
and extends in lenuth front the fouth-eall to the north-
well above a hundred miles, but its greatell breadth does
not exceed twenty-five. It is, next to Candia, by far the
largefl ifland in thefe leas, and is fuppofed to have been
antiently joined to the continent bv an illhmus, that was
broke either bv the violence of the waves, or by an
earthquake. It is divided from the continent by a (trcight
called the Kuripus. This illand is very lertile, producing
corn, wine, fruit, and cattle in fuch abundance, th.it all
forts of provifions arc extremely cheap. The mountain
ofl-aiillois famous for its excellent marble, and the
ilone amianthos, or albeltos, of which incomhuHible cloth
was made, was alfo found here. About the year 1470
45
this idand was attarl;ed by Sultan Mahclr.ct II. with a
fleet of two hundred fail, and a hundred and twentv thou-
find men ; he took it, and the Turks h.ive pollcli'ed it
ever fincc. The chief towns in tlic iiljiu! arc,
Negropont, called by the (jrecks Egripns, feated on
the louth-will coall ot the ifi.ind on tlie narrowelt part;
of till- llreight, over which is a fniall llonc bridge of
four or live arches, that leads from the coalt of Livadia,;
lo a little tower in the middle of the channel, from
whence to the town ol Negropont is a draw-bridge, no
larger than juft to let a galley paf; through. ThewalU
ofthetowndo not exceed two miles in compals ; but
there are mere buildings and people in the lubuibs of
the ChrilHans, without the walls than in the city, wliicli
is inhabited only by Turks and Jews. 'J he number of
liihahitants in both is computed to amount to fourlcea
or fifteen thoufand. The Turks h.ive four molques,
one of whii h was the cathedral of St Mark, and the
Chriliians have a hifliop, and feveral thiirchcs in tht;
luburbs. 'Ibis is the chief refidence of the captain ba-
flia, or admiral of the Tuikilh fleet, who is alio gover-
nor of tiic illaiid, and the adjacent part-, of Greece, and.
the harbour is Icldoin without a fleet of gallics.
C'jilel Ko|lb,the ancient Caiyltus,is a good city, witlt
a comni'ulious harbour on the fouth-ealt cwd of the
illand, fifty five mile., to the fouth-call of Negropont. Ic
Is a hifliop's fee, and very populous In if. neighbonr-
hocid were foimerlv fomc quarries of inarble. Four or
live miles to the north-ealt: of this city is Cape Doro, the
ancimt Ciphareum, wliich is lo furroundcd with rocki»
that it is dangcriius to come near it.
The Euripus or (trcight that divides this ifland from
the coniinent, has been long celebrated for the flated ir-
regularities of the tide. 'I'he jcluit Habin obferves, that
in the lull eight days of the month, and from the four-
teenth to the twentieth inelufne, and alio in the three
lall days, it is regular both in its ebb and flood ; but on
the other days of the lunar month very irregular ; the
i.bb and flood returning fomctime> eleven, twelve, thir-
teen, and fourteen times within twenty-lour or twenty-
flic hours. This irregularity has bafikd the rcfcarchcs
both of the ancients and moderns.
."indra, the ancient Andros, is eighty miles in circuit,
and is one of the moll pleal.mt and truitlul iflands in ths
Archipelago ; it is watered by innumerable fprings»
and has prodigious plenty of wine, oil, barley, and all
kinds of delii ious fiuits i but its greatcfl riches conllll:
in Its fllk, in wliich the itibabitants carry on a great
trade. The port is a pretty good one, and the town of
Arna adj.dning to it, has about two hundred houli^s. It
is the rcli.'cnce of aca.'y and aga, as alio of a Romifli
and Greek hifliop. At fomedillance from the town may
be feen tiie remains of a large and Ifrong wall, with fe-
ver.il columns, entablatures, and pedeltals, on whicli
Hood flatues, and various infcriptions, fomc of whichi
mention the fenate and people of Andros, and the prieils
of liacchus ; whence it is flippofed that here Hood the
city of Andros. In the ifland are alio between thirty and
forty villages, and lour or five thoui'and inhabitants, moH:
of them Giceks, with a colony of Albanians. 'I'hcre
are many Greek churches in the ifland, the Romans
alfo have fix churches, with a cathedral dedicated to St.
Andrew, and the jefuits have a church dedicated to St.
Vencranda.
Engia, or rather vTgina, as it is flill called by the
CJrecks, is fituated in the gulph of the fame name, and
is about thirty miles in ciiciimrerence. There is onlv
one town in the ifland, which is laid to conflll of above
eight hundred houl'es, and is defended by a caftle,
which {lands above it, and is remarkab'e for the fine
profpcil it affords of many of the iflands, and the coait
of the continent. In this cafllcare about eighty houfc^,
and two churches adjoining to each other, the one for
the Cirecks, and the other for the Latins. This ifland
produces great plenty of corn, almonds, honey, wax,
and cotton.
Colouri, the ancient Salamis, lies towards the bottom
of the gulph of Engia, near a protnonlory, between
which and this ifland runs a llreight, which in its nar-
rowcll part is not above a mile over. 'I'his ifland in
about fifty miles in compafs, and hat * fpacious li.nlouf
V vn
*?h
1 . ■ 1 „
11
!! ■
i!i .
}':!
a
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,
TfRKv ill El nr.pr.
J
on the weft fide, of an oval figure, on which ftanJs a
town, which has the fame name as the iflanil ; but is
faid to have only about one hundred and fifty poor cot-
tages, and about four hundred purfons. 'I'hcrcaic two
villages, one of them named Metropis, featcd on a hill,
and the other called Ambelaehi, fituatcd near the (height,
where the ancient city of Salamis ftood. This iiland i.'.
famous for the important viclory gained there by the
Greeks over the Ptrfians, in which the fleet of Xerxis
was defeated by Themiitocles.
Porus, the ancient Calabri.i, lies next to the fluire c(
the Morea; it is about eight miles in tompafs, and is
remarkable for being the place to which Demofthenes
was banilhed.
Zia, or Cea, the ancient Ceos, was formerly famous
for its fertility, pafturcs and figs, and is fifty miles in
compafs. It now pioduces corn and wine, and the har-
bour is full of fifli. The town of Zia, whicii gives
name to :he ifland, is fituatcd upon an ttninence, in the
neighbourhood of the ancient city of Carthea, of the
ruins of which, as well as of the ancient city ol' Zulis,
fome remains are ftill vifiblc. Thofe of the laft take up
a whole mountain. Near this place src to be fetn the
rums of a magnificent temple. The houfes of Zia are
built of (tone and earth, with flat roufs, as are all the
houfes in the Levant, and are ranged on tlie fide of a
hill, like the benches of an amphitheatre. On this ifland
refidcs a Greek bifliop.
Tine, the ancient Tenos, is very mountainous ; but
in many parts abounds with excellent fruit, and Hill
more in filk. The wine of this place was mucli ad-
mired by the ancients. Jlefides the town, which is de-
fended by a callle, this ifland contains between thirty
and forty populous villages. Here are alfo a Cireekand
Latin bifhop, the former of wlioni is very lich, there
being many churches and chapels, and five mor.ifteries
of the Greeks in the ifland.
Mycone is thirty-fix miles in compafs, and produces
wine, figs, and fome olives, with barley enough to fiip-
ply the inhabitants ; but has little water and wood. The
inhabitants ate moftly (jreek Chriftian?, and have ma-
giftrates of their own religion •, but a Turkifh officer
comes every year to collecl the tribute paid to the Porte.
A cady alio fometimes vifits them, and holds courts of
juftice there. In this ifl.ind arc upwards of fifty (Jreek
churches, and feveral convents of monks and nuns, tho'
they are not very well filled : among thefe the convent
of nuns of Paleo Caflro, which is fituatcd in the midfi:
cf the ifland, is the princip.il. The city of Micone is
featcd on a large harbour ; but the number of its inhabi-
tants is varioufly raprefenttd. This ifland is fuid to pro-
duce the heft failors in the Archipelago, and has at lealt
five hundred fea-faring men, and above one hundred
barks, bcfides forty or fifty laics for the trade to Turky
and the Morea ; that of Turkey chiefly confifh in goat-
(kins, and the \Iorea trade is chiefly in wine.
Delos, once a celebrated ifland, but at prefent a defart
rock, is not above feven or eight miles in circuit ; it is
three times iis long as it is bro.ad, and is a fccurc re-
treat for the corfairs. This being the imaginary birth-
place of Apollo and Diana, it was held in the hiuheft
veneration, and its oracle of Apollo was the moft cele-
brated in the world. Here arc ftill to be feen the re-
mains of the celebrated pillar of Apollo, and feveral
noble fragments of the famous temple confecratcd to
him.
Rhcnaea, anciently called the great Deli, lies near
the laft mentioned ifland, and has fine paftures ; but from
the dread of the corfairs it is now uninhabited, though
it was anciently extremely populous, as appears from the
many ftately ruins to be found there.
Syra, the ancient Syros, is mountainous, but pro-
duces good wheat, and plenty of barley, wine, figs,
olives, and cotton. The air is moifl, and cooler than
ui the neighbouring iflands. I'he inhabitants, except a
few Greek families, arc of the Romilh religion. 'I"he
town of Syra is built round a little fteep hill, and be-
tween it and the harbour may be I'cen the remains of
fiiperb buildings, whicii made a part of the ancient city
of b'yros.
Thcrniia receives its preftiu n.in:e f om tlie Ihi iif,--, TAtniiih
or hrvt fprings found there: it is t.'iirtv-lr; m;L^ ni cii-
nimdrenee, an! is not lo in(.unt:iUious as the <itl,ci
iII.iikU. 'I'he foil, when well ctiltiv.itcd, p'oducis hr^c
quantities of barley, wine, and fi^s ; viitli plenty of
honey, wax, filk, and as much cotton as the inliahi-
tants rcciuire ("or tlitir own ufe : it h;'S alio a vaii: num-
ber of partridges.^ The Cjreek ChrilHans in this ilbnd
are computed at fixtccn thoufind. In the city of 'I hcr-
niia is a bifhop, with about filtcen or lixte^ii chuieiu-s,
and feveral convent,^. I'he people are e(ki nied very ho-
neft, and the women virtuous, hanilfonie, ,n.d neatly
drefled. The inhabitants are j-nveintd hyaiady, and
four procurators, cholen (roni among tlR-'mfeUco. On
the ifland are (fill vifible the ruins < f tv/o citie-, one of
which on the fuuth coait-, mull have been oi e;;traordi-.
nary fplcndor.
Siphanio, the ancient Siphnus, is thirty-fi;; miles inj'ur/itw.i
compafs, and enjoys a wholcfome .nir, good water, and ■
a fertile foil that produces great plenty of fine liuit,
with grain fufTicient for the (up|,ort of its inh.ibitaius :
here is alio no want of tanse and wild fowl, and other
game. It is faid to have once liad rich gold ai I lead
mines ; but the inhabitants kr.eu- nothing of the (o;.-ner,
and the latter are not worked. I'he nmnhcr of people
is computed at five tii'iui'.m.l, who inhabit five or fix
Villages, and are chiefly Cire;ks, yet they arc f.iid to
have above five hundred eh.ipch:, four convents of monks,
and twonfiuins. Tiie ifl..nJ iris five ('^xure harbours,
and a caf'K- in a rock n.Mr tiie f.a.
iVlilo, anciently clled M-lcs, conilllj almnft rntircly ASvi'J'
of one hollow poroi:s rock, which is maceraied, ns it
were, by the fca water, and the heat of a tuniinual luh ■
terraneoui fi.e is felt by cnly pnltiiig the hand into ths
holes or' the rock : a place in the illiiid is aiwjvs burn-
ing, and the earth around it fir.o.iks like a cliiinney.
Cireat quantities of allum and fulphur arc (ound ; for
here allum grows in fonie natui.^ ' .verns '.n the u<m
of flat (lones, between nine and ten inchcs'thick. The
ifland alfo produces phnie ailum, which grows on
the rock. Sulphur is found in one particular place
pcrfeiily pure, and as it were fubliniated ; this is in a
cavern, the bottom of which is full of fulphur conti-
nually burning. The water in the lower groirnds is un-
fit for common ufe, and at the foot of a mountain be-
twecn the town and the harbour, are baths and Come
fprings, fo hot as to fcald one's finger, The ifland a-
bounds in iron mines ; but though its furface is in Ge-
neral mountainous and rocky, it h.is many del;nhtfiil
plains, where the foil is extremely fertile, and proiluccs
great plenty of corn, exouifite fruits, efpeeially grapes,
melons, and figs; with honcv, flifh, fowl, g-^.m^, and
fifh. 'J'he inhabitants are Greek.s, and are faid to be
given up to voluptuouCnefs, anJ cntirelv inl'enfible of
the danger of their fituation ; and there is both a (Jreek
and a Latin bifhop. The town of iVlilo h.is an excel-
lent harbour, at about tlic diilance of half a mile ■ it
contains about five thouland pcrfon?, and was it not for
its extraordinary filthinel:, it would make a toler.ible
appearance.
Paros, the anticnt Platea, is fcvcnteen miies to the P/a/rfi.\
eaft of Siphanto, and about thirty-(ix miles in com-i.il'^
It is well cultivated, and the i.-ihabitants (ced abimdance
of flocks. Their trade confils in corn, wine, nidu-
fefamum.:, and calicoes ; and, bel'oie tiie Cindia.i war
they h.-.d a great deal ol oil ; but the Venetian armv hirnt
all the olive trees, during the nine or ten vears in Which
they continued tliere. 'I'his iiland has alwavs bicat:-
inous (or its fine white marble, known by the nnme ot
Parian marble, and had al('o molt exci.lltnt ariitis tor
working it. It was rmce opulent and powerful • but
now contains only fifteen hundred families. Thj cele-
brated antiques, railed the chronicle of Paros, are n'..;;liics
that have Circek inl'criptions performd on this iilaul
and purchafed in the year ifu.;, by Thomas HtnrarJ^
earl of Arundel ; who, in 1OO7, prel'ented then to ilx-
univcrfity of Oxford, and they are now called tile Arun-
delian marbles. '1 hele inl'criptions form the inoit au-
thentic piece of anticnt chronology, they bein" earv»d
two hundred and (ixty-four years before the Clirift,;,n 2/52 ««w.
Via i
7t,
RCP-
i-i"'.T, Thertru.
Ill (11-
"•Ilit!
I 1.1 r^c
ity ot
ili.ibi-
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illmj
i her-
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ry ho-
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On
ine of
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taiits :
(itlicr
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Kopic
or (ix
ilil tj
buurs,
as it
il lub-
fo Ctv::
biun-
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I ; for
K)r.-n
The
v3 on
place
in a
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ome
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IICCS
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and
he
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it
; for
talilc
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ar:l,
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Tl'rky ill Europe.
F, U R O P !■
2»
era • ami contain a (pace fif above three bunlred years.
'rhc towiu'l I'arichia Cccins to ftand on the ruins of the
antic-nt I'.iros, the walls and houfcs being decorated witli
tijveral fine remains of that city ; and there arc ancient
monume ' be fcen in the adj.iccnt coiiir.ry. 'I'hc
l'en3"i!i, or Madonia, without the city, is tl-.e latgcfl and
niolttplendid church in the Archipelago. There are a
[.reat number of churches and chapels in this iflaiul, and
alfo ftvcral confiderable villages. A large fl.-et may lie
(onvenuiuly and fccurcly in ihe harbour of St. .Maria ;
but the ufual anchoring-place for the Tinkifl' navy is
Dri), on the weft fulc of the ifland.
Mif'S- Antiparos the antient Oliaros, (lands about two miles
' " to the weft of Paros, and is only a rock about (ixtien
miles in circuit ; yet in Come part of it is well culti-
vated, and produces as much barley as fervcs a fmall
villai'e. The port is navigable only for fmall barks.
This ifland is remarkable for a grotto, which is one of the
orcateft curiofitics perhaps in nature, and (ecms to prove
one of the moft important truths in natural philofophy,
the vegetation of (fones. This grotto appears to be a-
bout forty fathoms high, and fifty broad : the roof forms
a pretty good arch, v/hich every where entertains the eye
with an infinite variety of figures of a white tranfparent
cryftaiine marble, rcprefenting vegetables, marble pil-
lars, and a fuperb marble pyramid , all which appear to
be natural.
Vj". Nixia, the antient Naxos, is a hundred and twenty
miles in compafs. This is the molt fi-rtile ifland in all
the Archipelago, and its wine dill maintains its former
excellence. Its plains are covered with citron, orange,
olive, pomegranate, apple, mulberry, cedar, and fig
trees. It was alfo famed fr" a kind of marble called by
the Greeks ophites it being green fpeckled with white
likeafnake, and fomc mountains on the weflcrn coall
afford emery, whence the Italians called the adjoining
cape Cape Smerigli, or Cape Kmery. It was taktn from
the Turks by the Venetians, and there are (fill fevcral
noble families in it r'cfcended from the latter. All the
people of the ifiand do not exceed eight thoiifanJ, and
there is but little harmony between the Greeks and the
Latins, who have each an archbifhop here ; the former
of whom is rich, and has a handlome cathedral. The
inhabitants have fuch violent feuds among thcmfelvcs,
that fomctimes they will not fpcak to one another as long
a^ thev live ; in this the women are faid to be more ob-
lUnate than the men. The inliabitants, like thofe of
moft of tiieie iOands, have the choice of their own ma-
giftrates; but fometimes a cady takes a circuit among
them, and to him appeals lie. The idand contains be-
tween forty and fifty villages, and only one town, which
is fcated on the uth fide of the ifland, and is defended
by a caftlc. About a mufket fhot from it ftands, on a
rock near the fea, a beautiful marble portal, amidft a
heap of fragments of marble and granite, fuppofed to
have been a temple of liacchus. The inhabitants carry
on a confiderable trade in barley, figs, wine, cheefe, fdt,
oxen, flieep, mules, oil, cotton, filk, flax, and emery.
'wiM. Patino, Palmofa, or Palmor;', ;Hc antient IV.tiiios, is
by fonie geographers placed iii Aila, and by others in
Europ« ; it is about eighteen miles in compals, and has
onlv one well built town, in the middle of which is the
ciltle called the Monaftery of St. John, iiih.ibited by two
hiindrc(i (ircek monks. .St. John the L\angelill being
banilhrd into thi^ iiland, is Caul to h.ive written here his
itevclalions. In thiir church they carefully keep a body
' ^lluit up in a cafe, which they pretend to be that of St.
John, and (hew a cave where they (ay he wrote hi:;
Apocalvpfe. There are about three thoufanl perlons in
the ifland, all of whom are Chriftian';, who pay tribute
to the (irand Seignior ; but the foil being dry and rockv,
they find it difficult to live : though no Turks rcfide in
the ifland, the torfaiis put in there to careen and take in
(relh water.
^ij.^ .\morgo, antienlly Amort'os, extends from north to
fouth, and does not exceed thirty (ix miles in rompaf's .
it is exceeding fteep towards the fouth-ealf, but cnjov ;
a pood foil, and produces excellent wine. The town is
built in the form of an amphitheatre round a rock, with
a caftle upon it. At about three miles diffance ftands a
lir^jc Greek convent. T'he ifland is well (.ultivated, aiil
(
., di
yields oil enough for th: inhabi'.a.Tts, :nJ great plenty of
corn and wine.
Policandio is eight miles in compafs : it is a pleafant
ifland; but has no port, and only a creek on the fouth-
caft fide. It has but one village, in which there are three
well built churches, two monafteries of men, and a con- ^^
vent of women. There are no other houfes in the ifland "" ' ,^r^
bcfides thofe of this village. TTie ifland is rocky, and '
ali'ords a fcanty fubfiftence to its inhabitants, who arc an
h.neft, civil, and courteous people; and carry on fomc
trade in cotton.
SECT. XIV.
OfCmulid, ayiit the IJliindi lying nhiut it ; luilh a very parti'
ailiir Account of the rifmg ofpme new IJlandi by A'Jeans of
Earthquakes.
CANDIA, the antient Crete, one of the largeft and
moft celebrated iflands in the Mediterranean, is
fituated between the thirty-fourth degree forty minutes 34.'4^—3/.'4
and the thirty-fifth degree forty minutes of north latitude,
and between the twenty-third iJegree fifty minutes and the
twenty-feventh degree fix minutes eaft longitude from
London ; and being a long and narrow ifland, extending
from eaft to weft, its grcateft length, from Cape Garabufa
to Cape Solomon, is about a hundred and fixty miles j
and its grcateft breadth, which is towards the middle,
does not exceed forty- four miles ; every where clfe it is
much narrower. It lies Ibuth-caft of the More.'., before
the mouth of the Archipela::o.
The people breathe a pure air ; but the fouth wind is
dangerous, and fomctimes fu.'focates thofe who arc ex-
poll-d to it.
Above half the ifland is covered with rocky barren
mountains, the moft famous of which is Pfiloriti, the an-
tient Ida, the higheft in the ifland. I'his is now one
continued barren rock, and, for the grcateft part of tlie
year. Its fummit is covered with fnow. The only thing
it produces is the tragacantha, famous for its gum. This
mountain commands a view of both feas.
This ifland has many fprings and rivulets of excellent
wat :r, but no rivers proper for carrying boat-
It has many valleys ani plains remarkably fertile; and
though not half of thefe are cultivated, yet the country
not only abounds in wine, but alfo fupplics ftrangers
with oil, wool, cheefe, filk, honey, wax, and oidum.
Their wine and wheat are excellent ; their filk would be
cxceediiiir good, did they but know how to manage it ;
their honey is admirable, and fmells of the thvme
with which the whole country abounds. The quince-
tree was firft brought into Italy from the town of Cvdo-
nia, in this ifland, and was therefore called by the Ro-
mans the Cydonian apple.
In the ifland are abundance of cows, Hicep and fwine,
hares and rabbets. There is no want of poultry, and
great plenty of pigeons, turtle-doves, woodcocks, red
partridges, and wheat-cars.
The antient poets make frequent mention of the hun-
dred cities of this ifland, on which account it was called
Hccatompolis ; but it had many more, a hundred and
twenty occurring in antient writings ; and under the
emperor Valentinian I. above a hundred towns were
overthrown and deftroyed by an earthquake.
T'he ifland had origin. illy its own kings ; but the re-
publican form was afterwards introduced. It was fiill
fubdued by the Romans, and continued (ubjc.it to the
Eaftern emperors, till the year S23, when it was con-
quered by the Saracens ; from whom it was recovered a-
gain in the year gOjt. It was afterwaids taken by the
Genocfe, who reded it to I5oniface, marquis of Mont -
t'errat i am! he, in 1204, fold it to the Venetians. In
16.1.4. the Turks made a defcent, and, after a fiege of
twenty years, reduced the whole country, whirh, except
a (l-w forts, the Venetians were obliged to cede to them
at the peace in l06<) ; and in 1715 the Turks made
theml'elves maflcrs alfoof the Venetian fort^ ; lince which
time the ifland has been entirciv in their poflcflion. \ !
The inhabitants are (ireeks, who have an archbifliop {
and Armenians, Turks, and Jewj.
In
nal
1 i u
i . I'l
64
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Tvv.ky in I'UKOi't,
t
In moft of the villages the houfcs arc built of rugged
uiihcw:i piuccs ot' white iiinrble, joined with mud iiilK'ud
ot iiiortar : they have hut one Honr, which is divided
Into two or three apartments. The rotil is tornied ot
t'a.',i!,ots placed upon joith, and covered with a kind of
terrafs.
The city of Candia, the capital of the id.ind, is fcated
about the middle of the northern coalh li (Kinds on the
ruins of f-kMaclea, which, with gnat piohalidity, islup-
pofed to have been the fame with Maiium. Tiie city at
prefent i.s, however, little better than aJefart, except the
market-place and a few ( if the adjoinii g Itrects, where
the principal inhabitants r.fule ; in the rell there is
hardiy any thing but rubbifh, occafmned by the lall
lie-e, whi>.h was one of the moft conli.lerable that was
undertaken in the lad century. I'he harbour i^ alio
choaked up, to that no other vcilels but boats can enter it.
There are c.imputed to be ii\ tliis city .'bout eight hun-
dred CirCi'ks, who pay the capitation or poll-tax, and
their archbilhop is tiie metropolitan of the whole ifland.
The Arnicaians have but one church here, and are a-
bout two hundred in number ; and the Jews amount to
about a thoufanii. The nil of the inh.ibitants arc Turks,
among whom is a conhJer.ihle body ot janizaries. I ho
country about Candia confifts of fpaeious and fruitful
plains, enriched with all forts of grain ; but the exporta-
tion of wheat is prohibited, without lull; obtaining leave
from the bcglerbeg.
The fecond city in point of rank i,; Canca, the antient
Cydonia, wiiich IhmJs on the northern coall, and is faid
to contain above fifteen hundred Turks, two thoufand
CJrecks, hitv Jews, and about a dozen I'rcnrh merchants,
who have a coniul. It is the lee of a Cireek bifliop,
fufi:Va;an ta the archliiftiop of Candia. This town is
pretty itrong, it having a good wall faced with lionc,
and defended by a deep ditch. The entrance of the port
is defended on the left by a fmall fortrefs, where there is
a light-houfe. Th';calHe is on the left, beyond the hrft
balhon. The houlcs arc very indifterent, and the belt:
of them never exceed two florieshigh ; thefiril of which,
or the ground -floor, has a parlour, warchoufe, cellar, and
ftable. The walls arc of brick, with I'ree-ftone angles.
The .afcent from the firft floor to the fecond is by a
wooden ladder, fet almoll perpendicular. The fecond
floor is alfo divided into feveral ap.irtmcnts, and cover-
ed with deal boards, fupportcd byjoiUs of oak laid two
or three feet afunder. On the outfide it is covered with
earth tempered like mortar, well beaten, and then paved
with fmall flint ftones and pebbles. The terrafs is made
a little floping for the rain to run off. Inline weather
they walk on thefc terralles, and when it is verv hot lie
upon them. Every houfe has coninumly btfide^ tliefe flat
roofs a fm.all terrafs on the fame floor with the fecond
ftory i but this is properly only in open room, .adorned
with pots of flowers. The country about Canca is ex-
tremely delightful, and the forells are diverfitied with
lofty olive-trees, ple.ifant tields, vincvards, flower-gar-
dens, and (beams (haded with niyrtie and laurel.
The third city in point of rank is that of Retiino,
which (lands on the northern coafl of the ifland, twenty-
fix milco to the weft of Candia. The city is enconip.illcd
by a mean wall, and is defended by a citadel, which
itands on a ftccp rock that ftrctches out into the fca.
The country about Retimo is all mck on the weft fide;
but towards Candia it is very delightful, nothing being
to be feen along 'Se fliorc but gardens. Cherries arc
earlier here than ; any other part of the ifland, and all
the fruit is better .d. Their filk, wool, honey, wax,
and oil are prel'err'. -.o all others. The water that fup-
plics the town gufiies out of a narrow valley about a mile
to the fouthward, and they have cut a channel to bring
it to Retimo ; but they lofe one-half of it by the way.
On the road leading to the valley is a handfome mofque,
and in the court before it a han, or caravanfera, where
travellers, who arrive alter the gates of the town are fliut,
or dellgn to fet out before they are opened, ni.iy lodge
and cat gratis.
The village of Gartina flands amidft the ruins of a
noble city, named Gortyna, about fix miles diftant from
Mount Ida, at the foot of low hills, jnft at the entrance
of the plain of Mcfi'aria, which is properly the granary
of the ifland. 'I'hcl'e ruins are an evident proof of the
inagniriccncc of that city, but it is impoflihle for a (Iran-
ger accuftomed to contemphition to behold them without
concern. The people plough. Cow, and feed ftiecp a-
midft- a prodigious ipiantitv of marble, jafpcr, and granite,
wiouj^ht with the moft admirable art ; and, in rooin of
the great men who once caufed tiiefe (fateiy edifices to
be ercdled. are only to be feen flieplierds and huftjand-
mcii.
One of the greattft curiofities of this ifland is a cave,
called tile labyrinth, which runs under a fmall mountain
at the foot of Mount Ida, in a thouf.uid intricate mean-
ders, without any appearance cf regularity, and is cre-
nerally thfuight to be a work of nature. The entrance
is a natural aperture, fevcn or eight paces broad j but
in fome places fo low, that there is no going in without
Hooping. The ground is rugged and uneven; but the
top level, confilling of a horizontal laver of ftones. The
piinripal pallage, in which there is lei's danger of bc-
wildeii.ig one's (elf than in the others, is about twelve
hundred paces in length, and reaches to the end of the
maze, where are two (pacious chambers. The moft dan-
gerous part of the main walk is about thirty paces dilhnC
from its mouth ; for if a perfun happens to take any other
courfe, he is immediately loft, amidft the innumerable
windings of this maze, and then it is no eafy matter for
him to find his way out ; on which account travellers
alwavs provide themlelves with guides and torches. 'J'here
IS littie appearance ofthis|ilace having ever been a ftone-
Hiiarry, and whether it was ever me famous labyrint^. of
Crete, is far from biing I'atisfadoiily proved.
To the northward of Candia is the ifland of Santorini,
that isSant Krini, thus named from St. Irene being its
patronefs. This ifl.md, which was antiently called Ca-
lilla, and afterwards Tliera, is about thiity-lix miles
round; and the coaft is li) craggy and rugged as to be
almoll iiLiccelTible, and great part of the ifland is covered
with puinice-ftones ; yet the inhabitants have, by their
labour, rendered the ifland fiuitful, particularly in barley
ami wine, which is ot the colour ot rhendh, and cotton,
which grovvr, in great plenty. It alio produces (bme
wheat. The inhabitant.., who are computerl to amount
to ten thoufand, are all Cirtcks, but one-third of them
arc of the Latin church, and fubjeif to a popilli bifhop.
Ihere are five populous vill.iges in the ifland, and feve-
ral caftles erected on the coaft.
Ccrigo, the antient Cvthcra, is an ifland which wag <i/
in a particular manner confccrated to Venus, and is
lituated between Candia and the Murea ; but biingmoun-
tainous and rocky produces little corn, wine, or oil, it
has therefore no great number of inhabitants, but docs
not want for (lieep and fowls, both tanv; and wild. The
principal town, which is on the fouth fide of the ifland,
ii.is a laftle on a very fteeprock; but the harbour bdow it
lies open to the fouth winds.
Acroteri is an ifland famous in natural hidory; it yf^/"^
feeins to be compofed of pumice-flone':, incrulfed with a
fiirface of fertile earth, and the ancients reprefent it as
rifing in a violent carthi]uake out of the fea. Four
other iflaiuls near Santuiini had the fame origin, aiid yet
the fea is here of fuch a depth, as to be unfathomable
by any founding line. The hrft, which is in the har-
bour of Apanormia, a port of .S.intorini, was anciently
called Hiera ; but is now named Megali Cammeiii, that
is, the Great Burnt ifland, rofe out of the fea after a.
violent eartht|uake in the nine hundred and fixth yi:3t/4.C.j
before the birth of Chrift ; and in the beginning ot the
eighth century, a new Ifland fuddeiily appeared with a
terrible cxplohon, and adhered to the ifland of Hiera,
which by this means became confiderably enlarged. The
lecond ifland, which lie . a little without the harbour, was
anciently called Thcrafia ; but now from its whitencfs, 2^tM
is named Afpronifi, and Ipriing from the fea in the firft
century. In 1575, a fudden fire burfting out of the
fi.'a, foon produced a new ifland, to which wa.s Ljiveii
the name of Micri Canimeni, or the Small liurnt liland.
Another ifland arole In the years 1-07 and 1708, be-
tween this ifland and great Cammeni. The reader will
not be difplcalcd at feeing here a particular account of
thii
01' £,
TuHKV ill F,i.'Rorr.
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U R O V
in:iry jj
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Ir;ui- ':
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i miles '*
IS to be .
covered J
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s lome i
imouiit
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liifliop.
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and is
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he tirft '■
of the H
;;ive:i K
illaiul. Kl
Icr will l|
)uiit of H
this ■
this extraordinary phenomenon ; for no cir.-iinillance
can be nunc worthy of b-ini; prcfcrvcd in a fyttein of
•'coi^rapliy, than thj birth of an illand.
On the twenty-third ot May 1707, after an earth-
quake that happened t'e ni;;ht before, the ialf mention-
ed illand was dil'covered early in the morning by fome
feamen, who taking it for a wreck, rowed inimc('iately
towards it ; but finding roeici and earth inllcad of the
reni.iliis of a fliip, halted b.ic'<, and fpread the news of
what they had feen in Santorini. How gieat focver tlie
appreheiifions of the inhabitants were at the firft fight,
their inr\iry/.c foon abated, and ill a few days, feeing no
.Tppearance of fire or fmoke, fonic of them ventured to
land on the new ifl.uid. 'J'licir cnriufity ltd them from
rock to rock, where they found a kind of white Hone
that cut like bread, which it nearly refemliled in ils
form, colour, and conliltenee, 'I'licy alfo found many
oyrters (licking to the rocks ; but while they were cm-
ploycu ill gathering them, the illand niov( d and Ihook
under their feet, upon which they ran with precipitation
to their boats. Witl. theli- motions and tremblings the
illand ineieafed, not only in height, but in lengfh and
breadth ; yet fomctimcs while it was railed and extended
on one fide, it funk and diminilhed on the other. Our au-
thor obferved a rock rife out of the fe:i, forty or fifty
paces from tlie ifland, which having continued four days,
iunk and appeared no more ; but leveral others appear-
ed and difappeared alternately, till at lalt iliev remain-
ed fixed and unmoved. In the mean time tlie colour of
the furrounding fea was changed: at fiiH it was of a
light green, then reddifli, and afterwards of a pale yel-
low, accompanied with a noifonie Ifeneli, which fpread
itfclf over part of Santorini.
On the fixtecnth of July the fmoke firft appeared, ;
not indeed from the ifland, but from a ridge of black '
ftones which fuddenly role about fixty p.ices from it, ;
where the depth ol the fea was unfathomable. Thus j
there were two feparaie illands, one called the White, j
and the other the lilack illand, from their ditt'erent c<i-
lour This thick finokc was of a whitilh colour, like ;
that of a lime kiln, and v.'as carried by the wind to ,
Santorini, where it penetMted the houfes of the inhabi- ;
tants. I
In the night between the nineteenth and twentietii of |
July, flames began to ifiue with the fmoke, to the great I
terror of the inhabitants of Santorini, efpccially thofe
of thccaftle of Scaro, who were not above a mile and
a half dillant from the burning illand, which now in- |
creafcd very hi^i l-irgc rocks daily Ipringing up, which
fomctimes added to its length, and fometimes to its
breadth. The fmoke alfo incrcaled, and there being
no wind, it afccnded fo high as to be feen at Candia,
and other difiant ifiands. During the night, it relVm-
blcd a column of fire fifteen or twenty feec high, and
the fea was tlien covered with a fcurf or froth, in fome
places reddifli, and in others yellowidi, (rom wlienee
proceeded fuch a llench, that the inhabitants throughout
the whole ifland of Santorini burnt perfumes in their
houfes, and made fires in the Itrcets, to prevent infec-
tion. This indeed did not lafl above a day or two, for
a Ihong gale of wind difperfed the froth ; hut drove the
fmoke upon the vineyards of Santorini, liy which the
grapes in one night were parched up and drllroyed. This
fmoke alio caufed violent head-achs, attended with
rcacbings.
On the thirtv-fiift of July, tlie fea fmok- 1 and biib-
bl d in two dilferent places near the ifland, wiiere tiie
water formed a perfect circle, and looked like oi! when
ready to boil. This continued above a moiiili, during
which many fi(h were found dead on the fliorc of San-
torini. The following night was heard a dull holloA'
noife, like the dillant report of f.'veral cannon, which
was inllantly fiiUowed by Hanies f;f fire, lluiotiiig up to
a great hei ;iit in the air, where they fuddenly difippear-
ed. '{"lie next day the fame hollow found w.is leveral
times hcarii, and iiicceeded by a blackilli fmoke, which,
iiotwiihllaiiding there being a pretty frelh gale, ro^e up
in the form of a column to a prodigious height, and
would probably in the night have appeared a< if on
fire.
46
On the feventh of Augull the nolle wns different, i"-
refembling that of large Hones thrown all tojiether into
a deep well. 'J'liii noife, hiving Killed fome days, w.is
fucccedcd by another much louder, fo r.e.iily refem-
bling thunder, as hardly to be dilunguifhed iVom three
or lour real claps, that happened at the fame lime.
On the twenty-firit, the fire and fmoke were confide-
r.ibly diminilhed ; but the next morninj; they broke out
with greater fury than before. The fiiiuke was red and
very thick, and the heat was fo intenfe, tha; all round
llie illand, the fea fmokcd and bubbled in a furptifiiig
manner. At night, our autlior viewing with a telefcopc
a large furn.ace upon the highell part of the illand,
difcovercd fixty fmaller opcnin.'S or fuimcls, all emitting
a very bright flame, and be imagined there might be as
many more on the other fide of the great volcano. On
the twenty-third of AugulV in the morning, the illand
was much higher than the day before, and its breadth
was cncreafed by a chain of rocks fprung U|i in the
night almoll fifty feet above the water. The fea was
alfo again covered with reddifli froth, which always ap-
peareil when the ifland received any confiderable addi-
tions, and occafioned an intolerable ftencli., fill it was
difperfed by the wind, and the motion of the ,/avc5.
On the fifth of Septenib.T, the fire opened another vent
at the extremity of tiie lilack Illand, from whence it
illucd for feveral days, during which but little rofe from
the large furnace ; and from this new p.iliagc ihvaltonifli-
ed fpcciaiors beheld the fire dart up three leveral tin.c. to
a valt height, refembling fo many prodigious ftcy- tuckets
of a gUnving lively red. The following night the fub-
terraneous tire made a terrible noife, and immediately
after a thoufand flieaves of fire flew up into the air, where,
breaking and difperfin::, they fell like a (houcr of liars
upon the illand, whicii appeared all in a blaze, prcfent-
ii]g to the amazed fpectators at once a moll d.eadful and
beautiful illumination. To thefe natural fire-works fuc-
cceded a kind of meteor, which, for fome time, hung
over the callle of Scaro, which is featcd on a high rock
in the illand of Santorini, a meteor not unlike a fiery
fword, .-^nd which ferved to incrcafe the conltcrn.ition of
the inhabitants.
On theninthof September the White and Black Iflands
united, after which the wellern end of the ifland daily
increafed. There were now only four openings that
emitted flames, which ifi'ued forth with great impetuofitv,
fometimes attended with a noife like that of a large organ
pipe, and fometimes like the how!l;;g of wild beafh. On
the twelfth the fuhterraneous nolle became niucli aug-
meiited, having never been (o iVeipient nor lo drcultul
as on that and the following day. The hurlls of £h:s
fuhierranean thunder, like a general difehargeof the ar-
tillery of an aimy, were repeated ten or twelve times
within twenty-four hours, and immediately after each
clap, the lar::e furnace threv/ up huge red hot Itoiies, whiidi
fell into the fea at a I'.re.it dilLinee. 'I'hefe claps v,-. re
always lollowed by a thick fiiioke, whieh fpread clouds
of aflies over the lea and the neighbouring illaiuis.
On the eighteenth of September an earthquake was felt
at Santorini, but did no gieat damage, thuugli it con-
fiderably enlarged the burning illand, and in feveral new
and Im
The claps were
pl.ices gave vent to the lire ;
alfo more terrible tli.in ever, and in the inidlf of a thick
fiiioke that appeared like a mountain, were feen and heard
large pieces of rock thiown up with as much noii'e and
force as balls t'rom the mouth of a cannon, which
afterwards fell upon tiie ifiaiid, or into the fta. One of
the fmall neighbouring illands was feveral times co\e; d
with thefe fiery itoiits, which being thinly cruffed over
Willi fiil|)liur gave a bright ligbt, and continued burning
till that was confiimed.
On the tvveiKy fiilf, after a dreadful clap of fubterra-
iieous thunder, very LMcat lightnings eniiied ; and.atthe
fame inllant, the iiey,' iiland was (o violently fliaken, that
part of the great furnace came tumbling down, and huge
burning rocks were thrown to the diltancc of two miles
and upwards. 'I'hi:. leemed to be the lalt efibrt of the
volcano, and to have cxhaulted the conibultible iii.ittcr,
as all Wits (piitt for lev eral days after. Hut on the twenty-
fifth the fire broke out again with (fill greater fury, luul
G ainon:;
■rm
ri
■^."1
kit: ■;
M
26
A S Y S T r. M O F G li O G R A IMl Y
■II
;i
among the cl.iji; w.is one I'o tt'iiihU', tli;it tlic cluirchcs
«il h.iiilorini Will.' loim tilled witli crm iK v( pcoiili;, I'X-
I'cctiiiL' fvi-rv miJimiu wouKI b- th'.ir \.\i\ ; ami the calllc
ami town ol Sc.iro riiircrcd liuh a (hcnk, tli.it the doors
and wini!()\vs ol' the houles Hew o|)eri. The volcano
continued to la.'jC diirin;; the reniaimii^ part of the year ;
and in the month of Jamjarv, I7^h', the large hniiaee,
without one day's iiiterniillion, throwed out Hones an I
flames, it lealt cmce or twice, but oftener liyc or fix
times a day.
On the t.r.th of February, in the morninj:, a pretty
ftrong carihiiuake was felt at Santorini, which the inha-
bitants confiilered as a prelude to L'reater eominotion^. in
• he buriiin ; il'"'"( : nor were they dccciyed ; lor loon
nfter the lii e and fmoke ill'ued in prodi:;ioiis (pi-intities, the
ilaps lil;e thunder wer'' icdoubled, and nothiir^ appear-
ed but horror and confufion ; rocks of an amazing (ize
were railed up to a ;;reat hei'^ht above the water, and
the fea ra;.ed and boiled to fuch adei;rec, that it occa-
iioned a L'cneral cniilk-rnation. The fubterrancou-. bel-
Io\yin;;5 were I'.eard without inttrniiirion, and fometiiiies
in lefs than a i|uarter of an hour thcie were lix or i'even
irruptions from the lar^'e furnace. The noife of the
repeated chips, the oiiantity of hu:.;e (tones that fliw a-
bout on every lide, the hou'es tottcrinu; to their very
foundations, and the tire, which now appeared in open
day, Uirpa|]i.d all that had hitherto happened, and form-
ed a feene alloiidhing beyond deleiiption.
'J'he lifteenih ol April was reiulercd remarkable by
the number and viidencc of the bellowiivjs and iiriip-
tions, by one of which near a hundred large Itones \veic
thrown up all toL^cther into the air, and fell again into
the fea at about two miles dillancc. Krom this time to
the twenty-third of May, which might be called the an-
uiverfary of the birth of the new iflaiid, things continued
nuich in the fame (late ; but afteruardj thefireand fni.<ke
by degrees i'ublided, and the (iibtcrrancous thunder^ be-
came lefs terrible.
On tlie (ilteenth of July our author, nccompanicil by
the RomiOi bidiop of Santoiini, and fomc other ecclc-
fia(Hcs, hired a boat to take a near view of the ifland.
They made directly towards it on that fide where the fea
did not bubble, but where it (inoaked very much. Being |
got into this vapour, they felt a elofe fultocating heat, and '
found the water very hot ; upon which they directed .
their courfe towards a part of the idaiul at the farth.elt [
dilhince from the lar;;e furnace. The (ires, which (till .
continued to burn, and the boiling of the lea, obliged
them to take a ureat compals ; and vet tliey felt the :.ir
about them very hot and fultry. Having cncompall'ed
the illand, and furvcycd it carefully from an .idjacent 0,1c,
they judged it to be two humlred feet above the lea, a-
bout a mile broad, and five iriiles in circumlcren;e ; but
not bcins: thoroughly fatisficd, they relolved to attempt
to land, and accordingly rowed towards that part of the
idand where they perceived neither hre nor fmo.ik ; Init
when they had got within a hundred yards of it, thegreat
furnace difcharged itielf v\'ith its ufual fury, and the
\\ and blew upon them a thick (moke and a fliowei' of
allies, which (diliged them to <iuit their defign. Having
retired a little, they let down a plummet, with a line ninety-
five fathoms long 1 but it was too ihort to reach the
bottom. On their return to .Sant.)rii,i, they obfer\cd
that the heat of the water bad melted molt of the pitch
from their boat, which was therclore grown very leaky.
From this time, till the fifteenth ol .Aiig^ull, when our
author left Santorini, the lire, fmoke, and nolle continued
pretty moderate ; and, by the accounts he received liom
thence for feveral years after, it appe.us that the illand
Hill increaled, but that the lire and futiteriaiieous noife
were much abated ; and as the travellers who have (ince
vifited the Levant give no account of its burning, it
has doubtlefs long ceafed.
Strange as this account inay appear, it is allowed to be
iinquellionably true ; and indeed thele are not liie (uily
inltances in which illands have been known to rife Ironi
the bottom of the fea, of which we have .1 recent in-
ftance in the I'hilofophicari'raiif.iction5,of an illand near
the Azorc- thui railed by fubterrancuus lirei, in the year
J720.
S K C T. XV.
Oflh,' lilin.li in the Sii; uKticrith
111 l;i".0/>e.
the I:,!]
A\.\, thefe idands lie on thewclietn eoaft of Turky in
Europe, and theielore propirly defers e.i place luie.
Thele are,
I/C Sapien/e, antiently the Sphagi iflaiids, which arc
three fmall illands lyin.; near the coail ol the Moiea.
The l.irgcll was (<irnierly c.dled Sphaiileria, and wa. I.i-
nioiis 111 anticiit hiltory lor the vicloiy oblaiiud theie by
the Aihcniaiis over the Lacedemonians. 'I'i'.e adjacent
fea is called the Sea nt Sapien/.a, or of W'lldom, becaufc
the pilots are obliged to ni.ike ufe of a great de.d ol wif-
doni and c.iuli(Ui in gcttiiU! through t:-.e rapid and dan-
gerous curients near this illand. The fecond illand is
only feparated from the tirll by a channel, which does
not exceed two or three miles oyer ; this is called
Fufchella, orC.itretra, by mariners ; and the third, which
lies to the eait of the former, is named San Venatiea.
Strivali, the antient I'lota', or the Floating Illands, arc
two fmall Illands, the largelt of which is not above two
leagues and a half in compafs ; but tliev have good
fprings of water, and the liiil is very f.uittul. I'he in-
habitants, however, never marry, lor they are (aid to
have •■"> women anuuiglt them, and only c(Uililt of three
or limrfcore (ircek monks, whofe convent is built la
the foim of a fortrcfs, and i,, well provided with cannon,
in order to keep olf the coi fairs.
The (olIowiuL' illands belong to the Venetians :
■/ante, the aniient Z.icyntinis, is fitu.ited near the',
ftreight of the gulph wbieli runs between the .\b)rea and
Liv.idia, already delcribed, in thirty-feven d( 'rccs lifiy-
(even minutes latitude, a!id is (iippoled to be about twenty-
four miles in length, twihe in bie.ulth, and fifty in
compafs. The country is pleafant, and firtilein corn,
wine, oil, and all kinds of excellent fruits ; elpici dly the
linell mufcadine grapes, and currants of the loit brought
to Lngl.md. 'l"he nuUuis of this illand are in particular
rccpielt, as are alfo their peaches, which are of a prodi-
gious lize, liimc weighing between eight and ten ounces,
and are of an eyipiKite taile and flavour. On the fouth
and welt (ide of the iOand is a large chain of mountains,
with a nioun:ain alfo towards the ealf, and .mother at the
north ; Co that it is in a manner (iirrounded by them. Iiv
tlic center is a delightful plain, and nc.ir Chi. ri, a fea-
p/ort, is a refinous (pring. The illand contains many
towns and villages, and the Greeks, who conltitute the
majority of its inhabitants, have a hilltop, and above (orty
churches, behdes crmvents. Another part ol the inha-
bitant > aie Roman catholics, who have a bidiop and
three ciuiveiits. The reni.iinder of the intiabitants arc
jews. The city of /ante is large and populous ; ic
(lands on the cad (ide of the illand, and has a commo-
dious and fafe port to thofe who are aci|uainted with its
entrance ; but has no walls, and is only delended by a
(trong fortrcfs, wiiich is erected upon an cniinence, and
is well defended with cannon. 'I he houles fd the city
;;ie built with large fquaie iiones, but arc very low, oil
account of the Irequent earthquakes whieh generally
happen in the fpring, when it is (aid that they ieldom
l.id of feeling one or two, if not more, in a week. In
the roek on which the city is built are abundance of
line fprings of fweet water. The city is governed by a
provcditor and two counfclh^rs, who rcfide there ; and
Imth the Ln; lidi and Duteh have a laitory and conlul,
with a number of merchants and factors for the (la|)le
commodities of this place, which are chiedy railins and
currants ; but the Fnglilh are edeemed the greatelt pro-
moters of this tiade, as they conlume more of the latter
than pel baps half lu'rope belides.
Cephalonia, amienily cilled Cephalenia and Samos, is
fitiiateil 111 the tliii ty-cighth degree of latitude, and is a
ronliderable ifl.md, extiemely lertilc, and pioducing cur-
rants, <ul, red wine, mulcadine i'r.ipes, citrons, or.ingcs,
poniei;ranates, and grain. Molt of the trees bear twice
a year, that is in April and November ) but the fruit of
the l.,!t niontli is liiialler than the other. Jt had formerly
four
S.
. tf-...<t-:'' .,%!<'*k.-«4— •'«'
Tl RKV ii
1
F, tJ R o p I:.
laiilc
i;.i:r coilfiJi-'rablc towns; but has now only fnirn; large
villa.ji-s, vvitli a i-ily of iti own iiaiin:, ilituiidi.-;l by a lor-
wcu", liMtc.l iiiinii a hill, a'.iout fix miles ililhiiit tVoiu
Ari'oliuli, the |)iiiK-i|ial |ii)ii iii' tli'; illiiiJ. Tliij port ii
laii'i-, .111.1 well (hclti-icJ on all liiles j but the boitoiii
ii not ('.cure, the anchors imt (tit!;iiii; t'alt. At the eii-
uaiiec is a larj',e village, whore molt of the merchants
lUiJe. Theiliaiul is chiellv irih.-.bitej by Greeks, who
,iay a tiiluite to the Venetians, who have here a proveJi-
Angelo. Oros, the north part, cnnfalns
towns, and ubuut cii^htceii thuulaiiJ people.
1/
•five;
c ■]•. xvi.
i: r.i/'A/Ti'UKi -n I),'
ii)r aiiil two coiiiif. Ilors.
The next illanil is V,il ili Compare, the name given to
ihe illaiicl of Ithaca, faniojs (or bein^ the country cf
rivU'es.
Santa Maura, antiently cnllel Neritis, anil fiiice I^cu-
las, was ill former ages a penlulula ccnne,;leii with the
cuntiiicnt ol Ararnania ; but the Carthaginians, or, ac-
cunliiiL; to others, the Corinthiai;s, feverej it ; fo that
(here i:. at puCent a ch.iniul about fiftv paces broad be-
tween the illaiul and the contii:cn:. In lhi> illand wire
lurmcrly three conliderable towns, with a moll niagni-
iueiit temple of Venus. 'J'he In it harbours are Santa
.Maura, Dcmata, and Knglimeno. This illand enjoys
an uncommon plenty of corn, wir.e, oil, almond',,
pomegranates, citrons, and other fri:itb, with line paltures.
The inhabitants are CJreeks, fubje.;l to a bilhop. The
town of Sant I Maura, which gives name to the iCind,
contains abir.it live or fix thoufand inhabitants ; and be-
ing fituated in the water, and defended by walls and
lowers, is fo for;itied, that there is no convenient ap-
proach to it, cit!.er by land or water. Beyond its works,
ill a m'iraf~, arc two well inhabited il'ands, or fuburbs.
The iluller id' little illands between thi3 and the con-
tinent have a communication with each other bv brid;;es.
in 147? the 'I'urks difpoflefled the (Jrecian emperor of
the town and iflind. In i 502 the Venetians made them-
felves mallei s of it ; but afterwards furrcndered it again
to the 'I'uiks; and in 1684 recovered it fiom them. In
1715 the town and illand fell a fecond time into the hands
cf the Turks ; but the following vcar the X'enetians
ilrovc them out, and have ever hncc kept a proveditor
there.
Corfu, anticruly Ph.-cacia, and afterwa:J.^ Corcyra,
takes its prefent iiame from the anticiit caiHciif Ciiryiilio,
which Hands on a mountain, and is fo called from the
Greek word zjfuci, a hill. It is fevcntv Italian miles
in lenr;th, and, from Cape Barbaro to Cape lialacrum,
thirty broad ; but in moll other places fcarce twelve.
]t was famous in former ages for the beautiful gardens of
king Alcinous. Its foiithern parts are barren, moun-
tainous, and deilitute of water; but the northern coaH
is very fertile in all kinds of delicious fruits, excellent
wine, grain, olives, &c. It has but two cities, Corfu,
the capital, and Callopo, the Cafiiope of the antients.
But, bcfides thcfe cities, it is laid to have about abun-
tlrcd villages. The city of Corl'u i^- very ftrong, and con-
itaniiv keeps between liftecii and twentv g.illies, bcfides
other vellels, for its defence. It has, belidcs, two for-
trell'es, tlie oKK II of which is fitii.ated on a iteep crag'j;y
rock, and fiirioiiiuled below with good ftiong balliuiis ;
the other, though not foadvantageoufiy lituated, h is been
forlihed at an inmienle expence, and the city is now
one of the (Irongell places on all thefe coafls : it is go-
\erncd by a b.ilio, proveditor, tapitana, and caltellano,
who are all noble \'enctians ; as is alfo its archbifliop,
who is primate and metropolitan of all thefe iiTmdj. The
cathedral is a line building, as is alfo th:;t wiiich belongs
to tlieCiieekt, both of which are adorned with paintings
and other e.xpeniive ornaments. 'I'here are aiuindance
cf other haiidfomc churches and llruihires, both here
and in other parts of the illand: hire is alfo an ar.ulemv
of the liberal arts and fcienccs. The illand is divided
into four parts, called balias, or governments, under a
balio. To the eallward is the goveinnient of Alcfchimo,
which contains tweiuy-cght villages, and twentv tliou-
fand people. In the middle part is the government of
Mezzo, which contains no lefs that twentv- live thou-
land people. In this part is lituated Corfu, the capital,
and thirty towns. Agiru, the wellern pait, comprehends
twenlv villages, and about eight thuuland inhabitants ;
but the only remarkable place in it i; the caltle of St.
S K
(>/".^LllA^•I/^,^r Aas.i
Their Situnthrt, Extent, Pndu.;; md kti\ri : tin' I'eiJ'iif
<i>i(l M'lnncn rj'O:; 'Smjh \ uilh tin //munt ef Ihe /..'("•■
iifiilt Tcivf:s.
THIS country, which CKrtiprt'ktnd-, th? old Cjreci.if
Illyricimi and Kpirus, lies between Macedonia oi-
theeaft and the gulph of Venice and tlic Ionian lea on the
well, having on the north-calt and north .1 ch;.in ot nioun-
t.iins, called Monte Negro, or the lilaei; .Mi>iint,un ,
which divide it partly from .Macedonia, and partly Iroim
Servia and Dahnatia, and on the I'outh is bounded b'.'
Jvivadia. Its greatelt length from north to foiith is a-
bout two hundred and ninety miles, and its brculib I'loiu
e.ill to welt ninety-lix, extending tiom latitude tliiny-
ninc degrees to lorty-thrce decrees thirty minutes.
The foil is fruitful, but more ' > tow.itds the north,
than towards the luiith, and produces fla.\ , cotton, and
excellent wine i as alio w.ix, and f.dt du^ out uf the
mountains.
'I'hc chief rivers of Albania arc the Bojana; the Drino
Kigro i the Argenta ; th; Siomini, antiently called I'a-
iiialus ; the Chrcvalla, the antient Apfus ; the I'ollonia^
the antientl.aous ; and the Delichi., the antient Acheion.*
freipieir.ly mentioned by the poets.
'l"he Alb.uiians arc generally tall, (Iron-:, and high-
ly clleemed by the Turks on account of their valour.
'I'hcv arc fubjciSl to the Gr.ind Seignior, and have often
dillinguiflicd thcmfelvesin the wars in Hungary. Thcv
are more courageous on horleback than on foot, and
their horles are extremel;' fwift. This was tlie country
of the famous prince tieorge Caftriot, generally known
by the name of Scanderbeg, v>'ho, with a linall army,
oppofcd for many years all the power id' Tuikv, and
gained twenty-two battles. At hi-, death he left Ins
country tothe Venetians ; but they were irnable to main-
tain the inland part ot it, which was loon ledueed bv
Mahomet II. and hij fuecellijrs ba\e held the whult;
country ever fincc.
The inhabitants make tapcflry, which they export;
but they have fcarce any notion of learning, yet are very
iV'lful in laying aijueducts, and without any mathemati-
cal inlhunients meafure heights and dilhmecs with ail
tbeexailnefs of a geometrician. Thofeofpart of the
country are Roman catholics, and molt of the rcll fol-
low the docliines of the Ciieek church,
The principal towns of Albania arc,
Scutari, c.illed by the Turks Ifcod.ir, a Lir^c and f -r-
t'hed town near a lake of the fame name, is well forti-
fied, and defended by a {trong calllc, featcd on a bill .
it enjoys a great trade, is the rclidence of a beglerbcg,
and an archbdliop. It was furnicrlvlhe feat of tne kin;'-*
of Uiyricum. In the years 1474 and I4~S, 11 was in
vain bcliei'cd by the Turks ; but the \'enetuns furrcn-
dered ic to them in 1470.
Dulcigno, or Dolcigno, the aiuicnt I'Uiniuin, is
featcd oi> the gulph of \'cnicc, twenty miles to the
fouth-wcll of Scutari: it has a good haiboiir, ;iiid ;i
llrong calllc ; it contains fevcn or eight thoufand peupli ,
and carries on a confiderahle trade.
Alefiio, the ancient I.\llus, is lituated near the river
Drill, t'vo miles iibove its month, ami lixtecn to tho
fouth of Scutari. It llands on a I'eep co.ill, and is de-
fended by a ll'ong calllc. It ij by fome eltecmcd the
capital of Albania, and is particulailv famous for being
the place where Scanderbcg died, and was buried in
the year 1467. It is laid the Tuiks have fuch venera-
tion for him, on account of his valour, that they carry
awav pieces of his tomb for rdicks, and clleeni thein as'
a charm to animate their courage in b.ittle,
l)ura/./,o, the ancient Kpidamnus, and the Dyrrjebiimi
of the Romans, is a fniall lea-port on a peninfula in
the gulph id' Venice, thirty-five miles to the fouth of
Scutaii. It has a pretty gjud harbour and calllc.
\ :. '^
\ n
4*1
.'\t
■ -li
.■ -m
iS
A S Y S T !■. M or G r O G R A r 11 Y.
TiuiKv in F.UROPE,
Ln V.iloiiii, ih? nnciint Aulon, Ihni'.i on ;i biy ;it
the iniHith ot the yn\p\^ of Venice, :.iiJ was aiRiiiuIy
fortilieJ. It li.ia a I'p.ieious, but not very kcurc liai-
boiir.
Chimera i Hl-atcJ near the conft' of the Ionian fea,
on the hank'. <jf' ;i little river, ami has a good harbour.
It i-i Camous lor its warm baths ; bnt is at prefcnt only
.1 mean place. It is, however, the capital ot' a fmali
countrv ct the fame name, the inli.ibitanti of vvliith arc
ilileJ Chimarioti, ami are ilel'cemleil from the ancient
Marc, 1,1. ii.;iis. Helltles their capital, they have a few iii-
r.infi.ler.ibie town:; on the fea-coall ; bur the monntains
of C'ninier.i are (o bi_'h, and of fiuh ilifTiciilt accefs,
that tliey l^Tve them nillca.! of torttelles j anJ the people
tnill fo much to this advantage, tliat, acconlin;', to Mr.
AVhetler, they tet'iife paying tribute to the i'uiks.
Laita, a larg'; anil well peopled town on a bay of the
fame name, containin;^ fcven or ti^ht thoufand inhabi-
tants above lialf of whuh are (irceks, ami the rell
Turks. It is the fee of an archbifliop, and h.is a very
large cathedral, fupported by above two lumdreil m.iiblc
pillars, and faid to have as many doors and windows a.>
there arc davs in the year.
Turkifli Dalmatii extends from Albania through the
countrv of Heizcgowini, to IJofnia. A fmall part of
this countrv is, at its molf fmithern extremity, bounded
on the wt(t by the gulph of Venice; but firli cxtendin:;
call through Wnetian Dalmatia, then turns to the north-
Thc country is proper both fur grazing and agricul-
ture, producing gtain, wine, and proven. ler loi"\'very
kind of cattle ; and the mountains, particularly thole of
Uofiiia, contain filver.
The iiihalutants are of Sclavonic cxtrailion, and from
the middle ages have been divided into Servians, Hof-
iiians, ami Kat-.ians i though without any remaikabic
dirt'crence in their fpeech ami manners. They fpeak the
Sclavonian langu.ige, which nearly rrfetiible.s that of the
RulTian. As to their religion, they are of the Greek
chiirth; but Mahomctanifm has gained tonlider.ible ground
among them, which is doubtlefs owing to their beiiii;
almolf ahlolutc lirangers to learning. 'I'iieir letters fcir
willing are the C'iruli, which are alio uitd by the
Kiilliaiis.
iJoth llofnia and Servia were antii'iitly united to Hun-
gary, by what was then called a pcrpcliMl coii.p.ulb. Tin;
former was governed by a han,.iiid the latter b) adefpotu,
or prince ; l)ut now both form a jitoviiiLe of the Turkifli
empire, winch appoints begleibegs and laiigiacs over
them.
Jiorni.i, alio called Rama, derives both thefe names
Irom the rivers Dofna and Kama, or perliaps the former
from the nation of the Holieni. This cuuiitry is bound-
ed on :!ie north by the river Save, winch feparates it from
Sclavoni.i ; to the caliward by the Drino, which divides
it liom Servia ; on the loiith by a chain of mountains
vihieli feparates it fiom Dalm.itia ; and to thewellwarcl
by the nver Verba*, which divides it Irom Croatia. It
s loityTurkifh miles in length, fifteen in breadth, and
call, on tiie back of the territories of Ragiila and V'c- j .
nice. Thus it is bounded on the fouth by a part of j coiililts of three fangiaclhip-, in which are leveral towns
Venetian Ualmatia, and Albania, on the north-eall by I ot which little more is known than their names.
JJofnia, and on the well b) Venetian Dalmatia, R.igu- | Servia is fo called fiom the Serbii,and is fixty Turkifli
{.\, and the .Adriatic fea, or gtilph of Venice, e.\tend'iig
about one hundred and fortv miles from north to fouth ;
but no more than forty-five miles from call to well. The
foil is in lonie parts mountainous ; but is otherwifc very
fruitful in c.irii, wine, oil, honey, and wax.
Its piincip i! towns arc,
(ireat .uid Little .MeLiiito, two fea ports ; but of fmall
importance.
Scardema, in the Srlavonian language Skardin, is
fitiiated on the river Kirka, furrounded with walls, and
defended bv two fmall forts. It was anciently a confi- I
der.iblc town. !ii the year i i?.c, the bifliopnc was re-
moved hither from Jaden. In 1352, it fell into the |
hands of the Wiictians ; but the '1 inks wreKcd it from i
them, after which they were leveral times driven out ; '
but as olicn recovered it.
Clinowo, or Kliuno, is a well built town, ^n a ri-
fing ground, which the Turks in time of war have ge-
nerally made their place of rendezvous, and the depoli-
torv of tneir magazines of provifions and military
ilorcs.
.Mailer, an open town on the Vifera, over which is
ftill to be leeii an old Komaii bridge of llonc.
I Icr.'.cgoAina, or Aicegoviii.i, a Ipacious and well for-
I'Ticd town, ill which the Tuikifh beglerbcg refides.
Pop'irco, a fmall dillricf, difficult of acicfs, on ac-
count of its lituation between two long mountains j but
remarkably fruitful in cum, wine, and excellent fruits,
tiiou",h tiie lands arc generally ovcr-tlowcd in autumn:
but the inhabitants of this dilhicl in the year i6i;4, put
t',.e.nfe!vcs under the protection of Venice.
SECT. XVII.
OjTvRKl' :tlLLYRI^L'.M, i)lJutiii!^lioSSl,\ rt«,/Si;R V 1 A.
miles in breadth, and thirty in length. At the treat/
of I'.dlarowitz, concluded in the year 171S, the greatelt
part ot it was ceded to the Roman empire ; but at the
peace of Belgrade, in 1739, the Imperialills were ob-
liged to reliorc it to the t,)ttoman I'oite. It was an-
tienily divided into I'ropcr Servia and Raftia ; and to the
former, which is in the upper part towards the Uanubc,
belongs the bannat of Mafovia ; it at prclcnt confilts of
four langiaclhips.
The fangiaclhip of Belgrade lies between the riven
Drino, Save, and the Danube, anil contains no other
place worthy of notice but its capital of the fame name.
The city of Belgrade, the antient Alba (Jia?corum, is
a celebrated and important fortrels, fituated at the con-
flux of the Save and the Danube, two hundred and fifty
miles from Vienna, and lour hundred and tllty-livc from
Conltantinople, in longitude twenty-one degrees eaft of 9,1:
London, and in forty-live degrees ten mimues latitude, /,'j :
It was formerly accounted the barrier and key of llunn-ary,
to which it was lirll annexed by the emperor Sigifm'und!
In the ye.irs 14.10, 1456, and 1 4(94, it was in vain bc-
licgcd by the 'i'urks ; but in 1521 thev took and kept
it in their poli"cliii;n till the year 1688, when the Hun-
garians recovered it. In i\ji)c, it fell ag.iiii under the
Turkidi yoke, from whence it was unfuccelstuily at-
tempted to be wrelled in 1693; but in 1717 accom-
pliHied. The Hungarians were, however, again oblieed
to ev.-.cuate it in 1739, though not till they had dcino-
liflied all its outworks, leaving nothing ilanding but
the old walls, and lome loriilicatioiis inliparable^from
them.
This city i--, however, (fill large, llrong, and popu-
lous, and enjoys a confideiable trade. It is built on a hill
af'er the antient manner, and encomp.illed by a double
wall, Hanked with a prodigious number of towers. 'Ihe
only place not defended by either of the above rivers is
Tli-ir S'liuati'.ii, Extait, cn.l Prcrhia. O/" //>^ /n/jcW/^n/i, ' fortified with a callle, buiit with f<liiaic lloiies, fitu.,tcj
thrlr Ltin^iia^c, licligiori, iwti Lcjitiing. /A'/Vi «« y/,;- , on a riling ground. The fubuibs are very cxtcnfive and
(sunt cf t'lh- priniipiil I'ltias in ihej'a I'rovima ; ami a I extremely reforted to by Tiirkilli, Jewifli, Ciicck, Hun-
farl'uiilar Dcfciplion cf Bil^raiie.
Tin.S rr.untiy extends from Sclavonia to Romania
and liulgaria, between Croatia, Dalii alia, and
the iOaiuibc. It has leveral inoiir.tains, among which
the .'\rt;cntorato 1^ particularly remarkable. Its navig.ible
rivers arc the D.i:iubc, which conllitutes the nortiiern
boundarv of Servia, the Morau, the Ibar, the Drino,
the Bofna, the Verba-, and the Sa\e.
'i
garian, and Sclavonian nierch.mts. I'he city is extreme-
ly well felted for commerce; l,,r, befides ihc Danube
and the .Sava, whuh walh its walls, it is but a fmall
dillance from the place where the Tibifcas falls into
the Danube ; nor is it far Irom the iVIorawa to the ca.'t,
and the Drowa towards the weft ; and as the Danube
falls into the ISIack fea, this city may eafily carry on a
confidcrable trade with the moll dilhint leiuiiirics ; ac-
co:dingly it is the chief iiaplc town ni tlicfc part's, it
being
being t
Vienna
the lev
lornier
troguc.
(.iblcs, I
d.)w or 1
two bai,
iliaiiges,
'I 'hey ha
vizier, a
the fee ol
liuda.
The fe
the remai
T.i.hta
walei, all
whirljiool,
lliores, a I;
way into 1
mipetiioflf
on the Ihc
light chani
yond this
pands itfcif
ther lies L
CataracKt I
neighbourir
between mo
bottom, l
'|uent obflri
pid, tofs a I
man be very
the veflcl is ,
which can o
the Jmperiali
want of wine
n.irrow pafs
'aid to have
chain, which
Ciatc.
The next t
the Rafcian tr
Danube, wit!
of momitains,
The fangia
places :
Nifia, once
plain, on the
fruitful a foil,
There are fevi
fevcral fountai
rampart ; but
who loll it the
t-Rue, in a
ptincefs of VV.
part of Servia tl
tile delarts of
though a couir
indudrious ;
fo great, that
and negle-cl the
the janizarie,*
Mr. Wortley h;
fbe was almoll
folence in the j
fpeaking of the
1 was certain
" vintage was
" dig holes in
" enough in the
" plenty is fcirc
" law here a
" wretches that
" baggage from
ing all fent ba
" lamed, and oth
" for them.
" weeping and t
pitiful manner
" from the infoJei
46
I
ul-
om
lol'-
iblc
tlic
the
reck
iiiiul
-'".'!
i t'cit
the
luil-
The
luta,
ikidi
over
nmes
)rmcr
)und-
lron>
iviilca
Iward
i. It
, and
owns,
urklHi
treaty
tcatelt
at the-
re ob-
Ms an-
to the
;uuibc,
ills of
river*
other
amc.
um, is
|c ron-
il titty
t'mm
;itl of 'J.l-t'-
|[lluilo. iii'l''
(iSary.
iiind.
lin be-
kcpt
Hun-
^r the
ly at-
:com-
l)liue(l
Icino-
I15 but
tram
Ipnpii-
1 a hill
(luble
Ihe
v.rs is
ltii..teJ
c, and
lliin-
ttcmc-
laniibe
final 1
into
cait,
)anube
on a
; ae-
|rtb, it
being
tt.'!tKV in El'ROPE.
E U
O P I".
in
Scin" traded to bv the Ragiifaiis, by the merchants ot
V'icmia, who have laetorits here, by the Armenians, aiid
the lews, who arc very nuniermis in this litv. Ihe
lorniiT liave a church, and the latter at lealt one IVna-
-rcmue. J'he lllOjis are Iniall, and the tellers lit upon
Tables, ttoni whence they lell their gnods out of a wui-
iJ,,w or door, tin- ricllomeri Icldoni ^•oiug ni. Here are
two hai.irs lor their richolf connnodilies, and two c.\-
cliant;tb, built with lion'-, crou.led with nierchandr^e.
'I'hcv have alto a handl'onie caravanfera, built by a grand
vizier, and a college lor young iUidents. This city is
the fee of a bifliop, formerly lutfragan to the bilhop of
Uuda.
The fecund tangiacfhip is that of Ccmcnder, anioni;
the remark.ihlc places of which is,
Taihtall, a oangeroiis part of the Danube, wheiethe
watei, alter falling Irom a rocky precipice, lorms a
uhirlp'iiil. 'J'his is oecat'ioned by the nature uf the two
jlicircs, a high mek on the .>irvian tide pr(iU\'tin^; a i;,reat
way into the llream, which rufhing againit it with grc.it
iinpetiiufity, recoils as it were againtt the oppolite rocks
till the thore of Walachia ; fo that a vellel niifliiig the
li'ht channel is in great danger (if being overfet. Ue-
yoiid this place the Danube, llaekcning its courfc, ex-
pands itfcif into a wide curve. At a fniall dittaiue far-
thcr lies Demikarpi, or Iron Gate, commonly called
Cataracl.-c Daniibii, which is likewife the name of the
neighbouring country, where the Danube enters a llreight
between mountains, and purfues its courfe over a rocky
bottom. The waves and a;',itations caufed by the fre-
quent obftruflions of the ftrcam, which is here very ra-
pid, tofs a (liip with fuch violence, that unlefs the fteerf-
liian be very expert, and well acquainted with the place,
the vcfl'cl is in great danger, cfpecially in going upwards,
which can only be done by the help of laih. In 1737,
the Jmperialifts were obliged to fink their fliips here lor
want of wind to waft them againit the Itrcam. In this
narrow pafs the houfes Hand within a palifadoc, and are
i'aid to have been formerly barricadoed with an iron
chain, which lirll gave rife to the appellation of the Iron
Gate.
The next town we fhall mention is Fetiflan, callc.1 in
the Rafcian lonauc Kladowo, a coiit'iderable town on the
Danube, withiri a little of which teiminatcs the chain
of mountains, and the Danube runs between two plains.
The fangiacQiip of Kraiowo contains the Ibllowing
places :
Nillii, once the capita! of Servia, is fituated in a fim
plain, on the river Nitl'ava, in a very good air, and fo
fruitful a foil, that the great plenty is hardly credible.
There are Icvcral fine mofiiues, two public baths, and
fevcral t'ountains. The town is foitilied with a wall and
rampart; but in :,i~, it was t.ikenby the Hung.ii ians,
who lotf it the year following. The lady Wortley Mon-
tague, in a letter to queen Caroline, when llie was
princcfs of Wales, gives a dreadful account of all lliat
part of Servia through which flie palled ; and obl'ervcs, that
the defarts of Servia are alnioii overgrown with wood,
though a country naturally fertile. The inhabitants aie
induftrious ; but the oppretTion felt by the pealants is
fo great, that they are forced to abandon their houle.-.,
and neglect their tillage ; all they have f.dling a prey to
the janizaries, whenever ihcy pleafe to leize upon it.
Mr. Wortley had a guard of five hundred of them, and
(he was almoll cA'ery day in tears at beholding their in-
folence in the poor villages thiough which flie patt. On
fpcaking of the fertility of the li>il at Nill'a, flie fays,
" I was certainly aflured, that tlie quantity of wine lull
" vintage was to prodigiom, that they were forced to
" dig holes in the earth to put it in, not having veflels
" enough in the town to hold it. Thehappinefs of this
" plenty is fcarce perceived bv the opprctled jK-ople. I
" faw here a new occafion for niv companion : the
" wretches that had provided twenty waggons for our
" baggage from Belgrade hither, for a certain hire, bc-
" ing all fent back without payment, fonic of their liortls
" lamed, and others killed, without any fatisfaflion made
" for them. The poor tellows came round the houfi-
" weeping and tearing their hair and beaids, in a moft
" pitilul manner, without getting anv thin;; but drubs
" from the infolcnt folJiers. 1 cannot cxprels liow much
+6
'* I w.is moved at this fccne. I would have paid them
" the niciney out of my own pocket with all my heart;
" but it wiiuld only have been giving to much to the
" aga, who would have taken it front them without
" .uiy rrniuite.''
Proeiipij, or J'rocopia, a pretty town thus named frotP
the billiop I'rocopius, is called by the Turks Urchup.
'file fourth fangiacfliip is that of Sciipi, in wliich is
I'fciip, Seupi, or Scopia, an open, but large, well-
built town, on the confines of Albania and Hofnia, and
is the refidence of an archbifhop. It is fcatcd in a plea--
l.'.iit and plentiful country, partly hills and partly plains,
on the river VarJar, orAxius, filtccn miles to the wefi
of Nifla; il has a great trade, and is ;:dorncd with liiii.
houfes, many mol'que;!, and delightful walks near it. A-
mong the mofpies is one built upon a hill, and adorned
with a fpaeious portico, fupported by four marble pil-
lars. There is here a fine bridge of twelve arches over
the Vardar, and near the city is a noble aquedudl of
tloiic conveyed over a valley between two hills, and fup-
ported by two hundred arches. This is fuppofcd to be
very antient, and pei formed by the Romans. The city
carries on a conliderable trade between Bulgaria, Mace-
donia, Belgrade, &c. particularly in tanned leather,
which here employs above feven hundred tanners.
We fhall now proceed to thofc countries in Kurop'i
that are tributary to the fultan, and under hij fub-
jcilion.
SECT. XVIII.
0/ Walachia.
Its Silunticfi, Exti'iit, CUmale, Soil, and Rivtrs. The 0>!g!>i,'
Lnnguti^e., artiJ Rc!ij;i<iti cfthc hihiihilimti. Their Hijhry,
and iJ ioncife Account of the moji confiderable Placti in the
Country
WAI.ACHIA is a pretty large province, ftparatcd
from Moldavia by a chain of mountains and the
river Scrcth. It is about two hundred and ten miles
from ealt to welt, and about a hundred and live from
north to fouth ; but this country being of a triangular
form, thefe diinenfions can only relate to a very fmall
part of it.
The air i"! temperate, the foil very fruitful, p;:rtirularly
in grain, wine, and melons ; it is alfo fit for grazing, and
the country is famed for excellent horfes.
Walachia is w.itercd by a confiderable number of large
and I'inall livers, nioll of which run from north to fouth,
difeharging themfelvcs either immediately into the
Danube, or doing it in conjuniRion v\-ith other rivers.
The principal of thcfc are the Aluta, which rifes in the
mountains of Tranlylvania, dividing Walachia into two
unequal parts, nanielv, the calt and weft ; the Jalonit?.,
which has alfo its fource in the borders of Tranlvdvania ;
and the Scrcth, or Sttcch, the boundary on the tide of
Moldavia.
The Walachians who inhabit this country are defccnil-
cd from an old Roman colony fettled hereby theempcror
I'lajan. This appears not only from their language,
which is a barbarous Latin, but Irom their cuftoms and
manner of diet : as for iiiflance, their thick pottages and
onions, of whith they arc extremely fond, their drefs,
and their great regard for the Italians, their language,
and whatever belongs to tliat country. 'Ihey are, huw-
ever, intermixed with the Sclavi and Pazinacit:p. But,
to (liew that they are dcl'ccnded licm the I^omans, they
call themfelvcs Romiinii.
Hitlorians arc far from being agreed about the deriva-
tion of the word Walachian ; and we dial' not here enter
into their various opinions, but fliall only obferve, that
the word Wlach in Sclavonic lignifies an Italian, a:; doL's
.ilfo the word Wclcher.
The Walachians profefs theGrctk religion, and as in
writing they ule the fame letters with the Rufiians, fo
they agree with them in all their religious ceremonies.
The common people arc wretchedly ignorant ; and even
the highed attainments to which the ccclcfiaflics them-
felvcs afpire, are (eldom more than preachins and find-
ing well. 'I'hey have akiiid of univerfity at Buckereit,
H f>
?iH
n
! ':ii
3°
to which the
A s Y s T r: M o f c, i. o c; r a p n y,
TURKV in F.irROPE.
:hey go in order to learn ^ polite behaviour, the
cleg.iiiLies ot the Walachian 'ormue, and the ceremonies
of the church. IVuple of ranic arc fo loiul of Italian,
that they apply thcnilclves more to it than to their na-
tive l.in^iia';e, and generally fend their fons to lliidy at
the univerfity of I'aJua. A yrcat number of Mahome-
tans live intermixed with the Walachians.
With r'jfpciSl to the hiltory of thefe people, the Ro-
man?, after obtaining a deciUve vidtory over Detebalu^.,
Icinjjof Dacia, made themfelves malk-rs of his kingdom.
Afterwards Trajan fent thither feveral Roman colonies,
who not only cultivated their lands, but built tovvns,
which they cmbcllilhed with nuble edifices. Mis fuc-
ccllor, however, tranfplantcd the grealell part of them
into the neighbouring countrii's, whtre ininMinj; with
the Bulgarians, Thracians, Servians, and Liguiians,
they learned to fpcak a new language, orjargon. I'hele
kingdoms, which lie on the I /anube, afteiwards con-
llituted part of the dominions of the emperors of the Eatt.
At length the Walachians moved farther to the north
toward's the borders of I'odolia and Rullia, where they
applied themfelves to agriculture and the breeding of
cattle. The convcrrioii of the Bulgarians and their
neighbours to Chriflianity was followed in the ninth
tenturyby that of the Wal.ichiaiii, who embraced the
doctrines of the Greek church. Towards the beginning
of the twelfth century a numerous colony of Wal.ichians,
under the coiulutfl of one Nigers, or Negrovot, for the
fake of palhi rage, religion, and other motives, (putting
Tranfylvaiiia, pallid over the mountains, and fettled in
Modern Walachia, founding the towns of 'I'ergovillo,
tiuckereft, Longcnau, and' I'itelto St. (Jcorgi, where
thev chofe their own princes, whom they (tiled way-
wodes, or defpots. At length the kings of Hungary be-
coming powerful, m.ule (cvcral attempts againll the
Walachians, and obliged them, in the fourteenth cen-
tury, to become tributary to him. But in the year ijgi,
and 1 394, they were greatly harr.ilTed by the Turks, wlio,
in 1415, laid the wh(jle country walle with tire and
fword, and coni|ielled the w.iywodc to pay them an an-
nual tribute, which was continued till the year lOoS,
when the Walachians put thcmlclves under the protec-
tion of the emperor of (icinunv, who at length, by the
treaty of Carlowit/, rcfigned them up again to the Turks.
In the beginning of the prcfcnt century, they fullered va-
rious calamities by the plague, war, and many revolu-
tions among their princes. At the treaty of Pallarowitz,
in 17 iS, the WLiterii part of Walachia, as far as the river
Aluta, w.i3 ceded to the emperor, but in 1739 was lolt
again.
This country is governed by a waywodc, or prince,
alfo (tiled the hofpodar, who is a vaftal of the Ottoman
Porte, and whole annual tribute generally amounts to
fifty-eight or fixty thovil'and ducats.
The arms of \\'alachia are a black eagle (tanding on
a mount, an.l in its beak .a crofs ercift, with the fun on
one fide, and on tlie other the moon, in a field, argent.
It has been .ihfaJy obferved, that the river Aluta di-
vides Walachia into two part>. In the weltern part,
called the bannat of Severin, arc the following places :
Scverin, a little town on the Danube, but Ibrmerly
."■ortified, and the c.ipital of a bannat, received its name
from the emperor Sevcrus, its toundcr.
L'pon the Danube are (een the remains of the flone
pillars of a bridge, which wa^- probably that which the
emperor Tr.ijan hiiilt over the Danube, in order to at-
tack Deccbalus, king of the Dacians, with greater ad-
vaiita'e. According to count Marfigli, the river here i^
not .ibove a thoufand yards over, and the two firll piers
of the bridge (tanding feventccn fathoms and a halfafunder,
he concludes there mult have been twenty-three in all ;
and that the whole length of the bridge was 443 fa-
thoms. He alfo aflerts, that the mafonry of the piers
was of common quarry (tniie, lined with bricks; and
that probi'.hly the tv.'enty-two arches, with all the upper
part of the bridge, were of oak. 'The emperor Adrian
caufed not only the upper part of the bridge to be re-
moved, but demolilhed all the mafonry above the w.iter.
Walachia, on the other tide of the river Aluta, con-
tains the callern part of the country, in which are,
I 4
I.angcnaii, in Latin Campus I.onguo, a genteel po-
pulous town, which (uttered greatly in the war with the
Turks in 1737 and 1738.
'l'ergo\i(tu, or Tervis, the capital of Wal.arhi.i, in
fituatcd on the river Jalonitz. It has fome fortitications,
with a (ine palace beloneing to the waywodc, and is a
tuwn of good tr.ide It is, however, (uriouiided by
niardiy gruuiuls, which, while they render it of didicult
accels, make the air unhealthlul.
Uuckerill, a lortilied city on the tiver Uembrovit/, n
(ituated thirty miles to the (uuth-ealt of Tcrgovilto j it
is the ulual Klidence of the waywode, and an archiepit-
copal Ice. Here is alio an academy tor the funs of pcr-
(oiit uf t(uality.
SECT. XIX.
0/ M O L H A V I A.
Ill Name, Siluullan, Extent, Climate, SnH, Produce, nn.l
Riceri. Uf the Inhahilants, their Hijhry^ Govermiunty
Aniii, iindprincifalTiivnu
THIS country takes the name of Moldavia from the
river Moldaw, which runs (rom the upper parts,
and falls into the Sereth. It is bounded on the north by
Poland, on the c.ilt by Oczakow Tartary and Ijedarabia,
on the (buth by Walachia, and on the ea(l by Tranfylva-
iiia. It extends about a hundred and feventy miles from
the liver Sereth to the NieKcrj but its length, from
fouth to north, is only about two hundred and ninety.
'The air of this piovince is wholefome ; but a con-
(iderable part of the eallern divifion lies uncultivatjj, anj
chiefly conlilts of defarts, and the weltern is very nioun-
t.unous i but the middle part is truitful in corn, pulle,
honey, wax, &c. but is chiefly temarkable for the great
number of horfes bred there.
It5 principal rivers are the Sereth ; the Pruth, whicli
has its fouicc in the borders of Tranfylvaiiia and Puland,
running through Moldavia tfoni north to fouth ; and thu
Nieder, which forms the boundary towards the north and
calt. 'Thc(e three rivers receive leveral (mall dreams in
their courfe, and the two firft fall into the Danube or
Kler, which is the boundary to the fouthward ; but the
lad difcharges itielf into the Black lea.
The inhabitants are of Walachian extraction, and pro-
tefs the religion of the Circck church ; but many of them
are Ruffians, Poles, Rafcians, Armenians, and Maho-
metans.
'Towards the dole of the twelfth century a Walachian
colony from Tranfylvania fettled in this country, under
Bogdcn, their leader, who c'tablifhed their civil and cccle-
dadical government; and, for the fupport of the latter,
obtained an archbiftiop and other ecclefiaftics from the
patriarch of Condantinople. He was the firit prince of
Moldavia, and laid the foundation of the principal towns ;
tor which reafon the country was originally called from
him Cogdan. ;. The increale of the king of Hungary's
power 'as a misfortune to this country, the inhabitants,
after leveral refolutc (trugglcs, being made tributary to
that monarch in the fourteenth century. But before that
period they had been rendered tributary to the Turks,
and (iion became fo again. In 16S6 the Poles over- ran
the country, and took the chief cities, which obliged the
iiiliabitant.s to put themfelves under the protection of the
German empire ; and, at the treaty of Carlowitz, it was
agreed, that the Poles fhould retire, and this country a-
g.iin become tributary to the Ottoman Porte.
'This country has a waywode, or prince, of its own,
who is (tiled hofpodar, and is a vallal of the Grand Seig-
ni<'r, to whom he is obliged to pay an annual tribute.
The Moldavian arms are an ox's head, fable, in .->
field, or.
Mold.ivia is divided into Upper and Lower.
Upper Moldavia is bounded towards the cad: by the
river Nieder ; on the north partly by that dream, and
partly by Poland ; and on the weitward by Tianfylva-
nia. In the northern part of this divihon re(ide the
Lip Tartars.
In this divifion ate the following places :
ChoUin,
TURKY
Chot/,li]
well (brtiti
the 'I'urk^
defeated hi
themfelvesl
of the inf
the fort i
SoczowJ
Sereth, (orl
relideiu e (|
lyower
tains of Trl
Tctras, ail
bounded oil
by Bcllaralil
This divl
Jally. thi
rcfidcnce ol
and i.s a fpal
and is builtl
years 17' >,|
in 1753, thI
fome popilhl
been ncwly|
Faltfhii,
markable fol
and foundat
midit very t
ruins of the
by Herodoti
built.
Of the feveral
their differ e
of BejfiiriH
Tarltirs ; n
the Peninfii
FROM t
Danube
vinding tradt
and the fea of
of Tartars, v
graphers undi
being many i
means proper
of thiscountr
and fome of t
while others ;
alio immediai
others fubjeft
Grand Seigni
vilion and tl
triits; tor thi
fedt. In defr
the fea of !\
mouth of the
cipal rivers w
is moll remar
large dream'
'Thus tracing
Bellarabia,
north branch
'Turks called
rove from pi a
food is the f
milk, particu
1'hechiefl
Bender, a '
merly called
'Turks by oni
the name of t
but has alway
this town, is r
Xll. ot Swcd
finued till the
to make ufe
TuRKY in Europe.
r; U K O
E.
\t
own,
Sei;;-
te.
i.'i a
the
and
Iva-
thc
Chot/,ln, nr Coc/ini, a town fituatcd on the Nicdir,
well tortihcJ hcith by n;itiirc and .irf, and liclon -in;; to
t\\v Turks. In the yf.irs 1621 anJ 16741110 Turks wcio
det'catcd hereby tin i'oles. In 17^9 the Huiri.ina maile
thcnilclvcs malfersol' It, having firlt beaten the Turk* out
of tlic intrcnchnu'iits, whiili they had thrown irp near
the fort i but ihe Turks foon retovered it again.
Soe/.owa, or Sotfliowa, a fniall town on the rivir
Screth, formerly the capital of the country, and the ulual
refidcm e of the holpodar.
I,ower Moldavia border-, to the weft on the moun-
tains of Tranfylv.inia, whuh run along the road called
Tctras, and belong to Moldavia and VValaehia. It is
bounded on the fouth by the J)anuhe, on the foulh-call
by Hellarabia, and on the call by the Nieftcr.
This divifion contains,
Jad'y, the capital, which is aconfidcrable city, and the
rcfidencc of the hofpodar, is feated on the river Pruth,
and is a fpacious well fortilicd place, defended by a eallle ;
and is built in a country aboundiii!; with wine. In the
years 17; i, and 1739, it was taken by the Ruffians i and,
jii 1753, the whole city, with the palace of the hofpodar,
fome popifh convents, and a f.utheraii church, whirh had
been newly built, were all dcihoyed by tire.
Faltftiii, a town fituated alfo on the Pruth, i; re-
markable for having in its neighbourhood ruined walls
and foundations of houfes, which run in ltraiu;ht lines a-
midtt very thick wootls. Thefc arc fuppofed to be the
ruins of the antient and large city of Taiphali mentioned
by Herodotus, out of the ruins of which Faltfhii was
built.
SECT. XX.
Of tht feveral Colsnies tf Tartars tributary to the Turli, and
thtir tlifftrent Di/hiih ; including an /laou-it ofthn Tartars
of Bejjiiraliia, the (Jczahiv, the Nojay, and the Crim
Tartars ; with an Auaunt cf their feveral Toivns, and of
the Peninftda of Crimea, or Crim Tartary,
FROM the northern branch, through which the
Danube enters the HIack fea to the river Don, is a
vinding traft of land, which extends along the BKick l\:i
and the fea of Afoph, and is inhabited by feveral tribes
of Tartars, which are generally comprehended by geo-
graphers under the title of European 'I'artars j but there
being many other I'artars in Kuropc, this term is by no
means proper. The 'Tartars made themfelves nialters
of this country in the begiiniing of the thirteenth century,
and fome of them Oill wander about in horJs or clans,
while others are fettled in towns and villages. Some are
alfo immediately dependent on the Ottoman I'orte, and
others fubjeft to the Crim, who is himfelfa vaflal to the
Grand Seignior. (Jeographcrs vary greatly in their di-
vifion and the extent they give to thele I'artariandil-
ttiils; for the accounts we have of thcni are very iniper-
leit. In defcribing this country along the lilack fea, and
the fea of Afoph, we (hall begin at the welt, at the
mouth of the Danube, and proccid accordin:^ to theprin-
cipal rivers whirh interlcdHhe country, mentioning what
is moll remarkable in the feveral dirtritls formed by thofe
large ftrcam-i, the Nieltcr, the Nieper, and the Don.
'Thus tracing the country frotn the weft, we meet with
Hcll'arabia, which liej on the Black fea, between the
north branch of the Danube and the NicHer, and is by the
'I'urks called Hujailc, or Hudjiack. The inhabitants Hill
rove Irom place to place .along the Nielter. Their ufual
food is thcflcfhof their oxen and liotfci, cheefe, and
milk, particularly that of mares.
The chief towns are,
Bender, a 'Turkifli fortification on the Niefter, for-
merly called 'Ti/A-nc ; but beiju; made over to thofe
'Turks by one of the princes of Aloldavia, they gave it
the name of Kcndcr, that is, a pais ; it is a fniall town,
but h.is always abaiha for its governor. W'ariiitz, near
this town, is remarkable for being the place where Charles
XII. of Sweden, broke up his camp in 1709, and con-
tinued till the year 1713, when the I'litks were obliged
to make ufe of force to get rid of him.
'There arc feveral other t iwm in this dilluH ; but bo-
ing inconlidcrable places, do not dulcivc being patti u-
larly mentioned.
'flic country between the Niefler and Niep^ r, by fonif:
called ( )czakoA' Taitary, is inhibited only alon,; thofe
two rivers, and near the fea ; the other parts bciii;^ i|uile
walle, and are therefore called the Del.irt I'lains. I'hi;
plain, however, aH'oids good p.ilfurage, but has not .1
lingle tree. 'J'he molt remarkable place in this il',(-
triilt is,
Oczakow, a very ftrong town, fituated at the influK
ol the Nieper into the lilatk lea. It lies on the declivitv
ol a nioiiiit.iin, and has a callle above it. When it was
invelled by count Munich, in 1737, its lortifications were
in excellei.t order, and its garriiiin confdkd of a large
body (jf thnfen Turkifh troop.; but the count, bein;;
compelled by want of fodder for the horfes and other
e.i'tle, rilked an afl'iult, and carried it the third day after
his opening the trenches. The Ruffians held the place till
the following year, when they evacuated it, after having
demoliflied the works.
'The country between the Nieper and the efflux of the
Don, contains,
ThcLcd'erNogayTartarsjwhoinh.abit the main land along
the Black fea and the fea of Afoph, and the rcit of them
belong to Afia. 'They wander from place to place, cacli
hord or tribe keeping at thirty hours diflaiice, and fre-
Suently not fo far from e.ich other. 'Thefe people fel-
om apply themfelves to agriculture. Among them, as
well as the Crims, horfc-fllfti is a favourite food. But
however favngc this may make them appear, they are fo
hoipitable, that the picafuro they receive from entertaining
a traveller and his horfe, is with them a fufficient reward;
and if they are prefented with a little tobacco, or any
thing elfe, they receive it with abundance of thank: ..ind
never f.iil to make a return. 'They profefs the Mahuine-
tan religion, and are governed by imii fes, or beys, of their
own nation, or by fuch as the k.in of Crim Tartarv,
their foverei.!n, appoints from anions'^ them. With re-
fpeit to the limits of this diltricf, which it iias been f.iij
extends from the Nieper to the Don, it was agreed ,it the
treaty of Belgrade, in the year 1739, that a line (liould
be drawn trom the river of Zaliniy to the river Herda,
which falls into the fea of Afoph. 'The dillrid within
this line continues under the kaii of Tartary, who en-
joys a much larger diilridt northwards, but is dependent
on Kudia.
In the firft diftria on the Bl.ack fea is Kinburn, a Tur-
kifh lortification, which liesoppofite Oczakow, and call
of the Nieper, v.-hcre it difcharges itfelf into the Black
(ea. 'The Ruffians took this place, and blew up the for-
tifications in the year 1736; but the 'Turk, thouirht it
worth rebuilding. There arc alio feveral fmall places
between the Nieper and the Black fea.
'The Crim pcninfula, the antient Cherlbncfus Taurica,
is called in the 'Turkifh maps Kiram Athafi, or the
Crim iflaiul, which is nearly of the fame figure with the
Morea, and was fuppofed by the antients to have almolt
the fame extent. It is furrounded by the Black lea and
the fea of Afoph, except at the narrow neck of land by
which it is joined to the continent. The fuil in many
parts produces all kinds of grain, wine, &c. but the Tar-
tars fecm to dcfpilc agriculture, and leave it to their flaves
and to ifranyers. 'The favourite food of thel'e 'Tartars is
horfe-flcfli, milk, and cheefe ; bread being little ul'ed a-
mong them. (Jf all the Mahometan 'Tartars, tiiefe have
the ncarelf rel'cmblancc to the Calniiics.
The inland country of this pcninfula was antiently
poflefied by the Scythians, who extended themfelves
luirthwards beyond Perekop, wellward to the Nieper,
and callward as tar as the Don. 'The wefiern .ind
I'outhern coalls were antiently inhabited by tome CJreck
colonics, of which the town of Cherl'onefus v.'..s the molt
powerful. 'The eafl fide cf the Crim, as far as the Don,
and the oppofite country, or the trailt from the Don aloiiu-
the feaof Alo|ih, antiently called the Palus Mxotis, to
the Black k\\, and Mount Caucafus, was under the kiniis
of the Bofphori-Greeks, who vs-ere thus called iVum the
ftreight of Bofphoru^. 'The Scythians proving trouble-
fomc neighbours to the Greeks, they Colicitcd the affillance
of
m
i
,\ M
h
it
A S Y V T V. M O K G K O (i R A 1' M Y.
TCUKV 1/1 I'.t'KOr't.
'i
«>f MilhrlJatM, kinn of Pontiu, who at laft ilrove the
Scytlii.uij out of the pfiiiiifiiU, forming the kiiigJom of
Holjihutu-i, whkli rnm|)ii.htiuliil the whole [ieiiinliil.i
anil the roumrv f.iciru; it i.illw.iiil In Mount C.iin.ilus.
In the reiL'ii of the tnifjiror IJi<iile(uii tlie h.irni.itj- were
folcly polktreil of this kiiigiloni, exeept the Ciuthi h.iviiig
fe.ittil iheniliKeion the welt I'l.lc ot the peninfiil.i, ami
iilong the tr.idt of laiul whiih lie» to ih.: iiuitliw.iid along
the Don. This pciiMifiila .ilterw.iuK i.inic under the
•Jominion of the cmpeiois ol the Lall, tlioiii;h it wai
partly (haicil hy the Huns, who were fiicteeileil liy the
Co/ars, ai thele were by the I'olow/tri. Ahout the
ciiil of tile twelltli century, the tiinuelc, after nialnii^'
thenilelvei. mailer p oi tlie iil.ulc lea, anJ all its har-
bours, alio Itiiliil ill this peinnfula. In the ihineeiith
century, the J'arlars ilifpollelleil the rolow/ers ol their
country, and parluul.nly of t'liiiuai hut the Cienoele
foits and tallies balHcd tiieir uiulilVipliiied fuiy, and elpe-
cially the town of Coila, wliieh hi Id out tiil tlic year
1471, when it was taken hy the link-., who alio reduced
the whole p'.Miinlula, and appoiiued .1 kaii over it. In
Ki'jH the Kufiiaiib made an attempt toei)ni|Uir this peniii-
I'ula, hut gained only I'trekop i and in l/jd tiiey pene-
trated .1 lecond time into Crimea, under tlie coiiduilt ol
count Munich, marthed over the line which the I'eiekop
'J'aitais had thrown up ucrols the illhmus, took I'erekop,
and opened a way into the peniiilulu. In the )ears 17J7,
17 jH, and 17.}'), tlic Ruirians renewed tiKit eiiteriirizes
agai nil Crimea with fuch i'uecel,, that halfol the penin-
sula was ravaged by them and the Tartars ; whiie many
of the inhabitaius abandoned the country, and others pe-
riflied by laniine,
Crimea has its own kan, or prince, who ftilcs himfelf
fovereign kan of I.eller Tarlarv, though he is really a
vadiil of the Ottoman i'orte ; and, on a proper fummons,
niuft take the iield with a confuUrable body of auxiliaries.
'I"hc elded (on, who is the kaii\ preluniptive heir, has
the title of Sultan CJalpa ; the fecund (on is called Or
Jkg, that is, lord of Or, or Perckop ; the third is ililcd
Noradin Heg, iS;c.
The peninlula of Crim ha5 many great and fmall vil-
lages, and likcwife contains Icveral large but ill built
towns ; among thele are,
Perckop, a loitihcd tov^'n on the lilhmus which joins
the penini'ula to the continent, and has always been
ellccmcd the key to the whole empire. Its name, which
is Sdavonian, fignifies a cut made through a place, and
is derived from a ditch antiuitly dug acrofs the iithmus
for the I'ecurity of the peninfula, which has been repaired
from time to time, and of late fortified. It is defended
hy a cai\lc, but the houfcs are very mean. In the year
16 j8 and 1756, it was taken by the Ruffians ; at the lall
of which times the wholc'lurkifli 'arrifon, conllflingof
two thoufand five hundred and fifty-lour men, were made
prifoncrs of war. Though the RuiTians demuhllied the
place, the Tartars took the p.iins to rebuild it. In the
vear 1738, it was again taken by the Ruflians, but they
ioon loit it.
Koflow, a town fituated on a point of land which jiro-
jcfls into the fea of Afoph on the wellern fide of the
peninfula, and has a fine harbour ; it is defended by a
lionc-wall, ftrcngtheneJ by towers, and tarries on a
very confiderablc trade. The inhabitants confid of Tar-
tai.s, Turks, (ireeks, Armenian., and jewi, I he 1 urk>
import rice, eoHee, dried ligs, raihiii, dates, doth, ani
lilk llutfi i Mu\, in return, receive torn and (laves,
iiolh the gariiloii and 'Tuikilli inhabitants abaiidoiie<J
itie iiwn 111 the year 17^0, when the Huirians took a
without oppoiition.
H.ikdiilaiai is an open town, notwilhll.mding its heing
the itlidenee of the kan. h is lituaied on ilie well lidc'
o( the penmlula near the Ic, between two lulls, whiid
(erve the town inllead of walls. Its iiihabitaiils arc
I'ailais, AMieniam, Cirtcks, and Jews i and the houlet
the bell built ol any in the whole tountry. I lie k.in'i
palace 1, a laige and nregiilar llruclu.e. I'he Rullian>
made themfelvts nulKrs of this town 111 the yeiir 17 j6.
Kai.ill'a/.jr .; a large lovMi that caiiies iwi a lonlidir-
.ible trade , yet its houles are low wooden buildings j
but it has four muliiues built with Hone. 'I'he inhabi-
tants aie I attars, i uiks Aimeniaiis, (irteks, and Jew; .
I he horfe-fair held in this plate is the moll toiilidtrabic
in all Crimea. This town was laid 111 allies by thci
Kullian. Ill the year 17-J7.
Kcrfti, or (iirlli, the aiitient Panticap.eu'n, fiiicc
c.illed the Holphorus, is a toiiliderable town, fnuaieil
on a llcep mount iiii near the llieight lorineily tailed the
Holphorus, but now termed by lailors the llreighls o(f
Carta. It commands the entrance into the lilatk (ea ; anil
is not only luriuundcd with a hij^h wall, but delended
on the louth-call by a lallle with (even towers j and at
the haibour is a mole built with Hone. The far greatelt
part ol the houles are likewile built ol Hone, .mil have
Hat rouls. Ill this town are twenty-two Turkifh
mofques, and as many CJiee* churches.
I lie Turks have a callle (in the Hreight near Kerfli,
with a harbour, but it is not lit foi Hups of burthen.
Ttiey have alio the town of CaH'a, or K.etleh, the .inlienf,
Theodolia, a large irauing lea-port, hiu.ited on the tall
ol the peninfula, fuppolcd to have been built by the
Giccks in tlie fifth century. In U2O, the Uenoeic
having got tiiis pl.ice into their poireirion, they enlarged
and fortified It , but in 1297 the Venetians diov." them
from thence ; they fooii, however, recovered it again ;
but, ill the year 1474, the 'Turks took it from them.
While this town was in the poHefTion of the Genoefe,
its commerce role to fuch a hught, that it exceeded that
of CoiiHantinople itielfjbut, on its falling under the
Turkifh yoke, its trade greatly declined, and now only
confills in Haves brought hither for lale by the Crini and
Cuban Tartars, the tieorgians, and Mingrelians. The
inhabitants confiH of I'urks, Jews, (iieek. Catholic, and
Armenian ChriHians, &c. The I'hriltians conllitutc
the majority of the inhabitants, and enjoy a mofi pcrfedl
freedom with refpcit to religion. Here are Hill the
defcendants of Icveral noble taniilies of Genoa. The
town, which Is the largeH in all Crimea, contains about
five or fix thouland houfcs, and is conllantly well gar-
riioned. To the iiorth-weH are Ionic high mountains,
at the loot of which the town Hands in a very delightful
and convenient fituation ; but the harbour, befides having
a dilficulc bat, affords but little flicltcr in a fouth-eaft
wintL
CHAP.
//I urn.izin
ii iliffii
fit thi ;
TilK
wai
main (lien
are lettled
flowers I V
'cr'iin», a
iminenfc f
Ihttt " it ii
" 'ir than 1
" or thr . r
*' eontjin.s
" leagues.
" Macedoi,
" hiindie.l
" kiimdoni
*' the'Kom..
*' US far as
" a hunilred
" nnnn-day
" <a((cn) pa
" from lout
*' makes cigl
As thi>iem
many of wl!
fmperalure .
'erent parts,
tiegree oflati
grow to ni.it!:
pire, which
gardon-frnits
Archaii'.rcl, w
l.meoiilK-, .11,
are alfo'bre.l,
fowls, and fji
that ei'v.
In itie prov
the fiiil |,i,
• orii, lionry,
horn.-,! cattle ,
arc navigable,
In the foil!
thou :h in (iini
in otlici-i thv
Tobacco, vvii
the two firfl ai
are we!i water
Jior are they li
tent and lui'mb
In tile mid. I
r iris of the cir
e.\t'en.fly fh.i
and del^'htful,
IS v^ry luminoi
i; at the fliortc
four Miiiuiti's ...
fix minutes air.
fifteen minutes
after two ; t>ut
miniiiei niter
four.
At the frimm.
!fi'.;tl), this 01
V.;:: .;t r'.velee
iff ,.■
( 33 )
C U A v. It.
Of
RUSSIA.
S K C T, r.
Of iht k ij ^ •* I A N 1. M I' 1 1< !•; I It juiural.
Ill um.niij: Hxli'nt : ftme ^fierdl O/iftrvtilioni an ill Climat''
in tlifftrent Parti ( au.lth Prc^rtjt »/ ihi: Stojihi throuji-
tut thi Tf'iar,
THK Riifn.m rmpiro Is if ;ii) MiiM/iii', ixtcnt : tn-
wiiiils till- north iiiul ca(l it is lioiiii.loil hv the
111,1111 (M c'Hii) iiiid t<>w,4iili ilir w< It aiul !i)iiih it^ liinit:i
art.' Iiltliril hy trcitics loiuliuli d 'vitli fcvcrfll f.ir ililhiiit
nowiTs I with Swx-'li'H, the I'lili^, the I inks, with the
I'lT'iiiis, and with the Chiiitl'c, hy whole duminioiis this
imim'nff titipiii' i> lioiinilid. V'ldt.iirc jiiltly ohlervca,
ihnt " it is ot;'ri.iti'r extent th.m .ill iho ifll nf I'.iirnpe,
" iir than the Kcun.m (inpirc in the zenith of iti pnwer,
*♦ or fhr rtnpire •>[ iJarim luhdiKi! hv Alexander ; lor it
•• eoiUAliis niorr thfli\ eleven hundred llioiir.ind fi|ii.irc
•' ieimues. Neither the Rotnaii empire, nor th.it ut the
" Miicediiiiian lonipiemr, ciinipri/,i.d ninrc th.in live
" hundred and lilly thoiil.itid eai h ; and ih'.Tc is not a
•' klniidiim in luirope the Iwfllth part lo cxtenlive ai
" the Roiii,tii empire. In len: h, iVom the ilh of D.ii'o
" MS far as its molt ealK-rii limits it cuiuains very ne.ir
" a hiindied and fcvcnty dcirrecs ; fo that whin it is
" nnnn-day in the Wi.'lt, it is very near inid-nijht in the
♦• e.iltcrn patt of thii empiri;. In breadth it ilietihcs
*' from fouth to north thiec thouljiid werlU, which
•* makes ci^ht hundred leai^ucs."
As this empire tonfifts ot a ;;reat number of provinces,
many of wl.ieh are very cxtenfivc, both the foil and
temperature of the air ninll be extremely various in di(-
(erent parts. In thofc whieh he beyond the fixtieth
dc;;rce of latitud-, there are few places where corn will
(.^ruvv to in.ituriiy ; .md in the lumhern p.iris of the em-
pire, whieh reach beyond the fevcntieth degree, no [
•;arden-lVuits arp proiliieid, except in the counny about
Archaii'.i;el, where many bufhes imd (hrubs :-iow fpoii-
t.ineoiillv, and vivid fevcral fort, ot berries : horned cattle
are alio bred, and there are plenty of wild bcalh and
fowls, and leveral futt.i of iilll in the nci:;bbou:hcod of
th.it eily.
in the province-, fi'iiatfd in the middle of the empire,
the foil pioduees moll kinds oi trees and j;-irdui-friiit,s,
corn, honey, f<c. 'I'hcy arc lilcewife well- llock'd with
horn. vl cattle ; the woods abound with ^ime ; the nvcrs
arc navii^ablc, and full of the bill km is of filli.
In the fouJhern provinces the ilmute i.i hot ; an.l
thou :h in fonie pirts 'here are m;iiiy baiien wafles, yet
in orhcrs the l.md ii covered wdh verduie a.id I'.Dwers.
Tobacco, wine, and lilk, ini/ht be there prK>duced, as
the two tirlt ate at .■\rtracan and the I'kr.-.u'.e ; and thry
are well watered with rivers, whieh atl'ord pinny of t-di ;
nor -.ire they delhiiiie of gam^
tent and number ol the woods
Jn tile middle, and fiiore pirticularly in the northern
pirls of the cnipire, the cold is very I'evere, and the davs
ext^en.fly ftiort in winter; but the fumiiu'rs are warm
and delightful, and even in the Ihiuiell ni-.'hls thi- twilight
i.s vrv luminous. At the vvinter folltice, when the day
is at the fliorteil, the fun rifes at .\rch:\n;.'el .it tWL-ntv-
fourniinutci after ten in the inornin:;, ami lets at thiitv-
lix minutes alt'-r one. .\c I'eteinmrp^h the fun rifes at
til'tecn minutes after nine, and (its at forty-five minutes
sfur two ; but at Altracan the I'un riles at forty ei^'ht
miniitei after Itveii, and lets a: twelve minutes after
four.
At the fimimer foilHcr, whfn rhe dav is at the jjTcateft
ler.^tli, this oul--r is reverlVd, and the fun rifesat Allra-
c.;:; at r-,velee (i. mutes att^-r four, iii.! Kt'. it abtnit lortv
in piopor.iun to the c\-
minutcs after I'cvcii i and at Arihan^cl riles at itiirly fiM
n'.inutci after unr, and lets at iweniy-lour minutes iiUcr
ten.
It ij a common obfervation, that the e.ilb rn < ountricn
arc much tidder in wintei, .ind liiuur m lummer, ihaii
the wcltern that lie in the lime latitude; this ii particu-
larly true with nfpeil tu Rulli.i, for the river Neva, at
I'eterlbur'^h, is in fonie yr.us covered with ice fo i.arly as
the twenty fourth of ( j^tob'-r •, and in oilier ycat.i, wiic'il
latcll, .ihoiit the tweniv-feciuid of Novrniberi but it ge-
nerally thaws by the twenty lixth ol April, i,ld llyl.',
which It is never known to exceed.
I'he re, ider cannot fail ol bun;; plealed with feeing
here the progiefs of the le.ifons .it I'l terlbiir.r, which i>
lituated in the lilty-nlnih degree of l.ititude, troni an
author of fuch acknowled'.ed veracity as Jonas Hanway,
J'.ftj. I'ebruary grnerallv brings with it a bright lun and
a clear Iky, every ohjeOl feenis toglitt(;r with i^enu, ami
the nerves become braced by the told. There is then
no fniall aniiifenient in lidiiig in llcdges upon the fiiow,
to thole who, fiom the Icoyth id' the winter, have fornoi
the nuicii luperior plralure which nature prelents when
tlo.ithed in all her veidiin .
Muich is Ireqiuntly attended with fliowcrs, which
with the heat ot the lun, penetrate* the ice ; this Is ge-
nei.illv three (|u»rtrTH id a yard thick on the Neva, and
in foiiie great rivers to the north-calf much thicker.
I'hn renders it like an hnncy-comb, and about the end
of that month it iiliiallv breaks up.
The month of /\pril is frequently very w.irm ; fum-
mcr leems to precede the fprini; ; hir it is (onictimes tlio
tiilf of June before any tonliderablo verdure appears,
and then the intenfe beat briiu;s it on fo talt, that the
eye cnn difcover iis progrcfs Irom day to day. Till the
middle of July it leems to be one continued day, the
fun not intircly dilappcaring above two hours in thi
twenty-four i but the di-litiht which this I'ealbn natural-
ly alKouls, IS conliJerably abated by the exir(-n;e heat or
the weather ; however, a week iVIdom p.iller, witl-.oui
the air being relrrflied by fmitherlv and welterlv wind',
wliicii oiieii biing gentle (howers. C'ur author, who
rcfided about live years in this city, once experienced a
delightful autumn to the end of September ; but this
raieiy happens : Augulf ciofes the fccnc, lb that there:
arc hardly above thiee months of (umnier.
September gener.Tliy brings rain and froft ; the fcve-
r;ty of both is iiicre.ifed in Oiilobcr, and in November
the Neva is alwavn lro-/,en. 'I'hen timics on the fe.ilbn
for the eafy and fpecdy conveyance on the liunv, w hicli
brings frelli provdions to market a thi.uland Kni;liftl
miles by land, and the beef of Arcli.iiigel is often e.itcii
at I'eterlliurg, In December and January the ccdd is fci
very intenfe, that the poor wiio aie overt.ikell by liquor,
•r expofed to the air in open places, are frcqueiitk-
l.'o/.eii to death. Hut the abundance of birch and aiders
with which the Rudians are fiipplied, and the coinmo-
ili.Hifnefs of their iKives, enable them to introduce anv
degnc of heat into their houles.
However, not one-tenth rd' the RufTian empire is luf-
licientlv peopled, and not a tenth part of it properlv
cultivated : for, notwithftamling its p'odigious ex-
tent, the number of inhabit.ints who pay the pidl-tax,
is computed only at five millions one hundred thoulaiid,
and the rell, including the females, amounts to about tei\
millions, e.\tliirivc of the inhabitants of the coiuiuer.d
province-..
As the grcateft part of this empire is lituated in Alia,
and has alrc.idy been defcribed in treating of Siberia and
Ruilia, the weltern part of that empire, thef'-Joic, now^
oiilv reniiuus to be treated of.
1
s F c r.
i'i
34
A S Y S T E M OF G li O G R A P H Y.
Rus
4
'?§
SEC T. 1(.
Of the SilUJtioi and Exietit cf RuJl:,
Lakes.
Ill Runs arj
THE boiimbries of this part of the Ruffi.'.n em-
pire towards the caft, an; imleed tlii' l.imc with
the limits between Europe ami Afia, It cxteiuls on the
caft to the W'trrotiiri.in induiitains, and topait of the
VVolga, whioii fcparate it from Sibiria ; on the louth it
is bounded by the river Don, and a line drawn (roni
the Nicper to the mouth of the Don, at its iiitrance
into the fea of Afoph ; on the well by the Nieper,
which fcparates it from Polanii, the gulph of Riga, the
gulph of Einland, Sweden, and Swedilh Lapland ; and
on the north liy the Frozen Ocean.
The principal rivers of Ruflia arc as follow:
'J'hc Wolja, in Latin Volga, which has its fourcc in
the fored of \VolconfKi, and is one of the larr:elt: livers
in the world ; for it nnis a courfc of above two thou-
fand miles before it falls into the Cafpian fea. Its
banks arc generally fertile, and though not fulliciently
cultivated, on account of the frccpicnt incurfions of the
Tartars ; yet the foil naturally produces all kinds of cf-
culent herbs, and in particular .'.fparagus of a very ex-
traordinary fi/c and goodncfs. It is obfervablc, that moll
of the oaks in Ruflia grow in the countries watered by
thisriver. Atl.vcr, a town little more than one bundled
andtwcnty miles from its fource, the ^V'oIga is navigable
for large iliips; and towards the end of the fpring this
river is fo fwellcd by the meltiiig of the ice and fnow,
as to caufe great inundations ; particularly in the montlii
of Mav ajid June. The maftcrs of the vcllcls which
jail down tiie \Volca to Allraran, carefully obfcive thii,
Icafon, as at that li:iic they have not only the (>pportu-
jiitv of a Cafe pallagc o\cr the (hallows j but alio (ivcr
I'everal flat ifi.inds which then lie at a confiderable depth
j.ndcr water. Trce> are often torji awiy by the roots
r.om the hanks of this rive ■ by the violence of the cur-
rent, and the anchors of the vell'els arc frequently I'o
entangled amongfl them, that there is a neccflity of I breadth; and though it has fnfii water, fcals aix: often
cutting the cables, fo that many anchors are fuppofed lecn in it.
Icf., than thirlcfii water-fills witliiii the fpace of fixty
weillsj y,'t in fpring, during the iaiid-floudi, empty
vilLls may be hauled over thtrn. It abounds with ilur-
geon, lleiled, carfi, pike, k.iratilli, ,.^c. There is but
one bridge over this river, and that is a floating one at
Kiew, one thouf.md (ix hundred thirty- eight paces in
lei '.'til. 'I'his bridge is taken away about the rnd of
Seiiember, to give the flakes of ice a free p.illaue I'c vvii
the river, and is again put together in fpring. There-
are to be I'ccn on this river a great number > .' millj
ereitlcd in boats.
Wc fhall now mention the principal lakes in this
par; ot the Ruflian empire, which arc,
The lake of Ladoga, fituatcd between the gulph of
Finland and the lake of Onega, is one hundred and
fifty miles in length, and ninety in breadth. It is cf-
tecmed the largeit lake in Europe ; and is fuppolcd to
exceed any other for its plenty of fifh, among which art:
alio feals. This lake ii full of quick-fands, which be-
ing moved from place to place by the frequent (tornu
to which It is fubjeil, caull' fcverrd fhelvcs along its
courfe, vi'hich of'.en prove lata! to the flat-bottome,f vef-
lels of the Riiirians. This induced Peter the Ciieat to
caule a canal near fevcnty Lnglifli miles in length,
leventy lUt in breadth, and ten or eleven deep, to be
cut at .1 vail expence lioni the fouth-welt extremity of
tl.15 l.ike to the fea. This great work was begun in the
year 171S, and though vigoroully piofecuted, was not
compleatcd till iheyvar 17J2, in the leign of the cm-
prels Anne. This canal h.ij twentv-fivc lliiices upon it,
and fevcral rivers run into it. At the diilancc of evciy
wcrll along its banks, is a pill.ir marked with the num-
ber of werlls; and it is the conftant employment of a
regiment of foldicrs to kecj) the caiul in repair ; for
this purpofe they are quartered in feveral places on it."!
banki. In fummcr-time it is covered with floats and
vclilh, which pay toll in proportion to the value of their
cargo.
The lake of Onega is fituatcd between the l.ikeof La-
doga and (he White Sea, and has a communication with
the tornier by means of the river Swir. it is one hun-
dred and eighty werfli in lengtli, and about eighty in
to lie at the bottom. The Wolga abounds with a fine
filh called beluga, which is about eight or ten feet in
length. It receives leveral confiderable rivers, among
which arc the Occa and Cama, an.l di'charges itfelf
throii"h fi'vcral mouths into the ("alpi.in Sea, by which
means it torms many illands.
The Don, the Tanais of the ancients, is called
Tuna or Duna by the Tartars, and has its fourcc not
far from Tula in the Iwano (^iTero, or St. John's lake.
It firfl runs from north to fouth, and after its conflux
with the Sofna, dirccis vts courfe from wefl to ea(l, and
in fevcral large windings, again runs from north to
fouth ; but at length dividing into three channels, tails
into the fea of Afoph. The waters of the Don are
thick and ch.alky» coni'equently not very wholelomc to
drink. This river i.i very ihallow in fummcr, when it
I he lake of Peipus in Livonia, is near fevcnty miles
in l.ngth, and about forty niiles in breadth. It abounds
with lilh, and runs into the gulph of Finland hv the
titer Narva.
Medicinal and faline fprings are not uncommon in
Ruflia. Fine filver, which alfo yields fomc gold, is dii£-
out of the mincb of this coiiiuiy, and alfo exceeding (iiiu
copper, iron, and many other ininerals, as ifmglafs and
precious iloncs.
The moft fertile part of Riiflia is near the frontiers of
Poland, where the inhabitants are able to fupply their
neighbours with corn. The northern parts are not only
extremely col,!, but marfliy, and over-run with forelL^,
chiefly inh.ibitcd by wild beads. liefidcs donicllic ani-
mals, there ale in Ruflia wild bcevc^, rein-deer, martens
white and black fo.xes, ermines and fallet, wliofe (kins
is aUb full of fjnd-banks; it, however, affords plenty of 1 make the bed furs in the world ; as alio h\enas or glut-
hircc and fmall fifh. 'I'iie Don in its courfe approaches : tons, b^ari and wolves,
fo near the Wolga, that in one place the dillancc be-
tween them is but one hundred and forty wciils, or
about cig-ity Englifii miles.
The D'.vina i:> a verv large river, the name fignifics
\} :Me, it being formed by the conflux of the Sukona
and the Vug. This river divides itfelf into two branches
or channels near Archangel, from whence it runs into
the White Se.t
The Nieper, the ancient lioryfthcnes, arifes from a
niorafs in the lorcft of Wolconflii, about one hundred |
and twenty miles above Smoleiifki, and forms leveral
windings throu.:h Lithuania, Little Ruflia, the country ' by incrcd.ble application, and a proper mixture of levc-
of the /.ipoio Coflacs, and a tract inhabited by thcNa- lity and iniKiiiil-,, wrought I'o li.ippy a iham-e in their
S E C T. UI.
Of ihr Pofom, Dnji, and Miinnen of the Rufwni ; l.'t
Hvujei of tht cinrnjn Pecpit, iiiut their Futriiuie ; lhi-':t-
Fotd, and Ft^ndtitji for jlisi.i Liijums. 'Ihnr Rcuds
Ai.iKmr of triivellinr, and Lutigiiu^t.
BEFORE the time of Peter the Great, the Rufliins
were little better than favaiLCs ; but that wile priiuc.
ijaian Tartars; and after forming a marfliy lake of
iixtv werlls in length, and in many places tv.'o, four,
or even ten werfts in breadth, difcharges itlllf into the
Ulack Sea. 'Fhc banks on this livcr arc on both fules
fjene'dly h\ h, and the foil excellent ; but i,'. I'umnur
the wiii-r is nut very wliolcfome. 'fhc Nieper has 1:0
manners, .is in a great mealiirc lets them on a icul with
the otiitr civill/.ed nations of Europe.
The Ruflians are for the moll pait of the middle lia-
fuiT, thoiign ni.iny oftlumaie tall and eonnlv. 'I he
common peo|)Ie are fund of their aiiciLiit ciiltonis ; and
though thv m.ijurity ot them have been gradually brou-ht
ta
Rl'S5I.\.'
to i'ubmil I
fer great i
r.ithcr thai
regulations
The Ru
confider a
beauty ; fo
ful are fyiu:
the vvoineii
beg money
thcmfclves
turc may I
they genera
nef-, tlicyc.
Aintilion .in
of the eoini
cloafhcd wi
with the we
ate fwaddlci
reeds, and t
caps are line
well as the
and double
ther, which
except the tl
cloathing.
as w^ do in
lined with ft
they go abro
their petticc
thoie who m
cloaks, linee
is white hare
lined with rii
Perfons of be
is put on wii
lay afide as li
fants are of I
arc of gold c
ing twice a v
keeper is pro
of his own,
able, that tli
bath, run ab
and then plu
viciflitude of
to the conllit
Pco|)le eve
■With great cii
guelt, h,s I ill
and at the far
which i. lb p
■n. In vihts
v.'clconic eacl
clafs (Iiow the
by nroflrating
'i'he moll 1
•uul country \
another, and
the crevices b
ii afterwards
in the timber
large ov.n i.,
fants, and i.il
flat at the to
of flulves rot
out beds.
Tlieir fiirn
table, and th
candles or Ian
(plinteis of d
many chinini
Hove above- in
fmoke but in
foot. It is n
a fpecies of i
of goat-cha|}<
out is burning
The lioulis ii
doll- tot-ethcr
Rl'SSIA.'
/•:
R O P E.
3:^
dls,
lut-
■I he
-lit
to
^■i
to i'libniit to nvnlern iniprovcnK'nts iii.mv cliooll- to I'lit'-
tcr I'.it.it iiR'iiiivo/iiciiLii'^, and to |);(y iuklitkiii il taxes,
f.itlici tliaii cut olV thfir bf.inl.., an J toiifoiiii to lume
ii-gulati<inH witli rilptiit to tLlifion.
I'hc Rudiaii wonuii arc extremely fonJ of p.iint, ami
roiifulLT a rudily complexion a? tlic very cli'ente vi
beauty; To that in the Rufliaii lanixi.age, red and beaiiti-
(ill arc lynunimous terms. Kvcn the poorer lort amoii.';
the women, in order to mend their complexion, uill
bci;; money to buy paint. Ky tliij me.ais they daub
thinifelvcs to much, as to conteal the grace-i which na-
tuie may be prefumcd to have bellowed on them; tiT
they ;',eiierally prolefs, that il they had i'lifluicr.t pliimp-
ner-., they can procure themielves beauty. l^ctloMi ut di-
ftiniltion arc very I'ond of Itatc and Iplendor. 'I'hedrcfs
of the common people in Kiillii is mean; they arc
cloathed with loii'^ coats made of dreiled {heep-(kiiis,
with the wool towards their bodies ; their legs and feet
arc I'waddled with a coarfe cloih, fccured by a cord of
rccils, and their I'andals are of the f.inic materials. I'hcir
caps arc lined with fur, and cover the cars and neck, as
well as the head: they wear faflics round their waills,
and double gloves, one of woollen, and the other of lea-
ther, which take in the hand without any dillinclion,
except the thumb, and thd'e arc an elfcntial part of their
cloathing. However, people of any rank j;ciierally drcfs
as W' do in England, except wearing; a full great coat
lined with fur, with a deep quilted or fur-lined i ap, when
they go abroad. The women of the lower elafs, btlidcs
their petticoats, wear (liccplkins like the men ; but
thofe who move in a higher fp!icrc, wear flowered filk
Cloaks, lined with furs, of which the moll common fort
is white hares. Ladici. of great dillindion have them
lined with rich furs, and almoft conrtantly wear them.
Perfons of both fcxcs hang on their brcalt a crofs, which
is put on when they arc baptizod, and this they never
lay afide as lon<; as they live. 'l"hc erodes of the pea-
faiits are of lead ; but thofe worn by perfons of wealth
aie of Rold or lilvcr. The Ruflians feldoni fail of b.ith-
ing twice a week ; for whieh purpofealmoll every houfc-
kceper is provided with a bath ; and be that has none
of liis own, goes to thofe that ate public. It is remark-
able, that they often fally out naked from the warm
hath, run about in the cold, roll tliemfclve.i in the fnow,
;ind then plunge again into the warm water; and this
\icilutude of heat and cold they conluler as benelitial
to tile conlHtution, by rendering them hardy and robuit.
People even of the common ra:ik fahite each other
Vv'ith great civility ; but before aKuiliin welcomes his
^uelt, his vifitor is obliged to make the fign of the croU,
and :'.t ih:! fame time to bow to a picUirc of fomt faint,
whicii i. fo |-,laced, as to be icvn immediately at coming
in. In vilits of ceremony, the men and women ufually
welcome each other with a kifs ; but thofe of the lower
elafs fliow their profound refpetl for perfons of high rank,
by nroflrating themfelvcs on the ground before them.
The molt ufual method of building, both in the towns
..lul country villages, is to lay one beam of wood upon
another, and fallening them at the four corners, iill up
the crevices bctwctn the beams vith mofs. The lioufe
is afterwards covered with (hinijes, and holes arc made
in the timber for doors and windows. A brick ftove or
hr^;e oven io commonly made in the houfes of the pea-
lants, and takes up a fourth part of the area: this is
flat at the top, and boarded ; upon it, and on a kiml
ot flulves round the room, the wiiole family ilcep with-
out beds.
Their furniture confids of three benches, an oblong
table, and the piillure of a faint or two. Inilead of
candles or lamps, the Ruflian pcalants ufuallyburn long
(plinteis of deal. The apartments are as black as Io
many chimmes ; for the fire hcaith being within the
ilove above-mentioned, which has no other vent for tiie
fmoke hut into the room, the walls are covered with
foot. It is no fooner dark, than iliehoul'es fwarm with
a fpecies of infcih called tarakans which arc a kmd
of goatchalVers. 'fhe bed method of keeping them
out is burning a light in the room till bieak of day.
The lioulis ill the villages are coiui.>iioii' . «nd built as
dole tOjietlicr as in the towns.
'I'iic infatiable (.'agcriiois of the common pcc.j.lc after
Ipirituoiis liijiKM^ and other ftrong dniik, tl'peciallv in
till! carnival time, is in a great ineal'ure owing to the fe--
verity ot the winter, the rigorous f.d^s they obl'erve,
aii.l the llcnder diet they live upon throu rlioiit the year.
'I heir food chielly confilb of turnip.., cabbage, pi:afe,
large cucumbers, onions, and coarl'c ill-taC-cd hill. Their
diihk is ijuas-, a kind of linall mead; and even among;
the gentry, brandy alwiys makes a part of every rcpali,
.Among tne lower clafs, it is generally the men wliu
give tl'.emfelvcs up to thel'e cxcellcs, though it is not
uiKommon to fee at Peterlburg a drunken Woman llag-
gering along the llrects. Some authors indeed fay, that:
drunkennefs is fo far from being confidered as a crime,
that they make it part of their religion, and that they
do not think they have kept a holiday as they ought,
if they are not drunk before night ; and Mr. Perry af-
firms, that if you pafs through iMofcow on a holiday,
you will fee both priefts and people lie drunk Ujion the
ground ; and if you goto help one of them up, he will
tell yon, by way of txcufe, " It is a holiday." He
adds, that their ladies of quality are fo little ailiamed o^"
drinking to excefs, that they will frankly acknowledge
their having been very drunk, and return thanks fur the
favour to their friends who made them fo.
Not only the common people, but the whole nation,
are much more ufed to fiih than flcfli ; for their taltitake
up near two-thirds of the year, during which they arc
ablblutily pr.ihibited by their religion to talle of fleft :
this is oblerved with the utmoll Ifricfnefs ; they will not
even talfe of eggs, milk, or any thing that has even the
Iralt relation to llefli ; but caviere is a great di(h among
them. At the other times of the year, people of rank
h.ive at their tables a variety of llelh-meat ami fowl ; but
beloic they ht down , the miltrefs of tne fanilly prelenis
every one of the inielts with a cup of brandy on a plate,
or (a'vcr, with her own hands; and, ainoii nartieuUir
friends, all the company falute the lady. Tii.j iirlt dilli
ufually conliUs of hams, tongues, and other favouiy
(lilhes, with levcral made-diflies drcll'ed with oil, olives,
onions, and garlic ; which having remaind a conliderable
time on tile table, the fecoiul cc urfe, confilling of foups
and roall- and boiled meat, is brought in ; alter whicli
lullows the deil'jrt, and plenty of mead, beer, wine, anJ
brandy.
A perfon may travel cheap and with great expedition
in RiifTij, both in funimcr and winter; the poil-roads
le.uling to the chief towns arc very exaelly mcafured,
Willi the werfts marked, and the poll-ftages fixed at pro-
per dillances ; for throughout the whole cm|)ire, and
even in Siberia, a pillar, iiifcribcd with the number of
werfts, is crcfled at the end of each. The cxpcncc of
travelling in this manner is fo eafy, that between Riga
and PeterlLurgh the hire of a poft-horfe for every werib
is no more than two copciks and a half, which is one
pi nny three t'arthings (Icrling ; between Noyoi/rod and
Peteiunirgh only one copeik ; and between NovogroJ
and Moftow but half a copeik. Nothing can be more
aecommo.lated to cafe and difpateii than travelling in
fledges during the waiter, when tin earth is covered dc.-y
with I'no.v, and impafllible for wheel-carriages; for in
the journey .Mr. Haiiway made in that fealim from iVIof-
cow to PeterfourLih, he flept in his fledge, without wak-
ing, while he ailvaueed a hundred werlls, or fixtv-lix
I'!ngli(h miles. l"he whole road bctvs-ecn thofe two
cities was marked out in the fnow by young iir-trccs
planted on both lides, at tiie dillancc of twenty yards,
which, at a moderate coiiipiitation, amount to i2H,."fS'r>
trees. At certain diilances were alio great piles of
wood, to be let on tire, in oi.ler to give light to tlie cm-
prels and her court, if they palieil by in the night. Oil
tl.rle occafions hcrimpcriid m.ijclly is drawn in a kind of
huule that contains her bed, a table, and other conve-
iinfiicicc, where four pcrl'ons may take a rcpalt. This
wooden Itnielure, which has a (loping rouf, and finail
windows to keep out the cold, is lix'.d on a fledge, and
drawn by twenty-tour p.iH-horfes; and if any of them
fail on the road, others are ready to fupply tneir places.
Our aiiUuir obferve.;, that the late emprel's was generally
nu iiwre than three Jays and nights on the way, not-
withltandiiij
k ! if
i'1
WSm
ffi ' liH -M
I i
1 >i «.*• 3 j
i m'l
36
A :j Y S T E M OF G E O G R A IM I V.
KuSSIAi'
h I
I *
withftanding her having fcvcral fm all palaces at which (lie
fomcliiiieM iToppeJ to n-l'refli hcrltlf, though the Jill.iiice
is ruur luiii.lrej aiiJ cn;htv-cirht |-',iit;lilli mile.-.. I'ctcr
the Cjieat once ii-ilkIo the jouiiu'v m torly-fix hours, but
ilid Mot travel in the ('ime carriage. Mr. liiilihing ob-
lervcs, that it is not unconunon to go it vvitii poll-liorrcs
in I'evcnty-tivo hour.i ; and that a commodious (ledge,
drawn hy a pair of polKhorfcs for that journey, may be
hired for fourteen or hftecn rubles.
The R(illian language deiivjs iti origin from the
Sclavoniaii, but at prefcni it is verv different from it; and,
with r.-gard torelii;ijus fubieiih, is enriched with a great
number of Greek words, 'rhe alphabet coniiits oftorty-
t«'o letters moll of them (ircek character?, .is they were
writ'cn in the ninth century : but as the latter did not
cxprefb every particular louiul in the Sclivoivan lan-
guage, recourle was had to fevcral Hebrew letters, and
to the invention of fome arbitrary llgiis. In the diiV.rent
parts of the Ru(run eni|)ir(' various dialeiils are ul'cd, as
the Mofcovitc, the Novogrodian, the Ukrainian, and
that of Archangel. The dialeill ul'ed in Sibeiia nearly
icl'emble: the l.tlt.
s i; c T. IV.
Of th; Rtliyjon cf tin Riijjiiin!.
THE lluflians profcfi the religion of the Greek
cliiKch, which was hrlt embraced by the goat
dutchcfs Ogia, ibvereign of Rufli.i, in the 055th year
after the birth of Chrill. 'I'hc external part of tncir re-
ligion confifts in the nuiiil-.er and feverily of their fails,
in which they far e.xcccd the RoniiOi church. Their
ufual weekly fads are on VVcdneldays and Fridays. In
Lent, as hath been alrc.idv obferved, they neither cat
fle(h, milk, eggs, nor butter; but confine thcnil'clvcs to
vegetables, bread, and (i(li fried in oil.
f'he great fall of Lent is regulated by the moveable
fcalf of Kalier, and lafts till that ftdival begins.
St. I'eter's fall always begins on the (irll iVlondav after
■\Vhitl'iin!idc ; and fometiincs lads fi\ weeks ; and at
others only cirht days, according as p'.aller happens to
fall out early or late. The f.ill of the BUlI'ed Virgin an-
nually begins on the firit of .'\ugull, and continues till
the fifteenth of the fame month. St. Philip's fnft bciiins
on the fifteenth of November, and continues till the
t'.vcnty-fit'th of December.
The eighth week bel'ore Kailer is called the butter
week, and may be conl'idercd as the Rullian carnival, it
being Ipent in all kinds of entertainments, aiul cverv
fpecies of licentioufnefs. Among the divctfions exliiliitcd
at this time, one of the moll fiiigular is riding in (ledges
down a deep declivity, twenty i-Hs in height, made with
boards, and covered with ice, hy throwing water tofrei/.e
upon it. At this time of iiublic divcrfions thev atone for
their bad living in Lent, by feading and the free ufe of
brandy. (.)n Kadcr-day moll of them cat to fuch excels,
as to throw thcmfelvcs into a fit of ficknefs by over-
charging their domachs. On that jovfiil fcllival the
Rudians kifs one another in the mod fricn.ilv manner,
prel'enting an cgr coloured over, and !'o;nctia!es tolera-
bly painted, with the following faljtation ; '• Chnll is
" rilcn ;" to v.'hich the other anlwcrs, " He is indeed
»« rifen."
The Ru(rians are great enemies to the wordiip of
gr.avcn images, and yet arc lb abfurdly iiiconfillent, that
ill their private devotions thev kneel before a picture of
our Saviour, the Virgin -Vlary, St. Nicholas, or fome
other faint, wiiirh is ;in indifpenfil>le piece otCurniture
in their tlofet. To this they bow feveral times, making
the liiMi of the crois with their thumb, fore-linger, and
third linger, on the bread, forehead, and (lioiilders ; at
the fame time repeating, in a low voice, the Lord's Prayer,
and fome fhort ejaculations ; particularly, " Lord be
" merciful to me." Indeed theyfeldom p.ifs by a church
without uttering of tiiefe words, at the lame time bow-
ing and crofling thcmlelves, without paying the lead rc-
gaid to any perlbn who happens to be piefent. They
likewile pi.iftife the fame bowings and crollings Oii f«c-
ui,! A church at adi'laiicc.
Many of the common people, and even fome pcrfons
of rank, either by way oi penance, or (romotiiei motives
ot humiliation, proltiaie lliemlelves on their f.ices at tha
entrance of the churclies ; and thole who are confcious
ot having contracted any impurity, (brbear entering the
church, but (land at the door. I'he churtli bells are
otten rung ) and as ringing is counted a branch of de-
votion, the towns arc provided with a great number ot'
bells, which make as it were a coiitinuai chiming.
I'he divine I'ervicc is entirely performed in the .Iclavo-
nian tongue, which the people do not underdand, as it
is very different from the modern Rudiaii ; and this ler-
vice conlids of abundance of trifling ceremonies, lonj
malltfs, finging, and prayers j all which are performed
by the priells, the congregation only repeating, " Lord
" be niercitul to me." They (bmetinies ;uld a leiture
Irom one of the fathers ; but there are few churches in
which I'ermons are cvar delivered, and even in thole they
prc.ich but I'eldom.
In the Riidian churches there arc neither feats or form?,
but the whtile congregation perfornt their devotions (land-
ing. On fedival days the clergy are adorned with very
rich vedments fomewhat releiiibliiic; thofe of the Lcvi-
licil priclts defcnbed in the Old Tedament. The people
know very liitle of the Ijible, which has never yet been
tranflated into their language. 'Lhey have, however,
one in the Sclavoniaii tongue, with annotation,! ; nor are
there any proper mcalures taken lor the inltiuction of
young people .imoiig the vulgar, in the principles of re-
ligion. I lie people never ling pl.ilms or hymns, nor
have any hymn books in their lioules ; tor none but the
choirillers arc allowed to fiiig[iluliiis in the clnirchts, that
office being confidercd as llieir peculiar province, on
which account they arc held in Ionic citeem.
Uelidcs the great fedivals ordained by the Ruffian
church, there are every year others ai^pointed by tho
civil power, when all public bufinel'a and trades arc ful-
pendcd with greater (iiidtnefs than even during the for-
mer ; fuch as the anniverfary of the birth, inaugura-
tion, and coronation of the perfon on the throne, and
of the faint's day whofc name he or (he bears ; and like-
wife the fedival of the birth and name-day of other per-
Ibns of the roval tamilv ; that of St. Alexander NeuM,
which is kept on the thirtieth ofAugull; and the an-
niverfary of the battle of I'ulto'.va, which is commemo-
rated on the twenty- ftventh of June.
There arc a great number o( convents for the reli-
gious of iioth fexes in the Riilfian empire ; but i'ctcr 1.
prudently ordered, that no perlbn (hculd be allowed to
enter on a monadic life before htty years of age : but this
rcL'ulati.m has been repealed finee his death, it being
thought proper to (hew a griater condefcenfion to the
monadcrics ; however, no man is permitted to turn monk
till he is thirty, nor no woman to turn luin till flie is
fifty ; and even then not without the expiels approbation
and licence of the holy lyiKMl. 'l"he abbot, or b.ead of an
abbey, i» here called archimaiidiilc, and the prior ot a
convent, igumen ; while an abbefs is lliltd igiimcnia.
Every large village has a church and a pried to officiate
in it, and in the towns there is a church almod in every
Itrcct. It is remarkable, that all the old churches have
a crcfcent under the crofs crciitcd on the tops of the
towcis.
With rcipccl to haptifm, they acknowledge thcmfelvcs
crnceivcd and born in (in, and therefore baptize their
children immediately after tlicy are born : if they aic
we.ik, this is done at home ; but if well, in the church ;
the child being received at the church-door by the pried,
who ligiiing his forehead with the fign of the crofs, (ays,
" 'The Lord prelerve tb.y coming in and going out." He
then f..ltens nine wa.x-caiulles given iiim by the godfather.'',
reaily lighted, round the font. Having incenled the god-
fathers, and confecrated the water, each of them t.iktsa
wax-candle, and they all w.ilk ihrce times round the
font, which always (lands in the middle of the church,
the clerk carrying the picture of St. John before llicm,
and the piled reading out of a hook. 'The priclt then
a(ks the godlathers the name of the child, which bavin;/
given him in writing, he puts it upon a (mall picture,
which beholds upon the clidd's bread, while he mutters
ttttain pr.iyers ; and thenafki, whcthci the child believes
1 ilk
^
emptied, bccj
•A'r
•!'!
17
it
r
t
f
i
1
1
cd to
this
(.■mpiieil, bccjiife they ima-jiiie the water to be difilcj liv
the original fm of the preceding cliild.
As they imagine that children are regenerated by bap-
tiCni, they think they have a right to the J,ord's liippu',
which is adminillered in the following ni.mncr ; the pnclt
going to the altar, attended by the clerk, fays the ollico
according to St. Bafil's litiugy ; and then mixing w.inn
water with the wine, fleeps bits of bread in the c'lallee,
and then confecratcs them together. The pricil: t.ilies
the bre.\d out with a fpoon, and gives it to the cuniniii-
nicants, little babes having onlv half the quantity of
grown people, till they are feven years of age.
Their piofelytcs who are of age arc baptized in a river,
and three times plunired over head like the children, en
mentioning the Father, Son, and Holy (iholf.
Pcrfons who are inclined to change their religion for
that of the Mofcovites, are inllruiited for fix weeks in
fomc convent ; and at their b.iptifm are to abjure their
former religion, to defert it as heretical, and ,n c.i'cen as it
is named to ihew their adhorrence, by fpitting on the
ground.
The metropolitans, who are only two, me at Kiow
.nnd the other at Toboliki, dilFcr from the bifhops <iiilv
in their title : above thel"; are the arehbiiimps ; and
tnc deacons, popes, or prieds, and protopcs are cxreej-
itig numerous. In antient times the primate, or fupreme
bilhop of the Rudian church, was a fulfr.ifian to the pa-
triarch of Conftantniople ; but the czar l-'eodor Iwaimwif/
appointed a Rudian patriarcli to prellde over the church ;
yet as thcfc patriarchs gradually all'umed an i-xoihitarit
power, dangerous even to the (late, I'eter I. on tbedeath
of the laft patriarch, in 1701, fupprci'.'cd tiiat di<;nitv, and
declared himfelf head of the church of Ruliii. in the
vcar 1719, the fame prince inltitutcd a council tl'.at has
ttie direction of ccclclialiical affairs, and i^ llilid, 'I'lu:
molt holy fynod. Subordinate to this council are two
others ; the tirll called the {economic, which has the
management of ail the ccckfialHcal 1 uids and revcmies ;
the fecund has power to execute tiie regiiLi'ions n. ide in
relation to the feparatifts, called Rolkolniki, and levies
the tax impolld on the:n for being permitted to wear
their beards. 'I'hK, hov.'cvcr, is allowed to all ccelc-
ii.illics of the Ruifian church, who likewifc wear their
oivn hair, and on their beads a h;;'li Hill bla.k cap, Irom
which a piece of the fame llutf hangs down on theii
backs, or clfe a laru" flapp'd hat. They li.ive over ihcir
(boulders a fort of long c!oak ; but the f^cular prii lis,
when out of the church, generally v.'.ar a blu. ^r a blown
47
the privilege of hanging bells in their chiirclic.-.. The
/\itncnians h,.ve |)ublic places of worfliip oii'v ,1: Aftta-
can. The Jefuits and Jews have been l.iindK'ii from
the country ; but 11 is thought that many wlio I'.cr-tly
adhere to judaifm flill remain there.
A coiiUderable number of the Ruflian fubjecli are M.i-
luiiiutJiis, and llill greater numbers are Pagan . In or-
der to promote their converfion, the fynoJ has inftituted
a peculiar fociety for propagating Chriilian kno.vlcdgc,
and it is laid many thoufands of them have bocn con-
verted to Chriltianitv ; but, on the other l;and, it appears,
Irom the writings ot thole who have lately travelled thro'
Siberia, that great violence and cor.ftraint have been ufej
to bring them over ; and, that a> moll of the people have
been baptized againft their will, they have very imper-
(ect and contemptible ideas of the religion they arc faid
to profefs.
Jii the thirteenth century fevcral popes laboured hard
to put the great duke of RufTia out of conceit with the
Cireek religion, but without fuccefs. The doifors of
the Sorbomie, at Paris, have fmcc made the fame at-
tempt ; i\:< when Peter the (ireat I'lippreliVd the ji.itriar-
chate, they endeavoured to perfuade li.m to bring about
an union of the RuHian church with that of Rome ; but
this point they v/erc unable to carrv.
S K C T. V.
Of tliiir Miiyr'uigiS anJ Funeral Cerem:K:,i.
Till', marriage ceremonies of the RulHans, as de-
f.-rilied by tliC author of the Travels of theiloUfeiii
amb..iiado;s through Rullia to Perlia, were verv particu-
lar; and, .IS it does not appear that any other alterations
on thole oecalions have been m.; le, th.'.: hich as necrf-
larilv arofe Irom Peter the Firi! iir.roduciiii; a greater dc-
^rceof tamiliarity between tlie iexes,aiid permiu.n"- thctli
to fee and converfe with caeh other, we Ihall here give
them to our readers.
When every thing is agreed upon between the parents,
if thev au' of nualitv, a woman, c.illed the luacha. Is ap-
pointed by the Iriends of the bridegroom, and ai;other
hy thole of the bride, to take ioint care of tl;e nuptials,
who provide^ every thing ht for the chamber where the
new-mi'ried couple are to lie. The bed is made of forty
(heal es of rye hid in gooil order, and encompalled wit'i
levPial b.irnls of wheat, barley, and oats. When all is
cady the bridegroom goes late in the evening, accompa.
K jiiej
■•: i, ■■
i' I
If f
h
36
witi
foir
»f.
the
did
<et\
in
dra
hir<
Scl
wit
nui
tW(
wri
gUi
to
pai
till
thi
rel
/l'f//r//' l/i///. '//A;// //O'o-
du
afi
liQ
in wnicn tlicy tar c.xcccil the Koniitli tliuicli. Their
ufual weekly t'.ifls arc on WcdiitlJays and Fridays, In
Lent, as hatli been already oblcrvtd, they neither cat
flcfh, milk, eggs nor Iniitcr ; l-.iit confine thcnilclves to
vegetable^, bread, and fifli (Vied in oil.
J'hc great talt of Lent is reiiilatcd by the moveable
fcall- ol KalUr, and lafts till that fiftival begins.
St. I'eter's talt alvvavs begins on the firll Monday after
Whitfiin'.idc ; and fonictimcs lafts fix weeks; and at
others only ei::ht days, according as Eaftcr happens to
fall out early or late. The f.ilt of the lilcfied Virgin an-
nually begins 0:1 the lirit of .'\iii;ulV, an.! conlinucs till
the Hftcentb of the fame month. St. Philip's t'aft begins
on the fifteenth of November, and continues till the
Hvcnty-ftfth of December.
The eighth week before Kalter is r.i'kd the butter
week, and may be conliJercd as the Rullian carnival, it
being fpunt in all kinds of entertainments, and every
Ipccies of licentioufncfs. Among the divcrfioiis exhibited
at this time, one of the moll fiiigular is riding in tledgci
down a llcep declivity, twenty cIN in height, made with
board j, and covered with ice, Siy throwing water tolVoc/.e
upon it. At this time of public diverfions thev atone f.)r
their bad liviiu in Lent, by fealling and the tree ufe of
hrandy. On Kafhr-day moll of tlicm eat to fuch excels,
as to throw themfclvcs into a fit of fickncfs by over-
clvaig'ng their lloinachs. On that joyful fellival the
Ruffians kifs one another in the mott Iriendly manner,
prefenting an egg coloured over, and Ibmctiiiies tolera-
bly painted, with the following f'alutation : '• Chrilf is
" rilcn;" to v/hich the other anfwers, " He is indeed
" rifen."
The Ruffians arc great enemies to the worfliip of
graven ima'^es, and yet are fo abf'urdly inconfifki-.t, that
in their private devotions thev kneel befuie a picture of
our Saviour, the Virgin .Mary, St. Nichohi',, or fome
other faint, v.'liich is an indifpeniible piece of tuiniture
in their clofet. 'I'o this they bow ftveral times, making
the flgn of the crofs with their thumb, fore-linger, ami
third linger, on the breaf', forehead, and (lioulders ; at
the fame time repeating, in a low voice, the Lord's Prayer,
and fome (hort ejaculations ; parti'.ularly, " Lord be
" merciful to mc." Indeed they feldom pal's by a church
without uttering of tiiefe wonls, at the lame time bow-
ing and crofling themfclvcs, without p;i) ing the leall rc-
yaid to any perfoii who h.ippens to be picfent. Thty
likewile p;.i£tifc the fame bowings and crollings Oii I'cc-
'u\;[ » church at adi'ljnce.
fy ///, ^ /iii/,it'i/'-i. .
which account they arc held in fome citeem.
IJelides the great feltivals ordained by the Ruffian
church, there are cveiy year others appointed by the
cImI jiowcr, when all public bulinefs and trades are fuf-
peiided with greater Ihidtnefs than even during the for-
mer i fuch as the anniverf'ary of the birth, inaugura-
tion, and corfination of the pcrfon on the throne, and
of the faint's day whofc name he or fhe bears ; and likc-
wifc the feltival of the birth and name-day of other per-
fons of the royal family ; that of St. Alexander Neufti,
which is kept on the thirtieth of Augull; and the an-
niverfary of the battle of I'ultowa, which ij commemo-
rated on the twenty-ftventh of June.
There are a great number of convents for the reli-
gious ofiioth fixes in the Ruffian empire; but Peter L
prudently ordered, that no pcrfon (hould be allowed to
enter onainonaltic life before hfty years of age : but this
rcLMilation has been repealed fiiiee his death, it being
thought proper to fhew a greater coiidefcenfion to the
nionafScrics ; however, no in.in is permitted to turn monk
till he ii thirty, nor no woman to turn nun nil flie is
fifty •, and even then not without the expiefs approbation
and licence of the holy fynoj. The abbot, or head of an
abbey, i^, here called archimandiite, and the prior of a
convent, igumen ; while an abbefs 1. flikrl igumenia.
Every lar^ie vill.'.ge has a church and a prieft to officiate
in it, and in the towns there is achurch almoft in every
Itrcct. It is reiii.irkablc, that all the old churches have
a crefcent under the crofs credied on the tops of the:
towers.
With refpeel to baptifm, they acknowledge thcmfelve.'!
ccnceived and born in lin, an ', therefore baptize tlieir
children immediately after they are born : if they .itc
we.ik, this is done at home ; but if well, in the church ;
the child being received at the church-door by the pricft,
who Ijgning his forehead with ih--' fii;n ol the crofs, fays,
" The Lord preferve thy coming in and going out.' He
then f'.ificns nine wax- candles given him by the godfather.'-',
ready lighted, round the font. Having inccnled the god-
fathers, and confecrated the water, each of them takes a
wax-candle, and they all walk three times round the
font, which always Hands in the middle of the church,
the clerk carrying the picture of St. John before them,
and the pricft riading out of a book. The piielt then
afks the godfathers the name of the child, which having
given him in writing, he puts it upon a fmall pidture,
which he holds upnii the child's breaft, while he mutters
certain pr.'verb j and then afk;, whcthci the child believes
t ia
\
\
f'SHHI
Hi;.:i{;H^H
H|
\
1
Ink
w 1 1 JBH^JR'IVfHRo^^H 1
ijHHm^^^^H
In
1
fl
yB
1 1
ul
■fWt
H
nH
' 1
1
i
^^^s
^H
H
[pT-T=I=^j:L TI^^^^^^B
■cm
- ^ ---
in God the
the godfathc
iiiftantly tut
fion to the tl
fakes the d
queltion the
on the grou
pricft afks,
brought up 1
han(ts upon
" clean Ipir
He then blow
the devil, by
before b.iptiir
hair, which
godlathcrs w
tizcd, he takt
him three tin
words : " I I
" of the Son,
corn of fait in
of the crofs
with conlecra
" I'hou art ;
He hangs a fn
to every one':
to wear it all
that if no fuel
they will not <
a peeuli.ir faint
as bis patron ;
lathers, he exl
dren are to be
emptied, becai
the original fin
As tticy ima;
tifm, they thin
which is admin
going to the alt
according to St
water with the
and then conit
the bread out w
nicants, little I
grown people,
'I'heir piofel\
and three times
mentioning the
Perfons who
that of the M
fome convent ;
former religion,
is named to iht
ground.
The metropo
and the other ai
in their title :
the deacons, po
iiig numerous,
biihop of the R
triarch of Conlta
.-.ppointed a Rufl
yet as thefe pat
power, dangcro
of the lall patria
iltclared himfelf
year 1719, the
the direction of
molt holy fynod
others ; the tirl
management of
the fecond has p
relation to the fl
the tix impofed
their beards. T
fialtics of the R
oivn hair, and 01
which a piece c
backs, or cite a I
flioulders a fort
when out of the t
+7
Russia.
I'. n R O P
I'..
37
pcr-
an-
mcmo-
fcK'cs
cy .iic
ircll ;
,iricil,
, f^vs.
He
lllicrs,
:{;od-
:ikvs a
IJ the
|iirch,
licm,
then
Vture,
■utters
llicvo
iu
>»»-
in CJoJ the r:ither, the Son, anJ ihr Holv (ihnll j .iinl
the goilfathcrs having iin!\vcroil in the allirmjtivc, they
inlbntly turn their backs to tlie r:)nt, to (hew their iiver-
iiontothc three next iiueflions. Whether the ehilJ lur-
iiikcs the devil, his an;;cls, and his works ? I'o eaeh
quclUon the godfathers anivver V'cs, ;uul as olien I'pit
on the ground. Then turning again to the I'ont, llii'
pricltalks, wl^cthcr they promile that the child (l>,ul lie
brought up in the true (Jrcck religion ? and liyiii;; his
hands upon liim lays, " Get out of thi', child liiou ujv
" clean fpirit, and make room for the llnly Cjholt."
He then blows upon the child three times to drive away
the devil, by whom they fuppid'e ( I'.ddrcn are poll, li'.-J
before baptifm. Afitr thif he cuts olt'a little of the child's
hair, which he puts into a hook ; and having alked the
I'odlathcrs whether they defire the child fliould he bap-
tized, he takes him naked into his arms, and, dipping
him three times into the v.'ater, makes ufe cf the ufual
words: " I baptize thic in the name of the Father, and
" of the Son, and of the Holy (Jhoft." He then puts a
corn of fait into the child's mouth, and making the iign
of the crofs on his forehead, han;!s, breair, and ba'.k,
with coniecrated oil, puts him on a dc^n fliirr, laying,
" J'hou art as clean from thy original lin as this Ihirt."
He hangs a Imall rrofs of gold, fdver, or lead, according
to every one's ability, about his neck, with a ih id charge
to wear it all his lilc-timc : in which they arc lb exact,
that if no fuch crol's be found about a deceaf.d perlon,
they will not allow him Chriftian burial, lie .:lfo alligns
a peculiar faint, whom the child is hereafter to reverence
as his patron; and having killed the child and his god-
fathers, he exhorts ihcm to mutual love. If more chil-
dren arc to be baptized at the fame time, the font is
emptied, bccaufc they imagine the water to bedcfded by
the original fin of the preceding cliild.
As tticy imagine that children are regenerated by b.ip-
tifm, they think they have a right to the Lord's luppir,
which is adminillered in the following manner ; the pnelt
going to the altar, attended by the clerk, fays the ollice
according to St. Halil's liturgy ; and then mixing vv.irm
water with the wine, ftccps bits of bread in the chalice,
and then conlecrates them together. The prielt t.ikes
the bread out with a fpoon, and gives it to the comnui-
nicaius, little babes having onlv half the cjuanuty of
grown people, till they are feven year.s of age.
Their piofelytcs who are of age are baptized in a river,
and three times plung.-d over head like the children, on
mentioning the Father, Son, and Holy (iholf.
Pcrfons who are inclined to change their religion for
that of the Mofcovites, are indrucitcd for fi.x weeks in
fome convent ; and at their h.iptifm aie to abjure their
former religion, to defert it as heretical, and as often as it
is named to ihcw their adhorrence, by (pitting on the
ground.
The metropolitan", who arc only two, one at Kiow
and the other at Toboliki, differ from the bifhops onlv
in their title : above thele are the archbiliiojis ; ami
tlic deacons, popes, or prielh:, and protopcs are exceed-
ing numerous. In antient times the primate, or fuinemc
biihop of tiie Rulllan church, was a litrtVagan to ilu- pa-
triarch of Conltantinojile ; but the czar Feodor iwauowitz
appointed a Ruflian patriarch to prefide over ihe church ;
yet as thefc patriarchs giadu.illy allumed anexoibitant
power, dangerous even to thelt.)te, I'eter 1. on the death
of the lail patriarch, in 1701, fupprclVed that dinnitv, and
declared himfelf head of the church of Riifiii. in the
year 1719, the fame prince inttdutcd a council that has
the direction of ecclcliallical atf.urs, and is (HKd, The
molt holy fynod. Subordinate to this council are two
others ; the tirll called the icconoiiiii'. which has the
management of all the ccclefialtical I inds and revenues ;
the fecond has power to execute tne regul.i'K.ns made in
relation to the feparatifts, called Rolkolmki, and levies
ihe l-ix impofed on the;n for being permuted to wear
their beards. This, hov.'cvcr, is' allowed to all cetlc-
luiUics of the Rulfian church, who likevvife wear their
own hair, and on their heads a h;;'.h llilf bl.i.k cap, Ironi
which a piece of the l.inie Itutf hangs down on theii
backs, or cll'e a tarire fl.ipped hat. Thev h..ve over their
ftioulders a fort of long cloak ; but the f.ciilar pric iLs,
when out of the church, generally v.'.ai a bliK- i^v a brown
47
lon^ro:;t. '(he clcrjv arc permitted to marry, but it
mult hi' 10 a virgin; and, on her death, he is neither
allowed to n'ariy again, nor to hold his benefice ; but
mult citlur retire to a convent, or be degr.ukd ; and if
he choofes the latstr, he is at full liberty to many a
fecund time ; hence no wives arc better treated ih.iii
thole of the eccle!i:i(*ics.
The Ruflian feparatills arc, by way of eontenipt, trrm-
1 d RcdXolniki, or fchifinatics ; but thev cdl thenifelves
Slaiowierzi, or antient believers. Their chict |ieculia-
rities conlilt in having tiieirovvn hooks, from the .lutho-
rity of which they make the ufual Iign of the crols, only
wiih the fore and middle 'inger, like the orthodo>c
Ruflian clergy, when they give the bLnedicliuii, and
confequc-ntly ditfer from the iaily of the national churcli,
who make it with the thumb and the fore and midJL^
linger. I!ut this is not their only crime ; tiuy let their
beards grov.- to the full length, though tliis privilege can
only be procured, as hath been alrca.ly intimated, by
payin'T an exorbitant tax. They alii) mtirely abliaiii
Irom Ipirituous lii]uor3, never enter the national church,
and will neither cat nor drink out of any vcll'el th.it has
been ule.l by thofe who llile thcmfelvi s orthodox l\ulU,inv.
This feci is not very numerous in Rullia, though it has
fpread over all Siberia.
Tne natives of thofe provinces that have been con-
<|ueied Irom Sweden prolefs Lutheranifm ; ami both the
I'rotelt.ints, of whom there are many amoii!: the Rufiims,
and ihole of the Romilh church, enjov full iibertv of
conlcience, and the public cxercife ot their religion ; I'o
that they have churches and priefts, or miniliers, at
.Mofcow, i^eterlliurgh, Cronltadt, Archangel, an.i Aiira-
can ; but th<,fe of the church of Rome liavc n:) longer
the privilege of hanging hells in their churches. 'Flia
Ainienians h,:ve |)ublic places of worfliip on'y a: Aftra-
can. The Jel'uits and Jews have been banilli^'d from
the country ; but it is thought that many who i'jcretly
adhere to Judailin fli'l remain there.
A conliderable number of the Ruflian fubjecls are i\I.i-
liomctaiis, ami llill greater numbers are Pagan:. In or-
der to piomote their conveifion, the fvnoJ has inHitutcd
a peculiar fuciety for propagating Ci'.riilian knowledge,
and it is laid many thoulands of them have b.'cn con-
verted to Chriltianitv ; but, on the other hand, it appears,
Irom the writings of thofe v^'ho have lately travelled thro'
Siberia, that great violence and conftraint have been ufed
to bring them over ; and, that as moll of the people have
been baptized againfl: their will, tlicy have very impcr-
Icct and contemptible ideas of the religion they arc laid
to profcfs.
in the thirteenth century feveral popes laboured hard
to put the great duke of Ruflia out of conceit with the
Cjreek religion, but without fuccefs. The dadtors o.
the Sorbonue, at Paris, have fincc made the fame at-
tempt ; for when I\-ter the (Jreat fupprelled the patriar-
chate, thev endeavoured to pcrfuade liiin to bring about
an union of the iiulHan church with that of Rome ; but
this point they v.'cre unable to carry.
S K C T. V.
Of ihar Miirt'io^^i and Funeral Ctrem:nui.
Til!', marriage ceremonies of the Rulfians, as de-
Icrihed by ti'.e author of the '1'r.ivcl;, of theiiollleiii
amb.-dadois through Rullia to l\'rlla, were very particu-
lar; and, .IS it does not appear that any other alterations
on thofe ocealions liave been made, than fiich as necif-
larilv arofe from I'cter the Firit introducing agrc.iur ,ie-
grceof f.iniiliarity between tiie icxes,ar.d pcrniiiting them
to fee and converfe with each other, we ihall here give
them to our readers.
When every thing is agreed upon between the parents,
if thev are of ipiality, a woman, called the fuacha. Is ap-
pointed by the friends of the bridegroom, and another
by thofe of the bride, to take joint care of the niip;'ils,
who provide-, every thing ht for the chamber where thv-
new-married couple are to lie. The lied is made of forty
(lieav es of rye hid in good order, and encompalled with
levfral b.irrtls of wheat, barley, and oats, W'iien all is
fady the bridegroom goes Ijte in the evening, accompa-
K iii-d
I' A
-A^
: i ■■'■. '1
■i^ "'■ ;i?i
,; U:
i:i
..'i' . ,. ■ 1* SI
?m
A s Y s T !•' M o I- r, r. o V ; u a r 1 1 v.
KlSSIA.
(*
ii
(!
iiiL'l '.IV iiU kiiuhoi! ; the ]irioll vviio was to many liini
Icailiii;,: till' van on Imikliack. 'I'hcv arc ifccivcJ at tlu'
briilu'.. li.Mir In' luT rL-Uiioiis, im itid tci como in, niul
to lit ri:>\vii at taMc ; where only ilmc liilhcs nf meat arc
leivtii ii|>, ..Mil cvrn thcic are imt to lu touched hy any
out- pro!, i',:. At the upper end ol the tahlc a pLicc is lett
tor the lu.i!."'rooni, uhich i.« tr.litii up I'y a youii^ lail
appu::iteii tiir that purpoi'c, while the hridejTOc.in i.s lalk-
i.v.. with ihv hride's Itiends : hut atlen ith lie h.ivini» pre-
i:ii|iil (in thf votith hy lonie prelents to refiyn his place
t,i him, t.'f.es his I'ciir, and the hiiile, richly dre'leil,
iilcl tu he hroir'lit 111 with a veil over her lace, and
piarcd i;v\t the lii(ie;?,rooiTi ; two lads at th.c fame time
hoiiliii:': •' pierc ot' tatf'ctv hctv/ecn them, to prevent their
Itcin^ ca, ti other. 'I'he luaeha then cornea in, and paints
her, li-.s lip luT hair in two knot:, pii'.ii a coronet on her
hfad, and all the orr.amcr.ts of a maiiicd wom.in. '1 he
coiontt is c( ;.:o'd or filver gilt, and lined with hlk ; hav-
ing ( n hotii lides, near the car.s, live or lix rows ol' pearls,
hanging di'vvn ill ilriiv's on her bieail. The upper gar-
n:cnt, whicli has (leives an til and a half wide, i-. cni-
hroi.leied at the cdgis with fold :md filver, cfpecially a-
biiu: the neck, vrherc it is llilf with cmhroii!ery loi the
hreadtli of three inches. They fiiinclimes hellow a timu-
I'.inj cro'.vns upon this robe. '1 lie hndciirooiTi is then
pain'cd hv his fuueha, whillt the v.'omeii «ho arc pre-
fcr.t (h'.r.d lin^jing upi.n the benches.
At leir;th they all go to church, where the youn;;
couple !i ;ii.l upon apiece of talfetv, and have a canopy
of tl.c f.uiic lilk over their head'.. Hue having made
orterings ol hied meats, lilh, and palirv, the pri'-ll i;!VC8
tliem lii.'. hi ;iedie'lion, .ind takin;.: the iran bv his right
b.;nJ, and the woman bv her left, ho alks them three
times, whetiicr tl.cy arc both willing t) be iiLinied,
and to l(,ve one another as they ought to do. I'o which
having aiil'.vcred Vcs, the whole company join haiuis,
and tfu- prielt lings the CX.W'lIIih rfalni -, which be-
ing eiidid, he puts a garh.nd of luc upon the heads of
the \uiiii,; couple, and if one of them be a widow or
widowu , „boi.r .'iieir ftioulders, fa\ii:i-, " liicrcafc and
" mi.hiilv. \'.li.'n (iod hath joined together, let no
" n;rn put afundcr." While th.e priell pronounces chele
word;, cai,h (jf ihe people invited to the wedding lights
n wax ( i'ndle, and one of them fives a glaf; of wine to
the prielf, which he drinks ; and the married-couple
having pledged the fame three times e.ich, the bridegroom
throv.s do-.vn tiie glafs, and he and the bride treading
it under tiieir feet, fjvinir, " .May they thii.s fall under
" our fccr, ai'.d he trolden to pieces who iliall endeavour
" to fow dii illoii or difeon'.tiit between u.';.'' The wcinidi
then ihrov." Ibme ila.\ or hemp-feed on the young couple,
wdliing thini much pruipenty ; and fome pull the brulc
by the robe, as it they would take her from the biide-
prco.li, to whom (he IHcks clofe, while they fecni unable
to rrmove her.
'I'he nupti.d ccrcmnnv being ended, the btide r-.turns
m a lleil.;-?, or coach, by the lig'u of fix flainbcjux, and
the bridf.-ioom on hor'ihack. The men immcji.itily fit
down at the table.
eh is covered with p:c
while the women conduct the bride into her c'.i.in.ber,
iinJrels her, and having put her to bed, conie lo the
bridegroom, who tifing fr.iiu i!ie table, is cor.duclcd to
ti'.e bride's chaii.ber, by fi:; or eight ycung men, c.i. h
■with a wa.\-randlo in his hand, which thev (iick in t'-.c
b.TrrcIs of wheat, barley, and oats that lianJ round the
bed: the bride no fooner ftcithe bridegroom than fUe
Hips on a niorning-i'own, lined witli lur, and riling
meets and faliites hiin with a low inclin.ition of the head ;
and thi^ ukd to be the hi ft time of the biidegroom's fee-
i:v.;her f.iee. They then ht down to a table, wdieie, a-
mong other provifions, they have a roalud lowl, which
the br;d'.:!room pulls :iUindcr, and throv/ing over his
flwuidcr tlic part he lights on tiill, thry eat the tell, and
then go lo bed ; while the gueds impioy thcmlelves in
fevcral charms to protiuvte the happintis of the new mar-
ried couple. Some time alter an old leiviiit ol tiiehoule,
who attends'at tlie door, omcs and a(ks whether ihe
bulineli; be done ; and tlie bridegroom anl\vering "lis,
the word is given for the trumpets and timbrels to llrike
up, and thcle found till liic new-marricil c.iuple are con-
•Jiided to the ilovcs, where ihcy bathe theinldvei apart.
Alter tl-.ey h.ive been wll waHie'd in lie b.i(h \'. ith watei,
nil- id, ami wine, the bride lends tlic biidegruoni a Ibiu
rit lily cmiroidiied, efpeeially at the necic, i:iiil ii ntii
h.diit. I'lie two next dayi they Ipend in mirth and
lellivity.
)'( rioiis of inferior rank arc fatilii'd with fewer cere-
monies, lor ;he night btliTc the wedding the bride, room
lends Iniiie eloaths, a lomb, and a look ng gial's ; and
ihe next ilay the priill i,. biought in by two l.uis, carry-
ing lighted wax-candles. As foein as he eniers tiie houic,
he gives his benediclion full to the l..ds, and tlien to the
giiells. Tin- young iimple bciii!' (e! down at Ihe table,
the lads hiddiii' apiece id' tallely bilwecn them, the
liiacha ilrellis the 1)1 ide's head, which being done, a look-
ing-glafs is broughr, and ihe young, couple joining their
I heeks, look and fmile one upon the other, while the
two luachas i.dt iioj s u; on them ; alter which they go
lo church, wlme luey ate married with the ccicniomes
alte.idv mentioned.
As liie Ruiri.ins cfleem marri.TjP a very facred thin?,
polyg.iniy is lotbiddi n uiuur pain of death ; the emperor
himlelf being iiilowcii only one wif'- at a tuiic ; t.itiugh
it (lie piovcs barren, he may I'eml her into a monalteiy,
and marry another. .Second marriages they coididcr as
allowable, but nut very commendable: a third marri.ige;
is not to be undertaken but upon very weighty conlidera-
tie)ns ; and a fourth is piinilhed with death.
'Iheir fuiui.d., like taeir other public aflion.^, arc
perfoniud with great ceremony ; for the foul of the lick,
perfuii is no foenier dep.,rted, than the widow lends foc
their kinilred and friejuls, who llanding round ihecoipfe:
breakout into Umtiitaiions. They then w,.(h ihe be.jy,
and having put a ilean Ihirt or Ihioud about him, with
a n;w pai.' of thin Rii/lii leather ihocs on his feet, lay
h:m with his arnis acrols bis brc.ill, in a coffin iiiad'^ot"
the trunk of a tree, and in the mean while li-iid a prefent
to the pricll to pray for his lend. Ihe cuffm is covered
with a piece of cloth, or the co.it of the dcccaied. The
richer lort, ii the Icafm will ptimit, keep the body eight
or ten day.s, during whii h tiie piiell coiius eveiy day to
purify it with iiieeiife, and by Iprinkling it with holy
water.
At length the pritll proceeds with the piilliire of the pa-
tren faint of the decejied, loiloweil by lour virgins, wlu>
are nearcit related to the 1 itter, .md make very inuurnlul
lamentations, but le^in and ii aee olF exactly at a time.
Then comes the elead bodycariied byhx men upon their
flioulders j but if the dceeafed be a monk, or a nun, tlu>
effice is perfornie.l by thofe ot his own proleflioii. 'I'lie
corple is lurroumied by feveral prielts, wheiincenfc ii, tcv
keep fit' the evil f|)ilits, all the while lingiiig I'fulms ;
then follow the kindred and friends with w ix-caiidles,.
but without any order. On their coming to the gtau:
thi^ colIin is uncovcied, and the pi i- If hedding over it the:
pieJturc <d the patron faint, lays feveral prayers, in which
he often repeats, " Ltird look upon ihis foul in ri'jhte-
" oulnefs." Mean vvhile widow continues her la-
mentations, and the rcia and Iricndt, alter kifTing
either the deceal'cd or his c n, take their leave. The
piiellthen takes a piece of paper, figned by the bilhup
oi the place and the eoiifeiror, and is .i kind of ticket tor
hi'', entrane-e into parauile. Ibis he puts into the ceiflin,
whivh is then fliiit and put into l!ie grave-, with the face
turned towards the tall; while tlude wlie) return to the
houle of mourning, ilrowii thei.' lortow in goeid liejuor.
Their whole time ol mourning l.ids tiirtv ilays, duriiui-
which three lealls are maelc l.r the relatii'iis e>f tiic de ■
cc:ifed, on the thiid, ninth, and twentieth ilay after the
burial ; dining wnich tiie piielk fays certain pi.iyer..
moiiiiiig and evening tjvcr tlie grave, which for th.;t
purpoi'c is covered with a fmall hut of mats ; for lluiu.'.h
the Ruflians do nut believe in jiurg.itoiy, but maint.iin
that there are two places to v.'iiich the fouls of men K-
lire alter their Icpar.ition fiom tlie bo.lv, there to wjii
till the dayeit juilgment, foinc in a pkalant and delight-
ful abode, where iiiey tnjov the coincrfation of angels ,
others in a gloomy and diiinal vallev, whcie thev ft:-
nothing but,devils ; and that while the loul is yet on i;,
way, it mav be dive'iied lioiri llvj evil load by the pr.sye. ,
eif the putllj and monks.
SEC r.
^N^
,4 ■)■'. '
)tllic pa-
ins, whf»
luuriilul
It ;i time,
poll their
nun, tlHi
,n. 'I'lic
Infc it, to
, ITalms ;
-LanJlcs,
ivcr It tin;
ill wliitli
11 riitlitc-
... Iici 1j-
L-r kiHing
... ■Il.w
Jv^ Li(li<>;>
I ticket tor
the cofliii,
til t'ac Uco
|,itn to the
)J liquor,
lys, ilurin;'.
Jot' the lit •
,y .iftcr the
[in pi.iycr..
|i iV.r th.^t
ll'or ihoii.'.h
it ii'.;iuit-iiii
nt men K-
[•re to v.--i'.
iJ del;i;ht-
of aiigilj .
e thtv 1^-"
ycc on It.
the prayi.^4
' 1 I.; ;
^■■m
■m
SEC T.
Kissi/i
f\
A /.mil
ix'tli
/•V Al
Li:aI'
tllL-
>iu)ii.iri.'li
doij.l'i .>t
iiilpirc 111
h. Iduiijc
K-miii.irv
fflCIlt p.ll
liom hin
.It i'litirl'J
tncour,i'j;i
where the
lau'lablc r
cniprel'i V.
ii:iti'.'s at
she kuffi.:
fiilernblc
number of
are o::\\ t!
Pctcribiir^L;
be r.siJ to
Rufliiitis u
tiirpiilkioii
cliK-lly .iiip
n;.iiliciiia!ii
\V.- tiiul
at IVtcrlhu
inemiiirs, b
tioii ot vou
the mull u
Peter the (
cverlailiiij
Hii tvpea
'broiighc Cro
been ll nt I
ertiili.'J, bv
but the bull
to the (irui
fiippolcj, o
thoug'it all
own hillory
hU d.iii'^crc
All the m
proviii!; in 1
being entire
them ; lor
tion, Ireiju
mailers. 1
apriculturc,
excelled ind
lona; prac'ilt
quainied wil
numbers oft
fettliii? in hi
proptr initru
ing tau^'ht ;
of velvet. 111
brjf,, iron, i
fire-arms, gi
parehmeiit, ;
manuiaclures
tion as tj b
rei^ne,.s, arij
from abru.iu.
arc (iiij for ui
by forL-i^neTs
they wiil n it
vice : but i!ii
Kuliia. As I.
artill;-,. and in
KlSSIA.
K U U O V E.
.,;
SECT. VI.
0;'l't L.amni; tfthf R'.i.Jtmi, n<vl ihnr Si:lt in /fill ii'iil
' M.mt't'otliirci. Ti'u 'M<^tli J 'I' imi^ii:;', Cuvi.ti . The
ix'iKlSti'i! Imp''rti. Thi 'I /<:■:.■ larii,.! sn ly Laml\ (in.!
l^f Muniw in 'ivhich it ii im.ii.loi ,il PehiJUuth. Tin
Ir'ii^l.tt, .Mii'Ji'Hi, anil C;,iis f K;-J:.i.
LliAliNIN'Ci wa< but little known in Rudi.m licfuit
tlic rfi;;ii of IVtcr tliu (itc.it ; l)iit that ilUiltrioii,
iiiuiMrcll liuicil liciilur cx|i(.ik(.' li'ii' tiouliU' t.i dilptl tlu'
tliiii.ls n\ ii;ii'iraiici: wliiili dvcrl'iirciJ liis cni|.irL-, .iiul ti)
mtpirc Ins Viibitcti witii .1 tailu for the arts aiiJ l"c,cnci-s:
h. lojiiJcil an acaJcmv i.f Icii'iK-cs, .-.ii imiv^ility, ami a
k-iliiiiarv lit l'<.t.Trinir;^li ; lui'nics oiIkt Icliouls 111 the ilil-
fjiciitpirn i)i' iiH tiiiplrc : iiaUi\l pirlbiisot I0.1111I11;.',
lioiii hiv^laiiil, licrinany, Kiainf, muI llallaiiJ, to Icttlc
.It i'i;t;r(iiiirfh : chHl-^IcJ a t;r.-.it miir.hii- ot' b:>oks ; and
tncoura'^iil his ful'lccls to trav-.l into tholV cnuntrics
wiicrf the arts anJ iciL'nc"3 fl mnllvJ. I'licil; wik and
lauilable incaUircs were continucJ al'lcr hisilfath, ami the
cmprel'i Kli/.abctii crtilcJ an univrifitv .mil two fenii-
n:iti'.'"i at Ma ,o\vr. Hincc many ini-n <it" 'unnis amon;^
the kiiiri.ini iiave ciiUivatcJ tlaii Miinils, ami maJc acon-
fiilernbic fi^mc in the republic ul' liiUTs. InJicJ the
number of Uarneil Riifiians is but (niall j and as there
are o:;ly three uiilvetfities in tli.it vail cnipiie, tliofe of
Pctcrlbur-h, Mofeow, an,l Klow, learniii.r may jullly
be I'.uJ to be yet only in its int'an'.y in tliat empire. I'he
Ru'.lians arc, however, far tror.i uantin;; talents ami a
liirpofition for learnlni;. 'I'h.- ihiJie; to which they
chiefly apply theml'clvcs arc hiftory, geography, ami the
malhcniatiei.
We ftnil that the members of tlu' academy of feiences
at I'etcrlbur-h not only pulnifh cullLctions of their own
memoirs, but compofe a varietv of booiis tor the inflruc-
tion of vouth i;i the fcienecs, and nuke tranllations of
the moll ufeful books p.ibi;{lu'd in foreign countries.
I'ctcr the (Ireat ellabhflied the myiJery of ['lintin;;, that
cvcrladin^ piiar,ii..:i an.l I'll.nJof l\vz arts, in Rufli.i.
His type, and o;her impLnients for that purpyll- were
■brought from lloU.nJ. Indeed a prcis with letters, had
bceriYnt from Poland to Mofeow, and a irintin^ h jul'e
creeled, by the approbation of one of the former tz.u-s ;
but the building was fet on fire in the night, and burnt
to the ground, by the proeuremcnt, as was i;.iuTally
fuppoled, of the ijnorant and Uiperllitiiius pri.lb, who
thoui;'it all boo'is, and efpeei.illy I'lirh as treated of their
own hillory, and the miracle^ of tiieir f.;in;.,, t.) be no
Icfs d.ni';crous than witeheraft.
All the mechanic arts and trad.-s are continuallv Im-
provim; in Ruliia, and thele improvements arc far from
bcin" cniirtiv owin^ to tiie torei^ners who rcfide amon.;
them ; for the natives bcmg Iputred on by emula-
tion, frequcntiy cru.l, and f)r.K times exceed their
mailers. Thev were tormerlv almo'.t folciv employed in
aprieulturc, ftedint; of cattle, h',;:uing, and tifhii;;^. They
excelled indtid in making RijIJii leather, which had been
lonii; praclifed by them; but they were cniifcly unac-
quainted with the more inL;eniou.< nu'th.mic ar;s. (jreat
numbers of excellent artllkirs, invited by I'ct r the Grear,
fettlincr inhli dcmiimons, the Rufii.:n-, fliewed that, with
proper inltruelions, they did not w.;nt t!ie capacity of be-
ing taui'.ht ; and they have now twUtiriiing manufaelures
of velvet, iilic, Imeri, and woolli n ilutfs ; alio copper,
briifi, iron. Heel, and tin, ..re vvri.;i_'h: ; and yreat guns,
lire-arms, gunpovvder, wire, corj we, fail-eiotli, paper,
parchment, an.l glafi, are made in Ruflia. All thefe
raanuratlures aie, however, not btou:;ht to I'u; h perfec-
tion as to be carried ojI withoat the aliiitaiuc of fii-
rei'^ners, and addi:ional (upplies or th<il'e coiiimoditie^
from abroad. IJcliJes, thofe nv.Je by RuiTiai wnikmen
arc fold for onj-h.df or a third p ' i .efs than thofe made
by forei:;ners at I'eterlburjjh a.'id .Mofeow ; an.l indeed
they will n it do more than lialf or a third part ofthefer-
vice : but Uiip-bulldin-^ is carri d to great perfciliiin in
RuHia. As lor toe Ruiriiii p.'alaiu.i, t'ley ;:r. theii own
artilh,. and m.ke all the ulcnlils they want.
As cavi.ir forms a confideiabie I ranih of ihcir com-
merce, it will not be improper to gi\e j-.ere the inimnei
in which it is prepared. It is ni.ide of the n.ei of the
lilli called beluj.\i ,iiid the ilurf;eo;i. The b. Il is niaiK.
ol the beluga loc;, and is of two fort.; the granul.itij
and prell'ed. The former, which i. molt ilU.ened, 1,
[iicpared 111 autumn and wiiitir, but the latter I, hudt.
m liimnicr, and both frrts arc expoited to the fiitheiii
parts of luirope. 'I hej'janulated loit is fiid failed, afitr
taking away the flringy pait, with filt will cleaned and
made into brine; and, being dr.iinal fum the oily pirtf.,
it is put into kc's for e.xpiutation. Caiar is nudt ps-.
lalahic when fufli and fjiiead on brc.id with fait, leak;,,
and pepper, and i', therefore lent In the winter f107.cn tr>
all p.iii'i of tie empire ; bet, a^ it loon becomes tain:t,!
by warmth. It cannot well I.eexport'.d ''efli.
Riillia all'ord., a v.iriily ol articles i.i' cominerec, that.
are of j:reat n(e to forclgnirs ; and, as the expoii.i(jl tin;
country far 1 \ceed its im|orts, the balance of tr.idei.
confiderabl) in its favour. '1 lu' otiier Rudian Ivme com-
modities .ue fable:, and black furs ; the Ikinsof blue and
while fo.'.es, ermine.^, hyena;, liii.w., fipiirrels, bear.-,
panthers, wolve;-, martins wild cats, wiiite hares, !<:c.
I.ikiwife Riillii Ic.ither, coppei, iron, irnsi-gl.ifs, t.dlow,
[liuh, tar, linleed oil, ir.iinoil, lolin, lioney, wax, pot-
arti, f.ilt-lidi, hemp, fiav, thread, caiim.'.ncoes, Rufii.i
linen, fail-iloili, mats, callo', Si'.icri.in p.uifK, maniont:;
teeth and hones, as they are called, I'o.ip, feathers, hogs
brinies, tlinher, isJC. to which may '. e ad'ed theChinilu
goods, ihubarb, and other drug<, with vvhi^h the
Rulliaiis p.irily furnifli the tell of i'.urnpc,
The hfliery of fvals, of which :,b;iiit ten thouland arc
annnually c.iiil;Iu, yields five thoufiiid nicahircs of oil.
I he (kin> and oil ,.re feiit to F.n'_'laiid. Morfes, or fea-
hirre>, from Nov.i /embla, ufeil to '.oad tliirty boats ;t
year with blubber, and their teeth are cflcemcd next to
ivory : but this ti.iJe being moiuipolized by a company,
d, lily decays. Of coil ami lloeklifli, .ibout threcdlipj
hiding are lent yearly to Denmark : of faliv.on, I'alted
and dried, a fliip's loa.iing to ISilloa.
I he !.'oods impoited into Ruliia are filk, cotton am!
other Woollen llu'!'-', fine linen, iliintz, tovs, b'lencli
br.indy, wine, herrings an.', other fidi, fpiecs, liardware,
i5ce. In IJ-VO, the value of the goods exported from I'e-
tviilnirgh aniounted to thue inilluuis one hundred a 1 : d ,V/y/>,<?Xi ,
eii^lity-loiir thouf'.md three bundred and twenty-twu
ruhlr.s, and that of the irTip,)rts to two millions' nine <iy/,j..j;;j.
hundred and forty-two tiiouland two hundred and forty-
two rubles. Of thefe the value of two nrl!l|i,ns tvvo
iuindred and forty-five thoul'aml five hundred and feecntv-
tiiree lubles were exported to Kngland ; and the v.due'oi*
tire coniiv.o;!ities iinp:irted from tlieiice amounted to one
millii'ii twelve thouiaiid two hundred and nine rubles.
i5ut it will not ! e improper to enter lure more minute-
ly into the Ihite of eonimerce in the Riolian empire. Th."
trade of RufTi.i may be di\ ided into ihimelilc and forci-jn,
or that by land and lea. The land-trade chiefly con-
fifts e)!",
1. The trade to China, which i- chieflv carried on by
cara\ans, and partly by jirivate .;dvcntuieis. The nujit
valu.'.ble commodities, and th'ife in thegreatill ijuantityj-
carried by the RulVians to Chiii.i are furs ; in return for
which they bring back gold, tr.-<, filks, cotton, ^^c.
2. The tra.le to Perlia, by the way of .Allracan and
the Cal'i'.an lea, is pretty confiderable ; and tlie returns
are made in raw filks and filk (lulFs.
;. The trade with the Calmues, whieli is entirely
in private hands, conlifts of all kin Is of iron and copper
utenfi's ; in return for which they receive cattle, provi-
lions, and fometimcs gold and lilver ; but this tiade is of
no great importance.
4. The trade to Hochara, one of the chief towns of
Ulbcc Tartary,is cither for rc.idy money or by bartrrinj-
of goods for curled bip-.b fkins, indlaii filks, and fonie-
tiines g.Mns brought to the yearly fair of .S.im.iikand.
5. 'i'he tr.ideis in the Ukraine fell ad kiiul. of pro-
vliions to the Crim 'I'artars ; and all'.) e.irry on a trade
with the Oretk meivbants at Conllantinoph'.
The inhabitants of Ki;jw trade to bil' lia in cattle and
r.uffia leather.
Th«
km
1 : .., 1 d.
H'
40
A S Y S T l". M I G I'. O C; R A I' H Y.
Rt SSI
\i
I'hc Rurti.'.;-.'. V, crc flr.injcrs m tlic coiirfc »f i ■ulianpL',
till it was mtinJu' 0,1 nmimp tlitiii id llic yc.ir iO:a.
Moiu'y wji thcil fi) very Icirie in tliij ciiipiif, that
fiirt'igin;r.s vv..'rc <ibli^cJ to li.iitiT tliiir ;',(khI» fur tluil-'dt
Riiflia. M.,11 of llic fiirci^ii mfri'li.iiiti tlicn nliiU'J ;u
Aloilow, Init took a jtuirii'.y in lur (iiniiiuM- t<i Artii-
ani;c!, wIktc tlity '•..d tlii'ir wan-hmifi!- iiinl l.n.i'it>. 'I'lu%
pi-.iilicc c(intinu-il till 17^1, wliin, by ti.c onlir of IVur
fill-' (Jrr.ir, ttu' fc.it (if ii'niiiitTi'.- W.w ti'iiinvnl triitii
Arcliancil t<i I'ctcrniini'.h ; iin wliiili tlic fcJUM^ii tr.iilcrs
rfiiuivciTtlair f.itlnriis thither, wIh.tc thrv aic net ;:Ihiw-
c J !o kitp th'_' (iooJs conriuiu'J tn ihcm in ihcir own
wu; Lhi)ti!t.i, but arc (>blii,"d to lU'polit thcni lit tn.ij^-izincs
built fjr that piirpofc by tli'-' ;;(n trnnicnt, ti vvliiili tluy
p.iy rout for w.irilioufc roj:n, i:i proporumi to the iiuaii-
ii;y (if thi.it j'.noilj.
riiu mtTchiius anJ traders of I'ftfr(InM;.',li, a; in other
coiinirii.., confill of natives aiul foreiL'iur>. I he lor.iier
may fell cllh T by wholefalc or reta:l ; but tlu- latur by
wliolel'ale only, aiJ that to none but the natives : lor
they are not puiiiitlcJ to fell anv thin;; to one aiiolluv,
tjr to have anv Cianniereial ileaiin;;s tiv^'cther. Molt (j1
the foreign tiaders at Petcrnnir-^h .;rc onlv faclor;., and
fi'.c reft, who trade on their bottoin--, ileal rhieHy in
j;ro:ery. 'I'he faiUirj are intrulleJ with lar^c capitals,
and, witliout eiiuMj-'iiic in romnaree for ihenilelves, m,\y
taile handfome tortiinei. 'I'he Rullian tradei:-, who hrin'j
ponds to Peterllurjih and carry I'uriiL'n eciinmoditics lav-
ther into tlu comiii'jiit, do not relide in that eii\', but
anniiallv brin:.' their j;oods lliitlur in May or June by
water, and in September, OeKiber, and December, re-
turn with foreign tonimoditiea j but the wealthy five
the fati.^uc of travelling, by fer.diiij their fadtur to IV-
tcrfburgh.
All foreign merchandizes arc generally fold at a twelve
months credit j but the Rufllan connnoJities nnilt be
paid for at the (Jelivery of the good?, CNcept the natives
iind adifiicultv in f''llin^ their (h'-k ; in wliieli cafe ihey
ileal by way of exeliaii :c ; )it will not barter goods lor
goodn, but generally inllll on one-fourth, one thiid, or
one half of the value of the whole in fpecie; and of late
for. ign mcrthants deal for the RulTun commodities Viy
contract, and even advance the money to tlie Ruinans in 1
winter, upon rtimliti' n of their ('■-liveiiiig in tlic goods '
at a fvttled price the followin'; furtuner ; but, for the ]
greater feturity, thefeccntracis arccntirtd in thecullom- i
houfc books. ]
The Englifh cniovetl cnnrnlerab!.' piiviloge? in trade fo
e.irly as the reign ot the czar Iwan liafilowiiz, to whom
captain ChancJKir delivered a letter li cm IMward VI. in
I 553, and received a licence to tiadc, whieii was renewed
by Peter the Great. In 174?. a treaty of commerce was
I neludcd bcf.v.en R'.iflia and Kngl.in 1, by which it w.'.s
!!ip'j!ated, that th.e Kn.;lini Ihould be allowed the pii-
mark, I.iibec, Hamburgh, Stetm, R. lior, I\iil, I'luiru.
Swi den,,iii I I )aiil/,ie, amounted tot wo huiKhc.l and ninety.
Indeed theie i> no n.ition jn the uoild moie iiKlnicd to
coninieice tli.in tf.e Riifiiuis aieat puieiit; but they arc
fo lull of ilii,aneiy and an, that a luriigiitr cannot be
too imieli on bis guard in bis deiliiiL's vMih ihein.
I he wei ;lits peculiar to Ruhi a ale .1 liilolhnic, whiilj
is one'fixiji of an uimee, and is divided into h.iKes,
i)ii.irlers, and eighths : a Rufliaii pound, cipial lo iimtly-
fix loloilinics : a pud, or pood, ('(pul to ihiil)-hx pounds
avoirdupois : a berkowetz,cipial lo ten puds. I'lit other
weights ate the fame with ihole of (ierm.iny.
I he me.ifures of length aie the ailliine, or Kuflian elf,
e()u.il to twenty-eight inches and one-tenth I'jiglifli
me.ifiire : awerloc, which is one fixiienth ofanarflnnc;
and .1 fiilliin, or lathom, tontjtns three ailhiiies.
.Ml ihe Rulli.in co.n--, ducats excepted, have iiifcrlp-
tions 111 the Rulli.in tonguf . The g'dd coins aie imperial
ducjts ; and thi largilt I'llvcr coin is the ruble, the value
ol which libs .ind tails according to the courfc of cx-
cbangc. A lubU in Rullia is equal to an hundred copeiks,
01 lour (liilhng, and lix-pcnce llerlinj. The other lilver
coins are h.ill lubles which aro called poltinnics and
(piarler rubles. A I'.rvphc, or I'riwr, is o( the value of
tell cop;iks ; ..nd ten giiwe.. ;n .■ equal lo a ruble.
I'he copper eoms areacopuk, which is of the value
of about a haUpennv. A dens^a, or d:niillika, two of
whii h make a copcik ; and a polullika, whr.li is a quarter
ol ,1 eopeik.
Theie are no otiur forei::n pieces current in Ruflil
than ducats, Holland lixdollars, and Albert dollars.
lielides the Riiflian coins, tho following are alfo cur-
rent in Livonia ; a white fchelliii!', which is worth two
black fchilling.s ; ihue of the lornar make one grolli,
which is feven-lilteenlhs of a pinny; a larding, whicli
is one grofli and a half; a Riga mark, which is fix
grodus : ,1 I'olidi guililer, which is live Riga marks ; a
kopa-flio( k, or |.>wenlhaler, equal to twenty-five grolhesj
and a rixdoUar, valued uC fixty fardingi.
.S 1, C r. VII.
Of ihf C^roiiili'.}/, 7illis, Jimi, Court, Rivinun, and
/■':ic(s fj ihv Ef/ipaei , ly Lund ami Stti.
A
viligc of fending 1
through Rufli.i into I'erfia ; but
captain LIton, an E.-.giifhm.in, h.iving entered into the
feiviee of Nadir Siiab, and built fliips on the Cal'pian lea
fill that monarch, tlte Rulli.m-, to;;ether with the troubles
in I'erfia, put a ifop to ihi^ trade. The Knglifli, liovv-
cve:, dill carrv on .a eonfiderablc trade with Rullia, which
txcceds th.it of anv other nation.
I'he goodschiefiy iii'port.d from rnglaiul arc all l'.)rts
of woollen manuf.ic'.ure,,, lead, tin, [leuter, dyinc: wo(u!s,
indigo, (dibamuii, briindonc, and l:gnum-vit;c. The Hol-
landers .md Haniburghers, befides thefe. hring wiiie«, pa-
f.r, allum, ghifs-w^re, fpices, dcdlar':, plate, gold and
filvcr lace, brocades, Silelia cloth, 5cc.
The exports of the Knglidi from Rullia are hemp, fla.x,
linen, train oil, pot-adi, rhubarb, ilhiglal's, w.ix, tar, red
hides, and cavia.-. The Dutch and Hamburghers receive
.tIIci Irom thence wood-alhes, mail;, hides uried, tallow,
fabl,'., hemp-feed, mats, and hogs brililij.
The Dutch carrv on the greateU trade, next to the Kng-
lifli, with the Riifiians. Kiils of exchange are drawn at
Pe!cii1;urgh o;i A:nlK-rdam only j on which account the
trakrs of other countries, who givecomniinion lor buy-
Ku/rian commoJities at Petaf
:ibli'.;e
procure credit, or to haie proper fun :.-, at Amllcrdam.
The trade to Pcterlburgh is now cariied to a great
height, for the number of liiips wliieh entered that port
in 1751 from Liv^Iun', II Hand, b'r..;.^ , .\;,iw.iy, Den- 1
r the aec(.frion of an emperor to the throne, the
iiuiiiipolitan-., archbifliops, and bidio|)a, with all
tile ludiihiy and prinei|>al merchants throughout the em-
pire, ;ue lummoned to .M'dcow agaiiilt the day of coro-
nation ; when the archbilhiip ol .Motcow conduiSs the
emperor to the chuicb of I'lechi lie, or our Lady, where
a Icall'uld is creeled, thice Heps high, covered with rich
I'eilian lapellrv, on which arc let three chairs at equal
liiltanccs from each oiiier. ( )ne of thel'c is for the em-
peior, another for the archbilhop, and the third for the
imptiial cap and robe. The lobe is ol pur|ile lattin, lin-
ed wit!i fable, and on the lop of the cap, which is em-
broidered w ith jewels, is a linall ( rown let as thick an
pi flible with di.unonds, and faid to be the fiiiK' which
the gre.it duke Demetrius Monomach took at Caffa, in
I artarv, .md dellined lor the coronation of Ivis fucccfibrs.
On the prince's entering the church, the clergy begin
their hvnins ; alter which the archbidiop prays to God,
to , St. Nicholas, and Ihe ollur faints, defiring their pre-
leiue on that folcmn day. The prayer being ended, the
chief counlellor ol Hale takes the emperor by the hand»
and pnlenting him to the aiehbilhop, fiys, " Tho
" knez and bojars acknowledge the prince here prelent
" to be lawful heir to the ciowii, and dcfirc that as
" fueh vou iir,mt:dia:eiv crown him." I'pon this the
archbidiop leads the prince up ro the fcaffold, leats him
on one of the three cli.iirs, ttuiches his lorchead with a
little crofs of diamonds, and bleirts him. 'J'hcn one ot
the metropolitans reads the followmg prayer;
" (.) Lord our God, Iving of Ivings, who didll chooff
" thy fervant David, by tliy pii>p!iet Samuel, and didlf
" raufe him to be anointed km.; over thy people Ifiael,
" attunil to our prayers, which, ihough unworthy, we
" offer up to thee. Look down from ihv laniiiuary up-
" 0:1 tlv, tliy ftrvanr, -whom thou b.alt chol.'n ..i;d ex-
" altfd
■/,',V.
«t
It's
..If,
wit
fet
and
" mal
" toh
*' .leri
•' the
** min
" iK.ir
" r..lva
" m.iy
*' dren
" for tl
" (Jod
" Ghol
■J 'his
two met
the hoj;„
lire hid
fccond t
llols of,
upon his
father, J
time.
The an
*aeh of tl
••nipcror a
diately rik
vcrfe of wl
and is tie,
•After the I
tio|)olitans
" the heal
" hath of
" long and
for fonie t
archbifliop -,
" 1 hat /,n
" ftates of
" havecfta
" Ruffi,,s, ;
" importan
" Ciod, k(
*' and proti
He then hov
w a token .
nobles, and
lame. 'Ih,
Archangel,
of which, ..,
walls of the
the fatnc Lit.
dining in the
1 iic antic
"Jukes, and „
the title of c
'11 Lurop;,.
i^mperor and
lord of iMuj
^'•''aii, Allra
''"ke of Unv
Carell:,; of
"nd lord of
yogrod, i„ ,
Koitow, l:iro
"<nni ; cmpe
territory of J
and Gcorgea/i
^'"lian prim
oilier couiitfi
'■^ince the
have bci
(ccpier aiKl ni
are thice cro
"-''h Die arm;
nx others, w
*^i'nv, :.uj \
I he power
Unlimited as •■
'►'•'nee, hy iv
47
; re
vhi,
RitssrA.
fc V U O V v..
and
, the
hall
c cn>-
ci)ro-
Is the
here
th ricli
qual
c cm-
or the
n, liii-
is cm-
hick as
hich
alV.i, in
cellbri.
y begin
o God,
cir pre-
Jcd, iho
ic hand*
Ihc
; jirclcnt
that as
this the
cats him
J with ;>
11 one ok
111 chdoff
land didl(
lie Ifiac-I,
Irthv, we
luary "p-
|i ..;-.d ex-
> :i',:cd
" altrd tor k!n(» over thefc ttiv hnlv nationi : anoint hin
" with the oil of giadjiela i prot it him with thy puwir,
" let upon his head a prccioui di iileni ; grant hiin a hiii;^
" and happy life ; put into his hand a royal fccpter, an I
•' make him fit upon the throne of juftice ; make (iiliject
•' to him all barbarous nations; may his heart anil iin-
" deriUndiri^ always continue in thy fear, ;'.Md thro'
*' the whole coiirfe of his life may he obcv thy com-
•' inindments : fuller not any hcrefy or fchifm to come
** iK.irliiN petfon or j»ovcrnnirnt ; but fttcv/ him the
" falvatioii of thy holy and iinivcrfal chimh, that he
" may jiid/e thy people witii juKice, protedf the chil-
*' drtn of the poor, and liiially attain eveilailing life ■,
*' for thine is the kin;^dom, the power and tlie j.'.lory.
" (lod the Father, Clod the Son, and (iod the Holy
" (iholl, lie with us and remain with us."
'I'his prayer heini; ended, the anhbilhop orders the
two nu'trupuliiaiii tn take the cap and rube ; and foinc of
the bojirs, whom he dircits to conn- upon the fcatVold,
are hid to put them on the piiuce, whom he hlelli's a
(ccond time, by touching his fortheavl with the lit:le
«.iols of diamonds ; and while they let the ducal cap
upon his head, the archbilhop fays. In the name of the
Father, Sun, and Holy Uhort, and blelles him a third
time.
The aithbifliop then bids all the prelates approach, and
each of them ;;ives the emperor his bcnediiLlion. The
tmpcror and the archbifliop then fit down, but immc-
iliati'ly rife a^'aiii, to order the linuin;^ of the Litany, evL-ry
verfc of which ends with " JyOid have mercy upon iis,"
and is fie(]ueiitly intermixed with the emperor's name.
After the Litany they lit down again, and one of the me-
tropolitans goes up to the altar, ..nd lings, " God prcferve
" the health of the emperor ot all th': Ruflias, whom he
•' hath of his love bellowed upon us, and grant him a
" long and happy life." Thele words arc echoed round
for fomc time by every one prefent, after which the
archhifhop alone goes up to the prince, and tells him,
*' '1 hat lince, through the providence of CJod, all the
*' dates of the realm, as well cccleliadical as tempcjral,
•' have tftabliflied and crowned him emperor of all the
" Rufli.is, and entrultcd him with a government of fueh
•' importance, he ought to apply all his thoughts to love
*' God, keep his commandments, adininilter jullice,
*• and proteifl and maintain the true Greek religion."
He then bows down to the ground before the emperor,
as a token of his homage ; and all the relt, ecclefiaftics,
nobles, and others, in their refpeciive ranks, do the
lame. They then go to the church of St. Michael the
Archangel, and afterwards to that (T St. Nicholas, both
of which, as well as that of our I^ady, .iie within the
•walls of the palace, and, alter Tinging in each of them
the fame Litany as before, conclude the ceremonies with
dining in the great hall of the Kremlin.
Tile antient I'ovcreignsof Rufliafliled themfclves great
dukes, and atterwards czars; but Peter the Great afl'umeJ
the title of emperor, and that title is now given him by
all Europe. The titles of the emperor at full length are.
Emperor and folc fovercign of all the Ruflias, fovereigii
lord of Mofcow, Kiow, Wlodimiria, Novogrod ; c/.aria
Cafan, Allracan, and Siberia ; lord of Plelkow ; great
duke of Smolciifko ; duke of h'lfhonia, Livonia, and
Carelia ; of Tweria, Ingria, Pernia, '.'/iatkia, IJulgaria,
and loid of feveral other territories ; great duke of No-
vogrod, in the low country of rfhernickow, Rcfan,
Rollow, larollaw, iiielo-fero, L'Idoria, Obdona, Con-
dinia ; emperor of all the northern parts ; lord of the
territory of Juwcria ; of the Carthalinian, (Jrewziiiian,
and Georgean czars ; of the Kahardinian, Circafli.in, and
Gorian princes ; and lord and fupreme ruler of many
other countries and teriitoricj.
\r/nS- Since the reign of Iwan Bafilowitz, the arms of Rufiia
have been, or, an eagle difplayed fable, holding a golden
iccpter and niondc in l^is talons: over the eagle's head
are three crowns, and on its iiu .11 't bears" a (hield,
with the arms of Molc:ow in the center, encompall.;! bv
fix others, which are thole of Aftracan, Siberia, Cafan,
Kiow, and Wlodiuiiria.
The power of the Ruflian emperor is as abfolute and
unlimited as pofTible. i'eter the Cireat publifhed an ordi-
Jiancc, by which the futccflion wai cntirelv to depend
47
on the will and pleafurJ of the rcignin:; faverciyn ; and
this IS the only written fundamental law In relation (u
the lucceffinn.
The RufTiin court has always been very numerous and
magniHcent, it being filled, particularly on lolemii occa-
lionr;, by the bojars or privy counfellor;, and by the
nobles and gentry, who are obliged to pay a condanl
aitendanee, by titles of honour and diKiniition, without
any filary ; as tlu carvers, who arealwavi two of ihetirit
nobility, and whnfe emplovmcnt is edeemed extremely
honourable i the fewers, who cany meliigcs of impot-
tanee, receive amball'adors, See. and the gentlcnuii ot
the bed-chamber. Thefe two I all title; arc given to a
great number of pcrfons, and defccn 1 from father to fan,
though they .ire generally coiiHrmeJ by the prince ; and
lallly, the chiif inert hants. On public feUivals and day*
of ce.'emony all thefe antiently received rich brocade
gowns, lined with fur.;, from the treilury, which they
icturncd as fooii a'; the appcaraiue was over. Peter thu
Knll, however, aholilhed thife formaliticj, witliout fet-
tling any other court, either to lave the ex pen' c durui^;
the wars in which he was cni'aged, or from hi;, pirtii u-
lar te.nper, which was nvcrfe to I'uch conltrunts. On
any ceremony he was attended by the chief olFicers of hij
army, and only fonie of his nobility. The lormer pomp
has, however, been (inrc rcllond, and aiigm'nt d by the
addition of three orders of knighthood, created by the
great prince wc havejulf mentioned.
The lirlt and molt honourable is that of St. Andrew*
or the bill" ribbon, inttitilted by Peter the Cjreat in l()()8,
in honour of St, Andrew, the patron of RulTia. The
empiefi Cath.uiiie gave the ftatutcs, and alfr^ued proper
habits for this order, which hath its enligns, rnjtto, ani
collar.
The fecoiul is the order of St. Alexander Newfki, or
the red ribbon, which was inliituted by Peter L but !
the czarina Catharine tirlt conferred it in theyear 1725. i
This order ha.; alio its badge and motto. |
There is likewife a female order founded by Peter in
1714, in honour of his confort Catharine, and from her
called the order of St. Catherine. Thefe honours, as
Voltaire obfervcs, command rclpecl, coll the fovereigu
nothing, ind flatter thofc who receive them, without
adding to their power.
The chief officer under the emperor is the chancel-
lor, after whom is the grand mailer of the houlhold,
the mailer of the h.iife, the t;eafurer, comptrcllcr, cham-
berlain, tallers, harbingers, tic.
An hun.lrcd and fifty tables are now fprcad twice ad.iy r$oT><'lcs.
at the Ruflian court, and ferved with eighteen hundred
difhes ; for this purpofe the court-purveyor receives twaSf^^'^'^-
thoufand rubi.'s every three days, excUifive of the produce
of the crown cflates, and the [iroper quantities of wine,
fugar, and fpices. The daily conlumption of coftec a-
moiints to one pud, or thiity-fix pounds weigiu, and .%>?'< i,'.-*^-
kvcw thoufand puds of fait are expended every month. iji^Ct>
The revenues of the Ruflian empire are varioudy com-
puted, fome reckoning that they amount to fixty mil-
lions of rubles, others to twenty millions, and others a-
gain to no more than eight millions a year : but Mrj
Voltaire ("ayi, that, according to the Ruifian tinanccs in
1725, they amounted to thirteen niiUiuns of rubles,
reckoning only the taxes and duties paid in nuuiey, ex-
clulive of what is paid in kind ; and adds, that this fum
was then fufficient tomaintain thiee bundled and thirty-
nine thoufand five hundred Ibldien and failors ; and that
both the revenue and troops have increafed fince. It is,
however, very certain that the imperial revenues bear no
proportion to the vail extent of l^c Ruflian doiriinions ;
that they do not all confifl of ready money, the country in
many places furnifliing recruits for the army inftead of it ;
and moll ot the inhabitants of Sibeiia pay their tribute irj
furs.
Thefe revenues arife from the annual capitation, or
poll-tax, to which the valials of noblemen pay iVvcnty
copciks, the burghers a hundred and twenty copeiks, and
the T...-tn'-s and other nations in the territory of Cafan
pay a hundred and ten eopciks a man. This tax, ac-
cording to Dr. Bufching, amounts to five millions of
rubles.
I\4
■:.u
m
ri
\
1 ^ .
, I'' «i
h .■ 1 4t;'!
L
Froitf
^jmam
m.
Ai
A S V S T E M O I- (i V. O u R A i' li
n-
!flA.
UuJJlA.
> f>
y|
u
rnim the Jciiiefne UnJs, occupied by three hiindrcil
aiiil fixty thoufjiid in'.if.im'., cacli or whom ii-iyt ;i huiiclrcd
and till ciijuilo I yiMi, anioumiitj mall toilirt-t hiiiultid
»nd iiiiieiy-lix thoiil.ind ruhlLs,
Kriim tlifiiin. and i!rMikni.;-honfen, whkh arc ahont
two millions J ilif |>ii»ili;;(M)l Icllini; lictT, mead, and
niah-lpint'. Iicin.; iniiiio|inli/td hv thf crown.
Krnin the* (mIK and lullums by land and lea, wliitli
prodiicr ahuut unv niillioii one hundrid and fil'ty tluiu-
•and nihl'".
Kroui the trade carried on hy the crown in iron, pnt-
afll, adK'i ot' the willow tree, rhubarb, lar, and train
oil.
From the (alt-wotki, which ycaily luiii;; into ihe
tre.ifurv fcvcn hundred ihoul'and rubles.
Krom the duty on iKinipt p.ipei, iiiiiountiny to one
hundred .nul twenty thoiil'and riibKs.
From a t.ix on law-luiti, whiih piv ten per cent, of
tlv-' value contelled i troni hearth-innney .\nd U.itli Itovcs \
ami Iriini all hackiicy-hrrles an.I carria^'c^.
Froiti tlie ;ihbfv-laiids, lincc thiir Imn^ manajjcd by
a fvcular commillion, for the benefit nt the crown.
From the caravans toCniiia, which is never lefi than
a hundred thoiiland ruhl.'s,
'I'hc produce (if the public ftowsrjf tumblers and rope-
dancer';, of which multitudes are exhibited at Kaltei fu.-^
the diverlion of tlic people, who aie p.idion.itely fond of
them, !■. allotud tor paying tin' cspcncc of the llfdice,
pavin;; thelticct'., i^c. I'eli.icb thiv, every houfe-kecper
pays an allelVment fur his houfe and court-\.ud, according
to the citcnt ot the ground, which in ajiplud to the fame
purpofe..
'I'he I'alarieii of all civil officers arc paid nut <ii the
money icceivt.l by the oilices belon.',in;> to their depart-
rienis ; and thufe of the [;overnors, by llie . fliees ot thi ii I
icfpeclivc government'.. I'hc furplus that remains in the
inlciior ol1ice> i'i lent to the treafury.
Aciording t.i the ftate of tlie Riiirian I'orces drawn up
liv \'aii llovcii, ill the year i 740, the army tlun conlilhil
rf two hundred and forty-li.\ thoufind loin hun.lre.l ,!ii I '
liincty-lour re.:ulars, and a hundred and twenty thouf.ind
irrc.'ulari. Tlie (let cniifi:h-d of twenty-lour flips of
the line, IVvcii t'ri^atcs, three bomb-keti lies, and two flat
boats, hcfidci the y.dley fleet at i'cteilbjr'jh, confilliii;^
of a hun.ired and tw.) gallies. Th'j complement of the
while fl,.'Ct amounted to ten ti^oi.ii...ii.i five hundred and
feyenly men, of whom feven thoii',.,nd leven hundred .nul
one xv'jie lailors. The ileet has continued pretty neaily
the fimeinicc that time i lor tlioii^h (ome new (liips have
been liiiilt, otiieis have become unlit for lervice. 'Fhe
men (H war au laid up .it Kcvel and Cronlladt, and the
gallics at I'eterllnir^li. 'I li? Uulfians indeed have no
very !;ood harbir.ir in tli/ lialtick ; the waier at Cron-
fladt, by b'jiru; too Irclli, docs coiilidcrable damage to
th':fhi|is that liethire ; b, fides, the mouth of the harbour
is too narrow, and furroundcd with rocks and dangerous
fands, and is leldoni clear of ice before the end of May :
nor hav'^ they now a:iy conltant fleet in the Cafpian fea.
The hii.',h-aumi;al ot RufTia has the rank and pay of a
jfCner.il lield-m.iillial ; and ti-eRulIian fleet is divided in-
to three fiiuadr>.ns, commanded by an aJniiral-(;eneral
in the center, who bears a white fia;;, with a crinifon
ctoC-j : the \M\ has an admiral, who bears a blue flajr,
wiih a white crofs 1 and the rear has aiiotlier admiral,
who bear, a red l1a^, with a white crofs. I'iach of thcfe
three fquaJrons has a vice-admiral, .-i rear-admiral, and
three commodores. The gallies are commanded by an ad-
miral, two vice-admirals, three rear-admirals, and three
Lorninodorcj. 'Fhcir flags are of the fame colour as thole
of the fqu.'.drons to which they belong, but of a different
ior:Ti. When the emperor commands tiis fleit in pcrfon,
his thip bear'j the royal itandard of the empire, which ii
yclio'.y, and in the middle of it arc the aims of Riiffia.
SEC T. VIII.
Of the ft'Virr,! C-Jlc^f, or Offices fsr the Aim'tinlhatlm of ihe
/'.Ij'inr, cf G.vtnunent ; the Laws uiiti I'unijhmeut of
lliiLfaihi 1 .
■'. (li.d! now t.'.kc a view of the executive part of
the ^.JvuninKiit, wiu^li was regulated by I'etcr I.
by whole Jircilion ull (he afJaim ol the Rufli.in em-
pire were ni.iiiaj>ed by the followin / councili, ofhtcj,
co|le^',is, (II ihaiictno
tficv aree.iUid.
w
I he lenatc, or dircilini; toiiiuil, winch lakes rare of
all domcltic altaiis, iicei>es accuuiils li.jni all ifie Hil.
Ie(;es, illiics out otdiis to thciii all, and 11 the liiprcmc
court of luilie.iture, to which all pructllcs aiv brought by
appeal .w the lali fdori.
J hi liiily fynod, or ecclelialtical council, which rrgu-
I itCi all att.iirs relating to the church.
I he war-collei;c, winch has the care of re.riiitin;; anJ
cxcrciling the whole Kudi.in .irmy, 1 xcept the ';uard.s,
who are under the ihrciilioii ol the lovercign. 1 his oi-
tice alfo receives the taxei appointed lor the muincciianca
of the troops, and nominate : the oflicer!i as hi<.',h us the
lieutenant-colonels. I'nder the war-college aic Ihe of-
fice of the i;eneral commiirarv .It war, the oflice of ord-
nanrc, that of the under commiiriry ol w.ir, the military
chelf, the office for cloathing the army, the victiialliiiij-
office, and the acconiptiiig-oHice.
'I'he admir..Ity-colle;%- h.is the maiiaj'cmcnt of all na-
val concern', without cx'.eptiiui) aiuf luch fur^fls a> aro
near navigable rivers .ire under its inlpeetion. .Subordi-
nate : I It are the office ot the |ieiHral koiiinullary of the
ii.ivy, whiili pays and victuals tlie fleet, aiul kreps the
money afligncd for thole lerviees ; the ftuic-officc,
wineli has the ditcilioii of the nu'a/iius, .iiid every
thing that beloncs to the equipment ot fliipsofwar : thu
office v/hich ilirccis the buildin;; ot lliip', ptoudes the
neceflary m.iterials, and has nllij the Inlpei^tioii of thu
loreds 1 and the artilKry-oflic e.
'I'he coll.'ji.e for lortigii aliain, whlili pay« the falaries
of the Riilfian niiiiillers .it lorcigll courts, and the cx-
pences MiA peiilions of lorcigll envoys, wliii h arc alw.iyj
defrayed. This college alio makes out pafl'ports, and
deciiles the difficulties and diljuite. th,.t arife in 1 elation
to f(.^rei(>ii minillers. The miinbeis of this college are
the chancellor and vice-chancellor of the empire, who,
wlicn any momentous affairs come under their conlidera-
tion, arc .iflilled by fome of the counlellors of ftate.
File college of the treafury, which has the dirce'lion
of levying all the public revenues, exrept the poll-tax
and the produce of iiic falt-works. The office that has
the care of the money ariling Irom the conquered pro-
vinces is at prcl'ent held at I'eleilburgh ; but all the other
departments belonging to the trealurv are at Mofeow.
Fhe Ifatc-office ili'uesoiit the public money, and givej
the ncceifary directions to the chamber of accounts ;
hence the revenue-chambers at I'ctcrlburgh and Molcow
are dependant on this office.
Fhe reviiion-collcge is a fort of check on the other col-
leges, and therefore receives and examines their accompts.
Fhe falt-office has the direilson of the fevcnuc.s anting
from the l.ilt-works, which i're appropriated to the em-
prcls's purfc.
'Fhe confifcation chancery directs the file of all for-
feited eftates, and the levying of all fines impofed by the
other colleges.
'Flic colleges for trade, mines, and manufaiHurcE, arc
difliiiift offices i and, bclides the dcpartmcnt.s from which
they take their names, have .ill'o the management of the
naval cultonis and tolls, airl dcci le .ill ililpute» iu rela-
tion to coinmerce hctwccn merchant, and trader's.
'Fhe college of jullice at Molcow, Ionic of the mem-
bers of which conlliiute a college at l\ lerfburgh, which
determines fuiij brouiiht thither by appeal from theeon-
qucrcd provinces i and ha', likewile a confiUorial jurif-
diction over the ptolell.uus and papiils in that city ; but
on tills (iccalion the miiiLltcr of the church to which the
plaintiff belong'., is fummoncd to attend.
They have alio a feudal chancery at Mofeow, that lui
the earc of every thing relating to the titates of private
perfons, their bound.iric;, or liniiis.
Ijcfides thele, there is a college of the maiiildracv, to
which A.', the magillrales in the empire are account .ble
for their conduct ; and a piivy-chaneeiy, as it is called,
that takes cognizance of all iiofpitals, dilpenfaries, me-
dicines, iVC.
In order to give a more perL-iTl idea of this govcrnmcrr,
it is proper to obferve, that lormerly the Rufli in nobility
conlilted folely of kiicfes, or piinces, and g'Jiitlcmen ;
and
UuMIA.
r. V R O I' E.
4i
)thcr
IW.
;ivM
iiit^ -,
ilcow
col-
iinpt?.
arilini;
(nr-
liy tlic
;;, nri;
which
id,i-
inrni •
wliUli
; i(in-
jiirit'-
liiit
t!i-
cv, to
nt.ibli;
L-alU-d,
mcn%
obility
;mcn ;
2nd
ai\J lli.it bi'jir, or boy.ir, is jiot 4 title (>r iiul)iiiiy. loit
aiiluntly lUiiott'il ii pult or oflitc, a% u |)iivy-i'iiiiili.llc)r,
&i . IVuT iliL- ( iriMi .iilileJ ilic tillit of iiiutit . ;iiicl lutoiis
III the liiriiiir : but no tiirili or titli', iictinliii ' to tht:
wile ii' '111.1111)111 iii.idc liy I'ctcr I. ^i;ivi'i i (icil.jii r:mlc,
uiikw iic merits it liy Iik (crvici'3 ami .ibilitici ) by whidi
im Jill iniiiy loroi'/ncii •>) mean cxtrjiltioii h.i\x nkii to
VlIV (;rc.it boiioiit'. in KiiII'm . lor in rci^anl t>> iiiiliniiti:il
fubjcillion to thiir lovcit i|;i>, the nobility an i,n a Lvcl
wilh (he r 11 ol thi: people, tvcn the I'reatelt ot rhern
ulej tormeilv to glory in (tiliii'^ tiKinrelvc. tuc iLivei ol
llic i/..ir, wMcnevcr ihey either (poke or wru. • to him ;
but I'eter I abolilheJ thn harlli term, aiul urJcreJ tliein
to life iiidcid ol It, the woul lubjei;!.
Vet ihi; peal'ant^ arc lUU pcrlcct iLivei, anJ abfolutely
fiiiijtilt to the atLiiti.iry powi r ol their l.n.l-i, who inav
treat tlieni as tluy plvale, provided thev do not kill thtni,
mid arc liable to be ttaioleired, \vii:i all their l^ohK,
lioin one mailer to another. 'I'liv (;'>vernn« tit llfell ii in
Ihe lalt dej^rcc aU.oliile i iiul, iiotwithllandiMi; i'etei's
giviiij; them the name of luhjeilii, the pcoph' ol .ill r.iiiks
may judly be termed Haves, as their livci and furdinei
depend lidtjy on the will of their foverii;!!. l.veli lilth
as arc employed in the Itate have their fli ire of arbitrary
|)owei , tor their proceedings beiny without appial, and
ill the emperor's name, they often ahufe theii atithorilv,
in order to fatibfy their avarice, rcveiu;e, or other piiilty
pallions. lor deeulin;!; tales between piivatcnien, thev
have pieccdtiiLs .iiid wiitten laws, patliciilaily a code
called Suboriioe Uliillienie, m\ Uniform and Univerfil L uv,
whieli Akxiii'. Mithaelowii/. pulilidicl in ih.yi, and has
been enlarged by the edicts of the fiieccedin;; c/.irs. The
pruccf] is luminary, and the piinillini< lit inllidted very
fevcre, though not <)iiite I'o ri:;oroir; ai lormeily.
Ill dilputes between private perfons, where the parties
nrcnotagrccd as to a matter of faiil, .nid have no evi.leiiei;
on cither (idc, the jiid;;o alks the plaiiitilf, whether he
will take his oath, that the aflair wa> as he hath reprc-
Icnled It, or refer it to the oath of the defeiulant. l''nr-
mcrlv, he who oli'tred to take his oath wa. once a week,
Cor tliKC wieka rtiniiini;, brought helore the jud^e, who
everyday rcpri.fer.tjd to him the iiiiportanee ol an oath,
and the dreaJlul li.i of I'wearin^; fallely j and if afur thi i
he lliii perlitl'.d in his readiiiefs to take his oath, thoii;'li
he fwore iiolhiiu; hut t!ie truth, the people vs'oiild cim-
fider him as .;ii infamous ptrfon, fpit in hi-, lace, and
tuin him out of t liurcn ; and he w.is never af(cr admitted
to the tomniunii)ii, till his being at the point ol death.
'I'hey now proceed with lefs li.i.ur: he who is to take
his oath ii brouglil before a pidlure of one of their f.iints,
where he is afked, whethei he will fwear upun the lalvation
of his foul .' If he peilills, they give him a little crueitix
to kii.-., and afterwards the piiiluie of the faint, which is
taken down from the wall for that purpofe. 'Ihoiigh the
oath be in.lifpiitahly true, the perluii who takes it is not
admilted to the communion for time yeais ; and though
he is not treated as infamous, people of any rank will
not calily fuller him in their eonip.iny i but the perjured
is puiiilhid with the kiiute, and then banilhed. Hence
the Runians endeavour as much as poflihle to avoid t.ikiii;^;
an oath, thoujh they arc very guilty of pruphanc Iwear-
inp, .iiid p.irtieiilarlv the traders have ineefiaiuly int'u-ir
mouths po C'hrcftuin, by Chriil, makiiia; tl'.e fipncifthe
irofs at the f.ime time. Strania-rs arc iiermitted to take
their oaths, according to tin- nilesof their leveral religions,
'J'hc office of an executioner was formerly ellcemed
very honeunahle i but this officer is now cfteemed infa-
mous, and the executioner is not permitted to lell his
olRcc ; for it mull cominue in his family, on failure of
which, t!ie butchers are obliged tochoofe or.eout ofthci.-
body.
The ordinary puniflimcnts in Rufllaare, the hattogen,
kaf/e, and knutc. The battocien is thus infiiefed ; he
who is to receive this challifnicnt, i", ilripped to his fliirt,
and laid upon the ground on his belly, when two men
lilting upon him, one upon his neck, ind the other up-
on his teet, beat him on the back with little wands, or
fwitei'.e', dining the time ordered bv the judge.
The katic is llitting the noUrils, which was formerly
inflicU'.l on thole who, contrary tj an old prohibition,
took tobacco in fnult'.
The knute, sh .Mveii iiiUiilfia, i. a m.it lamaroui pu-
ninimcnt. (ilcaiius defcribei the tiianiiei in which h'^
f.uv it executed on ei,^ht mm and on- woiiun, (or I'll
ling brandy and tob.ieco without a licence. The exe-
cutioner's man .ifo r llripping them down to tlr.- waill,
tied their (ect, and took one at a time upon his b.u k
The ixeciitiomr ibiod at three p.icei dildiit With a
hull's pi//le, t.) the end oi which wire Ijifened iliiec
ihoii'i ol an elk's Ikin iintaniied, wilh wliii li Iprmgiii)'
liiiwaid, wh. never be Itiiiek, he lallied ihiir batks with
all liii Itrcngth, lo that the blood ^Millied out at every
hluw. The men had twenly-fuc or twiiityfix lafliei
eiih, till an oHicei who had in writing the number of
llripei ihev were to receive, cried ciiou jh. Ihe woman,
who hail only lixlccn, fainted .iway. After their hacki
were tliii^ .Ireadfully manglul, tluy were all tied together
lu' Ihe arms, two and two i thole who fold tobaccn
havimr a little horn lull i.l it, and thofo v/ho h.id fold
br.:n,lv, .i little bottle about their neck;, and wdiipped
through the city for about half .i league, .ilter wliuli
they were brought back to the place of their full punilli'
nient, and then difinilh d.
.Vlany die of this enul ll.igcllation. Hut horrid as it
miilf appear to every perlon of hiimamtv, .M. de la
.\Iotraye fays, that this is only what is c died the inode-
i.ite knute ; lor when the feiitcitce orders it between the
moderate and I'evere, pieces of tledi are taken oti' at every
Ihuke iif the CM I iilioner ; and when it is ordered to bo
given with the utmolt fcvcrity, the execulioner Ittikin;^
the llank, under the ribs, tuts the flelli tu the very
bowel ..
OlRiiderj are fonutinies b.iflinadoed on their foles ol
their feet in a molt cruel manner.
Thieves are tortured to nmke them difeover their ac-
complices, and coiifels their other crimes ; thele torluiesi
are a:, dreadlul as lan be conceived. 1 he thief for tht!
full olFtnce is only whipt from the prifoji to the market-
pl.ice, where he has hi. cars cut i tf, and is lent back to
piifon for two years, if iie olF.;nds a I t jiul time, he ia
whipped as belore, and afterwards banilhed into Siberia.
Thcit is never punifhed with death in Runia j hut tim
receivers and concealers of llolen goods are puiiilhed
eipjally with the thief.
Murder is [lumlhed with death. The criminal is kept
fix weeks in a very dole prifun, upon bread and water
alone; after which he receives the communion, and ii
beheaded.
Merciful as they appr.ir in cafe of murder, they fcem
lU llitute of ,ill hum.inity, where a man is lu unhappy as
to be unable to latisfy his creditors. He who does not
pay his creditor at the time agreed upMi, is put into the
lioufe of an oflicer appointed for that purpul'e, and h.n
a certain farther time allowe.l him to make latisfacHon;
but if he then fails, he is carried to piifon, from whcnc.:
he is brought every day to a place belore the chancery,
where the common ex'.'cutioner beats him upun thelhiii
bones with a wand about the thitknel's of a man's
little linger, for an hour together. Ho is then returned
lo pril'oii, except he can piocure feciiritylur his appear-
ing again the next d.iy .it the fame hour, to I'C tre.ited
in the fame manner, till he has ni.ulc l'atisfa>.'liiiii. This
is rigoroiifly executed upon perfons of all ranks,
fubiects and foreigners, men and women, piielfs and
lavmeii ; and if at lali the debtor cannot hml wherewith
to pay, he with hii wife and children are feiucneed to
be bond llaves to the ci editor.
.S E C T. IX.
Of ti't Gsxhrnment Dt' Kioiv irKuw, zcil'' iin Ai^iuit if
the /.upomi], the Bietjgoriil, iiini D:>t Co[l'.iCi, the Hni'
iLimacs anil t'liik C.jjaci ; uith a Di-jaiption of tht Citia
Cf Ki'jlf, UK.l PultiUl.l.
HAVING given a delcription of Rufl-.a in general,
with the climate, manners, religion, and govern-
ment of the inhabitants, we ihall now give fonie account
of the dilKerenr provinces, and principal towns of the
lountry, which contains Great, Little, and VVhio- ".
fia, with the provinces that formerly belonged ;,) • V...
\ '■i\
i\ \
! 'u y-A
44
A S Y S T I". M O F G I'. O G K A I' H Y.
Russia.
Russi
^-
i •;
*
■I 11 Ir miiil here W obfcrved,t!i;\t White Ruflli inltiis
ciniiro (lu^lu iu)t to b.- coiit'ounJiJ with the country of
lilt laiiu- luiiic ill I,itl-.i!;Mii.i, .uu! that Red RuITu be-
loii-s to PoUiiul. Dr. Hufchiiif; oblcrvcs with refpedt to
thi.''oi;i.Mii of thrfe luiiiiff, that it is a tiirtoin among
thcfc i.ilt'.-rii pi-oplv, to dilHiigiiifli couiitiics by the epi-
thet.', wliiu- ami I'i.uki and that bv the fort'itr, thty call
the Pioll CMeiilivi; and ftriilc, aiui by the latter, the
fiiialler and l.ls liuitful ttrriiones.
I'lie RulVi.iii < nipire in Kurope ii divided into };ovcrn-
mcnis, and every j^i;(>vcrnnicnt toidllls of certain pro-
vinces or circles. Tnele goverimients have been (Ve-
cpiently ahc;ed, but accoidiiig to the prefent divifioii,
they are as f.'lKnv : FCicvv, Worsntlli and Afow, Biclo-
(imoJ, Smoleii(l-<, (.iu'„; .Mofcow, Novop.roJ, Niflinoy-
Novo/rod, Archanucl, Wibura:, IVtcrlburir, Narva,
Rcval, .ind Ri^a. We iluU begin with the countries bor-
derins; on 'I'u.'kv and Poland, and lor the fate of me-
thod, proceed from fouth to nortii.
The government of iview coiiiiils of part of Little
Ruflii, and ib inhabited by the Collac.-, which word lij;-
iiihes irrcpular tioopi of horfe. The luiropc-an Collacs
are, the 'Z.iporo;; Collacs, wlio live below the cataract
of the iNiejier, fonie on the fid.- next to Riillia, and
others on the oppufite fide of the river ; but molt of
them are fubiecl to the Ruflians : the Biclo^iorod CoHhcs,
and a part of the Don CoHacs, both of which arc under
the Ruili.111 povcrnnicnt.
The Celiacs were known by that name In early as the
year 948, when they lived on mou... Caiicalus, and were
reduced under the Rufliaii don.ir.ions in 1021. In the
beginning of the fixteciith century, the Zaporog Cofiats
fixed their habitations on the fjiacious plains along the
banks of the Nieper. The Poles lenfible of the advan-
tage they miiiht receive from their defending them againll
the incurfioiis of the Tartars, took them under their
protedlion in the year 1562, and engaged to pay them
an annual fuhfidv, on condition of their keeping on foot
a good body of troops, for the defence of the Polifli do-
minions; and to bind them by lies ofintcrell, gave up
to them the whole country that lies between the rivers
Nieper and Kieller, and the borders of Tartary. 'I he
Collacs fo iivUiltriouIlv ciiltiv.ited that fertile traiit ,if
land, that in a Ihort time it was intirfperfed with lari^e
towns and liandlonie vilUig'S. They continually har
ralVed the Turks by their incurfioiis, and to prevent the
laf'^r from purfuing them, or making reprilals, feizcd
on fcvsral iiuall iflands on the Nieper, where they kept
their magazines.
This alliance, though of fujh advantage both to the
Poles and Collacs, did not long fuhllll ; for the former
cnvving the latter the tine country they polUiled, at-
tempted to bring them into fubjeclion ; upon which the
Coliacs, fired with indignation, had recourfe to arms,
and applied both to Ruflia and the Ottoman I'ortc for
protctflion. A very bloody war enfued, which, in the
fixteenth and feventecnth eenti.ries, was fioin time to
time renewed with the utmoll fury and animofity. The
rcfult of all v.:'.5, that the Collacs remained under the
protection of RulTia, andtli^-ir lormer country being laid
waftc in the late war?, they lettUd in the Rurtian Uk-
raine i upon their receiving affuranccs from the RufTian
court, that they Ihould be free from all taxes, and no
Ehctatinn be made in their (wlitical conllitution : in re-
turn for which, t'liey were always to kcip in r.adinefs
:i -onUJer.ible body of troops for the feivicc of Ruflia.
But ill I ",m8, Ma/eiipa their hcttman, or chief, went ovei
from t!v Rufiians to the .Swedes, under Charles XII.
imon which Peter I. refolved to prevent fuch revolts for
the futuie, and .dter the battle of Pultowa, lent a ftrong
detachm'Mit iiil'i the little illands of the Nieper, to which
the (.^(.ii'aes had finl with their wives, their children, and
all their effiels, and cruelly ordered them, without di-
jlini^tion, to be put to the fword, and the plunder to be
diftribntcd among the foldiers. He alio feiit a great num-
ber of his men into their country, and caufed many
thoufaiids of the Coliiics to be conveved to the coalis of
the lialiic, where they were put to all manner of hard
labour.
Upon thf death of their hcttman in 17J.2, that oflice
was abol'llicd, bat vvm rcltorcd again iii 1750, when
they rhiTlcd for their hettman count Rafiimowfky, privy
coiinlellor of the Rulliaii empire, prtlident of the aca-
demy ol itienccs, and lieutenant-colonel of the llhniai-
low rc..;iniint of life-guards ; and this election wan con-
firmeil by the reigning einprcfs Llizabeth.
The country of thefe Coliiics is commonly called the
Ukraine, which word properly fignilies a frontier; if
lyin^ on the bordeis of Ruflia, Poland, Little 'I'artary,
and Purky. By virtue of a treaty concluded in lOr/j,
between Ruflia a.id Poland, ihe latter reiiia.ns in pollef-
I'lon cf all that part of t le Ukraine that lies on the wert
fide of the Nieper, which is but indirt'ereiitly cultivated j
while the country on the calt lide, inhabited by thcCof-
lacs, is in a much belter condition.
This country, which is lubjcii to Ruflia, extends about
three hundred miles in length, and about as many in breadth.
It is one continued fertile plain, watered bv a great num-
ber of line rivers, and diverfilied with plealaiit woods.
It produces all kinds of gran, piilf", tobacco, honey,
and wax, in fiich quantities, as to fupply a great part of
the Ruflian empiie with thole coinmoditlcs. The pa-
Itures aie extremely rich, and the cattle of an extraor-
dinaiv lize; the rivers alio abound with excellent fifli.
'Ihis line country, however, is very much infellcd by
locults, which are .i great plague to the inhnbitanls.
.Moll of the houles ol the Ukraine are built with
wood, after the Ruflian manner, 'i'he Coliiics are tall,
and well made ; they have geiicrallv an aquiline nofe, and
a good nucn. They are vigorous, hardy, brave, and very
jealous of their liberty ; fickle and wavering: but foci-
able, cheariul, and Ipiightly. Their forces eniirelycon-
fift of cavalry. 'I'luir dialeit is a mixture ofthePolifli
and Ruflian language ; but the l.it'er is molt predomi-
nant. They prolils the Cireck religion ; but there are
alio fomc Proteltants and Roman catholics among them;
ill fliort, they are a very po.ver.'ul people. Every town,
with the liiilrict belonging to it, is govcrntd by an offi-
cer called attaman, or ottoman.
rile Don Collacs, who inhabit the hanks of the river
Don, ;;ieatly relcmble thoe we have been dcfcribing.
In 1541J thev voluntaiily put themli-'lves under the pro-
tection of the czar Iwan Kafilowitz, and are at prcl'ent
neaily uii an equal footing with the other Rufliaii lub-
jeils. Thefe Coflacs have a great number of towns and
village} along the banks of the Don ; but the Icarcity of
wood, and in many places of frelh water, prevents their
exteiidiiiii thcmfelvcs farther up the country. 'They chief,
ly fubhlt by grazing and agriculture, and occafionally by
robbing and plundering. Kvery town is governed liv a
magilliate, whom they call taman ; and the tamans, with
their towns, are under the jurifdiittion of two attamaiiv,
who ti.fide at I flierkalky. 'The troops of thefe Collacs
likewife eonfilt entirely of cavalry. Kvcrv town and vil-
lage in this country is fortified and furrounded with pali-
l.idoes, to fecure them againit the inturfions of the Cal-
mucs and Kuban Tart.irs, with whom thev are always at
w.ir. The Collacs in general are of great lervice in^ar-
riloiiing of towns and defend ng them, or in purfuing an
enemy ; but are not fo goi ■■., at regular attacks.
'Tlic Ha:damacs have t'leir pariu ular hettman, and live
in the Ruflian, Polirti, and J'lirkilh dominions, along
>he banks of the Nieper.
'The Yaik Collacs live on the fouth fide of the river
Yaik, and on the luccefs of the Ruflian arms in the king-
dom of Altracan, voluntaiily lubmitted to them. In Ita-
turc they much relcmble the other Coliacs, though from
their boorilh manner of living, and intermarrying with
the Tartars, they have not the (hape and air peculiar to
the red of their countrymen ; but refemble them, how-
ever, in their natuial dilpofitions and ciiitoms. Their
chief cinploymtnti arc agriculture, hilling, and feeding
cattle ; and, like the other tribes, they leldom let flip
.an opportunity of robbing their ncighboiirs. 'The ir con-
tinual wars with the Kara Kalpacs oblige them to keep
their towns and villag.es in a fiate of dclence. 'They are
indeed fubjecl to Uufliin waywodes, to whom they an-
nually pay atiibute ill rattle, corn, honey, and wax ;
but have their particular chiefs, who govern them accord-
ing to their antient cultoms. 'I'he grcatelt part of the
Vaik Coliiics profefs the Cireek icligion ; but many re-
lics ot Mahonictilm and Ha^ainlmari; (till to be found a-
IIlUHgd
A.
amnngfl tl
and courag
pe.ice, .ind
the Calmiii
I'he gov
molt oiifid
Kiow, 01
is litiiated <
bv Mills, ,1
Polilh WIIK
count IS not
io}7, theg
all Ruflia ;
reat duki s
irito the ham
It to the Rii
1&H6 ceded
'This city
' alHe of Pel
(viow ; and
I ittcr : thefe
tior, and inn
iiitrenehmciit
tains would f
regiments of
ral, a deputy
'The callle 1
the fouth, an.
rifon, officers
rich and flati
century, and
ly living in a
which the CO
vaults, which
cells, 5cc. are
:upp'ifed to bi
h.'rc the bodies
< 'pi'ofite to t'
wdiirh is now c
"f Pelfheilky at
ing to the abov
' onvents and cl
lent of St. Nic
( 'Id Kiow is
and i , fortified,
tlie country,
e.ithedrr.l of the
f.itrle Ruflia,
'To tliis churJi
inoftof the hou
Podui is litu.i
baiiki of the Ni
vents, ronf'lts
lis magidrates a
men's in garrif
I; 0111 tlicwar-
M t'le Uratlkci
t:r.!v buiit of 1!
thec::y. The
lor its principal,
the care of the It
live ill a woo iei
garden: thefe
throughout the
!. tuple of tranfg
i.:'5 arc but fm
I'.e llipends and
V.!,. I amount to
•dl the fcicnces a
levera! excrcifes,
lities, as publi
others peculiar to
!' ct to the Pole
Cum cut, a colleu
which are all fu}
!lic profelliirs oft.
Pultowa, or Pi
U'orlkl.1. Thi
'■> it, is fubieit to
•d Ihe regiment
■laighers carry u:
Russiv.
E U R O P
K.
4J
•ot
hrir
net-
by
a
ith
iacs
i Vil-
a's at
rar-
ilona
nvcr
ing-
Ita-
t'roin
with
lir to
10W-
Chcir
lin-
t llip
con-
kci'p
•y are
aii-
wix ;
cord-
tlie
IV ii:-
iiid a-
lUHgft
i
I
amnncft th"in. Tli<"y arc rrni^ik.i'tilo tortluir liardincl-
and ooura^'.', aiiJ makt- cxcelliiii lolilicrs. Tlirv live in
pcatc, .Miil fvi-ii cany on a C(iii\iii--icial intcicuurio willi
ilic C.ilimirs.
riic .^uvornment of Kinw confilts of ten ciri!(.'s, th'.'
iHDlt c'iiiri'i'-'''aMi: cities of whirh :vc Riow .iiul I'liliuw;!.
Kiow, or Kifw, the capita! fif this govcriiiiK-iit, which
i^ litiiated on tlie Nicper, is faiil lo iiave been Ibundcil
!iv Hills, a Sclavoniim prime, iiiJ, accordinij to the
I'olilh wnurs, was huiU in the year 430 ; but this ac-
(..iiHit IS not to be ilcpendcj upon. Hoivever, in the vear
lO >■», the great (luUe Jaroflaw declared it the capital of
all Riiffia ; and it ro;-.tiiiued to he the rel'idence ot the
rtat duki-. till the twilfth cenf.iry. It afterwards tell
into the hands of the I'oles ; biit, in 166;, they rellor. d
It to the Rullians for a certain term of years, and in
itS() ceded it t<i Ruffia for ever.
This city properly confifts of three fmall t'lwns, the
I .dllc of I'etflieilky, with its liiburl-'s ; the oKI city of
l-Ciow J and the town of I'odol, which lies below the
I ittcr ; thefe are partly inclofed with a common I'ortilica-
liop, and in other parts h;ue a coiniiiunieation bv alar^e
intrenchnicnt, carried on a-, the inequality of the moun-
tains would permit. 'I'hc whidc garrifon eonfills of f-ven
re'imcnts of foot, and is _c;overiied by a ifa;t!i.ilter i^eii;;-
lal, a dcpury ila'.thalter, and a commandant.
The cattle of I'ctihertky Itamls on an eminence facincr
tlie fo'jth, .;n.l, bjlide> in u;a7incs, barracks for the gar-
rifon, offi ers h )'.:f^'s, and liime churches, inchulcs a
rich and (lately monaftcry, founded in the eleventh
eenturv, and called l^etlhertkv, from the monks former-
ly livin" in a pctflicra, or cavern, in the mount.un on
which the convent now Hands. Iji i*s lubterraneous
vaults, which rel'emble a labyrinth, and contain ch.ipels,
cells, fs'c. are found a j;reat number of undeeaved bodies,
:upp'ifed to be the remains of taints and martvrs ; and
here the bodies of the deceafed monks are alto depolited.
()ppof;tc to this monaitery formerly ifood a nunncrv,
wliirh is now converted into a inatiazine. The I'uburbs
of l\'t|herlkv are very large, conlitting of houfes bcloni;-
nv to the above-mentioned convent ; and alfo ot tlveral
i onventsand churchcr, the principal of which is the con-
v;-nt of St. Nicholas.
Old Kiow is featcd on an eminence facing the north,
and is fortil'ied, aec<irding to the mountainous nature of
the couiitrv, with horn- ^^• irks, 5v-c. Mere If.uids the
c.'.thedrr.l of theCircek arciaiflicp -TKlow, nalitdi, and
Little Ruflia, who rcii.les in t!ic convent i-f .St. Sophia.
'I"o this chur.li and th- convent of St. ^'i.l.ael btloiv'
iiiriftof the houl'es in the citv.
Podiil is fituated bekiw Old Kiow, in a plain on the
bulks of the Niep'r, and, c-xrrpt its churches an.i con-
\ents, rdiilitls eii'iixlv of (hup. and tradcfnit li's houles.
Its ma:;iilrales are independent ofibc inl inels ot the icji-
nients'iii garrifoii, and receive their o; niimc.li.attly
i;om the war-ofiice at fJUicow. The ae my adjoining
to the Uratlkoi monarterv, near the ton 1 houli, is en-
tirely built of (lor.-, and ii one of the noblefl edifices in
the city. The uiiiverfity of Kiow has the archbdhop
Inr its principal, and under him are two oHiccis, who h.;ve
the care of the Hudenis. There are nine prtifetlMs, who
live in a wooden buildinj;, to whieli belonL!,s a delii;h;tul
g;irdon : thefe are all miinks, and are not to talle tletli
ihroii.'hout the whole vear ; but are fiiil to make little
;. tuple of tranf};re(rin;; this rule in ptiv.ite. Their I'ala-
lirs arc but fmall, fotli.u they are cliieHy maiiitainc.l by
i^ic (Upends and jirefents they receive from the Kudents,
v.h.i amount to about one hundred, i'libhc lectures in
..!1 the fcicnccs are read to them, and thev alto peit'orm
;■ VL'ral cxcrcifcs,arcordin:; to the cutlom of other iinivcr-
lilies, as public difputations, and the like, befides tome
others peculiar to themfehes. While this citv was fub-
I'ct to the I'oles, the paiMlts had a bi(l)op, a Dominiean
e.iment, a college of Jt.l'uits, and levcral churches there,
which are all lupprclled, and appropriated to the ufc ot
liie profelliirs of the (ireck rcli.;ion.
i'ultowa, or Pulta.v.i, a town litua'ed on the liver
Worlkla. This t.iwn, with the reiMil.ir fort beloni;ing
to it. Is fubjcit to a cotnmandant, and not to the eolonel
■ d' the regiment of Col'.ies in isirrifon there. I'he
Lumbers carry un a coiil.Juablc u.iJc tw tiic Ciimta,
I and t!ir-iU'.;h Prland to (j.:rmanv. It ,t L.i! .111 in.litrerent
town, built in the mat'ner of thofc of the Collacs j but
wa.s renJered lainous bv its boin;' beliegcd by the Swede j
in I'v.i), and by its failing Into ilie hands of ih.' Rulliimi
alter me defeat of Charles XII. near this pl.ice. Tlie
king ot' Swtden had his he.id-iju.iirers at a nion.d'.jry
which It.uids ujioii uil eminence without tiie towii.
S E C T. X.
Of th Covcrnmeii'i of Jl'aron,])) anil Auv.\ B'ieh~m
SiirAt>'il, ond Kijh'id Nova^rc-l \ thj hiiml'ir cf Cir
cf CnJc.
into u'hiJi e.tii' ;'( tliviiJril; ti/i.l 11 ^iihife Dt-Jciit'lijil cfthf
pi i'lcipul Tiwiis lo:y contain.
' I '" 1 1 IC government of \
X (i>c ililhi^ls, the mo!
arc.
ot W'oronelli and .\(n\v ineaides
b rcmaikabl.- places of which
Woron (li, a large and populous provincial city, feat-
cd in a n.irtow, but very deep, river of the fame i.ame.
It is uuTounde.l with a wall, and is the rcliJence of the
Itatthalter, or governor, and a biIlio|iV, lee. Moft ot
ti-.c (trcets, iniiead of thine pavements, aic laid wiili
beams of timber. Peter 1. in order to maintain his lo-
vereignty over the Black k,>, cauled a large dock to be
in.ule tor building of (hips, whicli drew many new in-
hal)i:ant5 thither, among whom were levcral toreii.'n ar-
titicers. This city carries on a confiderable trade.
Hachmut, on a river of the tame name, is tuuati-d
partly on .111 eminence on its we.'lera bank, and pailly
III a plain on the calf iide of that river. The former i,
defended bv a citadel, and indeed the whole town is l,,r-
tilied tortile (ecurity of the I'alt-worki. The imperial
lalt-uffiee at li.ichmut maintains a battalion ofie.!;ular
troops, a:;d a company of Collacs, conlKiing of a hun-
dred men. 'Che country, which is lituated between tlie
JJone/., the Don, the lila^k tea, Miiis, and Kalmius,
exceeds all the rcll: of Little Riitlia in fertility ; and hai
alt.) tevei.d fpots that are fuppofed to contain ileh o.-e.
The Don CoHacs who dwell in this government are
podlllid I. f many fni.ill towns (Ituated on the riveis Don
and Done/. Their capital, nameil 'I'llierk. Ik, is the
lelidence of the attonian. It is built in the Turkifti
manner, and part of it cncompalled with high palifidocs
lixed on the Don. 'I'his city is of large co.mpafs ; it ik
iiilubiti.d by a gr.-at number of .Atiatics^ and carries on a
great tr.ide.
At the dilhncc of four wcrfts is the city of tit. Anna.
a new town, reguhirlv built .ind fortilied by the Rulliuis.
It is but iina!l,and i, leated low on ilic banks of tlu- Don.
It has fix b.itlions and the necetlary out-workb, with a
garrifoii contitling of two m.u chins; and tv.o yarril'on re-
giments. 'I'iie houles are well built, the lliecta br.j.ij
and (traight.
The guvernincnt of ISiclogorod contains part of Littli-.
RutF.a, and is divided into tuedilhicts.
'I'he capital of the government is Bielogorod, wlii. Ii
(lands on the river D.ui-j/., and was built in the vear
T)0. About an Eiii'Jdh mile from the town is a huge
cnalk lull, where liielogoiod formerlv (food, and fiJni
which It derives its name, whicli fignilies a white town ;
but it was afterwards bu It in a v.dley between two moun-
tains. It is divided into the Old and New 'I'own ; it
has thre.' fubuibs, and is a b, (hop's (ee. The Old Town
isluiroundid with a rampart und moat, and the New
Town with paliladoes,
Th- government of Sniolenlk contains White KuOii,
propcrlv to called, which was ceded bv Poland to Kudu
by .1 tieaty concluded in tbiyj, and conlirnied In iCSO.
The moll remarkable place in this govemmeiit r-,
SiiKilc nfk, a lar^e and well fortihed town on tlieNicper,
the retidi iKc of the governor, and a billiop's t'ec. It car-
ries on a contiderable trade, and is famous in hillorv from
Us being the fu' jccl of many diljuites between the IMes
and Rc.llians ; during which it was often bclieged and
taken b\ I'oth paities.
'I'he governmeiit of Niflinci Novogrod Is inhabited by
the follo.ving tribes ; the Morduans, whol'e languai;e li
fiid to refeml^lethc Kinl.indKhdialciit j the I'llicic nitJl'.n.,
Jii*iiii"iii1i<il into the l.o'.mv.'oi, who inhabit the id-iii on
" .M " t o
:. ft
im
mM
'.>' M
mw'' ^
mm
'
|]i
U4
6f ■
'(* .
A s Y s T E i\r o :■■ G !■: o n a i- ii v,
the loft flic of the \Vi)!ga ; an;l the Nagonioi, who live
:imoii^ tin; irnunt.ii:;,; on the right Ink- ot th;u livci. The
forrm-r Inlouj; to tiiis !;ovcriinitiit ; but the prtalcll part
"f the hitter to that ol CslVii. The 'rihuw.illii.'.ii.-., who
live dil'pcrfcJ in this :'ovcriimcnt and th.it <.l Caliui, are
a iiiimcrous tribe, 'ihcy worfliip one luprtme tiod,
whom they call '1 or.i, and eonhdcr the fuii a^ a kind o(
Aibordinate dcitv, to wiiom they pay their adorations ;
and they have Icvoral other ini'ei ior deitiib, which, lliey
lay, hold the lame rank with the uiiitb of the KuiFianJ.
tviiv villape has its own idol creded in a Iqnaie, ineloled
with palil'adoes. Thev perlurni their devoiions to it near
n fire, where thev olTer a ilieep to the idol, and haim up
(he ''km lor a trophy in honour of it. 'I lie perfon wlio
perforins this facrihce, to whom tluv liave rccourle in
tverv difficulty, u (IdLd 'S'umalle ; and both I'e.xes are
cajiable ot this religious office, (ire.it nimibers ot thefe
Vagans have been bapii/ed ; and throir.'hout all the Ruf-
ilan towns in the dillricts where thev live Ichools have
been creeled, for in(lrii(fling their yoiiiii ;ii the principles
of the Chrillian religion, in order to ipialitV them for
being miiTionaries among their own tribe. This govtrn-
nunt contains four ciicle3,aiu' the principal place in this
jurifdiction is Niflnici Novogrod, that is Lower Novo-
jrrod, which is a large provincial city feated on the
Wolga, at the inlliix of the river Oka. It was built in
the year IJ.'. 2, and has two cathedrals, twenty-eii;ht
parifh churches, moll of which arc built with itonc, and
iiie convents. It is an archbifliop's fee, and is delended
by a caftlc furroundcd with liuiie-walls. 'I'hc trade of
this city is very confiderable, and the (hops make a hand-
fome appearance, Irom thrir being richlv lurnillied with
all kinds of foreign goods, as well as thole made in
Ruffia. In the year 1715 a great fire broke out here,
ill which fome thoufands of the inhabitaius loll their
lives.
SEC I'. XI.
Of the C'yvcmmint cf AP-jow, tvith a partiadar Difiip-
ir.n tj the Capital of the jutm ^uiiie.
THE gnycrnii'cnt of Mofcnw is the beft cultivated
and the moil populous m the whole empire, and
may be called the gaiden ol Riiilii. It contains eleven
provinces, the principal places in which arc the city of
Mofcow and \'aroi!awl.
Mofcow, the anticnt capital of th:- Ruffian empire, and
the rif:denrcof the czarf, is iitiiated in ihecircle ofits own
namr, in the fifty-fifth degree forty minutes latitude, and
the thirty-eighth degree e.ilt: longitude ; fourteen hun-
dred and Inuttecn mile; iiartli call ot Eondtin. It ftands
;;i a picafant plain on the hank of the river Mofkwa, from
which it derives its nan.c. .Mr. I Ian way fay:i, that river
runs through ;t, and, making many windings, adds a very
ih iking beauty to the city ; but in (umnier it is in many
plr.ccs (hallow and unnavigabic. Scveial emiiienees, in-
tcrfpcrf.d with groves, gardens, and lawns, lorin the
niott dehghtful prolpcdis. It is built foniewhat after the
eaftcrn i:Mnncr, it having but lew regular (treets, and a
great number of li"ules with gardens. The number of
(he churches in the city Is computed at fixtctn hundred,
.imonn which are eleven cathedrals, and two hundred
and fever.iy-one parilTi churches ; the red either belong
to (o;ivents, or may be confidered ar piivate chajicls.
Near the churches ate hungup iVveral large bells, which
.lie kept continually chiming. One of thefe is of a (tu-
pendous iize, ai'.d, our author ohiervcs, afibrds a fur-
priling proof of file folly of thefe who caulcd it tt) be
made; but the Ruffians have from time immenioiul
I'ccn txtrcmrlv fond of great bells. This bell is four
hundred and forty-three thoufand fevcn hundred and
tcvcnty-two pounds weight, and was ca(t in the reign of
the ( niprefs Aiinc : but the beam on which it hung be-
ini; burnt, it fell, and a large piece is broke out ol it.
Manv of the clu.n he s have gilt ll cples, and are majini-
licntlv derorand w ithin with paintin"s ; but indeed inofl
i)f thefe :i:i. n.iferablc daubings, without fliadc or pcr-
ipcitiv
Thi luimher of publ.i. idihttF and (i|iiarib at Molio\s
amoiiiit to forty- three. 'J lie ii;eaii lioul.a arc ludtej
much more nun.crou;. than thofe that arc vvi 11 buiit ; tin;
latter are, however, daily incicaliu^ , but, .u oiiiv ;.
part ot tile llreets is paved, they are very dun .
1 be city IS divided into loar urclcs, one wiiliin ano-
ther. 'Jhe interior ciide, or the Kuii.clin, wliiclifL-.
n.lles a lorirels. contains the h llovsing rui..iikahle build-
ings : the old iiupciial p.d,uc, plealure-houle, ;ind ilaliK.',
a vidtualling-hcule, the palace which lormerly beloiig(,l
to the patriarch, nine caihedial.s, five convents, lour pa-
i;lh churches, the arlenal, with the public colleges, and
oilier offices. All the churches in the kicmeiin haie
beautiful Ipiics, moll of tlum gilt, or covered wilhfilvcr.
1 he arcluteClure is in the Ciothic talle ; hut the inlidc
ol the churches is richlv ornamented; and the iiiciuica
of the faints ate dccc^rated with gold, lllver, and picciouj
iioncs. In the cathedral (ailed "Soboi, which has no Icl^j
than nine towers, coieied with ct.ppcr double gilt, is .1
(ilver branch, with forty-eight Iight.s, laid to weigh two
thoufand eight hundred pounds. Here aie depolucd, in
filver Ihrines, the uniaiiis of three archbifliopi ; and m
a gold box IS a robe broiiitlit from Perlla, y.ljich is Iro:
looked upon as the identic. d g.irnitnt worn l\ oui Savioui.
The remains of the lovcreigns of the Kiiffiaii empiu,
ami their male deietndaiit.^, are interied in bt. .Michael'*
church; and thofe of their coniorts, and the prineeiles,
aie depcdited in the convent ul 'I'lhudow. All th.dr
Itiui^lures are lofty, Cpacious, and built with flone. Thi;i
ciicle IS tince hui died latboir.s iiidian.eter, and fuiioiind-
ed with veiy high and thick wall-., Ilaukcd with Uk
towers, planted witii t-iinoii, and alio delended by dco
moats ;ind lampar;;.
I'roni the above circle you pals over a haiuKome (toiij
bridge inui the lecoiid, whu h is called Kiiai^orod, or
the Chiiielc-town. 'I heie aie heie five llree;«", two ca-
thedrals, eighteen paiiili ihurches, lour convents, thir-
teen noblemen's houles, and nine public edifices : iheli
are the duel difpenlary, in which the medicines are ke-)t
in vellels ot China porcelain, decoi.ited with the impe-
rial aims ; and trom this place the whole empire is fup-
plied with medicines : tlie mint, which is a luperb ilruc-
luie: a maga/iiie, or waiehoule, to which all i;oods aio
brought belore they have paid duty ; the cullom-houte :
the ambaliador's palace, which is now converted into a
lilk nianulaiitory : a printing-houle : a court of judica-
ture : the phytic garden ■. and the exchange, in which
are about fix thoufand handfomc fhops ; here all com-
mercial attairs are trantacted, particularly what relates to
the trade with Chin.i, whence this ciicic contains ma.iv
merchants. 'I'his part t.f the city is tortihed with u
pretty high wall, (Irengthened with twelve towers anil
iliong bulwarks.
Tne third circle furroimds the former, and is named
Uelgorod, or the White Town, from a wiiite wall wnii
which it is eiKomp.ided. It is aim called the Czar's
Town. The Neglina runs tlnougli this part of thcciiv,
fioni north to loutti ; hut though ttierc are in tnis circle
feveral kneles, bojar.-, inerch.ints, and tradelmen, it is
in many paits very dirty, and moll of the houles a.r;
very me.in. It includes feventy-f:.'; paiiflichuti lies, levtii
abbey, eleven convents, and nine public edifices : ti-.efc
are tA'o palaces, a cannon louadety, two markets, .1
brcwhoiile, a magazineof piovifioii! , the lait-i'.lli harbour,
and the lialii garden. At the tiiiibcr-maiket are lol.l
new wooden houles, which may be taken to pieces .uul
put together again, wneri: the purchafer plealcs.
The lourth citt le, called .Seniiaiioigorod, that i-., .1
town fuiiounded with ramparts of drill, inclofes ihc
three puccdiiig parts, and its rainp..rts include an atia ..1
great extent. i he entraliccwas loimcrly by thiity-four
gates ot timber, and two of Hone; but at prefciu only
the two lalt are ll.iiidiiig. Over one of thcic gates 1, 4
mathemaiital fi hool, and an obleryatory. I'liib ciich;
contains a hunda. I and lliiee p.iiilh churelK ., Iwoioii-
vents, an impeii.l liable, an ailc'nal lor ariiil. rv, a mint
a magazine tor piovilions, .ind a cloth nianul.icloi v .
Round till le pi incip,il parts ol tlie ciiy he the fubiiii' ,
which aie III great ixtiiit, and cmitain lixly p.iidh
I hutches and Iiii coiumij. I heie lubiiil); icliinble the
villjic-.
Kussi
Russia.
U k O 1' E.
47
>nic llunj
;i'iuJ, u'.'
two ej-
us tliir-
.s : tlK-li
i arc kept
rc ii lup-
[.rbllru.-
hoiilc :
i:;ti) a
ii.lica-
wliith
11 com-
atC'. to
.s m;;;u:
with u
nnn.nl
■I'l \vi:ii
C/,;r'r.
thccr.v..
I.: .1
t,.-U;
itts, .1
;irboiii ,
luM
L'CCS Mul
at is .1
oli-j I hi
Itlll .•!
ty-tuur
lit only
t>.'i In 4
iilIi:
UO iljll-
1 limit,
l.iLliir\ .
ubiiili'',
pjrifl\
,1.|..- till-
■i
*
villascs in other part? of the country, except the (]L-rm:in
iiu.utcr, which ii the largcll and hanJlonicIt, and con-
tains two Liithiarn chiirchfs, a (grammar fcho-il, a Cul-
vinill chiircli, anJ a Roniilh church. This luliiirb i:.
tituatird towards the call on the river Yaula ; to the well
ot' it lies the palace ot Annenhof, which ha, a good
i^ardcn ; and tuvvar.l., tlio north is a large and (lately hol-
pital. FartI.er to the v,\H (lands the palace ot llie em-
prefs tli/ahctli.
The I'winlxr of inhabitants are fuppofcd to amount to
.iboiit a hundred and fifty thoufand. 'I'hele confilt ot
itatcfmcn, noble fannliis, and their lervants, merchants
priclfs, monks, and lervants belongini; to tlie churches
mech.iniis, labourers, carriers, and Hedge drivers.
Mol'cow has iircally declined fince the building of !'c-
t'-rlbiir;;h, and its bein:; m.ide the li;at of the empire.
An iitiiverfiiy and two rvmnafia, or feniin.iries, were
founded here in the year 1755. Mol'cov.' has often fuf-
fercd by hrcs, and in 17^7, 174H, and 1752 a conli-
derable part of it was reduced to aflics, efpecially by the
laft fi:e, which conlumc-d above half the city, together
with t!ie noble difpcnfary and the c/.arina's ftables. But
the houlc an always loon rebuilt after inch a calaii>ity,
they being for ti'.e molf part formed of vcrv mc.in man -
rials. 'I'he gardens in its neighbourhood yiuld a variety
of fruit, and are particularly famous for the traiil'parcnt
apple, called by the Ruffians naliwy.
In this government are leveral confiderablc places, a-
mong which is Garoflawl, a large and well built town,
the capital of a circle of the lame name ; it has a good trade,
and is celebrated for its Ruffian leather. 'J'lie fliops in
the large exchange make a very jiraiid appearance, and
are well flocked both with home and foreign goods.
Here is alio a coiillderablc manufacfure of all kinds of
linen and flowered woollen tlulFs. 'I'he Ruffian church,
which flanJ^ near the manulaitory, is built in the Cjer-
nian taftc, and has lew equal to it in thi' country.
One of the moil remarkable places in thi- circle of .Mof-
cow is the convent of the Holy Trinity which is the
largcll and bell endowed of any in Ruffia ; t le number of
peafanti! who arc its valiils being no Icfi than twenty
thouf.ind. It is fituated at the dillance of lixty werlts
trom \Iofcow, and is built in a quadrangular I'orni, intiie
old Goth.e ta!le. It is inclofed with llrong walls, ram-
parts, and moats, and is always garriloned by a company
of folJiers. The convent itlijlt is a Ip.icious, lolty, and
handlomc llrueturc. The great church is very Ipl -ndld,
and has a fine tower, in which are leveral valuable bells.
Befidcs the principal church there are nine others, and a
granitiiar fcliool, within the inclofure of the convent.
The number of monks who relide here is laid to amount
to about fix hundred. Thi-. wa' the place where l-'eter I.
took Ihelter after he had nanou'ly eleaped the hands of
the .itrelitzes, who h.id been Ipnited up againd him by
,So[itiia his half fi'.ler. It has been an aiitieiit cultoiii for
the liivercign of the Ruffian empire to go in pilgrimage
t ) this place. Heie are leveral dead bodies, which, from
natural caufes, remain undecayed. Tliete is a Iniall
town near the eonvcnt.
s K c r. XII.
Of the (j'.vtnvmnti cf Anhai^il and Kn-orrod; uith nn
A>.)unt of th,- Sam'ACiUs, inthcprmcr Grjcrnmntt ; und
tl I priiuitxil I'tiiUi in ctuh.
THE government of Archangel incliiJcs a part of
Lapland, ot which we (hall give a more particular
acioiint in tr< ating of Sweden ; but, as great numbers
<.l thtr people called Samoicdes live 111 this goveininent,
II will be proper to take I'omc notice ol them.
The .S.iinoiides inha'dt the coall ot the northern ocean
both in Kurope and Afi.i, and we have already given
fome account ot thdii ill tre.iting of Siberia, i'he word
Sam oiede i-. laid to iigiiily man-eater, it being imagined,
without any loiindatioii, that thele people devoured liieir
dcceafed friends and the priloners nkeii in war. The
Samoiedes that live in the govrmnient ot Archangel are
rntirch leparated fiom the rell ot that nation, and as it
were excluded lioni any inteKoitite with ih.ni. liny
have alio a ditlerciit language; yet as to ti; ir religion
and curtoins, they entii^ly agree. They are low ot
llature, and their ieet, elpcciallv thole if ihe tcmales, ato
rem.irkab!'/ Imall. Their tawnv cunplexion, longilli
eyes, and putl'ed checks, give them a \i'ry dilagreeablc
appearance in the eves of flra.i^ers. I'hey aic poor,
limple, and iindeiigiiing.
'i'heir winler-djel's is nude of the I'^.iis ol rein-deer,
with the hairy tide outwards; and tlie cap, coat, gloves,
bieeehes, and llockings, aie generally ley\ed together ; to
tli.it the \vlu,le luit makes but one piece, in tumnier
tliey wear tilh-lkiiis, and inih ad of ilirejd ute the nerves
of wild be.ill. cut into long lilanienls.
They all fubhlt by huntinj and hlhiiig ; the ncfh ot'
rein-deer, hear-, feals, towU, dried tilh, and turnips, be-
ing their ulual lood. The fl^lli they eat partly raw and
partly boihd. Their w.apons tor hunting are javelin. ,
bows, and arrows pointed witli bone ; they have aim
feme darts bearded with iron. Whi.n they jind i: dilli-
cult to fublift in one place, they remove to another.
Their fumnier huts are covered with the bark of biich
trees; but in winter, with the fkins of rein-deer. Their
whole riches, and all they poii'eis conlills in tents,
cloaths, and rein-deer, lioth fexes wear the fame kind
of drefs, and as their features are equaiiy difagrceable,
it IS not ealy to diflinguifh them.
'Their marriages are attended with no other ceremony
than merely an agreement between the parties ; but tho'
polygamy is not ]irohibited among them, few of them
have more than one wife. The Samoiedes, like the Of-
tiacs, call llieir new born children by the name of the
firll aniioal they meet, or if they firll happen to meet .1
relation, he generally namss tlie child.
helore they were b.ought into liibieclion to the Ruffian
government, the only puniili.ment among them waa ti>
lell the [ letrator of any heinous crime, as niuider,
&c. togct • with his whole taniily, for llaves. Cut the
Riilfian la\. are now introduced 11. to the principal places
in this country.
'They know very little of a Supreme Being, but pay
their adorations to mitliapen woo.len images ol men,
brails, birds, and fiflies. 'They all'o pay a Icindofwor-
Ihip to the heads of bcalis of prey, particularly tiiol'e of
beats, which they put up 111 the woods, and fervently
pray to. 'Their prielK, whom they term fhamans, or
codelnies, are chol'cii Irom among thole wiio are moll
advanced in years, and thele they imagine can make
known to them Ihe will of their gods, foretd iuturc
even:,;, and by their iirange gclhircs, and ridiculous gri-
maces, pert'orm all kinds of magical operat jns.
Before the reign of the czar Iwan Hahlowitz,, the
only magillratc among them was the old^lt man in the
l.imily or village, to whom the rell were fubjecl. But in
his reign, a perfon called Aiuca Stroganow, fcnt his
Ion to make diicovcries in this country, w! o on liis re-
turn made an ample report to tne g' vcrnmcnt. The
Kiilhans were not a little I'or.d of the tine t'eis it produ-
ced, and the czar immediately old ed leveral forts to bu
built in diri'ere.it parts of the country. 'The Samoiedes
readily fuhmittcd to p.iv a tribute of furs, whivh was
impoied on them, and by degrees the habitable places
were peopled by Ruffian colonies and i:jveiiinis. 'Thj
Samoicde,-, made two attempts to Ihake olt' tl-.e Ruffian
)okej but were lijon reduced. Thev have the .'-.iiell furs
in all the Ruilian cmpiie, which they dii'pol'e of to the
Ruffian:, lor trifles, and y/iien they meet with ill luccefs
in hunting and hilling, tiiey cxchaiine tiiem for meal ;
this they mix with water, and eat it ou: eta kettle wlii.::i
always hangs over the fire.
In this government are twei'.e circles, the mufl ccn-
fiderablc places in which are .
Archangel, the capital of tills trnvernmcnt, which ij
ftuated in lixty-four dearies ih.ity-lour minutes north
latitude, and in torty degrets twelve n:inutes call lon"i-
tiide Irom London, on the batiks .jf the riur Dwiiu,
about tour miles trom its entrance into the White Sea.
'This city is about throe Knglifli miles in hn.'th, and
one in breadth, and the houi'es are all built of wood,
alter the Ruffian manner, except the exchange cf the
nierch ants, whiih is of rtone. The citadel, where tlic go-
'.einyr reliJcs, i^ furraundcd with ak.nj of wal! 'naJc of
Urge
I '-^:^
'■■H
i*'
!'F
I
48
A S Y S T 1'. M O 1< G E O G R A F H Y.
Kl ssjA.
large piccci of linihcr. Thi^ city is a biflio|)'s i\c ; but
hotin tlic I.utluraili aiiJ C.ilviiiilb h.ivo ihcir rtliRCtivc
churches thcic.
The loim-lstion of its i-oinniercc was laid by the
F.ni^lifli in the ycir i ^5^, aiiJ the aiivaiiia;^is ihcy
renneil (mm the Riifli.i t\:\i\u, liinii pronipted otlHT na-
liniis to pur ill for .1 lliaie nf it. I'rovidous arc there
fuKi vcrv cheap; hut the [;raJu.il incrcafe anJ profpcriiy
of Peterlburg has made this city decline in the lame
proportion. A p(>(^ hjs, however, been i!t.ih,il!u\l (or
the convenience of trade between thia town and IVtcrl-
btir".
UlHu^' ^V^Iiki, or (neat Uthug, the principal town
of a circle of its own na!i\c, is fituated near the conflux
of the river< .^ncl'ona and [u:: ; but formerly (lood at
the nuiuth of tl;e latter, from wl'.ich it derive its name.
'I'his city is about three werlKs and a half in len'lh,
and half a wrrlt in breadth ; it contains nven'y-three
churcnr-, befiJes five convents, and is an arihhilliop's
tee. Thou.^h it is fituated in rixtv-oiic de tccs fifteen
minutes latitu.le, vet the fruits of the earth often couiC
to maturitv. It has a communication by water with
.Archangel and Wolocda, which renders it lb ctmvcni-
ent fnr trade, that molt of its inhabitants are merchants,
and fomc of them arc v
.'rv WLiUtri
Thole who L'o fioni
.■\r(hani;il to Siheria, i;enerallv pafs tlUoU|'h tin-, citv.
'I'ne laft place wc fliall nuntion in this L'ovcr.'imci'.t is
that of Woio<ida, which is alfo a provinci.d city, and
lia
a river o( the f.in'.c name. It has feventecn
Twer, which is alfo a provinii.d town, lies on both
fides the Wolga, at the inl!u\ of the liver Twer/a. I:
is lari;e and populous ; lor it has kventv churchc'j
and convents, and carries on a conlidcrablc trade in corn.
It is at prelent an archbifliop's lie, and was .■or:i)eriv tijc
refidence of levcial [^reat dukes and princes.
s K c r.
III.
Of tl'f Piivimc! cnijuertil h the Riij/iiiii:, oriii fii/l cf tin
PutJ'ifi .7 Liviiihi (inU Kiihoniii. Ti eir Siiiuitio>:,(J:~
tihite, FioJuti; aihl Inlhiiiliiiiti. I'heir ii',vrtumint ur.d
Hi'lvy; ivith ,1 Dejaijitiiii (if Ri:^ii, li'i Ijlutut of 0.'/ei,
ii'iil til' (Jitifs of RfVul, Siiiihiy ami cthir cciifidtruii.e
I'iihii in thi-fc' DulJlti.
W'V. now come to the provinees acquired bv Kuffij,
111 ihe prelent century . ihefe a:e i.ivoiiM, In-
|;ria, and C'arelia. We Ihall begin with the duichies of
J.ivonia and 1 tUionia, which were formerly inhabited
bv three different nations, the I.ivonians, J.ettor.ians,
and Llthom.iiis, whciuc it b'.came divided into LiclLind
or Livonia, I.ettland, or Lettoiiia, and l^lihl.iiid, or Kf-
ihonia. In common convvrfatioii l.ivonra include:; the
countrv projierlv fo called, loja'ther with I.ettoiiia and
Kllhonia ; but, to (peak with j;realer prccihon, l.ivoiiia,
or the loutii part of the country, oui'Jit to be dillinguifli-
td from k-Hhonra, or the luirili parr.
Livonia and IdHionia border on Courland, the li.iltic,
the Kulpli of I'inland, Ingria, Ruifia, and I'oland ; it
verv few of that nation at piefcnt live there. It has alio j extending; in length from north to louth between two
hundred dwrlliiii; hoiife^, fixiy-einht churchr', two con-
veills, with four churches, and a (ierrnan fuburb, tho'
twoliiburbi iiilia'iited by Hcdje Olivers, in which are two
churches, befides a convent of monks, which has four
chapels. This citv, wliiih is the lee of an archbiflinp,
was fnrmerlv in a llouriflrin': conJition, and carried on
a cr.nliderable trade, its coirmeicc now confilts of hemp,
hemp-fetd, and inattinj:, made of the bar': of linie-iiees,
whith the inh.diitar.ti lend to .•Xrchan^el in a lew lar^e i plenty of all the necellaries ol lile. I'he air is clear and
barcc^ that beloirj to the town: they alio fend Kullia ' laluhrious ; and though the winter be Ioim' and icvere,
leather .ind tallow bv land to I'eterfliurtr. Arehan.n 1, on and conlecpieritly the funimer Ihort, vet the heat of the
the other hand, fupplics Wologda with foreign commo-
dities, which are fcdd here \ery cheap. Molt of the in-
habitants of this town are traders : the Dutch and Ger-
:nai . ha\e been fettled here for a Icuig time pall, and
upon the takin;' of Narva, the created part of tne inha-
bit.iius who were made piilbiiirs, was lent tot!:istown,
wh'ae ihev provided lor thenil'elves fo well by their in-
dilltrv, that ihcv returned back with reluclarice.
The '.'•jverninent of Novo:'_rod or Nowo.'rod, includes
the dutcl.y of the fame name, or the illand of Cireat
N'ovooTod, conquered by the Ruflians in 14;8. In this
countrv lies the lake of llmen, from whieh the livcr
W'olcovv runs-, and th- I'e pr.at rivei ; c.illed the Wol^a,
hundred and frity and three hundreil miles, imuI its
breadth from call to welt, is fiom two hundred lo two
hundred and foity mile.-, cxduhve of the illands belunp-
inj; to it.
Livonia confilts partly of woods and moralfi.s, and
partly of a fertile Ibil, that vieids the inhabitants great
1 climate, dming the latter lealon, is luch, th..ttheuiam
I fown both in winter and lumuur ripens at the pioper
tunc. Ill a plentiful year the inhabiiaiiti export man/
thouland lalis of barley and rye to Holl.ind, Spain, and
other (nrei::n coururies, wdiencc Livonia has been term-
ed the gr.inarv of the north, liclbic the corn is thresh-
ed, it IS dried and hardened in kilns, heated by lari'c
built contii;uous to their barns ; yet this renders
Itoves
Nieper, and the I'oliih Dwina, h.ive alio their fourcis
in tlii. province. This government includes five circles
or dilliict-, the nudt remarkable places in which arc,
(Jreat Kovogroil, the capital of a circle, and a very
aiu lent, lari-e, and celebrated citv, feated on the river
Wolcow, jult where it runs out ot the lake of llmen.
This is a place of confiderable trade, and the feat of a
"ovcrnor. It was hrll built in the ninth centiirv by the
.Selavonian>, and was a famous itaple of the Uanle-
tnwns, till the year 140+, when it grew fo powerful,
tli.it it becamea proieibral Ipecch, " Can any body with-
'■ Itand Gtjd and Novogroil .'" liut by Ireqiientiv fal-
liti:'- into the hamls of its enemies, and the many con-
l!.i;M itions, whirh, from time to time, have li:ippened
1:1 this city. It IS fo far reduced, as to have IVarce any
I 'mains of its former crandtur The churches and
I inventi are alone worihv ot notice, the relt cjf the
town confiftin;; of fmall wooden houl'es j it is, how-
ever, an an hbdhop's fee.
St. Anthoiiv"i convent is fituated bv the river Wol-
cow, about two werits from Novoiirod, and i, the (iriii-
eipal mmiallery in the country. St. Anthony, its loun-
iilT, was buried there in 114", and belides his monu-
ment, here is fliewn a mill-llone, on which his vota-
leli.'ve, and i'ia\eiy HfTert, th.it he faded from
Illy I
to this
ut the
It neither iinlu lor lovvin;;, nor for niakin;< bread and
malt, though it has the advanta:^o of making it keep
the better.
I'ormerly thi-^ country was overrun with yaft woods of
oak, Hr, pine, and bnch trees ; but th.f.: arc now too
thin, parilv tiom the niethod of buildiiii; practi(i;d hv
the inhabitants, whole houles and other edilices both
III the towns and villatjes, conlilt alinoit eniirelv of wood
and partly by their clearing it the woods, m order to lue-
pare the land for fowing of cum. The country, however
has reaped one advantage from the want of tiee;, it bein •
lei, inteltcd with bear:, wolvt-, elks, lynxes, maiteiis"
and other wild beaiti ■ yctlvivoiiia (till abounds with the
Imalkr wild i|iiadrupeds, and other game ; (o tluit lian :.,
wliich turn white here in winter, and wild fowl, aic
(old veiy cheap j but there arc neitiier deer nor wild
boars 111 this country. The horned cattle, horle^, and
j;oals (it Livonia are, however, veiv numerous, and
inuehelleemed ; but the (hcep are not exttaordinaiv, their
woid being coarfe, and reteinblin.; L'uats hair.
\'a(l (piamilies ot flax, hemp, hnleed, leather, an.t
fkins, are exported from hence in loicii'n boti.-nis.
The rivers whu h water this country are tlic I )iina, the
A;:, the I'.mbac, tnc I'ernaw, \'c. It has Ikewiie manv
Itandmti lakes, as that ol l\ipus, the lake ot Wcrczei
winch IS thirty milts in length, and twelve in brr.uitli,
the like ot Luhaii, and (ome others. Doth tliele lakes
and river.s atlbid pleiitv of the liiielt (aliin 11 and o<fier
tilli. rurhots arc alfo taken m the ^uljih of Riua, ^j,,,)
place,
'.irr.e ri \
Tliey have alio lunic oilier curio- I filhcr
a ronfiderahle jurt of llie inhabiiai.is .iic fupported bv {»•
Sir
ill
:i (:)('eics ot herrrn-
,■.1(1 (hi
.(•n'> tilde
:ir:d ate
, are loiiri I
:.'ie ccnmioii
I
\
4S
Ki:ssiAi
K U R O P t.
^9
[•.an :,,
I. aic
wiia
|<, and
.llld
I', ihcir
It, and
lis.
|iui, the
many
|cri'7.d,
Irr.uilti,
: lake*
la, anil
i)v in;
Idnnl
:,u;nin
food of the pcafants, who fait great cinantitics of them.
A Svvcili' has in the prcfcnt reign ellabliflicd a pearl-
iiihiTV, and there are above forty-tive rivulets and lakes
in I,ivonia and KIthnnia where this fifhery is carried on;
Init the latter yield more pearls than the former, and thofe
ncarlv equal the oriental peails botli in fi/.e and tlear-
nels.
■|"hc highways and roaJs in Livonia arc in very good
order, and at the ejid of evcrv Rnflian werfl a red pdlar
i^ crccUd, on which is marked the number of the werlls
pallid and rcmainin^r, in tiavtlling from one capital to
ano'.licr.
This country was formerly interfpcrfed with a multi-
tiidj of towns and vilLigcs ; hut molt of them have been
dedrnved in the wars which I-ivonia has fo often expe-
rienced i and the ruins of niatiy of them are to he fcen.
Jndccd a traveller pafles through more towns in a journey
of eighty or iiinctv miles in many countries, than iji all
this ex'cnt ot' land, lo the fame caufe may be attributed
the fcarcitv of money obfcrvablc among the Livonian
pcafants, who, amidll all their affluence, find fuch dif-
liculty in turning the overplus of their fubftance into
monev, that it is faid they are obIij;cd to give half of it
awav, and at the fame time they buy wli.itcver , foreign
commodities they have ocafion for at a very high price.
JJvonia might doubtlcfs afford fublillence to a much
greater number of inhabitants than it lias at prefent ;
ior they have been extremely thinned by war, pcllilence,
nnd famine. Their number may in fonic nicafurc be de-
termined bv the following method ; the cflatcs arc taxed
according to the numb.r of hakes, that is id' men fit for
labour from fifteen to fifty years of age, five of thefo be-
ing reckoned to a hake. The pcafants of Kdhonia are
('.lid to confift only of five thoufand hakes, which only
amount to twenty-five thoufand labouring men, a num-
ber that mult appear very incoiifidcrablc for fo large a
province.
Ijcfides thofe of the inhabitants who arc of (icrman
extraction, this country contains a great number of Kllho-
nians and I.cttonians, who arc of a different race, and
have a different language ; but tlieir manners and cuf-
toms are nearly the fame. The Kfthonian.s fecm, from
the affniity of the two languages, and other circum-
llanccs, to have defcended from the fame origin as the
Fins ; but the I/Cttonians, both from their name and
langoarc, r.ppear to be fprung from the fame (b-':k as
the r>ilhuanians, who arc a mixture of feveral Sarinatian
tribes. The ffaturc of both fcldom exceeds the middle
fize ; but they are vigorouv and hardy, enduring cold and
heat, and ehearfidly imdergoing the grcateft labour and
f.Ui"ue. Their houles are meanly built, and the rooms
<iuitc black with fmoak. They are all vafials, or r.uher
(laves, to their lords, who may tr-at them as they plcafe;
fo that they do not kill them. 'I'heir chief employments
are a"riculturc, grazing, and fomctimes fifliing ; yet they
have a good natural genius lor mechanics. 'I'hey aio,
hov.'cver, addi'Rcd to drurd:cnncfs, and dill praiilife in
private many l'u;vrffitious culioin.. The languages
ufuallv fpoken by the inhabitants aic t.ie German, ihc
l.ettr.niaii, the Klihonian, tlie Kuffi.in, the .SweJifli, anil
that of Finlaiiil.
The nobility of this country arc very numerou?, and
arc n'.'jftly of foreign extr.iflmn ; for their anceltors were
partly fuch families as antientiv came into Livonia with
the king of Denmark ; but for the moff part removed
hither from tJermanv. Here are alfo fonie noble families
of Swedifli and Polil^i extraction. 'Idle grcatelt part ol
the nobility have always applied themfc'vcs lo a military
life ; .-.nd the other'; v.ho relide on their effates, and make
improvements in agriculture, are generally invclled with
civil employments. The nobility are far from bring i\>(-
(erers by falling under the doininion of RulTia ; for fince
that time all their riizhts and privileges have been con -
firmed to thorn, and the effates which thccourt of S.vedeii
had realTumcd have bk'-wilc been feffortd.
Artificers and mechanics arc lefs common here than in
other countries. The commerce of f,i\onia always
llouiifhc' in time of pracr ; however, the trading town^
on the t'laft differ greatly by the claiuleliine trade carried
on bv land ; and, though it has hern often prohibited,
ir ffifl inrieafes. The gentry purcbAfecyrn both uf their
4»
vaffals and other pcaf.ints ; fomc ol them dillil fpiric!
from it, while others fend it to the fea-ports, and lell it
thereto great advantage. The pcafants are obliged to
bring what corn they intend for i'alc to the noblemen's
feats, where, inffcad of having ready money for it, they
generally receive iron, fait, tobacco, and other utenfil.<
and commodities.
The inhabitants of Livonia chiefly profefs Luthdranifm ,
but the Calviniffs, Ruflians, and I'apifts, arc indulged
with the free cxcrcife of their religion. The IJibIc ha;
been here publiihcd in the Lettonian and I'.ffh.inian lan-
guages i and there is an annuM allowance from the crown
(d' twelve hundred rubles towards the fupport of the na-
tional churches in this country i but the churched of the
feparatifts do not partake of this bounty.
All the country pariflies in Kfthonia, together with
the cathedral of lleval, with regard to ccclcfiaffical jurif-
diclion, arc fubjedt to tlic nobility, and are but forty in
number; wheiicewcmay form a conje>Slurc of the great
extent of thofe pariflies. The conllffory of nobles \s
compofcd of a prclldent, who is a provincial counfcllor,
provoffs, the preachers belonging to the cathedr.d of
Rcval, and fomc other afieH'ors. Here i-. likewife a fu-
preme court of appeals in fpiritual caufco, which con-
liffs of fomc ccclcfiaffics, provincial counfellors, and
noblemen. Livonia, or the gener.al government of Riga,
contains above a hundred and twenty pariflies, which,
together with St. James's church in I^iga, arc under the
jurifdidlion of the confifiory of noble. ; over thefe pre-
fidcs a general fuperintendant, who rcfides at Riga,
where is alfo held the high confillory. Kvcry circle has
a governor in civil and military affairs, who muff be ol
the dafs of the nobility. The minilters of Pernai^Dorpt,
and other fm;dl towns in Livonia, are fubjedt to the ge-
neral fiipcrintcndant ; but the cities of Riga, Rcval, and
Narva, have their own confifforics, which, a; well as
the niagiffracy, arc independant of the nobility.
The liigheff tribunal in Kllhonia is the l\i;iri mc pro-
vincial court, called the government, wliiili annually
meets to adminiller jullii.c about the middle of January,
and continues fitting till Kalier. It confids of the go-
vernor, as prefidcnt, and twelve provincial counfellors,
who at- all nobles, and have the rank of m;ijor-genera!.
The provincial counfellors may fill up the v.icancies in
their college, without any licence from the crown, from
among the nobility; and the fenior provincial counfel-
lors compofc a government, in the abfenee of the other
govcrhors.
Subordinate to this tribunal arc inferior judges, who
hoKl inferior courts. The inferior judge ol every circle
in Kllhonia has tv o afTiffants. His oflico is to take care
of the roads and fridges ; to levy the money granted bv
the nobility at the diet, for the public fetvicc ; and all
dil'putes about limits and other incidents have the firit
hearing bcfiire liim. Subordinate to the fuprcmc council
is alfo another coiiit, c.dled nun gericht, which confills
of a judge, two allellors, and ,i notary. Thefe take
cognizance of all criminal all'airs, and difputcs of more
importance. An appeal alfo lies from the t'ornicr of
thefe inl'eiioi courts to the man gericht. The judge of
botli thefe courts muff be of the clafs of nobles, and con-
tinues in office only three years.
In the general government of Livonia the chief tribu-
nals are the lupremc couit of judicature appointed by thi;
czariii.i, and .illo two inferior courts, liut from all
thefe courts there lies an appeal to the college of judica-
ture effablifhed all'eterlburgh, for the provinces of Effho-
Ilia and Livoni.i, and from ;hit again to the fenate,
which is the fuprcmc tribunal for the whole Ruffian
empire.
With refpcet to the hiffory of thefe countries, pngan-
ifm prevailed till the twelfth century, when the Chrif-
tian religion was firll introduced into Fdvimia. In 115S',
fomc nierebaiUs of IJrcmen, bound to CJothl ind, weie
driven by iliefs of weather on the coal! of Idvonia ; but
the inhabitants at firff oppofed tluir landing, yet by de-
grees grew familiar, and traded with them. Of this the
merchants of lirenmi took .idvanlage, by relorting thi-
ther in greater numbers with commiHlitics to trade with
the natives ; and, with their conient, went about fw
miles up the Uuna, where they pitched their tents.
N Afterwards
f«
!--v.i
I'
Ph.
5«
A S Y S T F. M OF G E O G R A P M Y.
RtrssrA.
r
Aftfrwatdi fhfy Imilt a ftionj w.ir ■hnufi.' of timber on
an (.■niineiici.', in whicli tht-y iicpr)rit(.il thi-ir pooili. The
Gcrm.iiis incriafuig in nvinilier, Incii^lu with them, a-
bdiit the year Il8(), an Aii;Mi(line monk, naiiieil Meiii-
haril, whi), having'. IcariU'il the Ian„'uage of the country,
peniMiIeil fome u( the inhibit iMl^ to be baptized. «y
this time, iiilh'ad ol alingle waielunill', the (Jermans hail
furmi'il .itmvn, which \eas named U.xkul, and this they
now built with (lone, and eiedcd a caiHe at the foot of
the hill. Memhard loimdcd a thurrh and convent of
AujjulHne monlis in this town, whiili was foon ercifted
into an ejiifcopal fee, of which he wis the tirft billlop.
About the year iiqO, Canute V'l, king of IJenmark,
entcrin- Eillionia, fubdued that province, introduced
Chriilianity, erected churches in the country, und fent
priclh to officiate in them. Hifliop Alhett, in order to
promote the coni|uert of I.ivonia, inliitutcd the order of
knii;luhood called the Knights of Chrilt, and pope In-
nocent 111. gr.intcd them t'.ic fame (latute.s as the Knights
Templars, with a crol^ and fword, as a badge to be worn
on their coat> ; cn|oiniiig them, at tlie fame time, to
obev the bifliop of kiga. In the y-ar l?.c6, bifliop Al-
bert granted to the order the third part of Livonia, with
all the privileges of (overeignty, which was confirmed by
pope Innocent III. who exempted the knights from tithes
and other imp'-lls. In 12^1 they were Tolemnly united
with the knijhts of the reatonic order, and, ai their
ha' it was a white mantle, with a black crofs, they (liled
thcmfelvcs Diotlirtj of the Crofs ; a title which they after-
ward: ch.uigcd to that of Lordi of the Crofs. At length
the king of Denmark fold Hlhonia to this order, and in
1521 their iieneral purchafed from the grand mafler of the
Teutonic Iviimhts in I'MifTia the chief jurifdiiUion in Li-
vonia; at the fame time they were difcharged from their
Oath of obedience to the Teutonic grand mailer. Soon
alter the emperor Charles V. admitted them among the
princes of the empire, by which they had a right of ap-
pealing from their high court of judicature to the Aulic
council at Spires.
About the middle of the (l.\tccnth century the czar
Iwan L'lfilowit/. formed the defign of conquering this
country, which induced the city of Reval and the dutchy
of Kilhonia to put thcmfcKcs under the protciHion of
Sweden, on which was grounded the claim of that
crown to Livonia, and the fuperior privileges enjoyed by
LlHiunia above Livonia. (lotha Kctlcr, chief of the
Older, alfo gave up Livonia to the king of Poland, and
havin;; fulcmiily lefigiied his command, was created firft
duke of Courh.nd, which he was to hold as a fief of
Poland. The Poles likewife got poniflion of Riga and
Lettonia ; but now tliis country became the fccne of the
The general govrrnment of Riga contains Lcttoni.i, to
which the name of Livonia is given in a more limited
fenfe, .ind confills of the circle ot Riga, W'iiidin, I'ernau,
Dorpt, and the province of Ocfel ; the principal place*
of which arc,
Riga, the capital of the whole country, fcatcd in
the tiity-lixth degiec filty-thrce minutes north latitude,
and in the twenty. fourtl\ degree call longitude from
London, on the north call fide of the Duiia ; and, tho*
it is not of any great extent, it is populous, well for-
tified, and famed for its trade and opuKnic. The houfes
are handfonie, anil for the molt part huil; 01 lloue. 'l"liey
are fcldom above two lloiies high, and li.ue Keep roofs,
tor the better carrjiiig otFtlie water, which ii very pene-
trating on the melting of the fno'.v, wherein they ha\e the
advantage of the Ruflians, who h.ue fliil greater occafioii
to provide againfl the like inconvenience. The cellais
aic ufed as warehoufei fiir flax, and other goods ; and
the entrance or firft apartment in m.iny houfes is the
coa;.h-houfe, through which you mulb pafs to the par-
lour and dining-room. The ftrccts are narrow. The
Lutheran churches, as the cathedral, St. James's, St.
Mary M.^dalene'.s, St. Peter's, and St. John's, arc
haiidfome ftrmihires, 'I'he feminaries, called the imperial
Lyceum, and the city (lymnafium, are in a flouiifhing
condition ; and the malic is have very confidcrable fala-
ries. Here are alfo an old caflle, a Itrong citadel, and
two arfenals well (lored with arms, one at the charge of
the crown, and the other of the city. Th: fortifications
both on the land and water fide have been improved un-
der its prefeiu maltcrs, and thofe tuwards the fea are en-
larged by additional works. Thia city, by means of its
excellent hai hour, lias, during the fumm.r leafon, a good
trade with Knglaiid and Holland, and in winter a trade
with the Rurtian |)rovinccs by fledges.
The Duiia is generally fio/.cn about the end of No-
vember, and tipcri again near the middle of March} (o
that it has the advant.ige of Pctetlburgh, where the Ne-
va isclofed about fix weeks longer. When the ice breaks
up, it frequently comes down in fuch large pieces, as to
remove points of land, and form banks that fometimcs
remain for fcveral years. For this reafon no (landing
bridge can be built over the river, and there is only one
of rafts and boards duiing the fummer fe.ifon.
The chief commodities here are malls, timber, fla.x,
and hemp ; great part of which i.^ brought from the Po-
lifh Ukraine. Near five hundred fliips have been annu-
ally loaded at Riga.
Its privileges, which arc very confidcrable, were con-
firmed by the emprcfs Anne. The fupremc court of ju-
iicature for Livonia and the hiijh confiltory w.ns held in
moll bloody w.irs between Ruflia, Sweden, and Poh'.nd, J this city, which is alfu the rcfiJence of the governor and
which lafled fiir a whole century ; but by the peace of general fuperiiuendant. This city was built in the year
Oliva, concluded in 1660, Livonia was given to Sweden, \ 12CO, and fonn after inclofed with a wall. It has fuff'cr-
and the Uuna w is agreed to be the boundary between the i ed much by fires and fieges : the moll remarkable of the
Swcdifli and IVdilh dominions. j latter are tliofe it fuflained from the Ruflians in 1656,
At len.;th, in the famous war which broke out in the the Saxons and Poles in 1700, and a fecoiid time by the
North in the beginning of the prefciit century between ' Ruflians in 171c, when it was oldiged to fubmit to the
Peter the Great and Charles XII. of Sweden, this coun- | vidlorious arms ot I'eter the Great
try was miferably ravaged, till by the treaty of Nyftadt,
concluded in 1721, Sweden ceded Livonia, Kfthonia, and
Ingria, wiili a pait of Caielia, 5ic. for ever to Ruflia ;
when his c/.arilh ir.ijcHy engaged to preferve and main-
tain the iiili.ibitaiits in the enjoyment of all the rights
and piivileges they had pofllfled while under the domi-
nion if Sweden, and to permit the Lutheran religion,
with the churches, fchools, and all the endowments, to
continue on ilic fame footing as under the Swedifli go-
vernment ; granting the profefTors of the (Jreek religion
only an entire liberty of coiil'cience, and the free cxercife
of their religious worflrip.
In 1741, Sweden attempted the recovcrv of part of
thefe ceded countries ; but this was only attended with
a lol's of part of Finland ; and by the peace of Abo,
eoncluded in 1743, Ruflia was not only cnnfirmeJ in the
poireflion of all its conquells, but acquired fome addi-
tional I'idritts ill Finland.
Since this country became fubjei5l to Ruflia, it has been
•livided into two general governments and one city ; thcfe
govetniiKiitb are ihofc ol Riga and Rcval.
Dunnamuiide is a noble fortification, about twelve
miles from Riga, fituated at the mouth of tlie Duna,
where the fliips which fail out of the Haltic into that
river pay culium«. 'Fhis place was taken by the Swedes
in 160CJ, and 1C18, and by the Saxons in lycc, who
gavi; it the name of ,\uguflu(l>uig. In 1701, it fur-
rendeied a third time to tne Swedes, ar.d in 1710, was
taken by the Ruflians.
Dorpt, a town fituated on a plain, watered by the
river Kmbcc, in the circle c.f the tame name, in latitude
fifty-eight degrees, was built in the vcar lojc, by the
grcJt duke of Ruflia, troni v\liom it was taken hy the
religious knights in mc^i ; afterwards it was rebuilt,
and created a bilhop's fee. It was formerly in a flou-
rifliing condition, being a member cjf the Hanfeatic con-
I'ederacy, and by means of its coiiinumication wi;h I'er-
nau, by a canal which was dellroyed in the lad Ruflian
wars, carried on a confidfrablu trade by fea An Kn-
glifli (lapie was alfo fi.ved in this town. It has under-
gone many remarkable fieges, partiiulaily in 17,'.), when
it was taken and plundcrtJ by the Ruflians, and the iii-
habitant«
4
■ t
Russia.
habitants fr
happLiied ii
ricil away b
rallle and
being aftcn
mean timbei
Shicl the
bit.ints have
crs have fett
pojiuloiis thi
yet nudl of
lifications, \
edifices, I'.il'
There are yt
and anion;;
•/.inc and the
though very
univerlity, w
quite fdleii t
and H.ix.
Pernaii is (
the ,4altic,
it has fome t
'l"he provi
f I, Moon, i
entrance of
in lenL;th, an
and contains
it was former
tonic order ;
mark's preteii
it up to the I
the latter by
fia It has a
cial counfello
ifland. I'hc
conltitutes a |:
alfo fituated i
creeled upon i
We now cf
or Rcval, wh
the fmall dill
this govcrnme
Revel, wliic
nine degrees t\
grccs call long
lent well fiiiti
The houfes a
the (Ireeis arc I
here, bifules tl
thcraiis. 'I'he
have four minil
but thecjthcdr
to the nobility,
There is alfo
native Ltlhoni.i
teliors, and on
is alfo a fchool
the nobiiity.
which the ni.ngi
the crown. R
number of m.il
turmerly made
towns. Its hai
ulually lying in
is furidunded w
^n.\ a deep diic
which ftands o:
citi/.ens have ve
A quarter of
is the fine impe
I'he city ol I
on a riling groui
runs from the 1
gulph of I'liila
There is a high
and the lake ; lb
mull be taken o
llaiids in the lati
and in tweiity-
lungitude. It i
Russia.
K U R O P P.
f,t
flax.
JIU,
tlut
vcdcs
wlio
fur-
waj
the
:uJe
tin-
the
hiiilt,
flou-
cim-
IVr-
ilTiaii
Kn-
nilcr-
whcu
ic iii-
taiits
I
habitants treated with preat eriifliy. Hiit its total ruin
happuie.l in i;o8, whin all the iiihabitints weie tar-
rie.l away hy the Riiflians aj priftincrs of war, and the
rallle ami li>rtitii.atiiiiis bl'iwn up i hut thel'e caplive'^,
bein' artcTwarih perinittcJ to leturn, rehullt it wich
mean timber hnLilef).
SinCL the pc u:e nf Kyft.itlt, the number of if- inha-
bitanis have been coiiri.lcraMy increafed ; many foreign-
ers have fettled there, which has rendered the town more
populous than it was under the domijiion of theSwcdes;
yet null of the buildings dill lie in ruins, and the for-
tifieations, walh, and gates, with molt of the public
edilites, fal'cn to ile:ay, malte a melancholy appearance.
There arc yet but fifteen private houfes built of Hone,
and anion' the public buddings, none but the mai^a-
v.iric and the German church. The prelent inhabitants
thou'h very numtrous, are g'-ncrally indigent, and its
univerlity, which was fur a time removed to I'ernau, is
iiuite f.dlen to decay. Its trade chiefly confills in corn
and H.ix.
I'ernau is fituatcd on a river of the fame name, near
the Haltic, and is a fmall town moftly built with timber;
it has fome trade, and is defended by a caflle.
'I'he province of Otfel, includes the iflands of Oe-
f I, Moon, and Runoe. The illand of ( )ei'el is at the
(iitranccof the gulph of Riga : it is eighty four miles
in liii:;th, and between fixteen and cigliteen in breadth,
and contains ten pariflles. The foil is ftojiv but fertile;
it was formerly fubiedl to the grand mailer of the Teu-
tonic order ; but without prejudice to the crown of Den-
mark's iireteiifions to it. At la(t the knights refigned
it up to the Danes, who ceded it to tlie Swedes, and
the latter by the treaty of Nylladt, gave it up to Ruf-
(ia It has a deputy-governor, and a college of provin-
cial counfellors. A light-houfe has been erected on the
ifluid. The little ifland of Moon, fituatcd near Oefel,
conllitutcs a parifh ; and the idand of Runoe, which is
alio fituatcd in the gulph of Riga, has a light-houfe
creeled upon it.
We now come to the general government of Revel,
or Rcval, which includes the province of Kilhonia, or
the fmall dillrifls of VVyk. The principal town in
this government is.
Revel, which is feated on the Raltic, in latitude fit'ty-
nine degrees twenty-three minutes, and twenty-four de-
rrrccs call longitude, though not very large, is an opu-
lent well foitified city, that has a conliderable trade.
The houfes arc moftly of brick, and well budt ; but
the (Ireets arc fomewh.it irregular. The oidy churches
here, bihdes thofe of the Ruflians, arc thcfc of the Lu-
therans. 'l"he (icrnians, including the fupcrintcndant,
have four miniflcrs, which conllitutc the town clergy;
but the cathedral, in which two bifliops officiate, belongs
to the nobdity, who have alfo thi ir chapter of nobles.
'I'here is alfo a Swedifli congregation, and another of
native Ellhoni.ms. The imperial feminary has four pro-
fcfibrs, and one teacher of the Rullian lan':uagc. Here
is alfo a (chool tut tl;e ufc of the town, and .mother for
tlic nobility. The tolls or culloms are conliderable, of
which the inagilliacy have a part, and the relt belongs to
tlic crown. Keval has its own arfeiial, and ni.iintains a
number of m.itioiles, and .i company of loldiers. It
formerly made no inconriderable ligure among the hanfc-
towns. Its harbour is convenient and fp.icious, and has
ulually lying in it a part id the Rulfian fleet. I'he town
13 furrouiided with high walls, flrengthencd with hallions
and a deep ditch, and is likewife defended by a caIHe,
which (lands on a lock, and has feveral toweis. 'I'he
citi/.ens have very plejfant gardens without the walls.
A quarter of a league Iroin this city, near the lea-fide,
is the fine imperial garden called Catharincn- Thai.
'I'he city ol Narva is fituated on the borders of Ingria,
on a riling ground by the banks of t!ic river Narva, which
runs from the Lake Peipus, .ind difcharges ithlf into the
jMilph of Kiidand, about twelve mdcs from the city.
I'here is a high water-fall in this river, between the city
and the lake; lo that goods brought thither fiom the lake,
mufl be taken out there and carried by land. 'I'his city
llaiids in the latitude of filiy-nine d'gices eight minutes,
and in twenty-leven degrees twcnty-hvc minutes call
lungitude. It is nut veiy lar|;e, but is conimodioufly
fifualed for trade, and the houfes are hindfonuly builf
(vith Hon,'. In the market-pbuc Hands an elegant tri-
umphal arth, ircCKd in 174O, in honour of the l.iteein-
piels j'dizabi'th. I'efide-i ihe RuUiaii churches, it has *
Lutheran i inircli for the (jui mans, and t soother churches
lor the natives of Finland and the riw^-dei. It is well
fortiliid, and has a llrong garrifon. Thi: chief commo-
dities cxpviited from theurc arc ll.;x and timber, and ;i
great quantity of fait is imported.
Till, city h.is frei|uently felt tile calamities of war,
when if w.\s clofe preill'd by the RuHiar.j in 1700, it was
relieved by Charles XII. of Sweden, who, with a hand*
ful of men, d.feated a hunJreJ thoul'md Ruflian,, with
a very great fl.iughj'T, and rail'ed th-- fioge. Hut 111 1704.
it was again belieged by the Rufli.ms, and carried by af«
fault ; liiico which time i; h.is been apart o( the Ruffian
dominions ; but with the full enjoyment of all its rights
anil •irivileges, the Ruffians only lefervin^ thcrii'htof
appeal to liic Iciiate at l\'terlburgh.
S E C T. XIV.
0/ tht Prrjlnce of Ingria, or Pel,rjl>iirg/i .• lis SitunticKf
Extent, Riven, ,w.i prina[)iil Piques ; will) a b.iriicul.ir
//,\:i(>il of Cri'ijladt, Pcteijhmgl', nn.l the /:eij;hl>iiirii£
PiiLets ; an J other Placeinrjl ivtrtly of \otue. "
Thi: province of Ingria, called by the Rufilans In-
gcrmanland, is fituated between the guipli of Fin-
land, Catclia, and RilTi I properly fo called, and extendj
III length a hundred and eighty miles, and in bieadth al-
niull as much. The country is fertile, producing both
corn and pafture, and abounds in all kinds of game, par-
ticularly elks.
'Fhe princip.il rivers of Ingria are the Luga, the
Sida, the CowafTa, and the Neva. This iaft" has its
fource on the lake of Ladoga, and is a bru.id, rapid, and
navigable river. It runs tiiroug I'etcrl'burgh, where ic
divides itfclf into feveral branches, particufarlv into the
Cireat and Little Neva, and the Newka ; an'd, after a
courl'e of fuity Englifh miles, difcharges itfeU" into the
gulph of Finland.
\\''hilc the Swedes were in pof!l(fion of Ingria, Lii-
theranifm was the only religion profell'ed in the ountry :
but at prefent great numbers of the Rulfi.in,, v/lio are
of the Greek church, arc mixed with the old inha-
bitants.
Ill tlie year 1722 this province was recovered by the
Ruifiaiis, who had been m.iftcrs of it once before, fo earlv
asthe thirte-ciuh century, hut had been obliged to give jt
up to Sweden. It was confirmed to Rulfia, witir their
other conqucfts, by the treaty of Nylii.it and Abo.
Ingria at prefent conflitutes the goveinmcnt of Pctcrf*
bur^'h, and ha, the followir;r remarkable places :
Cronlladr, a good town, and excellent lortification,
is leated on the illand of Retiifari, which is about fix
miles in length, and two in breadth. This illand lies
in the gulph of Finland, about eight leagues by water
Iroin l'cterlliurgh,and near two leagues from the coall of
Ingria. Tliis town was built by Peter I. and is prettv
large and regular in thoi'e parts that were firfl built; but
the original plan has 11. ;t been entirely executed. The
llrcet, are broad ; but only fome parts of them are paved.
The palace of Peter the Great, which is buiit of llone,
1^ now uninhabited, and, together with other haiidl'ome
Hone buildings, which make a grand .qipearance on the
lide next to Ingria, is filling to decay. The other
bull, lings .ire but mean, liefidca two principal, and fe-
veral dependent Rullian churches, here is a fmall Lu-
theran church ; but the tnglilh congregation is no loifcr
in being.
The wall round the town is planted with great guns,
and defended by the citadel, and the fort of Cronflilofs,
which is at a fin.ill dillance from ttie town, on ih,:
Ingria fide. (Jroiuladt has three harbours, all ofwhi h
are large, fife, and commojious : that for merchantmen
lies to the welhvard, and is very conrenieiu ; but that
for lli'ps of war, in which the greatelf p.irt of th;- Rufliaii
fleet is laid up, is towards the call. 'I'he powder maga-
zine is creeled in the water in this harbour. I'he m^d-
^ m
'i
iv
%
_! 1'
bi
A S Y S T E M O !• G i: O C, U A 1' H Y.
it*
r
I*
illc hiiboiir is fur other fliips anJ yachu belonging t<i
the crown.
Thii pl.icf !'c(fr the (ircat intciuliil lo fit up for rc-
pairinj; his large iin'ii nf war, by cnttinir atbiiiccanal of
iin cxtrnnrdinary brtaJth aiul ik'pth, with fi'vcral docks
in it : but this great woric wa? not compK'atcil till the
reign of the latcemprcfs. The c.inal alone it two wci(l»
and (iftv fathoms in length, and from the outward lluicc of
ihc dock ti> the fca is four hundred and feventceji Knglifli
fathoms. I he water in it i'l raifed to ihr depth of t wenty-
fonf feet, by means of the two large fluiecs. The canal,
when lull, is a hundred feet on the liirface of the water,
and at the bottom from fiftv-four tolixty-fevcn in breadth:
the outward and inward walls of the canal, and the itiole,
are hewn out of the folid r^ck. At the end of the canal
i? a deep bafon lined with llonc, which iiitcikiils the for-
mer at right angles, and is del'igned for a relervoir for
the water of the canal, when the docks arc to be clearcil
of it. At the lirlt opening ol the canal in the year 175^,
it received the nanunf I'eicr t!ie I'irll andthcCJreat ; and
at its mouth were ercLled two pvramids. This great and
ufeful wot!; has nut its equal 111 any part ot the known
World.
The cailleof Cronflilof.i, iuft mentioned, is built on
a fand-ban'< in the fea, at the dillanec of acannon-(hot
from the hajbour of CronHadt, towards Ingria, ami was
preotf (1 by I'etcr I, for the defence of his ronquells ; and
fuch improvements have been finre addeil, that, like
Cronltadt, a may jultly be elteenud the bulwark of I'c-
terlburgh. Jt is ereilcd in the form of a round tower,
with three galleries one above anothir, and is well pro-
vided with cannon on every lide. All the (hips that lail
to i'etctlburj'h are obliged lo pafs between this calile
;ind Croiiltadt, within reach of ihe cannon on both
1-dcs.
JJireilly oppofitc to Cronftadt, near the gulph of Fin-
lai-.d, ir the fine palace of Oranienbaum, budt by prince
Menzfliikow ; and nothing cm be more dclightlul than
the '.^uden .idjoinin^ to ini» feat.
PeterhotV is an imperial feat on the cnad of Ingria,
where the l.itr emprels nfually fpent the fummer feafon.
From the time of F'eterthe( i real no expencc has been fpared
in adding to (he fine fituaiion of this palace all the cm-
belliflimenls ol art. '1 he houfe indeed is far from being
regular ; but whoever v'cws the cKganec of the gardens,
wiiich arc adorned with fountains th.it throw up valf
Columns of water to an extraordm.uy height, with the
groilo<, double cafcades, plcafant groves, and many other
nrnaments, will not think them much inferior to thofe
of X'erfaiU'.s, which they excel in ihc fwv-etnefs of the
water. The palace Hands on a hill about fixty feet high,
nnd on one fide has a moll extcntenlivc profpcii, ibver-
(ified with noble objeiils. as the city ol I'etctllnirg, Cron-
lladt, and the ;;ulpti of Finland. Among the luinmcr-
ho'ifes belonging to this palace i'- one ditlinguiflied hy
ti-e name of .Mon i'laifir, or My Delight, and is parti-
cularly rcmaikablc for its curious paintings.
At no great dirtancc is Strelenbcjff, or .'^frclna-Mufa,
r.n impcri.il palace built in the water, eredled by I'eter
the (ireat, who employed many th niland mm in this
work ; for he intended to make it a fnjierb palace, and to
firm u garden with r. iliyrinth and other cmbellifiiments;
but his plan has nr.er been rompleatcd.
Cjtharinehott', Anncnhoti", and l.li/.abcthhofF arc im-
perial palaces, or pleafurc-houfes, on the iivcr Neva. The
former was the favourite refidenee of the emprefs Catha-
iinc, and properly coiifills of two edifices, it Hands in
a wood, on one iiilc of the fineft fpots in the neighbour-
hood of I'cterlourgh ; but, Irom its low fituatiun, is ex-
poled to freiiucnt inundations.
Wefhall nowglve a particular defcription of Pe'crfburgh,
one of the capitals of the RufTun empire. 'I"he beginning
and increafc of thu great city were very extraordinary ;
for, till the year 1703, the only buildings on the fpot
where it (lands were two fmall iiniing-huts, But Peter
the Cjreat having in that year taken the town of Nyen-
raanze, feated on the Neva, and made himf.-lf mader of
this country, its commodious fituation tor the llaltic trade
induced him to build a town and furtrefs here, and he
immediately begin to put hij pfjeifl in execution.
lUiSIA.
It wa-. indeed lirft dtfgncd only f,.r a place of arms,
to which all kinds ot military llores might be convini-
ently brought Irom the interior puts o( the inipire, by
•vhieh means the war with .Swedin nii;;ht be e.irricd on
with more vigour nnJ difpatch. Hence the public edi-
fice), and private houles were built only with timber, and
neilhi r the dock nor the town had an) othci fortilicatioiis
than ,1 mean rampart of earth, 1101 were the (fleets p.ued.
Dm the viiSoryat I'ultowa, and the comiued ol l.ivoiiia,
infpired I'eter with the hopes ot being able lo pielervc hr,
coiupiert, and to render Pctcrflnirgii the cipital of his
empire. His fondnels for maritinu- atfairs, a dcliie of
perpetuating his name by having it called by that of St.
I'eter, and his averfion to .\1olcow, where, in his younger
years, he had received much ill treatnienf, were the c hid'
motives that induced him to lay the foiiiu'alionof a new
city that was to become the caj'ital of his dominions.
I'eter had no fooner firmed thi. deli ;n, than he order-
ed the calHc to he built of (lone, the idniiralty to be wall-
ed in with the fame materials, and all the buildings to be
eredted in a more handfomc ami durable manner.
In 17 14 he removed the council to I'eterlburgh, and
noble cditices were erciHed in a (Jraight line for the pub-
lie offices, which, in 171S, were alio removed tbiiber.
The piiiicipal fiinilies nf KufTiiwere likewile ordered tr>
refido there, and budd houles according to their abilities.
Hut this occalioned fonie irrei;iilatity in the build. n.^s ; l,ir
the nobility and burghers luid bten direitted to build
their houfcs on the idand of l'c(eilbui!',h, and many pu'>-
lic and private (truOhiies weie accordingly creCfed there;
but, in 1721, the emperor determined that the whole
town (linuld ffand on the idand ofW'afili. The dreets
were marked out, canals were diii;, the idand was forti-
fied with Hfiy-fcven hadions, and tlie nidiility were to h'-
gin their houles a lecond time : but the death of the
emperor put a (lop to tlie execution of his plan ; and the
(tone building; that had heen ere^led went to ruin.
Ihc Ruffian nobility were naturally averfe to IVttlc in
Pctcrdijrph, as they could neither live there fo cheap, nor
(o co.mniodioudy as ar .Molcow. 'J'he country about I'e-
terlburgh is not v( ry fertile, (o that provifions arc brought
thither from a great didancc, and mull be paid for in
ready nioney ; which w.is no fniall grievance to the no-
bility, who chiefly fublided on the produce of their
edates ; but fi Idom abounded in cadi. JJefides, Mofcow
(ccmed much fitter for being the imperial leaf, as it is in
the center of the empire, from whence jiidice might be
more lafily adminidered, and the nation.il revenue be re-
ceived and didiiirl.-d with more convenience and difpatch,
Hefidcs, l'eteid)urgh (eemed to them to lie too near t!ic
frontiers of Sweden. However, this city in the time of
Peter I. became large and fplendid, and under his fuccef-
lors received additional improvenu nt>, fo that it is now
ranked among the largelt and mol! ilegaiit cities in
J'-urope.
Petcrdnir^h is partly feitcd on the continent of Ingria
and F'inland, among thick woods, and partly on fcveral
fmall idands formed by the br.uichcs of the Neva, in tlio
fitty-ninth degree fifty-feven minutes north latitude, and
in the thirty-fird de^Tce of ea(? birgilude tVom F^ondon.
The low anil maidiy f'il on which it (iands has been
confiderably r.ufed witii trunks of trees, earth, and done.
However, its (itiia'ion i-- plenl'mt, snd the air f.ilubrious.
The city is abnjt fix F'nglidi inib-, in length, ami as many
in lireadth, .-"nd has neither a wall nor gates.
The riv -r Neva is about eight hundred paces brna<!
near Peterdiurgh j but has not every where a prcportior-
ablc depth of water, fo that large merchant fliips are
cleared at Crondadt, and the men of war built at I'e-
teifburgh arc alio conveyed thither by means of lertain
machines called camels. Iklules the Neva, the rivers
Fontanca and .Moiea contribute to torm the iflands on
which the city daiuo, which is alfo watered by feveral
canals ; fur in this relp.il Peter took his model from Ain-
derdam. There is but one bridge over the Neva, which
is condruif\cd with large flat-bottomed boats, and ioins
the dock-yard to lialih Ollrow, or Halil's Idand. Thel'e
are laid acrols the river in (pring, (b as to form a fafean I
convenient padagc ; but they are always removed in
autumn, before ifie ftod begins. The only communi-
cation
I
Ri;ssiA.
ration bttw
barks, wliic
arc built uv
the canals.
The num
eight thoiifa
but the red
in an iiregii
are about I
tour Luthera
viiiidKal (u:
piote(tanIs ;
tnglidi, n
moie paitiiu
with I'eteilb
winch the (1
alio of the c
Peterlbur;'
N:.'va and tn<
gonal (orm,
iniproveniciii
number of c
made to it,
(lands an cle
Great, his c
ot the royal
(oleums. In
church, wine
fine let ot be
always pl.iy .
tions of the
hung out a (ia
for a finer th
Rands in the c
but a very gre:
cure priion, a
nijnt afylum
badions and ci
\vith lamps.
On the iflai
born-woik tha
bove two leagii
peopled ; but n
the live RufTuii
market, have 11
iecn on this if
the (ircat order
he arrived on t
that It ni.iy rcn
cunitlance, it is
wall.
From the if
Neva, and con
which is the la
fhidt, .iiul is fu
'Che I'leated p
red with builJ;
iiiiconimon lei
(ecK'd at righ'
not paved. T
and beautitui al
the whole lent
hour. Oppoht
llie hcmp-warei
the pack-houfc.
unload. Com
buildings bclon
founded in 172
an annual rever
and twelve rubl
an .icad^niy of |
I'.iri chari'Cs ot
^ - I-
Lite emprels L
to Ht'ty-tlire-j t
I allies.
The academy
llitutini; the ae.
the umvcrlity.
ed only in tindir
dilcoveries ot 01
druiit youth, un
48
Russia.
U U
()
l» E.
f
radon ktwccn the other ifl.inui is either liy bnaM or
barks, wliicli trofs the water at (latcJ tmns ; Init bricl>;fi.
arc built over the Moicaanil Foiitanrn, aiul likcwilc uvir
tliL- canal!!.
The numlwr of houfii at PctcrdMir^h arc coiiiputnl at
ci'lit thoiilanJ, about (ix luimlii J ot wiiich ;:rL' ol llojic ;
but ilic rcit arc built wiiii tniibrr, and tor ilir molt pan
ill an itri-gular mannci, alter ilic RiMlian talti'. Tlun.
arc about twenty KufTmi chiirt hi a in the lity, btliilc.
lour Lutheran thurrliMlor thelicrman-, an J Kviral Ca!-
vinillKjI (ur the .Swedes, tins, Cjernians, .mJ l-'unch
piotcltants ; and likewilc (>ther placet nt woilhip lor the
tn;;Ii(h, Jlntch, and Kunian catiiolicj. In givint; a
mine partiuil ir dcfcription nf thij city, vv>' (hall begin
with l'etrilbu:};h inaml, incliidini; the Iniall illaiid on
which the fort, wh.ch i) in the middle ot the Neva, and
alio ol the city, Hands.
l'ettr!lnir:',l> lfl.Mul i:i formed by the Ci real and I,ittle
N'.va and tne Ncwka. The .ihuve fort is of an he.\a-
[;i)nal lorm, and built of Hone, accordini^ to the modern
iiiijiiovenicnti in lortifitation. It is planted with a great
number of cannon, and additional wiirk» ate continually
made t< It, which arc all vaulted. In the middle of it
Hands an elegant church, whcic the remains of i'cler the
Cireat, his conlort Catharine, and feveral (Jthtr perli'iis
ot the royal fainilv, ate dcpolited in mamiitiecnt maii-
(oleuins. Ill the high beautiful tower bilongiii]; to this
church, which is covered with f;ilt cojipcr, hangj a
fine (ct ol bells, with chimes, made in Hollan I, that
always play at twelve o'clock. On one of the baf-
tions of the fort f.icing the niiperial palace is alw.iv
hunj; out a Haji, which on Hate holydays is exchanged
(or a finer that bears the RulTi.in taglc. As this loti
flands in the center of the city, it is not only a defence
but a very great uinament to it. It alio lerves for a (e-
cure prilon, and on any exi;icncy might prove a coiive-
iii.'nt afylum to the fovercign. On Itatc bolydayj the
baltions and curtains of this fort are finely illuminated
with lamps.
On the ifland of Pcterdiurgh, properly fo caileil, is a
born-woik that belonj? to the calHe. This ifland is a-
bovc two leagues in circumference, and is extremely well
peopled ; but mnlf ol the lioufes are mean huildiiiu i, and
the live Kuflian ehurchts, the fna^lble^, inns, ami corn-
market, have nothing wurth notice. There is dill to be
lecn on this ifland the fmali wooiicn houle wliicn I'eter
the (ircat ordered to be built, and lived in, the lult lime
he arrived on the f(wt on which thi> city llanJs ; ai.d,
that It m.iy remain as a lalting monument oi ihii cir-
cumllance, it is kept in repair, and incloled with a lloae-
wall.
From the IPiJiid of I'cterfhurgh you rrofs the F.ittle
Neva, and cc me tci the ifland of Walili, or Hafil's Ifland,
which is the largcll of them all. It lies towards Cron-
IKidt, and is furriiundcd by the (Jieat and Little Neva.
The i'leatclt pait ot it is covered with wo<«l.s, and the
red with buildings, it havin:; twelve broad Ifteets of an
uncommon length, running in a direct line, and ir.tcr-
fciifed at righ' angles by fix crols Itieets ; but t^ey are
not paved. 'Ihe villas from thtfe llreet arc vciy broad
and beautiful at both extremities, the largelt cxieiuling
the whole length of the illand as far as the (lalley Har-
t;i)ur. Oppofite trv I'ctcriburgh Ifland, and adjoining to
ti;e hcmp-wareiioufc, are the exchange, the culfom houle,
tlic psck-houfe, and the quay, where the merchant (liip^
uiiKiad. Contiguous to theft arc feveral laige Hone
buildings belonging to the imperial academy ol Iciences,
lounded in 17J4 by Peter the Oreat, and endowed with
an annual rcienue of twenty-four thoulJiid nine hundred
.Tiid twelve rubles. That monarch alio intended to erect
an academy of polite arts ; but as cllimates ol the nccel-
f.ir\ chaii'Cs ot fuch an ir.Hitution were not made, the
lite cmprefs Elizabeth increaled the above endowiiient
to (il'tv-three thoufand two hundred and ninety-eight
luhles.
The .icademy i' divided into two elaflcs tiie hid con
iHtutini; the academy pioperly fi> cilled, and tiie lecdiid
the univerlity. I"hc mcmbeisof the former are employ-
ed only in finding out new inventions, or improvim; the
ililcovenes of otiieis, and arc und
I obi
>alion til 111-
(iruiit youth, jn'el- priiticul o ouiii!.- arc rvionuncr.di
48
■d to
them, or the/ do it volunl.iiily for tluir own .idvan-
tage. The univerlity has its particular prolellbrs, who
read lectiirci in the feieiices, both in th." [<atiii aiul
Rullian languages. Ditl'crenre of rrlieuMi does not dil-
i|iiililv a jierloii from beinj' a profctloi j but they arc
enjuiiud not ti> inciile.ite to ilu-,.- pupils any thing con-
trary to the djiitrines of the tireek cluifch. In the build-
iin:) which belong to the academy are the imperial li'.uary ;
a miifiMim, cont.iining natural and artti.ial cuiioliiics;
the piintiii.;hnule J tiie booklelici'»-lh:ip i and apart-
ment.-, (or binding, letter- founding, painting, cngrawng,
and ihe loom where niathematic.il inlhuments aic made.
Among tlul'e lall cutiolities is the famous copper globe
of tioitorp, which (food on a t'jwcr of tl.e academy, and
was ainioll delhoycd by hre when that tower vias burnt
in I7).7 ; but has been repaired at a great expeiic, aiiJ
with admirable fkill : you afeend a few Heps, and enter
intii the globe through a fnull iJoor : within Hands a
table withbenelus round it, on which twelve pcrfrim
may conveniently lit. The infidc contains tlie ceicHial
globe, and the outlide the terrcHrial 1 its diameter is
eleven feet, and it at prcfcnt Hands in a Hone edifice by
it fell'.
Th^' next remarkable place is the fire-work theatre,
built on piles oppolite to the impeiial wnuer paUce. Here
is a veiv Imig (lone building appmpiMted for the Hate
colleges and offices. JuH behind thefe Haii.ls a (pacious
and elegant Hructure, formetly piince Menlliilcow's ))a-
I.KC, but now the ac.ulemv of tiie corps of cadets of iiohic
l.unilies, who are educated i:raii'^, aceoidiii:; to tlieir rank.
Near this aculemy is another for Jirtc hundicJ and lixty
lea c.idtts.
'J tie Adniiraltv Ifland is the moil majii!i1cent part of
the city : here is tin: victuailing-odiee j tne g.illey dock,
111 wiiich all the gallics are built ; and \\iH ffore-h.:)ufcs
lor (hip building. Here are likewife a great number of
h.indlome Hone houfes and elegint palaces exteiulinj;
along the river fide. Tiie Englifll factory have ihcir
place of woiHiip in this part, and behind il is New Hol-
land, with the Rope-walk. The admiralty, or dock-
yard, is fortified with a wall and live baftions, planted
with many uiins j and all fliips that enter the harbour
l.iliite it. The top of the tower b. longing to the admi-
ralty is gilt, in the fame manner as that of the great
church 111 tile cafUe.
The imperial winter-palace, near this place, is a largo
fquarc building three Hniies high j but tf.e architecture
f, not extrao.'iliiiary. Behind it, ill a fjucio is area, (lands
a nobic ciiiielliian Hatue of brafs gilt, eiecfcd in honour
of I'cter the Great. Adjoining to this, along the banks
of the Neva, are feveral other palaces, among which is
the old imperial winter palace ; feveral eleuant Hnnc
buildings ; the new play-houfe, which is built of timber ;
and a delii-htful inipeiial funimer p;;la':e, which is all of
wood, and, being only one tb)ry high, refembles a plca-
lure-houfe. liehind it are feveral (tone building,, for the
officers belonging to the court. It ba^ a fine orangery,
and a large beautiful gaidcn, muH admirably adorned with
a grotto, fiuiiitains, and oiher water-works, withagreat
number of valii.ihle marble and alabaftcr Hatues brmi-hc
from Italy 1 but all di them arc not executed with cijiial
ll;ill. T"wo of thele (latues wl.ich Hand near the grotto,
re|ircf'entii-.^ Faith and Religion, are greatly admired by
tiie coniioilieurs for the appearance of the faces thiougii
thill tranlpauiit veils, which fcem to cover them. T'hii
garden i^ famous for a fine grove o( o.iks, that has not it j
ei]ual ill all the RufJi.in empire. Tlie dock atTords a
double viHa, one to the Riiirun church of the Aicenfion,
the other terminated by the convent of Alexander Nevv-
fki. T'hc elegant buil.iings on both fidcj the river
l-'ontanea have alio a beautii'.il appearance liom hence.
The Hreets that lie behind the admiralty, and behind
the imperial lummer p.iiace, are very grand and magni-
fieent ; but 'hofe are equalled, if not excelled, by Great
and Little .Million (fleet, which arc embellinieJ witli
tiie moft liipcib buildings. At the end of .\Iillioa-Hreet,
near the garden of the lummer palace, the cmpeior has a
ciiiious difpcnfary. In this part allV) lie the imperial
ftables, and t!ie dwellings ot the otruers who belong tu
1 '■
in
1 I
iiif \'
then
the church of the Swcdifli ¥
L.itluitn church, dedicated to Srt. Peter, which is an
O elegant
u
r +
A S Y S T i: M O I- G 1, O (i R A 1' 11 Y.
Risni
A.
i...
fit
rlcp:int (Inkliiit ; llu" mcna'.;ory ; tlir pitk; :ml tlic
cicpli.iiit vinl. whi-ic I'cvir.il ot' thole .iiiiiii.ils .m: ki'jit.
Chr ^to(c()Utl• liiK', which is proiicily the lity. It on
the rotiniicnt, aiiil p.irt nt it very will built. In thii
c]ii;irt.T luo ihe piiv.ili- iliul. ; ihi; toiirt \ iitii4llin..^-iilHi c i
a toiin.liTviin the Ni-, .i, iii whiih .ire c.ill a puMl iiariihtr
of m.rt.iis ami iMnn.>i) i tin- tirc-wmlc tlal'ur.iioiy i the
■i;iioiliK-l, whiih (ii|i|ilics iiic loiiiil.iirn in the oin|)> u)i'»
ga.Jtn ; the Clcirn.'.ii l.iithtrari iliurili, ikilK-arcil tn Sr
Atinc; thrri- Uulli.ui ihiirchm; the hatiacUs lor the hoil','-
guatJs with thr itahtes tor theirhorlM i .iltiiiclurei.illcil
the I'lcilanf-hmifo ; the Italian ;.' il\leii ; the Mofovitc
Ifiiifii: ; ami the- convent of St. AleNin.icr Ne« Iki, hmlt
in honour ot'lhat pious prince, in the lorin ol an imkIc,
but not ytt ronipleteil : it eonr.ion about tw.i hunilteJ
apirttnriits. In the niiiKllc ot' the buiMin^ ll.;iii' . ,i very
l.irw,- aihl be.iutitiil church, which tejiirlenti the<a;',lc':.
boil'-, the two towers its nei k a;ul heaJ, the Ipiicthe iill-
peri.il ciiHvn, .iml two bnall cimrrhcs on eacli iKle ihc
two winL'.^^. In tins convent are liiil to be ilepiiliieil the
rern.nni oi' th.it (anit j lor whi.litlie eniprels Kli/.abeth
c iwleil a filvcr Ihiinc to be maJe, wliith i» iixeJ on a
lupub n'.onuinrnt covered with li'uer pl.itcs cl a ton-
fulerable thickii'-'I's.
Jon.is Hanwiy, V.(:\; oblervcs, th.nt, with refpci.'^ to
the moilern p,il.iic:i and oiher builJiiv.'s, an Italian archi-
tect liivin;; kttie.I in UiiIHa, notwithlbnlmi; the dift'er-
rnce olcliin.ite, the t.ilb' ot Italy ;s ailopt -d , aiul though
thv levciitv of the c(jM is To i;reat in winter, they abound
mneh mote in windows than our huules.
Iliere is a great vaiicty of curious manufaflures In this
city, as that ol' looliiil^-elailes, gold and I'llver works
tapvltrv, &e. Its cxtcnli\e ciminiercc alio renders I'e-
terlbiir^h of great iiii;iorta;icc ; lor .1 multitude r,| Ibips
tioin all the niaiiiinie coiintiies in Kunpc Ireipient this
port, as the niait lor buying all Ri.irian commodities;
aiiil liiid a vent lor all the a"^''ds they import, and for
which there is .1 demand in Uiiiria.
The inh.ihitants ol I'eterlburgh, bcfidcs Rurtian'', cnn-
fiH of all nations ; fo that a pi (on hears a varietv id lan-
giiatn's, and fees a luipriiin,; diverlity of falhiuns and
Ciiftoms. The citizens propeily fo called, do not ex-
ceed two hundred ; but the city contains above a hun-
dred thouland p-rloii', or aceordin;^ to loine authors, two
hundred and iiity thouland, ineludm.^ the ^.'^arrilon. The
inhabitants in general imilate the Ipleiidor of the court,
though evcrv thing belonging to drcfs, cipccially if mnde
by foreign artificers, is very dear ; as is alio (iiriiitiite ;
and huuies in a good fitiiation fomctimcs bear aviry high
price. On the other hand, all kinds of proviliuns, ex-
cept wine, oranges, len.oiis, .ind fnmc other loieign ar-
ticle, are now told very cheap, and in winier are brought
in great abundance from the dilK.nte of many liundied
miles.
The mor.ils of the people, as in all large cities, are
much depraved, and the fufpieious vigilance ot the Rul-
fian government renders it iii'celVarv for a (tranger to be
very circunilpcit in his word- and behaviour. I'oreiiMiers,
however, enjov all polTibIc liiierlv of confcienee, while
they take care to fiy nothing a';ain(t the (ireek rcli;;ion.
When a perlun inlcnds to li t out from the city, in order
to travel into the cocntry, lie mufl he fiirniflied wiih a
jiafs, and aJvcrtil'e his name and intention of travelling
in the news-papers. No Conner i. the winter let in, than
near three thouland RulTiaiis repair with their fledges to
I'ctcrfbiirgh, where they (land in cverv (irect ; anil this
method ot carriage is fo cheap and convenient, that few
go on foot even about the town. A lledge ana a horl'e
may be hired for the value of about five-pence Itcrlm ; an
hour, and within that time the horle will go about 'even
or eight Knglifh miles. It is fullicicnt for a llrangcr to
know the place or houfe to which he would go, and to
iindcrftand three or four Ruliian words. .Molt houfc-
kcepcrs have their own (ledges and horfes, and perlons of
diftinilion have alio their pol'tilions. In fummer time
tbofc who are not inclined to go on foot in this cxtcnfive
citv, mull either make ufc ol thei. own carriage or hire
boati.
About thirty werds I'rnm Pctetlbiirgh h SarlTcoc-Selo,
a picafant imperial palace, with a park and garden. In
the hermitage il t table whiih may lo raiiid up by I'errwl
into the apartinriit above, and let down aj^ani at ple.i-
lure.
Utt'ules the foitit'ieatlons already mentioned in this pro-
vinre, there is the Itrong tort of SehluHelbnrg, wliich
II lids »n a fmall illiiid in the nndlt ol the Neva, wiierc
it runs out of the l.ikcol L.uIojm. It was lornicrly c.illcd
Ounicc, from the (oiin ol the illand, which leleniblen
a nut ) but IVler the Ciieat having ni.ide himfcll ni.,llcr
of it in 1702, changed its name to SchluUdburg, or
Key-town, that monarch cllceming it the ki y of hij
contpiell. It walU ate two fathoms and a half thick,
and built in the old manner ; and in one angle of the
fort IS a fmall flrong callle. The Rurtiiiis have improved
this tort both Within and without, and added new works
lo it i it ha.H undergone many lirgrs, and when I'ltrr i.
lo'ik it in i;ci, he ordered two medals to be Ittiick in
commemoration of Iu3 fuccclj.
s E c r. XV.
0/ tie latf A<j!i!/ili!iii ill Ctirilia, cr ll>t Ctvfrnmcnt cf
It'iliiij; ; tiiii) atimiff /iiicutil of the f'inciftil Puiiti tt
tilllJ^Hl,
WITHIN this province is included part of the great
dutehy III Finland, which the Swedei ceded to
Rullia, and oiiiams three dillrich, Finlandifl), Carciia,
Kexholm, .iiul S.uvolax.
Carelia has tre(]uentlv proved a bone of contention
between RiilHa and .Sweden. In i KH it fell under the
Swcdilh dominion, but in i VjS paitof it was yielded up
to RiilFia liy the peace of Nvlfadt, concluded in 17;.!,
a llill greater part was religned to the Ruflians, the
weltern part alone being Ictt in the polleflionof the Swedes.
.Afterwards Sweden was obliged to give up, bv the treaty
ofAho, the fort of KrtdencOiam and Wilmanftrand,
wi'.h part of tlie parifti of I'ythis, liluated on the other
lide of the caltern branch of the river Kymmcnc. In thi>
part of Carcli.i are the lollowiiig places :
Sulterbec, which is feaied in the gulpb of Finland, ii
remaikable lor the excellence of its mufkets, fwords-,
ani iriin utenfiK. f he gre.itell part of the arms ufcd by
the RufTian troops are made in this place.
Wiburg, once the capital of Carciia, a bifliop's (cc,
and the bulwark of Sweden againlf Rullia, is lituated on
the ;',ulph of Fiiil.;nd, and carries on a confidcrable trade
Peter the (Jrcat having taken this town by capitulation,
in the vear 17IO, improvid its foitihcatioiij, which have
ever liiiee been kept in liich good condition, that W'iiiurg
may now be conlidered as the bulwark of Ruflia againlT
Sweden.
Wilmannrand is fcated on the lake Saima, and is called
bv the Kmlanders Lapp! Wefli, or Lapp Water. It had
lormerly the name of Lapdrand, and was only a market-
place, but was afterwards made a town ; yet it has no
niagillrate ot its own, it being dependent on Kiedericlham.
It was .1 conliderable mart lor tar, and the refidence of a
Swcdilh governor. On the twenty-third of Aiigiilf,
1741, an obilinatc battle was fought about an Kiigiilli
mile liom this town between three thoufand Swedes and
lixtcen thouland Kudians ; but the former were n lall
obliged to yi( Id t" liiperiority ol numbers. The Rulliaiis,
after they had i;aincd the viifory, burnt Wilmanltrand,
whirh was before fortified with a wall and moat j but
thev have fince caufed it to be rebuilt.
I'redcricfhain ir (ituatedon the gulph of Finland. This
town was governed by two biirgomallcrs, and was de-
fended by a calUc built in 172.'. : it had alio a •;ood
haibour and a confidcrable trade in tar ; but in the lall
war between the RiifTians and Swedes it was burnt to the
(.-round, and ceded to the latter ; afterwards it was re-
liuilt, and the limits between Sweden and Ruflian Ca-
relia were fixed near this pl.ice.
The dillritt of K'^xholm has been frequently contended
for by the Ruflians and Swedes, and was rellored to the
former by the treaty of Nyitadt. The niuU remarkable
place in it is,
Kcxholm,
THF I
Rep
I tiefc nam
which in th
to hunting,
plains, and
inrinite nur
In its Ian
and Little I
vania, and 1
burgh, and
I.ivonia, Co
' feven degree
minutes nor
,. four degrees
The air i
and the coui
few bills,
rate Poland
it frequently
feme parts c
The foil i
which cvidcr
land vell'els a
annually paf
Volhinia, th
grows in va(
but in Great
labour and ;
wards the p.
Lithuania is
produces abi
I'olifli Prullia
abounds in c;
grows fo high
ol the cattle
111 this cou
lemnitcs, aga
jal'per, fine r
and even ruhi
glafs, or inofi
jet-coal, and
hewn out of t
qiiickfilvcr, 1;
ipi.intity of ti
With rcfpci
try, they hau
in great pleiit)
tliev will not 1
I'olilh mam
nieadovvs and
quantities froi
July.
Pot ASH.
K U
KtxlKilm, a (trong town (ituatcd on two I'mall idandj
.a tht mrtux "f tlic river Woxi-n iiitd tlic lake of //.idoni.
The (own is bviilt on oiii: ol thcd: illunds ; but tlic houlti
•,irc all ot woi'd i and on thu other illand lljnds tlic
In that finall diftriif), which ii a part of Sawolax that
was yielded up to kuHi.i by tin; treaty ot' Abo in 17+ j, ii
oiilv thu town ut Nyllut, and tliu tuuntry nnic nnlcs
round it.
O P F., 5j
Till* town u fitiiJtcil on the Samian like, w] w.n
built (i) lately as in the year 1745 ; its tallK', whiih
(lands on a rock in a river near the town, i> extrejiuly
well tortilied b ith by art and nature. In the year 149^
it baflled the attempts of Riidii, but iji 1714 was obliLH-d
to fiibttiit to their arms. It wa. reltured to tlicSwi'div
at the peace of Nyltadt, but tliey were lonllraincj tu ^ivo
It up to the Ruflians by the treaty of Abo.
c II A r. III.
OfPOLAND, LITHUANIA, POLISH PRUSSIA, and COURLANl).
|l is cnilcd
It bad
|a market-
it has no
(criclham,
Icnce ot 3
An^Miil,
In Kiii^iit!)
Ivedis .uid
Icrir .It l.ill
Rulllairi,
luntlraiui,
loat ; but
linii. This
was dc-
a v.ood
In the lall
lirnt to the
was ro-
ufli-in Ca-
bontcnilfd
Ircd to the
Lniarkabic
iKexbolm,
SECT. I.
O/' Poland in ^tner/il.
Ill Namt, Sll'iiili-'t, I'xtent, Climatt, Sjil, mi>i,r,il ami re-
tctilbti Pi(iili('t'-"ll y ■inimills, Liiiti, Will Jiivert.
THK liiTiitcd Kingdom, or, as it is alio termed, the
Republic of I'ol.md, is called by the natives I'olfka.
'1 hefe names arc deduced from the word Pole, or Poln,
which in the Sclavonic tongue li-nifies a country adapted
to bunting;, the wb<de kniLnlom bcinj; compolr-d ol vail
jilams, and anticntly of foreils that atlorded Ihcltcr tor an
infinite number of wild bealU.
In its larL',ell extent it is bounded on the call by Ruflia
and Little Tartary ; on the Coutli by Moldavia, Tranlyl-
vania, and Hun'.;ary 1 on the wed by Sileha, IJrandcn-
burgh, and Pomerania ; ar\d oit the north by Rudia,
J.ivonia, Courland, and the Haltic ; extending from forty-
feven degrees forty minutes to fifty fix digrccs thirty
minutes north latitude, and bctA^een fixtcen and thnty-
four degrees call longitude from London.
Thc'air is pretty' cold in winter, but very hcdthy i
and the country is for the mull part level, it h.iving but
few hills. On the Carpathian mountains, which kpa-
rate Poland from Hungary, the air is fo very cold, that
it frequently fiiows there in the niidll of fummcr; and in
feme parts of them the fiiow never melts.
The foil is cxcc';ding fertile, and yields plenty of corn,
which evidently appears from there being near lour ihou-
I'and viU'cls and (loats, moll of them buKn with corn, that
annu.illy pafs down the Villula to Dantzic. In Podolia,
Volhinia, the Ukraine, and the province of Ruflia, torn
grows in vaft plenty, even with little culture or manure ;
but in Great and Little Poland agriculture requires more
labour and attention : however, the barveft amply re-
wards the pains of the indudrious peafant. The foil of
Lithuania is as fruitful as that of Podolia, and Samogitia
produces abundance of grain, bcfidcs flax and hemp.
Polidi Prulfia is likewife a very fertile country, that alio
abounds in excellent pafturcs ;'and in Podolia the ^ral's
i-rows fo high, that fometimes a pcrfon cannot foe the horns
of the cattle when they arc gra/.ing in the meadows.
In this country arc found peat, okcrofall kinds, be-
lemnitcs, agate,' chalccdonv, cornelians onyxes, opals,
jafper, fine rock-cryftal, amcthvlls, topazes fapphircs,
and even rubies. This country bkewil'e affords maiien-
glafs, or inofcovyglafs talc, allum, f.ilt-petre, amber,
nit-coal, and an i"nc.\hjuflibtc quantity "f fait, whicli is
hewn out of the rock in large blocks ; fait Ipr.ngs, Ipar,
quickfilvcr, lapis talaminaris i'on, lead, .md a bnal!
quantity of tin.
With rclpcct to the vegetable prodiiclions of thiscoun-
trv, they have fruit, luibs, roots, and other garden-fluff
in i-reat plenty ; but thouj^h their grapes are well tailed,
thrv v/ill not make wine.
I'oUdi m.inna is produced bv an licrb that grows in the
meadows and fenny grounds, and is gathered in great
5uantilies from the twentieth of June to the end of
uly.
The Polifli berries called kcrmcs, are alwavs gathcrril
in May, before they are quite ripe ; lor in the month of
July Ihey (warm with inleiiL, wtiith render the heme-:
unlit either fiir dying or medicine. Thefe berricj am
found on an tvcr-grcen of the oak kind, adhering to i'.-.
It.ives ; but ;;enerally to its dcm or branches. Thvv .in;
ol a Cpherieal form, as lari^e as a pt;!, fmooth, (hininis
and lull of a mucilaginous juice of a beautiful red (o-
lour. Alter the moll diligent enquiiies of ti ituralills in
to the production of thi; grain, it i: found to be the
ncd of a Im.ill fly or worm, which pricking the bark or
leaf, in order to depnfit its eggs raifis a little tumoiii,
wliich by degrees fills with a red pulp, impregnated
with the n imerous progeny of that aiiimalcuhi. (Jrcat
quantities ol' thefe berries grow in the L'kr.iine, and in
the neighbcHuhond of Warfaw and Cracow, and were
foimerly exported to (icnoa and I'loreiice. Here are f'e-
vcral woods of oak, beech, pine, and fir trees. Poland
alio yields abundaiue of hoiuv and wax, and of the for-
mer if. made a great quantity of mead.
Horned cattle are bred in fucli numbers, that eight/
or ninety tboufiiul oxen aic every ye.ir driven out of
Pidand. The Polidi horCes are flrong, fwift, and beau-
tiful, and of thefe they have all'o grc at numbers. Among
the wild beads are the elk, the infon, which rcfemblcs
the bud'aloe ; and alio deer, hare--, wolves, (oxc?, bears,
and wilil ades ; and in the I'kiaine, near the Nieper,
are wild fheep and wild hoifes.
In great Poland arc feveral takes, fome of which a«
bound in fidi : the mod remarkable of thefe is the lake
of Ciopler, which is ne.sr twenty miles in length, and
two miles and a half in breadth.
Among the Polidi rivers the following are the mod
remarkable.
The Duna, called by the Poles the Cubo, which has
its fource in Ruflia, and after running through Lithu-
ania, difrhaigcs itl'elf into tlic lialtic.
'I'he Memel, m Polilh Nienu-ii, which rifes in the pa-
latinate of N<>vOj.'rodec, and running through Lithuani.i
and Pruflia, enters the Baltic.
The W'eifel or Vidula, in Polidi the AVin.i, rifn
am'ong the Carpathian mountains, runs through Poland,
and after receiving feveral other dreams, difchargcs itfelf
into the /J.iliic.
The Nieder, which riles in a lake among the Car-
patliian mountains, and dividing Poland from Molda-
I via, falls into the Black Sea.
The Niepcr, the ancient Bnrvdhenes, 'vhich rifes in
the mountains of Budin, in Rudia, and after a courfe ot'
near a thoufand miles, difcharges itl'elf into the Black Sea.
SECT. If.
Of ;/V Pcrfon', Drefi, Mi:>ii:/rs, and Cuf.:ms of the Pdis.
Trcir Houjes, I'iOil, J'iutijiiins, Aldl'd.! rf T'lMJiIIir.,--,
Lan^iiiige and Skill in tht imtmii,
THE Poles arc generally prcttv tall, and inclinabi';
to be lat i they have fair complexions, and their
hair ij ufually of a pale yellow; tbey have govd confti-
futioix"
l\v
i
k:
n'^
56
A S Y S T !■ M C) 1- (i K O G R A V \l Y
l'o«,.1VIJ.
i
tuticins anJ have .1 lu-aliliful look. Tlioy rut ihc li.ilr
•it their hr.i'ls fliort, .iiiJ lluve tht 11 l>r.itil>, Iimhhj' inily
lar^i; whifk^r, : 111 iliorc, (hry luvi- .1 lUtily niicii, <iiiil
grrji gravity "I louiiti i\aiu'c.
The ilrcls of llie I'uli^ u |irillv fiii;iibr : thev wear a
vi'rt which nachci down to ilic iniclille of ihi: Kg, .mil :i
kind ot gown nvrr it, lined witli t'lirs, ;inj yinlcd with
a fidi , lull tin.' deivi". (it a cIdIc a) ihtir arm» at a waill-
co.it. 'I licv wc II .1 111! c.i|), luit haic iiliiIhi Hoilt nor
ncckrloth i tiir ihi i,'h tliry wc 11 a (hut, it i> .ilinull like
a woman'' ftutt, wuliout a collar nr whIIImiuN. 'Ihiii
hrrcchci .ire wide, and ni.iki; but one pieie with their
Ifockinj;-.. Inltrjd ot (hms tin v ;ilwu)» we.ir I'uiky
Ic.iihcr lidot-,, bdili .iliroad jiid .u home, with tliin lidtn,
and ilcip iron h.-tls hcnt like .in li.ill nwnm. Thrv larry
a pole-ax, .111 1 .1 laliri" orcntlal-, by their CiJes, whiih they
never put olt hut whvii llay yo to bed. I'he l.ilne h.ur"i
by a le.iilKin l)t.*p, wiih iheir haiidt^en Int, kniK .iiid
/heath, and a liii.ill llone let in tilver, to whtt tlmr
kniie on. W'h'n ihcv apprar on hor(tbj.k, at thev f.'i-'-
(jticnily do, thev weai ovei all a (hurt iluak, wliuh is i mii.
nioiily cuvtred with furs, both vntlim and without. I'he
people of the bell ijuality wear fable , .nid otlitri tne
fkin> of ivi;crs, Impards, ^e. The pealants ulu.dlv
wear afluep-lkin with the wool on, (or their wiiitir
drefs J but in funinier, a thick loarlc cloth, ,iiid iiillead
of boots, wear b likim .iinl (lioeit made ol the baik id
trees i but as to liiini'ii, they weai none at all.
The habit of the woniiM conies icry neat to that of
the men, only people id iiiialuy ad'cill the I'lench iiuk'c
of dref?. The I'ohOi ladi''- are aiiii.iUle, witty, .md
fprighlly, and aic p.;flional(Iy loud of play^ and nuilic.
'I'hcy aie j'cnerally inodell, and accoiding to Dr. Con-
ner, fo lubiiiiirive 10 tluir liiilbands, as to arte them iii
the knee foi what tluy want, and ilifpofe of no iiioni y
without iheir conliin. Thofe who aic vciyriih, kl-
iloni CO to cliuich, or to pay a vilit, wiihoiit their coach
and lix, a (;r.at iiuniber of lervani', and particulaily in
old gentleman for their iifhei, and .111 rdd [•enilewoiiiaii
for their j;overnaiite, with a ilvvail of boih fexi s 10 luar
up their tr. n ; and if it be ni^dit, their coach ii fur-
loiindid by a ^'.reat luindKr of fl.inibcaiix.
'I hrfe people liave Ion;; been celibiated for thcircou-
ragf, their flteiiglh, .md their lon-e\ ily ; no country in
the world artoidiiig more extiaoidmary proofs of hoJily
vigour, and an uninletiupted flow of health, which are
jurtly .ifuibed to the temperituie of the climate, their
inuring themfiUes to manlv cMrtile., and the continual
\ilV id' the cold balli, even in the coldell parts of I'o-
laiid : till, lall is fuppofcd to contiihule greatly to tiiat
imiliular il length for which they are remarkable.
The nobility arc open, aftabfe, liberal, and hofpita-
ble, polite to llrangers rigid to their dc|)endiiu., punc-
tilious in point ot honour, \aiii, (dlentatious, andma,>-
liificcnt in their apparel, eiiiiipaiie, and inaniier ol liv-
ini; ; for fome of the wealthy will ha\e forty fuits of
rloath'- as rich as p lllble. 'Chough the Po!es arc |iaf-
tionately fond of liberty, they live in a per|ieiual Hate |
of fervitude to their profullon and neccflitie', which frc-
quently make them llnop to he the tools of fonie pi.Iiti-
I al f.iiFtion. 'I'he conflituiion of I'oland has been the
louice of continual mibfortunes, yet the nobility are at-
tached to it to a degree of enthiifialm, and efpecialiy to
tnofe parts of it which produce the greatifi iiKonveni-
I'licits. Poor in the midll of a fertile country, they ab-
hor the notion of improving their circunilhmccs by
trade, and arc, perhajis, the only people upon earih ivho
have provided by law againit rail'ing a maritime power.
Prodigality and debauchery arc f.od not to be reputed
vices among this martial nobility ; they borrow wiiliout
intention of payings with the l.une freedom that thiy
Icpiaiuler. Conftant in their Iriendrtiips, bitter in their
enmity, open to inipofition, unfufpicious, opinionaied,
and haughty, their only care is to diflinguifli themfelvcs
■inarms, in (inery, eipiipage, and fplcndor.
As to the vulgar, they are mean, mercenary, ifrno-
rant, indolent, and indigent to an extreme. This is
the character given hy fevcral authors of the Poles
in general, as ttie diftinguifliing features of that people ;
but It is not to doubted, that ih'ie arc many e.vcepti-
who are dillnigiiillied by lliili Uaiiiiiij, thvit ijouJ f>.iiU-,
and their hiiniaiiity.
I'lie Polllll Innlll 1 tliePy cotlfll) of ground riullDI (
for thev Iclduni live above It.iit, | le ihvtllm.; li lulc
is ulually opiuditi. the gale, the kiiel.ii. and olhcei oil
one fide around, ur Upiaic louil, and th. ii llabki on
the other 1 th •;,• arc ;;ei.i i.dly cd woi d , but thole wli.i
aittilt the lialiaii aiilotecliiii', build iiiinli hi/,h.r wit!)
bink or lloiw. l.veiy nohl niAii has a li'll or large
loom frt apart lor eiiteitainments, in vviiiih is a place
raiKil 111 with bailullcis, in whi. Ii the plate is pl.i. ed,
and over It a galliiv lor the mulic. 1 lieiooiiiii ate ulual-
ly hunjj with tapellry, and the lell ol ihe lurnituic it
piopoition ably riih, exupt where ihey ate liahle lo the
incuihons ol the I'.ntjtN, ..: I ihio- thev hive as litllu
turiiiturea. poirihle. I he I'olilli iio'.n iiy have leldoin
any gardens or oichards fo thin hoiiUs, ilioiigh the loil
IS exirenuly proper lor them. Hut tliete .itt ban;nios and
lloves 111 rvriy houle, and the woimn h.ive thtin lepa-
rale fiom the men. Thete aie alio h.iths in every town
lot llie uic of tile common people, «ho b.illitf neiy
day.
Ihe houfi s of the peafants confilt only of huts built
with pole' in around form, and opi 11 mi the 'op, to
lit out thi Inioke. Tluy aie coveuil with tiiatcn, or
with bo.ird.. i and as liny fr-ijuenilv cnliK but of one
rioin, the piople and ilmr c.ittle Ikep to.Htlier.
'I'o the ( haiacter that ha. .die idy hei 11 given of the
love of ljdi.iidoi which prevails among the I'cdifli nobi-
lity, it is pioper to add, that lliole ot hi-h rank anil
j'lcat ellales have their horl- riiid loot guards, which
II ml cciitry d ly and ni;.dit at the i-atcs il tlirir hoiil'es,
and III their anti ch.imbi rs, .iiid that th'y march bclorc
Itieir m.illei's cojJies In the ilieet. Hilt thele nobles
iu\er .ippiai with fin h Iplen lor, as wiieii iliey aro at
Ii e uener.il diet, wluiclhiy Mill have lour cr livehun-
di(d, .ind lome .1 thouland lotards to atlriul ihcin ; for
they elleem tlunilelves not only eipial but fiipcrior lo
any ol the (Jeiman piinces: and indeed, tin y w.mt little
to dilliiiguilh them Irom lovereipns in their icljictilive
dillriiih, hut the privili "C ot coiniii!; money.
When they fit down to dinner, or fupper, they have
their trumpets and other miilie plajin.r, and a great num-
ber (d' gentlemen to wait on them .it table, fotne to carve
other, to krve Iheir wine and place the dilhes, all (erv-
ing with the moK profou.ul rclpeiil ; for though the no-
bihty of Poland a.e all (aid to he equal, a- havip'^ votej
in the diet, \et wealth will ever eieate a dillinction, and
ti.enohles who arc poor frcqiiMitly liiiil thenil. Ives under
ihi- necelTitv "f fervini; them thit are lich. Tiuii patio.-i
iiulecd ufually treats iliem with ci\ility, and permits the
cideft to e.it with him at hi ; table uiih hij cap tdf, and
every one of them ha.s his pedant- l.oy to wait on'him,
ni.iii.taincd by the n-aller •■! the fuiiilv. Yet if any of
thefe noble fervants neyleiits hi.i iluty, io little regard 1%
paid to his quality, that he is rtiippcj naked and whip-
r'-d, and this is reckoned roddcraee j but it anr.bleman
fhotild apply hiniftif to trade, lie would be deenud in-
lamous.
Their ordinary ford '-herf or veal, innttnn Icin,' little
eKcemed ; but they have pb.nlv of v,'iK'-(owl an.l'river-
lifli. '("hough they have luch plenty of corn, they e.ii
but little bread, jrelirriiig roots to it, v.f.ich ihcvdiCs
different ways. 'Chey are not foini of fo .n and 'bro;h
nor do they roali their meat f.o much : they are t'cnrrai
admirers of p:g and bacon ; pe.ife are alto elleemed'u
genterl di(h by the great. In their fauces they iifc a gre.it
quantity of fatfron and fpices , for thev lea.'on 71:' ir
d:(hes high ; they are alio fond ot niunnooms and plc^L,'l
cabbage.
At an entertainment the Poks lay neither knivr-,
fork;, nor (goons but every perfon briiiL's them witll
him ; and they no (oontr lit liuwii 10 table than ail the
doors arc (hut, ,.nd not opened till the company return
home. Thole who are iruited, bring their liivants with
them J and it is faid to I e no uncomnioii thin., tor a no-
bleman to give liis (enaiit part of his meu,'wliirh h'-
eats as he Hands behind him, and to let hiin drink oin
of the lame nip with himftif ; bur tin. li the kjs extr.i
ordinary, if it be c<-.nlider.d, that thile lei cants areel'.ecme.;
on, to whcm this chatat^er vvoulJ be highly unjulf, and ( his equal. ri.^iu.;li there are ukiallv jjieat plenty o
piovil.
I'OtAl
provilii
heiii;; I
napkin
la.liei.
Ulii.illy
tiled, Ii
fniMi fli
here aiii
foil froi
Th.ii
make o
wheat f
Viiiee.1 o,
Waifaw
berries, i
ceive-. di
tluted ill
ported il
many.
in Krcngi
taiiii ill I.
ni.ikes it
(hilling!
Italian wi
drank. '
wayof thi
fpirits arc
but thefe
though foi
when impi
Cpices.
The p?
the hoyj 111
the ground
bout their
Hunting ai:
the great j
favourite di
I he ulu.
aPohlli nol
town witho
try, a calafl
a journey.
riierc ar
1 traveller
hence he is
'•arry them
TO be owin
'ravel i am
nary jnovi
their guell
their entert
The P„
yet ditters
rived from
Jligh Du
lie. a the (Je
learning,
tovvns, and
Caiiiii'r the
mignt reap
tic in this
granting the
remitting I
The r.at
Poland, tve
the leall re
fuige.
Dr. Cufch
-^igifmi lid I
f'-rvai when
•'iaicc that .-t
.'■lid languifh
'or at pieleiii
I .ilin tojigu
'■accd, die 1
• ■■phy flourilh
alio apply ihi
land, which
tomaiic thcg
life of to the [
48
■¥^
Poland.
i* V K C) ? i:.
57
'y h:ivr
mim-
CJUC,
ill lf[V-
[hc no-
VOtfJ
, and
under
pjti on
its the
>i}\ .imi
Ml liini,
uiy "t
,".iril is
wliip-
'iK' 111 a 11
IKcl ill-
pi.ivifiiiin, M:r> little I. Ii.fl lor ehc rcll of the tumilv, it
luiiiji Ici/.cd by ilu: (Lrvami ol tlu vilituri, who li ae *
n.inkia 111 otiltr li> ciriy off llic t wiiTtiiical • Iim tli'ir
Ij.las. Aftor llic iliiili I. t.ilktii iiw.iy thi- t'Ciitliiiioii
ulii.illv fit di'WK tij Jriiikiiit;, .mil .iltir the Uilic.au- u-
tiiiil Viiuiak li^haitoi lui thcotlui fix .irc nut cxiliuli il
fi.mi tlu'ir I.jIK. Himipi.T. .ir-imuh in fjlhion, bmh
here anil in Kulli.i ; imr will thi-y Mlily cxcufc «liy pcr-
fuii from plcJ^inn thriii.
Thiir iilu.il lirink ii I'tir, wliii h in I'olidi I'rulTi.i they
maku only "t m.ilt ; but m othi r p.iris ul I'dI.uuI of
whiMt crounil. In t.itliujin i, .mil (cut.iI other pro-
viiiccj of l*o!.mJ, they U.\vr nir,\il .mJ inrihcglin i iiiiil at
Waifaw they Ireqncntly mix thr jiiii r of ihcrrii.<, hLiik-
bcrrii.'*, iVc. wiili ihcir honi-y, iipnii which the lii|ii')r re-
ceive ilitfcreiil tames. Mut belides beer ;iii'l mead pro-
diued in the country, ^riat ipi.intitii', of wine arc im-
ported from llimi' uy, France, Spam, Italy, and (Jcr-
niany. That of lliiiij;ary u faul to exceed the Spanilh
in llrength, and is brought orcr thi! Carpathian nioun-
taiiis in large calks dr.iwn upon c,iirij(;es by oxen, which
m.ikes it very ile.ii , the bell fort biiii(5 fold tor twenty
ihillin'M the I'olilh pot, which it thiee ipiarts. Tlie
Italian wines come alfo over land i hut arc not much
drank. The Krcnch jn.! Rheindi wines conn; by the
way of the H.iltic to I).mi/ii. riieir Itionp watet. and
fpititj arc diawn from whe.it, barley, oats, and cyder ;
but thefe are cliiifly di:ink by the lonimon people,
though fomctinie-. the nobility will diiiik thrm in wintei,
when impiegnatcd with amiifceds, cinnamun, and other
fpices.
The prople air in general fo cxtre iirlv hardy, that
the b.iys llidc naked on ,he ice : the I'ole , will llecp upon
the j;round without a bed in iVoft anil liiow, and carry a-
bout their youiij; infants naked in tlic Icvercll weather.
Huntin"and feat-, <d' hoifemanfliip are the divetfions of
the great i and leapiii;.;, vaultiii;^, aiTb dancing, are alfu
favourite divcrfioiii.
The ulual metliod of travellinii; is on horfcback ; for
a I'olifli nobleman will fcarce walk a ftone's throw in a
town without liii boric ; but as it i; Ji champaign coun-
try, a calafli and a pair of horCes arc very much ufcd on
a journey.
There arc very few inns u|inn the roads, and in thofc
a traveller meets with he can felilom find any thin^to cat;
hence he is obliged to buy provifum.s in the '.owns, and
<;arrv them with his b.igga^c. 'I'his inconvenience is faid
TO be owiiiR to a want of honerty in the natives when they
travel 1 and the inn-keepers never make any extraordi-
nary piovii'ion, from their tindin^- by experience that
their 'juells are feldoin difpofed to make any returns for
their entertainment.
The Polilh language is derived from the old Sclavonic;
vet Jiti'ers txtreniely from all the other languages ilc
rivcd from the fame fourcc.
Miyh Dutch i» verv much fpokc in Poland ; and in-
deed the Cjcrmaiis firft introduced into I'oland a talie for
learning, opened the channels of commerce, built fcvcral
tov.iis, and raifed them to a floiirifliiii:; condition : for
Caliinir the (ireai, Icnfible of the advaiitaj;cs I'rdaiid
might reap from tiermaii colonics, invited them to let-
tie ill this kingdom by the greaielf encouragements,
granting them the moll iinproveablc (pot-, in I'oland, and
permitting them to be governed by their own laws.
The l>atin toii;;ue n likewile commonly Ipokcn in
Poland, even by the lower cl.il's ol people ; but without
the Icall regard to accent, quantity, or purity of lan-
guage.
Dr. Iiiirchinr', oliferves, that from the time of king
Sigifmi lul I. to the reign of UladilViin 1\'. wa.s the in-
terval when art, and (cienccs tlourilhcd molt in Poland.
Since that :cra the I'olifh iiuilcs lei-in to have drooped
and languifhcd : however, they now 1 i gin to revive ;
for at piclciit the purity and elegance ot the Holifh and
Latin tongues are Ifudied, the new pliilofophy i-) intro-
duced, the matlicm.itics ate taught, and natural philo-
C.iphy flourifhes in Poland. I he learned in this country
alio apply thcmleUes to the ftudy of the hillory of Po-
land, which they cultivate and improve, and endeavour
to make the good writers of former age; better known, and
ufc of to the preknt ; and for this piir)«o!c the library of
48
count /alufki, at Wailaw, opciu In luCAhauid'j.a Irea-
iiiii' ol aiitii lit iiiiih'jri.
The (Jrcck laiigiiaijc alfo b'l'ini to be ftiidied In Po.
land, and literary currcl'pundcncrs arc caiiicd on with
liariied lorcigners ; but the prcfi h«^ not yet produttd
lo m.oiv biKiks us in other countriei.
Piihind exports none of in manulai!1iirei, its lommo-
ilitiii being earned out of the country uiiwiou;'ht. Dr.
Ilufchiiig nblcrvM, that relii^ioui bigotry 11 ul iiifiiiltff
detiiijient to the trade and lommrrcc uf Poland, which,
nuiwithllandin!( all its naiuril advanldc'es, has been long
gradually lii)kin;» into poverty. The Poles, indeed, ex-
port grain of all kinds, mads, dv.il boards, fhip and
houfe timbrr, pitch, flax, hemp, Imfecd, hops, honey,
wax, hides, horned cattle, tallow, leather dtelled in the
Kullian manner, pot-aOi, hones, and other home com-
modilie, : but thefe arc much overbalanced by the im-
ports, as wine, that of Hungary alone, annually carry-
ing vail funis out of the kiiindom; the other articles of
commerce imported arc fpiro, plate, copper, bialt, and
Iteel.
SECT. III.
0/llit iHfi-rmt Cliijfti ef thi Pteplf, tlit Prhiligfi ef the
Nnhlii, unii ihf SItrv/ry cf ihe ftnjiinti ; with a itmijt
.1,ui,nt c/lht Nature cf thi lytalth tf tin Polii.
TWV. Pules, when confidetcd as members of the con.
iiiunity, arc either nobles or citiien-;, under whicK
clal's ate included merchants, artills, and nuchanics ; or
pcal.ints, who arc molHy vall'aU to t lie nobles.
The Polilh nobility have liom time nnmrmorial
refided in the country ; for every nobicnian lives iri
hi. own village, feat, or callle \ m.inagcs hu ellate by
hi-, vafl'als, or hired fervaiits j .nd maintains hi i lelf and
family by agriculture, breeding of bee., gra/,ing, and
hunting. Some ol the nobility alio Ipeiid part ol their
time in cities and towns.
I'hough i'oland has its princes, counts, and barons,
yet th^; whole body of the nubility are natuia!ly on a.
level, except the difference thai aiiles from the polti
lome of them enjoy. Hence all who ate of noble biiiU
call one another brothers. Thev eniov manv cuiifiderablc
privileges, and, indeed, the biufted Poldh iibcrtv ii pro-
pel ly limited to them alone ; for they have the power
of life and death over their vadaK, who on thataecuuiu
groan under an opprcffive ll.ivcry. Hefidcs, every no-
bleman is ablolute lord of his cllates ; fo that the kinij
can requiic no fuhl'idy iVi'in him, nor is he obliged to
maintain or find quarter for :.ny foldicis. If a foreigner
dies on a noblem.in's edate in Poland, without leaving
any heirs, his cdiiils fall to the lord of the manor ; but.
on the dcceafe of a nobleman without heirs, lin cltatc
does not lall to the king, while there are any per funs
living who are ril.ited in tht eighth i!eg:ic to thedeceafed ;
and if a nobleman dies withuiit heiis, or any luch rela-
tions, the king can appropriate his cllare tohimleli ; but
is obliged to bertow it on Come other nohleinan of merit.
The houle of a nobleman is a (ecure afvluiii for per-
fons who h.ive committed any crime; lor njm iiiufl
prel'ume to take them from thence by lorce ; ,ind cverj
thcjudges in thetownsdare not caul.- a nobleman'; vallal
to be arredcd, or his effeiHs to be fei/.ed ; nor can any
magidrate, not e\cn the king himfelf, caufe .1 noMeir.aii
to be arrcded, without fignifying the crime of which ho
is acculcd, and giving a previous citntion, excvpt he be-
a robber, and has been three times iinpeached bv Iks
allociates, or be I'urprifed in the ronimiflion of a crime}
or ladly, when he cannot or will not put in b.iil.
All eeclefiadical dignities and civil [lods are to be held
only by the nobility, and they alone arc qiialifi, d to bi;
proprietors of eftates, except the burghers ol the cities of
Thorn, Cracow, Viliia, Lembcrg, and Lublin, whu
have the privilege of purchafmg lands. Any nobleman
m.iv purchafc a houfe and liie in a city or town, but he
muft then fubmit to (crvc municipal oiKces j and if he bu
concerned in trade or commerce, he lorfcits the privi-
leges of a noble Pole. Kvery nobleman has not only a
vote in the clciflion of a kin;j,but is even qualihed to wear
V the
kjj
.l-'*il
'
A SYS T I'. M O !■ G I'. O G li A 1' 1 1 Y.
1\v.a:
It
k
the crown, if he he r;iilVil to it hv the free dn
relt of the iiohilitv
All
li:\- are triuil in ihc provi:ici;il courts cf juriicntiirc ; but if i are in ^ciier;il re( koruil worth a h
a ri(ili|''ni:ui
cciMimeiices .i fiiit \v th t.-.s t.iriners d the
I'f thi? liicJ .IS the flave,-, in oijr rolonii-;, nt f i iiiulIi a head.
They
•il livies eai-h a
mU'S rel;uin^ to tnt- n'l'.'i- atcuruinc to their a;»e, ftrciMrih, aiul i luiliiiutiii
ilom.Kir., a tomiiiilloti.il court ;s
rnva]
inin.uc the ilifpute.
appoiiitcil to ter-
Noth
UV' ran
be more ah-rcl t'i:in the pc:if.inti r.( P<>-
vear, to the malK-r, anJ have only one chime f<ir br-
coniin^ free, by enteiin^ nuo or<lj
tliemfelvis in the ion:'
for which a very
lam'. If one lord killa the pealant
atalogii
V 'mall ilegiee o
and enrolli
all
lie ot pnelts arul friarr
f lea,
rnm;^ 11 necellarv :
another, lie is , but zs it is for the interell of the mailer to dili
not capital'v co
ration,
have
ithc
idled, hut oiilv obT^ed to nialce lep:
I thrin, he ohlitres them to marry whc
pealant cniiai in value.
The
iicala.'its
no picipi
and
their
ifitioii'! ferve onlv
lo enrich the nailer. They are in.lifpcnfahly ohii:
cultiv
any
the .'arth ; the
V are inc.ip
ip.ible of enter
in ; upon
con.htion of bfe tnat might pt.Kure tluin fricdorn,
without the prrmijrion of thi.r lor.'s ; and tluy aru ex-
poled to the liifmal and IVeoiienth' fatal cffViS'i of the ca-
price, crui
!tv, and h.irhar
uf their tvrannicnl made
who opprefs them with impunitv, and having ih
f<f life and pn
the nio!l
.1 property in their handr, too often ;ibiile it in
this means not onl
y preli rves,
but
by the inaltiplication of the fpccics
ipi.ility
n youiif;, and by
iiicrcaies hi> wealth.
Chtiltian
)fi and wan'on manner, their wives and .Ad^ 'lien, after
T
S K C T. IV.
0/ th.- Stttt.- cf Rtli^m in Po!wh
UF. Poles were fiill converted from idcdatry to thi
religion, aloiit the year 904 ; whin St.
dauilhiers beln'i expoled to the mull brutal ticatment.
fi
Accordin'4 to Mr. Hautev'
a puhLman who
. dc-
rcus ofcultivat
hnufe
lUg a pii-.e ol laii'l,
!, builds a litt'
which he fett
:al.uit and his lainil
', V.'
chbilhi
(Ir'
unient of this revolution
p ot Cjnefiu, was the
and t!
of Rome ha
fi
icarrs ot ilic rhurcli
nee taat time, V.rM tlie
Prlifl
1 tri.vern-
inghimacow, two horfes, a cert.iin niniihcr ot peeie,
heiv, 5ic. and as much corn a-- is (ufficient to n.^intain
him tliL- firfl year, and to improve tor his own future
f:ih(ilK'nce, and the advantage of liis lord. In leturn, he
obliges ban to till a pariieular ipianiity of land, and to
pay a number jf live anini.ils out of the produce of the
original (lock.
In autumn all the pcafants ai • -imployrd in rutting
down and reaping the mailer's harvell, who app liiits 1 ernSled a pnirinj^-houn.', and founded an acadiinv for
mciit lirmlv in the inti.ri.'lor the Romilli poimlt. Hence
[x.perv is til'- national religion ; for none but peifons of
thai perfuarion are p'rmir'i..l 1.1 lit in the Itiiatc, rife to
emv;ien<e in the arir.v, ot piel'ide in the courts ol jultice;
vet the government tolerates Lutherans, Calvinills, Jews,
Armenians, and (Ireel;s.
Koimerlv Poland had a number of Proteltants of many
ddbrint fort', which were cdabldbed tlare foon after
tile R •t'orination, when above half ;lie iiol dity of the
kingdon: becami' :jocini.lns, and the palatine ot Podolia
overfeers to reward the diligent, and punilli the indo-
lent with (iripps. Pillories ar'' erected in eveiy village,
on which thelV wretched beings arc obliged to ((and a
whole dav, for crimes of a very trivial nature.
One blePing, hnwTvcr, .attends the wretch d lltiiation
nf th-' Poiifli pcafants, which i" their infenfibilitv. Horn
ilavcs, and accullotred trom thtir iiilaney to b.irdfliipi
their life ; but thev were expelled by John Cihmir 111
i6';8. 't'he bulk of the Proteltants iijw redde in Po-
blli PruHia, at D.inf/.ic, Klbinj, Thorn, and Maricn-
burn-, where they enjoy privilc['..s wtiich arc not grant-
ed m .;ny ol th;' otiier piovinee:.
fiuheil, the l.utiieraiis, Calvinids, and Clrecks, by
the tieaties concluded with the Protcllant pi>wers, anij
and fevcie labour, they fcarce entertain an idea of better I jiarticuiarly the conliitution of 1717, arc promifcd fccu-
circumftantes and more liberty. 'I'hcv regard their | rj'y as tu their cttViLt-, and an ciiualitv with the other
mailers as a fiiperior order of beings, r'tid hardiv ever ; iir'jecls as to their peilons. 'I'he I'ruteltunts th;-rcfore, by
repine at that fevcre b^t which has deprived them of all j virtue of the above articles, have tiequently lolicitcd for
the comforts of life, in order to heap them upon a
cruel, dcfpotic, and unworthy tyrant. They leldom
want for provilions, and think that a man can n'vcr be
very wretched while he has anv thing to cat. Our au-
thor adds, a total want of feminunt, and of ment.-.! en-
joyments, prevail through the whol.! order, as if Pro-
vidence had wii.ly mixed the lliipifving drop, to render
more tolerable the naufeou'. draught of frvitude.
This i" the boalled liberty of the Poles, in which the
niu!ti"ide are reduced to the molt ahjeft flavery ; an 1
thnfi: who enjoy dlatcs, thou'di ever fo fmall, arc al-
lowed the piivile;;" of being tyrants, and have greater
power ovir ihcir valiM;, than (lOvl ever gave to kings.
But now let us take a vi' w of ihe pioperty of tliegreat,
and (ei: in what their \v( alth confills.
Kvery Polifli noble niufl be polielVed cither of an
eft.'te in land, a (lure in the f.dt works, or the revenues
of thecitvof iJaiu/.ic, whi. h are clKemeii equivalent
t.) an eltiitc in l.md. The Poldh ellates in general nviy
he diviiled into roy.d, ccclrfiallK al, or patrimonial. 'I'he
greitell number of them conlilt in ilarollie,, which mult
be given away by the king fix months altera vacancv,
and are legardcd as the rights of old military offieei?^,
rnd the reward of their pall fcrvices, the word 11. roll
fignifyiini old age. F.ach llarolla pays a fourth of his
reveinie to th'- republic.
The rccleliallica! .-Iliite. confifl of bifboprics, bene-
fices, priories, canonrics, and all the land polleillil by
the regular cicriv, which is ot vatl extent. Some (if
the biDu.piie; evceid five thouf.ind poi 'ids fterling a
year, which 1 ; .m imnienle I'uin of money in a country
that does not abound in fpccic
life the folid wealth of
The patrimonial cltates conipo
the Polidl iKib'lity, thcv being entirely independent of
the court, and lefcenil I v in'^i nance froin generation
to generation. Thefe confill of kinds, houfcs, towns,
villager, woods, and cfnecially peafain.s, which arc va-
the free rxercife of their religion, and ttic Protcllant
powers have in'erellcd themfelves in their behalf, which
has procuied th' in many lair pr.nnifcs that have nut
bien tulliliel On the rontrar\ , a great number of their
churches h.ive ai^luaily been taken ftoni them, or demo-
lifhcd ; and with lelpei'l to theled.ilcnters from the elta-
bliflied church, the laws of judice and equity have
been violated ; lo that they have now only twenty-two
churches in the cities and towns, and fixty-Hve in ihc
villages of Poland, 'fhe Giceks arc alio no Ids op-
prelled ; yet the Jews before the prelcnt reign, were
inilulged with grc.ii privileges ; and this country is filled
the paradife of that peo|,lc. An old Polifll general, who
was a native ofCicrmany, fay, that ilierearc at lead two
millions of Jews onlv in the v.llagis of I'ol.md, cxclu-
live of the great nunib'Ts in the toy.ii!. Iheir annual
capitation 'mounts to two hundrf 1 and uvcnty thouliiiid
i'olifti guilders in the kingdom of l',>land, aiui a hundred
and twenty thouland in l^ithuania, jitiounting in the whole
to hfty-f'ix ihoiifand fix hundred anil fixty (ix iix-dollars,
which they p.iy above the general impolls and taxes.
I he king IS here (lil-.'d Orthodoxus, as a title of ho-
nour, and St. Horian and St. Adalbert are worfhipped
as the patron iaiiUs of Poland.
'I he niinib(.r of monallcries in this kingdom amniinis
to five hundrid and feventy-lix, and of luinneiics to one
hundred and Icvititecn, belldes two hundred and bnty-
fix leminaties or ctdlcges, and thirty-one alibevs. The
dergv ate even pollelled of two-thirds of the lands and
rcvenuf3 of the kiiiL'dom.
The monks of I'oland are wealthy, profligate, a.nd
debaiuhed in their maniicis ; they are ilten leen drunk,
and led (rom taveins, wilhoiit appiehinding anv dif'taco-
to their order, ordiea.ling the ccnturc of ihcir fiiperiors,
who require equal indulgence. Thiir falls coiifid in
abdaining 11, in c:;';«, milk, and boded lilli at ni. lit. Dur
thuu^h ae» dcr^-y on cartli aic lo attached to ilic lee of
Rome
Roiiie as tiie P'
thL' opinion ot
thnenre from ai
The fecular c
hiabic bemtici's
doni, without b
duties of iheir o
poor k liidar or ;
of the niafs, as
i,ii,l to be fo neg
pil duties, that
of their inferior
duties of their p
.md the l.iity ni.i
liounly to the (1
I, lui to loiind a
to enrich an alt^
w!i.it the nioic
ceiiliiiies ago.
ons : they arc in
jcluits at t.eopol
to be worth a m
111 the catholic
mal ., to (hew tl
(laughteriiig its (
As to the ciu.
ferves, it entire
c.dled (cho.d d
jargon, and the
divines pride tlic
Arillotle to tile i
lender the l.ilter
pay no retard to
culty by the aflir
fions of the pont
ftinatc, opiniona
Of the p'Mcal i
Poivir cf the
C^nvi'itii i thi' <
Pitaiid ; and
£iigle.
THE politic
ly rinudai
oth-r governinei
have a (overeign,
propriety called ;
the nobility of
thofe of anv othi
ariftocracy ; bee 1
level, each Poldl
himfclf a.s in'eiii
Tilt republic i
the nobdity, the
the governincnt.
prerogative has b
diet and fenaie pi
independency is (
(ecurity o( the k
milled to garrifoi
frontier towns ; v
J kind of public
Upon the deat
the nobility allei
tiiccellljr, and th
tiniaic election i 1
a m.ijoii'y have
lulily aflunie a pi
impofing Inch con
pioper, and ihel
coiitrait is draw
(eii.ite and nobili
king by ihe .irci
beloie the meni
tr.ict may be deci
Poles agtiiiid the
here iiiumeratc (
'oi. \sn.
EURO P E.
sy
Roir.f ar. tiic Pulifli, y>'t llicy prefer good living cv.-ii to
ih; opinion ot l!u' popo, aii'l tlTcrcloic Cuiiliiic th'ir ab
iHncnn- trnni anim.il tood wholly to the cvciiinj
'I'hc ibciil.'.r ck-rgv .iJniit of pliiralitius, ami iio'J pn.-
titiliic b'.'iiiliirs in the molt dilhint p.itts cif th,' k .1--
lUiin, without liL-ing ever fuppolcl to perfonii any ot t.. ■
Oiilif. of their office. A canon gives two-pence to a
poor khol.M or a monk, for going tl-.roii^'h th j JruJ-ery
nf the niafs, as his fiihftitutc. Kvcii the biflijps are
1,11.1 to 1)1- fo ne;^ii^eiu about the due execution of epifco-
pil duties, that thev are forced to wink at the enornu!i-s
of their inferiors-, vet the lew tl'ri;y who attrr d the
duties of their profeirion huve ail the appearance of pictv,
and the laity make up fur every other dciiciency by tl.iir
hounty to the church, 'riu-y will jrriiul the lice of the
1, 101 to found a nioiiiiHery, cheat and defraud in order
to enrich an altar. In thefe particulars I'olat'd ii now
wliit the nioic (ivili/.cd nation? of Lurope were two
lemniies ago. All their churches are built by donati-
ons : they are in general rich and maiMilicen:, and the
iciuits at F.copold have a chalice fet with jcwcl.^, laid
to be worth a million of livrcs. So zi-alous arc thel'i;l.i
in the catholic faith, that they draw their fwords at
mal., to fhew their rcadincfj to defend their religion by
ilaughteriiu; its oppofers.
As to the ciudiiion of the clergy, a late aiitlior ob-
ferves, it entirely confifts in that fpccics of fophiHry
called Ichonl divinitv, in an unmeaning metaphyfical
jargon, and the molt ufelcfs logical dillincfions. ("he
divines pride tlicnifelves in adapting the metaphyfies of
AriHotle to tlie doctrines of Chnitianitv, by which they
lender the litter as unintelligible as the loinier. 'I'hey
pay no regard to church hiftury, but folvo every dilii-
cuity by the affirin.v.ions of the Stagyrite, and the dcci-
fions of the pontitt'. In a word, they arc ignorant, ob-
ftinatc, opinionatcdj and fupcrftiiicua.
SEC T. V.
Of th p-Jit'unl Con/littittcri cf Pohiml Tht very limiuJ
Pnvcr cf th{ King ; the gcnmil (.'ontinli of the I'lila
C^iiVi'itii; ihr (\reii:o>tiii i/' the C.;r:nati3ti\ the nrms '.f
Polaihl; and the Bud^e ' ef tht Knighti cf tht Il'hite
EiigU.
TH E political conllit'jf ion of Poland is fo extreme-
ly riii'iilar, that it bears no refcmblancc to any
oth-r government, ancient or modern. The people
have a fovcreign, and vet the government is with great
propriety called a republic. 'I^he reader has feen that
the nobility of this country have greater power than
thofc of anv other, yet thev detelt the thoughts of an
iirifiocracy ; bee lafc they all clleem themftlves upon a
level, each Polith nobleman or gentleman confidering
himfelf as in'eiior to none but the monarch.
The republic is CDiiipofed of the king, the fenntc, and
the nobdity, the peafants being admitted to no fliarc of
the ^overnincnt. Upon every new election the royal
prerogative has been retrenched, and the liber'-ito of the
diet and fcnate proporlicinably extended. This idea of
independency is earned lo far, as to ha/..ird the general
lecurity of the kingdom, the monarch noc being pci-
niiited to garrifjn even the inoit remote and necellary
frontier towns ; whence PoL.nd has m all ages been made
a kind of public route lor the palTig,- cf lioHile armies.
Upon the death nf the foiercign, the whi Ic body of
the nobility allemble on horfehack lor the choice of a
fuccellor, and their unanimous voice confJitutcs a legi-
timate election ; though there have been inllancei--, where
a majoiiiy have been deemed fufficient. Mere the no-
bility afliimc a power of altering the governnient, and
impoling Inch coiul it ions on the new monarch as thev think
pioper, and tlieic they call tiic Pacta Conveiita. 'I'his
contratl is drawn up, methodized and appro\ed by the
fen.ite and nobiliiy, .liter wliith it i^ read aloud to the
king by the j'reat mat dial, and he Iwejis lo perform it
bcloic the ceienionv ol his pioclamalion. As this con-
tract may be deemed the biiiicr ot the privileges of the
Poles ai^'iiinlt the cncroai hnients of the crown, we (hall
here tnumeraic the piincipal articles,
1
The firrt is, tint tiic k'lig (liali not attempt (a in -roach
O.I the li'.ii.ity o) llie p-o.de, \: . lenienn^ iii-; ciown he-
re liiary ill his family, but fliall ptefetve-all the law. and
cullunr) lelatiiig to ;lie f'eej.ei; of eleaion ; that he flialj
ratify a'l the treatie-, fu'ififti,,^ with foiei-n pov/eis which
are appoved by the diet : that he (hill fiudy to cultivate
P'-ace, pref.rve the p iblic tiaiujuilify, anJ promjic the
interclloi'the realm; that he (hall not co-n mon -y, ex-
cept in the republic's name, nor appropi!a:c to himfelf
the advantage aiifiiig frcm coinage: that he (hall n -ither
declare w- .11, conclude peace, levy troops, hire aLi.\iliaries,
or admit fu;\igii troops into the Po!i(h dominion , with
out the conlcMt of the diet and feiia:e : that .dl oni-csand
preferinenl.s diill be given to the natives of Poland and
Lithuania, and that no pretence fhall excufc the crime ot
introducing loreigneis into the king's council or the de-
partments i>f the republic : that the otficeis of his ma-
jelly's guards (hall be Pules or I,ith-aanians, and that the
colonel (hall he a n.itivc of I'oland, and of the order of
nobility : that all the o(Hiers (liall be fubordinate to the
authcrity of the mar(h.il : that no individual (Inll be
veiled with mure em;iloy;nento than the law allows:
that the king fhall not ni.nry with lut t'ae apptobaticii
of the fcnate, and that the republic (hall regul.itc the
hcufhold of the (piecn ; th.it the foverei;,n (Inll never ap-
ply his priviite lignrtto a^s and papers of a public nature-
th.it, on the .)ih(r hand, the king (lull difpofe of the
iilficcs bothof the court and uf the republic : that h: (hall
regulate with the fenatc the number of forces iieceHarv
for the defence of the kingdom, and alminilfcr jullice by
the .ulvice of i.he fen.itc and council: that the e\p ncc's
of hi- civil hit (hall he the fame with thole of hi> pre-
dec-.li^rs, and polielled by his family only duriii.; his life :
that he (hal! .ill up .dl vacancies in -.he Ipace of lix weeks;
that tills (hi',1 he nis lirft hufinefs in the diet, obligiiuj
the chancell ir to publi(h his appointments in due foTni":
that the ki ig (liall not diminilli the treafure kept at
Cracow, bu; enJeavour to aiigmeiit th.it and the number
of the cio-.vii jewels ; that he (iiall neiihei bor.-ow money,
nor equip a luval force, without the ce nieiit and full ap-
probation ol tne republic : that he lliall _ 1 ifef,, promote,
and defend th'- Ivomin catholic laith "inani'di all the
Polifh dominions ; ;uu! (inally, that -.ill •' eir^fevera! li-
berties, rights, and privileges, Ihall be ;.-crerved t ) the
Pules and Lithuanians in general, and to all the diltriit;
r.nd provinces within each of thefe great diiilions, with-
out change, ot the fmallcll violation, except by the con-
fent of the republic- 'I"o thefe articles a variety of otheis
arc added, accoiding to the circumli.iiices .ind humour of
the diet ; but the above are the ll.uiding coiulitions,
which arc fcarce ever altered or <iniitted.
The king Iweai-s to oblcrve the l>.iaa Convent.i upon
his knees at th-.- altar in the follo.viiig manner : '• \Vc "•
" clewed king of Poland, and great duke of Lithuania)
" Ruflia, Prutha, .\1airovia, Sa'uugitia, Kihovia, Vol-
" hinla, Po;iolia, Podiaflla, Liv,>ni."i, b.nolenftin, Sibe-
" ria, and C-^etnicovia, proniife before the Ainii^'hr-,-
" (rf,d, andl.vcir upon the holv evangclills of Kfu\
" Chrilt, to i.bfcrve, maintain, and fullil all tliecoiidi-
" tions (tipulated at our ileClion bv our ainbailadois with
" the fenators and deputi, s of P.daii.l, and of the great
" dutchy of J.itiiuaina, and coiilirmed bv our plenipo-
" tentiaries ; and to execute the lame in all thetlaulLS,
" points, articles, and conditions fpe.ifud in that con-
" tract, in fuch a manner, that the)/,-./.;/.-^ (hall nut de-
" rog'tc liom the gmaul.ly ; nor, on the 'coiitr..iv, tl'.e
" ««i!v;y;//.'>)' from the fiiiiuuLr,iy; all whii h v.-e |-,i.).
" mife iolemnly to raMly on the day of our coronati.,n."
Though the king is without exception .icknowlwh'ej
to he their lovereij>n, yet he cannot exeie.le the luncii°na
of fovereignty before his c.ronatioii. Tl-.e fja e between
the cle.tion and cr.roiiaiion is a kiiul of intireMium
though he is veiled with all the b.idg, s ..11, 1 i .-rternal
pomp of majelty._ During this perio.l the m ullul, in all
procellions, c.nii-s his ftalf bent doA-nwari-. h.iorc the
king, but after the loroiialion it is alu .i\ s h- 1,1 i r.cl.
This is to (hew that the eK-cli on is impeii-.t till it he ra-
tified by the coionaiion, previous to which the k'lig tan
neither difpole of ofJiccs or ben-ticis, giant f vouis cf
anv kind as a foverei:',n, nor apply thcioc-.t leal to anv
act or oidmancc tie appoints the day' for p-rforuiin^
1
.1 !'
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'',1-
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il
i life
4 j I'
.im
III
m
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WAu^^
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1;^
Co
A S Y S T E M OF (> K O G R A P H Y.
Pol AM-
Poi.,
Ml
IJH
his corotvition, vvliich is iifya'ly on th.it rmcccding the
fiini'r.il obfiijiiios ot his nrcdccefl'or. All nuaginalik
ma^iiificfiicc is obftrvcd on thisocc;ifion, aiiil alon i^'iii-i,
uiiacqu.iiiuid with the I'o'illi toiillitutioii, would luitu-
r^lly conclude, th.il a mnn.irth who afccndrd the throne
wuli luih pump and IplcnJor, w.'.s invcftcd with vcrycx-
tcnfivc prerogatives.
Whtn the coroiiati(in-dav approaches, the king make,
his entry into Cracow on horftbaik, with a cjnnpy ol
ftate carried htlbre hini. '/"he troop;, both horlc and luot,
marcli bctoru with their officers, and are followed by the
palatines, bifliop:-, and ambai.iulors on hurleb.ick j while
a man, who rides befoic, fcitters fome Imall pieces of
filver, llamped with the effi.;;es ot" the new king ; who is
thiii coiidii;led frotn the city gate to the caltle, paffini;
through the public IqiMre, in which arc levfral trium-
phal arches. On the d.iy tliat precedes the coronation,
the body of the dcreafca king is c.iiricd in gie.it Hate to
the church of St. Stanifl.uis, at lih.ilka, where the mar-
fluls break their flave-, and the ch.iiKi.ilois their U ds,
againft the king's i nihn. 'I'he new king, with all hi.,
courtiers, and the officers ot the crown, .ire prefent at
this ceremony. The coinpanics (d' tr.ulcfiiien even walk
thither b.arc foot in proccffioii, each having the repre-
fentation of a colFin covered with a p.ill, fiipportcd by
two men; after wlich the corpfe is br'iiii;ht back to the
chapel ot the cathedral of Cracow, where are the lepul-
chrcs of their king'.
Tlie nevt day the coronation is performed in the ca-
thedral ol Cracow, to winch the king i. conduced in
i'olenin ttate by the fenate, and the rell of the nobihty.
The regalia ate placed upon the altar, and the bilhopsot
Cracow and Ciiiavi.'. prelent the king to the archbiihop
ol (ir.cfna, to whom he bow5, and tlifn all the three
prelatci remind him of his duty j alter which he kill'es
the archbiflinp's hand, kneels lays his haml on the gof-
pels, and ag.iin fwe.irs to the I'aiit.i Conventa ; to which
is added, that if he (hoiiKI violate hi~ oath, or anv pirt
of it, the liibjriffs fliall be difcharged from their obedi'.nce
and oath of fidelity. Then receiving the bcnediclion nf
the primal , and other bifliops, his iippei garment i.s taken
fjft, and the primate anoints liij tight h.iiid and arm up
to the ciboiv, .iiid alio his fliouUIets .ind fmehead with
conlecraled oil, faying, " In the niiiie of the Kather, of
" the Son, and (if the Holvliholt."
The king is then led to the ihapel, wlu re he isdrcfled
iiuich like a bifli'ip. and has othii ornaments put on him
by the marlhals ol the kingdom and dutchv, in which
he h:ai , niaf, on a thiune circled in the iiiidft of the
church; and afterwards goes to the altar, where ti,
archbifhop, putting a drawn fwoid into his right hand,
Uv, " Receive this fword, and coidially p.-otecl aiiddc-
*• fend the hole cliur<h ..f.iintt alT unbelievers." The
fword hcaicr then puts It 11,1 in the fcabb.ird, and returns
it to the arLhbillifp, who , irds it to the king's fide: but
his ni.iielly drawing it, waves it feveral limes ove, his
head. The kin,; then knci Is, and the archbiDicp pl.ices
on his head the crown, which is fujiported by the birtiojis
of Cr.icow and Co'ivia. After fome prayers, the arch-
hidlop puts the hepier into the king's right hand, and
the globe of gold !i:t>i his left. The primate and two
aishbdhops then Ic.ui llie king hack to the throne, in
which the archbifh-'p places him, faying, " Sit and
" maintain the place (jod has given thee." 'I'he king
ifturns .again to tiic altar, and I'e Deiim being fung,
his m.ijeltv kifles the archbifhop's hand, oHer> him gold,
conlellc.5, receives the (acramniit, and the biflio|)'s bcne-
Hiflioii ; after which the court-marflial cries out feveral
limes, Vival Rex, and the trcafurer of the kingdom fcat-
ters money among the people in the chuich.
The n.xt day the king goes in grt at i>oin|) to the town-
ho'ife, with the revalia c.irried before him, and the great
frcafurcr a »ain throws mc.lals of gold and lilver among the
people. iTii iii.ije({y being there placed on a throne, re-
ceives the homage anil oaths of the diet, lie. on 'heir
knees, and th; migilhates of the cities prefent him with
the keys of then i;ate. in a fiKcr dilli, and a purl ■ lull of
d.icats; after which he ictlores thekevs, in I makes lome
of the burghers .if the city knights, by Krikiiig them
5aitly Oil I'.y. (houMcr with his drawn fword.
As the king is oblcjcd by the Pan* Cunvt:>ta to con-
f'llt hi.s people svilh rcfpeft to mairiage, fo tl.eir conleiit
IS necedary to the diHidutimi ot the nupiial engagement ,
for he can inither divorce the (pieen, iioi Kp.r.ite from
her bed, wiihoil the approbation of tlic di. t, un'el's he was
married bcloie ills declioii. Hei majeltv has no difliiiCl
houlTioId, c.s.ccpt a maidia!, a chantilU.'r, and lome ii;-
firior doinellii.~. She ii funiillisd « ith moiiee bv lia- king
to defi.iy the e.\pviices of the civ.l lift ^ and, v ,t!'. lefpcti
to her donielHc ttcoiioniy, is little more than his lloule-
keeper or Iteward. 'I'he king's whole r( venue for the fup-
portof his legal dignity does not exceed four hundred thou .
find crowns ; exclufive of which there i.s a inamtcnancc loi
the queen-dowager, his conlort, and children, m cale of
his death; though the latleraredenied the privilege enjoyed
by other fubjciit.i, of nfing to places of tiult and piolit,
left this Ihould give them an afcend.int in future election*.
I he .11. IIS of the republic are, gules, an ea 'le argent,
for Poland ; and gules, a cavalier a.gent, for Lithuania.
In the year 1705 king .Aucjulhis 11. inltitutcd the or-
der 01 the white eagle ; whofe enfurn is a crols of goKl
enamelled with red, with awhile border, and four ll.inies
between the points, appendant to a blue ribbon. Ou
wne fide of the badge is the Polifli white eagle, with a
white crofs and the clei^^oral fword, .Sic. on its bread i
on the other fide the king's cypher, and round it this
iiKjtto, I'ro FiuE, R5i..h, 1: r Lhct. The crufs IS lut-
rounded withaciown la with diamonds.
S K C T. VL
0/ th StriJte ./ Pdund.
TIIK mod relpecTable part of the Polidi government
is the fenate, which is compolVd of the bidiops,
palatine., calhdlaiis, and ten olhcers of ilate, who de-
rive a right from their dignities of fitting in that ati'emblv,
amounting in all to a hundred and forty-four members,
who are Itilid fenators of the kingdoiTi, or couiifellors of
date, and have the title of excellency, a dignity fupport-
ed by no penlion or emoluments iieceflarily annexed to
it. I he lenate prcfides over the laws, is the guardian of
liberty, the judge of right, and the protciifot uf jullicc
and equity.
The members arc nominated by the king, and take an
oath to the republic, before they are permitted 10 cnWr
upon their office. Their honour continues for life, and at
the general diet they aie icated on the right and left of thi:
fovereign, according to th-^i dignity. They are the me-
diators between the monarch and the fubject, and, in
conjunction with his m.!Jefty, ratil'y all tlie laws paflld hy
the nobiUtv. The value they let on their dignity makcn
them defpii'e all other honours, and they have even re-
jected the titl's offered them bv the cnpi lor of Ciermany.
A. a fei.jior is bound by oath to maint..in the liberties o{
the republic, it i'- thought lie difrefpect to majefly te re-
mind him ol hi-, duty , for as they .ire his counfellors,
this freedom ol fpetch is an infepaiablc prerogative of
tlitir office.
All the bifhops are fenators, and precede the fccidar
me:iibers tiiey arc only thirteen in number, bifidcs two
titular hidiops iif placf: lei/.eJ by the I'urksand RulTiaii;j
but dill the titular honours aie retained, and eagerly-
fought after, becaufe they give them a right to fit In the
fen ite. The .irclibilliop of (Inefna is featcd at the.i
head, and is lecondonly to the monarch ; he is alfoiipoi-
tolici.l legate by his ofKcc, and tiijoy. luch vaiietv oi
privileges as gives him c\ir.iordinary weight, not only in
the fenate, but in the rommon-wealih ; for it ij a capital
crime even ti) diaw a fword, oi to Ipeak irreveicmlv 1:1
his prefence. Duiiiig the iiiter-tf giiiim Ijc has the po.vcr,
under certain rcitrictions, of coming money he convokes
the (cnate ; and oppoles the condue't of lli.- monariii
whenever he -its Contrary to the eondituticm . his mar-
(hal i, a fen nor, an.l the crnfs is carried before him.
When the primate vihls the king, he is met at the bot-
tom of the dairs of the p.ilate bv one of the chief officcn
of the cronii ; anoljier gnat otficr attends him at the
top of th; dairs, and conJuifc hipi to the toya! pretence,
whil«
while the kiri"
receives the s
to return ihi ir
the rcpii'ilic d
>vife 'eijulates
holdiri:; the 'V
other a.;ls ol |i
m^-mbers of wf
his coliegiies.
ordinary privile
Irnatnr, from 1
tai!fcr from his
The office of
nnbililv of his I
hie the nobilitv
prniiouncp lent
10 market, exec
a diet ; to exam
and adminider
moirit to thirtv
th- Ifircdaof S
There arc eij
'.r? nnlv I'eiiator
"f war th-v, bv
• re in f>nie im
language a cade
IS added to th-
pin I'olnanf'Ki, 1
'rear or little cal
tcil into the mod
are lomctimcs ex
The crown nil
great-chancellor,
tne depiitv-treali
and all the fame
Though thele
in order, yet they
an J in u fair wa
kingdom.
Wl\ now com
p.l.cdoflh
nobdity of ev»iy |
accounts, cithT to
n.ite relating to tl
traii.-n of jul'icp,
'The k ng miv a
except on occalioi
the cudo.n of the 1
pital. Ind'ed lor
r'if-mlled at \Varl
Lithuanian', it w
he held at Cirodno
',r\c<: in tlin c ' ■ ar.
nr-al diet, ' !tiii
primate, '.i.i' ., wti
V nri-t^ appointing
r<etrb is alio feiit 1
hy the nd'errblv, ai
to prepa • tlie 11
It is ri Tiarkahle
f\cn in the mod ci
g'-ncifs ; and thev
inidd of an impona
a future meeting.
the great defects of
Illy owes its origin I
whim ai'.d c.ipricr.
On lecopit ofthf-
ihr ineetin>', of the il
in hii jutil.livSlion, 1
day, to vUii depiil
biiiinel's mentionrd i
oigs are cj'lirl pert
th.ce acres ol Ian I h
tciminrd by aimjon
49
^■'m^m
:ar
two
Hi: J
;cly
lliR
Dc;-
oi
ill
iit.il
y 1:1
Vd ,
iri'pi
i.ir-
lini.
KJt-
ccr3
tlin
Ki.-,
Poi..\-.n.
r, U R O P F,.
61
wliile t!ic kinj!; nJvnnccs to meet him :it the clonr. He
receives tin' viritsot .imbafTadors with<nit liciiig cxpccJh'ii
to return tluir rivilitics. Mr is tlie head .iiul lovcrcigii ot'
the rcpiibni- dminc' a vacancy of the throne. He iikc-
xvil'e 'e:;ulatcs the ilict of elei'lion, ilViies out writs tor
holding the ijrneral and pcltv diets, and perlornis (evcrnl
other acts of fovcrcignty, atTilh-d onlv by the (enatc, the
mfinbtrs otwhi'.h rather roinpole his council, than are
his colie:;iies. The I'olcft probably annexed thcl'e extra-
ordinary privi!e;:es to the primate rather tlian to any lay
trnatnr. Iron their being feeiircd by his religious cha-
racter trnm his alpiring alter the crown.
'I"he office of palatiiK- is to march at the head of the
nobilitv of bis palatinate, and in time of peace to allem-
hie the nobilitv, to prcfulc in the courts of judicature, and
pronounce lemencr ; to Icttlc the price of j'oods hroufiht
to tnarket, except in war-time, and durin;^ 'he icirion ot
a diet; to examine weights and mcalurcs, and to protect
and adininiller iuilicc to the Jews. Thefc pilatines a-
mount to thirtv-leven, including the three cailellans and
til'- (t.irclla of .S.iinngitia, who rank with the p.ilatincs.
There arc cif^htv two calUlIans, who in time of pe.acc
r-.rc on!e fenators, without any iurifdictiun i but in time
<if war th-v, bv i^eneral Ciimnions, ait as palatines, and
• re in f'nie me.uure their lieutenants. In the I'olilh
lansuaae a caltellan is (tiled pin, or lord, and ki, or Iki,
is added to the place over which each is ealtellan, as
nan I'l'lnanlki, bird of I'ofnan. Thev are divided into
rreat or little laltfllans. The great cartellans are admit-
ted into the moft lecrct councils, from which the others
are lometimes excluded.
The crown otfieers arc, the crow-n .'.reat-mardia!, the
preat-t'iancellor, the vice-chancellor, the ^reat-trealurcr,
tne drputv-trealurcr, and the court-marlhal of I'oland,
and all the (anie officers of Lithuania.
Though thclcflate olBcers are the laft of the fenators
in order, yet they are |)erl'ons of c.;rcat power and dignity,
an I 111 a lair svay of riling to the liighcll polls in the
kingdom.
s I-: c T. VII.
Of t;e PoUjh Did.
WV, now come to the iliet of Poland, which is cnm-
p.-v.i J of the king, the fenate, and deputies of the
iiob'litv 'it ev'cy palatin.ite j and is ulually held on two
accounts, -.ithT to conlidcr of the relolutions ot the le
n.itc relating to the public welfare, or for the adminif-
traii.-p of jiil'ice, which are the moll ufual diet*.
The k;n.;m IV aflemblethe diet at anv particular pl.ice,
e\cept on (ccali'in of acoionation, which, according to
the cullo.n of the country, muft be celebrated at the e.i-
pital. Indred lor a number of years the diet regularly
^-I'-mlled at \Varfaw, but, on complaint made by the
I ithuanians, it was agreed, that every thiid diet (llould
be held at GruJno. The general rule is to meet at lealV
<,r\c<: in three I'ars. When it is propofed to hold a ^i -
nr'al diet, '' "ting, or, in rale of ar\ interregnum, the
primate, 'iiuts writs to the palatines of the (everal pro-
V nez-.j .jppoii'iting the time and place of meeting. A
fiicteb is alio feiit of the biifinels to be deliberated upon
bv the :<(len'blv, and the members arc allowed fix weeks
to prepa • ■ the intended lefTi'n.
It is ri Tiarkable that the diet never fits above fix weeks,
f\en in the moll eiitical conjunilures and preffing cmcr-
g'neifs ; and thev have been knuwii to break up in the
mulll ol an impoiiaiit debate, and to leave the biifinefs to
a luture mcelu'g. This has been iuftly elleemcd one <if
the crcat dcfciU of lb.; cnnlHtution of Poland' it proba-
bly owes its origin to convenie.icc ; but is kept up Itom
whim ar.ii c.ipricr.
On rer.'pit of the king's writ, thi*palatinecommiinicatrj
(be tneetin-' of the diet in i.; the officers ami r«)bilitv wit* -
HI his jurildiiSlion, reiiuiring them to allenibleon a certain
dae, to e\rii deputies, and take into conlidciation the
biilinel's mentiof.ei in the roval lumnions. I'hefe meet-
.n>;s are fj'Ie.l peitv diets, every geiuleman pollefling
?h;ce acres oi l.m I having a vote, and matters being de-
':iininrd by a ,11 ourity ; uut in llie genera! .lict decrees
49
arc only v.ilucd when t'le wlio'.e body !s ur.inimoiis.
Thefe indigent nobles arc always directed by (ome per-
f.in of Cuperior fortune, influence, or ability, an ! leldoiii
examine the fubjedt ot the debate ; but rti-nit i; wholly
to the Judgment of their reprcfentativcj. Kvtry palatinati,'
has three reprelentatives ; but ibe bufinels devolves upon
one of them, who is elected lor his ability and expe-
rience, and the other two are only added to give weight
to this leading member, and to do honour, by the'r mag-
nificent appearance, to the palatinate they reprefent.
As thefe deputies have (cats in the diet, the f,cncral
airenibly is divided into two bodies, the upper and the
lower; the one being compoled of the fenate, the (upe-
rior clergy, and the great officers ; the other of the re-
prefeniatives of the palatinates, who prepare all bufinefi
for the fuperior body. I'lus we fee how near an alfiiiitv
the general conttitiition of the Polifhdiet has to a liritKh
parliament, and to the original form of government among
all the northern nations, however they mav vary in par»
ticular circumltances, and be altcrcii by the influence of
time.
The firll bufinef-, of the nflemblv is to choofc a marfhal ;
upon which octalion the debates and tumults lometimes
run (0 high, that the whole time l.ir the (effion of the
diet is conlumed in altercation and wrangling about the
election of a (pcaker, who mull be a native of Great or
Little Poland, or of the dutchy of Ijithiiania. After hi.'i
election he kifles the king's hand, and the chancellor, aj
the royal rep.'el'cntative, reports the matters to be delibe-
rated upon by the diet. The marfhal then acquiints the
king with the inltructions of the deputies from tncir con-
ftituents, and the abules they require to be remedied :
he likewile requelti his majelty to till up the vacant of-
fices and benefices 'ccording to law, and Is anfwercd bv
a fet f(>eech from li.e chancellor, who reports the king's
inclination to fatisfy his people as foon as he has con-
Cultcd his faithful fenate.
Some of the cultoms obfervcd by the Polifii diet are
remarkably abfurd ; not onlv an unanimity of voices is
neceflTary to pals any bill, and conltitute a decree of the
diet, but every bill nuilt alio be afiented to unanimouflv,
or none ran take effect. Ihu.s, if out of twenty bills one
(hould happen to be oppoled by a fingle voice, all ths
reft are thrown out, and the diet meets, deliberates, and
debates for fix weeks to no purpole. Can any thing be
more aftonifhing, than that a rule lb ctmtrarv to the dic-
tates of common fenle, and attended with fuch fatal con-
(equcnccs, fhould continue among a people who appear
far from being void of uiiilcrltanding ?
The ufual form of pafling laws and decrees is ns fil-
lows ; they arc firft revifed by the m.irlhal, attended bv
two of the deputies, or ell'e by three lenatt is and fix de-
puties, and then icad in rhe fenate in the king's pretence ;
after which the chancellor afks, with a loud voice, whe-
ther the king, fcnators, and deputies, agree to have the
bill faniitilied by the roval leal, and the arms of the re-
public. Having palled ibrough thefe forms, it is lodged
in the regilter at W'arf • ^or in the great chancery of the
kingdom, till printed 1 opies are made, and dilperled a-
inohg the Icveral p.il.itin.ites.
I he diet takes cognizance of afl'airs relating to war,
the concluhon of a peace, the formint.' alliances, the im-
pofition of faxes, the levying of troops, the framing ot"
laws, and the final determination of civil and iriminal
caufes i there being an appeal from all the inferior court*
to the general diet. Here too foreigners are naturalised,
and admitted to all the rights of the natives ; and fuch
pcalai.is as have luifieient wealth and ambition, are ad-
vanced to the rank of nobilitv.
The aftiux <if people occafioned bv the d'et is very
altonfbng: wherever it happens to lit, thirty or forty
thoufand people, who rival each o'her In pomp and pro-
fiilion, are added to the ulu d number ot inhabitants.
The nobilitv, who are not deputed, attend with their
families fiir the lake of plealiire : they drink deep of
Hungarian wine, their taMiurite liquor, and Icaftin,; and
ni.rth arc more purUiCil than the bufinels of the (late.
Hence the dep ities luiiieriilv come intoxicated into thf
diet, artroiu the king, exc.tc tumults, haraiiL'ue with the
moll abufiveand tactions eloquence, and finii times orca-
lion the dillolutioii cl the .iKinblv. I Ims the (upreme
C> iVin'.e
1:1
.i'i
'«'»]
lij
6i
A S Y S T F, M O I G I . O G R A P H Y,
Pol A. sri
fcnate of the n.ilion is in fad little more than a faflimii
niafs, coiiJurtcd with llie iitmolt inileconim. However,
a politic princi- may n-.oulJ this tiirbulrnt multituilf ac-
cnriliii^ to his plt.iliirc, by foothiiig, c.ijuliMg, trcatinjr,
and making pecuniary prcfcnta.
Bcfi.ks The rej;ular triennial great ilicK, a particular
diet meets, as hath been already hiiiteil, mi the vaianey
«)f the throne, in a l.^rL'e :icld in the nei^'.hbuuihond ol
W'arlaw. Upon the death, depofition, or abdieaiion ol
the (ov'.-rei^.., the printate, on whom the ehu-l pnwei de-
volves, illues tiicular letters, lummoniiif; tl.e diet to
iiU'enible on an appointed day. A kind ot booth of pro-
digious extent I., ereiled, to (hcltcr the eleObirs liom the
weather, and dej'iities are elecUd in the iihial manner in
the petty proviniial diets. A ni.irllial u eholen by the
iiobilitv, who mull be confirnvd by the lenate. Ihile
lad, Willi the Mobiiitv, then lorni an airneiation, ami
enter iiuo the moll lolenin cngaj^ements to adhere to the
fame iiitcrell; not to nominate a kiiii^ till one ot the
tv'iididatcs has obtained their unaniiiious euiiKiit ; to pre-
t'eive all the ri;;hls andimmiinitus id' the republic i to
enter into no encapcmenti with any ol the candidates,
or their aniballadois, ti I all the abul'cs, irregularitic,
«nd grievances of the republic be lully redriU'ed ; toiiifilt
upon the 'cpeal ot all the decrees, and even ol the royal
Itatutcs that have any tendency to encroach on public
liberty ; Mul to fuppoit the court of juliice ellahliflied lor
prcl'erving order, eiitorcinj the lawj, protcd^iiii; tiie Itale,
coining money, and pcrforminji all the oftices ol the
executive power, during the vacancy ii< the ('..rone ; to
prohibit all grangers trom approachin:'. the diet ; to toi-
hid the carryhip of fire-arms to this alli'mbly ; to oblige
the principal military otlicers to fwear (idclity to the llaie;
lo exert no undue influence, and to iife the army only
againit the enemies of their country ; to delend the (roi-
tiers, and fccure the honour and liberty of I'ol.ind and
the great dutehy of I.ithuaiia ; to oblige the ollicers alfo
to fwear, that in cafe of any fedition or revolt they will
allert the public mterell, retrain the (lddier^ Ironi acts ol
violence, and I'.ceue no money upon any pietencc whal-
fuever fiom the cleri'y, laity, the candidates, or their
ainbafridfMS. Ihevallo engage to obliju! theoHiccrs not
to advance to ihe livari ol the kingdom with their troops,
nor to approach the dift i and neither. to au.oneiit oi di-
mniilh the army hut by the iliet's eonfrnt. I.itlly, the
trealurers of the iiown aic lorbid to itluc out money
without tlie approbation ot the Icn.'.te, except lor the pay
ol the anil)
Win 11 liic nidifhil li tlcincd, aiui a ci urt ol i^llicei^
cftablillKd, the det draw-, out a hill of grievances and
ainilcs, either with rtlpect to the republic or to indivi-
duals, which thev intend to have rcdrelled. A certain
number of ienatais are then drputt I to the army to keep
them Iteady, and to allill the genei.il> with their advice.
Senators and deputies arc alio appointed to take an in-
viiilory of the crown treafure and jewels depofited at
Cracow, and to t". ike their report to the diet. Ki^ht
(enators arc then i i,.r^'il wit'.i the treafure, and a par-
ticular leal .irid key is given to e.ieh, that none ol the
keepers ni ly lingiv have accefs. The fame loim u ob-
V'rved with refp-ct to the crown reicnuc.
During the iWIion of the elictoi.il diet, which i~ limit-
ed to lourteen day-. Without prorogation, all courts ol
lullicc, except that of the niarlhal, arc lulpended till the
coronation is over. The next proceeding i- to give or-
der- to the plenipotentiaries of forei ,n jiowers, and the
udvoc.ites ot the cmdidates for the crown. The pope's
legate i; honoured with the lirll notice, ai being the re-
pieieiitative of Chrilfs vicar, tl.t fovercign ot piinte.i ;
then the ambali'ador of his imperial inaje(l), who is fiK-
cecdeil bv thofe (^l 1' ranee, aiij other catholic powers
■jhev make their fpeeches ni I..itin, and are anfwercd by
the bifllop of (inefna and the marlhal ol the deputie .
But 111 ^'iieral it is not the moll perfuafive oratory that
ran gain the tUcem of a I'olilh diet; thedepuiie-, deliie
more lubltantial argumeiiis, and expect their pillion for
moll 'V and wine to be alio gr.ititied. Addiefs in tni.-.
p.iitieiilar, an>l in feeiiring the iiitetcif of ihecleigs, .ire
the chief qualitus necillary in a canJidate lor the ciown-
Inrnediateiy before they proceed to the ele:liiui, pub-
lic piaycu au' read, and th« whole diet join with one
voice to bei.cch heaven to duel their clioicr, and judge
tliem acroidinj' to their inicgrity in an aflairof fucli con-
leipience lo the lepiiblic ; a pioeeeding t.'iat mult appear
I ipiully alilurd and impious lolhofe loreign minillers whcj
haie purch.iled their vote-. The deputies of lach tiala-
tinate I'ue their vote i in pailicuiar ; ;,'„-, tj,e :'rchli(ho(j
alone preleuiii;' his leat. 'I'lie full feiia'or ot evciy pa-
latinate iiumben the vole', whiih aie a!terwa:d« traiil •
Hinted 111 a roll to the iiuiKio-nurlh.il .Should all tin:
vote, prove tinaiiimnu- in lavour of one eand:datc, ibe
piini,ite atks three tine.s', with a i."id \oiee, whither the
I'jievaiuis h,ive been rcdrelled, and then piocl.iims the
king, the marlhals ot the tro,*n and dutehy of Lithua-
nia I'blerving the lame ceremonies. In cale of acon-
telled election, the lenate alleinbled in a partieul.ir part
ol the booth endeavour, by perl'ii,ilions, pronnles, and
nun.iccH, to bring all the ik\'tor,s to one opinion ; ami
Ihould this be fotiiid impraclable, the majority is declared,
and their opinion p.ill'ej tor .1 legitimate election, though
this IS dianctrically oppolitc tu the lundameiital con-
Dilution.
s b; c r. viir.
(if //'< Sl'ot^tli tf Potaiiily Willi refpH la I'li Fcrli/icaliens
ami iiiihtiiiy /'.-iM'fi,
ONK <il ihe nKifl fxtiaordiii.iiy parts of the conftitu-
lion ot l'ol..iut, j-, the maiinei of tailing and m.on •
Lulling the niilitia. ( )ii.'iii.dl. I'oland was an open coun-
try, as at preleiit, without (orirellc s ; but, in couric ot
time, the goveinment vault I loitil cations to be eieiJteJ
111 the cities, in oidei to oppolt' the iiKurlioiis ot the
e.ieniy thele were lubjei't to royal authority, and dc-
lended by regular ('ariilons i but as they were found to
iiiereale the powi r ol the mon.irch, by ereding a kind of
Itandiiig aiiiiy, with which Ionic .imbitious prince mii'.ht
dellrov the libertie-, of the penple, Iciine ol the citadeli
were deinoliOied, .iiid othiis ne;;leCteil. Ihe) were then
ufurp-d by the r.eigliboiiiiiij^ loid-., who by this meaii-i
cxieiuled their .luthority over the i iti/.en~aiid burghers, ai
will ,n over the peafints on their <iwn ell.ites.
Hence tlu le .lie at prefmt few fortified places riihci in
i'.dand 01 l.ithu.inia . lor the I'oli s .illedge, ihat the bi.i-
uryof the inli.ihitants is th-' df fence ol their eountry.
k.moiiiei , on the Irontiers ol I'odoli.i, owes its (lrin"tli
mole to n.iiure than ,irt. The boalled forlihejtion< ui
the < ity ol /ainolk, il compared with the fortified towns'
ot other c<iuntries, mull a]i|i.ar very inconfiilei.ible j and
.ill the towns which loinierly itood .1 (liort liege, .111;
now open and ilefencelels. Hence Dr. Hufehing obfcrvi s,
that " when a foreigner rc.ids ot fortified places in I'o-
" land, he mull not fujipole that fuel) expre.lion; fiioiilv
" any thing more tlian a ditch, arampait, a wooden <n
" a llone w.i!!, with which lach plac. s are furronnded.
'* Dantzic IS the only place that del'-nes the name ot a
" fortrels in the PoUfti dominions, 1 ut this is an inde-
" pendent cit\."
No fuel) thing as a (landing army kept in conllar.t
pay was formerly known in this country ; but all that
were lapable of bearing aims took the lu Id on any
emergency: but in the year 1551. the I.nliu.inians, lur
their own lecurity, firllbegan to keep on loot aceri.u.i
nunihe: of troops, ami their example was followed bv
the I'oles, who raned an army f) defend their frontier 1
liom the ravages ol their l.iwlefs neighhoiiis, wholin;
on plunder. Thefe troop.- are now divided inio the' ciort-ii
army, and that of l.itliuania ; but fonie ol the troops 111
both armies ate cloathcj ,iiid cxcreiled in the I'oiifli, and
oth' rs in the (Jerman manner.
'Ihe crown army confills of .-j tlioufind fpear-tnen,
three thoufaiid nine hiiiulred and lorty luir.illiers, a thoii-
land lisi'il armed tioops, which are all dilcipliiied in thj
I'olil!) itianiier i loir ihouland dragoons, \\\ thoul.iiii
kven hundred and liliy looi fuMjcrs, ei;',ht hiinlied and
lilty matrolles and foui hundiul Hungarians ; .i;| th-.le,
except the lall, ire under the (ieini.in did i|'liiie.
Vni: Lithuanian army is compolej of lour hundf.l
ineii iKaiiii.' lances 01 ipeais, above eleven huniredaiil
lixty cuitdllieis, lout hundred and lixly J'aitirs, twj
bun.l'rl
J'()i.Avn.
)•.
l>
R ()
1'
V.
it I, .-ii
6i
h-jiiilrccl .uid foity Ci)lV.iC:, ft.ui rcgimciitr, of ilr.i^non'.,
tliro! regiments ot lout, aiiJ a IuiiuIkJ ainl fifty in.i
frolics.
riie charjic of tlicd ir'io|v, is iltfr.iyci! in Pi.I.iikI In ;i
ixillux ; liiit in t,itliii;\ni.i iitlicr taxi:, .irc livicil fm thu
purpofi". '"ti<: (oMIii-. alC'p iniivf, IkTiiJcs tluirpay,
■what is call''d wintcr-ipiaitir money, and arc nioltly t.m-
toniil iin the irown I irnl ..
.Moful'.'s tiiis fniall (landin;; army, wlili h rt- clvi'5 rnn
Hant pay, I'olaii.l, <mi anv prc-fliiig cxi;;fn<"y, i ^ ptoviidd
with another that ran Cpccilily bo lailcil, anil is of litlli.-
cxpcncc to the puhlic ; for on anv fndilcn ami imp'-rtanl
danncr, the whole lioily of the nobility are funinioncd to
appiar in the held on lioifLbaek, ami thi'i .irmy i' eallul
the polpolite. This Is tnniliida! tipin in a diet, alter
havijw been previoiilly propofed in the provincial meet-
ings, and is done hv mval Utter., with the (Vahi ot the
kin'dom, and tiic gieat dutehy of J.ithiranij. Thefe
being latlened to poles by the Innimoiiers, arc ear-
ned to the ptincjpal nobletrien, Kate otiicers, and perlons
of rank in every palatinate, and iiad in the market-
places of the cities and towns. When this has been
thiee times repeated, the nohilitv, alter holding their af-
fernblies in their palatinates and ddlriefs, appear in the
h. Id oil horfcback, and, diirinij the campaii/n, provide
fublidence for thcmfelvcs.
All gentlemen who live in cities and towns upon (he
intctelt of money ; all tenant; who have proeiiud leak'.
for a term of years, v.hich indeed arc extremely iniconi-
mon in I'olaiid ; all the king's tenants ; thcerclelialtical
advocates 111 the Ipiritual courts ; and, in cafe of immi-
nent danger, all the citizens in general ; and even the
gently inijiiiluiied for high crimes, art dilinilicd to attend
the polpolite, being afti;rwards bound to retinii to ilmr
conhnen-.ent, to (land tiial, and fiiflir the piinilh-
ment due to tl, .r crimes, iinlefs they have merittd a par
don by fomc ligiial aiHs ol valour in the leivitc ol theii
country.
At picfcnt this body ii entirely coni|iofed of cavalry.
There is alio a fniall bmly of inljiiliy ..ed attheix-
penee of the eiti/.eii':, wotlli four thoiifaiul llniiii' ; the
inoie wealthy biiri'lieis are obliged to hiid ahorlvinan
coMipIeatly armed. In the great dtitehy of Lithuania tie
cliiL^V ''"^ ■'''" obligid t') ht out a iiunihcr of men, in
piopoition to then temporal and fpiritiial pollellions.
The poor I'.entry may either appear in perfon, or fub
feribe to equip one horleman lor a eeitain number of
ellates ; and brnthei. who are ioint pioprietois, may de-
pute one peilon to leprefent them all. However, the
court and retinue b(ith of the kiivr and qiiecn are ex-
empted from t.iking the held. I'he primate alio isvelted
with a power ot pritecling a certain number of the
••eniry williin his iuril.li>.tioii from .ippcariii); .,i a military
c.ipacitv i and this privilege is fomctimes claimed by tlic
biliiopol Cracow.
(he polpnhtc of every palatinate being aflembled at
ihe appointed place, are led bv their proper oiHcers to
the general rendczvou., where the pal.itines furreiuler
their levcral chaiges to the comin iiidir iii liiiel. The
I'olilli nobilitv lipian^er the bulk of ttuir fortuius in
making a magnificent appearance in the fn Id, and come
with glittering arms, t'liic horfes, rich tr.ipiiings, and
cle;:ant appanl.
Thec.ivalry is divi.icl into hiiflart; .aid tavarfi.-s; the
former are chofen men and hoil'e, both defended bvilnfc
armoui ; the l.itter are coveted only bv a breall- plate,
gotget, and hclir.ct. f.ances, labre?, and piliols, are the
arms of the hullaits ; and carbine!, bovv< and arrows, of
the tav.irlitS. I'lie former dart their lanec at a confider-
jblcdiftanct ; and, it they mil's their aim, recover them
liy niians of alilk cord lalleuod to the wnll. All the ca-
valry have the H^ins of wild beafU over their armour,
and are I'uck lucr with the wiiii;s ol Hoiks an. I otlur
lar^c birds, which give them a tierce appe"ance, and
tcriify the enemy's hoil'c, Avhich, when iinai enltnmed to
fo extraordinary a Ipedn li-,c.iiiiiot be brought up to the
charge. As to the i'olidi li ;lit-horfe, tluv ditf'er little
I'roin th- other troi p'-, being .nmed with roats of in.nl
and helmets, 5cc. 1 hele arc lent upon all forigin? pat-
ties and exp'ditions which 'cquiri; ce'erirv, tbev being
lefs encumbered with b.iii'hj.,
As no fiiltlers arc .iJmilteJ into the c.imp, cvry Polifl
oflicer mult provide himfelf provifinns, and the cities and'
t 'WHS provi'le cariiai-es and due milil irv llores.
The kin;^ hi.nf'-lf always marches at the held of ]:U
army : but aftc r the nnbility have been a fortnight .it th •
rencral Tcnde'/vous, if no enemy appear, they are a"
liberty to to ref.nn to th.it refpei'five Lnnies. Thefit
troops are not obliged to march beyond the limits of thi-
kingdom ; b'l! if this be refoKcd,' and the iiobiliiv Vo-
liiniarily conlotni to it, every horleman and lont (olJjtr
previoullv receives five Polidimuk-, or about on- iiouji.l
two (hillin ;'s and iix-iieiKc, and the canip,iii>n is nnt to
lalt .ibovr three months. Such a general funimoiM hia
not been ilVu.'d fiiice the year i(j-;i ; nor wis it ever of
any gre.i- adv.mtage to the K'piillic, on acoimt of the
(hurt duration of the campaign, the want of good d.f, i
pline, an.l obedience to their chiefs.
\Vc have now given a particiil ir account of P djnd anil
its inhabitants in gener.il, and (hall therefore jtrocccd to
delcribe the fevci.il pioviiice.T, and the principal places
Worthy of notice.
The kingdom of Poland, according to Dr. Iinfchimr,
conlilfs of three principal provinces, viz. (jrcat Poland
Little Poland, and the great ilutchy of Lithuania. This
di'. ilioii, he obferves, is of great utility with refpcCt to the
public law of i'ldan.l ; according to wliich, the nation coii-
lilfs of three dilliiie't people and three proviuces, and the
iiLirflLiI ill the diet is alternately chofen from ea, h. lint
however convenient thii divilion may be for the Poles, it
does not app'-ar to he 1.) to the gengraphers, (incc even
that gentleman has placed his account of Poliih Pruflia,
whi( h belongs to Cri-.it i'oland, alier Lithuania. W'c
(li.ill theietoicguc what appears to us a more n itu:al di-
vilirui. 111 which the countries and p'^ople, who ar ■, in
(oiiif relpeifis, remark.ihlv dirf'iient, will In: Id's cya-
I'oniided by being clallcd together.
S K C r. IX'.
OfOnv^r P.irvMi, intliuiifg f'/..v..' Pr:pn\ Ciijuii.j,
uri'l Miijlaviii ; uith the firincipnl pUes in each.
C^'Ri^AT Poland, imluding the above provinces, is
J boundiil on the north by the kin^'doin of PrulTia
.111.1 Polilli I'rullia, on the call by Lithuania, on the fuutll
bv Little Poland, and on the call by Sileiia.
(Jreat Polaiiil, properly fo called, containr; five pala-
tinate, the molt r-inarkable of wliiili are,
Poleran, or Polen, the capital of the palatinate of
Poliiaiiia, is ahaiidlome but not a vi.,-y lar;;e citv, featej
on the river Warta, in fifty-two degrees tweiUv-ii.f mi-
nutes north l.ititude. It is inclofcd with a double wjll
and a deep moat. On the other fide oi the river it haj
two fuburbs, furrouiuled with a large morafs ; but
both the city ..nd luhiirbs are fubjedt to frconcnt in-
undations by the overflowing of th.- river. 'I'lic caflle
which is a good Hru^liiie, ftjiuf. on an illand in the faijii;
iivi r. The city ha, levcral chuithes and convents, a jc-
luits college, an academy, which Hands m the fuburbs,
and an epifropal leminaiv. The billiop'.s palace i-; near
the cathedral, which is a tine !(ru.:tnrc. 'I'his is the molt
antient biftiop's ke in Poland, it bcin^ founded by the
emperor ( )tho I. uid male fubor.linatc to the archbifliop-
lic of Magdelnr:,b. c.n'er which it continued till it wa»
fubieiSlcd to the .-.rchbi.hopric of (inel'na. It owes great
pait of its profpcrity to iis trade with tiermaiiy j lot it :•;
a ll.iple town, .ind enjovs fevetal other privikges.
Kiauttadt, in the Polifti language Ufk jwa, is a hai. !-
fonie town on the frontiers of Siliiia, in ia'itudc fifiv-om:
degrees loiiy-five minutes, built by the i-ermans, from
whom a gre.it part of its inhabitants are dcfcend"d ; hence
there are two Lutheran church'.s in the town. "I'hc in-
habitants cany on a conliderable tt.i le in oxen and wool.
Kraultadt formerlv belonged to Siiciia j but w:is annexed
to the i'olifh doniin'ons by king Calniiu, who proinifcd
til maintain its former priiileges, amo:i.!; ivhicli was the
rii'ht of coming monev. Intheyeat 1O41, this town was
aliiiott deltroved bv tire, and in 17011 the combined ai-
iiiies of the Saxons and Ruffians w.rc eiitirclv defeated
In- the Swede, 'leat this plac;.
Lillj,
'II
I' 1
l"i-1
w$.
4^
' ■ ■ ' ' • it
: f ' Si*!
\}
64
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' H Y.
Poland.
I,.
'•V
%'
T/ifTj, ca'T-fi by tlic Poles I.cf/.nr), is n fine pcipuloir.
town ami lordrtiip, near tin- prrceilinj;, in tlie tiiiitory ui
which it lic». It wa« iDrnieilv no more than a villane,
but great niimliers ol' protcllants reninvin;; thither from
Silefu, Dcihcmia, Moravia, and Aullria, and oht.iinin;^
tbc free fxcrcit'e ofth<Mr religion, it increalcd till it bc-
ctmc a conliJera!)lc town. 'The inhabitant* carry on .i
good trade, and have a Lutheran cliiirth, a Icininary,
and a Calvinift c hurch ; and the ficncral-lenior ol all the
Lutheran churcht's in Cjreat Poland, lormerlv lliled the
fupcrintciidant, rel'ide? in this town. In 105') the in-
liabitanti deleitcd it tor tear of the I'olilh tiiKips, who
plundered aim laid it in adies ; and in 1707 it was laid
walk- hv the Rufliani, but was afttrwaids rebuilt with
great improvements.
In the palatinate of Kalifti is the city of (Incfna, railed
bv the I'ldrs tin1e7.no, the capital ot Citcat Poland, and
the moll anticnt city in the kinijdnm. It is lituated il
a plain, and is not only a larj;c town, but the Ice of an
.irchbilhop, whole power, as we have alrc.uly ohicrved,
is next that of the king. A court of judicature i> held
111 the town, and a particular chancellor belon;;s to the
chapter of the cathedral, in which is the bixiy of St.
Adalbert enrloled in a filver fliiinc. I'heic is alfo a l"c-
ininary founded here.
\Vc now come to the province of Cujavia, which is
very IVrtilc, and w.itercd by many lakes, that abound with
tifli ; the princip.il of thele is the lake of CJoplo. The
bifliop of Cujavia is a fulira^an to the archbifljop tif
(jiicfiia, and alio iHlcs hiiiifilt hilhop of Poniercllia.
Cujavia contains two palatinates, the moll confiderable
place in which is,
UlaJifliW, a handfomc city in the palatinate of the
fame name, leatnl on the V'ilhila. Here is a line palace,
in which the bifhop of Cujavia refidei. The cathedral
is an anticnt ti"thic llruiilure, rich in plate, ornaments,
and relics, and is rncompafieil by the houfcs of the canons
and alarg'- frec-fchool.
Another province of (irejt P.iland is M.ifovla, or Ma-
furen, which, from the bc.'iiiniii,T of the Pol ifh monar-
chy, has been confidercd as a part of that kingdom. It
has been twice ^'ivcn to the f]ueens of Poland as a dowrv.
No other religion hut poperv i- tolerated in this province,
thofe of other profeflions bein^ treated with the utmoll
level ity; for to fuch a hei;;ht is the bigotry of the po-
vemnunt carried, that if a Lutheran orCalvimll mimlter
be found in M.dovia, he i;. certainly pumflled W'th dcaih.
The number ul noble families in thi> province are com-
puted to be no Ids than forty-five thoufand. Malovia
contains two palatinatl.^, in which arc the fallow in:;
places:
WaH'aw, the raplt.il of Mafovia, and the roy.il refi-
(lence, is leated on the Viftula, ainioll in the center of
the kingdom, in fifty-two de:;rees twenty-one minuti s
north l.ititude, and twenty-one dc:_'rees ten minutes ealf
longitude lioiii London. It is fui rounded with a moat
and double w:vll, nr. I has a (lately callle. Mere are feve-
ral eleijant llone-imildin^s and p.ilaces, a p;reat number of
beautiful churches and convents, an hof)iital, nn arfen.il,
and allatuc of kin:: Sl^lfmund Ill.cre^'lrd to his memory
by his fun L'l.i lidius IV'. The valuable library of ount
Zalufi;, which was opened in 1746, laid to contain a-
bjvc two hundreil ihoulaiid volumes, is both an advan-
tage and an ornament to the city. Some years fince an
academy for militaiy exorcifcj and a literary fociety weic
inHituted at W.irfaw. When the jreneral diet is allcm-
bled, there is li'cli a vail concourle of people, that great
nimbors of them arc obliged to live in tents without the
citv, svhere they continue diirint; the fellion. The pro-
\incial all'embly, or diet, and f .jurt ol judicature arc
alio held here.
King Sigilmond III. was the firfl who made this city
the royal icfidence, .\nA his lurcellors have rcftded here
ever finer. In 1655 this city had a Swedifli gartifon,
who brou:^ht hither a confiderable booty from feveral
parts of Poland ; and .1 j-reat number of military and
civil oflTuers, with fome ladies of dillmilion of that na-
tion, rclided there, Pmt the Poles laid (irgc to it in l()5f),
and, after a vigorous defence, obliged the city to furren-
■Jei. My the articles ot capitiilaliuii.thcbwcjc* were pei-
niltted to leave the place ; but the beft part nf the pliindir
they had amalled fell into the hands ot the Poles. Mow-
ever, Charles (lullaviis approaching with an army to re-
lieve the city, king John Calimir marched againll him,
and a battle was fought near the fuburbs ol I'lag.i, which
lalled three days ; but at lalt the Poles were obliged to
retreat, leaving behind them their artillery and I'ljf -age ;
upon which the Swedes placed a fuiall gariilon in tin;
town, and dellroyed the fortifications. In 1702, Charles
XII. of .Sweden made himfelf mailer of VV'arlaw, which
happened then to be without a gartifoii, and lixcd hu
head-ipiarters at Praga.
In this province is alfo the city of Plociko, which
Hands on an eminence by the Viidila, and alt'ord,s a very
pleafant prolpect. It is the fee of a bilho)), who i:; fu(.
Iraganto the archbiftiop of (Inefna : it is alio the relidence
of , I palatine, a calhllaii, and a llarolfj. Meie ate feve-
ral churches richly ornamented, the principal of wliidi
belong to the nuns of St. Mary Magdalen and the Uene-
dicliiie monks in tbc callle ; the Litter ii the cathedral,
and the revenues of the chapter are almoll equal to thofo
ot the bifliop. The provoll, or dean, is lord of the dif-
trict ol Sielun, and fovercign of tlie nobility who relidc
there, and is accordingly liilej prince ot that temtory.
The jeliiits have a college there, and in the caillc is a
feniinary. The provincial court of judicature Is held in
the city, and its inhabit:ints cirry on .1 good trade.
Pcdilli Priiflia is confidercd .is a dilhuit belonging to
(ire It Poland, merely perhaps from its hotdeiing on that
part ol the Polilh dominions : but this ptovime dclervts
a particular delcription.
SECT. X.
Of Little Poland, indurling PorlUhla, R,-ii Rujfui,
Paihiui. Kieu; and Valhinia ; cotitaiiiin^ ,m A<i.Qunt of
thi- princifnil Tawni, parliculiirly f>/' Criuoiv, ami I ht fume in
Sun Aliiiis of Bania and It^ifijta,
LITTLF- Poland, which is alfo called Upper Poland,
properly I'o called, contains the palatinates of Cia-
cow, Saiidoinir, and Lublin, and has the following re-
markable places :
Cracow, the capital of the whole kingdom, and the
fixed head rcfidencc ol the fovercign, is kated in a fer-
tile country, at the conflux of the Viiliila and the Ki-
dawa, in nineteen degrees thirty minutes call longitude, /q
and the fiftieth degrecof north latitude. The city coniaiiia 5'j
a great number of convents and churches, and among the
latter that of the Virgin .Mary, which is the prim ipal.
On the well fide of it is a fuburh with handlomc gar-
dens, and near it is the king's p.ilace, which has the
advantage of eleg.mt gardens mclofed with a wall. On
the lotitli fide ot it is tlic royal caftle, leated on a high
rock, neai the Villula. This large llru^ilure is defended
by walLs, towers. .iiiJ badions, and has the appearance
of a town : ■: including the king's palace, the cathedral
and tun other churches, with feveral dwellini;-houfes.
I'hc cathedral is dedicated to St. Staiiidaus, loinierly
bifhop of this lee, whom lioledaus II. killed at the altar
with his own hands, hecaufe that bifliop's admonitions
were grown infiipportable to him. St. StaiiillaL'i's re-
mains are incloleil in a filver fljiine, and mall'es are con-
tinually performed day and night in this church. In the
tiealury of the cathedral, among other things of great
value, arc the regalia, on which account it is under the
care of the treaturer ot the kiiii'dom. Mere the kini-s of
Poland are always crowned, and their remains interred.
The annual revenue of thcbilhopiicot Cracow amoiinti
to lorty thou land dollars. The chapter con fills of ihiitv-
lix canons, be fides other prie.'li, whole revenues are all 1
very confiderable.
ContigiDus to the c.iflle is t'le fuburh of Stradomo,
which mcludes feveral churches, convents, .iiul hofpi-
tals ; and from thence a bridge over the Vilhila liuls to
the town ol Cazimircz, which may be conlideicd as thr
lerond divilion of the city ol Cracr)-.\- : it lii s to the call
of the latter, was built bv Cafimir the (Ircar, and i;
indolel with a wall. rh:tf.;ef edifice m thi', nirt of the
As
Poland.
city is the inii\
which are fiibc
rd in feveral p
C.i/.iinirc/.
Kbpar/., or
tains leveial <
whi.-h is a VI'
The city of (
and flourifliing
the many c.ilai
has much dccl
privilege, that
to the king or
relating ither
place but in
the power of 1
any member w
has hardly any
lans ; however
and by his poll
office;,, except
This city has
and 1708 w.i!
feveral thoul.m
ficged and take
obliged to relb
Uofnia is
f;:(l difcoverei
village. The Ii
is furrounded,
flip of land (d 1
north to fiiuth
to weft, and it
feet from the
Ibmething finer
lain depth. It
The number o
three hundred,
have been fijiii
every part of it
Wililka is a
and i:> leated 111
The town is ei
tend for a conlu
tlie mine tVom <
f!om r.cirih to
depth eight hull
I > this e.itent, I
to well are yet
hitherto dnern
Aiid within the
one Ipriag. 11
iiig to tlio bott
mon-wcalth, c
have their pecu
and 1 .:iriagis ;
the inouthb of
gin.s. Thcle
iiioie fee tlij 1 1
feem buried A
theu" and nevei
(,-jipu:tuiiitii-s c
enjoying the li
fages or gallcii
chapels are he
let up crucilixi
.T light is kept I
fait is hewn o
been formerly
•hcle arc lo fp
ilofed in one
made ufe of as
holding the fo
Hablcs, 111 whi
cliamb.rs, wli
bottoms and I
tioiis of lonv
thcr, inaiiy ot
and wiieii anv
rolls rays ot lii
lin^ lurtre.
47
' ^C
I'OLAND.
v. U R o r E.
6-
'■1
city is tlie iinivcrfity, which confilb of tlcvcii collogcs, to
whii h .irc fiibordiiiatc louitccn giaiiimar llhools, ililpcrf-
ei ill fivcral p.trts iif the city. Tht; Jcwi-towii joins to
Ca/Jmircv!. To the north u( the city lies the lubuil) ot'
Klrparz, or KltjiaiJia, which has no walls, but c(jn-
taiiis fcvcral chiirthc, paiticularly that ol St. Horian,
whi.'h is a very ftafjly tililicc, ami the bifliup's palace.
'I'hc city ol' CracoA' is larnc, and wa. foiincrly populous
jiul flouridiing , but by tlic rcniuval ol the couit, .mil
the many calamities it lulKiineil in both the SweJilh wars,
has much declined. The citi/.ens have this particular
privilege, that no appeal lies from the city council, but
to tlic kin^ only ; and his majelly can judge no caulks
relating ither to the citv or its I'uburbs in any other
pl.iee but 111 Cracow. The palatine ot this i ity his
the power ot choofing the couiuil, but not ol dil'placint;
any member when cledted. The callellan ol this -.ity
has hardly any tliiiiy in common with the other ca Kl-
lans i however, he h.is the lame nanu and appoiiitme.its,
and by his poll isca'.ircly exempt I'lum ferviiu; any ot'ier
office:., except his heiiig obliged to appear in couiu il.
This city "las olten been cnnruined by lire, and in 1707
and 1700 was vifitcl by the p; llilcnce, whiih I'wcpt .1 .vay
fevetal thoul'ands of the inhabitants, in 1655 it was be-
liegej and taken by the Swe \ but in 1(157 ''"•'/ ^^"-'f^'
obliged to rclKire it to the I'cies.
Uofnia is a town l.imous tor its fait mines, which v ere
f.rft dil'covcred in 1251, when this pl.ice was 01. ly
Ill I'oinc pirts of flle mine huge columns ot fait are
lilt II Hiding to lupport the lock The number of niineri
cniplnyed .ire between lour and five luiiulied, but all th(r
men together who woik amount to about teven hundred.
Ihc lalt lies near the lurlaec in lar^e (hapelcfs nialTes,
out ol whieli blocks of lixty, eighty, or a hundred Iquare
feet may be hewn ; but at a ciiiilidcrabic depth It is
toiiiid ill Im.iller lum|)s. About fix hundred ihouland
ipiintals of fait are annually dug out of tliefc mines. The
worll and cheapeft is called green fait, from is grccnifh
colour caufed by an heterogenous mixture of a greyifh
niiiieral, or day, and entirely cunfills of fait cryllals of
dii'terent dimenfions. A cafk of this fait, which gcnc-
lally contains fix i]uintals, fells for about twenty-two
I'olifli guilders, each of one (hilling and two-pence \i- A i^r"i/J*r
lue ; but a quintal of that in large malLs or blocks ii / j .
worth thirty-two or thirty-three Horins, each florin worth /{, fir ri>'
about fix-pence haltpeiiny. A finer fort of lalt is fold for / ^1 _
iweiiiy-l'.jur lli>riiis per cafk, and in large blocks at four
floiliis the (|uiiital. The third fp-eics of fait dug out ot
thefc mines is fal gemma:, or cryltal lalt, which is found
111 Imall pieces iiiterfperl'ed in the rock; and when de-
tached from it, breaks into cubes or rectangular prifins.
I'liis is ufually told unprepared. The colour ol the lalt
Hone Is a d.irk grey mixed with yellow.
I htfe lalt mines haveilways made a part of the king'a
board revenues as they are lermed, and ate gciienlly
farmed ; but fonietiiii' s the king has kept then in his own
il
village. The linall river Raab rups near this town, which hands, and appointed propei otficers lor the mana:ement
is furroundeJ, with eminences. The fa- mil'- is in a | of them. The otfice of mme-inarter at VVihlka is heie-
Jlipofland ot I'even hundreil and lifiy leet in breadth Iroin j ditarv, and a confiderable lalary arifing trom tlieni is aii-
north to touth, .ibout ten thoiiLiiid in length liuin e.ilt ^ nexed lo it.
to weft, and its gre.iieft depth i^. a thouland tw . -..liiulie.l 1 \'u^ next town we (Inll rrentim is .Saiidomir, or Sen-
feet from the luilice. The fait lies 111 vein., and is I donur, the cap.ial of a p.d.itinateof the fame name. 'I'liii
Ibmething finer than that ofWi.ifka, cipecially at a ctr- 1 town is llated on an eminence near the intl.ix of the
lain depth. It is cut in Imall pixes, and put up in calks. | mer San iiilo the Villula; and its dcliihtlul lituatiou
The number of labourers in this mine io about two or : r^iideied it the lavouri:e retidence of Caliniir the Ure.it,
thiee hundred. Alab.irter and large pieces of black wood
have been found in this mine incrufted with lilt, and
every purl of it is dry.
W'llifka is a fmall town, cnly famous for itr. iiiiiies,
and ij leated 111 a valley about five r.uies from Cracow.
The town is entirely undenn.iied, and the c.ivitics ex- 1 niitied terrible rava.a-s in this city, and put the inhab
tend for a conliderable dillance round il. The length ot
and other kings of I'olaiid. This city is well fortified
both by ait and nature, and has a college of jefuits and
othiT oideis, with a rich foundation called Collegium
Canonicorum. A provincial court of jullice is alio held
here. In the year 1^59 the Tartars and Riiliians coin-
tants to the fword. In 1656 the calUe, which llands on
tiie mine from eall to well is fix thouland feet, its bieadtn a Deep roek, was blown up by the Swedes
from I'.orih to fimiii i. two thouland, and ita greatell
ileplh eight bundled , but the veins of lalt are not limited
t > this e:;;ent, lor the ileptn and length of them I'lom call
to well are yet unkno.vn, and only the bre.idth has been
hitherto deieniiined. There are at piel'ent ten (halts,
md within the whole fait mine there is not fo much a^
one fpring. Here a firanger is Uirpri/.ed on his dercend-
iiig to tiie bottom to find a kind of fiibterrancous com-
ii'.on-wealth, conlilliiig of a great many families, that
have their peculiar laws and polity, and even public roads
.iiid c.iiriag^s ; horfes being employed to diawtlie fait to
the nioutlis of the mine, where it is taken up by en-
g'M;,. Tbefe hones when once they are doA-n never
111 lie fee the light of the fun, and many of the people
feein buried jlive in this rtiange al)yf» ; I'omc being born
lhei.!aii.l iievei Uiiring on, though utiiers have Irequent
<,;!po:tuiiities ol bieath.ir-, the frelh air of thelieldi, and
enjoying the light of the fun. The liibterraiKoiis pal-
fagts or galleries arc verv "^i cioi.'s, and in many ol tiiem
chapels are hewn o;it .')! the rock lalt, and in thele aie
let up crucifixes and ill.- im. ;.'es of laints, her. .re which
.1 light is kept conllantly buuing. The places where the
fait is hewn out, and the empty cavities v.hcnce it has
been formeily taken, are called chambers; and toir.e of
thcfe are lo I'pacious, that a large church might be in-
ii<ifed in one of them. Several of tbefe chambers arc
made ul'e oi as wardioufe:. tor the fait calks, or barns for
holding the fuddcr for the horll s, and others feree for
n.ibles, in which lland twenty 01 thirty horfes. In tome
( bainhers, where the water has foimeily ila.'nated, the
.ottonis ;ii
id fide
The next city we (hall mention is hublin, in the
palatinate of the fame name, furrounded by a wall and
diich i but though it is not large, it is a place of good
trade. It hasatalllc built on a high rock, and llands
in a very pleaf.mt and lertiU- country. It has leverai
chuicnes and lonvents, a college of Jefuits, and a great
niiiiiber of Jews live in the I'uburbs ; they have there a
very fpacious fynagonue. In this city are held three
annual lairs, each of which lalls a month, and thele are
liequented by a multitude of Cierman, tjreek, Armc-
ni.in, Ru.Tia, Turkilh, and Arabian trader^ and mer-
chants. Th'' chief tiibiinal for Little I'olanJ is held in
this city, befides the proviiuial diet and a court of ju-
dieatuie. In 124O this city was let on fiie by the Tar-
tars, alter which it continued for a long lime in the
pod'ellioii of the Rulfiin^. It alio fulleied much bv fire
III 1447 anvl i()jO, and in 1O56 was reduced to aflus by
the bwedcs.
AV'e (hall now give a concife account of the countries
depenJant on Little i\,|jnd, am' fh.ill begin with Podla-
chia, or the palatinate ot hieilk, which is bounded on
the north by I'rullia and Lithuania, on the e.iil by Li-
thuania ; on t!ie touth bv the paiannate of Lublin, 111
Little Poland ; and on the well by that nf Mal'ovii, ex-
tending about ciL'hty-eight miles in length... and thirty m
breadtii. Thi. province was I'ormerlv the o.-c.ilion nf
many dii'putrs and quatiels between the Poles and Lithua-
nians, riie moll remarkable pla.es it contains are,
Bielfk, a large city on the river Biala, fituated in
atitude fifty-three degrees four minutes. /Not only the S3
■ covered with very thick incrulla- town but the callle and other fortifications are built with
wood : It is, however, a place of great trade, which is
carried on by the Jews.
Bialylloc, a city divided into the Old and New Town;
rolls rays of light rcflc^led by thefc cryllal emit a ("u'pri- | in the latter of winch is count Uraniki's fine feat andgar-
lin^liirtre. dciis, which arc much admired, and from their elegance
49 R have
lions of loni" tluiulandi of tall cryftals, one uii.in ano-
ther, many of thuii weighing half a pound 01 more ;
and wiicn any candles h.ippen to be brought, the nurti:
m
^\
\ I
i^i
66
A S Y S T F. M O I G K O G R A 1« H Y.
PoLANi;
h-
have \,c!n tcrmcJ tlu- \'crriilU'<of PuluiJ. The giiMutl
|utt (it tl.L' tiiv vv.i. JiltrDvcil bv luc iii 175 {.
rykofx.m, a loiiliilir.ilil ■ town 011 itiu nut N.in-w,
aiiil ilLrlciuiiJ liv a lalllc litu.i'cJ aiiiidft iiiaccillililf "">-
i.ill'c. IK'fe is lull! a loutt ot jii litiiuri;, aiul 1:1 11113
tinvn Aunullu.s II. iiiltitiiiLiI the unl r ot the W ntc
KaL'li-, 111 the vcar l"05, which he coiiliTrtil as a nwaid
ot muia^e and li'\.iltv.
The lalt flan- wclh.ill nintidii in ihis proiiiicc Is Aii-
giilJow, a btJUUliil tiiwn, le.iteil en a lake, aiul ihin
called tfoin Si^jilinmul Au:'ullii>, hv whcmi it was
t'uuiuleil,
Littl,' nr Rc'l Uurtia, hkIuiIjui; i'ci.lnlia, i'dlilli Kiovii,
ami \'olhiin.i, i> hiiiinili.J on the imrtli In Lithuania ; 011
the tall liy tl-.e r:vcr Nit|Hi ; on ilie l.uiih l>y Mujclavia,
'J'ranlVKania, ami the Car|iatl,;.in nio"ntaiii>, which di-
vide it lioni liunaarv i and on the wUi I'V I.iiile I'ld.Mid.
'I"he roiintry i'' nlMlllltalllnll^, Imt wat.i d with ahun-
daiue it UMTS, wh:ch reiulcr it liTtili in corn.
Red lUillia I'mjicr connlh ot tlu' tnn'c palatinates
Chclm, UcIa, and lA-nibcru', the moll re ;naikahle places
ot which .ire,
l-embrrg, callc.l m L.itin I.copoliv, and in I'cdifli
I, wow, is the capital of the pal itin ate ot' the lame name,
■i, . ;/a and 1^ .. larpc opulent cilv, lituaic! in latifn'e liicy di .Mrcs
/,,• 1';. thirv-two minute?, and in the Inriiclli .''•);rcie ciill I'n-
uitude liom l.oiulun It is picity well lorihed in the
rolilh naniicr, lli.it is only wi h tiiiiini ; and l'a> two
calilcs, one within and the ollu r Hithoui the walls : the
latter llaiids on a hij;!! hill, aii.i theCainulite moiultcry,
which IS I'oriilic-d, may liivi- .'> a ciladi 1 |o the caltle.
The iitv lies low on the hank- ol ih,- 1 er IVIti iv, eii-
coinpaliid with hills and mmiiit.dns tU.'f ■ unuiiand the
town. l.eiii!Ht„' I. not oniv the lee 01 I'npilh arth-
bilhop, hut of a Rudiaii and .Anncnian h.(h ^p.
Here is a magnificent cathedril, .iiid (everal olhi.r
churi hcs, among which 1.* a Ri.flian and an Armenian
< hnrch. The citv has alio Umic rich ronvcnts, and one
belonginiito the l)ominican5 which is l.iid not to have
its equal 111 i'oland. Thcie is likewile a trdle 'C of Je-
luit<, a tiymnaliiini, or (eniinary, an arfenal, a public
granarv, an I two jewifli lihools. A provincial diet and
a court ot juilicatuic are alio held in this city. The in-
habitants are a mixture of fcveral nation.*, but no pro-
telLiiits arc tfderated amoimft thcin.
Jaroflaw is ahar.diome tuwn leatcd on the liver .San,
and is .1. tended by a callle ■, it carries on a j;iH)d trade,
and wili'in the town is a college of Jcl'iiits, ami without
it another lound.uioii bclon'jing to the faiM'oider.
Hodolia, which IS depi ndant on Red Ruflia, is a very
fertile couiurv ; but has in all a :es been expofn) to the
inroad . of barbarous nations, who live on | luii ler, and
have often rava^'ed n in a moll cruel manner. It abounds
with a line breed ot horles and horned caltle. The in-
habitants were formerly j'overned by ihrii own dukes or
hivci' r;ns, and aic of a war-like dilpofuion. I'odolia
tonlilto ol two palatinates, that ol P<idolia and IJraclaw.
'I'he piiiuipil town in this country is-,
Kaniiiiicc I'odoKki, the capital of the palatinate of
y< r V I'odolii, winch is li'.uaied III forty-eii;hl ilejircis (iftv-
eiirht iiiiiuites north latitude. It has a caltle built on a
rock, and owes its llrcngth more to nature than to art ;
however, it is cifeenuil the beft fiTlilication in I'oland.
Here is alio a rollege of Jeluits ; and il'.c citv is the lee
< f a Popiftl and ;\ritie:iian bifhop. In 1651 the Coliacs
l.u.i liei'.e to the callle, but without fiicccis ; it was, how-
ever taken hv the Tuiks in 1672, who held it till ihe
peace id" Carlowitz.
lii the palatinate of Kiovia, or Kiow, whicn forms
a part of the Ukraine, and is inh.ihued by the Coll.'iv,
we have already i;iven an account in tieatin:; of Rullia,
wliii h has all that part of this coiintrv ihit les on the
oihir fide of the Nieper ; lo that I'oiifli Kiovia includes
only two dilliiits, la which ars feveial Iniall '.oivns fcafic
\vortl)v of notice.
We now come to Vo'ninia, the la!t province dopen-
d.mt 111 Rid Rullia, a touiitrv iu fertile, as to fiipply
the inhabitants wiih a ^Me.it deal more j-rain then they
are able to confume. Rol'-inary and alp.ira.'iis urow
wild in the woods, and can hardly he diHin|;uilheil Iroin
thul'c cultivated in the itardeiu. \'olhiiiia wai aiir^xej
to I'ol and in I s''<). and in t(n^., ihe coiintry wa:: ri-
valed by the Part ir«, who helides a preat booty, ear-
ned thir'y thoufjn I p?rfons out ot the country 10 bi"
fold as (lives. This province contains two dillrijli and
l'c\eral towns among whi< h aic the (oil )wini».
luckoor I.iieeoiien, the capital of Volhinia, which
is ('ate.l on the nverSter, in (ilty decrees hlly minutes.,,
iMrih laiitiiile, one bundled and fevenfytive miles ti)
ihi- liiiith e.ill ot AVail'aw. It has a callle, in which the
bidiop ol \ lilhinia rcliJes, and it is alio the relideme of
a Uidrian bdh.ip. The jcdiits have a colle;;t here, and
it has a ponnu lal diet, and a court of judicature ; but
in l"5i, the greatcll part of the liiy vsas dcdioyed by
lire.
Olika, a handfomo town and raltic btloiiging to the
Riil/ivil (aniily, and the capii.il of a dutchy. A (cliool
and feniinaiy are founded in this town.
.Sokal, a town and fortrels on the river Hug, remark-
able for a celebrated ini.iite of the viri'jn Mary, for tlie
greater feciitity of which, the Uein.irdine rnonks have
built a line chiireh and tonvcnt, with (uitable fuititisa-
tions, on an illaiiJ in the ri;cr Bug.
s K c r. XI.
0/T.irniANIA, in.'.4.t'i>n- l.il'iiimi.i Prop/r, Lilljiianiu-n
R'ljji'i, <iiil iht l.ivoKiin i'aiiilinutt, with the imj}
iimjiitilU Plani in fuj;
Llthu.mia, c.illed by the natives I.itwa, is bounded
on the north by Courland „nd RiiHia, <.n the cart
by Rullia, on the (outh by \'olhiiia, and on ihe welt
by Little Roland, Podlachia, and the kinedom of I'fuITu.
It xvas anei-ntlv very woody, and the guateft pirt of it
lies uncultivated ; but it is now ^'reatly improved, by
cutting down the woods, and the encourauemcnt given
to ai;riciilture. (ireat quantities of pot-arfi .nid wood-
alhes are made here, and the country produces a cunli-
ihi,ible ipi.iiiiity ot hui k-wheat, .ml other 11. ill. It has
,il(<i j;reat (lenty of homy, wiih wi ich mead and other
palatable liquors are madr. ihe ne adows and p.illures
arc very (eniie, and alt'ord noiirdlimeiit to numerous
flocks and held', and the ilicep yiil.l llecces ot very fine
wool. In the lorells .ire hears, woKes, wild boars,
biiff.iloes, deer, and prodioi„us l!i ;hts of w.iodcocki.
Here arealfolcveral lakes, in which.irt proht.,blc linieiies.
liut notwilhl'midinp the leitiliiy ^A the foil, ajtrieiiltun:
is niit V t fufficiently encoui.'tt'sl ; for fon-.c of the limit
fpors (.1 hmd in the countiy tiill lie walte, and the luxu-
riant p.iliims in the meadows are ne^rlctled till the srals
rots on the irroiind : lor want of c.ic tl;:- Woo,K are fre-
quently confuired by accidental fires. I'lovifions in ge-
neral arc cMremely cheap; but (bis is tlie lels I'urpii-
fiiiL', while money itielf is deir, niJ lo I'tarce, thai ten
per ( ent is the common interclK
All the common people, except the burjjhcrs cd' the
roval towns and the Cierm<ns, are xallals; but the no-
bility, who are very numcrou., are for the moif part in-
I iligent, and thole who are tionr lave the we.ilthy as
1 Iteward-, treaiiirers, baililfs, ;.nd valets. The noble fa-
milies in better circumftanrcs, -ndeavour to mend iluir
1 fortunes by farming a lai^ie e(f,-,te. 'T'heie is fcane a
: lini'Ic n blen.an in tolerable cii -or.iitanccs in Lithuania
j without a htli, of which they are ,ill i-Mrrmelv lond,
and thelc titles delccnd to ihcir childien. '/'he principjl
nobility have eltatfs equal to the revenues of (bnie
piiiiKs, and generally ret.iin fomc hundreds of (he poor
nobility in their tervice. They arc likewlfc i.ivellej
with the hi!;bel( pot!., in the kiiiirdom ; hut li\c .n fuch
p.inip and fplendor, and with lo liiili; oecononiy, tha
their expences gcneially cxeicd their in'"omc.
l'o|>ery is the citabliflied reli;^i, n of Lithn.Tnia ; bu :
there ate allii many Lutherans Calvinills, Socimans
Kws, an,l Tuiks i but the Creiks aie on a much bet
tcr (ooiiiig than any other of the (i-.li'eiitcrs. Ihoin'I
this country is lo clofely coniie.;trd with Pol.ind, it flili
letjins Its own peculiar laws, olHccs and tioops.
In a diet iitll a: Lublin in 1569, the- Pol s and Li-
thuanians aL'reed, lliat the pieat du'ch\ of Liiliu.mi.i,
.iiid the kin^,:.;n ,j; Poland liiould lor llie hiturr he (o
* lilllttd.
I
.'/.
I'OLANO.
iinited, as to|
i'k (overcignf
tions i that
louiicil, anri
, oinmoii , til
(hould be of
equally conci'
Lithuania |
th.i two ht(I
tlie oih rs LI
White Riilli.i|
palallii ate..
Sanio Mtia,
, I Poland.
Lithuania,
tl W'llna ami
Wiliia, thi
W'ilia, near t|
■ •tees tliitiy-tv
III u mouiuai
eniinencej, ail
old riiino'is p.l
roiirt of jultiJ
cent ihurch tl|
very lich, .nid
thape! of St. I
wcijh thirty
chuiches in tf
and one Cdvi
lanan and a Cj
the catholics.
Wilna f'.vic.
fians and from
td by a drcadli
the Jewilh fyi
dred (ixty-nine
hofpit.ils, inn-,
forty-fi.x iradel
great number o
cd. 1 he next
which burnt i\
laces, and two
I he chapel of
fiiftained by the
ireafur , amoiii
have been fin e
of ihcni in a m
city has not rec
■'I'tiis city is
a hi^h court of
(.jiodno, a
Wilna, the bt(
degrees thirty 1
three dr;;rces (i
on the river Ni
iy on a Lvcl,
caftle, which i
to decay, (o th
hired. The m
ful llruilure, (
that for the for
mjiit;. ; and ir
office, which i
nine popdii am
gnge,. I.r the J
collect has a
the Carmelite
palace of prim
that of the -S.ip
iheiti liand in
the calHe-rtree
and well paved
In 167^, It w,
general diet (li
the concouilo
apartments wi
let for two hu
vincial diet, an
city.
In treat in J fi
the province o
:i, M.
J'OLAXD.
r. U li () P V.
M(J
united
I, ai to form but on? (lit? umlcr one prince
th.it
(hi. Icivfrciijii flioulJ be cic
ctuJ in l'.;'.ili;l bv b'lth IIJ-
(IIIIIS
that the two nJtioii.
fti.
i.ivc it Iciinti.' iir
icil, and i
llDlll
(.' ot provincul niire
L'fitit.ur
tlut the- loiii in t!ie kai^'dcioj ami ihi
Miiii'iM bc'of the fam; value, .ii:.! tiut tlicy fliould be
tell)
uallv comernc I in trtaiir
.1M.i
[/thii
iia i;i ai prelcnt divided into nine pal.itinatr^
ih,: two (iiU of which rcnlttutc I'm per l.ithiiaiii
r.iffv, lli.it ri'!' .ii!i!e fi mvi
cijul towns III ti\.,i pi'.itlii.u
L-Mi-i
liizertc, we It I i»
II
lituati
I he
I!,
r"ii,;,
il I;
.iiid
t'le o'.li rs Lithuanian Kulfia, wliiih u divide.l into
White kiillia, iilaelt Riillia, and I'oldia. Melidis ihilc
p.ilatiiiatei, Lithuania alto imliiJc'. the ptintip.iliiy of
Sanio M!ia, and the dutcliy ol Couriaiul, which i> a fid'
1,1 Poland.
Lilluiaiiia, pmpcrly fo callf.l. Includes the pal.itinatCi
cl Wilna and Troik, the prineipal places of which .iie,
\\'illia, the ca,,ltal oi' l.iiliiMiiia, li.uids .m the river
\\'ili.i, near the influx of the Willi..!, in fill; -four d>--
•ices t)',ittv-two minntes north 1 1; tude, and n fiiualcd
in a iiioiiniaiiioir. country. It is built on levir.il little
rniiiH-iicej, and has two tonfidcrable fiibuil'i. In an
old ruinous pal ice is the ailiiial, and the li.ill wli u the
court of jultiie is held, and oppufiie to it i* .i ina';niti-
tent church that belon^-s to tlir callle. This cliur. Ii is
vry liih, .ind is alf > remarkable lor the ele|;iiii in.oble
thapil of St. Caliniir, whofe filver (tiriiie is laid to
\v.;,;li thirty quintals, 'there aic upuards of forty
chinches in this city, anion^^ which ai>- mu; Lutliiian
and one C.ilviiiill cliurch, a Jcwilli lyii L'ojue, .i 'lai-
larian and a Greek church j but all the tell beloiK; to
the catholics.
Wiliia twice fufTercJ great divallation:; from the Fiuf-
fians and from fire; particul.iily in 174S, it was deflioy-
td by a drcadlul tonflaBraticui, when thirteen iluinhes,
the (ewilh fynaeoguc, twenty-five pal.;cis, lour hun-
dred fixty-nine Hone edifice,, condlliliL; ot private houks,
hofpit.ils, inns, baths and ciiiuents, witli a hundred and
forty-fi.\ traderincii", fliops and difp.nf.ines, befKlcs a
great number of granaiics and warchoufes, were conliim-
ed. 1 he next year another fire happened f • liijhtniiij;,
which burnt h\ churches, the couneil-houfe, ei^ht pa-
laces, I'.nd two hiindicd Icvciity-feven liom buildings.
'Che chapel of St. Cafimir was .dlo burnt, and the lofs
fiiftained by the dilhu^lioii of this edifice alone with its
treafur , amounted to an immeiifc fum. The churches
have been fin e rcbult at a very jTc.it evpciue, and Ionic
of them in a more cl'sanf manner than belorc j bm the
city has not recovered its former ^'raiidrur.
'I'tiis city is a bilhop's fee, and has an univcrfiiy, and
a hii;h court of judicature, befidcs a pr.ivimial diet,
(jiodiio, a large and liandfome city, .md next to
Wilna, the beft in Lithuania, is fituated in filty-ihiee
liegrcts thirtv eignt minutes laiitu.ie, and in twenty-
three degrees fifty- two minutes eaft lnn_<itude. It (lands
on the river Niemen, partly on an enii:ieiice, and pait-
iy on a level, and is encompallld with hills. Ilie old
caflle, which is furrounded with a deep ninar, is lajjen
to dccav, fo that no more than one wing of it is iiiha-
bifed. 'I'he new palace is a large, regular, and beauti-
fal llruihire, confiding of two lloties : the great hall,
that for the iVnatc and the chajK-l, are its finclf apiit-
menti ; and in the c.Hirt ftanJs the ch.. icrry or llate
office, which is an elegant ftruiflure. In the cilv arc
nine popdi and two(ircck churches, and :.lfo a iVna-
.. f r the Jews, which is built of Hone. '! he Jeluits
has a fplenJid chunh, and that belonging to
the Carmelite nuns is likewile very magnifi.'cnt. /"he
palace of prince Uad/n il is a vcrv large llructure, and
that of the S.ip:ehan lamily is a fupeib edifice : both of
them Hand in the market place, which, together with
the callte-ftreet, and the .irea bef.ire the p.ilace, are clean
and well paved ; but the other llrcets arc generally dirty.
In 1^17^, It was enacted that for the future, every thud
i;cncr.il diet lllould be held here, and during the f (lion,
the cnncouile of people ha^ been fo great, that loin
apartments with the Hables adjoining to them, haie been
let lor two bundled and lixtv ducai.- a iiionvh. A pro-
vincial diet, and a court of j.diraturc, are alio held in this
city.
In trcatingof Lithuanian Riiflia, we fhall bepin with
the province of I'olclia, wiiich co,'U..ir. feveral lar<;e mo-
rock, near i': is a rnyil pala e (■.:•'; 1 ft-ie i: i-.i. I
ill s town is a famous f;,na;,iV-:i , ■ , w;.!' h t,. ' \. . \--
flit f:..n; all ihr 1 oiinliies 01 ." ^ , i „ii, 1,11 a;v.ijunt
c.f llidy aiiil pr. ferment ami:;, leir o/ui pniplc, V
IMovincial diet is held in til. > tuwil| and a Ciieeic bidlo;!
n files here.
I'liilk i; a large, l.anlliine trading town on the river
Pin I, litiialid 111 the niidtl of extuifive inor.iflcs, and in-
h.ibiti-d not oni) by th: Jews, who have a leliool here,
hut alfo by people of nianv othi'r religion., cf|>c ia'.Iy by
the (Irceks, who have a bidi i|i here. Tlie leather drel'-
e.l in this town, after the Runian manner, i-. iHeenicJ
the beH in t(ie whole kiiiijdoni. A piouncial diet :»
hebl here.
I'lider r.ithuii.iin Riillia is included I!!ack Rui7;.i,
called by the I'ol, , Rus LV.un 1, which iiielu les the pa-
latin. ite of Nonyr i.lec, an I toutaiiis fuut dillriifU, the
princip.d place of which i;,
Novogrodcc, a town fituated on a 1.1'!, in wiiich arc
fevrral I'opilh aii.l Ruflian convents, with a college ot
Jeluits. It has a piovineial diet, and an inferior court »>;
judicature j and ,111 hi di iriHuii il, ,ifier the 111 ide! of tli.c
of WiliiJ, is hell aliernatily hi r ■, and at M''i!'r., whiih
continues fitting live niomhs every year.
Ill White Rullii, lal'Mhy the Po'es Rus Biala, are foui
palatinatcv, the mull eonfi('erable pl.ices in \yhiih ate,
Minns, whii h is Ciaied on the river SwiP.oc^, in the
p.ilatiii ate of Mind;, and li.is t'.v.j c.liles. A pti'-.intial
diet Is held here, b>!l!e» a high tiihuii.il oic- in two
yeais. 'I'his town wa t.iken by the RulTniis in 1636.
Mohilow, in th'' palaininie of Mifullaw, is a hanJ-
fonie commerceil town in the river N'i."pi r, iwA the in-
hahuants cariv on a coniide.-able tra.le with the RulFiins.
In I''i54. Mohil.nv ,vas taken by tlie Rufliuis j and tho'
it w.is invelKd by the Po'es in i6( -^j lliey wire obliged
to railo tho liege. It w.n, ho.vever, t.iken from th'!
Rulli.iiri III 16'ji by the inh.iliit.ints, who fmtotr pait
ol the garrilon by 11r.it. igeiii, and ihiii ni.ide the telt
prifoiur. of war.
I'oloc, a fortified town on the liver 13/.wiiia, nnliii
the palatinate iif Poloe. It li.n two Hfong i.illlcs, aiul
1. 11 lies on a coiifidei.ibleir.ide. In this town the Jeluits
haw a cdloge, ,ind tiij<Jreeks an academe fir the IhiJy
of philolophy. \ popidl (Ireek hiihop .il'o refidcs her..
In this town are likewile held aprie.'in ial diet .iiid a co.irt
of jiKlicature. In !5f.j i'oloc was taken by the Ruflians,
bill in 15-1) was rcta!;en by the Poles.
We noiv come to tne Iwivonian Palatinate, called by
the Poles Woiewod/two Inflantllcie. Thn country was
a part of Livonia, and is alfo termed the p.ilaliiutc i-^i
Wend, 'i'he Poles, on their delivering up Liionia to
Sweden, by the tre.ity of C)!iva, reserve.) this p.iir, wliieh
has a bidlop, a p.il.i-.ine, ;.;i.l a callell.ii, and fen li fix:
deputies to the gene.-al diet. It lia> alio five or fiv I'.iuM
towns.
s !•: c 1. XIL
Of .s
■■i M i; I T 1 A.
goge.. f
college
hi 5';/.'.'..7/o';, E\lKt^ .'■';.7, m.l Pi: luce. Its Hijhry, and
I the A!.ii:iuit of tl,pr,-f,;tl J^t''illi!:i:h.
SAMfXJiriA c.dl.d by the Pole, ZmuyJs, or
.Kiellwo ;<e.uu;il;ie, is boiiiuhd on the iioith by
Courland, on the call by Lithuania, on the foiith by
Regal I'rurtia, and nn the welt Iv the D.ltic lea, it
being about a hundred and feventy-live miles in length,
aii'l about a hundred and t.Mlitvfiee in breadth ; but
this Is only to be uiideiftood of its l.ingell an.l bloadell
part, the two extremities h.in;^ much contta.-fe.l.
CJriMt p.iit of the cminiry has a niailliv f.iii, and a-
. bounds with livers and lakes, which at fiime fal'ons
oveilloAT the land. Here a'e alio inaccefliblc mountains ,
the country is much overrun with woods, in winch the
inhabitants find great ipiantitics of honey ; l.r it n f.iid
1 that alir.oll every tiec has a l\varni of bed.; and their
it!
ii u
i
M
■«fl
^1
1,1
:''ii
': 11
rs
A S Y S T F. M 1- G 1. U C. K A P H Y.
I'OLAND.
w
h*
»ax It whiter and piirrr than either that of Lithuania or
Uufli.i. Wciro tulil, lh.it ihounh the .irjblc lanJ i. viiy
llilt, the iiili.ibit.im'i lilt- iimiclmt wddiIih ()l')u;',li-(hiir'. ;
lii'tMiik' oiii' III ihiir Itiiroltjs, introi'iii III); ikmi ihan i,
Jiiil (lie ri.tloii .ilti-rwiids |iri>viiu> Ills kiiiJly thin ulu.il,
lh<v h.ij the wiMkmli tn aitiibuic thLijult loUly to ihii
ih.in 'C i u|i(iii which he w )■> forced to let thcin iitiiin
to tiL- nil' 1)1 the woo.lm |iloiij',h-fli.iici, fiif tear the
puiliihitiiMi Ih'UiM raiilr an ii.lurri.'i.'tion. Saiiii>i>itia a-
ImuiiiJs with latlli', anJ h.n a brci\l of hoifts, which,
ihmii'b (null, atu Ipti^hilv, lwi!t, in I hardy.
'I'hi-. ciMiiiiiy anticiitly IkIoiii!cJ to Lithuania ; hiit in
t lie year 14C4, was tided to the kni",hu of tiic I eniu
nic onler ; about four yeari after, ii wis taken from tlicin
by l.'ladiMaus Jaj^ello, kin;- of Poland ; after whole deatli
it rtiiirnid .i.;ain to thcin i but in 15^5, wlieii Albut ot
Hranik'nluirg was made hereditaiv duke of {'ruffia, it re-
turned to the erown of jMland. The I'hiilhan religion
had been inirodiued tor foine tune, and 1:1 141 j, it was
made a billiopS fee.
Tbe p'alants of this country diftor but little from thofe
of Lithuania i but are not I'o laborioii:., and ii'iilci|iiently
I'njov Icfi plenty. Many of then, inllead of lircad, lat
tiirneps, whieh grow vmIiI, andaieol ,1 prodigious fi/.e.
They are robult, bold, and niinhlei and it is nut iineoin-
mon for people to live a hundred or a hundred and
twenty years of .ige.
The pealants live in cottages, for the mod pait near
lakes and river*, and thefe .re covered with lliatch or
boards. Thiy .ire low, ;.nd of an oblong Iquarc, with
a hearth in the middle ; their furniture is but mean, and
thev have onlv one ro im for thinifelwi and thtir cattle.
Tliole in good circuiiilUiui* ilrink out ol boin cups, and
cat out of wooden platters. Howciei, moll of tlie in-
halutanls differ but little in their manners, habit, or
lan^'ua^e, (roni the Lithii.iniaiis.
'j'heie are about twenty ii^lit towns in Sam igilia ;
but all of them are fm.ill .iiul lU built , ainoiii' tiiel'e is
Melnicki, where the bilhop of Saniognia relidei, .iiid
Rofienie, where the provincial 'het and a court of judi-
cature arc held.
S K C T. XIII.
0/ C O U R L A N n.
0/its HituiUnii and Extent, S-;i!, Pr^itm;; hi,! Rnvn. Of
the liil.jtitiinis of C.mrhin.t, ami llif Priiiifrn f thf So-
liUly. /i ^i»tral liijhti sfCourliinJ. Itt limiyllfft.iu
rf Stiitt, aiiil Court! if JuMaiiurr. Ihe D'iv:fiin if tin
Ciuiit>y,ii>iil II Dij^i ijttivi oftht- f<>i>:Jf'fil Tou,'is in {Uih.
Till" ilut hy of Courland, which is dependant ar.U
under the pro'eiilion of I'oland, is bouihled on the
will hv the li.iitic, on the north by the gulph 01 Riga
and Livonia, tow.itds the call by Lithuania I'roper, and
by Saiiiogiti.i lowaids the foutl;. It extends tifty Cier-
man mih-s in length, and in I >me placs twenty, and in
others hardly f n (icrmaii miles in breadth ; bur to-
wards the louth-vyell it gradually terminates in a cape
or p<iint ot lai:J.
'i'ne fill, except in a few diftricl.s, is heavy, fat, and
tlayey, and the co.intrv ali'iinds in woods and Iwamjis :
bciKC the toads 0} Couiland aie remarkably bad. In
(priiig and autumn the meadows an I low grounds are
under water ; but this only fervcs to improve t!ie land.
Sinr.- IkiltuI f.irmcrs have drained fcv.-ral of the jenny
parts of Cnurlnnd, and converted them into what they
call (huni;cns ; that is, land which is fown three years
fucceifively with fii.Timcr ifcd, and ihen left uncultivated
for th^ like term. CourlaiiJ, however, contains good
araliii: land and fine palluies, and produces great cjuan-
litics of excellent flax. Here, is alfo plenty of fea-tifh,
and the woods abound with elks, hears, and wolves.
Courland has alfo it. mi:Ks of iron ore and other mine-
rals, its quarries of (tone, chalk, and Ihicco, and its mi-
neral iprinrs. AnUier is likcwife found on the i-oalL
The principal n.-er-: in .his country arc the Windau,
which r.fes in Samogitia, and dilcharges itfelf into the
Ualt;'.- near the town of \Vindau. The .Aa, which ha^
alfu iti fourcc in Saiiiotjitia, and empties itfilf into the
gulph ot Rn!J. 'I'lic Ini.ill nvcis are the An^er. tho
.Ab.iu, the Meile, the ll.iil.iu, tlic iMulla, iVc.
I'hc inhabitants of CourUnd coiililt i.t (leimaii', ami
Leitoniani i but the latter a'e not only thtliii..ni, t\A
valials ol the lorniei, but in.inunner llieir (lave-, ILlieo
there arc two lan'nia;>es uluaily Ipuken in Couiland, tac
Cicrnun and the Lettoni.iii.
The ti formation, or Lutbeiaii teliginn, t'jolc place ia
this duti hy fo earlv as the year I 5;?, anil ill i^p. Cour-
land jo, 1. id with kiga in a particular tcli ious Kaguc;
lo that when this country lell under the duiniiiion of
I'oland, all the inhabitants were Luthiraii.s, and tiny had
no pa|)ill., .imoiigft them. Hut the m f oiderllaadings
which alierwaids happened between the dukc» ,iiid .loblei
ot Courland occalioned levcral ordeis lobe illued by thu
court ot I'oland, and judiciary comniiHioiis to be depnfej
Iroin tl. . e, by which means a fatal g.ip w.is opened,
liy whici popeiy entered. The Roman eaiholies were
at full only permitted to have churehcs in this cuunt'v ;
but they loon raifed ihenifelvcs to a level with tile Lu-
therans. In 171; and 1717 they received foine aJdilional
priwUges, and kviral of the nobility who had embraced
the doiitiine) of popery exerting their /e.d, in order to in-
troduce It into (he tUuich-s within then jiirilJiclion-,
geeatly contiiiiuted to its fptcadiiijj over ihe country.
The marriagei of the dukes of Courland wnh princclles
who weie CaKinid,, r.lli iiitiodiicd that ri.li-ion iiitct
the diit hy ; bat the CxlvUulUarv excluded lioiii all pub-
lic eiiiploynients,
I he nobility of Courland enjoy I'reat privileges, and
the old nobility arc carcluilj dillinguillicl troauhe new j
and by an .iiitieni law, whuh has been frecpKiitly con-
firmed, the lormer alone .iie laiable of filling polli, of
hoiiuui. The nobltnieii of Courl.ind ijeiieially embraci;
.1 militaiy life. Lhey enjoy in I'ol.iiid ihc lame privi-
leges as thi; native-, and a I'olifli noMemaii ha^ the lime
indulgcnc 111 Couiiind. However, m itlicr of them enjoy
that I riviiege till tiiev are fettled in thole countries ;
and indeed a Courlandilli niddenian at ptcftnl feMom
holds any ciiiiiient pott 1.1 I'oland, except thofe of the
law, unleli lie be a papifL The nobility of Coiiiljnil
have no Uat in the giiiei..! di.t ol I'oUnd.
A noble Couilaiider is proprietor of all the miius difco-
veiedmhi. ellate : he is not to be taken intocullody, or l.i.i
ellecis coiiiilcaied, till he has been previoully (ummoned
and legally eonviilfed bcfoie a couit of judicature : his
houfe IS an alylum, from which nopirfon can forcinly be
i.ikeii : Ins tenants, vafl'als, and domedies lire exempted
fVom paying any toll, cultom, or excile ; and no I'uldirrs
are to be i|uattercd on the efl.itc of a Couil.iiider. No
new created nobleman is ijualifieel to hold a poll of ho-
nour, or to be a magillrale, till the thi'd generation ;
nor c.in he be fent a* an envoy, unlefs he b.is Jidinguifli-
ed hnnfcll ill the fervice of hi:; country, or is icconi-
mended by lome of the aiitient noble fainilie!..
The noliility, among other privileges, hive an nnliiii.'--
ed p'lWei our iheir vaflalj, which extends e\ en to life
and death ; but bcloie tin yean puniiha valial v/iili death,
they .ire obliged to hold a rcgilar court, U' der the pe-
nalty ol paying a hundred flunns ; c.ich fli fin equal .0
fourtecu-pence lleiling. Ileace the refpcc paid <•, the
peafjiits to their lords rifes almod to adoratii 1, a ..J what-
ever thefe require trom them they are oblige, to give up
and immediately obey their commands withoui . Tni'.,,-
ing. The nobility are all ',11 a level, and have, in con-
jumnioii with the duke, the patronage of the paufli
churches ; the duke being patron ol lome, and thi nil ;-
lity of the others. In war-time they appear on horlebaek,
according to the fervice they owe the duke .is his valiiil :
but when fuch a general niilitaiy appe.nance is required,
the duke is obliged to niareli at tlieiv bed. 'I hey inJee.!
thoule their own colonels and (.iher odicers ; but theU
are all under the duke's commaiid. Ihey aie, howevei,
not obliged to march beyond the frcntitr. of Couilatul,
except the duke yoluntaidy agrees to pals LcyonJ thoiu
boundaries.
Couiland antieiitly belonged to Livonia, and botli
were conquered by the kniehts of the I'euionie order,
who kept them till th; year 156], abcut which tune the
RulTian.
Pol .AND.
RufTians inv.id
imieh diclinei
ti.ithard Kith
t ) the king of
in return, Coi
temporal diitcl
hereditary fief.
In the begii
was harradi I I
ill i;io Lreder
a piincefs o
polledi'Mlof th
mil le the rzar
late duke'*
was flill living
[■'eiilinand
ncei. 't of hi
I I ly li ■ 'g out
biddm? ilie re
put the Polilli
r.itint: Coufl 1
deniife ot di.k
l.itiiiates. I
with fuch a PI' I
th.it, notwithi'
they held M\ <
in which tl e In
fettled on cnui
the king of I'd
was oppofed hot
voter! It null nii
nit iided union
irii'ts of (.'oiiil.
rrii.Khment on
flat, -^nf the dut
of ell dliiig their
feited. At Icn;
iiV4 the throne 1
that (he could 1
liitelv incorpora
tect It in its li
iiiidcr its own dil
e I, and in 173)
the Ketler line i
l.ind (hould hai
the {\iw^.
On the deccaf
(lalis, at the ici
' hole foi their 1
fiolv Roman em
maiefly, who in
of bis envoy, <
wa-, however,
</,aiin I Anne ea
cudodv, and fer
the li.ites of Coil
llukl. id lillltliwi
of Rudia's hud'.i
without loree, i
Indeed I.rn d
land, iiotwithlla
of his power,
lieclared vacant
mciits .Te illued
who at piel' lit
ihe lour lords of
public employm
Keeps fi.x thouf.i
nipntentiaty, w
ploymeiit i* to I
which the duke
the iiohlis lo w
iiig, that this w
money belon.'ini
a hiiiidrcil thoul.
the ducal tevcn
r.idet.
The rrveinii's
very conliderabN
third part of the
convenient (iv.\\\
A')
I'di, ANri.
)•; IJ 11 u I'
C^
Kudlins iiiv.ik.l llie Cr.uiitry , I'l: llu cukr hcn^; tlirn
inmh tlidiiuJ Iroii' iti 1. inner powir aiiJ rtiatu (■,
c;.ith.ird KitliT, thr IjII jjiiikI m.ilirr, ;mvi' iij) I.in.i.ii
I . ihc V.:\y.\ "< Vii\*i\ I, •>■* i:r' at iluki: i.t l.ifhuaiii.i ; :uul,
ill ntiirii, Coiiil.mJ .ind :H-mi(;alln wire itiMcil inlx .i
trmiiiiral ilutchy, .iiiJ Kctiii w.is iiivcllid WJtll 't .I'l .111
hcmlitarv ficf.
In the licjiiimiiii; ol tlii* ci|;liti'ititl> ccntiirv Cnimjiiil
W.11 iLirradil luiili l>v ihc Swi If. .iml llir Riidiin ; luit
in l"lo I'ri.lirit W'llluni, llir lixth iliiWi, m.iniil Aiitio
aiitiniiri "I KiilTii, who, alter his ilcioau-, icniiini- 1 In
iinlli flii'ii 111 the- liiv. iiijiiUv, iinilei the pintrili'in iif tar
unili- the r/.ar I'l lor I. though I'nilin iiid, brother to the
l.ifc 'Icike'< r..thef, to whom the liiCLcHion iHlonijtil,
W.1S ilill living;.
•■. iiliiianil and thr liohility were at v.'riance, lefi dii
aceo It ot his ch.in(.',in;; his lelieion, thai\ lor hi< (vnc-
rally li "fi out o( ihe ilntcliy, anil his heiiif; ileliroiis iiC
Ii.ijiii",:; ilii' rrnv. ot (iuer(i;',ntyi though u'.ilitit. 'I'hi^
nut il'.e I'l.lilli (late on eoiitnviii^ the nieani of iiicurpo-
rntin.; Ci'urhmil with thr kinpilom of I'oland, on the
ilemile ot duke l-'eiilinand, anil of rliviiiinj.' it iii'o pi-
latiiiatc,'.. 'F'hii projcd hlleJ the nolile (..'om lander-,
«i!h luih apiTchcnfioni du llu:r relijMon and liheities,
that, notwithlhnilinc a royal inhiliilion was ill'iud out,
ihcy held an extraorJinary din at Mittaii in June, I'lh,
In which tic riicieflioM,iin the deee.ifi id lu tdinand, was
ftltlcd on count Mamiecof Si.xony, :is natural fon to
the king of Poland, and his male heirv Thi. eliilion
was oppofed holh liy duke i'eidinand and the I'ol , wlio
voted It null and void, and liy a tiev/ law eonliimcd the
iiifiuled union of this cnintry with Poland. 'I he p.i-
irii'ti of C'nuilae.d llrenuoudy prnte|l;-d a'^alnlJ this cn-
rrii.Kl'.meiit on thiir liberties and maintained, th.it the
(tat, ■: of the diitehy derived fioin their anullois the ri-lit
(if ell dlin;; their dukes : a rij;ht which Ihiyhad never lor-
feited. At k'n;:t)i the princefs Anne Iwanowna alecnil-
ini; the throne of UulTia, lijmfii d to the eouit of I'oland,
tti.'.t (h-- couUI never e'uifent to that diitehy henii; abfo-
liilelv incorporated with that kin:;dom, hut would pro-
tect It in Its ti|;ht to remain as a fief of the lepublie,
under Its own dukes. I'o this Poland at len:nh ronfent-
rd, and in 173'' It was a,'Tried, that on the failure of
the Kctler line in duke Kerdin ind, the durchv of Cmir-
'lud fnoiild have its own dukes hv the fiee eleflion of
rlie li,iit>.
On the deccafe of Ferdinand in the lollowinr' year, the
(hitis, at the recommendation of the emprcfs of Ruflia,
( Imfc toi tlicir duke John I'mclt lliron, count of the
hiiK Roman empire, and high chaiiilierlain tolnr c/ari(h
inaielly, who in 17 j'; was invclled duke in the perlon
of his envoy, or icpreli iitatlvc. T'his prince's dignity
wa-, howeier, but ol (hurt duration ; for ill 17+0, the
(/.aim I Amie caiilcd him and his family to be taken into
cullodv, and lent them into exile In 1741 ; upon wdiich
the It.ues of Couil.ind ebnfe f ir th'ir duke Lewis linll,
duke of liimifwicf; -^\'olfenb!^ttle, brother to the recent
of Riiiria's hufl>and ; but this election not being eompallld
without lorec, it has not yet taken its proper etl'cct
Iniieeil I.rn II John i' (liil eonlidercd as duke of Coijr-
land, notwitlillandin^ bis beiiij; deprived of the exercif-
of his power. However, the diie.il chair havini; been
lieclare.l vacant bv the hii;h council, all pii'iiie inOrii-
nients .'re ill'ueil out in the ranie of his I'olidi maieilv,
who at piel'iit pcrlonati-. the dekc, nnd are fu',ned bv
the lour lords of the tec^cncv who hive the dilpolal of
public employments. iMe;!n while the court of Kulli.i
keeps fix thoiif.ini! men in this eountrv, and alio a ple-
nipntentiaty, who refules at .Mittau ; but his onlv em-
ployment i. to take caie ot the revenue^, a'n' thole laiuls
which the duke h;il citlur purtbafulor rtdeemed from
thenoblts to whotii they had been niort;.',a^ed, aileJi;-
iiij:, that this w.is done by the duke's cmbfz/iiny tnc
money brlonjinii; to th.it crown; and attordin ;ly near
a hundred thoul.md rixdo'.lais ire annually paid out cf
the ducal tevenuci into the hands ot the Kulli.in mi-
iiiller.
The revenues of the duke of Coiuland are faid to lie
very eonl'iderable ; lor the diiei! domains make a'.'ia'c a
ttiird part of the whole country : it to thele be addid its
• onvciiicnt fituation lor a maritime trade, I'ne duke of
49
('ourl.mil. wlietl ill the lull p.illlli. ill ol ih.il (jflire, ran-
not I III (i| beiiiK very tiih. A judi'Mieiit inay be fornirtl
of till we.ilih of thi< dull hy, il we cnnlider that Jainci
duke i,( Couil.'.nil w.is mailer t>| lorly-lour (liips of wai
and fevcnty-tive meri haiit Oilps, aiul endeavoured to fettle
coloniej even in America.
The attnj of Cmirland arc, ipi.irterlv, thff firit and
tourtli ari;eni, a lion i>iilri, crowned or, tor Courland ;
the teeond and thud a/ure, a demi-elk in.wned piopei,
tor Semi: allla. in the renter is a I'liull cicimhcon part*
per pale, relervid fur the particular coat of the ducal
family. 'I'lic arm-, arc withni a ducal mantle of purple
and ermine, and lupported by two lioni crowned or,
and the whole lurmounted with a ducal coronet.
Ilv virtue of a torni of i^ovcrnment for tlicdutchiei of
Courland and .Scmij^allia, drawn up in 1670, by a com-
miflion from the kiii(r ot Poland, the fulluwlng ofKccri
of Ifale .ire appoiiited in Couil.inJ :
Four lii;;h couiilellors, \u. a lleward, a chancellor,
a bur)rrave, and a m.itDial.
Iwo uvillans, wtio aiethe duke's council, The high
council, diirini; the ablenee, minoiity, licknefs, or dial t»
of the duke, adminider julfiee, ill'ue orders, pals decrees,
and traiifadt all utiier Itate affairs in tiis name.
Four lupcrior prcteets, two for Semiijallia, and two to'
Courland, who adnimitter jutficc both to the nobles an. I
commonalty within th'.'ir relpeclive jiirildicti -ns. From
thefe the vacancies in tnc ';i['li council are hlled up, aiut
iindci i:i:ch ot them are two iiiterioi prrtccls, who upon
occatioii are proinotcd by the duke to tnc otHce of (u-
pcrioi pri tcilt.. ''lom trie couit ot tne later .ippc.ils In?
to the lineal tiiprcnie court, where the duke allilts in pcr-
lon, tO(;eili I Mth file hijih council. Ih s is lield t.vict;
■lyeai, and lioiii it, in laulci amount lUt; 10 above lix
hundred Horins, an appeal lies to the kiii.r of Poland,
except in cafe, of wiltul murder, Inirmi,;; of houles,
robbety, rapes, or open violeiue. Fcclefiatlical caiilea
.ire trie.l by the chancellor, aflilted by the fuperiiueiulan;
and four provotls. 1| anv ditputes happen to rile between
the duke and nobility, they arc decided only by the king
in perton.
The ailminiflration of jiillicc In the towns bcloiigu
cither to the magillratc, or the prefect of the diftriiJt 111
which the defendant lefidcs, accordin(j! to the nature of
the eaule ; and the teeond and latl heariii;^ is at the du-
cal court. Suits relating to debts are heaul by oificcf;
called cxecutoriales.
Fvery two ye.^rs a diet Is held at Mittau, to whicK
I everv parirti lends a repretent.itive with full powers.
Courland confifts ol three livilions, Courland Proper,
Semigullia, and the ditlru't of I'llteii. 'Fhe latl has a
' particular form of government ; but the two lirtt arc di-
vided into prcli'c'tiircs, and thcl'c into parilhcs. 1 here
' are here \.njc and Imall towns, feats, callles, firin-
i hout'cs, and tingle houles of r.eiommodatioii ; but no
■villages. The number of tuwn.i, entiles, (tat.-,, i^'c. 1.
about nine humlred.
I In Courland Proper the moll crnfiderable place Is,
I.ibau. which is a ducal city, aiil a poit of good trad.;
i on the Haltic. It is lituatcd in titty. fix degices hlty-
I four minutes north latitude, and in twenty-one di^rees
I twenty-lix minutes e.ilt longitude. It i,s of a middling
j l:.-e, and I onfiils entirely of wooden houles, only one
[ llory hit^h ; but thcie i-. a Lutheran chuicii built in the
modern talle, with a flat r.iof and ballultrudc. The pa-
I pilfs are allowed a rluirch at Lib.'.u, and thire i.s a pro-
telhnt fchool. ,\s tf.e harbour wants lulbccni ilejith of
water for llilp> ol burthen, they are unloaded in the
road ; but fincc duke Kriutf John cauled it to be dcaieJ
in I7';7, and prcented a tuturt accumulation 01 n.uil
and land by a water-work, it is rendered verv commo-
dious fiT li'.'ht vell'els. Above oi.t hundred and titty
fiiips aimuaily arrive in this poit, in order to load yvitfi
hemp, liiilced, &c. A court ot ;:j!niralty Is alio held
here, and near the town is a ticfli water lake, called
the lake ot Libau,
The fecnnd principal divillon is that of Scniii^allia or
Scmgallcn, which includes the prcfciitures ot Mittau and
Seelhuig, the molt contidi i.ible places in which ate,
Mitt.iu, the capital of Courland, and the lelidence
of the duke, which is fituatcdin lifty-lix degrees forty-.
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
23 WEST MAIN STREET
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'O
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Pol. AN p.
' » :
till
I*
p
four miiiutts sinitli Inti tu Jc, and in twrnt-y-tln'ce degrees
tifty-or.e ininutfs e.ili- lonr^itiid'. This town (hniids (in
the rivfr Aa, and is verv cxtciirive ; but within its cir-
cuit ;iri- many gardens and open places. The houles
have tor the mull p.irt nothing veiv ilfgant to attract
the eye, ;;iid both the walls and mojis of the town
arc dttayed. It is, however, pretty well ii\habited. It
lias two I, ntheran churches, a beautiCul chunh bclon;;-
ing to the CalvinilU, and a popifh church, l'he(i;houl,
though it is the principal in the whole country, is tar
Croni heiiig in a flourifliing condition. This city is the
leat of the regency and fupcrintendant of both dutchies.
At a Iniall diilance from the city ihinds a palaec, be-
gun by the unfortunate duke Erniil John ; but only the
front of one wing is compleated, and the rcit hardly
carried up as high as the roof. It is built in a moll de-
lightful lituation, on the fame fpot where the old cadle
Itdod, ar.d is two llories high. The )ialacc, according
to the plan from which it is huilt, v.'ould probably have
been one of the moll magnificc-it ftruclures in Kuiofie,
had not the building of it been interrupted by the dif-
grace and exile of its unhappv founder. It is at pre-
ient a dcl'olate place, and is gradually falling to decay.
The ci'.iings and floors of fonie of tlic apartments were
ot moll excellent woikrnanlhip ; but thefe hr.vc been
taken awav, and the rooms converted into ;;ranaries.
I'nder one wing of this building is a handfome vault,
in which arc depofitcd the remains of the dcceafcd dukes,
moll ot w!:ich lie in cotTins of fine pewter cnriouflv de-
corated; and among the princes lies a pcafant in a pew-
ter coffin, on account of his heroic fuklitv, in volunta-
rily fuffering himfclf to be fliot indcad of duke Ferdi-
nand, by fonic noblemen who had confpired againll that
piince's life.
The next divifion of Courland is that of Piltcn,
which lies in Courland properly fo called, and derives its
name Irom the ancient calUc or palace of l-'ilten, built
by \Valdeinar II. king of Denmark, about the year
1220, when he founded a bifliop's fee in this country,
for the more effcdlu.al convcrilon of its Pagan inhabitants.
This diltrii!t afterwards fuccciBvely belonged to the
Germans then again to the king of Denmaik, the
<liike of Courland, and to I'oland ; and by virtue of the
inllrument of regency drawn up for this dillridf in the
year 171 7, the government is lodged in feven I'olifh fe-
nators or counfellors, from whom an appeal lies to the
king. The bifliop of S.ur.ogitia alio liiles himfclf bi-
ihopof IMten.
The moll remarkable part of this diftricl is the pro-
nioi!tory of Domcfncfs, which proiefts northward into
the gulf of Livonia. From this cape a fand-bank runs
four German miles farther into the fea, half of which
lies underwater, and cannot be difccrned. To the call
of this promontoiy is an unfathomable abvfs, which is
never obferved to be agitated. For the faietv of vellijls
bound to Livonia, two (quarc btacons have been erec-
ted on the coad, near Domilnel.; church, oppofite to the
Cand-bank, and facing each other. One of thtic is
twelve fathoms high, and the other eight ; and a laru-e
fire i.s kept burning on them from the firlt of Augiift
to the tirll of January. When the mariners fee thcic
fires appear as one in a dircdt line, they may conclude
that thev arc clear of the extremity of the land-bank,
and confequcntly out of danger ; but if they fee both
beacons, they arc in danger of running upon it.
The diltriiil of I'ilten contains leven parifhcs, but
no towns worthy of notice. The inhabitants are chiefly
of the Lutheran religion.
SECT. XIV.
(y Polish Prissia.
/// Silu.tiior, Extent, and Produce. Of the P.cligisn nnd
iii'il Pih'ilc^fs cf the People \ the Fcrm of the ilovern-
menl. The Dhijions of the Ccimtry, with an Account of
the principal Toxins in each, particularly cf Dantzic and
Thorn.
POLISH or Regal Pruflia, which has been added to
the general province of Great Poland, is a very dif-
ferent country, inhabited L'V a ditt'ereat [Kople, who
have their peculiar laws and prlwiigei; and theieforc
deferves to be (Iparately confideud, lor the fake of iliar
order and perlijuuiiy which ought ever to accompany
works of feienee.
'Lhis country is bounded on the north by part of Po-
meiani \ and the IJalticSea; on the calf, by the king-
dom ot I'riiflla ; on the fouth, by (in^at I'ol.ind ; anj
on the well, by Great Poland and Ponieiania. It is
far inferior in extent to the kingdom of Pruflia, it being
only about fi.xty miles in length, and filty one in h»
gieatell: breadth ; but in loine places the latter docs not
exceed eighteen miles.
The face of this country is divcrfified with moun-
tains, woods, and lakes ; but in the louth p.iit there 13
litile palhire ground, and confequently few tattle. The
fifhcries are of great advantage to this country, which
.dio yields a yall quantity of honey and wax. 'J'lic
woods abound with wild boars, roc-Lucks, and wild
fowl, and a good deal of lime is alio burnt in fome
parts of the country.
I'hc moll remarkable heaths in Polifli Pruflia arcthofe
of Skal, Mafura, Nicholait, and the defart of fohan-
mtberg, which is fcven German miles in length, and
four in breadth.
It is inhabited partly by Poles, and partly by Ger-
mans, i'he Reformation was introduced here early in
the fixteeiuh century, and in a few years the profcllbrs
of the Lutheran religion increaled fo fad, that their
number in the principal cities and towns far exceeded
that of theP.ipids, and they hr.d alinoft as great a fupcrio-
rity in the fmallcr towns and vilhiges. But fuccceding
times have introduced confiderabie alterations. 'I'hc
kings of Poland have, indeed, allowed the inhabi-
tants the free excrcife of the Lutheran religion in the
cities of Pruiria ; but there are at prcfent only few towns
in which the Lutherans have churches, and in other
towns they have been compelled to give them up to the
Papifts. IJcfide'., the Protedants are continually oppref-
led, and promilf s of preferment and other means arc too
fuccefsfully employed, in order to Icducc the Prullian
nobility from the Lutheran church.
Polilh Pruflia is a didincT: political body or ftate,
that has nothing in common with Poland, except its
having the fame fovercign, and being connected with
that crown by a perpetual alliance. For when the in-
habitants put themfelvcs under the protedlion of king
Cafimir IV. in 1466, it was cxprcfly Uipulatcd, that the
dutchy of Pruflia fhould have nothing to do with the
republic of Poland ; but that the king alone fliould pcr-
foiiaily order and dttermine all matters relating 10 the
former; and for that purpofe fliould come amoiiir them,
and fummon general diets. Hence this date' enjoys
the fame right as Poland and Lithuania, of voting at
the cledfion of a king, wno after his coronation is ob-
liged to fy.-ear, that he will maintain the Pruliiaus in
their rights and privileges; and when this is done, they
pay homage to tlie new fovccign.
In matters of a public 11, ;turc, the king can determine
:no'hing without the concurrence of the"dates, who are
divided into fpirituai anJ temporal members, the latter
coiilidini; of nobles aiiJMjurghcr.s. Ofthefe the fenatc
is at prefent compofcd. Thi'^ council conlids, firll, oftho
bidinps of Krmland and Culm. 'Fhe former is the pre-
lideiit and chief among the nobility, and is not under
any fubordination to the archbiili'op of Cnefna; but
holds immediately of the pope. His dioccic, in which
he has the fupreme authority both in civil and ecclefia-
dical caiiles, is of very large extent. Its revenues are
divided into three parts, one of which belongs to the
chapter , but the other two, which arc coiiiputed at
fixty-four thoufand dollars, are alfi^iied tor the epifco-
[lal tabic. The diocele of the bilhop of Culm is not
near fo extcnfivc, and cnnfequintiv the revenue is much
inferior to that of the bilhop of Frmland. The hiOiop
of Culm is a fudragan to the .irchbilliop of Gnefna, and
the king ahlblutcly dilpofes of that bilhopric without call-
ing a chajiter.
i"he o'her members of the council are three palati-
nates, who arc of equal dignity with thofc of Poland ;
three cadellan-, who are not invellcd with any particu'
lat ofli' e or cmploym-nt, -but on a gener.il fummons
PoL.'v\n
of the ni
of il;e |i
only a ba
thify take
ieilors fr(
'Ftiorn, a
have a vol
All the
the coiintr
leldom the
kin.; of Pi
million. '
Pruflian lii
by the prin
lent. Thi
•lutehy of
wife be ter
from the ii
the (leputie
mir IV. ei
terr.iiiie any
coiieurrence
ginal of the
ncition witi
part of the
with the f;n
were compe
kingdom. ^
Pruflia has b
interwoven v
cular iight.s a
At (umnioi
natcly held at
cifics the timt
prefenratives t
Jiiftruclioiis.
palatinate, an
of the profper
one of thefe al
foldom expecb
tativcs for cvc
lately been mo
tions given thi
the feirion of tf
The Prufliar
the general diet
be inipofed on
and not in that
The' Prufliar
now reduced tr
ever, the three
privilege of coin
the king's head
the teverfe ; wl
pal's as the curre
Hefidcs the .
there arc fcvcr.i
treafurer, who
has an annual a
only the bare ti
ttandard of the t
Held ; and fcven
^Vith refpecl t
ticcthat they arc
■■ic, Thorn, and
bcfides thofe that
Culm. An allbc
towns under the
tonic order. By
are to unite in be!
'ult their intercft
aflemblic<; and to
the general diet c
gtfat cities. Ma
•ible among thefe
wi'h Grailden/,
Mlled the plenipo
affairs, they arc cl
which they lay bcf
'>.nt them to the dc
in-
iing
; the
the
oh-
ill
they
mine
lo are
latter
cnato
))' tho
pre-
nJer
but
vhich
d'la-
are
the
cJ at
pifco-
is not
imich
liihop
and
t call-
ulati-
Uiid i
irticu-
nmoni
Pol an:'.
E tJ R O P E.
7«
of the nobility, msy be looVcJ upon as the lieutenants
ot ci-.e palatinates.' Three vite-tieafurcrs, who have
only a hare title ; but as thev aie couiikTiors i)t Hale,
thrv take place of the relt of the nobility. 'l"wo coun-
iellors from eaeh of the three great cities, Dantzic,
'!"l:orn, and Elhini^, :.)!J caeh of thefe repiefentatives
l;ave a vole.
All thefe Hate cou.nrelif^rs, nccnrdintr to the laws ol
tliB cnimtrv, ought to he native l-'rufliaiis ; hut they have
I'eKloai thefe i|ii,ilificati.in,. They are nominated by the
kill'!, of I'olam!, and take a particular oath at their ad-
niifiioii. The biihop -f Frniland fits as prelidciit in the
I'luirun liiot J but in his ablence, his place is lupplicd
bv the prineipr.l pcrl'on amoiiu; the nobility who arc pre-
sent. Thefe nrmhers are luled the two Hates of the
tlutehy ol I'riiflia, and royal counfellors : they may like-
wile be termcil the fuperior Hates, to diltinjiuifli them
from the inferior, compofed of the lower nobility, and
the deputies of the fn:all towns. Formerly king Cafi-
mir IV. cnjaced for hinilelf and fuccelTors, not to de-
termine any affair of confeqiiencc, without the previous
coiuurrence of tin: (tales of PrulTia. This wastheori-
'>inal of thefe I'lulFian diets, which had formeily iiocon-
ntition with thole of Poland. Hut in the year ijOy,
part of the fcnatc, or council of Pruffia, was united
with ti-.e f:nate of Poland, and the flate.s of the former
were compelled to appear at the general diet of the
kingdom. From that time the political conftitution ot
Pruffia has been much changed ; but it is not entirely
interwoven with that of Poland, and ftill enjoys parti-
cular lights and privileges.
At (ummoningthe general PrulTian diet, which is alter-
nately held at Marienburg and Graudenz, the king fpe-
cifies the time of holding the leller diets, where the rc-
prefentatives of the former arc chofen, and receive their
jiiftruclions. Thefe provincial diets are held in every
palatinate, and the happy conclufion of them is a prcfagc
of the profperous ilTue of the general diet ; for if only
one of thefe allemblics riles abruptly, the general diet is
leldom expected to aUcmblc. The number of rcprefen-
tativcs for every palatinate is not fixed, but thcv have
lately been more numerous than formerly. The iultruc-
tions civen them are in the Polifh tongue, and during
the fefnoii of the diet their cxpences are defrayed.
The PrufTians, befidcs their own general diet, affift at
the general diet of Poland ; but they agree to the taxes to
be impofed on them, only in their own general diet,
and not in that of Poland.
'The' I'rulTians had formerly their own coin, which is
now reduced to the (tamlard of the Polifh money. How-
ever, the three principal cities of Pruliia have ftill the
privilege of coining gold and filver pieces, imprtlTcd with
the king's head on one lide, and their refpciSive arrr.s on
the leverfe ; which, after receiving the royal fanction,
pafs as the current money of Pruitia.
Ikfules the counfellors of (fate, already mentioned,
there are fcvcral other public officers in Pruliia, as the
treafurer, who is the principal, and th : only one that
has an annual appointment: the fword-u^arer, who has
only the bare title : the ftaiidard-bearer, who bears the
liandard of the province, when all the nobility take the
tidd ; and fevcn judges-, with their alTillants.
With refpecl to the towns of Priifli;i, it is worthy of no-
tice that they arc divided into the three great cities, Dant-
vic. Thorn, and Flbing, and twciity-feven royal towns,
bcfides thofe that belong to the bilhops of Krmehind an>l
Culm, .^n allbciation was formed among thefe fmall
towns under the government of the knight', ot the 'Teu-
tonic order. By this union, which ftill continues, thev
are to unite in behalf of their common privileges; tocon-
lult their intercft as a community in their particular
atTemblic;; and to recommend their common concerns in
the general diet of Pruliia to the reprefcntatives of the
great cities. Marienburg, which is the molt confider-
able among thefe towns, has the directory, and this,
with Grauden?, Dirfhau, Stargard, and Konitz, arc
called the plenipotentiary towns ; for, befides their own
affairs, they are charged with tholi: of all the other towns,
which they lay bclorc the dirciftory, and the latter rcpre-
lent them to the deputies of the gre:;t cities.
Thefe fmall towns arc at prcfcnt far froti being in a
flourilhing condition. From the fentences of iheir ma
gift-rates an appeal lies to the Itaroftas, and Irum ihe la;t',-r
to tiie kill!;.
Poliili Pru.Tia co.-ififts of four provinces; we dial! begin
with that of Poineicllia, or Little I'omcr.tma.
Poinerellia wlis aiiticntly a par: of the dutehy of Ponie-
rania; but at i.ift fell under the dominion of Polar.J.
Tnis palatinate contains live circles, and has four pro-
vincial judges ; the moll icmarkable places in tais pro-
vince arc,
lJ.int-/.ic, called by the Poles (Idantzk, a celebrated
co.mmercial city and fortrefs, fif.iated on tlie Villula, near
five miles lioni the Baltic, in tilty-thrcc degrees thirty-
eight minutes north latitude, and in ei<;hteen degrees
thirty. five minutes eaft longitude. The fmall rivers "call-
ed the Radauiit .iiid the Motlau run through the citv ;
the latter dividing into two channel;;, which run be-
tween the Old and New 'Town, and afterwards unite a-
gain below the city, and, with the Radaune, fall into
the Viltula. It is a large, beautiful, and populous citv,
built after the aiitient manner of the Hanfe-towns. 'The
houles are generally live iforics high, which m^.kc the
ftreets appear tiie narrower, elpecially as the entrance
into the lioufes is by four or five Itone fteps, ai, a bal-
cony, which make a projcdion of ten or twelve leet
Thefe houfes arc kept clean after the manner of the
Dutch, though with Icfs nicety. Many of the Itrcei ,
arc planted with chefnut-trces about thirty feet high,
which afford an agreeable fhelter.
'This city has a beautiful harbour, and the inhabitants,
who are remaikably civil and obliging to Hraupers, carry
on a confiderable trade, elpecially in corn. 'l"he Ihip's
belonging to this port are very numerous, and the privi-
leges ot this city are of great impnrtance. As it is one of
the three greatcitics, itfends lepicl'tntativcs to the Prullian
lenate or council of ftate, who have likewife a feat in
the general diet of Poland, and vote at the elcdfion of
a king. 'The Dant/.ickers have alfo the privilege of coin-
ing money, gathering amber, &e.
In this city arc twelve Lutheran churches, oxclufivc of
thofe in the houfe of correction and in the alms houfes,
two Calviniftical churches, and one Popifli church, witii
a college of Jefuits. The cathedral, which is a large
Lutheran church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is the
molt magnificent, and the piincipal church in Dantzic.
Mr. Hanway obferves, that this is an aiitient ftructiire
that has not been much changed by the ellai-diflimcnt of
the protcftant religion of this city : for it was agreed bv
treaties to leave the crucifixes, images, and pictures, a.-i
in the times of popery. 'They fliew a very curious piece
of painting on wood, of the refurreeli'in, by Van liyck.
it is much admired, particularly fur the hands and face-,
and is laid to be one of the firil performaiKcs in oil
colours; yet is to perfedt, and delicate, as to bear the
nicett examination. But thii church, upon every frivo-
lous pretence, is fubjei5l to the iinpofitions of the Popifli
bifhop. 'The liril preacher, or niiiiiller of this church,
is called feiiior minillerii, the reft are equal as to di '-
iiity, and two ot them muft always be doitor.s in divi-
nity. 'I'herc is a Lutheran academy in the Grey Friar?
cijuvcnt, in v\hich arc leven profeflbis and one teacher ot"
the Polifh language. In this convent is alio the citv libiarv.
The other public buildings are the exchange, the
coiincil-houfes in the Old and New Town, the public
wcigh-houfe, tne ailenal, which contains a good col-
lection of arms, but many of them are old and iifelcfs ;
they have a hundred and fifty large brafs cannon, fome
of which are laid to weigh fifteen thouf.md pounds.
'They have alfo a line mill ercfted on the river liadunc,
which has eighteen wheels, is the largeft in ail the city,
and is laid to have brought in a ducat every hour lo the
proprietors.
'This city was anticntly the principal of the Hanle-
towiis, it being one of the lirll that entered into tiie
Hanfeatic aiiliciation. The (Jcrnian is almoll the only
language fpoken here, thePolidi being little ufed bv tlic
inhabitants.
This city has its own garrifon, and th.e fortifiiatinn-j
make a good appearance, efpeciiillv towaid.; the fuuth
ai.J
\-f1
1 ,
I'V
ff Pi
V- ;'(■;'
'- - !■■ ilipH
w.
V
A S Y 55 T F M OF G I. C G n
,111(1 wed ; thnfc parts of the town being furroundi-'d with
i'niin(.-nccs lunic of wl:ich lil'c liighcr th.iii the towers of
thccitw
Accorilini' to tlic bills of ni'irl.iliiy i'iL;htccn hundred
In tl.c
(HI 5,
:;2.
I.
^- i
ifiA,-r(r.
and fiirtv-fix iierfons ilii-d in thu city in i
f.inie ye.ir twelve hiiiidie 1 ;iiul ci_i;btyci;itit i'olim ve
fniall and jreat, from the V'ilUila, and a thoufand and
fourteen fliijis from the fe.i, arrived in this port; and
fifty-'.-ight thoufand -ind fixty Iniflicls of corn were
brought into this city for txiioitntion. Indeed the molt
conlldcr.ible blanch of the tiade of Dantzic is that of corn,
which is broimht by the I'oUwnleis, in lar^^e barks of a-
bout fifty tons burthen, down tiie Villula. In plentiful
vears thefc barks aniuially amount to about fixtecii
hundred. As thcfe cargoes are ofren expoitd lo thi- wea-
ther, it is curtomary to fpread their fails on the banks ot
the river, and to dry their corn upon thcin. 'I'hey alio
txport hces-wax to the snnuai amount of near a thoul.iiid
fciiippound^ ; befidcs narrow linens, I'lckin;^, pot-alh,
pcarl-adi, pipc-lhivcs, and oak-plank.
It appears from anticiit records, that Dantzic was a
lar!;c commercial city fo early as the year 997. I he
New Town was founded by the 'IVutonic kiiighis in the
'■ear I 51 1, and was lirlt cncompall'ed with a wall and
moat in i 54^ IJaiitiic ihook oti" the yoke of thofe
kniilhls in 1454, and the inhabitant,;, upon certain con-
ditions, fubmitted to Cafimir, king of Polanil, who, a-
nioiiL; other privileges, granted them thcrijht of coining
their own money. .Afterwards they rdiil'ed to do homage
to Stephen, kiii\; ofPol.md, without the previous cou-
firniation of tluir rights and privile:cs ; upon whicii tue
city was put under the ban, and b lu'ged by that ptince ;
but the .ifF.iir was accommod.it'd, and, on their pub-
lickiy acknow'.ed.'jng their error, and payinga large hue,
the king received them into favour, confirmed their pri-
vileges, and granted them the frei^ exereile of tne Lu-
ti'.cran religion. In 17^4, Staniflaus, king of Poland,
took refuge here, which occafioiied a hot liege and bom-
bardment from the Ruflians and Saxons ; but .Staiiillaus
making his cfc.ipe, Dantzic fubmitted to Augultus ill.
.ns its riiihtful foverci"ii.
The city is in the dioccfe of Cuiavi.i, and the inhabi-
tants pay the popilli hifhop all the regard coniilleiit with
the difference of their religion, and the piivilegc and
immunities of the city. VVit.iout the w.ills of Uantzic
lie the fdlowing pi -ces within its jini.diihtion.
The j^aiitz.ig'i.r Werder, or illiiid, which is furround-
cd by the Villula, the Motlau, and the moratlch caiifed
by theff river;, r.nd coiitaini .ibout fourteen hundred
hides of land, and about thirty-three villages. It is en-
tirely under the ^oyernmentof t.ie inagilhates of Dantzic;
•and tiie fcnior burjomidler, and two o! the fcnators, are
fupcrintend-mtL of it. There .ire twelve ^chjrch-villagcs
in this iilmd, and anion ■ thcp.i is one Calvinilt church
and two ch.ipels.
The Frifehe Nehrung is a long narrow flip of land, c.x-
tnuling between the fea and the harbour. It contains
five villages that h,;ve churches ; but the moll remark-
able place on this idand is a fort called .Mviiide, which
;,s very llronj, and h.i:; a churcli and a commodious har-
bour.' ThcHohc, on which are eight church villages;
and the little town of Mela, likewife belongs to Dant/.ic,
lii'd is on a point of land wiiich projects with a curve
into the IJaltic, forming the I'antzkcrwic-bay, wiierc
ihips ulually ca!t anchor.
About a(jcimnn mile from Dant/.ic is dliva, a ccle-
bratetl convent, thnt has been tVeipiently coiifumed by
lire. It is at prefent inhabited by about fifty Ciftercian
monks. The infn'.e of the church is extremely fplcndid,
p.irticuir'.rly the high altar and the pulpit, which are
finely gilt "and cxtr.-n»ely beautiful. It has forty altars,
.■■II ciV.beliifhed with the richeft ornaments, and fcveral
chapels, among which that of the hiefi'ed Virgin is the
riiofl nia.:nificcnt. I'lic remains of the founder of the
I'l'jiiailetv, and his Inns, are ilepolited under a marble
tomh-iti'ii,- in the choir, and the walls are ornamented
with the liatue-. of the principal benefaclors to this reli-
eious hoiile. Near the entrance of the church is a mar-
ble table in th? wall, in commemoration of the rre.ity of
< >!:va C'jn 'hided in thi> iilon.illerv between the Pules
.uul Swcd<.-s in 16'
convent is ciegaii:
h.ts th.c privilege
Round this ItruCti
built. There are
belonging to Dan:
I'he next provi.
\ P II Y
'1
1*01. AND.
:ring to the
ic difpcnfai'v uc long
and well contrived, 1 his monaflery
gathering amber on the (ka coaft.
:■-• a pretty viihiL".' ha. bn-n giaduallv
; vcrai o'.tier linall towi.s in tliediiiuei
;.fP.
Ill Pr,.f.'M is tli.'.t of Culmer-
ind, or the p.-.l.r.n .tc 01 Culm, 'i his pionncc has a
|ial,itinc, who is ti.c firft of thofc belonging to PrufTu,
a callidlan, a vicc-trcafurer, a t'word- bearer, a judge,
an.l eight llarollics. The principal places in this p.il.i-
tinale are.
Culm, or Chclmno, the capir.'.l of the province, whicli
(lands on an emineiice on the banks of the \'i;hila, in
filty-three degrees twenty minutes norm l.ititir.le, and
in nineteen degrees twenty minutes call longitude. This
citv was founded in 1230- -'1'! t.ei;u' allied tiv <Mie of the
dukes of Mofavia, to the knights of the Teutonic order.
The inhabitants afterwards withdrew themfelvcs from
their obedience, and fubmitted to Pohnid. While the
Teutonic knights had the fovereigntv of Culm, the high
tribunal of Pruflia was held in this i iiy, and the Cul-
mean law became in fuch reputation, th.it there were
lew places in Prufiia or Mafovia, where it was not re-
ceived. I he bilhopiic of Culm is the moll aniient lee
in Pulifh Prufiia, and the college or chapter condlts of
only four I anons, who are thofen l.y tfic bilhoj), and
the rtll of the chapter. Culm is a large city, though
but thinly inhabited, and was formeily one of the Hanf'e
towns, it Is at prefent (ubjeil to the hifhop.
I'horn, ;."-■ chief' of the three great cities of Polifli
PnifTia, (hi: 's on the \'illula, feventy-two miles fouth
ot Dantzic, in ii.'c\ -two degrees forty-fix minutes north ,•
latitude, a..o in iiuietecn degrees fifteen minutes caft .
longitude. "his ci'.v was founded by Herman lialck,
firll g,rai)d !;: .iler of the 'I'eutonic order, who in 1231,
built the c. ;■ j of I'lioin, and in the following year laid
the f)undatii,.i of the town ; but in 1255, the nuilding
of it was d:*ontinueQ, on account of its inconvenient
fituation, and the city was built about four miles and a
half up the river, where the city now ftands. It is fup-
po('ed to have been called Thorn, becaui'e the knigius,
by building it, opened to thcmlUves a thor, or door, into
RulTia. Thus the feal of the city prefents agate thrown
open. Thorn foon after its being built became didin-
guilhed above the other towns of Pruflia by its cnjoyinc
levcral valuable privileges ; but when the Teutonic
knights made a very ill ul'e of their power throughout all
Pruflia, Thorn was the firlt city that farmed the noble
((:hemc of ffiaking off their oppreflive yoke. The inha-
bitants having concerted an agreement with the other to wn.s
in the year 1454, made thcmii:dves maflers of the caitle,
and demolifhed it ; and having expelled the Teutonic
knights by force of arms, the confederates put themfelvcs
under ttic protection of Cafimir the Great, kint: of Po-
land ; but their rights, privileges, and immunities wc-e
to remain entire. They were to honour hi;: Polifh ir.a-
jedv as their I'ovcreign ; but without any farther con-
neilion with Poland than a dole harmony I'lid alliance,
by whieii they engaged to have tlie fame allies and ene-
mies, to aflKl each other on all occalions, and recipro-
cally to promote tne welfare and prol'periti' of both
parties.
The privileges granted to thefe three clti^.i in com-
mtm were as follows : they were declared free, and were
to be govcrr-d by their own ma jiliiatcs, confiding 01
the council, the chief perlons of which are the burgravc
and prefident, the judge?, and the reprefciitativcb of' the
burghers. The members of the council were to he (liled
noble; they were allowed to hold a (upreme court of iii-
dicaturc, and in ciiminal cafes to punifli capit.illy even
thofe who were not iiihabitaiits ot the city if they were
taken in the fact; to have thi it own giiriifiui; to coin
money, and to have their Liw-fuits decided only in
Prufil.i. They were to p.iy no other culloins in Poland
but thofc ulually demanded at the full barrier on the
frontiers. LalHy, they were to be iiiembcrs of the ftate-
council of I'olifli Pruffia, and to have a feat and vote
in the Polifli diet, and iit the eleitioii of a king. The
thiid jubilee of this evjiit was conuneiuorated with gre-r
rejoiciiii- .
.■>.^.
rejoicings in
February 17
to be flruck
111 this cit;
has ten gates,
each ot whii
gifiracy, and
into one city
and moat wit
cd in comuK
tfleemed the
being broad 1
with rows of
their elegant 1
bridge over tl
cd the Kingcf
bridge in hur
funis in keepii
bridges, the
That part of
bridge, and tf
the German \
by the name o
liel called the
tinually wider.
fo that at prcf
it from one ba
moll lingular
the piles are di
fhake aiVJ totte
on it, or even
bcr of foot-pafl
with its conflri
in pafling ove
frctpiently two
the current, cai
Hence (iime ide
city of I'horn
tor the Poles, n
over it, pay no
,;., Thorn has it
only one compa
city are every \
great quantities
that grov\'s will
to that cultivat!
The inhabit.-
rcigners for the]
exceed thofe otl
obfervahle, thaj
grealcfl purity
Saxony ackiu.
not excefled, iil
burghers of '/'hi
is, that not onl
guage, which i|
tpoken here in
children hitherj
its utmoll puriiT
The iiihabitl
very early,
granted them
wi-re allowed
()!d Town, i
G'.org.e'j and
other hand, ilJ
John'", and th|
The Domiiiicii
and their conJ
didiiie nuns th|
nunnery, whi
churches the L
Lord's Sujiperl
powered to noif
in the year 151I
the papilis, ail
at Thorn, \vhi|
flrangers, and
particularly In
maintained its f
50
PoLAS-n.
r U R O P E.
;.?
uh::d
■>:i riv
VlltO
Tr.o
rcioicinijb in the fuiioj.-, of .:!! iIil- thivf juLMt cities in
February I754> when 'I'lioiii and IJantzit taiilL J iiudals
to he ttruck Oil the occafion.
In this city 'he records of I'lilifh Pnini.t nre kept ; it
has ten t;atL'5, and is divided into tlic Oid and New 'I'owii,
each cl which had lornicrly its rtl'pciitivc council, i.i.i-
i^iliracy, and police; but in 1454 they were iiicor|i'r,;ti d
into oiie city. They are, however, (eparated by a w.dl
and moat within the town, but on theoutlide are drfcml-
cJ in common by a double wall and niojii. T his is
cfteemed the handlomcit city in I'olifli PriilTi;i, its ftrects
bcirm broad and regular, and tor the moll: part planted
with' rows of trees : the hoiifes are alfo rcmarhable for
their elegant appearance ami cleanliners. 'Ilie wooden
bridge ovlt tlie Villula in this city may be jurtly eilccm-
cJ the l.-ngell-, the molt extraordinary, and cxpenfive
bridge in huropc, the city bcins; obliged toixpend ;;reat
funis in keeping; it in repair. It properly conliHs ol two
bridi'es, the ifland of Bazar dividing; it in the middle.
That part of it next to Thorn is called the (Jerman
brid7e, and the channel ever which it lies is dlecmcd
the Uerman Viftula ; but the other part is dilUiiiaiilhed
by the name of the I'ojili bridge, it lyin!; over the chan-
nel called the Polilh Villula. As the river grows con-
tinually wider, the bridge mufl necellarily be lengthened;
Co that at prefent it takes up half an hour to walk over
it from one bank of the river to the other It is alfo the
moll fingular on account of the quiek-fand into which
the piles are driven, which occafions the whole biidge to
(hake ai'.d totter whenever anv carria;;es or horl'es are up-
on it, or even when it is palled by a confiderahle num-
ber of foot-pall'engers : a (iran.,;r, who is unacquaiEited
with its conllrud^ion, apprehends hinifelf in great danger
ill pafling over it. I he ice on the Viftul.i, which is
Jrcquently two or three (cct thick, and the rapidity ol
the current, carry away every year at lead one thud of it.
Hence fome idea may be formed of the vait expence the
city of Thorn is at in repairing thefe annual damages;
for the Poles, notwithlhmdin;; the heavy loailsthey bring
over it, pay no part of the expence.
■ , Thorn liss its own garrifon, which generally confifts of
only one company. 1 he l'o]ie, gingerbread, &c. of this
city are every where in great requelf ; and accordingly
great quantities of them arc exported. The afparagus
that grows wild in fome of the city lands is not inferior
to that cultivated in the gardens of other countries.
The inhabitants of Thorn are commended by all fo-
reigners for their civility and polilenefs, in which they
txceed thofe of every other town in Pruflia. It is alio
obfervable, that the CJerman tongue is fpoken here in the
greaiclt purity ; fo that even the inhabitants of Upper
ijaxony acknowledge that they are at prefent equalled, it
not excelled, in this particular by the commonalty and
burghers of I'horn. JJut what is Itill more remarkable
is, that not only the (icrmanbiit even the Polifh lan-
guatie, which is neccflliry for carrying on trade, is alto
ipokea here in fuch p.'rfciilion, tliat the Poles li;nd their
children hither, merely to learn their native tongue in
its utmort purity and el.'gancc.
The inhabit.mts of Thorn embraced the reformation
very early. In the year 1557, king Sigirmund Augullus
granted them eonfiderable privileges. The Lutherans
were allowed St. John's church and St. Mary's in the
Old Town, and St. J.smcs'a in the New, befules St.
C/'-or'.'.e's and St. Catliarilie's in the fuburbs. On the
otiier hand, the Papills were allowed a chapi.1 near St.
fohn's, and the church of St. Laurence in the fuburbs.
The Dominicans retained their church of St. Nicholas,
and their convent in the New 'I'own ; and the Bene-
dicline nuns their church of the Holy Cjholf, and their
nunnery, which Itands on the Villula. In the above
churclus the r^uther.ms admimllered the facrament of the
Lord's Supper in both kinds, and the council are cm-
powered to nominate the ininitlers of their religion. But
and alternately with the king of PJanJ nominate? the
Komidi priell who officiates in it. In this church is t(J
be teen the epitaph of the celebrated ailronomer K'ic\\i ■ iif^f^rntcus.
las Copernicus, who was born in this city. In iCO;, St.
James's church, in the New Town, with the holpital be-
longing to it, was t.iken from theLutherans, and given to the
lirnediiitine nuns, and they were deprived, in the fame un-
jud manner, of St. Mary's, the only remaining Lutheiaii
church, with the celebrated feminary, which was removed
to another edifice, after having flourifhed there finee the
year i 568. The Lutherans of the Old Town continued
fur feveral years to perform divine fervicc publicly in the
exchange, which (lands in the market-p/iace ; but that
edifice was ^00 fmall for the coiigr.'gation ; for the
burubers amount to at leall a thoufand men, who are all
Luther.ms, except about thirty perfons ; on which ac-
count they h.ivc I'lnce the vcar 1755 built a new church
on one I'ule of the market-place, '['here are lour Luthe-
ran churches in the villages belonging toThorn. In the
city are alfo fome Calvinills, who perform their religious
worfhip in a private houfe. The Jews have likewife a
ftnall fvnagogue in the city. About a German mile from
Tliorii is a i^oiiifli chapel dedicated to St. Barbara, dif-
tinguilhed by many pretended miracles ; and an annual ^
procedion is made with great folemnity every V/hitfun-
Tiicfday from the city to this chapel, lor obtaining pub-
lic indulffencies.
Among the public edifices of the city, the towii-houfe
in the Old 'I'own is w irth the notice of the travtiler : it
(lands in the market-place, on every lule of which very
liandi'onie houies are ereiftcd, and forms an elegant qua-
drangiilar fquau (Iruoluie, built with fuch magnifi-
cence, that lor the beauty of its architedlure, foreigner)
give it the preference to nioft edifices of that kind in
Europe.
The exchange, which is alfo in the market-place,
is a fuperb (Iruilturc, adorned with towers, and its
front emhcllilhed with gilded buftoes of the kings of
Poland.
Tne popifh churches, both for their fpaeioufnefs anJ
ornaments, dcferve particular notice, as does the Jefuit's
college.
The junkcrhof which (lands on the bank of the
X'illiila, and belongsto the exchange, is a delightful place
intended for feftivity, and the entertainment of the prin-
cipal merchants and citizens.
The leaning tower, as it is called, is an extraordi-
nary piece of architecture ; for as its outlide is built
ohli ;uely from the ground, it appears as if ready tc»
fall : liut on the infide the lloors and ceilings arc pcr-
icMy horizontal, and the walls perpendicular to the
hori'.oii.
(jraudcnz, formerly called Grodec, and in the Polifti
language CSrudziand/, is a handfomc town pleafantly
lit'jated on an iOimd formed by the river Od'a, which
hire (lows through two channels into the Villula. The
cafllc (lands on an eminence, and within it is a church ;
there is another in the town, of which the j^uthcrans
were deprived in 159X, on which account they are
obliijed to perform divine fervice in the town-houf'e,
where they have alfo a fchool, and the Jefuits :i college,
The Piullian diet is held here and at Manenburg alter-
nately.
The next province ofPolifli PrulTia we flnll defcribc
is the prelechire of .Marienburg, which has a palatine, a
vice-trea!'urer, and a provincial iudge. This p.datinate
contains three werders. A werder is a fen, or moral's,
furrounded with water, and improved for tdlagc and
habitation. They produce plenty of o;rafs and corn, but
have feldom cither woods or hills. Thar called the wood
of Elbin:: is the moll conl'iderable in this dillriet. in
! mai.y parrs the only fuel is turf, flraw, and (lubble ; and
even where there are woods, they afford little game, ex-
cept hares, woodcocks, and other wild-fowl, but harbour
the year 1505 St. John's church was transferred to ! very fierce wolves. The fielh water in thefe werdeis
the papills, and afterwards the Jefuits built a college
at Thorn, which has always been much frequented by
Grangers, and has occafioned many calamities to the city,
particularly in the year 177.4. The city has, however,
maintained its right of patronage of the above church,
50
very good ; the -ir is tolerably healthful ; a great number
of cattle arc bred here, and the horl'es arc much edcem-
ed. 'T'he inhabitants of the werders have from time im-
memorial been free peafants, and arc filled the royal
vall'd) and wcrdcrcrs. Thole however who are fubjed ta
1" the
m
f:
iiii
■V
n
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
I'ciAvri.
tli'/jurll'iliif^ioii of the cities, arc- under greater rcftriflions
llian tiie royal pcafants who live in the Marienburf^
werdci.:. Tlu-y l'pi.-.ilc the Cjciiiian ami I'olilh languages,
;in.l are lor thf moll part Luihcrans or i'apilh ; but there
are alio fume Calvlnills, aiiJ a confidcrable number of
iMeiiimiiitcs, a fort of Uapiilh.
I'he principal places in the prefeilure of Marienburg
are, Marii-nburg, a well built town, (lands on an enii-
, nonce near the river Ntigat, in a picalant and fertile
Jij,:ii . comit:-)-, in fit'tv-four degrees twelve minutes north l.iti-
'ff!l%' tude, aa.l in ninetLX-n degrees twelve minutes eaft lon-
gitude. Here is a lianJlome church dedicated to the
Virgin Marv, from which the town takes its name. The
wooden bridge l.iid over the Nogat is live hundred and
thirtv-nine feet in length, and is a very great charge to
the city ; the fund appropriated for building and repair-
ing it not being fiilTieicnt for that purpole. in the catllc
is the treafnrv, where are kept the revenues of I'olilli
Pruflia : the Itreets of the tov.'n are very dirty. Moft of
the inhabitants arc Roman catholics, and there is but
one Lutheran church.
F.lbing, a handlbme large city, fortified after the an-
ticnt manner, (lands on a river of the fame name, in
j^; 'ij. lifty-four degrees twenty-one ininutis north latitude, and
/g: Tg nineteen decrees fifteen minutes call longitude. It was
built in I2^((, and is a ])lace of confidcrable trad;. J>e-
twecn the Old Town and tlic fuburbs, where the flore-
lioufcs of the merchants are ereeied, runs the river El-
baig ; and the Old Town is divided from the New bv
a wali and moat. The houfes are high, narrow in Iront,
and built in the old talle much like thofe at Dantzic.
T'he (Irccts are alfo very narro.v, occafioncd by the bal-
conies which projeiH: into them ; and before thefe are
receptacles for all the dull and filth tlirown out of the
houfes. Here are ten churches, in which divine fervice
is performed. That of St. Nicholas, wliich is the larged
and liandfonieft church in Pruflia, was given up to tlie
papifls in i6]6. The Calvii. ills perform divine firvice
in a large hall, and the Mcnnonitc- in a priiate lioul'e in
the city ; but the Rhool beltings to the Lutherans. This
is one of the Hanfe- towns, and as it is inhabited by a
colony from Luhec, it i:, ;^overned by the laws of that
city; the burghers, however, have theii particular rights
and privile};cs. The caidc, which was built in 12;^-,
was demoliihed by the burgliets in 1454. I'hc fortifica-
tions towards the wcrder aic very (light, but on t!ie op-
pofite fide they arc in a much better condifio-i ; yet it
IS elteemcd one of the (huii;;(.(t towns in l'(difh l-'ruHia.
Some companies of the ciown-army of l^)land are can-
toned in this town, but the burghers keep guard at the
gates, and the fuburbs have a I'rulljan garrifon.
This city in ccel .fiaflical matters is under the jurif-
diclion of the bifhop of Ermeland, as far as is conliitcnt
with the dillerence of religion, and without prejudice to
the rights and privileges of the city ; but in civil affairs
it is only fuhjec^ to the king. In 170^, Elbing fell into
the podWfion of the Swedes, who laid it under ccuitri-
bution ; but the RufTi iiis took it from thcin by (lorm.
It was formerly mortgaged to the elcfloi of Branden-
burg, as a fecurity tor the paytnent of four hiindrej
thoufand rixdollars ; but as tb.e eleiitor did not receive
the fum (lipulated, the king of Pruifia took pofieflion of
the didridl belonging to the city, in wrtue of the above
agreement.
The lad province of Polifli l'ru(rta which remains to
be mentioned is that of Ermeland, which is eiitirelv
furrounded by the kingdom of l'ru(iia. This provinct-
belongs to no palatinate, but is entirely fubjcct to the
bidiop anil chapter ; li) that neither tiie nobility nor thi;
other inhabitants of Krineland can appe.il to any other
judicature. Two-thirds of this province belong to the
bidiop, and the remaining third part to the ciiapter.
Their fubi^'dls have recourle to the fame courts of judi-
cature as the red of the PrulTians ; but they have (bmc
particular laws to themfelves. They have alfo a pro-
vincial diet, to which the nobility, the burghers, and
country judge;, together with the freemen, arc fum-
moiicd. I'hough the Eimelandcrs do not alTid at tht:
I'ruflian diets, the bilhop is always prefcnt, and propolea
whatever is debated cuncerniiu; his dioeefe, particularly
in relation to the taxes, according as they have been
agreed upon in a provincial meeting held for that pur-
pole, where the Ermelanders feldom dill'ent from their
bidiop and tlie I'luinan ihites.
The mod conliderable places in Ermeland are,
IJraunllicrg, a pretty large trading town, fituated orj
the I'allarge, at a finall didance from its mouth. Ic
was built m 1255, and received its name from Uruno,
bidiop of I'rague. It is divided into the Old and New
Town, and is very populous, 'i'lie celebrated college
of the Jefuits in this town was formerly a Erancifcari
convent ; it is now under the jurifdiction of the
bifhop.
Heilll'crg, a beautiful town on the Alle, in which*
(lands an elegant feat belonging to the bifhop of Erme-
land. There is a college of Jefuits in the town. It is
laid to be built in 1240, and was dcdroyed by fire in
1 52 1. Charles XII. king of Sweden, had his head-
quarters here in i 703.
Hellll, an elegant little town with a cadlc, has a col-
lege of Jefuits, to which the church of the Holy Lin-
den-tree in Urandenburgh Pruffia belongs. 'I'his town
is well fupplied with provifions, and carries on a good
trade.
We might here be cx|>e£led to conclude this chapter
on Poland, by following the example of almoft all other
geosraphers, i'l joining to Reual or Polilh PrulTia the
kingdom of that name ; but this ncv\' kingdom ought no
longer to be confidered as a petty dukedom ; it ought
no longer to be placed on a level with Polilh Pruflia,
and the other dates dependent on the republic of Po-
land ; its fovereign has given it a more rcfpedlabic ap-
pearance in the eyes of all Europe: we ihall therefore
treat of it in a feparatc ch.ipter.
CHAP,
■! »' i. ■ tq
:r
■ 1 vii.V. :
«i^.
It owes its origin to a fulphurcous matter, is pcllucij,
and generally yellow ; hut tli? white I'ort is eft:emed the
beft. If air.bcr be well rubbed, it attr.ids liL;ht fubllaii-
ces; it is alio inflammable, and when bu'nt, its odori-
ferous effluvia furpafs thole of fiankincenfe or maltic. It
lilcewifc yields an acid fpirit. That it was once in a
fluid ftate evidently appears from the leaves, minerals,
flies, .pidera, ants, gnats, woinis, frogs, tilhes, drops of
wate , pieces of wood, and [grains of fand, that are Ire-
C]uer. y feen inclofed in it. Dr. Hufchmg obferves, that
ambei is generalW found on large trees which are buried
under ground in a vitriolic earth, and contain an oily
fubltancc ; and that hence fome arc of opinion, that the
oil being coagulated by the acidity of the vitriol, becomes
the fulid body which we call anilier. Amber is not only
obtained by di^ying, but is found in the fea, it being
wafhcd ofFthe trees by the agitation of the waves in high
wefterly or north-welf winds, and driven on (hore. The
profits atifing from amber belongs to the crown of
Pruflia, and annually amount to about twenty-fix thou-
iatul dollars.
1- --- - .-■ ■••■•^MVJlll \VCi^ III
the year 1755 computed at (ix hundred and thlrty-
iive thouf.ind nii;e hundred and ninety-eight perlims ca-
pable of bearing arms, and confift of native PrufTians,
who, from their language and manners, appear to bcdc-
feended from the Germans ; of Lithuanians, who havi
their pjculiar language j and of Poles. Since the year
i-ir), it IS computed that above thirty-four thoufand per-
fons have removed from France, Switzerland, and Cier-
many into the kingdom of Prufli-a, fcventcen thou find of
whom were Saltzburghers : fuch advanra'.'cs has this na-
tion reaped by wilely giving encour.agement to all who
were peifecuted on account of religion, to fettle .here.
Thefe (hangers have built four hundred fniall vdlagcs,
eleven towns, eighty-fix feats, fifty new chiirnes, anJ
founded a thoufand village-lchools in this countiy. Lit-
tle Lithu.inia is for the moll pr.rt peopled by thci'e colo-
nies i but it is thought that Pruflia can atForJ both roon»
and lubfillence for as many more emigrants.
The Pruni.in nobility are for the molt part defcendeif
from the antient (lermans, and the iieafams arc chiefly'
vall'als cither to the king or nobles,
— ^-
... ^-
pFft'lf ._ WBmft'ltH ' " " JI'l^iflB"
iiiWiiiii .
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*M lO. ■,r""-'4i; rruiiiiln' Siiui lliiiH-iis ' »"v I', '>,"]/ ^
7
L>-,i^."'''Ji «;j,,.
f/^./v;
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CHAP.
( IS )
CHAP. IV.
Of the Kingdom of PRUSSIA,
SEC r. I.
■Jhi Silii.itian, E.Yttnl, Clim,it'\ Pi'.liri; Riven, Liici,
ami Htiyi of the Kin^ihm of Pniljiii in grmral ; with a
riiirtiailar Acciunt of the Propcitia of Amber ,
THIS klnplmn, which h.i", hccii jnru'r.tllv c.iHfJ
Diii;il I'rufli.i, :iiul hehjni^s m the hoiilu of lltaii-
ilciibiir;:, is (hviilcil hciiii iht- other ihiiiiijiinjib (it its lovc-
ioi.;n by I'ohlh I'mfTii, and \s bnii;iiliil on th^' north hy
S.imogiiia, on the vxW hy I.ithiiiiiii.i, on the (oiith hy
I'olaiid I'ropcr iliul M.i('ovi.i, and on thi' well hy I'oiifll
I'lulPia and the Haltic. Its grcatcit length Ironi its nor-
thern extremity to SoUlau is abont a hundred and ninety
inile;, and its breadth from the borders ot' the great
dutthy ol Lithuania, near Shirwind, to the wellern coall
ot Sandand is a hundred and tourteeii miles ; but in otiier
places it is nuieh narrower.
With relpciil to the climate and fcmprratnre of the
sir, the two lalt months of the f|iriiv^ and tiie two firll
fummcr months are temperate, warm, .md pleafant, and
the weather generally favourable lor bringin;; the fruits
ot the earth to maturity ; but before and alter thefe
months the air is C(jld and piercing : autumn is often
wet, and the winter fcverc. The air is, however, well
purified by high winds. A3 to the dillempers which moil
prevail in I'rulfia, the inhabitants arc more fubjedl to the
gout and Hone than to the fcurvy.
The foil prtxluces great plenty of corn, fruit, excellent
herbs, and padurage. Pruffia likcwife abounds with
flocks and herds, and exceeding tine horfes ; its chief
commodities are buck-wheat, wool, flax, hemp, wax,
honey, hops, pit-coal, and pitch.
Hruffia alio affords plenty of game, as elks, (lags, roc-
bucks, white and common hares, and wild boars ; and
is inftlled with beads of prey, as lynxes, bears, wolves,
and foxes ; but as for the buffaloes that formerly fre-
quented this country, tli.-y have been extirpated by the
poachers, and wild hoifcs aiidalfes feein to have deferted
i'rulTia.
The woods, particul.iily 'hofe of oak, arc faid to be
greatly dimminied, rfpccially iti Lelfer Litiiuania.
Pruflian manna is iound in the meado-.vs on the top of
a kind of g.al's, and gathered in the morning, while the
dew lies upon it. Natangcn yields the belt: ibrt, and in
the greatcll plenty.
The beautiful red colour called St- John's blood, is
made of the eggs of a fmall worm, or infedt, very com-
mon in this country.
Vaft quantities of amber are found on theroafls of the
Baltic, in PrulVia, particularly on the Samlaiul fliore.
It owes its origin to a fulphurcous matter, is pellucid,
and generally yellow ; but the white fort is elfemed the
heft. If amber be well rubbed, it attraiis light fublfan-
ces ; it is alio inflammable, and when buiiit, its odori-
ferous efHuvia furpafs thole of frankinccnfe or malHc. It
likewife yields an acid fpirit. That it was once in a
fluid fbtc evidently appears from the Ic.u'os, minerals,
flies, .pidera, ants, gnats, woims, frogs, hlhes, drops of
watc , pieces of wood, and grains of land, that are Ire-
qiiet. y feen inclofed in it. Dr. Hufchmg obl'erves, that
ambci is generally found on lirpe trees which are buried
under ground in a vitriolic earth, and contain an oily
fubltance ; and that hence fome are of opinion, that the
oil being coagulated by the acidity of the vitriol, becomes
thefolid body which wc call amber. Amber is not only
obtained by digging, but is found in the lea, it being
walhcd off the trees by the agitation of the waves in high
welferly or north-welt winds, and driven on Ihore. The
profits aiifing from amber belongs to the crown of
PrutTia, and annually amount to about twcnty-lix thou-
sand dollai s.
PriilTia yields neither fdt, wine, nor mineral}, cxcc,'^
in lonie places it contains iron ore. It is for the molV
p irt a level country. Among the Pruflian mountains, thai
of (joldherg and (loldap are the hi: lull.
The lakes, river.-, and canal', with the nei'Thbourinp;
fe.i, afford a v iriety of excellent tidi, as lalmon, Itnr
geon, cod, tnrbots, folcr, hallybutD, pike, perch, plaife,
eels, and many other;.
The princip.il rim i in the kiiigdcm of PrufTia are, the'
Wcichlel, or Viftula. the Pregel, the Meiiiel, or .Mum-
mel, the I'.ill'arge, and the Alle. I'lule rivers ari' paitly
navigable, but it certain times of the year, and in higli
winds, are apt to overflow their bitiiki, and to c.iulc ter-
rible inundations.
This country is likcwife watered by feveral t.ii,/' bavs,
lakes, and canals, which yield great plenty of lilh, auJ
the coiivciileiicy of a communication by water betweei)
fevcral towns, the principal of thtfe aie.
The I'rifchc Haf, or Krefli Haven, in Latin Sinus Ve-
nedicus. This bay is from five to foiiite;n miles iii
breadth, and fifly-ieveii in length. It has a communi-
cation with the ll.iliic by a ilrcight c.illcd the Gatt,
and in other places is feparated from the Baltic by a nar-
row Hip of land called the Frifche Nerull|^ '1 hcCiatC
is about an Knglifh mile in breadth, and twelve feet in
depth ; and the Krifche Haf is fo fhallow, that no fhi|-.5
of burthen can fail upon ir, and therefore they arc oblig-
ed to unload at Pitlau.
'I'he Curifche Haf, in Latin Sinus Curoniciis. This
bay is about fevenry miles in lenLtth, and tweiitv-eiL';ht
in breadth. It is feparated from ne U..!tic by u narrow
ridge of land called Curifche Nci.;n!r, but i(jins the li.'.^
near Memel, where it is about an tni;;li(h' mile broad,
and nineteen feet deep. Tliis bav is full of danijeroui
flR-lves and fand-baiik-i, and is agitated by frequent Itornis.
Its coads on every fide are inhabited by lilheinRn.
As to inland lakes, this country has niany of thuin froni
four to thirty miles in length, and live or fix miles in
brc.ad'.h ; the principal of which are thofc cf Spirdin^',
Angcrburg, Rein, and Dr.iufeiT.
SEC T. n.
Of the Inhahiinnts of the Kin^Jom of Prujfia. Their Numln-f
Defunt, timl Rc'.iyjiii. Their Maiuifattiirci, CGmnniii-
lu-i, ti'itl Coins. The Hi/kry and Arnii of Prujjia \ t! f
Orileis of Kni^hthoiil j the Farm of Government, an;! the
ro)id Revenue.
THE number of inhabitants in this kiiifrdom MTroi.T
the year 1755 comjiuted at fix hundred and thirty-
live thoulaiid nine hundred and ninety-iight perfcin; ca-
pable of bearing arms, and conlid of ii.itive Piuiriansy
who, Irom their language and manners, appear to bedc-
Icendcd iVom the Germans ; of J..ithuanians, who have
their peculiar language ; and of Poles. Since the year
171a, it is computed that above thirty-four thoufmd p.-r-
fons have removed from France, Switzerland, and Cier-
maiiy into the kingdom of Prufli-a, feventceii thoufand of
whom were Saltzburghers : fueh advanta?cs ha.s this na-
tion reaped by wifely giving encouragement to all who
were petleciited on account of religion, to fettle there.
Tliele Itrangers have built four hundred fmall villages,
eleven towns, cighty-fix fe.its, fifty new churches, antt
founded a thoufand village-fc'iools in this cotintrv. Lit-
tle Lithuania is for tiie moll prirt peopled by theli; colo-
nies J but it is thought that Prullia can atford both roon>
and lubtillence for as many more emigrants.
The Prullian nobility are for the molt part defcendeit
from the autient (lermans, and the pcalants are chicH/
vall'als cither to the king or nobles.
V/kH
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With rcrpf^'> to the religion nf IVulTis, tlic iiihjliit.inti
iirc III jjciicr.il Iiiillicrain i but as ;i yic.it iiuiiiIk r iil the
culunilK .ifL- C.ilviiiilt>, they hjvr allu ihi tr i.liiiii'hc>,
nut Hilly ill ihi' ( itics jiiil liiwM'', I'lit ill t>Mii<' villj;',< '>
they hive ,1 |i.ii(iiiil.ir ihurih j|>piii|ii:>it(il tn tliiir ulo,
anJ ill (uhcr (jlacci thry pi'ilnniv liiviii': (iivitc in the
Luihri.iii thur.lici. 111!.' l'.i|iill', h.ux- :i lew chiirchiN
in thi.i kiti^'Jom ) hrrc arc .ill'j lomc Metiiioiiiti:/! aitiJ ,i
lew ciiiij;rc);4lK)ru o( Sminian!!.
'J'lic in;imila,;lurc\ in I'nifli* arc ilaily imprnvinj .uul
iiicreafing', particularly the pl.ili .iiid iron woik-, nuiiu-
faifliirc ot Tilk, cloth, t.imbkt, linen, aiiil lloikiiH!<i
p.tpi-r, powilcr, copper, and hral'. iiulK. I'rmila is (un-
veniently firiitf.) lor tiaJc, ami m promote it a cullc(;c
ot' coniiiv ■•• and luvi^ation has been ciiiiteil, whieh
takei cniiiii/.inee (if all dilpute. and propulalii lelalin^ to
trade and cniiimfree.
'I'lie loiiiiiiodila^ of I'riiflis and (Ireat Lithuania fold
to forcij;ii merchants and annuallv iX|iortid, are all
kiiuU 01 grain, to the amount o| twntv thoiilmJ lads ;
|iinc trees lor mall , deal 'jiiaril , .nid other timber i tar,
woud-afljcs, put-a(li, elks f' 1-ather, liirs, aiiibir, a-
bout twelve tii'uiiand tive i.uiuire.l Itrmc ot'wa\, lionev,
manna, liniUd oil, flax, hcnp, linlleJ, and liemp-leci ;
ulfo yarn, ho;;s brill'v>, lta[;s horns .mJelks hools i o.it-
incal, mead, ilried lilh, "iturgeoii, caviar, lampreys,
(aufa^C', butter, and tallow, otwiiieh lad tlin-' ihoulaud
tour liiindied lloiie aie exported every year.
The miinber iW lorei.;ii (hips ih.it relort hither I'ur thel'e
jjoodb are luppoled to aiiioiiiit to iiboiit live hiin.lr. d and
lilty, which impuit liicli comim^ditMs a.s are w.inie.l lu re,
as wine, (alt, (jjices, linen and woollen llulf's, heriini;-,
tin, iron, lead, tubatco, lUL^ar, lice, colt'ec, lea, railiiis,
almon.ls, prunes, illdi o, Mi../.il wood, &c.
With rel'pcjt to the rrulFian coins, they are as fidlow ;
Six pl'eiinin;;-., wliivh .iie only imiijinary pieces ot
ir.onev, make a I'rufli.ui or i'olilh rdiillin;;
'I'liiee li.hdlin.'s make a I'riillian or I'olilli profchen,
each grofcheii beiii_^ ot the value ot levcii-tilicenths of a
jicniiy llcriinj;.
A IJrandcnburj piece, of fix |)l'enniiig.s, contains two
grofcb.en.
All ort is ciijhtccn grofchcn, which is the highcIV
grofchen piece, and is worth about tight- pence lialtpenny.
A dollar, which U iq lal to three tlullinjis and (i:;-
pciicc lUrlinj;, is worth tlnce guldens, ninety grofchcn,
jive ajht/.cniiers iiU' en i\.her^, thirty dutclieiis, or two
huiuhed and fcvtntv iciiihinjs.
IJucat-, Ipccie d .Uais, two-lliird |)ieces, :md other fo-
reiijn gold and lilverciMi, arealfj current in I'ruflia,
'I'hj iLTiTie ct l'.'ufli.'.;is was unknown till the tenth
century, and itr. etymolo;y i.; very uncertain : fonic au-
thors luppofe, that thi; lormcr inhabitants, .'.lluding to
their pr";;inuiy to th: R:iirians,t.-dled thmifelves Poriiin,
or bordering on the Ruflians, for po, in the old I'ruffian
la:i;ni. gc, liL;n;i'ie5 near.
la that age the kini;.s of Poland tonl: great pains, and
even made ufeoi fire .'.nd fword for the converllon of the
I'airaa Prufliano to Chritlianity. l!olella-js 1. beyan with
c.i..fti'i!ng the I'ruC.ians for the murder of St. Albert, or
Adelbcir, called the apoltlc of that nation. His fuc-
c.'llors h.id alio feveral quarrels with the Prufjiaiio ; and
JJolcilrais I\'. who co.niniittcd dreadful rava;jei in this
country, lnft his life in an unUiccehlul b.ittle in i i6'^.
In the thirte'iith century the I'rufiians iavai;ed Culm,
Ciijivia, and Mafovia ; upon which Conrad, duke of
Mafovia, y,as obliged to apply to his allic.':, who all wore
the crofs, which they carried into the field auainlf the
I'nifliaiis whom they conlidercd as the enemies of the
Ctuillian name. JJut all their efforts proving inert'eiilual,
the duke applied to the titrman knights ot the reutonic
order, and lliongly reprefented the great importance of
dcferidin:r the Ironticrs. Accordingly, in 1230, they
obtained the palatinates of Culm and IJobcr/.in for twenty
years, and idtcrwards for ever, wiih the abfohite autho-
lity of any future con(|uerts in I'rulTia. Thcfe kniglits,
after Ion;; and bloody wars during the fpacc of lilty-threc
years, by the afiiltance of the fword-bearing knights, fiib-
diied the whole country. Afterwards a v\'ar broke out
betwee.i tiie Teutonic knights and the Lithuanians, which
was alt', ii'.ed with the mult dreadful outra-'cs, Thefc
!;ni;{ht« m.idc rctii.ion the cloak i f their aniliiiinu »ic\v>,
and under the prri'-nie of propagatin,; rhogolpil i>l pcKc,
i-ommiited the nn \ inhum.ui b.iihjritr.ji and it ii j'lin-.
r.dly .igntd, lh.it they i xtirpate.l the n..Hie I'lulli.iii,,
and planted the (ic, 'i.iii] llMe in their llcid. lint n,
1.^1') their lavage ■/, I le end a teriilli.* « l,n \ , (oj
alter a ii|o|^ bloody ba. Icthey weic totally iKlcated.
Ill 145.^ Ii.iilot I'rulh' revolted I'lom their ob.ilirjicc to
lb ■ I iiuoiiic ord r, and dsdarcd (or C.diinir 111. kiiij; o('
I'oland. Tliiii (i.cationcd a liclh ctVulion ol blood) tdl
at lalf a peace wa> concluded in ii'ifi, liy which it was
agreed, that the part now tailed I'l... \ I'lud.a lliuiilij
tominue .1 lice|uoviiKC under the king'ii proteilioii « .md
that the knights and tf.egr.ind m.dtcr 111 iiiid polKl;, tin-
ulhrr part, but were to ai knowledge thenifelves vallaU
(d I'ld.'.nd. 'I'be knights loon endeavoured, hut in vain,
to throw I'lK this yoke. In 1519 they railed new wati,
which weie terminated in I5:5> bv a prai e toncludtd at
Ci.icow ; by which It was a:',ieed, (hat the niaii^ravo
.All'eit, gland niallir of tiie i eutonie order, (liuuld ho
aiknowlnlged dukeor fuvcreign (d theealtpait ot I'ludiu,
which he was to hold as a liet of Poland, and uliich wai
to dcKeiid to his male hciis ; and upon f.nlure of male
illue, to his brothers .ind theii male heirs. 'I'hua end-
ed the foveici-nty of the 'I'eiitoiiie order in I'lullia, alter
it had fublilted three hundred years.
The new duke favoureil the introduction of the re-
loiincd iili;'ion into his dominions and loiinded the unl-
v ilily ol Ki'iimlberg. '1 be tliclor joachim addid the
dutil'y of I'lulha to the electoral hoiile ol iJiandenburii,
witli vtiiich It had hern long clofely connected. I'tie
icigii of the <Iei;lor (ieoige W'llliani was unhappily dif-
liiig'olhid by the c.il.unitKs of a thiity yeais w.ir, in
wIikIi 1 lullia hiH'ereil mu> h liom the ravages of the
Swciles : but I'tedLTic \i ilii.nn, his Ion, w.s by the
conventions rd W'el.iu and Hroinberg freed by C.dimii,
king ot Poland, from vallal ige, and, with fiis difccnd-
..iils decbieil independent and lovueign lords of liispait
of I'rulii I. lie alio olitained a giant ot the lordlhips of
L.iiieiiburg and Kiitow, to be held in the Uine manner
•IS liiey had formeily been by the dukes of Ponierania j
and having laithcr increa'.ed the power of hii eleiitoral
houfe, obtained the title of the Great.
Frederic, the Ion of Frederic William the (Jreat, and
the I'randfather of the prcfent king, railed the dutchy of
PrulFu to a kingdom, and, on the eighteenth of January,
I 701, In a folemii allembly of the Itates of the empire,
placed the crown with his own hands upon his head and
that of hii confort ; foon after which be was ac-
kniiwledgcd as king of Pruflia by all the other Chrillian
powers.
[lis liin Fredeiic \V'illiam, who af.cnded the throne in
1713, peopled his country by the favourable leccption
he gave to the diftrcncd and pcrfecuted Salt/hurghers,
and rendered his reign glorious by many ufelul and inag-
nihcent foundations.
This nion.irch was fuccccdcd in 1740 bv his fon Kie-
ilcric 11. his prefeiit majclty, who has annexed to Ins do-
minions the greatclt part of Silefia and Lalt IVieflaiid,
rendered his kingdom formi lable by his v.ilour and un-
common prudence, and promoted the happinels of his
lubiects by an amenilment aiul reduction of the l.iws,
the increale of commerce, and many other wife regula-
tions.
'Fhe royal arms arc argent, an eagle difplayed fable, /I •
crowned, or, for I'rullia. Azure, tlie imperial Icejiter
or, for Courland. Argent, an eagle difplayed gules, vvith
femi-circular wreaths, for the marquilate ot IJrandcn-
biirg. To thelo arc added the refpevitive arms of ihc fe-
veral provinces fubject to tiie Prulliaii crown.
There are two orders (4 knighthoo.1, the firft that of
the black eagle, inllituted by i'rederic I. on the day ct
tiis coronation at Koniglberg. The enfign is acrolsot
gold, in the fliape of that of Malta, enamelled with blue.
In the middle ot it, on one hde, is a cypher of the king's
name, F. R. and at each of the tour angles, next the
middle, is a black eagle difplayed. The knights wear
this ciofs appendant to a bioad orange-coloured ribbon
over tilt lelt llioulder, acrols the brcalf to the right hip.
On the left tide of their breaft a filver liar is embroidered
on the coat, and la tht; middle of it a black ca^^lc volant.
With
FruijiA.
I
u (; V r.
■;f
A
I Iv
with i> l.iiir< I wrfiili III one ot in i.i'.mi , ;iml in tli
.1 iliiiii'k-rh.ilt, Willi itiin iiioitu, SiiiM 1111(^111'.
(uviTii'^ii I'l iilw.ivi ('.I'lii'l iimIIi'i. iiiil ilic nun '
kniuhl)', txclulivJ ul thi; rny.il (.imilv, ii li' u-.l l..
Nixt to ihi' is tlo orilir of Mnit, inflitnt -.1 liv I'm
nirlMil iii.ijillyi ill'- ''uliiMi I.I whi li Is 1) (.(ilj.ii ll.ir ul
I'i .ht r.iy- iMi.iiiu ll'il witli liliu', wIikIi Ii worn .i|'-
iitnilciil 111 .1 black Mlibdiif.l^'.i-J Willi hlvki-, .in J tlic muiin
1, I'lll'K I.P MHUIK.
I'rcdiri.' ilii- Sccoiul h;is piw iiKulillcil il'^ form ot |;n-
vtiiiiiK'iiii 'II"' •ipi'iiiiiH'l iiii'^' ilM;iilHrs (it jiittitc till
ilctciiiMiiiii;', < •i"!'''' Ill tuilc, ami ivi II cicli'li.iltiiMl .itl.iiri.
'I'licl'i' nil.' liilmnliiulL' t.illiJ liinti tmirt o( jinlicitiiri- .it
K()iii';lliiT;r, to whi. Ii Ui-v may j|)|h.mI tmin tlu' liii;li
totiit ol judiciiture. An .i|1|vmI iillo lies tu tlic llHlll.lnc•
C(lUlt I't .ipi'i^nU, wluri' till' ch,imillor lit'i as prtluK'iit,
:iii.!, aciiiriliHi; to tlic ii.iturir of the ciiilr, it may
be lartlicr liniuvcJ to llic Iccrct tlianibcr ol jiillitc at
iicilin.
TIlL' fuprcmc rnilcj^o in I'rtiflii is tlif loyal tmnt ot
roi;iiicy.
wtiicti lii|)i.riiili'iiiK all the alKiiri ol tin: kiiKf-
cldiii, wiuttitT civil, [loliiital, or fulilialtic il, ami liko-
^vl^^■ .ill t'ciiilal anil academical laiilc. Kvciy iikmiIici
ii IhKil a privy-counl'illor, or miiiilt. r of llalc and war,
and liai lii< particular dcpaitni'.'iit. 'i'lurc.. arc live in
imnibcr, wlio have two fecrctanc .. I'mdia lia^ its own
particular iligelf of laws, whicti was piibliflicd, witl» a
mcndinciits, in the yrar 177.1, and h.ivi; linn: been im-
proved and reduced into a Imall compil.. There .iie .illo
two elianibeis of war and tlu; doniaiie , ticifed by kin^;
r'red.-iie William, one at Konij;(ber|;, and the other at
Ciiinibinnen, that have the dircllion id' nery thiiv; re-
latiiv to the excile, ill'.- reieniie, (onimeree, in.iiuilae-
tures, magazines, lora^e, aii'l wlialcvi r belonjs to the
colonies ; every v\'ar and domain ( niinfellor has his pe-
culiar department. Subordinate to thefe aie thiioiiii-
fellors ol the taxes, the proviiu ial receivers ofthet.ixes,
the comniill!i: Ics of war, ti-e ollieeis of the cxcile .ilid
licences, the farmers of the royal dillriiSls, and the ollicets
cf the revenues in cities and towns.
The royal revenue chiclly arifcs liom the produce of
t.ic cxcife, cultoms, and leiviccs ; the lami of thero)a!
uomains, Uam[)ed pajiLr, almanacs, and new:,-papeis i
mills of fcveral kinds ; duties arifnvi; from vcnifon, and
IJC (kills 01 Hans, tik.-, and other bealls ; mall, cut in
tlic royal forelts j the fait and iron works ; the pot-
b.iiifes, granaries, inaiiiilaihires, the chell of forfeitiiies,
nn.l tl-.e receipt dull, into which the piirchale money
of ..Kids and employments is paid ; amber and the fillieries.
■j'iie taxes are heavy in I'lndii, .'.iid our .inthor obl'ervcs,
(hat whoever would live iiulependem, either in town or
I iiintiy, mull be veiv careful and iiiiiiidrious ; but adds,
that lueh perfons leldom fail of gettrir .1 fo. tune here,
when trade is brilk.
The military torccs of PrufTia, cCpecially in the pre-
fent iei.;n, have been no lei's lormiilable for their dil'ei-
pline, than by their number: and it may be judly allerted,
ih.it lor a hue appearance, military dilci[diiie, and aiitivity,
the armv <d the king ol I'rullia has not its I'lpial. Tlie
body ot cadets .it Merlin is a niirfery for good odiccrs.
Kvery re;.;imcnt has its d Uriel, or canton, where the
yoiiiij:; nun beloni;ini; to fuihdillri^l are regitter-el, and
in ca!e of necillit'/ may be 1 rilercd to march, lint to-
w.udb the concliirion of tlu' Ulf war his I'riifliin maiilU-
ili'ii'-d an order, th.it all the Hunrriits (liould lie recruited
v\'itn voluiueii ■ .md luuiyiii.i^, .md lh.it tie. ymin..' pia-
I'ai.li of I'rullia lliould remain unmolelled.
s E c r. ill.
■f gener.ii Ilirifi',n of llu- (.'uinitiy, and 11 pmtiin.'iiy Dijiiip-
lim oftkt C^iiy of Koiii^jk'rg,ll.'c Viipiltil if tl'i Kin^ihni.
'"r^nii kiii'^doiii of I'ruflia at prefent rnnfids of two
X departments, tlieCiernianand l.ithii.iiiian. We fliall
ho'xm with the tormcr, which contains forty tour towns,
iilty-fix governments, and two hundred ai.d ci..;hty pa-
liflies, feven of which aie inhabited by C.'.iUiiii(l=, leven
by Ripifls, and all tin. nil by Luiliei.in.. iJifc.re \vc
SO
lildle the leCCul .llHt'lOm of llll.dv|i,UtO,. lit, we /lull
.1 jiiiikiiUr accoinit ol the itutiopolii ot .ill I'liilli.i.
Koni'jlieri!, called III l.aiiii Mons Ko'.;iiis, 01 Ui hum
II' .Ilium, and in thcl'olilli Linmia ;',e Kiolcwics, \, le.it-
I II the liver I'lcjul, over wlmli 11 lia. liven biil^'c., 111 , ,
the liliy-foiirtli di l',K" l.)rly-lhtee iniiiut.'s iiuiili latitude, ,< ,,•/,.(
.ind Che twenty- lull decree tweiitv ininutei call Ion 'iiuJc.
I Ins city was (nuiided ill the ye, 1; i;^v whm i'liili-
II nil I. kill:' III H.jheiiiia, connii,» to tlie alTill.iike ol the
I'eiitonic kiiinhij a;;aiiill the paj^aii .Samlaiidcf., .t i.illlc
w.ii built by his advice, and alierwaid.s .1 tuvvii v.liiill
w,is n.imed Koniiilberj;, in honour ol lli.it ptiiic'' ; but
in the year \>.l\^ Koniijlbcrj; was lebuilt oil an ither
lltlMliotl,
It is .1 larjze beautiful city. The r.imp irt with wliii h it
is furrouihled is .ibout I'cveii Kiiiililh miles in tir.uit, An\
has thirty-two ravelins and eight (jates. This rampait
inelole-, leviril fvirdeii'i, the large cdllc moat, and Ionic
meadows and tiills. However, the whole circuit of the
city is above ei .ht Kn ;li(h mile,, and contains about
thiee tlioiifand ei!;lu hunlrrd bmiles \ the inhabitants a-
iniiiint to lixty Ihouland fouls. KonH'llKri.. properly ron-
lills of three towns joined together, Alllladt, Lobenitbt,
aiiil Knriphof, and of (everai fubuili..
Alllladt, which lii'inlics the Uld fown, was p.irti-
cul. Illy called K.oiii;',lL.T(5 till the ye,it lt5S'> but ali'-r-
w.iids it was II imed Alllladt, to diltin^uilli u ironi Lobe-
iiieht. It contains lixtceii Itrccts, in which are fiveliun-
died and litiy hoiiles, above one hundri'd of which arc
milt hoales ,ind brew-houfes, It has fix gates, bcl'idci
tour pollerns, two tlron;', built towers, and fiuir biid.'Cs.
lis iitliei public edifices ,110 the paiidi-ihurcll of .St. Ni-
chobis, whieli is of yen' i^teat extent i the paiilli fch.iol,
which n.is nine iiuilK'is, aiii in this edifice is the city
lihi.iry i the poor-hoiife, which is tor the inaint, 'nance of
tliirtv poeir feholai.i the to,vn-lioufe i the juiikcrhor,
where wed.linys and other folemnilic.i aio celebrate,!,
and which ha-, a Lvirden belonging to it 1 the coiiiinoii
garden, wliieh is Ireipiented by arli/aus and nicclianiib \
and lalllv, the hot baths.
The lubiirbs of Altlladt are the .Steindim, wliieh i; ex-
tremely well built, and cont:iins eleyiii llrett.!, with the;
old. if church b ■finding to Monign)crg ; the fubinU
calle.l the New Rols-Ctartcn ; on an eminence in this
fiibuib (lands th? New RoCs-li.irten church; here is
.ilfii a l.-rje hufpital for the bmv^hers widow:-, an or|)haii-
houfe, pell-hoiile, and (liootinjj-ground : the Laacke,
in which are the city tiniber-y.ird, and a long pleafant
walk called Reill'erbahn ; the f.alladie, in which are the
merchams magazine, the ware-hoiilis, the pack-houles,
the herring-biidge, the cr.nie-wh.irf, the wine-whart,
the tar-whaii', and the king's liccnce-houle, in which the
colleges of aJmiralty and licences niee: overy .Mond.iy and
riiurlday. AVithout (''e wooden gate eif Altlladt lie the"
coal -magazines, many ci wlii.h .'.re nowcoiuertcd into
dwellings; and the Lomfe, or Lanl'e, in which aru
h.mdfome biiul'es, with deligUtiul gardens. The lall
fiiburb of Altdailt is Dam, where areeiecte! manufac-
tures for woollen cloth, (lockings, and leather.
I.obenicht \y,is built about t.*"..' year ijco, and wa?
tbrmeily c.illed Neulladt, or the New Town. It nas leui.'-
gates, and is divide.l into two parts ; one whicii (lands
on an eniinence,is uliially called Der Berg, or the Moun-
tain, and contains the cily church, the city fchool,
and a public garden ■. in the other pa,'t, which ha-;
a lower (Ituation, are the tow. !ioui'c, tl e iunkjriiot,
the weigb-boiife, a l.irge hofpital, whuii l',,is a church,
and was once a convent ; and the Alunciunhof, which
was formerly a monalleiy, but has been con.,crted into a
(lure houfe.
Without the gate of Lobcnicht arc fiMcral fiibuibs, a-
monp wliieh is Siekhcim, which is almolt as old -.v, the
city itfelf, and conlills of five loner Hrects, interfcifed by
others th.at run acrofs them ; ami hns a Roman catholic
church, a (lermaii Lutheran chuich, a I.irhuanian Lu-
tiuraii church, the royal orphan lioufe, with its ch,ip-l,
and the king's great and little timbcr-vard, with the of-
fices belonging to it.
Knciphot", the moft modern of the three towns, was
not founded till the year 1324. It (lands on an ifland
formed by the river Pregcl, and is crciikJ on pdes of
U sUst'
li
4
' „,•
I %
■. \W. - tl--.
%:M
Il!>t!
* i:
i:.
?3
A S Y S T !•. M or (i F. O C, R A V il V.
lifSSIA,
tri'P, wliicli, liy length of time, arc become as liinl us
irciii. It Ills five It;;' p.itc-s, and tliirtei-n (trfi-ts, aiimnit
which the 1,(111'! Ilrcit i< tlu' liiicll in the city 'it Kiini^!-
berg. Anioii;; tlu- pulilic iililicf; in
ini; ari' thf moll ri'iiiarkaMe : the fine c.ithi:ilral, in which
V
phoftl:
: tdlld
li the I'amcms
five thoul'aiul
rstan finiflieJ
-?.i, which ciiii
pip.
ul the \V.
>.l lih
irai V.
lifts
which
(il
has ahiHc hvc thotifaml hooks : the j^ianiniar (cliool : the
pnor-linulc Itamls near the cathedral, and contain^
thirty
poor hiivs, which are dccenllv prinidcd with all kind>
.lla
On the other liile ot'tlie cathcdial Hands
the hi(ho|)"« palace. '1 he other hinldini;s are the niilver-
lity, or colli
profelliirs, e
»ij;ht tahies
■.cUilive
it is called, which has thirty-eight
lot' the tutors; in the nt'ciiloiy are
and twelve perl'oiis fit .it each of them :
twentv-eight of the ftuilenis have their commons I'.iatis,
b.lidcs fever. d exhibitions
pe
nfions, which are be.
liowed acrordins; to ir.eiit and the circumihinces of the
pnpi
The town-home, which is a very tine
ildin:;
\/liere the niajil! rates of the three towns meet eveiv day
the edifice where the loval ( lernian locictv meet
ini-kerhof : llio cxchaive tor merchants, which iser
'ilhfd
witii curious paiiitin.;';, in tixty compartmei
the
Xot
Mod of the inliabitants ol Konijifber!;; arc (Jermans of
the l,iithcran proledion, and a colonv ot French Calvi-
iiills of about liliv families are fettled there
Coiniiicrct
h.is introduced the Polilh and Lithuanian lanj^uagcs into
tins en\'.
Defides the po.ir who arc pi
'd fir in alms-lmufcj
and hol'pit.ds, above tight luuKlre>l lndi^;ciit peifu
cei\e weekly penfions out ol the ;',eneral charitable fund,
which is .1 proof of the opulence, as well as of the hu-
ni.inity ol the inhabit. iiits
We (liall 111
if the km.
an account of the feveral divifioin
• f I'nillia, and the
piincip.il placi
each. The (.11 1 in.in department isilAultd into Cicnnaii
land. Old Nata
n, and Ubeilaiid.
S F, C T. I\-
Of iht PrrjiKCi' cf Gtriihin Stiniltiii/l, and ll;- l>i im-pa
Pliiifs it icntdins \ uilli ii fiiirl^-nLir nifiiiplicn cf Pulai,
■J the
thk.
lUd F>lj:l:c Sm
ii>n:i; Cstintiy, iin,
1 Ih
t.ir from ti;e exchange is a Inundation for Ihulcnts. There
are alio tlv exterior and interior fiibiirbs.
\Vc /h.dl now delijiibe the pal. ice, which is built in the
lorin of an ohlon-.
Iqtiarc
with an aic.i
within il, that
a hiiiulie.l .mil thiity-li.\ p.icesin len;;lh, and Icvcnty five
m breadth. I'lie north li.le app.':irs to be extremely an-
tient, and even to ha\e been built when the knighis of
the Tcuti nie order Ihniriflicd. The foiuband call wiiii;s
uere crecied by tlie margrave Albert the Klder, and the
margrave Citorge Ficdeiic added the wed fide of this
iiriii;ture. In the laft are the i,iitheiaii court church ;
the library, which is opened on Wedneflays aii.l S.itur-
days ; the domain oflice ; the fupreine court of jiillice ;
tlie Sainland confiliorv ; the room where the archives of
the court .lie kept ; the Mofcin iteball, as it is termed,
which is two himdrcil and feveiiiylour feet long, and
l;'ly-nine broad ; .iiul the college ol plivficiaiis.
In the call wing are the gre.it palacc-g.ite, with apart-
inciUs for the piiiicijial minillers ol l!.ii;., am! the royal
.ipartments ; within a pavilion are ihe ihamlier of war,
T
ontams three
I IF. diilricl of (icrman .Saml.md ci
goveiimunts, the moll itmarkable placi.-. in wliicli
I'dlaii, which is clleeiiied the huKvaik and key of
Priiflia towaids the lea. It llaiul; on a poi.it of land that
projciits into the IJahic, in the filty-fouith degree loity- .< i
live niinutcs luirili latitude, and in twenty degrees five ;,•
minutes call longitude. It is well foitilieil: the loit is
ne.irly a regular |ientagoii : the ballions make a gr.ind
appearance; and all the buildin:;s belonging to the lurti-
fic.itioiis arc ilruiig, regular, haiidiomc, and well plant-
ed with cannon ; and ihe lort has a magazine foi mili-
tary (lores. 'I'lie lireets arc broad, and run in a llraight
line ; and the hoiifes arc built and fuiiiilhed in the iJutcli
tallc : the harbour is a very fine one, and vellels of great
burthen are cleared .md take in their hiding here, for the
Frilcheliof has not a fuflicicnt depth of water to carry
them to Koniglbtig.
The city is lie<(uentcd by people of various nations.
JJelow the gate of the caflle is a Ibno eipielhian (latuc
the domain-clia-nber, the accompt and rentcli.imber, and I "' I'rcderic William the (ireat, and over the gate is a tin
the excik'-oflice.
The north wing contains the ainber-ofiice, the private
rhaiKcry, the apartment in which the archive', of the
I'rufilaii liiprenie court .i;e kept, the nef-ch.imbcr, the
levciiue-ollice, the priv\ -eh.imher, where the lords of the
reuency meet, the ace. miptaiu'solHce, the college of
health, the high tribuii d, and tile apartments in which
the llates of the couiuiy allemble, and the provincial
I hells arc depofitcd.
In the fea'.li wing arc feveral kitchens and .ipartmcnts
lor the rov.d family and fiiicign princes ; at one end of
it Hands the pal.'ce tower, wdiicli is alcended by two
hundred and eighty four licps, and afl'ords a noble pro-
Ipecl of the whole city and the adjacent country. The
it.'.bles, the waidiobe, the, pleafure-gaiJeii, -.nt.] thcgreat
aiul little park are very beautiful.
In the iibeitiesof the palace, \\),ich are five in luiniber.
thi
.11
places are
the mint, the Cietii
lilt church, tlie new French church, the (jcr
watch-tower, where a ecniiiul (lands day and night,
'liiere is alfo a church in the fort, which (eryes both ir
the I.utlieians and (.'.dvinids. (Jycr the gate on one I c
of the entrance tow.irds the out-works (lands the im, ■;
ol Miirs in a hidu attiiiide, looking towards Sweden.
Ihe peiiinliila which extends trom beyond I'illau i
Filhaulen Is from its extreme pleal.intiiels and fer;ilitv,
called the I'.iradife <if PruDia ; for it not only yields :;reat
plenty of the iiecell'.uies of life, hut cveiy thing rha:
contributes to pleafiirc and entertainment. Near the a-
bove lort is a fine pl.iiii, where the Frifchchof forms a
I femicireular b.iy, which is freipiented by a iniihitiideof
I fv.'aiis, fea-incws, wild-ducks, and ether water-towl.
j On the other fide of this bay lies Old I'illau, which con-
fills ot two conlii;uoii'- v;ila:',t.i, inhabited by lilhermen ;
tl.el'e aie called .Alt Pillaii and Wograni. In Alt Pilljii
is a public Inirying-giound, and near the chureli Ifandi
on a lleep hill a building which was formerly the cullom-
lehool, where a coiigreg.ition of Pi lilh proiedants alfeni-
ble, the |ews (chool, the college, th.' g.irdcns bdoiiging
the
(tieels
lid I
everal other
le
(Ir
with lonii
which arc nianv elegant houl
The Itroiii' citadel, calli
all
d !■■
redericlhiirL
il
aiids facin
l-Ciuiphof, at the coiilliix of the two blanches of the
tN-iuipll
Pre;'il. I'his fort is a iciular fqiiare
: build
ill It IS
Koni
th broad ditche:;, and hy the i ivcr Preg
a church and an arfenil.
iii:s luiroiiiid-
and willi-
,11-
las alw.iys diltmifui
mcrce ; lor it was toriiiei
II
ly
ts trade is Hill in a nourilhmg condition.
ifhed itfelf
:.>f the Haiife-town:
The
av It - coni-
Pre^el, which is here iiavii
able fe
the
edfl
lips.
l:om a luiiu!
feet in brea
lied and tweiily to two hundred and forty
1th.
In tlie year i;:;
■th.
z th
ere ariived
in thi
port four hundred and ninety
hundred iiid ninety eight fiiialler vcRel
drcd and feventy-three ilo.its of timber.
Ihi
, befide
iij thret
oiile.
Thi;
loltv edifice ('eryc;
for the fliips bmmd to P
the profpcct thi
and nnthin:'
.lib
and
can cxcee
<i
lis,
milaiul.
1, Nata
ith a view of the Ihii
orus, ii.r It extends to a put
iiid Frniel.iiid ; aiiii is iliverlifiecl
ing in and going out of the
li.iibour, and of the Ncruiig, or narrow Hip of lanj
that lies between the haicii and the lea. In a conti-
vill
age, c.illeil
W
lies the lloibiide
the Hurgcoiis are boiled and packed up, and wh
whett-
e;e caviar
111 the
iIluH of which IS
id. The (idieriiun in thele
laris ca
exported to hug
tell at lead thiii
dih'ctent Ipccies of le
id Iredi-w.iter filll ; and in Ion
parts of the year are I'eeii altonillimg flights ol thiidhe
hlackbi
iiul m.i'Mives.
Round thele vili
a,es are a
'rcat number of kitchen-gardens and orchards, .'\fter
ailing this delicious fpot about ( )ld Pill.iu, you crols
arm, aiic llic
a barren piece ol land lo a well cultiv.ited I
Pill.iii Kiiige, .is it IS tailed, winch is a public lioub!
fcated In a mull dibi^litlul giuie, tonfiilnig ulvaiions
kinds
Pnussi.i.
kinds of t: V
.1, to artviul
bably liom il
ulitaiiii d the I
It will b,
Ciirili-he Ne
which I.-' -1 11 1
lea lioi.i
length, a
hila IS a bari|
i|iiently niak
hy the riHirs,
and hills, wil
ti reaune thi
laily on the il
pear I he- b.il
Hags, I'aU
are fever. d In I
the inhabit. iir.|
cattle.
The ne\t
tieiit wi II hull
an idand at i:
conhlis ot \\\
lubu-b'-, and tl
about a l.uiidrj^
habitants, (i
liiicc which til
however, It hi
cliieHv remaik
there with
Frederic \\ lUi
Ducal Prufiia.
In this dill, ic
with filh, and
tr.iile.
Among the
the royal iiiano
iiiilcs, till it en
I'wo new c.
canal, which joi
nionin, and .iliii
canal coiniiieiK
the river Nciiim
to Labiau, a tr
Frederic's canal
about (w miles i
works, winch ;
Pol.iiul, were exi
by order of the i
counts of Wall
which pallid thi
right in the ycai
domains.
Wc now CO
PriiHia called N
cultivated count
ol meadow l.iiiu
\eiy dony, it p
or Little I.it'nia
lorts ol game an
Old \al.mgei
1 oiilidei.ibli- plai
Cicrdauen, a f
name, was buil
river (Vnet, aiu
and baron Schl
druilure, and 1
lives its name
near whole c.iHl
ed. In a lake n
IS a plat ol i:ioui
wards and li,ru
other. It was f
length, and tw.
It art'oided paltii
it prcfent di\ ide
tiiiuallv decieali
.\lmaiiac, becau
■. ate ipproachiiK
n
I'kvssia.
F,
If
Inirli -,
'iIIjii
IbtiiJi
|(om-
iiiJtk
IL'tCll
put
Ihlial
\f ihe
lariil
liiiti-
h.a-
jtviai
l-ii;;-
')■
llJIlli;
liter
■nils
lili..-
|iulc
mis
liuls
!
4
I
HiiJs (it' tri'cs, wlidl'i' br;i!i-liiT, arc To tlndly iiitc-rwuvcii,
.1, lo ;itVciul a !.',n.>'l lli'l"r li">n the laiii. [t wa. pi.i-
hably liom this lU lii'.litliil !.',i<>vf that the a.ljatciit couiitiy
ul)taiii(>l tlie name of I'.iiM.lile.
It will Iv piiiper til take particular notice here ot the
CanlJie Neiiiin;, ealkil i-i Latin IViiini'iila Curoiieiiiis,
uliieh 1^ a naiKiw Hip o' laiiil that I'rparates tlie liallie
lealMi.i iheCiirilch '..al, aiulis aimiit fixty miles in
leni'tli, anJ 111 nidll pari^ one in bieailth. 'rhiipenin-
liil.°is a barren faiuly tiact, where the high vviiuls t'le-
ipuiilly make f.reat ravaires by te.;rlng up the pine trees
hv the roor.s, .liul biowin;^ up tlie (ami iiitohi.|h rulges
■inJ hills, which Ionic times obliges t!ie poor iiiiiabitams
t,) reniiive tluir il^'eliiiigs. Moll of the- tree.., particu-
larly -.in tlic liallie t'nie, ~arc more or lels blalted, a:ul ap-
pear 111;.- baic trunks ; they however aftnnl (h^-lter Cor
i!a"s, taUons aiul I'reat irambers of' tbnilhes. I here
lire fever.il I'mall mean v.ila.'cs on this peniiifula, in wliieh
the iiihabitaui.s live ebii Hy 'by lilhiii;;., ami have very few
dttle.
The next place \vc fhall inention is Welaii, an aii-
tient will built town, foiimleil in ijj'i. It is leatej on
an idaml at the conflux of the AIlc ami (he I're^el, ami
eoii'.'ills of two principal anil live crols llreets, two
liibu-bs anil two iiun.lre.l ami lixty-foiir houfe^. It has
;;bout a liumfreil ami fifty Inir;.;hers, berules the other in-
liabit.iiUs. Cir it part of this town was burnt in 17J'),
liiiL-e which time the buiUliiifrs have been nuich improveJ;
however, it has not re, overcil its former trade. It is
chiellv remaik.ible in hilhirv for the treaty concluded
there with I'nlaiid in September 16^7, when the elector
Kre.lerie William was invcf'cd with the fovereignty of
Ducal I'riillii.
In tliisdil'..ict are feveral naviirable rivers that abntind
with fllli, and eanal.i that are .ih'o of great fervice to
iiaile.
Ainoni; the latter is the New Deim, which bcL'.iiis at
the royal manor of Selimerberr:;, and iscairied above ten
miles, till it enters the IVcgil.
'I'wo new canals called (Ireat and Little Frederic's
canal, wliich join the nvcr Dtini to the Wippe and Ncm •
monin, ami alio the latter to the Cjilj'.c. Cireat Frederic's
canal commciKes at the Wippe, which is a branch ol
the river Ncniiiionin, and is catiicd on for fourteen miles
to Labiaii, a trading town on the river Deim. Little
Frederic's canal bigiiis at the river (jilge, and extends
about fix miles in length to the river Nemmonin. 'I'liefe
works, wiiich are very convenient for the tiaile with
Poland, were executed between the years 16SS and i(iq6,
by order of the coiintefs-dow.iger of W.iMburg ; aiul the
counts of W'aldeiibiirg received a toll from all vell'cls
which pallid through them, till the king purchafcd that
right in the year 171 j, and made it a part of the royal
domains.
We now come to that divifion of the kingdom of
I'riillia called N.itangcn, which is a populous and well
cultivated country, coiififtiiig partly ot arable ami paitlv
of meadow land ; and thougii the loil is in lome parts
\eiy Ibmv, it prodiicis better corn than citlier Samland
"1 Little Lithuania , it is alio well wooded, and yields .dl
lorts of game .ind great plenty ot fiHi.
( )ld N'at.iiigen contains eight govermiKiits, the mod
1 oiiluleiahb' places in which aie,
Cicrdamn, a fm.iU town 111 the government of the lame
name, was built in the jear i;j25. It is feateil on the
liver dmet, .uid has two caliles belonging to the count
.md baron Schliibcn. 'File new le.it is .1 magnificent
l(ru.;hire, and has an elegant garden. 1 In. town de-
rives its name fiom K. tieid.iw, a I'riiilian nobleiiian,
near whole c.illle it was built in the )ear aboveniention-
ed. In a lake near this town is a floating ill.ind, whiJi
;s a plat of gioiind covered with verdure, and diivcii back-
w.irds and (orwaids from one bank ot the lake to the
other. It was formerlv three hiiiidicil ami fifty paces in
length, and two huiulud and (ifty in breadth ; lo that
It atfordcd paltine loi a hundred bead of cattle but it is
it prcfent divided into hvi r.il little pieces, which aiecon-
riir.ullv decicahng Ibis ill.ind is c.dled theCierd.uun
.\lnianac, becaule the mh.ibil.ints of the town progii-jlH-
,.itc ipptoacliing llornij by iti motions.
O 1' F.. 7^
Raflenburtr, :i handfome town, with n caflle, in a gn-
vernment ot the f.ime name, and feated on the river
Ci.iber. It was b.iilt in the vear I v-'' '> and though ic
w.is dellroyed by the Lithuanians in 1 54S,it was loon re-
built, together wiih its c.illle, and put in a more defeii-
fiMe llate tb.in lielore. it is inclo.'ed with .1 wall ami a
rampirt. Flie (icrman parilli church is the l.irgell and
handfomell liiiietiire of tli.it kind in .ill the I'rulli.in in-
l.ind towns, except the cathedul ol .Marienwerder, and
the fenior of the three minilleis who belong to it lia.s the
luperintemlcncv of fortv-fi:; churches. 'Fhc chinch of
.'st. C.ith.uine llands in the fuburbs, and is one ol the
nioi! antient in the kingdom ol I'rudi.i ; and in the mid-
dle of the great hol'pital is th-.' church of the lluly (rholt.
Fhis hofpit.il was founded in rjOl, and coidills of two
wards, ill which tu-enty indigent perfonsarc comfortably
i provided with food and a penlion 111 money. In the fecoiut
iiofpital twenty-live poor perfons are maintained by the
alms of the ch.iiit.iide, I Lie is iillo a ichool, under the
j direction of a rector and ihiee allill.uUs. 'Fhe burghers
amount to about two liim.lrcd, molt of wluiiii .ire Lu-
therans ; and the inhabitants aie fiipported by brewing,
' agriculture, and mechanic tradis. I liis town is poHelieJ
; of thelirgell territory of any inland t.-'wn in I'mflia, ex-
cept I'llh.iufen.
.■\iigcibiirg is a modern well-built town, fitii.Ued in
the government of the l.ime name. It is incoiiip.illej
; with paliifadoe'-, .mil defended by a ttrong, calllr, built
I '" LL55 "" ""-' '"'d; of the like wdieie the liver Angirap
has its luirce. 'Ibis lake, which is feven tierm.in imlea
in length, and one and a h.ill in breadth, is of great ler-
vice to the town. ihe church ol Angerburg is a large
handfome (IriiL'ture. An aich-i>relbytery w.is foundej
here in the year 1 -2',.
Uy the fide of tne above lake, and about five niilej
from AiU'crbiirg, is Steiiiort, a noble feat ol' count
Leiendorl', wiiich has one of the linelt gardens in all the
coiintrv. I'he idaml which belongs to it, and is fituatej
in the lake, with the I'ummer-hoiii'e built upon 1;, .iri;
extremely ple.ifant.
S 1; C F. V.
0/ llr Piovhii.- aii:,;l f ;/.,■> /««,.', ■:irih ,7 n,-Jl,;'.i;:n cf its
msfl roiuirhible 7:ii ,';;.
Til K country of Obcilaiul is fertile, rich, and well
cultivated, and w.is lormerlv fo populous, th.it it
could biiiig into the iield an army of ten thouf.iiul horfc
ami blot ; but the peo|->le having, on Ifveral oec.fions,
exerciled great cruelties towards the Chrillians, the 'I'eii-
toni-j knights, in the year 127.;, ravaged Ihe coiiiitrv,
and made themfelvcs mailers of it. ()beiiand, at pre-
I'eiit, confills of nine governments, tf.e principal places
in which are as follow :
M.irieiiwenler, in Latin Infula Mariana, and in the
I'olilh tongue, Kwid'.in, is a well-built town, with a
calUe, wdiich Hands on the I'roiuieis of I'omerania, oi\
the Leibe, at a fm.ill dill.inee from the \'iliula. M.i-
lieiuveriler is lituated in the foity-third degree fifty mi- .
luites north latitude-, and w a-- liiil built in 12;^^, on a
werder or lir.all lilund called Kwiil,-.in, but w.is loon af-
ter rebuilt on the Ipot where it no\v ihimls. Fhe cathe-
dr.il, which was erected about the thirteenth ecntuiy, i.s
the largelt church in the kingdom of I'lMlIia, itliiimr
three hundred and twenty leet long, and by its llronsi
breall-works appears to have lornierly ferved lor a fc-
trefs. 'Fhe palace of iVd.irienweriler is a fpacious biiildiii:!,
creilUd in the Ciotbic talle. 'Ihe adjacent cuumiy is
verv pleafant, and tilled with eminences and gentle de-
clivities. 'Fhc inhabitants cairv on a conlideiable trade
with their neighbours. Salt-woik; were let up lieie in
the year 177.J, and in 172H w.is built n magazine lor
corn and for.ige. This town has been often J.mnu'cd bv
inundations, war, and lire. 'Fhe lea!;iie againlf the
Teutonic knights was conclmled heie in 1440, and ni
1520 the town held out ag.iinll a vi^uirous (iesa-. In
I7;~() the c/ar I'etrr the (iii.it had an intciview at this
pl.ice with Frederic I. king of I'rudia ; and king Staiiif-
laus retired thither f:om Uan'./ic in fj.). Fi.e fuburbs
iif
I51I
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i
So
A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A 1> H Y.
PlurSJ
::S:M>'
I
of Marl^'iiwcrdcr arc cciminiKillv improving, aiul the ail-
jaccnt country is Ifttilc ainI wcil inliabitcj.
, Reil'i'iiliuri; (lands on iiii cniinc-ncc near the rivet Lcitie,
>>, in the fil'ty-third de^yec torty-cight ininutes latitmle, and
derives its name trom the a tj icent I'riiiTian teriitury,
wliicii was ancientlv called kel'in. The l^nles call it
I'rahiitha, vvhieli Iranifie.; a ruinous houfe : indeed it is a
mean town, with narrow llrccts. It was built iji 1169,
and the rallle, whirh is even ftill more ancient, ilaiidb on
a hill, and is extremely decaved. 'Ihe town contains a
German and a Pulifh church. The burghers, belides
liavin:^a little commerce, I'ublill by brewing, agriciilture,
and teeiling ol" cattle. In the year 1325, 1414, and
T422, Reil'enhurg was burnt by the Poles. It was alio
tonhimcd by lire in 1O2S, i()88, and lyiS.
Mohrunccn, a little town in the government of the
fame name, is fituatcd to the north-e.dl of Reil'enburg,
and is faid to have been toundcd in 1332, and compleat
cd in 132S i but the old catHe is nioic antient. Count
Dohna has here a remaikable Icat. The town is well
built, and furrounded with good walls and a double
moat J bcfidcs, it is alnioli cneompallLd by the lake of
Alohrungen. As this town lies in the road to I'oland,
it is much tVequeiUed by lirangcr,--. It was entirely de-
ttroyed by fire in 1097 ; but has been fmce rebuilt in a
much more handfome manner than bctore.
Ollerrode, a well-fitu.ited trading town, i;i the pro-
vince of the lame name, feated bv the liver and lake of
I^iihentz, which fupply it with |denty of lldi. It It.inds
in the llfty-third degree loity minutes north latitude, in
a fandy, but fertile country. Salt u-oiks have been fet
up there, and the inhal)it,mts carry on fome trade with
Poland. Some ancient Roman mms have been found at
a fmall diltance from tlie ellate of Gorlitz, which belongs
to his PrulTian niajefty.
Holland is a handl'oine town, feated on an eminence
near the river Weeike, in tlie lifty-fourth degree four
inimites noith l.iliiudc, and has a firoiig fortrels. It is
faid to have been built by (ome Hollanders of dilfini!fion,
who fied hither oil accoant ot the murder ol count Flo-
rentius \'. tioni whom it obtained the name of Holland.
Its fituation renders it naturally Itroiig, and befides, it is
farrouiided with a wall and towers. I'he llreets are long
and broad, and the houfes well built. To this town he-
long two I'uburbs, and leveral country feats with plea-
faiu gardens. '1 he inhabitants have a free filhery, and
the liberty of going out in their boats on the lake of
Draulen. St. liarthoiomcw's church is a large hand
lonie Itruiture. The CalviiiilU cplebr,.tc divine fervice
in alari;e hall ft'hieh belongs to the fortrels, and without
the town ftuuls a church dedicated to St.Cieorge. Here
is alio a good hoipital, l.dt-worki hav ■ been crefled in
the town, and likewife a public magazine for corn and
forage. Th-; prefeni c.ftle was begun by duke Albert,
and eompleated by George Frederic. It is encompaflcd
hv moats and walls, and has tine apartments that yield
a noble proi'pect.
SECT. VI.
Ofthf Diptirtmnit cf Little Lilhuiinirt, ami tit Pcl'ifh Go-
' ■rtytimaitijulje.'l tithe Kii:g of Piujj'ui, ■uiilh the piindpul
Picha ai-.taiiitd in eaJ).
IN this divifion are e'ghtccn towns, fixty-two dlftriiSls,
and a hundred and five parifhes.
Little Lithuania ii a hundred and fourteen miles in
Icirjth, and from tliirty-eight to fifty-feven in breadth,
but"w.is anticnilv over-run with thickets and woods, and
111 I "10 was almolt depopulated by the pellilencc; but in
1720 king Frederic \Villiam generonfly aliilled twer.ty-
tli'iufand" French protellants, I'alatims, Franconians,
and Swifs, at the expellee of live millions of rix-dollars,
to letilc in this country; and in 1732, three hundred
and fifty thoul'and dollars were diihihuted among a frefli
colony of twelve thoufiiid live hundred Saltzburgers.
My thcfkill and indultrv of thefe people, this defolate coun-
try has been extremely v.'cll cultivated, fuperfluous woods
have been rooted np, nior.ilil':. drained, and a multitude
of towns, villages, faii'.i-houles, and churches built ;
whence the country has put on a new appearance, am-^
now makes ample returns for the gi eat fun's whiji hii
i'rudian majedy wifely laid out upon it. 'I'he richnefs 01
the palfnies, ttie many thoiifand lalts of corn which aru
cither txporied or laid up la tiie king's granaries, tlx-
Ime horned c.ittle, excellent hoifes, and iiiimeious floeh',
ol iheep, with the exeelleiit butter and cheefe this coun-
try affords, arcinconteltible proofs of iia uneomnKjn fer-
tility. It alio abounds with wood for luel, and has
plenty of game and fifh. Sevcial mannfaclures of coaili:
.ind hnc cloth, leather, 5ic. are alfo ell.iblillied here.
The ancient inhabitants of Little Lithuania have a pe-
culiar language, into which the Hible, the Catechilni,
and fome books of devotion have been lately tranilated.
I'he Lithuanians of this country are far from bciiri-
fo Uupid as they have been geneially reprcfented ; but
like other nations they have their good and ill qualities.
Among the colonilts the Swifs are chiefly employed in
grazing and breeding cattle ; the French arc well verfe.l
111 trade, and (killed in the cultivation of tobacco, whicK
they have introduced into thi^ cuiintiy ; and the Saltz-
burgers are remark.ible (or their ll;ill iii ai-riculture.
I'he Swifs, French, and Fr.iiicoiiiaii=, are all divinilfs
lo that there are ten German and French reformed pa-
ridies, as they aie called in 1/ittle Lithe.ania, and the lell
are Lutherans, with very lew I'.ipills .imong them,
'I'here ate tour governments in the Lithuanian depart-
ment, the prineip.d phues in wdiieh are,
Memel, a trading town, port, and fortrefs, feafd af:
the noithern extremity of the bay called Curifehe-hat,
in the filty-llfth ilegree (orty-(ix iiiinutes north latitude, /
and in the thirty-ninth degree nineteen minutes eilf Ion- ■
cittidc. It was built in the year I. '.79, and lor.ilied in
1312, and has on one fide the Baltic, and on the otiu r
tne Curifche-h.ii, befides which it is watered by the ri-
ver D.mge. '['he harbour is deep and has a very good
entrance, and witliiii theie feu- years has been improveil
with two moles, which are crimed above filtv roes inta
the b.'.y. Fhe town lies uiidir the guns of the fort, and
IS well inhabited ; it coiififts of aho\ c lour hundred houles
and beliiies the Germ.in church, here is une !-.ek.ii;.iin>'
to the Lutherans and another to the Calvmills. I'lio
burgheis, who aie divided into thole of the Old Town
and Frederic's Town, arc employed in commerce, brew-
ing, lope-boiling, agriculture, nOiing, &c. (Jreat(]uan-
tities of (lax, hemp, thread, and Imlecd, are annuallv
exported from this town. In 1752 I'eventy (hips arrived
in this port, and fixty-nine failed from thence to oihei
ports. Memel is lortified with three whole, and two
half baftions, with other works all in the modern wav.
The citadel confilts of four pretty regular badions, wi:'i
ravelins and half moons. I'he buildings and apartmeni-;
in this citadel were much improved bv the eleclor Fre-
deric William and king Frederic I. The inoft remark-
able things within it are the two arfcnals, the fupcrS
houfe of the commandant, the garrifon chuich, and the
powder-magazine. In this town is likewife a cjl!e;re of
juiUcc, a f.ilt-faiitory, and a poll-odicc, which brin.'s in
a confiderablc revenue.
The next city worthy of notice, is that of Tilfi:, the
capital ot the goveiiinunt of the tame name. This city
i.s, next to Koniglberg, the largelt and nK>d 0'>ulcni
place in the kingdom of I'ruflia, and carrier on tn'.-
greatelt trade ; for the river Memel, wdiich runs alonL'
the north fide of it, aft'ords the advantai'.c of a very great
trade with Koniglberg^ in linfecd, corn, butter, and
other provifioiis. It is (ituated in the fiirtie.ti degree eafi ^1
longitude, and in the fifty-fourth degree fi;fv "minutes ^n
north l.itirude. T'llfit, prriperly fo called, connili i,\''
two long dieets of a confiJeiablc breadth, called Ger-
man-Str(.et and High- Street, contiguous to which is the
f'.iburbs, called the Liberty. The number ot houfes in
this city amount to about (ix hundred, and the inha'ui-
tants to (even thout'an.l fouls. The ccclrfiadieal buildi;u ■
area Lutheran (icrnian cluirch, near which is the ro- ;d
pidvinri.il fehool, aLithiiani.iii church, and one belonmn •■
to the Calvinid.. Without the town (tands a l,utheian
ehapi I, and at about the diKince of an Fiu'lKh mile is a
RoiiiKh ih.ipil. Here is an luifpital, where- ninety indi-
gent |H-rfiiis have a comfortable fuffidence ; and iniii-
pelt-li'.>ii(c the fitk and lame, as v\ell as tliofc iiifecle,;
Wl'^l
> r
Prussia.
E U R O I'
?i
with contagimis dil'Mfcs, are caivfully provided for.
Here i.i alio .1 pnor-hoiilV, in which tun poor^ boys arc
Biaint.iiiK-d, iKiultb a number of widows. Salt-works
arc alio tlLihldhid in tiiih town.
The ,'at country about Tilfit, whith is eighteen miles
in length, and .is many ni bre.idth, is oneol the nio(t ler-
tile Ipots ill the whole Iciiigdomi and the inhabitants fur-
nii'.i not only I'lullia, but oti\er places, with excellent
buttLrand chtel'e, and the hlhenes in this place arc alfo
very confulLrable. T'hc natives breed great numbers of
ho'ned cattle, and the horfe.-- are laii;c and Itrong, but
cluml'y. Barley is alnioll: the only giain fown in thefc
pans, which at prcfent .ifford little or no wood. 'I he
inarlh l.mds are '.xpofed in Ipring to inundations by the
cvcrriowinii of the rivers, which frequently do much
damage.
Ra'Miir, a finall town, about five miles to the caltward
cfTillit, is featcd on the river Memcl, and in the go-
vernment of R.ignit. It is furroundcd by palifadocs, and
has a caille, which is one of the moft antlent ilrufturcs in
the country, and was famous even in times of paganifni.
In this eaftle is a very large royal magazine for provi-
fions, 5<;c. and the piofpedlfrom a part of it, called Ko-
nijibtrg, is hardly to be equalled. On the other fide
ofthe Klemel is a mountainous, but delightful country,
which, fiom its extraordinafy fertility in corn and pal-
tur.ige, is tailed liii.- Larder of Lithuania. Here are pro-
digious flocks of Iliec[:, great plenty of all kinds of game,
and excellent horL-i.
Initerburg, a town in the government of the fame
name, is featcd on tlu- Angerap, near its conllu.x with
the Infler, where it afiumt-s the nameof I'regel, in the
fifty-fourth (ivgiee thirty-four minutes latitude, and the
thirty-ninth dr^ue forty-lour minutes call longitude.
This town was built iii 1572, and furroundcd with pa-
lifadocs in i/J-J. It coiu.iins about three hundred and fifty
houfes, and three thoufnid inhabitants ; and bcfides the
Lutheran thurchis, there is o,ie bclongiii. to the Cal-
vinifts. 'I'hc cafUe was built in the middle of the four-
teenth century, and much improved by king Frederic
William. Here is a court of judicature for the admi-
piftration of juftice in all the Lithuanian government',
and alfo a gr.:nary and fait fadlory. The town carries on
a confidcrable trade in corn, and very excellent beer, re-
markable both for its wholefomenefb and ftren^th.
Gumbinnen, which lies to the fouth-caft of Infterburg,
is a town regulaily built iincc the year 1725, in a very
picafant and fertile country on the river rifle. It con-
fids of about two hundred houfes, and the number of its
inhabitants amount to three thoufand. The antient
cleput.ition-chamber, and the war and domain-chambers,
have been removed to this place. The public buildings
an the tonference-houle, the town-houfe, and the ma-
l^a/.ine, whlcii wis built in 1742. The other public
buildings are theCalvinill church in the New Town, and
the Saltzburg alms-houfc. Here is a good cloth manu-
t'a£lory.
The laft town we (hall mention in the Lithuanian de-
partment is Stalluiiehenen, a newly built town, to wdiich
a chaitcr was granted in the year 1722. Tlie inhabi-
tants eariv on acoiifiderable trade in cattle, and a good
fair is held hero ; but frefli-water and wood for fuel urc
verv fcarce.
There arc alfo fevir.d d'flricts (liled I'olifh govern-
ments, and two o:hvr uitliicts l'ubje£l to his Prullian
majcdy, all of them bordering on Little Lithuania ; the
principal places in which we (ball now defcribe.
Oletzko is a calllc in the government of the fame
name, and wis much embclliftied on the infide in ilm
year 1640. Near it (lands the large and regular town of
Margrabowa, which derives its name from the Margrave
Albert, who built it in memory of the interview he had
in that place with Sigifmund Augullus, king of Poland ;
and the latter in 1560 alfo caufcdanew town to be built
on the Polidi frontiers, about eight German miles dillant
from Margrabowa, and Irom his own rame called it
Augudovva. The market-place of Margrabowa is the
largell in I'ru/fia, and in it fland ';ie church, which v,
entirely detached from any othe- building. In the leigh-
bourhuod of this town the elecloral and Swedil! troops
defeated the Tartars in 1656, and rcleafcd the prince of
riad-'.ivil, whom they had taken prifoner.
Lick, called in Latin Licca, is a trading town in the
government of Lick, feated on the lake of Satriiid, in
the fifty-third degree fifty minutes north latitude, and ihe <3
forty-third degree three minutes eafl longitude. Tlie ;,j ■
cafllc, which was built in 1272, is pleafamly lituatcd on
an ifland ; but the town has nothing worthy of notice,
except its church, the provincial fcbool, and the arch-
prefbytcr's manfion-houfe. This toiintry fuflciul ex-
tremely by the inhuman ravages of the Tartar^ in 1656,
till they were defeated and driven from the froiiiieis by
the battle of Warfaw. The adj.ic.nt coun:ry yields-
plenty of wood, and abounds with i\(\\ an.l otiier p'o-
vilions.
The villages of Taluflcn and Kuflinowcn in this dif-
tricl are chieflv inhabited by Arians, who live in a quiet
inottenfive manner, and perform their devotions in pri-
vate houfes.
Johannefburg is a fmall but handfome town, featid on
a plain near the lake of Spirding, Ln which aie tour iflaiuls
and plenty of Hfh. It is feated in the fifty-third degree 53
thirty-five minutes north latitude. Here is a caille,
which was once fortified, a large gran:'ry, and a maga-
zine for forage ; and in this town an archpreibyter re-
iides. In 1698 the elciStor Liederic had here an inter-
view of tour days with Augulhis II. then newly cleflcd
king of Poland.
The king of PrufRa is alfo pofTefled of two lordfiiips
in the Poliih territories. Tauraggen, a largediflrict near
the river Juhr, in Samogitia, wdilch has an excellent
breed of horles, abounds with fi(h, and yields plenty <<f
game. This diftriiit devolved to the houl'c of IJranden-
burg in 1691, on the deccafe of the princefs of Kad-
zivil.
The other is Scrrev, in the great dutchy of Lithua-
nia, and the palatinate of Trocko, and contains twenty-
two viU.agcs, three m;uiors, and twenty great and (iriall
lakes. This lordlhip devolved to the houli; of Brand,:n-
burg by the marriage of Lewis Margrave of Bran-
denburg with the princefs Ludovica Carolina of P^ad-
zivil.
The other dominions of his Pruilian majcfty arc en-
tirely feparatcd from this kingdom, and are even much
mure cxtenfive ; but the defcription of the dutchy of
Brandenburg and Silcfia mud be deferred till \vc enter
upon the German empire. We fliall now therefore pro-
ceed farther to the north, and defcribe the extenlivc
country of Sweden.
ii
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I'M'
so
CHAP.
( 82 )
CHAP.
V.
Of the Kingdom of SWEDEN.
H'
SEC T. I.
Ill Situatijii, ExtiHtt diiimte, Coajis, Rlivrs, Fojfili, Mi-
nerali, I'c^ctubles, and Animuh.
UNDER the name of Sweden is incluJcJ that cx-
tenfivo c:)untry t'nat lies between Denmark, Nor-
w.iV) anil Rullia : having Rudia and the Baltic on the
calt ; the Baltie and the pjulph of Finland on the fouth ;
Norway, the Soiuid, and Categate on the well ; and
Xuiwc^ian Lapland on the north : extending from fil'ty-
- fa. ^ivedei;rl.'c^ forty minufci to the fixty-ninth degree of north
. ,< latitude, and from the tivci)ty-c;ghth to the fortieth de-
cree of call longitude from London ; ((retching about
two bundled or two hundred and fifty Swedifll miles in
length ; and as each Swclilh mile is at leaft equal to fix
Knglifti, its length may be computed at about fifteen
hundred miles, its breadth is reckoned to be a hundred
i'.nd thirty Swedilh miles, or kvca hundred and eighty
Eni^lifh, and its aieais computed to amount totcnthou-
fan3 fquare Swedifll miles, or fixty tlloufand Englifli.
The c'iniate of this country is very healthful, but the
winters are extremely cold, more efpjcially towards the
north. The air is, however, clear and falubrious. In
the long nights of winter the moon, the refledlion from
the fnow, and the clearneis of the fl;y, give fuch light
that one may tr.ive! as conveniently as in the day. In
furnmer the days are very long, and the heat intenfe j but
the niiht3 are luminous, andexcecdmg pleafant. \'iolent
ftorms of wind and rain are feldom known here, and the
Iharp keen north wind fcrvcs to purify the air. Wcfliall
give a more particular account of the climate of the
northern parts in treating of Swedifh Lapland.
The hi'^hways in Sweden arc better than can be ima-
gined, confiJering the many rugged mountains and rocks
in the ciiuntry. ' Thefe are in a manner plained and
made even by the peafants, fo that, as Motraye obferves,
there are Icarce better roads in any country in Kurope ;
nor can a man anywhere travel with more fecurity and
lefs cxpence ; for horfcs arc hired for about a penny a
mile : but then there arc very poor accommodations on
the road, both for lodging and diet. The eafiell and molt
cxocditious method of travelling is in winter, when they
make ufe of (ledges, efpecially in thofe parts c,i the
country which abound in lakes and rivers ; for thefc be-
ino- all frozen, they meet with no obftaclcs in their way,
and they can more conveniently carry provifions with
them in a fledge than on horfcback.
The coarts of Sweden are encoiiipallld with innume-
rable capes, rocks, and iilands ; fo that the approach to
the continent is fomething dangerous : thefe they call
fheers, and they derive their dilhnguinung names from
the 'jrovinccs oppofite to which thev lie, as the Upland
flicci's, the Sundermanland fheers, cVc. 'F'hefe iflarids,
or rocks, lie very near each other, and are of dilterent
tlimenfions. Several thoufands of them are inhabited by
people who live chiefly by fifhing.
The lakes of Sweden are very numerous : the large
ones amount to fevcntcen.
The number of rivers in Sweden is likewife very con-
fiderable; the largelv of them are in the Swedi(h language
called Klhc. The priiK ii)al of thefe are the Dal-Llbe,
in the vale country, which is the lartjelt river in Sweden :
the Ciullfp;inj;, which divides VVtIl Gothland from Wer-
mcland ; the Gothiilie-L!be, or Gothic river, whiih
rifes in the lake of W'ener, and ahout forty-five miles
before it falls into the North Sea forms a tataradl, by
precipitating itfelf from a high precipice ; the Stang,
which divides Eall (iothland into two parts: an 1 the
Motalaftrom, which ifl'ucs from the Wetf.-r-lakf, being
inrreafed by fevenlirn Imaller rivers, forms a cataradf, by
ialliiig (b.teen feet, and dil'.hari^es itLdf iiilu the iialtic.
Both the lakes and rivers abound in fifli of fcvera! fcindW
the principal of which aic falmon and tiout o( various
forts.
Sweden likewife affords medicinal fpriiigs of experien-
ced virtue.
This country abounds with niineials and folTils of all
kinds, as topa/.es, amethylts, cryltals, cornelians, agate,
a reddifli (lone called violltein, coral, a greenilh Icmi-
pellucid Hone, porphyry, lapis-laiiuli, albeitos, load-
llonc, touch-Hone, frie-llune, mill (tones, ftucco-ftoncs
flate, lime-(tones, coanc and white marble, and beau-
tiful petrilaclions j alfo excellent white marble with
beautiful green veins, which are fometimes of a dark
and at others of a bright vivid green, finely interwoven,
marienglas or ifinglas, vitriol, mercury, amianthus, lead
ore, cobalt, allum, fullcrs-tarth, petrolium, fulphur,
mother of pearl, &c. gold, filver, tin, lead, copper, and
iron.
Though Sweden is extremely mountainous, it affords
many tradts of even ground fit for agricultuie. The foil
is in general fandy or fwampy, but is not void of fer-
tility. Gothland produces the grcatcll quantity of grain,
as wheat, rye, barley, oats, and peafe ; but every part
of Gothland is not equally fertile. Sweden alfo affords
good paltures, and in the fouthern parts fome orchards,
which yield fine fruit; but this country is more famous
for its mines than the produce of the foil. Nordland
being full of rocks and mountains, produces but little
corn ; however, ii h.as fome fpots fit for grazing. Lap-
land yields (till lefs grain than Nordland; but Finland is
in moft places extremely fertile, though it is far from oe-
ing properly cultivated. The corn in the fhon but hot
fummers of this climate fuddenly grows up and ripei,s ■
but it is far from being fuificic iit for the fubfirtcnce of
the inhabitants, and tnerefore feveral hundred thoufani
quarters are annually imported from abroad, particularly
Irom Livonia, Pomerania, and Wifmar.
Some patriots among the Swedes (Irenuoufly endeavour
to promote fchemes (or the encouragement of agriculture
and manufaflurts ; and if the fucceCs be anfwerablc to
the prefent favourable appearances, the produce of the
country will foon be (utficient to fupport fome mil-
lions of inhabitants more than it does at prefent, and that
in greater affluence and plenty.
In the year 1752, the king granted the new focietv of
agriculture a great deal of wallc li.nd for forty or fifty
years rent- free, and exempted them from taxes. Hitherto
confidcrable advantages have been made in the forelh
by cutting down the trees, burning them, and ftrewino-
the a(hes on the land before it is (own. 'f'his fort of
ground thus prepared yields a great crop of corn for three
years after.
The fouth parts of Sweden produce pretty "ood fruit
and vegetables ; but towards the no'tti the'le'gradually
become more Icarce, they degenerate in flavour and nood-
nets, and in the molt northern parts no (uch vegetables
are to be found.
Ill the beginning of the fummer the fields in the fouth
areitored with variety of flowers, and, accoidin.r tolonie
authors, ftrawberrics, r.ilbeiries, auj fuch kind°of Iruit
grow upo.i every rock. In dry \ears melons are brought
10 perfedion in the gardens ; but peac.les, apiiiots, and
other wall-lniit, ate extremely fcarce, a^ arc alfo pears,
apples, and plumbs ; and thole they have are not well
tailed. They have, however, cherries of f.;vcij| forts,
and fome tolerably good. According to Motraye, the
gardens about Stockholm are very fine, and, notwith-
itatiding the Icveruy of the winter, tlieir green-houfes
aftbid orange, (ig, myrtle, and other tre.s, plants, and
flowers of the mod tender natu'c. Finland pr.jduces ex-
cellent turnips; and flax, hemp, and tobacco, aie culti-
vated to jJieat advantage. j |i,u woods Jiufly toiilifl
if
i'
hi fruit
ladually
good-
ctublcs
fouth
|to Ionic
;j( Iruit
brought
|>ts, and
pears
|oC wi-U
fort^,
m\; the
T^)twitii-
-hoiilcs
Its, iiiid
Ices cx-
K'culti-
coiihtt
it
mm ■■
i v,i
i
1 V
: ■ -U
1 ■
«■ ■ .
/ t
i 1
t ml
^;
\:-
SwiDEV.
of piiics, bci
wlii-h art-gci
thL- cxtenlivi
daily decline
making chart
land. Oaks
In fcvcial
graiiiiiJ, but
fnialj, and th(
order to mend
and Spain.
(Jt' the extra
rein-deer, we
(cription of L
.ill Torts of d
Wild fowl ; an
with lynxes, 1
weileli.
'I'ame and \
reder, which i
.ulinircd, as is
of a hen. Pa
called yerper,
tridge. In wi
bird-, thrufhe;
a field-fare, w
are luppofed to
'I'hev have bu
abound with c
prey.
0/tl'i Perfons, 1
kr e/ the lnh<.
Skill ill the Sii
grcfs of the Ar
ef the Trade w
THE Swcd
ftitutions,
tigucs. Where
weather they ha
that of other r
The women at
good features, a
generally fair : I
males undergo a
ments. They g
the water, ferve
the men. The i
fuffieient to peoj
inft.uice of this ii
northerly part, tl
drtd peojilc to b.
drcd and fevcn fc
The number i
have been compu
three millions, i
which arc one r
chiding the won
faid, thcfc farms
inhabitants in th
iomc parifhes are
thinly inhabited,
dilh miles to vifi
not more than fev
land equal to the '
haps fuch a parifli
towns in that flou
1 he common p
the mines, grazii
both domcflic anc
den arifes from it
covered, and the
be very rich. Th
mering mills, and
lion ore is in fuch
lurlace of the cart
SwiDEN.
1" u R o r E.
«J
of nines, beech, birch, :ililer, juniper, and fomc oak ;
whuharegcner.illy Ihaight, tall,aiui lit lor building. Hut
the cxtonlivc woods in Svviden become lliinntr, and
Jjily dcclint; iVoni the inimenl'i; conlumption ot wood in
making charcoal, tar, pitch, pot a(h, and burning the
land. t>'»ki in particular grow very fcarce.
In fcvcral parti of Sweden the nihi'bitants fubfilt by
gra-iiiifc'
but ni all the northern countries, the cattle are
fniali, •'"^ ^^^ ^""' "' ''"^ flieep very coarfe ; fo that in
order to mend the breed, ram.s are imported from linjijland
and Spain. The horfes are iUong, hardy, and vigorous.
()r the extraordinary advantages they reap from their
rein-deer, we Ihall give a particular account in our dc-
fcri^tion of Lapland. 'I'his kini'dom attords plenty of
ill forts of deer, elks, hare-s, and all forts of tame and
wdd fowl; and fome p.'rts of Sweden are much infeited
with Ivnxes, bears, vvoives, foxes, otters, martens, and
wcafelj.
'I'atnc and wild fowl are very plentiful and good ; the
loder, which is as large as an ordiii.iry turkey, is much
admired, as is alfo the orr.is, whicli is about the iize
of a hen. Partridges abound here, as does alfo a bird
called ycrper, which has foine refcniblance to a par-
tridge. In winter they take great numbers of black-
bird-, thrulhes, and of a bcautilul bird of the bignefs of
a fii;l(!-fare, whofe feathers are tipped with fcarkt, and
are luppofed to come from Lapl.ind in the hard feafon.
'I'hev have but few pigeons. The northern countries
abound with eagles, hawks, and other large birds of
prey.
SECT. 11,
Ofllje Pi-rfons, Drrfs, iind Alamiers of llie Sive/Us ; the Num-
ber ef the Inhiihittints, their Employiiieiits, Fold, Language.,
sail ill the Sih i.ees, Reiigioti, and Hierarehy. The Pro-
grefs of the Jrts and Manufaitures ; with a cancife Acount
of the Trade mid Clin of Sweden.
THE Swedes are of a good ftature and robuft con-
ftitutions, capable of enduring hardfhips and fa-
tii'ucs. Where they are not too much expoled to the
weather they have good complexions, and their hair, like
that of other northern nations, is inclined to yellow.
The women are of a jull proportion ; they have alfo
rood features, and thofe who are employed at home are
generally fair : but the peafants generally make their fe-
males undergo an equal fhare in all laborious employ-
ments. They go to plow, threlh their corn, row upon
the water, ferve the bricklayers, and carry burthens like
the men. The inhabitants are, however, far from being
fufficient to people the country ; there is a remarkable
inftance of this in one place, which thouijh not the molt
northerly part, there are hardly fourthoufand feven hun-
dred people to be found in the compafs of twelve hun-
dred and feven fquare miles.
The number of inhabitants of Sweden and Finland
have been computed by fomc learned Swedes at about
tlirce millions, reckoning eighty thoul'and farms, on
which arc one million hx hundred thoufand fouls, in-
cluding the women, children, and fervants ; and it is
f.iid, thcfc farms make up above half the number of the
inhabitants in the whole kingdom. Indeed at prefent
(omc parifties are fo cxtcnhve, and at the fame tunc fo
thinly inhabited, that a peafant mufl travel feveral Swe-
dilh miles to vilit his next neighbour ; othi.'-s contain
not more than feventy farms, and yet take up a tradt of
land equal to the whole province of Holland, though per-
haps fuch a parifli has not fo many cottages as there are
towns in that Hourifiiing country.
The common people fubfilt by agriculture, working in
the mines, grazing, hunting, filhing, and commerce,
both domefUc and foreign. Indeed tlie wealth of Swe-
den arifes from its mines, fome gold ore has been dif-
covered, and there are (everal large filver n-.ines faid to
be very rich. The number of the copper iv.incs, ham-
meiini' mills, and fmehing-houfes, is verv conlljerable.
lion ore is in fuch plenty that it generally appears on the
lurlaee of the earth, aiiJ is remarka'.'lc loi its lichnefs.
Indeed the produce of the mines coiiftitiites tWO-thirds of
the natinnal revenue.
The inhabitants of the north parts of Sweden arc
(Irangcrs to delicacies, and live very hardlv. They cat
a fort of bread madeof the bark of birch and pine-trees,
llraw, and roots. The hackc, ur Itampe, is a kind ot
bread very common in the north ; and in times of fear-
city is fometimes ufed in the fouth parts. This is made
of the cars ot corn cut from the llenis and chopped fmall >
alter which it is dried and ground ; on th!^ kind of mc.il
they pour boilin'r water, and mix it with le.iven and corn-
meal, where it is to he had. In Ipring they alio take the:
bark of firs, which at that time come.-, the ealiell olF the
trees ; but not the thick bariv n^xt the wood. Having-
pared off the outward coarle knots, it is dried in an
oven, or placed over a wood-tire, till botli fides beromc
brown, fwell, and undergo a kind of fenneiuatioii, by
which the rehn \a confumed. Tlicfe pieces ot baik be-
ing thus dried, arc ground, and then bread is made oi
the meal.
NeceiTitv has alfo taught thcfc poor people to mai^e
bread of a plant called mill'e, and bv tlie Fins, wekk.i,
called in Latin e(dl<i fa'.eii iordiilii, which is gathered du-
ring the fpring in the morall'es. Alter it is dried in the
fur., it is baked in ar. ovtn, or half dried in a warm
room, while it is fprinkled with water. It is then put
into tl-.e oven a fecond time, and dried till the leaves tall
ott", and the outward tegument detaclus itfelf at the
knots from the Item ; then the tlems are chopped Inial!
in a trough, and being afterward;- ground, the ineal i^^
fitted and dough made of it, by pourini; hot water on
the meal ; it is ufual to pour alio fome brandy lees a-
moiiglt it, to give the bread a more agreeable flavour.
The dough is afterwards kneaded with great labour, and
then a third part of corn- meal is mixed with it.
The reft of their food confilts of tllb, and dried flifli.
The rich, however, and the people in the great towns,
are not unacquainted with delicacies ; and perfons in af-
fluent ciicunift.inccs here, as in other countries, keep a
good table.
Their cloathing in winter is fuitable to the climate:
the rich wear cloaths lined with warm furs ; inltead of
which thofe who cannot all'ord them, make their cloaths
of fliecp-tkins with the wool on ; and thus, as a modern
writer oblerves, are better provided with doathinn- a-"
daptcd to the feafon, and to their condition, than thi;
people of moft other couiiirics.
The fafliion refenibles that of the Germans, and other
European nations ; and, like them, tiiey wear in fiim-
mer fuch cloths and Itiitfs as they can proeuie ; the "real:
adorning themfelvcs with lace and cmbioidery.
The SwediOi tongue has Inch an affiiiity with the
Danifh and Norwegian, that the inhabiiants of the three
kingdoms readily iinderftand eaeli other; but Finland
and Lapland have their refpeiitive dialcdts. In the times
of paganifm, the Swedes made ufe of a particular alpha-
bet, termed Runic characters ; as appears from the Ru-
nic ftones rtil! to be (ei^n in moll of the provinces near
the I'epulchrcs of the dead.
The Swedes are of late greatly improved in arts and
fciences ; but the branches of literature which they
chieHy itudy are (Economics, natural philol'ophy, with
the antiquities, hiltory, and geogiaphy of their own,
and o'her countries.
The moll ancient and confiderable univeifity in Swe-
den is that of Upfal; there is alfo one at Lund in Schoncn,
and another at Abo in Finland. 'I'bere is likewil'e a
roval ac.idemy of fciences at Stockholm : in the fame ci-
ty is a royal acidcmy of painting and fculpture ; and an-
other tor that part of the nia'bematics which relate tj
the military art. At Drotniiigholm has been alfo lately
inltituted an academy for the polite arts.
Seminaries tor the education of youth are inilitutcd
in ten towns of Sweden, and epifcopal fehools are found-
ed at Uplal and Abo. Theie are inferior feiiools in fe-
veral otfier places. In fliori, an ordinance lor the im-
provement and regulation of the art of printin;: was pub-
liflied by bis Swedilh m.ijelly in 175^, by which a new
fociety was inltituted for that purpofe. .
With refpect to the religion of Sweden, itmuflbcob-
fsrved, that it was Ibrmerly involved in the groUcll dark-
I-
I !
i1, 119
i
A S Y S T E M () F Ci 1-, (.) C, U A I' II Y.
SwKDEN.
w
1if!
IjPi
, }
fl
in
nif'-. oi iildLitry, .im.1 V^i(,i\ w.is ilir I'c.k of tliiii ri;;-<T(li-
tiniis Wni(|li(l. rill' HI1|H1<1[ t'h.ull-S ihc (ill'.lt lillt lu-
thtr .111 rniiiuiit rci Uli.illic, ii.iiiicil I li iln.Tt, wIid !• i icli
td tlir (.'iifiicl ill K.ilt (iiillii.illil i ;iiiil liir the l.iiiu: pur-
pnlf tlu' fiin'cioi l.i'wii (cut into Swiiltii tin- l.imous
Aiir<.ii.iriiis, wliii w.i. riKCi'Cil>ii liy rin;r.il otliii.. In
till' niiiliili.' .ig's tlii; ilctj;y li.nl olu.iincil the pullillicin ot
(cvftiil l.irj;c ill.itos, iintl the pupc .illiniicd .1 ;;iiMt power
liver the teiiipoi.il eoneerns ot the kiiiL'iloni. I'iiele .1-
luile.; proeiirnl OKms I'etti, .1 ilileiple ol' Liillier, a l.i-
viiiir.iHe leeeptioii in SweJen, wheie he pii)iiuil;',.ileil
the pure diictrines ol the ;'(irpii .ind th.it f;ie.it kini',
(iiifl.iviis V.il',1 li.ippily intioiliited the relornntion in
Snedui, in rpite <l all the nuMuroiis diiruulties he had to
eiuoiin'er. Indeed it alterwaiJs met with L',ri.at oppoli-
tion, and nndir.veiit Mi.my tiials in the reigns ot' John
and Sii;ilinnnd ; yet it was at l.dl ell.dildheJ liy the diet
and Ivnod held at Uplal in I S') {, when tlie Hates of the
kingdom liitenuily eiie.ip,ed to ailhere to the doilrinis 1 I
i.utheri and this lelii'jun, luue the deeree ol unilorniily
palfcd in 11)1 {, is to be clleeined both by the (over i^^n
;ind his I'ubiei'h, the only ellalilillied ehurcb in the kin^;-
dom. linked in i".) , his ni.ijelly was pical'ed to pir-
iiiit by a rov.il edicf, th it the Calviiiills and members of
the thiiich ot' l'.n;',l.ind Ih.iuld enjoy the tree exerciJ'e of
their reli;j,ii>n in all the lea puits, c.vtcpt that ol' C'ail-
fcroon.
The biriareby of Sweden is compnfed ol" the nrch-
bifliop ol I'pl.d, who perlorins the eoronatiun terenio-
liv, and ten billlops, with three (iiperintenilants, one ot'
whom niides at (.".iilll.idt, .mntlur at I Irrnol'aiul, and the
t .ird in tioth'; lid. The other eeelefi.illies, who are I'lib-
ordinate to tlu'U', are llie provolts, deacons, chapi.iins or
curates, and tile minilUrsor innimbeius in villages-.
Mr. i\. liiieh, in a dillert.ilioi delivered ill the year
I74.(), oM'eivev, that in this kiniidiini, cxcliilive of the
CJeiMi.in prouiKcs, there arc in all three thoiir.md eecle-
(i.illie.d belli liocs, one thoiiUnd three hundred civil polls,
(ilUd by perl'ons learned in the l.iws, one thoiil'iiul three
liuiidrid niilit.irv poll:, occupied by men ol' literature,
fix hiindie.l oliieeis reUtin;; to the I'everal departments
beloivjiiii 10 the eovernmeiit, and two thouland H.xhun-
tliel ph, lici.im and Uiigcons.
We ('aall nov.- t.ike a view of the arts cultivated in
Sweden ; and here it is necell'iry to obl'erve, that a lew
centuries ajo no m.imifacl.ires were ell.iblillied in thi>
kiii_j;doni. The llanl'e-towns not only exported 1111-
wrou.'jn iron and copper, but the ore of thofe metals,
and wlun they were \viuu^;ht into various tools and
uten.lls, liiid t^.elTl a;j;ain to the Swedes. The inhabi-
tanrs nf tiiecoalls were all hniermen, and the towns li.ij
110 artinecrs. The Swedes liill began to work ilieir me-
tals, and even tin ir wood, in the rcign of the great Cinf-
tavus \'afi i and towards the middle of the leventeenth
century begin to fet up all kinds nf manufai.'tiires, but
chieily cnipioved foieigiiers, particularly the Dutch and
Flemings. In tlic year il'4i a glal's- houl'e was lirlt
erected in Sweden ; in lt)4^ tl-.e Swedes began to make
llareh ; in 1646 they creeled tin-works. They had no
book fillers limps till the year 1647 ; nor needle and filk
inanulachircs till 1649. Leather-drelling and fopc-boil-
\ui were intioduced into this country in 1651 ; I'.iwing-
niills wereerecled in 1655 ; iron and llecl m.inufjilurcs
in if!54 ; I'ugar-baking in lOOi ; but the woollen and lilk
manui'a.-tiires ll^iiriihed more than all the rcH, till the
wars of Chailes XII. put a flop to trade, and tonCe-
queiitly to the progrefs of the aits.
However, in the rcign of Frederic I. trade and nianu-
failures revived ; the breeding of Iheep was encoiir,igL-i),
tob.icco planted, and foreign artills and manufacturers
allowed the free cxercife of their religion.
Swelcn has at prefcnt miiuifactures of filk, cloth,
cotton, fii'.H.iii, and otiier llutfs ; linen, fail-cloth, .Moroc-
co leather, dvuig, and printing of cottons j they have hoiifcj
(or boiling or r^'finiiig of allum, fugar, lope, and (alt ;
fjr making glals, porcelain, and paper ; they have alio
gun-powder mills, Ihimping mills, boring mills, wire
an. 1 fl.ttting mills ; vatt quantities of copper, brafs, iron,
and Heel are wrojght in Sweden, which has founderics
for great guns, pots, and the like, and forjjcs t^![ iire-
■irms, anchors ; great niinibpri of fliip9 arc allii built,
.ind wooilin vcliel.s and iitcnlils made in the kini'doin,
Sweden is (iinvenicnily lilti.ied (<ir loiniii. ice, as it
Ins between the ll.dtie aihl the North Sea I he towm
which aie allowed to iinp<i|t and export p.oodi in their
own lliips, and to trade both with natives and loiiigm.rs,
are called ll.iple-fown.') ; tlufe are thitty-four in nuiiibei ;
but thole that be near llv I'e.i, and yit h.ue no foreign
conimme, and arc only permitted to carry on a domel-
tic tr.ide, to ii.ive (hares in the freight of goodv, and to
piinh.ile by wdiolclale tiie goods imported by the llaplc-
towiis, aie c.dled land-towns: (ome ol lliele are within
l.iiul, .iiid others fe.i-port-towns ; others again are mine-
towns. 'J'licchiefliaple-towiis in Sweden ,iri' Stockholm
.ind (lotienbiiig. At the former are held tlie college ol
conimerce, an .iliurance ollice, and the national h.iiik,
v.'hich h.is Ireipiently .idvanced coiiliderable linns of mo-
ney for the (ervice ol the government, and has a fund
o( tiliout lix millions of (ilver dollars, each cipial to one
lliilling and lix-penc' two- thuds (IciIihl'', belides cur-
leiit lulls to the amount of I'eventy millions. At Ciuttcii-
biiig i, the K.ill India company, creited in 17 ji, which
pays lor every (hip that reliiins from India liliy thoufand
lilver didl.iis to the govciniiieiit : the Swedes have alio a
Levant companv.
I he export* from Sweden are iron wioiight and in
bar-, o'lier wrought metals, timber, gun powder, pitch,
tar, filtpetre, pot-adi, midage, cobalt, furs, Morocco
leather as it is called, and dried iilli, The iniports me
t'.rain, llelli, bacon, cheefe, butter, tallow, wine, biandv,
I. lit, diugs, bides, lienip, llax, lilk, and Ccvcral loieign
inanuf.iiilures.
The coins of SweJctl arc, the gold ducat, worth about
nine (billings .ind lour-pciice (lerlingi
I he (ilver coins ,nc the oer, one of which is equal
to four plennings, twenty of them to a caroliiw, which
is about one (billing and two-pence llcrling, and thirrv-
two to a lilver didlar, eipial to one (Inlling and lix-peiicc
three f.irthings Kiu;l:(h money. There tire double and
h.df Carolines ; and alio double, liiiglc, and half-linglc
ocrs.
The cojipcr pieces are the copper oer, which, like the
rundlliic, IS eipial to two pfennings, arid is no mote than
the eighth part of a penny Knglilh. An hall, a quarter,
and a li.xth paitot a copper oer. A copper dollar, which
is about tour grul'clien, and is nearly equal to (ix-pciicc
farthing.
The imaginary money arc the filvcr mark, equal to
about four-pence three farthings, and the copper mark ;
the tormcr is thicc times the value of the latter, and liic
liKcr, or eigliiccn copper mtirk.s, is eqii.il to a fprcic
dollar, or tliirtv-two L',rol'chen, which is about one (hil-
ling and three-pence ili iling.
S K C T. III.
/! ^ir.eral i'ii-w of tlv !i''/hry, niiti,->it iW.l prifent Gcvirn-
menl, Kxpeiui!, A!it.v/;(.,.(, miliary ami nuvui Stnn^il) gj
IK-!)..
S"
;'• 1
W'KDEN is famous for being the native country ot
the iierce .ind wai like Cioths, whole emigrations make
I'lieh a diilmguilhed figure in lullory. Tbc kingdom o!
the Swe.les wa.s li:paratc from that of tbc (/oihs till the
twelfth century; but in 1132 both nations, with their
fcvcr.il (1 pencicneies, were united under Snercher, kin;'
of the (Jllrngorhs, who was procl.nmed king of the
Swedes and Goths. It was afterwards agreed by hotli
nations, that the Swediili and Gothic princes fliould
hold the fovcicignty alternately ; but this occaliojicd
manv bloody intellinc wars.
iM.ignu! Smeek .nddetl Schoncn and the adjacent
territories to the kingdom; but at length by his mal-
adminil'ration, ilcprived both himli.-lf and his family of
the throne : tor after Albert, duke of Mecklenburg,
h's llllcr's Ion, had been elected king, Margaret, who
was heirefs to the crowns of Denmark and Norway,
compelled libn to give up the kingdom of Sweden to her;
and by the uiiiu-i oi Calniar, in the year 1397, united
the
Swr.DEK.
Ilie three w^
nion lilled
but after Ce
by the .t(Till.
favus Krir kl
I
What moll
a peril lions 1
by king Chi
'I'll'- hr.ivi
extremely p
bad (licwn ii
D.iiies, was
dcr of a line
rov.il .iiithori
The crow
the Swedes b
kings ; and ;
authority wa
thnn the na
make war 11
the ronfent o
trcfs, introdii
into the bat
crown then (
I'pfal, an ea
lines and I'orf
proceedings.
nors, which
.1 term of yi
chinged into
held by force,
ferved out of
nnd rlcigy, \vl
lands ol the c
ties ; and by t
(o reduced, I
than live bun
kiiiil of I aptaii
the fenate in ti
(onllied their e
nv indepeiulen
made war on
vcieign. Tlu
when they tin
courts ; but ti
tl'(nil'elves jiill
m irk were uiul
th"m were eli
v.'ithout wholt"
bi'd in their d
pcrlaiicf.
Itiit to rem
tills (itiiation.
could fuiricien
p.ified a folcm
(elves to tippi
perform for the
tender who w.
pirticiilar, inq
reU)lved th.it H
tlic enemies of
Tliis happ r
rfformation be
clergv, (Jullav
1)1 half the l.iii
niong others,
thought this n |
with the doci
a'i to be pall
Ihops fliould iin
king, and dill
rights to Hues a
longed to the c
till the fuperfli
churches Ihould
the grants of
Ihould be vacate
that two-thirds
bilhops and abb
ing the army in
dowing public I
5'
\'ri,
Swr.DEK.
r. u
P I".
; th.iu
iitrv ot
s iiiaki:
OMl o!
1 tlu-
their
kins;
of the
: both
fiwuld
iilloiicJ
djacent
mal-
mily of
ciiburg,
?t, wh«
orway,
to her ;
united
the
the three imrthern klniidntn', utvlrr one he.i.I. This n-
nioii lill<-d the Swedes with the [irc.itrll iiidiiMi.iiinii :
liiit nllcr fevcr.il iiiiCiirrt fsful ntleiniit;, thi'y :it Uii ',lh,
by the iiirill.mre o\ a Swc.hDi nnl.h-ni m, ii.invil ( iiil-
fiviis Kri(kf«ii viiri Vafi, (ho<ik olf the Duiilli ydk.-,
■VV'h.it iiKill pr.ivdkfil thnii to i'ii;',:i;',e in ihr. iivolt, w,i'.
a p-'rfi h(Mi'i ni.rHiiirr, luiiKtr.ital at Stoikhohii in I5.>0
bv kiiij; C'hnlli.m II.
■ llu- hi ive (iiilhviii Vaf.i, who hail rcinlcied himlil(
extrenulv pnp"''"" ''V ''''" ''""'''"'' •""' iii'i'(pidit\' he
bad (licwii in refciiiilj; Sweden from the (ippreflii)n of the
Danes, WIS elecilec! kiiij:, ami iiotdiily 1ie( anie ilie finili-
dc-r of a line "f nionarehs of hn f iniily. but advaiieed the
toval authority to a very preat hei;;h(.
The crown of Sweden liad hitherto been elei'live ; but
the Swedes had been di-privi'd of I hi'. ri",ht under tin: Danilli
)(ji,irs ; and aeeonlin;; to the l,iwv ol Sweden, the royal
authority was fo limited, that the prince had litlle more
tinn the name of a foverei^n ; for he eould n'-ither
make war nor peace, levy money nor troops, without
the ronfent of the Hates. Me could neither erciil a lor-
trefs introduce forei;^n troops, nor put any (Iron:; pi. ice
into the hands of a forcii;ner. The revenue of the
crown then folely arofe from tlic fmall domains about
I'pfal, an e.ify poll-lax on the peafanis, and fiom Come
hues ami forfeitures which fell to the crown in criminal
proceeding'!. The p;ovprnment of callles, lii Is, or ma-
nors which were at foil j;ranted by the i lown luily fir
a term of years, or at molf for lite, were iulcufiliiy
chni''ed into hereditary podelTions, which the nohiliiy
held Tiv force, without paviiV", the rents that had biiii le-
ferved out of them. This vv.is alfo d.ine by the bilh'ips
and ricfey, wdio pofl'cHVd fuch edateson pretence that ilie
lauds ol the church ouj-'it to b- exempted fioui all du-
fic-. 1 and by thefe encroacdniients the royal revenue w.is
Id reduced, that tlic kin|; eould fcarce maintain more
than live hundred boric. lie was confidered only as a
kiiul of captain-iv'ner.il ilurin;; a war, and as prelidinl ol
the feuate in lime of peace. The prel.iles and nobility
loitirKd tlieireadles, and rendered them the fe.ils ol (oni.i-
nv independent Hates; and armiin.'; their vall'.ils, fieipienlly
made war on each other, and lometimes on tluir (o-
verei'Mi. They neither fouj^ht nor expecled redrcfs,
when thev thoU!';ht tliemfelvcs injured, Irom the kin;;\
courts; but look upon thcmfelves the power of doiu;.;
tlcmlelves iuHice. The kin;rdoms of Norway and Deii-
ni uk were under the like f)rni of [;c)vernm''nt, both of
th"m were eleclive, and had their rcfpei'five fenites,
without whole concurrence, <ir that of the (l.itri allem-
W,'\\ in their diet, the king could traiif.ifl '.othinL.', of im-
jii.rianec.
Hut to return to (lullavur, who found t'lekingdom in
t'.iis filnation. The Itates, who thou;jht they n,'ver
cou'id fulficiently cxprcfs their (gratitude to their deliviTcr,
p.ifled a (blcmn decree, by which they obliired them-
(elves to approve whatever Ciullavus fliould think lit to
perform fir the prefervation of his diijnity, aiviinll a pre-
tender who w.'.s lit up in oppofition to him. They, in
particular, impowered him to mase peace and war, and
rci'olved that tiie enemies ol (jultavus fhould be eltceincJ
the enemies of the n.ition.
This happuitd at the time that the doctrines of the
reformation began to prevail in Sweden, and the Rornilh
eieri;v, (iuftavus's s'.reatelf enemies, being in prdlediiMi
ol h.df the l.mds and revenues of the kin^;doui, and a-
nioim others, of many royal callles and domains, he
thoui;ht this a proper lime to relume- them, by fallini; in
with the dodhinesof I, other, flc therefore procured nn
n'l to be palled, bv which it was ordained, that the bi-
llions fliould immeiliately furrendcr their caltles to the
kin.;, and difliand their troops : that their pn-tended
ri.'his to Hues and forfeited clfate.s, which orii.oii.illy be-
lnni;cd to the crown, fhould be entirely abrog.ited : that
all "the luperduous plate and bells beloM:^inj; to the
churches fhould be fohl to pay the public debts : that all
the grants of eltates to the elcr^'y fince the year 1445,
Ihould be vacated, and the lands re-united to the crown ;
that two-thirds of the tythcs, irener.iUy poll; lied by the
bilhons and abbot.., Ihould be lequedered, for maintain-
ini£ the army in time of war, and for crce\in|i and en-
(lowin'T IHiblic I'chools and hofpitals in ti:iie of pe.iee :
5'
he cniiiely
•ind lh:it all the privili'i/( of lilO elel'.'y fli .1.
at his niajidly's difpol.d.
The kiiu; havin ;', thus obl.iined a lej',.il title to the re-
venues of liie ehiiiih, ni.iuhed throuj.',li ;;reai pait of hi<
iloniinions, at ilie hi id of .1 bo.lv ol horh', to lee the ai'.t
put in execuiion, .itlended by ( )laus I'eiri, and (illii r
l/Uihei.iii doi'lors, whom he ordered to preai li before
him ill the prineip.d < huri h s. Where.er he eanie, he
eoninian led the tiller and |;rants by which tl'.e clere.y
In Id iheir himls to be broiit'ht helore him, .iiid 1 ilher re-
iiniied ihcm to the crown, or rcltored them to the heiri
of ihe .incieiil proprietors j by which means he rerovereil
horn the fecul.ir au^ rej^^ular i ler.iy above two-thirds of
their ri venues, ,md fi i/rd upon near ihirteen fhoiil.ind
eonfiderable farm'., lie alio coiled the fuperfluniis churcll
plaie to be melted down, and carried into tlie' public
ireafiiiy. This indeed occalioned foine conrpiratiea and
infiirrections ; but they wcreeafilv fiippr dlijd.
Havin:', now fueceedcd fo happily in '^uppredinf; hii
;;rea'ed enemies, he obli;;ed the nobility in I (;enlry who
lield the crown lands, which they had kept a their own,
to relii'ii up their del-,', or to pay the rents that were ori-
gin.illy due 10 the crown. Upon this thev were obli.;ed
to compound with the kin", and ajjree to pay him aii-
nii.illv, a ceilain fuin for all their dels and m.inors,
Ciiill.ivus next entailed the crown upon his idue, b\'
the free eonfent of the llaU"!, and it has aceiudin;_'ly b"eii
cnjoyeil by his defcendanls ever diiee. j'lut the ilivifioii
ol ihe kinj'doif. anion}; hii children, the mal-adniinif-
tralion of his (on John, with the propeiility of l.rii k,
John's hrolher, and his Ion Si;',il'imiiid kini; ot I'olan I
to |iOjirry, threw the kin;'doin into tenible diltr.icliuns,
till thev were at l.iltconi|)ofid I'v Cli.iiles IX. and iii, (on
Hull.iviis Adolphus. I his lalt prince coiupieied tie.;
created part of I.ivouia, ami penetran.'d fo f.ir into ( ier-
iiiany as 10 become furmidahli' lo tile emperor ; but ill
lO^;. he lo(t hii life in the battle of Luf/.en.
His daughter Clirillina, who fucceeded toll'...: throne,
look from Niu'way and Denm.uk the territorie-i of
Jamtland and ll.irjedalen, wiih liie idands of CiothlanJ
and Oiland, and in i'>4S added Upper i'omerania, IJre-
men, V'crilen, and Wilmar to the Swcdifli dominions ;
but in the year 1654 that piincels folemnly rcfigncd tht;
crown of Sweden, and w.is \ery inlhumenlal in ad-
vancin;; lo the throne hi-r coufin Charles ( iiid.ivus prince
I'al..liiie of l)eux-l\ints, who in lO^H added Schoncn,
Ilallaii'l, l>lekiii!;en, and the Lihll of Irihua to thu
Swcilidi dominioi'.s. [lis (on Charles XI. re-adiimed all
the alienated crown-lands, and rendered himfelf an abfo-
!ute monarch.
Cliaihs XI. dyint; in ifjQ;, in tiie forty-feeond yc.nr
of hisar;e, and the tiiirty-feventh of his reiern, was i'ue-
ceeded by his only fon Charles XII. wdio being; under df-
tcen years of age, a regency was appointed, in the year
ijcothc lilies, Danes, and Rudians, taking advantigc
of the king's youth, endeavoured lo recover the domini-
ons of which their anceltois had been deprived. The
r.nglifli and Dutch fent a deet to his allidance, and
(ompelled the ])jnes to conclude a peace witli him. This
young prince then marched againll tiie Rudians i<.n^ i'oie.s,
whom at the beginning of the war he defeated in almolt
every encasement, with numbers far inferior to thofe
of his enemies, tiiough he had weil-diiliplined veteran
troops of Saxons to contend with, as well ;. iailliana
and I'cdes : but v^■i;lie, filhd with the utmoft Ci.ntempt
for his enemies, he hulled himfelf in dethroning the kini'-
o( I'oland, the czar I'eter, impioving by his misloiiuncb,
ill his turn learnt to conquer : Chailes was defeated at
Pultowa, and his whole army entirely cut od", or made
prifoncrs, excejit three or four huniir'd horle, with whom
he efeaped to JJender, in Turky. He there gave dirnal
proofs of bis intrepidity and his lolly ; and, a few years
after his return to Sweden, was killed at the dcge of
l'"iedTi..flull. His excefilve fondnefs for war hroiight
ihc kingdom to very great dilttcfs, and he was the laft
male heir of his (amily.
Alter Charles's death his fider Ulrica Eleanor afccndej
the throne, by the fiec elciilion of the dates ; but hrll:
gave up all pretcnfions to arbitrary power ; .i.i I in 1720,
by eonfent rd" the diet, triiiislerred the government to
her hulbaiid I'rcdeiie, hercdiiaty prince ot Hed'e Cadel.
Y King
t!'-:i
S6
A SYSTEM O I- GEOGRAPHY
5)WF. UCN.
i:'it
Fviri]; Frcilciii: having no ifl'iic, the (latcj in 1745 noiiii-
li.itril All()l|lhu^ TrccliTir, diiku ot HollUiii, aiiil bi<hi)|i
>•( Kiitiii, his liiccillor, whii aic(ii\li:i(;ly on ihi' Ji'tc.ilc
cil Knilitu, nil tlic litth (it Aiuil, I'jl, aliiimtJ the
reins ol <.'(ivfrnmi lit.
I'hc tuli.> (i( the liiiij;'* (if Swciliii h.ivc h I'll Ircqiicnt-
Iv vuritJ, His prili-iit m.ij' (ly i.-, lliU'.l /\iliil|ihiis I'rcilc-
rif, hv the L'raio lit (lod, |{iii|; nl Swuilcii, and (il the
(inths .ind V'.indaiv i ^if.it I'liiui: nl Miiliilid; hcicdi-
t.iry Invctcigii ot' Norway ; diilki- of Slclwii, llollliin,
Stormarn, and Ditmarfh ; count otOidcnbiirg andDvl-
nuiihorll.
Aints I he- arms iro (jiiaiftrly : in the firli ami fourth a/iiro,
three crovMis or, for the kingdom of Sweden 1 in tlie lo-
tond and third barre, onde arj^inl and a/nie, a lion
rainpnnt or, crowned gules, for Cjothland ; with tlic
arms iif Hoi III 111 in the cleiitchcoii.
In I'+S, KredciK- I. revived two .intient orders of
knighthood, iiid touiuled another. Tlie priiinpal i^the
blue ribbon, or the order of Si'raphini, inlluuleil in
I ^^.\ by Magnus Siiuek. 'I'he next i. the ytllow ribbon,
or the order of the fwotd, f<uiniled by (iullavus V'al.iiii
I 5; ;. I he ordir ol the blai k ribbon, or the north llai,
is of late inllitulion. All three h.ivc their juipcr badijes
and inuttus.
The prcfeiit form of ^ovi innirnt was feltleil in Sweden
in the year 17^0, bv whirli the kind's male illuc aic de-
clared hii heirs and fucceirots to thi- throne ■, but before
the new loverei;;n enters on the alniiiiiltration of the go-
xernment, he rtiiountes by a loleniii oath all claim to
aibitrarv power, and ei);;a_L;es to punilli with the utniolt
riL;our all who fliall endeavour to promote it, as traitors
and enemies to the kiiij; and kiii;»duin. The kinu, can-
not appropriate to himfelf or alienate any of the iia-
tion.ii revemas ; he cannot (title luiy of the royal do-
mains un his children, but mull fupply the nccellary
funis for their education and portions in ready money;
he mud be of the Lutluian religion : he is to govern in
concert with the duiicil of Hate, aceordiiij^ to the gene-
ral laws of Sweden, and the preient form ot government:
he IS not to engage in any war, toinipoi'e any new taxes,
to alter the v.ilue of the current coin, to detain the fala-
ric3 ur [icnlions accruing; to the officers and loldiers from
the crown lands, nor to annul any oidinanees made for
the improvement of navigation, trade, ruid nianuficUnes,
without the confent of his council and the Hates of the
kinj;dom.
'I'he Hates, according to the antieiit form of govern-
nieiit, confiH of four orders. 'J'hc firll of thefe is the
nobility, confillini; ol counts, barons, and ;;entry. One
IS chofen out or each family to leprefent that body, and
with them the colonels, lieuten.int-eolonclb, majors, and
captains of every regiment, fit and vote.
The lecc;id order is compofid of the reprefentativcs of
the clergy, who chufe one out of every rural deanery,
ronlifting of ten pari.lies, and their charges are home.
'1 hefe, with the biiliojis a.id fuperintendants, make about
two hundred, who reprefent that body.
I'he thinl order of the rtateconfiHs of the reprefenta-
tivcs of the burghers, who arc chof.n bv the mainltratcs
and coinnion-council of every corporation. t)f thefe
there arc four ciciled for Stockholm. Some of the towns
have two votes ; but moft of them have only one. I'hefe
members amount to about a hundred and fiity in the
v\-hole.
'I'he fourth order coiifif?.. of the _iealants, whochnofe
one out of every diHiic^, whole charges they bear, and
thefe amount to about two hundreil and fifty.
The kin:; is obliged to convene a diet <ince in three
rears ; but if he dies without leaving a male heir to the
crown, the Hates meet of themfelves. Kach of the four
clafli:, has Its chiiirman ; themaifhal ofthedict isufiiallv
the chairman of the nobles, and the archbifliop of I'pfal
that of the clergy : the burghers ufually choofe one of
the bumomafters of Stockholm, and the pcafants have
alfo their fpcaker ; but the coiinfellors of (bte have no
vote in the diet. Km h of the four claHcs has alfo its re-
fpci^tive houle at Stockholm.
When they aliemble they firll meet in a hirge room
in the king's palace, called the diet-chamber ; where his
fliajcHy beinji li..aed on his throne, and the fenator> or
privy-coiinfi llors fitting at fomc diltance from him, the
prelident of the chancery ufually compliments the allein-
bly in thekinji's iMine; .iltei which a lei letaiy acquaint*
them with the H.ite of atl'airs finec thiir recels, and
the real'on ot rei|uiiing their advice and allillancc ; tii
whiib the marlli.il of the nobility returns .in anfwcr j
and alter him the archbilhop lor the clergy, and the
fpeakers of the oiIk r order'- ot the Hate. '1 hey then fe-
parate to their leveial lioules or chambers, where they
choole a fecret comniittee, conipolid of an eipial num-
ber ol e.ich body, to whom the minlHry conimunicatu
lueh particulars as are not thought proper to be m.idir
public, and they prepare what is to be propofed to then
refpi/live bodies. In each houle alfaitj aie deteiminej
by a ni.ijoritv ol voices ; and a majority in all the chani -
beis is necelliiry to the pafling of cveiy .let. When thi:
particulars propoled by the king have lici n i.iiilidered and
difpatched, e.icli houle idlers its giicvaiiees fepar.itely
to his niajt'Hv, to wliiili he returns an aniwer j and each
member ol the three inferior houfes has a copy of the
king's anfwer to ilieii relpeitive grievances, and of all
the acts p.dl'cd by the Hates ; both of which they com-
nuiiiicate to their eledlors.
Welhall now give an account of the fenatc, and the
feveral courts or colleges for the adminiilration of pub-
lic att'airs. Thefe arc,
The lenate, the council of Hate, or fuprcmc council,
in which the king himfelf prclides, and has two votes.
Here all national affairs that admit of no delay are deter-
mined by a majority of voices. This council confilt-i
only of fourteen members, who arc choleii in the fol-
lowing manner : twenty- lour of the nobility, or houli:
of lords, twelve of the clergy, and as many of the
burgclfes being aH'emblcd, take an oath of fecrccy, after
which they proceed to chufe three pcrfons lit to be ad-
vanced to that dignity, on a vacancy, in which they mult
be unanimous. Of thefe his majelly chooles which he
picales. No fenator can be cleiited in the intervals of
their diet ; nor may more than two of one family be of
the fenatc at the fame time.
The royal courts of juHicc, of which the Swedi/li pro-
perly fo c.illcd is held at Stockholm, the Gothic at
Jonkoping, and that of Finland at Abo.
The royal w.ir-oflice has a fenator for prcfiJent, ;ind
two others of the lame dignity for his :iil'oei.ites, wilb a
general of the artillery, a iiuartcr-niafter-goneral, and
two counfellots of war, under whofe direction are all the
land-forces, the artillery, and furtihcations. Under thi'i
office aie the comniiHiiry of war's, the ordnance, and
pay-maHer's-oflices ; thole of the militia, the fortilica-
tions, Holes, camp, cloalhing, quarters, i'cc.
'1 he court ot admir.dty, wiiich is held at Cailfcroon,
has an adiiiir.il for its prelident, with all the other admi-
rals and piincipal fea-officers lor his affilhints.
The Hatc-olHee, in which the priim; miniftcr rcfidcs.
As this office has the care of the records of the kiii"-
doni, the fecretary of Hate is a member of it.
'1 he royal chamber of finances.
The royal domain chamber.
'1 he royal chamber of rcvihon.
The royal college of commerce.
The roval chancery.
The office of ihe Hates, and the manufjiflure-offiec.
I'"oreigners are excluded from all polls in the govern-
ment.
With refpeiTl to the laws of Sweden, the new SwcdiHi
digeH was allowed of by all the Hates in the diets held in
'7.5' ^'"i '7?4? •■•nd was confirmed by the king, and
publifhed in 1 7 5O. It contains a new courfc of pio-
ceedings, by wnich all l:nv-Uiif; are cafily determined
and brought to a fpccdy iliiie. The towns and diHricls
of the pcafants have their inferior courts, lioin which an
appeal lies to the fuperior or provinci.il courts, and from
thele again t<.> the royal courts of juHicc. In the village
courts of judicature twelve pcafants always lit as afliHailtv
in trying caufc .
The punilhiiientof theft in Sweden is perpetual (lavery;
the criminal being condemned to lalnjiir all his life in the
ferviccof the crown, in carrying wood and Hone for the
rep.iir of the fortifications, or other fervile and laboriou,
cnniluvmuit. He wcais an iron collai night and day
' abo'.t
SwiilH.V.
about hi.s nc
laltciicd that <
that rings upi
JJuclling, '
with the deal
tall, they hot
which they at
pay a fine.
For miirdc
rriminal, if n
cd : but where
circuiiillances.
quartered. W
<apilal crime, I
We fliall no
tarv and naval
tiaorihnary c.xp
great dutciiy o(
ten niillionsivi'r
and thirty four
the kingdom do
and forty- five th
nig Ihe fuin alh
iilual gr.int to t
hundred tlioufar
thoul.iml ; to thi
the reigning m
debts are fo gre:
interelt of them
(ighi till III litnd ti
The military I
and partly ofdilli
the national milii
ing to an ordinal
faincd by the coi
lity and gentry, ;
maintain both h
furniflies its conti
As to the infill
foldicr, furnifh
piece of land j but
ammunition from
cipal and llihalter
provifion when th
except at the rend
The officers of I
lands relumed and
a houfe and land a
where his regime
far.ms to thc^■alu^
in money, corn,
for the payment of
drcd pounds a year
tion. But on a ..
iiiflifs them with
and forage for thei
The railed regir
as '■nrriliins in the
life-guards, whicf
hundred men ;
thoiilanil ; and the
to twenty- four th
Hence the whole
one thoiifan.l and
the king's regiment
fand and twenty-
fquadron of dragon
find one hundrdl
the ivhole army con
•ind eighteen men :
nary regiments are
equal number.
A college of ini.
eight ficld'-offirers,
fy-twn private men,
firing, prnvifions,
hundred field offii r
and four thnufand
other fmall gratultn
ThcSvvciiifh n.ui
ffom the firll t» the
.1 ill
L', ami
pio-
rmiiK'il
illricU
trom
vilb^c
i-. U R O i'
about his neck, lo which i bow of the f.itue \wt»\ h
l.illcncd that conii'i over hij head, and h.ii a little b'.ll
that riiii^i upon the leal! motion.
l)iicllin;>, where OIK- lit the partie'. ii (lain, ii piinillicd
with the "(li-ath ot' the (urvivor i an! it ntithrr of thLin
fall, they both (uO'er two years inipriloninent, dutiii^
which they are to live upon bread and water, and alfo
pay a line.
For murder, adultery, and burnin;.^ of houl'es, the
rrimiiial, if a man, is hanj^ed ; and if a woman, behead-
ed: but where the fach are attended with ag'^ravatMiti
circuuillanres, the olFetukr is hun^ in chains, burnt, or
<iuart<red. Where a nobleman or gentleman commits a
( apit.il irinu", he is (hct to death.
W'c rtiall now confider the cxpenrei, revenuei, mili-
tary and naval forces of Sweden. I'he orihnaiy and ex-
(Mordinary e.xpences for the kinfMJom of Sweden, and the
lucatdutchy ot Finland, (or the year 1753, amounted to
itn million'! two hundred and forty thouland four hundrtd
aiid thirty tour fllver dollars ; but the ordinary revenue of
thckins;Ji)m does not exceed eight miliums (iven hundred
and forty- five thou(aiul (even humlicd and eleven, incliid-
•iig the luiii allowed to thi: king for his civil li(^- The
ulual i^rant to the king for his privy piirfe is about two
hiiiulied thoufand (ilver <lii|lars ; to tlv (luri'ii a hundred
ihoulaiul i to the princcfs and princeilus, the children of
the reigning monarch, thirty thouland. The crown
debts arc (ii s;reat, that (ince'thc year 1755 the annual
iiiterell of them has amounted to one million twenty-
tighi thoufand two hundred and ci;lity-(ix lilver dollars.
The military (orces (jf Sweden conlilt partly of raifed
and partly o( dilliibuted regiments. The latter, which are
the national militia, form the greatelf pait, and, accord-
ing to an ordinance publiflicd by Charles XI. arc main-
tained by the country ; for that prince obliged the nobi-
lity and gentry, as well as the pcarants, to provide and
maintain both horfe and foot, of which each province
furndhes its contingency.
As to the inf.intry, every three farmers provide a foot-
foldicr, (urnifh pay, and give him a liwelling and a
nicccof land ; hut he has his accoutrenicnts, arms, and
ammunition trom the crown, which alfo p.iys the prin-
cipal and fubaltern officers, and fupplics the troops with
provifion when they arc on their march, ot in the field,
except at the rendezvous, in order to be multered.
The officers of horfe and foot are maintained out of the
lands re(umcd and reunited to the crown. F.vcry officer has
a houfe and land aligned him in that part of the country
where his regiment is quartered, and the rent of other
farms to the value of his pay, which they receive cither
in money, corn, or other goods. 'I'he lands alfigned
for the payment of accilunel of foot are about three hun-
dred pounds a year, and the rc(l of the officers in propor-
tion. But on a march, or in the field, the crown tur-
niflifs them with fubfiirencf, and provides ammunition
anil (brage for their hort'es.
The raiicd regiments of inf.intry, moft of which fervc
as "arrilons in the fortified phicis, coiiliil of the king's
life-guards, which amount to thirteen thmifand eight
hundred men ; a regiment of artiHery, confiding of three
thouland ; and the diftribiited regiments, whkh Am( ant
to twenty-four thoufand two hundred •Mid thirty-eight.
Hence the whole body of the infantry amount to forty-
one thouland and thirty-eight. The cavalry, including
the king's regiment of life-giiard5,ani</iints to (even thou-
fand and twenty-fix ; hi(ides three regiments and one
fquadron of dragoons, amounting together to three thou-
fand one hundred and fifty-four. Hence it appears that
the wholearmy confiUs of fifty-one thoufmd two hundred
and eighteen men : but in time of war fevcral extraordi-
nary regiments are raifed, which amount to at leafl: an
equal number.
A college of invalids is founded at \Vadllcna for twcn-
clght field-o(ficers, nineteen fiihaitcm otficers, and twen-
ty-two private men, who arc there provided with lodging,
firing, provifions, and cloaths : bcfides thefe aboyc five
hundred field olficers-, five hiindr^'d and fit'tv liibaltcrns,
and four thoufand private men have p.'iifions, and I'omc
(jihcr fmall gratuities.
The Svvedifh n uv coiirifl;of twentv-lour lliips of war,
from the firll tu the lixth uies, carivnuj Iruiu uhundied
h
to ('orty-twoguns ; twelve (rigntes, r.irryiiig from tlilriy-
lix to twelve i^unsi four brlitaiitine' , curyiu' from
eight to fix guns i with levcral bunib-kucchts, and luriy
gallics.
Sweden at prcfi nt ronfilts of five preat divifions, or
gencr.il provinces ; 1' inland, ( lothlaiid, Sweden pioperly
lu called, NutdUiid, and 1. upland.
s K c r. IV.
Of Finlanil, III Si tuition, Exltnl, and Prii,lucf. A fti-frip'
tinn of ill fcjtral Pimncts, and of tht (irincipal I'taui
in taihi
IN Hcfcribing the prnvinrcn of Sweden we (lull begin
with the callermcit part. Finland, called by thu
natives Suomi, is bounded on the call by Riiflia, on the.
(biith by the gulph of Finlaiul, on the welt by the gulpK
of liiithnia, and on the north by a part of Swedifh Lap-
land. This country contains about eighteen thoul'anil
fquarcKnglifh miles, and is naturally (ertile ; but it is fat
friun being properly cultivated or fulficicntly peopled ac-
cording to its extent.
The padures ol Finland are in many places fo rich,
that the inhabitants obtain great profit by gr.izmg j bur
the breed of cattle is here very Imall. Here are confi -
derablc woods of pine-trees ; fo that valt cpiantities ot'
timber, boirds, and charcoal, are ('rnt from hence t"
Stockholm for exportation, it produces (eviral Ibrts 01
(riiit, as pears, apples, plumbs, and cherries ; and a-
boiinds with all forts of game.
Finland i» every where watered with lakes, rivers, ami
brooks, which yield plenty of fi(h, and fine pearls arc:
found in the pearl-fifheries. Lead ore is found in fevc-
ral parts of this province, and in the lakes and moralTes
arc d>ig up a feiriiginous earth, Irom wliich iron is ex-
trarted. Finland is divided into five ptovincci, of cadi
of which we (hall give fonie account.
AV'e (hall begin with Fiiihnd I'loper, which is (ituatej
at the angle where the giilphs of Kothiiia and Fiiil.nul
join, and is about a hundred and (eveiity-tour linglifli
miles in length, and a hundred and tight in breadth.
The foil is very fertile, and the country yields very de-
lightful profpecis, cfpecially in the Ibuthtrn parts, where
it is agreeably divcrfified with lakes, rivers, corn-fields,
paftiires, hop-grounds, woods, and fiime iron works ;
but the north part of Finland is not (b well cultivated.
The fief of Biorneborg is one of the mod fertile parts in
all Finland ; and here is a rich pearl-fifliery, where?
pearls of an extraordinary fi/.e are Imind, (or the mod
part fingle ; but fometimes a duller of two or three-
pearls are (bund in the fame (hell. The inhabitants of
this country fiibfift by grazing, .agriculture, fifhing, and
making of wooden-ware ; and traffic in grain, meal,
cotton, butter, talc, yarn (lockings, and linen.
The principal places in Finland I'ropcr are,
Abo, in Latin Aboa, is feated on the river Auroiocki,
which runs through the city. It (lands on the po'int of
the angle formed by the gulph of Bothnia and Finland,
has a commodious harbour, and is the moft conliderablc-
llaplc town in ths whole country. It is fituated in fixtv
degrees (brty minutes north latitude, and in twenty-one
degrees twenty eight minutes ealHoiigitude, and is almoft
furrounded with hills. The cathedral, which was built
in I 590, is a handfome flriiiflurc. King Guftavua
Adolphus founded a feminary here, which ipieen Chrif-
tina afterwards converted into an academy. A royal
high court of judicature, which is the only one in F'in-
land, is held at Abo, where the governor of the pro-
vince alio refides. The chief magiHrates are two bur»o-
maders. The city carries on a brifk trade in corn, pro-
vilions, linen, planks, &c. 'I'he Rulfians, who were in
polfcflion of this place from the year 1 7 1 3 ro 1720, com-
miltcil great ravages here, it has allb frequently fufl'ercd
by fire. In the year 17.13 ^ peace was concluded in this
city between Sweden and Rudia. Abo cafUe is one of
the mod antient fortifications in F'inland ; it is feated on
a peninfula at the mouth of the river Aura, and has been
fevcral times dcdroyed by the enemy, and confimicd bv
fire.
« Af
■'•If. a.
m
Ui
ill
It "I
m M
il
-K
Ii
' M
I ft
. t^:
«?*
'11
. rf J
-^? 'f
■m
^i
ft^.cr.
6^: 1,1
i, >, : m ■
88
A S Y S T F. M O r G I. C R A P 1 1 Y.
Iri.:j
At tho ilill inc'? of ilini' l',ii:;li(Il mik'J fiiiltl Alio I
Njilfinl.ihl, 111 l„itiii \ .iIIh Cif.iti.d. A iMiivri't wimli
ticd;'("i()ni.il the liiiililiiij; dI tlii-> tnwii, w.n U(|iitlKit-l ;ii
llic licl'otmitinii, ttviiiiin, liir.vi'ni, iiiiitiiiiK'.l tlurc till
tliL- year IS')S' 'i"'' •■'' "P " mamiKufory ni knit llmk
inps whicli liill (Diitiniic. to tloiiridi, mu\ IrMTjl liiiii
ilicil p.iir.s ultliiiMil l(i)ckiin(!t ;irt' iiiiiiii.illy l"M •" aurv
lowi.ilc, ;i ml lint Imm lumr to Skh kimlm .iiul ntlr.r
places. Near tlic town !■. a I'liic mniiciiial f|iilii:'.
Hiornebort; is afe.iiiDrt Kwn, (ifu.iteil m tM I'lxiy.
fecoiul i!ei;ri'Cot ivirili jjtitinle, on aniituw I'.tn.ly ti.Kt
nf (;roiin(i on the Imnk "I the liver Kiini", wIulIi, jiilt
lielovv the town, ilivnUs itlcll into kvir.il bi.nieh.w,
foriiiini' m.iiiy liiLiI! illuuli within the iliflaiiec "I' three
mi!e«. {iie,it<iii.mtiiies ol' wooilen-w.ire aiul tilh, p.ir-
ticul.iil) l.ilnion .uul l.irpe whiiinjis are exiinrtcil Iroin
heiiee to Storkhiilm and nthrr places, The ijuav be
loii;;ln^ to this liiwil ik at Saiiilml, which is at about lix
miles (lillaiuc.
Metween the idaiiil of Alaml nmi Kiiilanil arc m.iny
fniall iil.unls, Ihelvcs, and rotks which render that part
<d'the lea verv daiu'.croiis to nvirineis. Aland is liiiial-d
in the Cixtv-hrll dei'iee tive niimites north latitude ; it l^
about ihirtv-fiv inile<i in leii-tli, and near as many in
h'eadth. Pile Toil is Co krtile, that the iiihabitanl. lel-
(loni expi'iiencc any (carcity o( corn. It alio proihiee',
rich padures tor |.;ia/.in ■;. Tho woods belong to the kin^,
and arc evere where rnelolid. In dilVerent parts (jI
the iflind .ire qu.irries ol liine-lkme ; and lynxes, Invc-,
and hales abound here; but bears are not very coiiwiion.
The inhabitants, wlui Iptai: the Swedilli dialect, ehielly
fiiblift bv .'(;iieiilturr, j;ia/.iii;;, Cilhiiif, himtinc, c.itili
inp of lea-fowl, and woikiii!; in the woods. They alio
trade in biilter, woo.leii-ware, coals, aiiil lime ; and
fomc of tlitm are good ni.irincr?. Thcelerjj;y ot this
i/land .lie under the jurifdiilidil of the lulliup of
Abn.
The next province of Finland wc fliall men;! in is that
of Kail liolhni.i, which liis l.irther north on the (e,i-coilt,
and obtained its name trim its bein^ litiiated on the i alt
fide r,f the enlph ol liothnia. Nature his (riiaialed it
from the adiaccnt eoiinlnes by a chain ol hilN, whiili
run alont; the caff tide of it ; and from thefe emiiieiui '.
liVuc fev'eral rivers. The country, cfpeeiallv on thi: lea-
coall towards the foiith, is for the molt part level, but
full of moralVes. The iiuliillry of the inhabitants in
agriculture is attended with good fuccefs, fo that they
lupply other plaees witli corn ; but their hopes ol a i;ood
rrop arc fonictimes friiUrated by an iincxpeifted Moll.
H.iwevtr, fonie large tr.ict.of land lie iinr ultiv.itcd. Mall
Jjothnia abounds in woods, and with lakes and rivers
th.it yield plenty of fidi ; and in fome of the rivers are
found pcails. 'The inhabitants fubiillchitfly by a;;riciil-
ture, grazing, burning lime and tiles, and in making
tar. Of the lall they annually extras fifty thoufaiid
barrels. They alfo cinpb.y themfelves in hunting and
fifhinsx, niip-buildln(.s and liiakiii^of wooden-ware. 'I'he
cpiiimodities exported f.nm henee arc beams, plank.s, tar,
train oil, cattle, fifli, and other provifions.
All the parilhcs in this province amount only to nine-
teen Inhabited he l'"ms, and nine by the Swedes. The
riimbcr of the iiiii.ibitants is computed at ci;^hty thuu-
fand. „ ,
t/all Bothnia is divided into three part?, nil under one
"OM-rnori the p'iiKipal places in which are,
L'lea, or I'lai-org, a i'ca-port town, litu.itcd on a
pcnliifiila at the mouth of the river Ulea-Elf, in the fix-
tv-lilth decree twdity minutes latitude, and is the larj^eft
town in all Kail I'othnia. It has very llraight and long
ltrce\s, a good fchi.ol, a commodious harbour, and a tine
falmon fiihcry. In the year 1714 it was demolifhcd hy
the kufiians.' The calUe which Hands near it on a fmall
iiland, IS (aid to be at prefent in a ruinous condition.
Oamla-Carlebv, in Latin Carolina-Antiqua, was built
in the reii^i of (Juitavus Adolphus, in a t'crtile and plca-
lant country, in the lixty-f'jurth decree cipht minutes
ii(}rth latitude. It has a commodious harbour, and the
inhabitaiitb not only carry on a confidcrable tr.ide in tar,
but make L'reat advantages by (hip-building. The adj.n-
ccnt country h famous for a particular kind ol l..lt,
which the p af inti ImiII fiom the I'a.'.V.UCr in Ipriti;' iii.l
autumn. At toll it is of a dirty pr>y mlour \ Inil iijuii
poiiiin ' fiiiii' lour milk into the claulying vciiil, it he
conns as VN lute .i'. fnow
'I hi pioviiue III lavallland, in l.itiii I'.ivadi.i, lie ,,i
till iiiidilk'ol I'inl.inil, and isahiiiilied and ei^;liiy nul
III len^ith, aiM a hiiiulied and iwcniy in bie.idth. I ii<
loiiiiiiy, which IS viry liiiile, i.mlills ol line plauu,
UMliK'tl by a "tc.it null her if lako and rivets tii.it a-
biiijid With lilli, .ind IS diveililied with meadow and a-
table lands; and wiih refpecl to thefe naiiii.il advanti:.M,
it is learee (iiipalleil hy .my pinvince in ^iwedelt. It w
alio lliired with cattle, and .ill forts of game : but it n
f.ir lioni being w. 'I cultivated, and confeipientlv the
jieif.iiits arc generally p lor. The inh.ihiiaiii • luldilf hy
agiieuliurc, );ta/ing, .md breeding ot cattle, and Innn-
ot them arc tmployid in the tilhcrics. They alfo tiado
III riiiii, pea"-, heans, Inittir, cattle, leather, diicd lilh,
l.illow, lt,i\, hemp, lime, and the bark of tucs.
(Jiieofthe molf reiriaik able pl.ices in this province h
Croiiebiirg,or Tavallchus, in l...it.ii C'roncburgum, a fm.dl
town lurli In lO^o, on a plealant Ipot, .nul endcnvv.l
with ( onlider.ible piivilegu. Tliij town, wdiicli is Inn.
ated in the fixlyliill degrie twenty-live niimites latitude,,-/'
was i.iken by ilie Kiiin.iiis in 171 {, .in>l in the l.ilt w.ir he.
twecn them ami the Swedes it w.ii laiil in .illies. I'he
eallle, which, exclulive ol the town, is properly called
Tav.illehus, or Tavalliburj^, is Will lortillcd, and leivej
fur .111 .ir,enal and rny.il magi/ine.
The province ol Nylin I, in l.atin N'ylandia, lira in j
bay of lliC gulf of I'lnland, .md was diimerly peopled S.
the I'ins ; hilt is now inhabitrd by the Swedes. It a
mar a hundied and twi iitj' eight niiUs in length, and in
few pl.ice-. more ih in tinny in breadth. It is a Itvvl,
lertile, and pb-afant counliy, b'tier pcopli I and culti-
vated th.in the neighbouiinj; piovince.i. Jt conlills ol ,\.
rabic .ind excellent pallines, woods, livers and lakes tint
.ibouiid With lilh, and is wi 11 llored wiih all lorts i.f
game. Here are alfo fome fiwing mills and iron-fouii.
deriis The inh.ibitants liiblilt by .1 ;riiiiltuie, gra/iiir,
and rifliiiu', and trade in com, planks, linen, aiiddiud.
hfh.
The p1in1.ip.1l town-, in this province aie,
llelfingfors, in Latin llellingnfoi fa, a fiaple-tinvn,
and the belt in the piuvince, is fe.ited on a peniiilnl.i, on
the fouth eoall, and has a good harbour, not inlermr t,,
.my in Sweden. This town w.is built by (lullaviis I.
but in the late wars was laid in afhes, and has not yet re-
covered its foimcr flourifliing ll.ite. The goveriiiu ni
Nvland and 'I^avallland rrli.l.s In this town, and wiiluu
thefe feu' years feveial fuits have been built in its iiei'4 1-
bourhood.
liorgo, in Latin Horga, an ancient fca-port, with j:i
indiirerent haibi.nir. This town was almod entirelv do-
inolidicd in the late war ; b;i: is now in a vc-y Hmndli-
ing condition. It is a bithop's fee, and ha.s a goml
f.niinary. The inhabitants trade in all kinds (.'.'
liiitn.
Degerbv, or Louifa, is a W;:ll-built daple-town on a
cr ekof the gulf of Finland, and has a commodious h.ii-
l".ur. It was built in 1745 as a frontier town towards
t! ■-' Riiiiian territories, according to the limits fettled !>v
tin; lalt treaty of peace, and was called Degerbv fr.mi
the iiohlemairs cdate on wliieh it (lands; but in 1-57.
king Adolphus I'redeiic changed its name to that ol
Louifa.
licfidcs the above five provinces, Finland contains i!it
country of Sawohix, which is two hundred and f i,.t
miles in length, and a hundred and twenty-(ix in breadi.i,
but produces very little corn or padure, it nioftly conl-il-
ing of woods, lakes, rivers, and morades. The laiul
is lo iinM|ually divided, and fo thinly inhabited, that the
grounds belonging to (iime farms, lie above fixty nir' ;
from the houfe. The inh..bitanls, however, get a tole-
rable fubriftcncc by lowing buck-wheat, grazing, hunt,
ing, lidiiiig and making wooden-ware. They alio tr.ul?
in tallow, butter, diicd fifii, hides, and furs. The
country aboun.ls in elks and rein-dcer ; but contains lu
towns worthy of notice.
s E c ;■.
SwtUIIN'.
S K C V. \ .
OrCuMvilhi Xfnir»t\ ill i''''^' Pi *■'•/!"» \ nilhn fi.vH-
iiiLir l^^iioit nf thtm \ unJ lliiir jtifiut PrtuiHiti,
JjlanJi, iixil {•"^"i-
GO rHI.ANlJ u bouiiJcil on thecidaml fouth by
the ll.iliic i "11 the well by Norw.iy, the Siiun.l,
niiJ iht Cvriiaii iitc.iu l ami on the north by Swi.Kii
I'roiHi li IS .1 |)l<.iUiit ami llrtilc country, ronlilliMg
otliiic \>\.\wi mill cnilolum, unJ the ,;,ro.itcll pari ol (I. ■
torn 111 till- ^rovvlh "i Swiilcn ii |iri"liiii'il hew. li iillo
iibmiml. Ill I'll-''' •I'lil iik'-'i'S wliiih yu'Kl nrc.it iiu^iuiim
ill lidi, a.i 1 in <■'««' I'll*' torcfli and i;ch minc^,
Cjotlil in.l li.iil .intn-mly itn oiwn lovcrcij(ns ; but Sm .
rhcr, kii^ "I ihi- ( )llri)nolhs liin,' |)roil.iiii)i'J king ol
the Swulriaml (iotll^ III I HI, I'otli illt-'lt kingiluMi- hv-
hms •'•>n>'^ uiiilcil iiniicr one fovcriign. The arms ot Cici'-
Uml arc.i/.inxi ■' lion runip.int |;oini!; ovci three llieains ,
by whith tlic (.loilv. probably iiitcmlt.l to Jcnoic liieit
warlike prowil'i, and the I'ucccU ol' (heir arm:* in three
coiiiitrii'i ot Kiiropc .
I'hc number ol towns in (lolM.iiul ninount to (orty-
eiglit, -mil it i'. liividcd into tall (i.itliiand, Welt Cioili-
land, •in. I .iniitli <.Jothluiid.
I.alt liuihlaiiil, in Latin Oftro-(iothij, propcily Co
calUd, iiiiUuks biiialuid, with the illands ( lel.inil and
Ciothlaiui. I'liii (ountiy, which had t'orimrly in par-
ticul.u kiii^',s audits own laws, ii ninety-lit miles in
leii",tli, and ninety in breadth, and produeu wheat, rye,
barley, oai», and ptai in Inch pKnty in to Inpply the
iitii'liliuiiiiiii; pruviiiies. It hai alii) many luie orchardi,
ineadowv and pallines, with l.ikc. and rivers ahoundiin;
with vai'etv ol lilli, exu'iilive lotells, lome ot whii.h are
of oak and birch, and valuable iron iiiines, 'I'lic inha-
bitants aie employed in at^iuulturc, grazing, huniin^,
fidiinj;, and in the minci and i|uatrii.'5. vMon;; the
bankiTurilic lakeot Wtttcr arc t'ouiid agate, coriiilians,
touch-lloiie, and r.iltle-lliiiie.s. In the lord! of Kalnur-
ilcii are duj; up line niarlile, and a reddilh violet-llone
which iniiit a very fragrant fmi II. Antimony i. found
in nioniit Ainbtr;;, and beaulilul petritaaions in feveral
parts of tile country.
Thoie aic Iwenty-thrcc lakca in Eaft Gothland, the
moll leniarkable ot whii.li is the Welter, which extends
ninety miles in len;;tli, and tifieen in breadth, and con-
tains two or three iflaiuls. It has but one outlet, which
is by the liver Motala, though above forty little Itreams
difehatgc thi nifelvLi into it. 'I'his lake is laid to lie a-
bove a hundred feet hi|^her than either the ll.ltic or the
North Sci, and is decj) and clear, but very boillcrous in
winter.
The rivers of Eaft (lOthland arc the Motala, jull men-
tioned, which receives fcventcen rivulets, and palling
through the whole country dilchargcs itfelt into the Bal-
tic ; near Norkioping it precipitates its waters from a
rock tixteen tathonis high ; the Stang, which divides
the coiintrv into tlie eaft and weft part., and difchargcs
itfelf into the laki of Ro.xen : the Molhy orNibro, the
Karclh.i, and the Skena.
Kaft Cio-.hland conlilts of one dioccfc, which is that of
Linkioping i the lecond in Sweden as to pretedcncc. It
includes tuenty-two piovoftihips, and is divided into
twenty-one diftriiils, which belong to the prefedurc of
Linkioping.
The principal place in Kaft (lothland is Norkioping,
in Latin Noreopi.i, a ll.iple-towii luu.ited on the river
iVlotala. It is next to Stockholm in extent, and is cf-
teemcd one of the bell cities in the kingdom. It was de-
llroycd by the Ruflians, but has recovered iti'elf, and
contains live churches, has a new and commodious quay,
and carries on a confulerahic trade. Here arc paper mills,
copper mills, a piinting-houle, and woollen manufac-
tures.
The country of Smaland, or Smoland, is a hundred
and twenty miles in length, and fcvcnty-iwo in breadth,
and was antienlly go\crncd by its own kings. It pro-
bably received the name of Smaland, or fniall parcels of
land, hccaufc in aiuient times the country was fo over-
run with woods and barren wallcs, that the inhr.bitants 1 dia, lies in the Baltic, diiecllv
51 ' Z
tr R O |> v.. Sr)
cniil.l only ciiliivat.' i few fpon lifri" nnil ilicrc h'twrpn
thrill I ,iiid even in iliis ilav are lorn larjjc h.npi ol lloiiei
in ihr woodi, wliiih wi r'.' thrown tngrih'T by the hrll
Miha'iitant'-, in ordi r n> 1 1 'ar thr nhnind, Thoii-h Sm.t-
land n moiiniaiiinpi,, iliole piUi which ate ciilijvateil
Mf very friiilliil, and it ii pariularly nm.irkabtc for ill
line pafture.. Ilrii! ,ire lini;e for lis of beech and ofhcr
trees. A vein of gold his bi'en dileovered in thi-i pto-
\ inee, and tlierc ,iir alio iiilnn of (ilirr, ropper, and
in n, and rvrn .i grcit ipiantity of tlu- latter is found at
the bollnm of the I. ikes.
The hi'ih mountain of IIiinfbiTT rriVniblei si cnnc, nml
may be Uiit at lite dillann- ol i-i:;ht .S'Ve li(h miles. The
inhab tmu obtain a ronfortal'lu luhfill lu-e by n,;iii mI-
iiiro, gi,,/ ij, and the mines. I hey alio deal in cattle,
' "'T, ehccii, l''(h, bacon, tallow, H(h, hop^, bean ,
p,.,n, mails, tar, |..t afh, iron, andi'i.'in.
In tn > (ifovince are twenty-one lakes, whielt alTor J
nothing rcin<(, iblc, and ten rivers, the priiieip.il ol
\hich ate the LmrfiJ, the Nifla, the Lnga, and the Hel-
il' '
Siii.i' " 1 1 onfifts of two diorc''cs, (hit of Wcxia, and
that ol l_.ilfii.ir, and contains three pr. iV.ituie'i, which in-
rliide twenty- lour diltrias, the mull remarkable plaui
in which ate,
C.ilm.ir, in f.atiii Calmati.i, i (■ Tt.-d in the prcfiLTurt;
of the lame name on ihi; main lea, (ippoliir to ihc ifle of
Oel.ind, in the liftyfixth degree forty minutes I.itiludi-,_,VV'.4/'.
anil in the Itxteenth degree four ininute.j e dLloiV'itnde.'M .-tf A •
It is a fine ft.iple city, ami one of the oldift' in (ioth-
land ; it is nearly <if a lireular form, and has line rcgii-
l.ir llreels, in which are about live himdr. i! houfes. It
is fiiiKMiiu'ed on the land tide by four w.ill ^ and mo.its ;
but has only one wall towards thi' fea. At the dillance
of II mill- 111,1 a h.ilf from the town, Itand. the ftroiig fort
of ( iriiiiikiar, and towards the north is another furt oit
till- ifl and of Karinglarct. C'almar calll.' ftands near thu
Sonnil, or llreight, opprifitc to the city i it has two
ditches, anil is lo well fortitied, that it has lucn gi'ilc-
r.illv conliderrd as the llrongcft niul moft impijitant for-
trcl's on ilie frontiers. The prefeel or governor refiilci
in the royal palace of llidmo, near the city ; here arc alfo
a bilhiip's palace, a line cathedral, a commndinis quay
for Ihipping, and a fiminHry, and it has good m.mu-
fac lories of cloths and wo<dlcn ftiilf::. TheSdimJ, which
inns between the callle and the idand of ( ),l,md, is call-
ed Calmar-Sound, and is about liv; miles over. In this
city the famous union of Calmar was conchidciil ctwern
the three northern kingdoms.
Joiikioping, in Latin Junccopia, is a very ancient fta-
ple-town, in the prcfedlure of the fame n.iiiic, fituated
on a peninliila between the lakes of Wetter, Mmik, and
Rock. This town formerly lloml in another place ; but
the inhabit.ints were removed hither in the reign of {Jul-
tavus AJolphus. The fuburbs (ni both fides arc fepa-
rated from the town by a canal that conveys water out
of the lake ot Lill Into that of Rock. Tlierc are here
three churches, an armoury, an claboiatorv, and an
arfenal belonging to the crown : fue-arms are'alfo mndo
here, '['he fupreme court of jiiftice for Ciothl.ind is held
in this town, and ten provincial with forty-eight infe-
rior courts are under its jurifdiction.
Wexio, in Latin Wcxionia, is leatcd in the prcfeaure
of Cronoberg, alnioll in the center of the province, and
is the relidciKC of the prefeft or governor. In the year
1570, this town was reduced to afties bv the Dmes.
A femlnary was founded here in ih.^y, ; but the library
and cathedral, which was above nine-hundred ye.irs old,
and in which St. Siegfried, its founder, was interred,
were dellroyed by fire in 1740.
About twelve miles from this city is Hrowalla lu-ath,
famous for being the place where the Danes were totally
defeated by the heroic Ulcnda, who coniinandeil the
Smaland women in the abfence of their huthand.s, that
were engaged in another expedition. As a reeompencc
fir their luavcry, the women of Smaland were honoun-d
with extr.iordinary privileges, and dillinguiflied by thi ir
wearing a kind of marti.il head-drcl's : they have even Kill
an equal (hare with the men in inheritances.
Th," pleafant idand of Ocland, called in Ltitin Oelan-
polite to the Calma--
Sc'UllJ.
m}W'"
(1!
f;0
.'\
S Y S T I . M O r Ci I . O G U A F 1 1 V,
SwtDEV.
i ■
' 7 '
!
.km
lii
«8^
•f '
« i
il
. i^
Soiiiul. It is tinlitv fdiir iiiil'.s in Iciigih, aiul Iml iiiiic
linuiil in tlic wljcll pl.ico. It is diviilcil imo tin.- iimtli
iin.l I'ouili puts: in the jDrni.r iiil- (ever:!! line l,|rclls,
;uul m.my ijii.iniLS ot lluiic ; Imt in the latl.r the gniiiml
bcin^ MKirc level, is tit both tor p.illuie uii'l till,r,i'. I'he
ifl.tiul in LH'iici.il vields phnty of honey, w.i\, Initter, Jinl
nut-. '1 he Oehniil hoilis arc I'ni.ill, l.cit llion;;, anil
lull I'l' mettle. I L' re .ire alio .\ nuiltitiiil.; ol ileer <il I'eve-
r.il kiiuls, a> likewile h.ires anJ wilii boars. The kin;;'s
lorell e.McnJs over the whole ilLuiJ. !ioth pait.s ot
(Vlaii'i abonml mi alluni-ininis, bhielc maibic, and Itee-
lione, ren:.iik.ililc lor its h.iidnel's. The inli.il-ii.ints are
i.iid tcj e:;ceed Icven thoiiland perl'ons, vvlm are employed
in agrieiiltine, woikirii^ in llic ijii.niies, tiittnig llone,
biirjiing linir, lifliiuii;, and n.ivii'ation.
In the I'.cjrth part ot' the illand is liorcJiolin, a (lately
rnval feat will lortilied, theiiiih il has been levcp.il
tijnes taken by the D.'.nes ; imt the Swedes have dl*ays
infiftcd on its bein^; ijivcn up to them by tieaties. Near
it is tl.c commodious h.ibmir ol' IJorj^a.
In the province of Kail Coithland is alfo the illand of
Clothlaild, or (Jottl.ind, in Latin Cuitllandia, wliich is
fituaud Ki the lialtie, and ia about .i liundred and eif;ht
miles in length, though but Iron) thirty to thirty li\ in
breadth. From its eonvenii'nt fituaiion it .leipiired the
name of the J-'.ye of ttie I'altie. It was foinu-rly ijov.in-
cd by its own kings, ami h.ul itsp.eeuliar laws and privi-
leges; but is at prelent lubject to the fupreme oouit of
juliiee .It Siuckholiii. h is laid to have oblaijud its
name fiom its having been the winter-quarters of the
Goths, when they put to lea on naval expeditions.
As the foil is fertile, it nas go.id p.dhiies, line woods
of oaks and pines, as well .is piolitable iKlieiies. It has
J.irgc quarries of Hone of diti'eunt kinds lit for building.
Here are alio feveral eniious Ipecies of llone, eoral.i,
corni li.'.ns, agates, and beautiful petrifactions.
Tl.c inhal'itants fnblill by agrieulture, gra^.ing, lilli-
ing, burning lime, working in the (juariie!;, nivig.'tion,
."ind feveral lorts t.f meehaiiie trader, 'i'he peafuits fell
]ioi;c of their eommoJities to the inhabitants of the
towns ; but whe:i one of them, f.iys Dr. liukhing,
comes to market, the burgher to whom he applies, fui-
nillKs him with all neccllaries, and gives him money to
cnaMe him to pay bis taxes ; while iht peafaiit, on the
other hand, deliveis up to the burgher all the produce of
his indulliy, without nientior.ing a word about the piiee,
both panics proceeding accoidiiig to the dictatej ot na-
tur.il julticc and ei.juity.
This illand is divided into three pirts, n.'.mely, the
North, Middle, and South p.nt ; the liill of whiih eon-
tains fevcn, the I'etond ll.\, and the third feve;' dilliicls ;
but tlie only tovvn worthy ol notice is
W'il'bv, a very ancient ll.i|i|e city, which in firmer
times was one of the Hanfe-tviwas, and v^.is Irecpiently
vilited by the Sweden, Goths, Daiic^, Nonnans, breiRh,
J jiLrlifli, Sa:«.iis, I.ivonians, Spaniards, KiilTMns, (Jieeks,
aiufother nations. In times of po|iery tiiere were tiiiee
churches and five convents within the city, bch.lcs two
within the walls. 'Ihc inaiitinrc laws of W'ilby were
lamous in ail parts, and adopted along the coaK ol ihe
Jj.illic. W'ilby is the relidencc ol the fiiperintendant
.iiid prcfci^t i It has a church and Ichooi ; its harbour is
I'al'e and commodious, and the town is in a pretty floii-
rifiiing condition.
We now come to W'cll Gothland, which contains four
provinces. Well Gothland propeily io cal' 1, Waime-
laiid, D.iland, or the Vale Country, ai'd iiohus-I.chn.
Well tiothland properly I'o called, l.es below the lake
of Wener, and is a hundred and twenty miles in length,
and iiincty-li\ in brc.idth. It was antiently governed by
its own kings, and had its particular laws and privileges.
The palturev-. are fo rich, that the inhabitants are able to
l'up|)ly other parts with butter and cheefe ; the iail <if
which is muiii admired. The country alfo produces
corn, fruit-f.ces, and vegetiibles; and here iikcwifeaie
iron and aliu.n works.
■|"he lake of Wener, or Vener, is eighty-lour miles in
Icni'lh, and forty-two in breadth ; it ebbs and flows in
3 very extraordinary manner, is (lored with great plenty
uf hill, aii-J !'"> feveral illiiids, Twenty-four riv.i* dil-
1 li'.i 'c tlu nifilvei into it, vet none flows out of it, but
the laiiu' iivcnalled Gotha-I'ilbe.
The Gotha lilbc, or Gothic livcr, difciiargcs itfeifin--
to the North Sea near (i<:ttenburg. About forty-five
miles from its mouth is tlie rcmaikahlc catar.nfl of I'rol-
hatl.i, wheie the w.itci is pieeipitaied between tworocksi
it conlills ol tluee cafcades, each of them about hvc fa-
thoms high, anilnboiit three hundred fathoms Ironicach
other. At the dillancc of three miles from this cataraift
is abridge, inni -m one rock to another, over another
high catar.ic'l tormv. 1 by this river, at the bottom of whiclj
grc.it number of falinon arc caught; and twelve miles
lower down is anothir w itcr-tall, where the boats anj
other vcllcls pufi throimh thiee Unices.
I'll' other rivers in \VeH (nitliiand are the Malic ixnA
thi- Giillfp.iiig, winch lalt divides Kail Gothland from
VV',irini.:..iid.
Well (iotliland i,i divided into two dioccfts, that of
Skara, and that of Goitenlnirg. I'he former is the third
in rank, and includes (ifteen provolllliips j the latter ia
the tenth in r.iiik, and eonl.iins nine provolllhips. 'J'hc
moll conlideial'le town in Well iTomland Proper is,
(lotli iibiirg, 111 i.iiin (ioiliobuigum, a llaple-town,
hill built in itjf 7 by C'hailes IX. (Ui the ifland of ilifui •
gen 1 but being dellmved by the Danes in i6i i, the iiw
hibilaius .ibou; levenye.iis after, removed to the place
wheie the town now Hands, and were favoured with (e-
vcral eonfideiabic piivileges, Gottenhurg carries on the
g.reatcll trad:; of :iny city in Sweden, except Stockholm.
It is lituated on the borders of Weft Gothland, at the
mouth of the river Moludal, which runs dole by the
north tide of ihc city, and is conveyed througli it by fe-
ver.ii canals. The llreetsare broad mid kept very clean-
and lincc the year 1740 the greatett part of tne houfes
ha\c been rebuilt with ilonc. Ii 'a regularly fortified,
and on the land fide is defended by two citadels, called
the I. ion and the Crown; and tow.irds the lea by the
cit:idel of New Kllsbiirg. The governor of the prefec-
tures of Ciottenbuig and Hohus, wlio is alio command-
ant of the forts and fortihcations, rcfides in the city,
(iottenburg is a bi(lio|)'s lee, and has two priiitinp-
hoiifes, a city church, a leminary, an orphan-houf'e, mi
edifice called the crow i-houle, where the garrilbn at-
teiiKiivinc fervicc, aCjennan church, and feveral quayj
and docks. 1 he number of inliabitants is faid to a-
niount to thirieeii thoufaiul. In 17J1 an Ealt India
company was ellahliilied in this citv, for the harbour is
a very line one, and is refortcd to by a great number of
fliips : there is here alfo a college of admiralty and ;»
court of appeals. It is fiiuated in tifiy. eight degrees />^-/,
twenty-nine minutes n;)rth latitude, and in eleven degrees //.■.7,i
tbiityli.x minutes call longitude.
The province it W'.iriiicl.iiid forms a femicirele round
tlienoith part of the like of Wener, and is about two
hundred and ten miles in length, and a hundred and
lourteeii in brcailth. It is faid to derive it n:ime from
theCiothic word Wara, which lignilics to defend ; the
iiihabit:inis of this country having bravely defended it
from the inciirfions of their enemies.
W'armeland is very mountainous ; but the Couth and
call puts are moft level .ind fertile; yet the woods and
mines of filver, lead, copper, and iron, with the fornc-
ries :md founderies on the well and north, furnilh a great
v.iiiety of employments for the inhabi.anis. In the year
1726 fome pure liiver was found in an iron mine near
l'liilip(l:idt, and the memory of this extraordinary circiim-
Itance has been piefervcd by lome medals being (Irutic
on the oecafion.
One of the principal towns in this province is C:irl-
fladt, an inland town, built by duke Charles on the
ifland of Tingwalla, where the Clara falls into the lake
of Wener. It (lands on a commodious iituation, has a-
boiit eight hundred inhabit:mts, a fuperintendant, alchool
founded by king Chailes XI. a woollen manut'av'lure, a
good mcLiI weigh lloule, from which great quantities
of iron .iiid copfier are exported, and the town carries
on aconfiderable trade.
Dalaiid, or Thailand, or the vale country of Weft
(Ji ihland, deiives its name from the great number of
v.iilie.s it c',MU:'.ins. It lies between :he lake of Wen-r
and
»■
SwEDEM.
anil Uohus-I-t
ihiity-five ill 1
IS covered vvitl
v.illeys that li
ply the coiinti
cniefly fublitl I
hlhing, and w
:i coii'iderable
oxen, (hecp, 1
town in this pi
Anial, whic
divides the tow
town hits a met
able tiade, par
The govcrni
fiJe by 'the N
country of W<
twenty-fix mile
twenty four in
level, and the (
dows and arabi
rivers ; but thei
cavities tluit rcli
the caves of the
which chiefly ci
and calcined t\
chiefly einployi
They alfi) carry
c.ittle, hides, ta
country is in the
We now con
t'( the three p
kingen.
'i'he province
cJ by its own V
nieai'urcd accord!
ill length, and al
level, plcifant, ;
duces plenty of
cummin-Iced, ai
and pot-a(h, of w
ported liom bene
• • a eonfidcrahle tra
fifll of feveral kin
tie. All the aiiin
nerthcrn |iaits of I
fiilphur, and amt
with regard to it
(lurc-houle and g
well-built towns,
nun, than any ctl
m Its inhabitants
thoul'and peifons.
Ihe piincipal p
I.unden, in La
ci!v, an archbif
wiiere the kings of
contained in the ti
and at leall as m:i
ilcilicatcd to St. L.I
and has a fupcrb al
iiiarhle. Authors
l;:y in this church,
(hews the hour, 1
all the feflivals ;
birth, and encount
bei of blow.i that tl
a door opening dil
tlir.ine, with the in
iiieii paying their h
in,', all ihe while.
v»iih which all th<
i::i;i:ication. The
Charles XI. wlieni
'hiTum : It has fine
fMiit :uiatoniical tl
_' lie billiop of the /
'I he inhabitants of
c ilture. Ill its nei,
pl'i'itations, which
j;wsD£>ft
r, II R O P E.
9i
„„| Bohus-Lchn, and is fixty miles in lcir;tl), and
ihiity-fwc in breadth. The grcitcft partot'ihc proviiuo
IS cwcrrd with rocks and mountains ; hut the plains and
valliys tRat lie between thern arc lu IViiitliil, as to Inp-
ply the country with plenty of grain. The inhaliitanis
' imny liihliti by grazing, breeding of fnccp, agriculture,
jilhin", and working in the mines. They alio carry on
., ,.„„T„lcrable trade in malls, deal-planks, tar, horlcs,
oxen ihecp, bacon, butter, and checfe. 'I'hc principal
town in this province is,
Anial, which is fituated on the like of Wcncr, and
divides the town and market-place iitto two parts. This
town has a metal wclgh-houfe, and carries on a confidcr-
ablc tiadc, particularly in timber, deals, and tar.
The government of Bohus-Lchn is bounded on one
Tide by the North Sea, and on the other by the vale
country of Wcit Gothland, extending a hundred and
twenty-fix miles in length, and betweeen eighteen and
twenty four in breadth. The country is in geniral
level and the foil, which is fertile, conliils oflineinea-
<Jows and arable land, divcrfificd with woods, lakes, and
rivers; buttlureare fome mountains in which are large
cavities that relcmble fpacious apartments, and arc called
the caves of the giants. There is alfo a lugh mountain,
which cliicfly conlllh of a kind of fliells that are dug up
and calcined fur making lime. The inhabitants arc
c'niclly employed in .igriculture, grazing, and fifliing.
They alfo carry on a trade in marts, planks, deals, tar,
c.ittle, hides, tallow, lime, and all kinds of iifh. This
country is in the diocele of (jottenburg.
\Vc now come to South CJothland, which eonfills
of the three provinces Schoncn, Halland, and lile-
kingen.
The province of Schon"n was in antient times govern-
ed by its own kings, and had its particular laws. If
mcai'urcd according to the roads, it is eighty-four miles
in lcn"lh, and about fixty-lix in breadth. It is the molt
level, plcafaiu, and fertile fpot in all Sweden, and pro-
duces plenty of rye, barley, oats, buck-wheat, peal'e,
cummin-feed, and honey ; alfo pit-coal, chalk, tiles,
and pot-a(li, of whirl) ten thoufand tons are annually ex-
iiortcd from hence. The inhabitants likewife carry on
■ . a confuicrable trade in mill-lfones, oak, timber, cordage,
ii(h of feveral kinds, fine borfes, flieep, and horned cat-
tle. All the animals arc larger in Schoncii than in the
iicrthcrn paits ot Sweden ; but arc lefs vigorous. Allum,
fiilphur, and amber, are alfo found here. This eouiiliy,
with rcg.ird to its many advantages, may be called the
ilorc-houle and granary of Sweden. It contains more
well-built towns, and finer i. us belonging to the n..ble-
nun, than any other province in S."eden. Thr number
ol us inhabitants arc computed at ..hove fix hundred
thour.ind peifons.
The pi incipal places in this province are,
I.uiulen, in Latin 1 unda Uothorum, a v 'ry antient
city, an archbidiop's fee, and formerly :he place
where tlu' kings of this country rellded. It is laid to have
coiu.iincd in the times ot popery twenty-three churches,
:ukl at leall as many convents. Its cithedral, which is
ilcilicated to St. Lawrence, is an antient Ifately building,
and has a fupcrb altar, and a pulpit of al.ibalter and bl.ick
marble. Authors have mentioned, as thcgreati.lt cuiio-
■. il'.y in this church, a very curious clock, which not only
Ihiws the hour, day, month, and year, together with
all the feftivals ; but every hour two horlemen eoiiie
torti), and encounter each other, giving the fame luim-
bor of blows that the hammer llrikes upon the bell ; then
a door opining dilcovers the Virgin Mary fitting on a
tlirone, with the infant Jefus in her arms, and the wlfe-
iiicn p.iying their homage to him, two trunipiters found-
in.', all ihe while. Within this cathedral is a line wi II,
with which all the other wells in the city have a com-
n'.iir.ication. I'he city has an univerfity founded by
Charles XI. whence it is Itiled Academia Carolina Go-
thorum ; It has lince received the addition of a very eic-
r.mt anatomical theatre; and has alfo a phyfic-g..rdcn.
rile bifliop of the fee is vice-chancellor of the umvcrlitv.
The inhabitants of the city are chiefly employed iii agri-
culture. In its neighbourhood arc feveral good tobacco
plantations, ^vllich nearly produce a hundred and fixty
llioiifaiul pounds weight .niinu.illv. Ab.ivo Iwonty tliou-
liiiiil mulbeirv-trecs iiavc alfo been lat<ly planted in the
iKi^ihhoiiihonil of this city. In if);!) king Charles .XI.
'iitiuly delcatcd tlu' U.ines nor this place, and in 1O71)
.1 pe.ice was ciiiicliided here between th'J two kingdoms. , ,
It (t.inils in latitude fifty-five degrees lorty-one niimi'.es 5.1' -" 4 '■''>' ■
lix (econdi.
Chrillianfladt is Tituatcd on the river Helgc.i, by
which it is encomp.illed on three lides, in the l.itituJe of „ , „
filty-fix degrees one minute twenty feconds. This town $6 n: 10.
was origin.illy built in 1014 by Ciirilli.in IV. king ot
Denm.iik, liom wlmm it received its name. It has a
handfome church, a good fchoid, and a lining bridge,
on which feveral w uelioufes are built. It his manul.ie-
tures of lilk, woollen, and linn clo-.h, and carries on a
confulerable Hade. It is fortified with walls and iiorn-
woiks ; hut t!ie callle, which Itan.ls near th.- rbiirch, haj
nothing worthy of notice. In ilijO the l),mes made
thrmfelves m;ifteis of thi^ town, but the very next year
Ch.irles .\l. retook it I'word in hand.
Ween, in Latin (lev. in 1, is a feitile- ifland in the Sound,
about eiaht thoiif.ind our hundred andlixty paces in cir-
cmnlereii. e, and at a ilill.iiice appears like a high moun-
t.iin. My the treaty of Rofcbilil, in 1058, it was an-
nexed to the crown of Sweden. This ill.md was render-
ed famous by its being granted to the celebrated altioiio-
mer I'vcho Urahe, togeth-.r with a fief in Norway, and ry.A.^PnjIf
fome other lands by FieiKric II. king of Denmaik, who
caviled an clej.ant feat to i'c built lor him at a very eon-
liderable e\p.-iiee. This llructure, winch is called
Liranienbuig, is fixtv feet kpi.ue, and llnenty leet higl).
It has two towers deligned for obfervato'ie-, and two
others which are no' fo higli, but yi-dil an exteiilive pro-
fpeit, and it h.is alio a delightful g.irden. However, the
malice of Tvcho's enemies deprived him of thcle enjoy-
ments; he was obliged to leave Uianienburg in 15');,
and died inCiermany in 1601. His eeldti.il glolic, winch
was fix feet in diameter, and is laid to li.ive coll liiin
five thoufand doll.irs, was carried liom hence to IJenauky,
in Uoheinia, and loon .liter it w.is iemo>ed to I'r.igue,
from whence it was conveyed to Neillc, in Silelia ; hue
that town being taken in i()J2, this curious machine
was ri moved to Copenhagen, ami ilepofitcil inthi; round
tower, where it was entirely dellroyed in xyi.'i by the
dre.idful fire which laid great part of tliat tiourilliiii;^
e.'y ill alhes. All the oii)er valuable matliematical in-
llriiiients and curious machines bei mging to that cele-
brated allronomer have likewilt; been giaJually lolt, and
his favourite llranienhurg now lies in ruins. In the
whole illand is but one village, which confilts of fifty or
fixty houles, and a church.
The province of Halland, which fignilics highland,
was thus called either Irom its lying higher up the coun-
try than Schoncn, <ir from its high mountains. It is
ninety-fix miles in length, and about twenty-four in
breadth. The produce of the arable l.uid is not fullieienl:
lor the liipport ol the inhabitants, but they have great
plenty of fill), particiilaily falmoii, which is elteemed
the belt in .ill Swe.leii. Ihe inhabitants have alfo I'omi^
pciil-filliciies, and an advantageous tr.ide in cattle. Tho
few inhabitants chiefly lubfilf by giaziii ' and fifliin"'
the ' . . . ,
J . .— .. ^ t
d)ey alio Ipiii, we.ive, and m.ikea kind ol knit garments.
One of the moll confiderable towns in this province
is Helnill.idt, which is a plealant well-built il.ipletown,
lituated at the mouth ot the rivtr Nilla. The tortifica-
tioiis eredled here by Chrillian VI. king of Denmark,
have been r.ized, but the governor of the province relides
111 the callle. The linen and woollen mamilaciureseftab-
idhed here are in a flourilhing condition, ami tae Ldnion-
lilhery near the town is very famous.
The lall province which remains to be mentioned in
South Ciothl.md is that of lilekingen, which lies to the
ealt of Schoncn, and extends about )iinety miles in
length, and twenty- four in breadih. It is a mountainous
country, and exceeds in pleal'aiitiiels moll ot tlie provinces
of S widen; but is computed to contain only about a
tiioulandaiid ci-lity-nine families. I'hj inh.ibitantshavc
a confiderable trade in beams, 111, 1'K, deil-boiirds, hides,
tallow, pot-alli, andt.ir: the bell checfc in Sweden ii
made here, and graiin^ tutni to a very "ood account.
'Ihc
:i|
) •
.!,|,
I' ■'
M
9«
A S Y S T E M OF GEOGRAPHY.
Sweden-.
'I he priiuip.il ill.injs he-longing to this province amount
to iibiiut a hiincirt'il ajij tliiitv, aiiJ it contains twoiity-
iiinc paiillu's. 'Che piiiuip.il town in the pruvinei; Is,
Caillcron, or Carllcroon, in Latin Caroli Carona, a
_. , hamlloinc llaplo town lltiiaicil on the ISaliic, in the lati-
£^ ■ i.'. tiulc of hlly-fix Jcf'rccs rvventv minutes, and longitude
til/'t, Htteen dr;rrce'. two minute, call fioin London. It was
budt liy Chailes XL who called it alter his own name,
and is tllecjned next to Stockholm, the beft town in the
kin;;(loui. A part of it is built on the fm.dl illand of
iliorkholtn, where is the marine hofpital j part on that of
Stubho'ni, on which the arfcnal is erected ; and part on
the mole, where the fieet is ufually laid up. The large
and fmall iflands near the town, with the woods of oalc,
beech, and birch, render its lituation extremely plca-
I'ant. Here are three churches ; thcfe are one Swcdiih,
called the town-church, one which belongs to thetJer-
nians, and one belonging to the admiralty. The harbour i
h (o commodious, that the whole roval navy may rule in I
it in I'afcty, and its mouth is d( tended by two torts, in I
which there is a handfomc parilli church, and a (jerman
church. 'I'hc dock-yard is remarkable for being dug out '
of a mountain to liie ilepth of eighty feet. Its length is j
from three htnidrtd to three hundred and fifty lect at the
place where the king's fleet lies. This excellent dock,
though profecuted with all portibie vigour, employed the
cngineeis from the year 1715 to 1724, before it was com-
pirated. Its entrance, which has a fufficient depth of
water to fet the iargclt wen of war 011 float, is doled by
two flood-gate?, and the bafon n-.ay be emptied in twenty-
four hours i fo that the dock becomes quite dry for repair-
ing ;ind caieeniiig the fhips, alter which the water is re-
admitted bv means o'' two Huices, in order to carry them
out of the bafon. The inhabitants are I'uppofed to amount
Jo about itve thoufand.
Of
SECT. VI.
S \v i; D E N Proper.
Its Sllmition, Exinit, Divijhni, Proilitcc, tiiut the piiiicipo!
Piicei in each ; with a nme parlicular Aciount of Slock-
hitm, the Ciipitdl ofll;e whole KingJim.
SWEDEN p:npcrly fo called, is bounded on the north ]
by Nordland, on the ealt by the fea, on the fouth by
Gothland, and on the welt by W'armeland and Norway.
This country was anticntly I'ometimcs adilliiiiht kingdom,
andatothirs united to that of Gothland, as it has been
ever fincc the year 1132. Of all the Swedilh dominions
this has the greatelt number of mines, forges, and ham-
mer-mills. It is divided into the five following provinces:
Upland, Sudcrmanland, N'ericia, VVeltmanland, and
Oahl, or the Vale Country. Thefe had .ill their rcl'pec-
tive kings, and were governed bv their own laws, Keri-
cia only excepted, wtiich had no peculiar laws of its
own. This country contains twenty-live cities and
towns.
Ill defcribing thefe feveral provinces, we fhall begin with
Upland, called in Latin Uplaiulia. This country re-
ceived its name I'ruiTi the fupcriority of the antient kings,
wht) relided at Upfal, to the vall'al kings and governors
who were their tributaries. This jirovince extends about
■Jl hundred and eight miles inlength.and ninety in breadth.
It is for the moll part a level fertile country, that pro-
duces wheat, rvc, barley, and oats, in fuch plenty, that
the inhabitants I'ell confiderable quantities to their neigh-
bours. Hut in fomc parts of Upland there are neither
woods nor pallures.
Among the mountains of this province, fome are re-
markable tor having fpacious caverns that refcmblc large
reguljr ap irtinents.
In Swedcland I'ropcr are twelve rivers, and a ftill greater
number of lakes. The principal of the latter is the lake
of Maier, which is lituatcd between Upland, Sudcrman-
land, and Wcllmaiiland. It is feventy-two miles in
length, yields great plenty of fifh, and is laid to con-
tain twelve hundred anil ninety iflands. It has a coni-
ni'inicatioii with the fea through the mouths of the north
and fouth rivers, which enter it near Stockholm, and its
banks to boautitully dlverlificJ with towni, calllcs,
churches, noblcmtn's feats, and other edifices. In thij
province are the belt iron mines in the kingdom ; and
there are (everal wealthy perfons who are owners of
mines and hainnicr-niills. The chief employment of
the inh.'bitants is in agriculture, and a number of per-
fons are alio maintained by the tifherics.
The moll remarkable places in Sv>eden Proper are the
following :
Stockholm, called in Latin Flolmia, is a (laple city,
the cai)it.d of the whole kingdom, and the lelidence of
the king, is fituated in the (ifiy-ninth degree twentjr,,y. .
minutes of north latitude, and in nineteen degrees thirty "i 1
minutes call longitude, at the junction of the Baltic and
the lake of Maler, and therefore has the convenience both
of fait and frelh water. Its circuit, computed from one
gate to the other, is twelve miles, and it itands partly on
iilands and partly on peninfulas. .Moll: of thelticets are
broad and kept very clean, and the market-places are
Ipa.ious. In what is properly called the city there are
above live thoufand lioufcs, mo(t of which ftaiid on piles,
though they are entirely built of Itonc-, and are four or
five (tories high ; fome of them arc covered with copper
or iron plates, and others with tiles. Befldes thefe, there
are a great number of timber houfes in the fuburbs, and
twenty chiirchei in all.
On the ifland of Stockholm, which contains what is
properly called the city, is the new palace, which is a
very magnificent ftruiiture, the fenate-houfc, the town-
houfe, St. Nicholas's church, St. (lertrudc's or the CJer-
man church, near which Itands a grammar-fchool, the
great market, the bank, the corn quay, and the houfe
of the maiine fraternity.
The fenate-houfc iult mentioned is a very fupcrb (Iruc-
ttirc, and one of the linclt edifices in the kingdom : it i^
as it were, one large pavilion, adorned on the ontfide
with columns and marble ftatues, and tvithin with pic-
tures and i'culpturcs, cfpecia'Iy two large halls, where
the nobility aflcmblc.
Among the churches that of St. Nicholas is both the
largeft and molt magniticenr, it being fupported by mar-
ble pillars, and covered with copper. It is alfo adorned
with a great number of tombs of ditierent kinds of mar-
ble. The ttatue of St. (jcorge on horfeback tramplin"/',;,-
on a dragon is much admired. This is the fabulous hif-
tory of his delivering Clcodolinda, the daughter of the
king of Lvdia, and twelve other devoted virgins from the
fury of the dragoi; ; and that princels is leen kneeling
with her hands lifted up, returning thanks to their pre-
fervcr. Over the altar is a cabinet finely gilt, on v^'hich
is a table of a pyramidal form, with iheives of mafl'y
filvcr, on which arc the following hillorics in balfo re-
lievo : on the tirit is the nativitv of Chrilt ; on the fc-
cond his latl fupper; on the third his crucifixion; on
the fourth his burial ; and on the fifth his tefurredtiuii.
Thcfe are u\ of filver, an,! on the top is a Itatue of the
fame metal about two feet high, reprefenting the Afcen-
fion. There are other lilver ftatiies about the altar ol
the fame hcinht; as that of Moles, with the two table:
of the law; John the li.iptilt, with a crofs and lamb ;
and the cvangelifts, with the animals ufually afTigncd
them by painters and ihituaries ; all of them of lilver,
weighing together about thirty thoufand ounces. This
is the account given by feveral authors ; but it is prnh.:-
ble that the neeeditics of the Ifatc have caiifcd this fiivrr
to be applied to a very diltctent pnrpofe. On the ruOit
lide of the altar is a large pidttire of heaven and hell,
which reaches from the roof to the pavement, and < :i
the left fide of the altar is painted the crucifixion. Thi;
church is very rich in plate, and, according to Mr. Mo-
traye, is worth no Icfs than forty thoufand crowns. The
other churches are little rcmark.ible, only they are gene-
rally covered with copper, have very loliy fpires, and in-
rttad of bells have very mufical chimes in their (teeplc.-,
which play upon fellivals and other folemn occafions.
The other iflands on which the city Itands arc, the
Ritterholm, which lie, on the welt fide of the city, with
which it has a communication by means of a bridge. On
this ifland (food the old royal pr.larc, which was buii.t
in 1C97, and St. Krancis's chureh, in which are inteiud
many ot their kings and queen;.
HsIganJfliuIii:,
Helgandf
lies in thi
fiiiiurb, a
(t.ihies.
Schiirn
t ontains t
Konigf
church.
Ladugai
contains L
belonging
'lee iiiafoi
l )n the ea
Frederic(li(
.1 park and
Ihe nor
is ca'hd thi
containing
arlenal, am
The lout
dug 111 the
iuburb are t
Dutch Call
Sudermaler
new market
Jioufe.
All thefe |
bridges. Ti
the lake, aiu
ing almolt c
its water is
which is ow
thiit runs inti
^Ve have o
chiefly built v
fomeiimes fen
to build to l''ii
tions are form
ether, andjoii
taken down, .i
be let up and fi
riie numbe
tropolis is con:
I'he goyerni
tnagiltracy an
clhinccry, and
befides lour bu
into four part
ir.ide, and mar
of judicature.
Sweden citabi
called. In thi
a royal acaden
academy for m
fiitveying, a c
academy of pa
I'here are hi
.1 navy-ofHce, u
a national bank
goods manufaeli
difpiites betwee
weighhoufe, c;;
•"hit for fore.'a
^d.il6, filk, woo
iiient.
I he foreii.'!! -.i
fuppoled to be ve
harbour ; but the
'lance foinewhat
About a mile i
fine royal ple.ifuj
molt elegant tal
ftatues.
Ihiee miles to
■""ithei roy.il (eat
"markable for the
(^11 the illand
Hide to (he Wcft
'ineflof all the km
I'V IL-dwig Lleano
>i'5, the former p il
1)
Sweden.
U R O P
^i-
both the
by mar-
atiorncil
of niar-
Ills liil-
of the
rom the
necling
ir pro-
whiih
mallv
illo riN
ttic: Ic-
on ; on
rrcdticm.
c of tlu-
Afccii-
altjr ol
■o t.ililc'
(.1 hm'ii ■,
.f i'llviT,
'I'hi,
prolu-
his fi'vcT
the riijlit
iiiJ htll,
, anJ < :i
1. Th,.
Mr.Mo-
is. 'I'hc
[arc gciK-
, and ill-
llccplc--,
fions.
arc, th>-
;itv, vv:!h
iJ.W. ('i>
vas bill lit
If iiittiii'd
iilJfliuin!<
lUl'anciniolni, or the iHand of the HolyGhofl, whicli
lK-,Tn the north channel between the city and the north
(,inurb, and coutains, among other buildings, the king's
Schi'tVniolm, which lies to the caft of the city, and
,tint;iins the dock-yaid and the admiralty.
K.oni;',lholin, on which (lands the Ulrica Eleanora
church. o • . /- 1 1 1
I.adugardfund, which is conlidcred as a fuburb, and
LOiitains Hedwick"! church, a market-place, an orchard
belonging to the king, an orphan-houfe founded by the
Mce mafons in the year 1750, alfo two large ("uburbs.
(.)n the ealHidc of this illaiid is a royal palace named
Ficdericdiof, built in 1732 by Frederic I. and near it is
a park and an orangery, which is much admired.
•]"he north fuburb is feparated from the city by what
is caUid the north Itream or channel, and lies in Upland,
toiitaining four churchci, another orphan-houle, the
iiiliiial, and three market places.
The Ibuth fuburb is feparated from the city by a canal
Jiijr in the ye.ir 1008, and lies in Sudcrland. In this
luliurb are three churche., one of which belongs to the
Dutch Calvinili-, and alio a Ruffian chapel, with the
Sudermaler market, in which is the town-houfe, the
new market, a large hofpital, and a fine iron wcigh-
houfe.
All thcfe parts of Stockholm are joined together by
bridges. The city on one fide affords a piofpeCt over
the lake, and on the other over the harbour, which, be-
iiiir almod cnclofcd by rocks, refembles another lake ;
its water is fo little brackifh that it may be drank,
which is owing to the great quantity of frefli water
that runs into it from the lake.
We have obferved that the houfes in the.'e fubnrbsarc
chiefly built with wood, and it is faid the inhabitants
fomctimes fend the dimcnfions of the houfe they intend
to build to I'inland, where the walls and fevcral fepara-
tions are formed of pieces of timber laid one upon the
ether, and joined at the corners, and afterwards marked,
taken down, and lent by water to Stockholm, there to
be let up and tiniflied.
The number of inhabitants who pay taxes in this me-
tropolis is computed at fixty thoiifand.
I'lie governnunt of the city is lodged jointly in the
ina^ilhacy and the governor, who prclides in the royal
chancery, and the citv council-chamber. There arc
bel'idcs four burgonialiers. The magilfracy is divided
into four particular offices: thofe of julhce, the police,
trade, and manufaihires ; and likcwilo into three courts
of judicature. Here is alfo held the royal high court of
Sweden cttabliflied in 1614, for Sweden properly fo
tailed. In this citv are likewife a college of phylicirns,
a royal academy of fcienccs inftituted in I7j{9, a roval
ac.idemy lor military architecture, and .inother for land-
liirveying, a chemical and mechamc.il claboratory, an
academy of painting and fculpture, and a royal library.
There are beliJes in this capital a board of admiralty,
a navv-otHce, a cullom-houle, an office ot the revenues,
a national bank, an inlurance-officc, an editicc where
!^)ods manufai-hired in the kingdom are examined, and
i]ifputi--b between niaiuilaclurcis decided, a large iron
weigli-houfe, conimodmus docks, 111 which many fhips arc
built for foreigners, with manulactorii s ol porcelain,
j.'lal's, filk, woollen cloth, canvas, cottiui, .md parch-
IIKllt.
The forrien md domcftic trade of Stockholm may be
fiippofcd to be vere coiifulerable, as it lias an excellent
haiiiour i but the many rocks at its mouth render its cn-
tiaiice foinewhat diflicult.
About a mile to the will of Stockholm is Carlberg, a
line royal pleafiire-houle, with a garden laid out 111 a
molt elegant taile, and adorned with Ibme beautiful
ftatues.
Three miles to the north of Stockholm is I'lricfdal,
another royal feat, which ha-, a fine park and garden,
leinarkable for the elegance of its ruiious piotlo.
On the illand of Lofon, which lies about a Swedifh
mde to the wed of Stockholm, is Drotiiingliolm, the
fuielf of all the king ot Sweden's palaces ; it was foiinikd
bv Il'jdwig Lleanoia, conlort of prince Ch.iiles (nilla-
vus, the former pilarc being coiifuiiud b\' fire, lacing
S'
the fouth front of this noblv ftruclureisaploaf.ini g..;.lcri
adorned wiih a variety of fo.iniaiiis, and the e^lt and
north fides exhibit a view of the iliips at lea.
At the diftance of about twelve in, les from Stockholm,
jull at the entrance of the channel into ih- lake, is
VVaxholm, a (trong citadel, built on a finall idand, in
the year 1649. It has been fiiice greatly improved and
enlarged, fo that it refembles a little town. On this
idand, which is called Waxoii, are alio a church, a
Ichool, and a culfom-houfe, and here all homeward-
bound fiiips are fearchcd. The chief employment of the
inhabitants Is fifiiing.
The next place we fliall mention is Upfal, in Latin
Upfalia, a very antient and pretty large city, feared on
the river Kyris, which divides it into two parts, that on
the calf fide of the river being |)roperly the city, and that
on the weft called Fierdiiig. Upfal was antiently the
chict feat of the fjvereignv, of Siveden, where they held
their lupreme tribunal. During the times of Paijinifm
thegreateft facrifices ottered by all the northern provinces
were brought hither, and the moft eminent heathen
prielfs refijed in the city. It is lltuated in latitude fixty r.v
degrees ten minutes, and in the feventeenth degree fifty- /'/ :
fix minutis call: longitude from London.
All the buildings of Upfal are of wood, except the
cathedral and a few ftoiie houfes, and the roofs arc fre-
ijuently eonipofed Only of tlie bark of birch trees covered
with turf. Here are three clunclies, the principal ol
which is the cathedral, which was built in the thirteenth
century, but was not confccrated till the year 1435. 'Ihe
architeit, being a native of Pans, took the chiircli ot
Notre Dame in that city for his model. J his cathedral
has been five times dellroyed by fire, the lall time was
in 1702 ; however, it has been ftnce rebuilt in an ele-
gant manner. I'he royal palace was confumed in 1702.
Here the kings of Sweden arc generally crowned.
Here is an univcrfity, called Academia (juftaviana,
which is three (torics h:^h, and was built by Gullavm
Adolphus in 1622. It has a round dome at the top, in
which is a curious anatomical theatre ; it has alfo a very
valuable library, which contains near a thoufand manu-
Icripts. The mufeum, or cabinet of curiofities, is faid
to be worth a thoufand Swcdifli dollars, at one fliilling;
and nine-pence each : it has an alhonomical obfervatory
planned by the celebrated Celfius, and a phyfic-gardeii
chiefly laid out by the famous Linnaius. A royal academy
ot fciences was inlfituted here in the year 1728. The
archbiihop of Upfal, who is the only one in the kiii'j;-
doin, is vice-chancellor of the univerlity. The Sweililli
geographers place their firif meridian, from which they
compute the longitude, at Upfal.
Sudermanland, the lecond divifion of Sweden Proper,
is a hundred and fifty miles in length, and levciity-two
in breadth, and appears to have been one of the firll that
was iiiliabited and cultivated in this kingdom. Th.e
toil ia fertile, and no labour is (pared lor its improve-
ment ; it abounds in fine arable lan.l, pafturcs, woods,
iron mines, and forges. Its lakes are well (locked with
li(h, and its advantageous fituation, between the fea and
the lake of Malir, is the caufe of its carrying on a con-
lidetable trade. This country has fevcralother lakes be-
fides th.it julhnentioned, pirtieularly the Iviclmar, whi^h
is torty-two miles long, and has a communication \<.itli
the lake olMaler by means of a cmal and therncr
Arboya. Among the principal lakes is alto that of
Bawen, in which are a hundred illands.
The iiih.ibitants chi<flv fuhfid by ngticultiirc, filhinf,
hunting, and woiking in the mines ; and carry on acon-
hdirable trade in corn, iron, and wooden-ware. Kioiii
the pleafantnefs and fertility of this country the queen-
dowager ufed to have her dowry, and the dukes their
dutchies in this province.
The principal city 111 Sudermanland is Kikioping,
which fignilies a new mart, and is (ailed in Latin Nico-
pia. It IS a Well-built llaple town, and the capital of
the province. It is one of the nudl antient cities of
Sweden, ami was lormerly the refidence of the kings and
prince:, ot Sudornnanland. The air is (o temperate and
(alubrioiis, that when a contagious difeale prevails in
Sweden, the loyal family and the public otlices have
frequently removed IVom Stockholm Ig this place. The
A a lity
Pi
iJars.
' ;1
til
hMi !f i
f!
■<■ *, , '
.;«► I
Sff.-iS.
r
')!•
A SYSTEM or G f. O G R A P II r.
v*iwtDnsr.
i:ity is divijod into nearly two cqunl pnrts by n l.irgc
river, over which a ftorn.' briclLjc was built in the year
i/zS, that is fcarccly to be ci|iiallcil in the whule king-
dom. Here was formerly a very antient caftle lainons
inhiltory; but it was demobflied in 1665 ; in this (Iruc-
ture the kiniis ot Siidermanland relided, and it wab lii
ihon!»ly fortilied, tliat it wastlioiight to be little inrcrior
to thofe of Stockholm and Calmar. The (Ireets ot" the
city arc all well laid out, and the High Street planted
with Dutch limc's. It has two handfome churches, with
the palace of the governor of the province, who refidcs
there ; and with(>ut the town is a royal inclofurc. It
has a cominodioiK harbour, and the inhabitant^, who
amount to about twelve hundred, have feveral manufac-
tures of cl.ith, nnii what is railed Morocco leather : thay
fpeak the Sivc iifli lan!;ua;!C in the grcatelb purity, and
carry on a conllderablc trade by lea. Its chief niagiftrates
are two burijomalU'rs, Nikiop'ng was almofl confiimed
by tire in jbOi, and UifF.red exiremely by the ravages of
the Ruffians in 1710.
'The province vil'Nericia, called bv the Swedes Ncrikc,
is fivty miles in length, and toitv-fix in breadth, 'i'he
loil is in mod parts fertile, and produces corn and paf-
turage. The couniry has alfo quariies of loadllonc,
limeftone, and albim ; with mines of iron and fulphur.
Here are larije woods, levcral high mountains, fcven
confiderable rivers, and twenty-three lakes, which abound
with fifh.
Ncricia is famous for it., floiirifliing manufaelurcs of
nil kinds of hard- ware, and in partieul.ir has always been
remarkable for for.ii'v/ arms, 5;c. The chief employ-
ments of the inhabitants are agriculture, working in the
mines and forges, hunting, and filhing ; and tluy trade
in grain and all ki'ijs of iron-wares.
J he principal place iti this province is Oreliro, an
antic.'it (own iituaicd at the iiinc^ion of the river Schwart
with the, hike of Hielirar, in hfly-nine degrees twciity-
bve miiv.'.es iiciivh lati'm^e. It is a long narrow town,
^iii.h ,•. rulfU- eiu.oe-r, •. 1 |iv water ; and, as it has been
frctjMMuU l'f(:". • ;i:.' (lull wus I. cauled it to be well
furtirif'i, i:.,i :[■ ■•.';iii, atii'Ms have been iince improved.
It h..> ..I [.11 k-rn in. rh irches, a grammar-fehool, and
amanu.'.ictn.-.: f i rii..-ar.iis. Its harbour on the lake of
Hiclmar has aconiii'iui;;. ation with the Maler, by means
of ihe;ivcr and canai of Arboga, and conleqiiently there
is a pafjage by water from hence to Stockholm. The
inhal-.itaiitb carry o;i a coiift Icrable trade, and have the
r-.putation of uling great e,\a^tni.-fs in their weights and
jneaUire.-,.
T'hc fiilpiiur work of .Axberg lies about feven miles
from Ori-iiro. Of the 1.1c dug up here, our author fays,
is firil made fulphur, af'.erwaids vitriol, and lalily a red
colour for paintiiv;.
We now come to the province of VVeftmanland, in
liatin \'t<tinani:i, which i'. a hundred and two miles in
lencth, and fixiy-r.iur miles in bicadth. The foil is
fertile, and principally confifts of ar.ibic land, with mea-
flows, pafliircs, and. i'onie fine v.'oods. It alio contains
filvcr, copper, and iron mines : it has many curious
copper, ffcel, and brafs hammer-mills ; and, indeed, is
the moft famous province in the kingdom for mines,
the (]iiantity of iron annually exported from hence a-
mounting to a hundred and twenty thoufand pounds.
The foutii part of the province I'upplies the inhabitants
■,f the mine dirtriils in the north with corn.
'J'his province is well watered both by .ivcrsand lakes,
which vield v.all plenty of fifli ; ami the lake of .Maler is
of very great advantage to its commerce, as it affords a
<on)rniinication between this diltrift and Stockholm.
'i"he following are the moft rcmarl^able towns in this
province :
W'cderahs, in Latin Arofia, an a.Ttient inland town
fituatcd on the hanks of the river Schw.irt, which, after
running throup'h it, difchargcs itfelf into the .Maler. It
is an epi'copal fee, and has a caftle, part of which is
made life o( as a granary, a feminare, a weigh-houfe
(or n.ctals, from whence a vaft quantity of copper, brafs,
iiiul iron is annually exported, to Stockholm, and is the
rflidence of the governor of '.he province. The cathedral,
ivhith is a fpacious and m.-.gniliccnt (truilure, is paiti'.u-
0. r
-fi
larly remark, iblc for the arch:tei",;;rc of its tower, and for
being the buri.d-place of king Knc XIV.
Sala, or S.ilberg, a handfome large mine town fituated
on the liver Sag, in the lixtieth degree ten mitiutes north toi-.'/c
latitude, and in the fevcnt'cnth degree live minute, welt '> (I5
longitude. It was built by king (lult.ivus Adolphus iti
1624, who endowed it with levcral privileges. Tin:
rtrci Is aie llraight and well paved, and the niarket-placE
regular and fp.icious. Here is held a mine court, a couit
ol works, and town council, and an inferior court ol ju-
dicature. To this t.iwn beleng feveral coiilidei.ildc
cltates, and the neighbouring villages fupply the iiihabi-
tanis with all kinds of commodities at .1 very clieaj) rate ;
no cuftoin or duty being |)aid here.
Near the town is a very large anticnt filvcr mine, which
uled annually to produce twenty-four thoufand l.othigu
marks of filver, each of thefe marks equal to nineouni'u
twelve pennyweights troy, but it is now greatly de-
1 cliiicd. In 1710 the royal family chofe this town for the
I place of their retreat iluiing a raging peltileiice, and in
] 1736 it was deltfoytd bv hre.
I VVe now come 10 Dalecarlia, alfo called Swedifh Thai-
Land, fiom its many v.dleys. This province is two
hundred and forty miles in length, and a hundred and
titty- lix in breadth ; it is very mountainous, and has little
arable land ; but where the loil between the mountainj
allows of tillige, it yields plenty of oats and peafe, of
which the inhabitants make bread. It is indeed every
where diverfiried with mountains, valleys, woods, heaths,
I.Ikes, and rivers ; and abounds in mill's of filver, copper,
and iion ; with quarries of ll.ire and mill-lfones, and the
palfures arc priiper lor gra.zi-.g, y.diicli turns to good
account.
The inhabitants, who are called Dalocarlians, arc
cciehratcd for their integrity and I'lrm attachment to their
king and '"ountry, and particul.irly for rheir bravery.
They arc proof ag.iinit toil, harddiins, arnl want; and
I'.ave thoroughly le.iined the .idvant.igc of indullry and
tjeconomy, by being able 10 fublilf by their labour in
Inch a barren mountainous country. In ni.iny parifliCi;
th^re is liarce a man w:io is net (l-ilb, d in allneceliary
] handicralt trades ; and when they are in other |nrts of
I the kingdom, they hire thcinlelvts as labourers, inafons,
i carpenters, and the like. They trade in the bark of
i birch trees, hops, fl.ue, lime, wooden-ware, feythcs,
i hatchets, and other iron utenlils. In the north part of
; this province they I'peak a pirticul.ir lantruage that has a
great afliuity with the (iothic dialect ; and thev dill re-
tain the manner id" living, drcfs, and culloms of the an-
ticnt Swedes. The Runic calendar is Kill in life amon;^ ^f,^,
them, which they carry about them as a perpetual
almanac.
'I'he piincipal towns in tliis province are,
Hedcmora, a \i:ry ancient city, which has been hand-
I'omely rebuilt : it Itands on the lake of H.ifran, carries
nn a good irade, and lias an annual lair on the ttlfival of
St. Peter and St. Paul. It is indeed one of the principal
cities in the whole kingdom, and is famous for the gun-
powder made there. A mint was formerly let up in this
town by Ciullavus Vafa ; and fume of the pieces coined
in this place are Itill to be k<^n in the cabinets of the cu-
rious. 'I he gardens around the town, in which fruit
trees arc cultivated, are the iiiulf pl.afant in all Dale-
carlia.
I'rtlun, in Latin Faliina, is a mine town, fituatcd be-
tween two lakes .'iiid two mountains ; it is large and
very populous, but though its Ifrects arc regular, the
houfes are ill built with timber. One of its two market
places is very fpacious ,11. J handliame. On the north fide
of it Ifands a large Hone edifice, in which is held .1 court
of juKice i and in the lame maiket place arc erciifed a
granary and difpenfary. On the call fide of it, is a liand-
(onie church built with Hone, and the roof covered with
topiier, the doors are of bia's, and the tower is re-
markably high. Without the town, towards the ca.'f.
It inds another (hurch built with Hone, and covered
wiili copper. l'".dun has a good fchool, a tine copper
weigh-houle, a mine court, and other infeiior courts.
At a (mall dillance to the welt of K.^lun, is the famous
copper niinc that uled every year tu p.oduce ten thoii-
Of SsrdLmd,
dtfinhfd, II
NORDL
nceivei
north of Swec
the gu'ph of
Dalecarlia ; o
and Lapland ;
only, 'i'his c
ddtiiiJl monari
tributary. It I
the other parts
tains leave on
It has however
that are agree,
woods, which
cattle are bred i
of wild gecle
but oak and bir
land, fo that th
has feveral rich
It is divided
more than nine
The provinc
derives its nami
lies hofpitabic, \
coiililting of mil
the inhabitants j:
The only rem
in Latin (Jevali.i
and is well fituai
The river Gefle,
plies it with p!e
into three branct
Ald.rholm and
three miles from
lea. This i'l a
boaOs of being
Stockholm. Soi
othrrs of wood,
fir. ets aie very ir
l.iid out, that a
without a guide
town-hou(e bui
that was rebuilt m
ries on an advaiit
men conf!itui<> tu
wa., entirely dcllr
fiiue rebuilt, ami
neighbouring iflai
haiidfon:C iron
fur deals, &c. a
gazine, and two
ami warelioufes ar
The province
fingia, is one hui;
niinty-fix in brea
of fine cattle, and
good crops. Lijif
dultry. Here an
v.ciik.'^
The inhabit.int-
tar, deal boards, 1
woodcocks, and m
cvcy winter carrier
liiigians are celehra
ihemlelves malters
fettled, and to whi
licliihs the f-uithic
every where know
at it is called, whie
ot
.as a
rc-
aii-
petual
iianH-
arrifs
,il of
Run-
th;S
lilK'il
Cll-
Iruit
Dalc-
d br-
and
the
.ukct
h liJc
court
KJ .1
laiid-
with
s ri ■
calU
vcrcd
oppcr
outts.
nious
thoii-
f.-vi
SWEDEN.
EUROPE.
H
f.ind tons of copper, and in fome years even more, but
of late its produce is i;reatly decrealed, The depth of
this mine is 350 Swedifti ells, and a great variety of cu-
rious '-ngines belong to this work.
SECT. VII.
tts Pr
Of Worrluiml, in Situation and Pro In:,: Its I'rr.'iiun
tkpilxil, tw'* '/•" Peculiaritia and principal Plucii in
tach.
N()RI)I-AND, in Latin Nordlaiidin, doubtKfs
ri crived its name from its being fituatcd to tlie
north of Sweden Proper. It is bounded on the call by
the ^iilph of liothnia ; on the foiith by Upland and
i:)alc;catlia ; on the weft it joins to Dalecarlia, Norway,
and Lapland; and to the north it borders on l.apland
only. 'I'his country, in tlie times of paiianifin, was a
diltinifl monarchy, to which feveral valVal kin;:.? were
tributary. It has more timber and vcnifon than any of
the other parts of the kingdom, but its rocks and moini-
fains leave only a fmall"' extent of land fit for till.ige.
Jt has however ionic fertile fpots and verdant palhircs,
that are agreeably interfpcrf.-d with lakes, rivers and
woods, which bound with fifli ; and a great number ol
cattle are bred in the country. Here are greater flights
of wild gecfe than in any other part of the kingdom ;
but oak and birch trees do not grow wild beyond Up-
land, fo that thofe trees arc very icarcc. This province
has feveral rich mines.
It is divided into feveii provinces, and yet has no
more than nine towns.
The province of (Jafl-rickland, in Latiti Gaftricia,
derives its name from the word CJaftrick, which ligiii-
fies hofpitable, and contains little arable land, it moldy
conlilting of mines, woods, rive;. , and lakes, fiom which
the Inhabitants procuica tolerable fublillancc.
The only remarkable toA'n iti thir province is (nflc,
in Latin (Jevalia, which is the largclf in all Nordlaml,
i-.nd is well fituated on a creek of the g.ilf of Hothnia.
The river Gefle, which runs through the town, lup-
plii-s it with plenty of falnion, and afterwards dividing
into three branches, forms the two pleafant illiuids of
AKLrholm aiivl inandfliolm ; and about the diftance of
three miles from the town difcharges itfclf into the main
ftM. This is a fta|ile town of fuch antiquity, that it
boalls of being founded three hundred years before
Stockholm. Some of the buildings arc of ilone, and
(ittirrs of wood, others have a mixture of both. The
(Ir -ts are very irregular, and the nvarket place fo badly
l.ua out, that a (Iranj^er would nover be able to find it
without a guide. The town is populous, and has a fine
town-houfe built with Hone, a very ancient hofpital,
that was rebuilt with ftone in the year 1731 ; and it car-
ries on an advantageous trade. The company of fiflier-
men conflitute two thirds of the burghers. The c.illle
waj entirely dcliroyed bv fire in 177.7, but it has been
fiiice rebuilt, and the governor rcfidcs in it. On the
neighbouring idand of Alderholm juft mentioned, are a
haiidfon;C iron wcigh-houle, a dork, a laniling-place
for deals, &c. a laigc culfcuii-houfe, an arfcnal. a ma-
gazine, and two warehoufes ; and feveral magazines
aiu) vvarelioufcs arc alio creilcil on Ifl.nullholni.
The p,-ovince of Il.dfinglatid, calkd in Latin Hel-
fingia, is one hundred and twen'.v miles in length, and
nuutv-fix in breadth : its paftures Iced a great number
of fine cattle, and the little arable land it contains yields
food crops. Liiifccd is cultivated here with giear in-
dullry. Here are alfo large torelfs and good iron
v.<'rk''.
The inhabitants trade in iron, linen, tallow, butter,
tar, deal board-i, tinilier, and wild fowl, as partr
cocks, and niooili!
fome ihoufands of which
cvcv winter carried in I'edees to .Stockholm. 'I'hc Hel-
fiir.;ians are celebrated lor their bravery, and have in.ulo
ihcmlelves matters of leveral countries where ihry have
fettled, and to which they have given their own name.
licfidLS the Gothic or Runic calendar, which is here
eicrv where known, thiy have the Halfingland Runic,
ab It is called, which difl'eri fioni the former.
There arc no coufider.iblc cities in this province, tlioft;
mcdf noted being only fniall fca-port towns that contain
nothing worthy of obfervation.
The province of Medelpad, in Latin Mcdclpadia, is
oi!>hty-four miles in length and forty-two in breadth.
Though it is very mountainous and woody, it has feveral
valleys of arable and meadow land. The ienA is not
(own here till .iVout Whitfuntide, but the corn ripens in
ten weeks. Among the (orelis of this province there aru
fome of prodigious extent that abound in game of all
forts, as elks, rein-dctr, beavers, martens, lynxes,
foxe:;, weafels, and wild-fowl.
'i'hc country is agieeably interfperfed with lakes and
rivers, which fupply it with plenty of fifli ; .ind the grain
produced in the province is fufficient for the fupport of
its inhabitants. They have alio plenty of cattle ; and
deal in timber, hoops, flax, hemp, butter, fowls and
drioil lifli ; falmon and feals are alio caught here.
The principal place in this province is Sundfwall, a
well-built fniall town, and the only fca-port in the
country. It was built in the reign of Guftavus Adol-
phus, on the fpot nov. called the Old Town, but for-
merly the Trading- Place ; but in 1O47 was rebuilt by
Qiiri n C'hriftina in its prcfent fituation, which is a bar-
ren f.inily plain betv.ecn hiiji mountains. In the niiddit;
of the town is a jiond well ftocked with a kind of fmaill
carp. A woollen manufaflure has been lately let up in
this town ; and here is a dock wlicrc feveral large vcf-
fels have been built. The harbour, which is above a
league in breadth, is very commodious, and the inha-
bitants have a good trade in linen, fldli, chccfe, butter,
wooden chairs, deals, tar, and the bark of birch trees.
The next province we (hall dcfcribe is tb.at of Janlt-
land, called in Latin Jemtia, which borders on the
kingdom of Norway, and is neatly of a circular form.
It is an hundred and thirty-lix miles in length, and an
liundrel and twenty in breadth, and was annexed to
the crown cd Sweden in if)5K by the treaty of Mofchild.
It is in general a mountainous country ; the v.'eltirn
|)ar!, I'll the frontiers of Norway, is over-run with valt
craggy rocks and high mountains, and between thefo
arc deep vallics and rajiid torrents; but there are fome
verdant fpots among the mountains, that afford good
p.dlure; in thel'e parts the inhabitants houfe their cattle
even in I'unimer-tinie, and by this means breed fine
cows, whole milk yields excellent butter.
The eailcrn part confifts of a champaign country^
watercil by feveral lakes and rivers that abound with
(idi. Barley is the grain mollly fown here ; they alfo
low a confiderable quantity of rye, and fome wheat,
with oats of an cxtraordinarv gcodncfs. The country
aboiMids with excellent turneps. The fcvcrity of the
frolV fometimes, indeed, caufes a fcarcity of corn, which
ohlijes the Jamtlanders to make bread of the pounded
bark of trees, the rye bri.ad being referved for feltivals.
Here are great numbers of elks, which tlie Jamti.inders
calfratc, in order to make them growlar^c and fat : and
many hands are cmploved in cxtra^ing iro'i fro.-n a kind
of iron ore, that refembles fmall (Itjnes, and arc col-
leded in fennv places. Here are alfo allum quarries,
fand-flone, ilate, the lapis ollarius, fine rock-cryflals,
lead-ore, a place where falt-iietre is refined, and twc»
new built copper-works.
This coulitiy is (o tliinly inhabited, that there arc
only fix places where divine fervice is performed every
.Sunday ; in fome churches it is celebrated every other
Sunday, in others onlv every third Sunday, and in ;dl
the reft the congregations airemble but tiirec or four
times a year. There is not fo much as one town in the
whole countrv, and only eleven parifhes, in which are
erecleil foitv (ix chutehe-^ : in all theic pariflies there
are but leven bundled and fevcntecn chimr.ies, though
thev form an area of two thoufand (our hundred fquare
miles.
The inhabitants chiefly fubfift by agriculture, grazintr,
luiiuing and filliing. They likewife carry on a conli-
diiable tiade with the Norwegians, whom they fuiiply
with (alt-i)ans. Heel, iion-waie, and a kind ol leather,
dielled in (iich a manner as entirely to keep ojt the wa-
ter ; with this leather they make ihocs, boots, and even
j..ckets, that are proof sgainll wet. In tins folilary and
OvUrt
i
1
m
II
'. 'V w
'I'l
: |; 1
i
1 rl
^•i
f f i
96
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A 1' H Y.
I
•5
^
dcfurt country, hypocondiiac ilifordcrs and fclf-murdcTs
arc very rrc(|uciit.
The next province we ftlall deferilie is that of Harjc-
dalcn, in Latin H.ip.lalia, which was added to the Swe-
dish dominions by the treaty of Bremlehro, concluded in
1645, and ii ninety miles in len^ith, and from fc.rtv-two
to forty-eight miles m breadth. It abounds in woods and
mines; but little of the gromid is tilled : it his however
padurcs that enable the inhabitants to carry on an advan-
tageous trai!e in horned cattle ; they fubfilt by gra/iny,
hunting;, and fifliint', and lell a great ijuantity ol cheeie,
which IS much eflcemed.
'I'hc province of Angermanland, in Latin Angerman-
nia, lies to the north of Harjedalcn, and is an liiindrcd
fort\'-four miles in length, and thirry-fix in breadth.
It is extremely mountainous and wouily ; but (ome pans
produce barley, rye, peafo, linfeed, and pood Hax i the
mca.K.w lands afr'ord palluie for the cattle, and Ibc lakes
and luers yield plenty of filh. Here are fcveral line in)n
vvdrks ; and in the bottom of Ibiiie of the ll.ignant lakes
is found a fine led colour 'it for paintiii;:.
The only town in this country is Hcrnofand, in Latin
Hi-rnclanJia, a lea-pnrt on the illand of Ilcrnon, near
the ri^ouiii of the river Angeriiiaii, where it difcliarges
iti'elfinto tlie gulf of iiothnia. It was built in 15S4,
and has a communication with the continent by a biu'^i
about a hundred Swcdiili ells in length. 1 iii: iioules,
which are of timber, ha\e very thick wall--, ;,!.d Hand on
the declivity of a hill towards the fca. ( )ii tne north fide
of the harbour the water is ot a furtlcient depth for the
la,-gcli iliips 10 come up and unload at the warehoul'es ;
but on the fcith (idc this can only be done by flat-bot-
tomed vein Is and ligluers. This was formeily a (t.iple
town, and it IHII carries on a confiderable trade, parti-
cularly in linen, and the annual fair held at this town on
the fourtfcnth of September, is the moll frequented of
any in Noidland. The town lias a feminary and a
fchool. In 1710, 1714, and 1721, it was burnt by
the RiifTians, but it hasfincc recovered from thefe dread-
ful defolations.
The lad province in Nordland is that of Weft Both-
nia, which lies on the well fide of the upper part of the
gulf of Bothnia, while the opptdite fide is termed Ealt
Bothnia, of which wc have given an account in oui
defcription of Finland.
The inhabited part of Weft Bothnia, from the frontiers
of Angermanland to the church ol Upjier Tornea, is com-
putedto be about three hundred forty-eight miles in length,
and its breadth from ninety- fix to a hundred and eight miles.
Many pleafant idaiuis lie off the coaft o' this province ;
it has alfo feveral forefts, with many lakes and rivers.
^Veft Bothnia has fome excellent paftures, though tlie
fumaiits of the high mountains are moftly covered with
tnofs, on which the rein-deer generally feed. 'I'he land
is for the moft part level, and the (oil tolerably (ertilc;
for though they fow the corn very late, it ripens in fix,
feven, or eight weeks, according as the place lies more
or lefs expofed to the north M'inds: fuuden frolis, how-
ever, often prove extremely detrimental to the corn,
particularly the frofty nights that freqinnily happen in
the month of July, There are alio feveral good copper
and Iron mines in this province.
The inhabitants, who arc famed for their courage and
bravery, fubfift by agriculture, grazing, hunting, ai.d
filhing ; they endure hunger and want better than molt
other people, they being inured to it from their youth,
and even in fruitful yeais they m'x their corn with chart"
and pulverized pine-bark, to make what they term
pounded bread. They ' de in f.ibles, and the fkins of
blue and white foxes, b nas, bears, wolves, ermines,
martens, beavers, and rein-deer ; and alio in beams,
deal boards, timber, and ihingles ; tar, Olted and fmoke-
dried falmon, and other bill ; train oil, veniCon, tallow,
butter, checfe, caftor, and linen. Thefe commodities
are not only carried to other parts of Sweden, but ove,
the mountains to Norway, or through vaii defarts to
Ruflia.
Welt Bothnia is divided into four inferior goyerii-
ments, the principal places in which arc,
Umca, in Latin Uma, a confiderable lea-port town,
built by (juftavus Adolphus, at the mouth of the river
Svfiois.
Umca, It has foui ftrcct.s vliich extend in a llraight
line from caft to weft, with Icieral others interfec'liii'
them at right angles from north to fouth. At the cau
angle is a large area, on which the church ft;:ndb ; the
hdrboiir is commodious, and the inhabit.ints carry on a
coiifiderabli.- tiade.
I'itea, in L.itin I'itovi.i, is a fe.-'-port fitualed in a fma;;
id.ind at the month of a riier of the (.mie n.une. It ^
joined to the continent by a wooilen bridge, at the end
of which agate is eree'^cd. The ftrects run in parallel
lines ; but the chiiicli Hands a good way wiiliuut the
town; fo ih.it the hiidge muft be ( r.dled to go to it
Pitea was tirlt built in 1621, by (Juftavus Adofphiis 3.^
bout thiee miles higher up in the country ; but the town
being einirely dflhoyejby tire in 1006, it w-s lebuilt on
Its prefent fituation, where it h.is a commo;lious harl-.our
.end a good fchool. Old i'itea is now a l.iigc villai-e, con-
lifting ot many hoiiles iricgularly icattered on a fine
conr.iion.
_'l he laft town wc fii.ill ir.cntion in this province is
Toinca, in Latin Torna, 11 (ni.ill lea-port firuated on a
peiiinbiia formed by tiie lUer Toiiiea, where it fills into
the gulph ol Bothnia, in the lixty-lifth degiee lifty,iii-(
niites liliy feconds north huliudc, and is laid to be the
fartl'.ell tovvi'.rds the north of any town in Europe. It
has tlirie ftreels, whieh run in parallel lines from north
to liiutb, and are inicrfee'led at right ani;les by fourteen
crolV ftuets or lanes. The church, whi'ji is built with
timber, (lands at a finall dirtance from the other build-
ini's; but within the pallif.idocs th.it inclofe the town
ai,d ailo a pretty large piece 01 arable land. Divine (It-
vice is here performed in the Swcdilh language, which
is ufed by the burghers. 'Lhero is aiuu' -r church built
with Hone on an illand called Biorkhon, wm.cIi lies near
the town, and here the fervicc is ptrloriTied in the Fi-
nean language for the benefit of the lervants of the
burghers, and the inh,;hit.ints of the adjacent country.
All tne dwellings in Tornea, like thole in the neigh-
bouring country, have al.iige court, of which two fides
at lealt are taken up with apartments ; and in the other
two are the ftables, bams, and ether out-houfcs. Thefe
courts, in the country habiiations, are ex.iiftly fquare ;
but in Tornca are of an oblong form. A very conlidei-
ablc trade is carried on here, not only by the Swedes and
Laplanders, but by the Noi w.gians and Kullians; who
alio rei'ort to the tr.iding places of Tornca, in order tu
tratKc.
Mr. Bufching (ibferycs, that in 1694 this town was
honoured with the prefcnee of king Charles XI. who,
being accompanied by feveral perfons of diftindHon and*
learning, took a view of the fun at midnight from the
tower of the church at Tornca ; for in the midft of I'um-
mer the am niiiy be feen above the horizon when in the
oppoiite part of the meridian of Tornea, by a fpectator
pl.iccd at a certain heigh: above the furface ot the earth.
SEC T. VIIL
0/ S^yEDnll L.xpi.akd.
Its Sitiiation ari/l F.xtnit ; uii/j a vny part-.tuLr Aioimt cf
the Climate, onJ h\ue of tin Cewtty ; t'c B.viuty of the
Not that! Lights in a Lu'^dund li'mtcr ; the Bc<Jjh, hirdi
und Fijhc
SWEDISH Lapland, which is called by its inhabi-
tants Samcland, or Samenolmoi, is bounded on the
caft by Eaft Bothnia and Riiftian Lapland, on the fouth
by Jamtlaiid, and on the weft and north by Norwegian
L.iplimd. According to (iane comiiutatioiis this country
is four hundred and twenty miles in lengtli, aiul thrcL-
hundred and lixty in breadth ; but others" icprelent it as
every way much more extenfive.
It mult, however, '.'C ackiunvledyed, that this country
fecms at firft fight, elpecially in winter, fcarce lit to !..
the habitation of man. In moft places it abounds wi.,i
rocks and mountains, whole fumniits ll-em to pierce che
clouds, and are covered with eveilifting fimw. (jiher
parrs of Lapland confift of barren he.iths and (iindyde-
fart.s, over-run with mofs, (em, and to appearance iin-
prolitable wtedi ; while oin. baricii wild (Ireiches beyond
anothvr.
Sweden.
.mother with I
mediate (pots.
Belides thcf
ters, the cold,
vaft depth of I'
leem fuffieient
his abode in tli
given by M. ^
when he, with
I'rench king to
polar circle, is
made his oble
• country. " h
•' ally falling,
*' full the few 1
" day. In the
" to that extrci
" niometcr, w
'> it was thougl
" below the trc
" ty-fcven. Tl
•' if we opened
" air inftantly c
" whirling it r.
" broad, wc fel
" pieces ; and t
" hoiifcs are bui
" continually al
'■ in this coiintr
'• an arm or leg
" very great, foi
" fudden fits, as
" are fo unhapp;
" there rife fudd
" dangerous. ']
" ters at once, ar
" that all the ro
" Dreadful is th
" fields by fuch a
" and even the n
" cannot avail hii
" attempts to fine
" during the wh<
" that on the fevi
" the thcrmomctf
" the point of fr(
" two or three
" height not muc
" and cold felt al
" ment. Thus ii
" riety felt in the
" whole year."
When at laft,
Lapland is intedtei
of various fpecies,
,ind obfcure the ii
naked part of the
fome draw blood \
After this dcfcri]
fing that Lapland (
ihould be peopled ;
advantages, Nature
Ic'veral convenicnci
bable it may appea
be found there.
The mountains,
extent, are perhaps
Molent winds ; and
has fomething verv
liimrncr : the alteni
hibit a delightful vai
r'^'ces in this rounti
ed amonglt the mol
i'.ne lakes, fays the I
the mountain' of Ni*
'Hand ill rom.ince.
tiees rife froir a plai
^g.trden, am at fiic
nis the walks, nor 1
stie foot of the moun
mfiits of diHcrciit (izi
JfS and
who
jrJi.r lu
vn was
who,
;ion ajid
jm the
of I'uni-
iii the
[iL'ct.uor
tafth.
Birds,
iiihabi-
oii the
le i'outli
•Wfgi.lU
iniiitiy
-.1 thri .•
at It ..■■.
:ouii'T','
t to ;..
,ts Wl-.l
:icc the
Oiha
iiJy il^-'-
ICC 1111-
llL'VOllii
liDtll.r,
I
SwnoHS. 1^ " K
another with little or no pafturc growing on the iiitcr-
nieJIatc Cpnts. . . , , ■ r
Bclides thcic inconveniencies, the long and levcrc wai-
ters, the cold, .l^irk, and tedious winter nightb, with the
vjft'ilepth of liiow that covers this deColati; re ;on, inti;ht
iccni Ciifficicnt to <letfr every livini; rreaiiire iioni lixinj^
his abode in this inholpiiahle country. The dcfcription
.liven hy M. Mauptrtuis of the leverity ot this chiiiatc,
when he, witli other allronomers went hy order ot the
I'rench kini; t.> determine the figure of the earth at the
polar circle,' is eiioui^h to make one Ihudder, though he
made his oblervations on the foutherii borders ot this
country. " I" December, fays he, the fnow continu-
•' allvfallini', "f 'c^f^V «" '-I'l' '"■■ ''"" '""'' P^" '"'' '^'-'
" lun the kw moments ho might have appeared at mid-
" dav. In the nvmth of January tlie cold was inciealed
>' to that extrrmitv, that Mr. Reaumur's mercurial ther-
" mometer, which at I'aris, in the gre.u frod u( 1701;,
>• it was thought Itrange to fee fall to fourteen degree
•' below the I'leey.ing point, were now got duwii to tliir-
" tv-fcven. I'he I'pirit of wine in the others was frozen.
•' If we opened the door of a warm room, the external
" air indantiy converted all the vapour in it into (now ;
" whirling it round in white vortexes. If we went a-
'• bioad, we felt as if the air v/.is tearing our breads in
" pieces ; and the cracking of the wood of which the
" hoiifcs are built, as if fplit by the violence of the troll:,
■•' continually alarmed us with an encrcafe of cold ; and
•• in this country you may often fee people who have loft
" an arm or leg by the froft. The cold, which is always
" v;-ry great, fometimes increafes by fuch violent and
" fuddai fits, as are almolt infallibly fatal to thofe who
" are fo unhappy .is to be e.xpoled to it ; and fometimes
" there rife fuddeu tempcfts of fnow that are itill more
" dangerous. The wmds feem to blow from all quar-
" tcrs at once, and drive about the fnow with fuch fury,
" that all the roads arc in a moment rendered invifible.
" Dreadful is the fituation of a perfon furprized in the
" fields by fuch a ftorm ; his knowledge of the country,
" and even the mark he may have taken by the trees,
" cannot avail him : he is blinded by the fnow, and if he
" attempts to find his wayhomc is generally lolt. Infhort,
" during the whole wii'iter the cold was fo cxceinve,
«' iha; on the fevcnth of April, at five in the morning,
" the thermometer was fallen to twenty divifions below
" the point of freezing, though every afternoon it rofe
" two or three divifions above it; a diflerence in the
" height not much lefs than that which the grcated heat
" and cold felt at Paris ufually produce in that inlfru-
«' ment. Thus in twenty-four hours we had all the va-
" riety felt in the temperate zones in the compals of a
" whole year."
When at lalf, in firmmcr, the fun warms the air,
Lapland is infelled with fiich fwarms of gnats and flies
of various fpecies, that, like clouds, they d.irken the Iky,
and obfcurc the light of the fun. Thele fix on every
naked part of the body, bite with unremitting fury, and
feme draw blood wherever they fix.
After this dclcrlption it muft appear much lefs furpri-
lin;; that Lapland Ihould be thinly peopled, than that it
ihould be peopled at all : but notwiihllanding thefe dlf-
advantages, Nature has bellowed on thele dreary regions
leveral convenicncies ; audit is certain, however imjiro-
bable it may appear, that content and happinefs are to
be found there.
The mountains, which are of a prodigious height and
'■xtent, are perhaps intended to ihelter the plains (rom
Molcnt winds ; and even their wildncfs and irregularity
has fomething vcrv entertaining to the eye, cfpecially in
liimmer : the alternate fuccellion of hills and valleys ex-
hibit a delightful variety of profpects ; and there are fomc
places in this rountiy, which in funimer may be reckon-
ed amongit the moll delightful (pots in the v\'orld. The
i'.ne !ake^, lays tlie lall mentioned author, that furround
the mountain ot Nienii, give it the air of an inch.inted
illand in rom ince. ''^11 one hand you lee a grove of
lues rife froir a plain fmooth and level as the walks of
1 i^arden, am at Inch ealV diitaiiccs as neither to cmbar-
lils the walks, nor the profpeCt of the lakes that walh
itic foot of the mountain. On the other hand are apart-
iiKiu^ of diHcrcht fl^vs that fieii- cut b) ait in the rocks.
O P ]■,
^f
and to w;;Mt only a regular roof to rcn.ler them complete.
The roi l<s liiemfelvrs are fo perpendicular, fo bi:^h,and
fii finooth, that they might be taken lor the wall.^ of all
uufinifhed palace, rather than for the work of nature.
" From this height, he adds, we fav 'hole vapours rilo
" from the lake v.'hich the people o. the country call
" liahios, and docni the gu.irdian fpirits of the moun-
" tains. We had been frightened wi;':i llories of bears
" haunting this place, but faw none. It feemed rather,
" indeed, a place of relort for faiiics and genii, than for
" thole of favagc animals."
It alfo appears, from the trials tha' have bcm made,
that thcfc mountains are inferior to none in the richneh;
of (ires and foflils : at leal! the largcll and clearell rock-
cr\llals, purple amethylts, top.'.v.is, loadllones, native
cinnabar, iniiekfilver, and otliei fofiil: and minerals, have
been found in their bowels.
If at a certain fealon of the year the davs are very (hort^
and the nights long, tedious, and irklonie ; this is in
fome me.'.fute conipenfated by the pleafant luminous fum-
mers, when, in molt parts of this country, the fun is vifi-
ble for feveral weeks above the horizon ; a phenunicnon
to which the inhabitants of the temperate climates are en-
tirely ilrangers. Even in winter, the r.idi:"icy of the
fun, the biightnefs of the moon-light, the twinkling of
the liars, and the effulgent corrulcations of the auror.'.
borcalis, alVord a light fufficient for moft ocrafions of
life. " 'I'he fliort days are no fooner clofed, fays Mau-
" pertuis, than fires of a thoufand figures ar.d colours
" light upthcfliy, as if dcfigned to compenfaie fir the
" abfence of the fun. Thefe fires have not here, as in
" more fouthern climates, any conllant fituation. Tho'
" a luminous arch is often feen fixed towards the north,
" they feem more freijuently to pofilf i the whole extent:
" of the hemilphere. Sometimes they begin in the form
" of a great fcarf of bright light, with its extremities
" upon the horizon, which, with a motion refembling
" that of a fi(hing-net, glides foftly up the fky, prefcrv-
" ing in this motion a diredlion nearly perpendicular to
" the meridian ; and molt commonly after thefe preludes,
" all the lights unite at the zenith, and form the top ot'
" a crown. Arcs like thofe feen iu l-rance towards the
" north, are here frequently fituatcd towards the fouth ;
" and often towards both the north and fouth at once.
" Their lummits approach each other j the dillancc of
" their extremities vi'idens towards the horizon. I have
" feen fome of the oppofite arcs whole lunmiits almolt
" joined at the zenith ; and both the one and the other
" have frequently feveral concentric arcs beyond it.
" Their tops are all placed in the dircdlion of the meri--
" di.in, thougli with a little declination to the weft 1
" which 1 did not find to be conftant, and which is
" fometimes infcnlible. It would be eiullefs to mention
" all the dirterent figures thefe meteors allume, and the
" various motions with which they are agitated. Their
" motion is nioft commonly like that of a pair of colours
" waved in the air, and the dirterent tints of their light
" gives them the appearance of lb many vail Itreamers
" ol changeable talftty. Sometimes they line a part of
" the iky with fc .niet. On the eighteenth of December
" I law a phenomenon of this kind, that in the midit
" of all the wondeis to which I was now every dav ac-
" cuftomed, railed my admiration. 'I\i the fouth agieat
" fp.ice of the Iky appeared tinged with fo lively a red,
" that the whole conltellation of Orion looked as if it
" had been dipped in blood. This light, which was at
" 111 ll fixed, foon moved, and changing into other co-
" louis, \iolet and blue, fettled into a dome, whole top
" (food a little to the fouth-weft of the zenith. The
" moon flionc bright, but li'id not in the Icalt elFacc it.
" In this country, where there aie lights of fo many
" dill'erent colours, I never faw but two that were red ;
" and fuch are take!i for prefages of liime great niisfor-
" tune. After all, when people gaze at thefe pheno-
" mena with an imphiloliiphic eve, it is not furprizing
" if they dilcover in them armies engaged, fiery chariots,
" and a thoufand other prodigies."
Another advantage is the twilight, which begins fi>ur
or five hours befoie lun- rife, and lalts as long after tli.it
luminary is let. Indeed inany of the inhabitants (leip
away moft of the daik kalon, and employ the luininou's
B b part
'I , ■ fi
; .fcT
M-i
■i il
^
an
A SYS T K M O !■ O F, O C, K A I' 1 1 Y.
SWEDtV.
I'nrt (if till' v:nr in tlu'ir ri'lpciriin' (ni'iip.uiiwi'.- ; and, in
gcnirul, I'lift'i r little in tlii'ir health iVoni thi;. ;iii|i.irciit
i'lconvcniciKi .
In the wuoj,. iipnii the niouiitain'! arc aliiioft as mniiv
trees (alien ai (lail.lin;; ; Itir the liiil, alter luvinu; lailiJ
thcni to a critain hei^'ht, can f,ciii.Tally ii'> I<iii;zer liiniilli
proper iiniirilliment ; nor is it ilecp eiiiiii;;h to .illmv iluiii
to take lirm root ; wlicnee iluy are overlet hy the leall
biall of wiml, ami in all thele vvkhIs a niiiltitiHic of fu.s
r.nj hirclics arc Mown ilowii. 'I'iiiie retluees the wouJ
of the lauer to Jii(l, without al!'n.'tiiv> t!ie bark; aiul one
woul.' lie furpri/cj to limi pretty lar;;!: trce:i that erumlile
upon thefli^htell tmieli, Tliis prohablv gave the Swciles
the hir.t of coverinL; tlieir houfes with this bark; ami
iiulced iiothiiv; can be iinagineil liiter for the purpofe.
In th? valleys-, aiv.l ah n:; the banks of the lakes ami
r-'.eri, v.-liere tlietiees fiii 1 a 'leeper f'il, pine, fir, birch,
jiir.ip'.r, afpcn, allcr, v,-i!!ow, and other trees, are ob-
iiveJ to thriv!
feme wholefome vcl'c
tabh
ber-
ries, and flowers arc prodiiccJ. Tile pine-treen are more
Tervlceable than oreli.irdb would be there j that bcne-
iieial tree, hcfules feveral other ufes to which it is applied,
bein^^ a.-i efll'i'tial part of th.e foi,id of tlie inhabitants ; lor
a labouring nian who feed:, on bre.id mu.le of the ponnded
bark of the pine-tree, preferves hio health and \i;j.)iir to
L:ip!:;nd abound, in mnny kinds of bead,-, bird^, and
fifhc:. 'J'he ftirs and fkiiis ot bears, widv^s, beavers,
marten-', otters, wild and tune r..,i leer, hyenas, er-
niineF, hares, fipiirrel;., black, r.d, and w.!'ite foxes, 5ci..
briiig a great deal of money ir.to the coiintf. Heic are
s'r.i a fpeeies of partridi;es, moor-hens, woodcocks, lal-
cons, fnow-birdt, as thev art called, and other lari;:: and
lir.all bhds.
The fiilK-ries nut only affor i a plentiful fiibfiftcnce to
nnny of the inhabitant-, but 'nabie thjm to fell aeon-
fldcrable quantity of lilll to their nei ;!ibonr;. 'I'he pearls
■>':'i 1 in tlic rivers of f,;ipland are remarkably valuable ;
■-:. -ail'--, i^eefe, all kinds of wild ducks, and feveral
'' ■: ■ I'lfowl unknown in other countries, abound
r.e, -';■■.. :;.!iy in the fouthern parts of Lapland.
S E C T. IX.
O/'j-';.- Pc'-fim, n>,fs, nn.l.M.inmr',fL':fc of iL' Lr.t.land,-rs,
■llhifi princil:!/ !f''crii'th mdSuhUlkr.ct onftjh in thfir Rein-
deer, lei.v/) «)v li.eref.ye p;irt:;iilarly dtfa-dh-d. Their
Jrti ; tht Ri:hci of 'thifc vjhi i->r;,r;t in Tri:d,- ; ihrlr
Tn:ts ii'ir! Fioiiiliire ; a'll thvir Skiil in the Mdui^-iiuiU
cf their Uic-.h. Th; F::d of ill: different Tribes.
THE Laplanders are of a brown and fwarthy cr ni-
plexioii, which is the cafe with the inhabitants botli
of very col ! and very hot countut-.i ; their hair is black,
and their f;,-cs broad, with jieake.l chins, and hollow
cheeks. Thev are generally of a imldliiii; fl itine. The
r.il- wife C.-i at'or ha;; made a pro\ ilion tor them a: ainfl the
ieveiitv of winter, bv piaein;; thirc a niiiltitiide of aniinaN,
v.'hofe fofi and warm fiirs and (kins defend them from th •
nioll piercing cold.
The iin;-,;.-r g.:rme!;t both of the men and women is
made .d ikiiis with the hair on, form.-d like the plou'^h-
nian's frork, i;irt about them with a buiad beic ; tiiey
wca: b:eeeh--3 whicli reach down to their ancles, and
tluir c.ip, v;hich is made of the Ikin of a yoiinj; rein-
li.'cr, (its a> dole to their heads as a lull-cap, covering;
;ill t!i'- neck and Ihouldcrs. Their ftioes arc peaked, and
tiiriu d up at the toes. The linery of the women coiili'.ls
in a kind of pewter wire, with which they work the
bofoms of their coats, their firdlcs, and the edt;es of their 1
caps. Neither lex know what it is to wear linen ; but i
in the cold feai'oii wear next the body a fawn's Ikin
wairtcoat. Alir.oi! the oiJv dilf'erence between the drefs '
nf the nun and th.u of the women is, that t:-.e latter is
fuincwhat lon'.'cr. .A purfe han_7S at their girdles, with
their money, nnj-, and toys; a knife, and a leathern
Thele I'.rojde .liuird an inftancc of a whcde Kuropcan
nation fiihlilfni:: contcntully without ploiighin;r, lovvini',
or p!:irti:iL'; withuut fpini.inj or \vea\ iii^;, brcv.'iir^ cr
fcakiii". Thiv employ theinltlvcs in fccdiiii; of hcrdi |
and as tl'.eir lot is calt in acoiiiuiv wheie winter takes up
the ;;reatc(l paitof the year, and c<inlei|ueiuly lenders .t
iiiipollible for them to provide ii liilliuer.t quaiiiity or
hjy and lodiler Imt I'leat herds ot cattle, the bountiful
C-Kator has therelore beltowed on them a fpecies ot ani-
mals that aic piovided lor with little trouble : this is
the rein-deer, wliieh of all tame animals requites the lealt
attendance and fupport, while it pioeures the gieated ad-
vantage 111 its owneis. Thele creatines provide for thciii-
lelves, leediii:' in liimmer mi leaves, mofs, and grafs, of
which thev hiid as much as is futBcieiit for them, even
among the mountains ; and in winter live only on x
kind of mofs that grows in almolt every part of Lap-
land. Thev come at this mols by Icrapiiig.iway the (now
with their leet, and arc taught by mliinef to lind the
Ijiots wlieie it grows. Duiing a journey of feveral djy?
with thele aniin.ds, the only trouble a traveller is at is,
either to turn them loofe, or tie them to a tree, where ihe
i]uantity of food they eat at a time does not exceed a
handlul. Tl-.e Laplanders are only lolieitous to keep
their lieids of lein-deer from pping allray, and to protect
them from wiM healts ; and this, particularly in fummer,
rliey think no ineoiiliderable tafk. 'I'hey h.ivc no occa-
I'.on to houle thele animals, for they always lie out in the
open air, without any inconvenience ; and when after
a lliiet fearch there is no danger from bcalls of prey,
thev turn them loolc into the woods ; but when they arc
uinli r any apprehenrien ot dan.'.er from that quarter, they
are watched iiy the La|il.'nd herdfiiieii.
The reindeer nearly relemblcs a (lag, except its
hanj'ing th^ liead down a little, and the boms projecling-
diretlly lorwaid: belides, on the fore part of tl.c head,
near tlie rciot of the large iiorns, are two fnialler branches ;
fo that they fcrm to iiave four horns. There are two
different fpecies of thele animals, namely, the wild .lud
the tame. The latter is well made and exceeding fwilt,
and indeed isoffuch iife to the Laplandeis, that it fup-
plies the place of corn-fields and meadows, horfes and
cows. In winter they make ufe of the rein-deer in
travelling ; its llelli, cither frefh or dried, without fait,
is their chief lo'd ; ai;d all their cloathiiig, from head
to foot, confillsof the Ikins of thcfe animals. The rein-
deer alio fupiilies its owner with a bed, and both winter
and fummer, with good milk and excellent chccfc ; be-
lides, of the intcitiiies and tendeiis he makes thread and
cordage.
The r.aplamleis, withrcfpedf to their manner oi liv-
in,^ and h.diit.itions, conhlt: c:f two ditfcrcnt tribe,--,
namely, the Foielf and Mount.;in Laplanders. The for-
mer fpciid the (rrcatcft part or the I'ummer in the woods,
and have no piopeiiy; but the hitter live among the
nuiuntaiii-, 'I'he lood of the former chiefly confilts if
fifh and lowl ; but that of the latter prineipally depends
on their held:- of rein-deer. The ].apl.inders in genci,,!,
and particularly the l-'orelbrs, a-e clleemed good markl-
men. 'J'hey h;',ve a great av. riiuii to mining. In molt of
the lapniarks they make it their emplovnient to carry the
hiirghcis to the yearly fairs; and lonie of the Laplan-
ders, for a reafonable rewaid, look after the rein-deer
bclongin-r to other people. Molt of them choofe ra-
ther to llecp away the whole day in their tents, than to
engage in anv laborious employment j but thole whom
want has prompted to indulfrv, give evident proofs that
ti-.ey arc not without a capacity for mechanic trades, nor
even for cxquifitc pieces of workmanfhip. Their boats
and utenfils arc plain indications of their fkill, and Ibme
of their Hedges are inlaid with horn in a variety of figures.
Their horn Ipoons, their Uunic calendars, their moulds
for calling pewter utenfils, their bows and arrows, and
the like, are all of their own making.
The Lapland women make ufe of a horn pcrforattd
with large and fmall holes, througii which they draw tin
or pewter into wires of dili'erent thicknel-., v\-ith which
they ncailv cmb'oiiler their girdles, cloaths, and lledvc
furnitiii-e. 'Thev alio prepare all kinds of Ikins bv va-
rious methods, and cut out and few the habits uled
among them.
Sever; I Laplanders, befides the herds of rein-deer, are-
matters ot a confulerable (]uantitv ol lilver in riin's,
buckl'.-i, iar;5e ,iii.l fmall fp,j,i:r, ^■ull^, ^c. and monev
Sweden.
I", U R
L
ci liv-
tlilic.---,
lie lor-
wooJs
nonu llif
nli'lK ■ :
gciici.l,
ni.;r.vl-
miiUui
riy tin;
aphui-
ia-dccf
ool'c t.i-
thaii to
lioin
oat\ that
es, nor
ir boats
nj lom'"
figures.
moulds
ws, und
frforatcd
.'.raw till
th;i;li
iJ Aci'C
bv la-
)its ul..d
grows daily iTinrc and mofL' in uH: amaiif; tiuni ; but lluy
i)ick-r tlic Holland li.'^dollar to all olliur coini, bucaulc
tliL- Niirwc|iiaii.i, witli whom tluy tr.ulc in lumiULr, will
luit taki; any other nmncy in cxciian^c lor tiicir i',on.ls.
The rcll of thiir CubltaMcc coiililh m donitlbc iittnliLs
and miier furnituri.', as niits, iron |iot., copper and brals
ki'ttK-s, furs and otliir cloaths, bcd-l,niiiturc, tine iLdgt.
Willi harnellls, hatclicts, bo.it.s, and liliiini;lai kic. A;)
10 the poorer ("on, they arc obliged to be iatisued witii
ttvyer convenieiieies.
As feeding their herds of rein-deer i.i the cliief eniploy-
nient of the Laplander.^, they fiei]nuentlv lliift their ha-
bitations. At the appro.ieh of fpi in;.^ moll of them move
with their families twenty or thirty hwedilh miles among
the mountains of Norway as far as the North Si a, wli.ie
they li.< their abode tiil autumn, and then <|iiit the moun-
tains and return to the fouth, to prevent their beinj;
frozen to death for want of fewel ; and their rein-deer
bein" llarved, there being little or no mofj fo far to the
north.
The other Laplanders, wh-i make no excuifioiv. to the
mountains, but dwell in the villa;;c dillricls, or live by
lilliini;, likcwifo never Icttle in one place : to this they
are obliged by their rein-Jccr, which at certain times
ihew adifpohtion to remove, cither from the want of bid-
der, or their being fenfiblc of the changes that will hap-
pen in the weather.
I'his unfettled way of life obliges the I.aplindcis to
prcvide portable dwellings, and I'uch are their tents,
which are thus formed ; they full let tip fever.il poles in
a ciicular polition, gradually doling together on the top,
mucii in the form of a fugar-loaf with the top ot it
broken ofi. Over thefe poles they lay a kind ofioailc
cloth, and thus form tents, fome of which are furticirnt
to contain twenty perfuns. The hearth is ia the middle,
with Hones laid round it, to prevent the liic from fpre.id-
ing. An aperture is left at tiic top, where the pohs al-
inoltjoin, which I'trves both for chimney and window.
I''rom thii hole hang two chains with hooks at the end,
to haiif the pots on, in order to boil their victu.ils, or
melt the ice or fnciy into water to drink. Round the
inlide of the tent they lay their cloaths to keep out the
cold wind, and fpread branches of birch or lir lound
the tent, bv way of feats to lit upon ; for tliiy have
neither chairs, Itools, nor benches. About the tent It.md
the cupboards, where they keep their provifiuns ; thefe
are li.\ed on polls or blocks of wood, and have iome re-
fcmhlancc to pigeon-l'ioules created on pill.ir';. 'I'hc
Laplanders, whenever they have an opportunity, pitch
their t.nts near dried pines, for the convenience ol lewel ;
but in ffiririg and autumn they are forced to be contented
with brufli wood. It ought not to be omitted, that in
ijinc of thii iapmarks they creel boarded cottages, or
w-iodjn houfes, that rclemble thofe of the Swedes,
'I'heir carri.iges are lledgis fli.iped like Imall boats
v.ith a broad keel, and fo thick, that no water can pene-
trate throuith them. They have a back-board lor the
traveller to lean niiainll, who lits fad laced in the Hedge,
and well I'ecured Irom the cold. This veliuL- is drawn
by tl'j rein-deer with incredible fwiftnel's thiough the
fiunv over nioiintaiiis and valleys. Th»: rein-deer is har-
neiii-d with a large cloth girt, embroidered with pewter
wire, and faltened on his back. The bit is .i piece of
leatiier taeked to the reins of the bridle over the deer'i.
head and neck, and from th.; h y-i'} a ■ .:uher llrap p.ilH.-ig
under the belly is fallcned to' the lore-part of the iledge,
which llrves inltead of (halts. Tiie rein-dcer in agie.it
ir.ealure lofe their vigour and fwiftnel's in lunimei, when
tnefe are lei's neceliary ; but even then they are ver^■ pro-
jier (or carrying the Laplandcis eliecls from one place to
jiuither.
The Laplanders alfo ufc a kind of fkatcs, like thofe
uied bv the Kins and Nordlanders. Tlufe conlill ol a
boaid .' ■ •- ■ ''-"ir Swedir.i ells in length, and hs inclus
broad, ending in a point which turns up belore. VVitli
tiiel'e boards l.tltened to their feet, and a pole, wiili a
UKind piece of wood at the end to prevent its (inking too
deep into the ('no a, the Laplanders Hide along witn I'uch
fwiftnel's, as to overtake wolves and beais.
The Laplanders who praiilife lilhing, and live in >.)uth
Lapir.ark, make wl'e of a kind of bua: or little baiit (oi
o 1' i:. 9j
I Killing risirs, made of diglit boards curioufly joined lo-
('cther with lilameiits of the root* of trees, or hempen'
llriiV's, and arc fo light that a L.i|'d.inJ''r e.irriea hi' boat
on hii flioiildeis, Willi the oars and every tiling belong-
ing to it, btlides hi.i bag of provifioni. Thefe boats ihry
lleer with aiii.i/.ing d^.\erity, even among the rocks and
down the nicdf i.ipid water-lalL ; and iliou;.:li the cata-
r.iiit be ever fo druidful, and the Laplander ever fo great
.1 llr.ingir to it, he undauntedly lentures down the pre-
cipi(e 111 hi^ little boat : but when he (leers againll tha
llieani, and comes to a wati'ri.dl, lie puts alhore, takes
ill., lio.it upon his back, and iravelj till he comes to
Imoiiili water.
In the Northern lapnunk^ tliey have 1 ir ;',. r boat;:, lour
or live f.ithom:. in leiu;tl. ; tiiel'e they either haul up the
gre.it w.itir-l.ills with lopes, or Wlicre the calculi ; arc
Imall, (liove them up with pides ; which is done by twii
men, one of wh"m (its at the he.al, and the other .it thi;
llern. As for going down the w.iii r-l.ills with the llreim,
tliey conli.ler it as.iitcnde.l with no dilliciilly.
'I he Mountain Lapl.inders in I'uinmer live ehielly upon
milk, and of the cheel'e made of it, of which they lay
up a (hire for winter. In the monlli of September, be-
hirc the piercing fiolls Cet in, they kill as many of tiieir
rein-deer as they think will ferve them till Cliiillmas :
afttrwards they kill as many as will fupply tlnm lor the
ri.ll of t!ic winter, and ronutinies kill one or two occa-
fionally. It i, not unul'ual with the VV'citcrn Lapl.indeis
to buy Norway cows and flieep in I'ummer, wliicii they
kill lor their winter provilion. Tl'.ey all'o eat the fieih
ol bcaii and he.ivers, lea a:id wild fowl, iV'-. 'I'he ,.ooi
who live ill village.t are comeiued with the (lelli of t!og-,
wolves, foxes, and horfes, when they cm get them.
I'he Killing Laplanders live on (i(!l, 'which they have-
v.iiious ', ays of drefling ; and thcd'e who h.ivc rein-il'cr
on tlieir nigh days and I'ellival', drel's fielli and lilh toi;e-
ther. < Cummer tlley buy their I'altof the N.irwegi.ins,
and in t . winter |)iirch.il'e it of the burghers. 'J • Iviceo
is not very uncommon among them ; but thev buv II ac
a very high price. In this country none of the '..(.men
have any hand in dreiling piovifiMis, that office belong-
ing to the mailer of the houfe. They never omit faying
ol grace bel'ure and after meat, nor (Ii.iking one anulhtv
by the hand beloie they rife i'leiu table.
SEC T. X.
(■)///.'.■ Ar,ini.:r!i .:'i.l P.u'i:.'')?! cf lb; S-.vtislh L.-ipL-:.!,;-! ;
l.Uii Soii,ii,i, unil the Ahiih.i- ill whijl) t/:rv prrUn;/ 17
pni.l JHlWi- Evffih hy tl.rir M.r-t: Dn-.niu TL- Govcrn-
iiuiil, i'liiiL; and D'tvijhin cf Li^'>.'t:.':;!.
TUV. m.irriagesof the Laplanders dep:-nd entirely on
the idealuie ol thci,- parents vvl.i. pay no regard to
the iiKlm.iiions .ind attectioiis of t'.eir childien ;' and it
IS l.iul that a widov.', though dccrepid with age, and both
deal and^ blind, will never want fuitors, if (lie be but
rich. 'I'hey feem to difapprove of marriages between
rel.ilion., and even intimate fi lends : as to |i.d\ gamy, it:
has never obt.iinrd .imongit iliem. ^Vllen the' paients
iiave determined to choofc a d.iughter-in-law, they t.ikc
their Ion, let him be ever (o unwilling, and accompa-
nied by lome of their near relations, go to the dwelling
of the foil's tutuie fatlur-in-law, always taking (on'c
brandy with them. This iiijuor is the lirlt ami iTiolt
powerful iile.ider in their behalf, and the acceptance of it
is cllceu'ed a good prel'.ige of I'uccel's ; btit if the treatv
comes to nothing, the yoiiii; woin.in's parentsaic obliged
to pay for all the brandy ul'ed during the ctiurtfhip. "' h"
the marriage takes place, an agreement is made about
tiie money and goods which the p.ircnts of the bi ide^-rooni
are to give to thofe of the biide. Li return, the bride",
parents are obliged to give the ncw-mniried pair as much
furniture and as many rein-deer as arc elieemed an eoui-
valeiit lor the prel'ents they have received. Thole who
,iie poor marry without any of thefo previous ceremo-
nies, every one at Inch times providing according' to hia
ability. 'I'he mariiages arc iolemiii/.ed in the churches j
and ihebiiile iifu illy feigns fuch timidity, and lliews Inch
r'liiJUnce, that foic-.- :j ic-mctlmcj obliged to be uled to
tet
u
!l
I '' 1';f!
:' ll
ll
ilii
v;
i
1 1
''{
H'
4
>« ; . I
^' 1
SYSTEM OF G F. O C, H A 1' U Y.
JG'J
•It litr llitlifr. After tlie crrcmDnv the coiniiiiiy rcdirii
M tiKir uiii>., wlieu- tlicy luuc a IimII, every (iiii- liriiig-
in;T hi» (j'-iiiirin of pun il'ioiis, wliicli are all JrcllLd .iml
111 Mil up ti'j^itliir.
■Jlie cliiKiicii aic iniircil I" hatildiips from fhcir in-
faiRv: tlK-v arcliill liciinly lacal up in little- nailkv,
wliiUi are fiifpimliil in the Ciiiokc near tlie top d ilic-
tent, ami nnLid hy pulluv.', two conls that liaii- ilowii
troiii t-atli fide. 'I'liev arc very carcliil when llies' be|;in
ti) !',tow lip, to icicli tlieni to earn a nmilnttalilc liih-
filluKe, hv acciiltomiii;; iheni to all kiiiil-. <if work prae-
tilej aiming tlu'i" ; but they have a great averfiuii to
fclmolj.
'Ihoiigh the inhabitants of the Swcililh lapmaiks
make an niiUvanl piofenion of Clinllianity, yet the
gie.iiett pail of ih.ni ate moit ;;r(l^^ly igiiurant, aii.i (liew
no olhei fmns ol their haviiiLi embraced that religion,
th ui by benij' bapu.'/_-J and tailed by Chrilliaii names.
JnK-jd' they^are e.\tremely tcnatimis of their pa(;an rites
and cultonis, which proceeds iVom the hi:;!! idea tliey en-
tertain of their anteltors, and their willin-nefs to believe
that whatever they did mull be reafoiiablc, jull, and
worthy of cnminendalion.
Thofe who a:e 11:11 piyaiu call the Supreme Cod by
the n.inic uf Jubm.il, and term the prince of the evil
fpirits I'eikmel. As thry altribute to this la(l Ipiiit a
power ci|iial to that of ( Jod, they endeavour to .btain his
launir and render hiin propitious, in oider that he may
nut hurt them, llefides thele, and Come other deities,
t ,ev have a luiniber i-t denii-nuds. They make images
botiiof wood and (lone, but pay the grcatelt reverence
to tl-.e latter. When the Laplanders come within fight
of the piJce where the iJol Hands, they uncover them-
leKcs, make low bows, and creep on their hands and
leet up to the idols, ill order to malic their otFerin';s.
.Much has been faiil ufthe forccry -Mitifed by thefs
people i but lame hr.s ma-uincJ their ikiU far beyond
the truth. Few of the [-aplaiulers pretend to have any
'kill inmsiiic, and when any ihiiif fingular fecms to be
broueht about by their nia-icians, it caufes as much ad-
miration as among other nations. They are indeed per-
vaded that their forccrers, by repeating myftical words,
or by fome other means, can rellorc health to the fick,
. live tidings of good, Iblen, and have it in their power to
iiiiurc their neigbhourb. , , , . . ,
Almoll every body has heard of their magic drums ;
hut they are fo cautious in the ufe of them, that their
own countrymen featcc know any thing about them j
tor if they are detected ia uriiig them, it coils the pre-
riidcd magician his life. 'I'hcy arc fuppofed to ule tliefe
drums as maclcs; for they imagine, that by means ot
\ uious figures painted on the head of the drum, they can
know what palles in diitant places ; whether they (hall
meet with fuccefs in hunting ; what cfterings will bt
moll acceptable to their gods ; with the caules and cures
of certain dift'ifes. „ j .l u
We are told that M. Motraye, who travelled through
I ipland in i;!^, hired a guide to diredt him to the tent
of one of thele m.igicians in the moil remote part ot Lap
1 iiid • but was t'lilt obliged to give the guide all imagin-
able alTurances that he would not betray him to the go-
vcnmcnt. He found the wizard in a poor hut, and m
is wretched circumllances as can be imagined. This
miferable magician gave M. Motraye his hand, and order-
ed him to follow him to the top ot a higil mountain,
\vhere he defired him to ilay while he tetched his drum
■aid other utenfils. Soon after the Laplander returned
with his magic drum, which he had concealed among
the flirubs for fear of a dilVovery. It was ot an oval torm,
and had but one head, which was covered with a kind ot
tranfparent parchment, wretchedly painted with the ce-
lellial fi^ns i and to it was failened a chain with leveral
'irafs riiv'-. licforc the operation began, the wizard dc-
.S"WI PE.'i
manded 'i thev had any liiaiulv ; :inil li:<lf a pint cif that
liipior being given hiiii, be nniiieiliately draiiii two. thirds
ol It. He tlieii put the chain .iiid iiiigs into the inlide ft
III. driiiii, ami tiiiniii;; the bnllom upwards, beat upon it
with a linked piece ot .iiein deer's horn lor a lew minute^,
theringsall the while iuniping alioiit and inakinga inigiiii^
miife. .After this lir l;iid hinilelt ft.iton hiv back, let the heail
ol the ilium 1)11 hi^ h.irc biealt, diid iliiittiiig his t) e>, jire-
tended to be in a trance ; but at lenj (li tctclliiig a jeep
li;',h, he gently railed ihe drum .vlmve his head, and look-
eel at the rings, whicii he could calily diUern ihiough llii.
ranl|>arent p.irchmcnt. H.ivi.ig obfervid their iioliiiou
and dill nice from the fivuies ol the ceKllial (igiis, he
li.xcd his eves upon l\L iVIoiraye, and deelareii he woiiM
run a gre.it lia.'ard of his lite by water as he reiuiiu-d m
his Hedge, and would alto be in great danger in goiii.',
down the cataracHs in .i bu.it ■. that lie would have another
narrow ell, ape from lire; and that his life would b.- lOiig
and healtbliil alter he had ovcrcmtie two (its of illncls,
both whiili would I'ei.'e him within the Inaceof two years.
As for the Lapland interpreter who led M. Motraye tii
hi, cell, he diioiU'd him to go out to lilh on fome par-
ticular days in that and the following month, when he
(hould return home laden with liih ■. he alio pietendcd to
tell him on what days he vi'oiild be equally iortuiiate in
hunting. M. Motraye afked if he could tell whether hti
was a batchtlor or a man ied man, into what countric,
be had travelled, and other quellions of the like nature ;
but this pretended magician was loo wife to guels at
thinL'ilhit were pall, in which he knew his ignofancc
mult be iiillantly dilcovered.
Witli refpei^t to the government of this country, the
Laplanders in general acknowledge the king of Sweden
for their rightlul fovereign ; though fome of them alio
pay tribute to Denmark and Ruflia, as at certain leafons
they pitch their tents within ihcdomiiiionsot tliof JW.-.s
They, however, conform to theSwediflj laws ; 'om: ot"
them attend the celebration of divine feivicc in the Swe-
di(h churches, and apjily to the Swcdiih courts of judi-
cature cllabliihi'd all over Lapland.
The judges afliftants are chofcn from .imong the
Laplanders, and the taxes arc ufually paid at the time
when thole courts of juilice are held. y\t the places ap-
pointed for thefe courts, and tor levying the taxes, are
houfes and tents, erected by the Laplanders lor t. -ir owii
convenience, with houfes and fhops that are let to the
burghers who frequent the annual fairi. The moft con-
fide rable of thefe fairs arc held at tne fame time with the
courts of juilice, and in feme provinc.s K.il about a
fortnight, but in others only ■* kw da\ . The goods
which the Laplanders buy Irom the inh..bitants of the
towns are chiefly tobacco, fait, meal, cloth, a kind of
coarfe cloili called walmar, kettle;., pots, lilvcr fpoons,
buckles, girdles, rings, cups, needles, laces, hatchets,
knives, fcillars, lead, powder, fire-arms, tin, or pew-
ter, fulphur, wine, malt-liquor, figs, &c. The Lap-
landers in return fell to the inhabitants of the towns fur;
of all kinds, the fleih and (kins of rein-deer, fur gowns,
boots, (lioc;, filh, cheefe, &c. There are neither towns
nor any tixed or mcafured miles ul'cd in any of the lap-
marks.
Lapland is divided into feven lapmarks, or provinces,
which rccf.iec their names from the places of note in
Nordland in whole neighbourhood they lie. They all
belong to the government of Well Hothiiia, except Jamt-
land lapmark, which is included in the government ol
Wcfl Nordland. Wc might here give an account of each
of th-;fe lapmarks, but as it would afford neither any
ufeful inllru6tion nor entertainment to the reader to de-
fcribe petty villages, coniifting of a few little wooden
houfes, or huts, and a church refembling a barn, we
(hall conclude our accountof Swedifh I,apland, and pro-
ceed to Norway, which bounds it to the weft.
{)/ll'C Sitiu.
mi.l Fdit
Kinils of J
L)UHt of ll.
Fliix ; •nil
N'
C H A P.
roRw
__ _ NurM
iiiiiin and u
Lapland ami
ilie C'ateg.ite
degree lorty.
vcnty-lirll di
■( . breadth Iron'
unetpi.il dilt
two hundied
iifty, ,iiid in
In mod |)
but more fo i
coart i for in
extremely v.i
are very com
In the Aim
is fo clear ;
read, write,
and in the ex
of linmark,
ally in view,
the north pol
enlarging it,
other hand, i
weeks invitib
a faint glimm
half, which,
horizon, chic
on the higheft
clearly than i
tor has g.a.'itc
bcfid.'s the m
mo;:ntains is i
the people re
borcalis, or i
them as much
their ordinary
In the welle
generally lets i
tiiiiies till the I
111 a thick ice,
with (how ; yi
welfare of the
who live anion
crs ; for withu
neither convey
nor carry theii
ties, in their fl
f.ile of them c.i
are there fuppli
ing cataracts, ;
iuul the very I;;
it is congealed,
the wife Create
climate a greate
tlier, than moll
ply them with |
t.hc wool of th
b-ills, furnifh
n.'id covering fu
f.nvl f.ipply tl'.ei
themfelvcs fervi
tJit winds, and
5^
( «0I )
C il A P. VI.
Of
N () R VV
.■\e-
S K C F'. r.
Oj'lh S!lii.iti]'i,(:iii'iilt;(:>.ijl, Mouut.iin!, Riaili, Biiil^n,
tiii.l Fiiit of lilt C'lii'il'f in S'iUViiy (if thi' (itjjtrent
Kin.ti o/Miirl/lf, imil othi-r Stma ; with a pariuuLir .V. ■
ij««( oftht /tjkilos, or /fmiiinlhiii, u Suit of irn'MbujIMt
FUx ; <iml of till Alinn ef llMt Couiili},
NORWAY, whuhii callal by the D.inci nnd the
Norwi't;i.i!i'. tliciiili;lvi.s Norj^i', n boumln! on thr
„„uii .11) 1 wcit liv the North Scj, on the ctll bySwii!i(h
!„inl.iiiJ .inil Swiilcii, ami on the fmith by the (f.i t.iUcil
I he Catenate, ixtciiJing in leiii;th trum the hUy-leveiuh
lii'irree lorty-fevui minutes to the North Cape in the le-
vciitvhi(l ile^rec thirty niimitci noith latitude, anj in
brcailth Irom the I'oiirth ile^-iee thirty-live minutei tovery
iMieciiial ililhntcs witliin lan.l, it bein^ ni (bnie plact.u
lwohuii(heil ami cij;hty, in othei", about a hundred and
fifty, anil in others not above thiriv nnles broad.
In moll parts of Norway the air n pure and lalubrious,
but more To in the middle and call fido than on the welUin
coall ; lor in the latter the air is damp, and the willern
extremely variable, on whi. h account I'curbutic d.loiJeis
ate very common among the Norwegians.
In the fumnier nights the horizon, when iniclondcd,
is fo clear and lutninous, that at miJni^jht one may
read, write, and do all kinds of work as in the day ;
and in the extremity of this country, towards the illands
of liiimark, the fun is in the midlt of fnmmei continu-
ally in view, and is obferved to encircle day and night
the north pole, contrading its orbit and then gradually
cnlaiging it, till at length it leaves the horizon. On the
other hand, in the depth of winter the fun is for lome
weeks inviliblc, all the light perceived at noon being
a faint glinmi.-ri/ig that continues about an hour and a
half, which, as the fun dots not then .nppiar above the
horizon, chiefly proceeds from the rcflrclion of the rays
on the highcft mountains, whofe lummils .ire leen more
clearly than any oihcr objciils ; but the bountiful Crea-
tor has g..;fi;cd the inhabitants all pollible aflillance ; for
bcfiJ.-s "the inoon-niinc, which by rene.ition from the
mo'.intains is rendered evcceding bright in the valleys,
the people receive confiderablo relief irom the aurora
hnrcalis, or nortncrn lights, which frequently ait'ord
them as much light as is neccllaty for their performing
their ordinary l.ibours.
In the wellern parts of this country the cold of winter
rcncrilly lets in about the middle of October, and con-
liiuies till tin: niijille of April. The waters are congealed
lo a thick ice, and the ninuiitain^ and valleys covered
with fnow : yet even this is of Inch importance to the
welfaie of the country, that in a mild winter the peal'ants,
who live amon^ the mountains, arc conliderable fulfer-
crs i for without this fevere frofl and fnow, they can
neither convey the timber they have felled to the rivers,
nor carry their corn, butter, furs, aiiJ other commodi-
tie.;, in their fledges tn the market-towns ; and after the
f.ilc of them carry back the nccell'aries with which they
arc there lupplied : for the largell rivers, with their roar-
ing cataracts, are arrcfted in their courfe by the froff,
and the very (';ntt!c is no fooner out of the mouth than
it is congealed, and rolls along the ground like hail. But
ihe wife Creator has given the inhabitants of this cold
climate a greater variety of prefervativcs againll the wea-
ther, than moll countries ati'ord. Extenfue fortlls fup-
p!y them with plenty of timber for building and for fuel ;
the wool of the (lieep, and the furs and ikins of wild
bcalb, furnifh them with warm ll.iing for tneir eUiaths,
a:id covering for their beds; innumera'.ile flights of wild
f.nvl r.ipply tl'.em with down and feathers ; the mountains
thcmfelvcs fervc them for fences againll tlie north and
till winds, and lluir cavcr/ij ailotd them lliehtrr.
555
While the winter thiii rages in the call nf Norwavi
the lakes and bays on the well Tide are kept optii by tin:
warm exh.datioii, ot tneoiean, li.ough lying in a direct
line with ihele (ro/.en eallern p.irts ; and tne Iroll. arc
feldom known to lull above .i foilii;ght or three weeks.
Keen in the centre of (Jermany, vviiich is twi hundreil
leagues nearer the line, the Winters aie gcner.illy more
fevere, an. I the trolls (harper than in th- diocefe ot lier-
gen ; for the inhabitants here are often hirpii/ed at read-
ing in the public papeis of frolt and Inuw in I'ldand and
(iermaiM, when they feel no fitch weatln i ; and the
learned Ur. I'outoppidan obl'erves, that th:: harbours ot
AmllerilaiTi, lljinbur::, Copenhagen, and Ijuhec, arc
much olf.ner froze tiian thole ot Norw.iy, where this
teldom lia|ipcns above two or thice time-, in a whole cen-
tuiy. Thus the vMiiter at liergen is In mod rale, ihar
tlie feas are almoft always open to the lilli'rm'n and ma-
nners y and ilieie the Noith Sea conlinues navr^ablc ^
during the whole winter .' i'.'.r a. the eightieth or eighty- ('," .*i
lecond degree. Thus wh'l.; . .e inhabitants of the e.illei u
parts have by means of the ice and fnow the convctiiencc
of bringing their cominoditits in Hedges to the market-
towns, thole of the wellern fide on the tea coall a;e .'.t the
fame time employed in their proliiable liiheries. How-
ever, liergen, and all the taltern coall, is lo fuhie,:l to
frciiiient rains, that the men, whenever tiiey go abroad,
wear rain-hats made like umbrellas, and the women in
all weaihtrs I'ecure themlelves by wearing a woollen or
filk black ved over their heads.
In fummer the weather is not onlv warm but cxtrcmclvr
hot. Thele violent heats, which are, however, of (horc
duration, may be partly derived from the valleys incloll'd
within high mountains, where the reveiberation ofthi;
rays of the km on all fides heat the air ; and as there Is
almoll no night, neither the atinofphere nor the moun-
tains have time to cool. Indeed there cannot be a more
decifivc proof of the funmicr's heat in Norway, thanthac
leveral vegetables, and particularly barky, in fonie places
grow up and lipcn within (ix weeks or two months.
With relpeA to the coall, that on the well of Nor-
way is I'urroun led by a great number ol iflands and incks,
fome of the former being three, tix, or nine Norw.iv
miles in length, and pretty fertile ; but moll of them are
fin ill, and inhabited by only a few lilhermen an. I i-dot.
Thero.k';, which rile feycral fathoiv . ' . i..e furfacu
of the water, are a kind of rampart loat dtlends the coall,
and amount to fome hundrcl ihoulaii !s. They form a-
bundancc of goad harbours ; and in many places iron
rings arc fallcned to them lor mooring fliips, where there
is not lea- room or good anchorage. As the water is calm
ami Imooth, they are of great fervice tocoiflers, the
violence of the waves bein:^ broken againll thefe bairicrs,
while the open places are very dangerous, an.l everv
year prove latal to many fmall vcliels. The iliore of
Norway is generally llcep and perpendicular, lo that
dole to the rocks, the depth of the lea is from a hundred
to two, three, or four bun. Ired fathoms.
Several gulphs and creeks run forty, fifty, and fixtv'
miles into the laiul, uml in fome of them, which are b;iC
from hity to a hundred fathoms in breadth, runs a nar-
row ch.iniiel f.'ur hundred fathoms deep ; buton the liJes
the depth diies not exceed a hundred fatlioms.
As the country is extremely mountainous, the arable
land is but little in comi-arilon of the waters and ilefaris,
whieii obliges the inhabitants to piocurc half their lub-
rillenee from the lea. Hence the villages are fmall, and
the houlcs fcattered among the vallies : in fome places,
however, thofe of the peafmts llaiul f.) high on the cdcru
of tteep precipices, that ladders are ir;jj to climb up "to
them ; fo that when a clergyman is f.nt for, who is un-
ufed to the road, he rifks his lite in al'cendin" them,
efjiccially in winter, when the wavi aic flipperv. In
C c ■ fu^ii
%
f
\')1
A
Y S 1 I', M Ci I (, [■. O (i li A I' II Y.
NcRWXV.
1:
I
I,.
4 W
f Ji pi iciri ilieViii.!!."! riftlio ilc.i l.irc It Jo #11 with nipr^,
<M I'. "I ht iliivvii on men » l>,u'k.s bii">i' ill' v mv l.iiti in
ii t '!iiii i .ui I at fiiir.e I'ill ii'.i" ! tin 11 IU'i-^i'n, liny arc
<>!<lir>'.l III wiill>:r i) >Ii ivv Uic mill nvir (hi.- tlapcll
niiHiiiI.iiiii,
Oil ■ til' I'll' piincii'il imi'tiviiik'ncii* cxpi rlciuel by
t U'i-IL'i> r.iilV'. Iioni tiic lo.id' ) lur ihry I'.iiiii' t, witli-
oiii 'cit.jr, |i.\li <'."ii the kiiu'i rii.iJ, wliuli iii t.nr.'l
[■! ici-. i.NU'iiJs up ill'.' fiJit ol llci|) aiij ii.i^".'y iiviiiii-
i.iin.i 111 w.iy* that ntc ritiuT llinicil ii|', tir ii!i',iiiiilul by
iroiiboltn IKl'.I in tlif iiiouiii^niu i ami, t'lcii^li not alx/ve
ttifbrc'ii'lili ula lucit pith, luvc re r.iiln on llv." frlr. Il
two f mull. Ti were tiinnct thcitf in th< ni;;ht, ani nut
fiC CL\ih oiIrt (ipon i'imii,-,li til llup wlu'u' tnc ni.i.l will
('iiMiT thrin t.^ p.iG, thcv inull (tnp (Ivirt, without lu-iii;;
ftbit; to pil'-i by tach o:iier, or to !''.ul atiirni:i;^ Inr tlitir
horfi.!!, or vv^n to ali;^',hi. 'I'lio only r-rmrcc I can
im;',;iiK' ill tl-is ilifH'ulty, Cayi t!iL- Inlliop M|'|lr,T:cn, i'-,
liiat one iiiiili I'luk-.iviiiir to i liii|;t(i ('.ii'ii.' i lilidl this tlvip
lTiiHiii;;iiii,or, if help be at liatui, be ilrawii up by a rope,
mill tlieii thro.v hi% limle luMillmi r Juvvii a iR'iiiPiuloiii
pricipiec, ill orJer to make room lut t!ie other travcll-i
tj paf>,
'I'll'.' c.'.'.xrm nC llie tnoiiiit.iin; all') nlVonl fli.'hcr to the
%vi!il bc.illi, u-hith r.-Mt'er it iliirieiilt t > iMiipate t'l m ;
ritul it 11 not cjly todeUribetheh.ivnc iii.nle by the h iixc:,
l'o>:e:', bear?, nil I clpeeially wolves, anioiij, the tattle,
goat5, lure, and other iikl'ul aniniiN,
Anr,;,Ki' iliOtlva itai;e is, that 'he cow, flirep, and
j:ou; bcloi :• i!' to lac pr.il'ants oltrii fall down ill ; pic-
ii;^iit , ;.r i ;.■.'.• di.'hojvd. Honutinu's they make a I'.ille
lie;) ii.M . I K je. li n e lied . iiioiinta'ii-lviimiK'r, where
they e.li neither iil'eeiul lur defiend : on tliii oeealion a
lieal'ant chtati ill" \cii:ures bis life for a (h'-rp or a ,'oat ;
dcl'ien.'ir.;; fioMi tile top ol .. rr.oim'..iiii bv a roptf <•; ionie
hundred fath'>n-s in 1-iiL'tli, with bi^ Icj^s m tr a crofa
(tick, till he f' t; his 11 ot on the plaee where be finds
lis (;( .If, w!i' ;i t-,.' l'.:'i.■ll^ it to the rope, ;ind 11 is dra'vn
up alorg •.•■':!!i bi::!' if. lint the moll a1n.17.i1v.; eireiiin-
it.'.!ic^ i-, that be liiiis iiii< ril}; wiili the help of only a
tin;^.k' pcifiii, wl'.o hold;, the end of the lope, or lalleiK
it to a roci;, rf ih^ie be one .it li.iiul proper for that piir-
pof', 'I'lerc are inltaiirc;, of the ;ifli;l.iiu biinfilf bavin;;
been drJ£;::c'd dov'n, ai.d lacrifieiiig bis lile lioin bis fide-
lity tohiii frii-iii'. 111 wi ieli bolh have perilliul. When
a mnn or be.ilt h \s ill, is tlie niisl'ouune to f.ill I'ome hun-
dred lariioms do\'. n the precipiees, jr is o 'ft-rved, that the
air prvjlli s with I'lii.!! foree ng'iiiid the bodies thus fjlling,
th.ii they are not only depiivcd of life for four,- tiiiic be-
lore thev r'.jeh the ground, but tlieir bellies built, and
their eiiiraili eonie out, wliieh is plainly le tale when
they fall iiiio deep v.-.iter.
From the multi;ude of fprinj;) tlmt ifl'ue fioni the
mountains, and the vait malies ot fnow aceuniiiKited on
their fun-.nuts, wliieh gently dillidves in I'lininKT, ate
formed many lakes, in fome of whieb are fioatiii;:, ill.inds,
and aeonfiderable miniber of rivers, the l.irpell ol whieli is
tlie( jlo;iimen,or(j!anier ; but none of iheiiiarcn.iviyable
far up the country : the pafT.U'.e b in.; every where in-
t'.rnipted by ro.ks, and in fome plates by dreadful ca-
taracts, in which the llream piceipitates iifelf from the
height of I'orty, fifty, and even a hundred f.ithonis. The
bnd^Cii over thel'c rivets ;.rc not walled, but formed of
tiiiibcr cafes filled with (tones, w'lieh ferve for the piers
on will, h the timbers are l.;id. I'he Lirjult bri,l:>!' of
t.iis kind has forty-three lione cafes, and i.s a hundred
puts ill lcii^;tb. In ihofe places where the ii:irrownefs
and rapidity of the current will not admit of finking
tbefc c.les, thick marts arc l.'.id on tarb fide on the
{I'ore, with the thickelt end falieiied to the rocks : one
mall beiii^; llius laid in the water, another is placed upon
it, reachii;:; a fathom beyond it, and then a third or
f jurth ill like manner to the middle of the Itieam, where
it is joined by other conneifled malts from the oppofite
iidc. Thus in pafiing over the brulge, efpcci.dly in the
niidole, it ii'eiTrj to faiiiL;, which to tliofe who are not
ufej to thefe briditis appears e.vtrenulv damrerous, (o
thai fiiled v,'i:ii tenor they alight from their hurll's, and
lead them <i\er.
7'he mountains of Norway are, however, attended
with fome advant iges : a i^reac chiin of them f.'rvcs as a
barrier between thii cminlry mil Swcurii i and hefiJeii,
liny exhitutihe iiioll Jcli^'litiul proipc'ts ; lor hire lu-
luie bai added }^reaur bcauliei to the litii.iiinii of coltjuc*
and laiin-houks, than in oimr eoiiii(iie< can be injuy.
el by loyal pal.itcs, though allillolbv ^11 the varittiet
ol j;i(ive», tetrall'.'-, eaii.ds, and ulciiiln. A pnJeellor
of mine, fays tiie bilhopof lb r, en, ii lai ' to liaveuivcn
Ilic 11 line ol the Norllurn Italy to iIh- i). iiiil ul VVjas,
Willi h Ins lomt Uanuei to the lallw.ir.l iif llerfcn i anJ
ciiLiinly there cannot be a more iiuh.uitn;; prufjiet't.
All tile biiililinL;s in it arc the rhurili, ibc iiiilonauc,
and .1 11 w larin houles featlertd on dilfennr iMiinentes.
Ilie biaiity o| ijie pi uc j., niiivli hei|i,hleii.'d by two uni>
lorm niiiiintain. gradually tiliii(; to a vail heiidit. b.twi.vt
wliub runs .ivalley luar li.ilf a le.igue in buajth, and .1
tivir wlmb lumetimes prceipiuiei illelf down the rncki
in lo.imiii;; cataraCls, .md .u othen Ipreads illelt intu
fnall likes. On bi ihlidesit i-, bordered wiui the fincll
nuidoA's iirlcrmingl.d wiili little ihi kcts, and by thu
cily deiln itics of ihe veidant mouniaiiis covered' witli
friiilliil In lib ,iiid laim lioiife,*, llaiiiliii,; above e.ith other
in a fuetelliunof n iiur,d teiMlbs. Ueiv»\'cn lliele .1 (late-
ly lorill ptelLiils i'filf 10 the view, and beyond that the
lunimir. ol niouiit.iiiis eoveied wiili piipemil fiiow, and
tin <M- twelve Itre.iiiis illiiiiig fiom the Inowy mMuiu,iiii5,
form an agtieable contrail in their meaiidus along tin:
blooming liJi I of the hilli, nil tli.y lof' thtmfcKcjin
the livers beneath.
Wiihin the boweh of f ime of the mountains are feve-
ral of the moll beainilul k nds of m,iibli, fo nc white,
other,s veined with blue, and oth is v.iiiegat,,! with a
v.irlcty of colours ; there 1:. likewile hbick m.iiblc fpotted
wilii while, green niaible with greyilli veins, and blue
iiiirble with w.'iite veins, They ullociintain lueli i]Lian-
titiesof til.' ni.igiiet or 1 i.'.dll.iiK', lh.it fome Ions of them
h ive been t.xpoiied : they likewile yield the albellos, of
which iiieoiiibulliblc linen and paper have bten inado.
It will not be unentertaining 10 thereader to fiC bcie a
particular .iccount of the albedos, or amianlluis, as de-
I feribed by Dr. l'onie|ipid.in, billioj) of iJcrgen ; " Hav-
j "■ ing heard of fome wood petrifiid by a tertain fprinv,
" I wrote, f.iys he, for fome fjiiioles, and a large parcel
" of it was lent me. At (irll I thought it rcfemblej
" ha/le, thit bad lain a lung time in the water; but
i " upon a narrov\'cr infpciftion, and dLrAfing oul fome of
! " the fil.iment~, I louud il to be aniiantlius, miicii liner
[ " than the {.iiemland (loiie-llax, which the reverend
'"Mr I'gede l.iys is ukd there as wiiks in nie lamps,
" w:tlioiit being in the kail waited, while luppli'.d with
" oil or far. Tlii-. amianthus, fiom the lofiiufs and
" fineiH'fa of its fibris, dd'eives 10 be called llone filk,
i " lather tl'.an llone-ll.ix : I alio m.ide a wick for a lan.p
"of il, and it w.is not coiiluimd j but iis light beim^
< " much dimmer tluin that |>rodueed by cotton, 1 laid it
" a.'i.le. 1 luve alio in inv polKllien a piece ol paper of
" this albedos, which wlun thrown into a fierce lire is
" not in the kail walled ; but what wji written on it to-
'' tally difa|ipears.
1 " 'I'bc m.iiiiiej- of preparing this ftone-filk or Uone-
1 " flix is ibis : After its being foftened in water, it is
' " beaten with a moderate foite, till the fibres, or long
:" threads, fepar.ite from e,ith oihcr ; .ifterwards they arc
" caKliiUy and repeatuUy w,i(hed nil clear of all terrene
i " particles j then the llax is dried in a lleve : all that le-
■ " mains now is to fpin thefe fine filaments, wherein
" great care is required ; belides which the lingers mull
" be fiifitned with oil, that liie thread m.iy be the mun;
" lu|ipk' and pliant."
1 hough this country thus abounds in (fones, no (lints
nave yet heen found there, fo iiMt thole for fire-arms are
imported liom iJcnmark cr Ciermany : but though there
arc no flints, there arc amtthills, garnets, chalcedonies,
•agate, j.ifper, and cryllals,
Norway fornieily produced gold; but the cxp:ncc of
woikiiiL;the mines, and feparating the gold from the ore,
bring gr.ater th:in the profit, they have been iiegledted.
There are, however, filver mines, which are extremely
valuable, and give employment to feveral thoular.d |)er-
fons. 'I'he coppci-miiies are alio cxtraordin,irv rich, and
eni|)loy great numbers: one of the mod profitable pro-
duehuns of this country is iron, feverjl hundred thou-
faiid
IS'ORWAV.
f»ml qumtaN bfinn anmully fvporlfil cliirllv in har',
nivl the rcll i.id nun tJiiruui, kcttio'., itiivn, ariil II"'
|il,c. liac .irv likcwiiu Ionic Icul-niinci, but nunc ut
lilt urquicklilvtr.
1' IT K o V r.
r^j
S K C
II.
alio
OfllnC>ii, Fi'ii's iiiilTmn ll'D/li, liifti'.'', BirJi,anH
TIIOL'CtM ihii country ii fituatcd (n I'.ir in ihr
i\i)rih, it proJucc* rye, barlty, whitr, [^rcv, and
(Mnii iiiMs vrltlifs, which iuc iiliil an prnvuKltr (ur
liorl •! i li"|ii. "•'"i '"J ficnii)! trjiiv kiiiil'. i I riiiiti .mil
utciiis iDt ilii" Ititchi'ii, with ,1 iiiiilklcr.ililc miiiilur nl
h.iiiU (lovvi rh. 'I'hc-ri- .lie llvtr.il kiiuls <>t <lunn..v. m
lm;i the pc.iUnl'- kll cnat i|uaiititii.", dtiiil, ihrrc au'
iimiiy lulls ol wtidlcliMiic .iiid wiU-UlUd bririf., .is
)li,iwl)criii.s, r.illicrric^, rcJ .iiul while currants, n-d .iml
white ^'.oiik'bfrrii ., luii-bcrrns b.irbirriis, bilbirrii<,
cranbcriii.b, bluikbcinc^, and ni.iny dtluis j dvii.d
kind' III plumbs attain to ;i tidcrabli: npciuM, j but ibis is
(rldom the cale with pc,nb''s, apricots, and j-ripis,
lliiwcvcr, Icvoral loitii ol apples and p.'.irs arc toiiiul all
over the country \ but the (;tcatclt part ot'tlnlc .itr luin-
linrliuit, which ripen cailyi (or winter Iniit leblnm
iMine lo peitcilion, extcpt the fumimr provrs lioiter,
and the wiiiU'r lets in Liter tli.in ul'ual. Hut thou .h Nor-
w.iy is nilcrior with icfpi:et lo its truits thin many other
tdUiltries in Kuiope, yet this defkiency is cimiiKT.fated
by Its iiie.\liaulld>lu loielis, liom whi' li ninll id the pro-
\,iiceh ate enabled to rcerive imnu'iile liiiiiu Iroin loreij'ii-
cis lor beams, nulls, pl.ink^, and boards) beliiles ilie
rre.'.t cniiruiiiption liir lioules built at borne, eniirciv ol
li.a.isid wood, (hips, biKlj;es, ami a priKlij^i.r.is mini
li r ol louiiderics, whieli recpiireaii iinmcnfe ijuantity ol'
c'l 1, ■. nl in t!ie liilinii 1)1 nictaib i to which we mull .idd,
ill It in many pi.K'cs the woods are Itlled mily to clear the
e.ound, and arc burnt lor the lake ol' tlie adic, which
leiie r.ir m..nuif.
Ill tiea'iiij; of the animals in Norway, wc (liall br.'iii
wi;li t'.ie liorlis, wliii li are ot' ^le.iter ule in iuIiuli: than
in J;a'.viii(;i they have an eafy p.ice, are lull nt I'pint, and
verv rure-liiolcd. When tliev mount or di.lcend a iKep
Djli on llon.'s, like Iteps, they lull tread genllv wit'i
p;ie I'not, to try if the (lone they touch be talt, and In this
thiv .iiu't be Kit to themrelvcs, nrtlie bell rider will cn-
ilm /M his neck ; but wiien they arc to po down a very
li ep and llippcry pl.i- c, tlicy, in a I'urprizin i; manner,
di.ivv tluir hind le;;'j uiuler them and ll.de doun. They
l!uw ;;ieat courage in lii;h!inj; with the wolves and bears,
wireh is very ul'ual wilh them; lor when a hoi I'e per-
ceives any ol' thcle I'uiious .iiiiinals adv.iiicin,; towards
bun, and has a mare or gelding with hiiii, this (generous
uiiiiii.d places them beiiiiid him, and then attacks hisaii-
t! .:i:;t, by linking', at him with his l'ore-!e;.'<!, with fiieh
c iiir.ii'i-, that he coninioiily remains conqueror, lioth the
Norw.iy liurfes and cows are ;:cnei ally <it a vellowiili co-
liiur, I ut t!ie httcr are (inall, and yield no j'reat i|':aniity
(jt'inilk; however, their Iklh has a fine ;;rain, is juicy,
and well-talted. The llicep are all'o liuall, and relcmlde
tl'.tifeoi Denmark.
Ill many places the jjoats run wild in the fields, both in
winter and lumnier, till they are ten or twelve years old,
;ind when the iwal'ant to wlioiii they belun;^ is rel'olved to
take them, he mull eiilier do it by I'ome (iiarc or (hoot
1 ■■m : They are i'o bold, that on the approach of a wolt',
1.1 7 {lay to receive him, and it" they have do;»s with them,
v.:!l rciift a whole h^rd. Tliey hII'o frequently att.iek
the fnakes, and when they are bit by them, not only kill,
bit eat them, after which they are never kimwii to die ol
t'ne bKC, though they are ill lor feveral davs. If thele
(;uats are lame, the owner warms their own milk, and
wilh it wafhes the wound.
The bdhop of ISergen ohfcrves, on mentioning thefe
aiiimals, that near Rolladt is ii Hat and naked held, on
which no vej^ctablc will j;rovv. 'J'he foil is almoll white,
with grey llripcs, and has fomewhat lo peculiarly poifoiious
in its iiatuie, that thoiiLjh all other .•■nimals may fafely
paG over it, a gvM or kid no luuner letj its foot upon ii.
than it I'nips dowi, (IrilJifl rut in Iri", in lon(:Ui!
ball rn out 111 111 iiiiiutli, and, il it ha nut iiilLiiit lulpt
It 1 xpire .
Noiw.iy b IS r<;w fwlnr, nnd not many 'if ihccnnunoii
drrr i but the hires, wliieli ill (he lold Ical'oii ihali;;a
liom brown oi (-rcy In .i Inow whiii', aie viry cheap in
wiiilrr, In Ionic p.iruol till' vininiiv ihiie .irc ilki, but
iluyare not iiuiin niis. 'I he rmidecr, bnwevtr, run
wild III I'cidi, and are (hot lot food by the inbabitanlii
Ot Ihi fe aniinals we have i-ivkn a dtli ripiioti in lieatiiiy;
ot .Swididi l.aplaiid ) but tiie authir jiilt nientioiicd (akvs
iioiue ol one or two pariK ular. that uuj'ht not lo be o-
inilted : be f.iys lb it when the rciii-dui (beds his lioiiii,
and otbets rile in then iKad, ih'y uppcir at lirll covered
with n Ikiii, and till they are of u fiii;M.|'i lfn^;i!i, arc fa
lilt, that they in.iy be cut with a knife like ,t laiiiai'.o,
.111.1 .ire delicate (.itinji', even when raw. The liiintf-
1111 II, therefore, when lar out in the country, and pnicll-
r.l lur want ol lood, e.it thciii, an I find that tluy l.itisfy
both then hull 'I r .mil ihirlt. Hut when the horn li
I'ruwii, till re bleeds wiiliin the (km a >viirm, which cat»
.iw.iv the loot. The fime f;tiitlemili all'.) takes iiiriec,
tliat the lein-decr call dr.iw over his eyes a knd of Ihiiii
iliimi h will, h lie cm lie, when oiherwile in the b,irJ
liiows, he would be ohlij..ed to Ihut his eves entirely ;
.1 liii.MiIar inllanei' of the vifdom and bcnevolenc ■ ol ihu
Cii itor, in piov idiii;; for the wants of each cruiturc ac-
(■iM,liii;r to ilideilined manner of hie.
Ml I'idis the beats and wolves, ..Irr.vlv nviit oncd, lln re
•lie hi re the lyii.x ; vail numbers of white, re ', and Id.icic
f.i\ci i and the I'lutton, which leecives its ii.im • liom
its voracious appetite. Thole o( this country, in tiuir
(lia|ie and li/e, h.ive fome rrlenibl.in. e to a Innt-boilieJ
dii:', with thick lec;v, Ih.ijp claw's aiij fceth i his col ur
IS Id.iik, vatiei'ated with brown and vcllowilll (tir iks :
he has the boldiiefs lo attack cvirv bc.ill he can p. ili ly
coiupier, and if he finds acarcafe il.\ times as bij; as l.iin"
felt, be will not leave it, wlidc thire is any leit : » en
lully L'ori;cd, f.iys our authnr, he preli'es and Iquec/.es
liiiiil'ill between two trees that It.iiui n.ar togctbii, .ii.J
ihiis empties himlelf of what he lias not time to d:i>e(l.
.\s his (kin iliines like damalk, and is covered with liil'e
hair, it is much valued, and .t is therefore well wmtlj
the huntfm.iii's whil'.' to kill the animal without woiind-
in;r th'.' Ikln, which is done by fliiiotinjj him with a bow
.ind Muni arrows.
'I'he marten is likcwil'e hunted for the f.ikc of its ficiii ;
as arc alio the ei mine and l!ie fqiiiirel, both of which artf
Unit wilh blunt arrows. 'I'he Ikin ot the crm.neisot a
be.iutil'iil white, and it bis a black fpot on the tail.
I'hefe little anim.ils run alter mice like cats, .iii.l .liag
away what they catch, particularly eyys, whicii aie their
(.•reatell delicacy. Here arc alfu ottcis, callors, licdjre-
liii^'S, and badL'crs.
Anion;; the mice, fome arc thought poifonous, iind
oiluis are remaikahlc tor their beiiu; white, and. their
li.viii;; led eyes. )!ut the moit pernicious vermin is a
little animal called the Is'mub or leniiniii.', which ii
beiween the fi/e of a rat and a moule ; the t.iil i-, (lioi t
ati'l turned up at the end, and tlie le;.;s ai-'ahofo ihort,
that the',' I'carce keep the belly from tile giound. They
li.ivc very foft hair, and arc of dilFerent colours j parti-
cul.irly black, with yellow and brown in Itreaks, and
foiii' in I'pots. About once or twice in every twenty
yeais, favi our reverend author, they atTl'inble t'rom their
fecret abodes in prodi!;;iou5 nmnbcrs, like the mcllen.;crs
ot htavcn to piinilh the neighbouriii4 inliabitants. Tliey
proceed from Kolen's rock, which divides the No;iilanil
m iiior t'rom Sweden, and is held to be their peculiar and
native place, m.irehiii^; in vali nuiltitudes through Nor-
1,111.1 and l-'inmarK to the wellein ocean ; and other be-
llies ot them tliroii;;h Swidilh I.ap.r.arl: to -.hc S'lius
Hothnicus, devouiiiiir all the inafs and vcisctables in tiicir
wa',-. 'I'liey do this in a direct line, and going llralL^ht
lor.vard, piocied into the riveis or the lea : thus, ifthty
meet with a boat in any river, ihcy run in at one end, or
fide, and out again at ihe other, in order to keep their
courfc. They carry ihcir young with them on their
backs, or in their mouths, and if they meet with pca-
fmts who come to oppofe them, they will (land un-
diniued, an, I baik at th'.ni like col^s, This e\il is,
li'jwevtr,
111
10 +
A SYS 1 E M O !•• G V. O G U A 1' }] Y.
Norway.
howevfr, rif niiirt Jiir.i;ioil ; fur on tntcrin;; the lln, (licv
(w'itn as lull.; as thiir ltrcii:;th l.ills, aii.l llicii arc tlrown-
<<1. Il' aiiv an' Uopi'.cJ in tlu-ir loinri-, an^l iinalilc to
/;M.-li the ii.i, tlicy aic kiilcJ bv tliL-lVinK of winter, aiiJ
ii'aiiy 1(1' tlielc cl'cape, ir.oll nt ilii'iii Jic a-. 101111 as they
cat till- lu'w ;;r.il'<.
With rcfiiiv't to the leptil •, toads and Ciiakes arc oiilv
in the fouth^'in p.irts ol' this coiiiii; V, ami ilule liiakes
are I ■fj pdiC.nous than in vvaMiicr cliiinles. I'herc arc
li/arc',1 lieic of" various colours, as hr<nvn, pree»i, ami
Jliipeil: thole that are grreii are t'oiiiul in the tieljs, an.l
Ihrotlurs in the cracks an J lujlf; in (he r<icks.
The
here nndl ol' the I'o'.vls to be (oimd in the
jell o; Europe, and fome that appear pceuliar to thi^
country. Among the I'tirnier are coniiiion pouliry,
tiirkies, tame and wild !;cefe, peacocks, iliieks, and pi-
^■■oiis; nij^hlingales, larks, quails, partrid^i s, i(arlin{;s,
wrens, niai;pvcs, hats, water- wai'.tails, ilorks, hcioiv-,
;;i;lls, owK, ravens, cormorants, falcons, eai;le:<, and
many others. Dt the latter, there arc imly two (pe-
ci-.s, the roj'.:ca.;le and the filli-cagle ; the I'ornier is
I'onu-what lels than the other, and IpoitLil with ;:"■■>' •
it hiuntj thelil_'hell places in the tountry, and Ireijuent-
ly kills hares, ilieep, l.'.nihs, and the like animals, as
well as hiids. The (armers lieie Cay, that lie will Comc-
tinics at:aek a il-.-er, in which eal'c he makes ul'e ol the
followin;j; (irataijem : he (oaks his win_^>s in water, and
then covering tiieni with land, and ilyin;, aj;anil{ the deei's
face. Minds him for a time, when the pain nukes him
rim ahout as if mad, and he fre<|uentlv falls <lowii a roek
and hreaks his neck, upon which the eagle feizes upon
him for his prev. 'I here are alio many accounts of their
carryiiii; away yoiiiv.'; children.
'J'he fifli-eagic is of a larger fize, and of a light hrown.
Thdiigii It does not diflike a dead careal'e on (hore, it
lives principallv on lifli, which it often takes Irom the
otters, and fre;]uentlv (eizes fiih on the furlaecofthe
water. When this biid (lies out to lea, in older to Urike
a flfll with his talons, he lonietimes lays hold of fuch as
are too ilronp for him, paiticulailv tlie hlh here call.d
the qiiei'e, whole high and prominent hack makes liini
appe.lr much lefs than he reallv is . when the eagle (hikes
his talons into him, he cannot eahlv dili ngage them, 011
account o( their crookednel's and length, in v\'hich cale
the tidi drags him do.vn with him ; while the bird,
making a miler.ible CIV, llrives to ke-,p him'elfup, and
works with his wings Ipread as long as pollible, though
M \ain ; for at lall lie mull yield, and tall a prev tii thole
he intended to devour. Our author niemions another in-
Ifinee, in order to (liiw that this king of birds, as he is
called, e.Ntends his attempts bevoiul his power. Ne.ir
licigin, an eagle llaiidiiig on the hank cf a river, law
a larg • fiimon -m. it w.re jnll under him j on which
he inltaiitly iiruck one of r.is talons into the root of an
cim iie.i; it, and partly hanging over tlie river, llriickthe
other into the f.ilmon, which being large and (hong,
Avain aw..v, and fplit the eagle to his neck.
Amona the birds in a manner peeiili.ir to this eountrv
is the fr.iiieolin, .in excellent l.nid bird, which fervcs
the Norwegians iiillead of the phe.ilant, its fledi being
white, Hrm, and of a delicious t.ille.
'I lie great northern diver is a pretty large fea bird,
bigger than a goole. It h.is a long neck, the upper pai'.
of whith is black, a.s well as the beak and feet; hut
from the brcalt downwards it is white. 'I'heie are alio
fomc white leathers at tlic extremity of the wings and
tail. (he wings are Co (hort, t::at they can hardly railc
themfelvcs with them; and the legs If.iiiJ fo Car back-
ward, that they are lels fit to walk with than to paddle
along the waier, on which account they are (eldoni (eeii
lo comeafliore. They are laid to lay but two eggi, and
that under tiieir wings there are two pretty Jeep holes
h;g enough to put one's tilt in. In each of theCe they
hide an egg, and hatch the young ones there as ptrlcciiy,
and with leCs trouble than others do on ihore.
'I"he Norwegian p.irrot is a middle-l. .d (ea biiil Come-
what larger than a pigeon. Its leathcis areblaik and
white, ami its beak, which is huokcJ like th.it ola par-
rot, IS Kriped with yellow, red, and bl.iek, and lolliarp,
that when he bites any of the bird-ca;chers, he lakes a-
way a piece oC (lelh : hiselaws are alio very (harp, with
which, ;.nd his htak, he ileCends hiniCeIC aoainft the
raven, whom he lu>lds by the thioat, and will carry out
to fea, r.iid droun him before he loles his hold. This
bird builds his ncit in adanting hole in the jjrcund, two
o:- three ells deep, and alio between the clefts of the
roeks.
The black cap is almoft as Cmall as the wren ; the
body is black and vellcnv, white under the bellv, and the
top of the he.ul hi lek. 'I'hcfe biuls keep near ine houfes,
and are fueh lovers of meat, that the firmers can hardly
kiepihein (iom it, and thcreCoie catch thcni in a trap
like niirc. In (hort, there aie (iich incredible numbeis
of fea and land fowl near the ro,ks on the (ea fliore
that they (bmetimes oM'euie the light oC the heavens for
many miles out at fea, fo that one would imagine that
all the (owU in the uiiiverte were alienibleit in one
flock.
Norway is alio as plentifully (iipplied with fi(h ns anv
country in the world. 'I"heie aie heie wh.iles of fevcrai
kinds, piirpofes, fwordlifli, and (liarks ; (lutgeon, (a!-
ni'iii, lalii.oii-trout, tuiliot, cod, thoinback, iock-/i(h
fl)ing-h(h, whiting, carp, ;;urnct, flounders, plaife,
m.ickrel, heriings, bream, anchovies, eels, and many
others well known in other countries.
Among tliole which are more uncommon is the fin-
lilll, which is forty feet or more in length ; their liver
.lone yields feveial calks cC train-oil. On their backs
tliey have a high round and (li.irp bone, with which they
t.'.ir open the bellies oC other hfli. They are covcretl
with a kind of hair, fomething like a horle's mane, and
are olten (ecu alnnit the boats 01 the hlliernien, who are
as much ;.f.'.iid of them as ol the moll dangeious I'm
n.onller.
Tl'.e ink (■rti, railed by funic the fea-gnat, is ■ e of
the mi, it extraordinary creatures pioduced in the i'i.ean>
.ind are fiom nine inches to upwards of two feet in
length. 'J'he head has two l.nge eyes, and the mouth
has lonie refemhlance to a bird's beak ; above which
tnere Itaiid two long arms or liorns, each of which is
oct.ingular, and cohered with a number of fniall round
halls, liimewhat longer than a pin's head. At the back of
t!ie head arc two c;f iliefe horns twice as long as the rert,
and broader towards the end. The body is almoll round ;
it reienihles a fmall bag, and is blunt at both ends. On
c.ich fide of it are two Ikinny membr.uies, with which the
.inim.il can cover itielt over; and it all'umes various forms
by the iiiotiun ol its Ikin and arms : but what mult ap-
pear very cxtr.ioidiiiary, the forepart of the body is hll-
ed with a black (luid, which makes the (i(h appear of a
blue colour, though this fluid is of a hue black, and
m.iv ferve lor 1:1k to write with. When (hefe creatures
.lie in danger, they dilihargc this licjuid, which blacken-
iii; the water all round them, tliev become invihble to
their piirfuers, an.l thus make their efcapc. Thus this
otheiwile helpkls aniinal is provided by the wife Creator
(or Its delciice. If any of this black fluid happens to
drop upon the hand, it burns like acaullic.
'J'lieie are hcre.illo a va(t variety of Ihell-tifli, as lob-
(Icrs, crabs, craw-hlh, prawns, (liiimps, oylleis, miilelts,
cockles, Ica-Cn.iils, Dar-hlh, hermit-iKh, and ni.niy others;
one ot the moll cuiioiis oCwhich is the lea-urchin, known
alio by the name of the fea-apple, a name that lepielents
the li'.e and ligure of the thin and lender fliell that Ciir-
louiids this extraordinary (ilh, which arc very common
on the coall oC Norway, where they arc f'een every day.
I'luy are oC various (izes, Crom that oC a walnut to the
head ot a iicw-horn inCaiit ; tome arc oC the Corm of a
cone, and otheis are (|uite round, except the un ler part,
which is pretty flit, and oC llieCe are the gicatell nimi-
bei. [he (hell is covered with a multitude oC fmall
(h.irp prickles like Cniall pins, which they probably (lied
once a yeai, and have new ones. When they are jiilt
taken out ot the (ea,they have a beautiful giccniOi lultir;
hut their gicatell beauty appears when they are dried,
boiled, and the prickles rubbed o(t'. 'I'his confids in cer-
tain regular interchangeable (Iripes of a cylindrical Corm,
running Cioni the top to the bottom : lome are white,
others oC an orang.e colour, others oC a light red, and
others ot a deep led ; and thcle flripes are (Irewed over
with as many little white knobs as there were originally
prickles. When this be.iutiCul iliell is broken, which is
I tjlily
he ncithi
"lount.ii
ing roun
gians are
tioiis ; ar
complex i
blue or o,
il'lfeient I
'he north
tiieX.
ing-niou.s,
|hoe-make
joiners, or
every farm
an u((.f'ul r
becominj^ .
The No,
remaikahle
I'le themtc
firmers jia;
'' hey li.uc
"'"'h, as ar
'find of aj-.j
ol adilt'eiei
in.iik.ihle
'he drci; of
fiiat cf anoi
'"W : iiiul
^■'I'V in i!k'
Thev ui
Mack ea;.
With hlji'k .
condruiJlion
upper- leathe
foined to it
"■hen they tr
11,1 to the cal
• •'■'hen il,i-y
fii^ivv-dioe's '
'' ' ^ a great
'liiieh are ab
'eel Jong, ;„„
'I'-ath will, (CI
""•'!s backwa
''ii'V Aide as f„
'^'I'ie cankee;
' 11"-' [K-alant
'^•1' kirn), cxc
•Hid bread are
'"f" Iheir bofc
'''"is, hi/iJing
"Kir body thev
5^
the
out
"his
;wo
the
the
the
iJly
trap
ibcis
lore,
IS for
that
1 one
s any
Lvcral
,, ial-
;-filh,
plail'c,
many
ie fin-
ir liver
r hacks
:li they
;overed
ic, and
vlio are
oils Itil
i o'le of
; ocean,
feet in
: mouth
c which
which is
li lound
f hack of
> the tell,
111 louiidi
. On
chthc
fornix
nil ap-
is li'.l-
,\r ot .1
k, and
rcaturci
l.uke;i-
lo
hus this
Creator
pens to
1'.
U li
/ill
as lob-
niiilclcs,
,' Dlhi'ts;
, known
cpieleiits
that liir-
coniinon
rvcry day
lit to the
form ol a
11 Icr part,
tell niini-
e of Iniall
bably (iK'd
:V are jiiil
iiniUiltic;
arc dried,
\Us in ccr-
ical form,
are white,
t red, and
rewcd over
■ originally
1, which IS
taiils'
^,'oR\v.v^ .
c.ililv dun.-, there is found in it a qnanlily of (lime an.!
water, with a fmall tidi, of ahhak or dark red lohmr ;
and lui'U this hitic bodv tlicre runs into all the turnings
.\i\.\ wmdiiifis of the (hrll a iMcat number of fine tlireads,
that Icem oiilv compofed of a thii kcr llinie, and have a
LM:nmiinication wil'.i tae external prickles ; and between
tlK'f.' is difpole^l in llripes a yellowifli (pawn. The (idi
hes llretelied liorii tlie bottom to the top of the (lull,
where there is an almoll impeueptihle opening, tlirounh
which the excrements pal's. 'I'bc iiuMith, which is ex-
ticnielv curious, is formed of hie liones, part convex
and part concave, all running to a fmall point, where
th.-y join together like the bill of a bird, and have fome
rclemhiance to a fiiwer. The fea-unhiii is found m
a faiu'v bottom, where he rolls himfelf about on his
prickles wherever he pltufes.
SEC T. III.
Oi' the Pi-rfirK, Dieji, Ifrnjis, Food., iin,l Employ.Kmls of
' tl'f Nont'ixiiini ; will/ ri patticii/iit .lamiiil nf the tslr,m -
Miuiry Mmncr in %i,hiih ihey ov^/i Fowl on the hi-Jujl
Rudu
TIIK Nnrwo<iian5 are pener.illv tall of (latiirc, wi II
made, and livelv ; vet thole on thcco.ill .ire laid to
be neither fo tall nor lo roliiill as thole who inn.ibit the
mountains, hut are remarkable lor being tatter anil hav-
ing rounder faces. The hair and eyes of the Noiwe-
I'ians are of a lighter colour than thole of molt other na-
tions; and a dark complexion is as rare here, as a lair
complexion in Italy. Indeed their eyes are gener.illy
blue or of a light grev ; and they are in every lei'pcct a
dilterent people f.om the Laplanders, who lie tarther to
the north, and arc of a fmallcr Ifatiire, have a (latter
• •line, a dark brown complexion, and black hair.
The ;\'orwcg' -.IS in genera! arc hrilk, a>.live, and (o
ini^-niou.s, th.u the peafants employ neither hatters,
ihoc- makers, weavers, tavlors, tanners, carpenters,
joiners, or Iniiths : all thc(e trades being cxerriiid in
every farni-houie, and they think a boy can neither be
an iifefiil member of fociery, nor a good man, v.'ilhout
becoming madcr o( all thele arts.
The Norvvegian";, who live in towns, have nothing
rcniaikable m tluir diels; but the peafants do not trou-
ble themfdves about (a(bions. Thof- termed llrile
f.irmers have th .r breeehis and (lockings of one piece,
'ihey li.ive a wide loofe jacket, made of a toai Ic woollen
cioih, as are alio their vvaillcoat ; and thole who are
fond of appearing fine, have the I'cams coveicd with cloth
of a did'erent colour. The peafants of one paiidi are re-
ir.aikablc for wearing white doaths edged with black ;
the dreli of ano'lur paiifli is black edged with red, and
that of anoiher Is all black; others wear bl.ick aiid\el-
Inw : and thuf, the inhabitants of almoil every paiilli
vary in the colour id' their tioaths.
i'hev wear a flapped hat, or a little brown, grey, or
black cap, m.ide (piite round, and the teams adorned
with black libbons. They luivc flioes of a pailieular
conltrudion without heels, tonlilling (d two pieces, the
upper-leather litting dole to the loot, and the l.le being
mined to it by many plaits and folds. In winter, and
when they travel, they wear a (ore of half hoots that reach
lip t>> the calf of the leg, and are laced on one I'ldc ; and
v.heii tlicy go on the iiieks in the (iiow, they put on
fn:nv-lhoes : hnt as thefe are troublefoine, when they
h \e a great way to travel, they put on (now-(kaies,
wiiieh are about as broad as the l<jot, but (!■; or eight
feet long, ami pointed before ; they arc covered uiuler-
nejtli with feal-lkin, fo that the (inooth grain of the hair
turns backwards to the heel. With thele (iiow-(katcs
they Aide as (a(l upon tlie (how as upon the ice, and rto
hoti'e can keep p.icc with them.
The p^alaius never wear a neckcloth, or any thing of
t'lat kind, except when they are drelUil ; for their neck
.Old bread are always opt n, and they let the (now heat
iiito (heir boloiiis : on the contiary, they cover their
leiiis, binding a woollen fillet round their wrids. About
thiir b'ulythev wear abroad leather belt, a dome with
5^
()
ia^
convex brafs plate?, fo which li.ing- a brals chain that
holds theit large kiiile, gituMet, and oilier tackle.
The women at cluireh, an I in genl.'d allemhiies, arc
drdled ill j.ickets laeed dole, .ind have Itaiher girdles,
Willi liber ornaments about theni. Thev alio wear a
filler chain three or fou.- time, round the neck, with a
gilt medal Inn :iiig at the end of it. I'lic ir h.iiidkeri hiefs
and caps are almod covered with fmall lilver, brafs, and
till plates, buttons and large rings, fuch as they wear
on their (iiigers, to which they hang again a p.ircel of
fmall ones, which make ajingling nolle when they move.
.•\ niaiden-hride ha; her hair jilattcd, and hung as full a;-,
pi-niMe wuth fuch kind of tiinkets, as alio her cloaihs ■
tor t!iis purpole they get all tb.e ornaments they can.
Their hoiifes are generally built of (ir and pine-trees,
the whole trunks of which are only chopped even to
make them lie clofe, and then laid one upon another,
and fadened with mcutices at the cornel s. 'I'hele triinki
are led round as they grow, both on the inhde and out-
iide of the hoiife, and are fie(;uently boarded over and
painted, efpccially in the trading towns, which gives them
a genteel appearance.
I he people 111 the country villages build their houfe-
at a dill.mce fr.ini each other, wiih their fields and
ground, al-.out them. The (lore-houl'e lor the |)rovi-
(i.;iis is generally at a dill.inee from the dwelling-hoiife,
lor !ear ot fire, and placed high upon pole;, to keep the
provififins dry, and pr ferve t'.iein Irom nd^e and all
kind; of vcimin. I'h., kitchen alio (binds leparate, as
lio the cov.--houfc';, barns, i^iMc;:, ami the like. A farm
has generally a mill belonging to it, fitu.ited by fomc
rivulet ; helid -s a finifhV. fori;!-. L'j) the country, wiiere
timber for building is ol little value, there are inanv
l.irm-hoiii'es as laigi' .i.i the feats of noblemen : thefe are
(rrspientlv two (loiies liigh, and have a laded balcony in
t!ie front, and the additional buildings iel.mhie a vil-
lage. The common f.irm-houles have, however, only
the ground-flour, and no other window hut a (ipiare hole
in the wall, whiih in fummer is left open ; but in winter,
or in wet we.ither, is filled up wirh a wooden (ranie,
covered with the inward membrane of fome animal tlut
IS very ftrong, and as tranlparent as a bladder. This
hole, which is as high as polTible, alio fervcs to let out
tiie fmoke, by aiifweriiig the purpole cd' a chimney.
l.Iiider the .ibove hole there is generally pKrccd a lonir
thick table, with benches round it ; and at the upper
end is a high fi'at, which belongs fidcly to the m.dlcr.
In the towns thele hoiifes arc covered with tiles ; but in
the country the people lay over the hoards the fappy
bark of birch trees, which will not decay in many years'.
They cover this again three or four inches thick with
turl, on wdiich prals or ti;ols always grow.'!.
The people aic remarkable lor their civility, and arc
willing to do any one all the li-rvice in tiieir power.
Ileiue a tiaveller is feldom permitted to pay (or his
lodging; for they think it their duly to treat a ({ranger
as well as they can, and think he does them an honour
by accepting of their civilities ; yet the pcaiant never
gives Ins place at the upper end of t!ie table lo the greatcft
gued that c\cr comes under his roid'; tor he liiinks that
place belongs only to himfelf. Tluy keepopeo-houfo at
Chiidmas lor three week.s, dining which their tables arc
(pread and lo.idid with the beil jirovd'ions they can
adbrd. .\\. Cbiillmas-evc tiieir hofpitiility extends to
the very birds, for wdiofe w'i^ iliey h.'.ng on a pole at the
barn-door an unthredied flie.if of corn, which draws
thither the Iparrows and other fmall birds.
In the trading towns the iiih.ibitants live with rcfpecl:
to provifioiis much in the fame mnnner as the Danes j
but the peafants kecpdofe to the manners of their forc-
l.ithers. 'I'heir oat-cakes are their common bread, but
upon particular occalions, as at weddings, or other en-
tertainments, they have rye bread. However, if grain
be fcaice, which is ufually the cife after a very leverc
winter, the pcafint; have recourle to what even they
edeem a difagreeablc method of prelerving life, by boil-
ing, and drying the batk of the fir-tree, mixing it with
a little oaUneal, and making it into a Ion of bread. Kvcn
in times of plenty they cat a lilile of this, in order that
when there is a Icarcity, they may think it th^ Icfs dif-
agreeablc.
DJ The
> : -t -Wi
■J i
I •
!06
A SYSTEM O
F G I". O G R A P n Y.
lis
l«»
The licft daintii"; of the Norw.iy pcnf.ints confill in
milk, nicits, ami ditt'frciit lurf:, of clu-cff, on which thc/y
fprcad butter a;, on hriMil. The hirjlihuiil pcafants are fo
fond of an:;clic.i, whicli ^rows very plentifully in the
inountaiiis, that they chew it in a niurning dried, and
A(o make fnnft" of it.
'I'he mountains tnrnifli the people with pamc, and
the lakes and rivers with plenty of frelli- water li!h. They
kill cows, flieep, and L'oais lor their winter (toek, part
ofwhieh they piekle and fnioalc, and fome of it they cut
in thin llices, fprinkle it with fait, then dry it in the
wind, and eat it like hunt: heef. They arc fond of
brandy, and of chewing and fmoaking tobacco.
The peafanis employ thenilelvci in cutting wood, Icll-
iii" and floating of timber, burning of charcoal, and ex-
tractiiii; of tar. Many are alfo ciiiploved in the mines,
tiirnaecs,aiid Ihuiiping mills ; and alfo m navigation and
lilhing, befu'.es hunting and ihooting; for eycry body is
at liberty to purl'iie the game, efpecially in the moun-
tain';, and on the heath'., and coninions, wheie every jiea-
fant may make ufe of what ainii he plealei.
S E C T. n'.
7h Tldiii'uii-fi of't''f X'j>zir;i,iii< ; //;.■ Marnier in wJ:iJi tl.fy
tiirrym their Fijhi'i^., and their .tgrieiillure; uith their
ii/hnijhi)!^ Melhoih ej' eutJ-ing Foivl.
THK Norwegians arc inured to cold and hard/liips
from their childhood ; for in the latter end of
November they run about bare-foot, even upon the ice.
The mountaineers who daily go in the woods have fre-
quently their beards full of iliclej, and their bofom lull
of fnow. Our author fays, that in his travels over the
liigheft mountains of Norway, which are covered with
fnow, and where horfes are of no fervicc, he has fecn
the peafants in great numbers do the work of thefe ani-
mals, which they fecm almoft to equal in iheni;ih.
\Vhcn they have been in a profufc fweat, he faw them
throw theinfclvcs every half hour upon the fnow, for the
f.ike of its rcfrcdiing roolnefs, and even fucked it to
quench their thiril. This they undergo without the
le.ilt apprelienfions of a coid, or a fever, and without
murmuring, or betraying the lealt dilcontcnt. On the
contrary, thcy'go on fiiiging merrily, and with incredi-
ble ehearfulnels and alacrity umlergo the hardcli labour
imaginable for nine hours together.
The ilioiig conllitutions of the (iflierincn and feaf.iring
people of this country arc no lefs remarkable. 'I'lie pea-
j'ants of both fcxes aircmble together in prodigious luim-
bcr< about the middle of January, to make their wintcr-
harveli' of the rich produce of the ocean. The people of
every family at thefe times take with them Hve or fix
■weeks provirions, which chiefly confill of dried fifli.
They keep out at fca all day and a great part of the
jiight, by moon-fhine in open boats ; and after that croud
together by fcores into little huts built in the iHaiids
iicar the coaff, where they have hardiv room to lay
themlclves down in their wet cloaths. Here they reptde \
themfelvcs the remainder of the night, and the next morn- '
ing return to the fame laborious employment with as
much pleafurc and chearfulncfs aa if they were going to
a iiRriy-making. |
Agiitulturc in Norway is lefs burthenfomc to the for- '
mer than in other parts ; for he does not here toil in the
fields of an ojiprcfHve lord ; but the fruits of his labour, i
as in the liritifli dominions, arc his abfolute and cfrtain
property. Ijut, on the other hand, it is in many places at-
tended with great inconvenience and fatigue : the Helds
conlilting of little (pots of ground among the rocks,
many ot wbieli muif be dug inllead of being plowed,
and particularly in the diocefe of Hcrgcn, where the '
(oil is lefs fruitful, and affords few places where the !
plour^h can be ukd. Inltead ot this they fomctimes afe
a crooked ftic k, with an iron at the end, which yielding
Bafier to the llones, is not fo lubjcvft to break. Nor is
the harvcit without its difficulties ; the grain, according
to the old cullom of the peaf.mts, not being mowed with
ifcythc, except about Chrilliana, where it is lately come
KoKWAi .
into ufe, but cut with a fickle ; ft.r ;hr coin often grow-
(o thick and clofe, and the llalks arc io apt to bend with
the weight of the ear?, th;.t the reapeis grafp the licm:,
with one hand, while they cut them with the other, and
then bind them in (heafs : ih.it tlu-y maybe thoroip'hlv
aired and dried, a gnat niimbei of poles are lit up in thc
l-.elds, and fix or eight (hr.ifs hung to each p- le. N.j
\yaggon.i are ufed in harielt work, except on the fioii-
tiers, where they have been introdured ; but inftcad of
them the Norway peafanis ufe Hedge?, .iiid are prejudiait
again.'t any o'.her kind ot vihiile, even in place- whcic
waggons might ealily travel, though their work would
be performed with much greatei cafe an, I expedition.
I!ut in this and every thing elle they arc fo liiperllitioiiflv'
tenacious of the culloms traiifnmtcd to them by then
torelathers, that they will not ventuie lo move a ((one
which their parent.- had fulfered to lie.
The catching of birds atl'oid.s (on:e of the inliabilaiits a
very good muintenanee : but it is impnllilile toiMve a julf
idea of the fatigue and danger with which tiie people
fearch tor the birds in the high and ffeep ro. k ,, many ot
which are abo\e two hiiiulred fathoms per|ien,licular.
Thefe people who are called birdmen have iw.j methods
of catching them : they either climb up tluie perpendi-
cular rocks, or are let down from the top ly a Ifrtui" and
thick rope. When th(y climb up they have a large
pole of eleven or iwel\e ells in length, v.ith an iron
fvook at the end. 'I'liey who .iie underneaih in .i boar,
or ffand on a cliff", U\[\c\\ this hook to the waillband ot
the man's biesches who climb.--, by which means they help
him up to the highefl: proieetioii he can reach, and fix
his feet upon, 'i'hey then help up another to the fame
place ; and when they are both up, give each his bird-
pole, and a long rope which they tic at eacli end round
their wailh:. The one then climbs up as liii»h as he can
and v.'herc it is difficult the other, by putting his pole
iiiu'er his breech, pufiies him up, till he gets to a good
(landing-place. The uppermolt i i tlic two then help.')
tlie other up lo him wirh the rope, and th.us they pro-
ceed till they get to the part where the birds build, and
there they fearch for them. As they have many dangerous
places ffill to climb, one always (eeks a convenient fpot
where he can (land fecure by being able to hold himfclf
faff, while the other is climbing .about. If the lattcc
(hould h.'.ppen to flip he i', held up by the other, who
(lands tirm ; and when he has palled in fafcty thofc dan-
gerous places, he fixes himfclf in the fame manner,
ih.it he may enable the other to come fafe to him ; and
then they clamber about after birds where they plcafc.
liut (omctimei accidents happen ; for if one does noc
(land firm, or is too weak to (iippoit the other, when he
Hips they both fall and are killed ; and every year Come
pel lib in this manner.
On their thus reaching the places that arc fcldom vifit-
ed, thiy find the hints lo tame, thai they may take them
with their hands, they being niuvilling to leave their
young ; but where ihey aie wild, they throw a net over
their, in the rock, and entangle thole that are flyini'.,
with .1 net fixed to the end of their poles. 'I'hus the/
catch a vaff number of fowls, and the boat keepinc un
derneath them, they throw the de.ad birds into it, and
foon fill the ved'el. If the weather continues favourable,
and there be a great deal of game, the birdmen fome
times continue eight days together on the rocks; where
they find holes or caverns, in which they can fecurcly
take their repofe. In this cafe tliey draw up provifiop.:;
with lines, and boats are kept coming and goiii" to car
ry away the game they have caught.
A3 many of the rocks arc fo fteep and dangcrou.s that
they cannot potFibly climb up them, they arc then let
down from above ; when they have a ftrong rope, ei!>litv
or a hunilred lathoms long, and about three inches in
thicknefs. One end of it the birdman faftens about his
wailt, and thm drawing it between his legs, (o that he
can fit on it, he is let down with his biid pole in hi'.
hand, by fix men at the top, who let the rope fink liy
degrees, but lay a piece of timber on the edge of the
rock, for it to (lide on, to prevent its being torn to piece
by the (harp edge of the (lones. Another line is (^afiejied
round the man's wailf, which he pulls tu give fi"n-
« wheu
No.aVAV.
r, U R O P K.
iaj
,'hu
Ian-
icr,
\iid
afc.
nuc
he
lomc
IIIl'-,
hey
(in-
anJ
^Ic,
n\c-
hlTC
uicly
loiia
car
tli;it
II let
ghlv
s ill
! his
It he
1 his
k hy
ill-
thi-
llCCl".
I cue J
f,..n.s
whi;:
\
when he W01.KI have them pull linn 11;', let liiin Io\A-er,
„r kei.') him where lie i>i. He is in l^ieat danger of tlie
llones'looieniii:ihv ll'<-' i"l"'. aiiJ r.illin!; ii|»in hiin ; he
thereiore wears a thiek li-rred tap well liiiej, which le-
lures hiiii I'toin the blows he may leeeive lioni fmall
j(,„.cs ; but ir large ones 'all, he is in the greateil ha-
/irJurldliiifr his ht'e. Thus do thefe pdor men often
(.•xp't'i'c Ihenifelves to the mull imniineiu d.iiigcr, merely
to "et a fiibfillence for their families. There arc Come
indeed w'!>" '•'\' ^'"•''^'■' '^ "" ""'■" '^^^^'■'' '" ''' '•^^^" ''^'•■y
are .leeellonud u> it ; hut at firft the rope turns round
xvi^ih them, till their heads are giddy, and they can do
■lothine :o lave themfelves. 'I'hole who have learnt the
irt ii:ake a plav ot it ; they put their feetagainft the rotk,
thr.jw theiiilelves feveral l.;thonvi out, and pufh thcm-
iclve^ into what place they pleale. 'I'hey even keep
ihcniklves out on the line in the air, and catch with
their p<dcs numbers of birds flying out and into their
lio'i.. I he greatcft ait confiiis in throwing thcmfcivei
^,^,i 1,1 as to fwing under the projeirHon of a rock,
vvh're ilie hiids gather together : here th'.'y fix their feet,
Idoleii ihemlelves from ihe lopc, and faiten it to to a
I'oiie, to prevent its fwinging out of their reach. When
; iiiaii has done this, he climbs about and catches the
liirds either with his hands or his pole, and when he has
killed as m.iiiv a., he thinks proper, he ties them toge-
ther, f.dlens ihein to the linall line, and hy a pull gives
/ fiim lor thole above to draw them up. In this manner
he woiks all day, and when he wants to go up, he either
"iveb a li'-iial to be drawn up, or, with his belt full of
biids works himfelf up with his hands and feet.
In eafe there are not people enough to hold the rope,
the birdman iixesa poil in the ground, fallens his rope
to it and Hides down without any help. After which
lie "oes to work as before. In fome places there are lleep
cliffs cf a prodigious fr/.c lying under the land, and yet
above two hundred yards above the water, which are like-
wife vcrv difficult to be got at. Down thefe clilf's they
IilIp one another in the above manner, and taking a
ftroiie rope with them, faften it here and there in the
tli*t' where they can, and leave it all the fummer : upon
this they will run up and down, and take the birds at
plcafurc.
It is impoflibl'- to defcrihc how dreadful and dangerous
this bird-catching appears to the beholders, from the vaft
heisiht and exceinvc fleepnefs of the rocks, many of
which hangover the fea. It feems impoITihle for men to
enter the holes under thefe projeiitions, or to walk a hun-
dred l.ithoms high on crags of rocks, where they can
but jiill fix their toes.
After the birds are brought home, they cat part of them
frcfli, and part is hung up to dry for the winter feafon.
Thefe birds altord the inhabitants a good maintenance,
partlv from their feathers, which are gathered and fent to
foreign part*, and partly from their llefli and eggs ; fome
fotts of which arc as good as hens eggs, and are fent to
market, though they arc of various colours and lizes.
b E C T. V.
Of t}:i Ril'^ian and Govrrnment of the Norwegians-
LV T H F. R A NM S M is the cftablilhed and aimed the
onlv religion in Norway, except in the province of
Kinm;irk, w here arc ftill no inconliderable number of
na'Mns, but no hardfhip, expencc, or labour is fpared for
their converlion. The tirit meafures for the reformation
of relijion in .Norway, were taken in the year i^iS,
and were cornpleatcd in i 537. In 1607 a new hierarchy,
ur thiireh government, was eftabliflicd : in every li;e there
s a billiop ; the bilhop of Chril'i.ma is the principal,
.iiid tjke> place of all the re(l. Under the billiops are the
provolts, the prc.ichers, and the chaplains, or curates,
with inferior church olliccr:. A pj- ifli ufually contains
mote churches than one ; whence the pirochial incuin-
hent h i^ otten the care of maiiv.
Willi relpeci 10 the laws of Norwiv, king Olavc is
f.id to have be, n the liill legdlatot of this country,
.i';J tj have iiiilitiited a la-.v foi the punilhnuiit i.'f rob-
bery, fiaud, and adaults. King Chiiftian IV. pubii/lieil
a new body of laws for Norway, which were in force nil
the reign of Chnltian V. who c.iiifed .1 new digelt to he
drawn up, and thefe are the only laws now obU'rved ill
the kingdom. This law-book w.is printed in one vo-
lume in quarto at Co|Hnhagen in 1^X7 ; the fubltanee of
it is taken Ifun that of Denmark, with only a few alter-
ations made nerellary by the dill'erent circuinllances of
the two kingdoms
At prefent the chief ofTieer in Norway is a vice ftadt-
holder, who is prefhlent of the fuprcme court of judica-
ture at Chrilliana, which is the gi ivral Iribunal for all
Norway, to which there lies an a| .1 in all caufes from
the inh.-iior couits of the feveral diocefes, or general go-
vernments, in this kingdom ; hut may, however, be re-
moved to the fupreme court at Copenhar'en.
I'.ach of the four diocefes, or general governments,
into which Norway is divided, has its genera! I'overnor,
and under thefe are the prefeih. The ollics of both is
the fame as in Denmark.
Next to the prefeiils arc the fccretarics, and the col-
Iti^tors, who levy the king's taxes, and pay them into
I the hands of the receiver.
I Over the nine provincial courts arc nine judges :
there are alfo inferior judges, each of whom, in conjunc-
tion with eight adiltants, ha-, the power of decidin'^
caufes within his diltrict. IJefides, in the four chief ci-
ties of Norway, Chrilliana, Chrillianfand, lier^cn, and
Drontheim, arc prefidents appointed by the kinif; and
under thefe, as in all other towns, are colfeciors.
There arc likcwifc collciSIors of the toll, comptrollers
oyer the farmers of the duties, and commillaries of pro-
vifions ill this part of his Danifh majelty's dominions.
VV'ith refpefl to the divifions of Norway, nature has
divided the ma,.i land of this king.' sp, into two parts bv
the immcnfe chain of mountains called Dofrefield and
Langficid, which feparate the vreftern and northern parts
that lie near the fea, from the foutherii and eaftern, or
inland parts. Here it mult be ohierved, that the hii;li
lands which lie to the fouth and calf of thefe mountaina
are called Sondenheld, or Southland ; whde that lyinir
north of Dofrefield and well of I.angfield towards the fea
is called Nordenfields, or North-l,i.-id.
Hut,_ according to the political divifion of this country
it confifls of four general governments ; two of which'
that is Chrifliana and Chriftianfand, lie in the fouth ; and
Bergen and Dontheim in the n.irth part of the kinn'dom.
The ccclefiadical divifion into four bilhoprics, is a^'rccal
ble to the civil, and as the general governments are fub-
dividcd into prefciifures, and dillrie'fs or Hefs, fothebilh-
oprics are fub-divided into provollfhips and parilhcs.
SECT. VI.
Of thi four Gsixrnmnit! '/ Norifny, niitl ihi prindpnt
Places in each ; [Hirticiilarly of the Silver- Alines of K-./n'f.
her
■■'■£'
THE gcvcrnmcnt of Chrifliana, or Aggerhuiis, is
the largcd in the fouth part of the kingdom, and
the richelt in all Norway. Its principal city is Chrif-
tiann, which is faid to be the moll magnificent city in
the kingdom ; it is regularly built, is of confiderable ex-
tent, and carries on a great trade. Here the governor
and the biftiop of Chriltiana re.ldes, and here are held the
genera! and provincial high courts of judicuure. It hai
a work-houfe, and two fiibiirbs called Waterland and
I'eper-X'igen ; through the firll runs a river, which rifes
in Maridalcn, We have, however, no particular dc-
fcription of the buildings of this city, which is fituated
in fifty-nine degrees fifty minutes north latitude, -ind lu AJl^t.
ten degrees fifteen minutes calf longitade. ^. '
Kongfherg is a ilourifliing mine town in this [-rovcrn-
ment, that contains no lefs than ten or eleven tlVoufand
fouls, among whom arc a congregation of IXmes and
another of (Jermans. A mint was fit up hi this town
(o early as the year 1686, and in i68f) the mine college
wascieifled. konglberg is nioft fimous fur its filyir
mines, which arc the rithcH mail Nurw^v. I'litlc were
iif.
■ If-
t, 11
11'
!C0
Y S T E M OF G R G R A 1' II Y.
* ok WAV,
/agarrfr
11'
ciifcov rc.i ill l6.!_j, upon wiiiili tin. town wns iniiiic-
liiatfly built, ami proplcd ui;h (iiTiiK.ii minors. In
1751, foiiy-onc ihalii! and twtlvc veins were wroiiglu
ill til'.- fo'ir ii'vicrs of tlii< niim', in wl'.icli thri-i" tliouCind
five liiinJicd officcis, aiLlkers, and laliounr- arc ul'ually
frnploycd. 'I'lie riJi on- in tli!.> mini- i.s loin. J only in
ilii'jicircd llratas and interrupted \eins. Kven pure Id
vcr is lonietinie . duu: (Hit r.f it i and in 104,7 (.mie gold
w.is (bund .^nniin' the filvcr, of whieh kii.:; Chridian IV.
i.'aul'ed the r.uiunis J'rilkn ducats to lie euimd, with this
legend, ViDi. MiKA Domini ; See the wonderful works
of the Lord. In the year ibq-, a vein of gold was dif-
coveied liere, of wliieii ducats were coined, which on
one fide had thi.s infLriprion, Chrisiian V. D. G.
Ktx Dan. Norw. V. G. I he l.geiul on the reverie
was lioiTi the book of Job : \'on ;.in tfrnach r
Ko.MM'i' GullJ : that is, Out of the north toineth gold.
tvon;.'lbtrL;, l.)ecember I, itJ97.
Tiule mines are in a mouniain between Kongflierg
and the river Jordal ; but it has been found that the fil-
ver ore is not, ai was as firll imagineii, limitted to t)iat
mountain, but c.\ti nds its veins for foine miles, through-
out the adjr.eent dilhicls ; which is proved by the new
mines that are from tune to time undertaken in fcvrral
places, and nio(} of them can ied on very profpcroufly.
(,)ne of the nioft aiieiuu and lich of all the niino,
named Old (iod's 'Jl' fling, has fometimcs within a week
yielded fever.il hiindicd pounds weifiht of rich ore.
'I his mine never fails to fill the beholder with amaze-
ment at its aflnnilhiiig depth, which i^ no Id's than an
hundred and eightv perpfndicular fathoms ; and the cir-
tuniferencc at the b'ttom forms a clear of fome hun-
dreds of fathoms. Here the figiu of tliirty or forty
piles, burnin^r on all fiucs in this gloomy cavern, and
continually fed, in order to mollify the ftone in the pro-
fccution of the mines, fetms, according to the common
idea, an ima^e of hell ; and the fwarms o( miners, co-
vered with foot, and bullling about in habits acrording
to their feveral employments, may well pals for fo many
devils ; cfpecially when, as a fignal that a mine is goin.;
to be fprunp ui this or that courfe, they roar aloud,
Berg-livet! liirij-livct ' Take care of your lives !
Fredeiiekfliall is a famous frontier town towards Swe-
den, fituatcd in latitude fifty-five degrees, twenty-fix
minutes, at the mouth of the river 'I'lltedal, where it
liifchaifies it. -If iiito the Spiiieiuiul. This town was for-
merlv called Haldeii, and was a mr-an place, under the
jurifdiiiiion of the ma>/irtiacy of I'VcderieklKidt ; yet it
made a very gallant dtfence a;;ainlt the Swcdei in 165S
and 1O59, by means of a linall intrenchment or rampart.
It was afterwards llrengihened with additional fortifi-
cations ; and in 1660 fullained a third fiege from the
Swedes i and Ch.irles Gudivus is by fome thought to
have received here the wound of which he died. Five
years after, this town received a charter with the pri-
vileges of a city. In 17 'ti and 1718, thj inhabitants
again diltinguiihed themllKcs by the vigorous defence
they made againll the attacks of the Swedes : and here,
on the eleventh of Jleeember 1718, Charles XH. of
Sweden was (hot in tlie trenches. King Frederic IV.
ordered a pyramid tvvcnty feet high to be crcded on the
fiHit wheie that hero fell. Its fides were decorated with
military trophies, the arms of Sweden, and the king's
name; and the top was furmounted v\ith a gilt crown.
On four marble tables at the bafc, weic one Latin, and
two l,)anifh infciiptions in golden letters. Hut king
Chriltian VI. in compliment to Sweden, ordered this
pvrannd to be taken down. The town itdlf is of no
great (Irenijth ; hut on a high rock oppofite to it, (lands
the iirong fortrefs of I'rederiekllein, and there are other
Im.dler forts near it.
ilcdroycd by fire
The general government of Chiillianraiid is fituatcd in
the nil. II foulhei.i extremity of Norw.iy, and i^ bouiidul
on the north by the government of Chiiiliana, and on
the cad, fouth, and wed by the North Sea. This iiru-
vinee is tcrtile in torn, and has fevcr.il rivers, oik' ut
This city has been feveral times
Ircderie'rdadt was built in 1567 by Frederic II. who
granted it a favourable charter, and removed the pro-
vincial court thither. It lies thirty-four miles to the
fouth of Frcderickfliall, and is governed by a town ma-
"'drate, and its chief trade is 'U timber. Frederickftadt
was regularly fortified in 1655 by Frederick III. and new
vorks have been fince added to it ; fo that its (frength
by nature and art, and its convenient fituaiion, render it ; northern province in Norway, and the largeft m exi;nt.
the II, od important fortrcfs in Norway, | It borders pn the North Sea, on Sweden, and Swcdilh
Lapl ind.
which is the Mandel, which in one pla.e has a b
laid over it from one rock to another, thirty-fix feet a-
bove the furface of the water. At afin.dl d'lliance from
this bridge is a cataraft, where a very iineominon nuthud
of filhing is praclifcd ; the fiflicrmcn go under the tat„-
radf, which forms an arch over thc'r lieads, 10 catch the
lalmon, at the extreme hazard ofthpir lives, in a hy!e
in the rock. Th s government confids of four urelcc-
tures, five diftrufts, and has two provincial courts.
The principal city of this goviriiment is C'hridianfanJ
which is fituatcd on the cadein coad, in the fiftv-nintli
degree three minutes north latitude, and is the refiileinc '
ol the bidiop and the geneial governor, where is a ca-
thedral and epifi.rpal fihool. This city was built hy
Chridian IV. between the year 1641 and 1O4.J, and 13
thus called from ita founder, and the great fande of
drand, on which it is built. It is of a fijtiare form, and
the drects are broad, regular, and handlonie. Its (itua-
tion is very coTir- :)dious, thiee fidei of it belli" fm.
roundcil eithe. h fre(h or lalt water, and on the tourtti
it has a coir iiiicniion with fine iiiculows and the
moinit.iin-. In 1734 the church, with the greatell part
ot the city, was deltroyed bv fire.
The (mall town of Arndal is remarkable for its fitu.i-
tion on a rock in the midd of the river Nid. It ha'; a
good wharf, and moll of thehoufes dand on the aeelivi:.-
o('ihe rock, the reft being built on piles in the w.itci.
I"he drects are only formed of bridges of boats, bv
means of which the inhatiirants go from houfe to hoiili-.
The water is of fulTu-ient depth (or the laiged (liips lu
lie alcngtide of the oiidgis. As the church Hands hioh
and almoli on the fiimmit of the rock, there is an alcciit
to it from the houlcsby a great number of Heps hcwir oi.t
ot the rock. The inhabit.uits make a good u(e of ihe
commodious fituation of this town for trade, by employ-
ing many (hips and dealing largely in timber.
The government of liergen is from two huniircd and
forty to three hundred niilcjin length, and contains only
the fingle prefciflure of liergenhuus, including fevcn dif-
triils, and the fame number of provoflfhips. This coun-
try is very populous, and is remarkable for its haviip
fc.cn marble quarries i but produces little corn. "
The only city \vc fhall defcribc in this government is
that of Bergen, its capital, which has the greated trace
in all Norway. It is fituatcd in the (ixty-firlt de:'ree c
eleven minutes north latitude, in the midd of a vaiiev
and built in a fcmicircular form, on tlie fides of a bav
called by the inhabitants W'aag. It is fo well forti)ie<i
by nature on the land fide by lofty mountains, (even if
which arc remarkably high, while the defiles or paiiis
between them are quite impraiSIicable to an encmv, and
towards the fea the harbour is well defended by ieveral
fortifications. All the churches, public edifices, ?.r.,i
mod of the houl'es along the drand are built with lion...
I hio city formerly contained thirty churches and coih
ven-s ; hut it has at prcfent only four parifh churches,
three of which arc iJanilh, and one German, with ,1
church in the large hofpital of St. Jurgen, and a (mall
chapel in St. James's church-yard. The cadle of Ber-
gen is a noble ftruiturc. T he large cathedral fehiwi
was founded in 1554, by bidiop I'etrus, who alio en-
dowed it, and, by the liberality of king Frederick II.
and others, twelve fchnlars are maintained and edueafej
in it. 'I'he navigation fchool (ourided here, which 01;, e
flouridicd greatly, is now f.dlen to decay. The (emina-
rium Fredericianum alfodefervcs notice, it being a noble
foundation, where moral and natural philofophy, the ma-
tiiematics, hillory, with the Latin ami French langiiaL'cs
arc taught. This city carries on a large trade'^ iirall
kinds of fidi, tallow, hides, and timber ; and the re-
turns are moldy made in corn and foreign commoditi.'j.
The number of its inhabitants are computed at thirty
thnufand.
'Fhe general government of Dronthelm is the moft
•KWAV.
uated ill
[)uuiii!i\|
:iMil uii
"Ills pro-
, one of
a l)llJ;;i;
t Icct i~
ICC I'roin
I nullioil
lis cat..-
:atcli the
111 a hulc
• prukt-
rts.
ii.'nfaiij,
fty-iiint'i ,
rifulciuc
i^^^
liuil: bv
^, and is
laiiJe, (i[
orm, unJ
Its liui.i-
ciiij; tui-
he ti)ui;h
s and the
.■ati.it pmt
its fmi.1-
It l:.i;a
: aL'( livity
:he w:uci.
boats, bv
; to hdiilt..
t i]\\\K lu
ands high,
; ail alciiit
licwn out
iilc of the
ly emp'.oy-
■ '11
tlie iTioft
|in cxtrnt.
Lapl inJ-
rn
Tic lil.rwU nnd
^
,V V<'.
fiiU'j
Df.M ^!'l^•
U R O
!■.
If),,
I,apl.iii.l. A r.iii:;e of ill.iiiJi cxt'.-mli fVo:n nort!i-caft tn
)i'>utli-wi.fti iiiiJ bftwuii tlicm and the coiitiiiciit runs ,i
l.irnc li.iy c;ill' il WlII Fioidcn. Amour; the abuvc illiiiJ..
ii ,'iuMii.irk:dilc kind <if current, or whiiliuiul, called the
Molkiiel'KinU ill '''■-■ iixty-il-hth degree ot laluuue,
I'le.ir the ill.m.l of .Miifl;oe, IVuni wliLh this wlurliKj^ji
take- it; name. Its violence or roarings exceed thole ol
a c:ii:"-i'-'^ heing herd at a great dillance, without any
intciinidion, except tiir a quarter of an hour at the tuin
of hi"h ^n'l !i>w water, when its niiintuolity feenis at a
iland^ ;'iiJ hlhernien vcntuie in : but thib motion loon
returns, and let the lea be ever fo calm, yiadn:'.lly iii-
creaies with fueh a draught and vortex, asabforb whatever
corner within their ipnerc of ailion, kccpmg it for fomc
horn J undiT water, when the Iragmcnts, ihivered by the
[otks, ajipcar ayain. This circumltancc, amoniwitheis,
makes f.'vcral au'.hors lirnily believe, that here is an
abyl^ penetrating the globe,
mote parts ;
nd illiiing in fome very re-
and Kiieher ib fo paitieular as to allign the
i;uhh of liothiiia. Hut the learned billiop of I'oiitoppi-
danobkfves, that, alter the molt exact refearchcs, this
is but a conjecture without any foundation ; it having
no otha- caule than the coUilion ot the waves riling and
fallni" at the flux and rellux, againlt a ridge of rocks and
(helves, which confine the water, lo that it precipitates
like a eat.naiit ; and thus the higher the llood rifes, the
deeper mull be the fall, the natural relult of which is a
whirlpool. ...
Mr. Ramu"; is of the fame opinion, and oblervcs, that
at the time of flood the llream runs up the country be-
tween the iflaiuls of Lofodcii and IMolkoe, with a boillcr-
ous r.i'>idity ; but the roir of its im|)etuous ebb to the
fea is fearce erjualled by the loudelt and molt dreadful
catar.:els, the nolle being heard at I'everal leagues dif-
taiice. The whirlpool is then of fuch extent and depth,
that if ;> f^ip comes within its attraction, it is inevitably
;ibforbcd, and daflied to pieces againlt the rotks at the
'..r.uom. '^"t when the itream is molt boillerous, and
,-s luiv heightened by a Itonn, it is dangerous to come
■'-uir one Norway, or lix EngliHi miles of it, boats,
I Hilp-!, and v^ich'.i, iiavinj h^cn c.iriied nwny, !>v not
' ;uuidirg agjinll it, b.lore they v.'eie witliin its riii.-h.
I It freiiuently happens that evi n whales coming tO') near
■ tl)!' iheam, n"e over p;)\veicd by its violcn.'c ; and then
it ij iirpoflible to d.-!cribo th^ir hov/luigs and hillov.in^j
ill their fruitlefs l*ru.r'/les to irifeiig:ii;e Ih.nifelves. A
I bjar onco attempin; to fwim to the iHand of Molkii-, in
I Older to prey on the Iheep at palture in the ifland, afl'ord-
I ed the like fpect.icle to the people ; for the itream caught
I liini and bore iiinv down, while he ro.ireil terrible fj as
to be heard on (bore. Even large Jirs and p!ne-trce«, af-
t.:r being ablbrbej by the curient, rife again, with their
trunks broken and torn to fuel) a degree, that thev feem
as if covcied with brililei,
■l"he general government of Drontheim cont.iins tlirc;
prefectures, which aie thole of Drontheim, Nordland,
and Kinmiirk.
'I'he piiiK'ipal citv in tliir. prnvinc? \< that of ]")ron-
theim, which is in the prefect of the fame name. 1: is
two hundred and lixty-onc miles north-ealt of I'crgen, „ ,
in the li\tv-third degree llxtecii minutes north latitude, /?:5./;'''
and in the tenth degree lilte-livc ininatts call: lon-itudc H>:ii-
fiom I/ondon. It islitiiated on the river Nid, whithal-
niol! I'urroun.ls it, and na 1 formerly ten churches and
hve convents, but at prefent it has onlv two churclu->
hefides tliat at tae hoi'pital. The cathedral, which was
a fupeib cditice built witft marble, was all burnt down
in 153c, except the ciioir, which is rather too large for
the prefent church, and is Itill called the caihe.ira!.
ibis city is the rehdencc of the general governor an.t
the bifliop. It has a line calhedial I'ehool, a femin.sry
of milTronaries, an oiph in lioufc, a work-houfe, a hoiile
of correction, and an hofpiial. A confiderable trade in
timber, liili, tallov,', and topper, is carried on in this
citv i which is ilefended by tort Chriltianllcin, ere^'tej
in lOSo i it has alio fome fortilicatiorii on the lanl-fide ;
and the caltle ol Munkholmen, which It iiids on a rock
in the harbc'ir of IJiontheini, and defends both the city
and harbour tov\'ards the lea.
'^m
'm
:j'^'^l
y, 'lU, if
l> 1
•t..;t
1
w
:'M
I I -f:'
\
\
M4
^
CHAP. VII.
1^ -'i ;r' I
r v" ■'■■ 1:
^ . -Si ''•il
Of
D
N M A R K.
Tu h
D
SECT. I.
'..■■.■.■.•'-' nnd C.juiily\' tmlti:i'ftl tm.L-r that S'.^m:. Tlhir
Sitniitiiii, Ciimaii-, and Pndu.i: in ^<iii:iiil.
■. NMARK, properly fo called, confills of two
^^ pixttv large, and fcveral fmall illands, together
wiin t'le penmlula of Jutland. It is remarkable that
thou'^'i .dl tliel'e together conltitutc the kingdom of Den-
niar',:, not any one uf thefe is leparatcly called by that
iiame.
Denmark is fituated exactly to the north of C'lermany,
and IS leparaied from it by the Baltic, and by the I. even
and the Eider, which divide Jutland from Germany ; to
the welt, It is wallieil bv the No'th-Sea ; to the north, it
'\as the Categate ; and to the call, is bounded bv the Bal-
(le. Hetween the continent and t le ifl.iiui'., b'unen and
Zealand are the famous (freights, called the Siuiiul,
which divides Denmark, or, in other words, the ifland
ol Zealand, from Sweden. The Sound is about a thou-
fand three hundred and thirtv-one lathonis broad, and is
the coininon pallage out of the North-Sea into the Baltic.
This, v.itiuheotberiheights, called theCJreat-lieltand the
l,it[le-ljelt, arc reckoned part of the king of Denmark's
dominions, and all lliips that pal's that way are obliged
to p.iy a toll, according to the value of the cargoes with
which they are laden.
Ueiuies the places juH mentioned as conltituting the
kiii'.doni of Denniaik, tlitrc are many others I'ubjed to
"53
that ft.itf", pnrticulirlv the kingdom of Norway, iufi
deleribed, with the iflands Faroe, Iceland, andpait of
Greenland, half of the dutchy of llolltein, with th.;
counties of Oldenbuig and Delnien'milt in (jennanv ;
the citadel of Chrillianlburg on ih. coaft of Guinea ; the
iflands of St. Thomas and St. John, with fomc of ih--
Caiibbce iflands, and St. Croix in .\merica; the town ot"
Tranquebar, with its territory, and the iflands oi Nico-
bar on the coalt of Coromandel, in the Ealt-lndie= ^'^'■•
are here to ccnfider only what is properly tc.mcd Den-
mark.
It is diflicult toiletrrmine the extent of the whole kinr-
dom of Denmark, with any tolerable degree of exaitneh;,
hecaufe its parts aie not contiguous to each other ; bac
we (tiall hireafiir give iheexteiit of every pait hngly.
The air in Nortii Jutland is pretty cold ,ind pien ing ;
but on the call !";de of South Jutland, and in the ilhnds
of Funen and Zealand, it is milder and more temperate:
however, in the low and niarlhy part, and in the ill ind
of l.aaland, the air i:i thick, nioilt, and unhealthy.
The fliifcing of t!ie winds, indeed, while it rendeis the
wcathcr fomewhat v.itiable, .it the fame time piir.'ea
the air of fogs and vapours. I'he well wind, whieli fie-
qiiently blows in tliefe parts, is the moll violent.
Denmark lies moltly low and on a level, and, cw.-pC
the tract of land about the middle of Jutland, i; \erv
fertile; lb that the country maiiit.iins the Inhabitani ■.
in plenty, and yielils every thing nccellarv lor the fun-
port of human life ; but the inhabitants can better dif-
L e pent','
«f.sa y.
'}'-\i^.
riiliP
■.■ii,i
m
i 10
A S Y S T l'. M O F G F, O G R A i' 11 \\
Tr
NMARIi.
(i
i^iii
ii
q I
J i !
pt^nfc witli llifir lioriu-J c.UiK- :i;hi IkmH". for rN[iort.ition,
th.m' wiih their cnni. The k.\ co.ills, l:ikc'i, poiuls,
rivers, iinJ hronks ol tiiis niun;ry vielJ alniiul.uu'cot' rilli.
D.iiiii.iik prDiiiRL-n no wine, ni> niet.iK, :inil very little
I'.ilt. Mdltdt' the provinces have wooj ruflicient for their
necrll'jry orc.ifions ; but as thii; !•> lint the cafe with
them all, the Danes arc ohligcil to burn a great ileal
of turf.
W'c (hall j;ivc a more partiiiilar account of tin- pro-
duce of this kiiv^iloni in treatiii'; of it- lever.il parts, ami
ili.ill now proceed to the inhabitants, their manners, cuf-
toins, and j^overnmeiit.
s f: c t. II.
7L- Pr/ins, Dnfs, Mwmcis, nii.l Cii/hms <-f the D.iiici.
'"r^MK Danes are generally tail and (Ironi; limbed ;
X. thcv iia\c gooJ features, and an a^irccable com-
plexion ; their hair is fair, and tor the molt part yellow
or r.d ; and, as few of them wear wigs, they take a
;;rcat deal of pains in combin;; and curlinj; their locks.
As rcil hair is natural to the eountr\-, they have not the
folly to be .^diamed of it, an.l therefore do not endeavour
to conceal or change the colour. I'oth the gentlemen
and lailies in fuinmcr diefs very fplendidly after the i'reneh
mode; but in winter, like the rell of the northern peo-
ple, they wrap themfelvcs up in furs or wool The
winter drcfs of the ladic., which i.s Danifti, is very
convenient and bcroniing. The burghers, the fervants,
and even the peafantH, are neat in their linen, which
they often change, and all who can alfbtd it are for.'.i of
making a Iplendid appearance.
The lord Molelworth fays, th.nt he never knew .t
country where the minds of the people are n-.ore up-;n
a level ; and that as there are none of extraordinary (]u.di-
iic'itions to be found, who excel in particular arts or
icicn-e-, fo there are leen nocnihufiaih, madmen, natu-
ral i,io!s, or whimfical peo|)!c ; hut a certain ctjuality
ct ur.Jenlanding reigniiv; amoib; ilicm, every one plods
on in the ordinary beaten track of common lenfe, with-
nut de\iatin_; to the right or left. The people in gene-
ral, however, read and write, and tlieir clergy ufually
talk latin. We canr.ot fay how far this nobleman was
prejudiced in tl'.c account he has given of thel'c people ;
but the encouragement given to learnini:, ami the mo-
dern improvcmc-nis that have been niade in Denmark,
by the introduenion of the arts and fcicnces, has rendered
his picture ex:reme|y unlike the oriL'in.il.
We are informed by that r.iibleman, that the vices
which the gentry aic mo.'l ajilic^cd to are gluttony and
drunkcnncls. \Vhen tlicy fit down to eat and drink,
fays he, they never know when to rife ; but the debaui h
ionietimc^ continues whole dayt and iiis-hts. 'I'hr tirfl
thing a friend is prefcnted vv-ith at his entering the houlc,
is a dram of brandy ; and thcv no fooncrfit down to din-
ner, but all tlie men and women have agl.ifs fet by their
plates; and, on propofim; a health, all take off their
gUlTes together, and by that means make quick difpatch :
th: women indeed, he fays, retire foon after dinner ;
but the men tit till they have loli: that little fenfe which
falU to their fhare. liut af:er all, there is nothi.ig mure
unjiirt than thefc national rclleiilions, which have I're-
•picndy no other foun.l.ition than that circle of acijuain-
tance which a ftran;er happens to fall into while he rc-
iiJes in a country ; and mdccd where they arc jull at
one time they arc far from being fo in another ; forcuf-
toms like tnefe ditFer greatly within the compafs of
an age.
The liquor drank by people of rank arc chiefly rhcnifh
wln^, cherry brandy, and all forts of Frcnc!i wine ;
while the common |)eoplc drink beer and malt fpirits.
The tables of the great arc covered with a variety of
diflies. They have no fallow deer, woodcocks, pheafants,
or rabbits; and red deer being the king's game, are not
to be purchalcd : their beef and veal are excellent, as
arc :Ifo their bacon and hares. The common people,
whether in town or country, generally live upon coarfe
rye bread, lean fi!t meat, (lock fifh, roots, and bid
ciiccfe, fcldgm tailing of il;lh-ni.:at, except on fume ex-
traordinary feflivals, as on St. M.irlin's eve, when cacji
lamily in Denmark never fills to make merry, and to
li.ae a roalled goole tor flipper. As to the p.'af.ijus, they
chiellv live on toots, greens, while niMts, .iiid rye bread.
Se.i filli is fcarce, and not vei y giKid ; but the riv;f filli
nial<e am; mis, here biing moll excellent |>erch, carp,
ami cr.iw-tilh. One cannot expci't very cxtiaordiiiai/
Iruit fo lar to the north j y< t the gentry do not want
lueh ,is arc very tolerable ; and lome of the nohility ha\e
grapes, melons, peaches, an J ail forts of falladj very
early, and in great perfciition.
It is f.iid to be ditlicult for lirangers to find ihecon-
veniencics of lodging and boarding in Denmark ; l.)r even
ill Cnpciibagen there arc few lodgings to be let in pri-
vate houli's, and in the taverns people mufl be content to
cat and drink in a public room, into which any other
company may enter.
With refpeil to their marriages, they are fomctimcs
contracted tlircc, tour, or more years before the ceremo-
ny i. performed. The gentry give |)orti(Uis with their
daughters [ but the burghers and peafants only give
cloaths, houdiold goods, and a great wedding dinner,
which are all they part with till their death.
Magmtieent burials and monuments are ufual with the
nobdity, and lometimes the body of a perfon of (piality
is kept in a vault, or the chancel ot a church, for leveral
yeirs toirether, till they have an opportunity of celebrat-
ing the funeral with lullicieiit (pleiidor. The poorer
lort arc buried in great thick chel!?, aiiil in tiie towns
there are about a dozen common moiiiners beiongin"-
to each pardh, who are oblig -d to cairy and attend thu
peojjle to their graves.
S F. C T. III.
0/ ll:.' [.t3iiru,ir( ef ihr /)rti;,i ; thir Siill in t^v At II anj
iS'wVriVJ ; the ALintlfji'.lura Ciirricd cii in thr (jo:i'itr\ ^
ihcir Ccmi>i/>c( ami iinMiit; Cimpiinics ; with tl'iir Ccins,
Wii^hts, and Ah:ijiires
''Y^WV. Danifli language is only a dialciS of the Swc-
A difh and Norwegian ; whence the inhabitants of
thefe three nations in general iindcrltand each other, ex-
cept in a tew words and phrafes. The modern Danifli
is a mixture of the antient (jothic, Frifian, and German
languages ; and, with rcfpiit to the pronunciation, ha3
fome allinity with the Englilh, with which it has many
word . in common.
The number of learned men in Denmark is faid to be
now as conhderable as in an\ o'.ber country in Kurope of
its extent, for there is fcaici .ny branch of literature in
which ti>e men of ginius of this kingdom have not ac-
ijuitted themfelvcs with honour. Helules the univcrfity
at Copenhagen, which coiifiils of four colleges, the aca-
demy at Soroe, and the feminary at Odenfc, there »rc fe-
ver il fchools well cmlowcd in country town-', where th;'
mailers are not only liberally provided tor, but the
fcholars are inllruiled and partly maimaincd gratis. In
1747. a royal academy of fcicnccs was iiillitutcd at Copen-
liaoen, with a royal focicty for the improvement of the
northern Inllory and languages. Socielies for the im-
provement of the nfeiiil arts and manuf.iiiturcs, and of
the fever.d branches of natural philofopliy, have been in-
llituted i and in 17;^6 the I'heatrum Antoniico-Chiruriii-
ciim and fcveral libraries were elected. At Copenhagen
is alio an academy for painting, fculpture, and architec-
ture ; and there the pcdite arts arc in high eftccm.
Scarce any manut'aclurcs were cairied on in Dinm.Tk
in the lall century ; for they were full introduced by
Kreilerick IV. and Chrillian VI. There arc at prefent
artilts of extraordinary (kill at Copenhagen, and every
branch of the mechanic arts is well executed in Denmark.
Silks, llufti, and velvets; cloth, cottons, and woollen
lliilfs ; gold ami filver lace, tapellry, (lockings, and hats;
with dilterent lorts of h.irdware, are alfo made in thi-)
kingdom : as are likcwife porcelain and lire-arms. Here
are befidt-i paper and copper mills, one lilk and two cotton
printing-houles ; with manufaiftories of lope, llarch,
lleel, glue, luLiar, tobacco, and lacquer. T"he lace of
Tondern, and the gloves ol Odenfe and Rander?, arc al-
lowed to be excellent in their kind. Indeed no manit-
I'aaur.?
ii^l*
|iJ to be;
iropc cif
titurc ill
rot :ic-
jrl'ity
Itlu' ac.i-
arc I'l'-
IIkic the
lluit the
lti«. In
Copeil-
<it tlic
IthL- inl-
and <>i
Ik-cii in-
|hiriiri;i-
rnli.igiii
[rcliitec-
inm.itlc
jctd by
prcfciit
\d every
L-nmatk.
■woijIK'h
|ii(i bats',
ill thi-i
Hire
) cotton
(Kirch,
lace ot
LTC ;il-
tr.jnii -
llailu:..'
OenMarU
faaurcs arc now permitted M be imported into D^ii
mark; inul, fiiice the year 17.56, the vvc.irin- ot jewels,
r
r. If k o I' F„
III
iiJ (liver dulKs,' ami torci-n laci', has been alfi
nohibiteJ. In 17-58 a general warihoiifc, or nia;j;a/.iiif,
was opfMcJ at the exchange, in Cojienhagen, to which
in'anulaolurcrs biiiig all the wares ihey cannot ililpole
ol'in other town^, and arc paid ready money lor them ;
and trom this warihoule the jjooda ate delivered out to
the retail traders on credit.
Indeed as Denmark enjoys the mnftcomnindioiH fitua-
tion lor ii.ui^,"'"" ■''"'' toniniercc, it nii;4ht be made the
cent, r of the"'inip-rtant trade of the Nottii, and particu-
larly that carrici' on in the Haltie.
All the commerce of this kingdom wni formerly car-
ried on by the Hanfj-towns 1 but they were aflei wards
liinplantcd by the Englilhand Dutch, but chiefly by the
latter. The Danes firll began to carry on their own
trade in the tcign of Chriftjan III. it was encouraged \r,-
Chriftian IV. and in the reign of ChrilHan V. was carried
on in their own bottoms ; but Trcderick IV. may be call-
ed the real founder of the Danilli commerce, which was
fupported by Chrillian VI. and Frederick V, by his mu-
nificence, endeavoured to carry it to its bighell pitch.
'I'hcllriit applicition of the Danes to navigation and
commerce partl_ appears from the fevcral opulent coni-
nanics cftablilhed at Copenhagen.
The principal of thefc is the royal Afiatic company,
iirft credted in 1616, and confirmed by a royal charter in
169S, which was renewed with prop-r regulations in
J72Z and 174+. This company trades to i'ranquebar
cm the coal! of Coromandel, where they have a governor,
and to Canton in China. I'hey carry on this commerce
almoll entirely with current fpeeie, or bullion ; and in
return bring chintz, cottons of all forts, mufliiis, pepper,
tea, fait pctrc, 5cc. For thcfe commodities they receive
cimfiJerable fums of money from foreigners, who take
them olV their hands, and by this means refund the fpeeie
tarried out of Denmark. They alfo fupply their own
country with all thefe merchandizes, 'i'his company
fenus two (hips annually to Canton, which return richly
laden, and two 01 three more to Tranquebar.
'I'he Well India and Ciuinca compmy, which was
formeily eftahliflied by charter, was dilUdved in 1754,
Tln^ the trade to America laid open to the natives of
Denm.irk, Norway, and Slefwic ; hut in 1755 the king
cllabiidied an African company, with a capital of live
hundred actions, every ailion confilling of five hundred
rixdollars, which arc divided between thirteen adven-
turers.
There is alfo eftabliOicd by a royal charter a general
tr.iding company, infiituted in order to carry on fiich
br.ii'.clies of trjde as no private adventureis are able to
undertake; and at the fame time to fer^e as a kind of
academy for young merchants. This co"ipany was in-
corporated in 174.7, and enjoys confiderable privileges.
Its actions are one thoiifand, each of which conlills of
five hundred rixdollars, but only three hundred are paid
down ; fo that their fund amounts to no more than tlirec
hundred thouland rixdollars : but the remaining two
hundred of cviry aiTlion may be demanded on anv emer-
gency. This company carries on a trade to France,
tipain, the Mediterranean, the iKiltic, and likewile to
(ircciiLmd, by fending (hips to the whale lidiery.
Tile Iceland and Finmark company, who obtained
their lai^ charter in 1746, have mi.aopoli/ed the trade
to Iceland and Finmark ; but that charter is to expire
in 1771.
Ij.lides, other Danilll adventurers, trule to dilurrnt
por;s of Europe ; but the import.s in Denmark aKv,l\■^ ex-
ceed the exports: however, it is quite the rcverfc in the
kini:uoni of Norway.
The .AlTignation-Exchangc, or I-.-ian-Bank, was creiTl-
ed at Copenhagen in 1756. Tlie bank-notes arc drawn
for a hundred, (iltv, or ten rixdollars, and pals through
all t!ie king's dominions, and the public offices, as cur-
rent fpccic. Great and (mall fum?, not under a hundred
rixdollars, are lent out of this bank at fiiur pf-r cent, on
depnfiting a fulHcient pledge. The capital (lock is no
more than five hundred thoufand rixdidiars, and though
their circulating notes amount to much more, they are
ill very j^ood credit.
Th.-i'? is alfo an oflicc of inrur.inr: f.ir .1ilp5 at fe.i,
efl.iblillied by charier. The n.imb.r of (liips that an-
nually enter the port of Copenhagen is veiy eunfidei.i-
hle ; tor it appLarii that above three thoufiiul /liips and
finall
Icis, la.ien with all firti of mcrchan.li.-e, i-l-
peciallv timber, m.iteriab tor builJing.
were entered at the ciilloni hnuf.- in the
ami pre
"vidcns.
-■ year
( t^
'I'he current coins in Dcnm;iik are, n roie-noWe,
which is eighteen (liilllii,;s (Idling ; a ducat, nine (liil-
liivrs; a rixdollar, four Ihilliiigs and (ixpencei a (let-
dollar, three (hillings ; arix-maik, about eleven-pence ;
a Het-n'.ark, about ninc-peiuc j and a (liver, a penny }
befules thefe there are feveral copjjcr coin:, of ('mall va-
lue,
The weight:-, arc the great and f.nall hun.iied, the llrft
a hundred and twenty pounds, and the other a hundieil
and twelve pounds ; they have alfo their lifpound, which
is an much as our (lone of ('ourtcen pound-, ; and ilicir
(liippound, which is twenty lifpounds. A D.inifh ell
i^ about one-third lei's than the En^lidi ; and a D.uiifli
mile ahnolt fi.t En"lifli miles.
S E C T. IV.
7 ccdi'fiiijUial yiirijdlnicn cf Dmi.arh.
in antient times, paid religious wnr-
fliip chicily to the gods Fryer, Thor, Thyr, O-
Oflhe Rtll^'ion ma
THE Dane
I
din, and Freya, and in the Danifii lanjuagc four ilavs in
the week (lill retain the names of the four Lift imagin.uy
deities; of which Odin was the chief. Several atlempis
were made at different times, in the middle ages, tocon-
vert the Danes to Chrilliaiiity, and in SS,'., Ebbo, bi-
fliop of Rheims, preached the gcd'pel in Denmark. Kin;.;
Harald Klag, who fled for refuge to tiie emp"ror I,"wi~,
conl'eiuing to b.- baptized, was attended back to his king-
dom by feveral monks, who fjuiided churclies in many
places in Denm.irk, particularly at iiaJdebye, in till-
dutchy of Slet'wic, where the iirll Danilli church was
creeled. liut the ('iieetding kings were the inveterate
enemies of the Chrillians, and cruelly perfecuted the new
converts ; however, after various vicili'uudes of fortune,
they at leng,th obtained a free and uninterrupted tolera-
tion from king Sweno, about the year lo~o.
At length, when Luther began to rcllnrc the doiTlrincs
of the goCpd to their genuine purity, they were faicur-
ably received in Denmark by CiiriJiian II, The reform-
ation 'gained Hill more ground under Frederic I. and at
the diet held at Copenh,igeii in 1537, was made the elLi-
bliflied religion ; when John Hugeiinagen drew up a new
body of eeelefialHcal laws, and made feveral other "ood
icgulations.
"rhouTh the Euthcrnn religion is cfl.iMifiied in thl«
country, other religious (ect.i, as the Calvinilts, the
Jews, and the Papilts, enjoy the free cxercife of their
religion in Copenhagen, I'redericia, and Ftedericltadt.
The Arminlans, Mennonitcs, and (j^iakers, are alfo to-
lerated ac I'redcricfladt ; and on the illand of Noidiir;'.nd,
the Romaneatholics enjoy the public cxercife of tlicir
religion. l)y the laudable endeavours of the kings of
Denmark, the light of the gofpel alfo (liines in Finmark,
(Mcenl.md, and among the inhabitants of iMal.ibar, on
the coaftof Indi.i ; and in 1 7 14, a foeiety for the propa-
gation of the gofpcd was i",lituted for that purpole.
The chief ecelefialtical juril.lic'li.ui is under the bl-
{liops, of which there are (ix in Denmark, four in Nor-
way, and two in Iceland. Of thefe the bfliop of X-.'.-
land and Chriflhuia have the precedence. The t'ormer is
alfo third proiel|i,r of divinity in the univcrli'.y of Co-
penhagen, and conl'equeiuly is obliged t,i refule in that
city. "The title of arehbilhop is aboliflied in Denmark ;
and both Slelwic and Holllein are under a gcner.il fiipcr-
intrndant.
The power of the bifhopi was formerly very confi.lei-
able in Denmark ; for, witii the other principal piel.itc-,
they formed the third flate of the kingdom ; but at prc-
('eiit they enjoy noother power, but what the general fu-
perintendants in (icrm.uiyaic inveited with. I'luv are
always appointed by the king, and arc obliged, every
thiee years, to vifit the churches and fch lols in their
ret"-
1
i
1
m
li
^!l
I I
i-
i Ji,
! . I
1 1 J i\ b
rcf,)u.Tivc JiOJcic-i ; to rNimiii ■ .itiil iij.iiii ii.'W pro.n tier;, ;
aiu, toj^ttlicr witli incir provod ;, tn huld, at ll.uiil
tinit.i, (HDviiui.il lyiiiils, wh'-Ti.- llvy prcfi k' iiicc njiiiu -
ildii vvitn tiK j.'.ivLTii'jr ot th;: (iini'in c. 'I'li-ir ii'vi luic
anks t'ro.n l.iiiJs iv.lr.'.;, an.l wh;t i» called i''" cithc-
ilrjticiim, i>r a Im.ii! I'li'ii whuli tlu-y n-.-civc tu 'ii tvciy
fluircli i;i th-' i!ii)(i IJ. In rvt.y iMtluJial U a In. ill lol-
K'.^o, whi.h L'oiilill . oC t;.i.r or live caiiinii, wlu nutt
twice a ytJi' ill (!i; i li.ipu'i-hciuli', in order to (it as
jii.ljii ill Mi.miiiU'i'..jl an I Dtlicr i;aiili.-j, which were lur-
mcil' deciL'.lliy tne e.iium law. There was tormeily a
divi.iitv leituier, who re id [lublic kcinrcs weekly in
tvery t.iiliedr.il ; but tliele have been l.iid .dido.
Next t.) t!ie bifli )}" ;ae il'.e provoli^, iil' whieli there
aie .1 hull bed and lixtv in tne whole k;n,doin, who an-
luiall)' viilt tlie preaehei'j and leli )uhii..ller.i within their
jiirildniioii i d.cide dil'putes between the preaehcrs and
the velbits, cirpinflKs, when tney a.e eu_'ni/.a',ile by
thi- c.elefiatlie.il \,iM; and twice a year appear .a the pro-
vineial Cy nod. I'lie provills have aiimi.dly a rixJullar,
or lour (liillini'.s .m.l liApence llerliii.'., tiom every church
in their jiirirdiLluui, and in tii.ii vifllaiions arc eiuer-
l.lllU.,1 yjalij.
Ne\t t.i ihefe ,u<; the preachers, wlinle r.lT.ll.ir.ts ;ire
calle.l th.ipl.iins. The levemies ol' the I)aili!!» ilei;)',
which atiicpaiilv lioai tvihes and partly Iroiii liie libera-
lity o!' their relpieti\c Hocks, .ire very conlider.ibie.
ConlVliioii money a in.Ke.l abolilhcd -, but inlleid ol it,
the preaeh.'i-- enioy the olieiin^s made by their ci)ii;;rega-
tioi-.i at Chrillnrii, Kalter, and W'llitfuntide. A pre.ich-
rr's widow in lienmaik reieivci h.ilf the benelit ut the
iiiflyc.ir, .iiid the ci,',bth pirco!' the income every year
alter, I'rom the Cuccclii.i of iRrdetealed hullnnd. In the
lirmelpd town of tv.ry diied'e is ,dfo a widow's box, in
wiiicli every preacher put-, a cert.iiii (iini, and il' nis wi-
liow lirrvives him, (lie enjoys .in annuity ill piopottion to
what hj has coiitiibiitid.
SEC T. V.
J l'.i:tl^:ihi- /hc:un: if ilh- Mvaiir in '.M.h ih- Dunes ir.i-L-
a •.'■.lunliny Xurriii.uy cf iLir Likfliit ; ivith the I'livi-
Ic'Li injiycJ lit Jinj'tiit by tin K.Jiily, th Biir^kn, ai.J
the Piiij'iiiits,
IT will be prnp'T here to pive an account of an event
which will always be clleemed one ot the moll ixtra-
i.rJiiL.ry that I'.as i ver been mentioned in hiltory. Till
about the middle ot the lalt century, Denmark was po-
vern'.d by a king choleii by the people ol' all ranks, who
in their choice, paid a due lejard to the family ot the
precediii;.' prince, and if they found one of hi'j line pio-
peily qualiiied to enjoy that lliyh honour, tliey thought it
jull to prefi r him before any other, and were pleal'ed when
ihey had leafon to choole the eldelt Ibn of their lormer
I'nereiL;!! ; but if thole of the royal family were eiihir
<!e:icient in abilitie.., or had rendered themllUc-. im-
woithy by their vices, they chofe lomeother perl'on, .md
I'ometlmcs raifeJ a private man to that liigh dignity.
One of tlie moll lundaniental parts of the conltitiition
nvis the I'leiiurnt meeiiiigs of the tlatcs, in order to regu-
l.'.te every thing relating to the government. In lliele
meetiiiLis new laws were enaiited, and .ill atl'airs rel.itiiii' to
)■ Mce a. id war, tlie dil'poral of ^icat ol^K■c^, and contr.icls
ijt marria.e tor the royal family, were debated. I he
i.T.| ofnif; of t..; es w.is ineiely aci-iJental, no money being
If.Mcd on the people, except to maintain what was ef-
tetm'd a neceli'aiy war, viith the advice and confent r.f
the nation, or now and then by way of free-gift, to .iiid
to a d,;ii.;!it>.r's portion. 'I'lic king's ordinary revenue
canliited only in tlie rents of lands and demefnes, in his
licrd^ ut cattle, tiis I'orells, fervicr s of tenants in ciil-
tivatiii ; hii (ground, ;?ee. for cultoms of merchaiidi/e
wcie I. )t then known in that part of the world ; (b that
he liveil like one of our modern noblemen, upon the re-
venues of his ell.'.te. It was bis bufinefs to fee jullice
impartially adminillered ; to watch over the welfare of
his |)e. pie, to comm.ind their armies in perfon ; to cn-
coura: I- in iiiflry, a-ts, and learning j and it was equally
liis dtrty and inicrcd to keep lair with thu ncbjlity and
T E M (> r G I'. O C, |{ A I' 1 1 Y.
n,:
N ,\f > •
peiitry, an I lobe c.'.refiil of the plenty and profncrit' c.'
the comii:> r\\,
luit in K.Ia-, tlie ibrre Hates, lint i', the iiobil.:.,
cler,:y, iiiid connnon.iliv being altimbleil, i,i i.r,i,.r ..,
piy and diibaiul liic tuu.ps wlikli li.id been cii. ployed ,■
g.iiiill the iwtde., ilie nubility inde.nouieit to lav the
wlnde liuiden on the tomnions ; while liie l.itler, wlio
liad diteitdcd tlltii rniuitry, llieii prill, c, ami the iioti .
Iity their.lelves v. iiti the mmoll Inavcrv, ii lilled that the
nobles, v/ho cnjojrd all the lands, llu'ul.l at le.ilt n.n-
their Ih.ire of tlie t.ixes, liiice they li.id (iillVied Ll> i-j
the loinmoii lalaainv, and done Ufj lo prevent Hi p'c.
gich.
At this the nnbiliry were nil. '.:•,'■''!, and m.inv litter i.-.
plie- palleil on bulb lidcs. At lcii;'th ll,e pinicipal 1, i ,.
toi llaiidiiig lip, told the preluleiil ol the r.ity, that t .t-
loinmoiii iiiiiiier im.killi.od the (rinligi, cf' the nolji.
lil\, nor coiilidired th..t lliey ihimli Kes w re no .>if\r
ih.in flaves. 'I'he w.ud Ihm-. w.ii lidlowtd by a Ini.J
muimur Ironi the cler;.y and Imrghtrs: wlitn Nunlcn,
the prelideiU ol tlie cilv of C'<ipti)li,igen, ynd (jn.ikcr of
tlie hoiile ol coiiimoiis, oblenlii!; the general indii'n.i,
lion it occalioiied, inllaiuly aiole, and l'\\e.iriiir, tlint"^tl i:
loiiimons were no Slaves', which the iribiiuy fiioulj
liiid to their coti, walked out, and w.is I. llowi'd by tl;;;
ilergy .iiul burghers, \.Mo proceeding to the bicweis-lulJ
ihbaied iheieon the moll etVeclual in..ans of humbliii" tim
iiiliippoit.ible pr.de of the nobility.
I he commons and clergy the next morning marchul
in great order to the council houfe, where the nobles
were allembled i and there the prelideiit Naiiliin, in 4
fhort Ipeech, obfeivid, that ibey had conlidered the (late
ot the i-...tiun, and toiind that tne only way lo remedy
the dil'oiders of the Itatc was to add to the power ot"
the king, and render his crown hereditary; in v.'hich, it
the iiublcs thought lit to concur, they were re.idy to ac-
company them to his m.ijelt\, wh.iiii they liad informed
of their relolutiun, and wiio expected them in the lull of
his palace.
The nobles, filKd with j^cner.il cnnflernation at ths
fiiddeiiiiels of tins projiolal^and at the rclolution with
which it was made, now ende.noured to footh the com-
mons by lair Ipeeches ; and urged, that lo important an
art.iir (liouul be managed with due loleiiinity, and regii-
latcil in fueli a manner as not to have the appearance of
a tumult.
'J'o this the pnl'ident replied, that they only wanted to
gain time, in oiiler to Irutlratc tf.c inleniions ot the com-
mons ; who laiiie rot ibiilier to confulr, but to aO;t. Alter
larthcr dibate, the ci inmons growing impaticnr, the.
clergy, with the bifliops at their head, and the bur'>hera
heaile.l by their prelldent, proccTdtd, without the noble;
to the p.d.ii'- ; and were met by the prime niiiilller, whu
loiidiii'Kil them to the hall of audience, whither the kin/
loon cinie to tlu 111. ""
'I'he bifliop now made a long fppcch in praife cf h'i
majelh, .:n,l loneludeil witli olfering him an ner''dit.iiv
.iiiil .iblulute di.iiiinion. The king leiurned them thanks-
butoblervcd, tliat the cimciiritnce of the noDies was nc-
ceirary : he airuicd them of his protection, and proinifeJ
to eate llieir grievances.
'1 he iiubles were all this while in the "/catcft diflnu--
tion i they coiild come to no ref.jlution, .uul broke up in
Older to attend the luneral of a principal Ic-nator : but.
Willie they weic at a magniiiecnt dinner, which v.-a*
iitually provided on I'uch occahons, thev were told that
the city gates were Ihut by the king's orji rs, and ihj
keys carried to court. They were now lilled with tiie
apprehenlions of being all malliicred, aiul the dread ut
loling their lives took away all tlioiiglits of their liber'v "
they theielore immediately dil'patcheil nieliineers both li>
the court and to the commons, 10 give notice of their
compliance. Hut the king, being lefolved to piirfue the
afl'air to the utmotl, would not lulVer the gutt-s U) be
opuud liil the whole ceremonv of llie iiiau'!uralion w.is
coiuluded. 'i'hiee ilays were employed in piepaiin:: t.jr
the f.ii.d hour, in winch tliey were' to m:ike a foniul
luiiender of their liberty. Sca(i'<.his covered with t.inelliy
were erected in the fipiare before thei.iill.-, and ordeis
weie given for the burghers and the foKliers to ap.pcar in
arms, unJ;i their iclpeclivc otliccis. In Ihoit, on ilur
1 twcnf,-
••■Il'
DSNM \P. K.
r, u R o i> r..
113
fcvrn.H ().' D.'ViiiT, 111 tlir niorniiij, the king, i|iii;cii,
uiiJ Mv.il hiinily Iv.M.' Ill iiiiucil on the tlKMtrci-ic:lcil
for til..- I ■■ir|"ii;, .ml U-.iu J m rh.iirs ot iKiic un.Kr vi'l-
vct i.i! ■ '■ . u-ci'ivnl puhlicly the hiiniagc of all the
rciMUii' , /I .i>iliiy, tli'iyv, aiul tdiiuiions which were
ptrliui'.' '■■ I'n tlir'ir knu's, iMch t.iitiiin lui o.itli id pni-
inole i.i> niiijilty's mierilf in .ill thin;;*, ami tii ft^rve hini
IdilhliilK ,1. Iiccinie hciiilitary luhjicls. (Jnc (icrlilurt,
aiiriiui|i.il liii.iioi, \n,\i the iMily pfrloii who h.iJ the
lourag..- :.i opui hii lips in huh.illOt' their txpinn:; lih.T-
tici, aiiJ 1.'..', tlut he ho|wil anJ trnlte.l that hi.i ni.ijdly
(IcIijiuJ noliiuiK hiu the f[im\ ot his people, anil nut 10
govcin ttu-ni :.tter tiie I'mkini manner ; but wilheJ his
luccell.is w )ulJ tollow the tx.niiple his iiLijelty would
uilJuuJ'eJh let them, aiul niaice iil'e (if this unliniilled
uuwei t ir the !;i'<'J, and not tor trie prejuJice cil his liih-
jeilb. None o"t the lel! (poke a word, ur leeiiud in the
kail to muiiiiui at wh.it was dune. Thole who h ul
payed l!ii-ir tloni i;;e leiircd to the council -houf'e, where
ihe lui'uility hein^ ealh-d over by name, and oulered
10 lubkiibc tiie u.'.tli they had t.ikeii, they inKantly
obeyed.
'Ihu-s in fuur d.ivs time the kiiipdoiii of Denni.-irk w.t;
l■haI!^;ed lion a llate but little ditfeicnt li.nn that of an
arillueraey, to that of an unliiiiit-.-d nii.iiarrhy. We here
Ice a home or coiiiinuns Ifiiiiulatwd by relt ntnient, and
tilled with Mulii;ii.ition at the infoL'iice of the nohilitv,
betrayin;', ^heir eonlticucnts, and iiilk-ad of a noble et-
l.irt to oL.lii;e tin. le nobles to allivv them the piivileaes
tli^y had a right tj ileniaiul, voluntarily pivin;^ up lor
tiiemfelvei, llieir conllituenrs, and their pollerity, what
they ou^'lit to have lirugj,led to prelerve at the hazard ol
their lues, and of whatever elle niij^ht have been elleeni-
cd valuable ; while the only comfort the people h.i.l left,
was to fee liieir Ibrnier oppreilors alnioll as niucli huni-
bleu as tlienilelves. The clergy indeed reaped many ad-
vantages from this chaiiiie ; but the citizens of Copeii-
lisgen obtained little moie 111 exchange for their liberty,
than the inl'ignirteant privilege of wearing fwords.
The nobles of Denmark arc diliini;ui(hed by the ap-
pellation of the higher and lower nobility. There never
were .iiiy diikis in Denmark, betides the king's tons, ex-
cept one nobleman named Knut I'ors, who was created
duke of Halland by Chrillopher II. fo that the rank ol
higher nobles includes only counts and barons. I'he
counts enjoy certain privilejies, and their younger fons
and daughters arc not only Kiled barons and baronclles,
but enjoy tlie privileges annexed to that rank. In their
coinitus they have the right of patronage, and of ap-
])ointing a j.idgo and feeretary, from whole lentence there
lies no appeal, but only to the fuprcnie court ot judica-
ture. 'I hey ;.re allowed three hundred acres ot land free
from all inipjiitions : they bear a coronet over their coat
of arms; and ail luits carried on ag.iinil them multcoin-
mtiice in the lupreme court of juJieature.
The rights and privileges of the barons is much the
fame with thofe of the counts. The principal difference
is, that the baions enjov only one hundred acres of land
tree from tythes and contributions, and arc foniething in-
ferior 10 the counts in rank and litle.
The privileges of the lower iiolnlity, like thote of the
former, coiililf in their being :i:ed only betore the king's
lupren.e court, in all alfairs that atfixf their lite and
honour, except they have a polt 111 the militia bv land or
by lea, in which cale this privilege extends only to the
lupericr olHeers. No interior jud-c can execute a len-
tence palfed upon them, tor that mull be done only by
the judge or his commili'ary.
.•\ lo.d of a manor who, befides the produce of his
manor, together with the mills and tythes, has two
hundred acres id land in farm ellate 1) ing within two
miles of Ills manor, is tree from contribution. Lords ot
a manor have alio the piivilege of appointing a judge and
lecretary ; that of hunting and hiiiiMg ; tiie right of
trover, if tiio proprietor of the goods tbund does not
make his d.iim within a \ear and fix weeks 1 and the
right of pationa.^j or prcleiitaliin to theii own churches.
I'iiele are the piuicipal piivileges tiijoycd by the nobility
fnn;c the king,s of Denmark became .iblolule; but before
that period ttieir po.ver rule to the liluhell piicli-
SJ
The burghers enjoy greater or lefs pdviUgci accnrdin;j
fo the cities of which they are members. Hence thole
of Copenhagen enjoy the pre-eminence, and have advan-
ti;.s enjoyed by none of the rell. 'I'he Daiiifli pea-
f.iiiti are of dilferent claflL's. .Sonic are poUeU'ed of .i
l|)ot of land, which may be conhdered as their own |)r(i-
pirty, llnce they only make the lord of the manor lonx
ineonliderable acknowledgment. CJth.rs have only 1
farm, for which they pay a certain rent in money, cat-
tle, or corn, to the proprietors of their farms, and du
inlL-rior Cervices at the manor of iheir lord ; but (laverv,
or a llate of vallalage, was eiuirelv aboliUKd In Oeii
mark by Frederic IV. in the yc.ir 1702, and is only con
tinned in tome part uf the dutchy ol hklwic.
SECT. vr.
Of l}>i PrirtgaUvt, dfiurl, Tilltt^ and Aimi cf l/if Kin^i of
niimiit i the Ori/ifi of Kui^hthcid; the puhfi Ojfins
(iiil Riveniiei ; will) a C'^ncijc ilicmnt of the miiilary unit
vnl force of the Kingdom ; ihl civil Uovtrnmtiil of the
P,
i, and tht different Courts of'Juduaturi.
THK king of Denmark, ai hath been already ob
ferved, is an abfolutc prince, and conlequently
his prerogative is unboundeil. He is pleated, ho"';ver,
to ail by the laws framed by his ancellors, or by himiVlf
and council 1 though he has the power of repealing an.l
altering them as he thinks tit. He is the guardian of all
the noble orphans, and none can fell or alienate their
l.iiids, without leave of the crown, the king being en-
titled to a thiid part uf the puichafe money upon every
fale.
He has, however, few cnfigns of mnjedy, except fucli
as are military, as horfe and foot guards, yeoinen, and
the I'ouiid of drums and trumpets ; for the badges of
peace, as heralds, maces, the chancellor's purle, and
the fvvord of (late are here unknown. The officers ot"
the houfliold are the niaidial, who regulates the affairs
uf the family, and gives notice when dinner or luppcr 13
ready ; the comptroller of the kitchin, who places the
dillies of me.it on the table ; and the mailer of the horfe,
who looks alter the king's llables and (luds of mares.
The king (its di-v\n to dinner wiih his queen, children,
lelations, and general officers of (he army, till the round
tabic be tilled ; the court-marftial inviting fometimes
one and lomctimes another to cat with his majefly, till
all have had their turns in that honour. A page in livery
fays grace before and alter meat ; for no chaplain ap-
pears here but in the pulpit. The attendants are one
or two gentlemen, and the re(f livery fervaiits. Tha
kettle-drums and trumpets, which arc ranged b.-forc the
palace, proclaim aloud the very minute \s\\cn his niajefly
tits down to table ; but the ceiemony of the knee is iioc
uled to the king.
Every winter, the fnow is no fooncr firm enough to
bear, than the Danes take great delight in going in
Hedges, the king and court tirll giving the example,
and making feveral tours about the capital in great pomp,
attended by kettle-drums and trumpets ; their (ledges are
drawn by horfes adorned with rich trappings, and the
harnefs full of linall bells. After the court has thus
opened the way, the burghers and others ride about the
llrects all night, v\'rapped up in their fur gowns, with
each his female in the fledge with him.
His Danilh majeiiy's titles at lull length are, Fre-
deric \' ■ by the grace ot God, king of Denmark and
Norwav, and of the Goths and Vandals; duke of Slef-
wic, Ho'.lkm, Sturman, and Ditmarfch ; count of Ol-
denburg, and Dclmenhorll.
The roval arms are parted by the Daneborg crofs into .4 tKtS.
tour principal quarters. In the tirll or, three lions pal-
I'.int gardant azure, furroundcd v\'ith nine hearts gules,
lor Denmark. In the fecoiid gules, a lion rampant
crowned or, holding a Danifh battle-ax argent, for
Norway, in the third azure, three crowns or, the
lirll and fecond fur Sweden. In the fourth or, a lion
leopardiy.ed ^.zure, with nine hearts Rules, for antient
Gothland. The inel'cutchcon quatterly, in the full or,
r i two
lii!
A.. I
•In
Mr
L M
H'
H4
A S Y S T r M O I' G F. " G K A 1' 11 V.
r)f.VM/»nit,
I
' ■ 1
two linir r.i{r.ii,t .v.iiri', tor tin- Oiitc'ny of Sl^fwic. Ill
the fcioii.l (Miles, tliiii: lutrli'-li'.ivi'i at/.ciit, jilcrri'd
with tlirto n iiK 111 ilie rroS i ihili.' Icivt^ .irc ch;iij;'il
Willi a liiuill I'lrliiKi'lKoii .U|',iiM, tor iIk' iImIcIiv ut Hiil-
lliiii. In thf tliiiil (MiKs .1 ivj'.iict iirt'i lit, (;.>i;;rJ Willi
u Clown or, fur Storiiuii. In tin? loiiilh r.nli.'t, a c.i-
\.illir iirnnil arj-iiit, hoMi.ij; a IwonI |mninifili.J or,
(or Dilnurlili. I'lion 'H .in incrciitiliriiii in the ceiiti-r
(i.iriv per p.ili or, iwo bui j;iilf<, for Iji liiicnhnrlJ ; iilul
ii/urr, a crols putlre or, lor jiillaiiil. The liippurlcrs
aictwo f.iv.T'is ,\Miu'v1 Willi rliilis.
'I'hi- piir..i|ul order ot' liiiii'hilidnil in l')ciimnrk ii
that of ilic cliph.int, or the hlnr rihhnn, whiili loinc au-
ilioi . I'lipiuilo to he tuiMuliJ 111 the twt'llih I'cntury, bv
C.iiuilo VI, wliile ollur-. lav, ili.it it w.is inlliliiti-d alimit
three luiiiihi'cl via:;. a.>o hyChrillian Latins fon's wi\l-
•liiy. In inlij^n, or ha.l^e, is .i whiti iii.iiiiellcd i-!i;'hant
with a eaiHi- on ir. hack, appiiui.int to a hiiie rihhon,
^vcirii over the lift ftioiilJcr to the rii;ht tiilc. 'I'heft
jciilnh;. wear (in ti.i; left brvalt .1 ll'ver liar ot ci^ht rays,
with the L'aiifbnr.; croi> in the nil Idle ot it.
Tlie '\-oii(l Older of knijihthood in this kiii[jdom, is
t.dled t^o J)inebor;r order, or the white ribbon, whiih
wa' iiiltituteii by W.ildfinar II. The badire r. .1 p,old
«iol.. .•■ •'I'ilcJ, and let with eleven diamond.. This
■ aiiys !it a wateicd white ribbon with a red border,
which is worn ovir the ii,'.ht Oioulder to the b It fi.le.
Thvle l;ni;\lit-, wear on the ii|;lit brealt a fiivcr liar of
riiiht 1 I's, in v.'hieli a (.lof> is to be feeii, wilh the woid
rdliiiilor thus divided, HI :■■; 1 l-TV- 1 1 K, and the nnnie
<if Christian \'. in the middle. JJotli thefe orders
were revived bv ChiilHaii V. and have their particular
Ilatiiti-, collars, :iiul mottos.
\Vc (hall now ."ivcan atcotintol the offices by whicl.
the [Tovernmeiit is adniir.illercd :
I. 7'he privv coiineil, or, as it is called, the fuprenic
coilei'.e, w.ii t'uH iiillitutcd on its picfent fontiii;.' in the
year id^i); this eidle^ie at prefciit conlillv of four nicni-
brrs, and the km/, who is prefideiit. L'lider thi,; tol-
Itge are the two '..llowiii;^ chaiueriis :
1. The ]J -''li chanctry, whirli was jilaced on its
piel'cnt fool...;_; ill 1060, .iiid coiifiltsofa prothonotary,
u mailer of leiiiiells, fevcral fecretaiies, two ch.'.nccry
lolicitors notaries, rcfjilU'rs, ^c. To this ehanccrv all
petitions for places in tnecoiirisof judicatute in Denmark
:ind Norway, as rdfu for civil ;>nd icelelialHcal employ-
ments, arc preleiitcd. 'I'he pro;h,jiU'tarv, with the prin-
cipal t'. cret..rit:i, and two otl-.er pcllbn^, ivs aflilbnts,
coiiltitiiie a chancery.
2. 'I'he CJeiman chancery, which v.'as inflitiited in
i'jHS, and cuiilills of a prolhonot.iry, a follicitor, and
feveral feci claries, All petit'oiis rcla'.iii;; to the affairs of
Slefwic, IJoillLin, and C)ldciibiir;^ are ^'iven into this
court. It .ilfo cirries on a ccirrelpondcncc with foreign
conns .Tnvl .':mb.iir.:dors ; and all treaties and alliances
concluded with foreign pov^'er^, are difpatched by this
collei'c. 'I'lie members of the weekly chaiiccry-fcflion
are the protlionotary, fume oilier Iccrctaries, and twofo-
jci^Mitrs, ai alTifl.U'.ts.
11. 'I'hc military chancery for the land fervicc, which
confifts of a prothonrjtary, a recorder, or keeper of the
archives, a lollicitf^r, clerks, eiiifr.ois, and notaries.
This col'cj'C has the care of military promotions, and in
treneral, the direclion of c\ery thing belonging to the ar-
my and to war. liut the pcculii:r militaiy a-conomy is
connnitteJ to the fcncral commiiiion for the land fervice.
'I'hcfe commifi'arii s pay, maintain, and recruit the army,
fill the nias-ayiii'.'s, kcej) the fortifications in repair, and
liavc the c;ireof the aitillery. To this college are ftibjeif
all general conimillarics of war ; all idHceis that have the
tare of provilions, arfenals, and materials fur bnildint:.
The magiilr.itcs, and other civil officers, arc under their
jiiiifdiclioti, as far as they have any concern in the
itiarchin'.; and iiuartcring of the army. 'I'lie money ex-
pended 1-y this college, which is imniediaii Iv under the
king's command, is ilTued bv the deputic:. of tlic fi-
iiaiues.
ill. The military cliancory firthc fea fervice, cnnfi'l'-.
<)f a prothonotary and follicitor. ']~hey order ;ind dircdt
whatever relates to naval promotions, the marine and
Inrboiirs ; but the peculiar iT..iiijrcniciit of naval afl'air.s
is imdrr the general niaiiiie tdininilTlon, ulncli lins lieeri
iinitij 10 the college td ..diiiir.iltv, ivir Ciii e tile ytjr
t'.\(>, I'he adiiiir.ilty college w.is iiilliiiiii..l in iljri.j,
and liis not only the toniniand ol the ll.et, but h a lu
perior court ol judicatiiie 1 lor all the fentemei p.il|ci(
by ilie iiifeiior court if admiralty come bclore ihun.
The iiifi nor court ol admir.ilty has power over all iiiil
and mili. ry lubalteiii olliiers in the iiavv.
IV. I'he tieafiiry and the collij'e o( the finances, arc
better legul.itrd th.iii loinierly. I he (ii(( wis iiillit itei)
by Kredciic IV. who .dudillud the college nf iic.ilurti.,
and appointed in their room, a (ingle trealiirer and viee-
treafurer. lie alio intro.luetd the college (nr the (i.
nances, which confilK ol the ilcpiities (or the linaiii cs,
and rinimilfioiicrs of the col'ege ot the liiiancrs. The
deputies, in concert with the lommiflioner-, dirciSt all
ali.iiis re'..iiiig to the hn.inccs ; but the drpuliis aloi.e
hue ,ic miiiagcmeiit ot the public nioiiey, m ikc dil-
burlemeiits and fubleribc all lontradt;. The coiimiif.
fioncrs .lie iiitriifted with the care of every thing elfe thai
relates to the revenues, and the iinpolts in money and
coin; they (arm ti'.e public reyeiiues i have the iiifncc-
tioii of every thing that may tend to their iniprovcirieiit
and augmentation ; and fubfciibe all repicl'entalions made
by the chamber to the king. 'I lie chamber of (in.iiice
has iwo chanceries : thele are the JJaiiidi, or iiorihcrii,
which has a fecrciary and two ageiiis j and the Uermaa
chancery, which ctinlids of a iecrci;'>-v and one ,T;ent
The chamber court of judicatuie has ,n julliciirv anil an
agenl,_ whomanage tlie judicial piiKcediiii's of theilutn-
ber. The correlpondcnce of the ihamber eollcc is car-
ried on, and the aerompts of the colli.Uors iiifpi,>;tej
and adjiined, bv feveiilecn clerks of the revenues. Thefe
clerks li.ivc their refpeilive departments and olfieos, of
whicii there are (even, and as many clerks, (or iJeii-
mark ; live for Norway ; and live (or the German dotni-
nions.
V. 'I'hc gcner.d college for the improvement of mnnu-
faiffures and commerce, was inllitiited in i yj;, and co/i-
lilh of deputies and comniiiriorcrs for the domcOic and
commercial departments, and of a Djiiilli and (lermaii
I fecretary. 'I'his college has the dircilion of every thin ■
I that may promote the iiicrcafe of domellic trade, m.'nu'
(actures, (ilheries, and .ill new (buiidations or eltablilh
I meiits. lly virtue of a royal ordinancf, ilTued in 175 {,
, every deputy has hi: particular department, but is ulidi '
the coiitroul or thct k of the genrral college.
' The gcncr.il ccclefi.tnical college of ir,f)H.lion wa,
inllitutid in i;'}? by Cliiidian VI. and ulually confill.
' oilix niembeis, three divines, and as many I.ivnirn, wh.,
; are all calKd general eecleliadical mlpeelor--. ' 'I>,c lliii,'
la\-infpcClor is alio feerclary of the college, and h.-'i 011.
or tv.o fecret 'ir iimlei him. 'liiis college li.is the ^e.
neral dirt£tinn of all ccclctiaH-ical alVairs in lAninark
' and Noi'.vav, .iiid its iiitn.hcrs infpc.'l into thebehaviou'
^ of the clergy, .md the (fate of the univcriities and felio.d,
in their luiifdiclion : ihey likev-ife pafs their icnfure
on all llieologieal treaties on rdigidus cuntroverfui,
I 'I Ins college is ulfo under the king's innnediutc jurifdic-
tioM,
' The fill college i< that of the t'eneral poft-cfTice, which
hastheihreitioiuif the polh in the two kingdoms, audit)
the accounts cif the poll-inalleis, luid inlpeeh into thiu
coiidua. This ctTice has its diiectnrs, ticafuries, ar.d
' revdion ihamber. In all towns the cuuiiui (or Itt-
! tcri go out and come in tw'icc a week. 1 he roads a-e
I mcalured all over the king^dom, and at every .purtei ut
I a DaiiKh mile the giouiid is a little raifid, 'and a Uon-
eiccl-led upon it.
VVc now come to the revenues of Denmark, which
arife Ironi the cultonis, paitieularly ihofe of the .Sound,
Coldingen, and Norway. A toll' m paHing Irom the
northern ocean into the Ijaltic, and from tlieTall into the
northern ocean, is paid in the (trei,s|;:s, at bJlino-c,
Nyburg, and Fredcricia, luit the piincii>.-d cullom hniee
is at I'.irmorc. In lomc years, aboie lix thnufand (hips
p..l'i through thele (heights, and confiijuent'y the toll i,
very conlidcrable. This toil is not on an c(j'-.ial (ootir./
with relped to all nitiims ; lor the Hambiirgh.:r; are ob-
liged to pay more th.in iitiicrs for pafiii'g "tr.rourh the
buuad. The LJigldh, Dutch, Llwed'fli, and French
Ihii" -I" •!"' I''!'''"!' ^'"" 'hfy.irc provijij, Bccoril-
,11,1 K. Ill MK» with [>jlli.> : llK'V .illli piy il'iwii only diu;
permit, Ml lucll |""i>lii »» iii« l|i'>Hn'J in llu' tJiill,
«liilo all Mt.iu- li.lliiiii'i .".re ii..t i.Jilv kMiiliol, luit au
•ilili;;i'J III |i.iv iiiii-' •»'"! a 'l"'""'"'' I'"' '■'•'"■ ^^'ii'' 'i'-
ptctrotliJ Munlc-Kiwin th.it l.c uii tlic ll.illi(, tlKTc !■.
,1 (-rc.it v.uirtv Ml the tull (hiv p.iy i lor alttioll every imc
ill 'tli"H' linviii l> trc.iti'il uutl III paitic'.il.ir. 'I )li' tull-,
jic, 111 itiiiir.ili ^'I'l"-' l""i"-'l mil or io'iIilIcJ liy olKcen
ji)[Mi.ii!iil I ■' ili4t piiipiiiv, aiiJ lliirc .lit- iiini|iiu)llei ,
jn|MiiiiuJ liy llic kiiii; o»tr the I'.iriiiri-. .mil ^|t^u■u^.
Thi. Dltiu rueiiutj arilc liuin ilit; cM-iCc aiiJ con-
fjmpi'iM.
From the mxcs pni.l hy llic larniiiig peaLmls lor free-
holds and contnhiilion* "I provili hih hi Norway; lioiii
iluticj <in oxen, toiii, and bacuii in Dniiiiaik ; and
juMii ui!c. .ri..l I Mate...
Kroiti the poll-lax, which, hovycvcr, is never ini-
poffd, hut upon ixti.iordiii.iry oeealiiHi..
i-'rc.m I' nf, dilpciiratunis, (hmpt paper, .niid the polt-
ofiie:-. I Ik icveniif. anl'iii;; Iruiii tho l.itter are appro-
pnateJ loi peiiliuiia, and lur cai lying on ilic lortign inif-
Aiid \.Mv, I'lom the royal tvtlics, which fornicily bc-
loiii'td to tic hilhops i but alter the tilurniutioii were
aiMiexeil to the down.
TIk: niilii.ity forces in the kin;;iloi.i of Deiirnark, and
the pl.ii.t-s liihj'.iS to it, conlill of the liuile lile j^iiaidi.,
one rejonieiit ol cuirafliir f;uard», and one legiiiitiit ol
(Ifjjtoon [oiatds i nine other ic^iiii';iits ul tiiirailkTs, two
reiiimciila <'f loot lite-iiiiarJs, one ot which lonlitls in-
tirilyot't'rcii.ulKT;.! thekilii''b (■wn re^;iiiieiit, llie i|ueeii's
iCLVnicnt, an.! tho i.nncc-ioyal'.s ici'linciit i belides nine
leiiments ot mtantry cnlilUd, I'eveii national regiments
ol inlaiiti V, and a repinuTt lor i^irriloiii. In Norway
there are live national rc|;inient'. ol cavahy, t'.vo enlill-
cd, and thirteen natiuiul re;.;inients ol inlantry, am' the
li^ht liiiojis, loiiliitin;^ ol live or lix luiiuired iirji. An
cnlilled re^'inient ot e.ivaliy tonlills ot'cij'Jit, and an en-
Mled rcjoinent ol inl.inlry ol' tweUe cuiiipaniL's ; but the
ii.iiional rej'Inicnts are more compleat than the enlillej.
The kill" ot JJenmaik'a whole nuliiary force amounts to
Huv-iime ihoiifaiid tiv.i huiidud and ii^;hty-niiie nun.
The Danes were antiently veiy powerful and I'lieciH-
ful at lea, and in Liter times, Chiilti.m V. .Hid I'reJc-
ric: IV. h.ive perlornied preat e.\ploits with the D..nilli
fleLt. Iiatprel'ent coiifllt.s ot thutylour Ihip-i ol the
line, fixt.en Irij'.ate';, and a niiiiibtr of |;.allies, which
ul'ually .imniint to lllty. Siiue the ye.ir 1755, the lea-
men in conll.iiit pay eonfill of lour dieilioii,*, each divi-
)iun cont;iining tin companies, with a e.)iiipany ot aitil-
lerv, ami'iintini; in all to four thoufand four hundied
men: but the numbir of reL;illeied lianiiii, with which
(he fleet may be manned upon any emergency, is about
•acnty-l'oiir thouf.md, which in Duiiuark. aie dillnbuted
iiilix dlllruls and 111 as many in Norway, they being
under the dr.ic^ion of certain officers appointed lor that
i.uipffe. There is alfo in Denmark a company ol I'e.i
1 Jclets inll'.'.itid bv Frederic IV. in the year 1701.
The il.ri H laid up at Copenhagen, and the naval
•.!')res, wi'.h llie materials for Hup huildnur, are in g/fat
plenty, an i k.pt in very regul.:r order. Floating block-
luufes are ulid upon occalioii with gieat luccels in the
I'.dtir.
jullice is :iii where obtained with more expedition th.Tn
,11 Deiimaik. ']"he whole body of their laws is coiu.iined
III one nio.li inte ipiaito voIuiik', written in liicir own
laii'Uagc in lo plain and intelligilile a manner, tlu.t it
fiarcenecd? :'. conir.ieiit. This excellent woik is inii.Kd
t'odcx Chiillianeus i it was publilhed in it'S^by Chiif-
lian V. and is the only law obfcrvcd in Denniaik.
Every Kt-iieral government h.s its general governor,
who is always aperfon of diitimition, and ufually a knight
of one of the onli rs. llis power is very grc.t, and e.x-
ti 11 Is both to fpiritwal, tenipoial, and judicial allairs.
He has Itkcwil'e authority over the revenues, towns, and
lO'jutrv wiliiin hi . jurifilic'tinn. Under the governor a.'e
the prefiils, whoaie alio noblemen, or at IcaH perfons
1)1 (IdlMii'lioii ; but they have no power in the towin
within their jiiiifdldlion, which extends only to the open
cuiuiiry. The civil irovcmnicnt in the cities and grjat
LI K O 1' f..
<y>
towiii is Iod;>-il ill a tiurpnmiOcr and council 1 but in
linaller towns in .1 kind ol lie.ulboiou^ii. Many lowiik
have alio a io\ ,il pidl Kiii, and livtral ul ilicm liavu tint
piiiilr^e of lioldni", coiilt-. ol jiilliie.
Ilelidci Ihi' lowii loiiit. ol judicature, ami iholv hiU
by the nobility in their own iiiano.?., ihire areiline other
cunt.,, the 1111;^ court, land-court, and the t'unreinc lii-
b: nal. ill tht tii'^ji mtit caulcs .;re geniially fiill brought,
bo;h ill the town, .ind in tin; cnuntiy i every liiiall dil-
tiiil conlilting of 101 ly 01 fifty vi!la;;es, or liamkt-,
wliiih have iluir luadboiough, ajud^'., .ind a fccretary i
to which are add d ci '.ht pc.ilanis. Thife colitis archjd
week!). Fioiii this iiileiior court .ui appral lies to the
piovinci.il coiiil, or alli/.es, which commonly conlilb, nf
twujiidici aii.l aficict.nv, and ii liiM once a month iii
Icvcral of the principal towns. The other court, from
which tlieie lies no appial, \» the liiprenie tiihunal at
C'opinhageii, which i, held ..Inol! all ili- uar round, and
IS opened by the kiiij; in peifonenry year, iihout thu
beginniiij^ ol March. I'hii loiirt, where the law i»
(ilciit or doiibtl il, li.is a power of detciininin;,'thc alF.iir i
.uiil. It IS fai.l, that throu.jh all the fe louits a fuit is ear-
ned in the Ipace of thirtun iiionihs, and the whole ix-
p lue, notwitliHandmg the uppe.ds fiom one court lo
tmother, amount, to no more than ten ortwilve pounda
Iteiling. 'Flicy have in.lecd no inn. of loiiii, or publii:
liH ietics of l.iwyeis ; but every on.' w ho pleafcs may taktj
up thcprotcirioii 1 yet the fees arc lo low, that theic art!
lew advocates ; an.i theie is the Ids occalion for them,
.is cveiy man is at liberty lo manage hi. own fuit, and
plc.itl his laul'e hinillll. I'hc '.'icatert cxpence aiifes from
tiie it.impt (i.iper, upon which the proceedings ate writ-
ten 1 and, to prevent this biing cxciflive, the clirks, or
rci;i(lcrs, are obliged to biing the whuL- matter into A
Cirtain number of flieets, .is well the allegations ami
proofs, as the fnitencc itlelf, which are all reduced to
writin/. In the inlciior couits the real'ons on which
eveiy I'entenee is founded are cxprcll'jd, but not in the
fuprcmc couit. 'I'he judges of the iiiferior courts, whofo
f.ilaries arc very inconfider.ible, arc not liiily punilhcd for
niifdtmeanois committed in the txecuiion of their offiec,
but arc ob!i;;cil to make fatislacUun to the party injured
by an unjull fcntence.
Our merchants who have had occafion to profecute
lulls in this country, admire the etiuitablenefs of their
laws, and the cafe with whiih jultice is obtained.
The crimes of high treafoii, robbery, and houfe-brcak-
ingaie fcldim heaid of in Swiilcuj and fedii^ous dif-
courles, and praj^ices are Hill more uncommon. The
punillimcnt b,r capital iiiines is beheading, which 1^
ulu.illy done by one llroke with afworii.
In the city of Copenhagen is an (fllcer called thepo-
lity-nialUr, who takes care that good orders are kept,
compolcs ilill'ercnces among the merchants, and fcs that
their merchanJi/te is good and faleable. lie caufes tin:
llrcits, biidgcs, .lud canals to be ilcanlcd, kcjit in gno.l
repair, and lue frem iiiilaiiccs (ir obllriuJliiuis. lie t.ikc.
cue that the city be fuppliid with corn tit fm br>-ad al.
a moderate piice i fei/.es piohibited goods, and artilfs at
the ixtiiiguilbing of fires j for the mob i.s not fiiU'cred ti>
rufli in on thefe occafions ; but have companies like our
tiremen, whole proper bulincl's it is, who arcprovidei!
witii inltrunients lor the p.npofc ; and no other prilons
mult approach within a certain dill.mce of the place.
'i'he poiity-niallcr allii c.iufes people to be apprehended
who walk tho Itreets by nighi, no perfon bcinur allowed
to bo abroad alter beating tho tattoo. Me likcwife fiip-
prcH'es riots and tumults 111 the ftrcets. The poliiy-malfcr
is alio the goner.il game-keeper, and lijs the power ot
lei/.ing guns, nets, and vcnifon unlawfully taken.
We fliall conclude thi. account of the government
and adminiliralion ot the laws, with oblervin", that the
Danes Iccm to b.: vciv apprehenfive of the abules of
apothecaries in felling and applying their drugs ; for thcv
permit no pcrlbn to eMcrcile th.it pi.d'ellion who is not ap-
pointed by the college of phy.'ician?, and conlinmd In-
the king himl'clf. Not long ago there were but tv.'o oV
them allowed in the city of Copenhagen, and one in
every other sircat town, which would doubtlels l-e much
too few did not Ibine of their phvlicians prepare their
e'wn mrdicilics, The apothctaiies Ibop* .ir.; ■. Ifitrd by
I lie
'■'ii
V ,' 1
i !■
I - ■ !■
I 'i i\rj
lit, ' ? 4;
%th
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY
D
LNMAR f.
<he mai;l(lratc.', and phyficiaiis two or three times a year,
iinj tile bad or dccay.-d dru,!;s taken and dtllroycd. The
(iricc-s Ot'all d'nisjs .-,rc tixi.il, tVoni wliich ihcy diirit not
vary. They kccj) exact books ot what they (ell, and
I" who:ii, that where an ill aceidcnt happens it may be
known ulio has occniloned it; and lor the fame realon
they arc obli;',ed to hlo all the prcl'criptions that are
brought them.'
^V'c fliall now defcribc the Danifli illands, and, begin-
ning with the e.ift, give a particular aeeuunt of what is
molt worthy of notice.
SECT. VII.
Of ll\' ■mineral G:v:rt!rmr.t cf'/.cahm.l, irilh a D,f>iplim of
t/<iit /j/r.fiti, tiri'l rl' the llltinih Amat, Ahiui, lioruh'.lm.
ii'icl other jmaUcr ljhv}<h j u'it'i the p'imipiil Placfi in
of the City of Copi'nhigi'i, ih Kind's
m:jl roniitkiible Cilia in that Gcvern-
fOih, pjituii.'drl
P.i'mis, a'1,1 th
v.jnt.
THE kill Joni of Denmark is Jiviilcd into fei'cn go-
vernment?, the moft calleily of which is that of
Zealand, which contains fixteen prcfeiiliires, in which
are included all ihe above itl.mds, and the moll conlider-
able places belon'_'ing; to this kingdom.
The illand of /ealaiul, in the Dar.ifli langua;^e called
S.ilanJ, or Sialland, is h-.itcd at the entraiKC of the
fialtic, and is encompalial bv the Categate on the north ;
the (liLight called the Sound on the call ; the Haltic lea
on the fcuth, ;.iid the Itrei.'Jn called the (Jreat Belt on
the v.xft. 'I'his is tlie lar^efl of all the Daiiifh illands,
it being about fcvcnty miles in length, and fixty-five in
its createll breadth.
The foil of this idand is tolerably fertile, and produces
fine barley, of which m.ilt is made, and a great quan-
tity of the latter is exported from this illand ; it likcwife
yields plentiful crops of fine oats, but the rye is not
more th.ui fufficient for hoiv.c confumption. It has fer-
tile meadows of a beautiful verdure, 2 d fomc woods of
oak and beach ; but in the country lying near Copen-
hagen, and fomc other parts, no woods are to be lecn,
and the inhabitants arc obliged to ufe chiefly turf for
their fuel. There are feveral lakes in this illand, fome
of which are pretty large, and well Hocked with hfti ;
and the rivers, which arc in every part of Zealand, alio
.^bound in fifh. The moft convenient harbour in the
ifland is that of Copenhagen, and next to that rhe port
of Kallundborg. Within the prcfedlurc of Copcnh-a-
gcn is the city of that name, of which wc fhall now give
a particular defc.iption.
Copenhagen, the capital of the kingdom of Denmark,
and the place where the court riddes, is fituatcd on the
'. Baltic, in the fifty fifth degree forty minutes hfty-nine
feconds north latitude, and in the twelfth dcgiee (ifty
minutes eaft longitude, about thirty miles from the
Sound, and has a beautiful and commodious b.ubour.
It is in a low and marfliy fituation ; bat on the land fide
arc feveral fine IjkCs, which turnifli the inhabitants with
plenty tif frtfli water. The adjacent country is vcrv
pleafant, and op|vi(ite to the city iies ihc fertile illand of
Amac, which forms the harbour, and which we (hall de-
fcribe in its proper place. 'J"hc city at a diftance makes
a magnificent apiiearancc, and from the weft gate to the
Norway gate in tlic citadel, extends four thoufand one
hundied and forty Zealand ells in length, and from tlie
north gate to the Amac gate it is three thoufand one
hundred and twenty ells in breadth ; fo that its ciicuit
mull be twelve thoufand fix hundred ells, or fix miles fix
hundred ells. The Gotherltrcet, wliich runs in a
flraicilit bpe acrofs the whole city, dividing tbcOUl from
the New Town, is above four thoufand two hundred feet
in length. This metropolis contains four royal ealllcs,
ten parifii and nine other churches, a conndcrable num-
ber of public and private palace;, above four thoufand
Thi.i city i . dividjd into three ptincipal purts, (.;1J
Copenhagen, N' i,- Copcnh.igen, and Ciiiilhans-iialen.
As the two lal! .uc more modern than the i.ilt, t|ui.
are laid out in br.id llreets that run in a Ifiaight hnc.
Moll of the llreets in Old Copenhagen lince'thc Juit
great lire have been made of a fuflicient brcidth ; but ttie
old winding.s could not be entirely avoided. I he huuf;. :
111 ihe principal llreets and fquarcs are almoit entirely
huilt with brick ; but in the lanes moll of the buildiii;. i
are ot timber. However, in general they make a haiid-
lomo appearance. The city is at the annual cxpence of
rill or twelve thoufand rixdollurs in keeping the iliects
ele.in, and in the night it is illuniiiiatcd with lanthcrns.
In fome parts of the city are deep canals into which larcc
fliipj may enter, ,ind, to the great convenience of th-
merchants, may lade and unlade dole to the warc-
boufc-.
Relides the above three general divifions, the city ii
divided into twelve qiiaittrs, and the burghers into ai
many companies, which have all their particular colours,
I he Old Town coiifills of the following quarters.
Eirit, the north quarter, which has the following placej
of ihitc : the ticrman church, dedicated to St. Peter
1 "
burghers houfes, feveral of which arc inhabited l-v ten
or more I'.imilies, eleven markets and public fquares,
ahundred and ciijhtyfix llreets, and a hundivd thowland
inhabitants.
which was the p.-i.icipal parifh church at the time of the
reformation ; it was afterwards converted into a foun-
dcry, but in 15S5 was given to the Germ.m,, and in
ibi8 was again m.ade a patifh church.
Ihe VValkcndorf college in St. Petcr',i ftreet was for-
mc.ly a Carmelite monallery 1 but the lord (leward
Cnriltophcr Walkendorf, converted it into a cidle.'c fo'
fixtcen Undents, each of whom has a yearly penlion of
thirty rixdoUars.
The fecond is the wed quarter, in which are the great;
VVartow holpital, which is an anticnt foundation ; bus
the edifice is new and fpacious, and the endowment fo
coiifiderable, that it contains at prefent above three hun-
dred bed.i for the fick and poor, each of whom hath his
lodging gratis, and a weekly allowance of half arixdollar.
Clolij lo the hofpital Hands a fmall commodious and neac
church, which is fo contrived, that the fick and hed-
ridd;ii may hear divine fervice and fermons in their beds.
'I he city prifon, which has alio its particular church.
The orphan-houfe, which takes up one entire fiJe or
the new market, and is a conliderable ornament to that
fquare. The prefent building was finilhed in 1734, and
contains a hundred poor children, that is fi.xty bovsaiid
forty girls, who are maintained and educated ; but at
prefent the number is incrcafed tg a hundred and eiL-ht:
it has a p;iiticiilar church, a difpenfiiry, a printin '-houfe
and a library belonging to the iouiulatiun.
'I'he council-houfe is a new llructure, and, heinir
detached from the other buildings, fepuratcs the OiJ
from the New Market. In the Old Al.uket is a fine
fountain, and in the New io a place walled in (or the
execution of malefaclois.
The other places in the weft quarter worthy of notice
arc the well gate, and the royal palace, fituatcd near the
citadel of Chrillianifciirg, which in 1743 and I -44 wa'.,
new fronted in a viry eligant manner.
'1 he third is the clothiers quarter, in which arc the
followiiv; pla..es worthy of notice. Tlie collegiate church
of St. Mary, in which the billieps of iJcnmaik and
Norway are ufuallv ccnfecratrj. The tower, which i,
elleemed the iioflell in Copenhagen, (lands on the highcC.
fpot in the whole city ; it is thiee hundred and eii'hty
feet in length, and has a fine ring of hells. The univcr-'l.
litv, which includes the royal coinmiimtv, or the cloy- ■'••
Her, 111 which a hundred poor lludcnts had formerly two
meals a day ; but at preieiit they receive a peiifiun iii-
llead of provilions ; and in thii edihcc they hold their
daily diiputaiions. It likewile contains the confillory
the auditories, or halls, the rcdor's houfe, and other
buildings. To the univcrfity ailo belong four fpaciou*
colUgci, well endowed for the mjinteiiance of the youn'
fludents gratis. i'he Walkuiidorf college has been al-
ready mentioned. I'he other thiee are thero\jl colK 'c
founded by Chiillian IV. for a bundled and tweiu/
IKidents, though no more tlian a hundred now relide m
It. I'he Collegium Eieifianum, tuuiidcj by Cicor.'e
Elers, for ft.\tcen Itudems,
Tl.e
;l.
t U R O P
liJc OS
to that
34, and
buys aiul
but at
cicht :
;-houlc,
being
10 Old
a fine
lor the
■)!' notice
I'.car the
arc the
te churtli
11.11 Ic and
which i>
c highcR
.1 eii;hty
univcr-'
the ch)y- •'"
erly two
iSurn iii-
loiJ their
Diifiilory,
|inJ oth.T
■ fpaciou^
|hc yoiiii:;
hem :il-
[\ colK-c
tWCIll/
rcliiie III
(.icori^e
Tic
There ;irc hefui,""! many othor ciiil.'riiics in Ivnry, chony,
Ivix, anibcr, nn.i otiier ni itcii.il.-. kept lor (lie lake of th'j
el;'i.'ance or miniitciiefa of the worknianlhip ; aiiJ, it is
laid, there i:: a coninion rhcrry-lloiie on the furiace o\
whicli arc cni;iaveM two hundieJ and twenty heads, but
their fmallnelb makes them appear i.nperKit and eonlufed.
In t'iisi|iiarter islikewife tlie niap,a/.inc fur proiilioni',
the port-office, and the cxchanpe, which is a ^ranJ
Itrmlturc in the (jothic talle, lour luindied i'.nd fix leet mi
length, and llxty-fix in breadth, the L;rcatell j "tOf'.vhirh
was built in 1624 by Chriftian IV. The lowell llor/
is laid out in warchoufes, whicli are very commodious
for the merchants ; for on both T.dcs of this llruituru
are can.ds wlierc the (liips may lie dole to the warelioufes,
and goods be conveniently landed or fltipped from them.
In tiie fecond Itory in the north liJe is the pUiee where
the niciclianis iifually meet. In the middle and dowa
the wh(de length on both fides is a range of fliops ; in
one wing of the fouth fide is the roval b.'.n!:, and in the
other the royal niai^a/.ine, where moil ol the clotl-.s, filks,
and C.ulFs made in the city arc dcpolV-eJ, and fioni
thence fold to merchants and dealers.
'I"hc feventh is the Rofenhurg quarter, in which is a
C'alvinill church, a fmall neat edifi.e, where the niini-
llers pre.ich in I'rench and hi;;h l)iitc;i ; and the TMniti/
church, generally called the Kound ci'.urcli from its rounil
tower : its arched roof, which is prtttv hig>i, is fuppor!-
ed by two rows of very llenJer octangular pill u;, whicli
give it t!ie air of a very light building. This edifice
luirered Kfs than the other churches in the great fire in
17JS, and was I'oon repaired. 'I'he gieatell lofs was the
i.oble collection of books belonging to the univeifiiy, kept
in a l.irgc room over the aiclied ro;if of the church.
However, a new library lias been fiiice coUeilid, in
which are feveral valuable manullripts relating to the
Northern hillory. The tower of tiiis church is ellecnud
a mailer-piece of its kind, and was defigncd by the ccle-
wife held in this (lory. The prince royal's (lory is thus ' brated Chrillian J.ongomontaiuis, the allronomcr. It
iiaaieJ from his highnefs and the princelles royal having ! is round, a hundred and fifteen feet high, and li:ty-four
their apartments in it, which arc extremely elegant and ; feet in thicknefs ; fl.it on tlic top, and fiirroinuled by an
(vcll contrived. The iiifide of the royal chapel is alio iron baliil'.radc. Tf.c afccnt i^ fpir.il, and (0 fpacioua
very beautiful and magnificent. The ch.iiicerv is join- j and cafv, that a coach and horfes may go up and down
t.l to the palace by a corridore, or covered gallery, and ; again with ta(e j which experiment w.is tiied byl\ter
D EJJMARK
The Borrichian College, or the Collegium Mcdiceum,
is the moft elegant and bell endowed of all the private
foundations. The learned Olaiis Horrichius credted this
tollei'C in 1689, for fixtcen Danidl and Norwegi.m ihi-
deiitsl liivery Undent has apartments gratis for li.e years,
witli an annual penfion of iixty rixdollars. The library
.^nd cabinet of curiofities which joined to this college
were burnt down in 1728, but have fince been in fonie
nieafurc rcltored.
The lad place we (hall mention in this quarter is the
north gate, which is the mod elegant (truiilure of the
kind belonging to this city, and was creilcd in 1671.
The fourth divifion is the freemen's quarter, in which
are two churches, and the church of the Holy Crholt, or
rather of the Holy (tucIIs, it deriving its name from a
lar"e hofpital or giielt houfe that formerly ftood near it,
and was coMvcrted by Chrillian IV. into a lioufe of cor-
reflion. This church was rebuilt after the fiie of 1728.
I'he fifth is named Siiarren's quarter.
The fixth is called Strand quarter, and contains the
following places worthy of notice. The magnificent royal
palace of Chrillianfburg, which was enlarged and cm-
hellilhed by Chrillian III. Chrillian IV. and Frederick
IV. but being very irregularly built, Chrillian VI. caiif-
cd the whole building, with the adjoining houfis, which
had been purchafed of the burghers, to be pulled down
in 173I1 '"iJ 'fi*^ fallowing year laid the foundation of
the prefent fpacious and magnificent (trudlurc, which was
fiiiilhe.l in 1740. The firll floor is called the ladies (lory,
becaule molt of the laJicsand gentlemen in waiting have
tluir apartments there. The royal treafury and cafli-
oiiice arc alfo kept here, and the king's court of jullice
r.iid the burghers court are held in other apartments.
The office of the general ("upcrintendants of the huild-
in-s is likewife in this Itory. In the fccond or royal (tory
tlie ap.irtnients arc adorned with the utmoll magnificence
id elegance. The fupreme court of judicature is like
i., a luperb llructurc. In the lowelt (lory, which is vault- |
cJ,are kept the archives of the kingdom. In the fecoiid [
is the privy-cnuncil-chambcr, and alfo the chanceries of
Dcnni.irk, Norway, and of the Cierman dominions,
tlie military colleges, and the college of the finances. In
the third Itory are the ollices belonging to the treafury,
aii.l the rent-chamber.
Ill ihi. quarter is alfo an edifice in the firft (1 iry of
w'.iuh is the arfenal, an I in the fecoiid the king's library,
which is above two hundred feet long, and contains a-
bout fixty or fe\enty thouf.md volumes. In the third
flury arc the royal cabinet of curiofities, the piiture-gal-
krv, and the cabinet of medals ; and in the fourth Itory
is the cabinet of models.
In the royal cabinet <d' curiofities, jiill mentioned, are
feveral huge pieces of filver ore dug out ol the mines of
Nurivay in lOOh, one of which weighs five hundred and
r<tv pounds, and is valued at live thouf.md crowns ;
another piece is valued at above three thoufand, both
King fiippofed to contain at leall three parts lilver.
Tiiey are compofed of a whitidl Hone, the cavnies of
which licni filled with pure virgin filver, which in fome
p'i.ices lies in broad flat plates, and in others like pieces
lit l\nc lilver lace j but what are moll admired aie the
threads anil branches of filver, which flioot out an inch
or two beyond the Itone, in form of fiiia'.l flirubs or
buHlcs. Mere are likewife feveral large pieces of .iniber,
f.jiiie weighing lorty 01 fifty ounces. Upon opening the
ditches aboutl.openhagen thefc were found Itickiiv, like
the gum on the plumb trees in our gardens, to the fides
of the old tiees that were buried there. Among the
artificial curiofities is a piccj of ivory, on which is the
L.tlory of our Saviour's paffion beautifully expieU'ed in
tilievo. There is likewife a fmall man of war in ivory,
viith tilver guns, v/hich is much admired ; as is alfo a
, vvalch made of ivory, and a (kcleton made of the fame
labll iiiec two feet liX inches high, and fo ircely formed,
lh,it It is fcarcely to be Jillinguifhed Iroir. a iiatuial one
5S
the Great in 17 ifi. 'I'his tower was defigncd lor an ob-
lervalory, but the curious allronomical and matliemiti-
c.il inllruiiients, invented by I'vcho I'rahe, (Mans i-lo-
nier, .ind others, which were kept here, were all con-
fiimed by the great fire in 1728; hat afterwards Chrif-
tian V'l. procured the metl curious and v.iluable mathe-
matical and aflronoinical inllruments, to fupply the place
of thole that were burnt.
The eighth is the niantil.'vfturcrs qnarter.
Tlie ninth is the tall quarter, in whi,;h arc tb.c fol-
lowing places of note : the church of St. Nicholas,
which, next to St. .Mary's, is the largell in the city, an>l
the bell oinamented both within and without; the roof
is covered with copper, and it has leveral curious 1110-
nuiiienial inlcriptions.
The l>icmer Holms church, alio called the aiimirahy
church, it being firll allotted fiir the life of perli'iis be-
longing to the navy; but afterwards a large congregaiio.i
of burghers were added.
The general commilTion-oflice is a large llruflure
creeled by I'rcdcric IV. in the year 1704. Here the
united colleges of the admiralty and general comniifllou
meet. Heliiies this (Iruiflure, the foll.nving edifices be-
long to the n.'.v.il department' tlieOldor B.erner Holm,
a;ul Ihe New Holm, where the naval (lores are dillribut-
ed : Chiillianlholni, where is the naval arlenal, whicli
far exceeds that of Venice, and where the ruy.il fleet
uluallv lies.
rile New Tov\'n confifis of tvro quarters : the firft is
St. .Ann's call cjuarter, in which are Chailottenburg, ;i
pretty large and regular (Iruclure, begun in 1O7.'., aiui
completed in the fucccediiig years. It derives its name
from (pieeii Charlotte Amelia, confort of Chrillian \' .
The filuation of rhis callle or palace is very agreeable, its
principal front t.icing the fiiuaie c.dled the King's New
Market, which is emhellilhed with an equellriaii llatue
of Chrillian V. of lead gilt, placed on an elegant p.-de-
llal. On the fidis of tliu hni,- fquaic arc alio the
t; - ijtea!
■M'^iff
U3
Y S T F, M OF G i: O G R A P 1 1 Y.
Di
ii
1=1
,|fff
great ^uJrJ-h.Mifc, the foimJifry, aiiJ tl.c Djiiilli pl.iy ■
hou(c.
Then' arc alCo \n lliis qunrtcr the navnl hofpital, llic
church bilnnj^in!; to the gjrrifon : the l^'rcJcnckllaJt,
whkli is now aJorjK-J with (overal c'l<?g,;nt new palictb ;
Vredcri^k's church, built in imitation of St. Peter's at
Rome; th- general hol'pital: the tolhooth, or cullom-
houl'e ; ami the gr.nul academy ot" tlie royal caiiets. This
!a!l rtrui^urc was built bv Freilerick IV. tor jn ojicra-
linufe ; but in 1720 he afligiied it tor the land cadets;
and, rtvc or fix years alter, removed the company of lea
cadets to this editiee. Each company has its (eparate
apartments and e>eicifin;;-roonis, and is under the ii\-
fpcclion of its proper officer, who liktwife lives in the
acidcmy. Thi.l'c yoiinij men are not only fupplied with
!odiin_:;, clo.ithinj, hre and candles, and a monthly
l^enlioa fuflivient to find them in diet ; but are alfo in-
JtruiSted at the kind's expence in all the fciciices by able
m liters appointed for that purjwfe. Thvle two compa-
nies arc a kind of nurfcry for the army and navy.
In St. Anne's weflf (juarter is the royal palace called
Rofenburg, a fmall cdiMcc built by Chriltian IV. in 1604,
•11 the fenii-nothic t.i'le ; but is a grand Itruciure, adorn-
ed with one large and two fmall towers. It is I'urround-
cd with a ditch and a kind of fortification, and has its
own commandin;; officer ; hut the guaril is daily relieved
from the garrifon of Copenhagen. The adjoining gar-
dens arc very cxtenfivo, and cmbclliflied with a great
number of ornanienis. 'I'hcl'e, in iummer, firv the in-
habitants for a public walk, and the royal family I'omc-
times relide a lew days in this palace. I'he third llory
of tiie palace is laid to be the molt remarkable from its
containing a treafure of incllimable value. In the great
hall, which is in this llurv, and takes up the whole ex-
tent of the building, are five pieces of painting by the
Danirti artilt Krogk ; twelve valuable pieces of ta|)ertry,
rcprefenting the atchievc-iicnts of Chiillian V. and three
filvtr lions as large as the life, which at the king's in-
auguration arc pl.iccd round the throne. In two cabinets
ajoining to the hall arc kept tlie old and new regalia,
with other valualile jewels, and a whole fervicc of gold.
Another cabinet has a colleClion of curious and valuable
drinking glall'es, and other gjal's velVels. The royal
throne ufed at tiic inauguration Ihnds in another apart-
ment.
Chriflianfliafen coiififts only of one ciuartcr ; it is
fuuatcd on the ifiand of .\ni.ac, and had formerly its own
ina^ilfratts ; but is at prefcnt under the jurildiiilion of
thofc of Copenhagen. I'he moll remarkable places in
this fuburb are St. Saviour's church, which is cHeenied
the moil magnificent and elegant church at Copenhagen 1
and n.i-. a beautiful iKcple, that has a I'piral alcent on
the outlidc, bv which one mav go op to the top. The
lierman, or Frederick's church ; the orphaiihoufe for
the education of two hundred poor boys , the Eall India
company's houfe ; the line dock-vaid, where Ihips of
war are refilled ; and the gate of Chrillianlhafen.
Hetween Copenhagen and this fuburb is a high pillar
ereih'd in the niidll of the water, on winch is a Itatue of
a ii.iked woman, v.'ith a fwan c^n licr left fide that ex-
tends its long neck bchinJ Iter back, and, bringing its
head over her tight ihouKler, puts its bill into lier mouth.
This pillar and ttatue are conlidercd as a fymbolical rc-
prelciu.ition ol the city of Coprnh.igen : they were, how •
ever, found near CJalmar, in Sweden, during the war in
lOi I, and from thence conveyed to this city.
Ill this citv the Calvinilts have a church to thcmfelvcs •,
ih'ile of ibe,Romifii religion liequent the chapels of to-
il igii niinill.'ts of that piolellion, and the Jews have their
fyi;igogn's._
The iiiagiftracy of this city is appointed by the king,
and conlilis of a prefident, three biirgomalters, with vice-
burgoniaftcrs, and conimon-couiicil men.
liciidcb the lupremc and other colleges, academics of
painting ami drawing, the Ihcatrum Anatomico-
Chirurgiciim, trading companies, the bank, and the
ofiicc of inlinancc already mentioned in treat, ng of this
kingdom 111 gcneial, they have an iiiluiance-officc for
c.iHi, fre and waicr-otljces, and diUcient m.iiiufaitures,
in which lilk and woollen Itiiffs, cloths, line jjuld linen,
i:id lilvcr lace, purcelain, ^'c. arc nude.
This city has b'.en frequcnllv villtcd bv tf:e idaiuic.
which I'wipt away gieat numbers of the inh.ihitants. Ir
has often been bili-.ged, ami in 165S, and id'i'), held oi;c
againll: the Swedes alniolt two \earb ; and in r7co wa^,
bonibaided by the combined Heets of Swcdi n, Kiig|:in<j_
and Holland. On the twentieth of Odlobei, 1-2K, a
tire broke out in the evening in a mean houle near the
well gate, which fprcad with fuch fury, that in tortv-
cight hours the molt elegant and grcatelt partof thccitv
was rediKcd toalhes. Twenty-lour Itrccts and Iquares,
a thoufand fi.x hundred and titty dwelling-houlcs, fu,j
churches, the iiniverlity, with the four colleges beloni?-
iiig to it, the council-houfe, and lever.il other public
buildings, were burnt to the ground. J'he annivcrlary
(■f this dreadful accident is obferved in a religious ma;i-
iicr on the twenty-third of October. The city has,
however, been lincc rebuilt with greater elegance and
beauty.
As the fubiirh of Chriftianfliafen is fcatcd on the idand
(>f Amac, It is ncccllary to take fonic notice of that
ilhnd, which is joined to the city, and conlcqiiently to
Zealand, by two bridges. That illand is about nine
miles in length, and three in breadth : it is entirely level,
and has no vvoods, except a few thickets. The foil is
uncommonlv rich and fertile, and is therefore cailcj
the garden of Copenhagen. A part of it was i;iven in
1 516 to fevcral families, who were invited thither fioin
North Holland by Chriltian II. at the defire of Elizabeth
his queen, who was a native of the Netherlands, to make
butter and chcefe for the courts anil their defiendanis
Hill retain tlie habit, language, and cuftoms »f their
prcdecelinrf:, together with their cleaiilincfs and indullry ;
for they will not mix with the D^nes, but intermarry wiih
each other. This iflami, through the indullry of thefc
laborious people, plentifully fupplies the markets ofCo-
penhagen with all torts of roots and heibs, befides but-
ter, milk, great quantities of corn, and fome hay. The
whole illand is divided into two parifiics, and is peopled
by about eisht hundred families, many of whom arc
Danes.
In the neighbourhood of Copenhagen, is a magnificent
royal palace, tituatcd on a hill. It'derives its name from
Ficdcrick IV. who was its founder, and has been fincc
greatly enlarged by Jhriltian VI. This edifice is very
Ipacious ; on every hde it makes a mod magnificent ap-
pearance, and has a fine profpe^t. The garden, which
lies below the hill, is very ixtcniive, and contains apreat
number of pleafant walks, feveral groves, a labyrinth,
a theatre, many llatues, fountains, and fiimmer-houfcs ;
and, in particular, a very fine cafcade jult fronts the pa-
lace. From this edifice is a dcfccnt into the garden by
two flights of broad Hone Heps, 'i'he mcnagcry in the
garden is (locked with lions, tigers, and other wild
bealts. From this palace a pleafant avenue, pl.inteJ
with a double row ot trees, extends above half way tj
Copenhagen.
Jageiihurgis a royal !iuntin,;-feat, rebuilt by the prc-
fent king ; here the ollicrrs of the chace refide. From
hence a Uraighl avenue leads to the noble paik of Char
lottenlund, lo called from the king's picafurc-houfi.,
which (lands in it.
At about the diltance of a mile from this park lies that
of Jagerttiirg, which alfords a great deal of game. A-
bout the middle of it (lands a new edifice called the Her-
mitage, which is thirty ells in length, twenty in brcidth,
and elegantly adorned both within and without. In th •
lowed (lory is a curious machine, bv means of which the
victuals, &c. are conveyed to and from the king's table
in the (econil llory, when his majelly dines there.
At tlie dill.ince of about five miles is the cattle o!
Hirfchholm, a royal palace, which w.is aniieiitly a pla.e
of confiderable Itrength ; but nothing now remain^ of
the old callle, belides the name; for it is not only tic-
molillied, but the very filuation of the place has been en.
tirely altered by art. Chntlian VI. who took pollidiun
of it as prince royal, caulcd the foundation of a new edi
fice to be laid on the (pot where the old callle (lood. and
his qiicni, after his accetlion to the throne, continiiel
the building, the king h.iving made her a prelcnt ot it.
In 17 jo it was thought to be liniftled ; though every year
lincc, new iniprovcmciitb and cnibellifhnicnis have hem
continu.iHy
' I ''
4M
ith,
(hnulkS ;
the p;i-
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f in the
:r wiM
pl.mtt.l
way t J
[he pre-
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If Ch,ir
-houli.,
Ilics t!ia:
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tiuilllli.'i
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ry yiMt
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it9
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■M'l"'
araiKfi
it Iclsckj
It witliiii.
TIlL-
■ac hu
kc- (i|)lliclKit>,IU oi two
Itiirics, aiiil lia'i a iioi
lie t(J
I that throws up
I loiiiinii of water above twenty lect
h
j^h, which tail''
ilowii a^ain into a copp
er hafon.
The
h.ipel IS ek^'an
t and well adonicd, and the garden very
beautitiil.
the pa
the ga
lt.indstheNorw.iv
U the cxtteniity of it, dirciSHy oppofite t'
houfe i and on one lidc of
ace, IS a iiolile
mmcr
rdeii is an enimcnce
covered with trees, (in which
home, which is fo called from its bc-
jiisT built 111
ine Norwci'ian taltc.
At the diilaiice of about twenty
iles fr'
om Copen-
lie famous calHe of Fredericltfburg, which is
efperiallv the kniaht.s b.ill-ronm, which i;- over tlicchnrcll
'S'
'rhere
^hbo
ill the third (birv, and has ;il(ii a noble or
is a fine i; irden behind the palace, and the
pailc is iiiterlperlcd with chikiIs and lifti-pomls, and a-
ijrecahly diverllfied with a nii.\tiire of grals-plats, anil
little hills anil valleys, well Hocked with lallow-detr
fii
om Jin^land.
ha
At the dillancc of about eighteen miles from Cnpcn-
neur, a town fituaied on the
i'eii, IS
Kll
more, or
Klfi
Sound, directly oppofite to Klfinf;burg in Sweden, in the:
fifty-hxth degree eight minutes north latitude, and in/,-
the thirteenth dep;iee twenty-thr
III
ric
^T ^ ha*'en, is t
'*'' illeemcd the moll beautiful of any belonging to the king,
and is frequently called the Verfailles of Denmark
Chriftian IV. ciiilid the old building to be demolithed,
ami the prefeiu niagnilicent (Irudure to be built by the
ablelt and iimtl celebrated architeds in Europe. It (lands
in the niidli ot a lake of frefli water, and conlifls of three
iirincipal part.s each furroundcd with water, but joined
to -ether by bridges. 'l"he hill divilion, to which you ar-
rive by palling over a bridge, reftmblcs a horn-work,
the front of which is quite round, and faced with flnne.
On both fides are feveral buildings, which fervc either
;!i dwellin" hoiifes for the officers of the caftle, or (tables
for horles. From hence you pafs over a (tone bridge to
a noble high tower, which ftaiuls over the gate that leads
to the (ecoiid court. On each fide of this court to the
ht and left, itands a magnificent building, in one of
which are the governor's houfe, feveral apartments for
the noblemen belonging to the court, and the king's
kitchen ; and on the other the chief ma:;illratc of the
iirelcdlurc ol Scroe rilides. From this lecond court a
fine ftone bridge, built over a derp canal, leads to the
craiid portico of the chief entrance of the caftle, which
IS built with free-ftonc, and adorned with fculpturc and
cildiii". The principal buildingconfills of a corps-de-
loiris, and two wings, four (lories high, all covered with
coliper, and adorned with feveral towers, of which the
church tower is the higheft. Hoth the wings are joined
to the front by a low building of one llory. Upon the
firll entrance into the inner court, the magnificence of
the Ihuiture, the beauty of the marble, the elegance yf
the fi ulpture, and the richnefs of the gilding, fill the be-
holder with aftoni(hment ; but what principally (Irikcs
the eye is a noble imitation of the ancient aicbitecfiire,
confining of two grand arcades, one over the other, in
the front of the building. Thefc confift of (even arches
below, and as many above, built with frec-ftune, and
cmbelli(hed with ftatues that ftand either in niches or de-
tached from the wall, with many other ornaments.
Near one of the wings is a beautiful fmintain ; and which
way foevcr you turn your eyes, curious fculptiue, and a
variety of other embelli(hments,prcfeiu thtmfelvcs toview.
The gallery that leads to the hall of audience, is a-
dorned with a fine collection of paintings, molt of them
brought Irom Italy; and the hall is hung with the in. -
tures of lever.il of the Danidi kings, and of the prelcnt
foval family as large as the life. Tne exploits of fonie
of thefe nionarchsare alio beautifully paiiued in dilt'ercnt
parts of the (lalace, and the givat actions olChnlli.m IV.
are reprelented in rich tapcllry. In the chiircb belong-
in ■ to the caltle, the eve is in a manner daz/Iid by the
ulittering of the i;"ld, I'llver, and curious ni.iri-le, with
which it is cmbelliilied. The altar is of b'l.ick iii.irbie,
the front of the table is of lilver and ebony, and the pul-
pit IS of the tame materials. From the gallerv von h.ive
a view ot the lariic pictures with which the pilallcrs be-
tween the windows are decorated. In the windows, and
on the walls of this church, arc the efciitcheons of the
kiii"hts ot the Danebrog order. The gallerv leads to a
fp.icious place behind the altar, where the royal throne is
eieited i and on the walls, which arc hung with criinlcn
v( Ivct, ate leen the arms of all the knights of the order
ot the elephant. The grand organ iti this apartment,
IS curioufly embclliftied with Iculpture and gilding, i'or-
mcily a fine organ of filver and ebony likcwife lln.id
here. 1 he kings of Denmark arc always anointed in
this church. In the tower is a fine ring of bell-. In
(halt, all theapaitmcnts of thecaltlearc very magnilicciu,
liniites e,i(t longi- 13 ''.''.
tude. This is the riched and molt elegant town in Zea-
land, next to Copenhagen. It has two churches, ia
one of which, named St. Peter's, the minillers preach
in the Germ. Ill language. There is here alio a grammar
fchool, in which thirty- three poor fcholars arc educated
and maintained gratis, a good hofpital, and the king's
ciillom-houfe, whirh is a fine edifice newly built. Fl-
finorc has a confiderable tiade, and is f.imoii^, both on
account of its being the place by which the Swedes and
Norwegians ufually pafs into Denmark, and for the toll
paid here bv every fiiip that fails through the Sound.
On the north fide of the city ftaiids the famous and im-
portant cattle of Cronenburg, which is built with large
blocks of hewn ftone, in the moll durable manner, and
is adorned with feveral turrets and a varletv of fciilpture.
The fortifications of this caftle arc in excellent order.
Friedcnfbiirg is a roval palace, pleafantly fituared a-
bout nine miles from Cronenburg, in l.ititude fifty-five ,<5'.'j<-"
degrees thirtv-fix minutes. Frederic IV. was invited to
build this palace by its delightful fituatioii, and as tha
edifice was compleatcd in 1720, when the treaty of peace
was concluded with Sweden, the king gave it tliis name,
the word ftiedcn fignifying peace. This prince, beingex-
tremcly fond of this place, often refidcs here, and there-
tore, to render it as agreeable as polfihle, endeavours to
fupply by art whatever beauties were denied it by na-
ture. The inner court is a regular octagon, formed by
feven wings, one ftory high, and the main building,
which is oppofite the principal entrance. In the midlt
of the court is a fountai.i adorned with a marble (t.atuc
ol peace, made at Florence. The main building is in
the form of a parallelogram, and covered with copper,
and in the middle has a fpacious, light, and elegant
fqiiare hall. The other apartments in both (lories are
nobly furnidied. 'I'lie garden is not very extcnlive, but
is well laid out, and embelliflitd with ftatues, vales,
and other ornaments. It is I'uriounded with a lari;e
wood, that affords plenty of game, and in which feveral
villas are cut. I'rom the palace is a delightful profpedt,
the eye commanding almoll all the vilfas at once, and ac
the end of them is an extcnfive lake, in which is a beau-
tiful yacht. Near the palace isalfo a fine orangery, an4
an elegant church. In the wood which joins the garden,
is a nianegery (locked with a variety of beau'Liiul taim;
and wild fowl.
Rofchild, or RoelTiild, is an ancient city about a miK;
from the extremity of a bay called Ifefiord, ar.l derive-;
its name from Roe, the eleventh king of Denmark,
who was its founder, and the word kildc, which lignifies \
fpriiig; there being feveral excellent fprings on the fpot ^
where it Hands. This city is fituated in the fifty-fifth degree f,i "C.
thirty minutes north latitude, and in the twill'th degree
fifteen minutes ea(t longitude, and once contained tweii-
tv-feven large chnrchns and convents within its walls,
and its (Ireets extended to the fea-fhore. 'I'he kings of
Deiiinaik were tormcrly elected and crowned here, ant
aifo made it the place of their refidence. But (leijuent
fires, the tyranny of the biftiops, and the flourithing Hate
of Copenhagen, have (b far reduced this city, that it at
prcl'ent conlilts of only an inconfiderable number of
hollies, which are for the mod part meaiilv built. The
inhabitants (iipport themfelves by trade and iiiduftry, but
:heir chief employment is agriculture and the planting of
tobacco. The cathedral is a (landing monument of the
ancient grandeur of this city, though it has l>'-en three
times confiinu'd by fire ; it being adorned with many mo-
numents of the kings and queens of Denmark. A finall
royal palace was built hcie in the year 1-33 that has 4
I com-
r W
h
f f'i'l *l
120
A S Y S T E M O !•" G F. O G K A 1' H Y.
Denmark.
I-
\ '
S(- iO.
\^
:' ■ U.
1* If .
communication with the church, by means of a covcicii
palliigc.
In the cathcJr.il fchool, fix niafters and forty fchnlars
arc iii.iiiitaincil and educated. Here is alio an hofpit.il
fur fix poor widows ; and in 1609 a convent was founded
in thii town for twenty-one l.idics of quality, and a
Ijriorels. Kach of thefc ladies ha:, an annual penfioii of
tiyhty rixdollais, befidcs lodging; and board, ChriliianV.
alio endowed this protelLuit cojivent with live hundred
li.x-dollari a year. At the other 'z\\\ of the town is a
church dedicated to the Virgin Mary, in which, mo-
ney was formerly tuincil, and a multitude of relics was
prefcrved.
The city of Calinburg, or K.-llundborp, in the pre-
feilurcof the fame name, is one of the nmli llourilliiiij;
towns in Ze.iland, and has the belt harbour in the ifland,
except CopcnhaL;eii. St. Mary's church, which has four
lofty fpires, makes a good appearance. I he inhabitants
carry on a confidcrabic irad^-, and a great quantity of
malt is annually exported from hence. 'I'he paliage to
Barhuus in Jutland is ufually peiformed in twelve hours ;
and a certain number of I'inacks fail twic; a week from
one town to the other.
'i"he ifland of Samfo, in Latin Samfoa, lies about
thirty-eight miles to the north-well of Kalinburg, and
nineteen from Arhufe in Jutland, in the fifty-fixth de-
force north latitude. It is about fourteen miles long and
five broad. It has fevcral hills and eminences, and the
foil is for the moft part fertile, and in |-.articular yields
plenty of pe.ts, whence moll ol tl\e inhabitants are in
ccod circumilanccj, and carry on a conruler.ible tr.ade
with their finall craft. !t conCifts of live parillies, and is
furrnunded wi'.h feveral very fmall ill.indsandfandy flioals.
Sora is a little noted town, in a pleafant country, in
the prefecture of the fame name. It is I'ltuated ten nnlcs
to the fouth of Rofchild ; where it is furounded by three
lakes of frefh water, and thefe are again almoll encom-
palied with line woods. This town is remarkable for
the royal academy iituatcd at the fouth end of it, to
vhich belong a grand mailer, an infpcvllor, profellbrs in
iill the fciences 'that relate to civil or political employ-
ments, a French mailer, a riding mailer, Wuli projier
mailers for fencing, d.incing, and drawing. Iberc is
alio a ptinting-prefs fet up in this academy, Tf.e llii-
deius have their apartments in a large and commodious
llonc building.
The illandofMona, Mocn, or Moon, as it is ufually
called in our maps, lies ne.ir the coaft of the fouth point
of Zeaianii, in the llrcights called the Wollsund ; it is
Iituatcd in fifty-fne degrees twenty-one minutes n< rth
latiti.ie, and is nineteen miles in length I'rom call to
weft, and about nine in breadth. The high chalky dirts
towards the Baltic may be fecn at a great dillancc at lea,
uiie of which has fome refeMiblance to a thrime, and is
therefore commonly called the king's chair. .Stonea of an
unconim in figure are in great plenty on this coaft. The
foil of the whole llland is fertile, and yields great plenty
of peas. It coi-.fills of one p,ielec!ure, and contains levtn
rural |)atiflHs and the little town of Siege, fnuated in
the middle of the illand.
The ifland of Bornholm, In Latin I'omholmia, or
Borinjia, is Iituatcd in tlie IJ,
in the liity-tiftli de-
mi:
grce fiiteen minutes north latitude, and ill tiie filteenth
ilegtLC ten niinutCi call longitude, about le\cniy-llx
miles from the extreme point of Zealand, and extends a-
bout thirty-thiec miles in length from north-well to
fuuth-caft, and is nineteen in breadth. Tlv foil is fer-
tile, and produces all kinds of grain, particularly oats.
Here is alio good pafturage, and a great (|u3ntiiy of but-
ter is exported from hence ; it has alio quarries of niaible
and lime-ftone, aiu! abounds with pit-coal. The coaft,
from its dangerous totks and (lioals, is inacccnible almoll
on cver\ fide; but where there might be any danger of
an enemy's landing great ;.'iins are planted. At the peace
of Rofchild in 1658, it was ceded to the Swedes ; hut the
inhabitants being, tieated with great feverity by their new
irufter:^, thiv took up arms t!ie fame year, and, under the
conduct of Jens K.oefod, recovered their liberty, alter
which they delivered up the iflanJ to thi- king of Den-
maik, wdio, pleafed v^'ith this proceeding, lent them a
Iftlcr of tl'.Jiikt, and in a fccoiid letter promifcd t« take
ihoni under his imiiiedi iKr prol,.'Jlion ; an enjapemcnt
which the lueceednig kings ha\e conHrn;eJ tiotn linic
t<' time, and liornholiii has been ever fince an 'crcdit.iry
cinintry, beloni;iiig to llic kings of Denmark. In I67S,
live thouf.ind Sweddh troops were llranded on this ifland,
in their paliage from I'onu rania to Sweden, when, not-
withllaiiding the r being piovided with Danilh palles,
thole that elcaped tlie fuiy of the waves were made pii-
fonersofwar, i'he inh.ibitants delend the illand with
their own militia, withunt any expcnce to his Danilii
m.ijcfty, \\\vS have a governor, deputy-governor, prefedt,
and other officers 'I he ill.md coiifilts'()f one prefedure
which contains about a hundred villages, and fixtccn ru-
ral churches.
SEC r. viii.
Of th 9,iiiiiil G^X'i-inmiKt if Fui:ni, imluHing a Difcriptl:H
of ll'dl I foul; •!':,! (J' iht Ijlar.ils cf Lunjilin.il, Fiiljlcr,
ttiiJ LiiiiUiiiJ, with iDt pruiiiful ''1'uwks in euih,
I'^llIS government is the fecond in order, and in-
clud.s l'ui\Lii, Laiigelanil, Kalller, Laaland. and
other (mailer illands. It has iwo guvcrnors, under onu
ol whom aie Fuiien and I.angeiand, .-.nd under the other
are Falllerand L:ialaud,
'I'he ifland of I'unen, called in I,atin Tionia, and by
the Danes I'yen, lies between the Great and Little Heh.
his about hliy miles in length, and furty-five in breadth.
It received Its name Itoni its being a fine coiintrv, iht
whcde ifl.ind being fertile and very ple.if.int ; W'liencc
moll of the noble families ol the kingdom relidc there.
Indeed, it is not cafy to rind in any orhcr place of fucti
fmall extent, fo many noblemen's i'cats as there are in
this illand. The foil yi-.'lds fuch plentiful crops of grain,
that the inhabitants may annually export above a hundred
thoufand barrels of rye, bailey, oats, and peas, to Nor- ''
way and Sweden, exelnfive of their home confumption.
It alio produces a vail quai-.tiiy of buck-wheat, whicii ii
chiefly cultivated by the inhabitants. They employ a
great deal of care in breeding bees, and m.ike a conliJer-
ahle quantity of line muid, which is exported to all parrs
of the kingdom. The apples that grow in this illand .ut-
alio much admired, and ii likewife produces plenty of
hops and elculent herbs ; but the learcity of wood obli'JCi
the inhabitants chifly to ufe turf for fuel. 'I'herc are in
this illaiid two mountains of confidcrable height, fevcial
frefh uater lakes, and rivers that abound wlm tifli ; but
noneof ihem aie navigible. In the bays, and all alun^-
tlie emails, are taken a great qu.intity tjf fca tilh, parti'^
eulaily tuibot, cod, heriinj<, and e:ls.
The whole Illand is dnid^d into . five prcfctTurcs the
priiuipal plactrf in which arc,
Nybnrg, or Niburg, in Latin Neoburgum, a ftron"-
town on ilic Cjreat Belt, and though not very large, ha^
a commoilious fuuatioii, and is well built. ' 'l"hc~ pani'i
chuieh and the louncil houfe arc the bell in th- ill.md.
The h.iibour is large, but neither futliciently derp, n^r
(liiltired /rom lome winds, 'i'he lown is leattd in tha
hfty-lifth degree lwenly-fe\en minutes north latitude jv
and in the tenth degree fifteen minutes call loii'.tude, ^''
The inhahitaiils lublift partly by accimimodating thep.,f.
lingers who daily crofs over trom hence to Zeahind or
return hither Irom thence, and partly by coinnurce
The fhips that pals through the Great Belt are obli-ej
to pay toll here, lor which purpofe a man of war is^il.
ways llationed in the Belt. 'I'his ciiy was fi.ft built ::i
1175. All that remains of the r.iya' _,. lent palace,.^.,
where Chriliian II, was born in 14S1, and when m\ in- ,r'-
lant carried up to the top of it by a nujiikey, and brought
down again without receiving any hurt, is only a Kiri.c
wing, with a Hat tower, a liitl-. higher than the roof
and at prelent lerves tor a maga/ineand an arfen.il.
Odeulee, in Latin (.)thinia, is a city of great antiquily
and the capital of the general government ; itispici;/
large and populous, but the gie.itelt pun of tlie citv is old
and decayed ; lome of it is, however, new and wt 11 buill.
It is laid to nave been erected bcfnre the Chiilli;iii era'
and to derive its name Iruni the idul Odin, and not a'
lome lut e inia^ineJ fioni the einjjcror Otfiu I. whu never
vvaj
bcNM.
1,1 i'-
was there
degree t»v
tenth degi
yields a va
runs into
mile an 1
churehe .
marlc.ibl.
tilleil i hi
Friars, o
and Cln,
king t' In 1
the gilt ol
tiful. Ne
the year 1 =
modious,
for biede
Fuiieii i bii
thi.i c>.\
Chriftian V
iiig of f; ; I
education,
poorer loit
'I'he provii
nail of the
th- city
maik, and
ploy ihiity-
fni-iller vdk
The ill.in
;., fifty-fifth d
4, the tenth
thirty- three
It is very I'er
as Funeii ;
'I'ranckiar,
each coufillii
'I'hf illand
■. from Ze.ihin I
about twenty
wards th-' no
wards the fo;
btj.id. It is \
«)f Denmark,
forts of game
illand is connn
and coiihlls ot
dillricls, in 01
and in the otlu
The princi[
Latin Nicopi,-
llrcights called
fiftv fix miiuit
well built to-vvi
but is not in fo
the queen <\ii\\
flantiy refided 1
wall and ditch,
endowed holpi
to the town, a
pretty huge, n
ries on acmilid
Theifl.'.ndo
r.aaland, is lep
fircig.hts c.dled
is encompaft'ed
ninetci-n miles
thirty-three m
breadth, and t!
nions. This i
ly very fine wh
niniis lor a V\W
tade rcfemldes
lleiii i it atfo ab
hut thife arc mi
hile of the illan
the adv,iiitago r
count of gra/in
the foil isd.inip,
arc here, howei
;'hlc clfites, aiK
5 +
was there. It is HluatcJ In a line pl..i
1. tf R
in the fiftv-fit'th
ilc'iTce nvcntv five minutes nmih l.ititiide, anJ in the
tenth Jeurcc ihiitv minnt.'s ealt lon2ituJe, .m u river thjt
vieUls 1 variety oflllh, aiiJ about ;i mile hch>w the town
ul|>h otSte
runs into the {^uipn o, oiL-ellraiul. 1 he city is about a
mile ami a hall Ion-, aiul half as hroaj. It has tour
churches, anion'; whK h the cathedral is the moll re-
inirkable : ilie inruie has been lately repaired and hcau-
tifiei'j but the aiehiteanre is old and mean. In the ( Jrey
Kriws', or Kraiicifean church, aie interred king John,
his niieeii, with their foil Frailc' '
and
i'l-
has
I l)ar;!!i
ill.ind.
', iiof
in ihs
i tilde, s/ !)
ituJe. /.' . ','
e,,..U
li, or
urce.
Ibliged
is .il-
"lit ;.,
la!ace,,'?.O.i;>,
lin in- .r.v.'i'. .
[ought
laryc
root,
^uity,
|>ict!y
lisolJ
Ibuilt.
In era,
|)ut as
I never
Via
* and Ci"il!i:ia lus t)
■* liiivrL'hiillian II. The table of the .dtar, which was
■^ thc'irill: of llie .ibove-mentioned iiueen, is extremely biau-
"'^ iifu! Ke->r ''■'» ''hurch is a haiullome hofpital, built in
the ve-ir i ■; ',''• '''''^' ^'"a"- I"'-"-''-' is neither large, com-
modious, nor cle,;ant ; it being only ereL4ed as a lodging
V for Frederick IV. in his occalional progrels through
% Funen ; but there that eJtcellent prince died in i 730. In
' tliiicitvis a colle[;r, creeled and liberahv endowed by
Cbritliaii IV. and alio a large cathedral fchool, confill-
iii<r (,f C^-: cl.;ll'e5, where all the ieholars, belldc. their
education, receive a I'ni.dl pcnfion, .ind thirty-li.\ of the
poorer fort are boarded and provided with all ncceHjries.
The provincial court is held evei v month in the great
hall of the city. The bay lies a little above a mile tVoin
the city; the iuluibitants brew the belt beer In Deii-
maik and carry on To confiderable a trade, as to em -
' ploy 'ihiity-four large (hips, bcfiJes above a liuiidred
jnialler vcU'els.
The illand of Langeland, which is lituateJ m t,-.e
.■,.'. fifty-Tilth degree twenty minutes north latitude, and in
' ' the tenth dcgiec fifty-four minutes call longitude, ij
thirty-three miles in length, but I'carce live in breadth.
It is very fertile, and under the lame general governor
as Funen ; it contains only the royal prcfeeture of
Trancki.ir, which includes the north and foiith dilhiil,',
each ccnfilling of feven churches or |)ari(hes.
The illand of Falllcr lies at the dillance of two lea;',uis
from Zealan.!, in tifty-live degrees north latitude, ami is
ibout twenty-eight miles in length, but it^ breadth to-
wards th.' north end docs not e,\cecd fourteen, and to-
wirds the fouthern extremity is but about four miles
buad. It is vcrv fertile, and niav be e.died the orch.ird
of IJcnmark, from its yielding abundance of fruit: all
{brts of game arc likcwil'e here in great plenty. This
illand is commoni; thedowrv of the ipacens of Denmark,
and coiifills of one fmgle preleflmc, which contains two
diltriiUs, in one of which are thirteen ruiv.l churches,
and in the other iiftccn.
The principal town in (his ifland is Xicopping, in
Latin Nicopia, or Ncapolis Danica, fituated cii the
llrci'dits calleil Guldbor^lunJ, in the foity-iiimh degree
fiftv-fix minutes north latitrde, and is a prettv large,
well built town, one of the moU ancit tit in the kingdom ;
but is not in li> floii.-iiiiing a condition as formcilv, when
ihc oueen dowager, and other royal perfonages, coii-
ftantly rel'ided hero. On the land fide it is fortified by a
wall and ditch. It has a free grainmar fcbe.ol, and a well
endowed hofpital. The royal palace is a great orr.amcnt
to the town, and is fituatcd very agreeably : the garden is
pretty lar.-.e, and kept in good order. This town car-
ries on acoididerable trade.
The illand of I, aland or I.olland, call.i! by th.c nr.nc.<
T.aaland, is le]iar.iLC<l fioni Falller on the call, by the
fircii'.hts called CiuldlK'Tflund, and on every other lide
is crirompali'ed bv the (jreat Belt and the I'a'tic. It i^
nineteen miles diltant from the illand of Fern ■:en ; 15
thirtv-thiec miles in lengtli, and about fo:irrccn 1.1
bicadth, and the moll fertile fpot in tfic D.iiiilh dnnii-
nions. This liland pniduces plenty of grain, pirticiiiai-
ly vcrv fine wheat, ainI excellent peas ; it is likevvile {.x
nious lor a kiiulof led fruit called mann'., which in its
talte rofembles Iwect almonds, and grows on a (lender
tlcni i It alio abounds with apples. It has I'omc woods,
butthefe arc more freiuent on the call than oii the well
iiile of the illand. ;\s agrieiiliiirc turns out greativ to
the advantage of the inhabitant', they nuke little ae-
rount of "r'^'i"-'- ^'^'^t after all, the countrv lies l.nv,
the foil IS damp, .Old the air vcrv iinhealthv. The nobilitv
are here, however, very numerous, and li.ive coiiluh r-
fMecllatcs, and very Hn: feat-. Tbl^ i'!,i">!, like Fal-
5+
AiS'-'
d p t.
\ii
llcr, has a particular governor ; but in fpiritual /.fV.iirS
both aie under the biihop of Funen. It contains three
prelechnes.
The capital of the ifland is Nafliow, in Latin KalVo
via, which was .'.nriently well fortified ■, but is now onl"
cncompaflcd witn a wall. It is of a noddling li/.c, and
haiulfomely built. The inhabitants arc wealthy, am!
tr.ide in the produce of the country, it having a prett\"
good harbour. The jews are allowed the public exercil''
of their religion, and have a iVnagogue here: the tovvi'
has alio a giantni.-r I'elitjol, and an hcipital.
S F C v. l.v.
0/ ''/'iiliitril ill ^I'lciiil ; with a parli;iiLir ^c.iutit of \i>ih
'Jntlarr/, its fiveml G',vciiiii'iiits, unJ th,- pr:ii.ipjl P!.,.t:
L'jitaiiicd in idd:
'\\JY. now come to the pcninfiila of Jutland, callcj
VV bv the Dane-; JiidlamI or Jylland, 111 Latin Jutia,
the ancient Cimbriea Cherlonefus. This large peiiin-
fula is boirndcJ by the Baltic on the call; by the North-
Sea on the north and well ; and on the I'outh is (eparatcil
fre-m Holllcin by theFider and the Lcwcn. It is com-
puted to extend, from the river Fider to its nonberii ex-
tremity at Cape Skau, two hundred and fortv-fevcii
miles ill length ; and f'om Bouberg to Nallet, a h'lindreit
and fourteen miles in breadth. It is divided into N'ortli
and South Jutland, the latter of which is called the:
diitchy of Slefwic, of which we fliall give an account in
a feparate feciioi'r.
North-Jutland, which is commonly calleil by the ge-
neral name of Jut'and, is bounded on three fides bv thi:
North-Sea and the Baltic; but on the louth is dividc.I
from South Jutland, or Slefwic, bv the liveis Koldiiu;
and Skotbing. It extends a hundred and lightv miles
in length, and from I'eveiity-onc to ninetv-(i\e m breadth,
and, of all the territories in Deirmaik, is the largeil,
and yields the greatefl revenue. Indeed the middle pate
is moKlv competed of heaths and moors, which, how-
ever, alt'oid good pallure for oxen, flieep, and goats ;
but the other parts, which arc of greater extent, arc ex-
tremely frrtil?, ITS appears from the grc.it quaiititv of all
Inrts of :;rain annually exported to Sweden, N'orwav,
and Holland, and from the great fums received by the in-
habitants for their liorfes, oxen, and hogs. Hence lut •
land has been frciprently called the Land of Bacon an, I
Ryc-Bread. Here is alio great plentv of lea and frefh
w.iter fifli of all kinds; but the large il lakes. In which
the moll iilli are found, are near the palace of Sc:inder-
biirg. The chief bays and gulfs arc on the eiift fide oT
the peninfula, the principal of which is the gulf Lvitif'urr,'
which runs from the Categatc, iiinet\-five miles within
■ ' " ' ir
of'
in-n,!.
and, and gradually widening, fnims I'cveral ilh-.nd
is navigable, and abound; with filh ; but though it is
fuch !arge extent, it is feparated from the lea on!v bv .1
narrow tr3ct of land. Here are alio f'cveral other <,'uifs,'
vviiich fo.-m good harbours. There are a great mimberoi'
I'nia'.I llieams, but the l.iigcll river is that of (iudei',-
from which Jutland is laid to deiivc its ii.imc ; it rifiii";
in the govcrnmen; of .-Vihule, and .d'ler receivin;'; abovi;
fortv fmaller Iheanis, becomes n;u igable mar Kaiulers,
and baling run a courfe ol about a hundred .md nineteen
miles, fa'!> ii'.to the t'ategate.
Jutland is everv where interlpcrf'ed with hills, and on
the call fide has fine wood.i of oak.,, fir, be-ach, birch,
and other tiecs ; but the well fide being lefs woodv, the
inhabitants ..re ohiiaed to life turf m\A heath for fuel.
Here is alfo .lent plenty of all kinds of gaiiif. Fhe air
is fiimewhat keen ami piercing, efpccially towards the
North-Sea.
The Jiirlinders arc of a robiifl conllituiion anil rtfii-
Inte temper, fceming to have lail'ed themlelves to a (late
(>t tV-ed.om fiipcrior to that of the other inh.ibitants or'
l?inni.'.:k. .Many of the pcalants have freeholds, for
which they only pay a I'mall acknowledgment to the lord
of t'lie manor.
The Danidi language is (poke with lefs purity and e-
IcL-iiue hi ic th.iii in the other provinces, and belidcs,
the l-iitlaiiJcrs ha', e a pi'iticulat accent. Frcdeiicia i.
H h thi-
^-A\
:-l|
J:
i.; Il
^■!' *J
122
A S Y S T r, M OF G E O G R A 1> H Y.
Di;n.m
i i
; '
5 i I
n
\
■:■'•■/*'.
;6':f».
. i
the only pla-c where any n.!iglun, btfiJcs that of Lu-
ilK-raiiiliii, is tokr.itcd.
North Jutl.iiul UMs formrrlv illviiled into nine lnrij,c
ilirtrich i but thi^ .iiiciuiit divilldn is now aboliflied by
tht' roy.ii courts otjudiciturc, and it is at prcftnt com-
polal ot' tour diocclcs, org-joi'ral govcMnmenli!. Each of
thcl'c has Its blihop and m.-Mcral-govcrnor. 'I hev ik-iivc
thiir names from lour chief c itic. \Vc (hall be^;iii witli
thofe th:it lie moil to tlie north.
The p,cneral government ol Albiirp, or Aalbor;-, com-
prehends [he nioit northern part of Jiillaiid, it bcin;; di-
vided from the other provinces liv the gulf of I-ymfurt,
and would be an idand were it not for the narrow ilHrnius
between the North-Sea and the inilf of Lvnil'urt. It ex-
tends 111 length fomcthiiip; above ciiihty five miles, and
its greaied breadth is nearly as inijch. Nature has di-
vided this province into four parts, which arc fubdividwd
into a certain number of prefec'lures.
Albourg, in Latin Alburgum, the capital of thl-. j;o-
vcrnnient, is a large, populous, ancient city, and, next
fo Copenh,.geii, the molt wealthy in tlie whole kiii;',dom.
>, It Hands in latitiid;' fifiy-rix de;;rccs thirty-five miiiutts,
in a VL-ry low fituation, and is watered by two rivers
caikd the Kail and Weft River, which run throut;h it.
It has two parifh cliurches, an hofpitai with a chapel, a
cathedral fchoo!, and two alxs-houles. An epiicopal
palace was built here bv Chnfti.m V. and a roy.il palace
fhinds near the water-fide, where the general governor
relidcs. Here U alfo an e.xchan[;e for merchants, and
a deep and fafc harbour, but its mouth is fomewhat d,f-
licult. A j;re.:t cpiantilv ol herrings and grain is ex-
ported from hence, as alio nuilkets, pillols, fadJles, and
gloves, for which the city is famous.
The next general government is that of Wiooiir'^,
W'hieh is boiiiulcd on the north by the gulf of Lymfuit ;
on the caft by the Categatc ; on the foiith by the go-
vernments of Arhufe and Ripen ; and on the v.iil by the
government of Ripen alone. Jt is about lorty-feven
miles in bicadth, and fil'ty-fcven in length, andi.ef-
tcemcd the leaft: of the four govcrnmeius into whicii
North Jutland is divided, it containing only two prelec-
tiires, iji wliich are forty-Ieven m mors.
The moft confiderable place in thi.i govcrnincnt is W'i-
bonrg, in Latin Viburgum, the capital of all North
Jutland. It ftands in the il(ty-fi.\!h degree cightcrn mi-
nutes north latitude, and in the ninth degree twenty mi-
nutes ea(l lon'^'itude, aimoli in the center of the counlrv,
.and is fcatcd on tlic lake of Afniild, which abounds with
fidi. 'I'liis is one of the moft ancient ciiies in the whole
kingdom : btfcrc the Reformation it contained twelve
churches and fix convents. It is at prcluit near two
jTiiIes and a half round, and includes three parilh eliur. he.,
three market-place;-, fix gates, and twenty-eight (ircti,,
and lanes. The coveriior-gcncral ol the province iilldes
here, and it is a bifliop's fee. The rath^dral was burnt
down in the year 172D ; hut proper meafnrcs wire im-
mediately taken for rebuilding it. 'I'he epilcojial, or ca-
thedral fchool, ha.s fix niafters, with handfon-.e falaries,
rnd a royal foundation for poor (cho'.us. H.-ie is alfo a
rtately cdihcc, in which the prounci.il court for all
North Jutland is held inonthlv- In the year 1606, this
. citv was entirely deftroycd by tire, and in 1 72()the largi-ft
and heft part of it was a fecond ti.aie burnt j but the da-
mages it then fuftained were foon repaired.
'I'he general government of Arhufe, called bv the
Danes Aarhuus, borders on the gulf of Wihourg, and
i-xtends about fcventv-one miles in length, and from
fortv to forty-three miles in breadth. This government
is, in fome rcfpects, preferable to any other 111 Jutland,
and the extraordinary fertility of the toil enables the in-
habitants to export annually very large tpiantitics of
{;rain. It is divctfificd with many woods, feveral lakes
abounding vN'ith fifh, and commodious bays; and is wa-
tered bv (cveral rivers and brooks. This government is
divided into eight prel'eiilurcf, the principal places in
which are,
Arhufe, Arhufen, in the Danilh tongue Aarhuus, the
capi.al of the diocefe, is fituated in the lifty-fixth degree
ten minutes north latitude, and lies low in a tine plain
between the fea and a lake, and from the latter a theam
runs ia 2 pretty wide channel tb.rou^h the city, dividing
AKK.
it in two unequal parts. It is a lari-e, populous, and
mui h-fKi|iiented town, that haj fix gites, tvNo >.liufelies,
a chapel of cafe, an epilcop.d pala.e, a eachedral Icliool,
,iiid a will-endowed hof|iii.il. The caihedr.il is a laiee
(Iniilure, a htiiidied and tifty paces long, iiinctv )u
broad, an I ne-r torcy-five Dutch ells in height. Jieloru
the l'>t|i;rniation, liere were two nionatleries, and one
convent of nuns. 'I"he provofts of the dioccfe hold an
ali;.nil,ly twice a year in the chapter-houfe. / lii. bar-
biiiir, wiiich is at the mouth of the abovemeiitioiieJ
ch.iniul, is (,\t^: and convenient, but is not veiy l.nge,
and liimetimes has not a proper deptli ot watii ; how-
ever, the city cariies on a conliderable trade.
Scaiiderbourg is a very aiicieiii palace, tituatrj in a
plt.cfint country, and fuiiouiidcd on every tide with
woods and w.iter. 'I'he kings of Denmark have, evir
frice the C'hrilti in religion w.is introduced into the kiii"-
doni, ri liJed more or lei's in this place. In the reign of
I'udLriclV. the apartmciiti were rendered more com-
modious ; tlu-y weie ciiibcllinied with new ornaments,
and near lliis tlriiLliirc a garden w.is laid out. On oiij
tide ui this palace is the little town of the t'ame name
the inhabiiants of which are chietly employed in agiicul-
tiiie ; and in 1751, fome works were let up for letinine
brown, red, and yellow ok' r, all which fpecies of cartll
arc very common in Jutland.
The general government of Ripen is bounded on the
norih by the gull of Lymfurt, and by the dioceles of \Vi-
boiiig and Aihufe, with the Little Ik'lt on the caft ; on
the li,iith it joins to the dutchy of Slelwic, a pait of
which belongs to it ; and on the weft is waf'ied by the
North-Sea, It is a hundred and loity-two miles in
length, and Jifty-feven in bicadth. 'I'hu is tiic inoft ex-
teidive, but neiilur the moft fertile nor populous, of the
tour general lovtininents, into which North Jmiand is
divided; lor it is intcrfperfcd with large barren waftes :
the I'oil i;-, however, very fertile in feveral parts of the
government. The fee of Ripen was founded in g jO, bv
the emperor Otho I. who, after a fuccefsf.il war with
Harold king of Denmaik, prevailed on liim to embrace
the Cliiilliaii religion. This province contains four pre-
lecltircf, llie moft confidcrable places in which are,
Jiedericia, 01 1 icdeiica, in the prefeiiure of KoMin",
the n:oft fcitile part of the country. This is the only
lortiiied pl.i.e in all North Jutland. It is a modern town
fitu.ned on tiie Little liilt, but though it takes upaiar.'c
coniiiafi, it is f.r In. m leiiig full of buildings and inha-
bitants. It tirit began to^bc built in 1651, by Kic-
dcric HI. but fcarce were the fortifications finiflied, and
the town properly inhabited, w hen the Swedes, in 1O5-,
took it by lloriii, and burnt a great part of it to the
ground. IJuili the fyrliiii .itions and the town were re-
p.iireil at the conclulion of the war, and in 16S2, Chrif-
ti.iii V. granted a chaiter winch rendered Fredericia an
atylum lor all bankrupts, wliether natives or forci'^ners,
and allowed all the Calsiiiifts, I'apifis, and Jews, who
lettled here, the fiee exereife of their religion. The for-
liticatinns of this town arc in good condition, but arc t'o
hirge in exieiit, that they would ree|uire a numerous gar-
rifon to defend them. Here are two Lutheran cluiiclies,
in one of which the fervicc is aiternatciv peitinined in
the D.'.nini and Cierman languages ; a Calvinift cliuich
a popilii church, a fyiMgogue, a grammar fchool, and a
good .irlenal. ,\ conlider.ible quantity of tobacco is
plamed both within and without the walls. Ileie.ill vel-
fels p.iQiiig through the (Ireight called the Little Iklr,
pay a tidl.
Kidiling, in Latin Coldlnga, a fmall town on the ri-
ver Trueth, or kolding, which here difcharges itfelf in-
to a bay that runs about live miles from the Little IJelc
within land, as far as this town. It lies low between
two hills, and is one of the oldeft towns in the couiuiv.
It has one parifli church, a rich holpiial, with a ehureh
belonging to it, and a grammar fchool : but the haibour
being choaked up, is a great dil'advantage to its tiade.
On an eminence to the noith-well ifands a ( Jtle, built
in the year i?4.8, but it was greatly improved by Chril-
tian III. L'hiiliian l\'. and I'redeiie W , Om of iu
greateft fiiig^ularities is the giant's tower, erciled by
Chriltian IV. which is flat on the top, with a (tone ba-
luftradc, and has at Mch of the I'jur conicrs, a ftatue of
ft.. no.
Denmar
ftonc, fevc
church or i
the royal ci
the bridge,
modifies th
fiir the horfi
wic. I'he
with anothc
fixdollars ar
The city
pital of the
tliirty-lix m
greee ten m
river Nibs-/
moft antient
one of the r
North, it ha
bcfides the cr
and between
confiderablc r
to Norway,
city had the f
jiut to this 0|
grations, and
war. The ci
Nibs-Aa, wh
fometinics lay;
befides the cat
Mary, and ftar
and contains
Chriftopher I.
houfe, in whic
effigies of all tl
the (irft excepti
edifice, faid to
by the Domini
guous to it. T
been founded ii
in Denmark : ii
and a library c
vent is convertci
exchange beloni
Heic is (iill a fi
cattle, and horfe
admit of only fn
thcfe only at big
Vf South Jiillim,
h.\ti'>:t^ Rivirs
J^: ipt.cn of the I
Jjlinds on ,li C
THL" dutchy
pital, but
Jutland, particul
e.roneouny annex
p.irt of (j.rmany
nark, and is (!i\i.
bounds i: on the I:
n;.;:i cnipl.-e, by tl
'^ bounded by ih
Skotburg, wliieh
tn the weft it is
extends in length
figh:y-fivc mile:.,
lome places no mo
pirt it is about fi;
illands of Arroc an
'I here are no hig!
fmincnces. The
Slefwic and Apenr;
"loft of which flov
"^"V mentioned,
ilie Trecn, which
■-.nd the Nips-Aa,
vcral fmaller itreani
IVnidence has ,
'orn, cattle, and fil
I f.
I
Denmark.
£ U R O P E.
lij
none, fcvcn feet lili^ji. Thi'; caAlc has its particulnr
ciuirc'h or chapel, liut Koldiiig is chiefly rtmarlcabic for
tl,c riiyal culbm-houfe, which (lanJs over the water on
the bri>lge, in order to receive toll fur all foreign com-
nioJitits that pafs through it in carriages, ami likewifL'
for the hnrfes and oxen that go into the dulehy ot Sltl-
wic. 'Che number of oxen palling this way one year
with another is computed at twenty thoufand, and two
rixdollars are paid for every head.
The city of Ripen, in Latin Rip;t; Cimhricr, the ca-
pital ofthe dioccfc, is fituated in the fifty-filth degree
thirty-fix minutes north latitude, and in the ninth de-
creee ten minutes caft longitude, on the b.inks of the
river Nibs-Aa, and, next to Wibourg, is reckoned the
moft antient town in North Jutland. It was formeily
one of the moft celebrated and fiourifliijig cities in the
North, it having four parifll churches and five chapels,
bcfides the cathedral, four convents with their churches,
iind between fix and fcven hundred free burghers. A
confiderablc number of fliips then traded from this port
to Norway, England, Holland, and France, and the
city had the privilege of coining money ; but an end was
put to this opulence, partly by feveral dreadful confla-
grations, and partly by inundations and the ravages of
war. Tlie city and fuburb arc feparatcd by the river
Nibs-Aa, which entirely furroiinds the former, atid
fometimes lays it under water. Here are tv/o churches,
befides the cathedral, which is dedicated to the Virgin
Mary, and ftands on an eminence. It is a large llrudure,
and contains the monuments of king Erick III. and
Chriftopherl. On one fide of the choir is thechaptcr-
lioufe, in which the confiftory is held : here arc alio the
cfFigies of all the bifliops of Ripen fincc the Rtformation,
the firft excepted. St. Catharine's church is alio a large
edifice, (aid to have been built in the thiritcnth century
by the Dominican monks, whofc convent was conti-
guous to it. The grammar-fchool, which is laid to have
been founded in the year izgSJ, is the inoCt antient of any
in Denmark ; it confiils of lix dalles, has I'cvcn malters,
.nnd a library creeled in ijzr.'. The Dominican con-
vent is converted into a commodious hofpital, and the old
exchange belonging to the merchants into a town-houfe.
Heie is ftill a finall trade carried on in grain, horned j
cattle, and horfes ; but the (liallowiiefs ofthe liver will j
admit of only fmall vellels coming up to tii: city, and \
thcfe only at high water.
SECT. X.
Uf Soul'.' Jiilliml, or the Dulcliy cf SLJivii : in Siltiatioii, \
J:.:ii'U, A'/ftTj, Produce, iinii hihalntanti : uilh a De-
friplicn cf the p> ineipiil Tonus in ll>at DulJ'y, tiiiei ofthe
Jfundi on Us Cci'ji.
T'llM dutrhy of SIcfwic derives its n.imc from its ca-
pital, but is frequently termed in hillory boutli
Iml.iiul, particularly by antient writers. .Some have
e.roneoufly annex-d it to HoHlein, and defenbed it as a
p.-.rt of CJ.rmany ; but Slefwic is in reality a p^irt of Den-
mark, and is di\i.!ed from the dutchy of Holliein, wiiich
hounds i; on the louth, and confeijuently Ironi the Cier-
ii;.:;i empire, bv the Eider and the Lc.ven ; on the call it
is bounded by the Baltic and the rivers Holding and
Skotburg, which feparate it from North Jutland ; while
to the weft it is vvaihed by the North Sea. Thus ic
extci'.ds in length from Renddiurg to Koldingcn, about
fi;h!y-five miles, but its breadth is unequal, it being in
I'omc plates no more than forty, though in its broadelt
part it is about fixty fix miles, including the two fmall
illands of Arroe and Helgeland.
There are no high mountains in Slefwic, but only fome
tminences. The highell hills arc near the town< of
Slefwic and Apenrade. The chief rivers in thisdulchv,
;:!o(l of which flow from eaft to weft, are the Lider al-
K'acy mentioned, as dividing Denmark from (iermany;
the Trceti, which falls into the Eider near I'uderiekltadt ;
.■.nJ the Nips-/\a, which runs clofc by Ripen, with fe-
vcr.il fmaller Itreams.
Providence has plentifii'lv fiipplled this country with
^orn, cattle, and filh ; and foiiie parts cf the w. il lidif
of Slefwic, lying belv.'ccn the conliiiont .ind ihc iflands,
which are ovcifluwed by the tidej, all'urd a great many
oyllcrs.
'I'lie inhabitants are a mixture of Danes or Juts,
I/ower Saxons, and Friefians ; liefides v.hi'. h there arc
llivll.iiiders (eliU-d in Fredeiickl^adt, and I'lemini-s ill
Nordllrand : whence in (ome places the Iriefian is thu
ciimnion langm.ge, in others the Danilh, and in otherJ
t!K; (J'-rnian.
Jjutlieranil'm is the prevailing religion in this diitchv,
except at Erederieklladt, where papiils and Jews, bcfides
feveial lec'ts, are tolerated ; and on the ifland of Nord-
llrand the Uonians have a popifli church and a chapel :
the (-.ilvinills are alio indulged in the excrcife of their
religion in this dutchy, by an tdidl illued in 1734 J but
they are not very iiiinierous.
The nobility of Slefwic have the fame privileges with
thofc of Holliein, but are not fubject to the fame gover-
nor ; for they acknowledge the king only fur their fovc-
reign, and are under the jurifdiction ofthe royal provin-
cial court at (jotlorp.
'I'he whole dutchy is divided into cities, pr^fciSliircs,
tliltrict-, parillics, manors, and other finaller divifions.
The cities have their paiticular niagiltrates, who are en-
tirely indcpendaiit of the prcfciSfs. A governor is prc-
lident or chief judge in all the towns ol the dutchy.
'I'he taxes in the country are fometimes levied by the
flcwards or cleiks ofthe pretties, and fometimes by the
niagiltr.ates of the dillricts, and by them paid to the
king's receiver at Rendftiurg. In every prefect there is
alio a Reward or aJminillrutor, who takes care cf tho
royal revenue:;, tlie repairs of the roads, the preferva-
tion of the woods, and the like.
The principal pl.ices in the dutchy of Slefwic are,
Apenrade, or Abeiiradc, in the prefecture of the fame
name, which is one of the bell and moll flourifliing
towns in the country, and is continually improving in
beauty and extent. It is fituated in the fifty-fourth de-
gree til'ty-two niiiuites north latitude, and in the tcntli
degree fevcn minutes caft longitude, at the bottom of a
deep open bay, which runs from the Baltic a good way
into the land, and is funoundcd on three fiiles with hijii
mountains. It has n Cafe and commodious harbour, but
not deep enough for fliips of burthen to come up dole to
the bridge. Molt of the inhabitants, who are famed for
fliip-building, are in good circumllances ; and though
the town has frequently futlcred by fire, they, by t!i;jir
...viui'liv, have repaired all the damage it h.'.s fullained,
III the prcfedfure of l"undern is the illand cf svit,
whuh is nineteen miles in length, but very unequal in its
breadth. The foil is not fertile, nor docs it produce
either wood or turf, on which account the inhabit.;nts
are obliged to fupply themfclves with fewel fiom the con-
tinent. They luhliil chiefly by navigation, agriculture,
gia/,ing, and knitting) and are fuch expert fcanien,
that the trading towns are glad to employ them on board
their (hips ; but as they are very feiifible of their abilities,
lew will (erve as common (ailors, but expect t!ic pay as
mailers or mates. Both fexes are very tenacious of their
antient drcfs. The ifland contains four pariflic;, and
had formeily an harbour at the north angle, but it is at
prel'ent quite choaked up with land.
Ti.e illands ot .'Mien and Alloc contain the prefectures
of Sc.nderburg and Norburg.
The ifland of Allen is (ituatcd in tho Baltic near the
continent, and is feparatcd from itbyanairow ftieight
called .Mienliind. This ifl.ind is about nineteen miles
in length, and is about four miles in breadth. It lies
under the fifiy-fifth degree of noith latitude. The foil,
which is every wl.crt; very fertile, yields all kinds of
grain except wheat, and plenty of fruit. It lias alio
leveral fine woods that abound with game, ar;d lakes of
frelliwatd, which aflbrd a variety of fifli. In the pre--
fee^ture of Sonderbing, in the Ibuth part of the iiland, is
the town of the lame name, wliich is of a middling fize,
and (lands on the acclivity of a very rugged hill that rcn-
dcis the llrects very uneven. This town is lately much
improved in its buildings, yet it has but one chincl;,
which (lands on an eminence alnioll without the toun ;
and adjoining to it is an alnis-houlV, built c.t cf the
luiiis of an old convent. '1 he baibour i> el';.- ir.,d cnc
of
I V
: t I'
"P'fi
I
1*1.1
»-• !
A SYSTEM 01- O K O G R A IMl Y.
DflN'MARK.
ft' she '.1^(1 ill !)'i.in;irk, :inif moll ol'tlio iiilmliitaiits .iru
vnitriii.v- . liu' kiii^':- |i.il.icf, vvhifli Ihiiils at the tii-
ir.iiK'i III' tile li.iiliOiir, li b.illi ftiiiiij' aiul l|).itious ; it i>
a i!ii.ufi.iiv;ii!.ir Itriictiirc, Ciiitilifd altuT thu' .iiuiiiit man-
:!.i u-iti) round liallioiis. On the- call fulc ot' this calHi.'
in a ic'.ni I tusvrr, in the lower pait of which k\ufi
Cl-.rillian II. w.i . imprirmicd tor twelve years. I'lus
ca(Hc i^ the rtliilcnce ot' the king's picleiTl, and has a
bcaiiti.'ul ih.ipi-1.
I'lie ill.in.l (it".\roc, which is at the dill.mce of about
thii.-e ini!'.> iVom Funen, an,l I'.hoiit twelve iriilcs to the
luirlh-c.ilt ot .\!(Vn, i.s about (ourtceili niilrs in IciiL'.th,
and a'.vnit tr.rte miles in brea.lth. It was formerly very
wooilv i Imi: has been entirely cleared, in order to render
,t Ht tor tdhu-e. I: h:i.! no deer, but abounds in liaies
and wild I'owl. It li.ib two good harbour', th.it in the
!ari:e bav, at the er.tr.'.nce of" which two callles tormerly
l!f,nd, onj on c..ci» lide ; .iiul tliat of the littU town ''t
.■\rroes-K.lo)ipin.', which is (heltered by the little illar.d
ofDcvirre, that li ■• rppniite to the harbour. H«re i'.
I'.reat p'.ei;ty of .'.11 kiiul- of veectabies, ef|)ecially Danifll
cummin, cabba:,e', and onions. The inhaliitaiits are a
miMiiie > f peaf.uits and fea-faring people. With rcfpeet
to fpintii.il affair", this iilind is in the diocefe of b'uiu-n ;
but, with rei;;ird t) civil ait'airs. Is inrluJe>l in the dutchy
«if Sk-l'wic ; and, bv \irtue of an tdiiit publidied m 175O,
is under a particular court of judicature.
J'lenliniri: is in the prefecture of the fame name on the
continent, .inJ is a ;;retty large well-built town. It li.is
a low fituation, a::d i) (urrour.ded onthree fides by moun-
tain', and on the fourth lies the famous ^ulpti t.illid
I'lenlbur^^erwieck, which runs ninety-live miles from the
Ualtie into the land. Tlic hills on both fides of the
{.'ulpb foim a I'ecure haibour, with a depth of watfr (\it-
i'icient for the Iar;;i. il Iliips, which arc at prclent uiil'iad-
ed at the <[uay ; but lliis vva^ formerly done clofe to the
warehtnifes. At that time the trade of ttiis town was very
confiderable, but it is at prefeiit greatly dcxayed, for the
commerce of rlic Fleii(liur!;hers to Ncrwav has been
clop;;ed v.'itli giear Hiriiculiies, and that to Copenhaj'en
and other p.iris of Ueiimark eiitireiy lo(f, they being pro-
hibited from e\poitin'.^ thither anv lilk, cloths, woollen
IKiffs, wiiv.s, and braiidv. Fltiifburg is a long narrnvv
town, t;;teiiJ:iig above four miles in length from the
north gate to St. John's gate : it has twelve lanes, be-
fides the higli llrett, and fix gates ; and is divided into
twenty-two cjuartrr.s. Moil of the houf'es are fpaeioiis
and llrongly builr. Mere are three (Jerma.T parifh
churches, one Danidi church, an orphan hoiife, and a
good Iciiool ; alio an alms-houfe, with a chapel, th.it
wa.s formerly a convent of Gice I'Viars, and in which
fiftv poor perl'ons are cnnifcrtably maintained. ]>y the
water-l'ide is a war. hoiii'e lot men h.intv. The north and
fouth market-places are both I'pac-ious, and the latter a-
dorned with a fountain. With .'it. John's gate is a ple.i-
fant fuburb facin',' the harbour calhd St. Jurgen, the
great'dl part of which bchwv's tci the alms-houf'es.
The caitle of (I ;:torp, orCioltoif, Hands inthemldft
f'f a fmall lake, a;'d is built in the toim of an oblong
I'piarc. Some derive its name from (lottefdorf, orCJiid'.!
villpgc, it otiginaHv belijiiging to the billiops of Slcfwic,
and was appropiiaicd to a jiioiis u(e. A ramp.irt en-
oompades the lirff cniirf, and the gate of the caitle is of
a line blue (lone as bird .is marble. On the north lidc
of this Ihiicture is a biiilgc over the lake two hiuidrcil
paces in lent^th, at the end of which a pif.iiaiit walk, be--
tween rows of trees, K.idi to a (i.ie caiden, adorned with
cat'cadcs, fountains, and other water-works ; p.irtieu-
Ijrlv in a large bafon is a ll.itue of Herciib ': combating the
hydra, whole fe\ en heads fpout water. On the north is-
a parterre in the foini of a cref'cen:, divided int.) coiii-
partnients, and e;iibeillfiUii with tlic hurts nfleve.-al kinps
and princes. IJefore the houli: is a level piece of ground,
about a hundred and fiftv pace, long, divided into thice
parts ; thole on the fides beiii;: two line partcires, and
that in the middle bavin; a lar^c bafon in the reiiier,
with line waur-works. From thence you afceiul to dif-
icr"nt terraces, one above another, let round with lla-
tues, buds, and other ornaments. 1 he highelt terr.ue
exhibits a moil d-li^lufiil pioipcct of the i. idle, the fur-
.'ouiiding lake, . nd .1 fine (ciintry. and, on the ether i
hand, of a noble orangerv, and the neighbouring' paik,
which is luur or five iiiilc;> in circuit, and well lluckej
with deer,
Slelwic, or Sthlcfwig, in Lilt in SUrviciim, Is the ca-
pital of (he .lutcli}-, imd is fiippoled to derive ita name
from the Wieike, or gulph of .'ichl.y. It is lituated in
a mud delightful country, in the fifiy-fourth degree hfly- f^) ,
one miirites north latitude, ,iiiJ in ttic ninth degreo y.^v
filty minutes calt longitude. Its foini is very irregular,
but has fome relendilance to a crelweiit, and is about
half a D.inidi mile in length. 'I he city is divided into
thiee parts, C)ld Slcfwir, l.oHfufs, whicli is a long dreei
|e,:diiig from the town to the caitle of (luttoip ]ud de-
fcribtd, ami FreHericllmrg, loriiurly called Kiat/enbcig,
which lies at the fouth ixtremiiy of the town. In the
Old 'I'own isonl,- one rhiiich, which is the cathedral,
devUcated to St. [■'eter. Tlii.-; is a grand driistiire, thai
makes a (jood appeai.inrc both within and without It
' hashowevir no fleeple, though .i very ntdile foiindatii-n
of hewn Hone has been laid for one. Not far from the
cathedral is the orplun-hoiife, which w..j founded in the
year 1714; and in the gieat market-place d'..d the
town houle and the Clrey Friars convent. On the north
fi !e of the city on St. Michael's hill d.uids a church
called by the name of that faint ■, and in Frcdericlbuig is
Trinitv church, (yn the ealt fide of the city, on the
other livle of the F'iflwbridge, lies the Holm, as it is called,
where Itands the famous convent of St. John, which was
foiin led for ladles of noble families, and t.n nuns, in-
cluding the abbefs, now refide in it. 'J'his city has beta
levcral times pillaged, burnt, and razed to the ground ;
and ill 144; was entinly dedroyed by tire. It wa;,
however, a llourifhing town after all thrf'e misfortune:,
till the year 1 71], when the ducal court being remove.!
from Slelwic, it fell to decav ; and though the governor
and the date officers dill leiidc there, rhefe aJvantagts
arc not an equivalent for the .ibovc lois ; nor is .t capable
of canving on any great Ibtcign trade. The mouth of
the SIcy being choaked up, at prtfent many houl'cs j,;
the city are uninh.ibited.
Krcdericdadt is not a large, though it is a rcgul.ir and
well-built town, of a fquare form, fituated between tla
rivers I'iider and Trceii. Its dreets arc kept verv clean,
and in fome of thvm are planted fine rows of lime trees.
Some Dutch .Ari-iiiiians, who ([uitted Holland imme-
diately alter the lynod (d Doit, tounded this- town, an.i'
called their lettlement by the name of I'redeiejk IV, vvl'j
was then duke of Slefwic. Halfoftl'.e m.igillracy isoftl.,:
Aiminian, and the other half of the Lutheran peifualion
the (.-'alviiiills alio .di'enil le in the ,\rinii.iaii thurei-, ,
but the i.iod fubdantial traders and nierchant:i in thi--
town are .Vleiinoiiites. Here arc alio fome (^lakirs an, I
Jews, who hai'eafvnagogiie in Hie town, rheiiiluibita:!; .
lublill by filk and woollen mamifaiilines, navigatioi., aiui
commerce. Indead of a wall Fredcrieft.idt is encomp.ifk,'.
by a moat, with Ia.-:',e titcs glowing on its banks.
'J'he illand of i'eincren, I'lmern, or Femarii, in r..i::i\
Imbri.i, l'"inibria, or Cimbiia-parva, Ins in the Ikihie,
.teiir the coad of (icrmany, in the f'iftv-.'^inirth decree ,.,
fif;v-fiv minutes north l.ilitude, and in the eleventh de- w
gtee twelve minutes cad loii;>itude, and is fcparated iron:
Holltein bv the narrow dreiglita called Feincrn- found
It is generall-.' computed to be about fifiecn miles i".
length, its breadth is lomething above fix miles, and r.
eireunifercnce about forty-cii'ht. The foil is in generrd
very fertile, an<l yield-, plentiful ciops of wheat, ba^kv,
and peas ; but adords no oiher i;.uiie belides h.ires-. Tr e
gteated iiufinvcnienee this in..!ul labotrts under is the
fcarcity <if (priiigs and liviileis; fur in dry I'ummcrs t!r,
inhiihitanis are. cxcrernely didrelled for want v{ Irell.
water. There are abcnit fortv villages in this illar.d, c;.'
which Denfchendorf is of the largell extent ; bur Leir-
kendorf is the bed peopled. This illand has lutl'ered ex-
tremely by the dcvadations of war, particularly in 14H),
when it was ravaged with the mcdt inhuman barbarity
by king F.rick, of I'omerariia, and mod of the inhabi-
lants put to the fword. Fennrn at pn'fent belun;;s lo
the k'lng of' Deniiurk ; but whether it Iw compreluinlrsl
ill the dutchy of Slelwic, or has been always a dilliriet
lerritorv, !■: ilifpuled.
'I'hc
IIUNOARV.
U R
o
t2.
The ifl-ind ol lid ,i.l.iiul, alio called HciligLiiid, is
Tituitcd ill llic North' Sea, in the- fitly- Kmrlh divji^i-'
iu'lS iwciity-eight miiiuU"; latitude, about thirty-fix iiiilo
Irom the mouth of the hlbe, and at the fame dilLime
from that of the Kider. 'i'hia illaiid has been fLvcral
times greatly damaged by beiiij; overflowed by the (e.i,
and even a confiderable part of it hus been long fwallow-
ed up by the waves ; but the laft inundalioii, whii h hap-
pened ill 1649, lett only a fmall part of the illand re
maining ; the bafts of which is a folid rock that app(:ais
round it, the foil being there waflicd away by the lea.
This little Ipot has, huvvevcr, two diflritts, the hii;h
land and the downs, and each of them its lub-divifioiis.
The whole circuit of the high land is about nine hun-
dred and forty rods and the downs arc neatly of the
fame circumference. The foil in tlic high land is red,
and r.ither clayey than fandy, and from two and a halt
to l"i)ur Icct in depth ■, yet its fertility is greater than one
would imanine, for it produces barley and oats, though
not a lutfic[ent quantity for the fubfiftencc ot the iiihabi-
tants. Here are very few trees, except fomc cherry trees
and rafberry bufhcs ; nor are there many vej^et.iblcs, for
the inhabitants cannot (pare time to cultivate tliem, they
being very cheaply fupplied with all kinds of vegetables
and fruit from flamhurg and other places. Tne high
lands have pallure fufiicient for no more than about lixty
cows, and as many fhcep on the highelf part. J he
Hamburghers have erected a light-houfe, which is fup-
plied at their expcnce with pit-coal ; the delcent is very
deep, but is made lb eafy by about a hundred and eighty
heps, th.it a bullock may be driven up andilown. The
low land is fecured by a mole, to prevent its being
entirely deftrovtd by the fa. .Since the ydr 1727 the
downi h.ive bieii leparated by a channel, which is three
ipLirter, of a mile III btcaJth, and of a lullic^ent depth
lor pielly large vellels. The Hel^elanders are defcindec!
(roin the ami. nl Krielians, and have their p.iriiciil.ir laws
and nianii' IS, llill retaining their Kriefiaii names and
culbmis, and never removing to fettle in any other
eoiintiy. Their chief food is H(h, and a kind of gruel
tliii ktned with oatmeal ; and their conllant employment
at fea renders them exceeding hardy and intrepid in all
weathers. 'I'heir number amounts to about two thou-
land i while the men are employed at fea, the women are
no kl., diligent and indullrioiis on fliore ; tor as there is
neither plough, cariiage, nor horle on the whole idand,
the women dig the land, and f)W, harrow, reap, thrcfli
the corn, ar.d grind it with hand-mills; and, belidca
thefe laborious employments, are indefatigable in pcr-
t'orming all other domeftic bullnefs. The fpecics of fifli
caught by the inhabitants about this idand, and difpofed
of at Hamburgh, Uremen, and other places, arr cod,
haddock, ling, feveral kinds of Hat fifli, mackerel, thorn-
back, whitings, lobRers, &c. and the inhabitants being
very fkiltui pilots, are hired to conduct fliips bound to
the Kibe, VVefer, and Kider, lor whicli they arc gene-
rally well rewarded i but one-tenth of their profit and
(ome other duties are payable to the king: this ill.uid was
anni xed to the croAMi ot IJcnniark in ihe ye.ir 1711
We flull now return to the Ibuth of r.iiro|)C, ai vifit
the countries to the vv'elt of Poland, and beginning wittl
Hun^Miv and Tranillrania, j<c. (hall proceed to the
1 CicrMijii empire.
i.jj.:
: :i|
ular and
en till
clc.m,
lie trcL.^.
Id nniTi..--
jwn, an>i
iLV. «lv
isot tl..:
lualM"
ch'.ii.:;,
i i.; till-
bita:ii-
101., an.i
nnMiie.l
|in T.at 11
lt.d;u-,
|h degree .....
enth lie- II .'•■
ited I'roni
1- found
miles i:i
and i;
general
ivatkv.
Is. ru-
ler is the
liiers th;-
Icf trelh
llar.ci, Ol'
lur I.eni-
lered ex-
|in 141(1,
larbariiy
inhabi-
!ungs to
ehende.i
dillina
'1-hc
CHAP. VIII.
Of HUNGARY, including HUNGARY PROPER, TRANSYLVANIA,
SCLAVONIA. CROATIA, and DALMATIA.
SECT. I.
y.'j Wimts, Bmntlaiiis, and Exiint. hi C/iniat,-, Moun-
taiiii, I'liiint, Luits, Riucis, Alineiah, and i'ajjih ;
Plunli, and /Ininmli.
HUNGARY, the antient Pannonia, received its
prelent name troni the Hungarians, a race of the
hiiii3) a Scythian or 'I'artar nation, who i.i the ninth
c.ntury look pidFenion of the country ; but the Hunga-
rians tlieinlclve.s call it Magyar Orfzag : the Sclavonians
oive it the name of Wergierfka ; by the (lermans it is
c.illed Ungetii, and Hungcrland ; and by the Italians
Ungharia.
The name of Hungary is ufed both in a limited and
extcnfive fenfe. In the former, this country is bounded
on the fouth by Servia and the river Drave, which fe-
piirates it from Selavonia ; on the call by Walachia and
'i'ranfylvania ; on the north by the Carpatliian moun-
tains, v%'iiich I'ep.irate it Irom Poland ; and or, tlie welt
by i\iuravia, Aiillri 1, and Stiria. But in its more ex-
tcnfive fenfe it tompreluiuls Selavonia, Dalinatia, Hoi
nid, Seivia, and Tranf)lv.inia, lying between thelorty-
fourth dcree lorty minutes and the forty-ninth degree
north latitude, and between the fixteenth and twenty-
filth degree fitly minutes call longitude tiom London.
The air ot Hungary is very unliealthtul, t-tpecially to
forcii'iicis ; which is generally thought to proceed in a
gicat mealure fioni the (udden alteration of the weather ;
the d.iys being exceiruc hot in lunimer, and tlie nights
inuleiably cold ; whence it has been called the Church-
y.ird of the Cietmans, tVom the great mortality which
uiui'dy h.ippens among the German torces when they
take the field. The noxious vapours which aiilt; from
ll;e nuny fwamps and niijijlll';., arc all') i.inti.icrcd as
54
another great caufe of this unhcalthfulneft j but thcfc:
noxious exhalations arc let's common in the mountainouJ
and mote barren parts than in the fouth.
The thief mountains of Hungary arc the Crapac, or
the Carpathian : thcte at the foot are overgrown with com-
mon trees, higher up with very large ones, and at x
greater interval, which forms as it were a third region,
with brufli wood : the fummit is a chaos of trighiful
crags and precipices, continually covered with fnow, and
lakes of very tranfparcnt water lying between them.
However, the inner part of the country is far from
being mountainous ; for the land along the Danube,
troni Pretburu; to Belgrade, is almoit one continued plain,
of near three hundred miles in length : there are befidcs
many other large and fruitful plains in Hungary, very
little of it being taken up with mount lins and woods.
Though this country lies at a dittance from the fea.
It is well watered by lakes and rive:-;. The moll con-
fiderable of the fiirmer are the lake I'alaton, or PLutenl'cc,
which is about forty miles in length, and lies on the ■rtlt
fide of Hungary, between the Drave and the Danube ;
and ihc New Sicdlerl'ee, or Lacus I'eifoi'.iu.:, which is
about twentv-cight miles in length.
Ttic principal riversof Hungary are, firit, the Danube,
whicli rifing in Swabia, runs ealtward through Germany,
Hungary, and Turky, after receiving lixty .lavigablc
rivers, and above a hundred ane' twenty in the whole,
dilcharges itielf by feveral mouths with I'uch violence
into the H'ai-'' Sea, that both the Itream and water are
perceptible in it for ievcral miles dittance.
Ihe Drave, which illues out of Stiria, feparates Hun-
gary and Selavonia, and at laft falls into the Danube, near
the tower of Darda.
The Teys, or Tibifcus, which rifes in the Carpithiarj
mountains, and, while among '.hcni. has a rapid and
, 1 i cIcaT
l',dj
m
i;h:!
',! IJI
i«i
A SYS T r, M O I- G I'. O r, R A I' 1 1 V.
H
'.' •! '
','< •,
! I
t,. : 'if
!l^
f
'rt^ '
rk-ar Ihca'Ti ; hut afu'rwa;,!^ Ikcoiups IIdw .iivI tmlml.
It rcccuci I'cviTal I'iiialli'i rinii, .nut l'.\\\> iiil>i ilut D.i-
iiuliu- .It J cucli J.T.ibIc ililhiK'c .iliovc Itclyrjd^-. Ni>
iinr 111 I' uroiJi; nni.iN till, in [ilriitv of lilli.
Till' Aralia, m R.ial), wliali liliiig in Stirij. ruler!,
thi; wc'l liJc »r liuii^un, aiiJ t.Mi into tlic D.iiuibc
near I^iili.
■!"h.' (iran, or (Ir.inuK, whiili ril'i-s in the Carpathian
mll•,lliraiIl^, ami iiiiiniii;; to tliu IbuthwarJ, I'alli into the
i)aiiii!ii- mar the tity ot Gran.
Til;; W'r;, which alio rili:i in the north of Hmv.-ary,
.itiJ ilillhargcs itklt' into the Ouiuibc a little abuvc Co-
iniTfa.
Mo'A of thffc rivers arc will ll.ickiHl with fifli, wliiiti
in l'on;L- I'arts of llungaiy are 111 plentiful that they Ue.l
th-ir I'.i'^^ with them, .uul in other plaee i it is faij that
a thowfanJ carps have been bought for the value ot a
trowii.
'I'dij country ahouiiJs alio wi:h many falutarv hot
baths, anJ leveral fprings that have very iiiu-oninuui ipia-
Iltiti i anion;.; whieh is a Iprin;; of Mtriol-water, near
Sliniolniti, which in a fliuit time !;ivcs the appearance
of copper to pla:es of iron i aiul there are otliCis of C>
poifonoui a nature, tlial an aiuinai's Jrinkiiij of thctii i:
fi.lloweii he iiiinii.Ji,Ue ilraih.
W'liii lel'pe:^ to the niiiu rala of this ronntrv, it is oh-
fcrvoble that pure i;oKI oie is never loim.l ir. the mines,
thriiith tliey yii-lJ guIJ ore with a mixture ot iilvcr or
lead r a"-! o" th: other hand, no Iilvcr is du^ up here that
does lilt contain Come golJ. A quintal of the richifJ
ore, accordion to Mr. Ke\fler, yields thirtv-hve oiiiiri s
of filver 1 but fonie is riiined, cfpceiallv at Creniirl/, that
fioes not yi'.ld above two ounces out of a huiiJied
weight, but the ore that vii-lJs the kail iilvcr geneially
yrodueti the moll gold. T"hcrc are a!fo mines of cop-
per, vitriol, iron, lead, ipiiekulvcr, antimony, rinna-
l-.r.r, yellow orpiment, fulphur, niarcafite, roik-lalt,
l'.i!;-petre, maj;nets, albcitos, and f^cm'-, though the lat-
ter are verv dilKcnMit from thcoiiental; with aUbalttr,
and quarries of maihle.
Tnc Ibuthcrn part of this rnuntry is fo dcllijhtful, that
?. traveller has (aid of it, " Out of Hungary there is i.o
" llviii-C, or if there be livinL; it is not l,fe."
The level country produces efculent plant?, toiucco,
faffroii, afpara;;us, melons, hops, corn, pulfe, millet,
lielicious wine, and a "reat vaii' ty of fruits.
Tlie aniniab lil' ll'jii;.';'"y are chiefly line horfes, moftlv
moufe-colouied, and ol which inuredihle numi'ers are
ixpoitcd i mules, alles, hulfaloe.,, tov.'S, fheep, iiont",
fwine, and manv fp "cies of wild healK, deer, chamois-
go.iis wild boar,, bears, wolves, and lynxes.
lleltdes the !!ieep eonnion in moll countries Hun-
riry aft'orJs a paitKular fpeeies, that have larjie twill-
ed lionis, i;eiiera!lv about two feet in lciu',th. Thele
aie kept in iVparare flocks, and great numbers of them
..re aniuiallv feiit to Vienna.
Amonf; the birds .■.re phcafants, partrid[»c^, wood-
cocks, &c. The number of the wild fowl is, indeed,
incredible; and it is not uncommon, in luch flocks, for
Ibme of them to live to a good old age.
S K C T. H.
Of the differ rr.t 0/ :■;!>! of the InhMtar.ts : thiir L<mpin;ie!,
Petfmi, Drrf., un.l Manner of Truvtliir,^ : lltir £x-
pirli, /jiipctli, and Ccf'ri.
THK inhabitants are of difR'rent ori.'ln. The true
Huiv/arians, as we have alriadv inliinated, are the
defcendants of that fierce piople e.dled liv the f.iine name,
who, hv force of arms, feated themfeUes here in the
year bbj ; and thele, thoui'h more civil tl>an their an-
ceilors, llill (liew luiiie traces of their Scythian extrac-
tion. Another part of the iiihahitants arc of the Sclavo-
niaii race, and thii includes the Kohemian-., Croats,
Servians, Ralcians, and Vandals, who inhabit the call
and northern parts of Hungary. I'heli., indeed, are
found all over the coiintrv, and feem to h'.ve been fettled
here from the rcinotell aiuitjuitv. The (ierman nations
ate the Auftriai;:, Stiiiaiij, Havarlavs, Franks, Swa-
bians, and S.ixons, who lecm to I; ivc cnleird Ifiin^arw
much ah mt the tiiii'- when tl.'! Saxoiii leaved themftlve;
ill I'raiilylvania ; hut war, commerce, an I the' fiuittiil
iiels ol the cjiintiv, have dr.vwn hither other CJerman?,
will have eonruli i.'.hlv iiKTeateJ finee Muiij;iiv hecanir
luhjeii lo till: lioiile ijf .Aullri I. The Walacliiaiis, wht.)
iiih.ibit ihi' coiiiiliy next lo rranlylv.mia and \V'aluhi.i,
leem to be the delcendaiils of tli<' Uoniaiis that Icltled m
IXicia. ,Anioiii> the fcweign-Jts aie the Greeks, who re.
moved hither lor the fake of a mote ailvanlaj'.eous com-
merce j the Jews, who were loriiierlv mueii more nti-
merojs than they are at prelent ; the I'utks and Ziiig.i,
li, who are a waiulerim; people of very iinerrtain oiii'in ;
iiiaiiv of thele arc Iniiths and mufieians. 'I'luu the in-
h.d'inr.ts iniift' h.ive been aiiLienily ot dilletent ililpoli-
tioiii, though, bv treijueiit inlercoi.ilc, they now reliin-
ble each other. They are, for the moll p.irt, ot a fan-
j'uine choleric temper; the nobility are numerous, and
both in their drefs .ir.d tables are fond of pomp and man-,
niticcncc, yet .ipply themfelvcs to learning and rural ini-
proveinent.s, but iiu re to war, huntinc, and martial cx-
ereilis.
Til ere are fnir common langunjrs in Hunqary ; the
!b!'ii;ariaii, whi.h is of Scythian oiigin, without the
l.all affinity to anv of the Kuropean tongues, and one uii-
> iried dialeet. Tlv; Hungirians, in writing, ul'e the
!\oinan cli.iractcrs ; but the tjeim in has ni dift'ertiit dia-
K'cls .iccoriling to the ditlerent nations of (Jcrniaiis fet-
tled here. 'I'he Sclavuni.m, which deiivcs its origin
fi.im the SarmaLian, i.s divided into the liohcmlan, Croa-
tian, VanJ.uian, Uafeian, and Rulfian dialects, 1 he
\V'alach;an tongue is allied to the Italian, and fotme.l
by a n'.i\;u:e ol l.itin an. I Sclavoni>. The Latin is not
only fp'ik'ti by the li; Mti and ;;• iitrv, but .-.lib by the
commoiuitv. The Zingarians have a fpeech compoftd
of a iiirrupiion of the llungaiian, S^Iavenic, H'alachian,
and other l,iii';iia';er.
The Hungarians arc well pioporlioncd, of a t^ood Ita-
ture, and have toler.ible ic)in|jleMoiis. ( )n their he.idi
they we.ir fur c.ips, and the) have dole bodied coats j.jtt
about them with a f.dh, o.er which tliey wir a kii;d if
cloak or mantle,, that comes no lower than the hips, and
IS lo contrived as to buckle under oncarri, that the ri.'lit
li.i;.d may be always at liberty. The co.ours they molt
all'ecl 111 their do.iths arc red, green, ar.d blue, the lat-
ter ol which is moll cummon. The men fbave their
beaids, but leave whifkers on the upper lip i and belid.s
.1 bioad fword, the ulual arms of an Huiigaiian are, .uj
iron mace with a round head, and a kind ot hatchet.
The young gentlemen have frequently feathc:s in their
I he Hun-arian ladles arc much handfumer than thufe
ofAudri.i; and the beauties of Vienna chiefly conic
Irom tliis country, 'I'hcy arc generally very fair and
well fiiapcd, and tlu'ir drefs exttenuly bccuming. The
lady W'onlev Mont.igue ileferibes one of thefe ladies,
as in a gown of fcariet velv.t, lined and faced with fa-
bles, and made cxail m her Ihapc, the li'.irt fa!lin.'' to
h(T feet. The fl.tves are llraight to their arms, and the
ll.ivs buttoned befuic wi;h tw.i rows of little buttons of
gold, pearl, or d.amonds. Gn their heads they wear a
lali'el of gold, tt:,!t hangs low on one lide, lined with fa-
bles, or fonie other hue fur; and their behaviour is ex-
tremely polite and agreeable.
The women's eJrel's in the mine-towns is not imbe-
comiiig; thty wear knots ol ribbons on tncirfliift fleevcs,
and others hanging down their backs, but the peafaius
.iiid lower lorr of peeiple drefs very meanly. Anion:; the
latter, the rn 1 .i.'c very lond oi wearing a furred nKnille,
.Hid their dref.. i: generally no more than a plain flieep's
Ikin, wi.il a cap and boots of tin' f.me. Moll of the
women have boots, and many of them a long furred
gown : they have a kind of fliKts of very coarle linen
next their Ikin, with a giidle round it at the waift ; and
their hea.l-drels is a piece of wl.i.c linen with two laiii'.el .
hanging down behind.
In the towns of Hungary the entertainment tr.ivclleri
meet with is not to be f.uiid fault with ; but in the cou.-i-
try it is livquently fo b.:d, that belides the want of <'o(ui
piovdioii-, there is fcarce llraw to lie upon ; and wheie
beds are (o be had, th':y ate !u fhert, that ui:c would
thin):
1
^\2^
M
il'
,\n tliole
Iv come
pair ami
The
hiiii's,
Ivith ta-
il in:; to-
;iiij the
Itoiis ot
wear a
Iwitli fa-
ir is ex-
it iinlic-
: flcevt'5,
IpfalaiU')
Ion 'J ll'.c
nv.iiitk',
of the
ll furr.j
lilKH
|irt ; ami
) lappclj
^r.ivcllcri
lie ci)u:i-
iif ^ood
Id whL-if
|;f wuulil
ihiuk
i.
full prcatliing tne iloetrint; ol tile |roi|)Ci in mis .
but It had before made its way into TranlVlvania. Kroiu
that lime j^rcat numbers of Hungarians went to ftiiJv in
(jeini.iiiy, ami at tlieir return were confidereil as the
difeip!e> of l.uther. Soon after tl'ie opiivoiis of Zuing-
lius, in relation to the lacranu-nt, were made known in
Huiigare, and a little after tlie fentimeiits of Calvin were
cmhraecd by great numbers. Hut from the time Hun-
gary became fubiecl to the houfe of Auilria, and the Je-
luits !^;ot footing m that kingdom, the prot'.lhmts under-
wcr.t many fevere triali, tipeciallv in the bc^'inning of
the levenieenth eeiiturv. Under Kerdinand 111. the pro-
tc'.l.'.iitb were deprived of fevera! churches, and of more
under the emperor Leopold, in whole lime it was enact-
ed at tiie diet of Sopron, or Oldenburg, tiiat the reform-
ed ftuHiiJ not -^oircli more than two churches in each pa-
laiii:ate. Nor coulj their eaeniies reil here 'ill they had
diinT then: out o! all tl.e chirch'." :V.-'. \:u^ not been
(Jhriiiiims of the 'jreek tliurch alio begin to (licw j,
greater inclination to learning than formerly. The law
was antiemlv tiug'u only in private ; but at prefLiit th^:re
is a public profeflor appoinud for it in the univtrfity of
riiiiau, and even a particular college credt:J ior th-t
purpofe at Krlau.
SECT. IV.
Th h'i/lon of the llurgariani ; //v Marnier in which th-ir
Km i weie cioiii:.':! \ the Arnn of Hungary \ the States
of the Ki>i'^(hm ; the piihlie C'i'ices, Fnea, tm.t C:u)ti cf
jujitec.
WV. fliall here give acontife view of the liillory of
thij country. It appears that its aiitient weitern
inhabicaius wer» calkJ I'annoiiians, aiij the noriber.i
i
1
i
■■ i
1
Of ih diffenit Oil'^in of t'e Inhililnnls : ihlr Limcua"n,
' Pnfym, Drfj], an. I ALitinei of •[ravitiiif^ : t! eir Ex-
perts, /mpali, atri C
THE iiih.iliit.iiil'; arc of iliH-'iTciit oii-in. '("lie true
HiiirMii.iiis ■■'■'j WL- luivi- ;ilri:iilv iiilim.itiMl, arc tlic
.lcict.-ini.ini-.'')!' that ii.rcc [Hciplc callc^l hv tlic C.imc iianic,
liv lorce 111 arnii, I'J.itcd ihcmUlns lure in tlic
who,
y.-ar ySt) ; ;inJ tliclc,
celtorb, Hill flicw loine traces ot their Scythian cxirac-
thoin'l) iiKirc civil tlian tlu-ir
CCUOIb) ll"» llli.« iijiiiv. t.,.^. ■ ". --_,..
tion. Adothcr part of the inliahitaiit^ arc ot the bclavo-
iiian race, and ihik in.lihle< the Bohemians Croats,
Servians Rafii.ins, aii.l Vandals, who inliahit the calt
;,lid northern part", ol' Hung.irv. 'I'here, indeed, are
lou'id all over the coimtrv, and fjcm to have been Cettlcd
here from the rcmotelt aiitiquitv. Tne G'.-rm,in natioiib
Auftriii!;., iJtiiiaiii, H-viria!'v, l-'ranks, Swa-
ace the
iictiiiiv pmttrand n|;rccablc.
The women's Orel's in the liiinc towns is not uiibe-
roniinL'; th;y vvc.ir knots nt' ribbon< on tneir fliitt necves,,
and others iiaii'Mii^ down tlreir batk'', but the peal'aiu
and lower lort of people drefs vcrv nieanlv. Anion:; the
latter, the men aie very fond of wear:n;^ a lurrcd mantle,
and tluir drefs is generally no more than a plain (heep's
(kill, wiili a cap and boots of the f.ane. Molt of the
women have boot.s and niany of them a long furred
■own: tliev have a kind of (liids of very coarle linen
next their Ikin, with a girdle round it at the wailf ; and
tlu ir hea.l-drels is a piece of wl.i.e linen with two lappets
haniMiU', down behind.
In the towns of f!iin:»arv the entertainment tr.ivcllcrs
meet with is not to be fiund fault with; but in the coun-
try it IS frequcntlv fo b.;d, that belide; the want of good
piovifioirs there is icarcc llraw to lie upon ; and where
beds are to be b:id, th':y arc fu ibort, that ui:c would
thiiik
','■ ^h \
! 4
].,
i 4 I t
i I
'rf I
Of thf differrr.t Oilyjn of ih hi^'nlUmn : thir LmtrNit-rt^
' J'nfjm, Dre/ly iin.t Mdinier of Tnivtliiir; : I'iir iix-
parti, Impittiy audCoin.
THE inli.iliit.iiit'^ are of ililFi-reiit ori :in. The true
HuM'^:lrian^, -yj wl' ii.uc .ilrc:ii)v iniiin.itcMl, are the
(lei'cciiJaiu-, ot that tiir>:e people c.tllol In- the (.line name,
will), liv force ol arm;., le.iteil themlVKei here in the
year 8BS ; ami thcle, thoiiyh more euil tl>aii their aii-
«(tors, llill fliew loiue tracer ot their Scythian rxtrar-
tioi). Another pait of the inhahitaiit, arc ot the Sclav o-
iiian raie, am! ihik iiuliiJes the KohelIliaIl^, Cto.Us,
Sorviaiiv, Ralcians, aiiJ \'aiidals, who inhaiiit the ealt
:,iid northern parts ol" llunnarv. Thele, inJecil, are
fomiil all over the countrv, an.! ('..cin to hive heen (ettleil
htre from the rciiiotelt aiuiquitv. Tlie Geriiini li.iiionb
ate the Auftriai:-, S:i;Mn>, l?JVir;:i:-s, Fra:iks, Swa-
IK and a^teeable.
The women's Jrel'; in the miiietowns is not iinlie-
loniiiiL'; thvy wear knots of ribbons on their fliitt fleevi'-,
anJ otherb iianj'inj.'; ilown their hacks bit the pealapt>
aaJ lower (ort of people .Ircfs very meanly. Anion;: t!.e
latter, the men aie very fonJ of wear:n<^ a turrcJ man;!-,
.itiil their dreis is generally no more than a plain (heep'b
Ikin, wiihacap and boots of the f.ane. Molt of the
women have booi>, and many of them a long furred
'•own: thev have a kind of fliilis of verv coarle lin^:i
next their ikin, with a girdle mimd it at the v^■ai(^ ; and
their hea.l-drels is ,i piece of wl.i.c linen with two lappet',
hani;!!!'.; down behind.
In the towns of liuni'arv the cnti-rtainmcnt fr.ivellcri
meet with is not to be f.^uiui fault with; but in the coun-
try it is ticquentlv fo b.id, that behdei the want of ;_'ooJ
piovifioii', there is ic.irce llraw to lie upon ; and wheie
think the Uuiif
ride. They gt
baeoii, which i
laiila. The ho
partmenc with
.As Hungary
imial way of tia
they have not
by two, three,
vtller with grci
the ail is exircn
fuuthern lituatii
fixed upon a ilei
c.vpedition over
. rtcct breed of h(
whicii arc conl'i.
loa.lj lie tliruui;!
the wild healls^
places are very n
1 he niolf cr.
gout, in it.', Iev(
wliivh lb even ca
fyniptonis of thi;
cles on lue haii.l
with vineyar, lali
is put to tiie pro,
co'nes from I'uri
1 he biiiglicrs
b'.it the lalt is all
I'roni Huiij^ary is
hrly tokay, la(}',
thcr, wool, tallo'
tin, filk, velvets,
'I'he pieces of (
which 111 I'jjper 1
gruleli, and in Lc
the 'ourth part of
the third part of ;
gulden ; the pulgr
a gulden ; the fieb
tenner, worth fevc
twofhillim^s and f
den, worth fevcni
gulden, worth twe
gary, are worth a
Hungary, a hundi
Rhenirti guldens ;
nitz ducat is wort'
Tranlyivanian goe:
worth twofliilli:!";
b'.di are to be h:id, t!v!v ate
lu iliort, that one would
think
i.
wM
-D
iinbc-
Iflccvc-,
liii;; tl'.t;
lii.iu:!' ,
lot' tllC
Ciir: '.i
1,11 .
|) i .ii< 1
lani'i-t .
Iivellcri
• CDun-
llt ^00 J
whi-'ii;
\v<tuKi
lli;:ii:
i
ihin'-i the tluiiyariaiib fli'iU in the- ;)...(! m.; i:i w'.ii.-h thi-y
ndc. Tlicy gtiicrally kcLji li'igs (if win-. 1) thi'V niakJ
bavoii, winch is the cuiiiiuoii loml of the Hungarian pta-
uii:3' Tlic hops, g^tli , ahJ liuvls, live in the laiiiL- a-
partiiiirnt with thtir owiii ..
As Hungary is pliiuil'ully watiTcd wilh fine rivers, th.'
uliial wayot' travelliiii; in liiinnicr is by water; aiul where
ihey have not this conveiiieiico, an open chariot ilrawn
by twip, lliree, or lour horfeii a-brea(t, carries the tra-
vciUr with threat e.x|)eilition over this Hat comury. A'l
the ail is exiremely cold in winter, notwithftaiijing it.s
loiithern lituation, travellers in tiiat feal'cn have a co^.cli
tixcJ upon a lledge, whicli is drawn by horles with grj.it
cxpi-dition over the ice and (how. 'I'iiev have a very
]•: U R O P E
i-V
I he molt conniion dilVi'mp.^rs in Ilungarv are
gout, in it;, (everal Ipccies, and the lever i the l.i!
(how. 'I'iiev h
rieit bKcd ot horl'es Cor ridin", and never dock thetai
whicii are confi.lcreJ as a l^reat oriKiinent. Where the
lOaJj iie through the woudi, travellers are in dan;;er from
the wild beads, and efpucially the wolves, which in Come
places are very nuineiou
tlU'
\ of
whi'.h IS even called tiie Hungarian fickiiefs. 'I'he lirll
fvniiitoiiis of this <lifeal'e in Hungary are nodes or tubir-
clts on liie han.ls and arnx, which if rubbed in time
with vinevar, lalt, and garlic, till they dif.ippcar, an end
is put to tue progiefs oi the difeafe. '\'\\; pl.igue alio
to'oes from I'urky, and here fpreads its contagion.
The burghers follow arts, manufaflures, and trade,
but th.- Kill IS alinoll entirely cn!;rolled by the Cireiks.
l''roni Huiigarv is exported excellent wine, and particu-
larly tukay, falVron, oil, met.ils, niimrals, cattle, lea-
ther, wool, tallow, and wax; .md its imports arc fpices,
tin, lilk, velvets, cloths, and other foreign goods.
The pieces of coin current in Hun;'arv, arc, a heller,
which in I'ppcr Hungary goes for the I'lxth part of a
iriufc'i, and in Lower fJungary for the filth ; a grofchcl,
the 'ourth part of a grodh ; a kreutzcr (a (ierin;in coin)
the third part of a grol'ch, and the fixticth of a Snanifli
gulden i the pulgrot/., half a grofch, and the fortieth <il
u gulden i the fiebncr, worth fevcn kreutzer.. ; a fiJieii-
tciincr, worth feventecn kreut.-.rs i a half gulden, worth
two fhilliiv,;s and four-pence, Kiiglith; an inifrilch gul-
den, worth feventecn grofchcn and a half , a Hhcniih
gulden, worth twenty grofchen, which, in I'jiper Hun-
gary, are worth a hundred and twenty, ai;d in Lower
Hungary, a hundred ungrifch ; a thaler is equal to two
Rhcnifii guldens ; the ducats are of two forts, the Crrin-
nit/. ducat is worth four guilders four giofclien, but a
Tr^'iif\ ivanian goes onlv for three guilders, each guilder
worth two (lii! lings uiid four-pence, Knglilh.
SECT. in.
Of :.'je Rdi^;'-! and Ltiinii'!j cf the Huti^nrians.
THL Chritt:.in religion was fiift elhiblifhcd in Hun-
gary in the tenth ceiiturv, when, in the ve.ir q'oc),
or (J75, Geyfa, prince of the country, was baptized ;
and th!: religion niade orcat progrefs under his i'^n and
fuccifi'or .Stephen, v.-holc zeal gained him the title of a-
poftL' a;:J I'aint.
In IS2!> 'be Reformation began by Martin Cyriacus
flirt picciiing the docliine of the golixl in this country ;
but It had btlore made its way into I'lanlylvania. Kroit'
that lime great numbers of Hungaiians went to f!udv in
(jeiiii.iny, .in>l at their return were confidered as the
difciples of Luther. Soon after the opitions of /.uing-
lius, in relation to the facramrnt, were made known in
Iluiigary, and a little after the fentinieiits of Calvin were
embraced by grtat numbers. Hut fiom the time Hun-
gary became lubicul to t;ie houlc of Aulhi.i, and the [c-
luits got looting in tliat kingdom, the prot' iLints iinder-
v.ci,t many levcrc t,-i.i!i-, tipt'ciallv in the be:'inning of
the levinteLiith century. Under I''erdinaiid 111. the pro-
tclhtits were diprived ot I'evcra! churches, and of more
under the enipcror Leopold, in whole lime it was cii.ict-
rd at tiie diet id' Sopton, or Oldenburg, that the rclomi-
ed ihould n.it polVefs more than two churches in each pa-
l.iuiiaie. Nor coulj their cnenucs reft here till they had
ui^vtr iheiv out o! a!! tit clu'tht.". '\:-\ hud nut been
ex;)reny mciiiloucd in lb- t.v.:nty-fix'!i .".rticle of ih,!dier
<.f Sopion, and accordingly above three hundred werc
•iCtually taken from them. 'I'he Vandals too iuid fix
churcf.ci, and now are without lo niucli as one place
where divine wcifliip ii perlornicd in their own bin-
guage.
Mr. He\ (ler onferves, that fix or fevcn thoufand ol tin'
inhabitants of Si hemnitz, which ctmltitute two thirds of
tiie city, profefs Lutheraiiilhi, and yet the niagiltratcs are
always Romans ; but at Cremnitz the ma^;ii^racy a
flijr<d between the two religions, though i;o pio'.elti.ni
is capable of employment in the imperial mines. In Lji-
jur llungary he fays the Lutherans are very numerous,
efpcciilly in thecountiy, and \et in fonie pl.ices they aro
forcibly driven into the Runiilh churcbes like !u nianv
lliei)); but at I'llfen, which is not far fiom Sebenniitz,
the poiilli clergy and the protellant inb.abitants are Ut
(oiilcriii.ible, th.it the piiclts read niafs in the churches
belonging to th.; protellants, and thefe in tlieir turn ling;
Lutlii-r,in hymns in the Roniirti cburch. s.
It is worthy of rcniaik, that i!ie protcHants have ge-
nerally ii'ore churches allowid them in thole couiiti.ca
tiiat remain under the dominion of the Tuiks, tb.in wlurj
they are fubject to the imperor j for on paying the tri-
bute impolcd on thinr, every one enjoys his own reli-
gion without nujlellatiun. 'J'hough the Romans fc.irccly
conftitute (uic-fouith of the inhabitants of Hungary iii
gener.d, and do not pay above one-fixth part of the laxes,
they are incell.intiy contiiving to imj.ole new gri-vances
fui th.' red of their countrymen. The protelhints aienot:
p.dl-lle.l of a fingle printiiig-piefs, cither in Huiig.irv or
Tranlylvania j bjldcs, the iiiipoit.uicn of Uibles, and all
bocks rel.'.ting to ilie doitiiii.d points of their religion,
are i(ri£tly prohibited ; and hi fore an Hungarian Itudenc
is pcimittcd to go to a foreign univeifity, he mull obtain
a licence, or p.ifl'port, from the Impel ial governor ot the
country. Tlieir fchools are confined to the fyntax, anJ
no tiachers of the I'ciences allowe 1 among them ; e.;cept:
their being indulged I'lnce the year 1751 with a coUegii
at Ocdenbutg, and a feminary at I'^peres.
At th.- head of the Romifli church are two arclibifhopi
and nir.e biftiops, nominated by the queen, and coniirm-
cd by the jiope. In IXtlnrati.i, Croatia, and Svlavi-nia,
none but the papills arc ipiilified to hold lands. Thu
Rafcian-,, Ruirian?, and Walachians, profefs the Gree'K.
church, which lias been tolerated fince the year 16150,
by tlu- emperor l.eopeld and other kings. The Daptilt-i
and .Mennonifts ar,' . .li'-dy fettled in llie nci!;hbouihood
ol I'ur.iuigh ; but the Juvs are dilperl'.d in .i.elt cf thi:
toiiliderable town", tb.ougb under the burthen ot payinp;
double taxes of all kinds.
Learnim; ami ng the Romans is principally cultivatcil
by the leluits, who in the umveil-.ties of 'liinau, lluda,
Raab, and Cafchau, arc the profelVors of divii.ity, plu-
lofophv, mathematics, rhetori., and tulier 1'cicnce.s, wlii^li
they all'o te.ich in Ivvcral colleges ; but the/ii.r'.j pliirum
fJi-Jiir!,mo:,\)- teach | litci'terature. 'I'hc ilcn-diciine ,
I'aulincs, and other ■ ders of monks apply tlnnif-lvis
after their manner to ..arning in their f^ver.il convents.
The Lutlieran.s and Calviniih, after h.iving laid the foun-
dation of the ('..icnccs in their fehooL, go, if iliey can
obtain a licence lor tliat purpofe, to the unikerlities in
(.1 rmanv, Hoilani!, and bwitzetland : but very narrow
bounds ha\c bei n l.itely prefenbcd to ihvir lludies. The
Chrifii.nis of the (ireek church all'o begin to fhcw a
greater inclination to learning than formerly. I'hel.iv/
vv.is anti'iiilv tiu;,'uonlv in private ; but at pref.ii: thje
is a public profell'ii appointnl for it in the uniyirfity ot
I'i.nau, and even a particular college trcilljd lor tli-c
purpofe at htlau.
SECT. iV.
T/y h'i/lcry of thi Ihr^ar'hvn ; /.'.• M-in-.f in nlich thi'ir
Km I tvi'it e'Oiir:.\l ; the .•/rrn ry Huiirary \ thi- Stiilcs
of ll'( Ki^i^diin ; tht publa Ofu,!, Finn, an.l Ctiiils tf
Jujiu,.
WK (Inll here give .iconcile view of the hillory of
thiicountr;. It appears that its antient weileru
iiihabit..iU] wet« cmIIvJ I'.'.niioliuns, iiiid the nor.liera
laAv 'Hi'...
mm
mm
Ti -
l-:5
A S V S T E M OF G E O G R A P 11 T.
r ^'1
i^'
„kS
'W
HuNiTAKy.
lazy^iiiis . ""it (ii: Moni.iii;, lnviiip rediicf J 1'.;m]1' ai.t,
kojic it aliiioll tuur luiiv'icJ yens, till in tlic t'ouiih ccri
Iiiiy tt-.L- VanJali droVL- thciii out ot it, aiiJ held it forty
y-Ji^; liut Ml \i)^, whfii i:;-v advanced towaids (J.iul,
thj Goths took |K)li'.l]i >:i ol' their Itttlenu-nt ; but tlicli.-
were .d!'o, in i!i:ir tuin, (>b!ij;ed to refign their new
liill-ilions lo the Huns who had likewifc driven them
IruM ihcir antient habit.itioMS.
In tiie year 88S, the llun-i, under the name of Hun-
garians, made a feco.iJ irruption into I'annonia, as
auxiliariei to Amulpli enij-eror oi the Well, and Leo
tii:|i?rnr of the Ealt, a^iinll the IJul^arians and Selavo-
nijiis, whom thev r.d uced. 'I"h 'V had feven conimandcrs,
and lioth (jeniuny and Italy alierwards felt the ter-
iil)'e eH'eel,; of iheir ferocity ; hut by decrees their man-
iK'is became more civili/.c.l, tl,iecially towards ilie latter
end of the tmth century, when Geyfa, their prince, cni-
!>;aced the Chnltian reii.'ion, and his fon Stephen, in
9117, became the firtt kin^ of HuiiL^ary, and, as hath
been already obf.rved, c );iipletcj the ellabliftjment of
that rttitjion, arin^'xed Tranfvlyania as a province to
Hun^jary, and after his death was canonized. After him
followed a fucccflion of twenty km;;'., natives of the
comitry, the lalt of whom was Andrew Hi. who died in
the year I -{CI. On this followed a fucccirion of twelve
foreign kinj;*, the lail or whoin, who was Lewis II. Ii.ll
in an unfuccfsful battle 3|;ain(t the Turks. The kmi;-
dom next devolved to the houfc of Aiilhia, under whom
arofe a moll bloody intelline war, which billed for a long
time, in which the country was cijually ravaged by the
Turks and Aultrians. In 1OS7 Hun;';ary became an he-
leditaty kingdom to the .1 chilueal houl'e of Aultria ; and
It Was ai;ieed at the diet m 1722, that m c.ife of lailure
ofmaleheiii, the princelles ihould alio fucteed. Ac-
cordingly the emperor Charle^ \'i. ilying in the y^-n
1740, his cldtHl daughter M.iria Therela afeeiided the
throne, and was crowned in 1741. Her majelly is coii-
ibrt to the prel<;nt emperor t'lancis Stephen, whom tne
ihtes of th: kingdom, in 1741, alfo mvclled with the
joint fovcietgnt).
A iate author obfervcs, that the Hungarians have con-
tendod with their prinrcs about their rights and privilej;es,
till the Imperi.il c.igle h.is decued the contiovcrfy by de-
vouring both, and"l=;t th..ii only the lh.idow of their
;,iuiciu conlhtution ; and il'.at tncir Ibtes or diet ad'ein-
ble li;;e the paiiiament of France, for form fake, or ra-
ther to record tlie arbitrary deciees of the empeior, and
by fit/nim; their cnnfent to them, take otf the odium of
ivcry deltru.ili.'c fehcme from the tourr, and place it on
thenifelves : by whi,;h means their chains are probably
now io tirinly riveted, tliat tiieii ll.ivery will be evcrlalt-
in", iiniefs a.ioihtr family iliould be elected to tile Im-
perial crown.
At the co.onation of the Hungtrian kings, the people
niniciitly .illen.blcd in a plain calhd Racko, near I'ell,
where the bdhop:, the nobility, and the reprefentativcs
of the feveral toiiiitici and cities, having unanimoufly
approved of the pcrfon ptopokd for their king, who w.is
iifually the iie.\t in fucccflion ; he vv'as conducted to
;tiihl\viciruiburg, or Alba Kegali,'-, where he was pic-
fentej to the people bv the palatine, who demanded three
times whether they approved of the new cledled king .'
and thcv havinir exjirelied their confcnt, he put a drawn
l.vord ir.to the iiand of riic new king, who nr.indifhcd it
towards the tall, weii-, north, and louth. He was then
attended to the great church, where the aichbifhop of
t^iran hoiiiir.'.' the royal robes in his hand, alked the peo-
ple if they were fatisricd with the king cle^t, and were
v/illini' 10 become his fabjects ; and receiving an aniwer
ill the amimative, he proceeded to perform tne ufual rites
oblcrved at the coronation of their kings ; alter which
the p'elatcs and nobility carried the arms and other re-
lics of l.iiig -Stephen I. before the new king in a fplendid
jjrorcfiion to the pal.-ce. The crown of Stephen is (fill
^referved at I'lelburg with great veneration, and no
piinte is allowed lo be duly crowned with any other :
the Himiaiiaps in general believing that the tate ol their
nation d' pcnds on tlieir carefully pu leiving it, and there-
fore III ail their calamities they have taken care to convey
ic '.9 a place of lafety ; imr have ihc I'uiks been Lfi fulli-
citous to mike ihemfelvcs mad.rs of it, from the opinion
that the Hungarians would make no leruple of puini'
teir allegiance to the gr.!nd leignior, could he but
once cauie king Stephen's crown to be placed on his
head.
The kings of Hungary are by the laws ftilcd catholic
and apollolic, on account of the zeal which Stephen I.
fliewcd in the converfion of the Huiiiiarians. The re-
galia, which confili of the golden crown, made in the
eleventh century, the fceptre, king Stephen's fword and
mantle, gloves and flioes, with the filver crofs, the
maik of hin apoltolic function, are kept in the caftle of
I'nftiurg i and in that city is Kill performed the coronation
of the king by the archbilhop o! Gran.
The arms of the kingdom arc, a (liield longitudinally yf^'-,
divided ; the light field gules, divided by four bars argciu.
The left quarter is alio gules, with an archiepilcopal
crofs argent, (landing on a triple hill vert.
The Ifates of Hungary are divided into four clafles.
To the (irll belong the prelates, who diredt all reli-
gious matters, and precede all other perliins, except the
governor of the kingdom, who gives place only to the
archbidiop of Gran. I h-fe are the archbilliops of ihxn
md Koloc/.a ; the former is primate of Hungary, chief
fecrctary and chancellor legate of the pap.il (ee, and
piince of the holy Roman empire. He alone crowns the
king or queen, is peipctual count of the CJefpanchal;,
or county of Gran, creates even noblemen, and never
lakes an .j.ith himlelf, but his official (wears in his ftcad.
UnJer hi. a a:e the fix bilhops of Lilau, Nitra, Kaab,
V'aiz, Flint kirc.hen, and V'el/.pnm ; to whtim may alio
be added the Greek bKhops of IJuda and Mencaiz, who
are united to the Roman church. Next to him is the
aichbidiop ot koiot/a, with the following futt'ragans :
the brilr.ip of Ba's, which is however annexed to the
archbiHi.rpric of Circat Waradm, Cfanad, Zagrab, Sir-
inia, liciliiia, Tranfvlvania, and Uiikow in Walachij.
Theie bdliops have a douDle cnaracler, and all of them,
except the biihop of Hats, are perpetual counts of the
coui.ties in which thev refide, and have alfo a feat in
the diet, licfides thefe are the abbots, who are ten in
number, and nine probds.
To the (ccond clafs belongs the magnates, or ba--
rons, the principal of whom arc the great barons of the
kingdom, who alfo hold the chief offices : thefe are the
palatine, who is the principal, and in many cafes aci\
as lovereign ; the court judge ; the ban or viceroy of
Dalinatia, Croatia, and Sclavonia ; the governor ol
Iraiifylvania ■, the treafurer ; the great cup-bearer j the
(K ward of the houfliold ; the mailer of the boric; the
lord -chamberlain ; the cj
.;in ot the veonicn of tlic
guards ; and the grand mailhal of the court. To
thefe may be added, the infeiior ban, or counts, aiul
barons.
To the third clafs belong the gentry, fome of whom
have noble manors, and others only the privileges of
nobles.
To the fourth clafs belong the royal free cities, whioh
arc fummoncd to the diet, and aic not (iibject to the
counts, but hold immediately of the king, and have a
council of their own, in which a city judge and burgo-
maller ufuaily prefidc.
The diet is fummoned by writ from the foverci^n
every tlirtc years, to meet whenever his majelly's lervii':
or tcic public welfare ree^uire it. .Accordingly on theday
appointed the lords (piritual and temporal perlonally ap-
pear in the chamber of the inagidrates ; but the towm
and gentry fend two deputies, who meet in the Kates
chanUier. I he (lales l..y their reprefentaiio.ns betoic
the king or queen, who alio refers to them lueh articles
of public coneein as require their alleiit.
The public offices by which the government 1 . ad-
miiiillered are the lollowing :
The Hungary edfice, which is at Vienna, and f.is a
fecretaiv ot lljle .it its head. This otJice expedites the
royal edifis in municipal, religious, and judicial .dii n
for Hungary, .md the incotp'jiated kingdoms ol Cioa,i,i,
D.iliiiatia, and Sil.ivoina. io this office belong .ill
matters itlating to the king, and wholly depeniknt > 11
his pleafuie. All why Ituid in need cf » peiloiid ui-
dicncc
examining tlie
IIUNOARV.
Jiciiceofthc qucon, mnli firft ;i.-qualiit this ofTicc with
,- In oihir rtlpict^ it has very litilc coiiiK-ctiuii with
the kinjilom, its principil buiiiicis being to cxutu'.c the
|,'>v<Toi-'ii's plc^ilur.'.
The (•.idth')l>lir s or govrrno-s cniMicil rclnlcs at h'rcl-
l,„r'' ;iml, bcliuts the gdvcrnur, who is iireliiieiu, coii-
lills"ot twenty-two coiinlellois, whom the kiiiL.' •■hooles
-t ple.irnrc IVoMi anioiii; the prelates, nobility, anJ gen-
trv. In Hmnarv ai-.J the intorpoiateil countries it I'j-
iicr'iiitenJs the'iivil cniu-crni ol the towns as rei»ul ited
L, ,|,e Ijws of the land. It is rubjei't to no other orTice;
but whi-n it lias any thin;; to lay belore the king applies
I nmeili:itc!v to his majerty.
The roval cxchctpier is divided into the Hungnrian
.nid mine'chcmbers, I'lid takes care of the royal eUates,
incomes, and dues. This excheiiucr is held at I'rellnir!;,
■nd has a prefidcnt a;iJ ei;;hteen coiinK-llots. Under it is
the office at Calchaw, bei'ides eij^ht provincial commif-
I tries lor collei-'tin;; tile contributions. 'I'he niinc-cham-
bcr is held at Crenmitz, and manages all atFairs beloni;-
jpT to niiivs and coina'.!;!-. It receives orders fiom the
treafiiryat \'ienna ; and under it are tiie mine-( hainbers
of Schcmnitz, Neufohl in the gefpanlcli.ilt of '/.tp, and
at Koni^iherb.
The public revenues confm of contributions, cnlloms,
mines, falt-works belonging to the crown rouil domains,
and cl'chcats, which abundantly anfwcr the cxpcnccs ot
the court and delence of the frontiers.
The kingdom of Hungary can eafilv raife an army of
a hundred thouf;ind men, keeping (il'ty thoufand in pay,
and the provinces furniiliiiii; the fame number. Their
hotfearedeniuiiiiiated hulliirs ; thefe arc cxtremciv expert
horfemen. I hey ufe very (liort Itirrups, and lifting with
their knees high, rile up when thev make a llroke with
their feimitars, to give the greater force to their blows.
Their horfes are fleet and well managed, but too
fnialli am' '" •* regular engn^ement are far inferior to
the Kn^lift horlc, whole weignt alone will bear them
dou'ii.
Their foot are denominated heyducs, or toot huii'ars ;
ihefe branJiihiiig their n.iked fwords, put themrelves in-
to a hundred terrible iralhires, adv.ineing, retreating,
turnin'r, and wiiiJiiig a'jout with great activity, linging
all the^whilc.
Jiilticc is adminilleied in civil att'airs in the name of
the fovcreign, after the manner prelcribed by the l.iws
inJ cuftop.is of the kingdom. Suits are carried from the
e.iurts of the linalkr towns, either to ihc court of the
rTtinanfihafl, or county, when it is a free town, or to
ti'.e lord of the inannr when it belongs to .inv pariicul.ir
liirJIliip. In the royal tree cities the lint he.ning is be-
fi're the iud;'^e of the town, the feeoiid belore the coun-
cil, fioin which there is an appeal to the treafurcr. The
mine-court in the free mine towni is dilliiul from the
town court, and takes cognizance of oiilv Inch affairs as
relate to the mines : the mine judge prefides, but an ap-
peal lies from him to the commiffion-court of the mine
t^nvns.
Inferior nnhle courts arc held by the lord of the manor
ill each county for determining caufes relating to the
f liniinonaltv, and where noUlciueii are concerned, bv the
mint judges or iudge of the nobles, and the vice-gefpan;
hit a caiife mav be ran iid Irom thefe to the county court,
uiid afterwards to the iii'ni'ii r,-'iii ,ini j:t<i,-iiu-i>-ul'n. The
middle noMc court meets at Tirniii, liuniz, Kperies,
aiiil Dipretzen, and has the trial ot all caules in which
i.v) or more counties aie conceined, and m.iy tro:n thence
he ienii>vcd M xhe 'rii!uli >;:iti M\d l,ft.n::riiiis. The
upper n.ible court, which relides at F;lt, is divided into
llie Tiil'uiii ifgi-i and the 'ln'\il,i li;^t,mi>i):ilii, and not only
ill", ides caufes brought hilher bv :ippeal, but alii) other
important luits rrlaiin'j to the nobiliiv. In the lirlt prc-
fil"s the king's repr lentative ; in the fecond the count
palatine, or, in his abfeiice, cither the court judge or the
trcifiiter. 'Vht '/"ihu/a hjilc/rvira.'i, is thus callcU from
i'. formerlv confittini; of (even perfons ; bii; Charles VI.
ni:tde .111 addition ot eight more. It t.iki s co^nii.m.'e
Didv ol lurh ca'i'Vs a< are i.feirel to it from tiie Tuiuiu
if/tii examinin-: tlieii>, and making the necellary aiiund-
flien:s.
'A
EUROPE.
129
SECT. V.
or ihc D',:'if:vis cf Ihin^ary^ ii':th a ^iitrl'uid.xr Atcmni of
I'pper hiuH^i:'y, a Dfii ij'li'j'i 'f ii umiirkMc CuUiin,
un.i cf the l>i".ktpnl'ton.uiii sj' lh..l Dijif.n.
HUN(i.'\RY Proper is divided into Upper and I^ower
Hungary ; here fome give th- name ol Upper
1 iuiiiary to thai p.irt which lies between the Dar.iihe .wid
I'olaiid, and call that which lies belc;w th.: JJjiiuba
I>ower Hungary ; while others drawiiiL' a line from iho
county of Lip, to the iun.ll ion of tiic Banat of I amclwaer,
and the county of Sirini, call that part which lie; to the
ea(t oftiieline Upper llungury, and that towards tht:
welt 1,0 A'cr Hungary. With refpcil to its governmenc
by the gieat jundicii courts, it is divided into tour large:
circles, and lifty-two gel'p.infchafts, or counties, calle;!
by the Huiigaiians varinegye. I'het'e counties are finall
provincis iindir counts, ulcoiiiits, and all'etrors, who iit
the name 01' the foveieign hold provincial afliimblies or
diets.
We fliall begin with Upper Hungary, which form^
the call p.irt of the kingdom, and borders on Poland,
Iraiifvlvania, and Walachia j coiifilling of two circles,
that on this llde the l\ ill'e, and that on the farther fide of
that river, i he former of thefe circles contains eleven
counties, and is inhabited by Hungarians, Bohemians,
.Scl.ivoniin-, (Ji-rmans, inid Rullians.
Tfie county of Sips is ahnoll every where woody and
mountainous, but is intcrl'i-.crred, cfp"eially towards tlu-
imddlj, with delightful plains, t'luiiful tield-, paltiiie,,
and rivers that abound in tifh. The C.irpathiaii moun-
tains are here at their grcateft height : here are alto feve-
ral other remarkable mounrain.;, among which aie the
Ochi'enberg and the Konigllierg, or Kmg'i mountain, in
called from king Matthiaa Corviiuis, wlio in 1474 din
on its fummit.
From thefe mountains iiTue the following r'vcrs : ihi.
Popper, which tuns from the lake of the lame name ii\
the wcltern part o( the Carpathian mountains, and runs
into the Dunavct/,. This ialt river riles in the northcru
fummits of the C.npathian mountains, and at Ialt dif-
charges iti'elf into the Viltula. The K!undcrt, or Hcrnnt,
fprings at the foot ol Ivonii^fberg, and runs into the Teillc.
I"he Golnitz, which has its Iburce in the mountain named
Ochfcnberg, and alto falls into the lornier. iieliJes thefe
there arc feveial rivers of let's note.
Thv air is hc.c cold, but very he.ilihy ; and though
no wine be produced in tiiis country, it .ibounds witK
Corn, particularly wheat, barley, and jHias ; and the in-
habitants r.iife ll IX.
I'he wild bealls here are lynxes, bears, wdd boars,
wolves, foxes, ttjgs, hares, chamois, and marmottes.
] The inhabitants are not fond of mining, agriculture;
' turning out more to their advantage.
(.)iie of the greatelt ph.cnomeiKuis in this circle Is a
' wonderful cavern in .1 niountaiii in the nei^libouihood of
a xill.ige n.mied S/,elitze. The neiithbouring countrv 1-
j hilly, and abounds with woods ; and tlie air is (liarp and
: cold. The entrance of the above cavern, \vhkh tronts
I the I'outh, is eighteen fathoms high and eight broad, and
conf(.i|uently wide enough to receive the fouth wind,
: which here generally llows with great vioienci- ; but the
I fuhterrancan paira.;e3, which conliil entr.cly of folul lock,
winding round llretch away farther to the I'outh than
has been yet difcoverid. As far as people ha\ e gone, the
I height is found to be liliv fathoms, and the breadth
' twenty- fix ; but the niotl unaccountable rin::u!aiiiy is,
that ill the midlt of winter the air is warm in the in-
li.ie i and when the heat of the fun without is Icarce I'up-
portable, the cold within is not only very piercing, but
fo imcnfe, that the top is covered with iciiles of the
lize ot a Urge calK, which Ipreaiiini; into ramification .
form very oad ti.;uies. When the fiunv melts in fj ring,
the iiil'ule of the cave, where its Ciirla.e is cxpol'ed to the
I'outh fun, emits a pellucid water, which immediately
congeals as it drops, and thus tbrms the above iciiles j
and the very water that drops from them on the jMound,
which is findv, fue/.c- in an mll.ini. It i- even ol.>l'rrvr),
H k th.t
P I
wm
h ti
130
A S Y S T F, M OK G I. O G R A I' H Y.
II
L'NCAli V.
lii.il i
»*•
<w
H
that the greater the he.it is wit'.i mt, the more intenfe is
the tolJ wiiliin ; in tliat in the ihw-il;ivs all parts of this
cavern .ire coveii(1 with i^f, wliicli tlie iiili.iliit.uus ule
for c'i;>lin.; uuir liiiuors. In aiitiimn, wlun the nights
grow c.. 11, and the he.it ol' ilic ilay he;iiu to ahale, the
ice ill tliL- c.ive he.;ii)s to diU'nlve, lo that by winter no
more ice is fee 11 ; ihe tavrrn then hitoim'i i.erkctly
dry, and has- a niiM warmth. At this time it is fiir-
prilin;.; lo lie the fwarms df flies an I gnats, hat^ and
cwl-, and even ef loxcs aiid hares, (hat ihoole tnis toi
thiii u inter retreat, til! the be:',innin^ ot' l'|iiinir, whin
the cold (ihli,:<'s tliem to iinit tlirir dwcllin:;. Aliovt- iht-
cavern the i^il! riles to a vcrv jjreat height, and oh the
foiitiie.n i'l le produces plenty ol graCs.
Aiming thf! p.in ip.d towns of this circle are,
Kai'ni.i'ii, or ICjhi;irk,a roval free town in the county
of S:(i-, not far from th ■ liver I'opprr. It is licfetuled hy
a wall and tower.., and is one of the mod antient places
in Hunearv. It has thiLc eluirclus, and at a (mall dif-
tanec from the town is a protrllant oratory. It has heen
frciiucntl.- taken dnrinif tlic civil wars, and has bein fe-
VCial tinir> hnriit to tiic groimd.
I.eulfehaii, l.otfe, or I.ewotfe, is a royal free town,
and tile r.-p:tal of tne c.Miiitv of Sit/.. It llan Is on a
hill, and i'-s walls, whiJi are rrmaikahly thick, are
ftrengt.-K ned by twelve towers. 'I'hc church, which is
dcdica-.ed to St. James, is a fine huilding. Here is
a Jefuiti collej'e, and a f mi nary for nohicmen. The
inh.:hit..ii's are moldy (lermans: it has heen fevcral
times (acke^.; and Ire.jiicntlv eonfiimed hy fire.
'l'ok.iy, a pi -ttv conliderable town pleafaiuly fitiiated
ne.ir the eor.fhix < f the 'I'heis and l>odrn_', in tne county
4^ 'C : ofZi.T.plin, am., in forty-eiL'ht dcirecs lixtecii niiiuito
nort'.i iaritudc. Ft had formerlv a (Irorg ca'lle and a le-
minarv ; but is molf rc'iiark.'hle ior its cxr.llcnt wine,
which \v flavour and ftrcn^th exceeds all other wine pro-
duced in Hun.'.ary. The fpot of land which yields this
noble liijuor is about feven miles in ciiciinifeience ; and,
was a'l of it to be will cuhi\ated, no part of b.urope
would be without the li. li wine of I'okav.
Miinkats is an al,-ni'll impiegnahle callle, fcated on a
lli^h aiiJ llei-p rock uliirh rifcs in a fpacious plain, its
natuiai llicna'.h bi.in;j; increal'cd by art and l.diour. It i--
the capital of a lordlbip, which formerly bore the title
of a daicliv. ]!enc.i:h it, on the liver I.aiort7,a, is a
town wliicii is the lendenec of a (ireek billiop united
to the Komaii church, and has a convent of the order
of St. i'..l".l. Thii t.iMious cartle furrendered to the
Impcnaiilis in ifiSS, after a blockade of three years.
Count Tekely's li iy, v/ho had made this Ion;; defence,
was carried to Vienna, and great funis of iiiuney were
found in the j>lace.
(iieat Waradin is a metrop'-'iian ci;v in the county of
_, , ]liliar, fitiiated .mi the rivfr ICows, in the forty-fixth
Iff .-J. . degree filtv three niituiti s north latitude, and is furround-
cd with iiood forlifKatiun.s. This place was formerly
inuch cclcbritcd for the nl;. s of the canonized king
I-adillaus, and i: now the ici'i Knci: r,fa bilhop and chap-
ter ; and has alio a collcLe oi Jcfuils. The adioinint;
foitrcfs is a regi'Iar pe.-itagon, well fortitie,! and defended
bv a deep and broa.i n.oat. The town itieli" i, not large,
hut has thr-i' fuburbs of vcrv conliderable extent. It
was tal.tn by the Turks in 1660, but the Impcri.ilills
rc-toi>i: It in i6i)2.
Tcmcfwacr is an important and ftroiig town, the ca-
pital of a coiir.ty of the fime n line, feared in the forty-
^i ''• fit'th deerte fifty- four minutes north latitude, and in the
twenty-lccind degree fitteen mrnutcs eait longitude. It
wa;, lormirlv rfh-cmed impregnable, it being leated in a
niorafs, whieli render., it ina-.c.llible, tinlcfs it lie dried
up for want of rain. In 1551 the Turks made thcm-
felvcs m.iOers of it ; however, it was taken trim them
tne very fame vcar ; but in 1552 it was ag;iin invelled by
the Tuiks, when the Imperid commandant, dreading
their craeltv, k\ fire to the place, and ibcn abandoned
it; but il'e ■[■urks,cxtingiii(hinu' the flames, took ptiliel-
flo.n of the fort, which they kept till the year 1515, when
it wast..k;n from thcin by the rianlylv.-.nmiis, who af-
ter-wards fiding with the 'I'tiiks, the linperialiils n.ade
thcnifelvcs ii.adcrs of it in I'.c j -, hut 111 1014 it was
lofl again: however it was taken ia iyi6 by prince
I'-ugene in a dry fcalon, who threw leveral thouLmJ
bonib^ into the place.
S K C T. VF.
Of I.iivtr Hungary, with im .iicuiiit cf iht piincipat Pt.^ui
it isnttiini.
L(.)\V'KR Hungary confids of the two following cir-
cles, that beyond the Danube, wlii^li llielthes
through the upper region towards the wellirn parts, and
liom t!ie Daiuitie to the Carpathian mountaiiia ; ioid i,ie
circle below the Danube. The former contains four-
teen countie:, inhabited bv Hungari.ins, boluniians,
Scl.ivonians, (jerniaiis, and in one part by S.nians.
In this circle is the county of I'leibuig, wliiih lies on
the borders of AuUria, between the IJ.mube and Al.ira-
via. It is about fixty-five miles in length, and forty-
three in breadth. Its mountains begin the Cirpathijii
ch..in. The country about I'lriiau i:> the bdf and niuit
(riiittul } but the I'o.l does not want fenilitv, iliou"h
Icarce a year palils in which the grain is not damaged
bv nid.IcA'.
The large rivers in this country arc the Danube,
.Murau, and Wag. The air is he.illhv, particularly mi
the inoumains, but unwholefome aiiiung the inor.ilL^
; near the D.iniibe. The inhabitants are Hungatians,
Cjerinans, li.dRniians, Sciavonians, Croats, aii.lagrea;
nuniicrol' Jews. 1 he dignity of palatine v.js nude
here, itarv in the year 1 51^9, in the houle of I'alri. I He
wlude proenice is divided into live dillriilfs, called
by tlif llungaii.ins l'ro-niu^, and eac.n has a iiobic
judge.
I he principal places of I ower Hungary arc,
I'reiberg, u roy.il liee city, and the capii.rl of the kill".
dom, f'eated on the Danube at the loot of a niounta.ii,
on wliieh Hands the callle ; it is plcal.intiy litu.ited, and
enjoys a better air tlian nioit of the other i.iw n-, in Hun-
gaiy. The cathedral, dedicated to St. .Martin, is the
|ilaie where (fioin the tiine of Ferdinand 1.) the kin>s
of Hungary liave been crowned. H^re the diets .ue herj,
and the trealury office for Hungary kept. Here are alij
a cb, ipter of fourteen let'iilar i.iiions, a Jeluits collcc.
With a leminaryand church, bcfides three other comeins
and churches, a Lutheran church, and a I'rotefbint
tchool. I'his city is of great antiipiity, but is ill buiit,
.ind tlie houl'es of the town, properly lb c.illed, d.j iiut
much exceed two bundled, which are encompafied bv
a double wall and moat ; but the fubiirb.<, which are
large and handlbnie, contain four convents, with thur
churches, and two hofpitals. The I'liburb on the ioiiili
fide of the city makes a tine'appear.inee, ami is laii!oi;s
for the IsLing's hill, on wliicli every new elected kin.;,
being leated on horf'eback, brandilhes St. Stephen's
fword towards the four cardinal points, to flicw that fic
will defend the country againd all its enemies. It is ^>
fuuated in the fotty-eiglith degree eight niiruites, north i'l ■
latitude, and in the leventcenth degree thirty-fix mi-
nutes, caff longitude, lielidcs its fieipieiU lieges, it lias
often lufiered bv fire. I'refliiir;; callle ft.nids on a plea-
fant eminence, two huiidiid paces to the vvel' of the
city : It is ol a quaJraiinular form, with lour towers e\-
aiitly alike at the corners. As the l'oveieii:n, when here,
relide.s in tiiis c.dlle, there are in foni> oi the apart.iients
the hiliorv of Feidmainl 11. with inllaiues of his vir-
tuei, painted by eminent hands. In every one of thele
pieces, which arc all on religious lubjecfs, is leen .nri
e.\act rel'e nblancc of the emperor's face. I'he crow;:,
and other regalia of Hungary, are kejit in the ah,).,-
towers, but are never (hewn. In the armoury are le-
veral ancient arms, both off'nfive and defeiilivc, wiiir
lome old machines iil'd in allaults. The prol'pect fioiii
the calUe is extremely delightful, el'pecially over the vali
plain, towar.ls Lower Huniiary and Helgrade. Be]'..
li.e callle is a frii.dl town, cdied by the iluiigariaiis \'..
rilia, and by the Geiinans Schlolsbei;', in wdiicii are ..
great many Jews.
Ilie county of Lipto is about thirtv-ei.;b.t i;:i! .. n
1.1. gtb, and abuel ugbt bre'ad , it i^ every sNliire luil u.
IIirNCARV.
X
! inountains, v
Alps, but alii
of admiration
ciilarly thofe
;v.'.v. kova, is per]
heijht. In t
with multitud
witcr: bones
liilr'erently flia
cattle or horfe
The chief r
are a multitud
which are niir
water.s of ditt'ei
exhahitions fro
focate birds ii
the country ad
alio inconfider;
This country a
Botfa inountair
ver, foiiie of ir
but it has no to
III the count
ores and mine
pearance of a tc
and all its iiiha
valf copper woi
, ■• patently turned
- 'f> of iron are thus
docs not properb
finuates into it '
rated ; and this
fortnight or thrc
lie too long in tl
diiccd to powder
In this diflrict
belt of the mine t
nnd built pretty
chi/rches, a Jefui
market. It is f.ii
mountains; but
chc.ip, the Imeltin
Upon a hill on tl
which is a Itrong
In this county
for the warm bati
fix hundred paces
meadow which ni
an apertrrre long
fi\ni to be I'ulpbu
The rtriam guflii
imniediatily after
elil'.ieia are howev
hediarik, and the
fjfely eaten. No
fj^ririi'.
The coiintv of
and about twilve 1
tlie.N'irr.i, and the
famous hot baths i
roirntry afi'ords tro
hew rattle are brui
irih:diita;us coiiliff
iiisr^s, and Cierni.ir
In this county is
■ which is fitiiated i
minutes north l.itit
one minutes e .It I
deep valley between
I'e lecii till one is ju
iiK-onliiler.ible pl.i'ce
I'larieilcan convent,
thirty houfes; but tl
fiiliil of nine (lieet>
'11 'liis town the ki
ii.lor, receiver, bm
'■^ a mint, to which
: ' ! .iiid filver. It i
■ » hundred th inland
'' ..;hbourhood is div
•' lariiier contaii-.iiv
ARV.
ptiiue
/'/,,
ig tir-
iclthc3
Is, aiul
irul t.ii:
li t'oui -
illiaih,
alls,
licf on
M.,ia-
J iuity-
piuhian
lul nuilt
dlou;^ll
lailia^cd
Danube,
larly on
inoralL:,
igariaiis,
.; a great
as made
i. i'lie
, called
J lioblc
he kin:;-
luuiita.i:,
itcil, and
in Hun-
II, IS the
lie kings
. aie li'..ij,
.- arc all J
convLir.'j
roU-('>:MH
ill built,
I, duUut
lalilJ by
lin-h aij
nil thi:r
the iuutli
laiiioi;';
J knu,
tei'liLii's
Iv tll.it l,c
s. It \i .,» .
■i, north '' '■
-fix mi-
's. It h.is
I a i.;>.;-
1 <,i the
|»WLI > l\-
IKP lieu,
ail.iu iiti
his \\:-
ct thelo
ken ar.
|e tr.i;'. .'..
.- a'.>,.; •
aie 1v-
Ive. wr.'
the vali
lie!....
liaiii \ .1-
lieh aie a
IIUNCARV.
U R O P E.
t5<
■jfrr.
'•».
«^.''
^
ir.i!--.i in
tc lull ui
iivjir.
irounLiins, which are not only faid to be higher th.in the
/VIpS but alio to fnrpals them In ciiriofnics .in. I I'liUjeab
„,■ admiration. Its roeks arc indeed alhinilhinj;, parti-
cularly thole of Derminfalo, one of which, called lieni-
kova, is perpendicular, and three tliouf.ind p.iees in
height. In tliel'e rocks are fevcral vail ii.itural cavcriif ,
with multitudes of Ihange figures formed by the petrified
\e.i!cr : bones of an uncommon li/.e are alio found lu.re,
dilt'erently fluped, and even larger than thole of horned
cattle or horfes.
The chief rivers are the Wag and the Bicla. There
are a multitude of frefti fprings in this dillnct, fonie of
which are mineral and medicinal; and there are (ither
waters of ditterent kinds that arc verv remarkable. The
exhalations from thofe of Szentivan and Stamkowan fiif-
tocate birds in their flight over them. The nature of
the country admits of very little tillauic, and grazing; is
alio inconliderablc, though its cheele-b are very famous.
This country abounds greatly in metals, particularly the
Botfa mountains, which contain mines ot gold and ill-
ver fonic of iron, antimony, nitre, and other minerals i
but it has no towns worthy of notice.
In the county of .-Mtfohl, which abounds in valuable
ores and minerals, is Herrengrund, which has the ap-
pearance of a town lying among the tops of mountains ;
and all its inhabitants are miners. It is lamous lor its
valf copper works and its vitriol, by which iron is ap-
, parcntly turned into copper, and fevei.il hundred weight
-^ nf iron are thus changed every year. The vitriol indeed
docs not properly transform the iron into copper, but in-
finuates into it 'he copper particles with v/hich it is fatu-
ratcd ; and this feeniing tranlmutation requires only a
fortnlKht or three week:. ; but if the iron be luffcred to
lie too long in this vitriolic liquor, it becomes at lail re-
duced to powder.
In this diftrict is Neufohl, a royal free town, and the
bcft of the mine towns. It is fuuatcd on the river Ciraii,
nnd built pretty much in the Saxon manner. It has iix
churches, a jefuits college and fehool, and has a weekly
niarket. It is lanKius for the copper ore in the a.ljacent
mountains; but though provifions hire are good and
chc.ip, the linelting works gu e the air an unhealthy taint.
Upon a hill on the north tide of the town is the callle,
which is a ftrong place, and has two churches.
In this county is alfo the village of Ribar, celebrated
for the warm baths on a hill in its neighbourhood. About
fix hundred paces from it, towards the fouth, in a f.ne
meadow which makes part of a moft delightful vallev, i:
sn aperture long noted for its noxious effluvia, which
fcL-ni to he fulphuieous, and kill bolh beads and birds.
The ftream guflics out with great inipetuolity, and vi t
iniRiediatily after is abforbcd in the aperture. Tliefe
ctii'.ivia are however not poifonous ; for the water may
be drank, and the de.ul be.ills Mid fowls killed bv it,
fafely eaten. Not far from this Ilrcam is a mineral
fpriiig.
'i'iie couiitv of P.irs is about thirty-eight miles long,
and ahout twilve broad. Its chief rivers are the (iran,
theNiir.i, and the .Sitva, or /.itawa. Ilerc are the niolf
famous hot baths in ail Hungary, and rich mines. The
country atiords iiood wine, and the level parts grain.
Kav cattle are bied in the mountains except iheep. The
inh;;bita:its coidilt of Ilungaiians, Bohemians, Sclavo-
niar.s, and Geriii.iiis.
In this couiitv is Cremnitz, the principal mine town,
■ wliieh is fituatcd in the forty-eighth decree fiftv-two
mimites north latitude, and in the lolh decree twenty-
cue minutes e dt longitude lioni London; Ivin^ in a
deep vall'v between high mountains, fo that it cannot
he leen till one is juft upon it. The town of itielf i:. an
iiiconlideralile phice, though it has two churches, a
Fiaiieilcan convent, and a callle ; for it has not above
thiity lioufes ; but the fubutbs, which aie much Iari;er,
fiTiliil of nine (beets, with a church and an aliiis-houle.
In thi> town the kiiii has a revenue ofiiee, with a di-
li.liu, receiver, book-keeper, and other otlicers. Here
is .1 mint, to which all the oti.er mine towns biiiig their
;j 1 1 and lilver. It is computed to coin every year about
:iii hundred th mfand ducats. The mine country in its
l";^hhourhood is divided into the Alter and I''(ire .Mint ;
t.... fjriuer containing feven mill. 1, and tlie latter two;
but all the nine belong to the king. There are alfo
mines which belong to the town in general, and to pri-
vate perfon ; ; but at prelent they are all fo exhaulied,
that the I'old olitaincd fioni them fcarce anlweis the cx-
pence. I hi a hill near the town i.i a c. lUe with a < hurch.
The linwliolfomciiela of the air and water occ.ifions a
great de.d of illnefs among the common people. In the
year i^^i, the cmp-ror Krancis I. v.'ent down a very
deep (haft, in the s',aib of a mir.-r, and is the only in-
llance of a p; 'nee taking fucli pains to gratify his cu-
riolity.
In the county of Hont is .Schemnitz, a pretty large
and populoiii town, in a Injig vaiiey, the houl'cs of
which Itand feaitered a confideiable way up the acclivity
on both lides. The prote;ian: inhabitants, who .miounc
to about two-tliir.ls of the tov.-n, are betw<en fix and
(even thoufand in number. In the largenef-. and num-
ber of its mine-works, this town furpalVes all the others
in Hungary. It has two<alHes, two cher. hes, two
chapels, and a college of Jeluits, with a royal miiie-
olficc ; and is the refidei'ee of a chief commifiioner.
The gold and filvcr mines here llill produce a eonli.lera-
ble t|u intity of ore, wliieh contains more and better
gold th.in that of Cremnit/.. Mi . Keyfler obl'erves, that y/>r/i;t.
he went down an hundred and lifiy fathoms in .i fliaft
without the Icaif danget, being buckled up in a kind of
leather chair, after which he defeended about fifteen
lathoms deeper, by mean.s of a ladder. He adds, that
it would rccjiiire three or four days to walk through all
the padiiges (d' this mine ; that the number of lah(uirers
employed in it amount to live or fix thoufand men, .iiid
thole without, together with the carpenteis, &e. arc
computed at two thoufand, exeliifive of tliofe em|doved
about the carriages. The proiits are, however, faid to
be not near fo coiilidcrablc as foriiieilv.
In the above mines are alio found crUfal?, .nmcthviK-,
and vitiicd naturally cr\l!alized. At a fniall diltancc is
a roek, in wdiieli is found a red fubll.iice, called cinna-
bar ot filvcr, of whieh is m.ide a fine veiniillion ; and
near the town is alfo a high perpendicular lock, p.irt of
whieh is of a (hining blue, with green and yi How Ipots.
The county id'I'ilis is incorpoiated with that of IVlt,
Aniiull its mountains and woods is a lar. .• plain, which
lies between the Danube and Theis, but is lor the :'!in(l
part faiidy and barren. The priiu ipal river is the I)a-
nub.e, aii.l the ('mailer are the Galga, Tapjo, I^ak. ■:,
Vajas, 'I'heis, and Zaijyva. In the mouiuainous pans
the winters are eold, and the fummeis temperate ; but in
the l.irge plains, the winters are I'evcre, and the rummers
intolerably hot : the warm d.us are tin n fuceceded bv
veiycold nights: good water is extremely fcaree; and
the gnats aie very troublefome both to man and bead.
Ill t:ie mountainous parts is produced an exeelLnt kind
ot red and white wine; but no corn can be railed in the
laiidy foil. The defart plains, however, affoid good
padiiragc for cattle, where they wander at l.irue. The
wludc prox ince is divided into four dillrieb, the princi-
pal towns ill which aie the lullowing :
I'ell, a rov.il free town in a plain on the l^anube, over
againll liiida, to whieh i> a pall'age in I'unimer by a
bridge ot bo.its. In this city is the fuprcmecouit of ap-
peal, alfo a large military hofpital, built with (bjne,
two hundred paces f-iuarc, and three dories high; fi.v
convents, and feveral churches. In the years 15:6, and
1541, it was taken by the Turks who iield it till ifjo2,
when it was recovered by the Hungarians ; but the fol-
lowing year, being abandoned through tear, it once
more kil into the hands of the Turks, wdio in 16S4,
fet it on file, and then marched to Uuda ; upon tins
the Impcrialids took pilFi-irioii of the town, but aban-
doned It again, and did not return till two years after,
when the inh.ibitanis were reduced to great dillrefs.
V'aitz is a populotis cpilcopal city, pleafantly fituated
on t!ie Danube. Befidcs the houfe.) belong!:'; to the
bidiop, here are three convents, and a f.minaiy. 'J'h2
city chiefly own its |niirperity to its gre;iC animal fair,
and bead market. Ic has been fiequenily deilro\ed by
fire, and fevcral times taken by the Turks and Impe-
rudills.
Uuda is the name both jf an old and new city, fitua- __ ,
ted in the fuitv-ft\ ciitb. degKO forty minutes north ^.'.-i^.
latitude, 'i> ';'• J-
mm
ill i;- ^' ■"•
I', y
^iiJ
1
f<
11
■ ir "
1 "' ' '
1
■
■ ' .
i
:)• i
r f
fit'
' ^' I
■1 ,
i..'i
«?«
A S Y S T i: M OF G F. O G R A 1' 1 1 Y.
Ilaru
l.ititikli', ninl ill the niiiilcciuli degree tvvei'.lv iiMmiles
Call loiijiituJi'. OM KiiJ.i is titii.itcl ill a pl.iin wnith
cxtcml;. iVom thi.' l'iil)iiibs <it' New HiiJ.i tn tin: IMis
iiiDUtUdiiis and tlic- iJamiliJ, anJ at |.i\.friit i'. a iikmii
place i ill whicli ari; fctn the dcltdate ruins of tin; old
city, with leveral Uoiivm mnnumoius. Nuw Hi;Ja w.is
liiiilt by licia IV. and is a loyal itce town, Icitcd on a
nujiintaiii liy the Danube. It was foiinerly tlic e.ipit.il
!)(' the kingJoiii, the refidciico of the kinj;, and the
largell and liiicii of all the ilun.;ari.in towns , Imt ha.^
been nuicii reduied by it> being tVe<iiifmly lafiej^ed,
taken, and dellioeed. The prmeip.il chureli is that ol
the V'lryin Mary, near wiiicli the Jel'uits have an aca-
dL-micai eolltge and leminaiy. lb-' Caruielite riirs of
St. Clare have convents here, and the bLineifeans have
Icveral churches, 'f'he city is Currounded with walls
and moats, and is well rortilkd ; near it It.iiuls a itiong
cattle. 'I'he (lal.iro ot' the Ilnniianaii kinL;s was reckon-
ed a moft beaiitilul buildin;:, but it is entiiely dellrovcd.
It has three liibuibs i in that called Ncullill is only one
church, together with a pillar fil'tv-two feet hij^b, which
ill l6t(0 was dedicated to the Holy Trinity, to comnic-
morat,- a deiiveianee Irom a pellilence, which ceal'ed in
1715. In the liiburb called the Wall'tidtidt, or Water-
'I'owii, which lies on the Danube, are two churches
.'iiul one convent; and on the hill is Reifcn(l.ult, in
which is a Riiiliaii (ircek church, Lady W'ortly Mon-
tague, who was there in the year 1-17, fays that with-
out the w.dls lie a vaft luinib-r of little hnufe?, or ra-
ther huts called the Ral'cian Town, 'Vom its being en-
tiiely inli.ibitcd by that people. The lioufes (land in
rows, ,ind appear at a dillance like old-ra{l>ioiicd tli.itchcd
tents, each coniifiinj; of one hovel above, and another
under-ground, 1 htle are their luiiiiner and winter
apartments.
In the fubiirbs of W.dll-rfi.idt and Reifenft.ult are fnc
waim baths; the principal of which, c.dled the Em-
peror's, is built I'lMucwhat in the manner of the Rotuiid.i
at Rome, with a laige aperture in the centre of the
dome, lielldes feveral I'liiall holes or windows round the
cupola for admitting more light, in a l.irgc bath in the
cuitre of the other fuiir, V.>th lexc. publiiklv bathe to-
^;cther, the men wcaiing only a kind ot drawers, and the
Women what they term a forc-fliift ; but the common
people, for whom one of the other baths is appointed,
look upon cvf n this fliglit covering as fupertluous. There
ts alfo a pond of miiuial water, which ha« this fur-
priiing property, that when the water is wholly turned
eft', the water lpriii;;s ceale flowing, but when the pond
is a little above haii full, thev return auain. The wine
produced on the neigldi uriiig hills is red, and of a ver\-
good fort. Here aie alio excellent melons, which arc
lold for the value t.f a pi r.ny a piece.
Hilda was tivll taken hy .Solyman the Magnificent, in
1^26, iMid loll the following year to I'crdiii.ind I. king
ol Boluinia. S(d\iTian regained it by the treacherv of
the gariil'on, and \oliinlaiilv give it up to king Jchn of
Hungary ; alter whole death, his foil liting an ir.f.'.ni,
Ferdinand laid fiege to it, and the <)iicen- mother was
forced to call Solvnian to her r.id, who indeed raifcd t!'e
iicgo, but left a Tinkifh garrifon in the town, and coir-
ni.uided her to remove hir court from thence, to uhich
ihe was forced to fulmiit. It afterward-- refilicvl the
lieges laid to it hv the niar()uis of itrandinhtirg, in the
year 1^,41 \ by count hchwnrf/i :i'.>iirg, in 1 5'')0 ; by
general Rof^orm, in i5o2; and ry the ilukc of Lori.iir,
commander ot the emperor's forces, in i6!l4, to whom
it \ ielded in iLKo, alter an ohilin. te defence; Apti
Balli.i, the governor, b.-ing killed, fi.'.hting with the
iitmoll bravcrv in the i^;caeh. The lofs ot this town
was of lurh import.mce, and I'o much relented by the
Turks, that it occalioned thtir depolliig of then emperor
Mahomet IV. the vear following.
About a mile and ah.dfbiluw liiida is the iHand of
F.fepd, in the midll of the Uanul'e, and luttouiuled on
both lidcs by fmall illaiul,, among which the I'heal ir.t
ilhiiul is particiilarlv remarkable, and is a thonl'.iiul
p^ccs I'm::, and covered w;lli wo.i.l. The ifland of
I'jvalvinlche is twenty l'. vcn mil s in h ii'"li, and has a
fjined clr.irch, I'ai.! to h.iic been biidt Sv St. Margaret.
This ifl.iiul is not verv truilful, but it abounds wi-|,
g.ime, and h 's great plenty of liiies. Near the illjul
01 Kicpei a promontory, covered with woods and vine
projn Is iir.o the liver i and in its neighbourhood is a
ple.iiint and Iriiillul plain, about live imhs in ciicuir-
kri nee, conl.iining the feat of prince Kiiiiene, u|,o
otteii relidcd here, and h.id a breed ot Arabian flieeii,
and on this plain an- (Vattired feveral l.um lioiiC s,
W'c now come to the other circle ol Lower Hun 'arv
which IS that below tli^' Danube, containing twrK--
counties, and is inhabited by llun.'ari.iiis, inieniiix' 1
with Croats, Raleians, and tome Schuonians. i he pim.
cipal places in this circle are,
(Isdeiiburg, Kdenburg, or Sopron, a roval free town
in the couniy of the t'.imc name, and though not ver/
large is well built, populous, and li;:s e.vtenlivc fiihiirh';.
The inhabitants apply themfclves with great indultrv lo
the ciiliivatKiii of vim virds, and the wine is accordiii^dy
remarkable lor its goodnefs. Here is a fefuits cidleL;e,
and 3 Lutheran fchnol. Among the diets which have
been held here, that in |6S| is remarkable for the free
e.\ercil'c of reli^iiin granted to the pioteltants by the em-
peror Leopold. "
Raab, wliieh was made n royal free city fo lately n<
the je.ir 1742, is an ancient and (trong fortrels, fituated
111 a pleatant country at the conflux of tfvc Danube, the
Raab, and Rabnitz, by which it is enconipalled. Its
houfes arc all built with Hone, the llreets arc large and
llraight, and it has a bifhop, a chapter, and an uiiiverlitv,
the proleliors in which are Jefuils. The torlilie.itions e(
the city and calllc are chiefly the work of the emperors
Ferdinand I. and NLiximillan II. and it has always i
llrong g.'.iriloii well provided with military Uorcs. In thi-
vear 15/g the gartilon, for tear of the Turks, firll let
ti: e to the callle, and then abandoned the city. In 1 5C6 it
was burnt to the ground. In 1594 it was by agreement
delivered up to the 'Tiiiks, from whom it was at'terwards
lecovered by ((ratageni, by count Adolphus of Swait/.en-
burg. In I74f( the churches and fchooI^ of the l.u.
therans and relormcd were (iippreHfd
'The city of (iran, the capital of the county of the
lame name, is fituated in a delightful country at the
conflux ot the river CJran with the Danube, in the forty- j
eighth degree twenty-one minutes north latitude, and iti ii ^
the eighteenth degrie forty-fix minutes call longitude.
This city was formerly the refidcncc of the primate of
Hungary, and had alto a chapter, which is removed tj
'Tiriiau ; and the archbifhop rclides at Rrelbiirg. 'There
is here a Jcluits college and I'chool. 'The city of (iran
properly confilts of a loyal free town, the cattle, whirli
IS fituated on a high roek, and in which is the cathedral .
the VVali'eilladt, which lies on the Danube ; with ilu-
Ralcian town, 'Thonieflierir, and jungrrHadt : all which
are fortified fo as to be a miitu.il defence to each other.
King .Stephen was born here in the vear cj^rj, and buiied
in the c.nhedr.il built by himrelf. In 1 i;4j the city w;i.
lor the fiilf lime taken by the 'Turk^ ; but in i rqd it um-
tikcn lioni them bv the Iniperialids. (Jn this occa;iu:i
Sir 'Thomas Arundel, ot W'ardour-callle, lor his fiL'n;;)
br.ivcry in Hoiniing the water-tower, and pulling di>v.">
the 'Turkidi baiini r, ^'c. wiis created a count of th':
cv.p're by the emperor Rodolph, ;iiid afterwards kii /^
James 1. made him a baron of tni'land, which hontni: .
.^re llill enjoyed by his polleritv. 'The Tuiks bcliegeu
it in vain in the year i(."'4; but the foil iwing vear tin
obliged the city to luriender, and kept it till loSj,
when, alter the defeat of their army bcl'ore Vienn.i hv
John Sobieflii, the Inipen.dills once inore iceoieied 11,
and afterwards delended it againll the 'Turks, who laid
liege to it ill 1685, but weie cntnely del'c ited hv l!u-
dukes of Lorrain and Uavaiia, and it is llill lulmct t-.-
tl'.e hoiil'c of Auttiia.
Coi.'iorra is fiiimted in the iiland of Scb.iitf, at Ik'
eoi,flu\ of the VVa'' .iiid ihc Danube. In thi, town i-
the court- hoiil'e of the count), with a Jelui;- collci'^eand
I'l hool ; and near ir is an impregnable f.irtili.-ation, Im-
rounded on the welt with deep moars, and on the nortli
and foiith bv tlie D.inuhe and W.)". v\:,:.li meet to l!i
loiiihw.ird. It was built bv I'erdinand i. and it is r-
inarkaLle that it never tell nil.) ■.I.r h.ii;J' o: :ne i'ui:.
L I
■J,i !i\
Transylv
gia; es arc previ
tne iiortheily bl,
1
Is WP'll
L' illanl
d ni:i; ,
od IS .1
ClICllll -
c, w 1.0
I flKl'p ,
li!n;;uv.
; iwiKr
iriniv j
lif pur..
tie tdwn
nut vur/
fulmrli':.
diiltrv lo
:(>rdliijly
Cl'll<;;r,
nil h.uc
the triE
I the cm-
l.itrly .i<
, lituatcd
mbc, the
ll'cd. lt%
large aiii
lUVCIlitV,
f.lIlOllJ ct
iiiipcroii
alw.iv? i
s. Ill the
1, fiiit lit
in 1566 is
iwrfcriiciit
il'tiTwarilj
Swait/Aii-
t the I.ii-
ity ol the
ry at the
the forty- j^v !i\
Ic, and In ;; ^
longitude.
irimate of
moved 13
. I hcie
of (ir^iii
i-, whiili
.\thcJr.il .
with th;-
all wliii:h
lich ciIkt.
nd Iniiii'J
eity V.:.,
9') it \v !
ocfj :;•';!
IS fl.'lK.I
ling .UAv I
lit o( t;-.'.
lard;. k\i ,
\\ hnn ',1: .
hilu'U'.a
Iviar thi\
ill I'lS;,
ienn.i bv
ivfifd ;i,
Wll.l l.l'.i
.1 hv !■
IllltiU^! t
nt w:
luwri 1
L'lci»cai>ii
It. I'll, iiii-
lih.' nnr':'.
lift Ui 1':
I :t !•> 1
1 Hi':.
'■ C. T.
Transylvania.
r, II R O P F.,
»3.?
SECT. vir.
0/ Transylvania.
ti; Afotditatiii, lil.'cis,
Ailiimils.
\fT 1 K A N D » I. V /\ ;-. I /\.
Ui S'lmi^'i Stuallmi, Exttnl, Cliiiuilf, Mow.
AJim-Ttili, P/aiili, and Amnuils
THK country now known by the n.im^-- of Tr.infyl
\aMia wab a part of the anticnt lJ.ui.i, and iltiived
if. prclcnt name from its lyin;; behind the fotells with
wliiili the Carpathian mountains are furroiinded ; and
lur the I ime rcalon the Hun^;arians call it Krdely, which
li'Miili'.'. .1 woody nioinitainoilj coinitiy. Tiiu tiernian^
give It tiie name of Siebenburgui, from fevin ciKbr.iteil
lulls, or e.illlcs, by which it is defended. Traiifylvania
is bounded on tlic north by Moldavia, I'oland, and lliin-
rurv ; on llie ci'^ by Mold.ivia; on the foutli by W'al.i-
cu.i, .ind the 'uiinat of Temefwar ; and on the w<lt by
HiKii'.Jiy i extendiii;; from forty-hve decrees thirty ini-
■ nutes 10 fu'ty-ei^lit degrees ten minutes north latitude,
and fiom twenty-two to twenty-fue decrees e.ilf loiigi-
tede, and is ab.iiii a hundie.l and fevcnty miles in kii^jth,
jiid a hundred and twenty in breadth.
This tountty is on all fides environed with mountains,
whence il enjoys temper ite air, and fpriiigs of excellent
w.uer i and tliuugh it is both ivduntainous and woody,
Mt its fields ate lo rich and fertile, that it is dellitiite of
11,'ne of tlic nectlfaries, and few of the luxuries of life.
The niount-uns of I'ranfvlvania run fioni north to loutli,
li..;K'un3 out lik.ewilce.il'. and well, and ti rniinaiiih; in
th~' cen;i.r of the country in hills, cloatlnd with vine-
yards and iicli in mines. The former are lituatcd in the
louthern paits of the country; but in I'ome places the
I'lares are preveiued trom being lhurou_L;hlv lijicncd by
tne iiorlheiiy blalts. In fevcral of the muiiiuains metals
and minerals are found, while other:, yield rock-falt.
There are here medicinal fprini;s, foine of which arc
w.inn, othiis cold, and others lulpluireous.
i'hc chief livers aie the Samos, the Marof, which
ttaverfes the middle of the country, and the Aliita, wbieh
rifes at the foot of the Carpathian nuiuntains, and runs
into Walaehia.
The minerals of this country are gold, filver, copper,
iron, iiuiekfilver, cinn.ibar, folar aiuiniony, liilphur,
vitriol, loek-falt, falt-petre, red oker, and chalk, winch
arc exported from hence to Hungary.
Traniylvania produces medicinal herbs, grain, piilfe,
vines, and fevcral kiiula of friiit-lrccs, with wood lit lor
limber. The foil is indeed extremely fruiilul. I'lie
v.hiat is elleenied the bell in Europe, and fo plentiful,
th.it the pealjnts eat no other bread ; but tiKir loil i.,
Icfs ht for barley, and therefor' they brew but little
beer i this defecf, however, is fu;plyed with plenty of -oud
wiiic, which is little inleri ir to that of Hungary.
In the meadows and paf.urcs they feed vail licrd s of
l.irgc oxen, which arc 'l.ere extremely cheap. They have
al.oflicep, and a :J;ood breed of horfes. Their fordls
abound with many kiiid^ of wiid beall:;, particulariv
bull.i'ocs, elks, de^r, wild boars, hares, which are nuu ii
|ar''-'r, and h;ivo a more valuable tur than ours ; wild
hoiii'sof incredible fwiliiu'fs, whole manes bang down
alnioll to the };rouiid ; fome p.uts ot the country arc iii-
fcllcd with wolves and bears, which in winter do great
mifchief ::mong the cattle : tlieie are alfo wild alle. ,
l.ii\c<, chamois, martens, erininc:, and he.wers. The
woods afiord plenty of bees and honey, with wbirh they
ni.ike a foit of mead that is hi 'lily valued ; the lioney
belli" mixed with fnveral other pkafant in-redients.
S E C T. viir.
0( th dif.ynit Katbis ivhi ir.hiihlt T'linfyiv.liliii ; ihcir
A'hV'"«, Lrariiln^, ilivtniwint, Aim>, hr.a, RlVchiu;
ami Mmiiiijtratioii of ''jujl'U.
WITH refpcil to the various nations who inhabit
Tranfylv.mi.i, thcfenrc llungari.ins, who In tlieii
n.itiiral genius, iiiulerllanding, ililpolition, and language,
rd'cnible the natives of the uMintiy ; the Siciili, a peo-
ple dcfecnded from the Scythian lluiis. an I Ici'licrK en-
55
joyed fomc pnrllculir privileges on ncrn-.inr of thc'r
aniiipiltv ; hut thcle hue been i;radii.illy .iboliflicd
they fpeak the Huik-.irian laiu'uai^'e, but llieir proiuui-
ciation ii bi(>ai, and they alfo retain fomc old Hiii-
words: the Sa.voiri, who are partly the leinaiiis of thr
GcpidI, and |i.iitly the dcfeendanis of thole .Saxciii wliu
in ii<;4enterid thecountiy: thcle llilHv adluie to tlieii
n.itiii.il dilpolitioi- -.aid aiitieiit culloni., wl'ich .ire widely
dilleriTit from thoLof tiiu two above-mentioned iiation«,
but rclemble the modtrn liiiiig.itiaiH, an I like tlicni aji-
ply thcmlidves to learning, war, art?, ;;iid tiadc. Theie
langu.igc agrees with th..t Ipokcii in I.mv.r Saxonv.
riicd. arc the principal people of this country, and the
rell, who .ire elleemed foicigncis, mull unite with one
of the above nations.
'I'liolc whom they thus call foreignrrj .-re the (ler-
mans, who fpc.ik the fame languaj;e as the other natives
ol d'erinane, but .1 dillereiu one from that of the S.ixoiis;
the W'alacbi.ins, the defcendants of the Tiiticnt Roman
colonics, who therefore (lilc tbemli Ives Romanius, that
is, Romans. 'T'heir language confills of a great deal
of I, aiin, corrupted with a mixture of the Sclavonian.
I hele refemble the Romans in their diefs and diet, anil
are fond of the Italianlanguage ; the waywodes have their
pbylici.uis and feerctaries Irom Italy, and the few who
apply themfelves to literature go to the univerfity of
I'adua. 'f'hey relulc in the mountainous parts of the
countiy, anil wholly apidy tlv. nifclves to agricu'turc.
I'rom their liill embiariii:; the Cbiillian religion, thev
have prokllcil iheiiifi Ives ol the Circck coniuiiiiuon ; but
finee Tr.mlylvania became fubjeiil to the boufe of Au-
llrl.i, the Jel lilts have been perpetually endeavouring to
unite them to the RoniKli chuich, und<:r the ambiguous
title ol the G'l.Ai )-.'/,vj L';;.(.'. The qualifir.itions of ihe
\\ aladiian clergy barely conlill in tncii being able to
rc.id and ling ; and when anv of them Wd'd.l Hiiiie, he
makes a tun to Bucbeicll in W.dacbia, wnir. he Ic.irns
fo be polite, .:ii,l to fpe.ik in .m orna;n.ntil llilc; buf
returns in otinr relpe^lfs a; iililerate as he went. The
comnuui people among the W'alachians are laid to be ki
iL'ni"-am, that feaicc one in twenty ot theiii can icpeat
the Lord's I'raycr. The others are Armenians, who
have a particular language, and chiefly appiv thcmfelvc;;
to trade, R.ilciaiis, liuljari.ins, Greeks, and Jews.
J'lic Hungarians, the Siculi, and a few S.ixons, arc
of the Romilli chiiu:i, and have fome lites and privileges
in coninuin with th i' church in Hungary : thcle are un-
der a billiop who lelides at W'eiirenbuig, and is fubc-
dinatc to the archbifhop of Colotza. The reformed,
who ronlill of the llunii.uiaiis and Siculi, have a fupcr-
intciidant, who by the i.uvs ef the kingdom is the fecond
in rank. The protellant Lutheran church, which con-
fills of Saxons and a few Hungarians, is divided into
nine chapter^, and governed bv a blUiop. This church,
with refpcil tcf the number of its memb.-rs, is lo fuperlor,
that there arc reckoned tvvciuv live pio:e'.tants to one
catholic. The Socinians, or L'nitaii.ins, wcie lurmerly
the prevailir ■ feci ; but at prcl'ent they arc greatly dwin-
dled, tbou;ih thev have llill a fuperinteiid.int. Thefo
four churches arc crtabllfhed by the I.uvs of the kinguom.
The (iieek religion, profefled by the W'alachians and
Ciieeks, has particular privileges granted by the prince
of the countrv, as well thole who .V'i united to the
Romilh church, as thole win dill'i'in fie'in It. Over the
former 1; n bifticp, who has pi it lis under bim ; but the
latter is fubieci, in cccleliatllcal atVaiis, to the billKi|)s
of Walaci'.ia i and under thei'e alio are the Armeni.iii=,
fome of whom iliHer, in point of public worlhip, from
the (irecks, while others acknowledge the church of
Rome.
With refpcfV to the 'Kite of learning in ibi- country,
the catholics have a college of Jifuits at CI lulcnbiirg,
and feveral feminaries. The dltreunt leiLs of iirotell.ints
have likewile len'liuries and Ichools, in whicii the ele-
ments of the fciences are taught i alter whicii, fuch llu-
deiits as arc of the reformed religion go to SwilleilaiiJ
and Holland, but th: S.i.ions arc lent to lludy in Ger-
m.iny.
Tlic government of TranlVlvani i is entirely diHerent
from th.it of Hini'arv, and by the joint conleiuot prince
.iiid people, i'i fi.irnied ii\v> an aiilbxr.itical ijovernmeiit,
I , I which
•: I'l
liillr
.1*
II i ii
■;|i:
ill
■i'\!-
U:
ill*
hi
i
«3+ A
which fmce the year i-lihas liccn hiTcditarv to the
nriiici's ami priiii i;I';s nl tlit liniifc cf Aiillii.i. I'urnicr-
ly tht prince ot ri.mfylvaiu.i fuccteJtd to the ;;'ivirii-
mcnt by ■' Ircc i kill i mi ; Imt liiicc the above ptiinJ, by
inlicrii.iiuc i and ihnn^li hi.powir i; inrincclL'd wilii
th.it ot'ilic kini; ot' Hungary and the arili diiki' ot' Aii-
Ihi.i, yit his i'uvcrnmcnt and privdc;;i.;, ilift'tr In'Mi both.
The- ptincipalitv ot' TraiiH Ivania is "ovirncd i'l ibi'
n.itiic ot' prince .nul nol.ilitv, by tlic dut, the ofliee (j1
ftate, the roval iMnernmcnt, thj ixthiiiuir, the alKni-
biy 1)1 Kiin^arian loun'.s, the trlbiin.ils ol jiilllce, and
the m;ij;ilirates <4'thc liax<ins and Siciill.
The diets meet at Heimaiilladt, by (ummnn'; I'lom the
prince, and arc divided into the upper and lower table ;
at the upper t.^Ide Ills the p;()vernmcnt, with the pril.ite.,
counts, and baron'- ; at the lower, the king's miitKil,
vith the deputies of the Hun:\iiian tount-^, the tiibu-
rials ol the Siculi ami royal baxons ; and at earli lits a
prefiilent, who reprdcnts the lovcreii;n, and lays the
kin^i's intentions and propol'als bel'oie the ^la(e^.
Tl'.c 'Iranfylvania office, which diaws up and fin>!i
away the prilK•e■^ orders, is held at Vienna, and, with
refiiecl to public allairs, lui; not the le.dt coinicCliun
cither with thole of Aiillria or Hunj'.aiv.
'I'he royal government iciidcs at llcrnianflailt, and fu-
pcrintends both the temporal and fpiiitiul ali'.ms of the
principality. At its head is a governor with the conn-
fello:s of the three nations and alfj of the three reli-
gions, the Romans, the Calvinills, and the I.uthcians.
The exclic(|ucr is divided into the Tranh Ivania and
mine-office. 'The forincr is held at Hcrmanltadt, and
tli.it nf the latter at Abruivl!'>n\ a.
yirttis 'I'he arms ot 'I'ranfylvania are di\ idcd into three parts
by two indentations diverging downwards. In the iirlt
are leven Hungarian callles in a I'uld or ; in the fecnnd,
in a Ik I..' gules, trie eagle of the Siculi ; and in the third,
the Saxf.u fun and moon in a t'leld pules.
I'ranI) Iv.inia could formerly biing from eii;htv to
nini ty til lulun J nun into the liclJ ; but at preleiit t'le
wiiole fj'ce of that priir^ipality confilU of fix regiment:.,
under a. eommaiiJcr in chief, lor the detencc of the
country.
■^riie revenue of Tranrylvania rifcs 'rom coniribiitions,
cuftoms metals, minerals, rock-falt, ro'al doinain..,
cfcheat-, and coiififcations, and are levied by the trca-
fury.
\Vith refpccl to the adniiniftratinn nf jiidice, ci\ il
caufes are tried in the piince's name, in the fuperior
and inferior courts; and each of the three naiiors \\:\z
its particular court. In the royal free towns which be-
long to the Saxons, the caufcs of the burglms aie (iiif
heard before the judge of the town, and afterwards dil-
ciili'ed by the town council, from \vlii<h thenr lies an
appeal to the meeting'; of the towns, when they hold the
national court ; and Irom this court an appeal lies to the
TuhuLi rr^ij. In the Hungarian counties, the caufes of
the gentry are full tried by their judge, and then brought
before the whole body of tlic nobility ; fr.,ni whom alfo
lies an appeal to the 'Itwul.i >i-«ia. \n the couits of the
Siculi, who have their peculiar cufloms and privileges,
caufes arc (irlt heard before the king's judge, and in du-
bious cafes carried up to the king's lieutenant, and from
him to the 'lahiila rem. This TiiiuLi r,-iti, or royal
table, is the chief court of jultice, and has a prefulerit
with prothonotaries and alVcllors; yet even from this
board caules may be carried up to the government, and
from thence icniovcd to the fovereign.
Jn affairs relating to the church, there is only one
couit, winch is held at the reiidence of the bdhop of
Tranfylvania, from whom appeals lie to the metropo-
litan, Irom him to tlic pope's nuncio, and I'reni thence
Jo the court of Rome.
Y S T I'. M OF G F. O CI R A 1' H Y.
S
CLAVONIA.
the royal country of the Saxons, which confills of live
dilhit'ts. 'Ih'.' principal places in Tranfvlvaiiia are,
Claiifenburg, which is fe.iled on a plain hv the livulct
ot .*iamos, near the loot of a niounlain, ni the (nriy. ,'
(eventh degree fou;leeii minutes north latitude. Thu
is a Inge popubnis town, that has many lioufes of Ibjnc
.ind lliong w.ills fortified Willi towns. Over the Tur!
tin. I gale is Hill to be I'ecn .\}\ infiiiiuioit in honour of
the empiror Tr.ijaii. The Jefuils have a coilege here
and the leformed a femin.iiv, as have alfo the »Sueini...i,'
who are very nunurous. Till the year idoj, they were
m poliini.in of the caihedr.il, which was t.ikcn Irom
ihun, and given to the Je. nits, wliofe e hurch and col-
li ;;e the v h.id pulli d down. 'I'his town has been fevctal
times belic.'ed and t.ikeii.
Hermaiilladt, by the natives called Zebcn, is the ca-
pilal of Tianf)K.iiii.i, fituated in that pait called ihc
loyal idunlry of the Saxiui., in the fortv-fixth deyree i
lilty line minutes i. Mh latitude, and the twenty-tilth ?, '
degiee one minute r.ilMongi'.ude. It (lands in a plain
.nid Is large ami well built, ami is defendeil by a double
w.ill and dee|i moat. This is the principal place of the
-Saxon cidnny ; and it is governed by the royal chamber
the tribunal of appciN, and the diet; befides which, the
general ami royal governor of the Saxon nation refijc
here. The air is however unwliolfome, and produces
the gout ; Co that many of the finell buildings are unin-
habi'cd. The houfes within the pates arc molHy well
built, and covered with Hates, which in this country
is reckoned an extraordinary piece of magnificence.
Mefides feveral good fprings in and about the place, tlic
river water is conve\ed through every rtrcet by \iu\c
canals. This city is a granary for the whole principj.
lity. Its principal trade confills in cloth and mead,
made here in gre.it quantities for exportati.jn into the*
nelglibouiing ceiuntriis. This city had formerly a con-
fivlerable trade with (.irecce, which they loft during the
war, ; but it li is greatly eleclined on account of the per-
fecution the inhabitants have futfered, and the fcvcrity of
the government.
Weid'emburg, or C.iilfliurg, is a flrong well built
town, fituated on a rifing ground, from whence, for
about two miles round, tlieie is a mo(t delightful prof-
\kH of a (luitlul couiury, aniidll corn fields and emi-
nences covered with vines. It is watcied by the gentle
dreams of the rivers (3nipay and Marifeh, and is two
miles in length ; but was inucli larger formerly, a' ap.
pears from its ancient boiind.iries within the walls, which
are (aid to he twenty miles in eomiiafs. It was for a
long time the metropolis of ancient Dacia, and was
cillcd Alba Jiili.i, from full.i .Augnfla, the mother of
the emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus ; and Is now
generally called Carliburg, in honour of Charles VI.
by whom it was confiderahly impioved. It had formerly
a ni.ignllicent palace, which is now gone to decay, and
h - at prcfent a bKliop and a college of Jefuits.
I'he lift place we ifiall mention in Tranfylvania Is
Cionftadt, which is next in rank to llermanft.ult, both
with relJKCt to its appearance, the number of its inha-
bitants, and its trade. It .5 feated among pleafant
niount.iins, and is forti/ied with walls, towers, and
noats. None refide in the town itfelf bclidc (jcrmans,
out In its three large fuburbs are Hun, .ulans, Saxons,
Bulgarians, a.nd Siculi.
SEC T. IX.
j1 (Jtiife Dif.iipth'1 oj tl.'f principal P,'jus in 7 ranfyhania .
TH K wh<)\<i country of Tranfylvani.i is divided into
fevcn Hungarian counties ; the territory of the
Siculi, which ii iubdivided into kvcii tiibiinah ; ana
SECT. X.
Of ScLAVOMA.
The Extent, Climate, Rivers, diff'erint Inhahitantt, Litti'
f;u,7:n, Csveninuiit, A/tiiniJlraliin of Jii/Hi:,-, hth in
Sc'iivmiti anil Crsulia. The Divifiom of Si/uvonia, and
its primipiil Towm,
WK fhall now treat of the country by fome authors
called Hungarian lllyricum, which extends ('rum
the D.nuibe to the Adriatic Sea, between the iivers
Drave, Save, and Unna, and comprehends Sdavoiiia,
Croatia, and Dalmatia.
The country which lies between the Drave and Adri-
atic ciijoyj a mild and temperate air, and a Iruitful foil ;
but
Croatia.
but the marii
produces all
particularly co
already meiitl
tia, and falls
with the finall
iiiro the Adriat
The inhabit
cording to the
rent people, a
Venetian'., aiu:
Sclavonians, w
Servians and R
mans and Sclav
who dwell in C
With colonies fi
niatians, among
licliians. The)
Albanian colonii
With refpeiit
pie, the Croat
fliingarian j the
\V'alachians whe
their own langua
The only relij^
is under the gove
bifliops. 'Ihefe
little about (lud
amon^ the Croats
excellent genius,
which they endea
The uovernnie
nceHcd with that o
ill the archjucal h
tinder the jiirlfdic
Sdavonia, and IJ;
Hungary, and the
li.in Stiria has a gn
tia, and on the coa
The prelates, n
enjoy the fame pri
diets, which coiifil
all d'.liberations ru
befi.les, the fi.itrs
diets by their repref
The adminlllrati
baniiat of Croatia i
towns having inlcri
be removed to the rt
alfo their inferior Co
peal to the baiinat c
ban, or prore.x, v\'h
times hears caufes b
confuhations on ot
times, when the cai
litigants are difmlUe
whence they may pre
I he public revcn
foms, tillage, pra-zie
(if the Hungarian II
greater advantage th
la!(, when no lefs th;
into the field from Ci
U'e fh.ill now pr
Sclavonia.
Sdavonia is fitiia'
Save, extending cad
bounded on the we(t\
name of Sclavonia in
biHiring Slavi or Slav!
or Ralclans, Croat.',
m.m and Hunga-ian c
iiitci the barinat and gt
of which is fubdivided
t >wns il, x-.hich are,
Idleck, the capital
fcutcd on the river I)r:
remarkable for the lar
ere^ed over the Danuu
a'l 1 extends in length ;
^ibb, by Solyman, en
.!! \
prol-
1(1 cm;-
gentle
is two
a' ap.
, whiih
IS tor a
ntuw
ics VI.
jrmcrW
ly, M\i
jania is
It, both
|.s inha-
plcalant
a II J
|rnians,
Saxuiis,
L/)H'
Ihth :n
puthors
Is Irutn
livers
livoiii.:,
AJri-
II i'Ml ,
Croatia.
E U R o r r.
but the maritime places are not eflccmcJ healthy. It
nroJm.is ;»ll the ncccllarics and convi.-niintii'i of life,
piiiuularly corn, wine, ami oil ; ami bdiJcs the rivcis
iircKlv mmtioncJ, has ihc Culpa, which riCos in Cro.i.
tia, aiiJ fjlla i"'" 'he Save ; the Keiki, which toj- 'thcr
with the finall rivers of Dalniatia, dilchargc- thcmUlvcj
i„ro the Adriatic fca.
The inhahitants are of Sdavonian extrncluin ; an. I ac-
cording to the dill'crcnt provimcs, arediviilcd into ilirfc-
riMit people, among which arc Hungarians, (Jcrnians
Venetians, and Turks. The principal nations arc the
Sclavonians, who make as it were one people- with the
Servians and Rafcians, which, with a mixture of Ger-
rrians and Sdavonians, inhabit Sclavonia : the Croats,
who dwell in Croatia and Sclavonia, and arc iiitcrniixcd
with colonics from Cicimany and Walachia ; the l).il
niatians, among whom arc the Ulcoes and the Mor-
hclii.ins. They have likcwifc Venetian, 'l.'urkifli, and
Alhaiiian colonies among them.
With rcfpciSl to the language? of thcfc different peo-
ple the Croatians and Ralcians fpeak (jcrnian ,ind
Hup'^arian J the iJalmatiaiis, Italian and 'I'uikilh ; the
Walachians who have fettled in thele countries ictaiii
ihcir own language.
'I'he only religion tolerated here is the Romilii, which
is under the government of three archbifliops and twenty
hifliops. Thefe nations, however, concern thenifelvcs
little about (ludy ; yet Zagrad has an academy ; and
amon!;the Croats and Rafcians arc manv pcrfons of an
excellent genius, who entertain a pafliun fur literature,
which they endeavour to promote.
I'he uovcrnmcnt of Sclavonia and Croatia is con-
nected with that of Hungary and Stiria, being hereditary
in the archuucal houfe of Aullria. Croatian Hungary is
under the jiirifdielion of I'lic ban or viceroy of Croatia,
Sclavonia, and Dalmatia, who governs by tlic; law> ol
Hungary, and the provincial aCts of Illyiiciim. Croa-
tian Stiria has a governor both in Stiria, military Croa-
tia, and on the coall of the Adri.itic.
The prelates, nobility, gentry, and royal Cnftellans,
cni'iy the fame privileges as Ihc Hungarians. At the
diets, which confill of the four orders <.<\ the province,
all deliberations run in the name of the fovcreign ; and
bcfiJcs, the fiatrs of Illyria appear at the Hungarian
diets by their reprefcntatives.
The adminiitration of juflicc in Sclavonia and the
bannat of Croatia is the fa.iie as in Hungary; the free
towns having inferior courts, from whence caul'es may
be removed to the royal treafury. The other towns havi-
ailii their inferior courts, from whence there lies an ap-
peal to the bannat court, which is thus named troni the
ban, or prorcx, who prefides in it ; and this at certain
times hears caufes brought (rom the counties, and holds
confultations on other important matters ; but ionie-
timcs, when the caufeS require a farther iiifpeJlion, the
litigants are difmilled to the Taiu',,! recjuii at I'elf, from
whence they may proceed to that of the Sil>tetnviiaiis.
The public revenue arifes from contributions, cuf-
tiims tillage, pra/.icrv, and trade. 'I'he military t(<rce
(it the Hungarian Il'vri ins perhaps never appeared to
greater advantage than in the war which preceded the
lall, when no lefs than hfty thoufand men were brought
into the field from Croatia alone.
We fhall now proceed to give a concife account of
Sclavonia.
Sclavonia is fituated between the Dravc and the
Save, extending eallward to the ')aiuibe, and being
bounded on the vvcllward by C. rniola. It obtai^icd the
name of Sclavonia in the mi MIe ages, from the neigh-
bouring Slavi or Slavini. The inhabitants arc Servians
or Rafcians, Croat?, and \Valachians, with fome Cier-
mm and Hunga'ian colonics. This country is divided
into the ba;inat and gencralfliip of Sclavonia, the former
(il which i-. f'lbdividcd into three counties, the principal
t iwns il. which are,
lJ!'-ck, the capital of the county of Vcrowiiz, is
fcated on the river Drave near the Danube, and is molt
remarkable for the large wooden bridge which is here
ereo led over the Danuuc and the neighbouring nioralles,
an.l extends in length about live miles ; it was built in
Jjb'j, by Solymaii, cmpcrcr of the Tuik;, who con-
Hantly employed twenty thouf.ind men In ihii woilc till
it was rompleatcd. In the year l^M) Kll'eek wai taken
by the Turks, and in iO')+ the lni,.erialills burnt thi;
bridge \ hut it was (oon rebuilt by the I'urks. The
Hungarians alterwards burnt the briilge a fccoiul time,
and ill v.iiii attempted to take the town ; but alter the
b:'ltle of Moh It/, the Turk', voluntarily evacuated it.
This city is liluated in the forty tifth degree lifty-onc /\i:<'-
minute, mith latitude, and in the fiinetcemh decree ten Ifi/t-
n'.inutis call longitude. »
C.ulowitz, a military town, the refiJenrc of the Grcclc
bidiop of ticlavoni.i, and famou-. (or its red wine, and
lorthcpe.ice concluded there with tho Tiiiks in i0()9.
I'eterwai.ulin is a town fituated on the D.iiuibe, op-
polite IJclgraJe, fix miles to the fuuth-e.ilt (;f Cailowii/,
It is Itrongly lortitied, and is the fiontier town of the
Impcri.dill.. 'I'he rmki made thenifelvcs malKij of
it in the year 152O; but (piitted it in i'jX;, when the
Hungarian-, took poUcirion of it. ]!ut t is chiefly re-
maikablc tor the glorious v ictory obtained near it over
the I'urkb in the year I7i(', by prince Eugene.
G K C T. Xf.
Of CRoArI.^.
/.'( Silliallin, Extent, Inhd'ituiiti, an.l prrulpal PLica.
THIS country, which is called by the Himcariana
Horw.ith Oif/a.', is bounded on the e.dt by .Scla-
vonia and iJothnia, on the north and welt bv stiria .ind
Carniola, and on the (outh by Tiirkini Cro.itia and
IJalmatia. The Croatians are of a good llatiirc, and
make brave and h.irdy fuldiers. 'I'hey derive their ori-
gin from the Slavi. In the middle ages they had fo\e-
reigns of their own, who lliled thenifelvcs kings of
Croatia and Dalmatia; but were for fome time fiiljeiSl
to the emperors of the E.ill. In the eleventh century
Croatia and Dalm.itia devolved to the kings of Hungary,
to whom thcv have ever fince continued in fubj'.dtion,
though not without frciiucnt attempts to recover their
independency.
The Croats, of all the Illyrian nation-, have tlio
greatelt affinity in th( ir language to that of the Poles.
Croatia, which is ,d)out eighty miles either way, i:i
divided into two parts ; that within and that beyond the
Save ; and is inhabited by Croats, a few Rafcians^
CIreeks, and \Valachians.
The chief towns in Auflrlan Croatia arc.
Little Waradin, a royal fiee town on the river Dravc,
llrcngthened with a caltle and bulwa;k; it (land-, in a
large plain, lietwceii this town and a li:gh mouiu.iin ij
a warm bath, formerly called Thermae Conllantiniaiis;.
Kreutz, a royai free town, that is fortitied, and haj
many privileges.
Iwanif/, a llrong fortrefs on the river Koros, where
the kint^s of Sclavonia formerly refided.
Zagral), or Agraii, a roval free citv, feated on thf:
Save. It is the capital of Cro.itia, and has a bifliop and
chapter.
Befides a conllJcr.ible number of other towns, of
which we know little more than their names.
Turkilh Croatia lies on the other fide of the Unnn,
and as we have already given an account of it in treat-
ing of Turky in Europe, we (lull now pals on to Dal-
matia.
SECT. .XII.
Of the Kingdom of Dalmati.a.
/is Kline mill Hi/iory. The Climate ami Face of the Country.
A p.-iiticutiir 'yfcc:::nt :f th,- ^Ucict and MorlaMam ;
vi'ith a Di-jlripticn of the principal Plt.es in Hungarian
anttl \nitiim Dalmatia ; alj'o a cin.ife J.iswit cf th. Re-
public of Rti^ufa and its Capital.
DALMATIA obtained its name from its an ticnt capital
Delmium,or Delminium, which was taken and dc-
(troycd by the Romans, who brought this country under
their \ uke ; but Dalmatia (ligok it olf nt.' Ich than live times.
Oa
.1. '^1
S, I
1 ■■-■;■ r
':\
^iS
A SYSTEM 01- GEOGRAPHY.
D/.IM/.TJ.',
■I
fill thi. .luiuii'i of ihc province < tx'tvvccn Aiiguftin ;iikI
the fi-ii ui', IJ.ilin.iti.i lill In tlic litter, as oiii; ot tln.;Mu-
ciiiiruljr provinces i but iliry voliiiil.iii!'' c.J;J it tu tlic
C'm(ii.i(ir, .111 I .It tlie ilcinilc o( Cuiil^.iiii.'i; tlif Ciifatit
W.i^ rcikoiifil .mioivr the wcltcrii paitt ot Uiyncimi. It
fulltrcd cxtri-nuly liy t'lc inro.uls <,t iho nurtliciii liatli.t-
li.iiis, .mil w.is ricliKcJ bv the (Ji'thj in tluir w.iy to
I (l.iiy. AftiTw.ir.li jiillini.ut, c::!jicii<r ot the li.ill, rim-
«|muilnot only D.ilni '.ti.i, hut Italy ; but in llic yc.ir
I 548 the Scl.ivi ciui-icil thi- country, aini .ilmnt the ciiil ot
the rii^ii (if llcr.ic!iu.i cit.ililifltcil thcnilllvws thi'ic. I).il-
maii.i hail ihun its partinilar kings, olwhitli /lojoniia,
or /jtoniyr, i!yin_^ without ill'ui., k't't tlic kinj;.!iini to
his coiiloit, who buqutatlitJ it to h(.'r biothcr .^t. La-
clillaiis kin;', ut Hungary, and it has bcc-n ever liiitc.l':-
IHiuk'nt upon that cruw.i ; but the V'i;iK'tiaiis are m..lteri>
til the 111 irilinie partj. in the war. whiih the kiiij^; ot
Hungary haJ witli tl'.e Wnctian-. aiiil Dalmatian^, tluy
were lor loine tunc lud-daful ; yet in the lilticnth toii-
tuiv tlie X'eiietians reduced the whole kiiigilom olDal-
niaiia, buf the lurk-, have fincc dirpollilfed ihriii ot a
•<iiiluli table pait, and at prelent the Hun::aiiaii!-, \'eiie-
tiaii'., Tiiik.!, and Ra^ulaiij, ihare it among them.
The D.ilniaiians have the Selavnni.in langu.ige and
culloms, and protel';; the Runidh rTli^iion,
The air ot Dalniatia is pure and temperate. The
trutnty is a- it were Hrewcd with t'ertile mouiitaiiij th..t
I'rodiice olive, Miies, myrtle.-, and .1 gnat variety ol
p ilar.ible and wliolelunic vegetables ; and have alio 111
their bowelb trealures ot'ynid and filverore. 'I'his eoiiii-
tiy h.i'. alio many (eitile plains, are watered by river,
that have a flioit eourle, thoUj;h they are moltly navi-
,2able ; and thefe plains teed many hcrdi ti horned cat-
tle, and large flocks of nuep,
iJefore wc give a delci iplion of the fevrral pnrt^ cl'
Hungarian Dilmatia, whi..h lien in the upper part o' the
Adriitic Sea, it is neccllary to give (ome a.eoiiiu of the
ITeocs and .MoiKachiaiis. 'I"he Ufeoc^ are a people
wh'i, galled by opprcTion, tl'eaped out of Dalui.ni.i,
whence they obtained the iiameot Ufeoes, from the word
J^eoeo, which fignilieb a defeiter : ihey are alio railed
fpriiigers, or leapcrs, I'rum the agility with which they
leap, rather than walk, along this rugged and nioun-
taiiioii. eouiitty. Their ehicl fettlement was at ClilTi ;
bat the 'I'ulks taking that place in 1 5 j; they retreated to
ycn-h, which was iranted them by the emperor I'erdi-
tiand ; but 111 I'jiO thev were oulcred, on aerouni of
thiir r(>bbetie^, and other acts ol viulcnee, to remove
and I'ettleat a place appointed for them in a iiiountaiii of
Carniola, four Cjcrinan miles in length, and two in
bicadth. In the center of this niMiintiiji (hind; Sii hel-
beii; calllc. to the gnvcinor ol wliieli all the L'lfeocsaie
lubjcti. Some t>f thuii live in fcatteied hoiifcs, and
others in lari/' villages. i'liey arcarou:;li, f.iv.ige, peo-
ple, laige-bodied, intrepid, and given to lapine, though
liicir only \ifiblc cniplovment i-^ grazing, 'fhev ufe the
W'alachian language, and in their religion come neaiell
to the Cjiee'.c cb.urch ; but fomc are Roman e.ilhullcs.
'I'hey have an archbifliop, bilhop'^, popes, or priclls, and
folugcs, or monks i their ptielts arc not prohibited mar-
ri.i^r, but the wil'c mull be of a good faniilv, and at her
liiceafe they arc no: to marry again. Their children
.uenoi baptl/.ed tdl they are adults ; and none among
tiicm go toconleirion under thirty years of age.
.Moilaciiiacxtciul-. from the jurifdiction ol Zcngh, near
St. Cicorgc, to the county of /,.ira ; or, according toothers,
f.-oin ViiioJok to Novigrad ; it being fifteen (jerni.in
n-.iicj in length and five or \]\ in breadih, and full of
liiL;h mountains. The inh.ibitants are a branch of the
\V'alaeliiaii5, and arc very fwarthy ; but are a large,
Uioii'i, tobull people, inured to toil and hardfhips from
thcii living amidit barren mount. .in.i. Their ctiief em-
jioyir.eiu i. attending rattle, an.l the grcatcft part ol
ih^in are of the Greek icli.'ion. Some of them at ]ire-
llnt rue under the proteelioji of Hungary, and others arc
i!epcndent on the Venetian-. 'I'here is hardly a place of
any llteiigth in I.)almatia th.-.t ir.it governed by thefe
people. Hungaiiaii Dalmati.i confilts of five diilriits,
rnoll of which are under the generallliip of CarKladt, in
v;li;ch the iv.wll icir.arkable j latcc aie the fullywin;^ :
/•■iigl', .Segiiia, or Seiii.i, a loyal fiOc Icjwn, fi.f.ifi ;
both by ait and nature-, is le.ited ne.ii the La in a hi,. .;.
niouiil.iuuiiis and barmi foil I'll- billiop of tlii.^ pn ■
ii a (iilliag.in to the ari hbilli.p ol .Spal.uio. Here ,: z
twelve rhiirilu 1 .md two cuiiviiit.. I he governor reiiU,
ill the old pal.iee c.illed the roy.d c illk, .iiid in the upp'.r
toil, which Itands on a tiling eiound iioiitiiig the tov/n,
lives the dcputy-governoi. Nt.u thi^ pl.ici; dwc!l tl.-:
L Icoes.
Chio'eh.it/, a fiontirt fortili. alien In the river ( lat/ka
which .iboui'ds with liOi : tli.U pan of the loitrcls wiitio
the governor and the greatell p.iit ol the g..irilliii relide,
is liiiriniiuled with a wall .uid lome towers ; while the
relt ot the buildmgii, which are but mc.iii, ate crcillid on
piles 111 the water, whence one neighbour taniiot v;li:
another without a boat.
We have already given a defirlption of Turkifli Ij^t-
matia in treating of' Turky in Kuiopc, .iml (hall w,^
therefore proceed to that p.irt of th coiiiitiy called Ve-
netian Halmatii, an. I the repuMie of l< igiila.
Veneii.iii Dalni.itia is fitu.itcd to the loiiih caflof th-
country l.ilt defeiihed, on the borders of the Adii.itn-
.Sea, and abounds in (.altles and foitificd jdates, thoiig!i
but lew of them are of nvdiin ilrue'tiire. 'I'he piiiiupal
pl.ices in this country .ut,
/.ira, the eapital of Vciieti tn D.i'matta, 1-^ firii.ited i/j
the country of the f.imc name, in the foity-louitli dt!'iee,f.i
twenty-two niimitc: north latitude, and is lurroiindeil on
all (id. by the lea ; but h.i. a communie.itioii with the
continent by tnrans of a draw-hiidge, which is deleii.k-J
by a loit, I'liis is elleeiiuil one ol ti^e belf fortilie.ilii)i.i
in i).iliiiali.i, and is thought to be almoli imprei;n,iM,..
I he cit.idel is lepar.itcd (tom the t.'Wii by a veiy di-i-p
(lit' h hewn out ot the rock, and in the cattle relides the
governor, (jr provedi.vu of iKilinatia, wliole otlicc 1. e'n!y
triennial. The harluiur, wliieli lies to the north, |s c.i.
paciuu,,, (ale, and well puai led ; and the rain is carrlu'ly
prelervcd in cillemto lujiply the want of frefli water. It
IS the lee ol an aichbilliop, .iiid St. Simei'n i-j patieu . ('
theiiiy; and in the i .ilhedr.il, wdiieh 1. dedicated to linu,
they pideiid 10 (hew hi . body depciliied in a rotiiii covei .1
with aciyll.il lid. 'I'here aie veiy tine paintings in th.;
chuiehes done by the belt mailers; and near the chuiih
c.illed by the CJreeks St. Helui are two handfomc tlntcl
columns of the Corinthian onler, fuppoled to have bei.i
part ot the temple of Juno. This city was formerly moie
conliderable than it is at prelent, the walls being but tw.-)
miles in conipal's, and the lumiber of the inhabitants no;
exceeding fix thoufand.
Teiien, a fortihed town on the extremities of Bofr,:a
and D.iliiiatia, is featcd on a hill, and, though not lariic,
is clleemed of impoitancc fiom its elevated iituation. Ir
IS cneompafled with two very broad and deep natiuil
ino.its, formed bv the rivers Kerka and Uotifiiiza, which
precipitate thcnifelvcs at a I'ma!! dillancc from the hi!'..
This city, which, in the thirteenth and fourteenth cui-
turies, was the capital of a country, is the fee of a hifliop.
In the year 157.2 it %vas taken by the Turks. In ifj;)
it wa^ recovered by the Venetians, and for the molt p.-,;£
demolifhed ; but it was afterwards rebuilt by the Turk;,
and again taken from them by the \'enetians.
Trau, or Traguiium, a town on a peniii.'ula, hut fe-
par.iled Irom the (ontiiuiit by a canal. It is divided n;:n
the Old and New Town, the lormcr of which h..s a
fiiiglc, and the latter a double wall. Its thiec to'.i:rj
are alio a good defence. Notliini' can be piealartei th..a
its fituation ; for the north fide is covered with l:c.;i:;i,.il
gardens, and on the illand of IJua it h.is fine fui-u-:- .
that have a lommunication with the town by m'..ii
a Ib-inc bridge, and is joined to the continent by three ;..
wood. It is the lehdeiiee of a Vmetirn pri.veditor,uhj
bears the tiile of count, and alio of a bifhop, futtVaiMn r>
the archbifliop of Spalatro. The h.trbour, which ,;
formed by a bay, has depth of water fulTicient lor ',, ■:
largelt lliips which ride th>Te, fli'it-redby two rapes.
.Spal.uio, the c.ipital ot Veneli. n IJalm itia, is I'eateJ re
apeniiilula lortihed with good biftioii- of free-done, b.i
thele woiks are commanded bv the nei;.'hbouring ir.eni:;
tains. Thistity is the lee of an archbilhop, who i. pn
mate gf .ill D.diiiatia and Croati*. It ij alio thell.;il:
i!
M
... !K
Dm.matia.
U R O
here all mcrc!vni.li.'?r''''''"3 f^'"^' 'I'mky tn ImIv mull flatf, 5i:.l dor Mi? n(-;-.sh of fiiuil v;iluf. Five rrnvvd
lu' ir.in
IIIU'.
r.ictL-d.
in I
lb IIIX
AlIlDllf,'
1.,/.
Iiirli 1- viiy l.ir^c jiul , tor» t.Ji.l.nn, I'v a nujority it votes, llic protciJin^i uf
rii'.i) liir |i.tlomiiii(: tiu.uc
lIlC il.llliillllll..tl()ll
,iMiii|iiiiiis til lie Itiii 111 10 Jrc I Civil iMiil'iH, iiml |i.iitl.iil irlv ttinlJ ulli'i': fo iMm
llK' lllMll''
renin
ii!i nl l^imli li.in's paluic, oi
wliith llic arc liill heard lu.lon; (ix roiiluN, or liiiiun*, (icin «lii'iii
iity
itl<
built, and it-, w.i
.iki; tvMi-iliird-. ol thofc I tt.cic l!is an .ipp.Ml Id tnt mlU'^-c ol linrlv, an I iMiii
(J. ol h|'ai
.iiii>
luin'ni'* 111"
It is in thr tiiity tliiiil d ;mic liUvlliiii:
llu'iii:
.IIM, in pariKiilar rari."<, to tlic khiikiI, Inm-
llK- Vuil':
ill lalitml''. I hi* lily h.is 1)l<.h policllcj by , 'iini.d ijiiIim Ipii i.iI jiidj>ij aic iiiipuinliil. T
,1111 ivcr lime til' y»ar 142 :
Cj[K-I Nmmvo,
\VM anlieiuly I.
clUolnit in 1.171, in
the b It I'oitiluatiDn III
Daln
liitwik- ihric niiniiiirticmPrs fur tlio vvMi.llin tr
i;i, I bjaui i>f livalth, ( i>iililiiii>', ul lite ii»!iK'
ilcd Nl
an
c'lcallri), a:iil was
lilt bv
I l>lii:
to iinl-iVL' tile eilv (ri'iii
, u!ii> tn
e'illta:;i!iii'. iii','oali.i
dcav
an I
a hi|,rti rii
[( i, b'ttcr fill till
hy
."k adjn
to thi; (c.i
lii
irc tlun by ait, it b.-imt an ! mmt
iir patiiiiij ul tiiriiKiKc maiia;^e tiie taxti, cxiiie, and
■ic'.ii.ir 11'
idianj-b', fcoiui'il toward, the iVa by llitivia I A-< tlu' 15 iinif.nmrc- iiiubli' to prite.'^ thenil'
vi's thov
UIV
J iiac> I-
flibk- 101
In tlic upper town i.
IJK
m.tk>: till, of til
ol'Suliniani'^,
,1, aiul
;•(! Inr-.lhcition
I the fi'rti.'r.il town ot l!.iltavic
iir we.ilt.i to proiiire tnt-ni p'oticloi-
til.
luit clii'f ol wliom ii till! ^;rund l'i'ii;ilior. I h v are l.ud t 1
is the capital of Omii.'t.id, wbuli 1 pay iiiiu!;'.- to me I'nilcs out of le ir 1 to the \'iii.tiaii
llan.is
to\V!l.
jl'jlit lix lum.lrtil and littypuis nor
It WIS talci n by the V'tiietiaii:., and
,f u/iilkletable tr.idc.
nil of tlie I uuc of li.itud 1 loth'.' 110
u now .1 I ou
t t f refpect
pope, emperor, .^pain,
an J N.
lite, Willi tlie I xiie
poliiieal views.
ll
pen
e trihute to tin;
Uallv
lit the annual enUallv, ainoiintH
W'itliin t^iis pruvinee arc aifo fevcral ill.iii !s, a', I.' to aliuit twenty tliouLind /.cipiiii'., wckIi about iiiiif ,»/ .' i
(1feri>,
tiiin wi
tra^l,
{J.'i
2, Clierlo, which has u eoniiniiniea-
tli the (ornier bv nie.ins uf a bridge, ll is
.uul
.1 brii
h.irl'
ulous town
le.il iiuiiibeis of cattle
ol the f.inu- name, th.it hi
Ith
udy n
iij' . .111.1 two pence each. The lurks a;e iii.leed of
.c to ihiMU, bv briii'zii",' thithir all kinds of
re.it I'lvi
ell
1 1> .1 pretiy ii.tell.iues, elpeiLiiiv l>i
)ur.
1.
Vi
:m, or
Vc..lii
venieut the Ra^'iifjii.. keep Id w.itchtul ail c<
.111.1 niilit.irv (lore
V
ir ll
an.l
I
lepiiaic
III h
tontiiuiit by a narrow ch.iiiiiel, aiiil h.is a town of the ojku only .1 (ew houts in the day
leir Ircedoiii,
from the t'nat the :;.itej ol R.i.jiil'.i, tiulr lapii.d, are allowed to bi
f I hi
fame name, which has
a harbour and c.illle, inwliiih
n
liJes the Veiutian count or povernor. 4 Arbc, whicli Armei
ey profcl. the Koniilh ielij;ioii; but the (ircck?.
te
aboinuii
roduces mo
and Tuiks are toler.iti.l. The laiij:iia.;o
witn I'lL's and the I'lnaller kiiiJs of cattle, and chielly in iile aniom; the Rai;ulaiis is the S .lavoni.'.M, but
ll dcliciour. wine. Its cai'li.il is ail cpiicopal the greaiefl part ot them alio fpeak the Italian. Aliiiolt
CUV. ;
tallies.
fcture haii
its wine, an
(Jrcitlfole, which contains fivei.il t<:
ul all the citi/e
6. Morta
M.
k hie hi
aretr.uleis, ,ind thi, pl.ice i;; dilliiifru
ilh-
,ir between two i
n,i
deep ..nd , cd by the liiKiul, of it., niaiuitajluri'i. As its teriiturv I'l
irated for ; but finall, it h.is but few places of 11 >te worthy ol .1
d its
ibouii.liiV' all.) Ill olives an
d me
larticui.ir dell
'I'iic town of the fame name is
IN of various culture
featcd in a vaKcv betwee
Till
iption, bel'kles iti capital,
le city ol K.i^ula was built a conlilera
ble til
two ,11
I.efiiia, l.iid to be the , fore the Inrlh of our S.iviour, and was .intieiitlv callel
i|l
•V. Ci-
bre
brateJ ille of I'haio-, is rocky, but produces lii;s j l'.pi.laiiiiii It at Iciij^ih became a R
oman colinv, an
id and
vvino arc very cnc.!|'
i!\:\ from hence a
II It.ilv
cnturv w.u demolilhcd bv the Sevthiaiis. It
J£■^^
anddreece are fiipplied v\-i li lardiiies, The town of il.ind.. in the peninlul.i of Sabioneello m the ;Milph ot"
tlie lain- name.
thouL'h finall, is w
■II f
iiiiliei!
n the forty-leeoiid deirree lony-ei.:ht minutc.i .i?..^'*.
■■JfC
or/ola m:
ra, the antieiit L'orrvra, abounds with tini- noith latitude, .iiid in the eijibteenth deL'rce forty mi- I1,J,P
111 the city of the lame name, which is
b.:r of all kniJ
(he only one in the illand, relide tlu; (jovernor and a
all lo
dc fr
Loud
on.
Th
oii:»h it
not
bidiop
a tiii'-
It 1^ fortilied with llroiiif wail, and tower:
h.ul
iour,aiiil
nrodii
Ul es plenty ot wine
has
I'lie I'uiks
l.ir^e it ii well-built, and ha-, lome beau:ilul editiees.
n
lis Illy, which IS ine lee o
f an
.iiehbilno;),
is de-
by llron^; bulwarks, and the fortref) ol .St. Nicho-
■M
ntiiU' to make a defcnit here, were, in the year 1 las leeiirts its harbour anainll any liolhle attempts. Its
15^-, r'.'pullcd by the wrimen, who b. haved with her
ulution, wh;-n their oa
llaullv hunviiids had, throUL^h
alette
d thi
e city
lie
Nl) into the couiiti
thcfe there are fever.il other i
(lands
\V.
i.v come to R.i'^ulan Dalmatia, which lies tn
t'v. f.iuih-eall of tlie foinier, jii.I is about hity-live inile.
1:1 leii:
;ih,
ioid twenty in brcadtl
Kagiil.i IS an aril-
tocratieal ll.ite, loniie
d nearly after the nuulel of that of
'I'liice. The gov
iiJ the chief of the repi
eminent is 111 the hand;, of the
rhaii
^rcJ cvLry
nth,
lid
nobility;
iblic, who is liiled rector, is
ad cleifjd by fc:u;inv, or lot.
the
iJiiiui:; his admiiiilli.itiin he lives 111 the palace, wears
habit.
Hetvc
apt
led of a
lilk
With white
port, which is CiiUe.l bauta Croie, or the lli.ly Cr.il's is
Iccured on one fide bv the little rocky ifland of Chiroma,
which lie. Ill the le.i about half a mile diltant, and the
headland of the penlnliila on the other : the latter ii
ill fortilie
and
vverc the former fe
i:d be
table. 'I'lie city i, furrouii.led with Liri'c fuburb;;
and has a g.urifoii of about two hundred men
bur. 'Ill
the
llij ke
1 conifa
The city of Giavol'i is alio fif.utcd on the pcninlui.i
of S ibioncello, and has the bell harbour on all the coali.
The entrance to It is very commodious, broad, deep, aiiJ
well lecured. It is 01
.! ' - I
1 ■ (
id ilis lal.iry is live ducats a month ; but if he
beoiieol the pre
id dlTiH
aiiucat a ilay.
Nil
s at appeal:
h
ol the adjacent nui
vineyards, pardcns
imented w'th ravilhin^ prclpcLts
lis, which arc covered with linu
e receives
xt to him is the council of tin.
In
and hininl'.r-houles, tu
plealii
ch th'j
jians retire tor the lake
here are alio live I'm ill illands fub-eil to the Ra:;
the ;4reat council all 1
loblemen above tweiitv
years
ifa^c fans, the principal of which is Mel;. la, which fonu
liiiitted, and in this council are chofen the pLrloiis learned men fuppole to be the illand
Melit..
Wi'iii con
llitute the board of the prej;aili, who f
civil .mil military a
alf.i
iliiole 01
ul receive am
lend cnvovs
f all I
up.riiiteiiil
emnlovments.
which St.
1 wa:. Ihinwrcckc
-p.Mj
Thef
It IS about twciuy-hve 111
e continue a year in 1 oranges, citrons, wine.
wlij t
The little council conl'ill.s of thiity nobles, id' the la
akc care of the po'.ity, trade, and revenues of the paflurcs.
recked ; but this is not probabli
les in length, and abounds iii
ind tifli. It has a fma'.i town
iilHce
together with fix villaj
l-.iij
55
M n
C II A P.
IT
¥
■\ i
{ »J8 )
C II A P. IX'.
(Jt ilic li 1 , R M A N I M i' I R !•:
G'
I i '
r |il ^ '
t I
s r c T. I.
r>/' C! K a M A N V ID fulfill,
III S'.inri, Fimntivi, Kxlinl, Clfii.il; AtmnUiini, Rivti i,
ll';iiti, Fi :i:t, CiKi, ,ii,l ill.;r f ',.••!. li'l.i ; //,./,7., /j'ii./i,
nil J t'ljha ; uil.'i iht I'l iMk: ff lit: Mintud Kin^.hm.
iKRMANY, w!ii.h m imII'.,! Infhcl'rnuh A!Ii--
iii.i '111', ;inil hy ihu n.itivt'.thcuiliKci Diiitrtlil.iml,
i, tiiiiiiiilcl liy l'r.ii\i.', tin- Ncilurl.iml-, .iiiJ the Cicrmaii
I'd (111 the Will i hv S'liitl) Jiitl.ituI ;\iU tlie Haltic on the
iiortn ; liy I'lililh PrnlTi.i. I'lilaitJ, aiiJ Him^.uy on the
t:ili i an.l liv llic p,'il|''i of Vcnicf, th; clonunidiis of thi!
, , ^ , ll.it'-: of Venice :in>l Swilli'il.inJ on the lirjth ; evtcading
, '.t-.v,,*!.*. iVoni th'! foity litihiK'.'.recloni miniitc< to the lit'n'-Coiirth
>^,;». jf. ilii'fe'.' lortv minute, north l.iutiule, .mil Mom the fixth
ilei^rce to th." nin'-teop.th ile^rce tcirty-five niiiuites e.ill
Ion 'itihie ; aiitl acTonlini'lv iti gre.ite(t cMen; trom north
t 1 loiith IS fix hiimliel .nul t'orty K.ij^lilh nuIi. in length,
.ijiJ live huiulieil anil tilty in bicidt'h.
Thouiiji (lerm.iny ni grmrjl ni.iv lie faiJ to cnjnv a
temiK-i.iie air, yet with rei|iccl to its piiriu', w.umth,
anJ hejhiiliilnels, it is verv ilitl'erent ; Imtli from the
iiHitiicrly or northerly lituation of the pl.ucs of the coun-
try, from the [roxnuitv and ilill.nice of ihc fea, and t'lom
t!ie dilt'erence of tlv." (oil. 'I'hm the level p.nts enjoy a
tlillVrent .I'r fiunt the tnoiMitain-, .mil the |ilaeis where
the foil i» ile^p, n.oilf, and injifh; ii diftVrent from the
more elevated, dry, and dnuiy. ilence iht' proiluce ot
the tiL^s, fields, and gardens ripen in ditfcruit parts at
iliH'ereiit timci.
Cierinany ha;, many mountains, for Bohrmi.i i.j prin-
cipally environed will) them ; it is fcparafcd from Silefia
by thofe called the RiefenL'ebirge, and a Itill more r m-
iidcr.iblc ran.»e of nimmtains part^ Silelia and Moravia.
In the very heart of .Silcha ;irc alfo m.iny lar." monntaini,
and the tountiiesin the eircleof Aulliia are nn.llly moun-
tainous. I he Upper I'al.itmatc has likewilj many nioiin-
cainous and hilly tratl^, and the bifhopnc ol Saltrtiuri;
is alli> very mountainous. Kranconl-i, bolli withni the
toimtry and on its border <, has a tuiifuieridile number
of mountams ; and m Swihia arc lar;:;e ran;;'-i of them,
with many liivdr mn-s. Tli-,' I'pprr and Lower Rhine
arc alio mouniainojs, and partieularly the cleiSfor.ite ol
Colocn. In the cirele of U'lllphalia are lome moun-
tainous tra>.-\s, and in I^owcr Saxony the Hart/, arc fa-
mous, ill Upper Saxony are lik'-'Wili; many mountainnU)
trae^s ; but the hi;;helt mountain-, in lierm ui',' do not
exceed four thoufaiid live hundred feet in livi;;hr.
In fevcral of the mountains are rem irk.iblc raverns an-l
natural grotto,, of which we (hall ;;ivc adefciiption in
their place.
I'he principal rivers in Ciirmnn',' are the Diiuibe,
the Rhine, the .Vlayne, the Kibe, the Oder, and the
Wcfer,
This country was antienlly very wnoJv, and 1-, fldl
in general well pri»ide,l with ufeful woods; but thefe aie
dailv growini.'; thinner, and in many parts timber ii
wanted for buildin,; and fewel. '\'\\i: (ierman woods
yield oak, beich, pine, white and red lir, limes, alder,
alli, blaek popi ir, larch, pl.iiie trees, ebelnut trees, and
olive trees ; .iiid for the cultivation of lilk a great num-
ber of M hite niiilberrv trees aie planted.
Creimanv i*. provided with all the nteeflaries and con-
vcniencies o( iilc ; it, loil indted is not every where fer-
tile, but the barremv.r of one [ilaee i> ni.idc up by the
fruitfalnefs of .moiher. /Vgiitulture is here daily im-
proving, and the lands are rendend more d rtilc, rich,
and beautiful. It yields plenty of .ill kinds of i:rain, as
co.Tim'in vvhc.it, Ttukv wheat, rye, (pelt, barluv, oats,
peas, beans, k ti lies, lentils, chiches, millet, and buck-
wheat, ot v/nich It is able to ovport avail iju.iir.iiy iiuiin.i
i, alfo found there. The (Jainanj likcwifc cultivate
hopi, ami,', lumniin, llax, hemp, tuba , o, niaddti,
wo id, (.ift'ion, and bid lid (.illioii, willi tmlH. s, potatoc,,
and .1 v,irietv of rxcclknt pot-herbn, l.il|.ids, and iooi».
Tliev h.ive likcvn(e all forts of common, Ktench, aii,l
Italian Iruin, as .ipples, pear, theriiis, plumbs, chef-
nuts, almond,, olive*, medlars, figi, prathe-, apricots,
orange<, lemons, (.itruini, t'^-'P*-'** ""''') fi'bitis, wal-
nuts, A:c.
\Vith rcfpec'^ to the c.ittle of (icrmany, there li a pro-
digious number of horfc-, cows, fheep, |.'.oats, and
f.vine i llie iiiaifli liiids in the dutchy ui Uolllvin, Kalt
Kriedaiid, an I litenicn alFord checl'e an I butter in the
k'reatcll plenty. 'I'he wild beads arc deer, kks, boars,
lures, and laLibets ; in foinc pl.iccs arc alio bears, wolves,
lynxes, loxcs, wild cats, badgers, niattens, wild goats,
and chamoit.
Of tame fowl they have plenty of poultry, turkiej,
pigeons, "eife, and ducks; and of thole ihit arc wild,
(wans, bulrards, pheafants, woodworks, partridpes, groufe,
fnipcs, l.irks, fieldfares, ortolam, cpiads, wild-geclV,
wild-diicks, the Ipuonbill, and Itoik ; alio the fakoii,
heron, hawk, >*<c.
The luimeroiis rivers, brooks, lakes, and ponds in
(Jcrinany artord (turgion, l.ilmon, pike, c.np, trout,
lampreys, c.l-pouts, eels, pearch, roach, barbe', Ihajj,
and on the lea-coalt arc a [jicat vaiiety of leahfh.
Of the mineral kiiu'dom, here arc many fpecics of
marble, fome of one i oluur, an, 1 others variegated ; ala-
b.illcr, IVce-llonc, many Ipecics of agate, cornelian,
chalcedony, onyx, jalper ; with variou, (pecica of cry-
(tals and precious Itoius, as rubies, lapphires, topazes,
emerald,;, chufolitis, amelhvlls, granates, hyacinths,
tuniuoilcs, and carbuncles, (lere arc hktwile vitriol,
allum, I'alipctrc, l.il-;'em, and (prin:; fait, pciroleum,
coals, black amber, (ulphur, ipiickdiver, in, I .lifo vir-
gin (liver, arfcnic, cobidt, antimony, bilinuth, calamy,
and iiiock-le>>.d \ and uf mctuls, gold, (ilver, copper, aiid
iron.
SECT. II.
Tie Pirfytii anil MukhiT! cf iI>/ C/rmans in i^enenil, 7ri:r
SJiili III ih Pilit) All), MiiLiifuduiiSt C inmtiu anJCoini.
THE fiermans are i;enerally tall and well made,
and it is caf) to <.blerve amongit them a rcni.irk-
able dilfeicnce with iclpecl to their charaiiter, temper,
and manner of life, which is an evident proof of their
coiifillin;; of (cvcral dillimtl nations. They are, how-
ever, in ij.ncral, very remarkable for their honellv and
fairnefs in iheir dealinijs, Jioth the ancient and the prc-
feiit (leinians have been long diHinguiflicd for their huf-
pitaliiy. Julius Cx'lar obfervcs, tliat in his time their
houlis were open to all men, who were welcome to lueh
entertainment as they found provided. That they
elleemed it a piece of injulliee to atfVont a traveller, and
thou^jht it a necellary act of religion to protedl thnle
who euiii': under tin ir n-of. The prefent (Germans have
not degenerated fiom their ancellors, and a (hanger is
(lire to be every wheie well entertained. The courage
and bravery both of the a;icient and prelent (jcrmanj
were never difputed. 1 lie IJermaiiJ have alli) the ho-
luiur of having almo'.t all the kingdoms in Europe ca'C
til German bbod their crowned heads, particularly
Cjrcat-Uiiiaiii and lielan.l, Denniirk, and Norway,
Sweden, i'oland, Hungary, Pruifia, Uohemia, and
Rnilii.
With rcfpect to learning, the Germans arc not in-
ferior to anv other nations ; for not only their naiiir.il
tondii.-fs for imitation, but the variety of g;;vcriimeiits,
I their
. i!
I
^^J
.---
1
—1
■
'Vf
)\
■
^-f
/is
^ !>
1
II
ij?^
not 111-
Ir lunir.il
[rrnnu-nts
tiKiC
I
I
i
T -fT
1
^ i:P]
j
1 ^k
I.
■' t
■ 1
, 1
■^ ,
t
1
i, ■ '
1
■' 1
i^'i-
•i \i
Mr '
Ml
,,t
liER.M.WV.
their mutii.il en
jov ol Willing
■p,,).iii<.'d iIk- i;r
l-liMlurf thry t
|i,irtK'ul.irlv am
iiiihrci'iiiiiij! n
r.ink, Miu 111 I'
.iMV ()1.iff ill t!
:in>l iiiillU'il ; M
|i, il,):i>uiri(cs I
I, nt wiirki i .111
ti.iu;, julllv c-di'
A> to the vii
Inn J tor ihiir il
niiMi- Ljiiil'y "t
(li iiiJiTil ili.m
In .ji rJiik ihiTi
wlui will iiiiill
|.|,in- 111 iliiiilii
Ik- ,lir|Ulll.'ill lui
.iiiii both iliiic
tli.iii r.irnu-ili'.
1 licir ilimk
hue ihe l.iucr
lu.l only Mi'lel
own i^iiiwthi b
wliioii lie t(imi;j;
|iiiiiluceil.
'I'lieir oi.liiMi
.immij; us, wh''
.m\ i.i.ilfcil lli.ii
wl;irli was rllei
js It is by llieiii,
vjriiiiis mannets
as a ;;rcat raiily
I'fow III an e.xira
lilcmanV j^iulcii
iilg aiul laltenini',
Aniiini; the oti
flre-liile, wliich c
their rooms wilh
fcaihcr-beil as u
alight t'ealher-be
the upper ftieet.
Anion;; the liii
in;; the wiUI bo.
ftricis on the lim
aceoiitrcil, ami .u
In (lernuny a
which beloiij; to
tn ihe Roman t'.
thole of l^rrintli .:
brr ol acaileinie'.
lihiKils. '['lie ( i
Ihemitlvcs by tin
hillorv, anil the \
'I'hf Kieneli b.
all other iia;ion> i
aie iieaily eqii.ilb'i
In the (loliic .11
Works of 'I'eleni.i
Sonic of thiii poll
ii.iiions in the Inb
f\Ci\ llieiigtb an.
rclpeill to p.iinliii
il.ilians, and jiilir
l'..lker, and levi : .
(H'Jied in Ciirni.iii
lulore tliL- It.ili.iii
VdiiSn hcni, an I
l.iy bv |iiiiue Kop
veiition of a i'u'w
pniilinj; eannol u
and Heiihold Si lu\
(nvrii-d at t'olo^'M
mrable in the ait
With refpecl i
ficrrii.ins at prelt
ll'.H'.. and h.df lil
M-J all nuiniier <
C.ERMAVV.
ihcir mutual cmul.iiioii, anJ ilu- fifciloiii pidtcft.iiits ni-
■ . „(' wriiiiiL' .ii-ciirilin;', m lli"ir mvii iiiili;iiuiit, li.iv
^"oniii-J tlu' IncHtcIl iinpLuciiK-iit in llu- ka-inrs. 'I'lii-
11-iliirc thry'tako in rvi.Un ', is I'o urt-.u, aii.l |.<-n(i,.l,
ir'tiiulirly aimiii; il"- pioti-llaiits, that it is ttioiii'lit
nnhrcomiiii; < "-ii the Inii.ilc ll'x, ami ikiI;...s ol anv
rank n"' '" '"" i"!"'''''"" ^^"'' l'""l^- ^'^ ''^ '■'•^'''^
■ lilare in tlif unrlil wIk'H- moie liouks arr wiitliii
■wIj i.iintiil . aii.l tli(ni);li this i;ivcs rile tn many nuaii
, ii-'.-niancc;, llu-y liavr a i;rcat nnnilior of vny i-m.iI-
!' t wiirk. ; .:ii>i ihtrc aic at jiulcnt many (niniaii aii-
,',",. iulUv cltit-nKM lorllKir ccniiis an>l al>ili!ic:.
As to tiK- viics i>l tlu; llcrmans, tlii-y liavc lici-n ccn-
.^^,'^j,„r iluir cliimkcniHrs; lint t!uy <l<> luit rfcm lu Ic
"lucunillv "'''>''' vice tlian their iioiihcrii iK-n;hlu>iir'.,
K U U O I' F,.
'J)
e nun' V I'l "■'■■ ' "^ r^ 1
Ol niJi-i''! 'ili'>» ihi- r.niilllh : th.t there- arc- |Hil(ins <il
|'„,1, rank thrri-, as well as coniilry liinires ami.n- us,
who will iniilt iilH)ii bumpers [Mnnj!, loiiiul, ami will
,l,,iv 111 ilinikiii;; Joeper than their eiimpaninns, lannot
[•' .lilimti'il i l"it this is tar funn beiii;; a naiiiiiial viec;
I both time aiiJ in (lieat IJritain -.t is leh tommnii
th..M iormcilv.
Ilicir ill ink i^ beer nnil wmi, as wilh lis ; lii.i ihrv
hue the laiier npuii nuieh ealier t-inis; jur ibry have
nut only Mnlelle, Rlienilh, ami ether wines <ii tlieir
own l'U'«'tlu but thole (it lliiiinaiv, I'lanee, ami Italy,
wlileU lie e()iiii|;nous to them, where tlie bell wints arc
iiiniluceil. r , , .
Their or.linary tooJ is beet, mutton, lowls ^'i. 3t
imoni; us, whiih are geneially more thoroii-hly boilcl
mil loalieil than in I'.ni'laml. They have alio one ililli,
wl.icli was elleemeJ a ilamtv by the an, ii lit Konun ,
I, j, |,y ihein, anil that is Inail ., which are .lielKil in
V.1IUIUS manners, and cMri\ at the tables ol the rpialiiv
-I a Mcat raiitv : they are led hr this purpole, lo as to
"iiiw to an exiraonlinary fize ; anil theie is learce a iio-
ilnnan's gaiilcn that has not a place let apait lor brecd-
iiuraml lattenin!' them.
•\nioni' the other peculiarities, inlV-ad of the tbearful
flic fule, which enlivens our winter cveiiini^s, they heat
their rooms with tloves. And they not only fleij) on a
fcathcr-beil as we ilo, but, inlUad ot blankets have
a h'ht feather-bed covei ill}; too; which is placed upon
the upper (heet, ami is covered with a counterpane.
Anion;; the diierlioiis piacliled by the great, is hiint-
ini; the wild boar, and, in winiei, ruling throii^di the
(tucls on the liiow, m lled|;es .Irawii by lioriVs ticliiy
a:cuiitrcd, and adi>rned wiili bells ami feathers.
Ill ("lermany aie ihirtvfix univeiliiie-;, feventcen of
which belong to the protellanls, and llie lame number
111 ihe Roman Catlii lie. ■, witli two other mixed ones,
thole of luliirth ami Ueidilberg. They have alio a iiiim-
lur of academies loi the lucnves, and many colle;-es ami
lihnols. 'I'hc Ciermans have particiilaily dilliiuoiidied
ihemlelvcs by their kiiowledi'c in ihc civil law, natural
hilbiry, and the various biaiu he: ot philofophy.
The Fiench bad loimeily the rcpulatii n of ixcelliiii;
.ill other nation, m the polite arts ; but at pielcnl tliey
air nearly ec|ualled by the Ci iill.iin.
hi the poliie arts, th< y exu I in miific, and boalt the
w.iiks of Telcman, Haiidd, I'iraun, Uacli, and llalie.
SiMiie of thiir poets li ive excelled moll ol the l-.niopeaii
ii.iiiiins In the liiblimity id their tbou.-hts, and the min-
pe.l llren|i;th and hveetnels ol then laiigiiap,e. With
irlpeiLt to paiiitin/, tliey claim the tirll piaie after the-
It.ilians, and julUy boall their IVn i Paul Rubens, John
talker, and leveral other i. The bill copiier plates ap-
peared in Ciermaiiy ; Albeit Diner alio etched m copper
Ik lore the Italians; and mcl/otmto was iblrovercd by
\niiSiibcni, an llelbaii lieutenant, in lOfS, but others
l.,v hv pniice Rnpeit: wooden ciiii wrie alio tl'.e iii-
Mi.ti in of a fienn.iii. The liiil dilcoveiv ol the ari of
punting cannot with juliice be nluled tlie Ciernuns ;
j:id Heithold Scbwarl/, in the thiiteenth century, dil
...veied at C'oloi'ii bow j'unpow.'.cr nrj^lit be made ler-
i.triblc in the art ol vi-ar.
With refpecl to mechanics and nunufaiihires, the
flirnians at prclt-nt iiiaki: vilvcti, beautiful filks, tub
II df<, and half lilks, with a variety of woollen Hulis,
Ai.S all nuniu'r ot cloth-, tibboll'., lace, veiy laipe
niiantities of liiicn, fuflian, embroii'orcd woik, (ina
lials, and t.iprflrv J lliey alio piim cotton in .. be.iiilili.l
manner, make Spanilh loiij^b .ind fmooih le.illu i ; .i,,<l
arc well Ikilled in the ait of dyiii^'. Tluy woik all
lorls of nn-lals lor i.rnamenis, vellel ., tools, wire, Hi,
ill the bill manner I and Au, ibiir.; in iiaiticiilar is la-
nioiis fur its performances in lilver. Thev arc well
ikilled in the working of brals and arms. They mak.:
I'.l.ils, and beaiitilul minors ol ;ill li/es ; fine works in
l.uipirr, and a vanity of porcelain, nmon(> v^'hiili the
Miliiiaii is laid to be ihe liiiell in the world. In (lior!,
Niii-nburi; is lanious lor a vaiietvol ini-eniou, woiks iii
wood, ivory, metal, (lone, j;lals, C. which are ex-
ported to all parts of the earth.
Willi rrl;ui.'l to ronmiercc, (leiiii.iiiv cnioys rvcrv
.idvanlagc ; lor it not oiilv bouleis on l!,e lierman oiean,
I the liallie, and the <miI| of \'enice, but is wateieil by
I manv navi -able rivers ; and heini; lituatel in the bean
ot t.irrope, can commodioiilly eXjioii the liiperllintv ol
I Its home commod.iie:, and maiuil-iiture;, .i;id rer' ive
j thole ol forriyii ciMintries.
About llie miJdlc of the thirteenth rcMliirv, mni-.y
towns intJirmaiiy, as well as in other couiuiies lyiii.;
on the (rerman ocean and the liallie, entered inio .1
miiiual li.i'ue with each other for ihe promotion of trad •
and li.in.ation, ami were thence c.iilcd ll.,nle towns.
'I'hough their trad ■ fell to dicav in the lifieenth icntiiry,
and the n nie of the leai^ue in that tiin- ceiled, yet the
trading towns ot Hamburg;, I.ubee, .ind liicmen, arc
ilill (.illcd llaiile- Towns, an' have a lea;'iie aiiliiallj'
lu'dilliii;', biivvieii tliem, uiiil . ihe name ol which they
cnniliii.'e treaties of coinincic with foriiiMi powers.
Hamburg is tir- molf impnrt.int trading town in .ill (jer-
maiiv, and is chirlly indrbied tonaviuation for its fame,
as being the moll reloried to by the l-.ngiifli and iJutch
ot all the towns in (iermain. Ihe oilier principal
ii.iding towns are l-'raiicfoit on the Mavne, I.eiidic,
^.lllenbul^;, Aiiglburg, Vlenn.i, I lume, and I riellr,
which lad IS .1 free port. Several towns have likewilc
the privilege ot holdin.; fails; of tlufe, I'rancfoit on the
.Mayne has the i»rtatcll, and the iK\t to it is l.eiplic.
I' le other l.iii . are kept .r I' laiiclurt on the Oder, Nauiii-
burg, Itruiilwic, and .Meiit/.
The goods exported l;om (nrnianv into the neigh-
boiiriir; and lemntc rouniiie'. .ne lorii, wine, particu-
larly tlie l<lieiii(li and Molclle, tobacco, borles, lean
i.ittle, bultii, chcele, honey, fv'rup, linen, woollen
I lliills, yarn, ribbons, lilk a: .1 ottoii llurt's, wool, Nii-
r iibiirg ware-;, wood of v.tr-oiis ioris, p.uiiciilaily Inn
bir lit loi lliip-buildin ', iioii pl.iies .ind iloves, cannon,
ball, bombs, pr.ina.li-, tin pl.,ii s, lleel-woik, eoii|ieT,
j brals wire, ponelairi, laillnn ware, niiiror>., glalle.,
bee', Hriiiilw:c mum, lio/, btillles, t.;r!.ir, fniall, 7.1!-.
ler, I'rnllian blue, piinten ink, and m.iny other articles.
I Wiih lelpecl to the loiiis in (jiiiii.iny, it is proper li>
j obfetve, that ti.e cmpcior, with the cleciois, the chief
part <d the princes of the empire, leveral pn dales, ab-
belle:, counts, barons, lonie of the gentry, .md llie im-
perial i ilies, 1 ii|oy the piivile;;e of i oiiiing money ; huC
wiih ibis dilliiiclii.il, th.it loiiu- aie cntiileii to roiii only
linall money, ollieis in loiii alio a lar. er fpeiic-, an.l
I that either of lilver alone, 01 ol ;',old alio. \'et niaiu'
' llatej of the empire, in oid 1 to l.ii e expeiu > v, iVIdoni
i make life of this pi ivilei>e. (Jnc or tivo il.iis .ue ap-
I pointed iN.iy year in eaili iinle 10 be lleld by the luiiic
'mailers lor the ex.imination ol the toin; and the e 11 -
' peior has ciii'at'cd llut tiny lliall In; rej'.iilaily held 111
1 evety circle. All the money in the inipiie oimht like-
! wile to be coined of the l.inie lland.ird, and to be of 0110
weight ..ml intrinric value: at pielent, by virtue of a
lelolittioii ol the iliel of 1 7 37, this llandarii ought to be
that (d l.eiplii ; but neither ihi., nor the oilier legii-
laiioiij ol the enipiie, with refpecl to coinigi , have been
able topieviiil ils dcbalernent.
In llambiiigb and I.ubcc they reckon by maik«, flul ■
liii;'s, and plcnnings : onem.uk, winch 1. one (billim'
and fix pence Her liii.', make . Iixlei n lliilliii:'s, one fliil-
lini- twelve pliiinings ; but tl.i. pleniiiiiv, is no real loiiij
foiiy-eight Ihillin.'s, or three in.iiks, make one rix-dol-
l.ii. I tit current heavy money ol lliii couniry is eeiie-
■fall/
*
Mn
i!
I m
\ ■ :
mi^
! 'fii!
,1, •• .
m
:a
hi
! ; . -I
h-
r,o
A S Y S T r. M or G E O G R A I' 11 V.
G
IRV.W,
rj'Iy twenty- fuT ^.v iy;;/. better tli.-.ii the lL»lit cmTcin
toiii (il (Jcnn.iiiy.
Ill !'icM'ii\tl>cy r-ck<)iiliv rix.lnll,irs,;;rots ^nJ fi-ll'AT.rs:
oiu: rixJolLir wortli lour illillm;;s ;iiiil rixpciuc makes
fjiif and a halt iloubli', and tlircc lin;;!c MrcmiMi marks,
iLvt-'ntv-two r.r'it?, or thriT htiiulu\l ami lixty l.hwars.
in Fyfiplic, an,! in all the ilcctoral rnwntri.s ol Saxony,
ai alio at Naurninn;', jiiilin, Ma;;ilcliurg, .niil Tranc-
lort (111 the (».Ut, tluy nckoii hv lixib.llac-, !;iit-
pro'.ihfii and plcniiin;',- ; that is, one lixdollar, whiih
1^ there an inianinary coin, contains one imperial do: in
and a hall, or twenty lour init-Lirorchcn ; and one ;;iit-
grolchcn iwclve pfeiinin^rs. An iinpeiial tlnrin cnmaii'.s
iixtciii i;iit-iMol(.!i.'n ; a one third pieCL, ii.'ht grorcii.n ;
and one IimI; |iietf, (our t^tit-t^roltlu'ii.
At I'Vanttbrt I'll ih'' Mayiie thtry it-ikon in rixdulia's,
kreiit/er:;, an. I I'lViininj;^ : one rixdollar ni ikvs <iiK' llo-
liii and a hall', lour head-piceis and a hall, twentv-two
Iiat/.es and a hall, thirty imperial (;r(j|ehe'., and t';irry-
live allnires, or while plvniiiii;."!.
y\t NiirmhuiL:, Au.ilnuL', Vienna, I'ra.-ir, ^'C. they
reckon bv impi
al 'Mil.!
n.
kreut/cr«, and i Tli
They cxprcl1i.'d an extraordinary rej;aid l"or moralltv
."ii.i were veryftiiiH in ilivine wmlliip, chcnfmi; tii,-,r
piiiiis out ol the iiobilitv, who were not tntinly ii.hM.
r.. lit oC n, oral i>hil.ilopliv .m^i nhylics, and were iilujllv
call'.d to coiiiieiU (.1 llate. \'.'..inen were likewile .,i|,
iliirti'd to the piielHv olKue, an I liith the one and tin;
o;!',: r werttrc.;ted with iIk n» (I prolound relpea 1 j ii,,.
laiiy. 'I he doctrine of tranl!ni;;uiioii then prtvaiKd m
Ciiimany; they bt li^-ved that i!e|.j! ted (uulb, when t.'u'v
h.iij hh ihele bodies, aiiinidte.l oiiicr creatures; and, :u'.
eordiiii; a-, thev behaved in thii lile, rt'cic happe or iniii--
raMi'. Cliuenus obleries, that they woiiliippij ilif fmj
wi'.li lueh devotion, th..t they leemed to ai know led ^,;
that planet as the luprroie (Joil, and to it ilidic.ited tne
(i: it day of tl:e week I l.i \ alio win Ihipped Woden, r.r
(I'nlaii, alter whi, 111 tlir l,,iiiih dav ol llie week waic.il-
ed Wediierdjy. Il is laid that th.s word (lodaii beeiari-
nn; alierw.irds coiitraeUd iiuo(iod, tli,' (leiriuns and
^ ii;;lilh jMvc that n uiie to the De.te. I'i'.ey alio Hi.;,
(hipped thj I'o.l b'ar.iius.the lame with the lJ.,ii.lii I'j.ui
the Ihinulercr, lioni whom our I'hurl'Jav has its naik
plennin^s : one iinper
n
lonii, or two
thiol
luece,
k' s liltecn bat/.cs, lixty kreuizers, twenty
erok Ks, or two huiulred and (ortv pteniTin
and I
1 ucfda
od.le
iiiiio, the
, or \'
fain.
with .Ma
:vc her name to 1-iiJ
')
^, gave ranie t,,
I Like t'le antient llriions iliey peifoinied tiieir Cacriucs
in r.rcllaii, and all Silel'ia, thev reekini bv rixdollars, in groves, the o.ik beini; iilually eholen lor .in alt.irj aiiJ.
filvcr ^.rofchcn, ai.d pfennnKTS : one rix-dollar contains inltead ot a temple, thev erected an arbour made ot tli
thirty
impcria
fi!
groi
ichcs or bohms, I'oriy tive Iiou'lis of the o.;k and b.eeh. 'I'll
te I'Mifclics, nineiv kreiif/crs, an hundred and twen- tile iaciilice, were alwas i erowiud with wreaths o!
as Well as
ole
an heiulie.
iindrcd an.) fixlv i.U nniiii'S.
tii^hty drejers an
id lliiec or ol ('..nc other laere
beads, but
id lie le hum.i
oak,
I'luv r.xnii.eil not onlv
11 faerilite. were t.^kcJi
ill l>ru:ii'w!C, ;:r.d r.ianviithir places in r.owir Saxony, Crom aiiioiu! their llaxcs or n;..Ie!'..ctors. I'iieir behef
alio ill tlie whole circle of \\\;!|ihalia, they reckon that thi ir (ouls (lioiild aniiiiaie o'lier bodies alter death.
bv rixdidlars
chen and rl'enn'iii:
len ;!;ofehcn, and alio bv gut-irrol'- , it is l.iid made them l.ailels ot d.ii
and upon extr
rixdollar makes twuitv-tour ordin.irv oeeaii.ins thev made no leruple ol dilpate
;<ut-grofcheii, thirtv lix inarien-yrolchen, or two hun- i theni!'clves into the other woild. 'I'hey buint tieii d.
lied eiLih:v-ei:;lit preiiniiijs ; one marieii-i;rolche ton- bodies, ;in.l having u-thertd up the bones and aihr^
tains two inattiers, or ei -ht pfennings
At C
.ilbules
..[n on the Rhine, thev reckon by rlxdollir'
the liiiicr d j
I |!i'e, buiiid them t vttlier ; and at the k
id h.
ns alio in c
:fl"cs.
nd p(
lennnr's
riemidi : one lix.iollar current makes one imperial florin
and a halt', four hcid-piecc
bant lUvers, fiftv-ei-ht am'
a hall, forlv-eijiht li
I h.ill Cleve llyvers, f'vm-
ty-tinht albules, and an hundred and leicnteen I'ei-
tnan^er
It is obfcrv.ible, that the rixdidlar which nt Ham
burg, Alteiin, I,
lin.'s an.l lixpence,
ilienun, Jcc. i^ worili luni lliil-
niolt parts of (ierm.'ov fur
nioie ih.iii thiec lli.lliir. s and lixpence.
S !■: C T. HI.
,/« .//,//■
cf lit
{i>u:,i:t ai
dvi-.lo-- //.',
li (
jerm.ui . were
in the e ar!v a-'es of the w.irld.
'I"hc eoiuiuered (leinian n.'.i.or.s nad at liiil lie;editjiv
dukisof tin ir own, aiul were governed by their own
laws i but Cnailrs put an i nd to the former, and ri-
fomc governed by kinus whole power w.;i limited, and vernedihe louiitries by counts and royal miliionaries.
1
divu'ed into many pittv nations and principalities
and fen;
of the great were liiti
ol then litioic I't'lions.
'1 liefe were ihe maun;
were fiibducd bv the Romaii>, w li
::{ tlij Gen;
ns b: fe
itli fuel
relill-
eiK-e, that they weie contented wiih makini; the Rh
id the Daiuihe the boundaries of tl
heir eompielLs
li
ui!t |oItle!ie^, and planted gariilijnson the
b.niks of both thofc rivers, n
) on
vent the iniuiiioiis uf
what thev termed tiie baihaious nations : but within
bo,
Fr.!
.1 huii.lied years alter Coiilt.iiuine the CJreat, tlie
s^, Kiir:undian'-, Ahnian .. and oilur C ienii.in ii.i-
tion^ broke ihrou -h tlioie btiundaru
.Ills
.in.i
and dl.'pofl'etiid the RonMiis c f all Gaul, Uh.i-ti, .
Norieum, wliuli til y tliaied an.rjng iliem ; but tlu
I'Mnks picvaiiin;; over the nil, at icngtii iflabiiflied thtir
cmpiic over
Mo
oderii (lernianv.
ider the conduit of Ch.
ileniai;n, or
Cha
and It
. lhe(
.JIC.lt.
otliere were abfolute ; fomc of their priiues were elec- ; However, the antient diets wi
eie llill ret.iinee
il
cicmoc 1
nd others hereditary ; and fonie arillocratnal and year H
C'hail
es rtvivet
ratie.il govetiiments were a
Ifo t
and conferied the dianity o(
found anioii!
them.
'.Oman inipeior upi
him
elf
and lam
ly :
but 11
IS loll
Many <.f tbefe ll.ites and kingdoms frequently united . i.evvis divided the impiro anioii;' his liins ; upon wlmii
under one head or general, both in their ili'eiilive .,nd r;reat troubles arolc, which, in 84^, were adjiilk,!
de fen five wars
bv ir\ aei 1
latuii ; bv 'vliich Lewis the G
lame
d all (.;
jny as far as the Rh
■ithtl
■ thu
Ibis was the date of the Germans h. fdie they were
cciiquered by the Romans. At that time the children : town? of Spires, Wurmi, and Mem/ ; and thusCi
went n.iked, and the men hung the fl:iii of I'.inie wild ni.aiy bee.imc .in independent kiiiLld.uii. in 8-;\ Le
l«e.ll
and
ijion then I.10U
-It
Kk
l.illeniii!; it with a tlioiu'
ttle
re.liieed half of the l.othar
rioiis of the b-lt iiuainy wore only a little uocdlen I i
mantle or a coat without Ibeves. I'heir uiiial bed was
iection, and his fun Ll.■wl^, t
in oari kiiii-dom under
> (uh-
thc "roiin
Itr
the (k
ins ol Wolve.. or
.drned the orhtr.
Lewis the Voui
, the ;oun.;er, nine )ca
bears, i lieir luod was bread, flefli-iiuat, Inittir, and both hi- brothc;
er (liaiiiig hi. paternal kinjdoni wi;li
line king of liav.
Iiuil,
I'
. 1,1,
and their diiiik waler, ir.ilk, and Lewis of I'.alt Fraiiee.nia, ami Clniiles the l''at of AI.
beer ; lor in ihoie early age; they were lit
. to thi
I m
aiinia ; the lall lurumnr his bioihers, not
til'c c;f wine. 'I hey wire ulually very merry at their en- lited ti.c.r kingd uir, but obianied the imperial d'.^mii,
tertainnieiits, littiiig in a Icmi-ciicle, with the rnalter tog- tlicr with all Italy and i'rance . yet govcrne.i in i.>
cf the lamilv in tiie middle, and the rcit on the right weak a manner, that 111 SS; he was depolcd by the Gn ■
and
d left, atiordiiii' to their quality; but to thele (calls 1 man ft ite% who eontlitutel Arnulph, (.'arlniai
1 s natural
no women were aunntled, tier a (on under tweir
of a^e
foil, king of (jeiniany. 'I Ins priiiee be.it the Ni
who ha' in
J v.iUa
1 in (iiUiiany
VrM
'ir
•illllC t,j
; foro I ';.■.•
ucli iclill-
lii' Rliiii •
dlsj ...1
on Uv:
liuii , ul'
I'liii .'.-
'It, I. IS ri>. «|;|
1 III II. L-
ilii;u-,
t:.i, .111.1
IK iIm
1.-J tlitir
i iMlv,
(jic.t.
cJ.tJlV
heir own
iiJ !■--
in.iiifs.
la in-
;tiitv iii"
lii.^ ii ;i
Wl.l, II
.i,!;i:lkl
nliv.lll
if thur
isdi,
I .iw:.
I.l^lub-
,Ui ,i;i;r
inn ui;li
li.iv.u:,i,
ly iiiht--
ii:^liiH,
lM ill I.J
licCui
li.itur.ll
'11111.111 1,
aik!, by
:R'MA\1
U R O i^
141
t'fif alUit.inc;^ oi' tiv: liiiir, rirm!in.il llio Holicniiaii'i. liut
.1 «nv:itils hy til" il MtM "I" his (im Lu-vvis tin; CiiiM, Ins
ij'iii'iv l'i'c:iinc c.xiiiiCl. (I'trniJiiy was iit tli.it lime an
'iiir.litiiry kin';'!'"!', but Ihi' powvT of its inon,irclii was
liiiuiiil In- tin; ilitt«. 'I'lu' I.Htr.il teiritorics bclonjiint;
t.i It were Tovirncil iin.lcr tlic kiiui I'V counn, .inion;;
ivii'.ini tlic in.iiiji'nts dciciiJtJ the borders a^aliill hollili.-
I he Cicrmnn (Kites nr)W r.iilej a Frankini lord, nnmcd
C.mraJ, to th.- throne, he belli.; cl-jlcendeil troin the
<l:'.i::htrr of l.''«'i3 the FiilK Conrad w,is luccceded liy
nil enemy li*;"!.' >!i'l'- "' ^'i^ony, whom on hi.s death-
h li he retomi'ieiided lo the ll.itcs
Id Henry II. tlic mile rice of the S.ixon kings and
em 'eiors end 'd in lo/.v, diirin;^ whirl) time Geimany
i.i!uin;ie<l an heieditaiy km^v'o;).. The (Kites afterwards
.iile.nliiinj; lit I'rihu. in the o|V.ii fields on the banks of
i'.:.- Rhine, eleilcd C'liirad II. for iheir king, who being
!i.i ,iikiii'wl'-df;cd liy the (tales of Italy, he likcwifc ob-
laiiU'l liie iiniierial <li,;ni[y. I>v mean- of his (on he an-
i.,'\.'l tile '«iii.',ii''''n ol tliM!;iind|' to the empire, rendered
iVdiiid (ul'ii-.:t to his dominion, and in a tieaty with
I), iinurk iij'|i linted the tider as the boundary of the
(itnii.in ' mpirc.
Hfiiivlll. di'iiu'ed three popes who h.id fit up a-
• unit e.-ii h otiier, .i|';i(iiiUiiv; a fourth in their (lead ;
J'.H-e which tinie the v.i aiiry of the p.ipal chair has
.ilvj.ns been iiilimated to the enipw-rnr, who fends a per-
loii t:i Rome to ilefire tlMt a new p ipo m.iy be elected.
Krriiv IV- his lim, w.i^, however, put under the ban
bv nie I'ojie, on wiiieh lie wn« -lepolVd by the (tatcs.
ficiirv V lueeceded hi.. I.iti i r, but was oblij;e(( to re-
tKv.incc all prefiifions to ih'; invelliuirc of bdhoprics,
whith had been tliimcd by his aneoll.irs ; and in him
b.ciine e.stiiKt the male line of the Kraiikiili emperors.
I'pon this the popet.iufed Lothiiriiis, duke of .Saxony,
til he el'.cled ^ but he wis not atkiiowledjicd by all Cicr-
iiianv fir ihtir foveivign, till after a ten veais war. After
h;ir. Coiir..d of liohrnilanlcn fucceeded to the crown.
'1 lie emperor Fredeiic I. effecliially CNercil'ed his fovc-
liii'iitv over the fee of Rome, by virtue of his corona-
tion at .Aries, rclcriin^ .ill'o his dominion over that
kin;Join, and nbligini; Td'aiul to pay him tribute, and
t.ike an oath of alL-Jiance. H/iiry VI. attempted in
\,iiii '.:> render the crown hcredit.iiy in his family. I'i.i-
lip, t.ic brother of Henry, luccceded him ; but. rifuling
to arkii(iwl-.'-I;'C the popv's I'lipr-macy, was cxcommu-
• Mc.itcd, and (.)t)io, duke nf iJiuidwic, fet up aijf.iinit liim
bv the p"pe and ihc elccl.irs. The whol- rmpirc was
rn 'i",--'d in this <li!piite in a bloody w.i;, till I'lnlip benv;
m-icncro'iHv airallin.Ued in his beiKOtho became pidielled
ot 1.1 • who!.:- empire ; b.it h- had n it rci'jned bmr years,
hft.ire Ii; was depof-d by th.- pop; and the elL-itors, and
Frc'Icric, king of Sicily, advanced to the imp.iial dig-
ritv.
FrcJtfic II. v.'hnm hii'tniians extol for liii learning;,
v.if.'oni, ;.nd reloi'.r.n n, was five times excomniuiiitairl
bv 'hrei- popes ; but pr'.". ail,?.! fo tar ai;:i'.;ll |iope fiic-
g.iry IX as to dcpolc him from the pap.il chair. Thi le
i.-mtin'ial e;.iifc(li between him and the popis gave rife to
n'^ f.vo tam,^us I'actirns of the Guelphs and Ciibtlline- ;
the I'nriTirr .idhcrinp to tlic papal fee, and tiic latter • .no
riv.pcrors. Frederic liavine; reit;ned thirty- cigh; years,
.it.!, n.'. as fome f.iy, was poifoiied, in Italy ; .'.ftcr which
•■i- empire remained in L'reat coniiilion (or vpwards ot
i ..nty ycari. tln-re bi-iiig no lets than (ix compet.tors
; ■•: the imperial diniiity.
(Ijrmnny hei>aii to recover fror . its diftraflfd .late in
tr .'. when count Ri.d'ilphiis of Haplburg was advanced
''\ {*\v imperial dli',iilty, the otl.-er eLi.'(ors leaving the
''line to thi' palf.'j.ue Lewis ; and lioni him the houlc
.if '\'i(bM fpriint'.
C ount .\dolpliiis .1 N'alTau was alf >, bv virtue of a com-
;msiiiI'", crcat.'d rmp. ror by the elector ot .\Icnt7. ; but
:i' I'i difoullcd Ih.' elector' of the cm|iire, that ihty made
liioire .if Albert the fen ot Rodolphus tor their fovcrtign,
whi'l-fea'cJ /Vdolphusin a pitched battle, and (lew him
V. ih hit own h.uid. Albert's coronation was conlirmed
v.- (he pope ; h it li." was aftcrwarji miirderfd by his
■ (. irw and ihrc. .fi'airiiu,
55
On the dtatli of Albert, In 130S, Henry, count of
I.ul/.clburg, w.is created emperor : he wa. f.mied for his
wifdom, tciiipci, and courage; but was poifoned bv a
Fraiicilcan (liar with the conferrated elements. 'I he
emperor ii'j li.oner p'jrceived w.iat was done, than he
generouny adviled the vilLin to make hi'., efcape ; hut
negleclin;; lo perform it, he was taken and fliyed alive,
l.udowir, or f.ewis of iJavaria, after an interregnum
of fomi; y ji-,, was cliofen eni|ieror, bv a majority of the
electors, ill ijil^i but Frederic, duke of Audria, fonof
the l.ii'j enip"ior, wa- lvtii|i by a contrary f.niliim. Fie-
ilcric'.i (orcis were defcavcd, aiiil Lewi, remain 'd Iblu
emperor. After his death diarU-; IV. was unanimoully
elfcltd eiiipcior, and dilliiigiiillied hinilVlfby dr.iwin^up
the r^'iMen bull, or thofe rcp,iil.iri,)iis for tlic ch'dlion of
a;i tmpeior, wl'.icli arc (till obfcrvcJ. Charles lived
to fee his liii \Vtn7el, or Weiuedaus, eleiltcd king of
the linmans. 'I'hi.s prince, who was the fourth ton of
Charles, at his father's dilire, fu.ceedc.l Wj the empire i
but, bciiv; ilididute and cruel, was dcpofcd, after he had
leignrd f.v( nty-two yen;.
Chailisw.i, (utcccdcd by three other pi^nccs, whofe
reif^n; wcie (limt ; and at length, in 1411, Sigifmund
was unaniiiKiu.'l\ cholcn emperor, who, in 1414., pro-
clai.i.cd a I'.ncr.il C'-uncil to hr held at Conltance, in
which three pop.rs v.e.'c depofed, and anew cnc fet up.
At tl-.i.s coi.iu.i tliofc rcformcrj John Huli and Jcrom of
Prague w.-ic ei nlc. lined and burnt, though thi.s emperor
had gram d them a (Lillport, and was cnj^a.'.cd in honour
and c.infcicm e for thfiir f.ifc return to their country ; which
(o cxalp.Tucd ihe llunitcs of L5ohcmia, th it they raifed
a formid.iblc army, an.l, iind..r tiic c.inuuil of Zilca,
their general, defeated his forces in fourteen battles.
Frederic, duke of Au'tria, fon in-law to the emperor
.Sigifmuiui, was chnl'en emperor upon the death of his
lather, and rii^-nrd lif:y thice yc.-'s. His fon Maximi-
lian WJ-. c.'iol'en king of the R-jmai.,- during his father's
lile-timc, and afterwar.-is obtained from the pope the im-
perial crown ; and during his reign the empire was di-
vi.led into ten circles.
Cliarl.'s V. fiirnamcd the Great, fon to Philip king of
Spain, and gi.iiid-foii to Maximilian, w-s eleiltcd em-
peror in 1519. He procured Luther's doitrinc to be coil-
demiud, .ind in his reign the dilciplcs of that great re-
loiincr o:itainvd the name of Proteftnnts, from their
prote(iing agamil adcaccof the imperial diet in favour
of the Catholics. He is I ild to have been victorious in
feveiity 1 attics : he had the pope and French king prif'on-
ers at the I'lnie time, and carried his arms into Africa,
where he cuiuiucrcd the kingdom of Tunis. He drove
the Tiiiks Imm the ficge of Vienna, made war on the
protcllaiit priiiec:, an.l took the ehdor of Saxony and
the prince (if Hide piiloncrsj but, after a reign of thirty-
eight years, h.-; rcfigned hi.s empire to his brother Ferdi-
nand, an.l retiicd into a convent in Spain.
Fcr.linand I. dirtingu'.lh.d liimfelf by ellablifliing the
aiilie coaa.il of the empire ; he was a peaceful prince,
and iifed to mrigii a part nf the day to hear the compl lints
of hii pcop'c. .Maximilian II. and his (on Rodolphus II.
were botn elect, d king of the Ro>u 'ns, but the latter
could not be prevailed upon to nlloiv a fuccedur to be
chol'en in hi . lile-timc. fie was fuceceded by his brother
.Vlatthi.'.s, in v;ho(c capitulation it waj (or the fir(t time
inlcrted, that the elce't'jrs for the futiiic (hould be entiiled
to elecl a king of the Romans f.eti againit the will of
his father.
In the reign of Ferdinand II broke out the thirty years
war, In whiin he cndvavourcd to deltroy the Protcllants,
and which wis put an end to by his (on Ferd-nand III.
in the year 104S, by the peace of Wcltphalia, tiy whicll
the IVoteltants weic fecnred in their rcligiou: and evil pri-
vileges. Phis emperoi conferred on duke Eriieil Auguf-
tus of Brunfrt ic Lunctiburg the ninth electoral dignity,
and was Ijcceeded by his fon Jofcpii, kmg of the Ro-
niapj. Tins lafV was t'jlio'.vcd bv hi., brother Charles
\'I. who in the year 171 3 publiflitd the ordinance callc4
the f: 'i^matic fanclion, to (ecure li.s hereditary domi-
nions ill his lamily, and died in 1740, without male heirs.
In 1742 Cii'itlcs Vll. of Ba.aria was chofcti emperor, by
:hs fiilpetii'on gf the vote cf Bohemia ; but, after an un-
N n happy
I
Ui
A S Y S T 1'. M O I- G E G R A P II Y.
Oerm/.w
("lERM 'AV.
• <
(<"
■i
r
i.
ill'
ilnjipv rei.!;n, in uiiicli hr w.t; cr'Mitimiiilly :it war, he
(licii in 1745, .inil w.Ti I'lUTrcnii-d by Krar.cis 1. gi.ind
itwkc ol 'riiltMnv, 111,1 iliikf n( I,nri,ii:l, ivhi) li;ul iiKir-
ricd tnc tjutcn ot HDhcinia, tin; daughter ot (Jliaticb VI.
SECT. IV.
Of ih Etrnhn OH.l Cinn/ilUn ef ll( F.inpn-or \ I':,
till/ the Power mid PiiviU^L'i o{ th: Statu i,j :he
tiii.l tlw Dirt.
Pm'.-r,
Empire
THK empire if. derive, and every n'.w k.n[r, of tlic
Rciinaii') is tililii!;Ld lolemnly tn renounce .ill at-
tempts of rendcrii"; it hcreditaiy in hi? family. The
laws of the tmpirr make no limiiation with refpci?! to
religion, nation, (late, or at;e. 'I'he clioiie is fettled iiy
the maiority of the cleiilors and deelaicil by the elciilor
(if Men:/, withiji a niontn after an aeciMint is received
of the former enip'.-ror's death, by means of envoys and
public relirij-ts to each eleclor. TluMiiimoMy ofelec-
sion is perlDrnud at Frankfort on the M.iviie; where the
clciftors appc.'.r, eitlicr in peri'ou, 01 fend two or three
envoys, wilo mull be provided with (uflicient powers.
After fetllinj; the deliberations, a. well relalln;; to the
ca|Mttilation of eleclion, as to other matter , piopofed by
the llaies, foreitjii envoys, and others, all the lorii;;ners
wni. do not bt!o:;;; to the letimie of thecleilors, or their
CMVOV^, arc o'dend ti; leave the town before theilay of
il.,^.'n ; after which all the electors prefent, with tile
lirft ciunye of fucii as are abfeiit, march in their elec-
toral habits in proceiTloii on horfibaek, the three ecclefi-
allieal electors \«'eariri^ fcarlet robes, vvith caps lined with
Ciniine, and the robes of the fecular clec'fors of crinifon
velvet lined alfo with ermine, each with his hereditary
marflial carrying a (word in a fcabliard before him ; but
this honour is not paid to the deputies of the abfcnt
cledors. In this m inner they proceed (^rom the couiicil-
hnufe to St. Hartholomcw's church, where alighting at
the eate, thcv •■<) to their refpcCtive feats in the choir,
followed by Iciei.il princes and counts of the empire, the
Icveral fworJ-lManrs (landlri;; before their refpeftivc
dcc^ors, with their fwords drawn a, id laid on their fhoul-
liers. Tlie f.i\iie begins with Vcni Creator, and the
Ptoteflaut ileelois wrtlulraw till rnafs is over; after
wnichthey ictiirn, and they all folemnly take an oath he-
fore the altar, to clet't the tittcit peribn to be emperor,
and then Ihut theml'elves up in the chapel of elei^hoii,
which is a linall vaulted ^;allcry, to which there is an
untraiirc from the choir. \Vhen they liave once more
iVorn to (land to a plurality of votes, thel'e voles an;
colleited by ;he cleifUir of .Merit/, according totlierarrk
of the electors
and then the eleilor(.|Ment/ is al];ed by
the cleilor of Saxorry (or his vote. Whoever ha. above
half the voices of the colhiie is cleiUd, arJ an clecSur
may even vote for hrmlelf.
The c'eflion beiiij; over, the perfon elcflcd, or his
proxy, muH imnicJiatily (wear and fubfcrihc to the rapi-
tul.'.tioii of elcclion, which being dorr e, he receives the con-
gratulations of theelec'tors, and the choice is made public
III ihc church. If the eledcd kin;' ol the Komaris he ii' ,
(ircfent in pcrfi'ii, he niu(t f^ive a counter-borrd that he
will maint..;ii the capitulation ol elei'^lron, and, before
h.i roronutio;i, mull (xear to it in perfon ; and, til! this
i~ done, h'J cannot alfume the government, but intrit
[^aveittothe vicais of the einpin . An authen'.ic copy
of the tapiivilation of tlnilion, Inblenbcd by the perfon
elected, or his envoy, and conlirined by lirs (''mI, ij de-
livered to c.icli of the electors ; and, ( ir the other h.irrd,
the elector .il col!e(>c caules to be cteliveted to the p.rloii
ei.cled an mHiiiiiu nt ofhis elct'lion, which, when be is
ablent, is earned to him by a prince, with a writini' of
notification. Upon this he appoints a day for his coro-
nation, which ought to be performed at Aix !a Chapelle,
but at prelent is always held in the town of election. ;
P.irt of the icwelb of the empire are kept at Aix, and
part at Nimnhuri:. .Molt of them hclon;;ed to Char-
ienLiTne, and arc folcnmly delivered up at the place of
I'oroiution. Kxclufive of levcral kinds of veltments,
there are the crown and f.epfre, with two rings, one
imperial rnondc, two bread fwoid^, one fmall oir.-, a
book of the gofpel-, iS'c.
At the coronat'on the temporal elccter-, or their
ambalVadors, attend the perfon elcd^ed (Vom Ins palace fj
the church, in the follownrg order ; the eleclor I'alaiuii:
with the crown, the elector of Hivaria w th lire iiioiule,
or ^'lolie, and the tieiitor of lirandenbiirii; with ihe
fecptrc, march lirlt, abreall ; the cIn;tor of .Saxony (.1.
riei the (word, and the elector of Hanover the (laiulaij.
At the door of the church he is received by the three
ccclcfia.'tical elcitors in their rohes, who attend him t.,
the altar 1 and having taken a general oath as a rule.-
and alio proniifed due veneration to the pope and the
church, the archbidiop who oiTiciates, anoints his head
and between his fliiuilders, his neck, brealt, and rii;ht
arm •, then being clothed in the .nicient imperial robes,
he is brought to another altar, and once more ("worn ■
he \$ then crowned, and afterwards conducted to the
throne, where the archbilhop bids him receive and keep
the pledge which was dellgned for him by I'lovidriue.
le IJeuni is then furig, and the trumpets .iiid other niii-
Cic proclaim the general joy. After which he dubs fonu-
knight.i, is made a canon of the collegiate • hiirch n|
St. Mary at Aix la (Jhapelle, and is then cor. iicled cm
toot, in lolemn proccffion, to the council-houfc to a
table, at winch the heieditary olficers attend.
Till the rer^n of Charles V. the emperors fuffercd
themfelves to be crowned at Rome by the pope, anil
then Itiled themfelves Roman emperors. The ciuperur,
immediately on his entering on the govcrnrn'mt, (hen,
his veneration to the pope by an embafiy. The title ut
king of Italy and Lombardy, if we except twenty-our
fiels of the empire, that lie in the cccleliaillcal Hate, ii
merely titular.
The emperor's title runs tiius, " F. by the grace ci
" God elected a Roman ern|vroi, and at ail times au;;-
" mentcr of the empire of (ierm.iny." Next (bllciv/
the titles of the heieditary imperi.il ilominions. The
I (tatcs of the empire give the emperor the title of niolt
illulliious, molt pov\erful, and molt invincible Roinaii
I emperor ; but the lalt is omitted by the cKillors,
I 'l"he arms of the emperor and empire are a hlark^^fp,, I
fpread eagle with two heads, hovering with ex|iaiulc>i
wings in a field of gold, and over the head of the ea;;li;
is (een the inipeiial crown. To thcle are annexed thr
arms of the levcral hcredit.irv countries.
The prerogatives of the emperor confift partly in h;
being looked ujion by all other crowned heads arid (tatc
in Kiirope as the (ir(l Kuropean poti-ntate, and coriic-
tpienlly has precedenrc given him and his anrbadadurs.
\Vitti relpect to the German einpiri', he ia its (iipreme
head, and as fiich enjoys m.inv privileges. Yet his powc,"
in the adiniiiiltration of thetierman empire is limitci'
both ly the capitulation of the election, the other law
of the einpiic, hy treaties, and by the culloms of th.-
eiiipii;'. I'liofe privileges which he has the riaht i-;
exerciling without the advice ot the Itates, are ca'.lej Ins
refirvniii j but his grcaieli power docs not confilt in the'.-.
which are far fioin bring repugnant to the libertie:: of th-
(tales of the empire.
\\\-- light-, with refpcifl toccdefiartica! utt'iir,., corif.i;
in little more than conhrmiir,; ecch-itailical clerlion,.
and lending coniiiiidariei to the cleCtiuiis ol archbilhops,
bilhop.-, and abhuis, that thev may be peribrmed in d.i.-
order; but the conimiliary 1 ; never perfoiially |icfcnt at
thel'e eleiilions.
With relpect to fcmporil atiairs, the emperor h;n tin-
right of beltowiiiL' perloiul dignities; as for inll.uue.
the cre.iting of ni'.deiiieir, as lords, b'rons, cmnr,
who enjoy the dirniiy ol princes, and ol knights .iriJ
gentry ; as alio that of r.iihng countries and Icrrjtoric
to a hrgher rank , of belbjwing coats of .irms, as alfo ilic
enlarging, improving, and aliciing them, lie has the
powei of ell.iblilhinL; uiiuerdtic , an.l enabling ihcm 10
contetacademic.il degrees ; of ar.iiuing a light of hnld-
ing (airs and m.irkets, and ( f erciiling any place in:o a
fanctu.iry. He has likewise the p.jwer of belluwiii',
letters of refpiti, of fccuring a debtor a '.ai'ilt his cre-
ditor, and ot conleiriny maiurify on iniiiors. He i.iii
put children who are h.irn out ■>'. wedlock upon the hut
iiiiioffuchas are legitimate , can conhrm the contract;
and (lipul.itions ot the membus of the empire ; an.l I',
far remit ih.e ojtlu extorted tuni them, th ,*. tluv n i-
tll(
ic j'raco 1 1
tiiiicb au.'-
L-xt tollciw
ons. Th',-
blc Roinjii
irs.
e a bl.irk ,\r-^ i
1 cxpaiulci
the c.\.\\^
lIUlCXcJ 111'
!v in \v
and Hate
C'lll'c-
an.ulor-.
poivc
S llillltl '■
icr 1 i\v
jms ot !i.,
righ; I ■
V.lrJ 1,1,
in ill." ■,
licj of th ■
ioii;.i;
;-r! lulls.
L-hhiihnp^.
'.d ill d:l;
jr h;!-; t\v
inlliiiiLi'.
UM'' ,
Mil. .!llJ
Uilitoill'.
•, .lllO lllf
li.is ihc
ihciu 10
of hnld-
co into a
n:llu\viii,',
hi", iri'-
He (.VI
tlic font
tol'itl.ii'!.
an.l |.i
kli.vn ,
Germanv.
K n R O P P..
Hj
nmmfiii-c an a£lli.n at l.iw ^^Mn{{ aiimlicr, on account
\'thcvirvtliinir fir wliith the (i.ith wa.'i aJiiiinilU-rcd.
" The cinpcrur', h>r.vcv. i, has no right, withnut the
cnnfcnt nf thf lollcaivc Hues of the empire, to put one
„t thiilo (l.itc. under the b.m ; to exclude a lt:i!c ol tlie
rmr'nc from a le.it and voice in its eolle-cs ; to inteijerc
ui the laws of llie empire ; to conclude treaties in attairs
Iclalini' W ''"^ empire ; to involve it in a ivar ; to raife
Kvies; or to conclude a peace in whicli the empire is
lOiKCi'iud ; to appoint lixes in it ; to rc^;iilate the coin-
„ . • to I'u'Id forts in the empire ; or to determine reli-
..|cnis dilpuli'-.
' The fuccellor in the adininiltration is frequently
hofcn by 'l»^ eledlors durinir the lile of the emperor,
md .. • 'cif. n fo chofeii Itiled Kin;; of the Romans,
lie ii tieiled and crowned in the very fame manner as
rhc emperor ; and though he has propel ly no kinjjdom,
is ailually a crowned head ; is faluted with the title ot
M.iicllv, and enjoys the title of I'erpetii.il Au^mcnter of
tlie eiiipire, and king of (lermany. He beais a fpread
,-j,i|e with one head, in his anns, and takes precedence
M'nv all other kin-'.s of Chnllendom.
With rcfpci'l to the emperor's court and chancerv, he
ba> lor his aOillants the arch-olBccs of the empire, wlii.h
,,rehl!<d by eledVirs.
Of the nine eleiilor.s, three are fpiiiiual, and the n ft
temporal ; of the former is the eIe<;for of Meiuz, who
IS arch-chancellor of the holy Roman empire, and di-
rector of the ele>;loral college: this prince, belules the
olliccs he enjoys at the coronation, as already nieii-
lioncd h.is ihe general direilion, and is not to be con-
trouled bv the emperor ; he l.iys belore that body the
iiievaiice> of the leparatc Hates. IKforc him, or his eii-
vov<, all tliofe of the flates of the empire, as well as
of forcii-n poAcrs, legitimate themfeives. He nomi-
nate, the vlce-cliancellor of the empire, who mull ta'e
.-.n oath to him as well as the emperor. He likewile ap-
points nil officers for the chancerv ot the empire, and has
iiipremc jarildicJion over them, and alio the infpvclion
of the archives of the empiie.
The cUtHor of lieves, who is the fecond fpiritual c-
leiitor, is the arch-chancellor of the h(dy Roman empire
in Ciaul and the kiiiLvloin of Aries, hut this is at prelent
no more th ui a mere title. He has the full voice at the
cicdion of a king of the Romans, and conllantly pre-
cedes the ell elor of Cologn.
'I'he cleclor of Cologn is arch-chancellor of the holy
Unman empire in Italy, and has a lecond voice at the e-
Icction of a king ot the Romans. When the ein;K-ror
is crowncl at i\ix-la-Chapelle, and in the archbiihopi ;c
of Cologn, he has the right of pcitotiniiig the coronation
alone; but if it h.iiipen in a third pl.ice, th.it is luither
in his areh!ii(]iopric, nor in th.it of .\lentz, he exch.inges
liieieiii with the ekvtor ot Ment/.
["lie temporal electors are the lolkuving : The king of
Bohemia, the cl xtor of H.ivaii.i, th.c elector of Sixony,
the elee'tor ol lirandenburir, tlie elector Palatine, and
tlie elector of M.mover.
'I'lie ki.i'!, and elc>;t;)r of IJohemla \l arch-cup-bearer
ijfth.'holv Roman empire, and as Inch, prel'ents to the
emper.ir the chalice, filled \\ itii wine and water, an^i
hands th^ tirlt liii'ior to the t.ible in a lilver cup, which
weis'hs twelve marks, or about ninety-fix ounces Kn-
i-Jifli, which atterwards, together with tlie hinle, be-
comes the property of his vie.ir. His other prerogatives
are, liia preceding all other tem|)oral electors, waUing in
proeilRon iunnedi.itelv after the emperor, followed by
the einprefs, and the eleCiors of Meiiti and Cologn ;
and ill the electoral loUcge he has a third voice.
The elector ol llavaria is arch-fewer if the holv Ro-
man empire. /Vt the coroii ition he carries th,.' moiide
hi'tore tlie emperor, ranks next to Bohemia, and at the
imperial coroiuiioii places 'our filver dldu ::, weighing
twelve marks, on the imiK'tia) table, and lerves up the
(lift couile.
'I'he elector of Saxony is arch-maiflial of the holy
Roman empire. At the di.;ts, and on other lolemn oc-
f.illoiis, he cairies the (word of It, ite belore the emperiir,
and at the coronation rides into a hc.ip of oats, and hlls
a filvcr mcpfure with them. At tlie dieti he appoints
quaiters lor the cicilors, or their envoys; and diiriiigtlic
holding of the iliets, has jurifdictio.i over all cledoral,
.111.1 otiicr oificers of the empire.
riic elector of IJrandeiiburg is arehcliamberlain of the
empire, and carrie. the Icep'.er belbie ;hc emperor, ami
prelents liini with water in :i filver I. il'ou, for bim to
w.dh his hands.
'I'rie elector I'alatine has the office of arch-treafurcr,
an.l through-jut all Ciermany is protector of the order of
St. John ; he can alio raife nobles and gentlemen to the
degree of counts.
The eleclor of I^ivaria being put under the ban of the
empire, and the I'alatine obtainiin; the olKce of arch-
fewer, the elector of Urunfwic Lunenburg alfo oblaineJ
the oiricc of arch-treafurer, a title which he Itill biars,
till another fuitible office be found him. He enioys thi;
aliernate fucceffion of the hilhopric of Ofiiabuig, witli
tome other rights and privileges ; and his electoral jurif-
diction extends both to the territories of Hanover and
Zcll. Indeed, the emperor Leopold railed the illuftrious
houfe of Hanover, on account of the extraordinary fer-
viees both he and the empire had received from it, to th:;
electoral dignity, lo eaily as the year l6q2 ; but thofu
electors obtained neither a feat nor a voice in the elec-
toral colUnetill the year i^cS.
Alter lliele follow in rank the piinccs of the empire,
who are partly fpiritual, and p.iitly temporal ; partly old,
and partly ;-ew ; or firft railed to that dignity (ince the
reign of Feidinand U. The fpiritual piinccs are either
arclibilhops, biftiops, or princely abbots ; and to them
likewife belong the Teutonic malleis, together with tba
martc'lhip of the order of St. [olin. Among the tempo-
ral piinccs Is an arch-duke, and the reft are either dukes,-
pall^ravcs, margraves, landgiavcs, burgraves, princes,
or princely counts. In the college, or council of tho
princes of the empire, are three benches ; on what n
called the fpiritual bench, fit the fpiritual princes, will»
the arch-duke of Auftria, and that of Burcundy, but in
Inch a manner that Auftria dally exchanues the lirft placo
with Saltzburg ; on th-; temporal bench fit the other
temporal princes; and ,. i the crofs bench the bifliops of
Liibec ami OInaburg, when the l.itter happens to be a
Lutheran.
The diet ol\he empire is an aftembly of the emperor,
and ot all the ftates, or their envoys and plenipoten-
tiaries, in order to conlult and take lef ilutioiis in I'ucti
aftairs as concern the whole Cicrman emp.re. I'he diet
is fuinmoiied by the empeior, who, after conftilting with
the electors, appoints the time and place where it (hall
meet, which mult be within the German dominions.
The funimons coiififts of piinted patents fubfcidied bv
the emperor, and lent in the form of a letter to earh ft.ite
ol the empire, briefly declaring the occalion of their meet •
ing, and the molt important matters to be tranfacted .
Tbe emperor either ailifts at it in pcrfoii, or h,u a piiii
cipal commill'ary, who is generally an old impeiial auliu
counlellor, and a perfon ol learning railed to the dignity
of a b.iron.
The lefpeflive ftates inav cither appear themfeives, or
by their envoys, or charge an.pther ftate, or its envoys,
with their voice. On the lide of the ftates the eltclor ot
.Mem/., or his envoy:., has the general direction ; aii'J
thefe envoys ftiew their credentials to the elector of
Ment'/, or his envoys, and to the imperial princip-.it
commiilary.
The ftate > (if the empire, in their confultatlnns, diviJf
into thiee colleges, the eiei:"'.')ral, the princely, and th^
college ot the imperial cities ; each of the two firft,
which are called the higher cidleges of the empire, ha-<
a piincipal and by-chan\ber of its own ; but all the ibte;-
colleges meet to hear the imperial piopofals, and at the
exchaii'.Mng ot the conclufions ol both the higher colle-je>
agaiiift the imperial cities, in the h.ill of correlatives.
It ought not to be omitted, that the eccleliallical and
lecular princes of the empire, and all prelates who ha-.i
piinccly dignities annexed to theii funiflions, with the
inafter of the Teutonic order, have each one finirlayoice;
hut the reft, who have no temporal principality, givii
theii voices by companies, ot which kind arc the twn
benches of the Rhine and Swabia. Th-: reprelentatives.
Of
^W
144
A s Y s T F. M o r r, r. o g r a imi y.
Germany,
w
or the itcputic! of the impctl.il cities, form the lall ami
tiiirJ r.mlc of mcmlicrs in tho illct, .iiiJ arc alio divi.U.l
into (lie Klicnilli ami Sivihun ln-iKhcs. (Jn the liill lit
thff tt|irercntaiivcs of l,iil)cc, the free ciiios upon the
Rhino, wiuc-li amount to hftCLM -, aiul oi\ thi- other the
rcpielrntativts of the thirty-fcven fne cities in Sw.ibia
atij Francoma. The reprcfentatives of tnc city wliere
the diet is lielj fit at a table by theml'elves, aiiJ take an
account of tlie voices of the oti'.er deputies, which are
rei»il)cred by the two regiflers of Ulin ami Spire, one o(
ihir.i reprcfentini; the citie;'. in the eir'.'le of t!ie Rhine,
and the other the cities in the circle of Swabia.
In each college the rcfolutions are formed by a nnjo-
lity of voice? i but when alF.tirs rclatin? torili^ioii aie
(lifciilVeJ, or where all the Catholit.-; aie of one opinion,
and all thcl'rpteit,.n;;. of anuther, it docs not turn on a
inai.irity of voices.
If the three rollei^r', be iinaniir.nui, a jiidgmetit of the
empire is formed l( r the ufe oi the emperor, or his prin-
cipal comnuliiry ; but if nnlv two of the colle-jci arc
un.inimous, their rcfolurion, with Ine particular con-
clufum of the third, is delivered into tnc inipi rial coni-
iniflion. When the emperor approves either of the judg-
ment 'if the empire, or the coiululion of two collci»es
an obligatory ix'iuliirioii of ilie empire aril'cs out ol it,
and it IS mimeiliatily put into execution.
SEC T. V.
O/the Foi:cs,7'a.wi, Courts of 'ynjHiiyan.iL^iVi 'fthe Enipiti-.
TAXK!) and otiier impofl'. ran nootheiwifc be laid
on the empire m general bv the emperor, than
with the advice, niviiy, and confeiit of tlie electors,
princes, and Hate, at tho p-neial diets, Tlicfc taxc.i
irc partly ordinary, and partly extraordinary '■ ihc former,
^hich arc ftvledthe chamber-terms, are what each Hate
id' the empire is annuailv to contiibiitc for maintainini;;
the chamtier-judicatorv of the emperor and empire ; and
the proportion paid bv each Hate is cxpr-ffcd in the ma-
tiiculaof the chamber. Hut thcfo chambci--tcrni', are fo
ill paid, that in 175J the cmpiio was indebted to the
chambrr-'iudicaturc fix hundred and fifty- four thoufand
and thirteen ri\i!olljr^. Indeed iv.anv compiairrrs have
been made, that the mitiiculais imp'iiie^t, and the llatcj
not propoitioiiahlj ralcii.
The extraordinary taxes are fuch as are frequently
^'r.inted, in caf: of necelliiv, bv tlic ll.ites, for the (up-
port of the emperor, nr the armv of the empire ; fur the
maintenance or buildint; of i:s forts ; and for a war, par-
ticularly ai/ainll the Tuiks. Thele are granted accord-
ing to what is called in (iermanv Roman months ; a
denomination which took its rife fioni this ciicumilancc :
in aiitient times the e,;,pero"r, in order to rccclv; the
papal coronation, took a jouriuv to HoK'.e, and tlie Cier-
nian dates of the empire were bound to cfcoit them with
a certain nunib.ro! hoife and foot for lix momhs, at
their own expcnco ; or to pay twelve fiunns monthly for
a horfcman, and four for a lootman ; wi.ieh moiiev ob-
tained the name of Roman months. This foot, or itaii-
dartl, was afterwards teta ned, ai^d the rate o! ca-Jiflatc,
cither in men or money, is fctikd in wh.it is termed the
matricula of the empire. A Roman inont.i ouL-ht to
bring 111 fifiv eight thoufand two hundred aiici eighty
florins.
The emperor i^ n it fo commerce a war of the empire,
without the conlent of tlie elc'.tors, princes, and dates
obtained in an open dirt. Hut when il'.e empire icfolves
iijion a w,ir, ihe <;eiHrality of the empire. With the field-
ni.iiftial at the head, and alfo tlic diieclorj and ccunlel-
lors 01 the military council, are to be nominated bv the
emperor and the whole body ot the dates ; and ihofe
to an rijual number o.' both religions, who, toi.eihcr wiih
the who'e army, are fubjciif to tlic emperor a'.' cmpi.-e.
The war mulf alfo be carried on i'grecably to the ordi-
nances of the empire ; and the oldelf (ieid-marlhjl, with-
out diltiiiction ot religion, mufbcomniind the army. But
at prefe.-it no dircitori of the military council arc any
longer called in, and the war i: generally managed by the
emperor and his aulic military counc;!.
W'ithrtfpen to tlrr I'nrc.'s whicli the feveral piincesof
I'lc empire aie able to m.untain and pay, the lollowmj
calculation ha.s been iiia.le :
I'he eUctor of .Meiu/. can maintain - - 6c»o
The elct.ir of Triei.s , . - tic-j.^
'I he elejlor of Coloon - ... - 6jju
'I'he bifliop of MuiilL-r ... Kooo
'I'ne hilliop ot 1.10^'" . - . . Koocj
The arciibiih.ip ol Sa'fiburi; - - . . ticoo
Tiie bidlop of W'ut.'.lv.iig - _ . _ 2000
The bidiop of liaiiibur;,; - . - - joou
Thebiliiopuf i'.iueiboin . - - . xooo
The bidlop of Ofiiaburg .... 2500
Tiieabhotol !■ ulda - - - ... tiooi
The other billiiipiics of the empire - - 600')
Tm. abbici and piovolldiip-. ol the empire buoo
Total of the ecclefiaftical princes 74,500
The emperor for IIuiii5ary ... 30,000
I'oi lioiiemi.i, Silelu, and Moravia - 30,' 00
! or Aultiia, and his other dominions 30,00.3
T ho kiiii; ot I'nidia, as eleckif of Brandenburg 40,000
The ilector ot S i.xoiiy .... 25,000
The (lector I'al.itiiio - - - . 15,000
The duke ot Wiitembiiri; _ . . 15,000
1 Ik Landgrave of Hello CaHel - - 15,000
I ho pi nice of IJaden - - - - 10,000
The elector of Ilanovtr . - - 30,000
I iio duke oi Ilolliein . - - . . i2,oco
I bo duke of .Mecklenburg ... 15,000
'I he piinces ot Anli.ilt - - - 6oco
'I'fie piinco of [yawcnburg - - - 6000
Tilt cli.»,lor 01 iiavaria . - ■ 30,000
The dukes ol Saxony .... ic,cc:)
The princes of Nallaii - . - . lo,cC3
The other princes and imperial towns - 50,000
The f.Tular princes .
'I'lie e,.i.k-li„ltical princes
379.000
74. 51^0
453.50--'
But of the body of men which the empire iin.uiimoufly
ague to fend, and promifc to fupply, one-half fildoiii
actnaliy appear in the held.
With relpcct to the courts of jullice, t!ie principal \%
the impeiia! aulic council, which is held at the imperil
court, and fiK-Iy depends on the cmpcior, who is fu-
preme head ami jiidi;e, to whom in all matters of impur-
tance a judgment i; e.\hibi:ed by the iiii|)erial aulic coun-
cil. Tnii judicatory conlills ol a prelident, the impiiMl
auiic vice-chaiicelior, a vice-pnliden;, and a number .■
impoiial aulic counlellors, lix of whom are alv^•ay3 to be
I.iitliei.ms ; bifidci; lli-.fe are two fjcrcli.rie:!, and a tile..!
ol tlie empire. To ibis claf. al'.'o beloii;', the ai^cnts of
the impeiial aulic councii, who give in the writings,
urge liio refolulion., i\;c.
I'he inu-.erul and chanibcr jiulicaforv of the empire,
which IS hlled by the emperor and dates of the empire
at tile I'.une time, but maintained cnlv by trie latter, 1.; dt
pre lint held in the ii.ipeiijl city of Wctziar. This in-
dicatory conlids of a chamber jiidj;r, tv/o prrfuicnis' of
the clumber ju-JicaKrv, one ol wliom is a Roman, and
the otiier a Lutheran ; as alfo of fevciiteen alltdiirs, cicht
(if whom are Lutiiria.M, and nine cathrdic. I othiscouit
alio belon.;; a g"iierai and ailvncate fr.cal, with ibirly
procurators, and a number of advocates. The chamber
judie.'.tory h.is alio a cliaiicerv of its own, and a trcal'urv,
and has the diricliuii ot the tliambcr-tcrms of p.ii-
nient.
/ he other judic.itoties are cdled pn-uilnr or lower
and to thefe belomj; the impeiul land judu atniy in Up-
per an i Lower Swabia, held in the three imperial ciiiis
ot Rave dburff, VVaii,'<n, and Ifny, and in the borouj^h
of Altdorf, loi'cthcr with tlic imperial l?;ui Judicituiy
of rbe burgravi.'.ic of Nurenbuig, which bclonns to the
margrave of BrnmlrnburL', ami is held at Anfpach, and
many others, particularly the impetiul aulic judicatorv
of Rotwcil, whicli lolely depends on the emperor, cr.d
is the principal of the lowr jucicatories of ths empire.
T.hc
Ger.m.^nV.
The civil law is generally
the empire, and to this are ad,
an eiiual regard is paid -, as
re.idy nieniioiied, which hu
leaves, and was publifhed t y
probation of molt of the pri
other dates of the empire, aiii
ment.il laws relating to the cle
the privileges or the electors :
decree being of goM, it obtain.
Bull, or edict, and is etloeni
conlidcrable p.irt of the muni,
the Ciipititbti I Crliixii, which
hftv articles between theelcclo
at his coronation, Iwears to ma:
••lectors, princes, and other
he will not alienate or dimir:
crown, orbiiiig foreign troop:
oat the conluit of the itates.
by which the Cjcrmaiis arc gn
iheir general diets. Thele law
ihe great, whofc privileges the
but every ditlmcl Hate io govern
rcicii, citli.i according to a lo
or his aiivtlloii, or his .iibitrary
SECT.
; Of Ik Suite cf Rj;.i:
Til K Germans became acqi
ciples of the Chriltian re!
of the I'eventh century, by th
Suidheit and Ewald, who were
pretc'u, of Worms, who fettled
the eigliih century, Winifred, <
among the I huringians, Heffi.
ordained bilhop of the Germans
the name ot Bonifacius ; he was
bilhop of Germany, when, under
propagating the doctrines of Cl
himltlr with great zeal in pronn
ctiuieh ol Rome, and even cmpli
ai;aiiill fin h billiops and prirlLs a
the Roiiiilli yoke .iiid ceiemonies
nUL'iie propagatcl Cnriliianity am
and Iword ; and lomc time after
MoravMiis were alio brou"ht to
rihition.
The reformation began In CJci
J517; lor the aiehbidiop of .Mont
tlie large dims the pope expccte.
leave ot hi> holinefs to loll bis par
111 a'l tlic great towns of (jeimany
lieanng .H this, piolcllcd a;;.iin(l
opeitly ililputed at Wiitembeig am
wtio alleited the powir uf llu pope
iiiliiijtences, notwithd.mdiiig his |
cx.o'iiuiunication, and wit'h beii
hcreiie ; but the elector of Saxoi
di)driiies, he boldly proparited Ih
(I r.T.,inv, where the duke/, lirun
Uiiumburg, Mecklenburg, i'onv
lJr,aiJenbuig, the l.iudgrair of H,
tjiit^ of moll of the imperial cities,
anJ, ill i52,_), protellcd agamit th
diet at Spue, by whi,.h all innovat
the decree of a future council (lnui
dwiared unlawful ; an<l from tbi,
the iMnie of I'rotellaiits ; and lioni
fjith, which the lollowmg year the
(0 the diet at Auglbun;, \hev obtaii
heicrs to the Auglbur- Conteilion.
Ill the council ot Trent ; but the yc
15.;-, at an allembly at Snialkald,
fulilhiiice of thcii doctrine in certain
iJilivir them to the alKMnbled bilhii
luhni; to recede from the opinions
tiic iinpcror Cliarlcs V. endeavoured
Istct i but alter a loiif war, vvhi- '
5tJ
EURO I'
Germany
The civil Uw is !;encrally ohfcricd in all courts of
the empire, and to this arc addiii ibnic decrees, to which
an rqii.d 'c.-ard i. paid
ready meiii."iieJ,
<45
as lirlt, the imIjui b
,.,.,„ „H-.ii -., wliH'h has uiilv about twenty-tour
hive, and was publilhvd ly Charles IV. vvi.h the ap-
nro'ulion <)t m"!t "'' 'he princes, counts, l.arons, and
other Hates of the empire, and rontaii\s all the liinda-
mciit d laws relating to the election ot the cnipemr, and
, g rivdesjes ot the electors : the leal annexed lo thi,
j'-cree heiiu; ot' gold, it obtained the name ol the ( Jolden
Bull, <"■ edu:t,"and is elleenicd irrcvocahle. Another
conliderable part of the niuincipal laws ol the empire is
the L.VM"/'"" <'<''/''""» which is a colleition ol lorty or
tiltv aitielei between the cleciors and the einperur ; who,
,it his coronation, I wears tomaiiuani the privikj-cs of the
rlcclors, princes, and other liibjects of the empire ; that
he'^will not alienate or diminifll the revenues of the
crown, or bun.; foreign troops into the empire, with-
out the conUnt' of the Hates. The third kind of laws
liy which tlie tjcrinans are governed are, the ads of
iheir general diets. Thele laws indeed relate chiefly to
the I'Veat, whole privileges they al'certain and fecure;
but every dill:iicl llatei.. governed by its prince or I'ove-
reiiiii, eith. 1 according to a fet of laws formed by him
gf'hi5'.in.<.ltois, or his aibitrary plcafurc.
SECT. VI.
Of the State of Rdigion in Gamuny,
TH E Germans became acquainted with fomc prin-
ciples of the Chriltian religion, towards ihucluli:
of the feventh century, by the Irilli bifhop Kilian,
Suidbeii and Ewald, who were Engliflimen, and Ru-
orctcht, ot Worms, who fettled at Salt/burg ; and in
the eii;hlii century, Winifred, of England, preaching
amon" the Ihuringians, Heffians, and Saxons, was
ordaiiK'd hilhup of the Germans beyond the Rhine, by
the name o! Bonifacius j he was afterwards made arcii-
bifhopot (jcrinanv, when, under the I'pecious pretence of
nropa;;ating the doctrines of Chriltianitv, he exerted
himltllWith great zeal in promoting obedience to the
church of Rome, and even employed the fecul.ir power
aMUill liieh billiops and priells as refilled to I'ubmit to
the Roiinlh yoke and ceienronies of worlliip. Chaile-
maeiie propagated Cnriltianity among the Saxons by tire
and iword ; and forne time after, tiie Hohemians and
Moravians were alio brought to embrace the Cluiltian
nliL""n.
riie reformation began in (jcrmanv about the vear
151- ; loi the archbidiop of Mentz being un.iblc to pay
the \.\\'i<: fuins the pope expected from li:iii, procured
leave ot hi> holinefs to (ill his pardons and indulgerKies
in a'd ;i'.e great towns of (jeiinanv. Dr. Martin I/Uther
hcani'" of tliis, piotelied againit the pi'oceeding, and
oper.l'- difputed at Witteinbeig and l.eipfic againit thole
whoalleited the power ol the pope to giant pardons and
induigences, notwithll.inding his being threatened with
fxeoniinunication, and with being eondemntd as an
heretic ; but the elector of Saxony approving of his
doctrines, he boldly propagated khem in otlier parts of
(uTiiianv, wiierethe ilukes , lirunfwic and lAinenburg,
■\Viitemburg, Mecklenburg. I'omerania, the maupiis of
Dr,mJenburg, the lamigrave ot Helle, and the inliabi-
tariti of iTloll of the imperial cities, became his dilciples,
ar;J, in I5?9i proiellcd agamlt the conclulion of the
(lift a! Spire, bv winch all innovations in rehjion, till
the decree of a future council (liouid be nbtained, were
(litlatcd unlawful ; and Irom this protelt thi-y recerved
the name of I'roteltants ; and hom their corrfefliori of
fjith, whrch the lollowoig year they folemnly deliiered
lo the diet at Auglbiirg, tliev obtained the name of Ad-
herers to the Auglbur ' Conteiliiui. Thev took no part
111 the council ot Iriiit; but the year before, that is in
J5.;-, at an allcmbly at Smalkald, they fet fortn the
fublLuKC of their doctrine in certain articles, in order to
ililivtr them to the allembled Idlliop.,. Alierwarus le-
luhng to recede Irom the opinions ihey had profelKd,
lia iinpcror Charles \'. endeavoured to 1 educe them by
lurcc ; but after a long war, which brukc out in the
5tJ
year 1546, he gr.uitcd them a toleration at P.ifl'oi in
1552, wliicli was afttiwaids conhrnied to them at Augf-«
burg ill I 555, during me nwls ol the diet of the empire.
lU itiis pe.ice, ail trie adh n nts to the Aiiglliurg coll-
ie ifrori were conhrmi-d in their full religious lilierty, till
a tiii.il agreement comeining both religions (liould be
brought aboiii, and in cafe that could not be ett'edted,
for ever. 1 o the mainiaining of this important law ot
the empire, the em[>erors and popiih powers nave Ire-
quenily bound themklves by new obligations ; aird tho
I'ormLr in particular liave always conlirmcd it b;,' oatlr 111
their capitulation of election ; and the doubts that arohi
upon it were removed in the vear 164S, by the treaty oi'
W.ltphalia.
Hy virtue of this renewed and ronfirmcd religious
peace, no other religion, but that of the Rom. in, Lutiic--
ran, .rnd reformed, is to be toleratd in the empire ; yer.
tlieie are fects that adhere to neither of thefe three reli-
gions, and yet in fonie places eiijo • the free (.'xercife ot
their own. The determinalion wluther a perfon be ;.
member of this or that church, belongs only to tliat ve.v'
church ; and each (ovcreign, or lord, is bound to ailnv
his own vall'als and fubjeds who are of another religion,
not only the public and pr'v:irc exercile of theiis, hue
every thing belonging to it, as churches, fthooi-, I'pitr-
tualities, income-, corililtoriss, &c. in the lame iiiarrnei-
as they flood on the lirlt of Jamiarv, 1624-. but in .1.
country v\'here there are fubjects wao adhrrc to one r.:-
ligion, which in that year was nether publickly nor pr.-
vately oblerwd, it liei ii the lovereign's brealt wheth,:r
he (hall fuller them in his country or not. If he enlcra
into a llipulaiion with them, ;ind promili-j tliern a tole-
ration, it mult be maintaiiKd, not only by him, but by
his luccell'ors ; for the rights of Inch fuhjeds mui! notbu
infringed. But if he will grant rro toler.ition, he mull:
allow thofe who .It the tune of the tre.ily of \Ve!tpliali;t
were already fetllid in liis country, live years at lealt j
and thole who alterwards came to iLttle therein, or havo
made any chanj;e in their religion, at le.'.ll three years-
llowever, thefe regulations have in later limes been re-
peatedly inlringed.
Each proteltarit Itate tnay make what regulations ani
changes it pleafes within its own jurifdictron in m.itters
relatirrg to the churches or fcho(/is. Hence the external
forms differ greatly in the proteflant (ountri.s of thu
empire. The fovereign commonly decides all iinportanC
altaits, fettles and eliabliflies, removes, promotes, cadiicrs^
or otherwile puiiiilies fuch as lirve either in tile cliurctj
or fchools ; he forms eccleiialtical regulations, appoints
fealts and taits, and in els colleges, whreii in his namo
I'uperintend tlie other atfairs of the church. Confiltorics
are .ilfo generally appointed Iv, rhe protellaiii dates, vvhicl*
for the molt part conlllt ot Uy and ccclefialtical coun-
lellors ; but in fome places more, and in others fewer-
things fall under therr iiotice. In many pl.iees alio pe.-
culi,ir fynods and a chaith council are held. Tholn
that ferve the church and fchools are either appointed bv
the fovereign of the country, or the conllllory, the elder.i
of the church, or its members. 'I'hele alio appoint iii--
Ipeclors, provolt.s, or fupeiintendeiits ; and general lu-
perintendeius are frequeiul\' placed over thele.
The p.nvir of the prote'.l.int dales over their catho-
lic fubjeiSls is the fame with that which theeotholic daiej
have over th '. ,roleftant fubjects. In favour too of thofcj
who in the year i(:: 4 errjoyed the public exereii'e ol thi ir
religion, it rs j 1 lued, that the cathidic bdliops in wliola
didrict they bei-..ilg, dull ret.i.n the Lurie tprritual iurif-
didionovei them Ui. far as rn that peri.xl : coiilcquerulv,
lu.haswere merely tolerated out of grace or favour,
are alio wlio'.ly let't rn thrs particular to the fiipreine ju-
rrfdrilion ot tlie lord of the country ; but with rjui Inni-
tation, that he can require nothing of them which is'
contrary to the principles of their ch.iRch, On tire other
hand, no cloiller lltuatcd in the territory of any pro-
tellant I'upcrior, or lord, mud be converted into any
other ordtr, unlets the former older be wholly extinct^
and even in that cafe, the clorder rs lo be lupplied orii\r
with fuch regulars as had a being as an outer, prior' la
tile rehi'ioiis dillentions.
In dioit, the proteltarit body has mutually acreed,
that whenever, fur the luture, aLutheran loid of .1 country
y 'T.i
f-1
\v
\M
*
I
i!
•■ill
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l.^Ci
A SYSTEM or G r. O G R A I' II Y,
At'jTR
I A.
i.
li"
1 i
I..
if
li
fl).il| turn to the rcfoimcd or ():ilvini(l tliurcli, or (il>-
tjin .1 rcuiitry nntuxfil to it, and vue -vcrjii, in thatc.ilc
he Ihill leave liis fulijcitj the free cxcrcile of iluir reli-
gion, their whulc turm of church and feho(d diriipline,
and all their other pri\ ilegcs. Hut if a church dial! ot
itielf turn to that ol the lord of the country, the pub-
lie cxcreife of nli;^:. ,i fliall he peiiiutted the people \ but
Kt their own cxpence, .ind without prejudice to the others.
The ronfifJorial eounfellor, fupennteiulent;. of divinity
and philofophy are lo he of the relii^ion that prevailed in
the ciiuntry at the condulion of the treaty of Wtlt-
ph.ilia.
SEC T. VII,
Of tilt C.Wda ill} uhiih the German Empiit is divided, and
tl.c ilalian Fiifs fuijeSI ta tlit t'lperat iindtlie Umpire.
GKRMANY is divided into ten circle?;, in order to
promote and inaintain the internal peace an.l fe-
curity of the empire, and the better to repel hortile
violence ; this isalfodone for (he betier examination and
difpofal of whatever regards the publie wclfjie ; for the
more juft divifion and collection of the aids gianted by
the empire, either in men or money ; and for prevcnt-
in^ and remedying the diforders in the taxes, coinage,
fic. The circles have, however, no particular regula-
tions with refpcci to precedence, but are very ditfeiently
ranked in the oiilinances and acl^ of the rnipire. but
if we confider the rank of the aHedlirs of the chamber-
judiciary, and the n-gul itions (tipulatcd between fome
ct then', they will appear in the following order, viz.
the Aulfnan, the liuigundian, the KlciiUral Rhcnifh,
the Kranconian, the Swabian, the Upper Rhenifli, the
Lower Rhcnilh Wellphalian, the Ujiper and Lower
Haxon. But this d.vifmn of the circle! is impcrtefl, it
not including all ihe dominions of the Ciermar. empire ;
for Hohemia, Morai ia, the Lufatias, and the Sikfiis,
arc not comprized within them ; nor was a fufficient
regard paid to the fi'.ualiun of the countries ; for a part
of the teriitori'-s belonging to the Aufiri,i.i circle lies
fcait red r>\er all Swabia, and fome eountiier. of the Up-
per Rheiiidi lie alio therein, thou:h they might with
more proprictv be added to the circl? of Swabia.
With refpcd to religion, the circ'cs arc di\ ided into
thofc that are entirely popifli, as the *\ii(tiian and l!ur-
gunJian ; into (uch as a-e wholly prot.ltant, which arc
thofc of I'pperand Lower Saxony ; and into the mixed,
to which ;dl the others belong.
The French wars have frtqurntly occafioncd an a(ru-
ciationofthe four circles that lie nc.irelf the Rhine, tor
their common defence, as well as that of the empire.
It will be proper ju It to mention here the riefs belong--
ing to the emperor and the empire in Italy, which the
emperor in the laft capitulation of election promi:ed to
preferve. 'J'hcfc fiefs art at the impeiial court divided,
1. Into thofc of Lombaidy, of which there are thir-
teen ; and among them the dutch'e> of Milan, Mantua,
and Momfcrrat ; together with .ill the principalitl-es of
the houfe of Gon/.aga, and the principality of Miraii-
dola.
2. The Ligurian, of which there arc nineteen, the
chief of which arc poflelicd by the princes ot Doria.
3. The Uononian, of which there are twenty, among
which arc the dukes of .Modena and Ftrrara, with the
princes .Sj)ini.U. D.uiu, &c.
4. The Tulcan, of which there are ten, and amoni
them aic the grand dutchy of Tufcany or Ilorenci,
I'lombino, Soramo, Comacchio, ice.
5. The rirnil,-.r\i, of which there eleven, and among
them the princes o Mafia, Malafpina, &c.
\Vc fliail deier gi\ in.g any account of thefe princes
till we come to treat of Italy, to which th'.y properly
belong; an.l (hall now proceed to the circles and other
divilions 01 (lermany ; beginning '..-ith Auftria, which is
bounded on the fouth and cad by the countries we h.ive
ju(t Lid before our readers, and defcrves to be hr(f
mentioned on account of its coiitainuK' lb;; cajiital of
the v/holc German empirt.
s L c r. VIII.
Of Austria.
lit Sliiati^n, Clinitite, Riven, Atmntaint, Picduce, and
I'll, / of tl'C Country, hi
jpoiii- by ll/e t'eofilt, and ill iimtrnment.
niih
ti iiHiije
Auoiinl oj tl'i Siitiiiiiy .Irts, Manufactures, and Trade,
TIIK circle of AuAria borders to the north on Mora-
via, Hohemia, and the circle of Havaria i to the
cad onC'roitia and Hungary •, TO the fouih on Cfuatij,
the Adriatic Sea, and the territory of the Repuhlic of
Venice ; and to the wed on SwiHerland. The countrici
didingiiidied by lliihcr Aullna are I'catteied in and 1.
bout .Sivabia, and all thi; tcrritorie; within this circle
amcuiiit to about two thoufand and twenty five Gernuu
(ipiare miles i lo that thi; appears to be the largelt of
them all. it takes its name trom the arehduiehy of
.■\ulJria, which conllitiitcs the principal part ol the cm Ic,
and alfo cont.iins the provinccj of Aultria i'roptr, iJtiiu,
Catinthia, Carniola, Tyrol, I'rcnt, and Uiixen.
'I'hc aichdutchy of Audria is in general divided into
two parts of very different extent. The larger tra;l,
tailed Lower Audria, forms the callerly part of the
country, and the fmaller one, named Upper Aullri.i, co:,-
(litutrs the weflerly-
i he air of Lower Audria woulil be very unhealthy, wjj
it not purified by ftrong gales of wind. It is prnuipaiiy
leve', and the highelt and moll numerous mountains it
contains are towards Siiria.
The country is fertile, and yields fuch plenty of corn,
that the inhabitants are able to dilpolic of conliderabic
quantities to their neighbours. In a few places they
alfo cultivate mullard, calamous, lattron, and, partiiu-
larly towards Hungary, an excellent Ibrt of wine. I'):;
breed of cattle is gooil, and it has alio a variety ot game.
At tit. Aiinuherg, near the borders of Stiria, is a rich
lilver mine, which was (iilf woiked in ih"^ year 1-^4..
It is rem.irkable that they have found in it a new I'picm
ol filver ore, which is ol an alcalinc kind. Alhini is alio
prcp.ired here in plenty.
At Daden arc fome celebrated hot-baths. The Danube
traverfes Aullria from ead to well, and receives a!l the
j'.reat and finall tiveis of this country. The Ibrir.r i.f
thcfe are the Morawa, or .March, which rcc( ivrs the
Teya, and divides a part of this country from Hunj^arvi
the Leitha, which alfo lorms the limits of Hungarv ; wii-l
the rivers Trail n, Krlebach, Ips, Kamp, ice. which jil
rile in this counlrv, and produce preat variety of hlh.
l^pper Audria is nuuntainous, particularly towards
Stiiia and Hohemia, in which countries I'evcral ti.'.ds
lie uncultivated ; but the red of the coiiiitiy is fruitful.
Towards Stiria the mountains arc hii;h, but the mhtr
parts abound in low hills. The liiil of Upper AtdlrM,
from its many Ipriiigs, is wet, and the air all the yc-ir
round moid and (oul, which feems partly owinj' lo the
faline earth it contains, but chieflv to the tituation of the
counlrv i for as it lies on the fliady fide of the nionnt.iiiis
of .Xuliria Projier, .\n^ of the ffill larger and higher ones
o* Upper Stiria and Sa^lzhurg, the warm foutlicily and
welterly winds are precluded.
Upper .'\udria is uncominonW fertile in mudirooms
and the inhabitants plant a v.alt number of fruit-trc/s.
As there arc here no viiKVarJs, the inhabitants p!eii-
tiiiiUv fiipply tbemfclves with cyder and perry. I ins is
alio the iird beer rountry on proceeding from Limcr
Audria towards the i)?.nubc ; but as it has not a fulR-
ciency of corn, thatdelcdl is fupplied by Lower Aultri.i.
I'he breed of cattle here is pretty good ; the woods .mj
foreds are numerous, irnd abound in all forts of game.
Near Munden is a confider.ible mine of fait, out of
which both the crvd.d and vaiicgated fort is diiiv, but
the latter is little edcemed. l.i thefe parts too frcfli wator
i.s co;ncvcd into the falt-works, or pits, which, aft-.t i;
has impregnated itklf with alcalinc partiiles, is exthi."*-
cd by machines, aiid conduitcd through canals for l.-.t-
ral miles in order for boiling. There are fome oiii-.-r
fait works and loine fi'inc fptinjs, and others that havca
petiilviiij
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IhlghlT OIKS
|uilierly and
(niftirooms
tiuit-trc'j'!.
Itants plcn-
ly. 1 Ins ii
Trom l.i'vvcr
liiot a lulfi-
|,vcr Aiillri.i.
wooil'i ,inj
I of gjnic.
|f,ilt, oui of
dti;; i but
J fnfli wattT
|ch, alV-i !'.
IS cxti.i.^-
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!)|'=1
i
m
m
k 'I'
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AvJTRfAi
pftrifying qua
blinking of an
Here- .ire fr
niaiiy lorti ot
There arc ft
ti'ihtccn other
niarlicl-towiis
foiinil.iii"'is ai
voice with the
tit iilils, anil n(
In I'ppiT Au
lonnn;; to par
HI I'.v < iimmon
whi' li cnjciy b.)
kmnlu. tomira
Ige, fi'vcnty <>l
vintren citaiKIs
'I'h'T Auftnan
from the Hi;^h
from the Aiiru
wcll'flv as far n
bwilli'ilanil. It
throii;;h Hnnnai
thfre IS an o!)(cr
anil in a few pan
larj'.c trad of coi
I'licftatcs of/
hifhops, abbots,
claf'. ari- rcckonn
knights i anil lal
taiul-marfli.il is hi
but the deputy la
'I'lic alL'mblics
diets, or ban-ilirt
the greater and It
eil bv the fupcrioi
eithir by the auli
puiv i but the df
lanii-matfti.il. In
tioiis taxes niili
Lower Aultria is f
at I.int/,.
The biflinpric <
the fee of Rome,
right of ncniinatii
turn of the enipern
in .1 metropolitan
biihop is a prim c i
hirtiip of Ncwitad
is lul'jidt to the
Audna.
The fi'icnrcs in
dition, fur there i;
m]'"! ot painting,
fadiirc-. are much i
ofliilc, gold .ind .'
ftiitl:., (lockings, j
otiiir article.;. Th
is ■ ilhir prohibited
tr.ijf of A jfl'-ia gr.i
exported from ilu-
powder,
T":' Dh'!/i:m of Lc;
I. 'I 7 tht Lily tj
ktitUv.ts.
LCnvr-R Aiiftri
I'llow the El,:
each of wiiich is ap
c rclis, two lie on tl
f I't Danube ; thi
"!;' >.t tij the (oref
b'.'l-iw and above tt
I."i;ti their fituation
c;rilis below and abi
W'e (hall begin wi
c pal places in wb.it
ill
\l
Al'JTRlAi
P, n R o p t.
*/
pftrifyitiR quality', an.l yet afford the bed water lor
dunking ofany in the country. u u ii
Here arc frvir.il lakes anil final! riviTs, which yield
many lorM ot h(h j aiul alio two medicinal b.ith..
There arc (ilieen royal townn in Lower Aiillria, with
ti 'htcen others belonging to particular lords ; as alio
iTiarket-tcwns, and many common borough!, rcli -ions
foiiiKlitions, and cloidcrs. which enjoy both a leat and
voice with the country ; and likcwife other cloidcrs,
cit uUls, and noblemen's feats.
In I'pP^'' Aiilhia arc (even royal towns with five be-
|o„^,„g to pariiuilar lords, eighty-one market-towns,
miuv lommon boroughs, thirteen religious foundaimns,
whii h enjoy both a feat and voice with the country, two
kiiiiihlb eomiranJeriis. two colleges, one Jcluit. tol-
l.nc, feventy other cloidcrs, and two hundred and li;-
vcnteen citadils and noblemen's ats.
Thi Aiiftrian-(icrman dialef), which is very different
from the Hi;;h Dutch, or proper German, is Ipuken
fruni the Adriatic Sea to the north- north 'veft, and
wcll'i'v as far as Silefia, Saxony, Kranconia, Swabia, and
Swillfiliii'l' It alfo extends to the eull and foath-calt,
throir'h Hungary and the Sdavonian territories •, yet
there % an oblcrvabic difference in the pronunciation,
anil in a few particular words ufed in certain parts ol tins
|,U(H- traL't of country.
I'lie dates of Auffria confiff of the prelates, including
bi(bi>l"> abbols, and provods j of the lords, under which
clals are reckoned princes, counts, and barons ; of the
|(ni''ht5 i and ladly, of the towns and markets. 'I"he
laiKl-mardl.il is here always clcfled from anions the lords)
but the deputy land-marlnal out of the order of knights.
The al!-mblies of the dates arc either general land-
diet?, or b.in-diets j the latter of which arc divided into
the greater and lellir ban. Thcfc aflemblies are appoint-
ed bv the fupcrior, and the bufinefs is laid before them
eiihrr by the aulie counfellor, or by the archducal de-
putv i but the deliber.itions are t.irried on before the
l.imi-ni.iinial. In thefeallemblies they trc.it of tontribu- '
tiuiis, taxes, miliiary affairs, he. The land-diet of
Lower Aultria is htlil at Vienna, and that of the Ujipcr
at Lini/.
The biflinpric of Vienna was immediately fubjcft to
the fee of Rome, though the archduke has long had the
rieht of nominating a birtiop. Ini;22, at the folicita-
tiiiji of the emperor Ch.irles VI. it was railed by rhe pope
1,1 .1 metropolitan cbiireh ami archbifhopric. The arch-
billiop is a prim e of the holv Roman empire, and has the
billvip of Newdadt, near Vienna, for bis futfragan, but
n lulijid tj the (upremacy of the archducal houle ol
Aultria.
The fricnccs in this country arc in an improving con-
dition, fur tliere is an univerfity at Viciun, and acade-
mi'S of p.iiiiting, fculpturc, and archiieilurc. Mami-
fulurcs ,jre much improved ; for in this country are tliofe
offilk, gold ;ind . Iver lace, woollen and linen cloths,
flut!;., Hoelcings, pi'celain, miinus, plate, brafs, and
othii article:;. The i nportation of foreign maiuifjiSlures
is '.ither prohibited, o u'ulcr great reltridions. The
:r.iJe of A jd'^i.i gr.uli) .11; incrcales, and there are chiefly
exported from ilic-.cc I'atFron, wine, allum, and gun-
puwiicr.
.^ i; c T. IX.
7^1' Div'ifim of Lnvn Aiijiria., and a pr<-Ucular Dtfcrip-
l::n './' tht Lily of Vicmia, <mJ the Alamurs of its Jn-
hil'itants.
LO\\'T,R Aiiftria, which is alfo termed the Country
below the Ens, is diviilcd into four circles, over
each of wliich is appointed a C'rcle-captain. Of thelc
crilis, two lie on the fouth, and two on the north fide
(if the Danube ; the former from their liiiiation, with
rrljv.'.t to the lorcff of Vienn.i, are called the circles
bclnw and above the forcd of Vienna ; but the laaer,
lri;n their fituation with .efpcrt to Manhanfbtrg, the
tiriks IhIow and above the Manhartlberg.
We diall begin with giving a defcription of the prin-
C'pal places in wh.il is called the circle below the furdt
of Vr.ina, the feat of the emperor, and the capital of the
(ierman empire.
The ctlebratcj city of Vienna, called by tha
(JermaiH Wien, by the Turks Hee/., and by tho ,
I'oles Wieden, is lituated in the filrtyei^;lith degreu ^f 1^
twenty minutes north l.ititude, and in th': lutrenth de. ki /<«,
I'.ree twenty minutes off longitude, on a braiKli of the
Danube, wlii< h fepiratri the luliurbs of I.eopoldlUilt
(lom tile town, and receives the I, tile river Wieii, which
pad'cs through It between the city and fuburbs It Itand )
III a pleafaiit litiiation i for to the north and ead ihis
< oiintiy is entirely level, but to tlie louth and wtd aie
I1.111 a rang'.' ot mount liir. thick planted with vines and
trees ; iiid the Danube, which is thi re veiy wide, di-
vides illelf into Icver.il arms that form lo niatiy illand.1
docked with wood. I'liis city has always liei'ii the re-
(idenie of the emperors of the houle of Aultria,
Vuniia indeed ij but ol fni.ill extent, it being po/TibliJ
to walk round it on the gl.icis within the Ipace of an
hour. II". fitu.ition is capable of reiulemi'^ it pretty
drong, and it is .u'tually well fortified ; lor it has a Ittoiijr
ramp.iit defended by eltveii dout baffions, and nn lavc-
lins very broad and deep, with lined ditches, rtnd the ne-
cellary out-works. The many cl'.urch.:s and cxieiilivc
cloiders the city contains, which have gener.illy g itdens
and walks iie.ii them, take up almod oiie-!i\th part of
the whole cily, whence the drects, which aie iiirrow
and croiiked, arc about eighty, and the hculis aie com-
puted at no more than about twelve hundred and ihiity ;
but thcle .ire from tour to even feven doncs high, .inJ
are in general well built of done, and provided with
large (onvenient cellars) and among them are minv
niagniticciit palaces, which have noble Ironts, though the
iiarrownefs of the diccts will not admit their being leen.
The lady Worthy Montague obltrves, with relped to
the height o."" thele buildings, that the town being ton
litth for the number of people that dcfne to live in it,
the buildei i fccm to have contrived to repaii that misfor-
tune, by cla|)|)in|; one town on the top of ai'otb'-r ) aiul
adds, You may e,ililv imagine, that the llrects being fi>
narrow the rooms are extremely ilaik, and, what ii llill
a more intolerable inconvenience, no lioule haj fo few
as five or fix families in it. The apartments of the
greatud l.idiis, and even of the minillers of d.ue, aro
divided but by a partition from that of a taylor or flloe-
maker. Thole who have houles of their own let out
the part they do not ul'e to whoever will take them j
and thus ihe jrreat Ihiirs, which aic all of done, are as
common and as dirty as the dreet. It is true, when one*
you have travelled through them, nothing can be nioro
(urpiifingly ma2nif)cent than the ap.irtnv.iit:.. 'Tluy aro
commonly ayif/rc of eight or ten large rooms a'l inlaiJ,
the doors and windows richly carved and gilr, and the
furniture (uch as is feldom feen in the pal.iees of fovc-
reign princes in other countrie.''. The apartments are
adorned with hangings of the fined liiulUK tapedry,
prodigious large looking-glalles in filvcr frames, (ine
Japan tables, bed.'', chairs, canopies, and wmcowcur-
tains of the richeff Cienoa damafk, or velvet almod co-
vered with gold lace or embroideiy. The looms are alio
adorned with pictures, vad jars of Japan poic^lain, anJ
large liiftres of rock crydal.
The city is divided into four quarters, the Schottcii,
Wubmer, Stuben, and Carinihi.in. There are tiftecii
principal Iquares, the mod remarkable of which are tin:
fix foMovviiig : the Hof is the larged (.'( them a'.!, and,
befides a done fountain, has a magnificent monument ot
gilt metal, which the emperor Ferdinand 111. caui.d to
be crci'tcd in the year if;47, i.i memory of the immatu-
late conception of the Viigiii Maiv; but this [id'ar waa
removed in 1667, by the emperor Leopold, ii.nd another
of brats erected in its place. The image of tli : Virgin
Marv on this pillar is a madcr-piece, anJ is of orals rrilt.
'This pillar has a pompous Latin inlciiption, compofed
by the emperor himlelf; the letteis arc of gold, and let
in a brals plate. 'The New-market, in which is a tine
fountain. 'The Cirabcn, in which, befiJes two be:iuti-
fill fountains, dands the marble 'Trinity pillar, which i'j
fixty-lix feet high ; this is an admirable piece of architec-
ture built with done, on which is alio a Latin infctiption
bv the emjjtT'.ir Leopold itt founder. Tormcily it was
utual
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(716) 872-4503
14^
A SYSTEM O F G H O G R A I' II Y.
A I
|i h'-
^-
-1 ,"'
f
ufi:;il for pc.-.p!;', hv w:iv of aniufcmeiu, to fit roiiinl thcfc
jiillan. i u';i:cli i)!':cii p:;iJiK-c.l ni;my picarmt incidents.
Hut .1 coiiipanv, anioiij whijh were fcveral coiiiueHl;,
haviiu; iivon too iniifh wine to a folJii'i on guarJ at the
\ ir.'Mi Mary's pillar, iiitii adittiirbance cnl'iiej aj cauldl
in.le aliliiilliis to be forbidden ; and at prefent peo|)lc
«)]ily knct'l round tlie pdlar.s. In the HiL;h-market Itand.-:
Jofeph'b nutal pillar, which was eicilcd in the. year
The prnicipal church in this city is the metropolitan
tluirch of Sc. Stephen, a very daik Gothic Ifriiaure ol
trce-ltone, adorned on the outfide with fcnlpture repre-
fenting fanits, hearts, lloweis, pyramids, ike. The roof
is covered with glazed tiks of various colours. The
liigheli tower is four hundred and fi.xty, or accoidinj; to
others, only four hundred and forty- feven Aultrian leet
;nid a half high. It is built of large blocks of frec-ltonc,
taltened together w.th iron braces, and is the ihongelt
iieeple in Kurope. It has a great bell hanging in it, up-
waids of ten feet in height, and thirty-two feet two
inches in circumference, v.ei!rhing,exciufive of the clap-
/r ■ /.r.s. per, Ibvcnteen tons and a half. The clapper, which is
eleven feet an.) a half long, weighs thirteen hundred and
/.'■'x*'/-".<5twcnty-eight pounds. It -.vas call bv order of the em-
peror Jofeph out of the Tuikifb ticld-pieces taken in !'e-
veral bittles. In the infide of this church is acoltly higii
altar. With inanv relics and curicfitiei, and a magnilicent
marble monument of the emperor Ferdinand HI.
In Vienna are reckoned tour paridi churches, with ten
other churches fcrvcd by particular cccleliallics, lixieen
cloiller churches, and eighteen cloilfer.s ; among ihcle
are three colleges of Jefuits, a college of regular canons,
ofAuguftins, of St. Dorothea, a Capuchirie convent, a
Mniorite convent, arid the cloiller of bare-footed Au-
gullins, who have the imperial .'\ulic church, in which
is kept, in filver rcpofitories, the hearts of the high [ler-
fon.igus of the archdiic.d lioufe. Tins church beloiigs to
the court, and you aiceiid to it up a pair or Hairs out of
the palace, ''"erdinajid III. had a chapel built here to
St. Apollonia, the jiatronefs of the teeth, in confeipience
of a vow he had ni.ide when hii Ion prince Leopold c .c
Ills teeth. The tooth of St. Apollonia flicwn here is
Jikcwifc adored and killed by the vulgar, who imagine
the touch of it a cure for the tc.oth-ach.
Amont; the charitable foundations is the burghers hof-
pltal, in which three thoui'anu perltins arc maintained.
Thj imperial mu'.'eum is in the caltle, and has an
allonifhing variety of curiofities in gold, filver, ivorv,
and mother of p";.rl, mathiiiiaiical inllrumeiit> oi' ex-
qnifltc worknianihip, excellent pictures, amique intag-
lios, vafcs of agate, jafper, cryllal, garnet, tmcraid, and
jewels of incfhmable value. Among the curiol'ities is
Jerioufly fhewn a dxmon, or familiar Ipirit, which being
coniured out of a demoniac, vs'as confined in a glafs ; but
this is really nothing more than iorne I'ark-coljuied
mofs, or loan-thing of tha: kind, which has fonu dilhint
refemblance of a little man, and is naturally incloled
■within a tri.ingular piece oi cryrtal.
The imperial library is a very handfomc edifice, adorn-
ed with good paintings, fculpture, and a luperb gallery :
with refpeifl to the number and importance of the mami-
fcripts and printed bonks, it may \ Ic with the Vatican and
joyal French libraries, and, with rcfpecl to printed books,
exceeds thcin.
The land-houfe of the ftates of Lower Aurtria and the
town-houfe are t-.ne modern ilructures. The riding-
houfe and the chancery of the smpire arc noble build-
in"s in the modern taftc. The other public buildings heie
arc the imperial atfenal, the burghers arfenal, the impe-
rial arfenal near the new gate, in which is every Ihnig ne-
ccHary for the enuipment of the (hips ufed on theD.uiube,
and the ojiera-houle, which is a magnificent llruclurc.
The univeility is laid to confilt of four nations ; thefe
rffe the Auftnan, Rhemlli, Hungarian, and Saxon. An
ac.idemy of painting, fculpture, and architecture, was
founded here in 1705. The Therefian college, v^'hich
was founded by the emprefs queen Alaria Therefa, is a
■well inftituted riding academy, the members of v\'hich
arc -jU uniformly drelTed, and each of them pays for hi^
board, lodging, wafhing, fchool-books, and other necef-
laries eight hundred florins yearly, and another hundred
tor r.ding. 'I'iie Savoy Lichteiiliein tiding acideniy w,j
founded by Mai la I'herefi, dutchelj of San'y, who w„-
born princels of l^ichtcnilein.
v\inoiig the palates of Vienna is that of prince Eu?fi!c
which conlilfs of lour (lories, the thlid of which is the
molt magnificent; but the apaitmeiits and flair-cale art
liiiiiewhat darkened by the houles on the other fide of tl^
llreet. In the front are three doors opening into :,,
m.iiiy balconiLS, and in every Itory are leveiiteeii u-.i, ,
dows. Tiie roof is flat, in the Italian talle, and adoiricj
with eighteen large ilatues. In one of the antichainberj
lire line paintings, reprelenting the battles of HochiU-'t
Zenta, and four others ; but the piece which tirll l!n!cV!
the eye, is the relief of the city ot Tuiin. Anions ti' •
beautiful tapeltry, that reprelenting a (hipwreck is 'pai .
ticulaily .idmiied. Some of the .ipartments aie him,
with ciimloii velvet, elpecially that in which the |,,;"'.
prince Eugene gave audience to the Turkilh ainbulfkliji'
under a canopy, and in a chair of (late. 'J'he (love in
this room is made of brafs, and rcprelents Hercules vau'-
ijuidiing the hydra. In another apartment is a book,
cafe and a defl; covered entirely with tortoifcfliell No.
thing can be more beautiful than the lookiiiT-ulaij
chamber; and indeed every part of this fuperb p;i].ice ii
embcllillied with cxquifitc pictiiies, glafles of all kiiijv
and line chimney-pieces, 'ihe libiary contains loui-
teen thout'.iiid volumes, which aie mollly folios, an 1
being bound in red Turky gilt, make a line appearaiu^'.
In this library is alio a planetarium, in which Mr. Ro'.v-^
ley, an Fnglidiinan, h;;s accurately rcprefented the re-
volutions of the heavenly bodies according to the 'Ju-
pernicni rvftcni.
'Ihe prince ol Lichtcnftcin has three palaces in Vienna-
but that in the Ilerron Itrcct is the mod magnificent.'
The front is adorned with columns and (latucs ; and thi".
palace is turnifhed in the Italian talle, with fculpturcs"
paintings, and antiques. Among the paintings are fc-'
veral pieces by Rubens ; particularly iix capital picci.-,
reprelenting the hillory of .-Mexaiwler the Great, valacj
at about twenty-four thoufand dollars ; Hcrodias witit
John the Haptilt'- head by Raphael: the building ofthi:
tower of Babel on vellum, and the overthrow of i'iia-
r.uih with his army in the Red Se.i, painted on marble
arc very curious. The faloon is elegant and lofty ; the
vaulted roof was painted by Helucci, who alfo p.iiiuta
the cielin;iof the full and ferond (lories on canvas.
The fuburbs are much larger than the city itfelf, which
they encompafs, but aie removed to the dillance of live
or fix hundred paces from the woik, of the (ort. 'I'ii-
line which eiiclofes them, and extends on both fides to
Leopoldftadt, was in the year 170+ thrown up againfl the
Hungarian rebels, and afterwards lined with bricks ; the
gates and eiiiries to it being always kept by re; uljr
guards ; of thcic Leopo'.dlljdt is the principal, and lies
next the city on an iflaiid of the IJ.uuibe ; it was for-
merly called the Jews Town, but in the year 16- :, the
emperor Leopold driving that people from hence, it
took its name from him. it contains one parifli churcn
two monatlciies, the old imperial Favourita, a citadul
which in the year iCS'3 was almofl dcftroyed by the
'I'uiks, and only a I'm.ill pait of it is repaired. There
are here alio in.my fine houles and "ardciis.
t fpiiofite to It on the other (ide ot the Danube lie the
large fubuibs of Rollau, which contains Ionic line
churches, palaces, houles, and garden's. The- noblcftof
thele pal.ices is that of prince I.KlitenlleiM, which iscx--
tremely magnificent. 'I'lie great ftair-cafe coniifls of two
(lights, and every (Icp colt flxty guilder;;, each being a
lingle block of led marble, lc\en p.icis in lenmh, and in
the two flights arc a hundred and eight ot thefe ftcps.
Fhough the Italian p.-ilaccs greatly lurpafs all others in
the beauty and magnificence of the (fair-cafes, yet Italy
affords very few that equals this. The faloon, which is
very fuperb, was painted by I'ozzo, and is adorned witf.
four beaiitilul ttone Itatues, fo finely encrufl'.-d with
plafk that they have the appearance of al^bafter. Two
of the apartments are entirely painted by Francefchini di
liologna ; and in every |)art of-f iiis nobic palace, the eye
is ciucitained with pieces of painting by celebrated artifls.
Ihe
i'!>''.
) i'" vi:
ill Vienna;
lagniliccnt.
:s ; anil t!u'.
fculptuici,
ngs arc w.
pital piece-,
cat, valatj
:roJias with
Jing of the
ow ot I'lu-
on marble,
I'jfty ; the
ilfo paintul
nvab.
tfclf, which
ante of live
tort, 'I'lie
:h lulcs to
iirainlf the
iricks ; the
by le; ular
i, an,l liCj
it wai for-
Ir 167?, the
hence, it
fli churen,
a citadel,
fell by the
J. Tliere
lube lie the
lonie line
: noiiklt of
Ihich ibcx-
Ififts of two
Ich being a
tth, and in
|he(e fteps.
11 others in
I, yet Italy
|, which is
jrncJ wi'-h
LilhJ with
ker. Two
Icefi hini Ui
le, the eye
ItteJartilis.
■ihe
At'STRIA.
The Will's. naitctr;5, watti-woiks nnJ llatiies, ren-^cr
,he Harden a moll deli-htful place. It contanii a jreat
liumber of uncommon vegetables, anil at the ends utiord ,
., very fine view of the country. .
' In the fubtirbs of Waringergefieii is nothing worthy
" l"n 'that called the Alfterijane is the hofpital of invalids,
with the pelt-honlV, the great hofpital, the 1 inver
Auftrian provincial academy, and count Paar -■. rid;iig-
"^ The populous fiiburbs of St. Ulrich is inhjecT: to the
uirifdiaion of the. Heiiediaine Scots abbey 1:1 Vienna,
and contains one pirifli church, a Capuchin moiiaitery,
and upwardsofa hundred gardens.
Inthefuburbs called the Leinigrubc is one church,
one doider containing a chu.ch, a inilit.iry academy
(oundcd by Maria Therefa, the emprcfs iiuecii, and the
imperial Ibblcs, which are equalled by few buiUlrngs ol
the kind, though the ftalh. in them arc too nanow.
The fuburbi called the Wieii, from the little river of
ti-c fame name which runs through it.
Gaudendorf, which behmiis to the provod of St. Do-
lothca in \'ienna, contains one convent of Dominicans,
and a fmall church.
The Wiedcn is pretty extenfivc, and, behdcs a cloiltcr
and the church of St. Charles Boromaui, contains the
new imperial favorita, a fummcr rclideiicc, though but
nicanly built.
The Rennwcc; is remarkable for its churches, convents,
palaces, and noble houfes. The cloilter of the female
Salerians, or Englifh nuns, is pretty large, and has a
imall but coftly church. Thcfe nuns art obliged to bring
iip'and iiillrucl young ladies. The palace of prince
Schwartzenbcrg is extremely magnihcent ; the (aloons,
(lair-cafes, marble tables, looking-glades, porcelain vafes,
iiainliiii's, beds, and other rich furniture, make this one
of the hnell palaces near Vienna. The trees in the large
orangery in the garden, inltcad of being planted in pots
or'tiibs, (land in the ground, and in winter arc (hcltercd
bv little fheJs, which on occalion may be warmed. The
viiks, groves, and water-works are extremely beautiful;
and the lad are fupplicd by means of an hydraulic engine
worked by fire,
A.Jioininc to the above palace is that of prince Lugfnc,
t.neof the ^neft buildings about Vienna. It has eleven
11 a direct line in the front and the towers at the
and fcvcn rooms in the wings. In the room ad-
to the prince's bed-chamber are I'veral exquifitc
'pieces ot painiing in miniature, and in the next apart-
ment is a chandelier of rock-cryftal valued at twenty
J.'! thuiif.ind guldens, each gulden equal to two (liillings
;.iid loiir-pence. Here is alfo a Dutch piece of painting
01 i;tcat value, reprefcn'ing an old woman on her death-
hcS, with l-.er daughter on her knee taking her leave of
her, while her maid is ftirririg a medicine, and the phy-
iicL;n looking into an uriiial. In the chapel is a fine pic-
ture of the °cfurrcaion of our Saviour, 'I'he large
filoon is an obloni; odagoii, the cieling of which is
iiiiely painted in frefco, and it yields a v ery fine profpeel
liver the "ardens towaid.s the city. Among the excellent
n.iintinis in the other apartments are a beautiliil piece
iiprelenting Adam and lOvc as big as tlie life, a woman
inibr.uin:; a youth in a bath, Endyiiiion and Diana, and
J copy of Ruben's ihrccGraccs, which i-niuch elfeemed.
The gardens lie on a Hope, and on that account make its
clei;ant water-works appear to advantajie. In that part
of the g.uden on the left called I'aradile, is a fp.itioiis
mi.iry made of curious wire-work, and alfo beautiful
walks and gilt fumnier-houles. t)n one fide of this pa-
i.ice the prince has a view from hi.s apartment of eight
faiall courts, tnibelldhed with fountains and rows of
iheinut trees, among which are to be km a confidcrable
number of exotic animals.
The fiibuib called the Landflraf/.c lies directly oppofite
cm t!ie n;her fide of the Danube, and contains a fine
chillier of hermits of the order of St. Augultiii, who
here wear while ermine ; alfo a couple of chape Is, a
Itminarv of Jefuits, an holpital, and fcvetal fm:; lioules.
The I'rater, or impeiial paik, is a pretty large illand
planted with wood, and has I'ome tine walks, to wh.ch
the pccple in fptinjj retort for taking the ..ir.
I -17
room,
aiiglo
iullKll
i"
The inhabitanis i<l the tily and fubut'us amount t<-'
about a hundred and eighty or two hundred thoufand.
The country about Viciiiia is fertile, and produces good
grais.
The (:iicfl of all the imperial plcafjre-houfes is Sehon-
brun, which lies at the diftance of a league from \'ienna ;
It w.is be.;un by the emperor Jaleph, who did not live
to linifli It. 'I'tic pleafant lltuatior. of this place is, how-
ever, atiended with one inconvenier.ee, which is, that
the little river Wicn crolies the roa<l feveral times be-
tween it and Vienna ; and as it is f'ubiect u hidden floods,
it frequency happens, that a perfon who goes to Schon-
brun at noon without the lealt danger, in the evening
finds hii return rendered iiiipradticable by the fwelliiii;
of the river.
It will be proper before we take leave of Vienna, to
give fome account of Ihe inhabitants of this celebrated
city. The Protellants have the public exertife of their
religion allowed them ar the houfes of the Swedifli,
Daiiilh, and Dutch ambadadors ; but in the dreets they
mud take care not to come in the way of a proceflion of
the Hidt, the ignorar.t multitude frequently handling
very roughly thofe who make a confcience cf kneeling
as it palles by.
The pride of rank is an eternal fubjeft of quarrels a-
mong the great, for none of them will, upim any con-
dition, defid from their pretentions where they imagine
their rank is concerned. The lady Worthy Montague
obfervcs, that they are never lively but upon points of
ceremony, and mentions two coaches, which meeting in a
narrow ftrect at night, when the l.tdies in them not be-
ing able to adjud the ceremonial of who thould go back,
fat there with equal gallantry till two in the n-.orninj,
when the emperor lending his guards th.y werebotii taken
out exattly at the fame mo.Tieiit, and carried away in
chaiis. The men are not lefs touched with this point
of honour, and not only I'corn to m.irry, but to make lovi"
to any woman of a family lefs illuftrious than their
own.
As the houfes of the great arc richly fiirnifiicd, ths
good fade ant niagiiifieenec of their tables arcanlwerabic
to that of their furniture. They have frequently fifty
diihes of meat, all fervcd in filver, and well drelled, witfl
a dcdert proportionable fervcd in the tincH: china. Hut
what appears mod fiirprifing is the variety and richnef-i
of their wines. It is ulual to lay a lift of their names
upon the plates of the gueds along with their napkins,
and there are fometimcs eighteen difierent torts, all ex-
quifitc in their kind.
Mr. Keyder fays, that when the cmprefs amufes hcrfclf
in the evening with playing at cards, her company arc
the ladies of the privy-counfellor,s or lords of the bed-
chamber, according to their fcniority. She ufually plays
at a gulden, or two fhiUings and four-pence a fifh.
Among the diverfions of the imperial court, thofe of
the carnival muft not be omitted ; though the flrictncf-f
of the ceremonial checks the liberty allowed at other
courts ill the carnival mafqueradcs, no ladies but thofe:
who have accefs to the emprefs's chamber are admit:cil
at court on thofe occafions. The emperor generally
daiije.-, t'tvcral times with the emprcfs and aichdutchefles,
but the cmprefs dances with the emperor onlv. In the
c luiitry-dancrs their imperial maiedies are (peclators, but
the archdiitched'cs mingle with tlie company.
On the laiiit's day of the name of any of the royal fa-
mily operas are exhdiitcd, each of which is laid to coH:
about fixty thoul'and guldens ; for the magnificence of tlie
theatre, the I'plcndor ot the decorations, the richncl's i>f
the habits, and the peiformaiice m the orchcdra, furpalis
any thing of the kind in Europe". Thele days are called,
days of gala ; and the ladies of quality, whenever they
have a mind to difplay the magmlicence of their apart-
ments, or obliged friend by compiimer'.i' ig them on the
day of their faint, declare, that on lu, 1 a day will be
their gala. All the friends or relations of the lady whofe
faint it is, are obliged to appear in tlieir bed cloaths and
all their jewels. The iniltrel's of the houfe takes no par-
ticular notice of any body, nor returns any body's vilit.
1 he company are fplendidly entertained, and alierwardu
divided into i'everal parties at cards, yr ccnverfition, all
".nu's of hazard being toibidJen.
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8'
i.;o
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A IM I Y.
'I'hc opcr.i IshcrcpcrfornicJ at court; aiiJ as the noble
J.\(ly with wlicilc oliicrvatioiis \vc have in (cveral parts
eiiibtllilhej this work ll;is I'lilly dcCcnljeJ thcni, we fliall
give a particiil.ir aei'ouiu of this anJ oth^r ihverlions Irom
her letters. 'I'his lady, <'n vilitiii^ one of thefe oporas,
lays, " 'llie (l.ine was built over a very larj;'; canal, anJ
" at the lK;;;iiining of the feeoinl act divided into two
" paits, difcovering the water ; on which there imrne-
" ili.itelv came, from ditt'crciit parts, two fli-ets of little
" |;ildid vclllds, that gave the reprel'cntation of a naval
" tight. It i.s not eafy to imagine the beauty ot thi5
" fcene, and all therell were pertedHy fine in their kind.
" The iKiry of the opera was the cnchantinent of Altina,
" which gives oiiportuiiities for a great variety of ma-
" chines and rhan;^es of the liL-eiie?, wt'.i.h are performed
" witli furprifini; fwiftnefs. The theatre is fo large that
" It is h.ud to e.irry the eve to the end of it, and the
" habits in the utmolf inagniticcnce, to the number ot
" a hundred and eight. Nohoufe could hold I'uctt large
•' decorations ; but the ladies all fitting in the open air,
" expofcb tlijin to great inconveniences J for there is but
" one caiM-pv for tfie imperial family, and the firlf night
" it was reprefented, a Ihower of rain happening, the
" opeia w.'.j broke oft', and the company crowded away
" in I'lich confuiton, that 1 was almoft liiuetzcJ to
«' death.
" iJut if their operas arc thus delightful, their come-
" dies arc, in as hi^^h a degree, ridiculous. They have
'' hut one play-houfe, wdure I bail the ciiriufity to go
'' to a (jiTnian comedy, and was very glad it happened
*' to be the ilory of Amphitrion. As that fubjeit has
■' been already handled by a Latin, French, and Englilh
" poet, I was curious to fee what an Auftrian author
" would make ot it. I underll.ind enough of that lan-
'' gujge to comprehend the createll part of it ; and, be-
'' iides, 1 took with me a lady that had the goodnefs to
«' explain to me every word. I'hc way is to take a box,
'' which liolds four, for yourfelfand company. The
I' fi.\ed price is a gold ducat. 1 thought the houfe very
'' low and dark ; but I confcfj the comedy admirably
»' recompcnfcd that defect. 1 never laughed fo much in
'' my life. It begun with Jupiter's f.dling in love out
'' of a pet 1. hole in the clouds, and ended with the birth
'' of Htrcule;. ISut what was molt pleafant was, the
'' ufc Jupitvr made of his metamoi phofis ; for you no
*' fooner i'aw him under the figure of Amphitrion, but
'' inftead of i'.vini^ to Alcmcna with the raptures Mr.
»' Dryden puts into his mouth, he fends for Amphi-
'' trion's ta\'or, and che;!ts him of a laced coat, and his
'' banker of a bag of money, a Jew of a diamond ring,
»' and belpeaks a great fupper in his name ; and the
• ' gr-.atelt part of the comedy turns upon poor Amphi-
»' trion's being tormented by thefe people for their debts.
" Mercury ufes Solia in the f.inie manner. But 1 could
«< not cafily pardon the liberty the poet has taken of
" larding his play, not only with indecent exprcf-
" fions, but fuch grofs words as 1 do not think our mob
«' would furtcr from a mountebank. Bclides, the tw.)
" Sofias very faiily let down their breeches in the direct
•' view of the boxei, which were lull ot people of the
" tirlt rank, tiiat feemcd very well pleated with their en-
" tcrtainment, and all'ured me this was a celebrated
" piece."
It ought, however, to be added, in juftice to the Cier-
mans, th.it lincc the time this lady wrote, they have
greatly improved in the arts, and that their poetry, which
even at tiie beginning of the prefent century was very
rude, and in its inlancy, is now much improved, and
they have dramatic pieces that would do hoiMur tu any
nation-
The above ingenious lady dcfcribcs another common
amufement of the court, which will farther fervc to
characterize the taile of the great in this metropolis. The
emprefs was (eated on a little tin one at the end of a fine
alley in her garden, and on each liJe of her were ranged
two parties of her ladies of quality, headed by two young
archdutehenes, alldreil'ed m their hair full of jewels, witii
fine light guni 111 tlieir hands; and at proper dillances
were placed three oval pictures, which were tne mar!:-, to
be fliot at. The tirlt was that of a Cupid tilling a bum-
net of Burgundy, and the motto, " It is eafy to be va-
/'.fSTT.-!.
" liant here." The fecond, KortuiiC holjing a garland
in her hand, with the motto, " Kor her whom f"ortu;i"
" favours. " 'llie third was a fword with a laurel wreatii
on the point, tlie motto, " Ikre i i no ftiaine to thj
" vani|uillieii." Near the enipiel's was a gilded trni)|,.j-
wreathed with flowers, formed of little crooks, on wliitli
hung rich Turkifli handkerchiefs, tippets, ribbons, laces
Sec. for the fmall prizes. The emprefs gave the tirlt wittl
her own hand, which was a hne i uby ring fet round with
diamonds in a gol.l I'nutl'-box. There was for the fecond
a little Cupid fet with brilliants i and bcfides thefe a i^.^
of fine china for the te.i- table, japanned trunks, f.ins
and many other things of the like nature. All the men
of quality at Vienna were fpcitators, but the ladies alone
had permiffion to (hoot, and the archdutctjefs Amelia car-
ried off the firit prize.
X.
S K C T.
jt co)u:fc Dejhiflicn of the ether principal Places in r'.e
Du'ldy of Aiijlria.
ANO THr.R of the emperor's plcafure-houfes is
Laxenburg, which is fituatcd about two Ciernian
miles liom \'!enna, in a pleafant little wood, and near it
is a pretty well inhabited village and park. 'Iheexten-
five circumjacent plain affords very great conveniences
for the baiting of herons, which is faid to be performed
here in fpring-time by the imperial family.
In the ncghbourbood of Vienna is Baden, which is
much frequented for its warm b.aths, aflemblics, anJ
other divcrlions. Both fexes bathe here without dilliin-.
tion in the i'ame bath, and at the fame time. The bath-
ing cloaths are made to cover the whole body, and thcl'e
of the women have kad at the bottom of them to kccu
them diAvn. '1 here are feats within the baths for the
convenience of fitting in the water, which can bcraifedor
lowered at pleafure. The company walk upaiid down in
the bath convcrling together, and the ladies are fomctimcj
treated with fivectmeats. There arc particular doors and
Itairs leading into the feparate ttovc-rocms out of the bath,
where the different fexes drel'sand undrel's apart. Some o!
I thefe baths arc within and others without it, and in molt
j of them the water is extremely clear, i'hc principal a
I called the Women's bath, and next to that the Duke's
' and Anthony's baths. There is .dl'o one appropriated to the
ufe of the poor. The fulphureous efHuvia arifing from
the baths tinge molt kind of metals with yellow ; and
a lilvercup, alter being I'ome time u(ed fur diinkin'' the
water, contrails a foit of gilding. Thefe baths are
chiefly recommended to patients atHiited with the gout,
lameiiefs, pains in the joints, and any arthritic difordcrs.
Barren women often rclort thither and find relief; but
whether this proceeds from the virtue of the water, or
that of the company, we fliall not determine. Before the
principal church in this town is a tine pillar dedicated to
the Holy Trinity.
Neuftadt is a pleafant and well built town on the
Leitha : it is well foriified, and contains lome broad
even ftreets, with fome fine fqiiares ornamented with
pillars in honour of the Virgin Mary. 'I'hcfc kind ot
pillars have a fine ctt'ect in a city ; and, though feldom
leen in other popifh countries, are very frequent in the
Auttrian territories. The palace here has been allotted
for the new erected military ;icadeiny, and is now inha-
bited by the young gentlemen, who are here initruclcd Lv
officc-s appointed lor that purpofe in all parts of the a:t
of war, and by others in the niathrmatics and polite lite-
rature. There is alio here a college ofjel'uits. Out ol
the hue earth near this place is made a very beautiful ibit
of porcelain.
'I'he molt confiderable places in Upper Auftria, which
is divided into four quarters, are the following ;
Lint/,, the capital of i.'ppcr Auflria, ttands in an agree-
able lituation on the river Danube, in the forty-eighth +< ./I
degree twenty-one minutes north latitude, and the four- ;>,
teenth degree twelve minutes ealt longitude. It Is wti!
built and populous, and has fame hue fuburbs. Thi;
I old town confifts almoft entirely of one lingle ftreet, aiii
includes in it the citadel, which is (eated on an emi-
1 iience that affords a fine open profpeiSt. In this citadel
j arc the courts of jtillico fvr Upper Auftria; and in the
taivii
//i .'litUiiti:/:, . \
iij
ti
In on the
Imc broaJ
Intcd with
I'e kind ot
l>h I'eldom
Ent in the
In ariOttcJ
low inha-
IhuacJ by
\oi the art
l)olitc lite-
Out 1.1
lutitul loit
•a, which
1 an agrec-
lty-cighth*<
the four- ;„ i
jit Is well
lbs. 'I'll'--
[Irect, ani
an cml-
|h;s citadel
:id in the
Stiria,
U R O
E.
,mvn arc a houfebtloniing tollic (latei, a parifhchiircn,
., confidcraWe colk'sc of Jcfiiits, the jcadc-my, and a
iMici-hurch endowed hy thu cinpcior Kcrdinand 11. \v:th
four cloiltcrs of monks, and two of nuns, a conmian-
ilcry bclongini; tothc'Ccutonic ordrr, and fume- manv.iac-
lurifs. 'I'lu5 town carries on u conlidt-rablc trade.
Stcyr is a town fituatcd on a river of the (;inic mnv,
near the place where it falls into the Kns. It eonfiils
III three pans ; the town with its I'liburbs, and the vil-
1 idis of Ins and Srcyr, both which have a communication
with the foiiiipr by means of bridges. It has a citadel,
which llanJi on a point of a lleep rock within the walls,
nnd within the town are alfo one parifli church, or.e eol-
W"!. ot Jel'uits, together with a cloiifcr of JJominicans
•itul another cf nuns, as alio an holpital. \Vitho\itthe
(own is a convent of capuchins, and all .helc religions
houfes have churches. Moll of the inhabitants work
ni lU'tl and iron. This place was formerly the capital
of a couiity, and belonged to Stiria ; but it has been
iVparated from th'.iice, anJ added to the country above
the t'ns.
SECT. XI.
0/ llh- Dutihy »/ Stiri.\.
hi FJtuathr., AlountainSy and f'lue of thi Ciuntij ; iti Pio-
duce. Rivers, hfc.
STIRI.'^i or Stcycrrr-'rk-, in the circle of Aulhia, is
bounded by the diuchv of .'\uflria on the north; by
Himi;arv on the call ; by Carniola on the I'outh , and by
Carimhia and Snlt'/.burg on the weft. The northerly
part is called the Upper Stcyermark, and the Ibutherly
the Under.
Upper Stcvcrmark contains many high and fteep
mountains, among which the (.rimming is the higheft
in the coim'rv ; but by the diligence of the inhabitants
this dutihy is pretty well cultivated, (b that in majiy
places the highelt tops of the mountains .nrc inhabited.
'I'hc people who dwell in thefc parts in winter, when
great quantities of fnow fall, arc blocked up for feve-
ral months, and as it were rendered captives. Indeed
they arc fo habituated to the cold, that thiy feldom come
down from thefe eminences. It is aflonilhing that they
are able to fuccccd fo well with the plough on thele
mountains, and that the eminences thcmfdves arc lb
fertile.
The inhabitants cultivate a fine fort of wheat, which
is fufficient not only to fupply their necelTities, but in
fomc nieaCure allb for Tale. They have fruit, large
herds of cattle, chamois goats, and wild fowl. The
brooks and lakes, many of which lie between the high
rocks, arc rich in fifli. In fome places arc fmall vales,
and the inhabitants take advantage of every fpot o* earili.
The mountains contain filver, lead, copper, and par-
ticularly iron, 'i'he Stirian fteel is reckoned the beft
in Europe. The forefts, with which the ridges of the
nioantains are coverei', yield a fuSicient ipiantity ot
wood for the ufe of liie Imelting huf^. In thefe moun-
tains arc likewil'e hot baths and medicinal fprings.
The principal rivers which run through this country
ar:.' the Muehr and Ens, both of which atil'c in the
biftiopric of Saltzburg.
Lov.'er Steyermark has fewer nioun'.ains and more
plain?. The hills produce a fine wine, and the plains
which arc alfo fruitful, have h!)t baths and medicinal
fptini'.s. In the quarter of Ciili, as in Carniola and
Italy, dormice are caught in plenty, and eaten.
The lan'.'uagc of the Stirians is very rough. They
fpcak the VVcndifh tongue, which is in ufe among the
common people for feveral miles round Gratz ; but thole
who are railed only a fmall degree above the vulgar fpe.;k
not only Wcndifh, but Cjcrnian and Italian, and the
prii'.cipal inhabitants fjcak alfo b'rcnch.
In the whole dutchy are twenty boroughs, near one
hundred market towns, and about live hundred citadel*,
many of which ftand on the highell fumniits of the
rocks. The highways, notwitluh'.nding the country is
iiKiimtainous, have been put into e-xcellent condition.
The principal place in Lower isiiria is the city of
Gr^t/., the capital of the whole dutchy, which is featcd
un the river Muehr, in the forty-fevcn:h degree twcn'y-
two minutes north latitude, and tlic fixtccntii dcjrcetei-
minutes eaft longitude. It has fuburbs on each lldc tin;
river, which excc(d the town in bigncls, to which they
are joined by a bridt'C. 'I'he city is well fortili-'d, and
ccintains fome line Ifrcets and houfes. The callle tbndi
on a high hill, and here is a good armoury and maga-
zine, conlfanlly well furniflied. The Jefiiits have a
line church, and a chapel detached from it, where the.
architecture and feulpture are well worth feeing. Over
the entrance of this chapel is a Latin infcription to this
purpofc, " The imperial maulbleum of Ferdinand II,.
" emperor of Rome, facred to St. Catharine virgin and
" martyr." f )n the roof is reprefented the life of the
emperor Leopold in (evcral cmblcm.-.tical paintin;;'', and
on the tower is an obfcrvatory well furnidied with ma-
thematical inllrumcnts. The other public buildings arc
the Jel'uits college, the univcrfity, the paridi cliurcli, the
lovereign'i holpital, the tine Trinity pillar of gilt brafs
in the market-place, the fovcreign'a fort, in which the
privy council, the government, the chamber for the In-
ner Auftrian countries, and the military council, are
kept ; and in this fort is alio the arfenal ; the land-hotifc.
n
f.
cll
in which the land-diets are held
the arl'cnal
leallb
(jf the land
dates, and the coimcil houfe. There are alio in the city
eight cloiders, with their churches. In the Dominican
coiwent is a piece of painting rcprefcnting C.tbarine ot
Sienna exchanging her heart for that of Chrid, and a:
Come dilfancc on the right hind, is the portrait of St. S /
Alan, a Dominican monk, who was a native of Eng •/•'«.
land. An infcription underneath lays, that the bIcll'eJ
Virgin was (b pleafed with his love to her, that in the
prelence of the S(mi of Ciod, an infinite number of an-
gels, and bleded fpirits, (he was efpoufcd to St. Alan ;
gave him with her virL'in mouth a kif; of cvcrlalfing;
peace, refredied him with the milk of her ninft chall-^
bread, and prefented him with a ring in token of the
ma.-riage. However, fome of the more fenfiblc Roma-
nids have openly exprefTed their abhorrence of fuch im-
pious fiflions.
In each of the fuburbs that lie on the wed fide of the
Muehr, is a church with a cloider j but in the large
fuburbs on the other dde of the river, arc feveral
churches and convents. In the midft of a plain about
a mile from the city, is a round hiil, on which are erec-
ted nine chapels in commemoration of Chrill's pallion.
In one of thefe chapels the whole crucifix is covered
with pearls ; but the feulpture of all of them is very
coarfe, and fomctimes ridiculous. IJelides, the holy
fepulchre, which is laid to be conflruiSled after the man-
ner of that of Jerufalem, here is alio a Ccala fanta, or
holy dairs, by afcenJiu'^ which every Friday, and on the
days of the invention and elevation of the ciofs, people
may gain forty days indulgence.
About the diftance of four miles from the above
mount, to which is given the natne of Calvary, is the
feat of count .Adam. The gardens, paintings, and wa-
ter-works, are greatly .admired by the country people,
though they contain nothing very extraordinary.
The principal places in L^pper Stiria arc,
Judenburg, its capital, which is feated on the high
bank of the .Muehr, and commands a profpecl into a
plain furrounded with high mountains that are continu-
ally covered with fnow. This place contains a roy.al
fort, a parilh church, a cloillcr of Minorites, in whicK
is a church, and a college of Jel'uits, and without the
town is a convent of nuns.
Leubcn was formerly the capital of the county, and
contains a college ol Jel'uits, and a Dominican convent,
both of which have churches, and without the walls ate
two parilh churches, one of which is in the fuburbs,
on the other iiJe of the Muehr, in which is alfo '. con-
vent of Dominicans. A great trade in iron is carried oa
here.
SEC T. XIL
Of the Dutchy o/ Car IN thi. •x.
lis Sltiuvhn, Rivers, .llounuias, and principal Places,
THK djtrhy of Carinthia, in the circle of .'\uflria,
is bounded on the eaft by Stiria; oti the north by
the fouih
if.J/i U't. i
(I's-^-.mtv ,
;t.k
Stiiil and the archbilhoprit of Saltiburg
bj
ill
n
M
i\V''J.< •
1,1 :i:.
lA
f 'I
:ff
ill
I a
A S Y S T E M OF G E O G R A [ II Y
C.-.K.\iai ,.
liy Cuiiiiola, aiiJ the Rep iMic of Venice; aiul on llic
\u(l: by 'I'yrul.
This countiy ia wjoJ ■ .irul moimtainows ; the lii^;lii.(l
of llic luuuiit.iins aro cul!i.J St. L'lricli, St. IU-Ilim, St.
W'it, and St. L.uirtiii.L'. Scvcial of the iiiouiitaiii.
of this coiiiitiy yiilil gooi) iron, and fomc ol thtm kuJ.
1 huTc arc tn.tiiv feilili; d.'li-;, which produtc whc.it .md
other pi.iin, yet the Cuiialiy e.inii.u produce totii fiifTi-
(.ient fur the in'i.ibiiaiit'.
Tliis tojiitiy h.is .di'i) J gre.it nnr.ibrr of I.ikrs,br(iriks,
and rivets. 'I'hc lar^tft rjver is the Dr.ui, which ill'iRs
out of J'yrol, and tt.iveifin^ Carintliia from ca(t to well,
itceivcs all the other ri.ers and brooks o.'' tlie country.
'I'hc only religion protell'ed heie i,-; that of the ko-
rmdi tluireli, though there were formerly n\anv profel-
foi i of the Lutheran religir.ii, and ilie youth are inllruc-
i.. d m the Jefuiti collese at Cia;:enl'iirt. In Chibdutehy
.irc eleven boiuiighs, and twenty-one ni.irket towns,
'I'hc principal nianufadurea are thofe of i.-on and ftetl,
which are worked in various wjj <, and afterwards ex-
ported. The diitchy is governed bv a land captain,
and annu.illy contribiKes lix inillioiis thirty-feven thou-
faiid lix hundred nitic;v-f;ve fiorur; to il.o lupport ot
the military flatc of the houfe of Auilri.i.
'I he principal towns in tiiis diiichv arc,
Clagenfurr, the capital oi the dutehv, which is fitnat-
cd near the river (ilan, in the fortv-fevcnth degree ten
minutes north l.ititude, and the fouileenth degree twenty
minutes caft longitude, ,ind is aifo ioined by means of a
canal with the VV'ordtfee. It is well built, and furround-
cd with a wall faid to be broad enough lor five coaches
to diivc a-brcalT. It contains fix chinches, a college of
Jefuits, an academy, two convents of monks and one of
.'luns, and a provincial-houfe. It is adorned with two
marble pillars, one confecrated to the Holy 'I'rinity, the
other to the Virgin, and an cqucllrian Ifatue of the em-
peror Leopold. In the ye.ir l6co Martin, bidvjp ol
Scckau, came to this town, accompaiied by fourhundre.l
foldiers, in order to burn the Luther.ni books and a'- jln'h
that religion. In 1636, and 1723, the town was ahnoU
entirely confumcd by fire.
Freifach, the oldelf town in Carinthia, is fituated on
the rivulet of Metnit/., and belongs to thcarchbilhop of
SaUzhurg.
It contain.s a citadel and two cloilU'r;>, and without the
town (lands the cit.idel of Geycrflicrg, where the archic-
pif^cpal vicar refidca,
S K C T. Xlil.
Of tk- Diiichy of Cap. N I'M, A.
Rilualian, f:xl/iit, Jl/::i<it,iiiis, Rs.trts, and Praiiia,- ; the
Iltiriliii/Ji iflhe Pcop!,\ thai i^aiiyiitii^ri, i^ttl^ioil, .111,
anJ Exports ; uilh th,' prij^ipiit I'Licn in this Cn:intr\ :
tioi:^ lihich is a pmliii./ar Account of the Lake of Ciik-
'.z, fomc rcmarkahk Cuvci /is, cut t XLiiis of !^iicifiiv;r.
iiit
CARNIOLA, which is alfo included in the circle of
Aultri.i, is binnided on the north by Carinthia and
Stiria ; on the eall by I-iburnia, Dalmatia, and Croatia ;
i-in the fouth by that part of lllria poiTel'.ird bv the repub-
lic of Venice, and by a part of the Adriatic Sea ; and on
the wed by I'liuli, the country of Gortz, and a part of
ihc Adriatic ; extending in its greateft length a hundred
and forty-two miles from eall to well, and a hundred
and eiphlccn from north to foiith.
This diitchy is lor the moll part mountainous, and
fomc of the mountains are quite naked, while others are
covered with wood ; fomc of them are uninhabited,
and many ot their funimits are continually covered with
fnow.
In winter, w:un the fnow lies deep on the ground,
fomc of the peaf.mts make iile of fm.ill baCa'ts, which
I hey bind to their feet ; and others have a kind of Ihow-
fkaics made of thin narrow boards, like thofe ufed by the
Laplanders, by the help of which, and a llout daft'or
pole, they dcfcend from the niuint.iins with great f|>eed,
t)iie of the mod remarkable of thcfe moumaiiib is the
Lobel, called by the C.iriiuhians Lyhel : it io hi:;h,
tocky, atidftecp; and therefore ihe road win Ji round it,
111 a ftrpcmine forin, foi hear five fiiilt^, Tliis ro.ul ij
pi.:(v well paved, and near the tup a p.iU'rii' has been
htwii ihiou.'b the roi k about a bundled and I'i'iy t'.ei.in..
trical paci-s in length, lwel»t feet hi ;h, inJ nine biojil ■
,ind this I'.-parates Cjrnicda Iroin CaiMiilii.i. I he ^iio-
Ipe.-l fmni this niuiintain is tincomiiionlv line.
It is reniaik.ible that the roads throu.;;i Carniola .uiij
Stiri.i, iboui'h the country be fo very inouiualnoiis, .ul
extieinely ^ood. The makinj; of thi fe ro..d.s at lirll w.'s
very builhenfonie to the fabjeits ; but as tluv are now
completed, the expcnce of keeping them in order is n.'t
very great. Kirll all tlie done,'! were made iife of to r.iil,:
it to a proper height. On c.ich fide is a dileh fecunj
with large Hones well compaiiUd, and the riud between
thcfe ditches conhlls of a dratum of liini-dones be.iren
I'mall. This is covere.l with f.md mi.fed with a kind ol
clay, which makes the io..d veiy liuuolh and bard, like
a thrediing-lluor. The greatclt care j. ld:cn to rcp..ii
thefe roads ; and the labourer', who have good wai'esi:;-
th.it purpoie, h.ive their dwellin;;s along the tide of tl",',-
ro.uls, that they may be at ha::d to keep them in g/jo I
order.
In Carniola are medicinal Iprings and hot baths: It
alio contains fever. il h.kes, and fome river.s, the prineip.il
of which is the Sau, into which the other livers il:|'-
charge themfelves ; it is navigable, and Its dream im.
cominoily rapid ; it flows into Hungary, and difelui.oi
itfell into the Danube.
Though this country is mndly mniintaiiion;, yet it
contains many Iruitful valleys r,nd tields, which not only
yield good pallurage, but every year produce a double
crop ; for when wheat, rye, barley, peas, be.ins, .u'd
lentils ate cut down, they fow buck- wheat. This dir. ip;
alfo produces excell-,nt liiiit, which becomes early ri;ie,
and of whhh the iiihabit,iiil , make cyder tilid per.v :
lirgc chelnuts and v.'alniits aie here Very plentif.il, anl
111 lome parts are rdi\es, citron?, oranges, lemons, ponie-
grnn.ites, figs, and grajics, of which an cxipiilite white
and red wine are made.
Tlic bowel.s of the earth yield all forts of miii«rals .ind
metals, as copper, iron, and lead ; and the marb! • i :
this country is very beautiful : but fait is wanting, .-ia.l
the people are obligeil to purchafe it at the niagazi.ici
provided by the fovereign.
There are here hones and horned cattle in i'i...t
plenty, and the people furnilli then',lelves with all .o:e,
of venifon and fowl, and with many kinds of tidi.
This country is more populous than one would iir ;-
ginc; for it contains twentv-onc borc;u_'hs, thirtv live
markets, and, according to Valvafor, upwards ot K.in
thoufand villages. The common people are extrcmciy
hardy, for they go bare-foot in winter through the fnow,
and the men always with open breads. At night iliiv
deep without bed or bolder on a hard bench, and th. ir
food is alway.s mean. The common people are of Scla-
voiiian extradiion ; but the piincipal nobility are fur tiie
mod part defcended Irom the Germ.ins.
T'.e two principal languages in Carniola arc the
Sclavonic and the Germ.ui ; in the latter of which ad
letters arc written, judicial matters carried on, and ..11
writings made.
The Chridian religion was gradually received hi-e
about the latter end ot the cightii century. 'i"he Lutl;c-
ran doctrine alio gained a confiderable lootinL"; in tiie f,\-
tecnth century j but was afterwards abolilhed, aiiil .■',
the inhabilaiitb at pieleiit prolefs tlie popilh icligiiui, t -
cept the W^alaehlans and Ulcocs, who adhere to '.:.■:
Greek religion, and d:le (hemlelveb Old Uelievers. ;:.
Carniola are three bidioprics, that of Laiibach, to w;.:' .1
belong a number of paridies in Carniola, twenty ore
parilhes in Stiria, and lixteen in C.irinthia ; the oth ;
bifliopricb are thole of Hiben and Tried, In this diuer.y
there are computed to be a hundred and thiity-foui' [m.
riflics, and twenty- four religious houfes.
'I be .nnisot tliis dutehy are an eagle crowned, on /I,'
whofe bread and expanded wing,s is a diced crefc<ni.
From Carniola are exported into other countries buru^a
cattle, ilieep, cheele, white and red wine, eiuiekhbe:,
iron, deel, oil ot olives, linen, a kind of woollen Ibj.'i,
Spanilh leather, which is prepared in plen'y in U(i;:;r
Caniioii,
|,i ;.rc tnc
b:i
■mil
■civcJ h''"
rhc Lutlx-
1 ill the fix-
ami .i','.
li^'.ion, c' •
crc to '"-
jviTi. '■;■
■i, to w':.'- '1
^wviity u;-
the D'.l" •
;hisiliu»;r.;
Jy-fouf [■'-
tiiwncM, i^n /'■
Jrclcfiit-
liu, horiKJ
l^uKk^l^-^
lolkn H'.ii.
ill Uj'P-'
CuTi;;^'i.
l'-. Li R O P H.
CArv«:oi.A.
Cuuiola, lionrv, ti.-.ili.-i 1..1 fhij)-rnilKiin!T, ari.l many
loHS 01 U-.KKieU-WJlC, .IS bONC-.,lJl(hwS, tKlltllClJ, I,)C)UI1S,
' C.ii'iiiiil^ annuiillv contiilimcn to the hoiifc of Aulliiii
.iici- luinilicJ aiiJ fixtv-lhiio tlioiiCiiiJ one hiiiKln.il .iiul
•tuiiiv <"'<-' lli>iin'' hitv-lix kriiil7,ci>^, 'Iliis ilutclu is
jivulal into Upper, Lower, .MiJJle, ;iiid Inner C.ii-
I liner Carniul.i, romnioiily c;illc<l Cjorrnl'k.i Str:in,
(iiima .uvhoU-fomc air anJ freili fpriii;^s. The viney.nilj
licrear" hut few. Iron is foiinJ in the ;'reattll [iloiity, |
iiiJ llierc arc |irol"ilable iron-works in miiiv p.irts ot the j
>ountrv. 'I'hehikf ofl'eldes is near live miles loni:, ami '
i.iuve two broail ; it is uneommonly deep, hut in its
iiiiJille riles a roiiiiJ moimtaiii, on which Ham!.; a (mail
liuieli, ami at its foot is a fine fnrinj. The lake ot
Wocheiner arifes out of a copious fpriii;^ that rolls Irom
I verv hii'h rock into the ilaiu of VVoeheiiier, which is
.iSioiU tli'^-'-' '"'''"^ '""!^ •""' ^ '"'''-' '■"'"'i''' "'"■' ""'■ "' ''
runs a rivc r calli'il tiic Wochcincr San, which, after a
lourfc of nineteen miles, ilifchari;cs itfelf into t!ic Sau.
yu'.li in <he lake and river arc excellent trout.
in this dntchy are the following remarkable placci :
l.aiihattht, or Laybach, the principal town in Car-
niul.i is Utuated on a navigable river of the fame name,
. „.'tiivh it ij fo divided, that it lies partly in Upper and
nirtly in Lower Carniola. That part which torms the
litt'Ji, and 13 fituatcd on the other lidc of the river, is the
I'innltand fmclK The royal citadel here ifands on an
uiiincnco covered with trees and beaiitiluUy cultivated,
lid at its foot is that part of the city in which are the
market the town-houle, the cathedral, and cpilijopa'
iS-i
th
.._ ...„^ „. .. ..y.i'/rr
It take;, its /,«// fi<.
the cathedra
• dice. The cathedral is finely painted, and under the
l-jnola are four llatncs of its anticnt bilhops. In the
viiHullins chinch, behind the high altar, is a C.i/.i Hmti},
;i iniitation of that at Loretto. The Urfuline nuns have
J vc'rv beautiful light chyjfh, and that of St. Peter is
,,,,- of the finetl in the city.
At the lefuits church is a fupcrb altar of marble, a-
dorned with four llatucs that are worth feeing : their
lilitary is well contrived, and thofe fathers have fpacious
wine-vaults capable of containing three thoufand pipes,
which is the lefs furprifma, as niort ot the rents of their
fibics are paid in wine. The whole town contains three
laburb?, in one of which live the butchers, in the (e-
cond are chiefly fiflicrmcn, and the thiid is principally
inhabited by mariners. Thefe fuburbs contain live
■ hiirches, four cloilters, and a commandcryot theknights
ot M.ilta. The (Ireets arc narrow ; and, bilides the a-
-ovc buiKlin!',s, the council-lioufe, and the royal provin-
. id and citv'arl'enal, arc worthy of notice. The bi(hi>|)
■s i:nnicdi.i!ely under the pope, and bears the title of a
lince of the holy Roman empire. This place carries
';:i a conliderable tiadc.
Lower Carniola, more iil'ii.illy called Dalenllsa Stran,
(int.iins many fruitful valleys, and produces red and
w:-.ite wine. In nianv places there arc here no fpriiig';,
.■J rarticulatly the I'crtilc bottom of Temnit/, labour,;
tiler a total want of fprings and running water; whence
vu' inhabitants, when they have been long v.'ithout ram,
.lie obli''ed to fetch water at live or fix miics dilhince.
Anion' the caverns or grottos in this part of Carniola,
rut near Liieg is worthy of notice. The entrance of this
iMvuii extends u conliderable length uiivler the rocks,
,;ad within it aic leen many icicles etjual m whitenels to
mow itfi-ll.
(Jlie of the principil tov.'iis in this dirtric^ is Rudolph-
l-.vcrth, or Neulladtlein, a roval town featcd on an
c:niiiiiice on thi' river Ciiirk, and founded by the arch-
Juke Rodolph IV. in i.^O^, whence it received its name,
it has acolieuiate church, to which belong lour others
.1 iliC linvn. fomtecn in the country, and live parillics
in Stina. It has a monaftcry of Francifcan friars, and
.inutlier of Capuchins. The manv incurlions of the
I'mki into the territory belonging to this town, toge ■
thii with lives and pcRilcncc, have reduced it t'rom its
former flonnlhing ftatc.
riie next iHvilion is Middle Carninl.i, to which be-
It^nt'i a tracl called Dry Carn.ola, which is between fmir
jiid live (ierinan miles in extent ; and if we include in it
tlic bottom I'fTcmnitr, which bcl;;:'.i;s ij Lov.-cr Car-
niola, an. I is alfo Jeflltutc of water, it is betwre!i fixainl
fevcii in compafs ; yet this tract of land, though a'niolt
evciy wiiere mountainous .nid Uony, is covered wit
great and fniall villages, ami in fome parts of it the in
li.ibit.ints pioducc good wine. The celebrated lake of .•!
Cirknil/. in tliis put is very remaik.ible
name from the iieiglibouring market-town, and \i en-
coiiip.illed With wiKl, roiigii, and Itony niouiitains •, buC
round itallii lie two inhabited cit.ideL, ni.ne villager, .luJ
twenty chun lies.
This lake i> one (lerman mile in length from north to
louth, half a (.iermaii mile in breadth, and from tme,
to two, three, and four fathoms in depth, the pits ex-
cepted, (ome of which are many fathoms deep, in it lis
three beautiful illands covered with tree;; ihcfe itland'j
are called \'oriiec, Velh.i ( i jri/..i, and Mala Croriza. A
peninfula .ilfo runs into this lake, and is fep.iratcd from
the illand of Vornec by a c.i: !. In the lake arc many
holes or pits with lon:^ ditches like canals, and eight
brooks dil'charge then-.felves into it
It is a common f.iyin;:, that in this like 3 pcrfon ma)*
fnw and reap, hunt and lifli, within thi' fpa.c of a year ;
but this is tlie leall remark. ible circumlhincc in it, and
m more than what may be faid of alinoll any other fpnt
that is overilovved in winter or fpiing. The molt woii-
derliil circumilance is its ebbing and flowing. The for-
mer always happens in a long drought, whrn it rut. . oft
througli eighteen holes at the bottom, which form h>
many eddies or whirlpools. Valvalbr mentions a iingu-
lar method of lilhing in one of thel'e holes called R.ibel-
cajama, and f.iys, that when the water is entirely run ofT
into its fublerraneous rofervoirs, the peafiuts venture witU
lights into that cavity, which is in a hnr.! rock, three or
four lathoms under ground, to a folid bottom ; whence
the water running through fmall holes, as through x
f.cve, the filhes arc left behind, caught, as it were, iu
a net provided by nature.
At the iiilt apiH.'arance of itJ ebbing a bell is runs; af
Cirknitz, upon which all the peafanis 111 the neighbour-
ing villages, with tlie utmoll diliL'cnce, prepare tor lilh-
ing; for the greatell p.irt of the filh generally go off" at:
i the beginning of the ebb, and feldom llay till the water
I is ciuiliderably ilecreafed. .-Xbove a hundred pe;il'.int-;
I never f.iil to exert themklvcs on this oceafion, and both
the men and women proniifcuoudv run into the lake llrip-
' ped quite naked, tlioiigh both the magillrates and clerks'
I have ufed their utmolf endeavours to fnpprels this inde-
' Cent cullom, particularly on account of the young lay-
brothers of a iii-i_;hboiiring convent, who have the privilc'-c
of lilhing there; and, notwithifanding tlie prohihiiions
of the lathers, le we the convent in onler to fee th's un
coninvin fpectacle. The pc I'ants, however, are not ob-
feried to be guilty of mr'e lewdnefs at ihele times than
latotheis, wlien ihey are cloathed. At thefe ebbings aM
incredible number of pike, trout, tench, ecl.s, carp.,
pearch, &c. arc caught in the like ; and what are no:
confumed, or difpoled of while iVeili, are dried by the-
lire.
Though every part of I'le lake is left dry, cxcrri: two
or three pools, yet .VI r. ICi viler fays, ir.-.mediatclv upon
the return of the water, it abounds in !iih as much a> 1;
' did befcne ; and the tilhes that return with the water arc
of a very huge lize, particularly pikes weighing fifty or
i fixty pounds. It is alfo remarkable, th.it v.'hen it be-
'.^ins to rain hard, three of the cavities fpout up water x.n
the height of two or thico fathoms, and if the raiiicon-
1 tinue;-, and is accoinp.;nied with violent thunder, th"
water bubbles out cf all the holes through which it iiail
been abfoibed, two ot them excepted, and the whole l.ike
is ai;ain hlled with water in uventv-lour, and often m
\ ■■ighteen hours. Sometimes not only liili, but live ducks,
' v.'ith grafs and lilh in thuir Itomacb.s, ha\e emerged uuc
' jf thefe cavities.
■ In a rock on one iide of tlie lake, but confidcral.ly
I higher than its l\:rface, are two caveri;:-, at fome dillane-
I from each other ; and when it thunders the water anrtic-:
I out of both, with great noife and impctuolity : if thi.;
hapjK-ns in autumn, they alio eject a great many ducks,
which are blind, hut very fat, and ol a black colour j
I and though they arc at fill! almolt bare of feathers, in
I a lo'tni:;ht's lim.-j '>r U firthtlt b fotcthe end of Oolobcr.
1
111
>54
A SYS T F. M O !•
l|j;iji(j
.'f^
they, arc entirety flcil^cd, recover their fi'ht, ilt^ I fly a-
vv.iy. K.:',-h of tlic^ c.iverns is (i\ IVet liiLjIi, ami .is many
broad ; aiiJ wlii-ii tlic w.itcr ijuflK'S out of tlieni, it is in
a l.ir:;f culuiim uf the I'.iinc diiiv.iit'niiis aiiJ iti :i rnii-
tiiiiial ftream. There is a lar;;c p:ill'i,V in ■^•'eh of thele
Caves, wh.Tc a m.in may walk muight lor aronliilerable
way 1 but it is faij tliat no pcrfiMi has ever yet veiiiiireil
into tliem. to iVareh into the natmc of the inner eavc;i
anil n fcrvoir to which thefi- a|v;rtiires had ; for there is
no certainty but that in an iiillaiit he may be fuipri^eil
by the water ruftiinj; upon hmi, with the force and la-
piJitv of a fire-en^jne.
Wh^n the lalie''ehbs early in the ycTr, within twenty
clays lin.c i-rafs j;rows upon it, wliich is nu'wcd down,
and the boitntn alirrwards Town with millet ; hut if the
water doe;, not run otF earlv nothing c.-.n he fown,and i( it
fooii returns, ai it fonieiimes does, the feed is loll': other-
wile aft.T the millet haivell .dl manner of game is hunted
an 1 ihot in it.
In .Ml. 'idle Cnrniola are fevcr.tl little royal town'', and
fonie ni.iriiit towns i but none that delerve a partiiular
ilelVii|itiiin.
We now come to Inner t'lmiola, :i divifion which is
for the r.icll part nuiunlainous and full of fm.dl eminences.
I.itiL' ei.rn is cultivated here j but it pro.lu.cs a ;;rc.it
deal of very good wine, which is conuuonly called
It.Tlian, atid is exported to very dilbnt countries ; but
in many places tiie inhabitants labour under [;ieat want
of frcfh w.Ucr.
The n.oil remarkable pl.ices in thij divifion arc the
follow!. ;- :
AdillKTL', or AdlerfticrL', in the .Scl.ivcnian lair^H:i;',e
c.tlled I'olloina, ti well-hudt market-town, litujted at
the foot of a hi^h rocky mountain, on which Hands
a cliadcl.
.A,bout half way up the acclivity of this mountain i-i
the entr.mce into alar^eca\ern that is divided into a
prcat number of fubtcrraneous panap;cs. T"he eve is here
c'eiighted with vlewitig a \:\l\ number of I'parrv icicles,
formed on the arched roof of this vaft cavern, by the
cxfudatiors of a lapidcous or petrifying Huid, which forni
the molt beautiful decorations. 'J'he lides arc covered
with all kinds of l^.ufeb formed by the fame exfudations,
to which the iniaj'ination of the fpeiitator gives various
forms never intended by nature ; fo that it is not at all
llr.uige that fome people (liouM make otit dragons,
he.'d- of liorfs, tv.-ers, and other aninKiI.s. Several pil-
1 lis, wiii-.'h are to he leen on e.ich fide, proceed Irom the
droppings cf the pctiifying fluid from the lop, which
form a kind of fparrv pillar on the bottom of the cave;
this gradually inere;;('.s, till it :it lall joins the icicle at
the top, by meeting it about half wav, and thus a com-
plete i^llai' is formed. If a perlbn's curiofity will c.irrv
him i 1 far, he may rove about two Cierman nillcj in the
fubterraiKoU' palT.iges of tb.is cavern.
It ii remarkaVde tliat the r;v:r I'oie, wliich riles in the
c. I' o r, n A F 11 Y.
About twi<(Ierm:ni nidcs IV"
Ca»vioi.a,
Adicriber
rmati niilcs lr"'i /\aicrit)erg is are
markaldc catcrii, named St. Magdalen's cave. T liewiy
to it being loieied with Hones and bullus, is extieiiuli/
troubleloine j but the great fatigue iii going i, ,,vt-f.
paid by the (.ilisfaclioii of feeing futh an i Miaurdiint/
c;iverii. \ou full defcend into a kind of hole, wiiire
the earth Icms to be l.illeii in lor ten paces before y.,!,
leieli ihe entrance, which refenibles a lill'urc in a hu^^.
rock culled by .in earthipiake. Here the torches are al-
ways lighted lo conduct ir.ivellers ; fur the cave is ex.
trein.ly daik. I'his wondeilul cavern fecms as if JiVi.
i.L-i\ into feveral lar:',e halls, and other apartments, i'i,,.
v.ilt number of pillars by which it is ornamented bv iial
ture, f^^ive .t a funcrb apiiearancc, and are cxtreiml^r
he.uitiful ; for thi y are as white as fnow, and have a
kind of iranfparent lullre, not unlike that oi white fu-
gir candy. The bottom is of the fame materials, i,,
th It a pi ifon may imagine he is walking among the ruuii
of loine li.itelv palace, ainidit noble pillars and colimm.
partly mutilated and partly entire. From the top, Inariy
icicles an' lei ii tvery where liilpended, in loiiie pUecs n.
I.rnbliir' uax i.iper,, which lioni their radiant whitiiiui
appear extrenuly beautiful. All the inconvenience hire
.irifis fioni the inei|ualitv ot the bottom, which ni.i .
make the IpecLitor Humble, while he is viewiii;'- tiic
bc.iiities above and around him.
Idia, or Ydia, is a liuall town, fcatcd in a deep vsj.
lev, ainidll high niouiitains on the river of the fam-
li.ime, ;ind at the bottom of a delcent lo (teep, th.it it ij
very diilieiiit and (omelinies dangerous, to ride to ii
i"he town conlids of about two hundred and feveniy fcjt-
tered houfes, and a citadel ; but the number of tiie m-
h:ibii;ints is faid to amount to about two thouf.uul.
This town is famous for its iiuickfilver mines, which
were hi If difeo\ered in the year 1407. Jjeforc that lime
lays .Mr. Keyder, this part tit the country was onlv ia!
habited by a few coopers, and other ariiHcers in v^'ouj
with which this country abounds. But one evcniu r I
cooper having placed a new tub under a dropping IpuiV'
in order to try if it would hold water, when he c.ime lii
ihe morning to take the tub away, found it fo heavv
that he could hardly move it. At tirif the fuperltitioiia
notions that are apt to poflefs the minds of the hnu.
rant, made him begin to fufpetl that his tub was^bc-
witched i but at l.iil perceiving a fhining fluid at the
bottom, and not knowing what to make of it, he went
to l.aubatch, where he (hewed it to .1 apothecary, who
being an artful man, difmilled him with a fmall gra-
tuity, :md bid him bring him I'omc more of the la;r.o
(hiff whenever he could meet with it. This the poor
cooprr ficiiumlly did, being highly pleafcd with his
good lurk ; till the alfair being at lad made public, fc.
veral perfiMis loriind •heinfclves into a locicty, in order
to le.inh l.irthfr into the ijiucklilver mine. In their pof.
Itflion it continuetl till Charles duke of Auftria per-
ceiving ihe great importance ol I'uch a work, gavetlicm
a fum ' ■'
ol money, as a compcnfation for the e.xpenc
tiicy h.i.l Iven at, and took it into his own hands.
The lubtiiraneous palliigis of the mine are fo extcn-
five, that it woulil take up levcral hours to go throii""!
them. T he greateli perpendicular height, com|iuliii.-
from the cntr.ince of the Hiaft, in eight hundred aiiii
above mountain, about four I'.iiL'Iilh miles fiom Adleil-
b.r:r, runs again to it with an iiivei ted coord', lofcs it-
felf near the entrance of the c;ivern, and falls a great
<icpth ii-.to the rock, as is evident from its roariiiL; noili-,
and tlic found caufed by flinging a Itor.c into the hole.
T'he lame river appi"::rs again near i'lanina ; but foon
after a fecond time lofes itlelf in a rock, and at len;;th ■ lorty fcit; but as they ;idvance horizontally underahigli
! third time, when i" ali'umcs the name of the ' moiintain, the depth would be much greater, if it was
meafured trom the lurlace of the hill. One way of Jel-
cending down the (liafts is by a bucket ; but as the en-
trance is narrow, the bucket is liable to ifrike ai;.iinl(
the lides, or to be Hopped by fomething in the w.iv, lo
that it may be eafily overfet.' T"hc other way of j.'oiii -
down is later; this is defending by a great nuniher ot'
emerge
I.aulv.ch.
T'\hem or I5uin, which flands on an eminence on
the Adiiitic, has a fmall harbour, a cloiHer, and a
citadel. At a fmall diHance is dug a very beautiful black
inarMc, and in the rocks on the lea is found on break-
ing oft a piece of them, a living fnail about the ihick-
P' Is of a man's fiH, and eatable. The Hone in which
thefe fnails aie inclid'ed, contains many fmall apertures.
I.iieg, a citadel feattd on the center of a high rocky
mcu:il;iin that rii'es perpendicularly. This largi- buildin.;
Hands in a hole in the rock in fuch a manner that no
rain lalls on it ; but it has a roof to defend it agaiiiH the
water which trickks down from the rocks. Kiom this
citadel there is no other profpcct than that of the
lieavens. One half of the lore tower alone juoivcts :
it is extremely damp, ,"nJ in (uininer cool.
ladders, placed obliquely in a kind of zig-zag; but .,
the bidders are wet and narrow, a perfon muH be very
cautious how he Heps, to prevent his falling. As yoa
defeend ihirc are rcHing places in fome parts, that ate
very welcome to the weary traveller. In lome of the
liibterraiiean paH'agcs the heat is fo intcnfe, as to '.lirow
a man into a pciltC:f fweat ; and formeiiy in liuiie ot'
iheic Hiafts the an was c.slremely confined, fo that ft-
vcral miners have been fuH'ocatcd by a kind of iincoui
vapour called the damp; but by linking I hv main flute
deiri':,
deeper, thi
is a large \\
alithc wall
Virgin 111
and is I'oun
multitude
alfo lo be n
flows down
finill coiitini
Jliered in (i'
niercurv, w
(piieklilver.
is I tie ore of
Kvry com
ling' iiid fix-
fi'iH' J with .1
lent trcmblin;
and i-gs, and
are in ilt fiibje
where virgin
manner infinu;
they go iiitrj
I'lveat by ffeam
to illiie througl
.'"hefe mines
%.hich feed on 1
miners at thei
Jong j for even
diliirdcrs as the
teemed a necefi
fore he defeends
All the :idjace
wooils may not
/,. , ^n the (melting fu
r:vcr /dra, or Id
hi- or fix miles
n:d about two m
Kveral Hreams i
der to put in m
mines.
The next fowi
or St. V'eit, whic
Se;i, called the gi
ley, and is famoul
It IS populous, .1
•iiid a Jefiiits col
town, and one wi
formed by the ri
ijuantities of gam
H'hich come from
pciifive highway h
ibdt 111 Croatia. 1
iiinia, and under
(irtes »t the citadel
filh, amiuig v^diicf
M a conliderable fi
•fliagrecn, ufcd for
copi.-s, and the like
T'rillli; is plfTJ-
fnnicircic, which i
I'Hvn is but final]
Inrmerlv were (alt
eri-i!tcj,' The caHl
''irioiindcd with a r
OMifiderahly improv
f"me Hru.."tuic, but
e:l;er ornaments wo
tf-.c calilc are two cl
ridmoCiic work.
•".'id uneven, except
.1 very convenient 1
•ire acculcd of being
thcmlcdves to .iny
malicious, as to mn|
mod of their power
'i^'""f Italv, isfitua
""";s north latitu.l,-,
raiiiutes ea(t lon-icu
•'■Jnli-cjft of Venice
CARNlOtA.
Jcfpcr, this hai lifoii prcvcntcJ. Nc.ir tlu' iiiiiii flul't
is a l.iri'C wiiccl. .iii'l nii livdiaiilic ni;icliiiif, by wliitli
altthc wMtiT i. railiil mu ot tlif bottom ol the miiiL-.
Vin'iii nuriMiry ii th.it which i'* prcpan-d by M.iliiio,
atui is'lbiinil in I'ome ot the ores oC tliis niiiu', in a
miiltitii.lc of lilllf 'Irops (( pure t|iilcl(lilviT. 'I'hls is
alio to be mi-t with in a kiml of clay, aiul lomciirm ■.
flo\v8 down th • pnll'ipoK or tiliiiics of' the mini- in a
(■•mil continued Ihraiii, li^thata m.m has Ir (|iii-iitly ;^a-
flii-ri'd in fix hours above thtrty-lix pmind,-, ol viic^iji
nicrourv, which bf;>rs a hiirhcr prii
h. It R O 1' K.
m
than common
quiL^liIvcr.
Thi; ri(t i', cxtraolcd Crom cinnabar, (wliich
i, iiic ore of ciuicklilvc-r) by the force of lire.
Kvry common miner receives the vjIuc of three (hil-
lin;" md lix-peiiec a week ; but many of ihcni are af-
flict J A'iih a nervous dikirdcr, arcompanit-d with vio-
lent tremblings, fiiJden convullive motion« of the haiiih;
and .-';s, and fri;;htfiil diltortions of the fiice. 'I'hule
are indl fuhieit to thefe diforders whowoik in the pl.ues
>\heic vir;iin mercury in (bund, which in a furpiiliii;;
manner inliiriates itfelf into their bodies; fo that wlun
they CO into a warm bath, or are put into .i profule
fwe.it by fK-am, drop-i of pure mercury have been known
to iMiie throu!;h the pores from all parts of the body,
.'"hefe mines arc often infcltcd ,■ ith rats and mice,
\,hich feed on the crumbs of bread, &c. droppcil by the
miners at their meals. But this plague feldoin lads
Jnni'i for even thcv arc feizcd with the like convulfive
(lilonlcrs as the men, which foon kills them. It is cf-
tccmed a neccllary precaution for every perlinn to cat bc-
(iire he defcends into theli' fubterranetjus regions.
All the adjacent country is very wooily ; but that the
woods may not bcilcUroyed, grc.it quantities of tuel tor
tlie Imelting furnaces arc annually broujrht ilown the
river Idra, or Idri/za, from fomc forclls that lie about
live or (ix miles diftant. licfidcs this liver, here is a ca-
n:'.l r.linut two miles in length, fupplicd with water by
tiveral iireams ill'uing from perennial fpiini'.s, in or-
der to put in motion the machines bclonning to the
mines.
The next town wc fli ill mention is that of Kiume,
or St. \'eit, which is lituated on a bay of the Adriatic
Sc.i, called the gulph of Carnero. It is feateil in a val-
Kv, and is famous lor good wine, figs, and other fruit.
It IS populous, and contains an arfenal, a cathedral,
and a Jefiiits college ; with two convents within the
town, and one without it near the fca. The harbour is
formed bv the river Finmara, and frcim thence large
(luantitics of goods are exported, a confulerahle part of
which come from Hungary, on which account an cx-
pcnfivc highway has been m.idc from this place to Carl-
lladt in Croatia. It i'i feparattd from the dutchy of Car-
ninla, and iindcr the governmcn" of a captain, who rc-
fiHes „t the citadel. The guljih of Carnero abounds in
lilTi, amoni; which is r. fort called galto, which grows
to a confuier.-ible fr/.c, and of its fkin is made a kind of
fhagreen, ufcd for the cafes of watches, cafKcts, tcicf-
copes, and the like.
TriiUe is pleafantly fitiiatcd en a hill, and f. ■ a
iVmicircIc, which is encompallcd with vineyards ''' ■•
town is but finall; however on the fouth-wett fide, .
Immerlv were falt-pits, a beautiful fuburb has L. -n
criiiti'il. 'I'hc calUe, which (hinds on an eminence, is
I'lrMiindcd with a ditch, and the fortifications have been
ruiliderably improved. The Jefuits church is a hand-
!(ime llrui!turc, but has neither good paintings, nor any
r:Kcr ornaments worthy of notice. In the church near
the c.'iltle are two chapels, adorned with a great de;il of
rill mofaic work. The Ureets of the town are narrow
niiJ uneven, except in the market-place ..1. ere there is
a very convenient walk. The inhabitants of Triefle
.irc accufed of being lazy anu proud, of never applying
ihcmfelvL's to any ufeful employment, and of being lo
m.ilirious, as to molclt and injure ihangers to the ut-
moltof their |>ower. 'I'his town, which Hands on the hor-
cicr', of Italv, is fituafcd in the fortv-fixth degree ten mi-
iiiitcs north latitude, and in the fourteenth de.irte twelve
minutes ealt longitude, only fifty-ei'^ht mil.'s '.:> the
iwrth-caft of Venice.
SECT. XIV.
Of the Ccuiily if TlRof..
Ii\ l'.\tir.i, SlliiiUijit, Ahunliiim, Rivtii; iil:/i .i /lariUu-
/rir Difiiifilim of rl)C Chanml cf th; /ii':, end iht Fitit
cj' the Coii'itiy 'thr /l^puiKimc of the PfiifiiiH ; and a
Difri^li'tH cf li.e I'liimipiil Pkct; in Tiiil,
THE next divilliin of Auftri:t is that nf the county
of I'lrol, which is one hundred .mil liltv miles iii
length, and one hurulred and twenty in breadth ; anj
is bounded on the north by liavaria ■ on the call bv Ca-
rinlhia and the .irchbi(li'>|)ne of Saltzburg; on the (outh,
|iy put of the leriitory of Venice ; and on the welt, by
Swillerland, and the country of the tJrilbns.
I he pallis into this countrv, where all travellers arc
obliged til take pall'iiorts, are entirely furroiinded by a
idiiiiiiu.d chain of mountains, lo that at a diltancc you
.ire olten at a lols to dillin(;ui(h the pall'age ; and when
alter nianv windiiig,', you come to an opening, you find
it fecured by (Iroiig forts. It is faid tiiat (even thou-
f.md men could dcjeiul the whole country againll the at-
tempts ol any number of nun. In leveral parts, parti-
cul.iily belore noon, not only light mills, hut heavy
clouds, are feeii relting in the nildJlj of a mountain ;
higher up it is ([uitc clear, till at the luminit, it is again
iiivelopeil ill clouds ; " a fight, fays Mr. Keyller,
" which fometimes L'ave me an idea cf mount Sinai, ac
" the piomulgatioii of the law."
Hut though the numntains of Tirol have their tops
conllanily cinered with Inow, they are very fertile, anil
have not only the linelt woods, abounding in a variety
of g.ime, but all.) l.iige ciun-lields j and where the
mountains aie iMrreii, there are generally cither mines or
ijuarries of excellent maible of all colours. i)n the emi-
nences grow all forts of the fine fruits that Italy aUbrds,
and allii wooils of chefmit trees. The country likewifc
yields (lax, and produces excellent wine. Ihtic are
found in this country granates, rubies, amcthyfi«, eme-
ralds, agates, cornelians, chalcedonies, and a fpccics of /"^y.r/.M'j/* i
crydal lo hard as to be uled iii(tead of diamonds for cut- ^ o >4: nQ (,/fp.
ting glafs. It has in Ibme places profitable falt-pits,
and in others mines of copper, filvcr, lead, alluin, and
vitriid. Hence it is one of the moft profitable parts of
the territories of the emperor; and it was not without
reafon th.it Maximilian 1. uled to fay, " Tirol is like
" a peafant's coat, very coarfe, indeed, but alio very
" warm."
It produces a good breed of horned cattle and horfes,
and among the wild beads arc the chamois and wild
goats. The chamois, or (harnov, goat is properly a na-^'<»»ir/Y'/', T"
tive of Tirol, as well as of the principality of Saltz-^,v? .»!<;>/ /^
burg. 'I'hc hiintfmen have fliarp crooked pieces of iron
on their (hoes, and fometimes lallcncd to their hands,
(or the better purfuing this fwift footed animal among the
rocks and mountains.
The principal rivers in this country are the Inn, which
receives a number ol Idler Urcams, and entering Bavaria
falls into the Danube. The ingenious Mr. Addiibn f.iys,
" It was the plcafanted voyage in the world to follow
" the windings of this river, through the variety of
" pleafing I'ceiies to which its courfe naturally lead us.
" We had fometimes on each fide a vaft extent of naked
" rocks and mountains, broken into a thoufand irregular
" deep,; an.l piecipiccs. At other pl.iccs wc beheld a
"• long forcll lo thick fet together that it was impolTible
" to difcover any of tlie foil they grew upon, and rifing
" up lo regul.irlv one above another, as to give us the
" view of a whole wood. The time of the year that had
" given the leaves of the trees fo many diHiercnt colours,
" compleatcd the beauty of the proCpett."
The other rivers of Tirol are the Ktfch, which alfo
riles in this country, and traverfing the bilhopric of
Trent, and the territory o{ the republic of V^enice, at
length fails into the Adri.itic fca. The Lech which
ri;es here, and after palling through Tirol, forms the
limit;; between t'v t irclfs of Swaki* and liavaiia, and at
length f.ills ir.to ''le Danube.
la
n
< ti
■rtil
■
>
■'I
1 . i,
i
*\^ij i
!-ifi 't¥^,
ill
», 1 -Vf
IS«
A S V S T I". M O !•• G I. O fi U A 1' 11 Y.
i
r
h'
^4. ' ■ "is;
-11 '.IT
i •! '^
nil. I ti'ii vill.i;',L'j th.it
livi iliiclly liy wotk-
In tllt^ rnuntrv .Tr Iwiin" tcnvri'
li.ivc mil ken. Thi- ciiminoii pmiil
iiii; ill ihr iniiicj aiul l.iliMvorkH,
I'nc mcaiiiT lort nl (kmi.hiiv mikc U) wictchcii an .i|i-
fiearaiici.-, tli.it nni- wuuKI alinolt i.ikc tlnni Im i;y|ilui ;
>oth ilic nun .ml women wear liat* nl' all toloiir^. I'luir
Li'iii-lioiilcs, b.irns, .iiul llaliKs are alio very mean, wlun
comparrd willi thofc ot' oiIht riniiilius aiul arc only
coviTi'il with bmriN (ilacfil alrnnl', h.Mi/.oiilalK',<>ii whkh
are l.iij hca\y IIoiks to I'ecure thi.m Iroin liting blown
«)l^',
'["he inliabitaiits have, linwivcr, nianv particular pi I-
vilcges abovi; thole of the olher heicililary ilomiiiioiis ot
the hoiil'c of Aiilliia ; lor bein;; n.itiirillv will lorlilicj
liytlicir mountains aiiJ bouUTim; uj'"" inanv ililUniu
^;ovc^n;IlCllts, as th.: Havarians, Swil-., Venetians, Cin-
tons, k\c. were they treated with feverity, they mi};lit
be temjited to let up for a republic, or at le.ill throw
themlelve^ under the iniKler j;overnmeiit of fonie of tlair
neii;libours. Tlio country is, however, poor, ..iouljIi
th.-' emperor ilruw-. cinliJerable funis out ol id mines of
lalt .iini niital ; ami ihefe mines (ill the cuuntrv wiili
greater nu:i;bersot people than it would be able to luppuit
'.vithout the iniiiortation ol Ionian torn.
1 he arms of thi'j tountiy aie an caglo gules in a lieKI
.vgcnt.
Tirol is governed by three councils, which arc held at
Inlpruc , one of whith lil.s upon life and de.nh, the other
regulate.-, the taxes, and the third in:iiia!»es the aliair.s of
initiee : but as tlu-ii' courts are s^uided bv the orders they
iceeoefronj Vienni, there are in many caUs appeal.
■ rom them to the emperor. It eontributes yeailya Imn-
(iie.l thiHif.ind ilotins tow.ird-s the military llaic of tht
liouleof .Aii'.lria.
1 he principal places it contains are,
inlpruek, the capital of the whole eonnlry, whieh is
a iiandfonie city, lermerly the relideiice of the arehduke.s
'if .\'i(lria, who are counts of I'ircl. it i.s feated on the
river inn, within the forty-fevenlh degree thirty-eight
niiiuites latitude, and the eleventh degree thirty-nine
minute i e.ilt longitude, and ilaiuls in a fertile plain en-
\ir,iiicd with mountains. Though Infpruck be fniall, it
1. a tine city with well jiaved Itreets, and fiatcly llat-
lool^.l pal.ices, after the Italian t.ilte. Here are no lefs
than twelve churches, ineluiling thofe in eight convents,
iiid the two luburbs, which aie much larger than the
city itfill, and aic linelv built. 'The city is adorned with
'.urioiis fountains, fpaeious market-places, and the calUc,
Ol p.ilace 1 but l.> ol fm.ill extent within the w.ills. The
• >reat hall of the palace is a very noble room, the walL be-
\\\\ pa'nted in l'rer..() reprefenting the l.iboura ot lier.
cule^, many of which make a very line appearance, tlio"
•.Teat part of the work has been cr.icked by thecal th-
quakes, which are very freijueiit in this country. 'The
famous iMilden roof in the palace conlills ot cupper-
plate, richly gilt, at the expence of two hundred thou-
lanJ dollars. Near this palace is another of wood, to
which it was ufiial for the court to retire at the tine
ihock of an eartbiiu.ii^e. In one of the loonis ot the
pah.ce, which is hung with the piduies of illuflrjous
ncrloiis, they fView the portrait of Mary queen (4' Scot.,
who w.is beheaded in tlie rei.'>n of queen l:.'i;'..ibeth. 'I'lu
• ari''iis are very large, and in the middle of them is a
bcautilul eciuellrian liatue in brafs of the archduke Leo-
pold, and near it twelve ligurcs of water nymph:, an I
river g.ods, well call and as big as the lit'e. Cover:.d
"illeries lead from the palace to five ditt'erent churches,
.Old a very loim one reaches to the church belonging to
the Capiiehiii convent, where the duke ot Lorrain ul'ed
i'reipiemly to afTilt at their midnight devotions. In this
convent arc Ihewn the apartments ol Ma.Kiinilian, aich-
duke and co-.inr of 'Tirol, who, while he kept the go-
vernment in his hands, lived in this convent with all the
rigour uiu! aultcriiy of a Capuchin. His room of au-
dience and anti-chamber arc little Iquaie wair.lcotted
rooms, faced with a kind of Irct-work, that gives them
.■he appearance of little hollow cavcins hewn out of a
rock.
'The church bi'longing to the Francifcan convent wr.s
■;r?.'^.?d by t'crdinatid 1. and is a kir.d' of .ittenipt at nio-
T;nor,
dcrn architeeiiiro. ilut ihoun'i the .irchitc.1 has Iluwii
Ills dilhke ol the(iuthic talte, it Is calily ' cii til .1 n,
that .ige the people, .it lealt in tliu tcMintry, were ijot
.iirived at the true knowledge of that liiiipliciiy (.blet\ij
liy the Cjietki and Rom.iii'. 1 lie poital, lor iiilt. im.
conlill.'i of 11 oinpolif order unknown to the aiiiiem,
lor thou|',h the oin.iuunts are t.iken liom them, the v.j.
lutes ol the ioiiie, the loli.iyc of the C'liiiithian, and the
uovali ol the DoiH oidd, are nu,>.til willioiit any levulj.
tity in the lame capil.d. 'I'he vault of the cliuith h ii:,
cuinbeied wiili many little piece, ot fiiilptuici and I'jg*
it is I'uppi.rted with Inig.le colunin , inllead ot tiiecluli.ri
ot little pillars fouiul in (.iothic caihedi.ds, thite toluiiias
are of no regular older, and aie at lealt twice too Iom .
lor tlu ir diameter, in the middle ot it is the monuiiiei;t
of the emperor .Maximilian I. which was ereeted by Im
grandfon rerdinand i. but the body of the emperor lui
elfewhere. On the top of this monument is the lij'un;
>d Ma\imili.iii kneeling, in bral-, luirounjed with lour
other finaller metal ligurcs reprelenting the virtues, an,|
on the monument itiell is a beautiful b.illo relievo ol whue
marble, reprelenting the exploits of that prince in twenty
four fquare pannels of fculpture. In the middle palla^;,-
of the church are twenty-eight bra/cn llatues ranged m
two row-., and larger than the life, reprelenting the real
and princely perfoiiages, male '.iiid female ; In pariieiil.ir
thofe ot the houfe ol Aultria, and on the coinice of the
vaulted pali'age which fep.iiates the choir from the n,ur.
of the church, iland twenty-three Imall llatues of brafs.
Among the other churches is a little Notre Daiiie
which is handfoniely deli.jned and covered with a cupola.
This church was built by the contributions of the wliule
country, and w.is deligned -s an ex(:reffion of gratiiuj.:
to the V'lr.'.in .M.iry, tor having ileleiulcd the country m
'I'irol a.MinU the vudorious arms of (iuilavus Adolpiiu.
who was unable to enter this p.ut of the empire, atu.-
his having over run moll of ihe icK.
'The regency and provincial huiifes here arc fitic liriic-
tijres. Ill the luhuihs is an aiienal; there is alio an
univerlity, acloilter ol Cipuchiii' , ;iii,l tvvu monafterics.
At a league's dill.iiiec is the town of M.ill, which is
a pretty place feated on the ri\er inn, and contains a
mint that is worked by water, a patilh church, acollc'\'
of Jefuits, a I'rancifcan cloiflcr, and a royal loundaliou
t'lr ladies. Uut this town is molt famous tor its I'.ilt-
works, ill the neighbourhood of this, town are va(t inoun.
t.iinsof lock-l.ilt, where tour or live hundred nun .ii .
conllantly employed ; and as I'oon as they have hewi.
down a fuftieiLiit quantity of the rock, which in colon:
lelenibles allum, and e. e.\tienicly lolid, they let in thei.
Iprings and rel'ervoirs among their w.iiks, where ihr
wate,- ditlblvcs the particKs of lalt iiiix(d with tin. Hone,
and lb conve\ed t'lom tliime through long troii.'h^ ami
wooden canals to Hall, where it is icceivid in vail cil
terns, and Ironi time to time briiled otf". '/he fait
works of thia town li.ive great conveiiienc.; (or (ewel.
which is brought down to them bv the nvel Inn; and,
during its courfe thioiigh 'In d, r. generally cnclolV.;
between a double raii'.'O ot nunintain:^, molt ol v.'liiei
are coveicd with lii-tiees. Gnat mimbcis of pcaUnt.
.lie tinplnyed in I'ellin ■. the largelt <)f thefe trees, whieh.
alter they have barked .ind cut inti> fh:ipe, are tiiniblej
down tioiii the nuiunt.lins into the river, which cari.t
them oft' to the falt-works : vjil (pianiities of them ar,
likewile t.iken up at Infpruek lor the ui'e of the conveii;
and the public offices, who are allowed a certain pi-i
tloii of thiin i y the emperor, and the rclt p:,ls ,>m t-
Hall. Several hundred loads ot this timber are geiier.ill\
on lloat ; for they begin to cut twenty league' up ;li„
liver above Hall ; and other iivcis that How into the hr
bring in their contribulions.^ 'The :ibove lalt-wo:., ,
with the mint cl'ablilhed at the lame pl.icc, have remier
ed Hall ahiiolt as populous as Inlpruck. 'This mint i'
deligned to woi k part of the metals obtained in thi?
neighbouring mountain-, where levcn thouland men arc
laid to be conll.uitly employed m the mines.
Schwafi is a very conliderahu: nii'.rket-town, fituati'd
in the jurifdie^ion of the {ivviz n.imc ; it (tands on the
Inn, and exceeds molt towns in tlu: country in he.iutv.
Near it is a mine-work of lilvcr and ':'.>pper, in whicr.
a th'.' :■
wliu'li-
■re luinbK:i*
lich c.inic
It thciii -.ir;
Ic CilllVtlll-
lurtaiii pi'i-
Ip^.ls on to
: ptntT.lii'.
Vo the i'.V:
Ivo iciidcr-
Ivs mint 1'
lied in thi!
\\i\ men arc
1, fituatni
■ills on the
I 111 lic.iuty.
v-'lliCi
f
mou ''■ t' «
1 thoufanJ men »« rni|.t.iy(.t. 'I'lii* niuir w.\* ilifcover-
ril in U+if* =""' *^^' liiim^fly niiiiU rn-licr tli.ii) it i> at
In tliis provinti' i- tin; pal'sor H..ri|, in lt;ili,m divilo,
wliii-ii liv» I'll l!i- I'liriiei'i ot the l,-iiiiiiry o( the npnli.
!„• lit' Vcniif. In It is ;i lii;jh an. I IUi'|) ru< k, wlikli
„li, (it'ty t'atho:n!i lil:-,i w.i!l,"aii.l In tlu iniililk ul' it is
a cavity wliii.li C'liitains a l|<iing, on vvtiiili a callli' or
s been I'Kklcil. It hn a liiiall ;',arrilun, vvliiih
(■ lie hi'IMkI lip iind I't down liy r.ipcs. lUliuv it i;i
. M.i'innv p.il~. "1 wliieli two carria 'ti i-an Icarci- c" a-
iiiTilh ■'!"' "" ''"■' "I'l'"'"^' '"''-' '-^ '''^' "'-'"^P ft*'"''-" of flic
iini liHiit. At tliL' liOiiiiininc ot' this pufs is a bulwark,
I,, III, ,11, ilio (ijiisiil of wliicii is l.'t iKnvn iVoni the
1(1^., ll.irii liv IS tlio villa;»L- of I'limnlaiu), abimt a
.uii-l'i'>t t'roni wliicli is n la/.ari'tti), where tiavellers in
f the pla^Mie perl'orni cpiar. inline. This place
line, between mountains aiul cliti':> uf an
iliuommoii heli;ht.
The next town wc fhall m'iiti"n is that of Meraii,
whieh is litiiiteil on the river I'afl'er in the mod fertile
iriii of the ililliiet <if Iltfeh, and contains fix churches
incl cloiden. It was formrrly the capital of the country,
anil even llill, <'n puMic oeealions, takes pieeeileiuy of
all the towns. Near it anticiitly ftood a town
! was unite overwhelmed by the (,\
lor;
mil
the linie oi
lie* quite I
ey fp|
which in
of a
towns,
the niid.ile a-';-' was ipiitc overwnelmeil hy
ninimtain.
lio/cn, by the Italians called Bol/ano, in fituatcd in a
plcr.f.iiu valley twenty-five miles to the north of Ircnt,
anJ liands on the river Kyfock. This city cont.iins feve-
ralr'-ii;'ious hollies, and the monalteiiesof the I'Vaiu ifcans
J |)<iniinic;',ns have churches. The moll remaik.ihle
an
thin; in the ureat cliurch i'-. a round h(de intlu roof three
lectin di.inv.'t'-r, furrouiuled with a garl.uul of ribbons I
ofclilfeitin col iiirs, with large wafers aiipciuient to them; i
aiiJ Mr. Mill'm was told, that a facreJ opera beini^ acK-d I
in t!i.it church on A(cenlion-dav, the perfon who re[)re- ,
I fente.l Chrilt was taken up to heaven through this hole. |
¥<•'■ This church has a high (leeple, adorned with three (lories ,
ofbahil'rades of very good workmaiifllip. The houfes are i
.ill pl.iillered over, and a rivulet of fprinj-water runs |
throuuh all the Ihcets, which arc generally llrai;j;!u and ;
bro.'..l ; but the town has no w ills, nor any defence, ex- '
ccpt a large ilrcam at its entrante, o^er which there is a
bridge. It is a place of good tr.ide, cfpccially at its four
O V E. ITT
miln in lrn;;lll fiom cart tr> Wifl, and lolly, when-
broadell, from iioilli to lliutli,
The river Adige runs throu;;h the country from north
(o liiiith, and rcciivcs feveral Ini.itler ilveri that rifo in
the rnoiint.iiiu on e.uh lide. The loil piodiiccs a "ood
will.' that ib of a pale red, with od, fnni, ,ind palliiri- i
but not much corn. The comnii.ii laiij^ii,i;;es ol tin-
peopl.' aic the Octman and Itili.in.
The citv of Trent, the ciipital of t!ii^ biflviprie, ll.iiid , ,
on the river Adige, in the forty I'l.xlh degree iioith lati- 4e:,'i'.
tuile, and the eleventh degree twcnlv-iiiiie nii'Mlei. calt ft ■■ I.).
longitude. It is fuppol'ed to have leceived its Latin n.Tir.c
Tridcntum from three ihirp peaks or lock* ot the Alp^,
which releinhle three teeth, and lian;; over the city. Ir
is built on a llat roei; of .i kind of red and while marble,
which alfo fiirnidics the nv.iieri ds Cor their htuifcs ; bin
is fiibieet to ilangerous imiii laiioii^, not only lioiii the
oicrdowing of the liver, but fioiii the brocks of l.,"vn
and Kcrl'ena, which fometimcs pieelpilatelhenifrlves iioiii
the adjacent mountains, and fotee gre.it locks .ilong, wr.li
them even into tile town.
The city is cneompaird with deep inipalTable bills,
except the Tiud ro.id on the iioith, anil th.it to V'uoii.i
on the luiiih. Tlie i'un-bnnis d.iiied limn lli>.fc fliiil\'
rocks, n nder the heat as inlo'eiahle as the fnow on their
tops makc'. th.; air cold in winter; but in Iprini; and
autumn ihc air is icnijier.ite. Tlie lo.vn is finall, but
pretty pupiilous, and deleoihil by an old callle. Tlif
ilicets arc hioad and will pivcd, .ind h..ve many ll.it.ly
pal.ices, beaiitilul churches, and relii'ious houfes. The
cathe.lr.il deilicaled to St, Vigil is a line piece ol Ciothic
.irchiti ehne, liipportrd by ni.iible piil.irs of ancxtiaor-
diiiary height an.i thiekiiefs \ but the inlide is too dark.
It has a chapel, in which n ithmg is t.i be leen but mar-
ble and feiilpture, and i-. laid to have coll a hundred tliou-
faiid irowii;.. In one of the chapels of this c.:thei!r.d is
(liewn aciucifixas big as the life ; and ih'y gravely
all'ert, ih.it it bowed its head at the time of the cnuncii's A fit"-''
being I'wiini and procl.iimed under it, to Ihew its appro- r.'-o.! '"■<■.
batioii ol the ver.icity of their decrees.
The church of .St. Mary M.'jor is noted for the fa-
mous council of Trent, held there from the fourth of
j.iiiuary, is + j, till l 5(1 ^ , the repicfeiuation of whieh i,s
finely painlej on the walls. The church is .ilfo lamoiis
for an organ, which is laid to imitate all lurts of inlirii-
I
If; '
! -l\
ual fairs, that lad each a fortnight, and to which i ineiits and the fiiiging of birds, with the cries of feveral
great numbers of merchants come from all parts of (ler- \ bealls, .111 1 the found of drums .iiul trumpet., lu naturally,
manv, SwUlerland, and Italy ; on wbich account great ' that it is hard to ilillin.;iiilh them,
privileges have been granted to the city. During thcl'e
We now come to the blfhoprie of Hrixen, which is by
magifiratcs and judges of I the .Matticula placed in the circle of .Aiillria, and, as it
firms a part of the I'irolefe, is I'ubjecl to the lioufe of
Aiilliia. This country is bounded by Sahzburg and
pait of Caiinthiaon tiie call, bv 'I'reiit anJ the domi-
nions of Venice on the foiith, and joins the I md on the;
north and cad, extending about forty-live miles in length,
and tliirty in breadth.
The citv of Hiixcn is fituatcd on tlie river I'a fiiCk, at
fiirs the merchanti arc allowee
their own, didiin5t fiom thr.lc of the town, and none
arc permitted to trade withoMt beiii^ entered in the judges
biioks, and a certificate of the entry uiuler the leal of the
coi|><'iation.
'I'he neigliboinhncd of this place, and indeed the
whiile valley ol Ko'/ano, is full of villages, and vine-
varJs planted in the form of arbours, with the branches
i)f the vines tied to wooden frames; props not being! the loot of Mount lireiinrr, in the lorty-lixlh degree
ui'o.i in this country. Their white wines arc generally I thirtv-eight minutes north latitude, and the eleventh de-
nt' averv agreeable tartncfs ; but they mud be drank the gree forty-nine minutes call Lmgitude, in a fine country
abounding in vineyards, that yield excellent red wine.
/|6.';i.v.
// i-j-
•i il
vcrv year of their irrowth, or die thrv grow lul'cious,
v:.i then turn crabbed. At certain didances in this
v.iilcy are little draw huts-, each raifed upon three tiunks
of iiees or poles, from whence they flioot the beats that,
ceaie liom the niouiuains to eat the ^lapes.
SECT. XV.
Of the Bifiopiiis If Trent ami Hrixf.n'.
■'.;''■ Siluatloi, Exfinly and Pimhte ; ^i/^A n parthituir
:!::-u>:t of Treit aiul Brixtii, th ml-iul Cilia ■>/ tins
['.r.iiilif,
UK temporal jiirifdi5i ion of the bidiop of Trent is
fituatcd in the county of Tirol, and the bilhop
iriiys, as an immediate prince of the empire, a feat at
v;,iicts : ic isfituated among the Alps, in the fouth part
f'l'irol, to the north- well of llie ilniiiinions of Venice,
'i- to the cad of thofe of '.\v: CJrll'iM'. It i. near fixty
It is adorned with fpacious fcpiarcs, a very iMiulfome
palace, a town houfc, a cathedral, two cluirehes wliieli
join to each other, and two convents. It iias ah'oatalUe
feated on an eminence. It is a populous town muclx
frcipienlcd on account of the mineial l'prin(.'S in its iieigh-
bouihood. The houfes are well-bulli, and are alnioll all
of the fame fi/.e ; tbry are adorned with porticos, and
curlouflv p.iinted on the outfide ; but their (Ivjps are kcpc
in vaults, which run from one fide of the llrect to the
other. The billiop's palace, whieh forms one fide of
a fine fiiuarc over-againll the two churches, is eneom-
pall'ed with a ditch, and defended at the eiitraiKc by four
brafs cannon.
'The country between this city and liol.'ano is extreme-
ly populous, and fi) well inanurtd, th.it the llecpelt
mountains arc cultivated. The men of l>ri:.en aiu
reckoned more genteel and civil -/.ed, and the women
baiidfomer, than in any other part of Tirol. 'l"he Virgin
Mary and St. Chridopher being the pilucipal cibjecls of
R t ihs
M.
ifif-
«58
A S Y S T i: M O y (] K O G R A I' 11 Y.
Bi
icHIMlA,
»he people's devotion, the roaJs are full of little chapcli I
of the Virgin, and St. Chriltnphcr it painted on .lU their
huufe.H, 'i'lii« city hAi it< own mi^iilrutii, wliu *rii two
burgomallers and twelve council.
We (h.dl defer trraiinj)! of that part of Swabii fuhjffl
to the houle ol Aulfiia, till we come to the circle ut
Swjbu.
c ri A p. X.
Ol" the kiiigaom of UOIIKMIA, iiicliulini; MORAVIA.
S K C T. I.
Ill Nnmt and SUu.itian \ iht F<ic,- of iht Country of Jliil'f mm \
III Mii:ir<ils a>ut h'ojflli, I f^itiiblfs imd /tnimati ; ill kivin
(111! flfhwayi, Tonni iind l^illniyi, Oftlif hil>iihilii>iliy
ti'i HiirJjhipl uii.ltr uhiJi ih/y labour, ihtir Lu'i^ii<ii;f,
Rili^tifif and CiiVi-rnintiil.
SOMl'! authors inciiule umkr the name of Hohcmia in
aciicr.il the kin^Jcjiii of Hi)hfmia, Moravia, Sililia,
and l.ufalia, which lii; ki^^ciIrt in the fotin of a i()Zi.ni.H-,
bclwa'ii Aulhia on tin- fouth, Hiamlcnhur^'h on the
north, the palatinate of Uavaria, with part of Saxony,
un th'.- welt, and I'olamI on the eall, extending in lis
grratell lfn;;th and hiiadth two hiiiulrcil and fcvcnty-nx
miles from north to louili, and two hundred and iixty
from eaft to well.
Hut however convenient it may be for gcopraphiral
writers thus to cl.il's countries that have little or no rcla-
ti<m to each other, it can only fervc to millead th.' mind
and confound our idea.i ; for neither Silcfi i nor f.ufatia
can properly he confidercd as provinces of liohcmia ; the
crcatelt part of the foimer being fubjcdt to the king of
PrulfiJ, and the latter divided between the elector of
Saxonv, the kin;^ of Pruflia, and feveral other princes.
We (lull therefore contiiie this account of liohcmia to
the ki.igdom of that name, includin^i; Moravia ; but fliall
ireat of each feparaiely, beninniii.; with the former.
lio'icmia, in Cicrman I'xidurluim, Hoiheim, and cnr-
riiptlv Mohiiien, that is the abode of the Hoii, obtained
its name from the Hoii, its antient inhabitants, who
were a tribe of the Celtx-, that retired into the llerrynian
forell, whicli extends lhroii;:h this coimtrv, rather than
fubmitto the Roman yoke, and is bounded to the north
by Mifnia, Lufatia, and SiUI'Li; to the call by Moravia,
Silefia, and the county of tjlatz ; to the foutli by Ha-
varia and Aullria ; and to the wtif by Havaria and
Franconia.
It is on all fides cncompaded with liiph mountains and
thick extenfive woods, yet the country lies high, tho'
it is for the moi^ part level, and enioys a warm, pleal'ant,
and wholefome air; a foil in fome places fat, and in
others fanily. In the bowels of the earth are found
ifinglafs, coal, allum, fulphur, and fealed-carth : there
arc here fome mines (jflilver, tin, copper, lead, (juitk-
filver, and iron ; f.iltpeiie is alfo found here, and all
kinds o( marble are <lug in Hohemia. Among the pre-
cious Itoncb are a kind of diamond which have a beau-
tiful luftrc, but want a proper hardiiefs, which is alfo
the cale with the rubies and crvlblitcs found in this
country ; here are likewife emeralds, granatcs, fapphiies,
topazes, amethyifs, hyacinths, berils, carbuncles, j.'.fpcr,
chalcedonies, turquoile*, and cornelians.
iioherria is very fertile in corn, conhderablc quantities
of which are exported, partieul.ulv buck-wheat and
millet. It alfo abounds in garden and orchard fruits, and
p;oduccs excellent red wines, with faffron, ginger, and
calamus. It likewile yields good padure, which feed
numerous droves of cattle, and has excellent chaces. A-
mon J the wild hearts arc lynxes, bears, wolves, foxes,
martens, badgers, beavers, and otters ; and there are
here plenty of wild to'.vl.
With refpeiff to thj principal rivers of the country, the
Elbe rif'.'S ill Boliemi.i, and become:, navigable at Lcut-
metilz : at Mi Imic it letcivcn the Moldaw, and neir
I.euinieritz the [.••r:t.
IVn prineip.d highways, leading from I'raduc throujrh
the wlude country, aie iiiaile in a direi.i line, and'm
minv places (eciired by maliuiry, the hollow paitsbeini;
tilled up, am) on hotli liiUs Jeep trenches are cut dir
carrying ort' the w.iter. This uleful labour colt luiuc
millions of florins.
Hohemia was formerly well fupplied with towns,
boroughs, vilLiges, cadlcs, and men j but it at piefent
appears extremely defolate when compared with its lur-
iner (late. IJuring the inteltine religious wars, and ihc
fuccccdin;; eruptions of the Swedes, moll of the towns,
calHes, and villages, were laid w.ltc i fo that at pre'
(ent it contains only one hundred and live great .nul
fmall towns. The fe are Prague, the capital, with thirtv
one royal towns, nine royal dowry or jointure ones, two
common mine towns, three my.il mine (ov,-m, twelve
exempted mine towns, and foity-feven baron towns,
with lu.t much .ibove fix thoufaiid villages.
The number of inhabituits is likewifc confiderably di-.
creafed ; according to H,ilbin, theie is not the icnih
part o( the people by which it was foriitily inhabiii,),
anil Modem Hoininia is (carcc the fhadow of what it » u
antiently. In 1O22, and the three i.r four fuceeedm.
ye.irs, thirty tbouf.iiKl l.uoilies quitted this country, iMt
to mention women, children, handicraftlmeii, aii.l ihc
greatcit part of the nobility, who .dfo retired ; whenu-
an attentive tiaveller finds the towns, boroughs, vill.."t-,
and hi^hw.iysof this countiy cMiemely defolate.
'1 he [lealants here an; boiidinen to their lords, and ihf
bard yoke by which they are tailed, appears to be tlic
caufe both of their (lifl-neikednJs and of then indoluiu ;
the latter being very obfeivable by the wretchid icn.
ditioii ot tliiir Milages. In it>;g, the heavy liundj.,.
they laboured under induced a great part of them to tu,-
arms, but lor this they were wnolly Ittipped of thela.,:!
remains of liberty thev enjoyed.
'I he owners of free cllates are but few in niiinhrr.
The l.mdej ell.itcs belong to the prelates, lords, kiiuMii ,
and towns. The prelates here arc the archbi(lii.|i v.
Prague, with the bifliops of I-cutmcrilz and K i;in-
gratz, the canons and capitulars of the nictri)|iol'ii,ui
church of St. Vitus in the citadel of Prague, with m.inv
others. The loids confifl of princes, counts, ami
barons.
'l"he Hohcmian language is a dialeuT of the Selavonir,
but is h. rflicr than that of the neighbouring people wl;j
(peak that language.
^ I'he Holiemians are fuppofed to have embraced the
Chriltian religion fo e.uly as the fixth century ; but ;t
is more certain that they were inlfrucled in it livtr-
Creek brethren Methodius and Cyril, about the ir.iJjc
of the ninth century; hence the C'jreck religion .;nJ eji
toms weie in iifc among them till the Romifll nictho, > :
worfliip w.is introdiieeil by Holcllaus the Good. In ii,
lifteeiitii century Jidin Militz preached againll thcp. p'
.iiid the abules of the clergy ; Matthias Jaiiow tioj 111 hi<
Heps, and was followed bv John Hufs, Jerome of I'm mi.,
and Jaioh Von Mila, who in tiie fourteenth, aiul 1110,:
paiticularly in the fittreiuh cennirv, oppofed iimhv iIm>-
triiies of the popifli cliurch. This brought lluf> :iul
Jerome to the Itake, and put their adhcrentj, uiuit > '
whom vvi'ie Huh. mians, un.ler the ban; upon win- ■!
anu..:.,
JTfdM M,^ iff- -4 l\-t,^ . I
ti» .Waba I j- A' •• Ay* Ml-
• .»
I 1^ , ^
r
'A'/iA'f
C1
frff ^_ '
u,ur
g .Km/ji
to tUturf**!
fVo II ]. MIA %'
r-> S^ IV Ml
/>niii>nfi\ lit tfh- VlSv^-
l>c!l AiiiIit.frliiN, W~.-^
J'
y^
*f
/ly i..ui,fie. K./i-^tnt /,•//,/,
i"-5i .iiminriiH'v, '*r.-.._ ^.^ j
k9
\ i
■ '^'1
'VI';
U.i
1
■'!*]
A
^
w
M
III •
■ i
■4;
Irolii it lie, :in appeal, either (i> the km^ or the |i'Mh-.
lA.iriiiii" IS at a liivv tbb in this kiiijjdom ; nor i. iihe
lidhiiiniaiis ai'iily tluMiifclvcs much to the tine arts.
Thiv, however, niiike {;ood cloth, fine potters work,
"OjJ blades for Iwords and knives, fine p.iper and j^'lals.
With refp'.ct lo coinnierer, they export a conlidera-
hlc Hii.inlity »r corn and malt into Saxony and Bavaria.
Hops and t.ic Spaw waters of Kgra arc alfo plentifully
cxporlcd from this kinsjdom, and likewil'c paper, pot-
tery, and beainiful glafj ; but their commerce is in ge-
neral inconllderable.
With regard to the government, Bohemia is at prc-
font an hereditary kingdom, but was formerlv elective,
thoiiL'ji the ftates ufually kept to the family of the de-
ce.iled king. Ferdinand I. in 1 547, dccl.ircd the kin'j-
do.Ti hereditary by a conclulion of the diet, and it fully
bcc.iiiie fo in 1O20, from which time the dates have had
iKithin!; to do with refpedl to the right of furceilion.
We have already obfcrved, in tieating of (leriiiany In
pcneral, that the king of Ijohcmia is arch-cup-bearer to
(lie holy Roman empire, but he does not add that of-
fiie to his other titles, lie has for hereditary cup-bearer
of ihe viiipire the counts of Althan, who therefore bear
n cup in their arms. On the death of the emperor
female ua:ues mat iraiui unuei a, auu unu ui ol. j .mn ui
Kepomu. , i're of metal ; but the others are of (lone.
This Nepomuck, king Wen/.el caufed to be thrown
from the bridge into the river, and drowned in 16S' ^ ;
but in the ye.ir 1729, he was not only ranked airi •■; the
faints, but adored with fuch veiier.ition, that almoit all
the other fainis arc on his account forgotten in Bo-
hemia.
The foilifiratiiins of the city are pretty ftrong. The
houfes are built entirely of (hme, and tor the nioft part
confilt of three llories. The Itreets are broader thin
thofe of Vienna ; but it has not fo many magnificent
palaces. It i.s computed to contain ninety-two churches
and chapels, with about forty cloitlcrs. rhctown, coii-
lldering its extent, is not iutficiencly populous, it con-
taining only about fevcnty thoufand Chriilians, and be-
tween twelve and thirteen thoufand Jews. Nor is its
coninierce very conlidcrable ; lor c.>;ciulivc of the arts
and handicraft trades, its principal means of I'ublillencc
is drawn from the brewing of beer. It comprehends
three towns, the Old, the New, and the Little Town.
In Old Plague the Jcfuits have a magniticent college,
which is one of the largeH belonging to their order, cx-
'■'•nt that of G'ja. It is called ColU^itim CUmintlmim,
from
\ -v »■ ,'4 . *' llirnrntt ■
•!--N'^;.-«5ii'i"("-"° I,
froMi it lies ;\n appeal, cither to tlie kiiijz i)r the pope.
LL-.irniii"- is at :i luw ebb in this Iciii^Jom ; nor iloihe
Bi)heini;iiis apply tliciiifelvcs much to the fine arts.
'Ihev, however, make good cloth, fine potters work,
cojii blades fur Chords a.id knives, fine p.iper and glals.
With. rerpv^et to commerce, they export a conlidera-
ble quantity ot' corn and malt into Saxony and Bav.ina.
Hops ,ind tije Spaw waters of Kgra arc alfo plcntil'ijlly
exported from this kingdom, and likcwile paper, pot-
tery, and beautiful glals ; but their commerce is in ^e-
jier.d ineonliderable.
With reg.ird to the government, Bohemia is at prc-
feiit an hereditary kingdom, but was formerly elective,
thouL'.h the dates ufuatly kept to the family of the de-
ccjfed king. Ferdinand I. in 1547, declared the kin:.'-
dom hereditary by a conclufion of the diet, and it fully
became fo in 1620, from which lime .he dates have h.id
nothins; to do with refpeil to the right of (urceiTiun.
Wehave already obferved, in tieating of (leriiiany in
general, that the king of Uohemia is arch-cup-bearer to
t'.ie holy Roman empire, but he docs not add that of-
fice to his other titles, lie has for hereditary cup-bearer
of (lie empire the count.s of Althan, who therefore bear
a cup in their arms. On tlic death of the emperor
female ttatues that ttami under it, and ihat ot bt.Jonn ol
Nepomuck, I're of metal ; but the others are of Hone.
This Nepomuck, king Wenzcl caufed to be thrown
from the bridge into the river, and drowned in 16S3 ;
but in the year 1729, he was not only ranked among the
faints, but ado, .d with fuch vener.uion, that almoll all
the other i'aini- are on his account forgotten in Bo-
hemia.
The fortifications of the city are pretty ftrong. The
hovifes are built entirely of flone, and lor the moll: pait
conlllt of three ftories. The llreets are broader tiiui
thofe of Vienna ; but it has not fo many magnilicent:
palaces. It is computed to contain ninety-two churches
and chapels, with about forty cloillcrs. 'I'he town, con-
fidering its extent, is not lutHciently populous, it con-
taining only about fevcnty thouland Chrilliaiis, and bv.--
tweeii twelve and thirteen thouland Jews. Nor is it.i
commerce very conliderable ; tor e.>:clul'ivc of the arts
and handicraft trades, its princip.d means of fublilienci;
is drawn from the biewing of beer. It comprehend.*
three towii'^, the Old, the New, and the LittleTovvn.
In Old Prague the Jefuits have a magnificent college,
which is one of the largell belonging to their order, cx-
■ ''pt th;it of Q'i.x It ;■• called CclUgiun: CicnuntiinDU,
from
\<y t''
m
m
Ih
4.' r
li f
IHW
others f.iiuly. In the liowels of the earth :irc toiiiid
liinglarj, coal, alliini, (ulphur, and fealcd-carth ; there
arc here fome mims ol' filver, tin, copper, lead, quick-
filvcr, and iron ; f.dt-petre is alio t'oiind here, and all
kinds ot marble arc dug in Uohenila. Anumg the pro-
tious (loncb are a kind of diamond which h.ivc a beau-
tiful luftrc, but want a proper hardnefs, which is alio
the cale with the rubies and crvfolites found in thi.i
country ; here are likcwil'c emeralds, granates, fapphires,
topazes, amethvrts, hyacinths, bcrils, carbuncles, j.'.fper,
chalcedonies, turquoifes, and cornelians.
15ohemia is verv fertile in corn, confiderable quantities
of which are exported, particiil.iilv buck-wheat and
millet, ft alfo abounds in garden and rirchard fruits, and
produces excellent rt.<i wines, with f.ilFion, ;:iji;icr, and
calamus. It likewilc yields good pallure, vvluch feed
numerous droves of cattle, and has excellent chaccs. A-
monj the wild beafts are lynxes, bears, wolves, foxes,
martens, badgers, beavers, and otters ; and there are
here plenty of wild fowl.
With refpec'l to th.- principal rivers of the country, the
Elbe rifi.5 ill Dolicmia, and bccorici navigable at Lciit-
iiu^ut, Willi me uiiiiops ot JyCutmerit/. and KoniL'in-
gratz, the canons and capitulars of the mctropoiiua
church of St. Vitus in the citadel of Prague, with ni;im'
other.;. '1 he loids confirt of princes, counts, aiiJ
barons.
Tlie Hoheir.ian language is a djaleifl of the Sclavonic,
but is harflur than that of the neighbouring people who
I'peat that laii^^uagc.
■J'lie lioheniians are fuppofed to have embraced thu'
Chnltian reli^'ion fo early as the lixth century; but it
IS niore certain that they were inltrucled in it bv tr.J
C]reck brethren Methodius and Cyril, about the inijj',-
of the ninth ctntury; hence the tJrcck relision and i.!'
toms were in ulc among them till the Romifh nietho,!.!
worfiiip was introduced by Holellaus the Good, hi :,.
fifteinlii ceniuiy John Milit/. preached againit the ,) ( ■
and tlie abule.s o( the chrgy j Matthias Jaiiow trod in hi<
llepv, and w js lollowed by John Hul's, Jerome of IViijik,
and Jacob Von Mita, who in tiie fourteenth, and iiioi:
particularly in the fikcenth cennirv, opiiofed m.iiiv .I.h--
triius of the popifli cliurch. This br night tlul-. .-iJ
Jerome to the llakc, and put their adf.-rtm.«, moil 'i
whom weie Jiuh. niiaiis, ini.iei the ban; upon win."
}! i
Bohemia.
E 1/ R
O P
l£3
nccnunt they were Co irrit.itcJ, th.n tlu'y r.rJv^ a IiIochI/ ,
war, whicli continued for many ye^r^. Tliey intchuil j
ihcir camp on a mountain for the i'ccurityof thcinlclvcs
and 1 heir reli:;mus ademWies, which gave occalion lo
th; , hcing called Tahoritcs ; Tahor ni the Uohcmian
ton-ue fm'nilying acanip. A part of the people, who
were principally deliri)us of participating mi the cup at
the Lord's biipper, obtained the name of Calixtiilts, and
idler the deatti of Zilka, their ^leneral, a part called
thc-mfelves Orphans. The Calixtines, in the year 143^,
obtained the ufe ot the cup, which was permitted to every
one; but in other refpeiib they complied with tnc church
of Rome. Ihe Taboritcs, on the contrary, could nejther
be brought over by allurements, thrcatenings, nor per-
fcv.ution's, to the Romilh church ; but improving tl-.eir
doiilrines and chuich difeipline, and laying afulc war and
diliHitcs, called themfelves the Bohemian brethren ; but,
111 1 5ri 'he ureatift part of them being banirticd, retired
to ;*oi.iiid and' I'ruflia. In the fixteentli century the opi-
nions of I-uther fpread in Bohemia, and the greatcff part
of the Calixtines embraced that religion. In 1575 .Maxi-
milian 11. allowed every one full liberty of coiifcience,
whicii was granted in ftronger terms in 1609, by Ro-
dulpliiis 11. when they were not only permitted the tree
cxercifc of their religion, but the ufe of the univerfity of
PfiiTue. 'Ihcfe privileges were confirmed by Mattnias
J. in lOl 1, and Kcrdinand II. was admitted to the throne
oii'v upon condition of his confirming them by oath ;
Ivit in itiiy he entered into an agreement with Philip 111.
duir of Spain, without th^ confent of the dates, that he,
witii all liis defceiidants, after the extinction of the male
archducal floclc of Auftrii, (hould poll'cfs the hereditary
fiiLCcnion in Bohemia. This terrified the Lutheran Bo-
h,:nii.iii?, who had befides fo many complaints to preler,
that their deputies, in 1618, obtaining no favourable an-
fwer to their reprefentations in the royal chancery at
Prai.ie, they, in tlie heat of their palTion, threw two of
the "royal coiiiifcdors, with a fecretary, out of the window,
as bttiaycrs of their country; and no regard being paid
to their complaints, they created the pallgravc PVederic
kill", and took up arms in their own detcnce. Hence
arole a dreadful w.ir, which ended very unhappily both
with refpecl to the new king and the protcltaiu Bohe-
mian;, j for in 1627 they were deprived of all their
ii>hli and privileges; and thofe who would not fubmitto
i.K- RomiAi cluircn, were compelled to quit the country.
From that time the church of Rome bec.inic the only
prevailing religion in Bohemia; and tiKMi;;h the Jew-, at
I'ra.Mie are indulged in the cxercife of the irs, the few Lu-
thiriiis were afterwards obliged to conceal thcnifelves as
nnifh as noflihle.
The a'rchbilhop of Prague is legate of the fee of
Romi-', a prince of the Roman empire, primate of the
kingdom, and Handing chancellor of the univerfity of
Pr.il;ue, and has for Ins fuUVagans the bidiops of Leut-
mi'iitz. and Konigingratz. 'J'he archiepifcopal confif-
turv has the lupreme jurifdiclion over the clergy, and
from it lies an appeal, either to the king or the pope.
I/carninu is at a low ebb in this kingdom ; nor do the
Bohemians'^ i'i"i''y themfelves much to the fine arts,
'i'hev, however, make good cloth, fine potters work,
"ood blades for fvvords and knives, fine paper and glafs.
With refp'.cl to commerce, they export a conlide^a-
ble quantity of corn and malt into Saxony and Bav.ina.
Hops and tae Spaw waters of Kgra are alfo plentifully
exported from this kingdom, and likcwife paper, pot-
tery, and beautiful glafs ; but their commerce is in ge-
neral inconiulerable.
With reg.ird to the government, Bohemia is at prc-
fciit an hereditary kingdom, but was formerly elective,
thoimh the ftates ufually kept to the family of the de-
ceafed king. Ferdinand I. in 1547, declared the kin:;-
dom hereditary by a conclufion of the diet, and it fully
became fo in 1620, from which time the Hates have had
nothing to do with rel'peiil to the right of furceiTion.
We'have already obfcrved, in trealiii'r of (lerinany in
ncneral, that the king of Bohemia is arch-cup-bearer to
I'.ie holy Roman empire, but he docs not add that of-
fice to his other titles. He has for hereditary cup-bearer
of the empire the counts of Althan, who theiefore hear
a cup ia their arms. On the death of the emperor
Charles VI. great debates arofo concerning tlr^ perfoii
who at the eleclion of a new king of the Romans,
Ihould rcprefent th, clecloral voice of Bohemia. Q^ieen
Maria 'I'herefa had conferred the fovercignty on her cou-
fort the great duke of 'I'lifcany ; but by a ni.iJority of
votes in the eleiloral college, it was determined tliat the
voice of Bohemia (hould remain dormant for that time.
But after the death of Charles VII. the envoys of elec-
tion of the (pieon of P.ohemia were admitted to the
choice ot a new king of the Romans.
The arms of Bohemia area lion argent, with a Joublt; -{r/»/y.
tail, in afield gules.
The lupreme ofTi'jers of the empire are the fupremc
burgravc, lanJ-lleward, laiul-marfiial, land-chamber-
I lain, land-judge, aulic feudal-judge, prcfidcnt of ap-
peals, chamber prefident, and fu|)reme land regiller. The
hereditary i;ftieers are principally the four loilowing,
the lupreme hereditary marflial, the fewer, the cup-
bearer, and the fteward.
The aulic chancery of Bohemia, which conflantly
follows the couit, was united in 174c), with that of the
Aullrian at Vienna, and the government of Prague ia
aboliflied ; there are, however, feveral courts of judica-
ture held there. The circles and towns in Bohemia
have alfo their peculiar judicatories, and the lords their
hereditary and feudal ones.
According to the new regulation, with refpefl to the
military date of the Aiidrian hereditary countries, the
annual contribution of the kingdom of Bohcinia a-
mounts to five millions two hundred and feventy thoiifanj
lour iiundred eighty-eight fiorins, forty- four kruitzers.
Tlie kingdom of Bohemia is divided into twelve cir-
cles, and the territory of Egra, but does not contain
many towns lb confiderable as to deferve a particular
defcription; we fliall therefore begin with the capital of
the kinrdom.
-11
«i' '
SECT. II.
/f Di-faipthii of the City of Priigtie, with a coKcifc Jcc'j'mU
cf the Jlihiihitiiiits :/ that Maropotii.
THIS city is fcated alinoft in the middle of Bohemia, ,
in the fiftieth degree five minutes north latitude,.,".: •■.',<".
and the fourteenth degree forty minutes eaft longitude, r.) .■>>.>•
It extends on both fides the Moldaw, which is here
about eight hundred paces broad ; but (hallow, and not
navigable. The Hone bridge which joins the two parts
of the city on the oppofite banks of the river, wa,s erec-
ted by Charles IV. in the year 1357, and exceeds in
length thofe of Drefden and Ratifljon, it being one /iSrrni
thoiifand fevcn hundred and feventy feet long : its breadth Hr! <■'/ <• .
amounts to thirty-five feet ; three carriages may pafs up- i'/^^""'^
on it abreall, and it has a flrong tower at each end. \t^^iii-
is railed on fixteen piers, and adorned on the fides with
twenty-eight Ihitues of faints. The crucifix with the two
female ftatues that dand under it, and that of St.Jolm ot"
Ncpomuck, ?re of metal ; but the others are of (lone.
This Keponuick, king Wenzel caiifed to be thrown
from the bridge into the river, and drowned in 16S j ;
but in the year 1729, he was not only ranked among the
faints, but adored with fuch vener.ition, that almoll all
the other faints are on his account lorgotten in Bo-
hemia.
The fortifications of the city are pretty droiig. The
houiVs are built entirely of Hone, and for the moil part
conlilt of three Hories. The Hrects are broader tliiii
thofe of Vienna ; but it has not fo many magnificent
palaces. It is computed to contain ninety-two churches
and chapels, with about forty cloiHcrs. 'l"he town, con-
hdering its extent, is not lutficiently populous, it con-
taining only about feventy thoul'and Chriilians, and b--
tween twelve and thirteen thoul'and Jews. Nor is its
coninierce very confiderable ; tor exclufivc of the arts
and handicraft trades, its principal means of (ubliHence
is drawn from the biewiiig of beer. It coniprehcnds
thiee town'., tiie Old, the New, and the LittleTown.
In Old Plague the Jeluits have a magnificent college,
which is one of the largeH belonging to their order, cx-
• ''pt that of G'j.i It ;. call.'d Colit^iim Ch'runti'nim,
from
I -^
In'
m^
ill u^
!!
J 6c
A SYSTEM OF G I-, O G R /\ F 1 1 Y.
Hon CM;,
N ^1
:)■>■
• 1 i
il r^
;i
from S:. Cioncut's clmrch whii:!i joins to it, and two
liiuiJicJ .uul ti'ii pritlh of tli.it nul'jr tonftantly nMiJc
tlicrc. TlH')' li.wc alio aiiotiuT college in the New City,
;ind Ml the I-ittle City, tliey h.ive a co!lei;e, ami two I'e-
iiiinirief. Their (choolb arc very full, aiul live luiiiiher
of ftudents in the twelve dalles of the CleMieiitiiic eol-
lege amounts to no lei'-; than eighteen hinidred. T'lie li-
iirary of the Clementine colle^ie is wortli ohfervini;, be-
ing very light and lol'tv, and adorned with palleries.
The matheinatieal cahiiiet built here has a niovin;^ ar-
millary I'phere, ae^'.rdin:; to Tytho Hrahc'; (yllein, and
a large iVxtant m.ule hv th.it celeiiratedmatlieniatieiaii. In
the tower ot the Clementine college is an obl'erv.iiory,
from whic'i there is a fine iirolp.'cl of tiie eity. On the
top of this tower is a llatue ol Atl.is, Iniipotanij an ar-
milliry fphere.
ill the ehiirch near the Trinholl" is the ir.cnumer.t of
Tvcho liraiic, over whieh is his iifual motto in l.ir;;e
.;haraiter.i, E:.iF. roTivs i^\.\.\t H/\iii:iii. That is,
" To he rather than fecni to bo ;" and uiuleriuath a
lorn; inleriptioti mentioning his various iliicoverics.
Under t;;is, Tytho L'rahe is reprefe:itej in baflo re-
lievo drell'ed in armour, with a long fworj by his I'ldc,
a band and whillers : he leans witli his right hand on
a celellial fphere, placed over his coa: of arms, and on
his left is his helmet.
I'he church of the crofs near the Jefiiit's collejjc in
the old ci.-y is an ilc,',ant piece of aiciiiteelure, adorn-
ed witii line marble colunins, and beautiful pain;in'j;s.
On the church, vrhieli Hands in Chailes's upiare, is a
jliilii f.i::t.i, built of IJolicmian m.able. The hiiih altar
is cmbellifbcd with fculpture in wooil, which is well
executed ; but the walls of the church are entirely co-
vered with V(-:i\e pieces (""me of whiili arc wretch.ed
daubings dcfigneil for picture?, others filthy rags, coats,
&c. which give the church a verv dil'gultful a|ipearaiice.
The tathedial, which is dedicated to St. Vitus, and
(lands on the callle hill, is very rich in plate, altar fur-
niture, and relics ; among other valuable oriiamcnis is
a crucifi.x of Hungarian virgin gold, that weighs ten
thoufand ducats. Some have reprefented St. \Vcnccf-
laub's chapel in this ilruiiture, as if the walls v/cre en-
tirely covered with jalper, amethyio, and corneli.in ;
every tiling indeed is there very rich, but falls fliort of
this exaggerated account. Indeed, a confiderable part
of the wall is covered with thefe gems, fomc of which
arc as big as a man's fill; bat irregiilaily fet without
any order ; and as for the embclliihiiicius of goij, and
the like, their va!'.:e is much more owing to the mut.d,
than the fkill of tin; aniticcr.
L'pon a fount.iin within the area of the cltad-.l is a
brafs ilatue of St. George, c.ill m tiie year J;^7j, and
making allowance for the age in which it was produced,
it may be reckoned a very good one. Th.- prolpcct
from the royal apartment:, is cpiite charming, and the
liall where the emperor ciueit.iins tlie nobility v.-ell con-
trived, and verv fplendid.
Facing the Capuchin eluirch is an edifice, built in the
imitinon of tiie uifi jU'it.i at J,oret(o, the walls of wiiich
are like that, black and fnioaky within ; but on the bailo
relievos on the outfule, there is a very great difi'erenee,
thefe being only of pl.iiller, and thole of ihe holy
houfe at I-orcilo of iiuuble, and the workmaniliip is as
f.ir inferior lo the latter as the materials. The tre.ifure
collejhe.l in this chapel is very exlraordinary. .-Xiniing
other valuable offerings are the following: a pyx let
with pearls of the fiie of an acorn, one of which in the
middle is (liaped like a heart, and is of the fi/.e of a
iiiidlling walnut, another is enriched with fix thoufuid
iix hundred (ixty li.x diamonds, leprefeiiting the lun.
The li/.e of the diamonds gradually decreafe^, and. they
are curioudy arranged, in order to form the folar rays,
which f-rminate in a point, confiding of one iingle
ifonc. It coll two hundred thoufand guldens, and the
artilt who m.n'e it, and was employed ten years before
it was compleated, was i awarded with ten tnouiand.
In the middle of the horfc-market, which is a large
fipiare, is an equelhi.ln ll.itue of king Wene.llaus, and
on one fide of the area, belore count Czernim'.s palace,
is a (lone pillar in memory of Drahomira, a pagan
iliitchefs of li'.hcmi.i, the mother of St. Wcnceliaus,
whom the eaitii fvvallowed up on thi« Ipoi, in the
9.")-
year
A white tower in this city feivcs for a ftate prilon
and it is laid there was fonneriy in one of the nji,m>'
a cuiioiis machine, niiule in the Ihape of a wnmaii
whieh when any lULuqueiit was brought near it, woiiij
embrace him, and with its arms inllantly break his back
and ribs ; but no Inch thing 's now to lie fceii.
Prague h;is been fre;]utni!y billcged, and obliged („
furrender; particularly in the year l() Jl, it was taken by
the S.ixons, and in 1741, by the elector of Uavaria. Jn
1742, the .Aullrian foic'.s inverted tiie citv, in which
weie about Iwciity thouiand Flench, commanded by tin-
niaillials liroglio and IJ-lleiile, who fufi'.ied greatly [,/
(amine i but difeiided theinlelves with gre.ic bravui'
and at length lound means lo iii.ike their efc.ipe. in tfi^
year 1744, the I'rudians made ihemfelves maders <.| ihi,
capital, after cannonaciiiig it fevendays; but ipiitled it
ti'.e (ame vear.
The iiih.ibit.ints of Prague are poor, and their (Imns
but meanly luriiinied. The (leople of quality, wlui
ciiinot c.dily bear the expcncc of Vienna, thule to ic-
fide here, where they liave adeniblies, mufic, and .i!|
other diverfions, except thofe of a court; provilions are
eNtremely cheap, I'lid they have idciity of the iiu)(t ex-
celleii: (owl. Ihe women of ijuality now diei's pretty
much in the French mode ; but thole of the Jews have
a didinci habit. The wives of the wealtiiy citizens
wear fur caps and long cloaks. Come of them latin lined
with tali'ety, and petticoats (.f the fame; but dioit, on
account ol tiie dirtinels ot the (ircets.
SEC T. III.
?/!.;■ oikr prir.dpal Tav/is in Iljljivnia,
IT has been already intimated, that war and perfecu-
tion have rendered the kiiudom of IJohemia ex-
tremely cLi'art, ill comiiaiiron with what it was foriiu-r-
ly, and thcrilore, though there are manv '.owns and vil-
lages, there aie few worthy ol notice. The countrv is,
however, divided into twelve circles, fomc ot the
cipal places in which are the follow. ir;.
I'faundorf is the firit (own in liohemia on the fide
next Vienna. At ncutfciibiod the l).i;,i;.M^e of travellers
is learchcd by the Bohemian tudjiii-h.uie olficers. In
the road from b.eiice to the pretty town ol Jenkow, you
have adelightiui profpecl ot a fine level coiiiuryon caeh
fide, wliicli is iiuerfperfed with above llily little lilla^es
.md fni,ill lowiis. D/..inow, which is lix miles farther
on this road, i., alio a very pretty town, and has a lar_c
fquare market-place.
Mclnic, a Inull royal jointure town, isfeatedonan
eminence in the circle of IJunzlau, near ihe conflux of
the Kibe and Moldau ; it lia^ a collegiate church, and
is defended by a caltle.
Konigingrat/, a royal jointure town in the circle of
the fame ninic, is featcd on the Elbe, and is a bidiop's fee,
("utfragan to tf.e archbilhop of I'r.-.gue. The town 13
pretty large, and h.is a college of Jeluits, and a com-
inaiidery belonging to the knights of the Teutonic or-
der. It h.i; been leveral times belieged and taken.
Pardubice, a royal town in the tiiclc of Chiudim, is
(brtilied, and its citadel is a line lhu.iturc. The town
is well built, and the inhabitants ni.ike excellent blades
for fwords and knives. I ins town has the privilege ot
holding fairs.
Cruniau, or Cnimlow, a well built fortified town,
(c-ated on the river .Vloldao. It has a beautitul citadel
and college of Jeluits. This town, with the feigniory
annexed to it, bears the title of adutchy.
Flnbogen, a royal borough, (eatod together with its
citadel, on a high and deep rock, by which it is alio
environed. The river Kger, which rufhes by the lelt
fide of this rock, heie (brms a curve refembling an el-
bow ; and hence the town receive;; its name. '1 he way
which leads to it is very narrow, but it has foiiictinies
been belieged and taken.
Five miles to the eafi: of EInbogcn is Carlfbadt, or
Charles's Dath, which is famous fur its medicinal w.i-
i tcrs,
|iriii-
MoR '.vrA.
tcrs, of which th
heat and drength,
the .'sproiidcl and
b.-.iliii/: bot, and
Tlieyaie both ba
c.ifio'i^ at one aiii
tmered inthe ye
fiiip.-ror Chark
dile.de;., partieul.i
men. Several
(hem, ^I'lJ "" ''■
„fed. 'I'hc nieth
able; for let the
,.,l,lig.;d tobefliat
.i,,il to drink tw.
>lia:i ihof'^ "* ''"'
and to walk abi
drops. For thi
ot four hours alter
red of the day it
to prevent lleepin
yet the walks are
harren rocks, exci
rowo of lime-tree;
which has fine n
w.iters play, dance
the hour of fiipi
abundance of fort
and gintry of Ai
but whoever woul
his own bed, wine
The town itlelf
T.ippel, which ri
chiefly inhabited b
very neat, and ex
Carldein is a ce
triiii about fifteen n
both bv art and na
b.; the 'depofitory 1
i, a well two hund
bcfiegcd by the 1
twenty-eighth of iV
without luccefs.
Lcutonieiit'/. Is a
five miles to the lu
l-j.j fiiffragan to t\
parrifoned with F
Charles Vll. but \
of Hungary in 174
'I'he laft town v.
Lgrii, or Eger, thi
fame name It is
fltuatcd on the rige
three cloidcrs. Tl
privilege;, and parti
hov/cvtr, palles on
ju.licial feiitences
only to the king,
tjkcn : in the ycai
raallers of it, and
a long blockade, tl
ti/.vn are a numbci
■^^.ij.rs arc very fan
Upon the roads i
of meeting with go
c.ipons, plieafants,
ing is far from beli
meiit, it being gci
on the floor, with ;
the houfes of the |
hind the dove, to
done fteps, as into
mciit Ikcp away tl
ably.
Ofth
111 l^ilualian. Extent
Pi :Juu, and Kii
57
JlilU
^pT
MOR '.VIA
E CJ II
of wliich there arc two I'uits, that iliftVr liotli in
h-at aii'l If't^^'iii'li' ^"'^ ^'"'^ (liftin^iiiOietl by the iitmcs ot
I . 'j'nroiiJcl iuid thu Miihl h.ith, tlic firlt of whicli an-
I'-Niii'' liiit, iiiul thi.- latter little more than liikc-w.iim.
O I' E.
iCr
ic liiith batlicil in an I drank, and on fuvL-rnl oi
and the lame timu They were firib dil-
b
TheV ar
cilion^ at one a , , , • r .
.r,\ ill the vear l .170, and take their name from the
tinivror Charlei IV . 1 hey arc recommended for many
liu'.de:., particularly the gravel and barrenncis in wo-
•li. 'several eminent phyficians have wrote npon
iKni, ;ind on the manner in which they ought to lie
l^J ' 'Ihe method of drinking them is very difagrcc-
Kl.-' for let the weather be. ever fo hot, the patient is
obli"''.d to be flint up in a room heated with a Ihive,
|°to diink two or three large pots of water hotter
'hai thole of the king or queen's bath in SonierCctlhire,
■ 1 (y v^.allc abont while the fweat trieklei down in
drops- For thi • -.»..., people feldom iHr out till three
fuiir liours after they have drank the waters ; and the
■H of the day it i< abibUitcly necedary to walk about,
to prevent fleeping, which after dinner is dangerous :
• t the walks are narrow, and afi'ord no profpecl but of
barren rocks, except only one (ipiarc place planted with
rowi of linie-trecs, oppofile to which is a great houCe,
which has fine rooms, in which thofe who drink the
waters play, dance, or walk from five to < i^lit o'clock,
the hour of fuppcr. Thefe baths are f reiiuentcd by
abundance of foreigners, and particularly the nobility
and "entry of Anifria, as well as thofe of Bohemia ;
but whoever would be well acconimodated, inuft bring
hi.'! own bed, wine, and cook with him.
'I'he town itielf is divided into twi> parts by the river
Tappel, which runs through it j but it is a ditty place,
chiclly inhabited by artiiiccrs in iron, whufc works are
very neat, and extremely cheap.
CarWein is a celebrated citadel that flaiids on a moun-
tain about fifteen miles dillant from Prague. It is ftrong
both bv art and nature, and was built by Charles IV. to
b'J the depolitory of the regalia of the kingdom. In it
ii"a well two hundred and forty-four feet deep. It was
bcfieicd by the HulTites in the year 1422, from the
tvvcii°y-eighth of May to the eleventh of November, but
without lucccfs.
Ltatonieiiii is a confidcrablc town on the Elbe, thirty-
tive miles to the north-weft of Prague, and is a biflto[)'a
Ijj futFragan to the archhifliopric of Prague. It was
T"r.tiifoiied with French forces by the late emperor
Chatlcs VII. but was taken by the troops of the queen
of Hungary in 1 742. .,,,..,
The iaft town we fliall mention in Bohemia is that ol
tcr.i, or Egcr, the principal place in a territory of the
faiiic name "^ It is a beautii'ul and well fortified town,
fituatcd on the riger Fger : it has a college of Jefuits, and
three cloifters. This town retains its antient rights and
privilege;, and particularly that of coinvig money, which,
hov/cvtr, pailes only within its own diitricl. From the
judicial feiitences of the town-council an appeal lies
only to the king. Kgra has been fiequetitly belieged and
taken: in the year 1742 the French made theinlelves
niafters of it, and kept it till the next year, wiien, after
a long blockade, they were obliged to furrender. In the
ti,.vn arc a number of ingenious artilh, and its mineral
■.iaj.rs are very famous.
Upon the roads in this country the traveller feldom fails
of meeting with good provilions in the inns, as ducks,
capons, piieafants, partridges, and hares j but the lodg-
ing is far from being anfwerable to the other entertain-
ment, it being generally only fnme clean ilraw fpiead
on the floor, with a bollter or pillow tor the head. In
the houfes of the peaCants there is a place walled in be-
hind the (love, to which they al'cend by a lew narrow
floiie fteps, as into a cock-loft, aiul in this warm apart-
nv.iit Iltep away the cold winter nights very comfort-
ably.
SECT. IV.
O/llie Marquifate 0/ Mor avi a,
;i Kltuntion, Extent, the Fatf if the Country/, il\ Clirrtilt,
i'l :Juit; <ind Riven ; th< Mafiufaitura unit Rd'gion of
S7
the fnhaliitaiils ; ulth the piiiuipul Pkcti in this Alar-
qiiijtitt,
THE marquifate of Moravia is bounded on the north
by Glati and Silcfia, on the call by Silefia and
Hungary, on the loath by Aullria, and on the well by
liohemia i and receives its name from the river Morava,
or March. It is a hundred and twenty-eight miles in
length from ealt to weft; and where broadtft, about
ninetv-two from north to fouth. Towards Hungary,
Siielia, and Bohemia, it is partly furroundcd by moun-
tains, and partly by woods. Above half of this country
is mountainous and woody, and in the level tracts arc
many nioratli;s, bogs, and lakes, where the water is un-
wholelome.
I'he air 0:1 the mountains is rough and fo cold, that
in many places the inhabitants ufe a ftove for the greatelk
part of the whole fummer. However, more corn grown
here than is confumed by the inhabitants ; here is alio
plenty of (l.ix and hemp, nor are fruit-trees and garden-
plants wanted. It likewile produces good fatfron, and
lonie white and red wine, particularly in thufi; tracts that
border on ,-\ull:iaand Hungary. Their p.illnre is good
and feeds great numbers of cattlc,and the extentivc lorcfta
.iltord great plenty of vcnifon, wo!ves, bears, and a fpccies
of leopards ol the li/.e of dogs ; th:;rc are alfo fcjinc bea-
vers. Thefe forells hkcwile .-.ft'jrd trc inhabui'.nts an
opportunity of procuring a great deal of honey and wax:
by the breeding of bees.
In this country are quarries of marble amcthyfts, a
kind ot ballard diamonds, and o'.her minerals ; as alfo
alliim and mines of iron. This country likcwlfe pro-
duces fulphur, faltpetrc, and vitriol ; here are wholcfome
mineral waters, and fome acid fprin^s.
The Oder rifes in the circle of Olmutz, in this coun-
try. 1 he river March, or Mora, or in Latin Morava,
riles in the county of Glatz, and running from north to
fouth, at length forms the limits between Hungary and
Auftria i but this river is not navi.;able. Thefe and other
fmaller llreams, as well as the lakes, yield various kinds
of filh.
The fcienccs at prcfent begin to fiourifli here. Tht;
principal commodities of the country are the cloth ma-
nufciilory, iron-works, and glafs-houfes ; the making
of paper, gunpowder, &c. but the commerce of the in-
habitants is very inconliderable.
Chriltianity was fettled here fo early as inthcci"htli
century ; but in the fifteenth this country bore a coii-
fiderable part in the commotions of the HufTites in Bo-
hemia, and many cmbnced their opinions and called
thenifelves Moravian Brethren ; but in the lixtcenth
century moft of them were obliged to fly. There arc
here at prcfent not only fome of them, but a fivv l.'i-
thcratis and Calvinills, who make an external ptoieflicn
of conformity with the Romilh church, though they
privately hold feparate aftemblies, and, as opportunity
offers, frequently fly to Protcftant countries. t)f).;toa
new fpirit of reformation appeared among the former, and
a guat number of converts, headed by a late coon: of
Zinzcndorf, have not only fettled in England and fe-
veral parts of Europe, but have removed for the fake of
liberty to the Britifh American plantations.
The whole marquifate is fubieif to the ccclefjaftical
jurifdiiSitm of the bithop of Olnuitz, who ftilcs hinifcdf
duke and prince of the holy Roman empire, and count
of the royal Bi-heniian ciiapel, having formerly had a
voice at the diets of the empire. He is at prcfent im-
mediately under the pnjie, and the epifcopal conliftorvj
which is the only eccieliaftical judicatory in all .Mo-
ravia, enjovs the fuprcmc jurifdidion over ccckiiaftical
pcrlons.
Moravia contributes towards the maintenance of the
military ftate of the Aultrian hereditary countries, the
annu.il fum of one million eight hundred and fifty-lix
thoufand four hundred and ninety florin^.
The whole marquifate is divided into fix circles, cich
of whicli has its circle-captain, whofe authority extend*
to the quartering, marching, and maintenance of the
foldiers.
The principal towns in Moravia are,
I i 'i 'li
ill
: %i
't
A I
1' i!
i ii
Sf
Olmiiti,
•'ill
1^ '
M
162
A SYSTEM OF G i: O G R A F H V.
>ltF.IIA.
m
' I
1
^
Olmutz, the capital of the marciuif.Kc aivl of the circio
of ih(! finie icinic, anil tlie rcfulr'iKi- of tht liifllop, wliolc
csIUl- is a place of tonfiJiTablc llicnutti, it liL-ini; wholly
furroiinilcd by the river March. This town is populous
iind well built; it contains twcntv-lix churches, among
which the catheilral church of St. Wcnzel is worthy
of notice, with hvc chapels, fevcn monalKTics, and two
nuniijrics, one collep.c of Jcfuit.s, an univerfity, a ridin;.;-
ncadcmy, Icveral hofpitals, and an orphan-houK'. The
city has been freijucruly bilicgcd, and in 1741 was
blocked up for fome months by the Hruflians.
I^remficr, a well built walled town, Icated on the river
March, and belonglnLj to thebifl\(ip ofOlinutz. It has a
collegi.ite church ilcdicated to St. Moritz, a college, fe-
veral cloilfers, ami a mint. The largi- and beautiful
palace in which the biihop ufuallv reli.lcd was burnt
clown in the year 1 75J, together with the au hives, the
Cuhurbs, and tiftv-live burghers houfes.
Brunn, or lifinn, is a rov.il borough in the circle of
the fame name. 'I'be town is not very large, but is well
b'.iilt, populous, and well fortilicd. It has the grcatelt
trade of any place in Moravia, and ii the feat of the rnvjl
courts of jullice and the diets. 'I'hc bilhnp h.is a ijalaci-
here, and wiliiln the town is alio a coilci^.^ of Jefuiis-
l"ix cloilkr.s, aniiing whiili is that of the Aiigulliri hiririM'
near St. Thoiiias\ church, which is p.irticularly lanmu,
for an image ol the Virgin .Mary, which they pretciui
was made by St. Luke. This jilacc has fouiLtiiiie:, btui
bcfieged and blocked up, but iicvir yet taken.
Znain, or Zriugni.i, a royal boiough, ruwati'd in .,
plcafatit fpot near the river 'I'eya ; it 1, will built, anil
has a citadel, four cluillers, and acollegeof Jel'uits. I'hi-^-
arc many vineyards in its ncighbouihoud that allijrd "i
palatable wine. It has been feveral times taken aiij n.-.
taken during the civil wars of (Jerniany.
Iglau is a pretty large well built and populous town in
the circle of the fame name, fealed on the nver 1'j1;,i,
It conl.iins a college of Jefuits, with a Dominican' and
I''rancifcan mon.idery, and carries on a trade in beer and
coatfe woidlen cloth. It has frcipientlv been biTi'geJ and
taken, and in tLo fi.\tcenth century w.is the firit of all the
royal boroughj that embraced the opinions of Luther.
CHAP. XI.
Of tlic Dutchy of SILESIA and tlic Comity of (; L A T Z.
SECT. I.
//; Siluvlicii, Exhiil, Afiuiilciiiii, aimalc, Fcjjils and Mi-
iitia'.i, re^.-tal/Uif /liiiiiuili, and Riven.
SILESIA is bounded on the cad by Poland, on which
fide the country is wholly level and open ; to the
i'outhward it is I'eparated fioni liungary by a chain of
mountains and a wild thicket, in fome parts a CJorman
mile bro.id, and in otlier> more or Id's : this thicket pro-
perly belongs neither to Sildia nor Hungary, though both
countries have frequently attempted to make it their own;
but it llill remains a natural a-ul impenetrable barrier both
to Silefia and Hungary. 'I'owards the wefl Silcfia joins
IVIoravia, IJohemia, Lufatia, and the county of (jiatz.
From the two hrll it is I'eparated by a chain of moun-
tains, but towards Lufatia it is level and open. To the
northward it borders on iirandenburg, on which fide it
is likewil'e level and open.
It extends ill length from the north-wen: to the fouth-
talt about two hundred ar.d twi.ntv-i ight miles, and a-
bout a hundred where broadell; but it is much con-
tracted at both ends.
Slkiwi is eiicompadcd on the weft and fouth by a chain
of mountains, which, with rel'peft to their height and
extent, are fome of the moll remarkable in Europe, and
is called by difl'erent names in the different countries by
which it extends. In thefe mountains, and all over that
part of Upper Silefia that lies towards Moravia and Hun-
gary, tlij winter fets in earlier, is much more (evere, and
of longer continuance than in the plains. At the time
when the country at the foot of thefe mountains is co-
vered with ice and fiiow, the trees at Breflau arc in full
verdure.
The inhabitants of the mountains arc not only con-
fined to their houles by the fnow, but like the Laplaii-
deti and people of Carniola, they u(e a kind of ftatcs,
by the help of which they pafs over the fnow vith ama-
zing I'wiftiiels.
In the mountains are found, agate, jafper, and even
amethvfts of an uncommon hardnefs and beauty, and al-
io cryftals. They attord quarries of ftone, and in fome
paits is pit-coal, while others afl'ord turf for fuel. There
arc i'ome mines of filver ; vitriol is found in feveial
places, and in others are mines of copper, lead, and
iron.
The Tandy parts of the country in tb" nrincipiiity of
Glogau, and beyond the Oder towards Poland, with the
muuntains tract, which is of coiiftJcrablc extent, pio-
diicc little corn ; but this deficiency is compenfatrd |ij.
the fertility of the other and )nr;er part of Silclii
which ;:ft"i)rds plenty of whe..t, rye, barley, and oit:,',
andalfo Turkey wheat, fpelt, buck-wheat, miller, In-
feed, peas and be.iiis. Several p irts of the cnuntry pio-
I ducc excellent culinary vegetable , and afford ple'iitv n.-'
fine fruit ; even fucli Ipols as aic unlit for tilla 'c, e:t.'i«
I make good paifure grounds, or are covered with wuo.i
I Co that there is fcarcc any part of Sildia th.it can bci-ij'
I to be entirely ufelefs and barren. Here is abundance oi
' flax, and fome hemp ; but not (o much of the latter ,u
\ is fpun, coiifiderable i)u.iiititics being imported from
i Hungary and Poland. The country produces plenty uf
; hops, and m.idder is cultivated with fuch fuccefs, as te
j form one of their moft confidcrable exports ; there is al-
(o great plenty of a yellow dye, and likcwife planta-
tions of tobacco ; but the I'aflro'n of this country ii not
I very good.
In the mountains, r.nd in L'ppcr Silcfia, pitch, t.ir
iind refii: aie made from the pine, fir, and beech, ^.nd
the larch tree yields turpentine. Erom thefe rdinous
trees, the inhabitants among the mountains make a kind
of lamp black.
'I'heir breeding of horned cattle extends no farther
than is jiifl necdl'.iry for the plough, and a fufficienr,-
of milk, butter, and chcefc; and their oxen are I'i'l
fewer in iiumbir, on which account the markets are
principally fupplied from Hungary and Poland. The
molt famous ol thefe ox markets arc thofe of Wv.v'^
Hrcllau, and Schwcidnit/,, where formerly at the annual
fair, it was not uncommon to fee ten, twelve, or fifteen
thoufand head of Hungarian and Polifli cattle and
fomitimes more. There are here bred many fine Hmn
horfes ; but not enough to fupply thi couiitrv, -rcat
numbers being bought at Francfort fair, and brini-hc
likewil'e from Lithuania. The inhabitants of the hi^lv
country keep goats, and eftinuti: the profit of two gouj
ones to be equal to that of a cow ; a great deal of ciTecie
being made of their milk. The breeding of (heep is al-
fo very profitable, on account of the excx'llency of their
wool. Thefe Ihcep arc (heand twice a year • but the
(rimmer vi'oid is reckoned preferable to that of winter
tliough fomewhat lighter. As to venilon and game'
fome parts enjoy a tolerable plenty, while in others they
are fcarcc.
The wild hearts of thii cnuntry that are only value.i
lor their (kins are lynxes, which fiequcnt none but tir
mountainous parts, fo\e., wca/cli, otters, anj be.iveis
but ill no ;^'eat number.
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The brccJliig of
w;ix, <ill wlii<'li air
porti'd (icm I'dI.hiiI
W.1V of bciii;; larii
Willi rcfpc'iil 111 1
iinJ laliii'in, tlic lor
digious (i/.c, fk.iti-
aiul cfiwi.illy the I.
kinds of lifli, lis (Ilk
As to the rivers n
Moravia ; luit is I
reaches Sill fia, whii
aiLdat Kaiihor itb'-e
rally low and fanily i
to tie I'fi'at dcfriiiii'i
run allllie lellir Iti
Ncifs the Ohiaii, I
Kdbc InvK their foiin
liurn three fpriii^^s fi
in the [iriiuipalily o
land. I'hc foiircc u
in Dohernia, lies in
cip:ility ol jauer.
TWV, mimbcr of
and a b.ilf ; tb
mans, IVles, ami Mt
piiage, Cj'ernian is (\
thnugh in Upper Si
Sclav'onic is very con
nearer ailinity to the
ravian.
The inhabitants an
majedv king Frederic
promifid that the po
thounli without dctrii
iif the protcftant inha
;.s fovercign. This pi
:iiul all parties enjoy ;
created: number of p^i
This dioccfe is divide
li', thole of lireflaw,
which, cxthifive of t
tiend under them fc
Mnly-ltvcn archpnlli
Jrcd fevcnty-iix parill
i\, iixty-eigbt of mo,
liicral of thel'c are exi
All cciltlialfieal bene
of Iirellau, are in the
'I'he reformation ir
the piincipality of l,i
CCS of Fred' ric II. di
cxtciukil from (bene
The citv of lircflaii, '
lands beloiigiiig lo nic
likcwife embraced Lui
tollowed by the city c
places, till by degrees
«l all over Silefia.
In i6cc), the cmpcr
princes, dates, and va
nil'm, both in Upper
flic of their religion ;
cf their churches, fcl
milled them to biiilj o
CMl'e, violent mcafurc>
thcrans to popery,
fecmcd to pronrile thctti
lings were of iliort cliir
by the peace of \\'elt|
oi'Silcfia, profeding the
tinuc pod'olied of their
-'xcrciie o/ their rcligio
Thi; lirceJIii;; n( bees in tlii« Ci-iiintry is n<it lii tnnd
ilcr.iliK' •" S" ';'ii''«'''f ''"' 'iiiiliiii'l"'"" "' li"i'>-y •'"'!
w.ix, I'll wliiili ac oiint (Mcit iiiiaiitiiics ol Ixith ;irc iin-
' ,(1(1 iioiii I'ol.iml J l)iit tlu'ir luliiirc (if fillc is in a l.iii
ivMV (if biin^ can I'll lo iln iitmnll I'xtnit.
With riliifCl til lilli, ill tin- ( )il.r arc c.iiipjit lliirgcon
anJ (alni'in, tin' Idriiicr if vvlu> h arc dmu.timcs of pro-
digioiis fi/.i', fkatc, l.imimys, i<cc. 'I'lic dtiirr rivrrs,
jiiii fl|ii'i-ially the lakes niul poii-l';, alioiind vvllli variuu:,
kiiul< I'f lifli, "s piko, cai-p, trout, miilK-ts, &f.
As to the rivers ol Silcfu, the OJit lias its loiirct^ in
\loravia; Imt is not of any confiil'raMc fi/.c till it
icathi'sSiMi.i, whith it iravorfcs iiearlv from end toen.l,
■inJ at Kaiilior it Ivconits navmahlc. Its banks are (.'enc-
rally I'lW '11"' fan'l^' i '" ''^*' '' 'rc'liiently overflows tiicin
to tl f I'ri'at (Ictriim-nt of the ailjaccnt tonntry. Into it
,1111 all ihe lelli-r Iheams, as tile Oiler, the Kile, the
Ncifs, the OhI.iii, the Stolier, &c. The V'ilhila ami
KIbc have their foinee in this lUitchy, the former illuini;
lioin three f|irin",s rnuatril ainoiiL'; the lofty mountains
In the priiu ipality nt 1 eflu n, on the frontiers of I'o-
laiul. I'hcfdurer of the I'.lbe, tlu)U::h '.jenerally placcil
in lioheinia, \i'"S in the Giant's niuuntain, in the prin-
cipality of jauer.
SECT. II.
Tk A'':.'.v.7-/v, l.tini^ii.iy, mi/l RtH^ion r.f tre Pfpli. Thiir
Lcdtr.inSi iMiiniiftiluns^ and dinmon.
Till'", number of people in Silcfia exec; 's a million
ami a half; thclc are chiertv conipol'ej of tier-
mars, I'olfs, anil Moravians. With rclpei.t to the lan-
"iia'e, Cjcrnian is Ipoken by moll of the inhabitants,
thoi'oh in Upper Sileiia, ami beyond the Oder, the
Sclav'onic is very common, and in Come places bears a
nearer aflinity to the I'olifl), and in others to tlic Mo-
ravian.
The inhabitants are of ditlercnt religions lech. His
ajeltv kint; I'rederic 11. at the peace of Berlin in 1742,
ptomifi'l that the popilh religion ilioiilil be tolerated,
tlioueh without detriment to the freedom of confcienec
of the prottftant inhabitants, or to his own prerogative
:.i fovcrcign. This proniile lias accoiJingly taken place,
ami all parties enjoy a perfect liberty of conl'cience. The
iTcatcft number of papilfs arc in the dioccfe ot' lirellaii.
This ilinccfe is diviiled into (our arcliJeaconries, namc-
Iv, tkofe of lireflaw, (;io;;aii, Oppeb-n, and l.ij'iiit/,,
which, cxtlufive of the cathedral of Hrcdaii, coni[)re-
hcnd under them fcvcn collejiiate churclr.s, with le-
M.nty-levcn arcbprtlbyttne;, lixtcen priories, live hiin-
Jtcd fcventy-lix pariflie., and ei^!,hty-lix c<iiivents; tliat
IS fixtv-ci;;ht of monks, ami e!;^htccn of luins ; but
iivrral of ihel'c ire exempt from the biftiop's juiildiclion.
All cciKlialHcal bcncrues here, not excepting; the ke
of Rrellau, are in the king ol I'rullia's gilt.
The reformation in Silclia began to be introduced by
the piincipality of I.igiutz, in 157.J, under the aulpi-
ces of b'red' ric 11. duke of that principality, ami loon
extended from thence '';fo the pnncij-.ality of jiricg.
The city of Urcdaii, which bad beiore lei|iKllcrcd Ibmc
lands belojigiiig 10 monalftries l.jwards charitable ufes,
likcwil'e embraeed f.utheranllin ; wwX its example was
lollowed bv the city of Schwcidiur/, and fevcral other
places, till bv degrees the relorniation bccair.c propagat-
ed all over Sileiia.
Ill lOcQ, the emperor Rodcdphus I!, granted to the
princes, dates, and vallals who had embraced I-uthera-
nil'm, both in Upper and Lower Sileiia, the free exer-
cifc of their religion ; contirmed them in the poll'eiVuin
el their churches, fchcol.,, and conlillories, and pi'r-
irittcd them to build others : but, on that emperor's dc-
ceafe, violent mcal'ures were ufed to briiij; back the Lu-
therans to popery. The treaty of I'raguc in 16'^^,
lecmcd to promile them quiet and falety ; but thel'e biel-
fings were of Ihort duration ; however, it was llipulated
bv the peace of W'elfphalia in 164S', that the princes
iitSikria, profclling the Auglliurg conltffion, fliould con-
tinue pdirelled of their former privileges, and the free
•■'xeriile oj their rc!i:;ion, in the fame manner as before
R O I' P..
niaje
^^
ihe war. His inipttiil inajifly by tti.it peace permitt-J
the counts, barons, gentlemen, and vali'aU of Upper Si.
i'.Tia profelli.ig the Aiiglburgconftfiion, to perform divii.s
wordiip in tiie iieii;libouiiiig |ilac<s, ami the proti Hants
o( Sehweidnitz, jauer, ?nd Cilogaii, were i.Mow.'d to
build three chim h'"^. The Lutherans, however, not
only loll the above-mentioned duchies, and the city ol
lirellaii, with iheir churches, excepting only the tirea
they had been allowed to build \ but tbeir opprcfTioin
were loon renewed, and too many were prevailed on \iv
perleriition to cinbi.ice popery. This ftll hcavielt on th'o
Ltither.ins in Upper Sileiia, who hij miny tjjrmaii
miles to i;o to the iiearelf Lutheran church, and in loiiiu
places above eighty I'nglifli n'ihs, ilowever, by iliu
proteftion of Chailes Xll. tli- ii ligioiis If ite of the Lu-
therans in Sileiia was miieh anieiided j lor that monarch,
in ,1 convention concluded between him and the empe-
ror lol'-pb, in 1707, obtaine I for thLiii, befides other
leligiouj liberties, licence to build fix new churchc,
and the re'llitiitmn of one hundred and eighteen more,
whi. h had bien taken fioni thenij by which means th"/
became poll'ilbd ol three hundred twentv-live churches,
to which one was afterwaids added under the emperor
Charles VI. Thele b iielits were conleired by an a^t
of llate at llreflau in 1709; but they colt the Luthe-
rans four millions eighty-leven thoufand florins, partU"
as a loan to the emperor, and partly as a free gift. At
length, under the government of the king of I'tuflia,
they were granteil a pcrlcet liberty (jf conlciencc, with
P'.rmillion to build new churches under the title of
houl'es of prayer, which have increafed to the number
of two hundred and thirty. lint when the beneticts
are in the hands of the popifli clergy, the Lutheraiu
|iay liirplicc fees to the ineuinlieiits, though the mini-
Iferial fiinilions arc performed by minilters of their own
IVitt. On the (ther haml, in Lignitz, the papilts pay
the parilh dues to the Lutheran niinillers, wi the clhi-
blillied incumbents.
i'he Calvinilts had alio formerly the free cxercife of
their religion, and were pollelied of churches in dift'e-
rent parts of the countiy ; but tiie papifis gradually
ejecied them. Alter the convention 1111707, in which
no exprefs mention was made of thcni, they petitioned
for the reltitiition of their churches ; but though thev
did not want inediatot.s, this proved ine(l'ev.'tual. Fre-
deric II. has, however, granted them the privilenc of
public worlhip at Dreflau, and many other places.
The Hullites have alio fome congregations in Silcfia,
and fome of thele being Lutherans, and others Calvinilis,
each feet has its iliUinct paftor. 'I'he Hernhuthers, or
Moravian brethren, obt.nned a grant in 1742, from kin';
b'lederic II. to fettle in Silefia, with entire freedom oi"
confeience, and public worlhip. Their niinifters in fpi-
ritiial and ecckii.iliical atFairs acknowledge no conliKory,
as being under the king's immediate protection, and in
reli;;ious matters fubjeiil only to their billiop. At lircf-
lau is likeA'ife a (ircek church, and the Jews are per-
mitted their I'ynagogucs.
Sileiia has ever been famous for producing men of
learning, of whom fome have eminently dildnmiilheil
themlelvcs. At prcl'ent all kinds of learning are gre.illy
encouraged, elpccially among the Lutherans.
The principal manufactures in Sileiia are of flax,
thread, twine, linen and damalk. The printing of li-
nen in water and oil colours, is in fn.iie places carried to
great perfection; belides which, canvas and buckrams of
leveral kinds are made of thread and worlLd. Tju^
plain (triped and flowered veils, with a mixture of red
I'urkiih thread, are ni.ide in this country of fuch fine-
ni Is, as to fell for four florins and upwards a German
ell. Lace is alio made here of tolerable linencfs, and
more paper is made in Sileiia than can be ul'cd by the
inhabitants. Strong woollen cloths are made in manv
places. Here are likcwife manufactures of linley wcol-
lev lergc, druggets, plain and figured fultians, plufli,
callimancoes, and all other iliifts ; as alio cottons, ging-
hams, ftockings and hats. The drefling of leather "is
likewife well underftood. There are many glals-houfes,
ami in no country is glafs more cxtiuilitely poliflied and
cut. In Silclia are alio a great numinr of powder-mill.,
iron-f.iill'.:, and manufattiires of tii.it metal.
I The
I? i
I
164
A SYS r li M O F G F. O G K A P 11 Y.
SlLtSU.
fi< 1
h*
!f
The principal exporti o( this iltitchy :\ro ihrc.ii), y.irn,
linen, vi'ili, wndl, wnollin ci ths anil Itiilfi, paper,
nuildiT, anil nnll-llono. The Silifian merchants lilce-
tvilc (leal largely in wax, honey, lildt<, leather, and
furs, whith are lor the moll pan biouglil truiii I'ulanJ,
l-lungiary, and Kuni.i.
On the other hajid, they impo-t horfes, oxen, Polifli
tvlipat, and rock-lalt, with winii chietly Irotn lluni.'ary,
Aiidiia, the countrns about tlic Khine, and Irance;
Ipiccs, dru^5, fevcral niannr.idiiri'i, and oilirr eoinino-
clitifi are allu imported. Sijiee Silclia hai lallen under
the dominion ofl'rurtia, fevcrni excellent ie;;ul.itions hive
been made, by which commerce haj been cunlidcrably
Improved.
SEC 'I". III.
A ctttcl/i Vietc if iht Miiniifr In ivhhli ll>f gifatt/f Part «/'
Si/c/i<t brtamc fuljcll tJ ihc Kini; rf I'l iijji.1. Jti Armt aiut
Gavtrninent.
WITH rcfpcrt to the liiftory of Silifia, itfermsonly
iicccdary to obfcive here, that the death of the
emperor Chailcs V'l. in 174'^, ptoduced i.'rcat changes
ill ihat dutciu- ; Krcderic II. Ivinf; of I'liiffia, laying
tl.iirn to the following dilfriih ; liilt, to the principality
of J.igcrndorf, which in 1534. was piirchalcd with the
approbation of Lewis king of Mohemia and llunirary by
Cieorgc margrave of Ur.indenlnirg, liom the hoiile of
Schellcnberg, .ind beiiuc.iihcd by him to his fon (Jeorgc
Kredciio, from whom, by agretnirnt, it dev(dvcil to
Joachim Frederic, cledior of lirandeiUnnir, who left it
to his fon John (icorgc, whom the emperor l''criliiiand
JI. put under the ban of the empire, in 1625, by which
he loft the principality of J.igeriulorf, whieh the em-
peror conferred on the prince of Lichtenlkiii. Indeed
the elector Frederic William, in 16S6, renounced his
claim to it, in confideration of his enioying the circle
ofSchwibus ; but this, in 1(195, his fi>n Frederic rcilorcd
to the houfc of Auftria, in lieu of the fum of two hun-
dred and fifty thoufand florins: but king Fiedcric II. main-
tained by leveral argmncius, that thele ceflions were in-
valid. Secondly, to tlie principalities of Lignitz, Hrieg,
nnd VV'olau, by virtue of a compact of inheritance enter-
ed into, in 1537, bdwecn Frederic, duke of Lis;-
nitz and Hrieg, and Joachim II. cledior of Branden-
burg, by which the former was impowercd to fcize it bv
virtue of the privileges granted the kings of Bohemia in
fevcral diftant periods, notwithftaiuling the emperor F'er-
dinand I. in 154.6, had declared fuch compadt ofinhe-
ritarcc void.
Thele principalities had therefore been unjullly with-
held from the electoral houfc of Brandenburg, ever fince
the failuri' of the dukes of Lignitz. The above claims
were I'o cffcdluallv fupportcd by the march of an army
intoSilefia, that Maria 'I'hercfa, queen of Hungary and
Bohemia, lor ever ceded to the king of Pruffia and his
heirs and fuccellors, the countries of Upper and Lower
Silefia, together with the dillrick of Katfcher, rurmcrlv
belonging to .Moravia, as alfo the county of Glatz, re-
ferving however to hcrfclf fomc parts of Upper Silclia.
On the other hand, the king of Pruflia for iiimfelf and
fuccelTori renounced all demands on the queen of Hun-
5;arv, and took on himfelf the difchargc of the Silelian
debt due to ths fuhjedh of Great Britain, Holland, and
the dates of Brabant. The fame year the li^nits ' .'tween
PrufTian and .Aullrian Silclia were fettled and ('■.ninguirti-
cd by fixing up a hundred and thirty-eight pillars, with
plates of lead affixed to them.
This peace was, however, interrupted hy a new war,
which broke out in 1744; but was terminated by t!ic
treaty of Drefden on the twenty- fifth of December,
1745, wherein thofe of Bredau and Berlin, wi;h the
convention of 1742, were reiu'wcel and ratified. The
year 1756 pro.luced the tiiird Silefian war, in which the
kill'' of I'riilTia, alTifteJ by Great Britain, oppofnl the
wiiole |iowcr of the hoiife of Auftria, alFilled by FVanre
and Ruftia ; and, after giving amazing proofs of his
'.curate and condudl in defeating the numerous armies
of his powerful enemies, brought them to concluj.'
peace in 1 76 {.
The king of PrulT^.i (lilcs himfelf fovcriign and in.
prcmc duke of Sdclia i and by the treaty of lierlm n,'
quern el Hungary and Bohcmu has alio retained lolujl
lell and heirs the title of luvcrtign dutthcr* of Siluij.
The arms of thij dutchy are or, mi eagle trouii.j
with a crelcciit argent on its brcaU, the eiul, ,,!
fable
which are (otnetimes in the foiiii uf an acorn, anj iutw^.
times rclerjililc little irolle^.
Silclia waa never immediate ly coniiedUd with the .n.
vcrr.ment of the empire ; lor 11 never was an iinn,,fi|
fief, nor obtained a feat or vole 111 the d.cCi and tj'^^
has never been fiil.Jcdt to the luprcme liibunaU ol iiio
enipiro, the impviial laws arc tlicie of no (otcc. VV'hiic
Sihfia was annexed to the crown of Bohemia, the ci.jn.
mi/Iionci', of the fovcreign uUd to lay befoit the il.ci,
eit the prince, mil li.itcs demands of p.'cuniaiy luipijc-
which weret..ken into eonlideration, and the rtlululioa
of the diet mad: kn.iwn to the coniniiflii/neii, and to jlt
the priiicipalities and town'., by Ihiir relpeilivc dej'ulki
upon which meetings weio held ill ca'.li pnn_ip.ilit, ^
dell vcrate on the means ot railing the qiioi.i caili lih,.
rate prim ip.ility wai to pay t')u.ii.ls the lull) agreeei i^
at the gi'iietal ilict j and this, one ve.ir w:tti .in.nh. r, j.
niounlcd to .it bull two millions twenty tiiouf.md l! ,.m,,
1 lie colledfors uf the piiiicci and Hate! iciriiite,! t.u- |,.,^,
portions p.iid by cich piMii ipality 10 the giner.il IuImJ ■.
odice at llnll.iu, whiih vi.\' dipjiuicnt on thole prnn.t<
and paid the nioiuy fo Kveiv^'il to ll.e f.ivereign', :;;.j.
fury or war-ollice, 01 to the' ti.alur.'r of the lioiidi,,!,!.
This method of taxaiion, together wilii th.i lulitijr.
oftice, and the diets, were, however, abrogated by ki;i
Ireileiic II. and two war and doiiuin titafuiiis are n..;!
ed at Biedaii mid (jlogaii, for the management ofn.s
lever.d branches of the public revenue. The cx.i;.-,
on the fame looting with th.it in the more jiuk.;; ,;„.
minions of Pruflia, and is limited to the walled tuu;.;.
but the contributions of the open towns, village-, j,„|
leaf!, arc fixed, and continue at the fame height hutli ,:i
peace and war. Fvery principality, and every ciiele .,;.
to which it is divided, receives notice of its annual i..J
monthly contin;;ents pi) able to the contribution. 1';;;
two war and doniain-oiliecs, caeh of which has i;s j-.i.
lidcnt, diredtors, counfcllors, and other oflicers, liiji,:-
intend the contribution-. ; caufethcm to be duly Kcv.e^j
and accnunteil Ijr by the oilice of the receiver- •>er.c,-.'
and in the particular receivers olliccs ot the pnncip.di::,,;
lai;e care that fuch rrgularitv he obfervcd, as that t .c
contributional and fubfidial alieliincnts may bo laid anJie-
vifed in the fame precife manner ; and that the llvcr.l
films njtified tor coKecl:on, and duly p.iid every i;ioi:;;i
into the olBces of the provincial receivers, be from t.Ki.ee.
remitted to the rccciver-geiicral'j oiHcc;. at Brellau i:\X
Glogau.
Lower Silcfia annually pays one million one hu,;Jr;d
eighty-one thouland and forty- four rixilullars, at^-u.-d-
ing to fixed and inv.iiiable regulations ; but we have a.
exacl account ot the amount of the contribuii.ii.s ,.-i
Upper Silefia. It is, however, generally liippoleJ, l;,.i
.ill i'ruffian Silcfia, in coi-jUndlion with the couniy u!
Cilaty., the produce of tlr.' domiiiis, regalia, exciie, e.in-
tributlons, falt-works, the duty vn llainpcd p-ip.r, whic.i
is much eafier now than lormcily, and the ng.-.t-, ol ti.e
fovcrcignty all included, biiiig in annualiv iumve Icair
millions (<f rixdoliais. As to that (lart 01 Silelia whicii
belonsis to the hi-iil; of .-XiiftMa, ituas in 17+j obli 'ej
to raif'e a hundred and eighty-fix t'loufind rix,;oi!iri.
With refpect to the l.iws and co-irts ofjut'.uj, it n
proper to obfervc, that the kiiigol IVuflia, in his part 01
Silefia, haseredUd tnree fupreme courts, which are t^olJ
of Breflau, (ilogau, and Bii^g, ca-.h of which has a pir-
ticular dillridl. They take cogi.izance of all cr. il ji;J
criminal caules, hear appe.ils from th;; inferior court!,
and from tli; judgments ot the magiftrates of p.irtiea'jr
towns.
The principal rules of proceeding in thefe courts, ar;
contained in the CuUx l're;Urii'u»nii, the roy.il ord.nu!..;
and rcleripts, and Biachvogel's CoiKciion of the imp?-
rial pragmatic lancl.'jns; beliJcs which th.'tc are certjic
p.uti.alr
SiLtUA.
njriieular conOitutions
_,,iJtiiii in cvcrv town
The piince's, llatts, 1
i,*n regencies and com
Imni which an appcil I
i lie deputies of the pri
y^.ir 'it llicll.iu, and, to
llut iityj decide all 101,
iiiiiice.i and Kates concci
(ijel 111 land bclunging (
himleit aggrie»ed may "a;
iiriiiies when lutil oil
inrtics of others, or 111
iheir valllil--', niiifl lland
y\iio the iiilerior lurd/lii
liuiis, with the upper an
witliou. any inolclia^ion,
laio, they reijuiic the 1
i'hel.uti'.ran church
ijjtclioii ol tlie upper-coi
line::, with right ol appe,
mtnibelJ ol thele conlilli
Itllois ol the above I'up
10 well i but the priiici]
IJiellau h.iie their own d
jlijirs .iiiiong the paiiills
evuit .It Brellau ; liuni
liil'unji ol Berlin.
Silelll is divided into I
jn!> til Mr. Bufcliing, coi
1)1 (ilatz, aluiiidred and
ilri'd anJlevciitv fix vill.ij;
Si|ili.l, the ;;re.iieft part (i
bf I'lufFia, and contains tl
SEC
Of tilt ptincip<il:ly if Ihiflc
I'^HF. principiliiv of
of the iir.lc of N.i
if.^ to It, iiOi lcjur.ite, IS
pMicijuliti . ot (Jcl.s am
ihiJi I'l Lijiiii/, and Sciiv
.!.■ ,iiiiicip.diiKs of Schw
ullrtiiJ by Biie.' and O^
'I |i:- principality is eve
pa'i. iie»r the ()dcr an<
|.i4min-. It is, however,
iii.r J.i'uiule of rich paltu
ex.epteJ i but this ahuuii
wi all .ire lo fcaice m the
ptup'e ufe ilraw, with tnc
as alio thole of fun-flowei
plices Willows arc planted
III i!-..'ft iiaris they hae
r2r!ii-i:;.iily cows of a v
nei.-iilxiurhood of Brellai
iiuJdt., and the rivers arc
ijjj.-, however, arc \ crv b;
.rckMicc pallable in wet '
bcraiid quarries of Hone c
liifTiculty and expence.
fjcilitste its intercourl'e
diichfs to be dug along t
riijiij ihemfclves to be pa\
viTal years labour. Soiiu
tlun a mile in length, ane
in .Miiiual charge of fomr 1
I'lie principality of Br
fl«; ol thele the circle c
Jiiilf.vomariict-towns ; a
l-ifire the deficieiicv is mae
tlicm, they being every wl
of each other.
Tic- city of Breflau, ^
circle, and of the whole d
the Oder, which on the
wall:-, and in that par:
57
\ »
1' II R O 1' I"
t t.c
.lU Kti
. ul li.e
1 WIllCll
;i..r ■"
, ic b
part oi
: ihols
a pit-
lil ii.i
■ cuu;;!,
irticuUc
irts, arc
IC imp"-
Silesia.
j„i,ularconrtituii')n3 in every principality and lorjfliip,
'^..loiii 111 i-'v^'ry '"W"'
•* I 1,1. niiiKcs, llatis and the rityof Ilrcdiii, have ihcir
.,,1 rcL-iiicics and courts, liulh in civil and pfn.il i<nrci,
„ni whii;h •'!' 'M'pt'l 1"=' '" t*'"' ;inove lupn-mc l•flllrt^.
I'L j^niitifs i)t ila- princfi snd (ljte\ allcmlile twice a
,,f ,it llrcllau, and, n>Ke'hcr with the fiifiii.Tni; cnnrtof
'lut c'liy* decide iill tontells that have aiiliii anioii'.; the
'iiinci-' .Hid llatu cunceriunf; n pnncipalilv, Hate, or any
'' [ „| land lickingnii^; to lliein j but a party who thinks
li'iinltU a^ljiievi'd may "apply mthe king in porlcin. I'lu'
.^M, whtii lutd on acctiuiit of iiii- tightfi and pm-
' .jjj olotfttrs, or 111 dilputcj hctwccn theml'i Iven mul
'hLit vallil'i I'ln'' ll-i'id trial hel'oro the Ciipitiiic court.
A 10 thciiili;ri()r lurdCliipi, ami other country corpoia-
1 oils WKh 'I"-' iipp<-'r i«iid lower court., they are held
withou. •'I'/ inoleliaiion, eNec|)t th.it in capital or penal
lliS ihey reijuiic the loyal conlirniation.
I lie hutP' ran churche. ,ind Ichoids are under the in-
iDeclioii ol the upiKr-toiifilluncs at lircllau, (ilogau, and
ij,n.,r Willi ri,;htot appeal to the tribun.d at Uerlin. The
mcnibeiJ o' '1"'^ conlillories arc the prelidents and coun-
Iti'oi.'i "' ^^^ al'iive luptemc court, with an eicleliallic
10 well i hut tlie principality ol'Oels and the city of
UkiUh h.i\e then own dillmdt conlilloiics . hut churih
jlijirs .iiiiiiiit; the papiUs arc cogni/.ahle hy the l)i(lio|)'',
luitat Hrellau i lioin whence alio appeali lie to tnr
l,ilnin.d vi Berlin.
SiUlii i:> divided into U|)pcr and Lower ; anl, ar<oid-
1^(1 (0 Mr. Iiufching, contains, cxcliifive ot the county
lirCiLit'i aluindred and lixty-niiic cities, .nid I'.urhun-
jjrtJaiidreventv fix vill.iges. Wefliall heu'in wnli Lower
SililU, the ;;riatetl part ot which is rul'ii-it to th-. king
i,l l'iuiri.i( itudtuntaiiib thirteen principalities.
SECT. IV.
Of iht principality ij Bieflau, with ii particular Dtfcriptim
' (-1 ..'J Capiliil.
t^.;
1"*Hf. prinripihlv of Urcflau, or Brcdaw, cxclufivc
ot 1115 I irile ot N.imllau, which, though beloii;;-
ir. 'toit, iie> leparate, i. hounded on the north hy the
praicipaliti . ot (Jets and Wolau, on the weflward hy
thc.li lit Li:;iiit/, and Stliwcidnitz, on the fouthward hy
.!.:.)riiitip.duks of Schu'cidnitz and Brieg, and uii the
tjltwiid hy Unc.' and Uels,
Tti;- principality h every where flat and level, and the
lU'L ir.«r tliC Oder and other rivers either Candy or
|j...mpv. It is, however, an excellent corn country, and
11,.; JJlitute of rich padures, the Namfl.wi circle alone
tii.tl'teJ 1 but this abounds in timber and wood lor fuel,
WMthare lo ieaice in the other circles, that the country
neop'e uie liraw, with the (talks of thiftlcs and burdoc,
as alin thole of fun-flowers and potatoes, and in many
pUct! willows are planted merely for burninp.
Ill null I'.arts ihcv have good Cittle and Ihccp, and
r.-;r'.ni:;.iilv cows of a very extraordinary li/.e. The
iiu:iil'iurhood of Ijrcflaii produces grc.u <iuantitic3 of
nujvlt., and the rivers arc well fupplifd with fifli. The
i.iij.., However, arc \cry bad, and, where the foil is black,
.rclc.ucc pali'able in wet wc.thcr, and for want (jf tim-
ii-r an.l quarries of llonc c.mnot be repaired without great
difficulty and expencc. The city of Biedau, in order to
ficilit:ie its intercoiirl'c with other pl.iccs, has raufcd
ditches to be dui; aloni^ the fides of the roads, and the
roali^ thenilclves to be paved with Hones ; a work of fe-
vsral years labour. Some of thefe ditches are not lei's
than a mile in length, and the keeping them in repair is
an.iiiiiual char^re oflomc thoiifands ol dollars.
I'iie principality of Urdlau is oivided into four cir-
windin;; (ourlV thiou^h Oil Rnnju. I lie picfcnt old
city WIS luiiiierly inconipalle.l by (Ins I.ill river, a.s with
a moat, all without the Ohiaii to the walls of the mv
heini; additions made bv (he eiiiperoi C'haili... I V. 'J he
Uver.d p.iils comprilu iided under the iiante i^f lircllau
are colleitivi ly o( |'ieat i Xteiit i for, iiulliding the lub-
urhi, the vvhrde i ireunifcrciicc is not lef< than iiiiii;
iMii^lidi niilc^-. The tc.rtilicatiiiMs of the city are of nii
';mt iinport.incc. It haj feveral lar;;i and rcjjular
lipi ires i the nuiin rtrects arc broad, and, htfides many
noble rditicts, it contains a iiiimlnT of very clci^ant
hoiifis and other piivate buildings. The part called the
Dominlil, thoiiL^h lyiir.; «iihoiit the iliciiit of the town,
is defended by low walls ftniv^thcned with balliont, and
ill it Hands the i .ithi Jral of St. John, whieh in l~yj,
tO'.;ethi r wi'.ii the deanery, was deltioyed hy lire. In the
(jine p.irt is alio the bifhop's library, which forms a par-
ticular hiiildinp i the abbey of the Hidv Crofi ; three ot
four fmall chinches ; the bifhop's palace, wliicii is a very
fpacious IfruiSturc i the dwellins;? of the prebends, fomc
of which have very beautiful f;,irdens ; and the electoral
hofpit.d for poor children of both fexcs.
Ill the fuhurli called the S.indinlel, which lies before
the Sand f.;ate, is St. .Vlary's church, a vcrv beautiful
building i a fplciulid convent, with a larj^e library, be-
loniMii ' to the regular Aiifuliin canons ; St. James's
church, which belongs to ,in AugiiHin nunnery ', and St.
Ann's, belonging to the canons of St. Mary. Near the
Sand gate is the monalfcry of St. Vincent, anJ adjoiniiii
to it the niainiliccnt nunnery of St. Claie. Near ihcio
line (IriKiines is the beautilul abbey of St. .Matthiiii,
with a parilh church, ami a v.iluiihlc colIciKioii of books
beloiigin.; to the preheiid.i of the Ked J'r.o-; and in thu
finie (Ireet is St A.'tlc.'.i duirch mid an UilTinc nun-
nery. The J.-I'uits colh'C, with ila fjileiiJid church,
Hands on the I'lte of the c.dlle, which was on. u tlie re-
liileiice of the diik'sof lircllau ; hut the emperor Leopold
g.ive it to the Jt-fuit i.
The other popiHi chiir'hes and convents in the city
arc, the Kran.-il'caii, dedicateil to St. Anthony, to which
is alio annexed a regular built church •, St. ILdwiga''-,
which belongs to a C.iiiiichin convent that Hantls bciiinj
it i St. Dorothy's, which is in the p.jH'efTion of the Mi-
norites ; the |i.irochial church id' the Hidy Corps, be-
longing, to the Johannitcs onimandcry, which faces it; tha
parochi.d church of St. Adelbcrt ; the beautiful chapel of
St. Cedaus ; St. Jofcph's, which belongs to another Domi-
nican convent ; with the nunnery of St. Catharine. T'o
thefc arc to be added, the manfion-houfe of the fiftcrj
of St. Kliz.ibeth ; St. Nickel'schurch before St. Nickel's
ija'.e ; St. Maurice's without the Ohiau gate j the fmall
hofpital church of St. Ln/arus ; with the church and
convent of the Ciood .Mcii.
I'he churches belonging to the Lutherans arc St. Kli-
zabcth's, which is the principal, and St. Mary MagJa-
Icn's, both in the Old Town, and containing valuable
libraries ; St. ikrnardine's in the New 'I'owii has ;\lfo a
good collcition of books ; St. Iiarbara'.i church is ap-
pointed to the ul'e of the garril'on. There arc alio three
hofpital churches, and that of St. Chridopher'}. The
Lutheran fervicc is likewife performed in a large hall be-
longing to the houfc of correclion. Without the town
the Lutherans are pofl'ed'cd of th- church oF St. .Salvatcr,
which fervcs for the foldiery who arc quartered wiibout
the city, and another church dedicated to the eleven
thoiifand virgin", without the Oder .'.r.c.
'I'he Calvinills afl'eniblc in a bjilJing r;n th.i other fide
tlie Oder, which wa.s once the gciict.:! tax-o.licc. The
(ircck ChriHians, moH of whom arc .'.r:ncnians. have a
chinch here, and the Jews their fyiiagogucs.
The popidi iinivcrt'ttv, which i.; under the care of the
Jcfuits, is a noble tlruilure. The Lutheran.'. ,it St. Lli-
1 1 of thefe the circle of liredau cont.uns nine cities | /abeth's, and St. Mary Magdalen's, have two dourilhing
and two market-towns ; and if the villages are iiiit very
large the dcficiciicv is made up by the great number of
them, they being every where placed witliiii cannun-Huit
oleaeh other.
1 lie city of Breflau, or Brcdaw, the capital of this
circle, and of the whole dutchv of Sileiia, is iitiiated on
the Oder, which on the north hdc runs dole by the
academies, each under the dirccfion of eleven profell'or;,
with a grammar-fchool at St. Bernardi.ie's in the Ncii/
Town. The exchange is a very elegant Hruchirc.
The city, befules a governor, and feveral courts of
jtiHice, has a court of cxcheipier, a war and domain-
oftice, with thofe for fait, cuHoms, cxcife, and trade ; a
college of phyficians, a mint, 5ic. Frederic 11. granted
ytiih, and in that part receives the Ohlau, alter its | Brcllau the third place in rank amon^ his capital cities,
57 T • (liat
•.V
fPiS
l,.l
i
i"-i'.
ws
mm
m.
^•'1
,; .,]., mkm
A s Y s r K M o [■■ c, V. o c; U A I' 1 1 Y.
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■•I
J
i\i.it ij, to be ii«xt to Wciliii jrJ M ''.'.ij;rnT;;. 'I hi- \\n-
Uit^ricv .iiiil iDiififtory urc lioth rompDlcJ ol I.nllui hh.
Thii city i» .It prrr.iit the center ot all the trailu mi ii.lc-
fij, anil it« iiihaliii.iMt? cjrrv nn Icvcrjl m.iiiutaC>iiu'.,
Jt bicamt liibji'i.'l ti) thi- I'uiiri.in (•ovcinmciit in 17.M1
and In 1-57 a Inull I'lulTi.in .univ, inninunilc.l liy Au-
milhi', \\illuni ilukoiil Uniiilwii.- H.vun, tmtihcil itum-
lilvcj in tlui Miij'hbouthiiiHl i anJ, being .iluckciI'Mi itn
Iwcnty-U'iDiiil ol NDVcnibcr In a iDiirultralilebmh nl ilic
AuUri.in forLii, m.ulc » molt vin'iroui JiIoiki- nil ilu-
rn'iiiin i but in the night nuuteil thiir iimp, .iiul einl-
flii;; the Oikr, the iity lurtimlcuil tii the AuMimiii.
However, on tlu- twentieth nl December it w.ii retaken
by the king dI I'rufl'ia, ;iml ibe Aiiltn.in ^'anilon, wliuh
amnumej to near one ihmir.inil ei^ht biinilieil men, in.ide
luH'oncrs ol w ir. In the l.ill lie^e k^eial ol !:■, ihurcluj
were ilanii„cil, ami St. .Maiy .uaLvlalcn's libraiy Jeniu-
lillieJ \\\ the r.iUinn of a boiiib. The t'leatell jiait likc-
vilo 1)1 the Ciilniibs rulleieJ exiremely, .iiid that |)art
without the Saiul yatc was tniircly burnt down.
S K C T. V.
(If l!i- PrinJpnlititl ef fiiif;;, S.hwnJiiilz, miil 'Jjutr ;
will' ll't pr'niiipjl PLiiii ieiitJiuJ in mj),
WK now romc to thepriiicip.ilitv of Urieg, whieh n
on all lules InriouiuleJ by th -• ot Oel-, liulliii,
PcluvciJnit/, Mimltetber.', Neifs, and Diipelii, ex-
cept .1 dctaehed piece which bordcr.s on I'olaiul. Ilus is
6ne ot the largelt prlncipaliliei in all Silelia, and alio one
of the mtilt k'ttilc in (jiain.
This principality i.i divl.Ld into fix ciules, which
contain nine cities and two niaiket towns. I'hc piinci-
pal place in this principality iv,
Rricj^, in Latin lirega, the e.ipliat of a cinleof the
fame name, and of the whole piiiu ipa'ity, It.iin!:. on the
river Oder, and is not only will lurlilied, biit i» oneol
the larj'ell, handUumlt, ..nd mull coiilidei.dilc cities in
ull Sililia. It has four fiibiirb>, and a very long, lolly,
:;nd (troll;; wooden biidi^e. 'I he caftle, which was an-
tieiuly the relldencc ol the dukes of I{rK.», was hiiint
down ihirin/, the fiegc of the city in I "41. On the luuth
lule of line:; (lands the abbey of .St Hedwi:;a, which is
in the polVelTion of the napills 1 betides which hcie is.ill'o
a Jefuits culK'gC and .1 Fraiicilcan convent. To the I,u-
ihei.ins lielong the parochial chuiih of St. Nicholas,
and they have alio M\ academy founded by duke (leorge
fl. with the church of the Holy Trinity, in which the
I'olidi congregation adenible. In 1643 this ciiy held
cut a fiegc a;;ainH the Sweden, but in 1741 the I'ruffiaiis
made themfelves malUrs of it in lour days.
The principality of Scluveidnitz bordeis to the eaft on
the principalities of Uiieg und iSredau, to the northwaid
on thofe of I.ignit/. and Jaucr, to the wellward .ilfo on
Jaucr, and to the Inuthward on Hohemia and the county
of .MuiifteibeiL;. It is one ot the larjnft and mo(l popu-
lous jirincipalities in all bilclia, and, in conjuiii^lion with
the principality of Jnucr, is fuppofcd to iunn one-tijjhth
of the dulchy.
In this prinripality arc fevcral very high mountains :
it, however, aii'urds a fulSciency of grain, timber, and
Jriiit ; and abounds in game uf all kinds ; as alfo in rattle
andpii-co.it, Befides tlu le advantages, it has exrcllent
flax and wool ; and the inhabitants are lemarkable for
their mdudiious iniproveinent ol thele advantages, by
tarry iiit; on a variety of nianulactuies. This is chiefly
done ill the tiilly parts of the principality, wheic its
grcatell trade is cariied on. It ti.is no tar^e rivers, thj
iirincipal of them being the Wcrditz, PolCnitz, and
IJober.
Thi>; principality is under the war and domain trca-
furies at Hrellaii, and is divided into fue circles, the
princip.ll towns in which are,
iirlnvcidnit/, the capital of the circle of the fame
name, and of the whole principality, is a llrong loiirefs
fitiiatcd on the little river Weidritz, in one of the molt
i|fli",htfiil fpots in all Silcfia. Its ftrcngth formerly ton-
fiilrd in a triple wall ; but in 1 74X, Frederic II. caiiled
It to be fortified with regular works of very great j
81L1114
llrcngth. The panlli chnnh ii in (he h in U of ihr i^
funs, who got looting in thii town in lO/r), an 1 ,,.
likewilV polUded ul u cot|e;>c iind (Lininary ad;iiiiiiii.
It. Tlure are here it Doniinicaii, Minorilv and I . !,"
iliin moiialliry, with m\ Uilelinc iiiinnerv, all {\\\\\^ l
have tlicir rtlpcitive thurchci. St. Miclnrl', ji,^ \
without the lower lmic it a eomini-nilaiii of tl'
Star prebends (.( >ii. Nl.itthiai at llredau. W'lthi r
town is 4 I'lilheran cliuich, the head miniltcr uf vvhrli
11 iiilpeillor ol ihcchurclic. within the circlet ofScliwiij
nit/, Ueiihenliack, and Siii^an, .iiul the piiir i|u;,|,'
ol Nlundeiber;;. The nrratelk pait of thii city y,
buintdown in the year 17101 but hai bciii (inrc irdu'i
with much inuie beauty than before, and all ein,,,.'
ot Itone i in p.iiticul.ir the new lown-honfe ii a ii|,,|»
elegant dniclure. However, in I-57, it wji t:ikni Vi
the Audrians, alter a (iej'e ol (ixtein t\,\yy durin;. whjtii
It w.ii in I ^;ieat mealiire dcltioyed by the lionili , |,j|.
lets, and hies occalioncd by them i and iit I75H, Hf
I'lulliaiiii ictovcied it, alter a fiege uf tlic (anie cuir .
iiuaiKe.
Keichenbacli, the c.ipital of a circle of th? fim,
name, is (itu.iled on the Intle river I'ril. In thu t'rv'i
I.S a comniandtiy id the order of .St. fnhii, to \<i\., ^
liiloiigs the patmnai'.e of its parochial church, whuii;,
pop.di \ and thiK Is licie alio a l/iitheran oiatury. W ,\\,
out the I'raiikendein g.iie is apiioiy dcilicated ti) sj
ll.iih.ira, and without ihe Sthwci liiii/. gate, an holH,.
Ml th.it h.is a I'inall church. In id {2, this city wi,
pillaged by the Saxons j in 1 6 {H l»y the iinpiii.i] ;|i
■xnA III l').J4, It (urtered itill greatci calamities Imm ^j
Cto.its. In 1642, it was l.icked bv the Swcdf, inj,,,
1643, its inipetial garrifon d.niolilhcd upwards ot di..
luin.licd and forty liouics fur fu'.l. In this town are idm;
conlii'erable manulaillures ol fultian, linen, and cii-vn.
The principality of J.iuer is bounded on the ca'l bv
the piincipalities of I.igiiiiz and Schwcidiiitz 1 to i;.
luuthwaid, by Hohtnii.i , to the weltw.itd by Hdhm ^
.iiid I'ppcr l.iilatia ; and to the iiotlhwatdby the nr,,].
iipalitics of t ilogau and Sagan.
The whole principality is in general tnnuiii.iinriii
and is Icparated from liuhemia to the louth and w |i
by a chain of mountains. The Schme, or Kielenknivn
Is the highelt of all the Kiefen or (iiant's ch.un, ,
well as of all Sileda. It railis its head far above ;i.-v
of the neighbouiing inounlains, and lor the j'n •.;.
p.irt of the year is covered with liiow. 'I'liofe whnl,i
I limbed it, lunipute its alceiit liuni the lout tn •■-
highcd fumniit, at three Cieiman miles, and til.- ■■. ..
lend Mr. Schilling, I.Ue leCior of lliifchberg, i^ \.".}.:)
have difcovercd, by means ot inatheniaiic il inltumici:;,
that its perp'.iidicular hei:;ht is no lei, than tw^mv-rv.ii
thouland live hundred Kheinland leer; but thu .iicc.i,'
is cerlaiidv a iniltake i lor was it ot luch a hiij.'!,!, ;;
would be perpetually covered with I'liow, and the i j 1
would be much moie iiiteiile th.in it reallv i,. It. lolt.c"
pait Is a deep (tony rock of lontiderabic circuinttroncr,
upon which IS built a chapel, wiieicin rr.al.. i> cdcbu
ted (ue tniies .1 year.
This pinuipality does not produce corn fiidicr.-pt > •[
the great number of its inhabitants ; hut its ir'iijiitti: ,
contain vaiiuus ores, with numerous mutes m cO]ipr;
andiron; tliey are likewile covered with woud. 'I I;
piincipality yields alio pit co.il and mill- Hone.
I he principal riy;^ which traverlcs tlic whole Icnjth
(if the principality trom louth to north, is the llobn.
There are alio fevcral little rivers, p:;iticularly llie l.n:-
erlchc water, which palics by the town of Jaucr, wh
a gentle current; but is (bmctimes fo I welled bv t'c
diows and rain, as to do conlidcrable damage.
This principality has twelve towns, bclides fomci'
lai^cs III Silelia, they being four miles ill len;;tli, .1 i
contain many aitiliceis, p.irticularly weavri .. I.-,'
whole piincipality is divided into four circles. Il"
piincijial towns, in which ,iie the lullowing.
Jauei, the capit.il or the circle of the lame naiiii', .1.
well as of the princip.dity, Ik's on the Jaiieilche «.i-
ter. riie houles in the market-place have a raiiije i,t
pi.izzas along the front, to Ihtlter padengers from t^u'
ram ; but thele are (o ill contrived, as to dil'giiile th.;
buildings, and render the lore p.i't ot tl!" ;;io'ii;J ?.;jr
I; I ,
illll
U l< O P
S||,».M <. »
of littK- III'"' '"' i'''"' ^■'"'" '' '" l'"l'i'li< l'i'l'»l«'« wliiih
hrir i> .iiKdlici- Im .11 >huiili lK-l..iii;mtc tu ttic t.iiiu' f.li-
■,,i, ^viii, n t ruiiiMii iniivi'iir, that h.n likrwiir h
ihur'ih, iin.l with.'ut the (lnl.lber^ gutc, the I'.ilvmilt.
tvive .1 church .m.l .i nr.imm.ir tihool. In 11)40, tint
town w"" «•'''«" ''y '^'^ Inii'erinliUi IworJ in hami, ,iiiJ
^ llir(VhhVr;», ihf i-iil>it.il >il' the ririle ot' thr 1.11111
nnu', iiruii""! nil iht liuhci, whuii here tafivcj a
tnuH'tivfr i.-.i\WA tliu /.ikiii. Tlii^ h <iiic t>f ttic h iiul
„„;„.(>, m.ftr;"'!""^. •""'•r'!'"' "7"» '"•'II '''l^-
„,. It hiviiti; li'iM' ami will built lulmrli., 111 whiili arc
hrautilul parilini ami hkachiin'; .'.riiuiiils wlicrc mry
yfji many thouliiul picci-. »t luuii, veil-, ami tithcr
ttorks <il 'fi- '"""" •'"- wliittiu'il. riio jiapilK liur hire
parofhial ihurch, to which lii-hini;^ an aKh-|irirll,
ivhii i- 'iifp'^^'^'ii ' •' '""' aiih-iirillijliricH, .imj h nli-
I , / Jriuiis. VVi'hiiut the towit the I.iithcr.iiH
have a I'"/' ''"'' haiidtome ihuri h, and a I'l IvjiiI, Inr thr
■iraiit'of both wlu. h they paid thirty thouiaiul duiatj a^
** ,.ii'r to the cnipcriii, -"'d alio advanced linn a Inai) nl
OIK- li ii' '"■'! 'li""l'-»nJ "-^"1' Thlt i« next to Hirllau,
the priiHiP'l 1''''"= °' *'■="'"-■ '" ■'" '*'''*''■'• " liavin;^ a
jf^. f^tcnl'u MiuiKTCC for its lincnn ami lis.
The lall pli>^ •*"■' '^'11 nientiiin in this princijiillity
II that "I Sclimiedilici;', or Sniith's-hill, an open tree
niine town ol i.inlideriihlc trade, I' atOil among hilU, that
owes it* origin to the vail i|ii,iiititv ol ii^li ore touiid in
iti iicigbhou'iliodd. Aniniii; the inhalntants are many
loik and nun Iniilhs, with other aitihiers in iron. Here
IS .ill'o a ilaiiulk iii.innlai'lure, whii h iiiakcH linen da-
iii.ifk, with halt and whole lilk ilanialk'.. The town
likcwilc deal^ lar;',elv in linen. Tlu' paroelii.d ehuieli
1^ in the poiUllioii ot the Uuiiians, and iheie r. alio one
bcloii;;ni!', to the Lutherans. I'oinu ily d w of the 111-
habita^its weie free lioiii wen<, which was imputed to
the vitriolir and fcrriu^inons ipiality of the wati r 111 the
nii lie trenches i as lime the dilule of that w.iter tor
ilriiikint; and drclTmi; ol vidluals, they aie bccuiue much
Id's frcciuciU.
S K C T. VI.
S.-fcity 'Itiid'Oihti^, iiHil Coroli.lh.
TlIK principality of I.iKMitz is bounded by ihnt of
[aiicr to the wtlhvard, by the two priiuipiliiies
lit J.iirr and Schweidnil/. to the (outli ; by thme of lire-
lliii and Wolau to the caft, and by the pinicipalities of
Wiiljii and (ilonan to the weltward.
The only ronlidcrable mountains in thi- principality
arc the Spiizbciye .nnd (iral/.ber,;c. The C'der waters
it lor about nine niilc^, nninmj; alon;' the bordeis ot the
pnncip.ility of Wolau, wheie it ii juiiud bv theCrat,',-
bach, the lari;clt river in all the country, but is Uibju^l
to iiiundaticiis. Tbis principality is veiy t.itile, and
contain '. fome lari;e woods. '1 beie is here a (-ood bleed
of (Iron- l-.orle:, 'and the country about the vill.i;'es luar
•he city of l.ii;nii'. produces madder.
This piincijiality i:i divided into four circles and coii-
t.iiiis live towiH, till' principal of which are,
l.ii;nitz, the c.pital of a circle of the fame name,
,nJ of the whole principality, is leatcd on the Cat/bacli,
m the lifty-lirif decree twenty-one minutes north lati-
tude, and the j'lsiecnth d-p,ree twenty minutes call lon-
•itude. It is walled round, and near the ['ale ot CJlo-
..HI is the old palace of the princes, whii h, thouj^h
'within the town, Is enconipalVed with a dillimit moat
iiid hii;h wall. Here the llatcs of the provinces adein-
Me in a very llately ftonc cdilicc. The Lutherans have
two cburchc; here, one called St. Peter's and .^t. Paul's,
ottheL'ppcr cluircll, is lituated in ihe Lower Town
near Uri lliii s-atc. The pipills are iliU in polkflion of
ihe co!le;;into church ol St. John, which in 1(198,
was taken from the Liithcraiis, and bciiii; given to the
lefuitb, was entirely rebuilt : tliey have alio a maijnifucnt
iolle<;e. IJelides thrfe, theic is a ISenediCtine iiuiinery
cf the Holy Crofs, with its church ; the parochial chiircii
(.'f .St. Nepomuck, and a Kiancilcaii church and con-
iCy
vent. Heici.aliu nil liofiiii.il, nn.! a ipi.tmn ar.t.l'iny
loiiiidcd by thu emperor jokpli, |.ir tli" inltriictiotl' iH
vouiio, i^enlleiiiiii ^A liotli i.'Iiimoiii, ininiliirv I'lii ri i-
let ; l.i^iiitA I • one of th^r niol! .iiici.'iit Inwni in ill Silr.
lia, midrauiei on a ,'ood trad.' in rl-als .itid madder. Ic
hai ur\ lrci|iieiil!y bicii dellioyrJ by (iri, an.l in 1741,
the I'liilli UK took a without i'|ipoliii'in.
lijldb !(;, ilie principal town in a cm Ic of the f.iinc
naiiie, i« liiii.it'-d III it deli.tftlul loiintry near llie rivn
Cai'/baih, and 11, next to Li^nii/., the bill town in
Ihe piiiieipali y. It it luppoled to hive been toitnded in
the tw< Ifth leiitiirvi and is Ii ainj una hill, winch with-
in the I..WH is not tverv wiicrtf level. The paril!>
ehiireli lure b..'loii('. to tin: Luilietans, In the fixieeiilli
ei'iitiiiy it lud a celetiinted academy kept in a build -
iiij; wliK h had been f rnietlv a rr.incifcm convent, and
in i;^'.\. It wai fellurcd to that order j In that the Lu
theran. h.ive oiil) a comm in grammar Icliool. I her"
II lure .illo A commandeiy of the order of .'sf. John,
riic IJ.it/.b.ieh IS a j^icat cnnvenieiKe to the town, \et
its overliowiiig its b.inka ha, tuiiuemlv done it confidc-
rable daiii.1^'5. Iliii town has .dlo I'oniclimcs lurtereil
^re.itly by tire.
Lulieii, the c.ipii il of a circle of the Time name, u
fitiiaied in a plain, which lhoii>li limicwliit If. my, 1:
not iinlniitliil. I'lu' town i> in. ill ; hut ir, IuUuiim Htu
lar^e. U( (he ancient pal.ice ol the prnu 1 ■., litrli- rnore
is now to be letn thin the walls. Niar this |m|..i e 11
4 fm.ill pupilh chipd. Tlie piiilh church and fcliacl
arc in the politflion of the Lutlu raiis
The piincip.ility ol Wolau is bounded on the fouth bv
the princip.ilities of llrell 111 and Lignitz j in the weiU
ward, by thole ol Lirjul/, and t.;iui;au j on the north-
ward. It is alio bounded by the latter, and on the call-
ward bv I'.liiid, and the principalities of Tfachcnbciv,
Oels, and Hrell.iu.
The loll ot this dutchy 1^ for the molt part cither
dry, mailliy, or over-run with Woodb ml hulhes ; but
theic aie IwVeral traiits which yield ijood u.in.
The Oder tiaverles the whole piiiKi(i.il)ly Irom foutli
to north, and on the bordeis ol Lij'int/., is joined by
theC.iilbach, where it likewifc receives the little river*
of C.illinbach, Juferitz, and leveial other llrijiii whicli
wai,.r this piincip ility,
Thij diiliicl contains fix circle", and the f.imc num-
ber of towns, the princi|ial of wlinh is,
\Vol.ni, the capital ol a circle of the finic nnmc, ami
of tlie wli'jle principility. It is on all (ides furroundeU
with iiiarllies, which in wet wealht r form a natiu.il dc-.
feiK-e. It h.is two fuhurbs, n.iiiied llreflau and Steinaui
and in It is a palace, with a PopiOi church, and a Car-
nielitv- convent ; but the town church and fchool aro
III the I'ufldliiin of the Lutherans. In the year iIj.|0,
it was laken by the Swules, and in 1647., lurprifed [ly
the Iiiiperi.ililb ; but loon retaken by the Swedes, and ill
l()j,4, was recovered by the Imperialilts.
I he piiiicipality of tiloi;au is furroiindcd liy Poland,
and Ihe piincipalilies of \Volaii, Lii^nit/., J.iuer, Si-
I'an, and Croll'eii. It produces a grc.it deal of coin and
wine, has a liifficiencv of wood,.iiid its wo,d is wioui'ht
into dilbrent nianul.ii lories-, it likewile abounds in iron.
The (Jder waters molt ot the cilcles in this principa
lity-
It Is dividw-d into lix circles, in which src fiNtccn bj
roii'.ins and lour niaiket- towns.
Grea' (Jlogau is the cipit.il of a circle, and of th'^
whole iMiiicipality, and is called (Ireat to ililiiiiguilh it
Irom (iloiMii ill i'pper Silelia. Ii has a handfome callle,
is well loitilicd on the tide of IVd.ind, and has a "o-
vernor and comm.indant, who are nominated bv tht
kini; of Prulli I ; it is the feat of feveral couits ofjiillice,
.Old alio of the war and domain olBcc, the e.\c;le orfici-,
the iiiiliMry ireafury, the fublidy ofiice, and the domain
office. It is litu.ited on the Oder, fifty miles 10 th(- e.ilt
of IlreH.iii, and in it is a palace, a popilh parilli church,
a colle^^e of Jeluits, a iiionallery of Dominicans, ano-
ther of I'raiu ilcans, and a nunnery of Clarill;, wirh -i
Lutheran church and Icliool. It has been fn-iiuciitly al-
moll confiinud by liie, and has often been belie .0 <• d a!ul
taken; but in 17+ 1, the Pnillians liaviiu' carried it by
allault, llrcn^tlKred ;ts f'jrlili'.-ativns.
"It-.,
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A
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'I'hc piiiKip.illiy ot Neil. Sy Ionic iriipiopcily called
till; piliuip.iluv 1)1 (Jui'k.iu, IS cnviroii::J by thole ol
MuiiILmIick;, IJiif,S Oppi'lii, .itiil J.ii;triiJoil', as .ilio
by iMiiravi.i .inJ tiu county ol (il.u/.. 1 he louniini
part 1)1' this principality u veiy nioiiiitaiiious as thiou^^li
it runs the Moravian nunmtaiiisi but thi' northern p:irt
I. both moic level and more I'ertilc. Within thccirvles
ot Neil's and CJrotkau arc hiej good hurre.-, the latter
alio yields tobai-.o -"id in the toMiier ib made a great
number of iron niio its largell river is the Neils, which
runs out ot' the principality ut Munllerberg, and alter
tominuing its courle tor fume miles from well to ealt,
winds awav northw.iids. Moll ol the brooks and riiu-
!els of this country dilchargc thenilelve-j into it. In this
tiidricl all'o ril'cs the Ohiaii ; the luuice of the Oppa is
'ikewile among the niu'.m'.aiiis of thiscountiv.
I'lie wlioie piiiicipality of Neifs contains under it
eleven cities, and as it is within tiie bifhoprx of IJrcl-
lau, that bidiop ufually ililes himfclf piinee of Neils,
iiiid duke of (.irotkau ; and, by virtue ot iliis principality,
takes place of all the other princes in Mlelia. As part
of this piiiicipality is fubjeilt to the king of Bohemia,
the bifl'.op is under two foveieun.;.
Neils, in Latin Nill'a, the capital of the circle of the
fame name, and of the whole principalitv, is a [ilace of
great Itrength, I'ltuated on the river Neil's, on the other
lide of which is a hill where king Frederic U at the
liege of this city in 1741, railed his tirll battery ; and in
1743 a Truffian fort was erected by order of that prince,
who laid the firll Hone. The kin;; appoints a governor
and commandant ; hut the bdliop is poirelled of the
palace, and has a treafury, a court of juilice, a domain
and conllitutioiult>flice. Here is alio a collegiate church,
which is likewi'e the parochial church, dedicated to St.
James and St. Nieholaj ■, ine abbey of St. Peter and St.
Paul, dedicated to the Holy CroiS ; a Ji'fuits codcge,
two Francifcan convents, a Dominican n.onaltcry in the
new fuburb called Fredirickit, It, a Capuchin come. ir,
and a nunnery of the older of i'/. A/aria AIugtiiiLiia de
pcer.iutitiil.
i'hc principality cf Ocls is fiirroiindcd by Poland and
the principalities of Brief, Breflau, VVolau, and I'ra-
chenbcrg ; its foil is fanuy, and not very fertile; and it
contains eight cities and one town. It is divided into
four circles, the princip.-'l place in which is,
Oels, in Latin Ulftna, the capital of the fame name
and of the whole principality, is fituated in a maill,
foil on the river Oels. It coiu.iins \ palace of the princi,
with two Lutheran parochi.d churches, a (rec-fchool, en-
dowed with falaiics tor a mafter of languages, a fencing
and writing-maller, and a popifli church. In 16 jj. it
wa. burnt by the Iniperialilts, and in 17^0 the greatell
pan uf it was again dcmolifhcd by tire.
The principal city of Sagan is bounded on the caft by
that ol Glogau, on the fouth and well by Jyufatia and
the dutchv of Crolleii, and li» tiie northwa'd by that
dutchy. It contains large woods and chaccs; and, as it
iibounds in iion ore, has a great number of iron mills.
'J'hc Qi^icifz runs througn the whole length of the prin-
cipality, travelling ii Iroin loutli 10 noith, and in its
rourie receives the Bober, the Tfcheina, and the
Hriefnit/-. It is divided into three circles, and contains
three cities and one m.ukct-town.
S.agaii, the capital of aciicle, and of the whole prin-
cipality, isfc.ited on the Dober in a pleafant country, and
has a palace of the dukes, with an abbey and a church
«)f regular Auii,ulf ins ; a Jefuits college, and a Lutheran
rhurch and I'ehoid, (or which the Lutherans made the
tnipeior a donation of ten thoiifand florip», and lent him
fifty thoulaiid. It has been feveral times deftroycd by
iiie.
The principality of Munlloiberg is environed by the
principalities of Schweidnit?-, Brieg, Ncifs, and the
county of Glatz. It has a eood foil, and, befides flax,
hemp, and wood, produces hops and all forts of grain.
IL'ie arc hkewiie a large bleed of horned cattle and (beep,
'i'o the welt and fouth it is very mountainous, the Bo-
liciiiian chain ending and the Moravian chain beginning
tl.crc.
In this principality are three boroughs aiul one maiket-
tc'wn ; nnd it is dividcJ into two cirtles, the principal
town of which ij tint of iMiiiilt<.iber;i, lli.'fipital of the
whole principality, whiili is le.it'.d 011 the riier Ohlju,
and has an old callle of liie duke'., villi a parochi.d po-
pi(h church, and anothir called StT'eier and St. Paul's
lielonging as a commend, ini to the Ki d Star prebendaries
of St. Matthias at Bii ilaii. I'o thel'e are added, a Lii-
theran oratory, with anolher of Bohemian Calviniltj,
ine molt confiderable employment of the inhabitants ij
the cuituie o( hops.
Tiie principality of Trarhcnbcrg, or Dracherbcrc^, is
boun.ied on the well by the piiiaipality of VVolau, to
the louthward bv that of Ocls, to the ealtward by the
tree leigiiior of Militfch and Sulau, and on the north-
ward by Poland. Its foil, though fomcwhat fandy,
produces plenty of all kinds of grain 1 befulcs which the
inhabit.iiits breed good cattle, and the country abounds
in timber.
The mod confidcriible place in this diflrifl is Tra-
chenberg, the capital ufthe piiiicipality, which is fituat-
ed on the Bartfch, and has a palace of the prince (ur-
rounded by a branch of that river, with apopKh church,
and a Lutheran oratory.
The principality ol Corolath i< on every fide furround-
ed by three circles In the principality of Ulogau, and
contains two or thiee towns and a few villa;cs ; but as
they have nothing worthy of notice, we Ihall not trou-
ble our readers with any deferifition ol them.
There are alio in Lower Siklia leveral loidfnip.s ; but
as moll of them are very fmall, and none of them con-
tain any thing woitliy of notice, we liuli not trouble
uur readers with a repetition of their iianicv.
SEC T. \ II.
Uf Upper Siliftii, contaii:iiii^ iL Pnriip.iluus if Oppelit,
Ratikr, the Cira'e of Lishjikuiz, and the Priiiiipntiiy of
Teji/jen.
HK principality of C)pp'ln, in I'pp^ r Silcfia, which
wc Ihall now defcritie, is bounded on the welt |iy
T, ,
ihi |irincipalitics ot Neils ami Biieg; to the nortliwiid
on the principalities of Biellau, Oels, Biieg, and Po-
land \ to the eallward on Poland and the lonllhip of
Beulhen; and to the louthward on the principalities of
ll.itihor, jagcrndorf, and I'roppau, with part of Mo-
ravin ; and IS the lar^eft of all the principalities in
Sill ha.
The foil is in many places fandy, and it has alio fede-
ral larp.e heaths and forelts ; but the country ■< not quke
fo b.id as i' is reprefented. J'hc people find il.-ir ac-
count in tillage, the culture of wood, and the breed. n.i.
of flieep ; but t:(!i and came are very fcnrcc in the citu',
which is probably owing to the great i)uantitle5 of the
former confumed in the popifti days of abllincncc, and
the latter is cngrofi'ed by the lords of the country.
The Oder, which comes tMin the principality of Ra-
tibor, runs through a contiderahle [lart of this countiv,
where it receives many fmaller llrtanis. '1 lieie arc aiio
(evcral lake;.
This principality confirt'; of twelve circles, in wl-.icli
the greateft part ot the inhabitants are Poles.
'I he principal place in tli s principality is Oppeln, the
capital, which is fcated on the Oder, over v\'liich 1: h.n
a bridge. The old paiace, which was Icparated from
the town by a branch of the Oder, was ilellroycd by
fire in 1737. In this town is a bilhop's court, a colle-
giate abbey dedicated to the Holy Crofs, a college ol je-
fuits, and a Dominican and Francifcan convent. '1 i.ii
town has fulKercd gtc.itly by fire, and in 1741 was taken
by the Pruflians.
'I iie principality "f Ratibor terminates to the north-
ward on the prir ipality of Oppeln ; to the weftward on
thole of I'roppau and Jagerndorf j to the fouthward on
the loidfliips of Odeilieig, Lol/.lau, and Plef/,, whkii
alio forms its cafteni boundary. Its foil is better than
that ill tlie princip.ility ol Oppeln, it producing a fiitli-
cient i|uantity of wheat, rye, barley, and fruit ; belide?
which It ii.is good palture grounds. I'he Oder is the
only river in the whole country : but it is watered in all
parts with brooks, ponds, and lakes.
It
its Situation, the Face
Inhiiltitaiils, their
Nitiit.
Icrl'perl'cd with towns
SiLEStA.
It contains only tlircc citii's, nncl tlic iiili.ibitants arc
ur.ivcrfally I'oiid'- ^ , ,
Ratibor, the capital of the principality, u (cateil on
the Oder, which here bccomi-s navigahic, ami has a
biiJ^c "vir it. 'I'hf palace, with the church nf St.
John, ilaiiJs on tho oppolitc liilc o\ the river. Here is
iilfo a paridi church, a canonry of the Holy CroCs, a
(or.vent ot luins who arc callel tlie Siflers of the Holy
GhoU, a Dominican and a I'rancifcan convent. It
has been fevcral times dellroycd by fire, and in 1745
the Pruflians took it by ilorm from the Hungarians, who
loll a great number ol men.
Adjoining to the laft mentioned priiicip.ility is the
circle of I-cobfchutz, wliich contains the primipality of
laccrndorf and that of Iroppau, which inrerfcc^t each
oiiicr. The principality of J.igcrMdorf, in Latin I'rinci-
patus Carnovienfis, has a fertile foil, and many mineral
fnrings. I'hc larch-ticcs, which are very common in
this country, yield a preat deal of turpentine. In this
principality are five towns. The principality of I'rop-
pau, in Latin I'rincipatus Oppavicnfis, is both a good
corn and pafturc country ; it abounds in fruit, and con-
tains ten fmall cities, with one town.
The capital of the principality of Jagcrndcrf has the
fame name, and is a fmall town fituatcd on the river
Oppa, but defended by a caftle and othe-' fortifications.
The city of Troppau, or Troppaw, is alfo fmall, but
is an anticnt town, with a fortrcfs built .iftcr the anticnt
maimer. It Ifands on a pleafant plain, has plenty of all
ncccH'arics, and is noted for its good beer ; but has no
rrcat tradi'. It is well built, and furrounded with a
itrong wall, with the river Oppa on one fide, and the
Mohreon the other. He'ldes its beautiful paiifli clnirch,
which is richly adorned on the infide, tnere are three
cloifters, and thicecominandcrics of Malta. The town-
houfe is a large ftruJlurc, and the houfes in general arc
of frcc-ftonc and pretty lofty.
The principality of Tcfchcn joins to the principality
of Troppau, and is for the moll party hilly, though on
the north it is mardiy and has fevcral lakes ; but it has
many fertile fpots, and aboinuL in wooil. 'I'hc Viftula
has its fource in this country, and the Olfa, or Kll'a,
alfo rifes in theCarpathian mountains, which begin heic ;
and, after travcrfmg the grcatclt part u{ the principality,
falls into the Oder.
In the whole principality arc five towns, part of the
Inhabitants of which fpcalc ( icrmun, ,ind the other Polilh.
The mountains arc inhabited by Walachians, and the
people of this country arc famous for making excellent
iirc-.irms.
Tcfchcn, the capital of this principality, is fcated in a
very fertile country on the river Elfa. It is walled, and
contains a large church, with two monalKrics and a
college of Jcfuits. In the fuburbs is a Lutheran church,
in which divine fcrvicc i< performed both in the German
and Polilh languages. 'I'o this church is alfo annexed
a Khno!.
Belidcs thffe principalities in Upper SiUfia, there is
;lfo that of Bi!i;/., and .1 confiderable number of free
lordfliips, which cor.taiii nothing worthy of notice ; we
Hull therefore proceed to ths county of Glatz.
S !•: C T. VIII.
Of tic Ciuiity cf CjLatz.
lis Hiluatinr, tin Face of the Couvlry, and Priuucc. Of the
liihiilnt.iiill, their Rtii^hn, ami Pima mijl U'orthy ■)f
XotLt.
THK county of (ilat/, is fcated between Bohemia,
SiKfi.i, and Moravia, being on all fides environed
by mountains, which render it of very difficult accefs ;
the entrance to it being a long, rugged, rocky, and
ttoiiblclome road.
This county is thirty-eight miles in length, and a-
bout twenty-three mdes in br(?adth. It is everv where
inuuntainous, and moll deliiditfuUy va'lcgated with hills
M:[ dale,;, meadows and woods, fields and Itre'ams, in-
tcrfpcrfed with towns and villages. In a good year it
5S
r. U R O P F.
jC:
produces more wheat than I; fiiiTi. lent for Iiome c.inf.iin:)-
tioi), and in bad fealon"; is fuiiolicd at a moderate ra!.;
from the adjacent countries. VViiat fruits and culinarv
herbs it wants are imported fiom Sde!':a, n'.>hcmia, and
Moravia. It alfo yields rich paflLTC:;, a.'id :;ra7.i'jry tiirns
to good account. It has great plr-iitv of v/ood, as well
as game of all kinds ; anditsfilli, particnlarlv its trout,
arc very large and \v;:ll tailed. Here are likevvifc c,iM'-
ries of mill-ltonc:, and Hone fit fir building, which arc
exported to other countries ; and it altbrds i.'0.-.d marble,
with jafper, topa/A'<, and cornelians. In this county
are alio coal pits and a copper mine; but the lilvcr mine
works of VVilhelnifthal, or Ncull.idtcl, and Mcrzberg,
are at prelent dilcontinued.
This countv has alio mineral fprings and warm
baths. Here rues the river Neifs, which, after v^'ater-
ing this counttv, paiiri into the piincipality of Mun-
flerberg. in Silciia ; and at the dillance of about two
miles from its (ourcc, rifes the Morel, on the borders o(
.Moravia, and is the chief river in that dutchy. Here
likewife ill'ues the Lrlitz, which divides this county from
Ijohcmia.
There arc in the whole countv nine towns, with up-
wards of one hundred villages that arc generally large
and populous. The ufual language fpoken here is the
(jernian. The inhabitants live niollly by tillage, gra-
ziery, (pinning thread, and the liii'.n trade.
In the fi.vteenth century the ojiinions of John Hufs
prevailed confiderably ; and, from the year i <;0o to 162 {,
Luthcranifm maintained its ground againll the molt
violent oppofition ; bur, after the lall mentioned year, all
the Lutheran pallors and fchool-mafiers, to the number
of above a hundred and tweiitv. were driven out of the
country, and the rell of the Luther.in inhabilant", by
compulfion and blandifhmcnts, were prevailed on to em-
brace popery, though numbers preferred exile to apof-
tacv. Thus popery became the public religion of the
whole country ; but finee its being ceded to the king of
Prufiia, the Lutherans arc again permitted the free cx-
ercife of their religion.
This county makes but one circle, and i--. divided into
fix diftridls ; in which the places moft worthy of notice
arc,
Glatz, called by the Hohcmians Kladzko,by the Poles
Klodzko, and in J-atin Glacium, is the capital of the
countv, and is fituated on the declivity of a hill by the , ,
river Neil's, in the fiftieth degree thirty-fix minutes north ,,V;.T<».
latitude, and the fixtccnth degree twenty-one minutes il-.'JJ
call longitude. Mofl of the houfes command a fine and
extenfive prol'pcdl of the country, and on the to|) of the
hill is built the old caftle, which was formerly divided
into three parts, called the Lower, Middle, and Upper
palace. The buildings of the firll lie lower towards th«
city ; in it is a fpacious area, furrounded with building",
and in them are vaults fccurcd from fire, in which
things of value and confcqucnce may be fafcly lodged,
and water is conveyed through pipes from the water
tower near the Lower mills, ipiite up into this Lower
palace. In it is all'o a popifti cluirch. I'lom this J^ower
palace you afccnd to the L'pper, which (lands much hi:;her
on the top of the rock, and h.'.s three courts, with a very
deep well hcwne|uitc through the lock, that yields plenty
of excellent water.
Since Glatz has belonged to Pruflia, the old citadel has
been greatly improved and llrengthcned, particularly bv
the addition of very commodious barracks, capable of
j quartering a numerous garrifon ; and as it Hands within
fight of the wh(de county, at the firing cf a gun, or
the lighting up of a bcaecn, the approach of .Tn cnemv
may be inade known to c\cry part in a quarter of an
hour's time.
The new citadel, which is a Pruffian work, Hands
dircflly fronting the old one, with the river Nc'fs run-
ning between them, and bv means of fpcakinn; trumpets
advices may be mutually conmiunicatcd. This new ci-
tadel is verv advantageouliv fituated, and is a llrong and
legular building, that is alio provided with a good well,
which at a great cxpence is cut through the roek. be-
tween thefe two citadels is alfo a (luice, bv which tlic
intermediate countrv mav be laid under v.'atir.
iiii
1- S/fi
.■It; I
1!
¥ >
Ml
■A
I I
H
L' u
The
'k
113 , ■., lifT
t76
A S Y S T F. M OF G E C G R A F II Y,
S.'.XON-
I !
w
• 1
The town Itfclf i^ now (lionr>Iy fortilxd, ami jji
beauty, cloanliiul's and oiilcr, has been j'rcatly inipmv-
cJ under the I'rufliaii govcinniciit. It has I'cvcral I'uh-
urbs, and has a parifl) i hurch, with a c<ilh'j;r and fVnii-
iiary belonging to the lefuits. A new chuuh was huilt
here in 17.12, for the uCe of the parrilbn and other Lu-
therans. Jii the hoife-niarket without the town, is a
Minorite convent with a church, a I'Vancifinn church
nnd convent, and an alms-houfe in which is a ch.ipcl.
Here are likewife two large mills belongini; to the knii;,
with magazines of corn and meal.
(jlaiz enjovs a good trade, but has been frequently
pillaged and burnt; but its fevercft liege was that in
167.2, when it held out againll the united forces of the
rmpcror Ferdinand II. and his allies. In I742> the
I'ru/lians took it by capitulation.
In the dilhiiil of Landcc, is a little open town of the
fame name, fnuated on the liiela, the inhabitants of!
which live chiefly by tillage, grazicrv, and the fale of j
their beer and brandy. It hits fufFcred greatly by war, j
and has been frequently fackcd and burnt 1 but it is moft |
remarkable for the v.'arni ba:hs that lie near it. The
village of Upper Thalhcim joins the town, ami from
thence a long wooden bridg.; leads to a fmall elegant
vv.
feat and an eminence planted wiili iliV.c trees, on wliirli
IS .1 church, and fioin thence to (he New Jtaih. O,,
proceeding two or thiee bundled p.ices to the lett i,,,
arrive at St. (jcorge's li.ith, which (lands lome«li.u
higher than the othu, ami ill'ucs fiom a hard roeky |,,i|
on an imincnce eaiV of the iiiela, .-ind about a hinidiod
paces ft Hn a wood ; the water there guHies throuirh the nr.
lures ol (he rock, which were formeri . feventy in niini.
|]eri and in foiral of theto lillures, the ilrtaiii is (i,|,jj
in thickncis to a man's arm. Nolhinir can he nVr,
n.ii 1 I , . . . ^ "'t-rc
ucid than this water, though it is impregnated with
a llrong fulphurcous Imcll, and its degree of warmth
fomewhat exceeds that of milk as it comes (roni tfi>
cow. The larged fpring, wliich is in the middle, is near-
ly boiling hot ; but others are only tepid, and otlur,
again quite cold ; fo that the water collected Cioni ail
thel'e leveral iprings, niull naturally be no more t|)a„
lukc-warm. I'he New, or, as it is called, our I.adv'j
Hath, which has been already nuntioncd, is tepid, clear
and in talle and Imell perltctly like the capital i'prin„'
On a hill about two thoufaiid paces ditfant, is vvhat is
called the White Well, the water of v.-hich, helides i-c
being tranfparent, has a moll graielul t.!lie, and is c\.
trcniely cold, though it is never known to trceze.
C II .\ p. XII.
Of S A X O N Y.
' imi I
■r'-'h
h t-l
«■-/.«:
SECT. I.
0/ Saxmy in onm-nl, miil pnrt'nnhiyly r,f I 'ppcr Saxony ;
its Limili, L'xii/il, Ptciluci; iiml Riiiii.
THE limits of ,Sa.\ony are diirereniiy deferibed. It
formerly extended over both th:; circles of L'ppcr
a;id Lower Saxony ; but for (oiiic time the name lia.s
bein confined to the elcifnral dominions ot Saxony. In
itlic extenfivc fenfe, as including the circles (jf I'pptrand
and Lower Saxony, it is bounded on ihe 1101 th by the
Baltic Sea, Denmark, and the (icrman Oeean ; on the
eaftby Poland and SiUTia; on the fouth by (iohenii.i, i
Fr.inconia, and Hcfl'e-Ca'rel ; and on the wifl by Well- '
phalia, extending between the fiftieth and fiftylifth de- j
grcc north latitude, and betv\'cen the eighth and eighttciuh
decree call longitude from London. |
I"hc circle of Upper Saxony, which lies to the call, ;
includes in it not only the diiichy of Saxonv, but the
principality of .Anhalt, the laiidgravate of 'I'huringia, ,
the margr.ivaic of -Milnia, Lufatia, the marquil'ate and
electorate of IjrniiJtnhurg, and the dutchy of Pcinera-
iiia, whiJi are divided into many IciTer dillrii.ls.
The twcntv-two ftatcs which compofe this circle,
takin m their proper order, are the ele.9or of Savony,
the tlee'lor of lirandcnburgh, Saxc-Weiniar, Saxc-
Eifenach, Saxc-Coburg, Saxc-Cjotha, Saxe-Alteiiburg,
Saxc-'.^!' ifurt, the Hither and F.irther Pomerania,
Caniin, Anhalt, (^ledlinburg, Gernrnd'i, \\'idkeniied,
niid Schwartzburg-ijiiderfhaurU'n,Sctiwart/.burg Rupol-
lUdt, M.;nsfeld, Stolbcrir, Uarby, the counts of Rcuf-
Icn, and thi: counts of Schonbcrg.
In this circle the ciccior of Saxony has alwnvs been
the fule fummoning prince and director ; but ever fiiice
the elcdioral houl'c of Saxony embraced the Romifli re-
li-jion, in order to qualify the princes of that houfe to ■
wear the crown of Poland, it appeared dangerous to the
electoral houfe of liiandcnburg, that the ilireclion of
this circle, which is of the protellant religion, fliould
remain on the former fooling.
Saxony, in general, is one of the mof} fertile countries
in all Germany; it in many plaers yields a rich ineirale
of all kinds of grain and fruit ; the inhahit.inis like-
wife cultivate hops, fl.ix, hemp, tobacco, tmiCe, wild-
fafFroli, and woad. Fhe minerals of this eountrv are
y
of great importance, and the fe.irchi;ig a.'tcr, woiltinj
and exportation (if them, employ a \eiy great lu.mbtc
of people. 'I'he porcel.iin earth lu.uAue is excellent.
The liira figillala aii.l fullers 01 th found in leviral'
places are extremely good. Theie is alio a vaiicty of
iinc colouicd laith i befides which, Saxutiy yields i.n.
ous forls of bcautiiul marble and good frcc-fioin ii.;-
pentine flone, cryflals, topazes, hyacinths, rubies, 'r.i-
natcs, amethylls, f.iphires, and opals; diirercnt I'-cTi.;
of agate-, chalcedonic-, cornelians and jafpcr. Vi-
triol and alliim are likewife prep.ired here, and Sjxoiiv
alfo yields an earth of grcit ul'e in the prcpar.itioii uf
borax. Near CJiofwich has been dug a tr.mlparent r.nj
opaque amber of diliercnt colours. Coal is du" Ir-.-c
and S.ixony prepares a very beautiful fulpluir: it :<l!)
produces ( iiuiabar and quickhlver, with antinionv, li'-
niuth, and atfenic. The mines of iilver are exi:: n;
valuable, as are thofe of copper, tin, lead, ami iron.
Ill many pans of Saxony is a good breed of hurlW
horned cattle, and flieep. Wild boars and vcnifoii .irc
alfo extremely plentitul ; but thele muft be hunted b/
none !)ut the great.
The Elbe is the principal river of this country, and
greatly promotes its trade. 'I'his river flows out of (i.j-
hcmia, and, having traierfed Ihe whole circle of.\Iii'n,.i
and a part of the cleelor.d circle, ei er-, rhc principality
of Anhalt, and at lafl runs into th. dutchy of iVla-jj.
urg.
The Rlack Elfter, which flows out of Lufatia, p.ilios
through tliP circle of Mifiiia and the tledoral circles, and
difcharges itfelf into liie I'.lbe.
The Mulde, divides itfelf into two branches; JMit
thel'e uniting in the circle of Leiplic, lalU in one ltie.1111
into the Elbe, in the princip.iiity of Aiili.dt.
The Saalc, riling in the principality of Culmb.ich,
pafl'js tliroii_;h a part of the dutchy of Ma'.'.dehur:- and
the principality of Anhalt, and f.tlls into the Elbe.
The other rivers arc the Uiilliut, which rifes in th''
Eichsfeld, the White Elller, and the Pleifle.
Thefe rivers, as well as the lakes .Tnd rivulet^ yield
a variety of fifh ; and in the White I'Iflcr arc found pe.irl
inul'cles that have bjauSiful pearls, loine of them as large
as a cherry-Done,
S E C T.
l! i :>.
1 .ll
%
m^^
: - i \
' ^^
i
THE Saxons,
cities equal
naturally ina|iM,ini
are well made, r
and artfiii courtiei
elpccially to gamii
txpence, are cere
other Germans, to
fonJnefs for new fi
I'hc women a
have the fined t'ac
well fhaped, tall
genteel air, which
ireniely fond of on
and talk with toor
jay and lively, pal
iiicnt 1 and when i
all the heroic fentii
aClclia. 'I'hough
flverfe to idlenefs )
ihemlelves with all
the fliuttle, and tht
According to th
jic.ir to be the mol
(.Jcnians ; at leaft
pulfing themfelves
ihi'ir la]i;;iiage is
jw.ity. The iinlv(
jiluilrious fcholars,
i'jurope, and almoll
politciiels and the
Cmiiach, the fame
was not inferior ti
Handel, the prince
]n fliort, the nume
Jor the promotinj; o
iSaxony, facilitate tl
reception of the fcic
The people have,
by the ravages of
ni' thela:c prijices wl
Mr. Hanway, on hi:
fore the late war, ot
(!id not fcem to dim
HuiiliMg, fays he, is
court i but by this c
irc more diftrcfied ll
find head of deer, fa
J.iriuS and firdls ; ai
jiiid" of the farmer
pcndtv of being con(
the Wild boars, arc f
woi.1.1 gladly conip
thr ifand foldiers ext
thiic animals reducei
ei\rv town of any not
;;ve every night, by
the da-r, and defend
enimies.
Among the other <
labour-., the jealoiifi
Hanway, is none of tl
cicrgv opprefs the C
not only their marr
chrirtcinngs pcrformci
themfelves liijjhly inj
fogrt to the Roman
futility for a IVoteftai
nufh prince : for, ace
tinii of Saxonv, the 1
a church in Drcfdcn
of the Roniifh church
lioivxver, is connived
SaXOSY.
i: V R o 1' i:.
171
SECT. II.
Onhf EkfloraU n/Siixtny : lln- DiJ}iif:lii>ii, Mminin, mid
Rili'-iin of ''"'' /''■'/"''? i ''•''''•' " <"»""i/'' AiCftUiU cf their
THK Saxons, fays the liaion de Poliiitz, have r.ipa-
cities cqu.il to any nation in the woiUi, ami arc
naturally maiiii.wiimoiis and avcrlt; to (lavcry. 'The men
are well made, robult, ayilc, l.ilioriou?, good foldiurs,
and artful courtiers : they are addidtjd to pjcafurc, more
elpccially to gaming and the bottle : they love ponij) and
txpeiicc, are ceremonious, .ind aft'eiit, more than any
other Germans, to imitate the French, efpccially in their
fondnefs for new fafhions and new acquaintance.
I'he women are extremely fair, and fome of them
have the fined faces in the world. They aru generally
well fhaped, tall and (lender, dance well, have a molt
genteel air, which they fct offbya rich drefs, and are ex-
irennly fond of ornaments ; but feem fomewhat atfeclcd,
arid talk with too much aciion. They are good-natured,
uay and lively, paflionatcly fond of dancing and merri-
inent i and when they love, fays our author, it is with
all the heroic fentimcnts and conflancy of aCleop.itr.t or
aCltlia. I'hough they are fond of gallantry, they are
averle to idlenefs > and, as they are very ingenious, aimife
themlclvcs with all forts of work belonging to the needle,
ihefliuttle, and the dillatt'.
According to the marquis d'Argens, the Saxons ap-
rc.ir to be the moft polite and molt ingenious of all the
CicriiLinb ; at lead they have the molt happy way of ex-
iiK'lTing themfclves ; and all the Cicrmans agree, that
liu'ir language is fpoke in Saxony with the greatcft
1111. ity. I he univerfities of this country abound with
jiiiiilnous feholars, whofe merit is allowed throughout
Europe, and almolt every town in Saxony is famous for
pohteiiels and the cultivation of the arts and fciences.
Crniiach, the famous Sa.xon painter, fav? our anthor,
va'' not inferior to the great mailers of Italy ; and
J^atidtl, the prince of muficians, was born at l)refdeii.
Ill fliurt, the numerniis and well-regulated inllitutions
for liic promoting of learning in the dittereiu parts of
Saxony, facilitate the tail; of education, and promote the
icception of the fcicnces.
The people have, however, been much oppreflid, hot'n
bv the ravages of foreign troops, and the oppreflioiis
nt'thela'.c princes who filled the throne of Poland. Hence
Mr. H.uiway, on his pafliiig through this electorate be-
fore the late war, obfcrvcs, that the richncfs of the foil
i!id iini fecni to diminilh the poverty of the inhabitants.
JIuiitiiiir, fays he, is the favourite divcrfioii of the Saxon
court -, but by this diveilion the indultrious inhabitants
r.rc more diftrell'ed than the brutes. Above thirty thon-
l.ind liead of deer, fays he, are (aid to range in the open
].in>^> and forills ; and though they break into the corn-
j Jiiu of the farmer, he dare not kill one, muler the
iHii iltv of being condemned to the galleys. Thefc, with
t ic \v;lJ boars, arc fo great a nuifance, that the Saxons
w. „L1 gladly compound to fupport a body of eight
th- ifjiid foldiers extraordinary, on condition of having
th.;e animals reduced to half their prefcnt "umber. In
ei.iv town of any note fifty of the inhabitants keep watch,
;;ve every night, by rotation, with bells to frighten
ihc deer, and defend their corn from theie devouring
inimies.
Among the other calamitis, under which this country
l.iliiiurs, the jealoufy arifing from religion, favs .Mr.
Hainvav, is none of thclcaft. 'T"hc eitablilhed Lutheran
ckT.>v opprcfs the Calviniils, who are obliged to have
Hilt only their marriages and burials, but even their
chriltfiiiin'.s performed by Lutherans ; wliile both think
ihemfelves hisjhiy iniurcd by the countenance given at
court to the Roman catholics, imagining it a grofs ab-
funlity lor a Proteltant people to be governed by a Ro-
riifh prince : for, according to the cttablifticd cuiillitu-
tiiin of Saxonv, the Roman catholics can no more have
a cluirch in Drcfden than their eledor, without being
of the Roniifh church, can be king of Poland. A chapel,
hort'cvcr, is connived at, by which i'- unJerltjod apri-
vatc, or at le.ilt a plain and mou'efl place of worfliip ;
but what is railed the Ron:i(!i chaptl at Drcfden, is a
po:ii|iou;. llructure, fo richly adoriud with llatues and
architeiilurc, that art and exptiicc feem to contend for
the liiperiority.
'I'he pealaiits of this country carry provifions a great
dillaiice to market in whiel-bariows, which are well a-
d.ipted lor that puipulebo:li in heii'iit and other ilimen-
liniic. The wheel i;i buuiid with iron, and ij both larger
and lighter than thoie ul'ed in KnglaiiJ.
The ufefiil and fine niaiiufacliires are very numerous
in the electorate. CJreat qu.intitiej of yam arc fpiin,
thread bleached, Coarl'e and line linen wove, togethci-
with ticking; and there are a variety of cotton, woollen,
and filk manufieturcj ; tape!tries arc wove, fine lace,
edgings, ribbons, and paper are in.ule. The porcelain
ot Meill'en is famous throughout all lairope. I*";iie glali'es
and mirrors are made here, and out of the ferpent-itone
they form a variety of things. Iron ia wiouuht into
black and white plates in the grcateft quantity; "lleel and
brals arc alio made .■ind worked here. Saxony h.i:. like-
wife its manufactures of gold and filver. A fine blue
colour is made of cobalt with a mixture of arfenic. A
great trade is carried on in wood and timber at ( irinima,
from whence a valt quantity of boards, chifls, boxes,
i>ic. arc exported down the Kibe to Hamburg.
Salt is the only necellary commodity wanting in
Saxony, and with this it is chiefly fuppliid from Halle, A
city belonging to the king of PruITia. Poflibly this in-
convenience might be removed, if proper care was taken
of the falt-fpriiigs, of which there are I'everal that, under
the management of fRilful perfons, would doubtJefs yield
a furticicnt quantity, both as good and as cheap as than
imported from Halle.
S E C T. III.
T/je Titks ami Arim of the Elt.'Icr ofSuxnuy ; tk- Ttixcs lai.i
on t/.'i- People ; ami the Diu:J:;;:i of that Eleciorale.
THK court of S-ixonv has always been dirtingui.licd
by its fpleudor, in which it feenis little interior to
any court in ICurope ; but the reader will foini a better
idea of the pomp and grandeur of this prince, when wc *
come to treat of his palaces, the curiofities depofited 111
them, and their fplendid furniture. We flull here there-
fore content ourfelves with giving the titles and inns of
that prince, and the taxes raifed for the fupport of tht;
government.
The elector of Saxony ftilcs hinifelfdukc of Saxonv,
Julicrs, Cleve, and lierg, as alio of Kngcrn and Weil-
phalia; arch-marlhal and elector of the holy R( man em-
pire; landgrave in Thuriiigia; margrave of iMii'iiia, and
iikcwife of Upper and Lower Lufatia ; biirgrave of .Mag-
deburg ; princel' count of Kenneberg ; count of the
Mark, Ravenfl g, IJarby, and Haiiau ; and lord of
Ravcnftein.
The arms 1 ixony are a garland of rue, or accord- Arfni.
ing to /ollm.i. an ornamental filatee for the head and
hair, placed obliquely from right to left over ei"ht, or,
according to others, over ten felles fable and or, ranged
alternately above each other. On account of Thurin'ia,
a lion marked •..•itli four tranfvcrfe ftrokcs argent and
gules, drawn alternately, open jaws, an e.\erted toni'ue
gules, and gripes prnjedted or, and on the head a croXvn
of the iame, in a field azure. On account of Mifnia, a
lion fable, with an exerted tongue gules, gripes projciitcd
of the fame, and a double invened tail in a field or. On
account ot Jiiliers, a lion armed f.ible and ardent, with
a tongue exerted gules in a field i^u C)n aceoui't of
Cleve>, in a liild gules, an efcutcheon aruent, 1:1 the
center of which are eight fcepters conjoiried 01. On
account ot the lierg, a iion gules, crowned azure, in a
field argent. On account of Kngcrn and W'eltphalia, an
eagle crowned or, in a field azure, with three hornet!
horns gules, in afield argent. On account of the pala-
tine of Saxony, an ta^;lc difplayed or, and crowned u iih
the fame, in a field a/.iire, as alio an eagle uncrowned
or, in a field fable. On account of Lovver Lufana, an
m !■'!!
■ I
i
H?
Ilii
.ft
&</'/'-
lU
A S Y S T I". M OF G E O G R A I' 11 Y
ox gules in.l c-o'ir.v.H, wiih a lnUy arrriM-. in a field of
the fame. On nrrnniit of 1'|>|kt Luf.itia, p.irc iif a
wall or, tro'A'cilcd faUlc, and luiilt liaiiliiiu'iic l^ifliion,
in a fiFJii a/.iirc. ( )n account of the mark of Lumlllicr;;,
two ereil Idles in afiel.i or. On account of the (ei^>,niory
of PlelTein, a lion divided or and argent, in a field azure.
For the county of Orlamuiuli-, a lion fable crowned
(^ules, and do.uhcd with roie-ltaves of the fame, in a
field or. On account of the hurgravate of iVIagdcluirj-, an
cfcutcheini du idcd longitudinally dowiuvards, in whole
fore-licid giilei appear? a feini-ar;;ent cajole crov.'ned or,
and in the hiiiJei-licld arf;ent, four bars giile-.. I'or the
county of Iiiciie, three fcnii-circlcs gules, or the hornets
horns cantoned argent, in a fr.dd of the lame. Onac-
c<,unl of the burgravatc of Alteiihurg, a role gules with
feeds or, and painted vert, in a field argent. >'or the
county of Kifenlurn;, three fclTes azure, in a fieid argent.
For the coiinlv of Ravenfli-Tg, three chevrons gules,
placed above e.ich other, and fro.ll below to the top lixcd
or conjoined to e.ich other, in a tifid argent. 1' or the
county oi the .Mark, a felVc confifting of three chequers
gules and argrnt, in a field or. On account of the Re-
galia, an efcutchcon modelled or. For the county ot
Hanau, thr.e chevrons gules, in a field or. For the
princely county of Hir.ncbcr.r, a hen placed on n mount
vcrie, and in the pofition to take wing, in n field or.
For the county of Ijarby, two barbies crowned oi , placid
bark to back, and bcfet on the fides with four finall
roll's, in a field azure. On account of Miinzenberg, a
field divided crofs-wife, in its upper part or, and in its
lower argc.'ir. On account of Lichtenberg, a lion fable,
in a field ar:'"nt : and on account of the office of arch-
marlhal of inc holy Roman caipir.-, an efcutchcon divid-
ed crol's-will', wliofe upper part is fable, and its under
argent, the two clciiloral fwords gules lying crofs-wife
over each other.
The cultoniary taxes of Saxony are partly ordinary and
partly extraordinary. The ordinary taxes are thole which
are granted every fix years by the country : to thi3 head
belongs the land-tax ; and the taxes upon liquors which
arife from the inipoits upon white and brown beer, that
is, two rixdollars for each vellel of the former, and one
and a haif for each of the latter ; but the nobility and
polldi'or.i of noble cllates, and alio the ecclcfiaftics, are,
for thcinfelvcs and families, freed from any impoils upon
the liquor they confume at their taldcs. And alfo the
flefli-pcnny, or (Icfli-tax, from which the nobility and
clergy are alfo exempted.
The extraordinary taxes arc ufually the penny-tax,
which lifes and falls in proportion to tlie damage done
by fires and ftorms ; the ember-tax, and the cxcife,
which is two-fold. The I.Tnd-cxcil'c amounts to three-
pence in the dollar outof the price ofcjrt.iin goods fold.
The general ronfinription ( xcife has been introduced in-
to fuch towns and viilagcs as arc inli.ibitcd by handicraft
tradcfmen. Ikfides this lail there are the poll and cllatc-
taxes, (lamped duties levied upon paper, cards, (hoes,
&j. alfo on the marriage of a new (ovcreign; and on
other occafions it is cullomary to make a donation in
money.
The mines alfo bring in a cnnfiderabic revenue to the
fovcreign, which is paid in kind, orccitain proportions
of filver, tin, lead, copper, iron, and feveral forts of
iniii'.rals, Mr. Haiiwav obfervcs, that the eledlors re-
venues amount to near one million five hundred ftventy-
iive tbouland pounds fteriina ; and adds, that the cx-
pem.ts of the court arc fo great, that fix ihoufand five
hundred ducats are .umuallv allowed for fwcet-meats,
&c. which is ni ar twice a> much as the king of I'ruflia
allows for his table. Vet Saxony i; faid to owe forty
millions of dollars; but his late majeHy was fo fond of
curiofities, and particul.iily painting's, that our author
was told, he gave half a million of dollars, intended for
part of a payment due to the king ol I'ruflia, for the
duke f)f Moleiia's pictures.
As to the military force of this country, it is fuffiri. :
to obferv?, that th^re are ufually m.iiiitaiiied utiout
twenty thoulan 1 regular troops, befides well regulated
militia.
The whole cleclorate of Saxony is divided into cir-
cle , which according tg their older ol rank, arc the
Sa.XO.Nv.
elciloral circle or dutchy of Saxony, t!;c circle of j
ringia, that of Milnia, that of lA-iplic, that ol j
birg. that of Vogtl.uul, and the circle ot Neii(t,i,l.
the two diUridls of Meifeburg, and Naumburg-zcit'^
ii|..
i.«h1i
SECT. IV.
0/ the Llt-.'liral Cin-lf, cr thr Diild')/ of S.ixiM ar I ,i
Illicit of Ihuiimiti.
TH F eteaoral ci
Leipfic, Thiirii;
rcic borders on thole
"f Millil:
the mark
phc, I huringia, the principality of Anhiult'
of Urandenbiirg, and on l.iilaiia. Its •-rci,'
Ktcat-
cit length ai well as its gieattll breadtii, is cftiiiian-,! at
about forty-feven miles. The country is not remark],
bic tor us fruitfulnels, a great part ol it bein^r i;in|,"
The Elbe runs through a part of it, and betwcni (JorV
dorf and Kilter receives the DIack IJIler. Some tradi
of thi.s country are watered by the Muldc.
This circle contains in it twenty-four towns, three
boroughs, four hundred and twenty villages, one hun-
dred fixty-lour noblemen's cftates, and eleven prcl'cd
rates, in ivbich the molt confidcrable town is the lii||o\v!
ing.
Wittenberg, in Latin VVitteberga, or Lcncoren, is ,
fortified town in the prel'ccturatc of the fame name |1
tuated near the Flbc, and famous for the manuf.iclnre of
coarfe cloth, the wool <d' this countiy being rcniar|;,itlv
good. Clolh.s arc fent hither from all parts to be jjc •
and the blues and greens, commonly called ha,:-)ii ate
beft dyed here. In this place is an iiniveilif, in v.lini,
are about feven hundred lludentsj and here is the ,SoWi.
lotK church, a building ol about three hundred year
ftanding, where J-uther firll preached the declriiici ot/Al
the reformation; and in this church that gre.it relurmtr
was alio interred, but has no other nifiiinient bfl'i(*'-5 j
brals pinfe with an infcri|>tion, except his oii;;iiia| po..
trait at length, painted on wood, and well prcfcrvrl
fincc the year 154c.
The people here have a ftrong tinciiire of Romifli fu-
perftition; among othc- iiillantx-s of whicli the crtjiu
lous fay the devil vifited Luther in the library whufi
now belongs to the univerfity, but that the reformer
was fo unpolite as to throw his ink-tland at him.
This town is not large, but fortified; the old citadel
was lornicrly the electoral rclidcnce. In a lar;»e round
tower, which Hands by the univerfity church, ^arc ken-
the common archives of the electoral family. In (he
parilh church belonging to the town, is held the Gene-
ral fupcrintendcncy : there is here alio a Latin Iclicc
which has fix teachers. U\ 1547, this town wai takci'
by the emperor Charles V. In 11)40 it fiiftered r^xcAU
by fire, and in 175(1 was taken by the Pruffuns', w':>
broke down a baliion of the i'ortifications.
We come now to the circle of 'I'huringia, Mhiclj
forms the north part ol the landgravate of that name
'J"he countiy, winch is well wateied, yields good pall".
lage, and abundiJiicc of corn, particularly wheat, which
is txccllcnt, as alio fine woods, and produces woaj ij.
flor, and anife. It has a confidcrable breed ot hor' i
horned cattle and (lieep.
In fomc parts of the country fwarms of ficlj mi,-e
commit great ravages among the corn; lor they rint on!v
devour a great quantity in a'Jtumn, but h'v ua ;jr'e
winter (lores in t.'ieir holes ; fo th.it the "overnm'cnr ■•!
order to extirpate thdi- r.o.doiis animals, eivrs Uir
full grown moulc fix pleiinin^ ., .iiid three (or
one.
The forcft of Thuringia, which is pretty cxtenfnr
afifiirds no other grain but a few oni;,, |.. that tt ■ niha-
bilants arc obliged to buy corn (rom their nei;'hboiir, ,
however, they liave great plenty ol y. ood, y. i;; Ji js |i,|j
a: ! very low rate.
In Thuringia are forty-fcven town.';, fourteen bo-
roughs, fix hundred f- venty-iour villages, three hun-
dred noble eltates, ard tfirteen prele/iiirare , lirljni;-
ing to the electoral hf.uli; of Saxony, the piinc.j'.:! platt!
of which are the lolfwing.
Wcilii-nlels, in Ivitin Leiicopeira, is a ucll built
town, fcalcd on the rivvr Sa.iie. On a v.-!;:;; rxk
evirv
Vc'JIi;:
im.
oil! ritij,:'.
larnc rourj
arc k.p-
Iv. In llv
tliC •:(■■)■;■
atin Ichi.i ;,
wt' tak::i
:c(i grcativ
ifTuils, who
iigia, whicli
that name.
j;ooJ paft'j-
'heat, which
L's woaj, la-
d ol hor:,!,
ficU mi,-!*
cy not only
|;'v up 'lUK
iLTamcnt, "i
Irs lur iiww
lor a younj
ly cxtcnfivc,
It th ■ Inha-
|m'i;'hbour> ,
• iiiJiisWi
liiirtc'n ho-
tlui."-' hun-
.j'.:l plaie'
u-cll bmlt
I
SaXOMV
nhove tlic town Ij a fine citadel c.iIIcJ Auguftiilliur
which wai the ordinary nl'idcncc of the dukes of S.ix
E U R O P E.
173
WciU'enfels ; as alio an
irleiial, which w:ii llrip
the PrulTiaiis in 1756; .1 town church, anothi-r thnrcii
near what was formerly called the cloillcr ot St. Clara ;
all hofpital containing a fniall church j an arademy
crefled out of the above-mentioned nunnery, and, from
diiUe Auijullus. Its founder, named Augufteum 1 ahatni
fjiool, and maniiriflurcs of I'llk and velvet. At the
roval hunting liiufc, which lies before Nickels gate,
iciidi's the provincial huntfniader of the circle of 'I'hu-
ringia. In l"57, a confiderablc number of the troops
beloii"ing to "'i;. circle had ported then)felves in the
tovvn i but were driven from thcnre by the I'ruflians ;
when, ino'.dcr to facilitate their flight, they burnt down
the large and fpacious wooden bridge built over the
Lant'cnfalza, the capital of all the clciSloral Saxon
Thuringia, i.s featcd in the Salza, in a fpot very fruitful
ill crrn, and contains an ancient citadel, about nine
hun.lrid houfes, two pariflj churches, one fiiperintcn-
ileiicy, whole fpiritual jurifdidion is divided into the
Upper and Lower circle ; a Latin fchool, and fomc ma-
iiulailures of ftulFs. It carries on a good trade in corn,
half filks, fergcs, and other commodities.
inj; to tho liead church of St. Afr.l, which is nC.Tr tiv.'
provincial fchool, and has many other'; united with it,
cd by t both in th:; town and coiiiiirv, and t'><ieth^T with th-
S E C T. V.
Of the Margravate of Aiiijpn or Mifniii, iinttiining a Def-
iripiion of Ahljjcn and DreJJcn, xvith the j'tutral Pii-
luiei, ""'■' '"''/' 'i'liarkublc Ciir'r.jiiics, and an Jaount of
the hrt of Kmigjicin, and its ixtiaordiuary Tun.
THE margravatc of Mifnia, or MeilTen, is bounded
on the north by the dutchy of Saxony ; on the
call by Lufatia ; on the fouth by Bohemia ; and on the
weft by Thuringia ; and is about a hundred miles in
length, and eighty in breadth. It is divided into four-
teen prefeiStures, and contains forty boroughs, four mar-
ket towns, one thoufand three hundred niitety-thrce vil-
lages, and twenty fovcreign palaces, the principal places
in which are the following.
Meill'en, in Latin Mifena, is fituated on the Elbe,
where the rivulets of Tricbifch and Meifne pour them-
fclvcs into it ; and from the lad it takes its name. It
ftands partly on eminences, and partly in a valley. The
bifliopric, which was firft founded in the year 948, bc-
)on"s to the Lutheran church, and the chapter confifts
of a provoft, a dean, a fcnior, a chanter, and five ca-
nons. In the cathedral are the monuments of feveral
biftiops, and on the high altar ftand the ftatucs of three
nijriravcs of Meiden, reprefcnted in the chara£ler of
the taftern magi bringing gifts to the infant Jefus. Of
the old citadel, which ftands on a mountain, the fore
part, which belonged to the burgraves, and the hind
part, which belonged to the bifliops, are now become
ruinous, and the center only remains, in which is car-
ried on the celebrated manufaftutc of the excellent Mif-
iilan porcelain. This, however, is a large building,
capable of feme defence. Mr. Hanway tells us, that
he had an opportunity of being convinced of the fecrecy
with which this manufaiSory is conducted ; for there is
no admittance into the works without an order from the
governor of Drefden ; nor are the workmen ever feen
without the gates ; they being all confined as prifoners,
and fubjeft to be arreftcd if they go without the gates ;
for this reafon a chapel and every thing nccclTary is pro-
vided within. The workmen amount to about leven
hundred, moft of whom have not above ten German
crowns a month, and the higheil wages arc forty, lo
that the annual cxpeiice is faid not to exceed eighty
thoufand crowns. This manufafture being entirely on
the king's account, he fells annually to the value of one
hundred and fifty thoufand, and fometimes two hundred
thoufand crowns, or thirty-five thoufand p>>unds.
The churches in and near the town, belides the ca-
thedral already mentioned, and in which is the burying
vault of the princes, is a patiftl church, the clniller, or
Irantifian church, rhe church of St. Aira, near the
pio\inci.il fchool, and three burvin;; tliurclics btlon';-
5a
provincial fchool, i.s icnmedi;" I;, under the upper i"ii-
lillory of Orcldon, iind the Ichoril c.illeil the Afiaiuniii,
which was formerly the MeneHicline cloillcr of St. Afra ;
the number of Iciiolnrs taught and niaiiuaincil j;rati^i,
amount to one hundred and ei'jhteen. There i< alio .1
town fchool. I'he bridge, which extends over the K.lbr,
is fiipportcd by (lone piers ; but the upper part i : 01
wood, and it is oblervcd, as a mailer-piece of art, that
the middle arch, which is feventy-tive pares wide, 1.
kept together bv a finglr wooden peg. The coiMiCr\ in
the neighbourhood ot this town, produces a good loit ol
wine.
'l"he country between MelfTen and Drefden i« ex-
tremely beautiful, confilling of a delightful mixture of
corn-fields., gardens, meadow-lands, and p.illiirc. The
banks of the Kibe are adorned with a great number o!
vineyards, and the indnllry of the people have male
them form the flccptll hilU intu a number of terral'.i's
covered with vines. Near Meill'en the valley nrou'-
narrow, ami fome of the houlcs fc altered alonii: th;
banks of the Elbe are built on rocks, which rife per-
pendicular from the liver, and form a very agrec.ible aiiJ
romantic fcenc.
Drefden, the metropolis of this electorate, and one ot
the fineft cities in (lermany, \s agreeably liiuatedim the ^ ,
river Elbe, in the fifty-firll degree twelve minutes north $>■>%■
latitude, and in the thirteenth degree forty minutes cait n:J,i>-
longitude from London, fevrntv miles ni;rth-wcil of
PraL'UC, and ninety fouth of Berlin, in the midft of a
plain furrounded by lofty hills about two leacnies dil-
tant, the neareft of which are converted into vineyardi.
As the city ftands on both fides the Elbe, it is united bv
a (lone-bridge l\x hundred and eighty-five common paces
in length, and about feventeen in hrcuith, containing
eighteen arches ; but Mr. Hanway obfervc, that the
pa(ragc over it being horizontal, takes ofFfmm that grand
etFeiSi which a curve produces in thefc ftrucl'.ires. There
arc feveral round projedlions with le.its in tlieni on each
fide of the bridge, and a fine iron balullra.le .:!| alonj.
On the fifth pilaftcr on the right h.\nd in going from the
new citv, the arms of Poland and Sax.iny are neatly cut
in ftonc, fupported hy two (latues rcprefen ing Poland and
Saxony, and on the oppollte fide is a brizen crucifix of
curious workmanfhip, Kor t'.c more convenient intcr-
cour(c between the towns, a new bridge has been builc
confiding of nineteen arches, ami over every pier arc four
pedellals with a ftone urn upon each.
In this city are feveral fquarcs and loftv done build-
ings lix or (even (lories high, which make an elegant
appearance, but are inferior in beauty to thofe of Berlin;
befides, many of the ftrcet.s are narri.w. Near the en-
trance of the new city is an cqueftri.'.n ihitue of king Au •
gudus, credled on a lofty pcdeftal, and is faid to be man :;
by a common finith, and on that account is worthy of
being admired, though it has many capita! defects, par-
ticularly in the horfe's head.
The place which aftords the grcateft entertainment
to a curious traveller is what is called the green room,
or the mufeum. This collection was begun by the elec-
tor Augudus, and pl.iced in a green room of the royal
palace, which name it dill retains, thouah there an-
now feveral apartments painted green, and filled with
thcfe curiofitics. The fee for feeing this mufeum is ge-
nerally difcharged with five or fix guldens, or about
fourteen (lldlings given the attendant who opens the
doors ; but the greatelt part of it goes to the fuperin-
tendant, or keeper of the mufeum. At the e;itr:nre, the
(hoes of all who are admiited are carefully wip?d, in
order to keep the place as free fioin dirt or dud as podi-
ble. All the aparimenti arc floored with marble of dif-
ferent colours, of the produce of S ixony.
In the lirft apartment is to be feen a great number
of final I brals m.idels of mod of the famou."! datues and
monuments that are extant, both antient and modem.
Among thefo are an eq.ielirian datue of Augudus II.
king of Poland, of Fredeiic William th.t (iic.it, after the
famous (latiie In Berlin, ct Lewis Xl\'. .iiij the models of
ihc moft celebrated ftatues in Italy.
X X Th;
I
i
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1. ;h
W.'il
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I.
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In
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'74
A S Y S T 1 M O i' G 1 . G H A i' i I V.
^ -xc-,
The ffcoml rooni is tillcil with riiiiiuis cliitk" nnd
clurk-wnrk, ailumcJ with (•nKl ;iiiil lilvir. Aniijiii> Ihi'k-
is the Kii'-clau.itioii ol ihf Viigm Maiv ;iik1 Jolrph, with
the iiil'.iiit Jcfiis in th': iii.i'i(;i.t, iiiiil the (hi'phcids with
the Kallcni n)!\^i iiiTt'oriiiiiig thtir .iJur.itions to the
Mefiiiih, wliile the heavens leini to oper\ w ith a I'lirpiifin;;
ilt'uIg'Mue. line i.> alio a liiip which l.iil:. louiid atahle,
while Ibnie of the Tailors ill it w<:ii;h anehor, anil the rtit
lire in coiUiiiual ailion ; ami at the (anie time it pcr-
lotnis a piece dl niiilit. I'he Japan wmk cm the wall
i>t this apartment is an cxael imitation ot iiilaiil work ol
jarper and utiur precious (lonci.
Ill the third roum is a numerous collciHion of ilrinking-
vellelj and other cm idfuies in ivory, particularly a (hip
with all it'- Tails, malls, ami ri;:^ini'.
In the Tourih apartment the eye is da7/led with a mul-
titude of gold and filvcr uteiiTils, molt ol which arc larf.i-
goblets and other diiiiking-vcllels. The pannels of this
loom are of lookiiiR-glaTs.
'1 ii.' Tilth is a Ipjiiuus room, in which are a preat
variety of precious Hones, nnd curious velVels made ol
them. Hcve is a lar;;e l.ihle of jaTper cut in relievo ol
onyx, chalcedony, and other pcnv, rcpreCintiiiL; a young
jirincc on horfeback, preceded hv the V'iuue , poiiitin^',
out to him the way to true gU-ry ; while the V ices, with
looks lull of rage and eoiiTufioii, are flying from him.
This is an anlient piece whieh coil eighty thouTand dol-
lars. Here is a llaiue of Charles II. kinj; of England ;
a large goblet Tet round with the moll curious and collly
antiques ; the.ingil iMieh.iel vaiupiillung the devil ad-
mirably pcrTornud in wood, and coll in i'.ngland, where
it was made, two thoufaiul live hundred pounds llerling.
l^ere are li^ewilc Teveral liguns cnulilliiiij oT gems and
pearls natur.dly adapted to conllitute the liiri'ereiit parts,
and To cuiiinilly arraiigid, that they apptar to have been
tlcllgned by nature Tor the pl.sccs they otciipv. Among
thel'e, wh.it more particularly (Irikcs the eye is the Ihiry
oT the propliet Jonah ; the whale, the iliip, the prophet,
and the Tea- Ihore being made oT pearh. properly arranged,
2nd the rocks in tlic lea repreTentcd by very large gems.
Another curious piece repielcnts two perTons carrying in
a bafon beTore them a number oT Tninll pearls; the b.iTon
r.ud pearls arc the work of nature, with very little allid-
atirc Trom art. Two other perTons are carrying on a
pole a large bunch oT grapes, imitated to the greatcll pcr-
JccMion with oriental emeralds.
The Tixth apartment is Turroiinded with clofets, in
which are pl.iced the clc<5tors of Saxony as big as the life
in their proper habits. In the middle oT this room is a
clock in tl'.e It.rm oT a woman, which moves the head
every mir.u;c from one fide to the other.
The lirll object Hiewn in the fcvcnth apartment is a
tca-eq-.iipage, with a table, ^c. all of gold enamelled,
nnd iec w 'ill diamond
U
Jars,
lona
and coif forty-lix thoiiT.ind dol
(_)ii a table an ell broad, and an ell and a quarter
11^, is rcprelented tli? celebration of the (]rcat MogulV
birth-day. The monarch is exhibit'. d lilting on a throne,
the praudees of his en)|)iic lie piolhate biTore him with
their rtfpedlivc siiTts, and the poilico is crowded with his
j;u2rds, elephants, and every thing belongiii;; to the Tplen-
licir cf an nallern court. Din..'lingcr, jeweller to the
court, and fifteen othir ingeniou'^ artills under him, were
ten }c. .b and ei:;bt months < ii^ployid on this piece ; Tor
whic;. he was paid < i;'hty-Hve thouTand dollars. 7 he
pilhr in the middle of ti'.c room is adorned with beautiful
bcUo relievos of Arabian agate, and on it is an oiicntal
onyx of an oval figure pear a quarter of aDrcfdcn ell in
its loi:':cfl dlamefr. In the golden (lecce belonging to
ihc rrc'cr of knighthood is a diamond tor which the king
of I'olar.d paid two hundred thoufand dollars ; it weighs
a bundled and niiicty-Tour grains and a half, and is placed
between two diamonds, each of which is equal in lizc to
a large r.'.itmeg.
In the laft apartment are, among other things, a clock
of golil fct with gems, and a j.iTjier table with veins of
cryll.il and ameinyih. This jai'pcr comes from Fricbcrg,
only four rr.iles from DrcTdcn, and it is but a Tew years
fince the real value oT the Saxon jaTpcr was known. Tor
the peafants Toimeily uTed this fort of Itonc, together
with others, to inclofe their fields ; yet it i.! very beau-
tiful, but extremely difficult to polifh. The number of
eiiriofities in the above apiirtmeiin is f xiccding i;rr.it •
but ((line ide.i may be formed of this colli 'lion by ilic |,..,^
ihit have hi eu mentioned, and it is ol>T< rvablc that -ii^.
ludieious irr.iiigement ol the Teveral pieces ,idd> a Turpnli* '
beauty to the whole. "
The p.daee is lurniflieil in a inofl fiipirli nuuin'r; iho
drawing-rooms are paui.iil.uly woith Iciiiig, on auount
ot twelve pictures by Lewis Silvcller, upicfeniiiig ij,,.
rape of I'rolerpine, the nietainorpholis of Adeoii, with
other tables Irom Dvid ; and apiece lepicTcnting thel.itt-
eleetor taking leave of his failu r, at his letting out on
his travels. I'he latter rccominends his (on to I'alljj
and Meiciiry. Kehiiid the piiiie.- Hands his goverii.jr .
hy his Tide is Prudeiue with a telefcope in her hand, .im]
feveral guiii hold up maps of the countries which t|,i;
prince was going to viTit. The cicliiig of the aiidieiicc-
room was alfo painted by the lame hand, 'i'he iookiii".
gl.ilU'S in Tome of the apartimnts are between eijiu ai^l
Th
' !i i.ip,.
ilen.ljl; .
1*1), ic.
I,
lie
nine Teet hii'h, and fix .mil Oven liroail.
rooni for the roval (.iniilv is hung witli i
prelintmg the atchievrments ot AI1.X..1 :
Among the (urpiiliiig quantity of plate n
|)l.ite-cahinet .;re four Itands, each weighini; Tour luiii,!rtj
.ind Tcvinty-one marks, and twelve others that wti^li
nearly as much ; two filver vaTes, e.ieh above five k t
hieh, Tcarce to be lathomed uy two men, weiidiing Tix
hundred marks each ; two pieces oT the lame ladiion ji;.
tie iiiTerior in weight; and eight cifterns with the vedi-ij
(landing in them, each weighing eight hundred marks.
I he mark is eight ounces.
1 he common aflembK -room is adorned with tapcnrv
repreCentiiuahe battle oT Hoc hllet. In the Teveral aji.ir;.
Hunts arc many curious clocks, beaurilul table, iii|,
cabinets, and other furniture ; among whiih a loreiiu.cr
(hould not omit feeing the eonfidi n;s table, a rnriom
piece of inech.iniTni, on which the eieiftor dines priv.itijv
with his conlidents ; lor this table, with all its appur-
tenances, riles from the lower apartments into the uppir
without one fervant being Teen.
There is another muTcum in the palarc which eon-
tains avalt variety of curiofities. In the firll chamber is
a colleilion oT prints, Irom the commencement oT the ait
oT engraving to (he preTent lime,
'Ihe fecond is the mineral-gallery, in which is tko
earth oT the ditlcrent countries in the world, and or^a of
every denomination.
1 he third contains pctrif.\5lions, particularly of wooi.'
animals, &c.
In the fourth rhamber, which is a very l.irgc one, nic
dilFerent kinds of wood and vegetables ; in particular
there is a cabinet with three hundred and fifiv lqu,iri.sas
big lis the palm of a large hand, run in flar as drawri',
of (o many different kinds ot wood, in this npaitmcut
are alfo the piitures of a man and his wife, who luci!
near TamcTwar ; the man was ahiindicd nnd cijinv-tive
year' of age, and his wil'^e a hundred and Tcventv-t.vo.
Ill tl'.e tilth chamber is a Tniall cabinet oT ikcletcii',
and other anatomical curiofities. The fixth cnntajnsth-o
Ikins of a variety of animals (tulFed. The (eveiith hni
the (kinj of lilhcs (lulled. The eighth has p. t'rciit
cpiantity of different kinds of (hells. In the ninth is a
cabinet of about fix feet high, and four broad, ever'/
di.iwer of which has Tome natural curiofiry in anibrr. In
the tenth is a grotto with Tprings of water. In the elcvciitfi
are many curiofities in coral. The tweli'th contains tlic
(keletons of lions, bears, &c. v( a prodigious tizr, and
the ftuft'ed (kins of Ionic extraordinary beads, particii.
larly of a horfe, whole mane is laid to be three ells and
a halT long, and his tail twelve ells and a half.
In another apartment at (bme dillance is a model if
Solomon's temple cut in cedar, as defcribed in the ()M
Tcrtament, with all its furniture.
The gallery of piifturcs is one of the finrft in the
world; part of the collei.'lion confids of a hundred c.;; i:.d
pieces, which are Taiil to be all orini'ial-, ,ind to ha'.e
cod halT a million oT crowns. Among thel'e are the
capital works of Raphael, Corregio, Rubens, and .ill
the great mafters. The whole colleijlion eonliltsofa
hove two thoufand pieces, and are valued at betwJon
two and three million of crowns.
Ti.e
,: I
Saxon-v.
J. IJ K
()
P I,.
v:
The flcflor's garJiili, llioii,;li .i,;;rtc.ililc, arc too !r
1 aiulvimlof tholo natural iH.uiticH tlut aic cap.iliU-
" W-iu ■•It'"-'-'' ''y •"• '•'V'^'i'^v'^ -""""'■ , ■') '•"■'"
l,,(.-i^ litu.ilcil ill them, uliuh is appnu. luil by a
'' „ I ivomicol" .1 ((.iirnlculilc IcMigth. A (i.-M f(,rfoiir-
'^ilncni- it ill 'li'^ •'"""• ""'' '"■■'^''"' '' •' '^"'•' '''''" "'
". ,r The giinlcir. winch arc on the (ides, arc adorn-
"i'with a nrofuliim of marhi,- ll.itiit-s, many of them
\y.,c, than the life. Thcfe (h'W the (jcniiis of Aii;;ii(liis
1 ^hc late kini;'s fathiT, who being entirely devoted
t\uU amoiiri, left them to al'tcr-a-es, as monument-, of
|! s IjiVivioufnels. 'I'he orangi-ry, wiiieli is in another
l',\^„f the city, has four hundred orangc-trccs of a
' "tv l.ir -e fi/e, and many exotics.
I'he ChiiH-le palace, thus called from thet.dtrnf the
IniiMin" ;uid the turniiure, is lituated on the l.lbe, and
romiiMMd:- •' view of the bridge and the Romilh chapel.
Xl" ornaments of the anhiteLTurc, and the relievo nt
ihJVontifpi"'--. arc in thcChinele tade ; but after all, it
i^ far from being an elegant ftruflurc. It has fourteen
.,rns i" which are a great niimhcr of leopards, wolves,
be.T's'ni""'"^)'^' '""' "'^"^'^ animals, as large as the lite,_
milc'fl porcelain, with clcph;'.nts and rhinoccrofrs o(
the fi/e of a great do^', and a prodigi<ius variety of hirds^
J fowl, with a cuiamr. collei.'(ion of llowcrs, all of
norti-dain made at MeilTen. Theapuftles near three feet
high, arc in white porcelain. There is alio a rcpic-
fnita'tion nf the. crucifi.xion four or five feet hi;;h, with
ni.\nv other curioiis pieces; but what is more furprifing,
there arc fortv-ci^lu China vafes that appear to he of
,i!e, and to be extraordinary only on accoiintof their
n-atfizc, and yet the cIciTlor s father was fo chnnncd
ti'th them, that he purchafcd them of the late king of
Priiffi* at the price of a whole reri;imenr_of dragoons.
The 'I'urkilh gardens and palace are lituated in Plau-
flrrct. 'I'he hr'. floor of ihe palace is adorned with
n, ,i,v pieces o painting, reprefentiiig the cciemonies
mcJ ill the T" kifli feraglio, with the bath;:, audiences,
f>\-. ill which ' the '^rcat ofHccrs of (late arc drcflcd in
tliiir proper ha .t-.. tn the fccond (lory are the pi.;>iires
,; i'cveral celebrated beauties that have triads no little
(idifc at the court of Drefdcn, all in Turkifli drefll-s.
The tapcllry hangings and other furniture of this pa-
l.ic;-, are either the ir.aiiufadlurc of Turky or Perlia,
and I'cveral tables are fet off with oriental ciiriofttics ; az
knives male inTartary,a I'crfian enamelled tea-cquipngc,
ami a l.irge bow! of liipis nrphi ilictf, which is called the
•(.■/iw; Tind this bowl full of wine is to be drank ofF
bv the ladies on their arrival here ; as a large bowl made
(if a iMaldiua nut, is faid to have been prc(i[-ntel to the
ccatl-men by the cham of 'I'arrary on fucli occadons. Heir
"jre alio fliewn filvcr cymbals, to which the Turkilh
v.'inrn 'M-nerally dance, and feveral other curiolities of
tlu' fame kind.
The m; nagcry Is in old Drcfden, and contain'; lions,
tvjcrs, leopards, lynxes, and feveial other animals;
aiiJ at the cleifhir's palace at Neu(K\dt-oftra, near Dref-
u'en, til. re are kept a number of tsme flags, v\'hich
diaw in a carriage, and when Mr. IvcyOer was there,
,.iie of thi m w.is ufed for the fadille. Thefc generally
fft rut with great fpirit, but foon Hag.
The p.ilace of count liruhl has been built at fcvcr.il
times, and the apartments are elegant and richly furnifli-
(.'. Tliey aie adorned with luilrcs of porceliiin in beau-
i,;;il fiL'ures ; the tables have a variety of tea e(|uipages,
:.nj tiie fi.'ure.s of men and wonv. u, birds and beaUs of
I'jicilain. The drawing-room is pannclKd with lo;ik-
11.^ '•iafs, and liis cabinet furnifhed with enamels and
crayons. The houfc and gardens belonging to it are fi-
ti;.:V.'d on the Kibe, near the bridge, .ind command a
r'.afaiit profpccl. His library, which is in the g;>.rdcn,
^ tivi) hundred twenty f.et long, and well furnifhed
ivith books: but what is mod (hiking is the gallery of
piJhircf, which, though it docs not contain a fourth part
fo manv as the royal gallery, is incomparr.blv more
iingnifuent. It is one hundred fifty-fix ells long, pnd
the paintings arc fhcwn to great advantage, by being
raided only cm one fide, and fronted bv lolty windows,
that allbrd fulHcicnt light to flicw the niiniitcit beauties
cf this excellent collection. The panntls between the
windows are of lookinj-glafs, againft which are placed
II. lines and hulls that have a gram! effi'il.
The oilier lemarkable buiKlings at l)refden arc the
opera-houfe; the nlli'mblyhnufe, and tlu: royal (tables,
the oiitlide of which is very grand ; the arfenal, which
was dripped by the I'ru/runs in 1750, under which
is thfj electoral cellar ; the palaces of the clecloral
prince, and the other piinccs of that family; the elec-
toral chancery nITice, the mint office, the foiiiidery, the
court difpenfary, the royal foundation for Roman catho-
lic boyi and girls, the academy for painting, the palace
of prince Lubomirfki, the hotel dc Saxe, and other
magnificent palates and buildings.
I'he plates of religious woilhip arc the church of
the Holy Crofs, which is the principal ; St. Maiy's, St.
Sophi.i's, the garrifon church, and the Roman catholic
cha|Hl, which is a curious piece of architcdture In the
(iibiirhs arc the churches cf St. John, St. Anne, St.
James, St. Hartholomew, and the I,a/,ar thuich.
About the year 17P, tl''- number of hoiifes in Dref-
dcn, including the (ulnirbs, were computnl to amount
Old', to two thoiifand five hundred, and that of the in-
liabiMius to little more than forty thoufuiJ, including
the garrifon ; but in 1755, there were reckoned here
about eighty or ninety thoufand men.
In the city and its neighbourhood, many in:'rniou3
nianiitadlurcs arc carried on. The trade of Dreldi n is,
however, very Inconfidcrable ; the mod import int arti-
cle is the filvcr brought in ingots every fifti-en days
trom t'.ie mines near Fricdhurg, to the amount of about
twenty thoufand dollars, or three thoufand fve Iv.indred
pounds flerling. This filver is immediately coimd into
tlorins of fixteen grofch, which with refprijf to the cur-
rent money of bats, driers, kc. is worth feven p' r cent
advance, and is therefore, fays Mr. Hanwav, lo ipecdi-
ly conveyed into the neighbouring territories to be coin-
ed again, that it is next to impofTible to obtain, in thd
ordinary commerce of the people, change in this money
for a fingle Louis d'or.
About four miles from Drefden, on the other fide of
the I'lbe, is the royal palace of Pillnitz, which (lands
in a pleafant country, and is .idorned with a ^reat num-
ber cf portraits of the mod celebrated beauties of Saxony.
Five miles from Drefden is (ort Konigdein, which
dands on a rock, cut fo deep, that it appears quite
perpendicular, and in many places has projections in tha
manner of badions, from whence the (ides of the rock
may be raked and defended. The afcent tow.ards it ir,
the lead difficult, for which rcafon it is fecurcd on that
part by good works, and a triple row of cannon rannej
one above another. Wood and other nccclVaries are
drawn up by the help of cranes. The garrifon confids
of one hundred and fifty men ; but on the fird alarm
from the governor, th ncigb.buuring viilarres are obliged
to fumifli fome hundreds more. This fort is always
docked with provifions fufficient to lad many years. C5tt
the top is a large green area, a wood, and fever;il t;ar-
dcns, in which are thirty-eight different kinds of fored
and fruit trees, wi^h padures and land lit for agriculture.
The fortrefs is provided with fine cideriis, or fma'l
ponils, as rrfervoirs for fnow and rain water, in which
arc feveral kinds of fifh for the governor's ufe ; but the
water drank by the garrifon, is drawn up by a wheel
from a well nine hundred Drci'dcn ells deep.
One of the grcateft curiolitics to be fccii at this fort
is the tun which general Kvaw caul'ed to be made here.
Its length is fevcnieen Drefden ells, and its diameter at
the bung twelve ells. It conlifts of one hundred fi'ty-
fcven dares, eight inches thick, and fifty- lour boarcf;
for the heads. It holds three thoufand (even hundred
and nine hogfhe.tds, and upon (uic head of the calk is a
Latin infcription to the following piirpofe :
" Welcome, traveller, and admire this monuincnt,
" dedicated to fellivity, in order to exhilarate the mind
" with a chearful glai's, in the year i"?.5, bv Frederic
" .\iiiTudus king of Poland, and elci'ilor of Saxony,
" the father of his country, the Titus of his age, the
" delight of mankind. Therefore drink to the health
'- of tlie fovereign, the country, the tieftoral family,
" and baron Kyaw, governor of Konigdein; and if
" thou
I
. ■ I i
•in .s.
In;
IT!
170
A S Y 5 T V M OF G F O G R A IM I Y.
JAXdN.
■ lit-
m
^
it
■W
U^
.ilk.
" tlir.ii .-.It ,:M<', PC^'Di.liii:; to llie lii 'tiilv t>l llii''
'* the nuilt i',i{>.u'iuus til iill lalki, (liink, in the p
*' ritv iif Hu' wlicplf iiiiinTlV ; ^'iiJ In 'iii'ivi 1."
The ti)]i of the I'.ifl; is r.illal In, iiiiil ;itii>iii» room lor
filtcen or tvniity |ki jiL-to ic>;.ilc thiinulvn. I'hiie .itc
allii fi\cral km ii cl \v>.Ii..>i)ic cup.'', wluch arc olliicJ cn
llr.ingi.rs.
'I ni.s f(irtrcl\ is ,i pLi.-i- of cnnfincmiiit lor fl.ite ptil'ii-
ncr». It h.is iu\ .iifciul, ;iiiJ in a lonm i.i'ltil ilu' hrioN
iip.irtmcMt, iHluli-a ihc ol,l Saxnn warrHii>, wliicli the
|)ainter has lir.urn .u\oi.liii^ to lii.i own I.iikv, arc the
portraits ot .ill the ^eiieials cmiiloyeJ liy the clcilor.
here jMlii ,il
anil llncn^.
kinil;
I h
ol (luH., »i-iiit-, (}-
s i: c r. VI.
0/ lit CirJc of LrJ/tjii, with /.'. DijtvUI ;/ ff'uiztn, ami
li'.t piiKiip.il pLiii III ciiilj.
THr, circle of I.eipfic, incliiilinj: the ililliicl of W'ur-
/.in, is li uMulcii hy the Milni.in ;i:i i Kri/.jjebirj;
circles, hyapait of ehc iliitchv of Altciiliiirj;, the bi-
(hoprics of .Mcrfihiitf; ami Njiniiliurij-Zeitz, an.l hy
the I'huiingi.wi ai\J ili»:lor.il cirJes. it contanis iturly-
two towns, nine hiinilri.il forly-lcven villages, and con-
fids of fourteen pnfcchirates.
'I'he pjineip.il eiiy of thi:, circle is Leipfic, whicli fifj-
llilies the pl.icc ot linu-trees, ami is (me of the (inell
.Mill molt ceUhiated towns in .ill ticrnunv. It is litiia-
ii>l in ,1 ple.ilaiU and lntiU' pl.iiii on the lileilU', in the
lifty liill dci;rce twcntvtw'o niiiuite,; Ijtitiulc, aii' in the
iwelfih dCj^ice ihiny-loiir niiiiuti's cilt longitude, forty-
fix miles to the nutth-well ol Dicfdcn. It has leyerai
other rivulets in its nei^hhouihooJ, as the I'aide, the
EKKr, and the Luppc. It is indeed faid tv> he only j and Lower town, in each of which is a chun h
. . "•-iiivs c|.,.;,.
re are alio houlcs lor the ilvm r „f (;| '
the pnntiii;; ol luttoii-, the making.' of tapelliy, .inj.h'
pieparation of rriiUi.iii hliie. /'he orph.tii.|u)u'l'e u '
propriated til the iiiltilie ol hik. The pcopji; ), ..j, '*''"
mm II lamed for their p.iinted cloths ui iiini.i i,,,",
Mpeliry. '
J-rip(ic has three fairs, vil. on New-ycar'i'day, Kallcf
ind Mich.i'lmas i but llmtof Kaller is moll cnnli,le,j|||,'
I'o ihcle fairs reluit the I'olcs lluiu^.iri.in., liolunii ir,
I'liiinans, and imlecil people from all p.irl . olCJermjnv'
.ind likiwile the Kn^hlh, l-'reiu h, Italians, jnj f,*'
Rulli.ins, who ail hiin^ the pi.idii.c of then u|i\'..|, ,
toiintiies, which ate bought up llurc and difpi ried |,„
means of the rivers, to the moll dillant parts ul'iii.
empire.
In the years ifi^i and |6{J thi< city was taken [ly the
Imperialiits i in i04i it was taken by the .Swede:, jnd
in 1745 and i;5fi was garrifoiicd by the I'mlTuii'^ ^
vvhoiii It wa,'. obliged to pav very conliderahle lunu ut
money hy w.iy id contribution.
1 he laighhoiiiinj; countiy being very pl.afaiu and
well cultivated, ii.s fertility dr., v\s hither muliituJci ,i|
larks, whicli aie I'o very fat, anil have fo delicate a (I4.
voiir, th.it the Leijilic larks are lamous .ill over (jcnnanv
and what mult appear very cxtiaordinary 1,, th.ii ijif'
i.vciCe on thi./ birds produces fix hundred ihoiif.uij J,,!.
lars, or about nine hundred puiinds a year to the eiiv
at agiolch or two-pence fteilin;^ for every li.\ty of tli,i,J
birds, 'i'he revenue acciiiin.; to the fovercign from the
city of I.eipfic is computed at four hundred thuuf.inj
ri.\d(dlar.s, or levcnty thinif.iiid pounds lleilinj', a year.
The next town we fliall mention is (Jrimiiia, Wliuh
has an old ruinous citadel, and is diiided into the Unpe,
WMIl
light thouland nine bundled hi'ty-four paces in circum
ferencc ; but it has l.irgc and well built luburbs, with
tine garden.'. Hctwcen thel'c luburbs and the town is a |
fine walk of lin!C■tl(e^, which was laid out in the year
1702, and eiicompilles the ;ity
fo planted ill the town ditches ; but the fortilication
fcem ratlur c.ilcul ited for the ulc of t' e inhabitants *'>
valk on than for defence. The wa'ls nave four niaoni- ! own was the bill in all haxony that imitated the Hn--
ficcnl Hone gates, and the citizens maintain two hull- j liHi Hannel. "■'
lircd loldiers. The hoiiles are very lufty, and have tie- | Rochlitz is featcd on the Mulde, in the prcfccluraie
gaiit lroiU.i. The (Irceis are clean, conimodiou>, and , ol the lame name with the town, and contains about four
agreeable; tlicy arc lighted in the night v*itli feven hull- | hundred houfes. To the wefNt has a citadel, wl:;ch
ilred lamp., and the inhabitanta amount to about tony itamls on a hmh ^Mey rock. It has three chuiches, aiij
.".nollicr for interments, and the hofpital church i,| St,
Cjeo'^e, which lies before thebiidgc gate. The prince's
previnti.il Ichool, has alfo a church of its own j |,,-.
l'jc.< which tnere is a town fchool. The inhabitants
Mulberiy-trecs are il- I ;<rocure fublillence chiefly hy their wood, cloth, and
r.ead i the dealers in the latter frrquriit the fairs iif
i;'fic, their thread being exported f.ir and near. (111.1
thouland within the wa
Lcipfic has been dilfiiiguiflicd during feveral ages for
t!ic liberty of conlcieiice granted to all people. Hence
the inhabitants have been iiuhillrious .0 me cultivation
of kiiowledi;c and moral improvement, ileri is an uni-
vcr.'uy whicn i.-. Ilill very coiifideiable, wilh fix churches
for the Lutherans, tliciri being the cllablillicd religion,
one for the CaKinills, and a chapel in the caltle for ihofe
of the Romifli chu.'ch. The univeility library confills of
about twelve thouland voUmies, fix thouland of which
are folios. This library is open for the ule of the pub-
lic, from ten to twelve, on \\ ednefdays and Saturdiys j
and on the fame days, but in the alteinoon, free accefs
is allowed to the magilliates library, which confills of
about twiiitv-five thouland volume.--, and contains cabi-
iv.ts of urii':, antiques, and mec .., witn many curiofiiies
of art and iiatute. Ihc exchange is dii elegant (Iruc-
tiire, and the cieling of the great hall is well painted.
The Apoel gardens aie planted with a great number of
vewtrcis, and adorned with canals, water-works, and
ftatues. In a ftruillure ereiled in this garden i-sc.iiiied
on a mr.nufaclory of gold and filvei tilfue, velvet, tVc.
The Hi fen giirdcns are \ery large, but want that fym- |
iiietry and leauty which appear in the Appel gaidtns ; I
however, heic is a fine orangery, and in a pavilion a- J
domed with fome paintings aie to be fccii a numerous
c:(dledlion of curiidities in the animal and vegetable king-
doms. In an inclofure within the garden are kept fome
vhite fla:s, of a ditk-ient Ipecies from the lomnion deer,
'i'he afpara^us of Leipfic is large and dcliciou.s, the gar-
dens here bting reckoned the bell in Cierniany.
All forts of iiiaiiufidturcs are cariied on in this titv,
"old iilvcr, lilk, wool, and linen varn bung worked
a good Latin fchool. In this town cloths, (luft'i, and
linen aic made ; and i.i a iiiountain near the town ..re
fome excellent Hone (juariies, the icd Hone in which ij
exported to a great liilhinee. Marble, jafpcr, chalcedony,
and other beautiful Hones arc alfo found heic.
The didrie't of Wur/.en, though united to the circle
of Leiplic, has its own regency, and fevcr„l towns, the
principal of which is VVurzen, which in featcd on the
river Muldc. 'I'he town is but fniall, but the fuburbs
which are much larger, contain in them the old citadil,'
a catb.'dral church, that of St. Wen/.en.iiis, an hofpiul,
and a Latin Ichnid. The beer of this town is leckoiicd
eiiu.il to any in Saxony, and is exported in great (juan-
tities. lleie are alfo many houfes for the dying of cloth,
Icvcral bleaching grounds for linen, and many of the in-
habitants get their living by knitting.
SECT. Vll.
Of I III Circle of llrtzvcbirg, IVi^lhmrl, Kftijindt, Mtrfi-
/luri;, and lli ISijhoprii ef KiUiiiiliui g ; nitb tiicir frm-
cipiil 'loWHS.
'"r^HK circle of Krl7gcbirg is bounded by the circles
X ol Leiplic and Milnia, as alfo by liohemia, the
N'oigtiand and Neulladt circles, and has its name from
the mountains, which are lich in oie. On the Icarchiiif
and working ol this oie and oilier mineral:;, and on feme
m.muladluiesjthe inhabil.ints depend for their fublil!eii,c,
whicli they cannot heic receive lioiri .igriculture. This
circle, iiieluding the feigniories of the count of Sclion-
biiig, contains fifiy-four towns, ten mint and ni:!rkc!-
tuwiis,
I
S .XOMV.
Mwns, .ind Kvfii
is divided into hi
ill vvhii h are,
I'leyberg, or '•
ul the lame name,
,1,,, to the elei'bir
niii) which lb'' 1
ChM'iii'h the '"«'"
fuid houles, anil I
W.IS eomi'illcd '"
rounded with a do
by imvirs and on
utealell niimbe
I'he iiJ.t about t
(ftiscllernied Kit
|,,,s tne dirciilion o
titj-ltl lies •" ■'.'
and IS cncoinpalled
),,, a church 01 it
ciiliedial, near w
Si. Peter's church,
"and St. Baribedom
holiiital belonging
h.is eight tcacncrs,
l.-,,.ybcig h.is alfo ;■
inhabitants are em
Ijcc of Tonihac ;
vitriol hmile. lis
,l„tjnce. In i {18
earners that go 10
iheir wares to piibli
li.ibit.mts of this loi
neighbourhood aie
,,ri>lit.ible in all Mi
copper, till, and lea
cleclor a dear annual
fand pounds flerling
pcror, when the clec
to five iinrifled the
church, the Gerniai
tl.eir robes, jewels, ,
/oolii/. is a fiii.ill
|,.ll|y fublill by wr
found here, into pitc
tup-., writing implcm
lint-!, fiiuH'ers, toba
bee, yarn, and linei
l-ovf the town 1 and
fpuies, vi'hich IS ell
ciinlideied by the fovi
a yellow, gieeii, bio
ileclor.ll red i|uarry j
liisot v.iiiou.-. colour
Zwickau, one of
liriiated on the river '.
Iioiii the town hy a i
|i.iit of the town, an
in ihe lower fuburb
which IS a library th
v.ilunies i there i-. I
fpiiilual jurifdielion
arc lilteen borough
eluirches in Ihc coui
01 cloth, and a great
ihcmanutaelmei, vvl
trade can icd on hen
in leather, deals, ire
Tile circle of V'oi;
birg, jJohemia, and
contain-i filtcen towi
ihrcc vill.iges, the pi
Plaiirii, the capita!
•nJ of the eledhiral
r aicd on the river
liith one parifi) chur
'.Ii'o a Latin fchool a
i',iiritu.d jurifdidlioii
I'V.irrhcs. Here is .1
The circle of Nei
circle of Krtzgcbirg
burg and Saalfcld. j
5«
W'f
I'll ot
S .xosv.
p. U K O I* I'.
»77
.„*ns »'"! f^v*!! huii>lto,l ,in.l luty-ocK vIll.igcM .I'lJ
|. J.viJcJ i!>U) (licicii prtWlurato, tlie pniMiMl (.Luls
"TK'vlHrt'.'of Kf''"'";'- ''><• cipit.il (.r tlir prcli...liiralc
„l tl.L-l.im«; »•'""' ^'"' ""' l"ii'"l''' nunc l(.WMlK■^.llK-
t, the cK'Ol.ir "I S.i»nny, !•. (f.itcil on tlic Miil^li',
[\\t winch ihL- river cl l-ufit/. (.ills, iittcr it li.n tiiii
ihM'iu'li tlif li'wn. I''tcylui(; coiilills ot .ilidiit twotlnni-
l„„l iKHiks, ami tlK- mmiliirr of il.< mli.ibit.iiits in 17/5,
WIS. (""I"'"-'' '" i""'''"" lofixty lhr>ul.,ii.l. It IS (iii-
rmiiuk'l with a ilimlilc will, i-.uli »l winch I'l dclciiJcd
Nunvirs ami out woiksj hut the iiliiLT wall ll.t. the
Jciitil iiiimbiT. Koiiiiil it .illo runs a IiiiliI ditch.
Vlii- iiJ-' •'^""' ''''■■ '"^^'" '■" l'"^"y mowiitniiDin. and
.(tiiilliciiK:'' Ititikv It h.is.in u|H)crmiiic olfuc, whiih
i,.,s the dirciilion lit all the nunci in the touiiiry. I lie
liuitl lits ut a (null dillaiue frdin one ol llie ^.w^,
ji,l „ cncoiiipatrcd with adiuh reniarkalily deep, and
|),!i achuriliot 1I1 <n\n Thi; other chuuhes .ue the
cul«J"l< '"^■"' wliirh IS llie tleCloral liuiving iliapel,
si I'cterS ihun-h, St. Nieliolas's, St. J.inies, .St. John'^,
and St. UarthLiluincw's. Kach ot the two l.ilk has an
lidlpiial hcliingiiig to it \ here is .illo an academy, which
hi5 emlu teachers, ai\d in it is kept the puldii. lihr.irv.
j,'n.y|,i;ig h.is alio a cannon and hvll-loundery, and the
ji,|,jl,it;\nts are employed in making tine [,yons lace ami
lice of Tombac; and near the town is a tulphiir and
viiriol hoiile. Its excellent heer is rxported to a (;reat
.liiUiice. In I {18 itoht.iim-d the ptiviltp;c, that all the
•irritrs that go to Uohemia (hould he oldi;',ed to expole
their wares to public lale (or tlirce whole d.iys to the in-
h.iliiiants of tins town. The lilver mine works in this
iicichbourhood are of f>reat importance, and the moll
nti.rit.ible in all Mil'iii.i. There are likewile mines of
Dipper, till, and lead; all which arc faid to brini^ in the
ekclor a dear annual piolitof a hundred and thirty thcni-
fjiul pounds Iterling. In 1632 it was taken by the cni-
ncror, when the cieclor gave eif^hty thoulaiul rixdollars
10 lave unriflcd the t'amily nionuments in St. Peter's
church, the Ciermaii princes being anticiitly buried in
tl.eir rubes, jewels, tV^-.
/ooliiz i.s a fiii.iU town, where the Inhabitants princi-
n:illv luhlill by working the ferpent-ltone, which is
found here, into pitcher?, mortars, bowls, tea and cofjee-
iiip'-, writing imidemcnts, boxes, pipfs, catkets, candle-
links, fiiuft'crs t<jbarco-bnxes, and alio by trading in
Ijcc, yarn, and linen. The ferpcnt-llone isdiigjult a-
IniU' the town ; and I'.iither to the eall ii found a red
(ni, us which IS cdcenied the linell, and is therefore
ci.iilidiied by the (overeign as his property ; together with
J \i!!iiw, gicen, biown, giey, and black fort. In the
(It^liir.'.l red ijuarry arc found gianatci, and alfo albcf-
liis of » at 1011.1 colour-i.
Zwickau, one of the largeft towns iitthis country, is
iinutid on the liver Mulde, and has a citadel i'cpatated
liuiii the town by a ditch. It has a church in the upper
[Uilofthe town, another in the lower part, and a third
111 ihf lower luburbs. It h.is a good l„itin Icbool, in
which is a library that contains above twenty thoufaiid
v.iluiiies; there i, here alio a fuperiiuendency, whole
I'piiitual jurililielion is divided into three circles, in which
jrc tlltten borcjughs and nine towns, with lixtv-lix
churches in the toiiiitry. This town has a manulaelure
ni cloth, and a great number of cards arc made here for
t'lc mannlaclurei J who woik in woid, cotton, i^c. The
t.'aJe rariied on here conlilis in thefe articles, and alio
ir) leather, deals, iron, coals, marble, and corn.
T:k' circle of V'oigtland is hour led by that of Krf/.jc-
birg, lijhemia, and the pnncipalitv ol Culinbach, and
lontain-; fifteen towns and three hundred and twenty-
r.rcc vill:ig!'.s, the principal place in which is,
Plaurn, the capital of a prefciiutai ; of the iamc name,
nJ of the cledt.iral Saxon (hue in V'oigil.nid ; it is
1' aicd on the river Killer, and coiuains .m old citadel,
■.v:!h one parifll church, and another lor interments ; as
,li'o a L.itin fchool and a fuperiiuendency, which has a
jNiitu.il jurifdidioii over ten towns and thirty nim;
■ v.irrhcs. Here i.s a manufailure of cotton and cloth.
The circle of Neull.idt is bounde.l by a part of the
circle of Krt/.gcbirg, and the principalities of Alttii-
hijr;; and Saalfcid. It confills of tluce piclcilurate'., in
5«
which arc feven hnroiighn, twr) in.irkct-lowns, and twi>
hundicd and twenty-two villagei ; but the plitccs in thii
cir. le aic too innu.'iderablc to defcrve notue,
I hi' dutihy of Mcrlcburi; i< envirnned liy the cir Jm of
Leiplic, Ihuringii, the county ol M.niilcld, and tliL*
dutchy ot Magdehurg,
The country is leitile, and produces a cunnJerabltf
<|uinlitv ot corn, nnllet, and Hax. It was lornierly .t
bilhojiiK lubjccl to .Magdeburg; but was fcculati/ed by
the iicatv ot I'allaw in favour <d the huutc of Saxony.
One ot tiie dukes, who was adininil'.iator ot it, having
introduced I.uthciaiiifin here about the year 1 ^l>i, it his
been fince gianted as 3 poition to one of the younger
foils, to wtioni it gives the title of duke, wlm, with the
revenue, ol oth> r dillruli added to this noble billioprict
is mibled to keep a very genteel cour:.
I'he cha|>ter confills of Lutheran pr(nellant.s of aniient
genuine nohility, thefe ate lixteen canons ni.ijor, among
whom aie fix pielitcs ainl four inmoi canons,
The dutehy has its own regency, together with a pc-
ciili.ir chamher, cidlege, and conrillory.
It is divided into live pielcclurates, in which are one
borough, fcveii towns, and two hundred and twelve
villages.
I he principal place of this dutchy is Merfluirg, v^'bcri;
the duke refides. It Hands in a hue fituation, amidll
meadows and gardens, on the hanks of the Sala, or Saal,
ten miles to the louth-calt rd Halle, and Icvcnteen to the
north-welt of I.ciplie. It i; thought to derive its n.ime
Irom Mars, who was woifhipped here by the pagan
Saxiuis.- wiihiii the liberties of the ch.ipicr llaiuis "ihc
epif'i opal palace, together v\'ith the catludial, alioihic
llruOlure, in which is to he feen the inaiinli.-ent tomb ot
thecmpcroi Kodolplius of Swabia, who dud after loling
his hand in abattle tought with Henry IV. his coinp litor,
andthebiirying-vaiiltofthedukeotS.ixe-Meifeburg. Near
the cathedral is .1 hbiary of very antient iiianul. tipts.
I'he town is well built, though not in the modem t.ifle,
and its walls and feven towcis are of Hone. Among the
other buildings are the palace, an academy, the chancery,
the chapter-hoiile, the abodes of the canons, and the
parifli-chiireh. It has two luburbs, in each of which is
achurch, and in one td' them is an orphaii-boufe, and a
water-engine, by means of which water is conveyed
fiom the Saalo into the palace, the town, and luburbs.
The lalt dillricM wc fliall niention in the electorate of
Saxony is the I'ecularr/.cd bilhopric of Naunibiirg, which
lies partly on the Saale and partly on the hlller. The
former part is entirely furrounded by the circle of Thu-
ringia, and the latter by I'huringia, the circle of Lcipfic,
and the principality of Allenburg.
The proteltant chapter of Naumbiirg confilis of tvtelve
capitulars, fix major prebends, and tout minor ; and the
collegiate foundation of Zeits, which is alio protcllant,
has feven canons. I'hi.s bifliopric has its own regency,
together with a peculiar college and confilioiv ; the latter
of which is filled up by the counl'ellois of the regency,
in whom is likewile veiled the choice ol the I'upcrintcii-
ilency of the foundation.
This bilhopric contains three prefe>nuratcs, in wliicll
are five towns, and about a hundred and forty villa-'es :
but the only places worthy of notice are,
Naumburg, the capital of the dilhict. This city lies in
a t'ertile tra.it near the Saale. It is under thejunfdiclioti
I of its council, and contains a fiiiall citadel, with three
I churches and a fchool. In the liberty is the cathedral,
I and the cati'.edral fchool. Its yearly fair, which begins
j on the twenty-ninth of July, enjoys confidciable pri-
vileges.
'/.en/, is a town fcatcd on the Killer, and contains a
citadel, which, Ironi its founder dukcMoiiiz, or Mau-
rice, i,s named Moritzburg. It contains tour cluirchcs,
with a fchool, and is the feat id' the legi.nc) and
conlillory. In this town is likewile a manufa.iture of
cloth.
We here conclude our account of the clc»floiate of
Saxonv, which compofes only one of the twenty-'wo
llates into which Upper Saxony is divided, and ihall now
proceed with the rcU.
Yy SECT.
>i !l
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I -I'Tli-T
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17S
A SYSTEM OF r. F. O (, K A I' II V
S K C T. VIII.
0/*/// Murktr AlliifuifaU of Hr ANnRNilliRii.
Ill Sllllilliiii, I'rc.lliif, Rii'iri, ,111,1 Ciiihllu Thf Rtir-i.'»i
cfth Inhiihhimli, anillluir Lmrni'i};, /fill, unit ALinu-
fa'lwn.
TIIK mark of Uniidi-nburp ii boiimlrd nn the norili
liy iMccltlii 'nil;; ^iinl i'iinuT.iiii.i ; on tlic cilk by
PnlntuI ; on the (c t.i l>v SiMi.i, l-ii(.iti.i, the iliilloratc
«)l'S:ixi)iiv, ttu" |iiim i|i.ility (if Aitli.ilt, mv\ tho diitchy cil
M.igdilnir.; ; .iml 1 11 the well hv the Jiittliii •» of M.i);<lc-
h\\\i .inj I.iiir.'iilnii;?.
'l"hi< country is not cvpry when- fertile, fnmi' (r.ii!>%
. hcin;; very Hinilv ; nntwithll,iniliii(; whiih tlulf l.nid«,
when inoprrlv ciilliv.iti'd, vkld rvi", fiii.ill Iviili'v, ;ind
o.it> in alniiul.inn-, and ttic cnni h thininT (htlltd th.in
that which i-rnvvs in a fjttcr foil. I'hc iiih.il)il:inli .illo
turn ihcir f.mdv Rionndt to adv.int.i",c hy Uviiif, i' ""'
in vnicvar.ls and L;.irdi'iis, or (il.iniiiig it with |iiiK'-irfi'<,
which thrive wi'll in ihcfc ptrts ; but fonic ot the circles
nrc vrry fruitful, produciiii' whc.if, fpclt,and lar^cbarliy
in plenty,
This couMtrv, iimlcr the u'lvrrnnicnt of kincj; I'rtdcric
William and hi:. \\ri Krtdcric- II. Ii.h acipiiird a very dif-
fortnt Wy .. fmni that in wliiih it aiiticntU- nppcircd.
A'.'riculturi' Is univprfally Improved, large tr.icls of walle
land have heen culiivated, fiipeifluuiis w<K)db j;nihbtd up,
deep and laij^e nior.illi:. rendered dry and fruitful, and a
prodigiou'! number of villaj>es ereded. In fonic ot the
circles millet, buck-wheat, and flax arc cultivated ■, in
others groit quantitici of tobacco, and in others again
herbs iifed for dvin;^ The woods fiirnilh the inhabi-
tants not only with tucl fit for domcltic ufcs, hut with
great nuantiticr. of timber fir hoiifc and (bip-buildin:r, a
treat deal of which i.i exported to Hamburg, Iloll.nid,
France, and other pliccs. The wotuK are alfo of ;;reat
advant.ige f.^r carrvingon their iilafs and iron-works; the
makiiij; of charcoal, tar, and p:it-afhes. Hence great
care is taken to prcferve thofc woods in a good condition,
for the benefit of poltcrity.
The iniiabitaiiti alfo crrplov thcmfelvcs in breeding
of cattle, and particularly fheep, on account of the threat
advantage they receive fromthtir vool, which enables
them to carry on fomc prohtable woollen manufai5foiic.s ;
and thcrefoiv for the improvement of their breed of
flieep, kill;; Frederic II. has caufed rims to be imporlcd
from ."^pain and KnjlaiiJ. The culture of tilk is like-
wife carried on with pood futci fs, and is continually
incrcafing ; for ii'itwithitandiiv.; the climate is in win-
ter much colder than ours, lilk- wuims tliiivc, and pro-
duce a great deal 'd filk.
The principal miiici.ds in the .Mark are a fine porce-
lain cjrth, ami all manner of colour-carllis, together
with allnm, lalt-petrc, amber, and iron Ihme.
(If the nvn in this country arc the Kibe, and the
Oder, wliici) may be cllcemcd the capita! livers offjcr-
many. lielldes liirfe there arj lefilr llreams, and nnr.y
ufeful canals for the advantat'.e of nivigation. One of
thefe canals named I'lauen, Ihortcns the watcr-pafl'age
between lierlin m\\ Majdeburi';h about one half; it is
ci^ht thoiifind fix hundred fifty five perches in lcni>rh,
and at the bottom is iwcnty-two, at tlie furfate of the
water twenty-fix, and in fomc places between forty and
fifty feet bro.id, with bridges laid over it, at nine dif-
ferent places. There arc alfo fcveral inl.ind lakes, fomc
of which, ill the middle Mark, have 3 communication
hv means of canals and lluiccs. 'i'lie I-.lbe and the
Oder abound Id'-, in filh than the Havel, the Spree, and
feverid fmallcr Ifreams.
The prcatel. part of the inhabitants arc of the Lu-
thcaii church ; the preachers beloiiLiini; to which are
ran-jed under fixty-ninc fpiiitual inlpeiStiuns and their
lieaci, parilv {tiled inlpeiRors, and partly alfo piovolt;.
The royal and tlcchiral hoiil'e alfo now profels them-
fclves of thi. church. The refiiji^ee IJohcmians who arc
fettled hcr.i are Roman catholics, but the j'Vench refu-
frces are Calvinilts ; however, every inhabitant enjoys
an unrcrtraiiicd liberty oi' conli-icnte.
The (. lencei are in junh < lb . in, and -rcjtly lultivi.
cd for tlu-ir inipiovement thcp; ate Latin filiur,!,, f,,",
ral kmiii.iiU', the imi\eility ot hrincforton tfic(),|r
and ilir aeatUinv of (eieiaci atHiiliii. Ihc Inve, ,',','
hiiiilcll 11 the palnn ol Ic.lined and ingcnioin nuu' 'I
he himlelf I, ., pliiji.irpher .iiul .1 poet. ' "'
Nuiiieroiii manulaCtiirrs an- earned on here, flip,,,,. ,
ell pan ol wlmh were introiliitrd by thi iiiiih rt(
j'.tis. I he iiili^liitaiin make cloths and '.ilfurtw,
woollen Itiilt-, ai canibletH, c.iliin.iiK' r , . Jiuirl, n!"
Kutts, vtlvri, and tapiltries, i;uid and blvcr liic,'.,',!
Ir.iiher. They prepaie all inaiiner of puiili.d e.in'
cidi.iirs, allum, filt priir, pMn powdct; and fiv^rj
ol wares aie m.ide ol wrouc.ht and eaU iron, 1K,|
bia(i. They likcwile make large .ind excellent
fori,
«iia
"iiriiji,
and a very line loit ol porcelain. At Uerlin are alio,,'
eiit p.iintei:;, Katu.ii les, and i-n(;ravtri. Admirable
II
thin
and
.illo made
:.;s are .ilio performed in the lewellmp, coMfmni,,
enanie|l,||,, w.iy ; fine mathematical inllruiiuiiis jfj
.iiul the llcrlin coaches arc every where h
mous. Hy means of thifc ails and nii'.nufaiftuiej, j |j/
W' ot laiLte luiiis IS made, and the money kept in th
country i while the (joo.lj exported bung in m,
prodigious i|uaiitity c» gold and blvcr.
iiutn
SEC '|-. IX.
Thf R'Mil ar.d ElUUrol Til.'n, an.l Ji nn ; i/m 'mi ,'. »j ()a.^
hyti.hiJ> the Uovtnimtnt is oilmiiiijlud ; th R,vt„u','
iin,l Potur of Iht tiWtir ; and tin Numliii oj Im ^i,^„|
TIIK royal and cleCloral titles run thus ; viz, (..-f.
dctic king of Piuflia, inarRravc of Bniiuicnburj!"
of the holy Roman empire arch chambeilain and elec-
tor, lovcieign and fupnme duke of Silcfu, fovrreion"
prince ol Orange, Nculchatel and Valencin j of ihc
county ot Olat/,, CJueMcis, .\Ugdeburp, CIcvr, ]u\\fj,
the Herg, btettin, I'omerania, the C.ll'ubi and VVcnilj'
MecKlenburg and Croflen, duke ; buigravc of Nurcn-
berg, prince of llalbcrll.ult, Miiiden, Camiii, Wciulcn"
Schwerin, liatzebiirg, l.ad-r'riefel.ind and iVlors; count
of llohen/ollcrn, Kappin, the .Mark, Kavenlberg, Ho.
hendein, Iccklenbur^;, Lingcn, Hurcn, and lA'erdam-
lord ot Ravciiltcm, the coiintiies ot RoHock, St.irgjrd'
I.aiicnburir, iSutow, Arlay, mil lireda, tVc. '
'['he arms on account or P.uHia are a crowned eagle •|,-»J
I'.ible, with trefoil-llalks or, on the wings, and the let-
tcrs !•■. k. on the breall. In a li; Id ardent. On account
of the mark of Hrandcnbiir!; an e.igle gules, w.-aponcd
or, with ireloil-dalks of the fame on the win^s, in a
liild ar;^cnt. On account of the arch - chamberlain's tji-
fice, a fecpter placed p.dewife in a Held azure, On ac-
count of the diitchy of (Jeneva, a chefs-table dividtj
into five fields or, luid lour azure;. On arc nint of
Orange, a belt or, with a blue hun:in'::-horn. On ac-
count of Neufeli.itel, _a pale gules befet with three
chevrons ar"enr, in a field or. On account of .Mandc-
bur^», a Ihield divided rules and anient. On .iccount of
Cleve, ci;jlit fceptres 01, in a field purple ; or acinrdinj
to others, united in a Imall fliield argent, in which
fceii a round lin'^. On account of jiiiiers,
fie
I'l wnicn 13
, a lion fable
II) a field or, Oi\ account of the Hcrg, a lion gules
crowned azure, in a field argent. On accniint of Stet-
tin, a gridin gules, crowned or, and weaponcd in a field
azure. On account of I'omerania, a grilliii ii,ules, weapon-
ul or, in a field argent. On account of C'liliilicn, a grif-
fin fable, turned to the linilier fule and wcapoiuJ or, in
a field of the fame. On account of Wen Jen, a prifSn
tranlvcrflly niaikcd giilcs and vtrte, in a field argent.
On account of Mecklenburg, a bultabrs he.-.,l fable,
having horns argent and crowned gules, with a ring ar-
gent pafii-d through the nofe. Oii account of CrolTcn,
in a field or, an c.iglc fable, with wings, tail and wea-
pons difpl.iycd, and fiaving on his brealt a crefccnt ar-
gent, over which is letn a fmall crols id the fame. On
account of Jageriidorf, an eag!e fable with .1 hunting-
horn argent, placed on the bread, in a field of the fame.
On account of the burgravate of Nuienberi;, a lion
fable, with open jiiws prepared for battle, a ti'iiguc ex-
erted gules, wfapuiied and crowned, in a liild li'i'. On
account
1
BnANDrNlURr.
(irpartnients aie divid
BRANt»r.NIUHO.
i; U U () 1- F.
.(■count of II.>lb"rtj !t, a fliicM ditideJ iirg-iK urnl ({iilri.
()n .111 ■■111" "• ^''|''''■". '*" '««)"' ■'!■;■;'■'>'. pl'"""' 'I' """'
I a St. Aii'l'fwN cnil i, m 4 hcM cu'k'i. ( >ti .I'.cumit nl
I'imini *M .iiu liiM L-roli ui-ent, in i ll'-M y.tiW't. (j* m-
Kiuiit lit .Schwi-nn, * (liiiM iIivkIcJ, in wluilV- ii|)|)cr pait
'1 a RnfliM "fi I" •' ''^''' ■'"'I''''' "^« 'I"'''*'' I"" Virli',
Lthiii iii^''"'"""^'l''''"' *'" ^'■■'•"'1'" "' Kai/ilnir,», ii
aoh w.ivini; .Kill .ir^i 111, in a licM -jiile^. On account nl
Kal* l''iiill'n'ili •• ii"»ii''il li.irpv <'i, wilh winn« ililjiUy-
j 111.1 liil'l (.il>lii -in'! Tmir ^^M^ <<\, in the lour coi-
ii/n ol" till' '"^'l''' *'" •"''""I" "' W"'S ■' I'll" '"I'll", in
liclJ 'ir. <'" .uioiintot Holicn/illrrn, a Ihicld (|iijr-
^eily Afi'iit an. I ('I'lr. <'n uccntint nl Riipiiin, .in cij-lc
'ii^'iii a tulil |MiliM. On aicount iit the M.iik, a
icllech''i|i"T('l gules .inJ argnil, in a HiKI vr. On ac-
touiltol Ravcnlhcru, thn-c chcvrnni y,n\ti aii'l nr^ent,
U-td ovir laih iitlicr. Kur Hiihi'n(tiiii, a lliiiM i hf-
■ - '' ■'•-'' ' , thr '^- ■
On accDiint <it' l.in^cn, :ni
duVrcd pill''' ■""' argent. Vm IVckU'iihiiij;, thrrchcaili
t,ulci), inafi'ldotthf Cimc
anchor iir. in a lidd a/mc. On arioiiMt <it Sihwirin,
M .irm (.iii.iiiiducd arc,cnf, projecting "ut nf a cluinl,
imJ hcilJin:', in m h.ind a iin^;, in a fuM I'lilis. K.ir
Cli'tti'i.bcr,!', a hart Cahlo, in .i lii'Ui arncnt. I'or Ue-
f„(|cin, ahail's attire t;u!c;., in a licld argi'nt. Kor llii-
,ir) a ll^lc ar.'.mt pinnailcd alternately on both fidis, in
(I'u (TiiU- . On accmnit of I-cerJaiti, two fcHis (;iil< ■■,
alttnuitlv piiinaclej on rath fide, in a fiel.i ;iri;eiit. i'>i\
acciiiiit (if th^' ni.iri|infate of 'I'c Vrcr, a (ifli; arj^cnt in
hold Ijblr. I'or Rodock, a biirt.ilo's hud gules an I
crown'd, a toni^ne cxeiled giilcs, and linriis argent, in
afield or. On account of Starcard, a lliield dividrd
rules and or ; niul on account of llreda, tlnte fmall St.
An Irew's crollis argent.
With refjiei.^ to the orders of knighthood, we have al-
ready niven an account of them in treatin;; if I'riidi.i.
With refpeiil to the fever.il olHccs by which the ^ro-
vernmciit is adminillcred, they confilt of the following,
which arc kept .it Ikrlin.
I, 1 he privy (late-eouncil, which afTembles once a
week. In this council all the privy niinillers of Oatc
and war, as well .is thole who arc in the provinces, have
a feat and voice when they come to Herlin. In it aic
propofed matters of j;r.ue, important juftici.iry aft'airs are
decided, and thr vacant inveltiturcs confured, thofe of
theSilefun prince-, excepted, who arc invellcd by the
king himfelf from the throne.
if. The cabinet miniOry, which take care of forcij-n
(late affairs, and conlill «if the privy niinillers ol iUte,
war, and the cabinet, who arc divide. 1 into two depart-
mcnts of which ono attends only to CJeiman (late-af-
fairs, or the concerns of the empire.
III. The general fuprciuc dircdloiy of the finances,
war, and dom lins, throughout the whole of the royal
and elcdoral counaies ; under which are all the war and
domain chambers. 'I'lie king himfelf is prelident, and
the heads of the fix departments into which it is divided
have rerlain privv finance counfellors under ll-.ein ; they
arc niinillers of itate and war, and aflas vicc-picfidents,
mid diieelin;^ r.iliiilleis at the general fupreme dirv;tory
ill' the fin.iiices, war, an.l domains. Under four of tliele
departments are divided the fcveral parts of the king of
i'ri]fli.i'sCiermaii domuiions j the tilth takes cognizance
lit .irt'.iirs relating to commerce, arts, and maiiufaiilurcs;
and the fixih of the mag.izines, provifions, niarching,
quartering, lalt-pctre, and other atfuirs lelating to the
lervice.
IV. The fpiritual department, which takes care of the
church, the univerfity, fchools, and aftairs relating to
tsc poor, md has at its bead a niiniller of Hate and war.
V. The general poll-otHce, which provides every thing
rcbtiii:; to the poll throughout the whole of the royal
and elcdoral countries, Sileiia excepted.
VI. I'hc fupreme court, or tribunal ol appeals, the high-
eft jultieiary college in all the royal and clecioral coun-
tries, and lo whicli appeals lie from the feveral regencies
or fioverninents.
VII. The chamber court, which decides all proceli'es
ihrnnghoiit the tieiloral Mark, and conlill.s of two fc-
natcs, the chief prefuliiit of wlii.h, and likewife of the
tribunal, is the great LluuKeiior for the time being.
•79
■mtiiii ch.irnl-.rr ni the ileAonI
\ III. The war and
.Mark, Willi h h.M thr nianaii'-nient of the lariiiini{ nut
lit Itic riiy.il prclnl\iiri4l«i ami mills, the care of the fi-
ii.inre. an I doni.uni, mil in gcnrral ol every Ihini^ thir
iil.iiti lo ihi' royal rJ»tnuci aiifinj; from the cicelora'
Mai k of Mrandiriihur)^.
I.\. The luprtme war and domain ch»mber of nr
coiiipi.,, which infoi'Cls the accompli of the fenral calli
ollinn ill the royil and rlec'loral couniriei.
X. I he (iipremc l.uihrrun confillory, whith is em
ployiil til (illing up the places ol prcaclien ami Uhool
inallvri, aiul in cxainiiiln'i c.indiiiatn This innlillorv
IS lil'.ewife i-onlulted on th'- filhng up of the iheolo^ira'
chaiis at the roy,il iinivrifiliei.
XI. The (lircs'tory of the Calvinift church, whirti
taki s rogiij/anee ol the conrrrni of the feveral C.iK ir.ilt
chiin hcH ill the rny.il roiinirns.
Ml. The war runfilloiy.
XIII. The pupil (1 lli'gc ofihc rlr^^oral Mark, which
being appointed lor the tutelage of iniiiori, aiidid their
areounts, am) provides for ttic fccuro lodgment of their
capitals.
XIV The fuprenv iniiu'-f.flicc,
XV. The general provifion-oflicc.
XVI. I'he general lalt-ehe(l and (all fia.iry.
XVII. The fupreme niediciiiil colle^'C.
The French li.ive .in upper niid under in.licatorv of
th''ir own, ai alfo their own revilion, trihuiiil, fupreme
confillnrv, and fupreme dircdtory, which ii Itiled thu
(.'«'■/<'/ /■'rnnpii.
I'lie (iiiiries of the royal revenues arifing from the
maripiilate of Urandenburg are the r.iyal domain, with
the lorells, polls, mines, mints, duties on fill, llamped
paper and cards, cxcife, iiiipofls upon beer, and grind-
ing, the biillieltax, tolls, proteiflion money paid by the
jews, the conf^ihution or tax on hide s, laiil, and houfes,
^s'c. Thele feveral revenues are colleillcd into dilVercnt
cherts, and the fum total of the )early revenues ariling
from the mark alone are cflimatcd at about two million*
and a half of crowns.
The power of the royal PrulTi.in and elcil >ral houfc of
Uraiuienbtirg has rilen under king Fre.leric II. to a height
that has attr.idled the attention and allonifliment of all
Kiiropc. This power is not to much founlcj on Its ex-
tent of territory, which is much lela than that belonging
to (oine other Kuropean ll.itcs, but on its exccllrnt in-
ternal conllitution, as Well as on the great infight of its
governor into the coimeifhon of the dirt'crcnt parts of ths
body politic, and likewilie on his own wiic and indcfa-
tigalde attention to the povernment of his people.
AM the countries and llatcs of this royal and tledl.ira!
houfe do not exceed three tlioufaiid lijuareCicrman miles,
and contain in them nearly five hundred towns. From
the year 1750 to 1756 there were, one year with another,
one hundred and lixty-fix thoufand five hundred and
i lixty-feven pcrfons baptized, and about a hundred and
1 twenty-live thoufand liiree hundred and fortv-eightdeaths ;
I wiiencc, in order to find out the number of inhabitant-.
I we needonlv to multiplv the lall of thefe fuim bv thirtv-
cight, which brings the number to tour niilliim feveii
hundred and lixty-threc thoufand two hundred an.l twen-
ty- lour. The whole of the royal revenues arc ratej at
near twenty millions of dollars. The contributions of
the lubjedls are invariably fi.\ed, and at no time, ii'tcvcii
in the moll dillicult conjunctures of war, arc afterwards
railed or renewed.
According to a complcat lift of the royal Prudi.m armv
in 175,', it ciuifiited at that time of one hundred and
(ortv-fix thoufand two bundled and lil'ty-le\cii men,
which in tiinc of peace requires the fum often million
nine bundled and thirty two thoul.ind nine huiuired and
fi.\ty dollars lor their yearly mainicnance, cxclufive of the
ch.irges ot mounting and remounting, levying and quar-
tering, whiih may aril.; to about one-fourth more: to
that the luin total of the money required for their main-
tenaiKc one year amounts to nearly fourteen millions of
dollars.
The difclpline of thefe troops, ns well as their cxpcrt-
nefs at their cxercif'-, is not to be equalled. For their
fublidence the feveral royal and elct'loral countries arc
divided
I (
'.'I'.
- iii-- ■
' .'r lu!
i I. . J^l g - -3.1
iu. ;
'•K
'■4
*
1
i
I
^1
I t
i8o
A SYS T IF. M OF G E O G R A V H Y,
15
i<A.\I)CNnip,.,
iliviilcil into c.iiitor.5 or Iniallcr circles, out of wliioli
each regiment, and even c-acli company, has a feparate
one to itft-lf, out o( which its rtcniits are tn he diawn ;
for which rcafon tlic Icvcr.il regiments are always ijnar-
tere.l in or near tholb cantons nut ol whicli ihcy iiiaw
their recruits. In times ol' peace tliefe troops have every
year nine or ten months t'lirlow gianted ihem, in order
to enahle them to cany on their buliiiel's as buri^iicn or
peal'ants.
I'he above-mentioned army has confifted of ten thou-
(and th'ee hundred and forty cuiralliers, eleven thouland
lune hundred and tnirty-cight dragoons, ten thoufand
one hundred and ll^iteen hullars, and one hundred and
thirteen thmirind ci^iit huiivired aiid fiUv-li'' foot ; a-
mong which were tour thouland four hundred and twenty-
three I'uperior otTiccrs, and ten thoufand and forty ii.fenor
ones. A regiment of cuiralliers confills of hve k|uadrons,
a regiment of dr.igoons of ten, and a regiment of huli'ars
of the like number. Afquadron of the two liril contains
one hundred and fixty-lix men, and a fquadron of the
lall one hundred and fourteen complete. A regiment ot
toot ufu.illy confills of two battalions, each ot which is
conipoled of fix companies, tliat is one of grenaiiiers, and
five of mufketeers. However, two of the Prullian regi-
ments conlilV of three battalions ; thcfc are the regiment
of guards and that of Aniialt IJell'au. A tield battalion
conlllls of eight hundred and fixty-four men, and a gar-
lifi'ii batt.ilion of I'even hundred and twenty.
I'he I'ruflian loldiers are in general remark.ilile for the
fliortnefs of their coats, which leems at firll view to pro-
ceed from a ridiculous frugality, yet is calculated tor
very wife ends, 'i'licir cloatiis fit extremely dole to
their bodies, and are Ihengthcncd at the elbows with
leather in the form of a heart, which prevents the necef-
lity of patching an old garment. A I'rullian li 'icr is
iievc.' Ui:t\ in rags ; but all of them, witii refpecl i > neat
iiels and the cleanlinels of their pcrfons, appear as gen-
tlemen. 'I'he kiiij'.'s guar^ls, and Come otlwr regiments,
have new cloaths every year, but tlie rell of the arinv in
general have new rej'.imentals only twice in three years.
'I'he lall king obliged the foldieis to wear white fpattcr-
iladics both in winter and lummer ; but bis prefent ma-
jclly, obferving the inconvenience with which it was at-
tended, gave his men black for the winter. In the I'.ime
fcalon their breeches are of woollen cloth, but in (um-
nier they arc of white dimity, or linen, which arc very
liglit .uul clean. 'I'hev all wear their hair queued, which.
Id by this means eafily kept in order ; and they are
always powdered when on duty. This not only lerves
to preferve the natural hair or wig, but gives thefoldicr
a rcf[)ecl for his own pcrlon, and tlie rank in which he
confiders himfelf in lome mcafurc compenl'ates for the
fmallnefs of his pay.
The Maik of Lrandenburg is in gencr.il divided ir.to
the KlciHoral and New .Marks. The Electoral Mark
coniprifcs in it the Old Mark, the Prignitz, the .Middle
Mark, and the Ucker Mark. Thefe marks, or provin-
ces, are again divided into circles, and over each is
pl.iced a land council. We (hall begin with the Mid-
dle Mark, on account of its lying nc.\t the countries
lall defcribcd, and its containing the capital city, the feat
of govcrnrntiit.
s K c r. X.
0/ tl>e AliM'i- A/jri of Brandenburg ; with a piirticuLr
D>l'<riptiin of t'<e Cities of liertm, Hrnii-linlurg, and
PotfJum ; the P^iuce of Sam Sauci, and other Places vjor-
t!>y of Notice-
THE Mi.Idle Mark is bounded by the Prignitz, the
dutchy of .Magdeburg, the Saxon Electoral circle,
Lower Eufatia, the New .\Iark, the Ucker .Mark, anil
the dutchy ot .Mecklenburg. This country has been
greatly improved by the laft and prefent king of PrufTia,
who h ive caafed m inv m.ulhv and unferviceable trai'ts to
be diaincd and rendeicd fertile.
In lAcral parts ol this Mark the inhabitants apply
ihe.^l^clvL■s to the cultivat uii of vines ; in others millet
and buclc-wlieat are produced in great (piantitles ; w.iai
clary, and law-\^^Jrt aic here cultivated, ,uid ii'i nianj
pl.icts it fuccceds well in the culture ol filk. In lun,',
paitsaie cuiilldcrable heaths and woods. This diliti-'f
has the advantage of having feveral fine canals dae f^f
the benefit of commerce.
The .Middle .Mark is divided into ei-lit tirtlis tip
principal places in which are, " ' ''
lierliii, the capital of ..11 the king of Prunia's dmni
nioiis, and one of the iargell, hnell, and molt pop„|„|,j
cities in all Germany, coufilluig properly ol li^. |^,j^.,|!
united under one town-council. In iierlin .ue rtvcnl
tine palaces, with other niagnihcent and I'upetb buiij.
iiigs. 'I'he llriets are fur the molt jLirt bro.id, Kmilar"
Itiaight, and fomc of them very long .md elcg.uit. T'hei •
aie alio feveral large and beautiful fquarcs, togeihcr witli
pleafant walks. There are twenty-live cliuiches, foj'r-
teen of which are Lutheran, clcicn Calvinilt, and wic
Roiii.ui catholic; an .icademy of fciuices, aiioii...r (,(
4its and painting, a college of anatomy and Curgeiy tiio
feminaries, and two public lihrarie.,. In t;55it'«a-
comj)uted to contain file thoufand eight buinind aiij
tweaty-h.x houfes, and one bundled and twenty-hx tlioi,.
land (ix bundled and fLMty-une pcrluiis, amour ^^|||J|^
were ii.v houfand five hundred and forty-one Ertiitl,
one thoufand two hundred and fifty- three iiolieiiiunj'
two thoufand five hundred and niuety-five Jews u\i
twenty (ix thouf.ind three hundred and twcnty-h,e id.
diets who iiad wives and children.
'Ellis city is feated on the Spiee, which padi's through
it ill two principal branches, and is in the rifty-ittuMj .',
degiee twenty-eight minutes north I.uitude, and the tlii'./i' ''
teenth degree torty-four minutes call longitude, a hup. *
dred and lllty miles to the north- well of Prague, aiiil -
encompaf.'ed with agrecalile gardens and vineyards. J'lj'.
entrance into Ueilin is airy and elegant, Jn goiiii; to-
wards the palace, on the new bridge, which is of IUuk i^^^^
the Spree, :;. an equeilrian (latue of Eaderic ^Villuniih,.
Great, which ia elteemed a piece ofexquilite worknur.
fliip, and was ereilled by p'redeiic I. kin" of Piiiin']
liuth the man and horfe are of one tntire piece call t
tne fame time, and coll forty thouf.ind crowns, 'I'l",;
eleclor is reprefented in a Roman habit, fomewhat .iboio
the common fize, on a pededal of white marble, adoii^
ed with ball'o relievo, rcpiefenting four fl.ives bouiij in
chains to the corners of the bale.
'I'he king's palace is a magniiiccnt nruiHure of frtc-
(tone, be^un by Erederic l.'in 1609, and tonfilts 01
tour (lories, with fine ceilings. laige apaitnienis aiio
fuperb (urniture, in particular tlu quar.titv of hlvcr cveil-
where Icen is amazing, for tlie table--, li.inds, lulln.
chandeiiir?, lookingglafs Ir.imes, couches, &c. arelaij
to be all of that metal. Mr. Hanway obferves, that i"r!e
apartments in the palace are adorncd'with lliver nuvciv
ftiape , but thefe ornaments are lb nialTy, that the f.dhion
docs not exceed feven per cent, lo th..t lour millions di
dollars might with great eafe be realized, if the e.\i.c,i!
cics of the (Lite required it. Here are the piauri° ci
Charles V. and his cmprelt, the Iraines of which arc 1,;
filvcr, each weighing lix centners, or fix hunJied'ar.i
lixty pounds ; and there is a fujierb crown lulire of le-
venteen cenlncis. Theie are alfo p:ccis of three, (iiur
and five centners, and a grand nuilicgallery finely or!
namented,a!l of filver ; hdlJcs, one end Of a ljr"e anait-
mcnt, for about twenty feet high and as man" bread i-,
richly furnidied with gilt plate: yet i.11 this is'mcrclvte
d-.ew, the court having other lerv ices ol pl.stc forufe. 'ri,,,
account ol thetreafurcs in this palace was written juK be-
fore the late war, ..ml it is not improbable that nii 'ht :;;.
ducc bisPiufrianmajedylonieltdownlonicol itintoViiccic
'I bcking'^ partiiularapaitments arcclegant ; bath.iie
nothing cxtraoidinary, the prevailing tade'is wiiitelliieeu
and gilding. Sever.il of the private apartnienti lu.e
tables, with pens, ink, and loole papers, which inJie.fc
the difpatch of bufinefs, more than the ie"ul..,itv .e.J
elegance one naturally experts to lind m a royal paLic",
I he hall has feveial good paintings, and the' grand fi-
loon is adorned with four pieces of tapedry, repielemin-
our Saviour driung out the nioncy-cli.uigers, his \iti[\\-
ing the difcipks tcet, the iiiiraculoiis drau.rht ot (illu-
s.'.l
r ^ ''^'-^;ipr^
iJ 111 nuily
• 111 loin,'
Ills iliiiil^t
UllANnENTil'iU-;
r. x< R
r.
!?■'
niiJ hl> h\A ('iipptT. Tiic lliionc lu theauilitncc-rhani'.KT
■ (,[ velvet, i-iiiliroHliTCil with I'ol.l in a j^riiiul i^iIIl- ;
(„,( i,„t lo.iilcil Willi oiM.HiKnts. I'hcrc is n(ithiii:>^ rx-
traoi.li" iry ii> 'i>'^^ "''' ini.irtc-r ol" tli.' palace, cxi .-pi a l-i J
ol'cniiili"' velvet, wliuli has above two liiiinlreJ eyphiis
witli cUvloial eiou-iis, all let with piarls, anJ thu- eh.iiii
in till' II'"'" •'"■ '" ''"-' ''"'"•' *■'"'•'■ '' '' iidial I'M- per-
("oiis of the royal blocjil to lie in this lail on ihi; full nii^ht
of their mariiajie.
'I'lie library i'; far Irom havini^ a beaut liil appiMi.uue ;
I, lit .ill :reiuleiiieii havi: the liberty ol icadiiiL' itieie, lioiii
[cii in tiie mornin;.; till two in the aUeriioon.
'1 lie kin"'s llables arc a Ipacioiis biiiKiiiv.;, ilivi, If. 1 in-
to two courts, anJ nine pavilions, at .111 equal ililt.iiici.-
Coin e.ich other. The aieliitedtiire on the oiitli.le is
(lohic; but the iiilide is more i-nagnitirciit, ami very
lol'tv ami li';htli)nie. The manjuTs are ol ilone, anJ the
inil.iisot' the Hands of iron, a.lorncii with his niajulU's
rviher ci'f- ^'ver the nian^Hrs are iLVcral lari;e pictures
-' - ■• ■ ■■ ' ' '-■ •' ■ '-:■■-•■'■ "riK- baek
nu . r l''^
inn lormeil inlK-ad ot a llair-cale, by wi'.ieh they ileleend.
flreors arc broad, lluiigiu, ai'.J iijiliiu-iiv. I.'iic was tir
ri lidt iH:e ol' the tpiein iiioihir, who wa. Iii'.er to !:iii^
I. ot' Kn_L>land. This pulate is iiauicj Muu
My kwel; it i; a I'lnall ilej.'.nt Hia^iure,
lid has v'ly line gaideiu that lie
(ieor ,
l-i'joii, or [\ly liwe
biauiii'iillv turr.ilh
open to the rivt
u'l the fined hcrl'es bred in the kinir's Ituds.
fide of thcle Itables projects towards the river, a Hope
inn formed inlK-ad of a Hair-cafe, by wi'.ieh theydefc
Here are noble apartments for the mailer <if the horfe and
the inferior officers, with large ronnis over the liable-^,
in which arc depolited a ineat deal of rich furnituie and
harncfs ; among which aie tlieaccoutrcnieiiis of the hoilc
oil which Krcderic 1. rode at his public entry; all the
ornaments (d' the bridles, the brealt-leathcr, and crop-
iier as well as the bits and llirriips, being of gol.l, a-
(lorned with brilliants. Thefe ll.ibles aie laid to haie
looin for foul huiulied hnrfes.
I'hc arlirnal is one of the nob'.cft (Iruelnrcs ol the kind
ill Karoin, and confilts of four L'rand biiiKlin:'^, that
foim a fpacioiis fcjuare, with lour limits almolt exactly
alike, and a haiidlonie p.ortico at the entranri! of each.
The lower Hory i-; of rullic architecture, witli arclud
windowi. Over the principal gate, which is in the
middle, is the model of the king's grand-father in braf-.
nilt enclofed in an oval fianie; the four cardinal virtiiis,
of a giiiantic fize, are placed on pcdcitals on <acb fide of
the ponico, and I'eeni to look towards tlie picture, and
over it is his mai -llv's cypher, fuppoited by two men,
and above it a larue pediment covered with a beautiful
b.ilTo relievo leprefeniiiig Mars relling on a trophy, and
Iiiokiiu: at a couple of Haves chained at liis feet. 'I'lie
firll itory is of the Corinthian order, and a balulfr.ulc
mas round the top, with noble decorations (.,( tropiiics
ill, 1 ftatues.
l"he inlidc of the arfenal is not Ids magnificent, the
fiioins ol the upper llory lieing lull of arms ranged in
iTcit order ; the lower rooms are llorcd with brals iMins,
and the walls and pill.iis th.it liippoit the loul covered
wiih ciiiralUs and helmet^.
Hehiiui the arlciial Hands the hoiif.' of the pcnerrd of
the ordnance, in which is cont.iined the fonndciy, when'
a luiniber ol men are continually employed. 'F'here are
f.vcial other arlcnals in this city, vvheie thev keep field
pieces, iron cannon, and every thing belonging to the
liaiii of aitillcrv.
The oprr.i houl'e is an elegant modern edifice, the
fioiu of which is adorned with a noble portico, I'upport-
ul bv fix Ccrinthian columns, and in the architrave is
wrote IRKPUUIIS RFv; ArOI.I.lNI KT ^'.l•SIS ; above
which is a pediment a'iorned with balfo relievo and Ha-
tues. The Icenes are fplendiil, and in an elegant talle.
It has thicc galleries, and is (aid to contain two tbou-
fiud perfc:ns. The columns that fupport the roof are
c.dciilated to throw the whole into a grand I'aloon, mid
the orchellr.i nmliils of about fittv mulicians. The opera
IS cntiirlv fuppoited at tlic king's cxpence, and rendeicd
in I'oiiie degree fiiblervient to the ends of government.
The extreme delight the king takes 111 mufic, and his
'jriat knnwledg,c in that fcienee, have carried this cnior-
laiiiiiicnt to a very high degree of perfection. In the
iipiier galleries on each fide of the if.igc are fcated fix
tiiimpetets, who laliite the <iuecij conloit when flic en-
ter, ihe hoiife or retires ; but the king hiiiifelf, who is
luperior to the rules of ci.cmony, will not allow this
lalutatioii to liis own perfoil.
In the fubiirb'' the hoiifes are uencrallv of timber; but
fo Well plaiHercJ, lh.lt '.hev Iceiu to be of H.unc, and the
About five miles liuni the tilv of IJi-ilin, i'j the palace
of CbarlottLiibiirg, which was founded I'V tiic kiiig'^
I'j'.indfather, and his pieiciu 111. .jelly has linilhed it .ic-
cordiiig, to his own talte, which is cxtunicly elegant.
Tlicie i'l a r.iiigc of about ten apartin'.'iil:; well dilpoltd,
.idoriied v.'ilh white Hucco and gildin.;. The ball looni
is worthy of the king who is laid to have dcfigjitJ it:
it has ten windows on each fulc, and belides the l!ucr<>
and r.dding, wiiich arc here richer than in tlic other
rooms, it is aduineil with bulls, Hatu'js and large pier
glalli .. 'I'lie ;',.iii!ens a:c laid oat with tallc, and tlic
il.itms well dilpol'cd.
'VVc fhall now give fomc account of I'ranJcnburg, a
city Irom which the whole cleitoiate t.ikes its name ; it
is I'eatcd on the Havel, which not only divides tiic Old
and New Town tVom each other, but feparates the fort:
troin them both, and likewifc environs the New Town
with a particular trench, on which a fluice has been
ci'.'cied. T'lie Old Town contains about fiur liuiulreil
inhabitants, and the New Town about twice th.it luiiiibcr,
'I'iicy are both under one magirtracv, and ca'.h enntaina
two churches. The fort refembles a I'ubutb, and in it
i'l thi- cathedral church ; the houl'es ot the greatcH part
of the members of the chapter ; and a riding fcliocd, in
which young noblemen are inlUuct.d. i'iie bi'bopric
is feculari/.cd ; but the chapter is I'.ill kept up, and con-
lil!s of fevcn pcrloiis, who aie the provoH, the dean,
the Icnior, the I'ubfenior, .md three other caiion,s. In
17^5 king I'rcderic II. conferred upon it a peculiar di-
Hi net ion, and confillingof .ichaiitercrofs of gold enamel le.l
with \ iolet, terminal ing 111 eight points. 'I'here is here a
I'niall colony of Frencti Calvinil(.i, with a maiuil'.tctuie
Kii.u 1 iiti'iii\ ui i [loeii \^.u V luiii.., v.iiii ii wi.MUOiie.1 111 I
ol cloth, fullian aiul canvas; and in liiis town a picttj
good trade is c.iiiied on by means ol the H.ivtI.
I'ntfdani, which lies tour miles to the f lutli-wed of
I'erlin, is agjeeably fitu.ited on a br.iiich of the Spree j
it is of coillideiable extent, and the buildings neat and
regular. Ihe elector Fredciie-Williani made this liiii
feat, and in idb.i. built the caltlc, which was afteiw.nd^
enlarged by king i'rcderic I. and adorned with a inie:
port.il. K.ing Fiederic William began to crei't fomc
cofUv additions to the town, for which pairpofe lie cauled
fcyera! inoralles to be filled up and built upon, witli a
eanal fit'ty paces wide and two thoufand in length, t.>
be carried on from the ll.ivd, through the center of the
town, to a branch of the fame river. This canal is
planted or both fides with trees, and environed witli
we'll-biiilt houl'es. King Iiedcric 11. has railed thccaHlc
one liory, enlarged it with two wings, and a.kirneJ it
with magnificent apartnicnts. The old hoiife- in tli-j
neighbourhood of the caltlc arc pulled down, and, in-
Head of them, new, regular, and giand buildings have
been raifed for the owners at the king's cxpence. 'I'he
apartments are remarkable for their elegance, j\uiiculai!y
his majcfly's writing-chamber and Hudy ; the lall is par-
titioned olT by baluHiades of I'llver. I'lie frames of til.;
looking-glalli'S and the embelliilimeiits of the tables are
of the fame metal. The officers dine every day in a
large apartment at the king's cxpence. Ili'j majeily hcrr-.
avoids the empty ceremonies of a court. The allow-
ance c.( his table is but thirty criuvns a day, fiHi and
wine excepted, in wliich he i'. at 1:0 gieat expi'iv-c.
The king entertains at his tabic twelve peii'ons . thofe
ot his miiiillers moll in favour aie firH inviud, '.vith thofe
of foreign princes, who happen to be at P .lam, and
his oIT'cers, even to an enligii, fill up the vae-nit pl.iccs.
The tin. me in the audience-chamber is ridily embroi-
dered with the arms of the houl'e of l.'iaiulcnburg, lup-
p.iricd by two Heicukles. In one of the ap.irtnients are
two curious li;''.ncs in copper of a Chiiiefc man fitting,
and a woman of the fame country holding an u.iibull.i
over bis hciul. Thcle figures, which arc rithlv p.ilt,
H.mJ in an oval nich-.', lined with marble, and form a
yciv convcni'.nt iljvc.
/ /.
u..
ore
I : il
a 1'*'
^ 1
» •.:i r
m'
til
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A 1' i I Y.
Hi< AVDUN
' i
If*
1. (
llf
#l:Pl
Before tht" c.ii^le is a Urcc t'vjimrc lulornctl with Ro-
man co'mnin?, in whi^'h llie I'o'iJicis tlut lie here in gar-
ril'oii ari." d.iilv cxcicireil. 'I'lio g.'.i Jcii luljoiiiing, to the
c.'.ftic is luMutimllv r.dorncd with w.it.'r-work;, ^ililinj;,
a:ui (latiies, vviii.-h arc hir^c ami ck:;.iat, particularly
n Neptune aiul Ainphitritc fcatfii in a ica-cai, in A lai;j;c
IviCun, oppolitc the caft f'roi.t of the palicc. 'l"he
flablcs are contiguous, a:iJ furnifnej with good Kiiglifii
hunters.
In the market-place is a pyramidal obelilk of fo;ir fides,
conipofed of variegated Silcii.'.ii marble, leveiuy tect liigb,
lixed (Ml a pcdelKil of whitv Italian marble, at each cor-
ner of wliich i; a fmall ll.itue of the fame ; and on the
center of ei'.ch fide (land;, a marble bull of the kings, from
Frederic I- to Frederic II.
'J'bc town church, which is at a fmall diftaiice iVoin
th'" --I'llc, is a tine llrucliire. The gariifon church is
large, and has a marble pulpit, under which i.s the mo-
luiment of king Kiedcric William ; it has a lofty i.nd
beautiful tower, in which is pl.iced a line fet of chimes.
'l"he I'rcni h church is a neat building, adorned with a
cupola, and the church of the Holy Gliolfhasalfo a lofty
tower. The council-hotife is a new building that has
an elegant cupol.i. in a large orphan-houl'e, founded in
J724, are iniinti'.ined, cloathcd, .iiid educated above two
thoufand foldicrs children of both lexes ; and belonging
to it is one Lutheran and one Calvinilt preacher. In
this town is a foundcry tor arms, and a velvet and iilk
manufaclory.
Near the town arc a great number of vineyards, for
the planting of which the c!e.;lor Frederic William
cauled layers to be brought out of the bell wine coun-
tries. In the park, which is adorned with villas in the
form of a rtar, ftands a royal hunting-houfe, called the
Star.
At a fmall diftancc from Potfdam is Sans Soucl, or
\V'ithnut Care, a royal palace devoted to retirement.
King Frederic II. loon after his accefTion to the throne,
cauled this palace to be creed on a delolate eminence,
in a fine and grand tallc,both within and without. This
eminence is cut into fix terrafles, to each of which is
an afcent of twelve fteps, and againfl the walls upon
c.iih tcriafs arc plaiitcil the bell vine llocks, which are
kept under glafs-cafes. On the upper part of this hill,
which affords a view of the tiAvii, and its adj.icent ter-
ritories, Hands the palace, which is but huall, and oidy
one llory hljh ; yet, on account of its regulaiiry, ele-
gance, and ornaments of fculp'ure and pointing, is much
admired ; among thele i:, to be ften tlieflatue-, from the
cabinet of antiques, formeily in the polkllion of cardinal
Folignac. In the center of the p.ilace is a round liaii
lineil with maible, adorned with magnificent columns
nnd excilleiu paintings ; but is particularlv admired lor
the beauty of its floor, the marble of which is Jifpofed
in the t'orai of flowers, after the Florentine manner, and
flrikcs the eve very agreeably. On its top is a cupula,
which fuppiius ii with fuflicient light. One of the apart-
ments in this palace is wainfeoited with cedar, orna-
mented with foliage of gold ; .md in this apartment is
kept a fmall library. Rehind tiie palace is a covered
fimi-circuhr pallage, adorned on each fide with columns.
The palace is encorv.pad'ed on three fides with gardens,
whicli have fcveral line Ihitucs, particularly of a \'eiuis
drawing a net, and Diana with game ; the i;ed..llals of
which ;.re adorned with rilitvo. 'I'hefe gaidens, which
do not extend above half an Kr.glilh mile in lenizth, are
terminated on the caft end by an Kgyptian pyramid cai.-
bellifhed with hieroglyphics. They have, however, no
gravel, and their I'andy walk'", in our author's opinion,
rob them of half the beauty they might otherwife
liave.
rr.'iicf'rt v.n the Oder is finely fitnated on that river, in
the lilt\ -loiond degree twenty minutes north latitude,
and ill the fcjurtccnth deijrce f'fiy-thiee minutes call lon-
gitude from 1,011, ion. The Oder, over which there is a
large bridge of timber, divide., it into two parts. The
ifreets ?re wide, the houfes well built, and the market-
pi. ice fpacioMs. There is here a cathedral .ind two churches,
nnc ol wliicli belongs to the Calvlnilts ; and an univer-
fitv, the |>i()tVlliMs in which arc partly Calvinifls and
paaiy I.iitlieians. There i^ lure allu an aradrmv lor
martial exercifcs, a Lutheran fiec-fchool, and aimtiin,
for the Calvinifls called FreJciic's fchool. f hn citv wa
formerly one of the H nfe-towns, and bad a very con.
fiderable tiade, wliich is at prcknt much decayej. 'I'l,,,
inhabitants deal cliieHy in linen cloths ami fells, wHilIi
they fend todillant parts of (lermany by the (Wer, and
the canal between that river and the Jvlbe. However, it
has annually three great fairs. This city has futfercd
various revtdiition? : it was put under the ban of the
empire by the emperor Charles IV. and, to paeily hiin
the inhabitants were forced to pay him twelve tliuulainl
marks of filver. IntOji the .Swedes took it by Uorni
when they had the cruelty to put all the inhahitanli tu
the fword, to revenge the nialfacrc of two thoulaiid
Swedes, whom count Tilly, the emperor's general, luj
inbumanly put to death in ilie ciiy of Hrandenburi; ; but
the place waa relloicd to tile eicitor by the peace of
Wellphalia.
SECT. XI.
O/iIm- New Murk, the Ikker A/ini, the Old Marl, and tut
Pi i-nitz ; with thr vioji remarkable Places in each.
WY. fiiall now proceed to the New Mark, which
lies to the call of the country laft defcribcd, and
is a long traifl of land, which to the well is feparated
iruin the Middle and Ucker Mark by the river Oder •
t,j the north it terminates on PoT.^rania ; and to the call-
ward on Pomcrania, Poland, Silcfu, and Lower Lufa-
tia ; being in its greatell length about a hundred aiij
fix'y-nine miles, and in its gieatell breadth forty-leven.
'.('he foil is fur the moll part fandy ; but the circle;
of KonigHierg, Soldin, Frideberg, and Arnfwalde have
good corn-lands. Near the rivers are luxuriant pallures;
but the grafs in many of them is coarfe and rufliy. It
abounds in wood, but has a fufTicicncy of fruit, garden-
plants, game, and fifl). Some of the circles produce
wine, and liiccwife yield great quantities of iron.
The New Mark contains thirty-eight towns, and, as
the burials amount one year with another to abo'.it five
thoufand feven hundred, the number of the inhabitants
may he elHmated at two bundled and lixteen thouland.
The Lutheran churches arc divided into twelve infpcc-
tions, and thole of the Calvinills conCll of five congre-
gations. The New .Mark has a regency of its own,
which confiils of a prclident, and four counltllors, two of
whom are nobles, two commoners, one prothonotary,
and lour clerks. It has alio its own particular confillorv
and criminal cnirt of jiiilice ; as likewife a board ofw.ir,
and a chambir uf domains. Revifals and appeals indeed
lie from it to the exchequer at IJerlin ; but it has been
agreed, that it Ihould determine in cafes relating to tne
New Mark only by way of connniflTion, and not as a fu-
pcnnr court.
I'he New Mark confifts of the town of Kuflrin, of
feven original circles, and ot four incorporated circles.
Kullriii, the capital of the New Mark, is fituated in
the hftv-fecond degree thirty-five minutes latitude, iitteen
n-.ilcs to the call ot ilerlin. Its proper name is Koztrvn,
'.h:it is aRudi Ba.let, which i.'itbe nameof alargclakethat
ab.iiinds with ruflies, between this city and Sonnenburg,
and fiom which it received this denomination. It iii
feated on the river Oder, which, a little above this city,
receives it into the AVartc. 'I'he adj.icent country is
m.iilby, on wliich account the approach to it on tlieiiile
of the .Middle Mark is by means of a caufcwav, that
extends above three mile-, in length, and has no lels than
tbirtv-fix large- and linall biidges ; the approach alio to
one of the fuburbs is over a caufeway of feven bridges.
Its fituation therefore is very llroiig, and it is defended
by good fortifications. 'I'bough the city is fmall, its
fiibiirbs arc very extenlive, Ijefore the year 1758, there
were in the town and fort about two hundred houfes, an
old maiifion houfe, and a church, in which the Calvi-
Mill.-. ufed to pcrlurm divine fcrvice ; together with a Lu-
tlieian parilb churcli, the gairifon chinch, thiee .irfe-
n.ils, one fait houfe, ai'd three maga/ines. There were
alio a church and two hofpit.ils In tiie fuburbs \ but in
the abine year, the Riifl'iaiis fctlni;; (iii town on fire b)f
( means
BaANDKs-nt'
means of boni
a heap of ruinJ
againll all thcil
king ol Prullil
fiege.
The other tl
eonnderable, al
dcfcribing a niil
thing rcniarkabf
We lliall iiovf
the north and
New Maik, be|
former by the
by the river ( )J
cd by the Middll
buig. Its grealf
length, .uid fiftj
anciently called
name is doubtlcfl
This lake, whicif
extends about niil
fame name illue J
'I'he greatell p|
the inhabitants I
simoll every year
kinds of grain, w
iin. The parts adj
grounds ; but in
fidcrahle, that a g
?.:<t bought up by
land, 'i'he count
turn to good accou
honey, with plenty
inhabitants are i.
are partly fupplied
other parts abound
pine.
The principal coi
to which appeals Ik
nobility, is held at .
prefident and four af
and two commoner
choftn out of the ani
and of the two latte
Prenzlo.
The Ucker Mark
are nineteen cities,
and the villages are 1
five.
The principal plat
pital of the country,
plain, '•■■i the lake ai
built, . iih llraight b
Old and New Town,
porition from the cit
wocls, are confideral
colony fettled here, v
over ail the French c
city formcrlv contain
have bein given to ni
mio an alms-houfe.
r;, three parochial cl
the New City, a chu
ofFrnch prote(l«rits.
J"'' .he lity cariies 01
I'O'ii, and tobacco ;
fuluily famous, as
clelh.
The next town we
is (itiiattd on the lake
aftical infpcction. In
fire, but has been re-
I'rects b'.ing now bro
f'ltni. It lias a fpaci
tegular fqiiare, and it
in all the Mark. It 1
which is greatly pron
made, to form a com
«'at,'r, particularly v
'biuii icien l.n-lilh n
Ics,an
ia Lu-
j .irlc-
were
lu? ill
Ire by
lni'.mi
Bran-den-ecko.
U R O
E.
iS;
means ot bombs and K^-Uo^ bnlk'ts, ir was reiliicd to
a heap of ruins. The foreilir.uions, however, held out
atraii'ilt M their attempts, i\nd on the appioach of the
kmi; ot rrulli.1, the Rullians irecijiit-Ui-ly railed the
■rhc other town:, in the circles jult mentioned arc in-
confiderahle, and we (hall not noulile our readers with
dcfcnbing a number ol plaecs, none ol which have any
thiuf; remarkable.
We iTiall now proceed to the L'cker Mark, which to
(he north and call is bounded bv l'omcrani.i, and the
NewMaik, being for the mod p leparated from the
tormer by the Welfe and the Ranuo, and from the latter
bv the river Oder; to the fcuth and well it is bound-
ed by the Middle Mark, and the dutchy of Mccklen-
buii;- Its greateft extent i-) about fixty-onc miles in
Icn'^th, and fiftv-two m bieadth. This province was
moently called 'Uckerland, or lim|)ly the Ucker, whicli
name is doubtlefs received from the lake and river Urker.
This lake, which is the lireelt in all the electoral Mirk,
extends about nine miles iii length, and the river of the
I'lme name iil'ucs from it at Prenzlo.
'IMie greateft pait ot this province is very fertile ; for
,l,f inhabitants have fo improved the foil, as to be able
'Imoil every year to export ieveral thouland lafts of all
kinds of grain, with whicii it particularly fupplics Ber-
lin The parts adjoining to the rivers have good meadow
aroundsi but in" other places the graz,iery is fo incon-
fidcrable, that a great number of horfcs and black cattle
nrc bou'^ht up b/the inhabitants in Pomerania and Po-
land, n'^-' country, however, abounds in (hecp, which
turii'to good account. It alto produces fruit, hop?, and i
honey, with plenty of tobacco ; but in fome places the 1
inhabitants are i. great want of fuel, with which they |
arc partly lupplied from the neighbouring diftridh ; but ;
other parts abound in fine woods of oak, beach, and i
The principal court of judicature in the Ucker Mark, ;
to which appeals lie from' the town.s and courts of the
nobility, is held at Prenzlo. This court confifts of a
prclident and four ailellbrs, two of whom are noblemen,
and two commoners. 'I'he three firif are contfantly
chof«n out of the ancient families of the Ucker Mark,
and of the two latter, one is always lirll burgomaftcr of
P'f^^'O' ,. • I ■ ■ • . • 1 • 1 '
The Ucker Mark is divided into two circles, in which
are nineteen cities, belides caftles and market-town?, |
and the villages are computed at three hundred feveniy- |
The principal place i.i this Mark is Prcnzlo, the en- ,
pital (.i the country, which is feated in a very fruitful
rlain, r.-i thelake'and river Ucker, and is large, well ,
built, . iih llraight broad (heets, and is divided into the ,
Old a:;d New Town. The revenues arifing to the cor- :
poration Irom the city mills, its Ieveral tarms, and large |
wocJs, are conliderable. There 's a numerous French :
colony fettled here, whofc judge is invelled with power
over all the French colonic^ In" the Ucker Mark. This |
city formerly contained three convents, two of which
have bcin liven to noblemen, and the third converted
•luoaii alir's-houfe. It has at prefent fix churches, that
1, three parochial churches in the Old City, one in
the New City, a church of (Jermaii CaK iniils, and one
of Fr'nch proteftants. Here is alto a good Latin fchocd,
anil .he titv cariies on a very conliderable trade in cattle,
ccn, and 'tobacco ; for the lalf of which it is parti-
f jiaily lamous, as it is alio fcr its manulac'turc of
i^iith.
The next town we fhall mention is Templiii, which
is fimatcd on the lake Dolgen, and contains an cccltfi-
zlhal inlpcction. In 1735, it was totally confumed by
fire, but has been re-built to very great advantage : its
'.'rtdi h'.ing now broad and fhaight, and its houlcs uni-
I'lrni, It has a fpacions market-place, which forms a
tfiiilar ftpiare, and it is one of the moll beauti!i:l towns
in^all the Mark. It carries on a large trade in timber,
which is greatly promoted by mean', of a canal newly
made, 111 form a communication with Ieveral bodies ot
wata, particularly with the lake of Fahr, which is
jbwillcien L.n:}lilli miles ii- kii'th.
The Old Mark is bn'-iidcd Inwan!.; the T?.!\ by th^
KIhe, which feparates it from I'lignit/, and the dutr'nv
of Ma'\dehurg j on the fouth, and part of tlie welK
bv the latter j and on the other |):!rt hv the dtitchv o<
Lunenburg, extending nine CJernKin niiicj from call i.i
well, and eleven Irom north to fouth.
Thin country has in many parts a fat c'av foil ; but in
(onie places is landy or llony ; yet in I'.eneral it may br
lliled a fertile country; indeed confidcr.ihle moralie> and
walle grounds have been rendered fruitt'u!, by tormiii!',
of ditches and canali, by whi^h means their paflur.-.' .!
and breed of cattle have been conliJernhly improved.
This -Mark is computed to have at prelent lourtee;i
fmall towns, five hundred iixtylour villages, and ten
manors.
The fupremo tribunal of thii Old Mark is f.-ated ar.
.itendal, and the provinci.d captain is prclident of that
court. The princip.il towns in thib dilfrict aie,
Standal, the capital of this mark, which is le.;ted on
the Uchte, in a |)lain luriounded on all iides bv moun-
tains. It is divided into four pariflies, whicli have f'-ur
principal churches, among which is thecathedial ot Si:.
N'chol.is. The towii-fchool is in a building that wai
once a bVancifcan nioiiaftcrv. Tli'' cluiller of .^t. Ca-
tharine was formerly fupplicd with Heiiedictine nuns,
and that of St. Anne witn nuns of the onlerof St. Fran-
cis. After the reformation theic < loilUis vv?re preferved,
but came over to the Proteltant religion., and over e.ieh of
them was let a Domina. This place was lorinerly one
of the Hanle towns, and carried on a great manulac-
ture of woollen cloth. The French relugecs who have:
fettled here, have iince the loi's of that trade, introduced
Ieveral manufailures, and have a tribunal of their own.
Salt/.wedel, is a town feated on the Jeeze, in a low
and marfliy foil, and confills of the Old and New rowii,
each o( whicli has its feparate limits, gates, churches,
fchools, and magiftracy. In the Old '["own is tho
church of St. Marv, in which was formerly a provoft-
Ihip ; but it is at prelent the fuperintcndency of ths
fpiritual mfpeifion of Saltzwedel. 'i'wo churches, both
of wliich belonged to cloilkrs that formerly flood here,
arc in a good condition. I'he principal lublillence of
the inhab.tants conlills in the biewing of beer, the
making of linen cloth of various forts, and the manu-
failures of ferge, frieze, and llockings, andabriik trade
is carried on here.
The lall ilivilion we have to mention in the marijui-
fate of Brandenburg is the Piigr.i;/,, which terminates
on the lilbe .nd Ilavel, the dutchy of Mccklenbur.; and
the Middle Mark, and is ten Cjeicnan miles and a half
in length, and fcven and a half in breadth, and contains
fevcn eircles, in which arc eleven towns, and two hun-
dred forty-li.\ villages. The principal places in this di-
ilridl ate,
Pcrlbei'g, the capital of the province, is Ituated on
the Stcpenitz, which here divides itfelf into two branches,
one of which palles by the town ; but the other dividing;
itfelf acain runs i.i two Ilreanis through the center of the:
town. I'erlbergcontains about three hundred and feventy
dwelling houfes. At the principal church rclides the
infpedlor of the fpiiitual infpc^lion of Perlbcrs;. Near
the hotpital of the Holy (jlioll is a fmall chinch, with
a peculiar preacher and catechill. 'Fhe inhabitants draw
their principal fubfillence from agriculture and the arts.
'I'he llavelberg is feated on the Havel, by which it
is furrounded, and rendered an ilUiid, to which then:
is no other palVage than by three draw-bridges. A long
bridge leads to the catliedral, and the hills lituated be-
yond theHavtl. Herewas an aiuient bifhopiic founded in
the year q40, and the lall of the bilhops was the cicilor
Joachim Frederic, no biihop being ever elected to luc-
ceed in his place ; but the chapter liiU continues, and
on the members ot it king Frederic II. conferred, in the
year 1755, a peculiar di'lincfion and chapter crofs of
gold enamelLd wiih purple, terminating in eight points.
On the tight lide of it i-, teen the Prulhaii ea^le, and oi\
tlie lour corners the letteis F. R ; but on the other fide
is a reprefentation ot the virgin .Mary, the patroncfs of
the chapter, with the intam jelus. T his crofs is worn
pendant at a white watered ribbon teiminated wiiii
purple.
.m
t^. ?'
■ t
^iil
m
i;i i4li' ! -Ill
■'■U
A S Y S T K M OF G M O G R A I' U V.
J
OMm-ANl.
i
I
r'lrp.l,'. To thb foundjtioii belong tlirtc mnnoi:. A
C'Cjt (iiMiitity ot' brandy i^ dillillcil iii ihis town, nnd
iii.iny ltoc'k.,iir.> knit. Here nrc alio ni.iiiy lillu-inRii,
"11.1 bo.its lor ttic hlbc jrc built ui this liitc.
S F, C T. XII.
0/ t'.r Diitily c/ I'oMrHANIA.
Ui Situilhn, Pisiiuti; Ri:icrs, au/l Lnkii. 'Ihe Kumhtf
of t!'f Inhaiiitviti, their Rtli^ion a.'ui Osvcrrmum ; u'llh
the iJiv'fim sf thi C.jiintiy.
PCIVIKRANIA ;•! bouiidol on the c;ift by Pulifh Pruf-
ii.i ; on the i'ljuth by I'ul.ind, the New .M;irk aiiJ
Ucker Matk j on the welt liy tne Dutchy otMeckkwi-
biirp ; and on tlie narth by the lialtir. ltslcnj;,ih alcig
that liM is about two luindicd cightv-fivc mile^, and itj
bic'.idth from thirty-eighth to fixtv-oiic. It w.i.-. icrmcr-
Iv of a much gieater extent, reaching; caihvard as far
us the Vil'lula, and fouthward 'iicludin.' part of the New
■and L'jker Mark ; while to the well it took in a part of
she prefiiit dutehv of Mecklenburg.
The comitiy is level, and of the few hills in it, that
of Chollenberi: is the princip.il. '!"hc foil is, indeed, in
fcjiiie |)arts faiidy, but in mod places it is pretty clofe
;md gofid ; fo that the iiih-bitanfs nut only rail's a lufli-
cicnt quantity of wheat, rve, barley, and oits, but ex-
port a great deal. They likcwifc cultivate buckwheat,
yetchcs, turnips, peas and beans, to gieat adyantage,
and in fonie iiarts millet, flax, and hemp. It alfu pro-
duces a fu;licient i|uantiiy "f fruit, and foreign efculeiit
plants would likewife thiive here. In feveial pans of
the country aie tine hcatl'.s and forcllv, and amoir.^ the
i.ittcr, fcveral are coiered with oaks. The wcoj of
thefc forelh is imt only uled for fuel and the building of
lioules and vcHlls, but al;o leryes for making tar and
diarroal.
'l"hufe parts of the coiinliy that arc improper for til-
lage, arc made ufe of lor gra/.ing, which is here yc ry
confulerable. The geel'e of this country arc tain lus |i,r
their largeiielV., and in gciural the dried I'oni' lanian
gecfe, hams, faul'igcs, and l.diiioii, are ellecmed tile bell
in ail ( lermany.
In Hither I'omerania aic fonic mineral and fait fprings.
The lar.;eli river in i'omerania is the Oder, which the
I'omcrar.ians call the Adii-. I his river I'orms three lakes
below Stettin, alter whieli it dilcliar'j;es itielf into the
I'riuhen Haff.
The other rivers of note are the Rcckenitz, which is
the bouiiil.irv of I'omerania towards .Mecklenburg. The
i'lciie, whikh comes from the dutchy of .Mecklenburg,
ic.d ft lall, after lorming two l.ikes, tails into the Baltic.
The l/'ckcr has its lource in the Ucker .M.irk, and,
beini: ioiiud by 'he Rando, purfucs its couri'e into the
FrilLhen-hafF. The Ihnr» riles in the borders of the
New Mark, and dividiii.' into two branches, which are
igain united near St..rgaid, becomes navigable, and at
latf difchargcs itlclf into the hike of Uam. The Reja,
likewile riles in the New Mark, and alter bcconiin._r
!ia\ig'.b!e, and receiving the Mulfo, enters the Baltic'.
The l'erf.intc ill'ues t.ut of the lake of Pakiivet, becomes
navigable at lielgard, and being joined by the RaJuye,
furni, a pretty coed harbour : it is remaikable tliat an
j(l,:nd in the miJit of this river alFords rich fait I'prings.
The Wippcr riles out of the (jcv/ipp, receives the
(jr.ibo, and then becoming navigable, dit'chnrges ufclf
into the liahic. The Lcbe riles luar I..n:eiiburg, and
near Lcbe t'orms the lake of that name, which is about
three CJerman miles in length, and difchargcs itfclf thro'
■a narrow outlet into the lUltic.
I!-. tides the above lakes there arc man-' others, cfpe-
cially ill Hither i'omerania, feveral of v/iiich arc pretty
large. Thel'e I. ikes, as well as the rivers, abound in
fifli, and p.irticulaily great >iuantities of I'alniun, which
are dried and exported to dillant parts.
The tituation of this country on the lialtic is very ad-
yant.igeous for nasigation, though the coalt of Poniera-
jiia, tipecially about the (.)der, is very dangerous. Am-
ber is found on the coalls of Hither Poinerania, but jiut
in luch iiuuiUiLic) as on thole ot i'luliia.
With refpecl to the number ( f the iiiliabiianis, a lui'".
n.ent may be loiimd by that ot the buii.ils, whii.li, '.mXh
one ytar with another, have ..nKninicd lo about twdm
tliouf.iiid ; wli luethe number ottlie living ii.ay be li,.,,_
pund .u about tour hundud and lixtv th..ul.iiid. '\ , .
gre.itcK pari of the inbaliitaiits arc ot the I.iitlician i. :
gion, tho' in luiiie paits there areC'alviinll-. :.iid m i,il,. ,\,
I'.ipitij. '7'iie I.utluran ihuiches .ire iiiidci the iiiip, i.;.„;i
ot pruvuli.', \\\\o are (ubuidinate to tlie geiiei.d livi.'.
inteiidaiits.
i he whole dutchy of Poinciania coiiIKi of lixty-e' ■!-•
tcwns, which are divided into imniedi.ite .iiui ii!iil,.'.,,|
1 he tormer of th'.i'e are iniriiediatcly under ihc lusr^mj
tribunals of the cotiiitiv, choole their own nianllu:,
and the governing biirgomallers of the three capital towi,!
of every province lit in the diets of the counlry. ()n j),^.
other liand, the niuliatc cities are eillier under the kin -'s
agents or nobleiiirn, t.ike ihe oath of fidelity and .d!i.
glance to their loids and patrons, attend their courts, ami
nave the procelles ot their townlhienoii an appeal nioml
irom their maglllraey to the couits held by thole a 'cnts
or the noblemen. 'I'hcir inagiliiates an- bkewife ap!
pointed by their lords, and conlirmed by the legeiicy.
Mr. Biiliching obferves, that the iK>:loral-huuie ut
Hrandenburg had the nearcft claim to i'oineiania, when
the t.iniily of the dukes became extiiie^, in lOjy; bu-
at the treaty of W eltphalia, ail the lliilur I'Jincr.;:,;/
with the principality of Rugen and I'.iither Ponier.uin
Stettin, Ciarz, Dam, tjolnau, the ill.ind of \\'(.llin, the
^'>'\i:j, and tbiT-'rifehen-huit, v.'cie ailigned tobwedLii-
all the ekc'lor <if lirandenburg hnl was the rciiiainai.f ot
Hitlier I'omerania, with the diocefe of CJammiii, whicii
was changdl into a temporal |)iineipality, Sweden lik.--
wile obt.iined the reverlion of the Br.inuenburg parte;'
I'omerania, on the failure of the male line of that lioul'e.
But the crown of Sweden by the northern war, ami llie
peace ot Stockholm in 17/0, lolt the gre.Uell pait U
Hither i'omer.inia, ceding loreier ((> Fredeiic Widiarn
king of I'ruHia the city ot Stettin, with the whole couii-
ti> between the Oder and the Peene ; as alio the iila|.,di
of Wollin and Ufedom.
1 he crown of Sweden appoints a governor general
who rehJes at Stralfiind, oyer Swedilh I'omerania; anJ
ill that city is kept the regency, war-oJKee, and cuuitot
appeals ; but the highelf court of .ippeals 111 Swcdilll
Anterior Pomcrania is helil at Wil'mar.
The Prufiian regency has its teat at Old Stettin, wlurc
arc likcwil'e kept the war and domain-oiliees, with the
civil and criminal court of jullice tor both the ]'.iir.c;.i-
iii.'.s. The whole revenue of both the Swedilh I'o-.
iiicranias amonntrd in the year 175^ only to one hun-
dred .md twenty-four thouf.ind lixilollais, though I'rudijr.
i'omerania annually brings in the luni of eight huejuJ
thouland.
Wiihrcfpcct to thedivifion of Pomcrania into Ante-
rior and Ulterior, or H'ther and Kaither Pomcrania, u
has not always been tlie lame ; but at prel'ent the coiiiitiv
fituated between the Reckenii/. and the Oder is ufualli-
iiiled Anterior; as the eoiiiitry between llic Oder jiiil
Polifh Pruflia bears the nanv of I'otnciania I'lteror, jiii
coiil'cijuently the Oder mull be confidered as the lirairi
dary bftweeii them. We I'hall begin with Pomer.iiii,!
L'lterior, en account of its being tuuated to the call, an;
Its being lubjecl to the prince pait of whole domiiiioih
we have iuii defciibed.
S K C T. XIII.
Of Pomtratiia I'ilcrisr, anil ihtil Piirt cf Pen:
•■J
fubtUl to the Kin;; of Pruljui ; xvilh 11 1
Cnnal /I'llr: •
aunt c/ the p'incipal Ttiwii
Ijimuh Ljiiiim mid H'cHiii.
:i:tiiiruti iii t,uh ;
en. //.
/-pi
HK Farther Pomeraui.i, including the princij).;i:!v
ot Cammin, belongs entirely to I'rullia, anJ ciii-
tains a confiderable number of towns, the pi-iiiti]ul u.'
wiiich are the toilowing :
Statgatd, alfo called New Stareard, the capit.d 01 J.i
F.irthcr Pomcrania, is I'eated on tiie Ihna, by iiKMiii
vvh.ch ;t has a tree cunimuniCatioji with the Uj'':
PoMERAVtA
ill the inidft 01
IS an immedii
church of St. ,
III all (jermar
cniuches belon
•iiid French Ca
111 i6ji, aiid a
.i:kI It has fever
taken by the R
Caniinin, a I
(if the river (.)d
;:;"ty-fourth degr
degree two 111 in
uays in mean ci
Hrullian govt-inn
w make a very g
iirbs. This is c
and agiictilturc,
treaty of W'eltph
lite, and given to
was at the fame ti
c.iiions then livii
libiity to aholifh
lilts and is kept a
,1 fcho d, belidcs 1
.iiul a toimdation
The prineipalit
tlie fiipprelicd billi
W'eliph.ilia the bii
[inncipality of the
tionk- of Brandenb
p.ility both in the c
leinarkable places
Colberg, an imn
oil the Pcrl'ante, wt
B.iltic, and forms
This town is the
pretty large, and,
factures. Its trade v
puig, is in a flourill
church, to which bi
and rciffor ; with a
in the building tha
has alio three oth
the neighbourhood
and young lampre
the Perfante are fo
i^ made on accoun
hai'itaiits convey h
'.cry great cxpencc
by the Ru/Hans, b.
The lalf town we
h Collin, which
Herg, on the river N
wa.s an image of
many pilgrims. In
.'ire, and in i-|8 th
lumcd ; hut rtnee t
vantage, particular!)
IS very handfonic, th
.m equal height.
*'r_cderic-VVi'lliam
.'nfcription, in grate
lia'iicc difplaycd jn
The principal pla
the king of PnifTia a
.'''tettin, Stetiii, o
nciico near the river
!nir hranches, and It:
l:.v minutes latitude,
lix minutes call long
well lortiHcd, and t
I'.vmerania ; as allij
fnr the Anterior and
".•':? of ph\ licians, w
uimniiree inllituted
jjcncralfuperintenden
rinia. It has a cartlc,
ind an arlenal ; to^ct
which Was formeilv co
to which bflontr'vcr
ch:;rilies, ;, Freiich t
is I
th
1.1
I
nil
EURO
TOMERANIA
in :he mi.Kl of a cnuntry that pmiliiccs pk-my of corn ;
ami well built.
The
,1, immediate town, l:irg(
hiiich of St. M?'y is thought to h.ivc the hii;he!l root
There is here a college founded
111 i6jli ="'J alite-lchool kept in a fupprell'ed coiivem ;
VI I it ha« fevcnil sx""'' niaiuitai.'tiircs. This town was
in all CJermany •, lulnien this, there are leveral other
.iiiiiches belonging to the l,uth>:raii-,, and the German
.uul Krcnch Calvinill
I
..;kI it - - . ,
ijkin bv the Ruflians in the year 1738
Caniinin, a fea-port town, featcd on the eaftern mouth
(if the river (3dir, oppolite to the ide of VVollin, in the
iMiv-fourth degree ten minutes latitude, and the fifteenth
lit.rrec two minute's ealf longitude. This place was al-
ulvi in mean circumltances, till it became fubjcil to the
Prufli^m <j;<ivernmenr, when it rofe to fuch profpcrity as
10 make a very good figure, and to have haiidlbme fub-
iiihs. I'lis is chi-.'fly owing to its navigation, fifliery,
and agiiculture. 1 he bifhopric of Cammin was, by the
(realv'^ofWellphalia, changed into a temporal principa-
litv and given to the electoral houfe of Ikandenburg ; it
was at the fame time agreed, that on the deccafe of the
v.moiij then living, t'le elei5foral family fhould he at
lib;rtv t'laholifh the chapter ; but this chapter Hill fub-
Mlts^nd is kept at the town. Near tne cathedral Ihiuls
Afchoil, belidcs which Cammiii contains a piovollfliip
.uhI a toiMulation for ladies.
The principality of Cammin derives its origin from
the fiippieired billuipric of that city ; for at the peace of
Wellph.ilia the billiopric was converted into a temporal
nrincioahty of the empire, and this intitled the eledforal
liouk- of Krandcnburg to a feat and vote for this princi-
p.ility b'Hh in the circular and imperial diets. The muft
lom.irkabie places in this principality arc,
Culberi;, an immediate and well fortified town, fealed
on the Perl'ante, which, at a (mall diftance, falls into the
H.iliic, and forms the convenient harbour of Munde.
This town is the metropolis of the principality ; it is
pretty larn-, and, from its woollen and linen manu-
liitturcs. Its tr.ade with Poland, and its numerous fhip-
pin", is in a flourilliing condition. It has a collegiate
cliurch, to which belongs a provoll, a dean, a chanter,
and teiior ; with a religious foundation for young ladies
in the building that was formerly the ducal palace : it
has alfo three other churches, and a Latin fchool. In
the neighbourhood arc caught a great number of falmon
and young lamprevs, and in a meadow furrounded by
ihe IVrfante are fome fait fprings : little fait, however,
I, made on account of the fcarcitv of fuel, which the in-
habitants convey hither by means of the Perlantc, at a
■•irv great cxpence. In i75Sthis town was bombarded
bvthe Ruflians, but without eft'eiSI.
Thclalt town we (hall mention in Farther Pomcrania
i, Collin, vi'hich is fcated ten miles to the ea(I of Col-
hiT',', on the river Nifebec. In the times of popery here
was an image of the Virgin Mary, which drew hither
many pilariiris. In 1 5C4. Collin was entirely dedroyed by
lire, and Ml 17 18 the greateft prt of it was again con-
iiimcd ; but linee this calamity 11 has been rebuilt to ad-
V inta''c, particularly the large Iquare market-place, which
:■; very handfonie, the houfes being all two (lories, and of
jn equal height. In the center ttands a (hinc (latue of
'•'rcJeric-VVflliam, ercftcd in 1724, according to the
::-,icription, in grateful remembrance of the royal muiii-
Kencc difplavc'd in icbiiiUling the town.
Thj principal places in Anterior Pomti.inia fubjeil to
thekini; ol PruflTia are the following ;
Stettin, Stetin, or Old Stettin, is feated on an cnii-
itiife near the river Oder, which is here divided into
;v,ir br.inches, and (lands in the fifty-third degree thirty-
l;x minutes latitude, and in the fourteenth degree iiinetv-
lix minutes caft longitude. This city is large, handfome,
well hirtihcd, and the capit.il of the Prulfian Anterior
'.'cmfraiiia ; as alio the refidence of the regency, both
fnr the Anterior and I'lteiior i'omcrania. It has a col-
IfT ot phvficians, with a board of health, a chamber of
minmiree inllitmcd in 1755, a royal feminnry, and a
ecncral fiiperintendeney of the Hither and Farther I'ome-
r.inia. it has a calllc, in which the above colleges meet,
and an arlenal ; together with the church of St. Otten,
which was fornieilv collegiate ; thecathcdr.d of St. iMarv,
i<\ which belong very coiifiderable eltates ; five parifli
deirihrs a French Cal'.inil! iiucting, and a iii.-.fs-lioufc.
185
It has alfo a dock for the building of f Ip;, with a court
o( adiniralt), and has not only various .nifiuifadlures, but
the inhabit.ints carry on a verv great foreign trade. It
exports fait and lielli (illi, nay.'il (lores, as planks, mads,
and other wood, tor building and fuel ; pipe-llaves, clap-
boards, canvas, dimity, flannel, linen yarn, and cloth;
llarch, arleiiie, glais, antimony, lapis caliminaris, madder,
pot-a(h, loap, tobacco, hoiuy, wax, rofin, corn, and many
other articles to England, Holland, France, Spain, Den-
mark, Norway, Sweden, Prullia, DantZK , Mecklenburg,
Lubcc, and Hamburg. It i.s, in (hort, the centre for ex-
clianging the commodities of Poland and Germany with
thole of the Haltic.
Anclaiii is featcd in a fertile country on the river
Pccne, having on the one fide of It maiflies a:id mea-
dows, with a dyke of (lone above a mile in length, and
on the other deep moats and walls. This town contains
two parilh churches, enjoys a good trade both by land
and water, and has profpered greatly under the Ptufliail
government, in 1757 and 1758, it fell fevcral times in-
to the hands of the Swedes : for the other (ide of the
river being within the Swedifh territories, the centincl 1
ot that nation are ported very near it. It is the capital
of a circle to which it gives name, that is near three
German miles in length, and contains feventeen villages,
Fo it belongs Anclam ferry, on the F'rifchen Hatl',
where is a fort, to which all thefltips that pals by pay atoll.
The itland of Ufedom, which commands the navi-
gation of i,he Pcene, the Ucker, and the Odcr^ is bound-
ed on the north by the lialtic; on the call by the (Ireight
called the Swin, which fcparates it from the idand'of
VVollin; on the fouth by the Frifehen Haff; and on
the weft by the Achter watcr,which is famous for its plenty
of fi(h. This illand is about five German miles in length;
but in fome parts is very narrow, and where wideit is
only between three or four miles broad. It is fcated in
the fifty fourth degree north latitude ; and contains tht
following places. Ufedom, a fmall immediate town, tha:
has an old callle. Penemunder-Schanze, fituated on the
north point of the idand, which it entirely commands.
The Swin-Schanze, on the fouth caft part of the ifland,
which was. deftroyed by the Swedes in the year 1757 ;
but a new town has fincc been buiit. i'he ifland alio
contains fcveral villages.
I'he ifland of VVollin, is bounded by the Baltic Se^
on the north ; by a ftreight called VV<dlin-\Vatcr, or Ui-
vcno to the eall ; by theF"ritehen-Haff to the fouth ; and
by the pafl'age of the Swin on the weft. T his ifland is
frequently in danger of being ovcrfltvved, and the fca
winds are continually throwing up againft it drifts of
(and. It is about twenty Fnglidl miles incircumfcrenci ,
and produces excellent cattle, with plenty of gainc and
filh. On this idand (lands VVollin, an immediite town,
fituated on the waters to which it gives name, and has
a bridge over it leading to Anterior Pomerania, Thet*
are alio ten or twelve villages on the ifland.
SECT. XIV.
0/ tl'c ijl.ind of Hugcn, ami the reft of ihot pnrt if Anlerin
Pomerama ful'jed to Smeden. ull/i the piimipat Places
tontained in each,
THF> idand of Rugen is feated in the Haltic, about
two miles and a half Iroin the continent, and was
antiently celebrated fur the courage of the Kugii its aii-
ticiit inhabitants, from whom it takes its name. It for-
merly extended as far to the cad as Ruden, which is now
at three leagues dillanee ; it beiiiif parted from it by a
violent tempell in the beginning of the fourteenth cen-
tury, when the lea drowned a great part of the idand,
it i.s, however, dill thirty miles long, and nearly the
lame bioad ; but fo lull of creeks and peninlulas, that
fcarcc anv part of it is above three miles from the (ea ;
and one creek on the call, runs almoll throuiih to the
well lide : but the peninlulas are (ii guarded by rocks,
as III be no longer in danger tiom inundations.
'I'he foil here is fo fruitful in corn, that tins idand is
called the granary of Strallund, lome thoufand lads be-
ing anmiallv fliipped from nctice tor that city. 'Fhere
arc likewil'e bred abundance ot cattle in the ifl.md, whuh
likewile yields prodigious plenty of fiOi ; but is fiipplied
with tin I from Pomcrania, though funic places aft'orJ tiirt.
A a a Ri)j;cii
•i^^
'• !
i86
A S Y S T V. iM O F G I, O G K A 1> 11 Y.
A
>»iiA).r.
'flfcpii
111!
1^ '!
I' I
If
RUji^Pii contains twcnty-fcvi'ii pnridK'i', w'nich arc ili-
viilcj into lour provolilhipa. 'I'm: ptiiKipjl town In the
ill.mJ is HiirgL'M, wliich is fitvi;i;cJ in llu' niuMIc of it,
and is the iV.'.t of the provinci^il coiirt of jiil'.icc, a prc-
tKTur,itc, ami a provottfliip : it is jilccvvifi; the rcfulcnrc
of a govcrnnr, aiul the' )i|,ice wlarc the nulili's holil their
alienihjji-s. in it is a protuihint convent lor voung bilics,
conlilliiij; of a piiortls and eleven fillers. This convent
has liliewiie two curators hclonging to it, who. '.re nobles,
line of wliom is always the t'overnor. This tr— n has
frcqiicntlv fullered by lire, particularly in the years I 7 15,
and fj2(>.
Near this illanj there arc fevcral others, particularly
RudcM, which is fitiiatcd amidit (hoals and find banks,
and li.is a callle, Tlu- iiland of Unman-/,, which lies to
the V'Cll of Rugrn, a:ul the ifiand of Uiddenfce or Hid-
dcnfo, which alio lus to the well of Rii;;en, and is
about ten miles in length, though in moil places it is
not above two miles broad. The foil is fandy, and af-
fords little corn.
Wc fliall now return to the continent of Swcdidi
Pomer.inia, the principal place in which is,
Strali'iind, the capital, which is a free citv, that lies on
a ftrcight of the fea oppohte tJthe iflind of Riigen, in
the Hfty-fouith degree twenty- fix minutes latitude, and
the thirteenth degree twenty two minutes e.ift loPL'.itude.
It derives its name from the narrow .Sund or .Streight
that lies between it and the little idand of D.inholm,
and is very Ifrong, it bavin;; very good fortifications.
On the larid-fi>le arc bulwarks and fi(h-pi,..ds two rnul-
quet-fluit in breadth, bcfidcs large ditches and marflies,
only pall'iblc by four caufevvays, from four nates all for-
tified. It has an excellent haven, where fliip; come up
into the very heart of the town ; fo that it has had a con-
fiderablc trade bo;h by lea and land. Here are great
c]uanti;ics of honey, wax, tar, pitch, rol'in, hides, tal-
low, linen, and a good fort of canvas, which is made
here. The ftrccts are broad, and the hoiifcs prettv uni-
r<inn. This citv is the refidence of the king's go-
vernor general of the regency, and is the place where
the flates of Swc.lifli i'onierania hold their meet-
ings. It has alio its own confiltory and a feminary.
Among its citi.'.ens, who form a numerous boilv, arc
many liihiiar.tial merch;ints. In 17 i.| Charles XII. king
of Sweden, ennobled its magiltracy, and in 1720 king
Frederic 1. extended this honour even to the members
of tlie council. It was formcrlv one of the principal
Ilanle-towiis ; init it has fiiffered greatly bv the ravages
of war. In 162S', it held out a fiege againli the Im-
pcrialilh under general Wallcnftein ; but in 167S, wa;
i'o fiirioufly bombardeil by Frederic William elector of
]!randenburg, that it furrendered on the third dav of the
fiege, after the deftruc'.ion of about eighteen hundred
hoiifesj and in 1715 was taken bv a combined army of
RulTians, Danes, and Brandeiiburghers.
IXdiai
ru ami Zerbd are ad.ipted to rve ; but thcv have Um.
trads of a tinner t;-xture. Tob.in.i 1, alio pLmt^.,)
the country of IJefliui ; the land cvtry whcie proilu;:
not only plenty of culinary and other herbs, but ;,!i
Iruits ; though on the Hait/. the latier never arrivi-
their pioper ripenefs. Here are likewik- hop-jiion^^i"
and vimy.irds 1 but the former aiilwer better ilian
latter. In C(.then and IJernbuig fuel is fcarcc •
/erliit and Dell'au are plentilully provided with it
ticul.irly llie Hart/, where are tin-- woods of oak, hi
poplars, eliiib, limes, J<e. and in g ner.il it is a lim;
ing country. The mines in the il.ui/, yield li
per, lead, iron, fiilphur, vitriol, coal'
and other minei.ds.
Ill,:
l.u;
par-
IHCC/I,
•■fpcirt-
"l^cr, cop.
dUum, ij|t-p..t,v,
SECT. XV.
0/l!h- Principality of AxUAI.T.
Its Sitintloii, Extent, Ciirrate, PrcJi/.r, r.n.i Rivir! : the
Rflr:Jt»i of tit Inhubitanti j lite Slates of the Cciwtry :
will) ci itiieife Je^:unt ef the Piiiuei of Aii/:ait,tijeirTille>,
and Armi.
THIS principality is bounded on the north-cafl by
the mark of iJrandenburg ; on the call by the
f lector.-.te of Saxony; on the fouth by Alifnla ; on the
fouth-weft by the county ofMaiislVld; and on the north-
well and north by the dutchy of llrunlwic, the princi-
pality of Hall-)erlladi, and the dutchy of Magdeburg. It
js rem.-.rkablc that at Hadcrholz, near Hcidclberl', the
territories of Urunfwic, Anhalr, and Stolberg ' meet
in I'll h a manner, that the three fovereijiis mav lit at the
fame table, and caih be in his own dominions. This
principality is fixty-fix miles in length, and in breadth
about ei!;htcen, though in fomc places more.
Oil the forell of Hart/, the air is frefli and healthy, but
rather too cold. The ha; veil is later than in other places,
but the plains cnjov a milder air, though in fome places
they a:e not fo healthy as in the high lands. The liiil
is v.-irious : lor in t!ie dillricts of Cothrn and IJernbunr
the earth is compail and fat, and partieularly fertile in
wheat .and barky ; wiiilc the li^lit and l.indy countries of
I'ne gra/iery in ibis principality alii) varies accorHin'»
to ihedilierenccof the loil, and the rivers yield excellent
lilli.
'i'he rivers of .\nhalt aie the Kibe, wliich traver'^cs the
center of thi, piincifi.ility ; tlie Milde, or Miilde, which
runs into the FIbe ; the Saale, into which the \Vi|,„.r
difehar.'.es itlell ; the S.-ike, which fills into the liujc
while the lalt difeharges itk If into the Saale and Ionic
others. The lake of tjateiuebeii, wliicli w.is niiic ,i,||^.,
in length, and in lume pl.ucs about four broad hj'
been drained, and converted into corn l.ind and p.iKun-.
Chrillianit) was introduted into this countrv in di.
ninth century, and the Reformation began to t.ike niac-
in the dioccfe of lierniode in the year 1 '^^l, and Ipn-.J
itiell with a fwift progrefs over the whole eour.trv. '|'|i.
polie/Tions belonging to the iiu>n.illeiie.s were ('nipiovcd in
augmenting the revenues of tlie alms hiiiifes.ind chu'r.'las
in the founding of fchools, and the cIlaMillimrnt ot llj!
pcnds and exhibitions. The whole country prof,
l.utheranilni till the year 1 59O, when thi: (Jali
religion was introduced, and the fevcral churche;-, li.j.j,
111 the towns and vill.iges, in the patron,ige of thefuvc-
reign, were filled wnh Calvinill niinilters. Th,.- p,.
rilliioners, however, were allowed to enjoy their (mu
opinion, and both the nobles and their vallals weie p-r-
initted the free exercife of tiie Lutheran woifhip. \U
virtue of a compa.!t made in lO/f), the Lutherans ate
allowed to cied new churches. Ihe Xerbfl line wilj
the greatell part of its fubjecls, piolefs Liiihi-'raiiifiii; i -
the three other lines arc of the church ofCiUin, wi..^.
is the clfabliflied religion in their lefpeilivc tcirito.,,.
In the whole priiuipality are nineteen towns, aiui;„o
boroughs. For the inliruction of youth in liter.ituie
the towns are endowul with Latin ichoois, and there 1,'
Ji'iiiMi
an uiiiverliiy at Zerbll which belongs in common to ail
the princes of Anh.ilt.
The flates of the countrv are coinpofed of the nobilitv
who are very numerous, mid likcwile of the towns ; out
of the former are choien a fub-direclor .uiJ three priivii>
cial counfellors, who, with the four leinor hiirgomalkrs
ol the lour rctidentiary toivns, form the leiler coniniiirce.
1 ho great coininiitec conlilts of twenty pcilbnj, th.it is
f.Vvlve rioldeineii and ei__'ht burgnmalicrs, tv.'o out of
eveiy rclidentiary town. lieliJes thele there is a coni-
millioir.r of the revenue, who is alElied bv a fecrctarv
and Ivndic. The diets are .uicniblcd in the'n.iine of tlic
tour levtral princes of the houle of Anhalt, wlio alio di-
rect the proceedings, 'j'hi y geneially meet in the reliJcii-
tiary town, where the fenior of the princely houle rilidcs
thoifh iiprui oee.ilion another pl.ice mav be choll'i),
'File tour reigning princes ol ,\nhalt .'ire all deleciidcj
trom '.he fame lamily, who confijei Joaebim I'.riulf 11.
as the founder of the prefent b.nife of ..\„halt, v/iio dyiiij;
in 15X6 left levcn fons, of whom the third and luunj
died without heirs, and Augultiis IV. lived in re;ireineiit
at I'lol/.kau, without lecpmiiig any part of hi- f.ither's
lands; but the four other brothers divided their lather's
territories into four parts, prince John George I. obtain-
ing Diliaii, prince Ciuillian I. llernburg, piinrc Rodi,!-
phus Zcrblf, and prince Lewis Cothen. I'he Ion of tlic
lalf of thefe princes dying in 1665 without heirs, hii
fhare of the countiy was by the ot.ier three lines con-
Icrrcd upon Leberecht aiul Immaniiel, fons to the above-
mentioned prince of I'lotzkau, who, on their fide, ctjej
Plot/.kau to Bemburg. The light of primogeniture
takes place in all thefe four lines.
The titles of thefe Ibvcrcigni are, princes of Anhalt j
dukes of Saxony, F-ngern, aiii Wfi'phalia ; counts of
AllJllU ;
; .;SSAl'.
Albania ; lords f
hue likcwife infe:
iui.l the Zerbll 11
I he arms for
<le\ter chief poini
an.l or, and a ere
pules, nil .1 wall 1
iii^s. Ill ihe lice
iliip of iiarenlfad
fable. In the f
iiiting the count)
ei.'le ciiuiiter-cha
with a femi-ciicle
wife five p lies and
thn lie'd the Saxoi
(piirtcred, toexpre
aiiire, are two ben
comity of WarmI'di
field azuiefortheci
gules, and termed tl
the rei;i'i I colt. Ii
lar argent, (fandin|
and three battlemei
Ji.'rnbiirg.
.Since the year 16
hcrg hec.iine vacant,
to if, have (|iiartcrci
fill! the arms of Sax'
wrc.ith of rue, to d
feccnd an eagle dil
azure, fir the palat
beetles horns or, a 1
fir the anticnt coiir
|i,.irs three particular
of /ever I a lion fabi
Kiiiphaufen ; and ah
bftn'cen two wings
biiiiv/ic of Walter-N
.Ail the four reign
P'incipality of Anhaii
tlic diet of the empire
only ene vote ; but th
them to another in bo
K.ich of the relgnir
nnJ conllllory. The
cipa'ity of Anhalt to t
at between live and li
now give
We fha
cipal places in thcTever
fh.illoMlv tiill ojfere
author, tiie people of 1
ri'iVnties, in the opli
of milk and honey ; tii
iheirexpenees, ami th
iiicoiiliderahlc. 'I'he
vn'i in this part of the
people arc foher, and t!
oiilv bv theminiflers,!
rotberies, in time ot p
S K
Tii iuiicihol Plac.s in 1
burg, i
A.S we have alreade
111 general, and 1;
t'^ii, nothing remains 1
piJccs in the" lour Icve:
irincfs, and we (hall be:
<:.ii,lod into fix bailiwics
'^ellaii, the refidence
'■b'Wightful plain on t
(-.France Irom th" town
'lliie town particulaily
'"'''= north fide, the
■twre the Mulde gate,
'"»•■•■ fide of the .\IoI,l,
''"ii;!! isalfately biiildin
-I'l one belong ng to th
^-^'^^\, an orplLin houfe,
Ml, V .
KCI,,. ■
anu ; .,o
itcr.ituii',
there IS
nun to ail
?l()l;i!i;v,
iwiii ; "v.:
pr(ivii:-
rLidm.i't.".
■nun;;;....
!, ill.:: .■■
is a toni-
, I'ccrctatv
.lllK ot tl;>:
:io allbiii-
lic kHJ<!ii-
iili; ril'nics,
lOlll).
ik-lcciidcJ
V.tikW 11.
,v1h) dyiiU
iiul luuii.i
icuniiKMt
(.itlicc'i
ir Citlur's
I. olitaiii-
rc RchU-
I'OM ol tllC
I heirs, hii
lines con-
Ihc abi)vc-
Iflllf, ci-.icJ
|iO!;eiiituri;
If .'Nnlialt ;
ciiij(n.'> o'
Altuiiu •,
'1
azure,
AUMnia-, IiiiJs of Rernljur,': aiiJ Zcrlift. Tlic Deli'.m
|i„ni!cewirf inlcTtsin its titles 'he lorillhip of diop/.i^k,
•iiul the Zerblf line thofc of /.ever and Kuiph.mfeii.
Vhe .irms for Aiih.ilt eonlilt of nine lieMs : in tile
(!e\ter chief point is .ir:;ent, :i bear, with a coll.ir, f.ihli;
31,1 or, aiiJ a crown or, placed pallant, on four tuiret.s
,.|i, s 'on a wnll with .i gate, li^^nifyiiii:; the antient hear-
fj, .s.' in che feeond arc live pales fahle, fur the lord-
(l,|^,\,f liarenltadt. In the third chccijuo-j argent and
(ih'le. Ill 'he fourth cheque- or and ^ules, deno-
niiiii" the county of WaMcrfee. The fifth aiijeiit an
r,.|/ counter-changed, the claws and bill or, winged
,v"th a feini-ciicle ol the fame in a field argent ; ai likc-
uife five piles and a wreath of rue, in a field or, and in
,l,i, jii-ld the Saxon and Hrnndenburg arms are niuiually
irtered, toexpiefs their cniniiioii oiigiil. In the fixth
,ire two bciidlets from the left to the right for the
cHiiMty of Warnifdorf. In the feveiuh an eagle a'rgciit, in a
field azure for the county of .VI ulingcn. The eighth is pure
rules, and termed thebloodybaiiiier,orbloodyil!leld, with i
the re''i'i> coit. In the ninth is ahear fable, with a col-
lar ardent, Ifanding on a wall Luilts, with a gate fable, '
and three battlements gules, to denote the lordihip of
JS.Tiiburg. I
Since the year i68(), when the dutchy of Sa.vc Lanen- j
her' became vacant, the houfe of Anbalt h-aving a claim
t^, 1^ have (piartcrcd three other fhields with their arms : |
iiiK ihcarms of Saxony, confifting of five palc.i, with a
wreath of rue, to d< note the dutchy of Saxony. The |
fccend an eagle difplaycd and crowned or, in a field
;./,iire, f'lr the palatinate of Saxony. The third three .
beetles horns or, a femi-cirele gules, in a field argent, '
l,,r t!ie antient coiintv of lircc. The /crhlf line alfo .
|.,,irs three particular (hields, a lion or, for the lordfhip i
Ol' /ever ; a lion fable, in a field or, for the lordftiip of
Kiiiphaufeii ; and ahound's head, with a collator, placed
between two wings argent, in a field azure, tor the
bJiiiv/ic of Waltcr-Nicnburg.
,'\il the four reigning lines cnjov colicdHvely for the
p-iiicipality of Anhait, both in tiie college of princes at
ilic diet of the empire, and in the diets of Upper Saxony,
only ene vote ; but the antient abbcv of ( rerinode intilles
them to another in both thofe aU'emblies.
K.ich of the reigning liner, has its regency, exchequer,
jiiJ c.inlilfory. 'I"he animal levcnuc of the whole pnn-
iiiulity of Aiihalt to the font reigning lines, is cflimatcJ
at brtwcen five anvl fix hiiiulrcd thoufand rixdullars.
We fiiall now give a particular defcription of the prin-
cijial places in the I'everal partsbelonging to each line: and
Ihall oiiiv liill obferve, that, according to a veiy good
.iiitnor, :lie people of thefe four little independent love-
riT-nties, ill the opinion of the Saxons, live in the land
(if milk and honey ; the princes polVefs lands liiflicient for
their expenees, and the taxes laid on the people are very
iacoiifiderable. The lecurity with which a perfon tra-
Mii in this part of the world is very extraordin.iry. The
people are fober, and the duiies of morality are taught not |
eiilv bv the niinifters,but by parents ; whence tiiefts and
robberies, in time ot peace, arc hardly known.
SECT. XVI.
Vi piiiliipiil P!ac:s in the Pi liiiip,iiiti(S sf Dfjfin, Pjcrn-
hur^, Colhtii, and '/.ahjr.
AS u-e have already dcferibcd the country of ;\nhalt
in general, and lovcii fonie account of the conlfitu-
t; '11, nothing remains but to take notice ot the principal
prices in the four leveral divifions lubieet to its four
jriiiccs, and we fllall be^in wiih Anhalt-Dellau, which is
il.vi.lcd into i\x b;iiliwies ; the pi incipal places in which arc,
Dell'aii, the refidencc of the prince, which is iitnated
. .Miclightlul plain on the river Hulde, which, at a fniall
tiitance from ;h" town, runs into the Elbe. Itconfills
1 1 the town particularly railed Ocfuu, the New Town
'aihe north fide, the uibiirb called the Sand, another
ieiiire tlie .Ylulde gate, and the Water Town on the
' iaer fule of the Miilde. licfidcs the prince's pai.ice,
I'.iich is a Itately building, it has twoCalviiiill ehurehf;,
.vii cir.j belong ng to the Lutherans, with a grammar-
l.liool, an orphan houfe, and two alms boule,. TU'.'C
o p t.
:if
are hero foinc good m.lnufacluies of iiollt, flo, kings,
and h.us. In 1467 this town was entirely detlroytd by
fire.
Oranicnbaum, a regular and pretty little town agrcca-
I'ly I'eated on the fpor when: fornn.-ily lle.od a village.
Henrietta-C;ith;iriiie, princefs of ( )raii;>c, r.iid confort to
Johii-Cieorge II. in ifiSf), built a lii])!.;;) villa of ilone at
this place, and named it ( )r,iiiienliauiii, which, ■.vitli the
other buildings belonging to it, is I'lirrouiided with a
nio.it. Its ^;irden is extremely bciiutiful. She aftcrw.ir Is
r.iiled the village to a town, and permitted new lioufes
to be built on a regular plan witli the former.
'I'o the hotife of Anlialt-Defl'au belongs alio a coiifi-
dcrable tra^'l of land in the kingdom of I'luliia.
Anh;ilt-I!ernburg conlains eight baiiiwics, tlie princi-
pal places in which are,
IJernburg, the capital and refidencc of the prince.
This city is feated on the river Saale, or S.il.i, over which
it has a handfomc brid!i;e of frec-llunc. This is a place
ot great aiitii|uiiy, and confill; properly of three dilfine't
towns. On the land fiile it i.n cncompalUcl with w.d's
and moats, and, bcfidcs it.s magifiraey, has a governor
appointed by the prince, who prefuies in the fiipronic
court of jullice. In the Old Town fiands two churches,
with a fchool, the town -houfe, and the prince's fecretarv-
ofTice, A part of Hernburg, called V'ordcnbur^, (lands
on a hill on the other fide of the Saale, and is reekoned
tiie third p;irt of it, though it is under adilHiii^ mas'if-
tracv, cnnllltirtion, and privileges. 'I'lie church in Hii.?
part ferves both for the calllc and court. The cadio i<;
one of the niolf antient, and at the fame time the molt
celebrated fortrcfs in the principalitv o'' Anbalt. It Hand?
on a high rock, and is furrounJed with a deep and lined
moat; and below it runs the Saale, on which (fam's the
noble (lone lluice crei'ted in 1696 by prince Vii^lor
Aniadeus. 'I'he .Augulfine convent in this place was, ar
the Relormation, converted into an hofpital and poor-
hoiife. To the noith of the New Town lie: the fubu b
ot Waldaii, in which is one chuich.
I I.irtzgerode derived its name from its being fituatei .
at the entrance of the fiirell of Hart/. IJotli the wall •
and houles are built of a motley kinil of marble, in which
this country abounds. On its eaft fide prince W'illiam,
in 1601, ciolted a new town, which, in 1-05, was c.dl-
ed Au;;uftenlladt ; and oppofitc to it is a fuburb called
tile Liberty, which has an hotVital at the end of it. On the
north fide is the New Mine Town called Wilhclmftadt.
Willielmfhot", a hoiife and farm belonging to the prince,
lies in the forelt: not far from Hartzgerode : it is an ele-
g.int flrucliire, moll delightfully fituated. The buildin^r
was compb-'ated in 15S;., and confifts of two ffories.
Farther in the foretl, on a high and lleep mountain, art-
to be fecii tome ruir.s of the antient calHe of .-Xiihalt,
which arc now overgrown with buflies.
The abbey of Gernrode was originally a free temporal
convent for ladies, founded in the vear fi6o, and liehlv
en, lowed : but the houfe of Anbalt refiiming it in i6;.4,
it was confirmed in its pofTeflions by the treaty of W'cli:-
pbalia; and by virtue of it, is intitled to a feat and voice
among the prelates of the Rhine, both in the imperial
diet, and that of the circle of Upper Saxony. The ab-
bey itfelf is converted into a manlion-hoiifc. The town
of Cicii'rodi' was at til If only a village; but, on the ad-
ditions made to the w.aldi of the ab'.iey, the i.-.h.ibitants,
whole number increafed, obtained t'everal immunities and
privileges. Divine wotfhip is performed in the abbey
church, that belonging to the town being for the iiioit
part ufed only attiiiurals.
'I'he p.-ince rcfides in the palace of Schaumburg, which
is lituated in the cir..leof the Upper Rhine.
The prineip.ility of Anhalt-Cothen conufls of fjur
baillwics, the principal town in which i.--,
Cothen, the refidencc of the prince, is fituated on the
litil,' iver Zitau, and confills of theOid and New Town,
-.vhich were incorporated in 1620. It is a confiderablc
place, the inhabitants amounting to about fil'teeii thou-
fand. They have three churches, a Calvinill and Luthe-
ran orphan-lioiife, and each has a troe-lviiool ; amon-r
the other public buildings is an hofpital. In this town
the prince of Anlialt-Cothen has a palace. He keeps a
body uf two hundred and lil'ty men, who are v,\\l cloathed ;
and
^' 'ml
I,' ^:i
>;
. 1 f
Mi'<
M<
M
Ml
-I 'i! I fl
ft
n
f
'•! *■
i i' 'H It*
I
:P1|^
,1 if ,
tSS
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY
anil his rcvenii«», accorilinc; to Mr. Hanway, arc com-
puted at one luindreil Jivl iixtv thogfand diillari.
We now c-.->ni' to the piincipalily of Aiihalt Zcrbit,
which cniuains fevcn bailiwics, the |)iincipal places in
whirh .lie,
Zerbit, the rr;"Jence of the prince, and the lar";e(l
and handfomeil town in all Anhalt. The prince's palace
is very magnificent. In the town are two Lutheran
churches, one belonging to the Calvinifts, and ;<» uni-
vcrfitv common to all the princes of Anhalt, whieh has
three Calvinill and oncL ithcran profellor ; befules which
here is alfo a Lutheran and Calvinift fchool. The beer
brewed here, with its nianiifaiilures of gold and filvcr
lace, are very profitable articles, though the firit was
formerly more elk'cmcd than it is at picfent.
The prince of Anhalt ZerMl is alio proprietor of the
lordfhip of Zevee, in the tlrcle of VVeftphalia.
We (hall conclude this fcclion with a concifc account
of the abbey and town of Q^icdlinburg, and the abbey
of Walkenried.
The abbey of <>;^iedlinburg was founded between the
vcars 9^2 and 936, by kinj; Henry I. and enriched by
iiii coulin Matilda ; but in 1539 embraced r,uth>.'ranifni.
It at prcfint confilts of lour dignitaries, vi/,. the lady
.ilibefs and three others, didinguiflied by the titles of
provoft, dean, and canon. The abbcfs is a princcis of
the empire, and at the diet cnjoy.s both a feat and voice
on the bench of the prelates of the Rhine, as fhe like-
wife does in the diets of Upper Saxony.
The arms of the abbey are two carving knives or,
placed in a faltirc crofs, with handles of the fame in ;t
field gules.
Aiitieiuly the hniife of Anhalt held the patronage or
government of (^edlinburg as a fief from the abbey ; and
it afterwards continued ,1 long time heicditary in the houfe
of baxonv, by which it was at length transferred to the
hoiife of lirandcnburg for the fum of three hundred thou-
fand rixdollars ; and, by virtue of an agreement conclud-
ed in 1574, between the eled^or Auguihis and the ab-
bcfs Elizabeth, no abbcfs, nor any other dignitary, is to
be chofcn without the knowledge of the patron.
The town of (4i"^'i'i"hurg, which belongs to the ab-
ticv, is fituatcd on both fides the Bode, and has a court
of juflicc dependent on the abbey, with a particular ma-
giltracy divided into two councils. I'he abbcfs, with
the chapter, lives on a hill at the cathedral of St. Ser-
vatiiis. In the town are fix churches, and the hofpital of
the Holy (ihoft ; and without the town is the holpital of
St. Anne, and a college that was formerly a Krancilcan
inonailcrv ; and near the town ftands alio the church of
St. ^Vipert.
Here is alfo the free aiibey of Walkenried, which was
of tiic Ciflercian order, and podcired of fcveral cffatcs ;
but in 1546 the abbot introduced the I,uthcran doifrine
and fervice ; but, at the peace of Weftphalia, the pa-
tronage of the abbey was aholiflied, and it was rendered
.m hereditary fief, which is now fubjcft to the prirxre of
Brunfwic Wolfenbuttle.
of mcilah, and a nailery of paintlnc j an.l in it is a \ii, .
periii;;-gallery, like that of St. Paul's, in I.omlDn. | u .
old taIHe, which has a bridge before it, is c.iljcd ihc |< .,,
I'alacc. The town chiiiih Iihs tilwavk Inr its niiinlKr ih .
fiiperintendant-ii.eneral of the principaliiy, and khu , .
the hereditary vault of the princes. 1 he lti<iii,| ,, ,,,;'
■'0' 'uunj.
church IS that of St. June'. ; and here is a Icmiii^
ed by duke William Kriiclt.
Ill the neighbourhood of this rity is It(lvi,l(rr
feat of the princes, built by di ke' KriicIt Ai)^m.i|\^
v^hich has very beautiliil garden'., and a very fiiie'iitt,'
hoiifc. "
The principality of Eifenarh, which is fubjcft m ,1,
!,„ ..f c..L_ \\r..: ..I/. 1;. . 'i-i ■' '"'
duke of Sake Weimar, alio lies in Thurint'ia
P-Moilij.
SECT. XVIL
7 he PrirtilpaHlifi cf Saxc Ifdm/ir, Eifintich, and Gdtha ;
uilli the pnmipal Placis in eath.
SAXE WEIMAR, which lies in Thuringia, extends
along the llni, which, alter tra' .ng the whole
length of this principality, loles itfelt .n the Saale. Its
length, taken in its utmoft extent, is about twenty-fix
miles, and its greatcft breadth twenty-three; but con-
fidcrable parts of this principality are uctached from the
main body-
The duke of Saxe Weimar has two votes, both in the
diet of the empire, and in that of Upper Saxony.
The principality is divided into thirteen bailiwics, the
principal towns in which are the following :
Weimar, cr VVeymar, the capital, and the refidencc
of the prince, is fcated in a valley by the river 11m. The
new pilacc, called Wilhclmftnirg, is a very noble build-
ing, and contains the duke's valuable library, a cabinet
ing chiefly along the Worra and the fioMlii.rs of \\^[\^.
The face o''llic country is niouniaiiious and woodv ^i,,,)
it bears fo little grain, that the inhabilanfi are ohUvj
to be fupplird with a guar deal ot it from other pi,,,,,
However, the neighbourhood of Jena aiki linr.e othp,
tracts yield wine j it has alio mines of copper, iron
vitriol and allum, and fomc falt-fprings. '
The inhabitants are Liitheians, and the duke nf Saxe
Weimar fits and votes in the diets of the empire and Up|,t.
Sjxony a* prince of Eifenach.
This principality is divided into nine diflriias, tlic prin.
cipal towns in which are the following :
Eifcn.ach, the capital of the principality, is featcd on
the Ncfl'e, which here receives into it the Horfel. J),
prince's palace is a noble buildiii<5, Here aro thcv.irio,,;
colleges for the dift'crent branches of the i;ovcriimciii
bcfides an academy, a fcminary for divans, and an 0;.'
phan- houfe.
Jena, a town, fituatcd on the Siale, or Sala, which
walhcs it on the calt and louth fides. It lies in a pica
(ant vale, among hills that produce a great quantity of
wine. The town forms an oblong fqiiare, and is fn,.
rounded with moats, walls, and high towers. J here is
hiT" relebrated univcrfiiy, in which is a very valuable-
libr in obfervatory, and phyfic-garden. 'i'hcrc arf
fe- arches, and without the town are four fuburb>
to . ., c(f lies a fuburb before St. John's-gate, in which
is a church and an orphan-houfe ; caftward is a fubuil)
before the Sala-gate ; and northward is a fuburb hcU-
the port, in vyhich are the prince's gardens, ballroom
and other edifices ; and to the fouthward lies a (uhwl
without the Lobtr gate. A delightful row of tree, h!,,
been planted round the moats from the Lober to the
Sala i;ate, and from thence to the port.
The principality of SaxeGotha, which lies to the fouth-
wed of that of Eifenach, abounds in grain and fruit ; and
in the fouthern divifion, which takes in a part of the
forell of I'huringia, arc levcral mine-works.
The rivers that rife in this princijulity are the I.oinj
which falls into the Nefi'e , the ApfcHtatt, which runs in'
to the (Jcia ; the Nelle, which has its fource inthetc'^
ritory of Erfurt, and travcrfing the principality ofGoth.i
from cart to wcif, difcharges itfelf into the Werra, afic
it has received the Horfel, which alio rifes in thii prin-
cipality.
(Jotha contains feven cities, five towns, and two hun-
dred churches.
The elbbliflicd religion is that of Lutheranifm, with
refpccf to which, and the inllruilion of youth, thciearr
fomc excellent regulations ; particularly an iiilpcdlir
travels through the country, and makes enquiry into the
liatc of the churches and Ichools.
The duke maintains two regiments, confiding 01 ci^! t
hundred men: ofthcfe one is quartered in the pr.nr
pality of (Jotha, and the other in that of Altenburg. He-
alfo keeps a guard of a hundred and fixty foldiers, with a
body of artillery.
The principality of Gotha is divided into twelve baih-
wics, the principal places in which are the folbwinj:
Gotha, the capital of the principality, is (iratcd in 1
vale near the Eeiria, in the fifty-firit degree twelve mi-
nutes latitude, and the tenth degree fortv-oiie minutes
eaft longitude. Canals, lined with fione, are drawn from
that river through all the Greets of the city, which i one
of the bed and handfomclt towns in all T huringia. Wuhii:
the wall? are nine hundred and fix houfes, be-fidcs manv
cllitr
S.\xi:-GoTn^
Saxe-Gotiia.
V. V U
O
F..
li^
li.la.ib
otlvti whicli It.iiul on tlic rnmp.ut-, ; nn.! there arc l.irijo
(iilniili-i. It li.i'i ;in h()(|>iliil lor the lol.liers, with ivvci
(JiiKil/lor tluii cliililrcn, iiiut in the I.ir;;c(t ot' ilic b.ir-
ricks till' in'''''' •"■<' iiilhiii^U<l ill tlic ll-vcral lir.iiiilu's «l
• 'ul licll.'-. \Vithin the town is the b.iiliwic iKuile, with
ti'-'o churches, a I'cniiiMry, an alnis-houCc for willows,
■mil :iii orph.ui-hoiife. I he iiih.ihitants carry on a ion.
'.iblc trailc in woollen m.\niifai!lurcs, as alio in wooil
luj iiccr, aiiJ brli.lcs tlic prolits arif.n]^', Ironi agriculture,
icaive conliiler.ilile ailvanla.^c f'roiii its hciny the llio-
,i,u^hr.ire Iroiii l-eiplk to Upper CJerniany.^
On '.\ hill .ihoee iho town llanJs a luriilieil cafllc or
nilace, which allorils an cxtciifivc profpei'l over the icr-
lile nlJiii. Hir^' the luvcreiijii, who is brother to the
prefcnt princel's ilowager of NValcs, anil is one of our
knii'his ol' t'"' g^''"-"''' 1"^'?' •' 'p''-'";'l'l court. !ii this
n.ilacc is a well provided armoury, with a very valuable
libi.uv, which contilh of about thirty thouland printed
uilunies, and two thouland manufcripts, and in the"
aL).iriiiiciits beloMi;ing to it arc the portraits of (everal
nerfi'ii< eminent ior their birth, high (lation, or learn-
jjv. riie cabinet of medals is laid to be, iKXt to tliofe
i)l"thc emperor, the kin^' of France, the dukes of I'lo-
tcnce and I'arnia, one ol the mod valuable in the whole
wotld. 'I'he nuifcum at Ciotha is far from being con-
tcmptih'e- It contains a number of onyxes fet in dilFe-
rciit kinds of work, which arc valued at fixty thouland
dollars, among which is one of admirable beauty, rcprc-
f.iuiii • a man fntiiii; with a fpear in his hand, and a
woniaTi llaiidin;^ by him. The image of Lewis XIV.
\, to be feen heie, cut out of a finale amethyll. Here Is
;i ulver elephant on a pedeHal ol agate, with thecapari-
I'ons (if cold fet wiih emeralds and diamonds ; and among
a multitude of otiier curiofitics, aretwoor three earthen
;.ifis pai.ited bvliaphacl, and a large copper bowl enaiiK'lled
v.r.\\ black and white, afcri-cd to the fame artilf, which
ciiit the duke ten thouland dollars. Here is alio a good
cdllecl.on of pictures, the mod remarkable of which arc
I'.iiil Rubens, his milhefs, and his difcipic V'andyk, all
I'liiited inuiic piece bv Rubens himfelf, a book in which
;!;ipil the elder has cxquifiielv painted lixty-one poi-
tiaits of perfons of diftincUon, and a fcreen of (even
].;i-c leaves, on which is painted by the lame Kiugil
the'nudl remarkable paliligts ia the New Telfament.
Here is alio a ring, in which is let a moll cuiious watch.
Among the works in ivory, are Augullus kinq of I'o-
i.iiui on horfeback, and fourteen hollow balls turned one
v,-i:!i:ii .mother. Here is a niarnial's It.ifF and a llageolet
nude of the cinnamon-tree ; and a (tafF on which the
.fluHi of Ciirift is en.;raved with furpiilmg minutencis;
il.mJfcJpe made entirely of corolines ; the elevation of
.\ palace, all of garden feeds, arranged with the iiiccll
art ; a gondola and crown both made of cloves.
Tieie are alio ill the palace a church, in which is a
verv line chapel, a mint, a laboratory for fire-wurks,
and adjoining to it is a beautiful garden.
Without the gates is alio Fredcricfthal, a kind of
iMiiijuetiiig-houfc, which is well worth feeing. Among
the p.iliuings in this lalt palace, is a large piece, rc-
r
Iktwecn IVciloricrthal ami thf cafile is ,n (inooraiijM'n ,
or grccn-hoiifr, kept in excellent order, where anion. ; i
number of exotics arc to be fecii coHee and lliawbciiy-
trecs.
S K C T. XVIH.
()/ the Pi:n,:/>:ilitiii nf Siixr-Caliiir/:, Allenii/r^, And ^t'lr-
J'ui I, with the mojl wifidtrabit Plaid in i\ich.
T^IIIS principality lies to the fouth-caft of the forcft
ot ThiirimMa, but belongs to I'piier .Saxonv ; to
the north it terminates on the countv ot Schwjit/.biirc,
to the eallwanl on the dioccfc ot 15aiiibcr:», tu the fouth-
ward on that of U'nrtzburi'. and to the weliward on
that of llenneherg. It is forty-three niiici lone, and
lixteen where broadeli.
i'he loil is inoiUy fertile •, in the vallcyi along the li-
ver., ate fine palhire grounds, and the |)iincipal tiiiplin-
nient of the inhabitantj conlills in grazing and ihi:
breeding of cattle ; it alio produces a grc.it deal of tlax,
and in the neighbourhood of iConiii",lI'erg arc viiuvards.
The forclls afford timber and wood tor fewcl. Tl;eic
are alfo mines of filver, copper, and iion ; and there aic
here found pit-coal, gypfium, alabalicr, and inaiblc.
The river Itz or Itl'ch, which rifcs in the forelt of
ThuriniMa, travcrfes the country from north to fouth,
and alter receiving leveral little rivers, difch.irges itfclf
into the Mavn. I"hc Steinach, which h.is alfo its lourcc
here, and fill., into the fame river; and the W'eir.i,
which likewife riles in this principality, and flaws into
the county of llenneberg.
The inhabitants are almoft all Lutherans, except a
few Calvinilla at llildburghaufeii, where thev have tho
free exercife of their religioit, The people are einplov-
ed in agriculture and trade, and the country prodiiccs
fiich pleiuv of corn, that it has more than fulHcient for
hoiTic conl'uniption. Its mod iilual exports, JKuvever,
are black cattle, fattcil (lieep, and wool. The inhabi-
t.mts of .Soiinenberg deal in llatc--, hones, and ;.'un-ilints,
wooden ware, pitch and pot-afh. The othci towns pur-
ine ditfercnt occupations, and the whole country is pro-
vided with all manner of iiecefTaiy iirtiiicers.
'l"he principality of Coburg fof-merly b^lon^ed to ths
counts of Hennehcrg ; but by in.irri.ige became aiiiuxcil
to the houfe of Saxony, and at length devolved to duke
Krneft the Pious, the founder of the prefcnt line of thi;
family of Crotha, who divided it among his fon,; whence
it comes at prefcnt to be divided between tlic hoiifes of
SaxeSaalfeld, Saxe-Mcinungen, Saxe-Hildburghaufen,
and Saxe-(Jotha.
In the whole principality are ten cities and fix townsj
[ the principal of which are the following;
; Coburg, the capital of the whole principality, and the
! rcriiiencc of the duke of Coburg-Saalfcl!. is I'ltw.itcd in
a vallcv on the Itfch, in the fiftieth degree thirty-twj
ininutCb north latitude, and the eleventh degree twenty
minutes eaft longitude. It is defended by a ilroiig c.ilili;
1 on a neighbouring hill, wlicrc l.uther chiellv iclidej
pnieiiting
the czar I'ctcr on horfeback, conduiiK'd bv ! during the diet at Augllnirg in 1530. lioth the town
Mcrriirv, Neptune, Fame, Courage and Plenty, with ! and fuburbs are walled in, and the latter are 1 ir.'er than
f'veral iithcr ligurcs ofl'ering him gifts ; and alfo a I'anuly
hillory piece in four compartments, the firft reprcfenting
the carrying off the Saxon princes Krneil and .Mbcit ;
the fccoiid, their rcfcue ; the third, their inagiiificcnt rc-
iiptionat their return; and the fourih, the execution
(if the robbers.
'I'he girdcn of the palace is fniail ■, but well laid out
ill vvalk^, water-works, and parterres, adorned with bu-
the lormcr. The prince's palace called Eiirenburg 11 m
the town, and contains the archives of the princ:p,.litv.
The town is lik-wifc the feat of the fcveral oflices of
the government belonging to the houfe of Saxc Cobiirg-
Saalfeld, as the privy-council, the regency, the trejfury,
and the confiilory, and in the market-pl.ice tlaiuls tho
chancery. Mere aic four churches with a feminarv cal-
led Cjf!i:iiriiii;ii;>i, from its founder duke jolin Calimir ;
llocs and flatucs ; among which are Ionic good copies | a town fchool, a gold and I'llver manufacbiry, and om;
(if the nioff celebrated pieces of antiiiuity. At the end ] of porcelain. Without the town is an holpu.il, in which
(if the garden is a delightful grotto, the pivement of ; is a fiiiall church.
which is variegated marble dug near Coburg ; and the I Hildbui;'h,iufeii
rieliiins and walls are embelliflicd with (hells, oics, and
figures in giafs work. In the apartment of the lecond
liory are fome curious paintings of flowers and vege-
iables. On one fide of the grotto among feveral fmall
jciteaiis is the image of N-ptunc, and on the otlicr that
of Thetis.
the tefidencc of 1
ij
diik
C 01 tM:l
59
dillrie'>, is lituatcd on the W'erta, and coiitaiiv. i;iany
handlonie houlcs, moll ol which are not only rcL^ular,
and of an equal height, but the llreets .Tre bronil ami
llraiglu. In the market-place llands the town-houfe, in
which the regency, trealuiv, and coniilKny have their
mcctiii;'s. Here is alio a Lutheran church, to which ii
D b b iinnvx'.d
Mrr
Mi "^.i
''\M
m
<ik
^1
•m
I.JO
A s Y s T r. M o r r. r-: o r. r .\ p n v
."^i;uv \i(T.'nr
'•(1
!' Iff'!
; J
4 t.^
f •
/ ife! €f
■1 'mill
aiiiie'\:J thi.- rii,i;ii;itoiu!ctiry nt" the piiiirip.ililv ot lliK!-
'.uii^h.iulu;, siiJ tlu- Latin lihciiil. In the oUI liuvti i.
.illo the iliikcN |i.il.ii.->.-, which li a larj^e ri\;ii!.ir liuili!-
i''^', Ih'.'.hii I'V iluUr Krivd in iCS,, .uul in ii^ ilimi.h
i'- a lv.ui.il v.uilt lu-loniiini: to ihr l.iniiU'. In the Ni;*
'I'u.vii IS 4 I.miui.iii ami Cilvinilt ihuiili.
I'hc iiriiicip.ihtv ot' /\llriihiM,'. liDi.Lr. to tlic wlK on
thf iijipir |)rnK'ipjlitv ol S> hwail/I'm; , and thr prin-
< ipality oi \\ iiniar ; t.i the nuith uii the ciul.s ot
'J'hiiriiiyia an. I 1/iiplii: ; to the ral>, iin the cinle ot
I.eiptic .t\{<\ the lor.liliip ot' Schonlni^;i and to the loiith
on thi; circlei (.(' l',ri/:M-l<ir(; and Neiilladt.
The I'c/il liveiy Kiiile iii corn, aiul alfo ahnund< in
good palliiicc, whence ('.raving is earned on, anil there
i.> a laige luted ol' hoik^. The country likewilc [iro-
ihiC'-s plenty of wood, and the mines yield copper,
I'olialt, vitiiul, .iiid other niinei.iN. The piineipal luer
ij the I'leiir'.
The rei.gion ol' the country ii I.uthcraniI'm, and the
thmches and I'elioola are ranged under I'everal Ciijieini
ten.ieiities, over which is placed a £.i ncral fupctinien-
i!iat, who rifides at Altenliur.T. The Kates of this
principality are divided into tlioi'e in the Alttnlnirg,
Saallcid, and Kn'ciilier;; circles, and coiilill ot' the nohi-
lity and toivn< ol' tliele tiiree dilhicls, who have their
piineipal nicetini;s at AltciiluM:;.
I'lW cliici' ici'.viih in this piincipalitv arc the follow-
Altenlnirj:, aiv.lcntlv iMnied I'lcils, the capital ol the
piiiicipidiiy, is liihject to the duke ol' Saxe (lotha. It
ll.uuK high on m\ uneven i'pnt ot' giuuiul. iind thecallle,
wliitli IS I'vMteil on a rock, is famous in hilloty tor be-
iiv- the nil. 'ence of tlie fnimcr cleclors and iluk-.-'., and
iroin henec the young piiiices Kinell and Alhert, who
were aiterwards the founders of the two principal lines
of the ^axon houle, wire carried olF in the year 1455 1
li'Jt the princes were recovered, and th'>l'e who had taki n
tlicT. estcutcd. In the town is a (lately building, in
whi^h the t'ecrctary's oflice is kept, and where the re-
vcncv and cunl'illoiy htdd their meetings ; two churches,
one of which is a fuperinten.iency. Here is all'o a houle
for the cdiicuion of young l.idics of decayed fainilic.-,
a public I'eiiiinary, a houle belonging to the knights of
tl>e 'I'cutonic order, a nml'cum and libiary, and .n\ or-
phaii houle.
Saal'dd, a pretty hnndlome town, feated on the river
Sala, in a beautiful fitiiatidn, aniidll bills aitd meadows.
'I'his town and its dillri't ii I'ubjecl to the dutchy of
Coburg ^!aalleld. The palace here wa* begun by duke
Albert, and fur fome time honouieil by being the rcli-
dence of the Saalfeld liiic, till <<n their aciiuiiing a fhare
of the |irincipality of Cnburg, they removed ihilhcr. In
this tonii are tliree chnrehcs, and a good grammar
I'chool, with I'ome nianufailiires of cloth of gold, and
iilk iluli's, and a linclting and vitiicd houfe. On an
iinmeiice near the town (lands the once celebrated and
lieh IJenedicline ;ibuey of St. I'cler, ivhoie abbot was a
prince of the empire, ;ind had both a vote and fiat in
the diets, and the piiviiege of coinage. Th- l.iiid., be-
loni;ing to this abbey aie converted int' bailiwics, aiul
belling to the family of Altcnburg.
We (li.ill now nive a concile account of the prinei-
p.'ditv of (.hi'-rluit, which l-eloii;,:s to the duke ol .S.ixe-
Wtiltenfils and IS furrounded by the louiuy of Maiis-
fe!d, the Jiueele of Merlcburj, the dilliiillsof l''ri ybiir;,
^^'el;dclft: in in the circle of Thurin.i.i, ;md by p.ut
of th.e teriitories of luilenaell. The principal places in
this principality are,
l^icrlurt, a charter town, feated on the little river
Weite. It is veiy fmall, it liaving only .ibout five hun-
dred lioufes ; but it has large (uburbi, and is defended
by a cartle feated on a hill.
IKKIrungen, a Imall town feated rear ;bc L'nftrut,
which is the leai; of a ("uperintendeiicy, and had
formeilv a lliong caOle. liut it is to little pur-
pofe to eiiun.cra'.e to'.vns that have nothin-j worthy of
notice.
S V. C T. SIX.
(Jf ll't /•' ;'...;<(.'..;. «/'Si ;i.v.\R./|ii n,,.
'Ill' Siludlnn 'fill tu ififiiifJlr Fntli \ tl'it' l'rr,„',„ •. /,'j^,,^
li>\,ritmtiil, /tiHit, unit ih J>iiii\fi>ii Pliim l.,i,i,',„, ,[
ijjj >J llv iti^ni'ig I'nitiii, " "
THK priiicipili'y of Sebwarlzbur- ha; il:, |oMil„f|,
or upper part, lipar itcd troin the north, or iuivi'
part, by an intermediate Ipace ol fix (ieriiiaii niiie ; ih',
toimer ining furrminded by the prineipiliiies ot Cobui •
Altenbiirg, and l.ifenach, with the terriiiuy of lirhiti'
.111,1 the latter bv the circle of I'huriiii'Ja, the ckvli,, ,[j
ol S.i.xoiiy, ;ind the eoimticii of .Stollbeig, HohcnlUin
KichsJel.le, and the teiiiioiy of Mulii.iukn. '
Thi . pnneipalitv b.is kvcral b autiful an.l fertile lun^
reitMik.ibly liuitful in .ill kinds of p.rain, efculent vc-c-
tables, .uul fruit , olher plan s .ifl'.wil tolerable wim- ; ;f|,|
the torelts of I hiiiin.'ia and the I l.i.t/, are of conlidir,ii-|.
adv.mt.ige to the country, tiom the great tpi.iirit./ „(■
timbei .uiniially cut down and exported, Thcfe turcij.
like.vil'e abound in deer, wild boars, and other g:iiii(.. .'
and the rivets and ponds ^ield n cie.it v.iriety of li/},'
There are here likewil'e mines of filver and copper, .mj
in lome places are dug a vtrv beautiful ud .uul wiii.,.
;:lab.dler.
The principal livers in the upper piiniipalitv arcih-
Schwatt/,e, uhii-b ill'ues out id' the foretf of I hiiruiij'
beyond the c.iltle of .Schw.irt/burg, and at leiu'tli (,,!''
into the S.il.i. The llin riles in the forell of Tlujiin u'
as dois all'o the (iir.i. In the lower piincip.ilitv .uei;!,.'
lollowiiig livei:.; the llcline, whii h difeharges i'tfill m.
to the I'lillrut i the W'ipper, whii li iil'es ;;t Kichs!;'!,];
and iilf.) f.ill, into the L'nllrut ; and the IKJbe, wh^iij
difeiuirges ilfelf into the l.!nie river.
In the whole principality are twelve borough-, tc„
market- towns, fifteea calUes, and ab.>ut a hundreil thou.
, (and perfons. The princely houfes and their luhjcj.i
j L'eof the Luth'T.m religion.
1 I he piiiues of vSchwartzburg arc inverted by the p.,,.
peror with the oflice of grand matter of the htJite to ik
^ empiie, and they are alio buntfinen of the empire j hu,
, this title is enjoyed by other (ierman princes, Tlior
! lull titles run tiius : I'lince^ of Schwari/hini', jndolihe
' lour counts of the empiie 1 counts of llohelilUin ; IcrJi
of Arnlt.idt, Sondeilliaulen, Leutenberg, Lohra, aiij
Cletlenberg
Their aims arc quarterly per pale four tranfvcrfe brarm
or, and a/.ure, containing tor Selnvait/hurgh a lion ■
tor Arnfiadt an eagle table, in a field or ; tor Hohcn!
I IKin checcpiee argent and gules ; for I.eiitenberg a liun
pali'ant or. The middle thicid is argent a (lag giile^, nr
lable, forl-ohia; beneath it aigcnt a pitch I'ork, 1111,14
cuny-eomb gules, in token of the ofTice ol mailer of iht
borle. In the center ot the whole, on a parfieular fii.il,!
is the imperial fpieail eagle, with the feeptre and niciul.'
and on a fmall (hell on its bre.dt is the imperial crown'
denoting that in the foiirteentii eenturv (Junthir, count
ot .Sihwar:7dnirg, was elected king ot (Jcrmany,
In i;ij the two principal lines mtercd into a prrne-
tual compact ar.d union, by which the divillon ot th,:
princely houle into that of Sondcriluufen ;-.nd Rudolilj,:.
was confirmed, ;\nd the reigning princes of both limi
were, in 1754, introduced to tit and vote inihecoilci:
of princes. °
Lach reigning prince has an actual prlvy-coiineil, anJ
by the divilion ot the Schwart/.biiig l.oids between the
two ruling lilies, each of ihiin is to ni.iintain two uw.i
of regency; that I:', the prince of Sehwaitzbiirg-Sor..
dcidiaut'en one at .Sondcrlb.nifen, the other at Aii'dl.Kh;
and the princeof .Sehwart/burg-Rudollt.ult one ,\t Ry.iil-
It.idt, and another at Krankenhauli'ii, I'i.ieh has al'.ii w,
counlelliiis at lav .md regency, who arc abfolutely imic-
pendent ot each other, and only fubordinatc to their own
prince ; but, by agieement, appe.ils, though with t'ome
iimit.itions, are carried from the Sehwartzbiirg regoncic*
at Sondcrfliaufen and Frankcnliaufen, to the elector of
Saxony's
f^X
llVcrlc brani)
!',ll a lidll ;
liir llohi'ii-
il'i r.> ;i liuii
tdik, Mi\ a
nalKr of ihu
Icul.irlli.cU,
aiiJ niiMulc,
Lri.il crown,
[ithcr, count
my.
lito a prrpc-
Ivifion "I th;:
ll Ruvloliluit
Inilll lilivj
|i ihc cul'ii'i^c
|:oiiiicil, aiiJ
(jctwccn ihc
two cnur!)
|t7.biirt;-Soii-
jit Aiiillad; ;
|ic at Rinit'l-
1 lias al'.:i It,
liliitfly imic-
(1 their <i\va
with limic
|ri; rcgciicie,
elector of
Saxony'a
S.i\oiiv'« rct;ci'C\ at Duitlvii, r.ii.l tlidlc lu'iii there
I" U R O I' F,.
«'>•
_;i'in-y
VI AnilUltto ihut 01 .M.NC Wnui ir,
l-aeli prince liai likcwile lin tiilomi, raptaui, an I
lieiiicii.ml> ftir ihc ni.ina ;iiiaiit of military att.ui'. ; aii.t
when the iiiipi.- ij HiM,;c>l ill .1 war, the h'nilo iK
Sihwatl/l'*jr;:, to^alui with the count nt Keiilt:n, I'ur-
ii.lhci a iv'im.ru "I fix tonijMiius, *iiioiiiilin^ to a thou-
)..li'l IlKll. _ ^
I'hi lorrltorios of Sihwari-zbnrp-Sonilerniaufeii are
Jiviil-il into ihiitcen bailiwic>, the pniiiiiial places in
vhu-h aie tlv.' Ii'lliming :
Aiiilla.lt on the Cicia, a tivcr which a little; aliovc
I'ivlJi.'^ itil'lr into two liranilRM, Thi'i town has a hatul-
;,iiiic (tone lirult;'' ol llx aichu over the river, an.) of lati!
! ;.■ InuWin:',' ■■ ll'.' Iiiwn, hoth pilhlic ami private, are
• ,;i:ih iiiiptovul. Ikie is likewifi- an intient refiJenti.irv
I ,.|IK', vil'i •! chinch, ami near it a pal.iee lor the priiucl-i
.l.nv.i'cr, ereclej in 17JI, with three churches a pro-
\iiii.iJl uhool of ei^;hi dalles, a rcj^eiicy, a ciiiililloty,
ami cxchcipar. On the Gcra are erci leil fomc br.ils
aMii ircii woik.s iKli.lei ftvcral nulls ; ami m.ir tlr.' tov. 11
15 aluniCc lor the niakinu; offaltpetre.
So:iJcrlli.iiir.n is a town (eatcil on tiie W'ipper, vvhlrh
atthisplictf is joiiiej hy the llibir. ( )n an einiiien.e
without the town (t.imU the p.il re, where the ruling
prince of the honfe I'f SonJern>.iii:cn iil'u.illy ri liJ' s.
'I'lie fiont of lliispal..co is new, .Tiiil befiJc. many other
line apjitnuiits, Ipleii.li.lly futnillieil, u a molt I'npLrb
f.ilooii calleJ the (ii.iiit'.s-h.:ll. I he (.varilrii heie is laiJ
(vjt in a nu'lt heaiitilul niaiunr. In the arniomy Itaii'.ls
1111 iiii.i^e of I'lillrich, one of the Wen. I Hi iilols, c.ill in
a black' fliininu; inct?.l, anj hollow within. The body,
which i^ cvcrv wlu'te large, is tow.inls the lully an ill
and auvMii'.r rtiunJ, ami c.ijiable of coiitalninij above a
fimnicn pail of water. Its heail is alio of a ilifpropor-
tieiMte fizc, with a ronnil hole iiilte.iil of the mouth, aiiil
.i!iotiia en the crown. 'I'hc right haiul rells on the
!v..kI, anil the Uft in his lap j but the muKlle of the kit
■.<r.i. is broken otf, an.l the legs are miitil.iteil. Soiulerf-
h.;ii;.'!i i) the feat of the regency, ami has a confiltoiy ,m.l
,:c ;i:t i Tjiillice.
Thi tciiitories of ^ic'nvart/.biirg-RuJolltaJt are JiviJeil
in fi.'U-ii ilillticU ; hilt I'oiiie of them the piince of
h '.iiiiily liolds jointly with the count <.f .Stoliberg.
'I i.c ,., iicipal places belonging to the former are the two
fullowuK; :
RiiJ.ilItaJt is fe.itej on the Sala, ami ha 1 near it a caRlc,
which ItanJs on an eminence, in which the princes of
S.liw.'.i;/biirg-Ru.lolllailt ufually reliile. This calllc
vasd'i'royiil by tiic in 17^5, but has been fince rebuilt.
Here aie hcM the regeney, conhltorv, .iikI e.xihciiuer
i;ii:r;s ; ami in the town cluiich is to be letii the burial-
place of the princes. Here is alio a fupeiiiUenJencv,
a.,ila fniiinary of divines founJeil in 1745 by |
HI nee onn
^■ric, ami
in honour of him called /•')
l' uiuniim.
Fraiikenhniifei\ is feateil on a branch of the VVipper,
v.'hich palles through the town, ami llamlo in a line fer-
tile coiuurv, on the fiJe of a mountain ili.it form., a part
(if the Hart/,, ami to the i.orlh l'cp::rates iti ililtrul from
alraiit c.dle.l the (lo'den \'ale ; indeed the town is on all
li.les cmiri'iK(l with woods ami mountains. It has a re-
cency, i-nd among the public luiildin
pa'ace, in which is a ehap
jji are tne prince 5
'I here are alio two
llalberlladt ; .mil txtfilJi thlify-thrci? niilej in icii^'h,
and liliieii ill bie.ulth.
It ii In I'l'iieral very inoiiiit.iinoii' , v.'t afl'onU nntonlv
pal'ui.iiie, hut good io>ii-l.iti !, an I h..'. lai'.e wood.,
ihafis, vinev.ird.', ami lilheii'i Thri. are hiv-' iii'iie i
of ,1 kiml ol a bl.i. kiOi ;.'lilteiing I'ort ot ll.ilc, whl' h vlieii
fmclied, Mild, much copper atul lilvr, a (|uiiir.il otil'o
beltfoit eontainiii;^ live pounds of pure copp^ r •, lim .i
(piint.il (it the worll viidds oitlv two poiindi. Kiom tin 1
copi'.er a great de.il ol fi'ver w:n loimrrly extra.'leil, ati'J
a j.'reat number ot doll.ir" coined. This II ite is alio i.'
mark.ib'ij lor having the iniprellions of various aniin.il.4
efp'.cially of fillies, .'s hirriii:! 1, perrhi-i, and pike.;.
In liiii eounliv are likewife two ( oiili lei.ild'.' l.tki '.,
which, iliiiiiuh they II.Mi.l r.-Mr earh otlur, .ind ha- .■ even
a rommunie.itKin, the w.iirr of the l.io.'.elt is ip; te fait,
whileth.it 111 theotlier is pi ifei'lly Irclli and fweet. '('hey
botii a'.iound 111 hill, on which .ireoiintthe inhibiian!. ol
the vill.i.;f..i along their b.ink> fnblill bv fifliin:; ; and thev
alio airoi.l an inexb.iiillilde numlier of fnipei, wild giele,
•indotiM w.ilci fowl, lome of which are lliot aii'l c'thcf'
l.iken by the net. I be Sal.iis the nniihern liouiid.irv ol
llii> cooiiliy, where it revives the .Sal/,e, whiihiliiie.
Iioiii the .diove ('.lit lake, togctli-'i willl the S, hleo -e .111 I
other ''n.iller llrcaitis. The other riuis arc the W'ippc 1 ,
the K:!ie, and [lie Weitc.
I'art of this couiilry ir iindei the fuveici'>n!y of S ixony,
.Old p.'.it lu!'je.;i to the kin,' of I'rulli.i, wlio enjoys tlic
lit'e of count of iMansKld.
The inniibtr <d towns in the whide c.mnty amninti
to liven. The prevailing religion is tint of I.utheran-
iim, and there are lixivfix parochial villages •, the cler-
gy lieloiVMiig to them lie divided into e^glit deaneries, tlm
admiiiiflralion of which an. I the leveral paiiflie'i li lodged
ill the gciKial fii|-erintcndent of the rounty.
The iiib s of the count of Mansfcid are, prince of the
holv R'lnan empire, M.insfeld, ami Fondi ; r.olde loul
o| 1 leldruni!' n, .Scebiirg, and Sehra|d:ui ; and lord oflbc:
lordlbips ot l)obi/,ilUi, Neuhaus, and Aiiillein.
I lie ,!rms for (j^ieifurt ate iirgi nt pnrtv per fellc gules ;
for .Mani.feld, fix lozenges, difpofid in two rows gules ;
for .•\:nllciii, fable, an eagle dif;'laycd, with the bill,
legs, and claws or ; and for llildriingcn, a/,iiri', a lion
ramp.iiit or, with a crown of the lame, a tongue exerted
gules, and a reverted t.iil, gules and aigent checijuee ill
a bend.
The principal towns in this county arc thufe whii ll
follow ;
Killcben, the capital of the county, is featej in the;
I'llty-lirit degree thirtv-iiine minutes north latitude, ami
in the eleventh decree hfiylix minutes call longitude. It
is rem.nk.dilc lor tlie great number of its brew-ho'ifc,
and lor the copper-mines in its neighbourhood, whiclt
were formerly 111 fuch good condition, that b''twccn the,
to.vnscd Kifleben and i\lansf.dd there wereatleift thirt/
fin;l".ing-hmifc-, wliicli gener.illy produced above a thnii-
f.m.l tons of copper in a year ; and every ton contained
near two hundred ounces of filver ; and tliou'.'h at nrefenf
leviral good Ih.ifti aie ovciHowcd with water, and thn
ore is neither fo rich in copper, nor yields fo mi:.-h lilvi i-
asformeily, yet ihefe mines turn to good account. In
t ic town is a calUe, with thiee parilli churches', a gram-
n.ar-lchool, a niine-ollice, a conhltorv, a geneial lu-
churchcs within the town, and two more without the 1 perintendency, an 1 ahmit a tlioufaiid hoiife;. I
t 1:
gate". The fchoid is within the rem.iins (ji a Cillerci.in
r.iii'.ncrv. The fait woiks of this place arc I'ome of the
molt i.iitiriU and fjinous in all Inrmany, and fo coiifi-
tlirahie, tiiat the town owes its piolperityentiicly to theni.
There are a grc.tt iienibcr ot lalt-houle, : tlic l.ilt is
tli.-.wn up in leathern buckets bv me. ins of large wheels,
whieli.ue turned bv the liver W'ippir; and in the Upper
Town Hands a I'oit originally built for the iirotcctiijii ol
tliele woikb.
S K C T. XX.
0//A,' County of .M..\NstEi.D.
li: Siln.iti:!:, I'lO.iii;,-, P.htrs, I..ii,s, OKil piir.dpalTiuiis.
Tlir. cmrtvof Ml
.\1
Id hi
np.libiii
I
ai'J tir: ["■iii'-ipa!::;^'
the dutehv of
. . .'li'.hjit .inJ
very populous, and the center of all the trade and buti-
ncfs of the whole county, every tiling dcli.MK'd for lale
bciiii! bron.rht hither ; whence its e.xporti to the Hart/,
and into riuninijia are very contiderable.
This pl.iceis famous lor liavjng given birth to Martin
I.iither, who all'odied here. Among otlur relies of thac
great tf former islhewn in the great church of St. Tho-
mas, his |iulpir, which, fiom the extreme veneratioil
entirtaincd tor it, is only preached in three tin'cs a year ;
th.it is, on the anniverfary of Luther's birth-day, the day
in which lie died, and the opening td' the caieehetic.il
leiit'jres. I'here is here alio (hewn the wooden bedlleaj
on which Luther lav, which is hcie pietended to herd"
fiicli extraordinary virtue, tliat whoever carries ,1 bit of it
about him will never be troubled with the hcadacli, and
a toinh- p.icker made of it inf.dlibly fecuresa perlon from
the H".jth ach, " The Swede:., lays Mr. tveyP.er, who
"arc
i
I
-ff'%
1
^ ^T-,i' ; ■ ;. Art
i '%
m % ix^i
191
A S Y S T I". M O I- r, F. O C, R A I' 11 V.
^^ i :!
'* are v<;rJ foiiJ I'f biiii;; th'ui^lit iho y.cduiiie fnivi of i
" I.iithi., iwiii'.'il iiw.iy .1. niiiiy pu'vC'., I ii<l to l><- tiit |
'" iViim ilii>lii'.llli'ai!,.iiul 4 talilf ili.i( liiliMisiil In l.iilli. r, ]
" .1* w. I'll. I li.ivf mu\e I'lu'i.il t.iMii .iiiJ Ih-.IIIv.iiIj. Aj
" this .itV.ir.lf I ;',riMt (.iti>l.iJii>M, li it yii'l'li'J H'J li"'"
'• (irolit to thiilr wlm (1k'w>iI tlifk ii'Ik-« t tor a vi rv liii.iil
" p.itt ol the I'.ritiiiiU'H till V y.ot mi this ore .it'iDii, wan
" I'ulTi 'ifiit ti> liiivliii'li .iiiiitliii luci.icivi- IiiiIiKm.I," Our
impirti.ility wmiKl imt |uiiiiit our riip(iiifliii(; In I'xtrunr-
ilin.iry .1 ciifiiiiiltiiiRi', ilion'jili wi' an; li.iry to I'ltuI ,\iiy
lit the tollovvcrs of tli.it irliiiimi f 1 wc.ik ,1111! 10 ah knl
iii to ciiiiiitoniintp fiiili jr/ols fii|)( illiiinii, winch cvrrv
r.itioMil pioti-lt.iiit mull I'oiiJi'iiiii, .iihI whii!i l.utlu'C
liiiiiUlt, wiic hi' liviii.', would iniluif with ihc iiiiiiull
waTiiih mill mil;..'ii.iti(m.
The I itv ot M.iiiililil i> fitiuli'il fi»f mill's tothe norili-
wi'lf of Killiln'ii, uiul m \'crv liti.iH. Its lalllr, winch m
fiMtcd oil .1 hi ',!i rock, wis fonmily both .i foriifh aiiJ
the nrulciin; ol the coiiim of M.ui'lilil ) hut the loic-
p.irt of It only rciiLiinH, thi' nit, loiutlur with th".' W-ills
<iij b.ilh'ini, I'.iii,', hlowniip 111 the ji.ir 11171^.
S K C I'. XXI.
Ofth Cllinll ef WERNlcFROtll'.
//I Situ.ui:n, Esltut, l'ri/ii,f, Rhwrt, (.tivar.ti:cnl, ok.'.
primipul 'Jnuni.
''I^IIF. county iif W'l'iiiigLTdilc is fitii.itcil partly on thi-
JL Hart/, aiul bor.lcu on the priiui|Vilitic; of lll.in- |
kcnburn, Uiuiifwie, aiul HiMilhiiiii; aiul is luily aliout |
lilt-.'iMi ni:I'.i in li.n^;lh .mJ ten in hroadth. i
One p.irt 01 tiic luuntiy i< nunint.iinous, ami the other
Kvil. The hllU loriii j kind of .implnilic.itro, riliii;> '
};rad»;'.ll\- lieliind each other. The molt dilliiu'iiillu-d ol '
ihefe is Ciieat lioikin, which fonie ellreni the lii.;liell 1
niouTit.iiii in all (itiiliany. No trees or le.i-ic anv liii.iil
Ihrubs arc to be found on it., fummit, which liei|ueMllyi
icmains cnvcicvl with fnow till Midfiiiiinur, and in Ionic
ol the northern part^ even loiij^er. Out of this inuuntain
illuc- the life, with theCireat and Little JtuJc, and alloi
the Kckcr. 'I'lu' niountains all'oid vcrv vahi.ible plants, 1
with berries of all kinds, particularly cranberries, great ■
i|uantiiies of whiclt are preler\ed by the iiih ibitant .. Oak j
and bectli ai'.' U Is cnnimon here than Ins ami pines,
though great care Is lakcn 111 planting and knepiii^ up the
lorelh.
The plains arc very fertile in all kinds of i:rain, pulfe,
turnips, flax, culinary herbs, Irult, and other vegetables.
As the meadows and pallures arc very rich, threat num-
bers of c.'.ttlc are bled lure, ami the country likewill- a-
boundsin ail manner ot beallsof chacc and wild fowl.
This county alfo abounds In Iron, le.id, cob.ilt, free-
llone, lime-llrne, marl, and clay for bricks and pots.
The county is very populous, and the language of
the inhabitants, wlio arc 01 the J.uihiran religion, is f,ow
(Jcrnian. 1 hey export corn, oatmeal, all kinds of ber-
I.V-, timber, and brufli-woud ; as alio deals, oil, tine
<p.\en, vcnilon, ii. gs, lilli, thalk, faltpetre, gunpowder,
call and wrought i.on, wrouc^ht copper, which Is import-
ed rough, papc, clotli, liuft's, and htandv.
Thi.i C(junty is a fief o! the kin;; of I'ruffia, though a
[i.:rt of It belongs to the count of Stollberg. 'J'hc king,
;is ioverci'j;n id' the cmintry, levies the cxcil'c In the town
tif Wcrnigerode, tliough one-tenth of it goes to the
count, llis maielly alio taxes the country, and rall'es
foldiers. Appeals lie from the count's regency to the re-
venue court at llcrlln; and yet the count has the jurif-
«liclion ot the tnincs, cbaccs, ftures, and coinage ; as alio
in criminal, civil, and church affairs. His regency, to
which appeals are brou jht fnmi the inferior courts In
the tOA'ii and country, conliUs of a ferrctarv, a dircilor,
and coiinl'cllnr:. Thefe, with the addition of three ccclc-
fiallital counfcllors, foim the conlillory. The revenue ,
court conlilfi of a director, counfcllors, alliirers, and j
other olficers, who, with the .uKlition of t'orell and mine
officers, form the lorclt and mine courts. 'I'hc r.vcnuc
of this county is computed at the annual I'um of lilfv
thoufand rixdulUrn.
MACDrUL-RC.
The principal t.iwni in ihi< rounly .ire tlie foll.nvln •
\\\ini;ero.lc is luiiated at 4 Iniall dillance liuni tn,.
F.ckir, which uccive. iiiiu 11 a livulit lliat rum tlitou >;i
the town. It ll.ii .1 calllc fiMtrd above thr town on .1
mount.iiii, which hi, been 1,1 I'rrjtly imptovcd by i.miik
Chrillian Kinell, that it hji not one walte fpot, Jii,,
callle he has adorned with a l.irge and valu.iblc librai,
and here liki'wile ate kept the anliivei ol the l.iiiulv,'
About this ll.itely feat lies a p.irk, whii h was w.ilKd ni
by the .ibovc couni, and (iiiely ploited both With iimt
and foiell trees, In if, near the callli.' ^jte, is 4 row o|
houfes for the count', domellici, tu;rthei with 4 will.
built iMplijii-lioulc and nrw llablcs, vviih m uu li:,.i.
hollies (or the coiint'i allendaiit?. In the p.itk 1, a lim,
inci lunife railed the hftmitage, whiili llafids higher ilun
the calllc 111. II. Near the pjrk 1:. ,1 moll licaiilitul pai-
terre, with a fine f,i< en-lioule, in « Inch is a l.if.'c Lilum,
nid jtill by is a inagiiiliciiii palace. In wnuh Hits ili,
coiiiitels I'redenea C'hailoite of lloiieiilohc-ln ;illuii,. !,_
A villa of limes li ads liom the park tothccinini's kitch iii
garden and orchiid, whicli lie near the town, and bjdi
the road and foot- way to the calllc ate pl.inted with mw,
ol tiecs.
'I'hi' town itfclf confifls of three parts, the Old mi
New Town, and the lii'mrb of Nofchenrode. In [i,,.
Old Town are only lour hinulied and thirty lioul.
three churihes, two alms houfes, a pilace b. 'migin,, ;„
the count, the ntlices belungin;; to the governnuiii, 4
l.atin fchool of hve rl.iliis, ami fevrral manlioii hmi,, j
belonging to the nobility. The New I'own coutun,
iiJ .III
only aboi't two hundred houfes, a p.irilh 1 hutch, a
alms-houle, while the lubiiih contains abuut one hiui-
died and fifty houle^, one church and a fchyul.
Several gieat lires have happened here, partli ularlv
ill the year 17511 but the gicitell part of the huuUs
have liceii rebuilt with llone.
Co the ci.rpoiatioii belonj very large woods, out of
whiih the buighcrs arc allowed timber for buildin.-
with a ccitain ipiantity of wood for fuel. The tralc
of the townlmen cliielly 1 oiililU in nianufadlures of clotli
,iml woolKn Hull'-, brewm^', ,lillil!ing, and agticultur.'.
Driibec is 4 large and beautiful village, the iiiha.^.
tants ot which ate tlleemed the richcit laimers In all
the couniiVi and aic fond of being called the men of
Driibec. At this place is an antiiiit foundation, con-
liiliiig of an abbel, and fue caiioncll' s, who may Ik ci.
thcr of iiidde or trading families. Tu thi ■ l'ouiid.it„,ii
belongs a church, bdidc, which there Is another in the
village.
Ilenburj; is a large open town, which was aniicnt!,'
walled. It has a caltle featcd on an eminence, whiti
was foimeily the refidcnce of the counts of Stollbiit^,
and near tlucallle is a large park, in which is the nui,-
fion-houfe of Lciningeii, thus named tiom the conlo.-t
of count t'hriliian Kriiell of the houfe of I.einingoii.
The chiel trade of the place anfes from the irniiwoiLi
and ll.itting mills belonging to the count.
.SEC T. x.xir.
0/ iht pitiily of MAODEruRo.
/// Siliialin, Extent, Pm.liice, and Rivers ; the R,H'l',n
of ll'f /nhnlrttinli ; thi- j'eviral Offiits cf the Gn'eiii"iti:l ;
the Rciimiei cf the Pi'ikcc, and the pii/hipui Cilia c/'lhii
Ihit.hy.
WK now come to the circle of I.nwer Sa.ronv,
whi'h is bounded on the north by the dutchv ol
Slefwic and the Haltic ; on the cafl by the circle nt
Upper Saxony j on the fouth by the fame circle, and a
part of the circle of the Upper Rhine, and on thcHcft.
war.l by the circle of W'clljjh.dia and the (icrman occja.
'i'hc Hates belonging t(j it .:'e thofe of Majdcbm.;
and Uremen, Zell, CJnibenhageit, Calenherg, VVoilm-
buttle, llalbertladt, .Mecklenburg-.Schwerin, Mecklcn-
burg-Oullrow, Holllein (rluckfladt, Holllein-CJott'.ni',
Hildcnieim, Saxc-f-auenburg, the archbifliopric of I..;-
bec, Rat/.idiiir;', IJl.inkenburg, Ranz.tii, Lubic an linpe-
ilal city, (iullai. Multjiurcn,\'otdiiaul'c;i, and ilainbiir.-.
V, ■
('
\\\v,r)r.nvrt
We /hall It,
:i liiriounded h
Ml Urunlwie, r
li.ilt, the cMi
^,i.'(Oiiv, esleii
Its hnadth is v.
The muntry
|,irt level. It I
line citllc i but
liver gioivii will
(cial, while III .
.ire hcie lo ruh,
with lalt.
The I IIh- p.i
lOUlltrv, and tin
ii,'s between l!i
the Aller, which
(ithcr iivcts are tl
ihe KIIIK) and .1
ihe Olue, and lli
The ellablilhc;
, ,,11(111 ; but a
L'jlviiidli have (e
uletaled at Ma ■
iiUlca amount to
lliifi to tliice hii
arc ilivideil into li
111 as many infpe,
iiilciulcnt. I lie (
ihiirchc-, and ha\
liv cDiigregatioi^,
but thole at Callie
,it Hall IS a fyn.igo
M.igdtburg Com
linen, fluffs, (lock
and particularly cx|
and all forts of gia;
In the diet ot the
of Magdeburg, lii
vjria and the elcc'toi
The amis of the
argent.
The diitchv has ii
removed from Hall ti
nates. 'J he war an
concerns if the don
co"tributions, iVc. b
its dillindt office. Ii
branchci of the reyei
foni Ibli'd t.ix counfe
of the members of
tciiJcnl, and I'oinc la^
pi.ivia Is limited to I
Cjlvinifls arc fubjeCt
French are under the
lOiililtoiy at lierlin.
The princes rm m
taxes, and military ch
the king's profits .nil
and other pl.ices, witf
lit and tylhcs of min
longing to bailiwics,
tolls by land and w.itc
t.:gc, and the like. Ou
olFiccrs in the diitchy,
iiij'., Iluiccs, tillage, ri
biirl'-nients. The fur|-
m.i.n chelf. The ta.\
country contrlbiitioir.,,
money f.ir the coiinir
goods cniiiumcd, the |
coniC!, all which are :
military chcfl, or rcniii
the couniry for their I
anj other revenues belt
IcctiJ in every circle 1
they arc remitted every
thelin.ill towns and vill;
counlcllnr has the contri
59
I'
" T
:\iiticiit..-
I', wtut 1
IStnllSuij^,
ihc luai.-
Iho toulort
A'iiuiij^i'n.
Iiroii \vui't.j
ov^tnrittit ;
|r S.ixonv,
' Jutihy of
tirclu 'it
Ick, ami a
li thi-»cft-
llii:dc^ui.;
Wu'.Kii-
I Mi-ck'nT-
-ClOtlOll',
He of 1/.:-
aii iiiipc-
|il,t'.iibi:r.'.
V, ■
\lA<.i"-nrRO.
I: U K C) 1' i;.
1
We rh4ll frpin «'!''' '^'' ''"''■•'>' "^ MJlvli-'hufr*. ^WwU
,i„i,„ii„|cil I'V the Mj'k <il' lliMiilcnliiufr, the Jutihv
;', IlrunlvvK-. thciniiu.t'.ilm,'.. C.I M.ai..uluilt .iii.l An-
,1, ,1,, ciiuiity ol MniiilfM. .mil iIil- lic^l.ir ,i.' hi ,
S4Xonv, fMfiiJi"!^ ''"'V ""'^'* "'"" ^■•''' '" *'^"t •"" I
' I'hii.iuiitty hit>iiH;iiii to iliis .lutchy ii (or tlir moll
livil. It h.ii l<)m<.' giio>l com lunJi, aiul pru lucit
'■';",■ i!ittle I l'»t (''"ItjI iirtlci jrf rnulv, luitlliy, and ,
",",, ,,iiiwii wiih wooils. Ill liiiiK- |i.uu thiTi- arc pit- ;
"hI whili: III "thii» tJfl I' li-iiic. The I ilt limiij;.
'"• hcif 1" ">•''• *» ''' '"' "''''■■ '" '"Pl''y •»" ^'i^'in-iiiy
**^''rhc I i'''* I''"!''"* thfiigh ii confi.lcr.iblr p;ut of the
iiiirv, ai"' •'"•' "^^'' "■'*'•■' 'oinn iii 1..II1111 bmiiul.i-
"• Ki'w'^i" Uranilinl'iiri; anil iIiih Jiitihy. IKic iiIl's
T- Mlt'ii which ililch^irncs iilcll liitn iIk l-.lbc. I'lie
''[jj'r iivi'ti aif the Sailf, tir Sala, wluih hire reciivci ^
". , Liii,,, ami alUTwarJa dilihargcs itlilf mtu ilic Llbc, i
!|!c Ohre, anil the ilndc |
I'll,- ill.itdilluJ rcli;4ioti ot thi- iiih.iliitaiits is l.iiihc- ,
I,,.- liLit i I'ltit iiumhir 1)1 Irciuh and (iiini.in!
I'jhiuilN hJVi' (fttl.d lure, and the popidi relii;iim is
ulciiuJ at M3ai''^"''c "'"^ "•'"• ""■' ''"''o-r-iii I'li-
(Ik* aiiioiiilt to thrte luiiidrcil roiirlecii, and the 11,1-
[I'jifs t'l tliu-e hiindud and lilfv-tllue. Ihile parillu-.
'. livi led into lixtteii iM(|ii:diiins, under the direclioii
' I ai iiiii'V iiilpectois, liihcirdiiKite tu a '.'•■lural I'liper.
' iiiilent. I he Cierm.iii Caliinllt'. are pollellld ol'leveii '
',' ,,f|,c., and have eli:veii nimllk-rs j the I'lencli have '
i)iii're'.Mtioii«> to live nf whnh are ten miniileib ■, '
but thole at Calho are Cuhjeill to a ( icrmaii pallor ; and
,t Hall .» a lyii.'Honi" "'■ J^'W'. I
MailJthiiri; emuains manul.ii'tiircs ot woollen cloth,
linen,' 1'"'^*'" tloekin.'S, oil-lkin, IcatluT, parchment j
an.l p'jilieul-iily cxporf. large ipiantitiei ot llaich, Huur,
aiiJ all I'orts of niam.
In the diet ot the empire the king of PrulTM, as diikc j
I Mai;dihiir", lii'* and votes between the cltclor of lia-
vana and the'tleaor Palatine. i
The arms of the dutchy arc party per p.i'.e, gules and
arijent.
Ihc diitchv na< iti own regency, who in 17 14, were
removed Iriiiii Hall to Magdelnir|% and cunlill of two le-
natcs. 1 he war and domain chamber nianaijc all the
concerns of the domain and linmces, with the excil'e,
to"tribution';, I'^'c. but each chell is kept lepar.itc, under
iti dillindl olHce. In ihe towns the cxcile and othir
hrandici of the revenue are under th.: direclioii of pei-
liin'. (!ihd tax counfellors. 'I'he conlllKiry is coinpoled
of the incmbers of the regency, the i^ciier.il fuperin-
icnJcnt, and Ionic lay and ecclerialtieal counlilluis. Its
ni ivt;i Is limited to the Lutheran churches, while the
Cilvinills arc fubjeCt to their fupreme diredtory, and the
French are under the dircclioii of the Kicncii fupreme
tonlilloiy at lierlin.
The princes revenues arife chielly from the domains,
taxes, and military chell. In the domains are included
the kind's prohts arilinj; from the falt-works at Hall,
and other places, with the duties on fait ; the neat pro-
lit and tythcs of mints, contii'caiions, tines, I'arnis be-
loni'ini!; to bailiwics, navigation-farms, fliiue nuniey,
tolls by land and w.iter, lorell rents, payments lor mal-
i.:"!-, anil the like. Out of thefe taxes are paid the kiii:!,"s
officers in the dutetiy, the expences ot the royal build-
iii's, lluices, tillai;e, repairs of highways, and other dil-
biirl'-nienls. 'I'he furplus is paid into the general do-
mnn chell. The tax and military chell receive the
country contributions, with the forage and lul'lilli-ncc
niuiicv for the country cavalry, the excite l.iid upon
uoods conlunicd, the provinci.il cxcile, and other in-
comes, all which are afterwards paid into the general
militarv chcfl, or remitted to the feveral regiments in
liu' countrv for their fnbfillcncc. The coiuributions,
anJ other revenues belonging to the tax ehcll, are col-
lected in cveiy circle by cireular receivers, to whom
thcv are rrnutted every month bv the under receivers in
the Ini.dl towns and villages, of whieh every piovincial
counlcllor has the controul in his itlpedtive cnde. The
59
anmial tevcnuri of ilie foverel, i Cf.m tliin diitihy, »•
iliOMiit to above iiijht luindud III iifiiul l.x ^ II 1 ,
Tne duiJu' i< divided iiilii four ' iiclo, Itiv iiiotl con*
fiderable plans in which arc,
The lily 01 Magdibar^!, whiili i< the capital of the
ilutchv, thj leat ol tliu jioun ,d r ;;ii y, 111 conlif.
tory, the war ..nd doinain olK,e, anil one ol the piiiiei'
pal tradiii;; town, in all fi rniaav, is luatol on the I'.lbe
III the tlfly-letond degree llxlecii niiiuitei latitude, anil J'i "*
Ihc twell i di gree nine iiunulii call l.'n'itudc. It i» '!•■'.'■
Ilrongly tortilied, and has amoiu; iiilier woiki a ciiad.l,
(caied on an illand in the iivei l.lbe, wliii:h ii joined to
the ciiy and ihe couniry by twobiidgis, lire ciiy i»
well built, particularly' the bioad Itliet, which ll.is u
gr.ind ippear.mce ; but the [ii.iuipal beaiily of the tuwii
conhlls 111 111 dihedral f.piare, w;iiv.h ii a Ioiik.I witli
large ill gain hotiii., :\n.i the area of it will [laved. The
I-iitheriiii cathedral, dedicated to St. Maurice, is a lupeiW
llructure in the jiitu|ue talle i it is two hiindied .iml
eight (jcrinan clN in length, and of the lame heiglit i,
Its breadth is liliy live ells, and the whole building,
whieh conliili entirely of freellone, is lielilv .idnrni'l
with li ulptiire, particularly there is a ball'i relicvn ol'
the wife and loolilli virgins, a line porphyry I int,an altar
iiitheihoir of dilfirtnt kinds of inaihle, and ill the
liont of the choii is aline maibl'j llaiuc ul at. .Ma'.i-
iice.
Among the other public cdiliies aic the ki:i>i', pa-
lace, wliieli wa. .inticiitly the ulideiice of tile bdhop.,
the arinoiiiy, the governor's hoiile, and the guild-hall.
Here is alio a l.ulher.ui lonvenr, which w.i. fuimeily
a moiiallery of I'remunllratcnlian monk,, dedicated tt»
Our l.ady, .ind his a lehocl or (eminaiy. The I^uihe-
raiis have alio iix parochial churches, and the Cilvu.ilU
conlill of three congregation., iJerni.in, breneh, and
\\ alloon. To the feminaiy, which belongs to the town,
are ten ptofelliits, and the Calviiulls have a I.itin fehool.
Here Is alfo an alnii-hoult;, an linlpital, and m\ uridiaii-
houle, all m.nntained at the king's cxpeiice.
In this town is a variety ot manulai'.lures, particular-
ly of .ill fortl of woollen cloths and lluH's, half aiij
whtde filk iluti's, cottons, linen, ttockings, leather
gloves, black and yell.iw tobacco, loll tobacco, fnull',
i!<:c. The city is .ill'o tcmuk.ible for iis large maga-
zines of mciiliaiidi/.e brought liom Hamburg, on the
h.lbe, which is very rapid, in flat-bottomed boats, aiiil
tiom henee lent by land to l.iiplie, and other parts.
Indeed ns lituation on the Kibe, and it. being <,n the
road between Upper and Lower Cjcrmaiiv, is' of great:
.idvani.ige to its tr.idc.
Tliis ciiy h.is frequently I'liO'ered by the ravages of
war. Ciiaileb V. put it under the ban of the empire lor
rejecting the Inuniii, .ind charged .Maurice clcclor of
Saxony, wiih the execution ol it, who after a liego
which Killed from the lixtecnth of September 155:-, Kj
the ninth of November 1551, took it by capiiulatioii, in
which it was llipiilated, ui.it the empeti r iliouM be le-
conciled, and the ban revoked. In lOiq, it was
blockaded by the Impel ialills fur the Ip.ice of twenty
weeks. Hut the molt dieadful calamity of this kind,
was in the year itiji, when the Imperi.ilills under
count Tilly belieging it 111 form, and taking it by ilorni,
it was facked and builit, except the e.ithedi.il, linie ad-
iaceiit houles, and a tew fmall cottages of lilliermeii ; fo
that, according to I'ome .luthors, lixteen ihurches .iiid
chapels, many of them covered with lead, and one witli
copper, were iiduced to allies. Tilly had the infc.nal
baibaiity to order his loKlieis to fparc neither a -e luir
lex; and they too well obeyed the commands of their
inhuman general, by ripping up women with child, mur-
dering inlants in the light of their parents, and lavilhiti-.-
rhc hilplefs liigiiis in the very Itreets, wiule many of
thil'e, to efcape violation, ran into the Elbe, and others
into the li:e ; in lliort, the llaughter w.is lo great, th.iu
though the number of the biirgheis was belure compu-
ted to amount by the lowell computation to iwentv
tlioulan.l, not above lour bundled cfcaped. In tlie be-
ginning ot the year lOjA, the Impenalills withdrew,
and the Swedes taking pciU'eliiun of the iity, began to
C c c ' rebuild
' f,i
i fli '
V
■i
ml M
I < ii
ii 'I
m
i.n
A S Y S T 1-'. M OF G E O G R A P H Y
it \v IS rclmcil to i'orre ortl
r.lniil,! It; 1' i: wlu-n
w.i. .ijr..im III 1, k.ulfil in i6}5, bv tlit; tt(io|)s of Hr.iiul.ii-
Ixirn; ;iii.l W'l ini.ir, aiiJ in l6('i, bi'l'K'_'-il ;mJ taken
by iMjiitul.ui '!! In' tliL- InijiL'ri.ilill!. an! ^.l.\,Jns, (in wliicli
tnt; SwcJiih ^-.irriloM witliilrfvv.
■"l''ie citv of 11. ill is iVjtoJ (in the S.i.ilc nr S.il.i, and
cont.iin.i a iliiniianJ and lixty-tlircc lioiiks cli.it pay taxc;,
bcliilcs iti p'i'.ijic cJifiocs ; an.l t!ic inluliiLants "I tin;
t(ju'n an.l liid'-irh'; arc loinpiitcvl at tlintLLii (ir Idiirtccn
th(iu!'..:;J, ivitli.Mit iniluihn.; the ({u.lciits ami tin- par-
ril'.iii. The town is dividfd intci lour jiarrs, nmu'd the
Al.iria, the Ulrich, tlic Ni(.-li(ilas, and M.miiLC i]uar-
tfrs. .\f .'.iiiicelniri^ was anticnll/ a lalllc ; lint the
I reati'll p.'.rt of it now lies in ruins ; hnuevcr, the elia-
p.i is ill the pdll'Liiion of the Kren.'li Calviiiills. The
i.a'.liir.ins have three parifll clunehcs, and the CSerman
I'l'iin.lls have the cathedral and another ihiireh ; the
I'.i ■':'.' arc Itkfwife p;'rmilte.l a ihapel for the private
c\ il.'e of tiieir relij^ion, and the Jews have a fyna-
;.' .'.'.e. Tl'.e tel.hrate.l Kredciiei.m univetllty was
f.i.nied 0!it of ,in acailemy cf martial exereifes 'I'hc
pii'i'.ie I'.ul! h'-loii._':n ; to this lall buildmi; is in the
wii_ !i-ho'ife, .IS IS alio its library, whieh confilh of
ii;v.v.irils of t' n thoulanj volames, and on the parjd( is
an aiMtomical theatre. The nunnery for ladies was
f''!;ii I J in 170?., for the reception ot one abbefs and
iii:\e ladies ot the Calvinill relit;ion, by tJodlrey /ena,
ferretary to the re!;ency or Mandeluir.v The Calvi-
iiitts are pjlielled oi two hofpitals, cxclulivc of an alms-
hnnl'e for the IVeneh Calvinills.
T'he vale of Hall, whieh confilh of the lowcft part
of til" town, and lies on the ,Saale, has four rich falt-
Iprin:;:-, with ninety-lix boiling houles. Belides the
common trades, there arc here carried on various
mannfacKirc.^, as thofe ol fine brown and white leather
ploves, v/orlled and filk (toekings wove, flannel, frieze,
li/Jit lluft's, fnili.in, printed flannel and linen, tob-teco-
pipes, porcelain, great qiianlitics of flarch, powder,
;.M)ld, filver, and lilk ribbons after French and other
patterns, and beautiful red and vcllow Turky leather.
C'lofe to the north iide of Hall is the town of Neii-
niirkt, which feenis one of its fiibtirbs, thoii;;h in rea-
lity it is not. It confilh of about two hiindie.l ei;;hty-
thrce hoiifis, has its own magilhate, a paiilli church,
and a fmall fchool.
(il.inche, another town, lies alfo Co near the walls .is
to fe-m a fubiiib to the city, and (ontahis about tince
hundred ,ind thiit^.'en hoiifs, with feveral vineyards: it
h.is its own ma:;iilratcs, and eont.iins one parifh cluiich,
with .1 khool. IJut the iimlV le.n.irkible public build-
ings hrrc are the orphan houfc, which is ellecmed one
olthe i.ioil n-ible and iifcfnl foundaiinns in all the I'luf-
iian dominions, with the royal p:edago:'ium, and the
widows-hoiife. In the above orphan-hiuile is a valuable
clifpcnfitory, a lalmratory, and a conlidcrable trade is
carried on in hooks. To the orphan-hmife alfu belonss
:i fpu i'-us library, a niuleum, and an excellent printiiig-
oflSce, the latter founded by l!ie baron CmUeiii, in
which the whole Hible, the New Tellamcnt, and I'fal-
tcr are always kept ll.iiulinL'; and thefc books, of all fizcs,
ere fuld at this printing-ofKce at very low prices.
it I-
MtCKLENnuKc,
W'ith rrfpr^l to the nature and goodncfs of the coiintrv
SEC r. XXIII.
Of .Mel klen nu r (..
/is SiliMli.'t, lixtenr, Priitme- and Riven The Reli^hi
ef thr lnl.\<iil,i>ni, lI'iirTnidt-s, ExpDtti, Government, the
Divilhi.s of the Ccunlry, and the Ptiicei mojl worthy of
Kitue.
MI'CKI.KNBURO is bounded on thr north by the
Baltic ; on the v.ill by Ponicrania ; on the foiith
bv IJr.indenburg ; and on the welt by the diocefe of I,ii-
bec, the principality of jyuncnburg, and alfo by I/autn-
Luri; and Ratzburg : but geographers dilFer greatly in
their accounts of its extent j whieh is, however, about
a hundred and thirty miles in length from call to
welt, and in foinc jiiaces eighty lu breadth from north
I'j fouth.
the Mctkliiiliuri'.heis theiuieUcs difagiee. It, huweiir'
contains ni.iiiy large and (mail lakes Jiom four to tcii
miles In I'ligih, and (rom four to feveii m bre.uhl,
There arc here likewile ((juic large and defolaie heath-,'
moiirs, and f.ns ; a great part of the eountrv roiililts'„f
.1 landy loil, but, according to Cluverius, the very wnriV
ot thefc landy Iraiils produces excellent rye ; ^^•|,^.-
tliiy lie (allow theie cannot be better (heop-walks; a;iJ
whin they are well tilled and dunged, they yield whrjt
.uid h-rley. The country is iiiterfperfed with delightful
eminences ; pleafant and profitable woods. Se.erai (tm
have be.n drained and improved into arable and pallurc
' ■■• ' The commons and meadows arc in nioll parts nut
all inleiior to thofe of Holiicin and P(
omcraiHa; and
gri/ing is lo conddeiable, that the inhabitants cxiiort
loiiie Ihoiilands of cattle. Indeed, it mull be acknow.
ledged, that by art and labour the (ace of the counirv is
c.ipabic ot being greatly improved ; for the martjuifaicdf
liiandiiibuig, which lies (ontiguous, and bears a ..icat
refcmbl.iiuc to this countri, , fliews that their marflif .^.J
landy walits may be coiu\'rted into a feilileaiul ph.iUi.
country. I'he lakes and rivers abound in fifli, i,,,,,^.
p.irticularlv in eels and craw-tifli. The country li_s
.illi) foine lalt Ipiiiigs, with mines of copper, iron, aiij
alliiin.
With refprcT to the rivers of Mecklenburg ; the Klhe
waflus the borders of this country to the (outh-wdt
will re it is ioined by the Klde, v\'hich here iflins Iti,.,,'
the lake of Planer ; and into that river flows alio tl.j
Stor, which proceeds (rom the lake of Schwcrin. The
Rcckenitz riles in this country, and forms the limits \^.
tween Mecklenburg and I'omerania, after which it dif.
charges itfelf into the Ualric. The 'I'ollenfe lilucs oiit
ot tlie lake of the fame name, and joins the Pcna. The
Warno riles in the center of this country, and, after re-
ceiving the Milnit/. and Ncbel, forms a lake and li.irliour
at RoUoc, and falls into ihe Haltic. The Kadep.id ri:i!
atSitlltii/, and having run by feveral towns, is called
the .Stopenilz, under which name it erodes thclakcof
Dellau ; and having united its ilream with the Diavi,
dilcbarges itfelf into the lialtic. The Havel flows from
the lake ot Hani, and flows into the tnark of liiaii-
denburg.
Mecklenburg has only one harbour on the Rjltjc
which is th.it of Roiloc ; but it would be caly to make
another at Neu-IJucko, and a third at Ribiiitz, the aj-
vantai'esati.nding which would abund.intly over-baljiitc
ll.e expcnce.
This country is divided into two dutchics, and the in-
habii.ints ot both are Lutherans, whofe church. s a.ni
klioids .ue heie divided into (ix ruial fuperintendencic
and under ihe fuperintendents are provoHs. Thire.,','
.illo I'oiiie ciingregatioiis of ^'.'.Ivinifls, and in Scliwcim
ihc papills ate permitted the private cxercifc ot thtir
(lop.
The country has wo(dlennianiifn5\ures, tanners, Icailur-
dnflers, and people o( other trades ; but their number is
not fufficicnt to fupply the country. The exports oinx
inhabitants confilt of cattle, butter, checfe, corn, tl.!x,
hemp, hops, levcial kinds of wood, and alfo honey and
wax. Ill both dutchics arc forty-five great and fmall
cities, three convents belonging to the nobility and ftatci
of the country, and live hundred and niiicty-foiir manors.
In the year i(j28 the number (>f (arms helongiii;; to the
(ovcreign were one thou(and and one, thole of the nubi-
lity amounted to feven hundred and twenty- fcvcii, anJ
thole of the convent to (even iiundred and fixty ei 'ht.
The peafants arc under viKcnagc, but the nobdily ate
free, and eiiioy very confiderabic privileges.
The Hates are conipofed of the nobility and town!.
In 1523, the nobility and commons of the two dulchiiS
ot -Schwcrin and Cjiillro entered into an indiflbluble com-
pac"t of union, which has been acknowledged and cr;:i-
(inned by the tovercigns, and confills both in a con-
junirlion id the provinces, and in that of the dales m
wiMch each is conipofed ; it being agreed, that all ihi-
fiee inhabitants of both dulcbies, inrludine the wlinle d
the Siargard circle, nioiihl enjoy an ecpiality in richb,
privilege-, and ininuinites ; be i^neined bv the lame
lav. .
MnCKLENBL'n
laws, anil m all
and aHilt each ot
The governmi
burg was fornu 1
who died in 151
ricaiid John Alb
them, by which
10 .Schwcrin, anc
while the town
pit.d, and the m
but the line of G
Frederic William
fdic inheritance 1
Addljihiis Frcdci
younger brother.
at Hamburg in i
cip.ility of (luilro
and that duke Adc
.Strelitz, fliould al
with the l(>rd(hip i
of .\Iiro and Nciiie
fand dollars. At I
turifllip and the lii:
houles, and the.igre
two lines of the du
her prcfent m.njeft\
Ilritaiii, is the (illci
Mecklenburg Sireli
The titles ailunn
Mecklenburg; prin
burg ; count of Sch
lord (if Stargard.
Their arms are p;
fix fields, ihe fir
gules, crowned witl
lame through its noli
is azure, a griflin or
fell'ce harry of two a
loieiigc purpurc. ii
K.'llor. The fourtli
the principality of R;
cloalhcd argent, and
iiluiiig froiii a cloud
Hone infixed, for th
is or, a huttaloc':
argent, panting atii
ri'cutchcon, party pe
(i| .Scluverin. 'I'he
hirglikcwifc uCe th
tiiiiitidii of the male
th.'t ilutchy falls to
The annual rcvci
ihrcc hundred thoul.:
ef the diike of Mcc
and twenty-fix thou
the maintenance of
bilityoi ll.itcs, the di
military ellablifhmc,
lions. The nobility
liom quartering and
" (iji.il towns .'lie frc
li'..ivever, {[uarter th
The two dutchics
of Mecklenburg, th
•Siargard.
riie.Mccklenburg
which confills of the
cHinty of Schwcrin,
of Wendell, and a (in
tlie principal places
lowns :
_ Parchim, the capita
Mde, which here dn
Ml feviral parts run
whieh, though it has t
fiJtrabIc, and has on
t
*\S^^^
Mecklcnduro.
|.„vs nn,l ill all cafi-s .uul cxiijcnclos flioulJ il.iily al.l
aiiil .'nil' "ch other in < ouiicil ami aclioii.
The iHivcrniiicnt of the whole coiiniry ol M.vUi'm-
Vnv wa'< foniurly under one prince ; Init (ltil:f Joliii,
whoJicil in IS'P-. leaving two Ions, A.lol;ihn.s hieJ.-
nc nid John AUiert II. they divuicd the conniry hetwc-M
t'leiu, hv which the lormcr ohtaincd the pait lH'lnn:;in';
to Seiuverin, and th" latter that bclonc^in^ to (Jullro ;
while the town of Rolloe, with its nniveility and liof-
rit:il and t''^ monallic lands, remained in conimnn ■
but the 111"' "f t'Ullro hcconiiuj! cxtinJt in 1695, dime
Frederic William of the Schwcrin branch laul claim to the
f„lc inheritance of that dutchy, hut was oppi.fed liv
Adiilphus Frederic, duke of Strelit/, his failurV
vounirer brother. However, this contell was dcJded
at H.imhinL; in 1701, by an agreeiiicnt th.it ihc piin-
cipjlitv of (jullru (hoiiUI be added to that of Schweiin,
arJ th'atdiikc Adolphus Frederic, befides his dnicliy ol
Sirelit/, flioiild alfo hold the principality of Rat/elnir^,
with the Icrdlhip of Stargard, the anticjit command iries
of .Miro and Nemcro, and a yearly pcnfiuii of nine thou-
faiiJ dollars. At the fame time the rii'ht of primo.'cni
tiirelhip and the lineal fucccflinn were ellahlillied in both
hoafes, and the agreement ratified by the emperor. Thefe
two lines of the dukct of .Mecklenburgh (till luhfift, and
her prcfcnt miijefty, Charlotte queen confirt of CJrcai
Erit.iin, is the iille'r of Adolphus IV. the prcfcnt duke of
Mecklenburg Strelitz.
The titles allumed by both the duV.es, arc iluke of
Mecklenburg; prince ofWcndcn, Sehwerin, and Rat/.-
hiirc; count of Sehwerin and the county of Rodoc j and
lord of St.irgard.
Their arms are party [iCr pale two bends divided into
fix fields. 1 he firft is or, a buftaloe's head gariUnt
rules, crowned with horns argent, with a ring of the
f.inie through its noflrils, for Mecklenburg. The fecoiul
is azure, a griffin or, for Wendcn. The third party per
felTcebirry of two azure, with a griffin argent, and a
lo/.eii'e purpure. Hoth thefe arc laid to be the arm?' of
R'tloc. The fourth is gules, a crofs wavy argent, for
llie principality of Rat/,cburg. The fifth gules, an arm
clo.uhed argent, and bound with a ribbon of the fame,
iiFuin:; from a cloud, and holding up a ring or, with a
(ioiie inlixed, for the lordlhip ot Stargard. The fixth
is or, a butlaloe's head fable, with a crown or, and horns
;u;',ent, panting and placed obliijue. 'Fhere is alio an
cfcutcheon, party per felle, gules and or, for the county
el ,'ieliwerin. The clciftors and margraves of Hrandcn-
luii^likewifc nfe the title and arms, becaufe, on the ex-
tinction of the male ftem of the dukes of Mecklcnbuig,
th.u dutthy falls to the hoiife of Brandenburg.
The annual revenues of the S-hwerin line amount to
three hundred thouland rixdollr.rs per annum, and thofe
(if the duke of Mecklenburg StrelifA to about .1 hundred
and twenty-fix thoufand. No payment is rctjuiuil foi
the maintenance of the duke's troops, cither of the no-
biliryoi H.ites, the duke defraying all the cxpciucof the
iiiilit.irv cllablifhmcnt out of the fixed annual contiibu-
lioiis. The nobility and their vafl'als arc alfo exempted
horn (]uartcring and maintaining the militia, as tlu- nui-
n lip.il towns are from quartering the horfe. The towns,
hjivever, quarter the 'oot, and pay fcrvice-moncy.
T he two dutehies are divided into three circles, that
nf Mecklenburg, that of Wendcn, and the circle of
.Suirgard.
'I'he.Mecklenburgcircle forms the dutchy of Sehwerin,
which coiilills of the antient dutchy of Mecklenburg, the
I'unty of Sehwerin, the welb-rn part of th. principality
ol Wenden, and a fmall part of the lorddiip of Rolloc ;
ilic principal places in which are the two following
towns ;
I'arehiiii, the capital of this circle, is featcd on the river
Kide, which here divides itfclf into two branches, and
III feveral parts run call and well through the town,
which, though it has the name of a capital, is \eiv incon-
fiJerable, and has only two parifli churches.
E U R O 1' [■
I'lr,
Srluveriii, the uf.il re!" I'lic? of tli.' diikrs of thii
liii'', i.. hill itcil on a ple.iMiu lak- that abounds in a
v.ui.-tyof lilli, anil, hclides I'urrounding the creatifl part
of th- town, ('ri.,in.illy cave nunc to it. 1 his to^-n in
iK.iiIy ("ipi.iie, and umfilis of three part-', which -.w.:
iMiu-d Si-hweiin, the New'l'own, an! the .Moor. The
du!:'\ p-.lacc Han, Is on an ill.inl in the lake, where it i;
dv-lcnded by fortilicalions, .in.l ha:; a co'iimunieation with
th.' town by meins of a bridge. S.ir.ie par::; of it com-
miiij a moil il. lighlliil prolpecf. Tlic paintings in this
pal ice are very v.iluahle, and the gar>lcn. aie l.iid out in
.1 fine t.ille. I'tiC town has frequently futiered by drc.id-
fiil lires.
The circle of \\'enden contains thccaflern,aiul i.',reate(t
part of the prim-ipality of Wendcn, with the lonllhip of
Killo.-, and t!ic largcll part of the dutchy of (iiillio.
(.jiiltio, liie capiT.il of ihe circl.: nf Wenden, is featcJ
on the little river Ncbel, thirty-live miles to the north-
<.ifl of Schv/.-rin, and is one of the Lirgell: and mod plea-
laiit ciii'S m the whole countrv, a; alio the teat of the
chief courts of judicature and a luperinlendcncy. In thi.s
town is a go'id pabicc hcloiiiniii; to the prince, with a molt
eli-gani I'lrdcn ; an 1 ii\ the chiircli of this p dace is the
vault of the ducal f.miilv. (lultio likewife contains a
cathedral, aiiil a parilli church.
Rolloe, a free impciial city, and the largeli in both
dutchici, is featcd on the Warna, at the mouth of which
it his an harbour, and Hinds twcKe miles to the nurih-
wclf of Ciultio. It has fourteen wide and Ion.; llrecis,
belides fmallcr, and many thouland handi'.vne houles.
It properly confills of three parts : the Old, New, aiul
Muldle Towns The liiii: ll.oiJs on an eminen;e to-
wards the ealt, and contains the churche,< of St. Ca'.Ii.i-
rine, St. Peter, and St. Nicholas ; the two \.<{\ of which
arc parochi.il. In |6;7 moll of this part was deftroycj
by fire, but has been lince rebuilt with gre.iter ifgiil.i-
rity. The Middle 'I'own is feparatcd fiom the former
by a bran< h of the V\'arna, and cont.iins Sr. M.irv'a
church, a llately llriidlure, in which are preferved liic
entrails of the celebrated Grotius, who died herein 1645. (irrliii.r.
Here is alfo the church of St. John, a library, and tho ••• /^''//Vj
council lioule. In the New Town i:> St. J.ime'-.\ church, //''•'/.> '>■*'
which w.is formerly collegiate ; the church of St. Mi-
cluel, and (hat cif the Holy Crnf;, which has a convent
for young ladies, natives of Roiloc. In this part is alio
the univeility, which ha:, twenty-four profellois, to whonj
the dukes annually pay the fumof three thouland (lorins,
and the town fiic hundred, towards their falaries. Heic
is alio a public lrce-li.hool.
Among the peculiaiities belonging to thi.. city, the in-
hiibitants are laid to boaft of their having fcven L'ates,
I'even large (lieels that center in the great market, levcii
budges over the Waiiia, (even doors to St. Mai v's church,
fcven towers to the town ball, fcven great bells belong-
ing to the town clocks, which chime at certain hou:s,
and (even vaft lime-trees in their common garden.
The m.igillraey conlifis of three burgomalters, one
fyndic, twelve aldermen, one fecrctary, and a priiti'.ono-
tarv. This city has a mint, and the right of coininir
gold, filver, and copper. IJoth the civil and criminal
jurildiilion are veiled in the magillracy, though with
right ol .ippe.il to the two fupreme courts of iuiiicc. This-
city is Haled In the liltv-lourth degree twciity-lix minute
north la'itude, and in the twelfth denicc ciiihteen mi
I'fTn
itudc
and carries on a conliderable
nutcs call Ion
trade. .
Wifmar, a town feated on a bay of the Baltic, iof-
nieily btlon:',ed to the dutchv of Sehweiinv hut at tlie
peace of Wcltphalia was ceded to the crown of Sweden.
It has a good harbour, and is one of the bell and lar; It
towns in thefe countries ; for it has fix churches, a
paiticular confillory, a grammar-fchool under the direc-
tion of eight malleis, and i.s likewife the le.it of a Swe-
difli coiiit of jullicc. It was formerly a llanle town,
and had ihc ptivilege of coining money. This town
h:ii been Itequcntly taken and ictaken.
SLCT-
1'i • '
'l ■■ ■
■ 1
1
195
A SYSTEM OF G E O CJ R A I' 11 V.
iIo;.-,?Hi,,_
I I
.<f<
;*•«'
1 i
^
i
$11
|! I"
SECT. XXIV.
0/(.V DulJj c/" HOLSTEIV.
//; Situiit!!)!., E\lii:t, the /',/.■.■ r/" //.• Country, ami it, Pro-
tiiiii, 'T-.v liiH^-hii, Tid.i,; d>il C:i'inurii- rf the liihiihi-
tants. Of'tl.v Duh'i cf'J/cif/iiii, ikrir Tillci, Jrms, iiiul
Oi.ler rf Kn'rJ'tl^ood : thdr Revtnt<ti, Cotiitt of JuJUl,-,
lint p> unip<ilTi:v>is \ with j pui titular Difiriptim nfthc
flit- Citii-i rf Iltiir.lur^h, Jltena, iiiij Lui/cc.
TH V. (Iiitcliy of Hi.Idcin Is houinlcd tiiwanls the
iioilli by the ihitthy cf SIclwic ;iiul the lialtic,
which is ;iho It;, cMlleni bomuhiry ; towauls tlic I'oiith hy
the ihitcliy of f.aueiihirrg, the territoties of Liihtc ;iii,i
i'l.iiiihuri', ; and on the v.-eil by the Elbe, whieh ('t-p.ir.ites
it troin the iluteiiv cl' Krenien, and by the Cjdiiuiii
ocean. Its extent tVoni ealt to well ii about ninety nnkb,
iind from north to (uiilh about li>.tv.
Its (itujtii'ii betwei n the Baltic and Ciernian ocean cx-
pol'cs it to iVeipient ltnrni,«, which indeed purify the air,
but oblii'C the inhabitants to be at ^irea: expencc to
keure tlieiiifelves from inundations, by railing lofty and
Itroiii; dykes, and keeping tlieni in conftant repair. The
dilhicts where ihcfe dvkis are necellarv biing m the low
lands near the (lermin ocean, ,ind the nuuith of the
Kibe, they conlUt of excellent marllics that produce
wheat, barley, peas, beans, and particularly rape-feed ;
.nnd alf) ali'^jr ! a tine breed of cattle, that are inueh larger
and Wronger than thofe in the rhanipaij-n country ; and,
befi.ies the iiatiye cattle, a L'/eat number of heifers are
broiiglit here to be fattened. The middle p.irt of the
coun.rv indeed mofilv conlilis of fand and heath, yet
affords good pafture lor (hccp. In ihJ'e parts the fern
is mowed, and in wir.ter is ftrewed in the cow huufes.
The diftricls whieh border on the lialtic, and confill of
chaiii[)aign land, are ycry fruitful. 'i'he beef, veal,
mutton, and lamb, are very fit and palatable. The breed
of horfes is on the decline, but this country llill a/t'ords
feme that are very beautiful, and are fcdd for two or
three hundred rixdollars, Holftcin likewife abounds in '
poultry, vyild-fowl, and game of all kinds. :
'I'he Cjerman ocean, with the Haltic, the riycrs, the j
lakes and ponds, furnidi the inhabitants with great I
plenty of a variety of hfh. In this country are filli- I
ponds of a very fin.;ul..r nature, which for two or thiee ;
years abound with pike, carp, lampreys, and per.h ; but
every third or fourth year are diained, .uid the fidi Ibid;
after which the pond is fur fomc years linvn with oats, |
or ufed as palliire land, and then a^ain laid under wa-
ter and (locked with fifli. This is laid to be a moft lu-
crative piece of necononiy.
Here are no hills that defcrvc the name. The piin-
cipd inland rivers are the Evder, the Stor, and the
Trave, the lall of which, among other itreanis, receives
into it the I'ennaii, the Schiventfiii, and the Sehwartau.
The inhabit lilts are generally fair, handfonie, llron^
and brave, and fo jull and true to their words and pro-
nilfc-, that in the nelghbouiing parts ofCnrniaiiv the
Ilolllein faith is become proveibial. They are fond of
goixl cheer, and the great alFecl a f|dendid equipage and
retinue.
The ell.iMiflied rcligiim is I/Uthcranifin, and the
churches an; undiT the infpedion of provofts, fubordi-
nate to the j:eneral fupcriiitendcnts who prrfidc oyir the
king's (hare in the dutclues i,( Skfvvie and Molilein,
and ovei thole of the prince within his part of the latter;
and tliefe chmche, are vifucd every year by the (uper-
intcndent of the ruling prince. At (ilucklhidt and
Alrena are churches belonging both to the CalviniKs '
and P.'.pKh, and at the latter, airion,^ other feds the '
Menoniti s arc pofTtlTed of two churches. At Kiel is a ,
(ircek chapel for the Ruffians, and at .\ltena, Reiidf- I
burs', Kiel, and Gluckltadt, the Jews are likewife per-
inilied the cxefcife of their reli >ioii.
This country has fevcral nianiifaeliires, particularly
ill the towns of Altcna and Gluekll.idt, but ihefe nii.-Jit
be gre.itly enlarged. Its advaniageous liiuatioii forco'ii-
merce, from its borderini' on the li.iltic lei ,md the Cier-
nian ocean, and its havui;; the advantage of navigable
1
rivers, arc not piopnly tirprovcd. Its exports rro»ra\
malt, gluts, llanh, bnck-v.du at, peat, beans, nnjc-ir '
horned cattle, ilnep, Ivune, liorfes, vciii!c;i, pQu\,'"
chei fe, butter and hill. "'•'
This countiy is divided between the duke of Ho]ji..
(lollorp and the king cf Denmark, liuke Adoiah".
fecoiid Ion to Kiedeiic I. was the fouiidei of the G,','
torp llr.e, by bequeatl.ing his Dure in the dutchics ■
Slelwli.k and HoUlein to his (i ns, of whom (uilv ,1,'
thir.l .lukc John Ado!; Ims bad iiluc. This piiiiJe,„'
troduecd the riglit of prinieginitureflli|), ami dyino ,,.
1616, his foil duKC Frederic III. had lor bis fiitctfla
duki t'brillian Alb'jrt, who was alio fuccecdcd bv h,!
(on duke Fredeiic IV. whole (on Chailes t'liderie in •'
lecmul marriage cfpoufed Anne the eldelt d..i;,,liie, ■'
I'eier I. cmpeior of Ruina ; but was (boa after difpofTtf'
('\\ of ;dl bis territories. This prince dying ui i-,,,,'
his Con duke Ciiarles I'eter was in 1743 d alarcd lircai
duke of Kullia, on which he alVumed the name ot l\,,
b'eodorowif/, and in July 17()2, afcendcd the tliicncuf
Rull'.a ; but was luon alter depofed by his wife, anJih
was piefently followed by his death, when his younp
fon, who was born in 1754, was declared great duk-
of Ruiji.i, and alio duke of HoKIcin-Gottoip, ol which
country prince Fredeiic Aiigullus ol Holrtein-Cintturn u
.ippuintcd adniinirtrator duiing the young duke's nii.
nority.
rfie king of Denmark, on account of his fiure ii
thii, country, (files hiniftlf duke of H(. Klein, Stoinur anj
l)itmai(h; and .dl the dukes of HoKtcin and Sefwiij
iiile theml'elvcs heirs of Norway, dukes of Slefwie, Hoi.
licit!, blormar, and Dllniaifli, and counts of Uldii:.
buig and Delmenliorlt.
The arms of the dnl.c of HolHein confift of five ficlij, ,
and an eieiitcheon. 'i'he liilt of tlule is a lion crown-
ed or, holding in his paws a bent halbert ardent for
Norway. i he (ecoiid or, two lions palTant azure for
Slefwick. The third gules, a nettle- leaf expanded am)
divided into three parts argent, with an efcutcheou parf
per bend gules and aigent, having round it thiee nai's
argent, placed between the three parts of the nettle-
Icdf, fur HoKtcin. 'I'he fourth is guks, a fwnii .indent
crowned or about the neck, for Stormar. The titihi'
azure, a horlVman aimed ory witii his iword drawn anJ
a hoife argent, caparii'oned fable, for Ditm.iifb The
elcutcheon is c]uaiter!y, the fir(l ai.e fourth or, barrv
guks, for Oldenburg ; and the third and fourth, acrofs
wavy or, for Dolmenherft.
HuKlein has an order of knighthood called that of St
Anne, which was founded in 1735. by duke Charles
Fredeiic. The cnfign of this order 1.1 a red end's ena.
melled, on the right lice of which is the word an.ve
wiitten ill a cy])her, and on the k-ft the letters A.i.p.r.
alio in a cyp''cr, which are explained by the fubfcription'.
Jii;:inid'.'Ui jfii/iilltm, Put.Uerr., Fi.lf.m. This crol's is
worn pendant at a red ribbon edged with yellow, floninn
fiom tlic left (houlder <lown to tlic right mic.
The king of Deiimaik (iom his fliare in the d'.itchyof
ITdlK'in, enjoys both .t feat and voice in the college of
the piinces of the empiic, and his veite is called that of
K.dlkin Glucklladi. The grand duke of RufTu has
.df) his fe.it aiiil veiice in the I'anic college, which is
c.illcd that of Ilol'dein-Ciottorp. Ikith under the fame
titles alio lit and vote in the circle of Lower Saxoiiv
and together with Mcckenburg prel'ent, in their turn
an adelliir lor this circle in the aiilic chamber.
The principal revenues of the fovereigns arlfe iVom
iluir domains, and fevcral imjiofls on their fuSjecls, as
the eiintribulion, which is a kind of land-tax, paid
monthly by the towns, manors, bailiwics, and convents,
acc(udiiig to the (]uantity of land> they pnlTefs j vvliich
alone .luiiually brings into the military chell of eai h Ib-
verLigii a bniidred thonfand rixilolhus 1 (lamped paper,
toll on hoif>5, black cattle, the IKIicry, 5cc.
As to the military force kept up in this country, the
king of Deiimaik uluaily keeps beic fome regiments of
fool, and one of horle. With r'I'peil to "the d.tke's
inibtary force it amounis, accoiding to Mr. Ikilchiii',
to <iiily abeiut eight hun.lied men.
The king o( iJenmark appoims a (ladthol.ler over his
pa'ie'i llollK'in, and every I'ovcrcign has his colleges of
"llak-.
ill the kintr c
chop^lis, a town and
.'^wrmar, on the KIb
i'li.dl river, called tl
.lad well built; and
iiuin llrccts. This t
rn a wade grou .d c
niit.
that of St.
|kc Cw.'.t'xi
S Ilia-
.■('Ul ASM
A.l.l'.F.
ibrcripiion.
trills 1,
iw, fioi)ing
Iiitchycf
|cJ that ot
lufTu h.is
wliicli n
Ir the fame
ir S.ixoriy,
\hcM turn,
rife Irom
Ibjccls, as
■tax, paiJ
^coiivtnts,
i which
i';uh fo-
licil paper,
|iury, the
limciits of
|l\t' duke's
(.\(T his
"lialc.
};oi.5TEIM.
EURO
r..
m
A.,.(. At Gliickrt.iJt is helJ tlic kino's rcp,cnc\-onkc,
hi'h is compol'cd of llii; iLultholilcr, wlio is iiUvays
Tr li.lent, a chancdlor, a vicc-cli.mcellor, five ccmii-
r llors tn'at have I'alarics, and three fecrct.irics, cine ol
'h(im i5 always keeper of the records : thii court a held
rn,r tin-.es a year. The other courts arc
The liipreine hadiwic court, which on the riliii;^ ol tlie
chiiicery court, is held by the mcniln-is of the re-ency
,|fice. I his couit receives appeals Iroiii the lower baili-
"vir courts i but Ironi thcfe I'lpcrior courts no appiMJ
lies except to the king. Kver fince the year 1754, liu-
r....eiicv court has had the fupreme authority in the trial
4jf\riTniiials. , ^ .
AVith refpcift to inferior courts, the fcvcr.il caufes in
the towns are tr'ed by the magiltracy, from whole fcn-
t'-iK-es appeals lie to the court of regency. Every town
haslikewile a petty court of its own, that takes co;-
iii'ziiicc of criminal caufes, defamatory words, fmall
il,lit<, and the like, and from thel'e an appeal lies to the
ni;i"illracv. , ... ,
ft is remarkable, that the nobdity and convents in
the dutchy of Holftcin, with their tenants, arc fubjei'l
l,T a ioint government, to which every Michaelmas the
;!j,„r'aiid duke alternately fucceed. The perfon in whom
ihc^lirf'Sorv is lodged, after previous notifiration to the
other fovereign'3 office of regency, illucs forth orders
citations" to the provincial court in both their
s • but always gives precedence to the king's. 'I'he
l.iw affairs of the fubjedls are ufually carried full before
the iniiit Qi.Mrtal court, which is held fi.s; weeks hc-
fiiic'ihe feflion of the provincial court, and is, as it
„.j, ^ preparative to the next jirovincial court, l>ir the
ofe.i:cr difpatch of affairs whieh arc brought to it, when
[iiou .ht necetlary, by letters patent under the feals^ of
b^thl'cvcreii'PS. This court is altern.itely held at Kiel
j,h1 C.hicklfadt, the directory is under the ruling fove-
rc'rn lor the current year. The court is compelled of
of the king's couniellors, and the like number ot
' o mult all be nobles, alfo of four men
.iiui
ii.inic
four
the princes.
of letters for each iovereign, afiifted by a chancellor,
who is alternately appointed by the Iovereign. Its other
mcnihcrs are a fecretary from each prince. in this
court t:-.e caufes of the prelates, nobility, an 1 paffors in
the cl'.urehes of the nobility, have their firif hearing,
:nil hither likewife are brought all appeals from the
courts el the nobility and convents.
We fliall now proceed to del'cribe, firft, the principal
piiccs in the king of Denmark's (hare in the dutchy
of H"'(!eiii.
Wefliall begin with Gluckftadt, called in Latin Ty-
rVnii's, a town and fortrefs lltuattd in the dillruif of
S^oroMr, on the Kibe, which here receives into it a
fii.'.ll river, called the Khein. This town is regular
,::i,l well built i and the niarket-pljcc opens into the
I'uiii llrcets. This town was built in the year i6jc,
en a walle groii .d called the Wildernefs, by the per-
: :\]nn of Chridian IV. who in the patent, gave orders
■ ;'. it (liouM be named (iluckfhidt, or the Fortunate
! pnii, ennferriiv; on it at the fame time manypiivi-
i -;. The adj.icent cour.trv being hollow and mailhy,
. iKiie c.iufeway of near four miles in length has been
rrricd aloiiLi it, and on the land-fide the town may be
(.flvl.iid under w.iter. It has a h.irbour, adjoining to
wivch is a hafon for the reception of vellels ; but there
h;:!i:; imi fprings here, the gieatcll part of the houfes
f.'.M^cilKrns lor the reeeivingof rain; and thole which
:-i' without fuch conveniences, are oblija'd to iile the
.''..iibnir water, or that of the new moat. Here is the
f.;tof the king's regency, and the offices and courts
t ..uicfled with it. l^oth the palace congregation and
! .' r.irrilon frequent the town church ; the Calvmills
i ive a I luirch of their own, the Fapilfs a chapel, and
r.i I'vvs a fynaL'Oiiiie. The town has feveral times been
;v:i'':ed, but has never been taken.
It/ hoa, an antic nt and handfome town, fcatcd on the
:\.r Stor, and divided into the Old and New, the lat-
;,rof which is pirtly furroundcd by the main ftream of
the .''tor, and p.irtly by a canal drawn Irom it, whi-jh
I pu.ites it from the Old 'I'own. In this part is St.
l,;rjii lice's church, which is a llately edifice, and near
;.i convent fov ladies of noble birth. Here is aUb an
60
;iini'; -Iioufe, which Ims n cli"p(l. In the New Town is
Sr. Nicholas's tluipel, the louii-lioule, and a Laim free
fehool.
iU'ii Ifinirg, a fortified town on the river i'lydcr, feated
on the conllncs of Germany. It confilts of three parts.
'I'iie 'JIJ Town llands on an illaiid in tlic Kvder, and
it was li^rmerly coiitelled whether this ifland belonged
to the dutchy of Slel'wie, or to Hollfein. The tovvit
cnnlilfs of hx huiuhed houfes, iiiid is geiieraliy well i^ar-
riioned. In it is the royal armouiy, the carnage- houl'e,
an. I the granary, which arc Iari>,e buildings it has two
parifli churches, one in the OKI Town near a Latin free
Ichool, and the other in the Nev.' Town. It has its
own conliitory, and is the feat of the king's general fu-
perintcndeiits over llolltein and the bailiwic of Rendf-
buri;. It has a commercial culleL'e, eitablilhed here in
17/S by Chrillian VI.
rioen is a town .dmolf environed by a great and fmall
like: it is divided into the Old and New, the la(t of
will., 1) belongs to the bailiwic of Ploen, and in the for-
mer is a parilh church and a Latin Ichool. Without the
Lubec g.ite is a fubutb. 'i'he ducal palace here, which
was rebuilt by duke Joachim Erncit, Hands high, and
commands .1 beautiful prolpeit. io the weltward of
this palace, and adioining to the liable, a garden has
lately been laid out, with a park, at tlie end of wdiich
is an hydraulic machine lor the convcvance of water to
the palace. On one lide of it is a fpacious kitchen gar-
den, and in an ifland farther up the lake is a deliirhtful
ple.ihire garden. This town has been four tmies entire-
ly dellroyed by I\tq.
Ihe duke of Holftein Ciottorp's part of this dutchy is
about half as large as th.it which belongs to the king,
and brings in a revenue of two hundred thouiand ri.v-
dollars.
ihe principal tov^'n in this territory is.
Kiel, the capital of that part of H;)litein, fubjed to
the duke, which is lituated on a bay of the B.iltic, and
has a convenient harbour. It is well built, and contains
theprinee's pal.\ce and cheOatecolleg'-s. JJeliJes the town
church here is one belonging to the palace, with a con-
vent church, and a chapel at the faither end of the fub-
iirbs. It has alio an univeiruy, founded in 16O5 by duke
Chrillian Albert.
We (hall now give a particular defcription of thofc
eiti's oi llolllein whieh are neither fubject to the kini?;
of Denmark por to the duke of l-Iol(tein Gottorp, and
lliall begin with Hamburg, which was formerly the me-
tropolis of all llolltein, till it became a free imperial
city. It is feated on the north fide of the river Elbe,
which there forms a commodious harbour, in the fifty-
third degree fixtcen minutes north latitude, ami in tin; .-,';■
tenth decree thirty-eight minutes calt longitude from A''
I^ondoii. It is leated partly on illands, and partly on
the continent, and has a territory tiiat extends twelve
miles round, in which are leveral large villages and line
I'e.it^, Its llrcets aie for the moll part pretty fpacious,
and ionie of them make a grand appearance ; hut kvi ral
are very narrow, and there are m.uiv lanes. 'I'lic houfes,
whieh are buiit vi'ith buck, are ve y high, ard tliol'e in
the broad llreets make a liandlonie appearance. I'hi^
is the Iccon.l ol the Hanle towns, and one of the prin-
cipal among them. It is not onlv natuie.lly llrons, i'ut
IS as well tort. lied by art as a pl.iceof its niagnitiide can
well admit of. It is neaily circular, and live or lix miles
in circun.l'erencc. 'i'he vval's and other fortitications
that lie open t.> view, avc planted with rows of very highi
trees, fo that on that lide of the walls next Altena, iionB
of the houfes can Le leen. It has lix gates, and thieu
entrancis by water, namely, two from ilie Elbe, and 0110
Itoin the Alller. The wall isdelcnded by twenty-three
bulwarks, belides other outvsMiks, and a very deep ditch.
A noble line with other woiks run liom the largell ba-
ton of the Alller to the Elbe, about half a mile abova
the town; and on the otiur fuie of the baloii below the
town, is the Star-lconce, a fortitication Io llroii'.;, that in
lOHo, the king of Denmaik with all his army could not
take it, altera fix weiks liege.
The number of houfes in Hamburg are laid to amount
to about thirty thouiand, and it has fix large maiket-
piace-, The churches »te antient, lari>e, and handluno
D d d UlUiltuiCJ ,
^!
«
i \
I
'!
ijrS
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
1 lAMBunr;.
ftruftures ; but nrc o.-,rii thorouplifarcs all day Inn:;, nriil
in fomc of ilicm ;ire lioukllUcrs iluijii. Hfi. irc iix luliy
iltfeplcs, ri,iiK- ot Wiilcll aic cjviivil witl) ccppcr, though
the frames ari: oiilv of tiiuli'T. fhc- guat (pirc of bit.
Heter is the higfifU, that oi St. Mi.-hav.l\s is four luin-
<1rt'd feet high. St ^'iL•|lol,l^'s is luppdrtcil bv large gilt
globes. St. Cnli.iriiic's h.is a noble front, ajorncil with
itatucs in nirhes, aiul the iKiple is fornicj of fevcral
lantherns diiniriilhing to the lalfj vvhii.h fupports a fpirc
liketh.it of St. BiicJi's in Fiect flreit, I.on.lon ; but is
much taller: rouml the middle of this llceple is a gilt
crown, anJ its organ, which is (aid to be the btft in
Europe, has fix ihoufjnd pipes. The fpirc of the ca-
thedial, with the toiver on which it is fuppor'.cd, are
near three hundicd and lixtv feet high ; .md though it is
fcculariKcd, it has a dean and chapter, who with the ca-
thedral and leveral boiifes beUingiiig lo it, aie under the
iniiiiediate protcdion of his IJritannic majelly, as duke
of Bremen. Kefides thcfe llure are five uiiicr very large
thurelies, and eight chapels of eafc.
Haiiiburg h:is an iinivcrfity, well en lowed and furnifli-
ed with fix profelliir.s. The feiinte-houlc and town-hall
form an aniicnt, l.irgc, and noble Urucluio. 'I'he ex-
change, whi'-'h is huilt oppofite to it, is a fine building,
but inferior to that in London. 'I'lie iiiitifli refidenl
niiH companv have a l-.andfonie hnll. I'hc enipc-or and
fceer.il princes of (jermaiiy have their own poll-houfes ;
but iliat for Kivrland and Holland is the only one that
can be laid to btlong lo the public. Here is alfo ap.
<ipera-houfc,rhieflv lor the rclidents and other I'orcigners,
of whom there are Ionic iVnin molt of the trading king-
doms in Europe. 'I'his city i> celebrated for its care of
the poor ; for they have here an hufpital for orphans
which has a revenue of between fiftv and fixty thoufand
pounds a ye.ir : tliev have iomctinies above thice hundred
infaiils abroad at nuife, wli!), wheti able to drefs them-
felves, arc taken into the houfe : the boys, if they fhew
cxtrar.rdinarv abilities, are maintained at the univcrfity,
the relt are put out to trades ; and the girls, after they
can read, Ipin, knit, t'ic. are fent to fervice. There
are alfo a lar:ic hofpital for poor travellers that fall fick,
and another for the relief of maimed, anticnr, and de-
cayed leamcn, where care is alio taken of the widow.s
and childr>. II of tliole who lofe thvir lives in the fervice of
the public. In aiKitlu-r about a hundred and fourieen
poor, old, blind, ,nnd dumb people are maintained. There
is liktwife St. job's for the veiureal dileafe : and a pelt-
houfe. Hclidts ibele bolpit.ds there are many fmailtr for
j)oor widowers, widow ., orphans, &c. and a ;'rcat num-
ber of free I'chools i with two work-houfcs, where rugs
and coarii; kcrllys are maiuifaclurcd, with which thole
toiiiined arc cioaihcil. in one of them. Inch as have not
pel icirmed their talk are hoilted up m a b.dket over a
table ill the liall while the relt are at dinner, that thev
may be t.iiitali/.cJ with the figl-.t and Imell of what iliey
ninll not t.ille. Here are lik^wile focieties (or making
good Idles bv tire.
Hamburg, from its litu.ition, hasall pofTiblc advant.ages
tor foreign and domellie trade, and therefore merchants
from all the trading n.itions in Europe relbrt thither, and
their i;oods aie lent op the Elbe into the neart of Germaiiv :
the flups come up to tiieir doors to lade and unlade, and
tliis city ha.s fiich advantages Irom its port, its rivers,
.111.1 canal-S tliat can no where he exceeded in Eiiro|)e ;
for, beltdes the Elbe, which enters the CJerman oce.iii
below the town, a canal is opened into the river Crave,
tor the fake of a communicaiion with Lubec and the
Ijaltic fea, willioul going round the coalt of Jutland,
,ind the diiruulties and cxpence which attend palling the
bomi.l. Hence its tr.ide is very conlidcrable ; for the
Elbe, and the iiianv iiavig.ible rivers that fall into it,
aflei taking their courle thiough lome of the nchelt and
mull ti.iding parts in (ieimany, furnifli this citv with the
produce and manufaitures of Audria, Bohemia, and tap-
per and Lower Saxony. I<y the Havel and Spree it tradts
With the electorate of lirandenburg ; and by a canal
Irom rhe Spree to tile t),!er, its commerce is extended
iiUoSilefia, .Moravia, l^oland, and almoll; to Hiiiigatv.
i'he princip .1 ni'-rchaiiJize e.vported from Hamburg,
ifpcciallv to Cirea' liritaiii, are linen of leveral countries,
fiieut iiuair.i'r.-> uf imeii yarn, tin plates, b.'afs, (tee!,
and iron, wire, corn, kid-fkili.i!, pipc-daves, cl.ip-board.t
and other timber. '
Tliechicf articles which ibc Hambiirjhcrs import fnj,,,
abroail are woollen maniifadures from England, the vj-
liie of which from Yorkfhirc aloiu', and generally (!ii;i|,^,j
(rom tliill, is computed to amount to ,ibove a liuuJreJ
thoufand pounds a year ; with Eiiglilli (tockings, and
other goods, amounting to a very great Cum. Tne Enii.
lifll merchants make a very extraordinary figure lure
they form a body that has (evcral privileges, and hive .i
church and iniiiilter of their own. The Hanibur,'inr;
alfo tr.ide very confiderably into Livonia and Ruflia ; anj
(or the goods they fend into the iioith p.irt of the empire
and into l^iland, they have a return in linen yam, lin-
(la.x, honey, wax, anileed, linfe<d, oil, drui's, &c.
Above two hundred EnglKb fliips enter this haikjur
every year, and a great number come from Spain, I'or.
tugal, and Italy. This city has a great (hire in the
Cireenland whale-fifliery, having comiiionly liftv i- fixtv
fliips employed in this trade, whence they are able i,
export great (luantities of oil and whale-bone; but Iroii
their great trade upon the Elbe they arc obli >ed t,>
buy more of thrfc articles from the Dutch, than their
own (hips can fupply them with. In time of war tiicv
fit out (hips of force to convoy their merchantmen ; aiij
they are (Irong at land as well as fea, they bavin" a cnn-
Itant garrifoii of near two thoufand men, and beiiif ■.\'jl;
to arm twelve or fourteen thoufand.
Belides the beer br«wcd here, great quantities of which
are exported, they have erei'ted feveral maniifactirci
particulaily weaving of dainafks, brocades, velvets, aiij
other rich I'llks, calico-printing, and fugar-bakiii'4.
The government of this city is veiled in the I'eii.ucaiU
three colleges of burghers, and is a mi.\tiire of thcar.l-
tocratical and democratical form : the principal pirfonj
ot the republic are verted with almolt every ait of love,
reignty, while the management of the finances is folclv
entrulted to the burghers. They are governed by tlieir
own niagiltratcs, have no feat or vote in the general dn-t
ot the empire, and are only fubjc<5t to the general laws di
theCjcniianic body. They are, however, under llie
tedtion of the cniperoi, to whom they pay aniiii'allv
eighty thoufand crowns.
The common ptil'oii in this city for malef.ii5tors is in
the hangman's houfe. Atter fentcncc is pioiiounccj,
which IS always on Eriday, and the execution on the
Monday following, they are carried not to a duiigcn::,
but to a handfome upper room, where they are alloivcj
a good bed, with all rcafoiiable comforts I'uitable to their
condition, and areconltantly attended by one of tliecit ■
clergymen, a duty which tiiey are all obliged to pii-
(orm by rotation. As no criminal can be put to de;ta
without his pleading guilty, they have five dcgtcci ef
torture in order to extort a confetlion, and th,'.'",- are a;
led one after another in pioportion to tlie itrcngth ..1
tlie evidence in (upport of the charge or accuf.itioii. '1 ;-.j
degree of the torture is lodged in the bread of the iudjc ,
who are always prcfent with .1 clerk in order to u'k.-
down the conlellion, at a tab'e with a curtain d.'aw.;
round it ; to tli.it they can her and fpeak to the po 1,-
tortuied wretch without bcingeye-wilneli'cs ofthccruelt,,
and ran either relax or incrcate the torture arcordimj i.>
the llrcngth .iiid other circumit iiiees of the futt'crcr. 1:
will not lie inipioper here to oblerse, that amon ' the k-
vtr.il u.iiveiits ol this city, all of which have been lecu-
lari/.ed and are now Lutheian, one of them is obligcl
by Its foundation to oll'er a gl.if-. of wine to every m.ui.--
lactor that is cariied bv it to execution.
Eew or no beggars are to be feeii in the fltects of thi.
city, which is partly owing to ibtir being picked uob'
the beadles, whol'.ave a reward loi it, ami cany the.'n tj
the houfe of coirection, and parilv lo the manufacture g;
knit tloekings, worited being cauii d by the pirilli ofl-.tc
to the liabitations of the poor, and .ilio wol lo be caiJ..l
.md (pun ; ihefe felcli their work troni thence cvc:v
S.iturday, and pay thi.m what thev have earned. .\
cuiious piece of wuik here iiiiiilisan artificer to thef.'u'-
doiii of his company, a benelit that can no ollietwiio ■
iibtaiiied but eitlici by Icrvitiidc, bv marrying a treen..'.. '.
widow 0: daughter, tr cite nt a v.iy giv.it e.ipciKe.
1 I'
Altev.4.
'I'he mcich
ceremonious a
Irug.il in thci
wliiii they tie
gardens at the
roiii, tliougli t
of the (treats 1
hardly a mere
without one.
lous. I he CO
(brt of truckle 1
drawn not by h
are linked to
(boulders, and 1
Among the 01
to church not
v^'itli a book ban
if the weather bi
other.
Both (irangen
their time at an
v.iult, which has
old hock, !ic. ar
(late, it being ui
in bv a I'e'cct nui
A'tena is a co:
ful country on a
caji;u!ifl;ot to th
thrre thoufand t
inhabitants, witf
number lor the G
filth for the Ercm
two Meiionite chi
(Iv'fs who are alU
the Jews are alfo
fjoguc, but pay tw
montv. Here is
fchool is united,
aiiateinical theatre
(liips. Among iti
planted with four 1
'I'his town has a v
is far from being i
The origin of it
from Hamburg,
mark againll buili
m.ide ufe of the w
near ; the king t.i
moiiolyllables, fail
not cxcule himfel
to oblige ihcm he
given it. This
Julkred in 1712,
gciie.Ml, nfier dele
be.'ure Allena, arii
bitant;, to retire wi
carrv off, the ma>i
at Ins feet, oti'eie.
the town. Steinb .
this till y were na j
tinij to ;'o to Hani
Would admit ol 110
obliged to leave
f.iiils at tlieir bre.iil
their backs, othei
furiiiniie; v.'hilc
ctii.:. .md lanuni.itii
lloiid ready with (l.n
fore ibev were all
liie to all p.irts of '^
houfes, with fcvei
church ; fome old n
ill thellames ; but i
iiilt ihuiches, with
(ide next Hamburg
this li ii barons proe\
P'oviliuns and Itoi
nnd i);i.\ons, and th.
t'le hurning of Sra,
llief),:r.,;,jnd Rulli.
i-uSlit tj be reiiiem
E U R O P
Altera.
The meivhaiits of M.iiiiburc; nrc courteoijs, but toi
rcTcnionious ami full of compliiiKiits ; :m>l ihouiWi very
lrui!;il i" '''"■''' °*" hoiifcs, vet are extremely libcr.il
wlilii they trejt ihani;eis. They are fomi oi having
,jt„s at the city gates. Coaches here arc very luime-
foiis thoiii-b tlie crooUeJiK-fs anJ narrowiiefs of inany
of the Itreiils lenJers them inconvenient, and there is
hardly a mercliaiit or even confidcrablc (hop keeper
without one. 'I'hc hackney-coaches are alfo very nume-
rous. 1 '"^ common carts are only a Ion;; pulley to a
(„,j\,f (ruckle upon an axle-tree, between two wheels
,»rawn not by horfes, but by a Jo/.en or more i-.icn, who
' , ijniicd to thefe machines with llings acrofs their
jhnulJers, and drag along a weight of two tons.
Among the other j-cculiarities, the ladies are attended
ti/ehurch not by a footman, but by a fcrvant-maid,
vvitli a book hanging by a filver chain upon one arm, and,
it the weather be very cold, with a br^fs Hove upon the
IJoth ftianeers and natives of the heft fafliion fpcnd
their time at an odd kind of tavern kept in a cellar, or
v.iult, which has a prodigious ftock and a great vent for
old hock, &c. and brings in a confiderable rcveiuic to the
liatc It being under the management of a deputy, put
in bv a (elect number of the magiltratcs.
Alv.na is a confiuerable town I'eated in a moft delight-
ful country on a high fliore of the Elbe, not above a
j3;,,,j,i.fliot to the weft of Hamburg. It contains about
thrte thouland houfes, and upwards of thirty thoufand
inhabitants, with two Lutheran churches, and the fame
number for the German and DanKh Calvinilts, with a
filth for the Krcnch Calvinilis, afixth for thePapiils, and
two Menonite churches, befidcs thofe belonging toother
fcills who arc allowed the free exercifc of their religion :
(he lews are alio very numcrojs, and have a large fyna-
fo'uc, but pay two thoufand ducats a year as protedtion-
IntinLV. fere is a royal femiiiary, to which the town-
fchool is united, an orphpn and poor-houfe, and an
aiiateinical theatre, with three docks for the building ot
fliips. Among its ornaments is the mall, which, being
planted with four rows of trees, forms an agreeable walk.
This town has a variety of riianufaflures, and its trade
is far from being inconliderable.
The origin of its name is thus accounted for : deputies
from Hamburg, in a remonftrance to the king of Den-
m.uk againft building it too near their city, frequently
m.icli: ufe of the words Dal it nil te iiar, ov That is too
near; the king taking particular notice of the three lall
(nonofyllablcs, laid banteiingly to the deputies, be could
not cxcule himfelf from going on building it; but rh.it
to oblige them he would c.dl it by the nimc they had
given it. This town is famous for the calamities it
fulfacd in 1712, when count Steinbock, the Swedifli
general, after defeating the king of IJenmark, appeared
before Alteiia, and fending a inelVagc to advife the inha-
bitants to retire wiih fuch of their ertVcls as they could
carry of}, the magiftrates came out in abolv, and tailing
at his feet, oti'eud him hflv thouland rixdoUars to fpare
the town. Steinbock inlilled on two hundred thouland ;
this they were ready to conipiv with, and only begged
tinu- to I'O to Hamburg fur the moncv ; but the general
would adniit of no delay i fo that the iiih.ibitams were
oHi'.;-d to leave the place, the mothers with their in-
fiiiis .it their bre.dls, the foni with their .iged f.uhers on
their backs, others groaned under lo.ids of h 'ulh dd
furnitiiie; while all bewailed tl'.eir f.ite with drea.ilul
crita and laniintalioiH. \".'hilc they patl'ed out the Swuks
lloo'l ready with flaming torches in their hands, and, be-
fore thev were all gone out, entered the town and kt
liie to all parts of it, which burnt about two thouland
houfes, with fevcral fine mag;reines, and the popilli
church ; fome old men, women, and infants alfo p' rillicd
ill ti,e llam..'s ; but they fparcd the Lutheran and Calvi-
nill thuiches, with aUiut eighty houfes that lay on the
fule next Hamburg. The Swedes, in juliitieation of
this h .ilt.iidus proceeding, pietended that maga/ines ol
piovifiuiis and Itores were prepaiing lure lur the Rullbins
and ti:i\ons, and that it was done by way of reprilal lor
till' Inirning of Stade, and other ciiicities eomniiiled by
the l).ii'.,i unJt Rufllans in Hrcmen and I'oinerar.i i. Hut it
tuj'lit to be remembered, tl'.at the iJancb h.;d belieged
tj.
199
StaJc in fo.-m, nnd tliat its de(lru£lion proccedeJ from
their bombs i while Steinboe'c adted th." paitofacruci
incciuliarv ai^ainll naked walls, and a pojr delencelel'i
people. What conipKated the ruin of Altena was the
'aging of thopbigue at thefame tim.' in HoMbin ; fothat
the Hatnburghers were forced, for their own preferva-
tion, to ilnit the gatiTj of the citv auainft their diltrelleJ
neighbours, many of whom periflied through C(;ld and
want. The king of Denmark, however, relieved tlieiu
as fir as pollible, and fiip|)!ied them with materials tor re-
building thtirtown, which, by the help of charitir':, ha'i
been done in a beantiful manner, and is at prelent a liner
and more pleafant town than ever, it bcint; the market
lor the fale of good-, brought by the ]3anilh taft India
company from the Indies.
The lalt place we Ihall mention in Holficin is Lubec,
the chief of the Hanfe towns. This city is featcd at the
confluence of feveral rivers, the larged of whiih is the:
Travc, upon which it has a harbour. It ft.iiid.-. lii'ieen
miles to thi- fouth-weft of the Baltic, and tliiity-eighc
Irom Hamburg, in the fifrv-fourth degree thiriv-one mi- ,v./ .
nutes north latitude, and in the tenth degree forty-two /<' •'
miinites call longitude,
i'his is a larcc, rich, populous, free, and imperial city,
about two miles in length, and upwards of a mile in
brc.'dth. The city {lands on the two fides of a lonu_
hill of moderate height, the eaftcrn part extending down
the declivity towards the river Wact.ei.i!;, as the wel-
tcrn does towards the Trave. It is environed with walls,
towers, tallb brays, wide moats, and ftrong ramparts,
which being planted with trees, form a verv delightful
walk. ■] he houfes arc all of Hone, but old filhioned,
and the ftreets, which are pretty Itraight and lofty, arc
for the mod part fteep j hut others at the bottom of the
bill have a canal running tlirouL^h the middle, with rows
of limes on the fides. The churches arc magniricent,
and amount to about twenty, befidcs the cathedral. It
has feveral large market-places, and hamlfomc public
buildings, particularly the town-houle, which is a fu-
pcrb Itruifure, and has feveral towers. On the ground-
floor is the hall of audience, which is well furnifhed,
where the fenate all'embles, and in this (Iruelure arc the
archives of the Hanfe-towns. Here is alfo a fine ex-
change. The colleaiitc church of St. .Vlarv is a noble
pile, richly adorn.d with images and pictures ; a.iion^
the lall is one called the Dance of Death, This ftruc-
ture is fiipporttd by tall pillars, each of one Hone, and
has a very lofty fpire covered with gilt lead. The nun-
nery of St. John has an abbcfs or domina, a priorefs, and
twenty-two convcntualifts, and has its own church and
chaplain. The convent of St. Mary .Magualeii was, ac
the time of the retormation, converted into a poor houfe,
whi'.h has alto its particular church and chaplain. In
the fupprefied convent of St. Catharine has been found-
ed a grammar fchool of fevcn clafl'es, and in th.st build-
ing IS a public libiary. The convent of St. Anne h:;>
been converted irit.i an alnis-houfe, and houfe of cor-
rection, both which are bandfoine buildings under ex-
cwllint [emulations. Here is alio an holpital dedicated t;i
the Holy Ciholl, an orphan houfe, a fmall-pox holpital,
an I m.'.iiy other charitable toundations.
The corporation confifts of four bur.;omafters and fix-
teen counlellori, who may be either men ot iett-is, pa-
tricians, or tradclineii. The burghers confilt cf t.veiec
companies, eaeji of which has a vote in the public de!i-
bera'ions. An alliance flill fublilfs betv.'cen Lubec,
Hamburtt, and Hremeii, and under the title of H.mi'v
towns they ncgociate treaties of commerce with lbrcii;n
powers.
The principal home cotnmoditv, btfides corn, is thei'
beer, v/hich is highly valuc.l, and much of it expotted.
The bifhopric of Lubec is a Imall tcriitory, tli.it ha':
been enioyed by proteftant princes ever fin.c the ye.ir
I 561, when Lutheranilni Wjs ellablilhed in ilii.s bifhop-
ric, and it has devolved as an mherit.nue to a yi'uni;' i
Inn of the duke of Hollteili Ciotioip, tilled duke of Hoi-
llein Lutiii, Iroin his ulual place ot retidencu about five
milts trom the city ; but he has fin'-e been railed to the
I throne of Sweden. This territory ex.^nds about fixtv
miles in comi>a(s, containing feveral In all town'^, and
one bundled .Hid tbiee • 'Ib'^es.
i
HI.
■ m'm
I 3.-
Mr
\m
m
i -i^i:^
i
I]
i \
i: !'
ill]
M
?|i:
( i
l'<f
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i
f
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fl^Mi
i i,: rii
aoo
A S Y S T I. M C I- G i: O G R A F II V. SAXE-LAVENBi-i-.o'
S li C T. XXV.
Of t^i Didth'.cr of Snxi-Liiiuiilnirg, Pucnuti awl ViVili-':^
im,l the Hii'ic'fiiility ef Lu'iiuhcr^-'AcU. Their Sitiiiitiiii,
/'.'.v/i'j/, PiiMne, Goviiiiiiiiiil, anil principal Tcwii,
THK I'ulcliy ol' S.ixc-f/autfnluirj; is enviroiu'd by
t'.i.it (it Hiilil: ill, the ili'iCLle of I.uliii-, I h:; prin-
cipality (ii U.iiZ'jbiir,,', t;ic ilutchits o\ Mccljli'iiliiiri^
:iii i LuiK riburi;, miJ tlic tour countries, as tlicy ;iri:
cdllcd. I'lic tace of t!iL- l.uid of tliis- ilutcliy is for tlic
moll p.irt level, anil the foil, aCiorJiii,:; to its ilifl'crfiit
goojncis, is (liv iJiil iiiio whc.it-l.iiid, lurlcv-laud, land
.lild licutll. Dr. r.utVliinir oblervcf, that in ;;incrjl it
requires tiiiuli lali jur to make trie corn that is town
yield tive or lix told ; it, however, pro.liices lar;;e ipian-
titics of ll...\ ; g!C.it advantages aie alfo niadi: of its
wonds, and, in i;ood Ic.'.fons, the ni.illa_L',c of the oak
and beech turns to a coniiderable account ; but i;ra/in.',
however, feems moll adapted to th^' nature ot thetouii-
trr, ajul i-niilciiviently to be ni >it piolit.ihie.
I'he inh.ilitants are of the J,utheran religion, and in
the wh'.ih: d'ltcliy there aie only three borout^hs and one
market-town; tiiouL^ii 'he inhabitants ainouJit to about
thirty-fix liioufand luuls, manufa^luris are but little
known here. The exports of the country anioini: an-
liualiv to about a thoiifand lalls of rye, four hundred
and fifty pound of cheefe, I'even tliouland (loneof wh 1,
timber, and wood for tuel, to the aniDunt of tw.nty
thoui'and rixdollar', a conllJerable iiuantity of butter,
ynd lome hill.
'J'he km , of Great Britain i': entitled, on account of
his poll. Iliiii this dutehv, to a leat and voice in thecol-
le.;e ot tiie princes of the empire. JJut thouj;b Saxc-
I,::'.!CiMur;; is de;ien>lent "11 tile privy council at Ila-
ii'iver, it has i's own parii..-ular rcjancv, which conlills
of the thief ::)vemor t'l r the time heiiia:, and three re-
liCncv counililori. It has alfo its own tribunal, which
1. con)pil"d ofajuJire, two provincials, aiultwocoun-
I'Jlois at law, with tile like number o( ali'tHors, who
a:e n';i in tne fovir.:i si's fervice. I'he principal places
)n thi-> ilutchv are l\.it/,ehur(> and Lau.'nburg.
Raiiiburii, is a dront' town, nine miles to the fouth of
Liibec, feated on an illand, in a laige and deep lake of
the fame name, trom whence a river iliiies, bv means
of which boats |;o to Lubec with jvioils and pallengcrs.
In the vcar i6o^, the Daiurs bomhardini; this place, laid
it in afhcs ; but lince th .t time the ihce's have been re-
;'>ilarly biiiit after the Dutch manner. Fn the market-
jilacc i'ands the regency ofiue, where is alfo held the
chief court of jurtiee and the tonfillory. Near the lake
to the north-well of the town, where boats po otV to
Lubec, is a delightlul walk of limes and adi trees,
named Ijeleedcre. One part of the town beIoir.!s to the
prill, ipality of Uat/eburg in iMecklenl-irs; Siteii;/.: the
bridge on that tide is above tour hundred paces lontr,
tiiid the rebuildliii; of it coll at lead ten thoufand rix-
Oollars, Lubec money ; but the town is to keep it in
repair,
KawciiluiriT, or Laucnhurj.'. a firall fow-i, (Ituated on
a bill near the Kibe and Steekeiiitz, twenty-five miles
to tlie fjuth ol Lubec. Several <f th.' homes are built
f.> biv, that the upper (lory lies IcvJ witli the llrects,
wlule tlie nrriiind Hoor of others is fonic ells higher.
This town luMiiS by lliippinu;, and its trade in corn and
wood. It is alfo a s^reat ihoroupihtare for j:ouds brought
up tho Llbe to F.ubec, Here is a toil on the Hlbc, the
produce of whi.li is very confidetablc, and in the town
formerly Hood the duke'b pal.ice, which was erected on
an eminence. One wiiu of this pal.;ee Ifill remains,
and in it is held the court of the bailiwic of Lavv-cn-
burc.
\Vc luw cnmc to the dutchics of Bremen and Ver-
dcn; the former terminates to the caftward, on the prin-
cip.ilitv of L iw'.nbur'j ; to the I'outh- call ward on that
of Verdofi; to liie loutliward on tlie Wcfer ; to the weft-
ward on the (auic river j and to the nntthwanl on a terri-
tory belonyin^ to the city of Hamburg, and the river
lllbc. lt.i dirncni'ioiis are- karloiidy given j but Come m.
ihors make it t'lxty miles in length, and liliy in breadth.
The couiiti, i.i very level. Mie Llbe and the Weft r
by which the gre.itelt part of it is environed, receive m.
to them feviial other rivers ; as for inllaiice, the Odt
.Sehwiiige, and the Luke, difcharge themd Ives into iho
Llbe, and the Wcter icccives into it the OecHe, the Lc-
fum, the Kodaii, and the VViedaii,
The banks ot the Llbe, the (vile, and the \Veferare
bordered with verv rich marth-lands, and in lome places
the coiintrv produces extraoidinary plenty of grain and
fruit. Lor the piclervation of thefe niarlh-lands aoaInK
inundations, the dvkcs and dams are kept in conllant re-
pair at a great expcncc, und^r the inlpeelion of oirncn
appointed for that purpofe. (jreat numberi of cattle
lire bied heie : tiie heaths arc alfo covered with fliccp
and the bleeding of bees is much followed. In fonie
places is dug a kind of free-Hone, and in others great
i]uantities of turf, which is exported to Urcmeii and
Mamburg, and iiled in the brick-kilns and glafs-houfci,
Ihefe countries alio yield a great deal of flax.
'I'he illahlilhed religion of the inhabitants is Luthera-
nil'm, and in the dutcliy of Hremen are one hundred ami
eleven churclie?, with one lumdred thirty- feveii p.illnrs.
I'he fupreme iiil'pe.:lion of the churches of this diitehv
and of Verdeii, is veiled in a general fuperintcndcnt. As
to the Calvinills, they form feven congregations in the
dutehv of Ilrenien.
I'he only manufailiires here arc the making of corda c
linen and woollen cloth, keifevs, and other woollen Hull',,
'I'he dulcliv of Hremeii ua; tormed out of an aich-
biflioprie, which was fiihdued by the .Swedes in it'4a;
but at the peace of Weliph.ilia in i(i4ij, they rciuriu'd
it as a dutcliy and tief of the empire. In 1(175, th,'
duke of IJruiifwic and Lunenburg, in conjunction wah
the bifhop of Miinller, over-run the country. I'lieci.ii-
i]uerors thought of dialing the dutchies ot Bremen ar.J
Verden between thcni j but .Sweden kept the whole to
herfelf, cx;-ept a Iniall part, which wai rcftored to the
duke of Hrunfwic and Lunenburg. During the nor-
thern war, thefe dutchies were reduced by the Danes;
but in 1715, king Kredcric IV. transferred them to the
cleclor of iJMinf.vic, in lieu of the turn of feven hun-
dred thoufand rixdollars, and attcrwards Sweden l.ke-
wii'e ceded them to that elector ; for which the kin^- re-
ceive ' a niilliiui of rixdollars,
'I'l.e elecbr of liiuufwic, as duke of Bremen, brarj ^.,
the arms of the archbifliopric, that ii, (julcs two keys
in a laltire argent, with a I'mall crofs argent in chief.
1 he dutchie;. of Bremen and Vcrdrn are jointly under
the following c. ''eg'^s ; the legency, which conlills of
three counfellors, and is tubordiiiate to the privy coun-
cil at Hanover ; and the chancery, which is conipokj
of three coiinlellors of the legciicv, a direillor, and cer-
tain judiciarv coiinlellors, and takfs cognizance of cri-
minal and other c.iufes. In the high court of iufticclic
all the iiumbers of the chancery, with feven aflilliirs,
who are nomin.itcd by the Hates of each dutchy. 'I'otliis
court of julliee all cuil cales rciiuiring a judicial deci-
lion arc luiijeel, as alfo the olFicers of the fovereigti in
ali'air;. in w'hicli the prince i; concerned, together with
the nobility and the magillrates of the towns. From this
tribunal appeals are cairicd to the high-court of appeals
at /.ill.
The thief branches of the revenues of the elcclnr are
thole of .'he domain b.dliwies, excite, ll.imp-duly, Ji'c,
I'he principal town lubjeiit to the king of Great-Britain,
as duke of llremen, is
Stade, which is featod 0.1 the Schwinsc near the place
where that river flows into the Llbe. This town is the
feat of the regency of the dutchies of liiemen and Ver-
den, as illo of the chancery, chief court of jullicc, and
confillory. It contains three churches, and a Latin
fchool, St.ide was formerly a place of confiderable trade,
and from the year I 5H6 to lOiahad an Lnglifli ftaple,
v\liieh was removed to H.imburg ; but by a concurreme
ot misfortunes it i, now i>reatly declined. This city has
b en liequentlv taken and rcl.iken, but in 1757 his late
maiefly king CJcorge 11. caufed grc.tt improvements to
be in.ide in the tortituations.
\Vj
-K-ecDiiclu ledatWifiv
Ixsnuni'Rfi-ZEM.
F, U R O P E.
90 r
We flvill ni>w give a p.irticiil.ir JcTiriptini of the ini-
•|| ,.j,y n( lirfiiK-n. It is (i-atcd on tile Wed-r, which
liile, it iiU" the OKI ami New T'lnvn, hut both of
' ■ ' d hv .1 I irg- hriilLH', and a (in:il!.'r one that
br.mrh of the (Hnic riv.T. In the
ihcfe ar-joiii
cxfiuJs <ivcr a
\
I'
1 r l-'4.|-. "" the htiililini'S and inhabitants were num-
!vre[l 'wlK'ii the OKI and New Town, exi lufive of the
fibiiihs, contained four thoufand fevcn hundred an. I
liventv eii;ht hniifes, with rive bundled and fixty-five
o-'uT fJiliecs ^< (tore-hoiiU s, brcw-hoiifcs, and the like,
full thiiiifi" 1 and ninity-niric married conpK-, that h
one ilunifind five hnndrcvl and eighty-nine C'alvinilb,
u,u' thoiifind fevcn Imndredand feventy-twn I,utherans,
cinhtv -one I'apills, two hundred and ei^btecn widowers,
one tii'Hif'an.l two hundie.l and thirty-nine widows two
huii.-lred and thirty-three fin^^le men, who were houle-
kc.octs and three- hundred lifty-nine iinglc women
houfe keepers.
Ihe Old Town, which is the larRcft and mod popu-
lous is divided into four pariftiL's, according to the four
,-tpiial churches belon^'iini; to the Calvinills, viz. of our
|,iulv, !'t. An'parius, St. Siephm, and St. Martin. In
ihis'p.irt IKindii the cathedral, which belong to the
Jiiicliv, and is frequented by the L\itherans. Under if;
rhiiiristhe lea.l-CL-Har, remarkable for the undccayed
iieJics that lie tlu-rc. Here is alfo thi; convent of St.
lolin wi'b i's church, the celebrated academy of the
ij,ilviii It?, with its fpacious library, the armoury, the
hofiiital, in which is an anatomical theatre, the work-
lidiiii.', and othiT public buildmgs. Under the large
[vAii: of the Wefer is a water-wheel, which works an
■I'liie th.it r.iiles the water by which the city is fup-
■,\l^-], as in London, by pipes laid under the llrcets; and
!it the iillicr ei^d of this bridge is an ingenious fulling-
In the Now Town Is St. Paul's church, which be-
'-ii's to the Calviniih, an I in the fubu'bs are two more.
I'hc New I'own confifts chiefly of gardens and little
,i!.Mi'ii;c-hnul'cs belonging to the principal merchants,
'.nJ ii'.hir inhabitants of the Old city ; it has lart^er and
■] re iei''ilar ilreets than the latter, and moft of them
. :i' I'linttd with rows of limes and wild chefiiuts- The
Cilvii.il! is the clhblinied religion, it being piofelled by
the whole body of the corporation, though with refjiedt
111 minihers they arc nearly equalled by the Lutherans.
The corporation is compofed of four burgo-mallers,
:iiiJ t vcntv-four counfellors, or aldermen. The mer-
;,i.!!!ls and tiadefinen h.ive their elders; but ihefe b.ue
I'O (hare in the governinent of the city. The garrifon
i.mfilh of about fi.\ bundled men. Mere are feveral
iii.'.iuiKidlures, and the inhabit.mts carry on a coiifider-
,ible trade.
VcrJen is bounded on the cafl and fouth by the dutchy
(\i Lunenburg, on the welt by the VVcfer and the
(iutciiy (if IJiemen, and on the north by the dutchies of
llrenuii and Lunenburg, twtciiJing both in length and
tirf.nlth about twentv-eight miles.
I'his dutchy conrilh chiefly of heaths, and high, dry
■„:iJ, as alio of forefts; but there are good mailh
i.mJs on the rivers Wefer and Aller. The latter waters
I'.molt :ill the foutherly, but the Wefer only a part of
:hc v.iltcrly boundaries of the country, rtnd this laft re-
■u'.i.s alfo the Aller. The other principal river is the
'Aumme, which rlfes on the borders of Lunenburg,
•rr.iilVs the dutchy from call to well, and receives into
I :l:c I'maller rivers that rile here.
1 :if inhabitants are Lutherans, who have the fame
. iihiinry with the dutchy of Bremen, and one and the
ijiii'- :; iieral fuperintcndent.
Vcruen was formerly a bilhopric founded by Charlc-
•...iL:iie ; but John Krederic the lait bifho|) was of the
.''V.;l houle ot Denmark, and iifti-rwards became kin ' of
') nimrk and Norway, undei the name of Frederic 111.
\i t.u' peace of Wellphalia in 1648, the crown of Swe-
.nci'ii lined the billiopric as a dutchy, and in 1712,
■;:; Dines invading Kremeii, the inhabitants of Hrunl-
Aic-Liiiunburg port'efled thenifelves of the dutchy of
VcrJen, on account of the plague raging in the for-
::iLr. In Ihort, in the year 1715, bv virtue ol the alli-
i.e CM, lu led atWil'niar, both Hnnieii and \'eidiii were
.id by the king of Deniiiark to the clcifVir.il huL'-j of
Co
Mrunfwic Liinenbifrg
and this rcflion was made by the
en In the ye.ir 1719.
crown of Sw
This dutchy lias the fame regciuy as that of Riemcnj
and contains (everal towns, the principal of wliiih is
Verdeii, le.ite.l on tlic Aller. a tivcr tli't dividi:s it-
felf into two branches the fmall'T of which lies ncaf
the town. It is fituared twentv-lix mil.s to the fouth-
e.ilt of Uienun, and has tour churches, which are tho
cathedral, the church of St. Andrew, which lies near
it, that ot St Nicholas, and that of St, John. There
is here alfo a L.ilin fchool.
The dutchy of Lunenbiirg-Zcll is bounded by the
river Klhc, which on the north (i-parates it from Hol-
iKiii and Lauenburg i on the ealt by the marqiiifitc of
lirandenbui:;, and on the welt by the dulc!iies of Bre-
men and W'lllpli.ili 1, it extending about a hundred miles
in length, and leventy in bieadth.
The foil is various, for along the Kibe, the Alter,
the Zet/e, and foirie (mailer rivers, arc fruitful marfh-
lands ; but oth'-r parts'of the country conlilt of barren
fand, others of heaths, others ot turf, and others are
fwimpy. The worll pans of the country are towards
its center, through which lie the main roads ; but a
traveller is not dim thence to form an idea of ih.- wholo
country. Agreeably to the diveility of its foil, ir pro-
duces wheat, rye, batlev, o.its, buck wheat, flax, hemp,
hops, and garden plants. Thev have alio oak, beach,
tirs, pines, birch, and elder, with other tices. Some
bailiwics do not yield a li tficiency of wheat j but others
again have a fiiperfluity ) 'n lome, few horned cattle and
horfes are bred, though in others they abound. Tbe
heaths are covered with nuaeious flocks of a fmall kind
ot (liecp, that have long and coarie wool ; and the cul-
ture of bees is lo great, as to afl'oul confiler.iblc quanti-
ties of honey and wax. Lunenburg abounds in excel-
lent lime-llone and valuable fait fpiiiigs, and the rivers
yield plLiity of ti(h.
With refpcdl to the rivers, thclilb?, wl.-'-h f- ..erfes the
Caft and north lideoftbis country, is of confiderable ad-
vanta.'C, fiom its fertilizing the adjacent marfli-lands,
and its having fiflicries, navigations, and tolls. This rive,
receives into it the Zetze, which flows from Brandcn-
burs; i the llmenaii, aiuitiicr navigable river which rlfes
in tliis corntry ; the Luhe, which alfo riles here; tho
Sceve, and other fiii.iller rivers. The Aller, which is
alio navigable, travcrfes the whole fouthern part of the
dutchy, and being joined by Icveral fmall rivers, conti-
nues its couric into tho dutchy of Verden.
The inhabitants of this country are of the Lutheran
relip'on, and there arc near two hundred parilh churches
in this dutchy. 'I'hefe are divided into tifteen fupcrin-
teiulencies, and over thefe arc appointed two general
fuperinteiulents.
The principal manufac'^ures made here are thofe of
linen, cotton, woollen cloths, ribbons, llorkings, and
hats ; and at Zell arc lomc ingenious artiticeis in gold
and filvcr.
The exports chiefly confifl: of corn, meal, garden-fluft",
hops, flax, llarcli, timber, beams, malts, all kinds of
Wooden ware, fhips, I'argcs, boats, horfes, black cattle,
fitted calves, milk, butter, cheefe, poultry, wool, wax,
himcv, fait, fugar, thread, linen, knit and wove llock-
iiigs, Itutt's, works in gold and filver, &c. The con-
vcy.iiicc of merchandize from this place to and from
Hamburg, Lubec, and Altena, alfords a confiderable
branch of commerce ; many ol the inhabitants procuring
luhliltance bv navigating the rivers.
'Lhe principal towns in this dutchy arc the following :
Liineiibiiri;, the capital, is Icated on a navii;abl river
culled the KInien, or llmenau, which runs through a
part of tin- town. This city is I'ourtecii miles to the
fouth well of Lawciibiirg ; it is furrounded with moats
and walls, llrcngthcned with towers, and is two miles
and a half in compafs. It coniids of thirteen hundred
houfcs, with between eight and nine tboui.ind inhabi-
tants. Here are three paiilh churches, that c\' St. John,
to which i^ annexed the fupcriiitendcncy, with a Latin
fchool coiifilting of five clalR's ; and thole of St. Nicho-
las imd St. Lambert. In the church of St. Mary was
lormerly a convent of Minims, which at prelent ferves
lor the town armoury, a libraiy, and a huufe of correc-
t c c '..un.
;|
, ■■ ■( ' 1 1 i ' . 1
• i''''-
I!
m
oJ
■'M
ioi
A S Y S T F, M OF G R O G R A P II V.
Hanovh,
•"S*
.♦■«■
■.f
II J
1*1 ■• 1
H
¥
if
J « !
lino. It h.H alio throe linlpltuls twdof vvhii-h ti.nx' eacli
athuali. Iiilhf iii.ukct pl.icc iLimls the ptlnco's p.iljcc,
Willi the jniiKI-h.ill, aiiii li\)iitiii!; tlu'iii is the I'urmoii-
IliattnlMii alibcy <il IKilitjuuli.il, wlutli w.\.. IcijiKili-icil
by till' iii.ij;illracy in i ^ jO, aiiJ its cliuicli now Icrvt- lur
a ma^a.'liic ot iait. In 175 { an aiiatuniic il theatre was
built litre. Tlie eonveiit ot S;. Mitliael, which w.i-i lor-
nicilyof tile lienejiiiinc order, and conlilted ot niuiiks
ol iioMc laiiiilics, ciiibraced tlie iLiuinicnis «t I.iitlitr 111
the year l^jZ; and in 1055 diike Clirillian Lewis, with
the a(i|iiolialion ii( tne nubiiil)', ruppKlUd the moiiallerv,
and (minded within it a I'eliofl lor niaitial exeteik^,
which is fliled the academy. 1 he diieilor, like the an-
tieiit luperiiir ol this houle, is the hi.ad ol the Hates ot
this principality ; he is alio prehdint ot the provincial
college, and next 111 rank to the privy coiinkllors. I his
perCoii is even llilcd exrellencv, and in public inllrn-
iiients makes ufc ot' the lollownu title: Hy the ^race of
CJod, landlchat't, director, and lonl ot the manlion ol
St. Michael, in I.iinenburn;. lie is ailo chancellor ol
the academy, where yoini^ nentlemen, natives ot the
principality of Liinciihur<.', arc maintained gratis ; hut
t'orcii.i:ner.s arc educated at a certain jiriee, and taught
French, fencing, ndnig, and dancing. The members
of this academy live in a fpacious llone edifice, built in the
year 1711, and counts and even princes have been of
their number. Within the coiuentual church of St.
Alichael is the anticnt burial-place of the dukes, and on
its gre.it altar (lands a celebrated golden tabic, which is
a board formerly pl.iittd over with gold ; but which, in
1O98, was (hipped by a I'.inious robber named Nickel
Ldi. ; Co that at prelcntonly a I'mall iiuantity of the gold
remains. In the convent is alio a Latin fehool of four
clades, to which belongs the holpital of St. lienedirt, with
its cha]icl, and (evtral country churches and conliderable
eftatc!!.
In a part of the city, within the walls, fait fprings atife;
this (|uarter, which is called the Suize, is walled in, and
has Its own feparate magilhates. It conl'ills of (ifty-four
Imall hollies built deep in the earth, and in each aie four
large leaden cillcrii!!, whirh are new cait every month
for receiting the fait water, which is left to exhale in
them in Older to form the fait. 'I'hefe (prings arc very
copiou'., and four of ihein are in this place, three in one
ot the town nioat.s, and one nc.ir the building that once
fcrvcd for a Minorite convent. I'loin thefc (evcral
fprings the fait- water is conveyed by pipes into a refervoir
in the Sulze, and there dirtributed among the houles.
The (alt-houfes arc hfty-four in number, and contain
two hundred and (Ixteen cilleriis of lalt, which are daily
boiled ; and of thefe falt-woiks a lifth part belongs to the
fovcrcign.
To the wcfl of the city are two rocks, known by the
names of Schildffcin and Kalkberg. 'J'he latter is ni'ar
the New -gate, and eviii within its walls. This is a flecp
rock, in which arc fpacioiio caverns that contain a great
iiumhei' of terrafles. Towards the city it is furrounded
by a crown-work, which joins the town wall ; on the
other fide is crci^ted a horn-work i and round its fummit,
which is level, runs a brcalt-work, on which are
planted feme cannon.
The exports of this city confift of fait, lime, and beer,
wax, honey, wool, flax, linen, and frieze. Goods are
alfo brought here Irom all parts of (iermany, and for-
warded down the Ilmtnau to Hamburg, and by means
of the Achfe to Lubec ; their returns coming the fame
way. The warehoules (or thefe imports and exports
(land on the Ilmenau, and the commerce carried on here
is fiipi rintcndcd by a particular conimifT- n.
Ult/cn is a town (cated on the Ilmtnau, by two
branches of which it is furrounded. Here that river firit
receives its name, it being formed by the conflux of
( level! rivulets. It was once navigable at this place;
Ihips (Voni Knaland even traded here, and the antient
harluiiir bilonaing to il is (iill to be fecn In the great
church is alfo (hewn a (hip of gilt cop|ier, which was a
prefent to the corporation (Vom the Knglifh. The town
contains about three hundred and twenty-nine houles,
three hundred and lour of vhich belong to the burahers,
and the others arc inhabited by the gmtry, cccleliallics,
and n.cn of letters, The firft niiiiiller of the great
church isproyo(t,and fupciintenJcnt of feycnlrtiuoiinit
inmillers. in the town aie two alms- houles, wuh
church to one of them ; ,iiid without the town ijaiKuli.'
alms-houle, with a cliineli. I he adj.iceiit couiitrv pr,
duces a very tine loit of ri.ix, and the iiei:;hliouii|,„ ^'■
lagcs weave great quamities ot linen. Tlu' town ||' 1
toimerly a very flouritliin'.; ti.ide in thread, linen wo,!
len, wax, beer, and brandy, and icLeived gre.d .td,.,',
tage trom its being a ciuihdtr.ilde thorough- fju: 1, -
goods and perfons j but its tiade is at prckiit riejt,^
declined.
Ztll is a fortifitd and well built city, fe.itcd imtl,'
Aller, which is here navigable, au I, in conjiinclii.ii w,,
the labiirb of Fritzeiiwiele, conlilts of lux huinluj .i,,'
fixtylour hoiifes ; but, intliulin.; the other luliurb.,li„n.
mer-houles, and buildings wilhoiu the gate-., tlieir hu,,,,
her amounts to about fouiteen hundred. At rlii^ p|j^^.
are held the hi;;h court of appe.ils (or the levii.I (i;rf|.
tories of the eleitoral houle of liriiiifwic-l.,iiiunbur ■
with ihe ch.ineery, and chief tribunal ol tlie priiKiiu;,:J
ot Lunenburg. I'heotiier public edifices aie the ou,;^^;,
hall, the riiling-houle, the mews, and the ariiKnirv
The lem.irkabie buildings in the fuburhs are tin- N'tu]
Itadt church, that of the C.ilvinids, the prince's mcwj
and garden, St. Cieorge's alnishoufe, the AluuiLi-^j
church, the alms-hoii(e of St. Anne, the hoipit.ir('i,r
difabled foldiers,and theorphanhoul'e. This tuwii inm.
cipally fubfidb by its being a great thorough-fare, :uiJ th«
(eat of the high court ot a()jKMls. li h,,s in.uuifaciurers
and artiticers in vatious bi.ineh'.s, partieulajly jn n'lli
and filver, wiiote pertoimantes aie much adiniitJ cjtii
in other countries.
Haarburg, a town fe.ited on the Secve, which runs
through it, and, after being joined jy the Kng<.l;)ji.ii
difeharges itfcll', near this place, into the LIbe. Jtton-
fills of (our hundred and Uveiity-two houles, btfiA^
tho(e belonging to noblemen, and is the feat of thi'livn
general fu|)eriniendeiices of this principality ; a,s likj^ii^.
o( a fpecial fuperintendency under the direction ui t.,;
general (up^Jrintcndent, who is always the he.id uiiinil.r
ot the parilh church. Mere are manufactures ol c.iiti.n
Itockings, hats, ribbons, wax-ble.icheiy, (iaich, uuJ ;,,,'
refining of fugar. As I laaibuig is coniinodimifiy (iiuattj
tor conniieree and navigation, it carries on .1 coiifiJer-
able trade to Holland in knte-liiiiberj beams, nul[^ .vu
lluals.
SEC T. XXV.
Ofti'.'i- DulJ.y of Erunfwii-Ltiii-nlur^, <:>■ tl-v E/,;!:r,j!, ,f
lliinovcr, uilh the Piiiuipaiilv of Ciahi-nhiigen^ an.t tni
Cunlies c,f likikenhurg unil Rhn>:/ieiti ; iheir Sitmim
hxt.nt, I'rc.luc; Munujtiilurn, (JiVininiinl, wi.iptw-
cip/il Cities iiiiii Towns .
THF, dutchy of Hrunfwic, t.iken at large, inclnjci
thedutchy of Hanover, the principalitv of Cralnri-
hagen, and the counties of Mlackeninirg and Rheuiliciii;
and is bounded on the (cuth by Thuringia and Ikit'c
Calfel ; on the welt by the river Wcfcr, "which diniics
il (Vom the principality of iMinden, and the countuMif
Lippe and Hoye ; on the north by Lunenburg; and rn
the cad by Magdeburg, and the princ'iulities o( Hall).!-
tladt and Anhalt.
l!ut within this compafs is included not only the
Jutthv of IJrunl'wic-Liininhurg, which be!oni;'i to in-
king of Great iiritam, but iiiunlwic-W'ohnr.buttli',
which is governed by its own (overeign, and wdi U:
hereafter deicrib.'d ; we are now to Heat only of ih.-
former.
'i'he dutchy of Hanover, alfo called CalenbLTc, fjoia
a calile that was formerly the teiidence of the priiuc, ,,
bounded on the north by Luiienburg-Zell ; on thi iM.t
by the dutchy ot liiunfwic- Wollenbiutle, and the biiii.ip-
11c ol Hildedieim ; on the louth by (>rul)riiha.-;cn, «h:u
Moll calls Urunfwic- Lunenburg ; and on the wui 1,.
the county of Sciiawcnbuig ; extending thirtv-thi.;
miles lioin north to fjuth, and eighteen" from \yi to
wed.
a:.
llANOVr.Ri
All the rivers, Arcanis, aiiJ Iii.Mjk,-. in llii, principality
lllihii H> thcmUlvci citlici- iiilii the Wcl'i i,i,r tla' l-vin.i.
'|-|„. lijimcr ol tliclr w.iflKii it mi the wi.lf, an. I tlio l.iiur
iVr. i.iil. The priiKip.il II t.iins .uc llii; Dcillir
"", ^1,^. Suntcl in the north, ami ihr .Sulinjiirw.ilJ in the
,"nl, ■ Init the moiint.iiiUMis aiiJ llony p.irts, willi ihe
"inilo hi-.iihs,anill'.imls,yic|jvfry little: this ttmniry
hVhoWv'vcr, m.iiiv mailiiv, tiay.y, aiul I.M.iiy iracti,
M-Jwith cirth and laml, wiicri.- all kimis ot Iruit ami
""j tables thrive, as wheat, rye, bailey, <iats, luuiK,
"f brail'., vetches, hmk-wheat, plenty of i^ouj (iiiit.
I'. LI R O 1' !•
;.oj
■VlUiit e.irJen plants ami loots, hops, tl.ix, and to-
i ' h ' abler, iVe which altur.l tiiiibiT Inr the huiMiie^
rihi'ps and hollies ; as alio wood tor liiel and (itlu-r iius
"|-hc mailaiie I'loni the oaks and bee^li ate llkcwife ul'
■''^'I'his country alfo abounds in a lar^e brccil of horfes,
black cattle, and flieep ■, and there U here no want ot
vcMiron, game, and li(h. At feveral places in this prin-
illtv are marl-pits, quarm s ol Iree-llone and mill-
Zicsi coal-pits, and mines ol rich iioii ore.
In this country there is no want ot niaiuilaaures, great
luaiititics of liiicn yarn aic fpiin here, and linen wove
otonly I'ufticient for home conruinpnon, but likewile
J'or exportation, particularly a moll beautiful da.oalk.
The printing of linen is hcrebrou|;ht to Inch pcileilion,
th It it be-ins to take place of the ufe uf India ehintx and
ciiicocs, '"Cotton is likcwife fpun here, and knit or wove
„„o nockings, gloves, and caps.
iiid
ed
I'he oil-lkiiis and
t'miets prinfed and painted hero arc of che bell fort.
Variuus branches of the woollen nianufac'liire are made
in this principality, more particulaily at CJottin-en j a-
n,^,ni- thcfe are lijj'ht and fubrt.nntial hue cloths, which,
I ,r tiicir beauty and the brii^htnefs and durableiu-fs of
,'hc colours, equal the bell cloths made in Holland.
The wmllcd ftockinsis made at Cottinj^en aio alfo dil-
tmiiuilhcd for their finenefs. At Hanover are two cele-
brated i^old ^"'' •"''*"•'"■ nianufai^hnes Uir galloons and
Uccs; as alio tor frini;es, toml-, embroidery, and other
works. Amoiii; the other manufaclines arc lllks, ftutts,
ftockiiigs, and ribbons. In diliereiu parts .ire iron-
works, mills for the flatting of copper, powder mills,
njpcr and lullinu' nillls, brals foundeiies, L;lars-hoiifes,
\c I.arac quantities of goods manulaclured here are fcnt
abtoJcl, particularly linen, iincii-yarn, Gottuigen camb-
Itts, baraguins, and other llufts, in which a great trade
i, carried on to Hamburg, lircmen, Holland, i''rancfort,
and even to Italy. ,
In this principality arc nineteen cities and feventccn
towns. The four following arc (tiled the great cities .-
Gotimgcn, Hanover, Nordheim, and Hamelen, the
others being called the fmall ; and in the whide princi-
ualitv are three abbeys and fix convents, which Kill arc
all inhabited, one by men, and five by women. T'herc
.-.re here allii two hundred and ten Lutheran parifli
ihurchcrs, five churches belonging to the Calvinills, and
tix churches and chapels of the Roman catholics.
I'hcrc arc few lovcreign princes whole linanccs arc faid
to be in to good a condition as thole of this elciilor's,
owing to the reconomy of the twc) preceding princes,
who have vet kept up afplendour fuitabie to their rank ;
the government here being faid to be the leatl dcfpotic of
any Ul the empire ; for the eletlor can neither make laws,
iiiir raife taxes, without the content of the ftates, con-
lilting of the nobility, clergy, gentry, and towns, who
nifft regularly every year.
The princes of the two illuftrious houfes of lirunf-
wic are defcciided from Krnetl duke of Lunenburg, who
dud ill I 5+0 ; the Wollenbiittle and Uevern branches,
(the former of which is now extinct) from Henry the
clclcll Ion, and the electoral houle of Hanover from
William the youngeil. 'I'lic elecilor.ite atta 'bed to the
clutchies of Hanover and Zell was concerted at the con-
grel's held at the Hague in the year lOt;:., by king VV'il-
iiam HI. and etfeciU'd by bis influence, in conjumition
with that of moll of the protellant princes of the em-
pire. Accordini.;ly the lame year, the emperor Leopold
conferred the dignity of eleiitur on ptiiicc Lnicll, grand-
father of his late majefly kin.; (leorgi! II. an I lil^heiis,
with tiie title of ll.ind.ird-br.irer to the empire. Thii,
however, met with oppoliticm Ironi the ccdiege ol prince -,
and pattieulaily from the |)o]ie and his .i Ihereuts How-
ever, in i;;;,'-!, .ilter the death ot Lrnell, the lirll elec-
tor, the tliier colleges of the empire a iieed to the elta-
blilbiiient of this new eleiitoratc in the pcrfon of hii
eldell ton, aticrwaicli (uorge 1. king of (iieat llritain,
who then took his le.it in the diet : but the otHce of
lland.ird-be.iur being claimed by the duke of W'urtem-
buig, the title ol an htieafmer ol the empire was the
next year given inlle.ul of it to the eli'Ctor ol Hanover.
I'he ri "c'luics of the eleilor from al. bw Utrman do-
minions nling ftDm f.ili-pils or Iprnigi, taxes, and catile,
merth.indi/e and inns, tip-ciallv from rich mines of lil-
ver, iron .mil copper, a'c computed to amount lo at lealfc
lour hiimliecl thoulaiid pounds per annum ; or, accord-
ing to .Mr. Hallway's compiiiatiiin, at tour millions of
dollars, or feven hundred thcmland pounds ; and it is
lai.l, that liom thefe dominions alone he mav railc .in
army of between thirty and forty thoufand men, w'lth-
(Hit greatly burdening his (ulijetts. Hu niajelly, the
prellnt elector, has heie tome tioopa of lile-cuanK, ami
two regiments of toot guards, of one battalion each, witli
an uniform of red, lined with blue, and at the court of
Hanover are the oflicers of Hate ufually found in the
courts of ( rowned heads.
The government here is under the man.igcment of
the fix following oiincils. I. The council of Hate, to
which all Hanover is fcibjedt, which receives orders im-
mediately liocn the elciilor, coiiiiteilitfiied by a(!ermaa
envoy trom that eleitoiate, who always attends the Uiililh
court.
II. The war-ofTicc.
III. The treafury.
IV. The chancery.
V. 'I'hejulticc court, and
VI. Ttie conlillory, which is rompofed n, the minif-
tcrsor prelbylery ol the city ol H.iiiover, aliilted bv lav-
elders, who are generally perloiis dillinginlJKd lor their
learning and piety as well as rank. It is obfeivable, that
every proteftant prince and (late in (Germany has this
kind of Ipiritual courts ; but thele have no power in
civil attairs, divorces only excepted ; and the prince, or
(tate, has always a deputy prefent at all their meetings,
to be a check upon their power, and to keep it within
due bounds.
Tnis principality is divided into three quarters or de-
partments ; the firll of which is the Hanover quarter,
in which are eight cities, threo towns, two abbies, fix
convents, and two hundred and twelve vill.itreb.
The city of Hanover, the capital of his Hritaniiic ma-
jelly's German dominions, and the feat of the electors
before their acee(rion to the crown of (Jreat Uritain, n
plealantly (ituated on a fandy hill upon the Leina, which
is only navigable for fmall boats, in the (itty-(econd de- ,,••/.. u .
gice twenty-nine minutes north l.ititude, and In the ." 't.V
ninth degree forty- live minutes call loiu'itude, that is
three hundred and fixtv-five miles call ot Loiuion, and
forty miles to the well of lirunlwic. It is walled round,
regularly fortified, and the ravelins bctoic the gates well
piovidcd with cannon ; but does not lecm remarkable
for it3 (Irength. The hcmles are molHy of timber and
clay, though many are of Hone and brick ; but thellrectii
arc broad, and in winter well lighted with lantheriu.
It contains about twelve hundred houfes, Ibnie of which
arc very large and handlome (hudtures. The Neuc:
Ciraben, as it is the ncweil, makes the bell ap|)ear-
ancq of any part of the city. I'hc elector's palace, i?
fituated on the banks of the Leina, and as it lutleied
greatly by fire in the year 1741, a conliJerable part of
it has been fince rebuilt w;th great magnificence. It has
feveral courts, and the rooms which arc grand and com-
modious, arc chiefly h.iing with very rich tapeltry In
apartments in this itruclute the pruy-ccnincil and com-
milTioncrs of war hold their meetings. The opera houle,
and the theatre for the French comedians are both wiih-
in the palace, and though anticnt aie commodious ; but
the vsholc is rather rich, decent, and elegant, than viry
iplendid.
•n
id4
A SYSTEM OF G F. O G R A !• 11 Y.
t ;
Hanovep.
ri
*. I
I ,!
' 1
fplcnilici. The puarj it alw.ivs mcimite.l, and an open
t.ihic kept, even wlien tlie kin^ h not in lin ilcilvxal
Hommions, at which tini the .iiiminilliitiDii is loiiJuik-
ej with tile iittmill ilii^iiity. Duiiiii; (he wh ilc wiiitira
pliv IS exhibiteil, aiul Jt concert in-rto:iniJ iwne .1 week,
at hn ni.ijclly'i expenie, when the eiiurtiers without ex-
reptiiin take place aecorJini; to their laiik. In the thiirth
bclonjinU '" '""^ palace, which is veiy fpleiuliJ, is kept
a treaCure n| great value, toiililtiiig i>t' r>.lu|ii'5, goM
and filver plate and gems, collecled by duke Henry the
I, ion, in hii journey to the Fall in 1171, and the Ciic-
ceeding veats. The cleiftur's aimciury and line llaliles
<land in a row along the I.eina. 'I'he iKiics hnulc in
Kart-ftrect it a very iKiblc llruilure, and wiihin it are
held the diets and hi.:h court ot jiilhce. In tlic I'anie
llrect is alio the Lockumer llol, where the .ibliut ol the
convent ot Lockum relides, and luai St. ti I s's chiiuli
is the chancery. In the Old Town there are only three
parifh churchci, and one tor the garrilon. lieli.Ks ilicle
ftriidtnres, there is an orphan huule, the holpital ol the
Holy Cihoil, the poor houle belonging to the niayilliacy,
a I'pinning-hoiil'e, and a houle of coireclioii.
'The New I'own, which lies on the othe,- bank of the
river, ha» a communication with that ahc.idy deluilud
by means ot bridges. This part is foitilk I, and lhou;;h
mer-ho'ifes for the aflors to Jref; i:i ; .inj here are rom.
tunes exhibited plays and nufijuera !cj : this tluairi'
adorned with Hatucs, and oct-fioiially illuminated in "
grand tafte. '
I he next divifion in tliii rotintry is railed the [|,im
leii and l.aucnau iju.irter, which C(;:.t.ii;n thue ^,.J'
ten boroirjhs, and a luinJnd and tweiitj -cr^ht Nirj,.,''
I lie nio;t confiilirahle pla^e in ihi'. divilion i's * ''
HanuU 11, alurtitied city, twenty three niilci ft
welt (it I {.mover, (V.ited in a tine touniry on th
of the Welcr, wlinh wjflws it to the weft, an,!
"uth.
•inks
wcr It
IS a brid,;e of nine woodm arches fupporte.l hy (||,p
piirs. The W'cfcr alfo I'oinis .it this pl.ice a final! iH,,,,/
and fiir ill.* ItirKf.r .-..ni-.>..i...i.w. ..1' M. ; i. .' *
er conviiiience of (liippin;; here is m
1.1 leventy llx houlfs,
.1 appear.mce. It is
elfiitoral teintorirs
it conlifh of only three hundred
ij populous, and makes a goo.l appear.mce. It is the
feat of the confillory for the elfiitoral teintorirs, and
hkewileof the general and fpecial luprrinttndency. In
the market-place is a curious grotto, but the watci-
works belonging to it are fallen to decay. In the tame
part is alio the church of St. _[ iliii, .ind on the piiade is
a large edifice of lloiie, in wl.iv:h aie ki.pt the electoral
archil es and library ; the latter ot which is one of the
molt copious and fplendul in all(icrman). There are
here alio fcvcral palaces, a Ciernian and a rreiich Cal-
vinillchurch, another for the Roman catholics, a Jewith
fvnagogue, and a I-.itin ftee-lchoul.
In Ihort, Hanover ii in many refpects a pleafant city,
and, though it does not cciual Hetliir and Drefden, may
be eilcemed elegant i but it has no trade woith men-
tioning.
The iieiL',hbouring country makes an agrecible appear-
ance, and the number of kitchen and pieal'ure-g.iidens
betbrcthe gates, with the elegant buildings belonging to
them, appear very extr.uiidiiu:ry ; p.uticuiarly theie is a
delightful villa which extends to .Nlonbrillant and Hci-
renhaulen, two clcdloral palaces ; but the former is now
falling to decay.
The pal.ice of llerrcnhaufen is feated about two miles
to the iioith of the city. But .Mr. Hanway obferves,
that he does not know wiielhc: he was more mortilied or
more furpri/.ed to tind that the building tell valUy fhort
of his expeclations ; lor though in Knglaiul, it is laid,
our hofpitals are palaces, and our palaces more proper for
hofpitals, yet he had conceived the opinion that this
palace, fo much talked ol, was indeed graiul, and worthy
of his majelly. It was built in tlie \ear 1670, by Krnett
Auguflus, the late king's grandfathei : the greatell part
of it is of wood, and the apartments in general rather give
the idea of a large antient nianlion houle belonging to a
private gentleman 111 Kngland, than of the palace of a
great monarch : but it has lich fuinilure, and loiiie good
pictures. The garden, however, is julHy worthy of ad-
miration. Our author had fe-.-n none in G 1 many com-
parable to it, tnough it wants thole exqiiilite charms,
and that enchanting vaiiety, cipable of being produced
by an inequality ot groun 1, of which we have numerous
proofs in CJreat Ijritain. One fide of the garden has a
narrow piece of water above a quarter o! a mile in length.
The walks, which are wide and fpacious, are moHly laid
■with gravel. I'lie narJen is divided into large fquaics
and batons, and in tiie intermediate fpaces aie lofty groves
and one of the fmeft oran.;erics in Europe. Here are
beautiful cafcadcs, and noble fountain>., with very large
batons ; among thefe the jet d'eau, erccteil in 171O by
Mr. Benfon, perhaps exceeds any thing of the kind in
the whole world : it throws th" water teveiity feet high.
Here alio, actoiding to the (ieiin.iii tafte, is a fylvan
t.leatte, cutout in green fcat^^, with aibjurs and fum-
nd fur the laiiti
admirahlL fliiicr, finiflli-il in 17 {4. a; lliccxp-nrr of ri 1,1 •
lh<iulan,l rixdollar.. The run Hamcl, whence thf [^^,1
obtains Its n.i.iie, runs into the tov/n moat.s, and con
tiiiuiii"; its courle round the walN, i!ilVh.irjcs itf 1( j„,,j
the \Vt(cr. In this city are fix hundred hnufcs licl.jn»'
inj; to the hurghcis, and lifry ccclefinltiral and other c|!
hces. Though the town conlifts of but one piiilli ij
has two churches, an abbey, now fecularized, betiiloj,
church belonging to the French C.ilvinilh, andonrta
quartet the Roman catholics perlorni divine worfliii) jn
a hoiife hired lor tli.it piirpofe. Here is alio a Latin I'rct.
(cho d, an hofpltal, ami a poor-hoiifc. Here arc won!].,,'
Iilk, and flocking m.inul.ulhires ; and from hence irrj,I
quantities of thread and limn are exported. ''
The Ciotringcn qu.ir.'cr is fituated apart from tf|5
others, and once coiiflituted a ditliiu'l prinripilifv, 1,
contains eight towns, willi the fame number of kculji
rized convuils, fi.'teen roy.d b.iiliwi^s. and eleven noble"
men's jiirifdiiitions, under which are four marketinn'i,,
and a hundred .iiul fcveiity-nine villages. The priiicnal
places in this dillrict arc the following : '
CJottingen, a city feated in thj lili'y-firft degree forty. •, I
fix minutes north latitu le, and in the ninth degree liitir.''' *''
lix minutes eaff longitude, in a fertile, fpa.ious, and
pleafant vale, along the water cr.lled the New I'.clnj
which is a canal drawn from the liver of that niiiic'
I'his canal feparates the Old from the New 'I'own, aj
the maifh. The ramparts which encompafs the icnvn
command a delightful prolpi^a of gardens, with meaJows
helds, and eminences. Thcfe ate about lix hundred and
ninety-fcven rods in circuit, and would form a fine walk
were the ulelcfs brealiworks on it removed. The town
confilh of above a thoufand houfes ; and, fincethe univcr-
lity his been built, is fo einbvlliflied with new builJin"!
that It is at pret'ent one of the liett built towns in all'
Lower Saxony, and the tine free-Kon-- pavement on lioth
tides of the fireets have fewequals. In winter theftrecls
are illuminated with lamps. In the town are five panlh
churches, the principal of which is that of St. |ohn, lo-
gether with an alms-houfe, that has a church aiiJ par-
ticiilar preacher of its own j as alio another for the L'al-
vinills. The Papifts here fay mafs in a private houle.
I'he church of the bare-footed friars is converted iiiloan
armoury.
The principal ornament and advantage of this city
is the univcrlity, n.imed CJeorgia Augufia, foundul i,,
the year 17:^4, by king (]corge II. in the room of the
amitiit (Jymnafium in the Dominican convent loundd
in 1586. This univerflty has acquired adillinguflicd r;--
putation. It has a large fplendid church, which wai
that belonging to the Dominicans, and to it belongs ,1
new and flately ftriuihire of Hone, the ground Hoor ol
which lerves as a h.ill for public ledures, and in that
above it is the libr.-'ry, with the council cham!:e,-, :ii:d
other apaitments, 1 his library, to which confiJcrable
additiiuis are every year niaile, is cnlled the liulowaii,
from its receiving its original from a colLc'tinn of aiiout
ten thoufand vidumes, bequeathed by baron Buloie, for
the public ufc, and by his heirs given to the univcrlitv. A
royal fociety of fciences founded in 1751, and a royal
(jerman fociety alfo form a part of the uiiiverlity j it has
likcwife a fine obfervatory, crcded on a towtr that
flands on one of the ramjiarts, together with a noble
pliylic garden, near which is a handl'ome anatomieal
the.itrr, a fchoo! tor teaching midwitry, a irma^uriim
/>!MiJi'\iim, under the diuctiOii ot the profil'i^ruf tlo-
uir.r.ce.
(iKt BENIHf.t
(jucll'e, and an
ivIiiKil here i'. 11
|,v eight mafler
Along the ni
wail, 1 11115 a he.i
•ii.iiiiila;lun-iari
tMile. I'he ado
ii veiled in a jud
.Old tlie injgillr.i
1 in' WIS for lottii
Niirdhcim is t
ti,|r . itfelf into
Ituiie bridge. T
lotviis III Hanoi
and has an anti
(inly one parifl.
nriies on tome
l,,mi examines
|i iiti-nre is prom
without liii cone
Mundcn, a tov
.1 little below thi
lonlliix the rivet
uith the meadow
gardens, woods,
prulpects ; but tl
liiMis. It confifts
in it are two r.,u
liec-iduiol and an
llK'lr wuifliip ill a
gan. In the towi
lour companies m;
belonging to the f(
'J hcle barrai ks arc
was originally a p.
The burghers of
Ollcrade, and thol
Mundeii. The tc
belonging to it, bi;
t.uits cliiefly conlill
I'rewcrs, tobacco-f
the principal fuppoi
iic and navigation.
\Vc now come
focillcd trom its ic
Gnibesjitislurrou
buttle, the county
lllanicenburg, the c
Kicllcnberg, and K
entirely cncompafle
partot thediocefeo
which includes a
miles long, and the
run with woods.
This country h:
<vhc.u, rye, barley,
luit the greatcll part
i::rn growing in tht
iMiie at all within t
ing the principal en
-re obliged to be (v.
trie;, 'i hey have,
tr.c cultivation of v
iincn, arc among tl,
bitants. In f,,ni"e b.
and Iheep turns to a j
cipal advantages an
.tnd mines of this co
beech, pines, birch,
lire chieliy free-flone
baiter, jafpcr, fait, ■;
tals arc tome gold, v
iron, and lead.
The principal rive
iity are the Leina, tl
The exports of tl
limber, land, ffone,
I'.'ad, fait, vitriol,
powdct-blue, fl.nrch,
t.itted fhiep.
(>,
€m
>->tca in 1
he H.ime.
Ill' ci;i«,
t \i
Ics fouth-
ihL' lijiikj
Mil uvor It
I by llnnc
n.vll illaiid,
licrc is an
'■ot>i;!ity
c tht tin»ii
, and cnn-
itl:-lf in'o
C8 liclyng.
I oihcr o,li.
r pirifli, it
i, bfiulcsi
.inl once I
wotfliip in
l..ilin tree.
rr woiillvn,
hence '^rcit
t Crom tht
•ip.ility. 1;
• of licuU-
cvfii H(ib!c.
irkct-iowii',
hu priucijial
Icgrce forty.,-, ,, I
degree iifty.";' ,
aeinus, and
New Ltiiij,
th;U name,
'I'dwn, .inj
h the t(i'.V(i
th me;iJ.'nvi,
hum! red ,i;:J
I ;i lii^e '.valli
'I'lic town
cthe univcr-
Ivv buiKliiij),
Itowns in all
eiit im '.'otii
,er thiKrei!',
e five jiardh
t. Jnhn.to-
cii aiiJ p,\r-
lur the Cal-
[liv.'.ti: liijuic.
rted into m
|ot' tlii? city
tDllIld'.i! .ji
b-ooni ot ihc
Lent roundcJ
Ingu (lied !•■
which wa,
tc belongs t
lull J floor 01
land in that
her, -.ir.d
IcdiifiJcriblc
lie Hiilowjii,
|ion of about
Bulou', for
linivcrfity. A
and a royal
^■riity 1 it iias
tower that
yith 3 nobit
anaiomitil
inr.ir,arium
Itlfur ot tlo-
iltjcncc,
GKl'BENIIAr,r.V.
EURO I' E.
ioi
y,.,„e, mid ill! arailrmy of exrrcifis. The F.-itin free-
Klmol I'leic I-- ""'''^' ixc'clleni regulations, ami governed
1 , i'i|>ht m.illeri.
Aliiiii; 'h"-" "'•"'!'' ^'"'" ''"■ '"^'^ ^■'■'"•^ '" ''^^ '""'"
va',! iiiiis a bcumiliil vill.i ollime-trcei. M.iiiy eunoii',
] ,,int.i.'tiirei;irc t.irni'd mi inthistity, wliiih lias agie.it
" ide. The admiiiillraiion otjulliee tor the towii-eiiurt'.
veiled in a judiii', nominated by the lovcreign hinilcll
',ji,l,i„. magillracy. In the year 1-57 and 175S thi-.
,|iv WIS liir lomo tlioc in the hands o( the Ktenih.
Sordhcini is litiutcd on the Uuhinr, which here di-
ii . itiell Into two hranehcs, over euh of whieh is a
Itmie bridge, 'i'his is the third in order of the gieat
lovvn* "I Hanover ; it contaiiii five hundred houfe'.,
and ha* an antient abbey now feeul.'ti/.ed ; but has
only one liarill. church, and a granimar-rehool ; yet
cirnej on Ionic manufadiircs. I'he [,'overtiur of the
l„wn examines canfes, and manages trials \ but the
liiitence is pronounced by the burgoinallcr and council,
xviihout hii concurrence.
Mundcn, a town fituatcd in a vale by the iMiKla, which
•, little below this place joins (he \Verra, Itoni whieh
oinlliix the river is calleil the VVtfcr. Thcfe ftreams,
with the meadows along the Wefer, the neighbouring
r.ardcns, woods, and hills, form on all fiden delightful
ito' lects i but the town freiiiiently fuft'ers by iiiunda-
tidii's. It coiifiH:' of fix hundred and fcven houfes, and
in it are two Lutheran parifli churches, with a [-atin
lite-ithuol and an alms-lioule. The Calvinilts perform
meir woifliip in m\ elegant building, in which a an or-
ean. Ill ll"-" '"*" '^^ * double garrifon, that i?, one ol
(mit cimipanies maintained by the town, and a legiment
iKloiV'ing to the lovcreign that is quartered in barracks.
Thefcharraeks arc fituated in a large (lone edifice, tliat
was orig'n.illy a palace built by duke Kric the younger.
The burghers of Mundcn are tree of Urunl.vic and
Ollcrade, and thole of Ollcrade and Hrunfwic free ot
iMundeii. i'he town has above two hundred gardens
Klon';insr to it, but has little corn-land. The inhabi-
tants chiefly confill of filk and damafk-wcaveis, vinegar-
brewers, tob.icco-fpinners, and nccellary artificers ; but
the principal fiipport of the town is derived from iti traf-
fic and navigation.
\Vc now come to the principality of Orubcnhagcn,
frt called from its formerly belonging to the familv "1 the
Grubcsjit islurroundcd by thofe of Hanover and Wolfeii-
buttle, the county of Wcriiigerode, the principality of
lilaniienburi;, the county (;f Hohenltein, the lordfliip of
Ulellcnberg, and Eichfeld ; and oncdilhin''f part of it is
entirely encompafled by H.inover, Wolfenbuttle, and a
pirtot thedioceleof Hiidcflieim. This tract of country,
nhich includes a part of the Hart/, forell, is about forty
miles long, and the fame in breadth ; but is alniofl over-
run with woods.
This country has fomc fertile traces that produce
wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, beans, and buck-wheat ;
bat the greatcll part of it bein;^ mountainous, and little
i;rn crowing ill the lands bcrdeting on the H.irt/, and
v.>iiie at all within that forell, agiieulturc is far from be-
me, the principal employment of the inhabitants, who
^re obIi'.;cd to be fupplied with corn fr ini other coun-
tries, 'i hey have, however, great quantities of tlax,
the cultivation of which, and making it into thread and
iiricn, are among the principal occupations of the inha-
bitants. In fome bailiwics the breeding of horned cattle
and Iheep turns to a pretty g.iod account ; but their prin-
cipal advantages ariJc trom the large forells, quarries,
and mines of this country. Thcle torcds confilt of oak,
beech, pines, birch, and alder : its minerals and lollils
are chitiiy Uec-ftonc, marble, flate, lime, gypfum, a!a-
baller, jafpcr, fait, zink, lulphur, and cobalt ; its me-
tals are fome gold, with a great deal of Alvcr, copper,
iron, and lead.
The principal rivers that run through this principa-
lity are the Ltina, the Oder, and the Ockcr.
The exports of this country are flax, thread, linen,
limber, land, (tone, (late, niarlde- works, iron, copper,
l.'ad, fait, vitriol, lulphur, lapis calaniinaris, zink,
powder-blue, (larch, various woolien manufactures, and
tatted (hiep.
61
I.iitheraniCm is the nnlv rcli;irn of tin rnuntry,
whiih has foriy-oiie parifli chnrihes, hcfiile. thole ill
Kinbec anil ( llUrode, all laiiged und.r foul (uperiiitcn-
deiils ( but the n inlhis ol llude cities are not liibordi-
nati' to tliem ) but have leniurH of their uw>i. 1 he prin-
cipal t >wn> in this country .ire
Kiiibcc, which I. hated on the line, one branch of
which runs throuj'li ihe town, and the other above it ;
but bnih meeting fu'ui .liter, run into the l.cina. Tin."
town ot Kinhec is cncoiiijiaired with ramparts, bulwarks,
lowers, moats, and Icvcial out-works, and contains
about feveii hundred an I li.sty houfes belonging to the
eiii/ens, fevcnty feven public edifiies, and ei^jht hun-
dred fiiurleen granaries, (lables, and other out-houfei.
The city is divided inio three parts, called the Markt,
the NeiilKidt, and the Miinfier. In the two fiill .iie pa-
lilh churches j but the bill lias been incotpotated with
the cathedral of Si. Alexander, Among the other pub-
lic buildings are a grainm.ir ii liool belonging to the cor-
poration, which his I'l veil ni.ilhr , an orphan- houfe, in
which foriy 01 fifty childrcii arc educated, uiuler the im-
mediate diredion of the ro\.i| regency, they being niain-
taineil out ol the provincial revenues. I'll • holpital of
the Holy (iliolt, the great poor-houfe oi St. Uarlholo-
mew, and a leller puor-hmile. In tiiis city arc nude
cloth, flannels, bai/e, flialloons, ferges, <:rapes, cala-
mancos, druggets, dimity, and other llults, and at tlu;
orphaii-hoiife they tarry on th>; printing of linen and
cotton.
Ol'erodc is fituated near the llarl/, by a little river
called Apenkc, and confilis of five huudud and eighty-
two houfes, with a tallle, in which icvtral of the dukes
of Hrunfwic-I.unciiburg have lefulid. In the town is
a liipcrintcndency, with three paiifh thurches, a Latin
fehocil, and a granary erccled fiir the ule of the miners
and other labourers on llic Mrunfwic part of the Hartz,
and from whence they are alw.iys fupplied with rye at
a moderate price.
Scharzfels is a rcmaik.iblc cattle, which (lands on a
high mountain, or rather avail rock, on the borders of
the llartz. 'i he only accefs to it la by means of high
llone-dcps, at the fumniit «( which is a round frte-
llone tower of a coiifider.ible height and tnicknel's, but
without any roof. In the lower part of the caltle arc
barracks ercdled along the wall. This fortreU is defended
by a few cannon ; it has a fin.ill garrilon under the di-
rciftion of a commandant, and here (tate-pnfoiicrs arc
fometimcs confined. In it is a very deep well, the water
of which is drawn up by mean, of a lar-'e wheel. On
dcfcending northwards liom the niounianis, alter pafling
through a n.irrow valley, and then aficnding a hill, you
come to the famous Scharzlel cave, which properly con-
fills of five cavern;., all lying in a row. I he firlt of
thcfe is very large aiirl clear, the ground being funk in
towards the center, and thus admits the light; but the
others are quite dark.
litfore we tike leave of this country, it is proper to
take notice of that part of tlie Haitz which is included in
it, and fubjejl to Urualvvic-Luncnbuig.
It is ohl'ervable, that the air is here lb told, that the
winters ufually lalt one-half of the year. The rains,
(nows, and fogs arc here more freciuent than in the level
coiiiurics round it j yet thole who live above grouiu!, and
nut among the mines, and lorges, arrive to a., great an
aL^e ;'.s the inhabitants of the plains. Tillage and the
cultivation of fruits turn to no account ; lb that the
whole harvcft confills of good hay. The trees which
cover the mountains confifl of oak, beech, ;;lli, afpm,
alder, birch, t^e. but two-thirds of thc.11 are firs, pints,
and other foft w-ood. Th" .ibuiidance of timber is here
the more valuable, as v»ithout it the mines and forge?
could not fubfilt- The minerals found here are yellow
oker, vitriol, fulphur. lapis calaniinaris, borax, cobalt,
lead, iion, copper, lilvcr, and fome gold.
The Hiunfwic-Lunenburg H.irtz being divided into
the Upper and Lower, the mine-u-oikcrs arc didinguilh-
ed by the fame divifioiis. The Upper Hartz, with Irs
mine- works, is lermed particui.'r, or belon:'ing only to
the cledloral houfe ol lirunlwic ; or clfe common. The
produce of the particular niiiic-wtrks about the year
l'"ff 17-14.
1
:v;ib
<;ifi
lit*-'
.1 1
fiffiBMI^
' ■ tl
"fflnffln
: t\
t■^■,
■i i; :
|:1
!!l|
Ifitl
ao6
A R Y S T r, M O I G I, O G R A P H Y.
WoirivuvTTti.
Il'l
(■' t
h'
;ilir'i|8 i
hU
17J4, reckoniiij; filvcr, cuppor, in'ii, Iwi.l, _.,iij li. :.-\,
anioiiiu' il III 110 Il'H than fcvcii IiimkIhaI .iml fi\ tlnuil.iiul
oiu- liiinJrcil ;|jij twenty-live rixJoll.n . i aiiJ on tlc.lu>:t-
ill.', the cxpcnix' out ol' tlilj liini, the l>ii|iUii iiccriiiM){ ti)
ihf I'livcrci^n .mimmtcj ti> .iliDUt i iiiiiiJti'il nul ilnrly-
fix fhi)ii(.inJ nxiliill.in, aiii! thJt infill^ in llir mhir prn-
)iiii t.irs Id 4 luinJrcd ,niJ twenty (houl'.nul livi- hinulrcd
iiii I liily iVvfii. Till' I niimioii mini'- wniki in the IJ|)-
p>r lint/ ul'-d to yii'lil jimu.illy in the .tlnivemenlioiicd
iiri 1 ilioiit twii hinnlridanilrmhly-fix llimir.nnl rixdnll.ns
<"! wmi li the lii'iilin arilinii; to the ConTcnin uniounicd
tn .iliiiiit fi'tv iluce ili(iiil.ind tixdoll.irn, .ind tlut iit the
fl);ireti III iiiiRtifn thmilind fivin hmidied mi I Icvtii.
'I'hc t(iinni(ii\ niinc-WDilcH of the Lower H.iri/. luvc
proijii.'cd aniiu.illy In gold, lllvcr, mtipcr, I .id, b mux,
I'lilpluir, prtui .mil whiti* vitriol, 7.111k, .iiid jioi j(h, i-
bnnt a hiinilred and eighty thoiiland lix luiiulr>d an I
ri^ht rixdollars, 01 which near ninify-lix thoufjiiJ arc
ili iKMt prodiiCP. Ihin the wholo llaru. yield aniinallf
about oin; millinn one hundred and IVvi nty-two ihonlaiid
lovcn hundred ahA Ihiiiylhrec rixdoll.ir'-, ot whii li, to
the value ol t jvo thoiiland fij^ht hiiiidred an I i-i^hiv arc
pold, which is c. lined into ilucai>, and ri^ht liinulied
and two ihoiifind (i^;ht hundred .ind fixtv lilver, whuh,
alt.-r a dedui'lion ot nil ehar:;cs, the neat prolit aiiioinits
to four hundred and twenty five thouLiiid two huiiditd
and I'eventy-fiiur rixdoll.irs.
The filvcr it coined imincd'.iiely in the ll.ul/, and
til'' rth'T ptDdtKHs the nliiie-ofTue;. at ll.innver and W'ol-
lenliuttle t.ike at a ftipul.i'ed price, ni.ikin^', their letiirns
In t.illow, leatluT, and olIuT ntct-lLiiic. lor the ininc-
wnrlfs, which arc alio furnidieil at a cvrtain rate.
Tlu- inlialMtant', of the Il.irt/ are conipoled of miners,
I.i'.iourcrs in the fmelting-houfes, wood-heavers, carriers,
and the fovereii;ii'b ofiicer.s and fervants 1 together with
minilljr«, fchool-mallers, attifieeis, and tradelinen, who
have tl'cie no other i:\\t\ 'miI one rixdolUron every houle,
and a lod.jcr and niine-offi. er only half a rixdullai , with
a finall e.-.cife on the beer Ciirried thither ; ind even thi^
ii ;'| plied to the bciufit of the miners and lahuuieii in tlie
finelnmv houles.
The (irincipal pl.ircs in the Ilartz arc,
C'lanlHial, a confidcrable ininetown, which hai broad
f).cet«, and upwards of nine bundled houfcs ; it contains
ah'iut ten ihoul'and inhabitant?, two churches a "i.uii-
mai-l'chool, which h.is
nial'ers, and an orphar,-
luiiil'e. This is the fe.it of the niine-ofF.ce, whicli be-
lon_-s p.irtieularly to the ilitlor of iirunfwie- I-um nhiirp,
and has a mint, in whuh between four and five hundred
rixdollars arc annually coined. 'I'liere is here alfu a houle
tor the fnii Itiiiji; ol filvcr.
Cellerleld is an open mine town, feparatcd from
Cl.'.iillhal only bv a fniall rivulet. This is the fiat of the
niuie-bailiwic-ortiee of the common I'pper H.ut/, ; as
alio of a common mint, in whicli bclwetn two hundred
and lifiy thoufand and three hiiii.ired ihoufand rixdollars
are aniuMJly coined in filvcr fpeei ■. 'I'he town contains
about live hundred and fiMy lunii'. , a ;:ood library ,it the
psrilli chur> h, and a I^atin fchool. 'J his town luli'ered
gie-i'ly by fire in i;^7and 1755.
W'li.u is here particularly called the Lower {lartz, i^
a liccp hi;:h mountain ofpntty lar;;e extent, alio named
Rammellhe'p, which is pofieHed in common by the elec-
toral and princely houfes. The ores fiiund in it arc of a
very folid texture, and make fiich refifiancc ai;ainft the
haiiim.rr and wedge, th.it for the caficr dilRdution of them,
the workmen areobli:;ed to nuke ufeof fire. On this
mountain aie twelve mines, of which the magillracy of
fioll.ir w.iik four, though to a diladvantage, t:-.ey ueing
(.blij^ed to deliver a certain part of the ore gratis to the
fovercign, and to fell the remainder to hmi at the price
formerly rtipiilatcd to them, which it at prcfent too low ;
but on default of this the town forfeits its forefl-right,
which it holds on thefe conditions.
Cinfiir, a free imperial city at the foot of Rammelflierir,
is feated on the river (jofe, which at a Imall diltaiice
from the town difcharjes itielf into the Ockir. The
buildinys are in the old tafic, except in that part of the
town th.it was burnt down in 1728, and has been re-
built in the modern manner. The cllablinicd religion
is Lutheranifm, and in the city an four pnifb chuiehc;
and two l.uthrraii fiiiindationt, which arc that of .Sr
Sniiiin ind bl. Jude, that was founded as a cinoruvui
Ail;iullins in the year 1040, liy the enipeior llenrv |[|
andtlic iiiipiiiat loundation ol retcrflnir^', uhieli nirnt,}
its rile lioiii the munificence ol the lame piiucp juj (,,,
conlort A;;nes, in honour ol St. IVter. rhcbiiditni' h,,,
been pulled d.iwn by the burghers, and, liner tlii'ynr
|(ij{, the ihipel of St. Catherine has been airijiiu-.l i„
the caiioiK, who me Liithctaiis, .ind their priniipal niKcti
who ii a de in. Here are two other Lutheran conviinv
that of Krankenbeig, which Coiinili of a diimmi ,|„{
three toiuenlu ililK, which belongs to the prineipihiy ,,1
\\'ollenbiittle i and the niiniury at Neiienvvrrk, whuli
i> di pendent on ihe magiltracy, and has achurch i>| n,
own. The city derive* its principal fulifillenci from 1,1
nei;^hbouring mines, the inhabitants being chieHv eir.
ployed either in dig|;ini;, clvanling, tempennj;, and vin{.
in;; the nieiali and minerals, or making and filing ih^.
haid-ware fiirnied ol ihcni. They alfo h.ive btewenngi
beer, and trade in piovilions, which they fill iii'.o the
Hart/,. rhuriiy is under the proteclion of the kii' ,1
(iie.it lliitaiii, asrtei^torol Hanover, alternately witiii^i^
duke ol Iliiiiiuvic-Wulfenbuttlc. Heic Hariold iichHurt/,
a lleneJiclinc monk, ik laid to have dilcuveied the ^w ^;
makiiijj giiiipowdei..* ti/f'nuthit>iitemh\tn '4 * /.^» •.
S K C T. XXV L
Of tht Dul.hisf BRUNSWlC-WoLrSNlllTTLF.
/// Situation, Prtduc*t and Rivtri : the Rtll/fun ami Ctm-
mini af tkt InhuhilatiH: ihi TitU, J' mi, ('J/ius, A',,..
nuii, ifi i Firm if tht i'liiin, viitb tht pniuiimi /'..,„
in I'M I Dutchy,
WOI.IT'KBUTTLF. formi a part of the dutchvof
Iirunfwie, and is divided into two paiis by IL!
betltadt and the dioccfc ol llddefli-im. 1 he nuiih |i.i;t
IS environed by LuiK'nbuig, Ilrandenburg, Maj;ilcliin^',
Halbcrltadt, and Hildclluim. The fuuih part Wi
lutueiii the two l.ilf, the county id' Wein .'emjr,
(iruuenha^cn, Hanover, Cowcy, and the touiuy cl'
Lippi-.
The e.iftern half of the fouth part, whicli lies I 'tween
the Leina and the liker, contains under it a par: of liie
H-rt/, witli the mine lalt-woiks, which the prinre liolili
in common, as haili been already oblervcil, w.ih tlic
cleibir of Biunfwic-Luncnhurg. The finitlurn part cl
this piinripality coiilllls cl.icfly of hilb and woods, wr.h
iirile ai.ibleland ; but, on the other hand, has grejt picnry
ol tinibir, iron, and f;lafs houfes, the manufadlu.ti ul
whitb aij ('icatly admiied, particularly thole of Inolcii^-
Jllalles ; with a fini porcelain m.iniii.icture. The iio.iil
part of the principality is more level, and produce; cmi,
lltx, and hemp, with all kinds of p.ilfe and fin.- iVutj
pra/iiij; alio turns to good account j tnc brrcdinu oi IJIk-
woniis IS now followed here, and premiums are .ilii.-a-.d
by the prince lor the encouragement of the produ.t.i.n
of nik.
'I'he Wefer and the Leina are the principal rivers in
ibc fouth part of the principality ; and h-ie ^lilo, as well
.IS in the Hart/,, flow the innerfte and Ocker : tlier;
are here likewile the Aller, and a canal drawn Letnci.-n
Q^ierum and (JlifTcnrode, which is of fingular advan-
tage, and wa,. opened in the year 1 7 50.
The ellablifticd religion is Lutheranifm, and both the
paflors and congregations are at prefint under five j -
ncral fupcrintendents. At Urunfwic both the CaUinilh
and I'apil'.s are permitted the ufe of a church.
The mamifaiiturcs of Wolfenbuttlc confill in the f| in-
ning of thread, and the weaving of linen ; J..11 niakui'
of woollen doth, and filk (luft's, Turkey, and other
fiirts of drell'ed leather ; the bleaching of wa.\, .uid
making ot porcelain j in lead, iron, and lleel founderic<.
The trade of the country conlifts in thefe anil oti.er ar-
ticles) as in minerals, turnery, and r abiiiet-niakcii
work, with Iirunfwie mum, and tlx beer of Koni'-
llutter.
The prince's title is only that of duke of lirunlVio
and Lunenhur'.i, which he enjoys in common witli the
kinj of deal Britain ; both, i\ hath been already ob-
I'civcJ
u
Woi.rRNni'TTi
fjrved in trratiii
(,ime family.
His arms are,
ihirt.Mil fields
J li,in a/ure, fiir
1, eides, with ti
^Ic. I'helhii
or, fiir the couii
qiice areent aiu
III Hiirriburg.
fur the county o
linn or, in < hi
ihiniit'h millakc
tcii'h fr Id. Th
pjiiilfd, fiir the I
jy party per fell'.
ar;,ciil and a/,ure
Tiie ninth a/ui
lower hall ' t the
«jufe gules and arj!
ikventh argent,
RcM Htm. ''"lie
loiJfhip of K If lie
a ll.iu's horn fable
the live crowned
tcr, has a pillar ai
I peacock's tail, i
a horfe ari'rnt, be
ralul in five place
The principalit)
among the princes
ufthe empire, and
ot which, by virtu
when the feniority
Ifiibiiitle, it prece
and Lunenburg fii
but (ithcrwife conn
The I'uprcme co
til, which has the
the general f;oveMi
dinaiiee.i, umiIi the
tinn of m.igillrates
anJ other importai
duke alFills as prefii
affairs lelaiiiig to it,
tre-fiiry, in which
coiiveiit-ofiirc. I'r
colleges ; but the Ij
hii'h court ot jullii
■".Vnlttiibuttlc. "
'I he prince's imr
fury, bailiwics, the
impolts of the circl
lion and fortificatior
nAiiis. The leU'er
college, fupcrintcnd
tax, Ihcep-tax, me;
with the excife on n
pjper ; as alfo the li
'I'he mi'itary fiirci
co.'iiills of tour rcgin
a 1-oily of horfc-giiar
militia regiment of
laining one hundred
fineers and matrofle!
invalids. Thefe trr
alter the I'rufli.in m;
and their exercife no
that people of dillini
being extremely well
in particular, Englifl
they occafionally paf
lleman obfervcs, feet
than of the parade
hn coach with three
livtry is yellow laced
behind his coach arc
in blue cloth laced \
fmglc fervant in liver
In this principality
tOM'ns, three fiundrci
WoLFENBCTTI.t. l- U
ff rvod ill trriiinij ot lUnover, being JcfccnJcJ from
R O
r.
1<J7
(,imf t.iinilv. . 1 rrt .•
Hn .irini an', howfvrr, v«ry txlcnlivc, anil rnnrilf o(
I ^' thirl.'i n 'i'lJ'' '*"^ '"" ti"'"-"'' * f'''"^'' "f hcarti oi, ami
t linn a/urr, lur the iliiti hy of Liinciiburj;. 'I'll.' I' lond
II culo, With two leopards or, fur the rlutthy of Uiiinl-
^Ic. i he thud II a/,iire, with a liim arg'tit nowiicd
or for the county of Kbftftcin. The fourth j;Mle!i rho-
nii'ix atL'eiit mid .iriirc with a lion or, for the !ordllii|)
,it tlnmlnirj;. The fifth or, a lion ijiiici rrowiinl a/iiri-,
for ihc county of IJicphol/. 'I'he fixth I'ulii with ,i
jinn or, in < hief, and four fcllVs of the (aine i hut
(hoiiit'h'niilhki.' only three are marked, and thtfc in thr
tvn'h li Id. Ihc fcvnth ii or, two btari p.iwt ex-
paiidivl, for ihe county of Hoya. The eighth is (|uartrr-
ly nartv per fcH; choqut-J ruIch ami ardent ; iiiidrriK ath
/^c-nt and a/ure girony, for the county ol Urmhaukri.
'I'ne ninth a/ure, an cii^lc ari:i-nt, which forms tho
l,)Wfr hall 'I the DiepholK fhicld. The tenth is clic
uutiJi'ulcs and ardent, fur the county of llolnnllrin. The
eleventh argent, 'a (hp'' horn y;ulci, for the county of
Ucii ticin. I '" twelfth arnent, a Hag laliU-, tor the
|oid(hip<'''I^i''"'"'^''P' The thirtcciuh is alfo ar;;rnt,
alt.iu's horn f.ihle, for thennintyot Laulciber';. Anion-
the five crowned helmeti, the chief, or that in tin- cen-
ter h.1!. a pillar ardent, crowned and furmouiited with
a pracock'i tail, in which is a (hr or, and in the middle
a horfe ar'^ent, between two ficklei reverli-d, and dcco-
taiid 111 live places with peacocks fMlhern.
The principality of Wolfenbuttle is pofli-fTcJ of a vote
sinoni; the princes, both in the college of the priiKcs
uf the empire, and in the diets of Lower Saxonv; in each
otwhiih, by virtue of .\\\ agreement concludod in l-oh,
when the feniority lies in the hoiifc ol llrunfwic Wcd-
ti-iibiiiile, It precedes thofe of the cledlor of Hrunlwic
aiiJ Lunenburg for /ell, (Jrubenhagen, and Hanover j
(lut nthcrwife comes alter them.
The liiprcnic colleuc of the princes is the privy coun-
cil, v'hich has the diredlion of all (t.ite alVaiis, as alfo
Ihi ciiicral Koveinment of the country, laws, and or-
diiiJiuts, with the polity, grant of privileges, noiiuna-
tiDii I'f ni,igillr.ites and oiricers of the law in the towns,
■jii'l olli<r important concerns, and here the reigning
duke alKlls as prefidcnt. The prince's revenue, and all
aitairs relating to it, arc either under the infpei^lion ol the
trc.fiiry, in which alio the (bvercign prefules, or of the
coinciit-ofiire. I'runfwic is the feat of the two tirii
coilii'cs ; but the lall, together with the chancery, the
hijh court ol jufticc, and the confillury, arc held at
■Wnlllllbuttlc.
The prince's immediate revenues arilc from the trea-
furv, bailiwics, the regalia, the conventual iltatcs, the
impolts of the circle and empire, contributions, Icga-
tinii and fortihcation monev, fcrvicc aiul ipiotas of pto-
\A:>m. The Idler committee of the (hues, or the tax
Cdllcgc, fupcrintends the town-tax, l.ind-t.ix, convent-
fax, (hiep-tax, meafure-tax, tithe-tax, and mill-tax,
with the excife on malt, beer, wine, brandy and ihnipid
piper i as alfo the licence.
The military forre maintained by the duke generally
confills of four regiments of foot, each of two battali;)ns,
a i-ndy of horlc-guards, a regiment of dragoons, and a
miNtia regiment of five companies, each company con-
taining one hundred and eighty men, with a corps of en-
gineers and niatrodcs. 'I'here is alfo one regiment of
invalids. Thefe troops are clean, and cloathed much
alter the I'rudian manner; but their arms arc lighter,
and their excrcife not fo cxart. Mr. Hanway obfcrves,
that people of dillimiiion feldom leave this court without
being extremely well fatisfied with their reception, and,
in particular, Englifh noblemen are well received, when
they occafion.illy pafs that way. The duke, that gen-
tleman obfcrves, feems more fond of cafe and happinel's,
than of the parade of life. He generally appears in
his coach with three other perfons of his family. His
livcrv is yellow laced with a blue filk and lilver galoon ;
behind his coach are ufually four footmen ; two pages
in blue cloth laced with filver run by its fides, and a
fingle fervant in livery rides before to clear the way.
In this principality are ten boroughs, eight market-
towns, three hundred and eighty fix villager, ?nd le\ en-
I'eii fees and f' n\cnti. Tlif lVi(f« are frmrnrcd uf the
de:\iM rl tlu' fec<, iind the nrior« o( thi' tonvcnti j of
the nobility who arc pod'.llrd of manors within ih»?
I'Hintryi amllalUy, of the deputiri of thr li ;hl i.ldi It
town,. 'I'he diets nrc held at the provine i il houfe at
Hiunlwie, and meet four tinii s u yenr. 'Ihe while*
niunrrv is dimbil into lour dillriLls, vi/. inl-i thole of
NVcdfiii'Miilc, .Silunii));, the Hut/, and ih" Wclir.
'I'he ililliiol ol W'olleiibutllc ii filii itrd on both lidri
the Oekrr, and cont.iini iiinkr it the loll.nviii/ fowm.
llrunfwic, the c.ipita! of the dulchv. Is litii.ltej in 4
plain on the ba.iks of the O.ker, wliiih tuns ihrou.;h it,
etiliTini' the town by two biouhri( but williiii it di-
viding into a great number, all which unite again 111 one
llreaui ,11 Ihe ill'ue of theOiker out ol the town. It
llinils in the tiitv-l'>-cond degree thirty iTiiniilcs north hi- <;{'f/»,
tifude, an I III the tenth degr thiity niuvnes call l.ni- *i4vi|,'i
(■iliide. It is well fortihid With a double wall nml
dttrhe>i, and on the ramparts l^ a bials mortir piiic
m.ide ill 141 1, which IS ten fict fix inches long, an i
nine Icct two inches in diameter. It rii|uires fifty-t\sii
pounds of powder, and will carry a ball of liven liiiii.
died and thirty |iniiiids weight to ih'.- ililKiinr o' thirty-
three thoulind (lacis, and throw a boinl) of a tliouhnd
poundi weight. In the arl'onal of the lily are ahmit (ixiy
pieces ol lulls laiiiioi,, Icver.il cohoinj iiiJ inoitais,
ten pieces of lariM' battering cannon ol an enormous Ii7.e,
and a great c)uainity of Inii'il arms. I In- city is two
mile in compal's, and ihi- ramp.iits planted wiin miil-
berrv-trees, The buildings ale for tlie iii'll part in tin!
old tilli'j but of late the iity his been iKamili.d with
many ni w llrucfures, and its llieets are In tti-r paviil
than formirly. I he pniui's pal.ue, called tlr ( Iriiui- of,
was in 17^1, the coiiit of Hi/.ihelh S.ijihia Mari,', wi-
dow to duke Aiigudiis WiUi.ini. Ihut karr.-d ,ind piuui
princefs creiSled a Ipl. ndid library here, the ptincipil lu-
riolity of whiih confills in a very valu.ibli' collectiin of
Icarce and curious Hibles, or parrs of Uilili--, in live-
ral languages, to the number ot above a ih niliiui vo-
lumes. In this palace the reigning duke ufua'. v roidei.
It hai rich and elegant furniture, very line pictuu.-, and
a cahiuct of curiohties. 'Ihe gardens belongin',' lu iIih
p.dace are laid out in an elegant talle. In the fame
Ifreet with the palace is the acadeinv lor martial exer.
cilcs, the cavaliers houle and aimoury, all new and
handfome buildings.
In the Hageii market is the ColUnum Qirc/inum, a
noble lirudture, built in 1745, and founded by duke
Chailes, from whom it taki.'s its n.une. The (hiJi-nts,
p.irticulatly ihofe of good f.imilics, arc taiinht all the iie-
celiary arts, Icienccs, languages, and i\ii,iles. In it h
a good library. In the fame market pl.ice ll.mds the
houfe, whiih makes a very handfome figure.
The Oldbiirg, at pre lent called the Moftbaus, or M.i-
fhof, is feated on th': Ocker, and before it on a iir ii
and broad pillar of frce-(tone ftands a brafs lion, which,
it is faid, rcprefcnts one which duke Henry furnumed the
Lion made I'o tame, that he followed him wlurever he
went, and after that prince's death died with grief. On
the burg-plat/, is the new play-houfe. At the packhofc-
all goods imported or exported are rated and taxed, and
this is fai.l to produce about two hundred thoufand
rixdol.ars per annum.
In the new town is the council-houfe, where the ma-
gilhatcs meet, as the treafury board does in the council
houl'c of the old ; and during the fair the piulages round
it ate crowded with toy-lliops. Nc.ir it is a chapel de-
dicated to a faint named /Xumr ; but in idSl, it was a,
figned to the foreign dealers at the lair, for the lecurity
and more convenient lale of their goods. In IL-yden-
itrcet is the mint. The work-hotife vvas rebuilt hv duke
Charles, it being firif formed out of an holpiial, ori;;i-
nally dedicated to the Virgin NLirv. The oiph.in-hou;t:
is an excellent foundation, and fincc the v."ar [yi;^, h.is
had a Latin fchool annexed to it, with a pi intinij-houfe,
and a bookfeller's {hop.
Ihc Luther.ms arc poflcired of ten churches. The
cathedra! uf St. IVuf-'is, which (lands in the Bjrglciii ire,
was erei^ted in 1177 by Henry the Lion, on his rttuin
(rom the Holy Land, inftead of the cnurch o( St. Peter
and St. I'aul, which was then falling to ruins, and an-
nexed
m
-pera
:1'1
I !
i ill
20S
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
llAI.BEnST.ADr.
//■/, . /v:
jVii"i I'-'
1^ nH-tf .
!i i:t
A'
^1 II
-J I •
iiexcd to it a cliapter. Tliis is an .iiiticnt Gothic llruc-
tiirc, tlif ciilui!', of wliicli is iuliinuil with twenty huge
paiiunij^s, rcpiclcntinj; the iiruphils iit the Old I'cltii-
nicnt in the clouiis ol heaven, wi.ich give the cililicc a
very lolemii air. 'V\\c hii'.h ;iltar is ot' m.irhle, adorned
■witli the thliies of [lie lour Kvan^elilh, and lupportcd
below l>y Mole: and Aaion. In this catiieJtal are two
lino nionnnicnts ot that duke and hii leeond conloit,
and here arc kept tlu' records ol' the elciitoral I'jniily and
the vault ot the dukes ol the lieeern line. The Dutch
and French CaKindls pollll's in common .S;. Uartholo-
mew's church, hut each have their lelpective pallor,
and to the Roman catholics is afligned the church ot St.
iNicholas at the (lone gate, 'i'he rcmpelnot is an an-
tiipic building that I'oiinerly belonged to the Knights
'1 emplars ; but, on their luppreffion, palled to thoic ot St.
John, and particulaily to ti.c coniinandcry ol Supplin-
genburg, which in i }(); dil'polcd of it to Kaland St.
Jurgen. The dean and cameutriui are eeclcfiartics, and
the two lay-members aic ulually magiilrates : tnele tour
coinpol'e tlie lociety.
In the town are two leniinarics, that of St. Martin
a:id St. Catliarine, with a Ichool lor anatomy and fur-
gerv. Here is alio a college lor the Uudy of phylic, in-
llitutcd in 1747, and depending only on the duke and
his privy-council. Tlie lazaretto, as well as the above
Ichiiol and college, were built by the lame munihcent
priiKC duke Cliarlcs. Here is alio St. Leonard's hol-
pital, which (lands without the ilonc gate.
This city is well provided with a variety of ingenious
artills, and has levcr.il manufaelures. The tirlt Ipinning-
whecls weie invented lure in 15^0 by one Jurgen, a
Jtone-cuticr and It.ituaiv. The Itiong beer invented by
Chriltian .Mummeii, and from his name called mum, is
exported to all parts, even as far as Alia. IJiunfwic h.xs
two annual fairs, which are very contiderable ones. This
tiiy has been frequently beficgcd, and (ometimes taken.
Jn 1757 it was pollelled by liic French, who quitted it
again in I'sS.
.At the diltancc of about five miles from lirunfwic is
the paLice of Saltzdahlcii, which is fituated in a mean
village of the lame name, thus called from a conliderahle
lalt-work in its neighbouihood. The greatell part of
tills palace is of timber, and the rooms ninltly lined with
painted cloth. The gic.it g.illt-ry o ' ,' 1 -iiues is a nohic
apaitmeiu two hundred feet long, hitv broad, and torty
hi"h, containing above a thouiand excellent puSuies,
ieveial of them curious originals, bv the bell mailers.
The Idler gallery, which is a hundred and lixty teet Ioiil:,
and twenty broad, is likewife full of maileriy paintings.
Air. Hanwav, on viewing theic gailerie:, fays he was
jiarticularly Itruck with the following pieces : Adain and
Kveviewin;; Abel after his death, and pulling open his
eves, I'y Sirudcl. Abraham embracing his (on alter the
tiial which (jcjd had maile of his faith ; piety and joy here
leeni to contend with each other, while his looks e.yprels
a feraphic adoration ; this piece is bv Lichens. Peter de-
livered Iroin prilon by the angel, by Steinbtck. Judith
and her attendant, an old woman, holding Holofernes's
held jull cut otl', the lace appealing with l.mie llgns ol
life. Rembrandt, hi:i wife, and thiee children, m one
piece, bv himlell. Cephalus and I'roois a verv fine
piece. 'I'hc Aleenfiun, which is much citeemcd. Lewis
XIV. and his two midrelles. Prince F.ugenc. The
inairiape ol two Hollanders, .\e young man and woman
looking tenderly at each other, while the parents arc at-
tentive to the iiot.iry who draws up the aiticlcs.
At the end of the lefler gallery to the light is a large
fabinet, in which are above a thouiand pieces, as plates,
bottles, faltlellcrs, of incoinparable beauty, many ol
'-MJi./;^<tthem being enamels performed by Raphael Uibino, when
J ikiii f, be w.is ciiuniouicd With the potter's daughter. Facing
}ull'rr/f„ jiiL- above cabinet i, a large one ot China porcelain, con-
..//t/«i'' -1.1111111;'. above eight thoufaiid pieces, beautifully arranged.
•'.;. Adjoining to the large gallery are fix I'mall cabinet^ filled
Willi ciinoritics of art and nature. The chapel here is
verv giand. T he :;3rdcn is a very fine one ; but lome
of the llatucs are but poorly executed.
Near tne chapel, and contiguous to the orangery, is a
convent dedicated to the Virgui Mary, loiinded by duke
Ai'thony Ulnc and his contort, fur a duniiiia and ili'tccn
fillers of noble families, whopcrform divine fervice twice
a d.iy 111 the chapel belonging to the palace. It has ^ju
a piovoll, and lends a repreleiiiatlve to the dates.
W'ollcnbuttle, a foitilied city, I'eated in a finv aiiH
marlhy countiy on the hanks ol the Ocker. Itisaplia.
lant jiiace, and contains many handlome houles j lelidi-
which it is the feat of I'ome of the he.id coilegrs ol tl,.
dutchy of Wolfenbuttle, as the chancery, the ciiief cdirr
of jullicc, the bailiwic-ofliee, the conveiit-ch.iinber ih-
conlillory, and general fuperintcndency. Merc 1, ;„,
antient armoury, and ihe r.illle was lor llie mull ijart tin-
ulual rclidence of the dukes, and tluir library is i.ncuf
the bell in all (lerinaiiy ; it is in a particular hiiilJin.,
hnilhed in 1723, in the lower part of which is a iiJinu!
Ichool. The Icmmary here is Itiled the ducal great Icliuui
It contains leveral churches and other public hiiiKlin,,,
In 1757 it was in the hands of the French, who Aiui-
doncd It the next year.
Gandedheim, a fmall incan town fcitcd in a valley by
the fide of the little liver CJande, and containin't a ducal
leat, erccicd by J<>liii Julius, with a bailiwic-houfe a:'J
a Latin frec-lehool. Hut it is moll famous for the irn-
pctial, ducal, free, and fccular foundation of St. Anallj-
lius and St. Innocent, founded in the ninth century. 'l"i,;,
abbey is at piefeiit Lutheran, and compoled ot an abSilj
a dean, and eleven canoncllc-s. Fhele have no paitnu.
Indrcls, but wear a irols ol the order enamelled hiaek
and red, on which is reprel'eiited the inHrumcnis ufej .^
lur Saviour's crucihxiuii. On the tnjjol it is achiilc- y,
diamonds, and at the bottom a death's head eiianiellrj
white. This crofs is fallcneil to a broad watered nliheii
of a pale blue, diverliiied on the edges with narroiv iiL.cK
lliipes, and h.mgmg liom the iigi'.t flioulder dowr. bo-
lowthc wailt to the left. To this celebiated lounjjti ,|,
alio belong eight canons and capitulars. T'he dukes ar-
patrons and protedors of the abbey, though the aMni.
has both a Icat and voice in the diet of the empire ,\\i
among the prelates of the Rhine. The abbey is prrlllilii'
ot lour hcieilitaiy bailiwics, and to it belong the adi.iccji:
convent-, of Ijrunlliaulen and Clans.
s f: c t. xxvil
Of till Priniipalily 0/" HAi-nERsiAivi .
lis SitiMtion, lixlcnt, Proiluci; Riven, and Towr., . /V
Religion and 'Tra/lc of the Inlnil/itants : tl'eir Goverritncr,:
the Revenues of the Sovereign, ami a Dejiriptioii of lU-
her/laiit its Cn/tital.
THK principality of Halberfladt is furroundcJ to-
wards the call by the principality of Anhalt and
the dutchy of Magdeburg, and towards the welt bv the
dutehy of lirunfwie and the billiopiic of Hildtflnim, c.v-
tending from call to well about forty-two miles, aiii
(rom north to fouth thirty- three.
The country is for the moll part level, but contain'
lome eminences. The fiul is extremely fertile, both in
grain and flax, and has rich pallures and meadows, whciiei
the inhabit.ims fubfill by grazing, and their large brctd
of Iheep ailords plenty of wool. Hut, on the other haini,
the woods are continually Iclfening, and the want ni
tuel is lo gieat, that they arc obliged to import turf to,-
the ufe of the poor. The country has not a fufficienc •
ol game and filb ; not is there a river of a coiilideiabi:
lize in the whole country : the principal is the liode, i.i
Bud, the Selke, and the life.
In this cnuniiy, including the county of Rcpeiiftc ri
and the lordlhip of Derenbuig, are tc n towns, and niiictv-
nine fmall country towns and villages. T'he inhab.iaii;-
are laid to amount to upwards of two hundred thou
land.
The greatcfi part of the inhabitants arc Lutherans
and their ■ hurchcs arc diviiled into eleven inlpednii ,
over which is a general fuperintendency. The (jalv mill
and Papillsarc pretty nearly of an equal number, aiiJ tii
Jews arc tolerated, but are not to exceed a fixed nuiiibt:
of families.
1 he woollen maniif.itihires cllablilliod in tin-, countrv
are in a thriving condition) and Us exports piiiaipa' .
conlill of gram. ^
1 I:
HjLDF.31lr, I.\
im ol'I'j.-
Dundcil to-
Anhalt and
welt bv the
tflv.iiii,c.v-
I'.iilcs, aiii
ut contain'
both In
ws, whciitr
Urge ba-td
other haiiii.
W.Ult III
port tuit to;
lufficieiK ■
tOllllllciabi:
he lioile, I'i
HlLDFSllr.l.M.
Rcfcnften
, aiiJ tiiiictv-
iiihabiia:ii-
ndtcii ihou
I>uthcraii-,
iiil|iedii II .
IlieCuKiiiill'
Tiber, anJ tl"-
IxcJ numbt:
|tlii'> coiii\!r\
piimipa' .
\l U R O V v..
It enjoys •! vot"^ .invin;; the prliK'Os, hotli in tlu- dut
of theniipireaml th.it o( tliccirrle. On its .IcilKmi ■
to the h'.iiU- of li..in.li'nlHir;',, it w.i-, pl.icid both in ti,k
anil .irni. bcfou: .my of tlie ollv r piintipiilitic. Its .iini.
areput^ ivji pile nnle? .iiwl .irs'.iit. .
'1 he iiinu.il rrvuiiie luiriHi; to ilic rovirci'Mi from tlii-
priiKip.iliiv, iiitJilK- incorpor.te.l loiinlies .mil lonllliips,
incluil'm^ iikowifetlie eounly of \Venii:y;ro le, miiounts
to aboiitYrV'' hiin.l'e.l ilioiilanil rix,lni;.iis\ Km the more
lonveuk-ntlevvin-tlie imports aiiJ alKHinfms, tlie prlii-
cj.ialitv 1- ilivi'l- 1 inl" ii.v circles: tlie |iiiiicip.il town is
'll.ilberlln.lt, tliecipit.il of the princip.ility, is fiited
oil the river lli'tiiiim, in tiic lifty I'eeoml ileijivi; feveii
minutes imtli Imtiide, ami in the eleventh il-,nree fif-
,fcn nimiitcs e..ll lon.nrinle. It i> a well Iniilt town, the
Hreir> are preity llraijht an.l irniform, aiiil ni.my of the
anil's aic lianJloiiie, tliouj'h they are jTenerallv ol.l-
11 the year I7s.'- 'he wa '
209
iJ fro.Ti iiorth to fonth f.iTi.'what a-
forfy-fev n mil;
bove thii,v-i i;;lit.
The '.Te.itdf psit nf thii dioctfe roiifills of a pooj foil
tit lorlilla;;e, aiul in.it v:.-!>ls a iMea! i]ii.miity <■! Ilax an.l
hop-i, with panleii pi itits aiiJ
biiil.
which fur.ioiinJ
I the mo.its hlleil
falhioiie.1. In the year i'/,
TicarhaUth-! city were piilk-.l .lown, an.
to toil" a level, which has bei n converte.l into
a plani.^:Mii of rnu'.bcrrv-trees. The inli.ibitaiits d.. not
lip [0 as
lis freedom of reli.>i.m ; bill,
^iiiiier.in
t<"C'i ; but It att'ords onU'
a (ulHiieiiiy of holies, cow?, lliei|), an.l hoys, ihefoiiih
part is hilly, and for the iiioK part covered witli fine
woods of iialc, beach, alii, and birch. Such niotint.iin,
as are bare contain valnible qiiairirs, and alio iuni ore,
in iDnfequence of which lome iron foniidiTiei h.v.e ban
linilt. Ihcrc are likewife f..iiie ;,>(hhI fdt-worics 111 th'.
p.irt ; but thife arc hot iiilheaiu tolnpplv the diocelc.
The I.eina tr.iveif.-s the wril.rn pair, and at Kiiiite i .
joined by the liiiieilt;-. 'I'he l''nfc iif.s b'lc, and rum
into tlip prm.ipalitv of f.nnenbllr;^ The Ucker tr.i-
vcrd s the eadeiii part of the di.icele, and, after reeeiviiiL',
th'.- Kck'i-, enters lb'' priiicipalitv ot WoIIVnbiittlc : but,
notwiibllaii.iin.^ tbeii h,:\in:; thef.- livcrs, (i|!i is fcarcc.
At the time vi the Ref.>iii-i.iti.m the .Mi-al.ll part of the
diocefebi l(in:;ed to thi dukeot iiiiinCwi. I anienbiir.;, wli.i
alter t.ikiiijr u from Iniliop (ohn, when under il e Iviioltb-
cnipitv, I'hiained the iiiveltiture o( it. Tlie'i' duk-..^ wer.:
in.he.j (o fir Irijm pioir.uiin.: the rct'.irm.>tion in thcle
pails, that I In V obllrudted it tothiMitmoll of their p"wei ,
yet .ilrnolt the whole cuiintiv fo.iii m.ide an open pio-
lellioii ol l.iitiKranifiti. The 1. Il'cr fee di.| the like, and
tiie biOiops .rrantcd the v
in the be^iiniiiii.; ot the thirty years \ear, 1
niiniltus wi.ie ilriven out ot the leller bilhopric of llildc-
(heim, and the l,utlier in ihiir -hcs ill the gre.itcr as much
opprell'.d; but the dukes of nnmUviek .111 1 l.aneiibnvw
haviiii', by a ecinventi.iii In 164 {, ceded the litter tu
the biliiop, it was llipulate.l that the J.,iitheran.> ihould at
cert.iin times, an.l 1111, l.r ccitnin li'iiitation"!, cniov thi:
tree cxercile ot their religion ; bnt at len^;th reli;;ioiis
liberty was Settled on a loll. I and l.illini; foumlatiun." t)t
the Lutheran relii;ion arc.i'.l the tuwii>, with tbe L-rcatelt
part of the nobility, .ind moll of the vilhiL-es" ; but
the fovrrciijn, with th.' cathclra! chapter, the convent,
aliiinit all tin; cpilc.ip il olTieers, a part of the tiobility,
and many perfoiis boih in the towns and country, arc
Roman lalbolie;;. The Idler Inllripiic, as it is Called,
has no Lutheran r.i|,eiiiilen.luiey ; but in the greater
I there aie nu lets tdaii iuur.
I 'I his dioccfe ha;, but few mantifac'liiies, and thefc are
ol.;.iod linen, ordinary wo illeii clotli, woilied llockini^s,
I a coaile porieLr.n, witli all kir.d. if liim-w.ires. Its ex-
ports coiifilt of corn,
.ind liiuii.
'l"he aiins of this f^
ar./enf.
Tlu biflu'p of mUleniei.Ti fits in the diet between the
billiops <p| Aiiglliiir;; .'ii 1 I'aderborn, r.nd voti s anion:,'
I .thedia]
e!ec> the
I
much exceed thirteen biiiulnd, tlioir'.li wiihin and about
the town are lixteen chiKihes. The cathrdr.il of .St.
I'dcr IS an old but ILit ly biiildiii;^ coiihtling of a very
hard iree-ttone. The ch.ipicr i.s conipoUd ot a provoli,
a Jem, a fenior, f'.ib-lVniors, and lixteen canons, four
of whom are of the R.miilh reli.;i.'n, and all the others
Luthcr.i'i'- In 171;+ the king; of I'l ullia cmiteired on
thccb.ipter a crnl.s of i">I.l, en, uiielled with white, and
divided into cipht points : in the center on one tide is
the I'riidl.in black eagle, an.l on the oiiicr the ima:;e of
St. Sti'ih.-n. This crol's is faHencil to a deep fcarbt rib-
bon, bord- red with black. On St. Fetci's-lipiare, which
is very (pacious. Hands t!ie priory and a iiioiiallerv, the
latter of which was rebuilt in I7i;4., with tome haiidfome
hiuiil's lor tiie c.'.non'; and prelieiid.iries. Fronting the
cathedral is the Lutheran collegLite church ol or.r Lady :
to thLiii .lii' belong the colle-iate churches ot .Sr H.'iii-
faec and Maurice, and St. I'rter and Paul ; St. Martin's,
to will. h ihe general fiiperliiiendeiicy of the principality
IS annex d i St. _|olin'~, the h.ilpit.d or church ol tiie
Holy (ib ill i nil i St. Klr/.ibeth's. The (Jerman C'alvi-
nifts aie pollcll'ed of St. Peer's chai"!, and the Fieiich
Calvin.tl; have .iihmcli. The I'.'p its .ire pollelled of
three convents of monks and two nuiiiicrics, to which
mull be a.ideJ the ciiapel of the voliint.iry poor ; the
Jews are alio allowed a I'ynagogue. This town is the
feat 0! all the U itc courts and olFues ; it ha; three public
Lutheran lih'v.ls, wlii'Jl are tiiole of the c.ithidial, St.
M.irtin's .Hid St. John's, and an orphan hoiile. In 1758
Halhirllalt was very leverelv tri-aud by the Lrcneh, vvno
drniolilhed its gates, an I .dfo its remaining walls for eight
huil.lr. d inds ill leii ;th.
Htf.irc wc coneliiile this account of Halbetftadt, it will I the piiiices in the diet of Lower Sa\iiiiy. The
bcneiellary t.> oblVive, tii.it tiie county of R.ut illKin, ch.ip:er conl'ills of firty two mmibers, wh
or Reiidleiii, aniieiitle f.nmed but one cmmty in con-
iiinclinn wiin Ml.mkii. 1 >, the counts of Reinliein and
'Ulankiiibuig being di' .1 liom tlic fame IL'm. 'Vhe , lirlt llate of the diotele, and i.. p.il'.llUd of very cunCiJer-
t'.irmi'r at piefent, bow v . r, belongs to the clci^or of ' able reMiiiics.
liraniKiibiiig, who retains it as a foriihej tief of H.ilber- I The bifli.p, who is pcncr.<I'y abf iit, le.ues the pn.
fiiJi. ii"t« iiliftanding the deirands of tlie hmilV of Ii; unf- I ye rnmeiit of the cniintrv to a II i.ltbolder and privy coiiii-
wic-l iiiunburg relative to a rilHtution of a part of the | cil. 'Lbe adminillratioii i.f j..|lii.r is ccniiiiittcd to tlio
county which the counts of Tatteiibach had held as its chanceiy of the icgeiicy, .ind ibc eb if tiibuiul; but the
fiifs; .iiid this has given life to a procefs laid to be Itill j l.irmer alone takes cogni'/.mce ofc; .aiinal caufes. From
drpinding before the .iiilic council, lilankeiiburg w.is, j both thele eoiiits, an appcl lies to the Aulic council ;
ill like ni.iniur cuile., .ne eaiiieJ fioni th'.; towns to
them.
(lieep, Wdu!, !"j;!
Ii;s lee aie p.iity pi r
^, la't, thie.iJ,
[iile gulcs anX/r»/...
!■ :P
bilhop, and on a vacaiuy of the lie t.'.ke the leins of l'o-
veriinunt into tlielr own hand.s. The chaptc Is alfitho
in 17P7, erci^lcil by the emperor ]..
Illy, and fiiiee the year 17 jl hash
ine huul'e of Ulunlwie-W'clieiibuul
; ph Into a pi nil ipa-
Km 'cd to the rei^ii-
S L C T. XXVIIL
Of thi Bijh'pri; cf IIll.iilsiu;iM
l:> !!il-i.itl:n. Extent, Pr:uuu, ivul R:i(<i ; the Ri'''^iin '/
li'f lnl;ihit,ii:t!, tl.\-
p'incipul 7's\."is.
.'I /,.•-:
I..'.'tt'v;, (iiVtr<imti:t, n'lil
THI! dioccfe of liiKKflKim is cnennipdUd by iLi-
ii.iver, Woifenbuttle, I irubenhagen, ILilbeiitadt,
.ml L'liienbiir^, tcrinln.4iiiig alio on ihe coiiiit\ ol Wci-
iiyiieJe. L.s I'-e.'tell e.x'.i t t'lom call to wl! i; about
tj
1 he fjiiiitii.ll jurlfdiJI .'11 oyer thofe of the Popifli re-
liijion belongs to the billiop's (.fluial, .iiid the f.utlKtaii
fubiec'ls, bv Ihe pe.ice ol \V'ell|,h.i!ia, have alio their
ccniiltory, whiih is ci nipofed of two cciKfi.dlic„I, and
and two lay lotinlellois, who nuilt be Liiilieian-, ai.J
to thele are ai'did a leeietaiy and cl.rk of t'ue fame re!i-
gi.'n. '1 he I ballet II. ir of the regency, or, in his ab-
kiice, a llaie coiiiifellor, reprefents the loxeteign, and is
pillillidot the lull I. .,t and yime j but his \o;e Jiii.i
not extend t,> leilaiii laits, in wliicli, on acci tint of
the dilRieiiii III idlpifii, he cai.nol , il a» judi c, 'Lie
cciililloiy i- iilually hi Id but eight times ayar.
Ihe tpileopal icveiiucs arc under the dinciii ti of the
trtaliirv, anil arife Item the l'( nuiiiu arJ rtg:'!ia, ixclu-
t;
i^
ti'.
m.
'i> '
f
f
5. lO
A SYSTEM 01- GEOGRAPHY.
Lis
AT I. A.
lilji
.1
.V
five of ilic funis anmully granted by the diet. Mere is
alio ii t;ix-o(lice lor this coimtry, into which arc paid
the contiibiiiKiiis, with the land-tax, mcalutt-tJX, vil-
l.ige and ilKtp-tJxcf.
Tlie vshdli.- military force of this fee conCifts only of
one toiiip.iiiy of foot, as a ;;.irrifiin to the town ot I'ciiia,
iiiul a i<.w tiooiHT'.. In the dioctfe are ti^ht boroughs,
wuh loiir niaiki.t-tr.wn>, and two bundled and furty-
(i^ht MllaLics. In 17^1, the nobility were leclconcd to
have K-xeiuy-hve nian«r>, the proprietors of which are
aJniitied into the allcmbhts ot the nobility, and ijuali-
licd lor the diet.
The dates of the country confift firft of the cathedral
chapter j fec^;ndh, of the feven abbies ; thiidly, of
the nohility ; and louithly, of the towns of llihledieini,
I'eina, l.l/,e, and Alcl. 'I'he foveieij'.n alone convenes
the diets, whiL-h are generally held in the he.unniii^'; of
the new year, in the nobles hall at llildelheiin. They
are opened by the bifliop's ehantellor, and a fccrctary
le.uls o\er his propolals, on whiih each elaN leturns
thanics in the perfun of its fyndie, with afliiranees that
the piiipola!-. Ihail be taken into eonfideration, and a
pro|.' r .iiiiwer reurned.
I he principal plates in this diocefe are the following:
Hi.ddbemi, in l.aim IJildelia, is the capital of the
dioiefe, ..nd iKmds on a rii^^;td >leclivity, near the In-
ncille, ill the filty-fetoiid degree twenty-lix minutes north
latitude, and the ninth degric fifty-one minutes calt
longitude. It is pretty large, but old and irregularly
built. Ihe magiHratv, with tiie greatell pait of the
burghers, aie Lutherans; Init the rtit ot the popifli reli-
gion. I he catliedral, which belongs to ilie latter, is
richly orn.iniented, particularly with tine paintings, and
aiiiooL' its .>ntii|Uilies is the idol Irmenlul, which Itands
Imiiting the grand ihoir. Over the ciols-way is the
nobility hall, which is finely painted 111 Ireico i here is
alfo the place where the diet is opened, together with
the chapter-room, the trcafuiy, and a library. Near the
cathedral Hands the chancery, which iv.is once the re-
fulencc of the bilhop ; but at piefent ot the lladtliolder'
1 I'he cathedral yard, in which feveral of the canons have
I thtir dwellings, is planted with rows of trees. In thi>
j fame pLice alio Hands the Jeluits college, which befulo
I its other ornaments, is remarkable for its tine hall. '|i,.
Memiiiary, which belongs to it, confills of nine tlaii'ci,
Holy L'lofs abbey is alfo a noble cditice, that has a iplcn^
did church. Here are two convents of Ueiudicline
monks, a Carthufian inonaltery, with another for Ca
puchins, and two nunneries. The Lutherans are pof.
ftlful <if eight parifli churches, the principal of whith is
. that of St. Andrew, in the Old Town. 'I'hcre the lupff.
; intendent reiides, and in that alfo is the Gytnnafntm Jin
I drcaiiiim, a large elegant IfiuClure, which contains a wioj
' library, 'i'he church was once collegiate, but on its be-
■ ing ceded to the Lutherans in 1542, the deans and ca-
nons were removed to the Liberiy, where they iliil re
\ hde, and hold their meetings every yiar. '1 lie La,..,
' (chool ot St. Lambert ii under the diiection of /our m-
1 Iters. The Jews have a Ivnagogue here. I his was j„
! tiently one of the Haiife towns ; but the calamities it
I luft'ered by war in 1632 and 1634, in both which vtn
I it was belieged and taken, have been of irreparable prj.
jiidice to it.
Peina is fituated in a marfliy country on the Fufe and
, was formerly reckoned among the fortrell'es. 1 henrtat.
I elt part of the inhabitants .iie Luthci.iiis ; but the patro.
nage of the Lutheran town and paiifli church, is lodae,!
! in the bilhop. This garrilbn confilts of one cotnpjny
' of foot, who are in the bifliop's pay. in a corner of ihc
' town, ffands the epifcopal palace, with a Capuchin cnn-
j vent, and near them is a fubuib called the Dam, chiefly
' inhabited by lliop-kecpers and Jews.
C H A P. XIII.
Of L U S A T 1 A.
S r. C T. L
Of 1' f !^':luat'r,ti. Extent, Pm/line (in,l Rkv>\ rf Luf.l'ui in
gini'iil; uith the Rtiinion, Lcaini'g, MuniiJiuUuin and
Cii'inuUi cf the lnl<ul>:timti.
Ll'SATI.A, which f(>me author"; place in Auflrian Si-
Irfia, and others in Sa.xony, extends in Imgth (rom
the north-well to the foiith-ealf, and is houndid on the
call oy Silclia, on the foiilh by IJohemia, on the weft
by Milnia, and on the north by IJraiuknburg. It is five
hundred andf-veiity ii:il(s in compals, and is di\ided
into the mar(juifa!Ci tif Upper u'd Lower I.iifatia. 'I he
firmer abounds more in n;ountains and hills, and en-
joys a purer air than the latter, in which aic tound many
bog'.'v and n.ooiifli traifts ; but has a great number id
woods, ard tlude hmr ones than arc to be met with in
Uppci I.ufatia, whire the fertile traifis of that country
haxeagreat fearcily of timber, in the mountainous
trafls o( L'pprr I.ul.itia, on the borders of liohemia and 1
fiiicfa, I', bu; little room for agriculture, 'i'he heatt.s 1
on the (•ntiaes of i.ower Lufatia conhd of a poot foil,
which are ot but Iiitle ufe exitpt tor hunting. |
In carh of thele mauiuifates wheat, lyc, barley, and
cats are cultivated ; as alfo much buik-wheat, together
with pea>, beans, millet, lentils a.nd flax. With rtlpe,Jt
to orchaid and garden fruits, as alfo to the culture of
hops, tobacco, and wine, Lower I-ufaiia has greatly the
preterencc 'i'he inhabitants alio make fome white and
Jed wine. However, the produce ot thi-. country is not
fiifiiciuit for the fupply id the people, and therefore
coin, fruit, hops, gaiden (Uilf and wine, are imported
iiUg the Lulalias, 'I'hu breeding of cattle is very coiifi-
detable; there is alfo no want of vcniHsn, and tlic rivcrj
lakes, and ponds )icld a variety of tifii. *
Here are quarries of ftone, and in the mountains ars
dug ci\flals, agates, and jalpers. 'i'his country liawl-
fo an alliim-work, and a vitriolic and copp< r water and
in (everal places is found very good iron-ltone.
• In the Lufatias rife the river Spree, the Sehwartzr-
Elller, and the I'ull'nitz ; :.nd the NcilTc, which rdls in
Hoheniia, has its courle chiefly in Lulati.i, where ;t re-
ceiies feveral (mall rivers, and below Guben diichufcs
iifilf into the Oder. °
Some I'paiks of the Chriflian religion were fc.ittercj
here in the feventh century; but feveral hundred \esrs
palled befcic the people could be brought uiidtr rlie
Ronud: church, and the compulfion cmplojed on that
occalion mud neeellarily have exalperaud them, »hde
it tendered numbers of them hvpociites. However
from the eleventh century, many convents and chuichej
became creeled in the country. 'I'he iloiilnnes of Lu-
ther were here received fo early as the year 1521, and
Ipreading by degree;, became the prevailing chiinh, as
it continues even to this day. There arc, however, fc-
v.ral popidi convents, churches, market towns, a,;J
villages, Icattered through the coiiiuiv.
Learning is much edirmcd in both marqulfates, which
have produced many pcifons who rendered themleivei
illuttriouj by their literature, in the thiitcenth centurr
the grols ignorance in v*'hich this country was involvid
began to vanilh, and from the year 1450 to the Rcfur-
niaiiiu!, it dill inereafed, men of learning arriving from
(orri(Mi tountrici, who brought books and the fciencci
along with thein, and by thele the fehooU wcie ira-
provrd. Learning, however, wa? not thoroughly clta-
blidicd till aft.;r the Rcformatiun,
Lafiiii
Ll'SATrA.
I uiaiia would
wiihoiit the ad
rous woollen and
tants all the neci
pally in Upper L
rufai:;lurcs have b
crntury, and by t
floiiridiing date.
kill '•, and the bt
ii, Holland. I'rov
d,ilhis, caps and <
iIikI of the empe
10 ctlicr with that
!l,i:i niia and Silel
Ipp r Lafatia, wl
rrnuiitaiiis, and g
wciui.'ig of linen.
it linen from uiib
;;nd fine, as alio fii
\ari»us forts ol cc
here, and there arc
rie.< of hats, leathi
.iiiJ the bleaching c
Hv means ot thel
i'; carried on, whiol
cvrccds the value ol
vjrii, employed for
ru' jii hlks, goldar
iMiit, iiarden duff, a
1 he inari]iiifates 1
mirkaldy different v
ti.'.i, and guvernmcr
Of l':i Ccijlllulion, C,
in U[)p
THIS m.irquifate
thole of lands
divided into, fird, th
v.iirils and proper
latos, as the dean oi
ficrn and iVIarienthal
liine of Hnheinia has
over t.icc.itholic foun.
nurq'iiiates ; but this
tVy hfing in every :
mciit of tiic eniintrv .
clciylters ol .Maric'nl!
m.ije t.i the elechir of
till- fiiid-dates confids
3i CDiiiii', barons, ni
knii'ht< fees and fi;fs.
I'lie feeond dais of
fciininral towns, call
Towns, whiih are ran
fin.Ciorlitz, Zittau, 1.:
I'helc two fiatcs. In
rommon concerns of t
the llatcs of the couiitr
ihe feeond. Thoy all
folulions and reoiilatioi
mm b.-iiefu and welf.ir
iinl obtaining their opii
can be laid, norany thir
lt;liition of the m.irqiiil
Thele Hates alfeinble
Iticr ordinary or extrao:
time? a ycir at HudifTin
orJiiiary oecafions.
The arms of the man
nail or, Itreaked with bl
CI battlements in a field
hflmct crowned, on wh
n:irb wings azure.
Ihe arms of the ma
" ox gules ill a field
I'll 10 the right.
All Lufatia was forme
'l^T'Vi3^
Lt'SATtA.
E U R O P K,
i„(„i,i wouUl be un-ible to fii^port its inli;il.iiJii;'i
wi.hout the uflilKince of the arts i l'."t t'>e iuimc-
s woiiUcn arul linen maiuif.iaurcs attord the inli.ilii-
'°"ts all the neccllaries of 1iI"l'. Thefo flourilh piiii .i-
"illv in Upper l-ulati.i, anJ in fever..! towns cluih ma-
I'diircs have hem c.uricJ on lb early as the thirU-.'Uth
"" t'^'V anJ by ''''' means have railed thole towns to a
^"^^ "^|j'i,„ (btt. The cloths of Liil'atia are of dill'crciit
f';!"'. an^l the beft of them little interior to tiuile mule
HiH.mJ. Proditjioiis qiiantitie.s of rtock'ii-s, fpattcr-
'I'lhV cans and gloves arc alfo made here. The coii-
i' ■> of the emperors Kcrdiiiand the Second and Thiril,
'"' .lu-r with th.it of Leopold towards the Pioteli.iiits in
p iVriii.i and Silelia, caiifed vaft numbers lo retire to
i'.',., r I/.ilatia, where they creiled villages chiefly in the
'',.,, lis and ncnorallv employed thenifclves in the
in.TUiiiaiiis, «»'^' b -^ , 1 L II , -
i-i r (,t linen. Hence there are made here ail lorts
"ttiiien li""' unbleached and bleached yam common
' li I'liie as alio line white dainafk and white ticking;.
V r oiis forts ol coloured and printed linens are made
,' .,„J there are hkewife in l>ufatia good maiuifado-
ri(-< of hats, leather, paper, gun-powder, iron, glafs,
J the bleachiii;; of wax.
Hv means of theic mnuifaflorics a confnierahle tnde
■, carri;'d on, which though not lb great as formerly,
-. -els the value of the importation ni filk, wool, and
ri fmi'lny-''' f""" ''"•''' manufadlures, and of the fo-
'. ,„' hlks, gold and filvcr lace, wines, fpiccs, corn,
i,„"it H'lt'l'^" '^""^' ^"'^ '^"P^' brought into the country.
1 ae inartiiidatcs of Upper and Lower Lulatia are re-
rtijrkal'W dirteient with rcfpecl to their amis, conllitu-
tijn, ani government.
SECT. II.
0' iht CcnjUtulii"', Govcrvmert, .lirm, nnd principal Places
in Upptr and Lower Lufuiu.
Tins mr.rquifatc contains two fcrts of ftatcs, vi/,.
thole of lands and towns. The land-ll.itcs are
diV!ilcJ into, hri't, the ftate- lords, who have all their
nlfils and proper judicatories; fccon;ily, the prc-
l,i!fs as the dean of I5udifliii, the abhcf; of Mar en-
ittrn and iVLinenthal, and the piorefs o! Lauban. The
liinj of Bohemia has the fupremc right of protet'lion
incrtncc.itholic foun.lations, cloillers and clergy, in both
iirnpiiiatcs i but this c.Nteiuls only to religious affairs;
I'.iv Inin^ ill every thing clfe fubje^^f to the goveni-
mciu of ti.c roiiiury ; an.ltliedean ol Hudiirui vi'ith the
clinllcis of Maricnftrrn and Marienthal perform ho-
m.i'c t,i ihc cUxlor of Saxony. The third duifion of
fill- l.iiul-ll.ites confilh of the gentry an,l rominoiulty,
ji cDiints, barons, nobles and burgelles, poll.llors ot
knijhts fees and fitfs.
The fccond clafs of the ft.itc ronfills of the immediate
fciininral towns, called by way of cmiiieiKe 'I'hc Six
'I'lUMis, which arc r.niked in the following order, Kudif-
fia, (.lorliiz, Zittau, I.aub in, Camenz, itnd Lobaw.
Thfic two Ifjtes, in all coniuhations relating to the
rnmmon concerns of the countrv, form two voices, vi?..
the Ifjtcs of the country one, and the united lix towns
tile fecond. They alio aflilf in dr.iwing up all I'.ich rc-
folutions and regulations as have a relation to the com-
mKi b.-neht and wclt'.ire of the countrv ; and without
f.nl iiht.iining their opinion and free conlent, no taxes
can be laid, nnrany thing done that claflies with the con-
lt;ii!tinn of the m.irqiiifatc.
■j'iicfe Itates allemble at the land diets, which arc ei-
ther ordinary or extraordinary ; the tlill are held three
limes a year at MiidilTin, and the laft only upon cxtra-
or,!inary occafions.
■ The arms of the marquifatc of Upper Lufatia are a
la'l or, llrcaked with black, and ereitted in the maimer
M battlements in a field azure. In the fhielJ it bears an
hdmct crowned, on which Hands the wall or, with two
ngiis wings azure.
'l he arms of the m.irquifate of Lower Lufatia are,
ai ox gules in a field argent, which Hands from the
lift to the right.
All Lulatia was formerly a part of I'ohemia ; but rc-
;i.t
heilirig againlf the emperor in 1620, Jdin G.orgc tlec-
tor ot S.ixony reduced it ; for which lurv ice, by the tre.ity
ot Prague in i6;<5, it was lettled on tile lUdor of Sa-
xony, except Icinic piirts o( Lower Lulatia, which were
left to iir.mdenburg.
The niarquifatu of Upper Lufatia is divided int.) twci
circles, and to each of theft belong inferior circles j
the principal towns in which are tlu following,
ISuJillin, or IJautzen, is tiie capital (d' the whole mar-
qtiilatc, and is reckoned the fiilt of the fix towns. It
ifaiiJs in a niount.-.iiious fr.uation, on the banks of the
Spree, and is Ibrtilied in the antient manner. It is con-
fulerably large, well built and jiopulous. The caltle-
of Oitcnburg, which ii.inJs on a high rock, is feparatej
from the town by a- ditch and r^impart, and vet is W'ith-
in the town walls. There is here a catliedral chuicjj
dedicated to St. I'etcr, ha'.f of which belongs to ilie Lu-
tlierans, and the other half to thofe of the inhabitants,
who arc of the Romilli church. IJudiilin has likewifc
a (e,:aratc church belonging to the Lutherans, and ano-
ther to the l'apilf.< ; beliJcs wliivh thtic are three hof-
pitals, with a church belonging to each. 'J'ne otlier
buildings are a council-houle .ind 'he cotiiicii liinaiy, il
celebrated academy, and an oiphan-hoiife. This town car-
ries on a Conliderable trade in linen, hal^, I' ciiigs,
gloves, niaiMilactur^s of Turkv Jiod gl.rzi-., le;,,iier,
cloth, fullian, 5cc. It has frequently lulfeied by lire,
and has been lonietinies entirely burnt down.
(iorlitz, the piincipal town of the circle of ilic f.imo
name, and the fecond id the lix towns, is iiiuiuid
on the Neill'e, in the lilteeiithdegrecMC.cn minutes ea'.l .< v
long, and the lifly-liilf degree ten minutes noiili lat. «;/.■ fi'
20 miles to the call of Hudiilin, and is built and loiiificj
in the antient manner. Within its walls are tin. e cliuri hcs,
a cclcbiatc I academy, an orplian-honfe, and tiie b.nlitf '3
feat, in which the knights ot this cir' Ic meet once a ye.ir.
^V'uhout the w.ilis are three churches, an holpi al, ami
at is called the Holy Sepulchre, built after tne model
I "he Holy Sepulchre at jerulalcm. The clotMs made
in .his place aie beautiful, but the trade in tli;,, aiticle ii
not near fo conUderahle as fornicr'y.
Ziltavv is one of the bcrt towns in I,ufatia ; it is for-
tified in the antient talte, luit hiielv built, and carries on
a confiderable traile in clotli ., iuv n, and blue pape It
contains within its w.dls t\vo churches, an holpital, a
Iibr.iry, a g.«d academy, and an oiplianhoiile ; hut
without there are thr.c ehuiches, wiiich arc only nlrd for
funei.il Icrmons, and thicc liolpitals, in one of wiiich :i
a ch.ipel.
Herrenhutb, a famous pi ice in the circle of Zittaw,
tiifl loundcd in the year 1722, b- fome Moravian bre-
thren, who fettled there in the lields (d' the village of
Ijcitlielldoif, belonging to the late count Zmzcndoif;
but were alterwards greatly ciicreaiVd, and tiiis pl.^cc be-
came the chiel nurfery of the Herre■ntultl;er^, w!io con-
fidercd count Zinzendoif as their bifhop and fiiiier.
The Kates ot Lower l-ufiiu arc alio divideil rot > land
and town-llates. The former coiililfs of the prel.ue.s,
the lord, who are poficiibrs if feigniories, aiidthe kn;'lits,
to which clafs belong the counts, barons, and 10 'les,
pollellbrs of knights Ijcs and ticts. I'hetown cll.ites arc
compofed ot thedeputies of the four circle towns I.uck.iw,
Ciuben, Lubben, and Kalaw.
Kach circle holds in its circle town a circle aircmbly,
under the inlpe^ition of the land-clder.s. The ttates of
the countrv conliitutc the leller and greater ban, who, in
weighty arf'.nrs, and cafes requiring dilpatch, atltinb'e
with the privity and approbation of the upper otiicc. Tiic
land-diet here hold two annual voluntary diets. iJut
when the luperior caufes the ttates to be liininioned to-
gether at his difcietion, and propofjls to be l.id bdore
them by commiHaiies deputed for that piirpole, kuhccii-
yention is called a great land-diet.
The principal towns in Lower Liif/.ia are,
Soraw, or Zarow, one of the nioff antient towns in
all Lulatia, has a pretty (Irving cattle, to which beloni;s
a church, a plcilure- garden, and alio a good Ichool. It
ha-, five othei ehuiches, and is the Icat ot the chanrcrv'
and confiftory. The town has been fcvcr.il times a'inoll
dcllroyed by lire ; and near 11 is a hunting teat .ind ;i
park.
Luc-
,fm
ii
!
i il
1','
'■m
: I
'Mi
"ij
i
Y
iil'in
\f. ;'.n^ii
Jii
A S Y S T E M O 1'
■■''1 I
I ,1.
. r
* .3
rf
I
I.uck.TW, which i;; dleemcd tho c.ipital ot'I.iiwcr Lul'-i-
tu, is (c.itovl on the riviiUt I'l (Icil.i, ;inJ coiuaiiis a
L.itiii I'chcMl, a (virilh cliiiu h, a cluvltrr iliurch, a iiouIl'
ot coirc-ili.iM aiul poor-hniili' IdviiuIoJ in the year 1744,
with aiiothei chuu h, anJ livo hiiri)ital~. In 1O44 and
Jbj.'. It UM'. ikinolilhi-il hv lire.
tjuhen Iri un the Neili'.', v/liieh btlow it falls into the
G E O G R A P H V. Hum;;,.
Oiler, (t i. a prctlv lar^'c inwn, anil, h.'lld,-, two p,,,^,',
ttiurches, has an hofpiiul, vvhuli lia< likewiCc a cl,ii ,
a tnirviiii^-i'hiirch, a l,a'-in l.iuiol, and a l..li.(,(}i;y^ 1
villau-.s wliieh heloMi; to it h.ive lome t;oo,l i,miiu|,,:( '
i>r eluth, Liid there 1= hiren.aJc .i pretty deal o;
wine, ■•' '■
Of"
c: n A p
:i\".
the Circle of 1! .\ V A R 1 A, ii)cliitliii;^ tlic KlcClor.lL- f)r" IJ A \' A R I A, t'
V V V i: R r A J , .\ T I N A r E, and the Afchbilliopic vi' i^ A L ']' Z !j R L''(;.
s i; c r. 1.
Of the C.'r\:,- sfBrj •> .'.i in ^t-ncral, amlmvipaithul.irh of the
E!i--liiiiti- iif BitJ.iii.i \ it! Extnil, I'lo.l.u;; anJ ALiniieys
of the li:h<t!ti:aiiti, l!.\:r RiHynn, ami UiMni/mtit ; uiil>
UK 'Title im.i .'/'HIS
Older cf St. 6V;'^
r.t' that E.L-.'^r.ite ; u'l.i the B..i\
TWV. eircle of Bavaria is fiirronndcd by the circles of
Sw.U'ia, Auliria, .uid I'laiuonia, and bv the king-
dom of Bidumta, and derive^ it.> name friim tlie dut'liv of
Haiaiia, whicn is the lar^elt and inoli conl'id'.iable part
I'i ii.
Of thi-. circle the eUcliu of IJavaria and tho archbilhtiii
ot Sali/hnr^j are ioint lununonin.; princes and director^,
the cimeocatory heiii;; likewi!'e h' Id jointly by tliem ;
but the diie.'t^riiim is allernate. The diet of the circle is
moll ufuallv held at Katill). ii, or W'-ilKibarj, though
i: is fomctiir.es convened at Landfliut, or Miildort". J ne
I Lctor of Havaria is hen ditarv toirmiamk-r in duel ol the
circle, by virtnc of which ofiicc he has the diiectijii oi
.dl military affairs.
We lliall bci'in with the clcloratc of FJnvaria, which
contains the principal part of tlie circle, but it is not
cd'y to af^crtain with anv degree of cxaclnels the proper
extent of this electorate ; tor maps thenidlics ditiir with
refpecl to its 'jreatelt length and bread;h. IJavaria is,
ho'.vevcr, accordin;_; to I'he I'relVn; State of Cicr'nanv,
a hundred and tliiriy miles Ion.', and one hundred broad.
L":iper Havana i. partly moiii,tainu:ii .aid woody, and
partly marlhv, abounding alio in larta- and (mall lakes,
and is in ijeneral titter tor palfurajii' than till.ii;ei but
Lower Uavaria, which is for the moll part lev-.l, is more
fruitful : however, thi;, electorate in ueii-ral abounds in
grain, palfurc, traits, woods, and lurtlfs ; produi inj:
alio a ireat number of cattle, and plenty of ;;aiiie and
wild-fowl. It has fome falt-worko, and a mine of filver,
another of copper, and one of lead ; and in feyeral plac.s
are ipiariic- of very hue marble. I he L'pper I'.datinatc
is ex:remcly moiintainous ; Inn it is covered with wooOs,
and has plenty of grafs, and, where cultiv ilc I, produces
corn. I'he rountrv IS able to fupport its iiiliabii.int>,
particnl.irly bv nitaiis of the gioat iinmlarol its iionand
lead mili"s, lis large woods and p.illuris.
The principal nver in this country is the Danube,
whii h ill'uin^ nut of Swabia w.iteis the electoiate l.'uin
welt to ealf. 'I'l.c lar^e inland l.iki s ,ire liiid to be lix-
teen in number, an I the (in. ill oncj a hundred and lixtv.
'I'he ruers, lakes, and ponds abound in iKli, particu-
larly the numerous ponds in the I'piin I'alatinate, which
have an un-omunn plenty.
In .ill IJavafia arc reckoned tluriy-liic towns, and
llinetv live open and ciubilLd ni.irket-towns. In the
(everal b.iiliwis .lie upward, of a lli.iul and c.dUes and
(e.iis, and tneie are laid to b^ m Ji.i'Mni elevtii tnoulaiid
icv.n hiin Ircil and foui vill.ii;' s and h.imb ts.
Thoujh tne liivariaiis are eltieined lule, and are call-
ed by the other vjermans I log-Jnvers, thev are foiinJ
tobeas hofpitable aiulcouitioir. as tluir neij;hbours. I'he
people arc in (^'encral poor, and their ilei^^y uiller them i
to lontinue i.i i!ie molt u -plorable i;',noran' e with rel] c.:t
tu tch;jioii, lb,.; adorati'.ih b iij, iiiini;i.'I!y p.iij lu
flints and images. 'I'liey are f.iid to b,- far more fui,-.
ll.tious than the Swabians ; lor in almoil every i,,!,,,
(ome bone or relic is held m iiiglur vcneiatmn ti,.iii i; '.
Welfare and li.mour of their country; yet they .ircmr.
polite and in:;enioiis than the peo|>le of Jiuabi.i ■ j,,
though th y cultivate the Ici-n.es, thiy are moreao(;,(.^
cd to .um.s than to arts, ai:d make good (oldurs.
i'he liansoi Davaiia tonlilt ol inrce chillLs, ihci-.f
lates, ill,: knights, and iiobility ; to which alio |,,i'„,,,
the counts ami lords, and tht burghers ot the iut|.;
boroughs and in irket-towns. I'loviiicial dirts arc d;.!
very i are, but a comimttee oi ihe dates aliimble miliums
at .Munich, or asolleii .Is the (Lite ol allairs reoiiii^,_
No ollnr riligion is tidiiaicd licie but that ol lunu'
The l.tnhcian and Cdwnill doi'tniies li.id indeed u:ii..,i|i
ed a hipeiiiuity in the l'pper I'alaliiiate ; but tl.atcouiiirv
falling into tlie li.inds of tne elector of ISavaiia, I'j.x..';
wa. icltured by force, J belt aie, bowever, a nieat r.u.i:.
ber of j.ui.-iiraiis Itill. The parilhes in til. cle.:te.-j[: j.
nii lint til about lilui n hundred. The vicar,ii;es, cii:;;(,
ol ca!e, .md otl'.er chapel-., ,irc near tAo iliuul.uij ;;i
nuniber, and the chiircHe.s arc laid to amount totntn',;.
eight lliouland I'eien |-,imdrcd .ind nine, TlieJe clu.nhf
aie liibjecl to feyenty one ruial deans. There an- iii^.
wile eighty- fix remaikable convents, and twelvccidl;- ;,(.
lound.ilions. Maiuil.iclures aie here ereailv ilKit.i;'
.11. d iiiipri.vid, paiiicuijiiv ihoi'e of filk ItutiV, vcIhI'
tapelti y, c<iarle cloth, woo!!' n Hull's, and llockin,;, k„,
good clocks, and vvai.Jns; but its chief c.\purib\uiii,.i
ol cattle, yrain, wood, (alt, and iron.
The iitlcs of the clccl.T are, Liy the gr.ice of (J.jj
'hike ol L ppi r and I.owci Ijavaii.i, as alfo of thi; Upwr
I'alami.itc i (lalfgr.ive of the Ruino, aicli-dcwatd ct ;h,..
Iioly Kom.in cnip;re, and elector and laiid'ra'e .•'
,eiii lUellbeiL'.
Til'-' arms of tl'.c cI.cT'T arc (piarteily, an erciitchcoa -
ol pretence, in the l.ilt of ihelc iiu.nicrs is the imrx.
rial nionde or, in a field I'ules, denoting the ulHieof
arcli-(l;ward of the empire : in the up|ier dexter .i.-.J
lower liniiler qu.irtcr arc lo/.cngcs azure, an.l argci-.t to-
the dutciiy of ilavaria ; and in the upper iiiiiiicr ,ir..;
lower dexter is a lion gules crowned or, for tee ruU-
tiiiate of the Rhine. During an intcrrcgimni, wiien:.",;
elector of liiv.iria excrcilc; the viciii.ile of the eiii-:,\'
he is alloived to bear the impeiial lpl"cad-cj'.;le, w.tl'i...
family (hi. Id on the bread.
The IJavaiian order of St. (j.orge was revivid In r;,
l)y the elector Alt'cit. The knights of this oiJer^tc
ilile.l Delenders ol th'.' iiiiniaciilate conception di vu
hi; lied V'nijin Mary, and mull produsc uiiijuelh'iiul.L'
piools of the nobility of tluir aiicellry lor ci:;tu !,cni'ij.
tions in botn lines. 'I'he elc.tor is grand inalili, ..nj
its enlien is a ctol's enamelled blue, with ,i St. ticicia
the middle; on the icveile of wliich is the nani.'iiitL-
lelloier of the older in h cyplirr, iiiiiounded witn tSs
I l.-clor.d cap, and at the four angles tin fe ietten i. \ . ;>. ,,
li;;nilymi; '/;,..';,i ^./.'(//•.///«,;yi'ir,/../, ijut is, " '\',\- i.jh,.
" teous Ih.ill llourilh, like i n .1,,; trei." Tlii.s cruS u
ivore pendant t.i a b;oa J Iky-biue libb'Ui Hiihjiiij,;^
and wiiite bor.'ci .
In tne ( lect.ii.il co'l. >■' the i'I.\ I.t of Itavaiia li.u oii.-
file tillli leat, though hcis the Iccond ul't •• lay il<.(.tj.-!
h:
:r!! It
l>V\M
'•<■ I ■■,
< twup.,. ,;,.
otlii-L'. 1.,.
Maiiul.ioiui
^ I A, i;
RLC.
r more iup.r.
ll t•v\■r^ t ,n„
itinri 11. .Ill i;,;
they .Iff n;,,.,e
i; more aoiiif,
.lULs liic rje.
(It the laa.ii
ilivti jrc hir;
inbK: uii.iua;:/
ils rujuiiv,, '
hat <J| [opw '.
llllicCli u!)l...lj.
It that couiurv
.'.vaiia, Y-'M-i
,a uicat r.an:'.
-■ ck-ctorai.- ]-
rail's, cin.ii.,
) ihiiulanJ ;a
UIll to tUMI'.V-
l'l.<;:cd;:,:,i;j
hcic an- lis;.
l'Ui;il,li- ;,l;
.:llv IMwlalii]
Ituii', vilui:,
C.N^Uiib v.u;ii,.'
«\ UYc I
P|KI
iltwai,! ot;
an tiViitchoca i4
s i-. thL' lil:f^.
! the o(Hier,t
or (ic.Mvr r..'.i
an. I arjc!'.: to-
llniilfr ar.,i
I'ur ti'i- pjh-
ni, wiieritr.e
I the impiii',
If, w.th I..1
'viv'ui ill 1-;)
thi; oraT jc
ci|ituiii 01 ;i-,c
iiiij'iottauul.i;
i-i_.;h> '.ir.-'ia-
ilialt.i, „iij
St. (.ic.i.,:,.!
I- luiu.' ui iL'
ijcd wiin il!j
tiK 1. \ . ;•. r.
•iifi,.::.-
1 his iru'j II
Willi a Wii,'\
\m'ia h.M ml;
lav i.li.(.',o.'>
J.WARlA."
EUROPE.
'•'J
vj i, n>->t onlv n momlicr of the college of princes, hut has
even th.- liriniMt anil vote in It. . ri i
I he Pi'veniies of the eUaor arile out of fait, beer,
„;.,c branily, oak-malt, venifon, wooil, mines, ex-
ic 'loiiiate, tolls, contributions, ami other onlinary
V fees • bcliJcs the impolls railed ii extraordinary oi-
"finns.' His ordinary annual revenue is tlliniated at bc-
" .„ rive and fix millions ol guldens.
Ijie elector's military f 'tee conlilts of rC2nlar5 and
miiiia- the former ot thcle in times of peace ufuaily
amount to about twelve thoufand ; but in war they
have been augmfr'teJ to twenty-live, and even to thirty
thoiilaud.
SECT. II.
.1 JJtfcrhim eftht pritcip.il Plnces in the Ek^jrtttc ef Ba-
' '.itiri.i, patliculnr:y of Munuh ihc CapiUil, ivilh n DtJ.'ip-
tim of the Hiilacei of the Eleitir, ami of iihutever ii mtjl
Kiril:) cfiSlvtiie,
WE niall now defcribe the moft remarkable pb.ces
in Bavaria, in which we ihall mention whatever
dcluves me notice of the curious.
Munich, in Latin Monactiium, is a fortified city fcat-
eiioiiihe ller, in tne foity-eighth degree twiiisy two
minutes north latitude, and in the eleventh degiee lorty-
oiic niinuiesead longitude, it is the capital and rtrulenee
oltne tlcctiir, and has broad Itreets extending in adirei.t
line adorned with a multitude of noble eJiticcs o( all
kinds. 1 lie palace and other building', belonging to the
elcJor, togetlier with thechurchc>, lixtecn nuinalleries,
anJ other religious (Iruclures, take up near half the city.
'1 he precinct ot the Aiij,ultincs alone conlills ol feveial
(hveis, which bring them in an annual rent of three
thoulaiid guildeis.
The elector of Havaria's p.ilacc is an elegant flruclurc,
coiiliiting of (our courts, the two fiiiell of which are
calle I the Prince's and Enipcroi's Court; the tormer is
aJoineJ with fevetal brafs (tatucs : in the latter a broad
f.iglit of Ifejis of beautiful red ni rble lea.ls to the tm-
TL-ioi's hall, which is a hundred and eighteen teet in
length, and hfty-two in bread;h ; and in it is, among
oiiKt tilings, a llatue of Virtue of one fingle piece ol
poipniry. in the chamber of aiitii|iiitieb aie two hun-
dred inaible (tatues and bulls of Roman emperoi-, with
five bundled antiques, as lamps, inlcriptions, hallo re-
l.cvii.-, &c. molt ot which were brought from Italy.
Among the valuable cunolities in th. trcafury is a ca-
b.iKt ol many large pieces of woik in cryftal, among
which IS a Ihip lome Ipans long, with a pilot, and all
the tackling ol the hnett gold. A hill, with a calUe
upon it, all of oriental pearls. St. (Jeorge on horfe-
back of ted agate, wiih his armour of diamonds let in
gold ; and the Bavaiian family, each periiin cut out ot a
piece of blue chalcedony. A double biil'.iant diaiiioiu!
oflhelize of a middling nutmeg. A larger, which colt
a hundred thouland guilders. A fet of buttons and loops
ot' diamonds and rubies fet between. A fet only of
diamonds, the buttons of extraordinary beauty, not in-
ferior to thole worn bv Lewis XIV. when he gave pub-
lir audience to the Hcrlian ambaflador, and of a fuperior
lultrc to the Ereiuh; the late elector having been twenty
years, with great ditticuhy and incredible expeiuc, in
compleating the culleclion. An ivory clolet, with figures
in rilievo of molt curious workmanlhip, in whivli are
prclerved eleven hundred and f'rtv-lour gold Roman
niiJals. In the year 1721) the palace, and particularly
the chamber of rich cunolities, (uttered greatly by (ire,
and in 1750 a whi-le wing of it was buint down. To-
wards tne cad Itands the clei^or's arfenal, and to the
northward lie the park and pleal'urc- gardens, near which
is a large edilice for tournaments.
On the welt (i le of the palace, and oppof.tc to it,
(lands the tine houfe built hv count t'reifing, mailer of the
hoile, which is a great ornament to the city, its lour
fidts anfwcring to (b manv ilreets. The pilL.rs of the
liable are of red marble, and every horle feeds out of a
marble manger, that coll tvcnty live guilders.
61
In this pirt is another palace luillt by duke William.
Fn the l.ir.;cfl maikct-pl.ice is a loliy inaible pil'ar, up-
on wliich U.mdsa braf. (l.itiie of the Viigin Maiy : ilieie
.lie here .dlo two large Ibuntaiiis, and on the lidcs of tin;
maiket-plaee is the town-limife, in which the llatishoht
tiieit meetings, together with feyeral loliy houles onu-
mented wiih decorations of paintings on the liont.
The principal eccleii.dlical buildings are the colle^'iatc
church dcdic. led to the Virgin .\laiy, ir. v»li;ch is the niag-
iiKieeiit nioiiuinent of black marble of the emperor Lewis
IV. of Havana, adv.incvl with lix large and I'evcral fnialler
llatiics of brals. About ten or twelve paces from'tho
entrance of the great door, one of the llmies of the pave-
ment is niaiked wiih a double croi's, and a perloii Hand-
ing upon this (lone finds the |iillars of the church la
plaicd a^ to intercept the viewot all the window.s.
Among the other ecclcfi,.flical biiilJinL's, tl.e moft re-
markable is the church of S^. I'eter, wiih the convents of
the Aiigulliiies, Capuchins, Carmelites, l''i.U)cilcaiis, ami
'I'neatiiies ; as al.o the Jefuits college, 11 whiv h is a va-
lu.ble library : both tbcir convents and church are ex-
ceeding tine, and the lalt very large, light, and lofty.
The vellry is very rich, an>l among their lelics they
fliew a joint as big as that of in clcpiiant, which they
pretend was <>ne of the joints of St. Chnllopher's back-
bone. The other bull lings worthy of notice aie the
nunneries of St. C'l.'.ra, Hii.lget, and Ri ller; the refill nee
of the LiiL'.lilh fociely J the holpital of the Holy Gh 41,
of St. Eli/abeth, or the Duke's, and St. Jolcpli.
Tliey have no religion but that of th ■ Roiii.ui, to which
they are (o bigotted, that they look upiui thole ol ano-
ther perfualion as monrtcrs rather than men ; an I anionj;
I the fertivals perhirmed here, tlie proCc:Vioii at that ot"
I C.jpui Chrijli appears very extraordinary. Here marih
I the deputies of all the tr.ide; ard manual arts, witfi
codly flags carried before them. Eve y member of all
I the uligioiis oidcrs join in the proceirioii ; and a L'tcaC
! number of leligious hilbmcs are exubited on tiiuuiph.il
; cars, b)' children richly drdlcd. At the head of tiii ir rc-
fpective ordeisride St. Cieornc and St. .\Liuiice, in l\o-
inan habits ; while St. Margaret is reprel'cnted bv a
ymingla.ly, dielled like a velt.il, leading alter her alai-e
duigon, in which f.vo men are ulually enclofed to iriec
it the neicllary movements. The (our mendicant orders
pieccde the holt, which is carried under a fplendid ca-
nopy ; alter which come t'ne elector .uid his coiiio:t, both
holding a lighted taper. Tluy aie loilowed by the mailer
of the houdiold, fome coiiit ladies, and alii r tiieiii thu
whide court. The proceflion is dol'ed by the garrilim,
burghers, and pealants ; and, wdiile the cleigy (lop at
four dili'eicnt place- to give the bcncdiilian, they are an-
fweied by falutes of eight guns (iom the ranp.iits.
On the other (ide of the river her lies .\u, the rc-
maikablc places in which arc the houfe of duke .Aibert,
with its chapel, and the elcctoi's manuiak'tory. Ahovs;
this place Hands a convent belonging to the (.rder of St.
Paul. Ill Munich arc manufactures of velvets, (ilk,
woid, and lapedry.
At the diltaiice of nine miles from .Miinicli is Slei-
flieim, an elegant palace belonging to theck>!tor. The
enirance is very grand, both tne pavement and the
columns being of red and grey marble; and the (lairs
are adorned with columns of green marble, brought:
tioni IJiixen. In the (iilt hall aic two lari;e p.iintniiis
of the railing of the (iege of Vienna, and ilie batilt of
Hagaz , and in the victory hall, wIikIi is contiguous to
it, are the b.ittles of Beliir.ide, Pelt, and I'eier.il others.
On the (ide of the palace lovv.irds .Munich is a noble
gallery of piCluies, among which aie two puces of An-
nibalCaracci, (breach of which M.ixiinilian, tlieliid
elector of the Bavarian ; taiiuly paid lorty thoufind guil-
ders, and Icveral large hunting pieces by Rulum. In
another chamber is the ll.iugliier of the iniincents at
lietbleheni, finely painted by Peter Paul Kub-ns ; in
which the various agitations ol the mothers fupplicating,
lamenting, drugtling, and (ainting, aic inconiparab:/
expicll'ed. Hut the grandelt collection is in a particular
apartment, covered with Imall pictures ; no'liin;! has a
place there, but what is clleemcd anion ? the nobleil pro-
dudioiii of that ait. L'l anotlier chambei 1: Alex.iiulerj
H h h tint
I 'i "
I
114
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
11 I
i-l
'■i*
h^''-iiiii
<i t ; I.
'! '
81 f
£■■
H=.' ..,
firft battle .i; ;;nfl I").uiiis ; a moft .Adniii.il'li' piece, paiiit-
cil by Alluit Diinr, who h.i-^ b l>owi,i in -u'lliiik' labour
on it: it contains li viral tboii'.m.l mtii. \ct the hair ot
their heads ami hcii Js, witn the imalK ll jouhs i f their
armour, an. I other niinuti.c, ate all liillniiilv ex|)rillid.
At thnliltaiice of halt' a K'a;;u: front Munifh is the
palarc of Nyniphenhut^ ; which has not ttie (.'ramleur
of SKi(hiini ; but its tine gardens and water-works ren-
der it a more ajjreeable fuinmer rcfiJence. In Come of
the apartments are portraits of the beauties of the Fiench
court, views of (everal pal aces of this Jutthy, likewifea
chimney picee and two tables of white marble inlaid with
gold, ami colours, in imitation of enamel. In the gar-
den is a i^raiid caleadc and bafon, with IVveral figires ol
brafs ^ilt. Among the fine walks and trees of this ;^ar-
tlen (binds Hademburg, a dcli.'litlul (Iru^Shire, c<> ifillini;
ot elegant grottos and a large bath, int.) which hotli cold
and waim water may be coiivcved. The floor is over-
laid with copper, and the wall decorated with porcelain
and conduits. Along the roof is an iron lattice, partly
gilt, and of very curious workniaiifliip.
( )|ipofite to this place is the mall, and the bowling-
green, by which Hands a Ihucturc called I'agodenbiirg,
the chief ufe of which is for the elector, alter vioKiit
txcrcife at thofe games, to change his linen, and other
appanl. H.re are alfo feveral little cabinets in the Ciii-
iicl'e tadc, and other contrivances equally ornamental and
convenient.
Nearer the palace ftands a pretty hermitage, which
is lo natural an imitation of a ruinous building, th.it it
never fails to raifc the beholder's admiration. In fomc
places it fcems as if endeavours had been ufed to repair
it with lime and llone; in another part you are afraid
that the crarked wall; and the bricks, which fcarcc hang
together, will imniediately give way and crufli you in
the ruins. In this ftruflure, which ftands in a kind of
dclart, is a large grotto, in which is a conlccratcd altar,
and on it a crucihx, and two candlcllicks. The other
rooms have no other ornament but a fmall library of
books of devotion in French bindings. Underneath is
:i kitchen and cell.'.r, where the utcnlils arc only a neat
fort of earthen ware.
At the diilance of nine miles from Munich alfo lies
another electoral feat, c.dled Starciiberg, where the court
f.imeiimes takes the diveilioii of water-hunting A Itag
is forced into a nei'^hbouring l.ike, the hoiiiuls putfuing
him, followed by the huntfmcn in boats, and their high-
ncflcs in a IpUndid bari^e, which carries twenty-four
brafs puns.
The court here alfo ot'tcn take the divcrfion of hunt-
ing the heron, and every year at the com lulion of this
fpurt, an huon that has the good fortune to be taken
alive, is fet at liberty, with a filver ring put on its leg,
on which is en.jravcd the name of the reigning elector.
Mr. Kevdcr mentions one of thefe birds b.-ing taken a
lecond tiine, that h.'.d on its ring the name of <liike Fer-
dinand the prefent cKctoi's grandlather ; fo that it had
I'urvivtd if. former adventure a'>ove fixty ):..(s: they
put a iiiig with the piefent elcdior's name on i,s leg, and
reftored the bird to liberty a feeond time. I'pon this
occafun the f.imc author mentions an eagle thav died at
Vienna in ijiq, alter a cor.fincmcnt of one .uindred
and lour ve.ir.; and adds, that it is probable that thcCe
•nnd the like birds in the eniovment of their natural iVee-
dom reach t J a much greater longevity.
hiL'olitadt IS a foriihcd town, plcal'antly featcd on
the D.mubc. It is of ^n indifi'ercnt fize and llrength,
with broad, (traigh', and well paved llrcets. The houles
are nioltiv piilntrd white on the outlidc ; bin the town is
poor and ill peopled. It contains an upper and lower
p'uilh church, tog: ther wiili three others, a collige of
Jeluits, two convents of monks, and one of niiiis, and
an imivrfiry founded in 1472, and enlarged in 1746, in
vhicn is a i;ood librarv, and a cabinet of antiquities.
This u)Wn was hilieged by the Swedes in lt>]2, with-
out lufrt-fs ; but W1-, taken by the Aullrians in 174 j.
keichenha'l, a town featcd on the .Sala, with a lirh
fall fpring in it, the water of which is partly boiled
he!C, and ptrtly by means of a wheel, thi;ty-lix feci in
diameter, thrown up to the higher pa'fs of a |„f,„
hinil..-, ard lioin thenee convcye.l by nH.ins of Jt^Ji.,.
pipes to the ditlance of thr. e (jcrmaii miles to I'tjii.
enilein, an ', there boiled ; the latter of thil.. p|,i. ,.i j.
bounding much more in wood, and having greater con.
vemences for export.itiiui. On the inouiii.iiii:, oy,..
wdiich thefe pipes run are fniall lioules aiiu wstj.
works at proper dillances, in order to thiow the wai r
higher. Near the fait Ipiing is a llie.ini of fnfli \,j,,,'^
by the fivitt cuirent of vvh.ch their wheals and w.iti.'
engines .ire workeil ; hut as both Ipiings aic lurroiiiiJii
with hills, and the plawC in d.inger of hein.; oveiflnvcJ
by the conllu.v of thif'- wateis, an aipualucl was undoi.
taken above three hundred uars ago, and Cump!^j^,j
at a pro.ligious expriue. This i:, in.lced, a woik t.^
cannot be hc'lald with'Ut nmazemeiit; its cliann;) tun
under tlic town of Reie: enh.ill, ..nd under fevcrai ..^j.
dens and fields at the depth ol twdve lathonis in furlaf
and IS a mile .nul a halt in length to the pl.ne wlkrc
the w.-.ter breaks out to day-li;,'ht, with gieat inipetuo.
fity, ( 'ne pall'es througii this aqirduct, ("ays Mr Key.
(It, within a quarter of an hour in bo.its by candlf,
light, and the motion is I > rapid, that the li.iat niul}
olteii be chrckcd. The water is ufuallv between ilirtj
and four feet deep; but is lieapientiv Kvelled by tht
r.iins, fo as not to leave room f r the pali'enicrs in the
boat 10 fit upright. This c.nal U five feet broad, and
every eight or ten years the b..ttom is cleared ot th8
ftones c.iiried thithir by the Hoods or freOi water, at
w.intonlv thrown down the (pira.U's or opmings, wh.;-),
in tlie form of towers nl'e into the open air, and thrutiu
lomi of whirh one may (peak Iroin the wails of the city
with thofe who are going .d.uig the aqueduct. Tn;
roof with refpecl to duration, appears to be an evvrlif,
ting work, it being not only or tree ftonc ; hut in many
places OMT-laid with a vciy hard kind of rolin, as witli
a varni(h, (ii that it looks like one entire I'olid piece The
delccnt to thi, fuhterrancous canal is by ttie lUps of the
tower near the fpring of the S.ila, wnofc water over-
flowing, run', .diout hfty paiis before it dilchar^cs itfelf
into the tiefli- water ftream, and then docs not uiiincili.
ately mingle with it.
H/.V.M"'^'
S F. C T. III.
0/ the pr'mcipiil Placet irt Loivcr ttajarh, ptftitularly of
LtiiiJjhiit, the impel iiJ City cj Rutijloii, He.
THF, principal town in Lower Havaria is Fi.in 'fliit,
which IS hated on tlie Her, in the foity-eighrh de-
giee forty- one miiuites noith laiitu.le, and in thetwihth
degree twenty-five niinutcs cad longitude, fortv-(ix niilci
to the north of Munich. It is not only weil built and
ftrongly fcalificd ; but ftands in the riehelt and nioft
pleafant p.irt of all Havana, and is the feat of the elec-
tor's lieutenant for Lower liavaria, who has a court here
and fevecal olH>es. It has a bridge over the If'er, an.l
on the other (ide a fii^'.iih called .Sald.-nthal , in which
is an abb' y ot Cittercian nuns. The town contains an
electoral palace (eated on a bill, vvilh anothir which
(lands in the midrt of ih^- town, lis principal church,
dedicated to St. Martin, has a tower, which is tnicm-
ed the highid in the empire, and hence it obtained the
name ol Lands-hut, which figiiifies The hat of the
country. 'I'hc new buildings, added to the duke's pa-
l.ice, (onfiftot a neat p cce of arcliiieclure in the Ita-
lian Kile. '1 here is here alto ,1 panfli-churcli dedicated
to St Job, a college ..f Jeluits, thiee convents of
monks, and the fame nuuiber of nuns.
'I'he imperial city of Rati(b.>n, called by the Germans
RegenluurL', is a large fort. lied .uid populous town, feat-
cd on the IJiiiube, in the loiiv iinith degree ten mi-
nutes north l.itiuide, and in the twelfth degree calt lon-
gitule. This city is the cajjital ol the popifli bidiopric
of Ratiflion, yet both the maeillracy ami burghers arc
of the Lutheran religion. The river Hegen runs through
the town, and tiKii (all; into the Danube. The city
is well furtilicd Willi i double wall, ditches, and ram-
parts,
Of the Upper Pal
DutJifs of NtU
PiiJ/iiu, uitij ih
'■pHK Upper
A belongs to
..iII'.J the Nordjia
*^'ARi,i,
H/.VARIA.
U li o
r,.
2 15
,irts and ft.mJs lii a f""' aboimdu';; i;i corn, pafiurr,
mil vini'vards, wlinlc -r.ipcs produce a ftrong and p;ila-
', ililc wMif The l.iH'rll rhiirih belonging to the Lu-
chiTins '•* '!'■" "' ''"-' ''''"">'• '"'^ ''"-'V 'i'^^'^ ^"" •'"
•■i>li!iiiv, in whit li iia- eight tcicluTs. 'rhiTC arc here
i?,iir iniinedi.iic ll.u-s of iht empire, which ronfill ..f
i'hc liidu'prii-, and the inipcri.il foundations of St. l:n\-
' aiiii «■'■'' '^'' ■''•''''■^ "' '-'PP^'' =""' '-"wer MuhIKt.
"I'hcit are here alio a college of Jefuits, a cloiller of St.
I lines inllitiitcd hy Scotlmcn of the popifh religion ;
I ,• c(ill'"^iate chuiiii of AltkapcU, the nunneries of St.
riira and St. I'aiil, and the holpital of the Holy Crofs.
lu'ictlie inip'.ri.il diet often meet in a laigc upper room
lunw Willi tapelhy, in which is the emperor's ihioneof
loth <if U"'''- '^"'"•' <^'^''^'^"'' falatinc hai ,illo two line
ijaccs in the city, and there arc Ceveral others helung-
iiifr to the neighbouring prelates. Among the other
liiblic buildings is a (lone bridge of fifteen arches over
tnc l).uiubc, the mofl fubflantial Urucfurc of the kird
i,;!icr on this river, or on the liliine: It is tweiuy-
tiir 'C ft'ct broad, and about one thoufand and nincty-
nic in length. It is fupported by fipiare pici?, and dc-
tciuled by buttreflcs againll the force of the llream and
(hoals of' ice. ^ ^ , .
I'lie biftop of Ratilnon is a prince of the empire, and
fits on the bench of ccclcliaftical princes between the
hiOinps of I-'rcyfing and Kid'au, and on that of the circle
ot liavaria, between the fame prelates. The limits of
ihis bilhopric coniprehend two collegiate churches,
twciitv-cight abbies and prelacies, and twenty nine ru-
• il deaneries, to which belong one thoufand thice hun-
ilrcd and eighty-three pariflics, chapels of eafe, and chap-
liinries. 'I'his bifhop, who is a fovereign prince, has
hii confiftory, his council, and trcafnry ; but the eleflor
tif Uavaria holds the blflioji's court in the city of Ra-
tifbon.
The abbev of St. Kmmrran, which confifts of Henc-
Oiitine monks, is under the government of an abbot,
who has his feat at the diet of the empire on the Rhe-
iiifh bench of prelates, and has alfo a feat and voice in
the diet of Uavaria. The church of this cloiiler boalls
rf keeping the complcat body of St. Denis the Aicopa-
titc, which they fay was itolen out of the abbey of St.
UiTib in I'rance, though the latter maintain that ihev
arc iiill in the policffion of it; yet in the palace ch.-i|)el
(if Munich is one of his hands, and both in the cathe-
dral church It IJamberg, and in that of St. Vims, in the
cathcJr.d at I'ragiio, the head of this faint is (lnvvn.
I'he two princely abbies of U]iper and Lower Mim-
ftif are under the government of two abbedls, who
have llic title of princelles, and have likewife a vote at
the diets of the empire, and the circle of liavaiia ; but the
lailits (if thefe foundations may marry out of them.
VViihin the circle of H..varia is alfo the city of Fny-
fmi', the capital and relidencc of the bifliop, who is
a liivcrcign prince. It Hands on two hills on the little
river .Mofarh, not far from the Ifer, and commands a
molt uili;btliil piolpccV into the electorate o( Havaiia,
the atchliilliopn^ of Saltzburg and Tirol. Cine of the fe
l.;lls is within the city walls, and upt^n it Itaiuis ihe
bifhop's palace, with a cathedral, a iiciuJiitine cliuich,
ji.d the colligiate churches of St. John and St. Andrew,
St. Peter's cliapd, and other public cdiiices. la the
inher part of the city is a large market-place, in the ceii-
t.rof which Itaiuis a beautitul marble Itaiiie of the vir-
t:ii Maiv, with the church of St. (ieorge, a (einiiiaty
.,i licneuiiilines, » b'rancifcan convent, an orphan-houle,
.i;id an holpital. Without the city are the bifliop's gar-
i:c:is, and a convent of l'ra;moiiftratenlCj. i)n the oiher
hiif, which lies to the welt of the ciiy, is a Ucnedictine
jiDey, and below it the collegi.ite church of St. Vitus.
SECT. IV.
Of the Upper Palatinate, or Palathiate of Iiav,itiii, the
Dulihies of Neuhu'tf iird Si^itzliul , ami the Bijhijiric cf
Piijjlm, uitij the piini.ipal Fitun in imI).
THE Upper Palatinate, which lies on the Danube,
belongs to the duke uf Bavaria, and is loiiieiimes
;-iI!'.J the Nord|;aw, ficm ii. lyin^ to the nyrih of the
elector's otiur dominion.'!, ft ii bound, il on iho norl/i
by N'oiftland in Upper S.ixonv ; on the call by liuhe-
iiiia aiul Aiiltiia j on the fnulh by tin; Danube, which
(eparates it front the dutehv of Havana, and by Swabia
and part of I'tancoiiia on the welt.
Jt is a moiintainoiis, roekv coiimry, but rich in mines
of lilver, copper, and iron; lome ot its valleys, however,
produce loiii .ind i;ood palture ; and they have liltcwiie
lome vineyards, lim this duti liy does not entitle tb."
I elector to a particular li:it, cither in the college of
princes, or the circle of Ijavari.'
'l"he capital of the Upper or liavaii.-.it P.ditinate h
Amberg, which is liiuated on the little river il/, or Ih,
which runs through it j and is I'o wjll (oriilied, th'.t i>
is reckoned one of the itrongell towns in Upper Cier-
many. Its principal ornariierits are the callle anil ar-
moury, both wliieh aro handromc Itrik'tures, a: are alfu
'.he electoral p.il.ire, thec.ithedi.il drdicated tr) St. Mar-
tin, and the college of Jefiiiis, vvliich h is a beautiful
church. 'F'hiscity, which i? fe.ited in the forty-nintli /,^..<^ .
degree twenty-li'v inioiites north latitude, and' in the 7-/. e.,
tv\'elltli liegiej lour minutes call longitude, is con-
veniently (nuattil tor tralhc, it bein^ nimoft in the cen-
tre be'wecii kaiiflion, In ■ ilU.idi, and Nurcm'.H-rt;. Its
greatelt trade arifes from its iron mines and tn.uuifac-
lurcs, which aic fent down the Nabe to Ratrlbon ai-.d
other ciiiis.
In the year 1703, the Imperialirts tnnk this city from
the elector, who was put under the ban of the empire-, for
joining with I'rance in the war then carrying on airainit
the emperor Leopold and his ci.nleder.ites. in the war
of i;4J, between the late elccTor, the emperor Charles
VII. and thci|uecnof llung.iry, Amberg, with all the
Upper Palatinate, was taken by the Aultrians in tlic I'cr-
vice of that pnnccfs
'Ibc principalities or dutchics of Ncuburg and Sultz-
bach form the northern patt of the l.'pper Palatinate,
and are reckoned in liivaiia, though they are fill 'cct to
the eleillor Palatine, who on account of Neuburij
has a feat and voice both in the diet cf th: empire, and
the circle of Uavaria.
Neuburg enjoy,< a government of it" own, together
with a chamber of jultice, i;iiil a prrleiturate-ofliee. It
haa ildl fo'iie Lutlirran fiefs ; but the prevadiiv leligicn
is the popidi. TliJ bailiwics belongiiij to it lie dil'perf-
td. '1 he molt rcmaikable places it contains are the
following :
Neuburg, or Newburg, the capital of the whulc dirt-
cliy, .iiid the feat of the government, flands on a lull, in
a gooil litL'ation by the D.inui.e. It is well built and
fortilied, and ha.s a palace, with a colle^ie of jefuiti,
which was toimerly a convent of ladies, and other pub-
lic lurildings.
Ilochllei, or Ilocblladt, is a fmall town feated on the
Danube; hut is well provrded wrth .rll forts of necel-
faries, and has rich corn-tields and good pafiures in its
neighbourhood. In 1634., during the irvil wars in tjer-
many, the Cro.Us barbaioiilly cu; ofl' many of the inha-
_ bitanti, and mined moit of the town; but it has been
j iLKe pritty well rebuilt, and detended by a (bonL7 raltle
' I 11 the Danube, over which is a wuoden bridije, a little
ielovv the town. This pLice is moll famous for the
glorious victory gained near it on the fecoiul of Auf;ult
1704, by the united loices of the Imperialilis I'.ngiilli, *
and Dutih, uiiiler the command of the duke of Marl- ..''■''/; ^^/'"A' ';
b'liiigh and prince Lugene, over one of the compb.'it- i^-fv-/;,?/ .
elt aimies ol Fieiieh and Bavarians that ever took the-
tieid, commanded by the e'cjtor of Bavarii, and the )
I'lench mar/hals Tallard and Marlin, who were cntirel/
defeated, about twenty thoufand being killed on the fpot,
or drowned in the Danube, and about lliiitem thoulanJ
taicen priloners i among wrioiu was marllial Tallard, ,1/7,, 'Jf , /
vt'iio with many ofTiccrs of rank were broui;ht to Eng -■/■,,■/», ^. ';
land, and rem.iined at Nottingham, where they were al-
loweil their parole, till tiie year 1712. In remembraiue
of this viclorv a pillar was erectej with a I,,atin infctip-
tion; and ill acknowledgement of the lignal lii vices here
p-rloimcd by the duke of Marlborough, the emperor .
Leopold created him a prince i^i the empire, under the '
title ot .Mindclheini, a plai e in I'.ivatia, winch in the year
i 1714, was icllorcd to the gltdlui by the ticaiy of Baden.
lilcnheim.
* 1
) 1
' i i\-
• i t '■ '
il
1:1
2lC
A SYS T [•: M O F
h$il ;
mM
K i
■ ' \
i ii
iHtiiHcim, a villj.^c fL'Vtdl oil tin; Daimlie, ivit f.ir
Iruiii Uuciiili't, anJ wliicti alii.) gives luiiic tu the abuvc
b.iiilc.
'I'lu' princlpnlily of Sult/b.ich has alio a particular
I'nvfiiiii^iit nt us own, tiij^ttliir with a tribunal. I hf
lllh.i'.>itaii!> anil i hurt his aii' partly li.ithrrari arul partly
«)t tin- Roniilh nliunin, anil the. aH'ai.s of the I.iitli'taii
toiilill'iiv .lie niiri.imJ hy the giivcitiMiem, ill whn:h
tvvi) I'lotL'lt.iiit iMuniellnis preliile,
T.'ie p i!i, ipal town 111 tlirs diHrri;^ i.i S'.rlt/b.irh, the
c.'pitai ot tiir- pi ill ipahtv, ami tlie nrulenie of tire rc-
pcney jiiJ tribunal, tiiouijh the niiniber of the iiihabi-
t.iiits dots nit much e.xcieil llwec Iniinlred. It ir, how-
ever, divided iilio two pails, ,irid the upper, whieh
ftands on a hill, n feparaied Ironi the lower by a wall.
Tile piince's palace llaii.!* on a ro. k oppiilltc tiu upper
town. I'lic l.trtlii'iaiis have aihiiuh and a <>.ainniar
rcliool, and the Kurnan catholics a Latin Ichool and a
Capuchin roiivent.
I'lie b (boprie or ptiiicipality of I'alVau lies between
I'avarii, lioueinra, and Anilria, and is fealcd on the
nver D.iii'ihe, Ihi ludiop^ were fornurlv UiflVaLians
to the aichb (hops oi S.iltitbiirij ; but are now nia.le iiulc-
pcndcnt, and tlic bilhop ol Hai'.'ui in the colk'^e of im-
pcrral piinecs (its on the cciUfultifal bench between the
bilhops of KatilLoii and rreni ; but in rhe circle of lia-
Varra is th'- lalt I'lumg the prelaicv To ihe epifcopal
cat ledral, (i) l.rr as its lurridiclion t xiciids over Havana,
bel.mjr («■() colle(;iaie churches, Willi ihiitceii abbics.md
priories, and ten riii.il dtaiicriis, containing thriehun-
•bed and tweiity-eijiht places ol woilhrpj it alio extends
a yreat w.iv iritc Aiillria. Ihereu-niies of this biiliopric
are faid to amount to li^hty thoufaiid crown- a year.
Fjllaii, the capital ol this bihopiic, is leated on the
])jnuhe, uliich at this place icetivcs into it the Inn,
and on the other liJc ihe 11/, a river famous for it.s beau-
tiful pe.rrls. It ci nirlls ot three towns, that properly
called I'all'au, lvill^ beiwecn the livers J)aiiube and Inn ;
the inlljili, whrtii ll.irids on the other fide of the Inn,
and is joined lo the (ornier be means of a bridge ; and the
Jl/liadt, Which is on the iiotth fide ol the Danube, wheto
it re^elvc^ the 11/.. I he lalt ol thele rivers runs between
Ilzll.uit and the niouiKain ot St. Cirnrgc, on wnich Hands
a callle. 1 he city on thole (ides that arc firiroirnded by
the water is without walls ; tint towards tin- lan>l lidc is
t'ortihed both wiiri ramparts and ditches. The cathedral,
which is dedicated to St. Stephen, was, to.'cihcr with
the city, burnt down in the vc.ar 1(162, but has been re-
built with i;reat Iplciidor, and on an eminence near it
ftands thebilhop's palace. Iklides feveral panfh-churches
tiieie is 111 this city a convent of Henedictmcs, a Francif-
can and aCapucliin convent, with a collei;e of Jefuits.
On the hill, .It the foot ot which Ind.rJt is leated, is the
Vil^rini chiirc h, called Mariahulf, and near the town of
Pallau, proiierlv lo called, is the convent of St. Niiholas,
in which .ue reiiular canons ol the order of St. Augulfinc;
FalTau enjoys a very good lituatron for trade.
r. r. O G R A P H V.
deemed lor thi ir
Sa
LTZBl'Rc.
beauty, biirJInefs, and vigour, bcini;
ible to travel lull fpced up the liighcll mouiit.iins with
no otiii r food thin hay and grals, without any oat.
At H.dUiri, which is .ibout two bonis dilLiiac frunithe
city ot S.rlt/hiir;^, arc falt-woiks beloiijjing to the fovc-
teinii, III which lalt of all cidoiirs, as yi-llow, red, bl^.
and white, is bcwn out from along the fubicir.ini.uii',
caverns, and then ilillidved in frelli water j wliicli btmJ
coiivevcd into pits, the fined lalt is made of the bum
but thele wiiilcs are only carried on in futniner, when j
lullic'ent ipunrity is made not only fcr home eorilurnr}.
tioii, but to aniwer all the demands Irom Uavaria, wlare
it ts excli.in;;cd lor coin, in this arelibidiopric arc all,,
ciinliderable mints ol iilver, copper, had, iron, and Ijpu
c.ilaminaris. A (;reat deal of IKel .iiid biafs is ^dlu nu.ic
here, and the pUnly of thele metals remarkably appci,
in the allonilhin.; nnrnber of Iwoids, labres, havuiii-ts
nuilkets, cannon, and rnoitai,, to belCMi in the .irmou.
ties all over the country. Jn this bUhupric is alio loui,J
a veiy ;'oiid mirble.
The princip.il river in this country is the Sal;:,i, j.^
S.il/.ach, which riles in the valley of Crumbier, towardi
the county of liriil, watcriiii; a (>rcat part of rt j and
alter receiving into it the liitle iiv rs of S.ial and (Jal-
trill, which rile in this country, continues its courle mta
Upper Bavaria, where it f.lls into the Jnn, wliich wadaj
a linall p.irt of the weltern lide of the archbilli(ip,n.
Here alio rife the Ens and Muer, with many other linlc
dieams, liviikts, and lakes ; all which abound in lilh,
Thcnijib the popilh dottrines and worfhip arc j!onc
tideratcd ill this archbiihoptic i y^'t, at the time of the
Relormation, Lutberanilrii was embraced by great num.
hers, whortr archbilhop Matthew Langins hariallijd anii
diove toexiirpate by oppreflion and violence. Uutaich-
bilhop John James procee.kd with greater mildnefs, ani)
in order to uconcile all tempers, obiained :he pope's h.
ceiice to adminidcr the fjcrament in both kinds Aicn-
bidiop Wuliyaiiij; 'I'heodoric, in the icar 1588, ilri.v;
gnat numbers ot his Lulhcr-in lubjeills out of the cc;iin.
try, and bis lucccH'or, Marcus Sitiicn, count of Huhe-
nimbs, iiegleiiled neither fair mi sns, menaces, nor vio-
lence, parliiularly by quartering troops on the Pro.
teltants, to brini/ ihcrn a^ain lo the church of Rome, m.
lomuch that it Wds lupp.'lcj the whole country wjs be-
come Roman. But luce eJing times ftiewcd that tnu
was a midake, great numitrs openly profi fling l.uthi;.
ranilm. (.Jn tins archbiflio,) M.iximili.in Cianilolph Icit
them no olhir alternative than either to fly their country
or abjure lluir laith. Hut the mod violent fl.imc ol pcr-
leciition blj7.cd out under archbilhop Leopold Anih.iny
lilcuilierius, barrm ol birmian, whole cruel zeal lurlup-
priflini^ l.utheranilin in his province was lo grrjt, tnat
the oppielled party were obliged to apply for rednfsto
the dates ot that religion in the iliet, who prevailed fi
lar, that, in the year I7'52, pcrmiflijn wai granted to the
Lutheran Saltzburnliers to withdraw quietly with thpr
crt'eds ; on which above thirty thoiiiand perfons cmbi.itcj
this opportunity, difperring themfclvcs into the ciher
prott dint countries of Germany, Pruflia, and even the
LiU'lidi colonies inAmeiica: 111 all whii h places they
were received wiili all that benevolence and encouracc.
nicnt which their inagnanimitv defcrved ; and thtfc eii.i-
graiions have coiiiinued evei t.ncc.
In the archbidiopric art iix citits and twenty-live
market-towns. The elfaics ot the nobility enjoy a jii-
rifdiihlion over the vad'als. All pealants are, fiowvir,
allowed the ufe of fire-arms ; and, bung f'roir ■.iuir
fouthcrn part ot B.iv.iria, 1. bounded on the call early years trained up at IhooiinL'; at a mark, v .luld on
by Audna and Stiria, on the louth by Carinthia and occafion prove a very (erviceable body. 'J'he nobilur
'Tyrol, on the wed by Upper liavaria, and northward by . were here formerly very numerous ; hut the policy of
the fame part of that electorate, its length and breadth , the princes let (0 many Iprinijs at work to opprels and
arc very differently reprefenled by drtt'erciit authors 1 ; extirpate them, that not even one at prifent reiniiiiis,
but by the lowed computation it is a hundred and four- , and all their tdates are in the bands of the church. Wiih
teen miles in length and breadth. rcl'pcit to the lew nobles at court, or belonging to tho
I'his country is on all fides defended by mountains cathedral, they are all forci^'ners, elpecially" Andrians,
and narrow palfcs, or rather entirely conlids of moun- Bohemians, and (oiiie Bavaiians. 'Ihe nobility bcim.'
tains and valleys. No kind of grain is lowed here, therelore extinifl, the prelates and commons loim tin:
whence It is lupplied wiih all its corn from Bavaria; fiates of the country : the former <d thele are the bi(h"p
but ivery pari of it produces excellent hay, and a great : of Chicmfee, the piior of the cathedral, the abbot ol St.
number of iine cattle, I'hc hoi Its in particular are j Peter at Saltzburi;, the prince of Bcrchtolfgadcr, the
I abbtt
SEC r. V.
Tl.e AiJ)bip:prlc of S ALTzni.'Rr..
]ti Sili'atiiit, Exltnt, Profliiif, iind Rivers. Ihc RcUgr.n
<md G'iJtrnmcnl of the Jnha/iilants ; with tht I'cwir,
Titii'S, jirms, Reveniui, and Form of tht ^nhiiijlj-fi.
T
HE archbifhnpiic of Saltiburg, which is in the
Ji.\LI7.ni'i:c.
jALT-nL-nc.
E U U O P E.
' i>
ilibotof St. Micoifl in R.niiM.i, the prior oC IlaRlwcrtli,
,l,a tiR' ,a1lR•|^ of NlMl.llHT- i llie I KtlT utc c.,mii..kvl ol
the lit." .i"J twciilv-two niiirlu't toiviii.
TIk title* "I" the .irchl'Klini. ;iro, Hy tlir j.r.ucnl ( in,l
■ re (if till.- iK'iy K<'l"'>" 'I'lP'l''' •""' .in^hlllOldl) ul
'"l" 'mii • Li'.uus Natii.'< of tlic apolli)lic ch.iir ol Ruim-,
1 Diiiii 1" ol licrinanv.
■" llis arms aic in the 'dcxtor half or, party per palf a
1 I, iihic, l>..t the finilU-r is daiiiali)uim-il. IIn lup-
"rtcri. arc' a fwcrJ atid a troficr ruriivjimtcj, as it wire-,
bchiiiii witii a crof'.. , i , ,• ,i
IJcfiJcs his hcMi;- the born and prrpctual Icfratc «l the
loftolic f'-''. •'"'' r'ii"«"= of Ccrmany, he alhi rnjoys
kveral other important honout^. He wcarb a cardinal's
liibit and -'11 appeals (roni him lie to the pope alone
poiliin, hv whofe perniirtion he ihfpolcs ot taiion-
HJjnl 'r'ne emperor ihles him will-bi loved ; hut all
oilier roclcfidlii-^ who are not of princely blood, have
nlv the title of honourable, and your reverence. I his
"•chbilhop h,n the following; fiitt'ra^an bilh.ips under
h'ni- thole of Freyling, Ratilhon, lirixen, CJnrk, Chi-
.mlc'e, Setkin, and l.avant. The lovir lall are even no-
niinatcJ, eonleerated, and eonlirmed by his own power,
withoiit'llandiM;; in need ol' the pope's coiiliniiation ,
,nd indeed, heistheonly arehhilhop who cnjovs this pii-
' Icpe. His temporal pre-eminences are, th it except
Iheeli-'^hiral archbiHiops, he is the only arehbdiop in
llGuniany who fits and votes in the diet of the em-
pire; and in the college of princes, he enjoys alt?rnate-
]y Willi Auftiia, the full feat on the eeclehallical bench,
/nd likewile m the direaory
'|"he nrincipil colleges ot the archbilhop arc the privy,
or ftate couiud, the conlillory, the cour: of jufticc, the
trcafury, and the council of war.
Hi> revenues, according to Kcyflcr. amount to eight
hunJicd thoufand rixdollais a year. 'I"he military force
(if this archbilhopric confilh of only one regiment ot
foot containing a thoufand men, whofe uniform is ge-
ncra'llv white laced with red. His hftv halbcrdccrs and
fifty horle-uii.irds are rather inllituted lor the fplcndor
of ihe court than for the military cHablillimcnt ; thefe,
who arc the life-guards, an.l the other oiKcers, wear
black with red facings and gold lace. A great num-
ber of fohlicrs, in a country fo well defended from in-
vafions, bv its mountains and narrow palVes, would be
ncfdlcl's and inconvenient, on account of the fcarcity of
corn and the bravery and expcrtncfs of the pealants.
Every badiwic has its rendezvous, to which on a fig-
nal beiii/ given, by mcdns of cannon plantjd on the
mouiit.iin.s and towers, they repair comp'ettiv armed,
an.l ihi re wait the command for marching. 'I'here are
faiJ to be twenty-live th<iufand pcafants, who never fail
tj hit a maik of a hand's breadth.
SECT, VI.
Of lilt: Clly ef Saltzhurj;, iin,! ih- fcverJ. Pr.l\-s hrlsn^ing !■>
tlii /1)i:lrjhil> in that City and iti Kei^hbauihooil.
THE principal place in this arrhbifhnpric is the
city of Sall/.burg, in Latin Salilburgum, the ca-
pital cl '.lie aichbilhopric, and the rcfidence of the arch-
bilhop, which is fituatcd in the forty-lcvcnthdcgiee forty-
tivcminuies north latitude, and in the thiitcenth degree
tivc minutes caft longitude, feventy- one miles to the louth-
caft of .Munich. It is furrounded by thice mountains
called Iniberg, Schlolberg, and .Munchberg ; but on
rntfiJc is open to a large plain, through the niidll ot
ninth runs the Salza. It is computed to be live thou-
fand geometrical p.ice'i in circuit, and is well fortihed ;
that part of the city which lies to the right of the river,
IS furrounded with eight baltions ; that on the left I'lJe
with three : the mountain-calHe which (lands in the
former is very Ihong, both from its litiiation and its
worki, and in it is the principal arfenal. It is provided
for a whole year with neccliary proviiioiH, and the gar-
iil'in is never changed.
Sali7.burg i; a tine city, and the greatefl p.irt of the
hiulo; arc twe Hories high; but the itree's are n irrow,
jP.J beini; paveJ after the old fafliiat^, th;; rgurle of the
02
water and filth ii in the middle, and tli.' Ipoiils conte-
Hiiently pioject to fome dilLiiKi l'ri>ni lln lioufe... Tin
roofs liuiii the ihe^ls appeal iiiiirely Hat ; but onlv roll-
fill of IVver.d I'ni.ill low iidi>es that ate hid bv :l.e I'mit
main wails of iho huiif s. ( )n'.' part of ill.- i •vllalid.
lui a deep rock. Ijeiotc the p.il.iee Irontiiig ti e ntv
.iparlmenis is a foiMitain, tdeenied the Lirgtll ai.J lin.lt
in all (ierniany ; the figures arc all of white niaible ,
but in the groteuii.e t:dte The refirvoir is <jne hun
ilred ,iiid level! leet in liicumlercntr, excUilive ol the
lleps ; lour large huilci fpuut the water out ol thei:
• nouihs and noitiil,;, thaui;h not in fueli t|u.iniities a^
the Itaiues above th.m. 'I he height of the whole work
exceed-, liify feet, and is I'uimounlcd by a toluinn el
watir eight'.en feet higli.
Ih'- palace, which is a magniticent llrucliire, con-
tains one hundred and feventy-three roo:i:.i. Tini
arehbilhup's apaitmcnt is very noble, the alcmt to it is
by a large maible It.iir-c.ile, and the ceilings are finely
p.iinted and gilt. The furniture is furprifwKilv rich.
Another apartment !!ill more magnihecnt, if pollible, i-i
ul.l on days of ceiemuiiy. Indeed, the whole pal.iic
abounds with fine p.ictures, tables of i;il.:id marble, an.l
fupu!) Iloves of all colours, ornarrcnted with Itatucs.
liiit though the tapeliries are valu.ibie v.\\ account of the
gold .Old lilver tliey contain, yet age has deprived them
of the greatelt pari ot then beauty. From th;' roof of
the palace, which you may go ([uite round upon hoard';
laid over th'j fmall ridges, is a delightlul prolpci't. The
new ap.irtmenis, though not in the exact ruhs of lym-
metry, are a comider.ibic ornament to the place, and con-
tain all the othcc', of the archbitliop. The (table-, an:
in three long and arched divifions ; the hnrl'c^, which
amount to one hundred and tilty, cat out of white mar-
ble mangers ; and twice a week a lunning water bein'^
t.irn-'d in thruajh both fides of tlij Halls, carri-.i av\'a/
any hlth that m;iv have gathered thcie. t)ver this flablo
is the fencing fchool, and before it a pond for waterini;
the horfes ninety three feet in length, in the midtl of
which tl.inds a very large horle made of one piece of
marble, with w.uer gufhing out of its mouth.
The winter riding Ichool is very lofty, with feats
placed between the windows on both (ide^ of the walls,
for the accommodation of (pe^ators of diftinction, that
the riders niav n.it be incommode.l in their exercife.
'{"he fummer riding fehnol, which alfo lervcs for baitin;'
wild beads, is in the open air, and has three galleries',
(Hie fide of whi; h are all cut out of the rock.
The cathidral of St. Rupert is built of frce-(^one,
and has a daielv front, adorned with four marble Itatuca
of St. I'eter, St. i'aul, St. Rupeit, and St. X'lrgilius ;
the two latter being lormeilv its bithops, and the iniidc
of the budding is adorned with pilallers of the Corin-
thian order. It is built in the lorm of a crofs. Its
high altar is of marble, which on grand t'edivals bears a
fun of goKI, adorned with precious doncs to the value
of <Mie hundred thoufand crowns, with a large crofs of
gold, and four candlelHcks of the lame metal. All the
other altais are of beautiful marble of didcrcnt kinds,
and under the cupcda are four of them, with an organ
over each ; but the tilth and fined organ, which isover,-f/,
the chi.f entrance, conlids of three t.loiifand two hun- /.-,»:
dred and fixtv-lix pipes, the Inngell of which is thirty-
three feet. Td this org in belong four keys, and forty -
two rr^iders, of which leventeen are of clock-work.
The roof of this church is covered with copper, and the
gallery between the cathedral and palace is of white
m.uhle.
The new univerlity church of the i nmaculate con-
ception of the Hled'ed Virgin is a noble buii liii^' 'id the
iiifide ornamented with very tine ducco-wor- 'uc
the Theatine convent dandsa marble pillar oi n.'c
done twenty-four leet hi.-h.
A covered bridge leads from the lower part of the city
to the aichbifliop'o palace of Mirabella, whofe tine chape!
ronditutes the inidillc part of the principal frruit : lacing
it is a mount I'arnadui, with aHegafu; on the top, from
which the water falls in cafcades. In the palace is a grand
marble tlair-cale finely painted, and the great hall i^
adorned with curious tables, and many beautiful land-
t'cape?. The floors, at in the city-pal ice, are inlaid w.i.'i
1 I 1 i:d
^r!'F
i n
i.i
i
1 HI
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rxfi/f,'
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1 'I m
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9f-
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11.1
A S Y S T r M O I G I'. O o U A 1' H Y.
I'KANlO'.i
rtil anil whlio ni.iilili', anil tlu' h.iiijiiniTs arc modi) rcJ
rml'rnulrnd with pnlil an.! lilvrr. Tlw c.iriliii is very
biMiiiitiil, .mil t»o S.il/„i, whuli nin. dofr I'V it, aiMs u>
till' .iyn'(.Mli|'-Mi.'(s i>i the iiri.rpict. \V Ithin iIk' f;;\r(l''ii i-.
a l.ir;;i" aviiry, wl)''ii, diiriiig the ruiiiimr liiMe<, tlw
arclil'idiop tr<'i]iniitly l.ikrs a rip.ill. Tlu" (luMtic ile-
i oi:'. (■ I Willi j'liiii tint H viiy hiMiiiifiil, aiul has four
l.irjr fii.irlilc i;i(iii|ii'«, llir r.ipc cif I'ri'lVrpiii', ini' r.ipc
ot'Udin, llcrtiilci wiiltiiii^ with Aiiilicus, .iiiJyEduu
curving hi* l.ttl\ri out ot Iri'v.
Ahmt .1 i|U.irlir (t\ :i lr.ii>iic from SaltzburLT ii Mill-
l>run, anoiliir ot tlic arcliiiillidp's I'lMH. T ht luiiMing
cdiit.ims iiiiihiiii; rcm.irlc.ihli' i hut thi-yink'n Is cxtrcinc-
Iv pli-..l.iiit. It 111 III.; I.ii.l (lilt in the m.iiiiKr (4 ,i wiMir-
iKij, ,in>l .Aiouiiiiiii^ with tho tincjl w.itcr-woiks, rtCiT-
voiri, poll Is, .iii'l h.ifoiH, .ill I'd rl-.'.ir that vmi fee the
trout. .uiJ (ithtr tilh Ipiirtiii;; in ihi'iii. Aiiiiiii;; other
beautil'ii! grottni is one with ?n oUl Jrcayed brirjc roof nf
wiirici"- .vorkm.uifliip. Ovrrfno of the many fprii,,!, n,
tlir I .ir.liii i. the iLitiii: iif a nioiidcr, whiih nuy I,,.
laktii liir a wiKI mm, li.ul it r.ot a coik"; i-onib, and the
Icct (if all r.ij'Ic. Uiidi'r it i. tht followiiv.' irili-ripiinn .
'• The original of ihii iiu'tiftroui (iyiirc, called ,
" fiirtll devil, was caiii;lil in luiiitinp nt.ir H.ivcnlii i,,
'* Matthew I-ani; being then cardiiuil and nichbifti, .,'
" His (kill was yelldwilll, hf li.id all tin; iiiaiks ot a i'!
'• va;;e dilpdfitioii, yet never Imiked iit i-iiy (mu- (.,..
" hid hiinl'elf in torncr<. He had llic f,ieo of a rr
" withabeard, cable's feet with linn'i tl.ivvs, ihc
'* of i dog, and on hii head grcvw a I m^c c umb liKr ; .'.
" of a cock. He fiKin died with hiiii^><r, ai ini;f,,
" alliiremc iit'i iiur violence could bring him tu u. r
'• diink.- ''
CHAP. XV.
Of tlic Ciidc of F R A N C O N I A.
s !■: c r. I.
(Jf Frai^lKi/J in ^rn{r,;l,iin,l fi' ^} of ll',' l)ij>:p>li of Ii,iml'i-r^ ;
i:i Siluiliir, I'vlinl, I'l „iiiu, jiil f» ir\ip,il kij,-'i. 'Iht
•Sl.i.'r, Privi.'irci, iw-/ Jims "f the lllhop \ the Uffim of
the iiiv/rnmeiit : luith ii fiiilhul.ir D,J<>iplivi rf tht Lily
tf liiimter-, iin.l lie I'.ilfiu ef PiminfMt.
FRANC( )NIA, railed bv the Germans Fr.inkcnland,
IS Iniiiuled (111 the north by I hiiiiii^i.i, Saxoin , aii.l
111 lie; on tlie t,ill by the p.il.itinaie of Havari;i, and pari
ot li'heiTii.i; on the fniiih by S>vabi.i ; and on the well
by the eirele of the Rhine, pait of HelK-, and llie W'ct-
teraw i extendiii.; from call to well .diout a hundred and
tliirty miles, and Irom north to fouih a hundred and
thirlv-livc; but is ill both wa\ s much inden"d.
'I'he Ita'es of this cirdc aredividdl ii;;(i four bcnrhes :
to the fpiiitu.il bench ol princes b' K'li^ the biflioprics (d
Uambcr;', W'utt/.burL;, .iiid Ki(h(Kidt, with the Teu-
tonic Older ; to the (li.ular bench (d piinccs, bran-
<lenbiir->-Kareith, iiraiulenbur;:- Anfpach, Hcnixhrru;-
Schleuluv. .1, lleniicbei^-Rcmhild, Hennehcri;-S..hmal-
k.ill.n, fti.lne:',rt/: nbcri;, l.oweiilleiii W'enhcim, and
Holunlohe-WaKlcnbur;; ; to the bciK h of counts and
lords, Hohenlohe-Neuenlb ill, C'afhil, Wcithiiin, Ric-
iicck, Krba h, rjmb,ir:;-Ged(lorf, l.imbnrft ^>pceklel.!,
Seiiiflv.-iin, Kei_L»tifoer;.-, W'leleiitlii id, Wti/heim, and
llaiifen ; a;iJ to the bencii of imperial ci'ics, Nurriiherg,
Rotheiibur^^, W'liuUheim, Schwtiiilutt, and Weikn-
bur.r.
'Iho l'umni(jn::i:T prin^-es for thi« circle ar? the bifhop
tif liamber;;, i'.nd the iiur:;ravei of Hrandeiuiuri;-i}areith
Slid Anfpaeh, who take their tuin in lummomng every
three vears.
With rcfpccl to rclii;ion, this, circle, which is one of
e mi.xed, prcfeius one Roman catholic and one pro-
telkr.t asVe'.i'.ir to tic chamber-j'idicatory of the cmpiie.
'1 he 'ica'li of the former is notified bv the chamber to
the popiih, and that of the lattiT to the protellaiit luin-
nioninii-olVice of the circle.
The firll countrv v,-c fliall defcrlbc in this circle ii the
bifliopric of liambcrsr, which terminates to the nnrdi on
the prinrjpa'itv of Coburg and the Vois^htland ; to tlu
cafl on Ijriiii'lLiiburii-Hareith and the territory of Niiren-
hur.' ; to the fouth on the territory of N'l.renbur^, iiriin-
bcni'ur;.', and the piincipality ol Srhvvart7cnherg ; and
to the vvefl on the bifllopric of Wurtzhurf. If, (jrcatel)
extent is about fcvcnty-one miles in length, and it^
grcatell breadth above forty-cij;ht miles.
'I'he foil of this bilhopric pioduccs all forts of f^raln,
vegetables, and fruit, i:i abundanre ; particularly grapes,
of which good wine is niade. It likevvife yields latfron,
and an excellent lurt ot li(iuiiti(;c, of wliieh great quan-
th
titles arc exported ; and mar the city of Rambcrr .i-r
fuch mimbrrs of laurel, Hf,', orange, and lemun-itfr.
1 th.it this (pot has been (filed the J.ittic Italy of (jj,!
I iii.iny. It has alfo good woods, and a great nutnbii,'
cattle.
i The Maine, wbiili ilVucs out of this comurv, \u.
I verl'es the norlh part of ir, and rcicivcs the Rntaih t ,.
It/,, or Its, ami the Rednil/ ; the latter of whuhai,
I rilt i lierr, afier which the Maine receives fcvcral fmji; ,
I (Ire.im .
I B..mbern contains clL>htecn boroughs and fi-j,
, m^'kct-iowiis, and the iiih.ibitant:: are zealous nmit,
I 'I'he billiop of l(amber_.^ ((.in. Is iiimiediat''Iy uii.icri,'';
papal fee, and may ait v\'iiliin his own dioeele a, •,
iichbiihup. King Henry, the louiiJcr of this biOunn.
j appointed the kini; ol l'}obc;ni.^ upper cup-hearcr, trj
elccfoi palatine upper ('ewer, the elector ot S.ixnnv un t'r
martial, and the elei^lor i<f Urandi-nhur.; upper ch.imlir-
lainof ihe biliiopric. 'I hef.- electors inv((( four inti.-r.t
I tamiliesof the nobility ot FtaiRoina with • j.c ufliai
j which they per(orm as their deputies.
The arms of this bdliopiic are a bun fab'e, in a(itlj(p,
or, over whi. ii is a band ar-ent travcrliii.; th.- wha.
The bilhop has his feat and voice at the d.et w,
empire, and l.jis the fourth place on thefpiritual bipi
'i'he epifcopal vicar refubs amon^ the cI.tcv an
tcrmines their diCpiitcs, and all appe.ils lii- to hiai ;r .\
the confdtory, which dei ides in matiimoiii.d i.ali.i, tj;
Irom the vicariate .i|>peals lie to roin,. The it.'tr v
confills of a prefident, a chancellor, and about iwciy.v
aulic counl'ellors. Under the rcfjrirjy are theiaf.,,r
courts of St. Stephen, St. (iani^olph, and St. J iik- ■
with the provincial-court at Hamberg, the piipil-cur:,
and p.lice-court, the peril or crimina. ;.,urt, and luc
office of undcr-bailitf'.
The aulir chamber and upper rcceipt-(,1ice have ;ht
care of the bifliop's revenues. Kach of thele oiTkcj his
a preCidcnt, and the laf.er jifo repiel'eiits the aulie m:;;-
tary council, who have the managcmcni. of miLijiy
affairs.
The principal place in this bifli'^pric is liambcri;, an-
riently called liabenber^:, which i; feated upon hilisii-jr
the river Kednit/. in a fertile and deli^^btful cnuiurv, in
the 5'.th dei.'ree 15 minutes noith latitude, and the ictd.-
degree 15 iiiimites call longitude. The town iticlf, vvhica 7 j
Is In ni'itt parts furroundi tl with a wall and ditch, is not
lari;e, but has extenhve (uburbs, and is, in d.encr.il, wtil
built and populous In the upper part, which (laiidj
uprm a hill, is the princely rcl'idencc of I'etcilbur.; ; and
.illo ihe great cathed.al church of St. George, a v.ii:
Gothic edifuc, with a lofty lleeple .\\\ four noble I'aitcs.
In thii church is the miMiiiment of Henry II. thefoaniiir
ufihc bifliopric, and hi. confurt Cuni^junda. Th.c tn::-
\Vl,'RT2nLK(
() I' i:.
217
v'yjm
I riion
hi
tluiuli belon:j,iiig to it I\J5 iiii ailmiialilu li.ititiljiicxi.-, a
(,iM. til archr'il rout, ami three tine organs : it is alii) tiii-
liulillicil witli l'cul|itiiic and paiiitiii, ■.; aiiioiu' thf lamr,
the alt.ii piece, which is aili)iiinl with the iriirelejiuiioii
^,-,l,» •.ir..ir<iMl(jn nt (hi: V.'
r-
f^ritt,t*i
.UiM>
\. ^W
^^■^
• .f
Hr%h<^ Jli/ett |
V 1* 2* 1: u
ii*iJutUt>iVt
' J' n A N C/'i) K
L o ir j;
long tthi.h H an exqulfitc piece of workmanfliiiiin ani-
iT, uprciVmiii^Mvir bjiiour in his u^'onv in the jMnlni,
hi|)poitcJ l>v an anfil. The .liniii -par mir U hun '
with [;ilt hilh.r, on which ii rrpr. f.nted D.in.lV. trium"
phant entry, aiur he h.iJ killed (r.| ah. In tliis pucv
whic h it vi rv old, th.- liirurc-, are as hi;» a» the Ine '
w li exei iit.d.
;nituTiue that appear.
I'he chapel ii iKit atilwerahle
IMil
tliu
, , .iptjr. in rverv mlier part ot t lii pa-
■I e. lieir.ie l!i ■ altar aic ilepi.lited it,e bcvviN of the
ite elector ..I Mn.t/, whofe heart Ih, buri.'d at Ham-
herc, and li,. Imdv at the rity „C .VIi„t/,. ( )„ ,|k. ,„,,
ol llie palace II nids an inia^e of Atlas with
lary Iphere .m In-, IliouMers.
an aniHJ-
I'he ,.ar,lii. i, on a Hope or (-.ntle derl.viiy,
on each lidu is a final! wood of linJcn-trecs I'laiite
villas. '
an, I
ed 111
S K C T. ir.
Oflh/ liijh-j»i( of WfK rzni^Rr;.
Ill Siiuafnn, Kxlrit, ,w,l PreJuc, ; ll>t R,li.i,„ of ,1 , J„.
rms.
i ll
- :it|-
■r ^
WuRTlllfll'"
I'. V U () I' K.
a I.J
f
hic iiti'-e ..f till- cmprcf, no's m ihe light liJ>' "I ha hni-
biiil iiml llu' loinli H ;iJ.Mii.:>l witli I..1IK. reacv... u-(.il-
fc'ntini: •'»• ""•" rciii.iik,ililc pj|b^-t , ol Hnuy ll"< IH'-,
amoMi: which ilie circumitiinrc alli.l>;iil m the hull t.ii
Ciiiii'Hii.li'i i.morii/iiiiiii 11 not (.miin.l, n.iniLU, th.it
,he ciiipeKM-, on hi- J-' uh-bat, (olLiniily .Icil ucl hituc
f .,,|,,iinc<-» ami i>thcr wUmlW , thut he Ictt LuMi-
■,unj.iavi'i:'.i''. ■'■' ^'' '^■'■«'''^'' ^''''- '" ''"■; '"■";'.'■> '",'
f|,„|,.t,. thi. tMlhcilr,il .lie .1 ■■ifMt luiiiiUr lit ji'wch
• njVCis ; hut wli.it ii niolJ tiirhini .irc tlii; nmr < ii'lp' 1'
Itiitirii "" iwtthniuii ill biMiitiliil kttc'i 1.1 •■/■Ivl, till, ly
bouml. .""1 '■'••' with ?;'•'■;';"• ""■^■.■•. nu rr ,*l.ct. tl.o
bull rl |"T^" il"nii''^''" ^ '"■ '" *hith the ciiJul.nii mi-
car Jrc Jll'ir'-'l. 'h It the holy n.iil kept here ii iimiialtinn-
nblv "'"■■ "' ^^"^'■' ''''" '•'"'■■'"■'' ""■' '^''viour to the i mN.
Anion' thr (ithcr public binliling,'; lire the i .iilKilr.il ol .'^t.
Sicphri'i ai»l St. J.inus, with a ILiinliiitine convent mi
thiM'i'ichll'cr^', whirh ib a m.ii'.iiili. eiit uliflie, ami the
thiirih bcl<)n:;ing to it b.i'. an .ulmii.iblc lr..iiiiipii.ei-, a
fiiprrl) arched roiii, ami three tine oijians : it ii alio iin-
btllilhcil with rciil|iiiii'' ami paintiii.si aiiiuiig the lamr,
•tie aliai pi".' i-'t which is ailoiiuJ witti the rrpreleniatii)ii
^••.••"'""""U"". nt 'hP Viriiin Mirv i« •«•'' '— " "I-
iiioii:; whih ii an cxnuifitc piicf if wnrkmntiniipin am-
ber, uprtiiiitiiyrvir b.ivii)iM III hi. J;.'n'iy in the |;aiilf|i»
(iippoitcj by an ancil. The ilinin parMiur \\ bun,;
wirh I'llt h itlKT.iiii v',hk-hii ri-pr.f.nt'd D.ivul'' tniiiti-
jihint entry, aii.rhchil killc.l (i 1 ib In iiiii pi<.c>',
wliii h it VI ry ol.l, thr li|»iirc- .ire a^ l>i> a> tin- liu, aiul
^^^l! cxeiiitiJ. The chd|K| it iMt aiiiwei.ible tu ilio
ni:v;iiiliiriuc that appear, in iviry other put ni f.i. pa-
la e. Dcloie thi' alr.u aic depnliteil ibe bmViit ol ilio
I lie eleOlor I r Ment/, whufe hiMil In - bini'.l at Hain-
hii,', and hi, Iin.lv at tlie riiy III' .Vliiit/,, < )ii ihe inji
"I till- p.il.iie II, mis an image uf Atlas, with uii ariliil-
liry I'lplKr^' .III III , IhniiMcM,
I III- (Mr.lui I- cjii a lliijie or I'.ntie derl.viiv, .ml
MM e,ich liJu in a fiiiall wuud ul' liadcn-trcej planted ill
villas.
s r. C T. H.
O/'llit Hijlrpric tf Wubtzburo.
Ill Situtllicn, l'.\u>:l, iiml I'rcliid \ tit Rfliji'.n tf t't /«-
,4<
■I!
!i:|
U!
>16
ri'J iw\ wliite iii;iilil
V S T r. M O V G !■: O G R A i' H Y,
I-
RANlOnh,
an,! the luiiiiiiirs arc mn
I nd
with t^olil mill
Th
(lly rcvl
c fari'cii IS \iry
hLamil'iil, .iiul tlu'S.ilza, wlmli niii'. ddfr Iiy it, adds to
;rcc.ili!''iK'ls ol the priirpiLt. \\ ithin tiic i;;irdcn ib
fhi
a lar^f avi.iry,
wh
hbid
cir, iliiniij
the I
10
p licipi
itlv t.ikrs a rL'ii.ilt.
the
"111' tlicattc (Ic-
umiiicr iR-.its
ar
cciir.f.l Willi iMcin ruif ii vciy bcaiilifiil, and lias Am
!ar_'r tii.iililc i;toiijic>, llu- rape v( I'TdCcrpiin", thf r.pc
n(' Helen, Heieiile.i wrilliiii^ with Anllicus, ,uiJ .'T'.iKaa
tanyiiig his lather tiiit vi Trov.
About a i]u.iiter ol' a le.mne from Saltzbiir^ is IKl!-
luun, another nt the arelibilTiop's Teats. 'I he btii'ding
contains iioihin'"; reniaikable; bat thc^ irden is extrcmc-
\\ ple.irant, it liein:; laid out in the manner ot'a wilder-
nel.>, and alvniinliiu; wiih the fincll water-works, rder-
voirs, ponds, and bafons, all lb ch-ar that von fee the
troiitj and other tilh Ipurtiiig in tiieni. Atiion^; other
lieaiitilul grottn-, is one witli
turlou, workinaiifliip. ( )v
M decayed brick rouf
thv
irden
(latii
irr one of tile many (j
;if a moiiller, wh.ch
tak.n for a wild
id It
r.ot a coet
eonib.
feet of an cajole. Under it i:, the follo'.vin^; iiilcn
'* The orii;ina! of fhirj inur.ftrous ri;{iire, (
" forell de
fi|
iriiU's III
may Iv;
and t.lc
iptidn :
eallcd a
orelt ilenl, was caiu;ht in luintinp near H.ivcidhirn
" Mjtthew I-.ini: bcinc then cardinal and archbiflinn.
" His (kill was vellowim, he had all the marks of a !,•.
" vai;e difpofition, yet never looked at any one, |.i:'
" hid liinil'elf in corners. He had the face of a rr >
" with a beard, cafjic's feet with lion's claws, ihci ■
" of a dog, and on his head ['.rcwr a 1 irjrc eoinb lim- tru-
" of a cock. He foon died with hunger, as nmh"
" allureini iits nor violence could bring hini to eit ur
" drink."
\Vi;RTZi:i.-R;;.
ble iiii.iije of the cm
l,p.„d, and the tomb
friitiiii llic Ti"'' '■'•'
aiTiDii.i; which the c
(j.iiiiiMiiid I's canon
the emperor, on his
fever.il piinces and
i;iiiu!.i a virjjin, as
Km^iii^ to this cati
;iiiJ relics ; hut vvli.i
wiii'.tn on parchnic
bound, and let with
bill! of ["■r'-' ii""iiai
j;,!r .ire allured, thit
;,hly •Jiie of thofj th
Anion.; the other pii
S'lY'ifii ^'"' ^'- .'•'"
|i;>' M.}nch!l'er;j, vvl
(hiirih bclon:;!!!;; ti
(,... j',1 arched root,
Inildlied with Iculpl
thf al'.ar piere, whii
c' '.ne alluinptioii ol
..1,1,., Hire i> .dlo
tiu' middle part of
noil with the iippc
l,ri,|jc, arc ni.iiiy ii
of (nycrfwerth, wl
chuieli of the Jefii
iiiiueiliiy J the pan!
Maiv, three nioiial
p'..:i A long and I
put I'f the town to
I; r .c Doininican n
.\'.v.'ut three ho irs
or police of Pomer*
aiul Itands in a deli
ic.1t Itru.-t' re ; but,
t.ce, it hjs three iiiia
(Jp; iiiite the front
ibi) c% which are bi
(':i pncfiJc ol the n
C.Tl.ir, and on the
Willi the (lordiaii I
the bd)i ip's ajiartnv
fine iiJe tne (latiieai
Jul' ..' and Kortitii,
fc'.vcipi.ds ; it is in
is as hi.;h as the ji.i;
pa:ilted bv Hies, om
her, r.;;.l .Marchiiii,
fc'ili'iuie on e.H h I
Iviiin the court .it
linwii iumc lle]is ii
ii.iCi'o-work, lo fuK
ill thi- i;rotto aie
.i:i',l the lour elcni
ilci'.int fii^urcs of
'l'',e ludres arc of
l;,ie of the grotto i
(ir.ui;;e- trees, &e.
fr.ui.uue, adil to t
111 the llory whe
aiSlly over the grott
adorned with c.ipi
liehiig ii ciirioully
ai.d it yields a thai
l:;;i'.fii! prol'peil ol
^^^l(t of the otli
p'll.v hangings an
( l;.e roiiin cxnibits
li i.ulivrd himlelf
t .' i'dlii'p's draw'ii,
1 11. ;•, in which ii
tiu lire-place in th
el ;in 'ild man prav
1 the birth of Chii
; 'Min is a looking,^
titv of valuable C"h
(fcii porielaiil. C)|
cups niaJc of prec
tl
' I
^VL'RTz^L•Rf;.
I-.
U R
I lu-r hiil-
O 1' E.
;i^
l,:c' im;'"!: of the cmprcf-- llc^ . tl : ; I^;lit fiJ
tlii' moU rciii.uk.iblc pail.ijL, ol Hi'iuy U'i Iiti',
which the circumltaiicc allcilgcd in the Inill tui
s caiioiii/atioii is not oniiitc-.l, n.iim'.y, that
n.r, on his ili-.ith-b^'d, f.iltiiinly iloclau-.l hii're
ami other wilnelle:., that he lett Cu:u-
(iiitiirA
the eiii|«-'
Icvfi.il iniiKcs
■.inula a virgin, as he reccivcJ her. In the trralury he
'^' ' to 'this cathedral are a great luinihcr of jewel ;
but what is molt curious arc tlie four (.iol;) N
..iii'cii on parchment in beautiful lettc-s of ;v'KI, hiii ly
"' ■ ,(K);.e.. There I. here Ih.
P'
ll'll^H'r
;;,hI relie>
1 „,r.l and let with precious lh);'c ■. 1 here is here
Ivil! of P"P<-" i^"'"'^'''- ' '"■ '" ^^'hicb the cieJulous v
,.' .iieallareil, thit the holy nail kept here is umiuellinii-
^'hI.'miiu v'' thofe thar filleiieil our Saviour to the eroU.
•'■"^ .' .... .1.1:.. 1.. ■IK 1 i,...i,.i ..t >;,
ililin"s
ue the I athedral ot l^t.
neiliiiUne cor.vent on
III
Anion:', the other public 1;
Stephen anil St. James, with a
Ihi^ Monchlber^', which ii a magniliccnt edifice, and the
itiiirih bcIon;Mng to it has an admirable Iroiuiipiece, a
'.1 arrhcdroof, and three tine or^^ans ; it is alio em-
liVlrlhed with Iculptiiie and paintin.is; among the latier,
thi' al'.ar picre, which is adoinrd witli the reprelentalion
c'lie alliimptioii of the V'iroin Mary, is molt remaik-
a'-ili.'. Here is alio the nunnery ol St, Theod-ire. In
till' middle part of the town, which has a comnnuili a-
,i„ii with the upper part, by means of a loity (lone
|,-;d7f, arc many line hoiifc ; as alio the antient palace
(,i (i^M'rfwerth, which has a noble or.inj,erv ; a line
fvn-ii (if the Jefuits, who have the infpiction ol the
i.iitilityj the panlh-church of St. .Vlartin, that of St,
M-iiv, three monalleiie^, two nunneries, and an hof-
lit..K A long and broad l)rl,!j,e leads from the middle
iuit lif the town to the fuburbs of I'rcuentaJt, in wiiieli
I T ,c Dominican nurmery of the hidy fepulchie.
.\'. -Ut tlirce ho irs jniiriiev fiom Himberg is tile raflle
c: raliee ui PomersfvUt, wlii. h belonp-; to the bilhop,
ami itaiiH-i in a deli.rhtlul countr','. 'This i? a magirli-
if.-.t llrii'l' re; but, inllrad of a L;tand entrance, or poi -
t.,-i; it has three linall doors, and twomoie in tiie wiii^;s.
(Ji: iifite the front of the palace are the men.igety and
ihiies which are built in an oval Iniiii.with a colmiade.
Ciicncfuic of the mid, lie door l^,llu•|.^ 'he (l.ilue of Julius
Cx'lar, and on the other that of Ale\.iiuier theCjre.it,
Wit^ the Ciordiati knot at his feet, .'\t the entrance ol
the lidhiip's apartnvius, which arc in the liont, arc on
fiiic liJe tne (Kitiica of Faith and (.,'hariiv, and iin the other
lul' ..' and Kortitu.lc. 'I'hc graml double iiair-eale h.is
"lev cqii.'.ls ; it is indeed but one llory high ; but the roid
is a> lii^h as the palace iticif, and theii ling is liiuly
paaited hv Hies, one of the geiitiemen of the bed-cham-
iier, ?."\ .Marchini, an Itali.m. The iLiirs, with the
fcih'Uire on tich lide, are of frec-llone.
Ifoin the court at the toot of the fl.iir-cafe you defccnd
iinwr, liimc (leps into a beautiful grotto, covered with
I! ic.o-work, fofintiv p dirtied that it relVmliles ni.iiblc.
In ih.- iirotto are eight llatues, leprelcntin ; the fcainui
and the lour elements ; and between time aic leveral
ilci'int fi::uies of Oiell-woik, reprefenting fea-animaN,
T'.e billres arc of glafs of v.irious colours ; and on each
fv.'x c.f the grotto is a Imall colonade, where in funimer
(ir.mgetrccs, J:c. are fct, which, by their verdure and
fi.Ui.iiice, add to thcagieeabienefs of this cool retieat.
In the llory where the grand Ifair-cafe ends, and e.\-
:ii(Iy over the grotto, i,^ a hall well worth feeing. It is
u.ldrned with capital pictures and familv portraits, tile
liiliiig is curioully painted .md adorne.l with gilt cornices,
.-.i.'l it yiehls a charming vie-Ar <if the garden: , ,.iid a dc-
I ■;!iiiii profpeil of the adjacent country.
A!, lit of the other ap.irtiiirnts art fmal! ; but the ta-
p'lS.y hangings and other furp.itiire arc very fpleiulid.
Or.e room cxnihits ten b.ittles in which prince Kugcne
(i :;i:i'ivrd himfelf by hii condu>f\ and ci.ur.ige ; and in
t ■ 1>, (hop's drawing- roonm is a ropy of Corri;',ii)'s niglit-
[;i. ;■, in which is rejirefented the biitb ofChiilt. (Jvei
t!u li.'c-placc in the bed cli.imb'r is a very fine pivTure
el an old man praying to a crucifix, and in tiie lame rouin
i-, tlie hiith of Chrill in Mofaic work. Adjulning to tliis
iocm is a looking-g!af> clofct, in which i, agieat ijuaii-
titv of valuable t'hiiia ware, and fome of the fined Dicf-
rftu potielaln. C*n the tables aie placed cultal vale-,
caps made of precious Iton"". ird other cuiiofitics j a-
nion:; which is an c\'qu!fitc piece of workmanfliiiiin am-
ber, icprclVntingour Saviour in his agony in the g.ndrn,
liipportcd by an angel. The dinin ;-pariour is lain^
with gilt bather, un which is rrpr<finted Oavid'a trium-
p.hant entry, altirheh.iJ killed (jMl.ih. In this piece,
which ia very old, the riijurcs are as big as the life, aiij
W'.li e.\erutcd. The rh.ipcl is not anfwerable to the
ma';nilicciice that appear:, in every other p.irt of ti^.is pa-
la c. Heforc the alt.ir .ite <le;)ofited the btnvils of the
late elector of .Mint/., wllofe heart lii s buried at I'.arn-
beig, and bi, body at tiie riiy uf .VKnf/.. ( )n the top
I llie pal.ice ll.mds an image of Atlas, wiih u arniil-
iry fplien- on his ihn 'Idcrs.
The p,,ir,Ui> is on Ihijie iir gentle derl.vilv, and
on each lide is a fnuil wuod of linden-treei planted in
vii!,(s.
S E C T, II.
Ofihe Jiijh-pric of Wv.'t r/iii;Rf;.
Its Situation, Fxlf<:t, iinil Prciiict ; //>.' R^u'ii'i:/! of t'e In-
hiititanti ; //r '//V/cj, Anm, imd 0//V.ri umif r/r Ht,h,p ;
'.{.■■.t]) a p.iiliaiLir Dr/Liiplioii if ll'e Cily of H'uilzhri'.
THE bifh'jpric of \Viirt,»biirg is bound>-.l on tin- call
by the bidiopric of IJamberg, tlii- piincip.ili'ics of
ft
f
Schwartzcnherj, Hrandcnbeig, Oiiu/.bach, and tl.tr
fiL'iiioiy ol Rotlienhur,' ; on tiic foutii by tiie co'inty of
ilohenlohe ; on the welt by tlic arclibilliopric of .lieiit/.,
and the ab'iey of KuM ; and on tne nor.n hv th • cminty
ol Henneberg, and the piiii' ip.ility of CidiufL: : i .\ end-
ing about lixtv-fivc miles in Iciiilli, and fii'iy in lueadtn.
The loll IS v:ry Iruitful, and prodii cs iiioii; lorii and
wine than tlie iiih.ilit ints coiiCime, I'.ic princip.il livcr
111 this coiintiv is the .Mai.ie.
The cltablillied religion is that of pdp.-rv, Imt ibfrc
aic alio I.m'-.eiaii and CaUinill cr.urclie^ wi';iin ti.ctrr-
litoryol W'urt.'hiirg ; but tilt fe frccpi,:iitly miil-i- tli- mod
grievous compla nts of <>ppr'.lliiin an.l inji'iK^e to tne
dicis of the eniiHie, fioiiiwuiih ihcv fe.d: r\ii.'l:.
Tiie title id' the billlop is, O- ."he no'. Krrn.in eir.piie,
prince, billiop of Wurizbu g, ,■■.] di.!;e of Ealt l''r.ink-
enland.
Mis arms on 3'-rount of the b."-)pri- are. a i i :-.ii mi Aim.'
gules aii.l argent, (iblii|iKly vvavii' ,, cpi.ut ■led, ,uid ii-
|iorted on a lance or, ma field veitej ,iiid on uccount
of the diitchy of rrankeiil.iiiJ, a ciolsflnpcd ipi.irtriy
gules and ai^eiit, with tnree points tenuin iting ^ules.
IJeliind the (liield armori.il proji-cl acrofi r aiid a l.vurd.
The bidiops ol W'uri/.b'ir.; caule a ii.ikel f\,-c!rd to be
carried b.loie them, and in 1752 pope iieiicdict XIV.
granted them the pnvilege ol br.uing the arehi ■jiifcopal
p.ill and crofs ; but in other refpcct^ tbey arc- futtia..in3
10 the arclibilh-ip of Mem/,. At the di-t of the empire
thi 1 billiop is polieli'ed ol the fifth place on the fpiri-
tiial bench in the council of the princes; Liut in tii.it of
Franconia he h.is the lirlt voice.
The cpifcopal hi^h collciits arc the foll.iwii- r; Tlie fpi.-
ritual regcncv, which ha^ the niaiiagi nu ir. oi fu..h al-
fairs as relate to the epilcop.d juiifciclion ; liie vica-
riate, which dctermiiHs all ililputes riiatiiv; I'l ;■. li^Moji ;
and the confillorv, which lias the mm.igeni.iii ol mai.'l-
nionia! aftaiis. l-'rum tlulc two iail ,in appeal Kcs to thj
metropolitan.
The tempoial colleges arc the piiw couiuil : tlir re-
gency and ;\ulic Council, which judge in all criminal
and civil affairs; the .'\ulic tribun.d, to which an appi.il
lies fiom the proiiiicii' : the provincial liibun.d, viliuli
judges matters of inheiitani-t , iMiaiilianfliip, .m,! the
like; the upper council, to \ hich biiong matte. s uf
police, and the town council.
The epifcopal revcnui.s arc eftiinated at fcur or fui;
hundred tlioulaiid guldens. This prince and bilh.ii)
maintains \\'<m legimcnts of foot and liotfe, and ,1 ! an-
litaiv allaiis are lubieil to the ,'\ul:c council of w.ir.
In this piiiu ip.iiity aie thirty-three borou,.;l,s, .iif»|
.iboiit ten niaiket towns, the principal of which is ilio
following,
Wuri/.burg, in I.alin W'irceburguni, w.is antientiv
called lle;bi[icdr , and is feated on the livcr Ma.ne, lii
the
: k
' ' ,i;J
■ t
UllfMi
A S Y S T I-: M OF G r O G 1'.
.-J.
i
i
■■.-r:-
220
'lu r.Hlv'-nliit'.i ill' ;',rnMl>it!v-iiiiiP mianti". nnrth lititu'lo,
.lul ill i!u ii;iitl\ ilc^r.i; Lutv-ii^'ht mimites call liiv^i-
i.n!,\ Ii i, ilic c.iiMt.il dl' t'l ■ bilhopiii', .iiid ii WL-ll for-
u!inl ,in>l ilcrcmlcj liy .1 i.illlc tii.ic ii.'ii !^. on a lii^l) ami
iinky iiiDuiil.iiii, and in wliu'li is :iii ipilcop,'.! p-iliic,
uiil a «\.il puiviJi'J in:'iia/iiie. Tiic aliovc lilakl is
• alkil Miiii iilitr!'. Tlic li:l( gaU' is ddVfuIfd liy IWu
li.illioiis pjiiil Willi hewn ll.iiif, aiul a Jiip liinul moat.
Over II au' the arms nt' I'hilip of SohniiVcini, ilcctor o(
Mint/ aiiJ hilliiip ol' Wint/liiii:;, who IniiU it 111 1652.
It is 3uom..l with eight llatui.'. nf Itonc, three wuhmit,
111 Rom.'.n aroii)iir, ioul live wiilun, itnc in tlie n-.iJJle
lepi^'li'iv.':!^ Hercules lemin^, on his cliih. 'I'ne loriili-
lati.iiis .HO all lined with hewn Itiiiie- ; hut are iire^^ular
on aie I'.int of the lituatioa. The apartmenti in this
(.alilc.iie veiv comnioiliou'-, .iiiJ will lurndlied, an I the
f.pelln, in p.iitieiilar, 1-. \ ; v iiia;riiili' cut. 'I'I.e thjpel
.:. built ill a tine talte, an I has a haiullomc dome, with
four beait.Uil altars coveied with it'.Rin ; two in i.nita-
tion of po'phvrv, and two ih.it reiLiiible j.ilper. In the
ciilar heloiijjiiii! to this cadle is an avenue, h iidered on
each fiJc With liuy lofty tons, holiliu^r eacli almut tifiy
Iiiij;0ie..j5 oi wine, Kreiu h nie.ilure. 'I'lii- avenue is lo
cMeiifne, that you tan hardly lee the cml of it, thou;^h
It is w.'I! lighted ; tor each ton has a great iron eiiiille-
tiic that h..Ids a tiamhcau of yi How wax. 'J'hcfe eiior
num. tins are neatly aJi-ri'-ed with grape:, gl.ilUs, ;.iiJ
goblet^ 111 b-ilfo relievo.
I'he town is divided into four quarters and fmir fub-
uibs, wliieh lie on both fide, the .Maine, o\er which is
n lloiiebridi^e of ciu'ht arches, .it the entrance upon wiiuh
IS a trr.imphal arch of hewn (lone, adornul with two
Katucs o\ i'allas in niches on t'le outfidc, and two of
Mau in niches within. 'l"he city has a very g.iy af-
(iccl ; its public lipiares and llrccis are very neat and
:;2;rce.-.Me ; the houle< v.ry cuniniodious, the I'ltuatMii
and air pleal'.int and wlMl'lome, and cnj.iyin^ everv
thinpj in plenty that human life reiiuiie;.
Anionj; the other public buildiiijis the nioft remark 1
lile are the new palace, the cl urches and convents; the
lonner, in whi h llie bdhop icfides, is a very noble
building, the till! Itoiie of which was laul bv bilhop John
I'hilip Irancis, count ol Schonborn, in ijic.
The cuhedral, dedicated to .St. Kiliaii, is .-.n antient
Gothic llrii.'lure, with iiooti:^r ornament on the outfide
but fiiiir lofty Ipiies, two :o each front. The toof is
liipportsd by twenty pill irs which form two porticos,
the ciclin^s of which are oriian-.entcd with ftucoo divid-
ed into compiulnicnt-. At cub pillar i.. a I'culptutcd
al.nr adoincd wihpiituu', ^ilt column., and ftarms;
c-'ch alt.ir dedicated to lonie taint. The pulpit is id
wliite initble, cmbclliflird w.th the hi(?ory of oar Lord'.s
(uti"etin7< in balfo reiievo j;i!t, and the peJelLl which
i.Hiport- it, is adorned with eii;bt (tatms of the four
cvan;:eli(h, and the lour doctors of the church, incloleJ
within an iron balulfrade vny neatly wrought At the two
corner of the rhoir an- two niagniliccnt altars, wiih
pillais of black marble, and much i;i|.|in^ ; tJiie is dedi-
cated 10 St. Joieph, Iponle to the vir.in Marv, .nnd to
St. John Nepoiiuie ; llie other to St. I'hilip and St. Cu-
iiibert. The flatues of thefe faints with th"fe of two
.I'ljei--, are all lichly gilt. The pi.'lures on one of thefe
altars repiel'cnl. .in Fice Homo, and the other old Si- 1
iiicon h ildiii;: the infant Jefus in his arms. The priii-
i ipal alr.ir in the middle is a mai;nitiecnt dome, richlv
adorned witli Uidpture and ^'iKling, and fuppuitcd by
lour 111 je colun:n. <if black niaiblc with white viin-,
the b..li ■ , capitals, cornice and tetloons rii hly ^-ilt. iJe-
iween theic columns arc five grand bulfs gilt, rne of
the iiroi Miiy, .mother ol St. Andrew, and the thiec
<.theis ■.'.. Kili.in, St. Colonat, and St. Toinam, who
are h'-rc called til" .ipoMles (d Kranconia. Ammig the
treafutes in the laeiilly aie ftiewn, a lar^'e ciofs of gold,
cnricht.l with a multitude ol diamonds ; another crols of
nniry ■■.dd adorned with larje lapnires, rubies, and eme-
lalds ; a l.ir^e chalice of lolid fold, let with ''iL'tnon 's ;
live bulls of t'oli 1 filvcr, reprelentinp the virgin Mary,
St. Andrew, a'.A the three apottlcs of Kranconia , and
ir i, pi'itenled tint tl.c head, of the three lalt arc in-
cioled \v:!h"i '.Im: bulls.
1' 11
^''•HUCH,
Cl'LMUACM.
I '< ln;« cathedial lilor.^i' a ch.iptu, conllllin^' of fif,,..
lour I. ill. JUS, tweiitv-lour o," whom a e called capltuij.
.nid the otiier thiiiy domiciliars ; but the income '
ei)!ial, each having thiee tliouf.md crowns a yf,,r . j,''
110 perlon is admiticd who cannot give proof to his',
bilitv lor lour geiieiatioiis, boili oii'lis l.itlicr's AwAn "
ther's tide. ~ '""
The collegiate c'lurch dedicated toSt.J'din the li ^x
is pretty, but rniall. It is baiit of hewn-tionc, and h"
a handlome liont, with .1 hi^h and weii enlightened do.i,"*
iiiuler which ate the II itues of our S.iviour, the \'ii ,'"'
Maiy, and the four KvangeliMs. Kvery part o| ■i!^
ch'iich 1.. co'.ircd with c.irved woik and gilding, ;is ,1.''
pulpit, the oi^;ans, ihirteen altars, including t"ie p,;„tj'
iial one, of wi.ich the larje lluted columns and pal]f,d„c.
are gilt fiom top to botJom, as well ,i, the ffatu:b of t'h'
twelve apollles .Ls big .ns the life, which are pi ;a\i 1,/
tween thefe columns. 'J'he painting of the altar-iV ■"•
reprcfents the .iiruinption of the \'irrin ; and, in lho,.^
the hencbc- of the e.inons ait alio gilt, it having as „.;„,''
canons as St K'ili. ill's. ' '
^ Here are idfo the p;irifli-rhiiri h. .ind foun.latioii of s't
IJiircih.ird, inllituted lur iioLlemen ; the patifli.ch..rch , i
St. IVier and St. (nitriide ; the foundation of Sr. Amu •
.111 abbey of lieiiedi.'line monhs of the order of .St S[ '
phoii, .,nd another of the oider of St. James ; acolU".
i.tjifuits; a houle and church of the' roiitonie 011!^"'
wiih a lioufe and church ol the order of St. fohn ; a'f,'
miliary dediea-ed lo St. Kili.m; and leveral otiier rcl'i .ir, ,"
liiuctures. The gie.it hofpiial of St. Julian, which i"!
vail edifice td' htwnltone, is laid to be built with Lie.irrr
magiiiticencc than even llie palace iti'elf, and the uJiJcn-
.idoincd with fountains ami (i.itiies; with the .-Xuiic li/'
Thcodor.an, ..nd the liiiighet hofpitaN. '
s i: c T. III.
(^fi'it Pllt^-luUly (.,'Cl't.Ml:..\CM, or RR.\N-UEM;i;nc,.
IIakkith.
/••; Situati:n, Prt.lii.,; an/ Rivets : the R./i^ion and .I/j.
i.ufh'iurei cf l'<- l>:lit!'it(iiUi; tK Til.'es n^J J, ,,■„ ,•'»,•",
A/ai.juri-, with llr Oi.linof K'li^l.thio,! ; iht ()IJ;\- ■}
ti.i liiViiiiwcnt, r.n.i the kevenuet uiul Fcuei If / .
/'/ . ;. .1'.
Till' principality of Culmhadi pioiects cafl»Mr,|
Irom the circle ol Franconia, to which it is m a
manner only joined on the well. It is bounded on th-
north by Upper Saxony, on the ead by liidienna, .ml
on the louth by liavaria, and a very tm.dl p.irt of the
tenitory of Nuieiibiirg ; an. I on the well, by Hambei'.
Part ot il-.is country is very mountainous, and the rd"
which IS tandy, with good cultivation produces va'ioir;
lorts of hi rbs and fiuit_s; and in gencr.d this eoiiiiiiy .if.
folds every thing necelUry lor the fiippoit ol maiij w,:;:;
alone excepted.
With iefpei;i to its iirncrals, the priiic'|)al of th.:-
are Clipper, lead, atid iron j for its aniient gold andh.-
ver mines aie gone 10 decay. It has plenty id marble i ■
all colour>, together with crvllals.
I he pimcipal ot lis mour.tair.s is the I'ichtidbcr.-,
which extends iiinitecn miles from aH to well a;;!
about the f.me ii.!i..nie frotri noith to fouth. It r'.
ceivei its name lioni the great number of pines uitti
whiih it ucovcrid, tichte fignif) iiig a pine, and beri
a mountain, but it allii produces fir and beech, and lii
f me plaei , oak, elm, and lime Itees. From thel'c woods
tlie pealants lh.it loe about the moumain dei've melt
ot their lublilleiue by ni.ilsii'g ch.iuo.d, and in winter
bringing the timber viown in lledges to lell. Ins oiicif
the nighell niountauis in all d'eimanv, and contauu
manv lofty toclvs and Jelarts, and a number of boi's ana
nioralll-b.
■|"he rivers of this country are the White and Red
.Maine, both of which rife here, an 1 having united their
dreams, <.b:ain the lingle name of .Maine, which, under
that denomination, cnieis the bifhop-ic of lian-be.'g.
I he other rivers ar. the Nabc, the Fger, the Rolhw,
the rhiiiiii!'ian Saale or Sa'a, and the^lVEnit/., wli.cil
.ill ri;c in this couiuiy.
Ths
i:()cd, gules and v
M *i
Cl'LMUACH.
h u k o
2"*^
This principality ConLiiiii fiv hi"»d towi», as they arc
VUJ wilh ten others, and twciity-fix ntaikct town:..
'^ Ih'e Lu'l'^f-'" '=*""''^''' *'''^''' '* '''" e"j'il'""-d reli-
gion o( this country, is iinJer the nifpeilion ol .. g.........
Lcrii.tenaent, who refiJes at Haieilh; heli.fes whom
•here are nine other fupeiintenitent., h, lidei th-- iiilpec-
1 p,.,lnifr There arc alio CaKinilh and Rom.iii
taiholics, who are in fome pUccs permitted the excr-
cleoldivine worrtlip.
VVim reipect to the maniifadlurcs of this country, the
rrii'itip.il "f 'he''": »"^ wonllen cloth, llockin^.s, ;ind hair, ;
ario^vnand white porcelain, into whic h lilvir and I'old
are vcty
ini;tnioii(ly and duubly annealed ; an.l the ni.ir
[,lj of this country is po
iihcd and worked into a va-
rietv "I fotnis.
poitid.
Of thefe articles large iiuamiiics aic cx-
The princes of this country and that of Anfpach are
ef il'.e la-nily of Biaiidcnhiirg, and hence tiie n.iine
e, Brandciibtirg has been prefixed to |{jruth ;ind An-
fnich. The electors of Urandenburg, fcveral ceiituiieb
j-o, "JVC thile countries to two of their younLjer tons ;
Kut'in length ol time the want of illuc made tneni more
than once revert to the cieiloral line. This wa; the tale
(or fic I'lll time in the yur 1605, when Chniti.m, the
''ctond Ion of the elector John Cieor;;e, obtained ilie pi 111-
CipalitV of Hareith, and Joaetiim Kriielf, hi:> third Ion,
that oi .Aiifpach i the lines founded by both of whom are
ftiil in being. Erdman Augullus, Ion to tlie iiurniave
Clinrtian, propagated the Bareith rcii;niii<; line, which at
prcfcnt fublifts in the margrave Frederic Chiilluii. On
Ihe other hand, Kredc-ic and Albrecht, the Ions of the
jbove margiavc Jnachim Krneft, obtained lu.cefiivciy
,hi!ri"'ei\cy of Anfpach ; and in like maiinci tlueegramj-
fons of the latter, of whom only the yoiii)<;elf had luc-
ceffioii- ... . .
The marsr^avcs of both line.-, bear the loilowinr: titles ;
Mjrir.ivcsof Hrandenburg in I'nillia, ol S 'tlia, Ala^'.de-
burg'i Clcvcs, Julicrs, the H'jrg, bteitin, ami I'oinerainaj
c.jthcCaii'uhcn.md \Vcnden,ot Mecklenburg and t-r.^llen,
c;.tes ; bur^iraves ol Nurenburg ; prince, ol Halbeilt.idt,
M:iiJcn, Camin, VV'cndcn, bchwcriii, Rat/.iburu, and
Mors ; counts of Hohenxollein, the Mjik, Kavtnibeig,
.'.iiJ Schwcrin j and louls of Ravenllcin and the countries
of RollcKk, Stargard, &c.
Tncir arms on account of the m.irgravatc of lirandcn-
hure, arc an cagk giilc>, lo^'Jiher witn Iief.il-l(.ilk5 ol the
Um'e in the win-s, all placed in a held argent. I'lir
Maiidfhiirg, a fliicld quarterid gules and ..rgent. tor
Clevcs, ci!''ht lilies or, ranged in form of a St. Andrew's
cro;>, inriiordTcd in ihe mid. lie hyaflneld argent ma
f.cld g.ile.-,. I'or Jii'icrs they b-ar a lion lahle in a field
f.r. for the Berg, a lion crowned gules and azure, in a
li^M arrent. Kcr Stettin, a grilfin gules, crowned or,
.;iii wc.ipoiicil, in a field a/ure. Kor I'omerania, a giil-
tir, ;;!:ie.s wiaponed or, in a held argent. Kor L'allubcii,
1 t'lilf. n fable turned to the linitta lide, weaponeJ or, in
jfuiJ of llie fame, l-'or Weiulcii, a giiiTiii tr.nilveili ly
!;..,)id, gules and vcrte, in a field argent. I'oi Meek-
ivnliire, a buftalo's head fable, having horns argent, and
uowiivd gules, with a rin-i argent running tiiiougti Ins
r.ole. Kor Crollen, an eagle fable, wills wing.>, ta,!,
■ui ufapons expan led in a field or, on whole bicalf is
ictelccnl argent, and over it a (mall ciols of the (.imc.
For J..ccrndort, an c.igic fabk-, with a l;ber hunting horn
en hi-, breall, in a field ardent. I'oi the burgravatc 01 Nu-
/tr.beig, a lion fable, piep.ncd tor Cvj:ubat, with a red
longui' exerted, weaponed and crowned in a li -Id or,
pljceii on another lliici, I, which is imi .l.cled five limes
in the dcxtct point, gules and argc'iit. For Haiberlladt,
lihicl'i divided, aiocnt and gules. For Miiidcn, 1 .-o
[•^vs argent, placed i.n form ot a St .An livAr's ciol.s, in a
,:(ld gules. For Camin, an anchor crofs argent, in a
:''id gules. For Wenden 1.' Mci khiilnirg, a gr.lfin or,
:i a fitlJ azure. For Schwrin, a divided lliuM, in the
.:pper part of which it a grifliii or, in a field .r/.ure ; but
!nc und'.T part green, with a filver bur.lcr. For Kalze-
hurz, a crol' waving and argent, in afield gules. For
inters, a teis fable, in a fifld 01. For Hojienzollern, a
(lilt Id quartered (able ind argent. For the Mark, a
tils c.nfi|uered, gules ind argent, in a field or. For
Havcnfberg, thicc chevrons gules, in a licli ar^'-nt. For
62
Schwcrin, .in arm illiiing out of a iloiid btJnrii' a iinn.
lor Kodock, a buffalo's lie:id pl.Kcd ibliiiuely to tlic
dexter fide iiiid crowned gules, with an exerted led
loi'giie, and Idver horns, in a field or : and tor Stargard,
a (liirld dividid gull - and or.
I'he margrave ol liareiili hni an order of kiiirhthood
tcrin'-il the order of Sincerity, hut 'oinnioiilv i ailed th''
order ol the Red Fjgh- ; tlir (ynibol of which is a liiuarc
white enamelled crols of jm.M worn pculant at a f. arhr
watered ribbon, reachin ' lu,m the neck to the biealt.
ill the (idr wl.ich the kiiipliis of this order bear on their
bre.ift IS I'een the Brandenburg red eagle, and round it the
woids siNChUE h'r coNsTANTl-K. 'I'hc mailer of this
order is always the icigning margrave.
The reigning prince has on .iccount of the principa-
lity of Baielth a I'eat and voice in the council of the
princes of the empire, and is a!fo co-fuminoimig prince
01 the circle of I'lanconia.
The pi nicely colleges here are the privy-council, in
which the margrave liimlVlt prelidcs, and under which
are the privy-expeduior. and the privy-chancerv ; the
regency-college, and regency-chancery ; the aulic tribii-
II il ; the tribunal lor iKibli- fiefs; the chaniber-cidlcge j
ihj feudal court ; liic conlilloiy, and the matrimonial-
trihuiial.
The prince's revenue,;, according to Keyller, in the
year I"J0, Ic.ircc amounted to h\c bundled and fifty
tiioulanJ guldens i but he (.bferies, that they might be
unproved to a niucli g.eater lum.
] hi- margrav.iic aiw.iys keeps- up a giiaid of horfe, a
(mall body ol li.i(i!.:s, and two icgimtnts of foot ; bcfides
which a iiiiliMa is iii..ijitaiiied.
Thv p:iiii i|):i! pl..ccs ill this country are the following ■.
Bareith, the rcliJ-nce of the margrave, and the capital
ol toe prin.:ip.iliiy, is the Icjt if tiie above ofiiccs., and
of ihc iniiii. It IS fiirroutided with three Itrcams, the
Red Mai e, ll.e Miifelhach, and the Sciidc'bach ; and is
leatcd in the hoirtli dcoce ot latitude. The prince's <J jj.
palace was burnt down in the ytJr 1753 ; but h.13 been
rebuilt in a grand and beautiiul tade. I'he p'a es cf
woiflnp in this town area Lutheran church, that of the
Spiral, a Calvmitt church, and a popifli chapel. Here is
a feminary (ouiided by the margrave Chridian Erncft in
the year 1664, and alto another leminary and an orphan-
houi'e.
St. George on the Lake, a tov\'n fituatcd by the fide of
a lake, at the dillance of two miles from Bareith. Ic
was tounded in the beginning of the pret' nt century by
the margrave (icorgc VVilliam, and endowed with leveral
iinportaiil privileges. St. Sophi.i's church, which wa'j
deditaie.l in 1715, is called The chapel of Ihe order
and knights, that marurave allotting it for the meeiiii"-
place ol the order of Simerlty, which be h.id intfiiuted.
Ihe palace ol the margrave is a nidiic edifice, and has a
very line pleafure-gardeii belonging to it. In this town
IS alfo an orph.iii-houle, and a maniifaiitiire of white
and blown porcelain j in the latter of which gold ami
lilver are vciv dinaidv aiine.iled. M'. Kcyller tdifervc.i,
that a let, conliltiiig of half a do/.cn cups and faucer,, a
liii;.ll tea-pot, a llop b..lon, a fugar-dilli, and tea-caniller,
IS fold lor twenty doll.trs. I'he art of polifliini> maiblc,
whicii tills toiintry abounds with of all colours, is carried
on here by an engine moved by horles, or cnminaLs
taken out of the houie of correction; and iiiwelUon-
trived, as to po'rlh nineteen or twenty marble vcllcls of
d.h'er.iit fl-, ipcb at the lame time. I'hey alfo h'Te make
very btautiful (lUitTlio.Xes of yellow and while pLitli 1 .
Cuhnb.ich, the licond of the fix head towns, :is ilicy
are •ailed, and formerly the reliilence <J the m,;;;'r.u;s,
is leafed ill .1 iVitile .ind beauiilul valley on the b.inksot'
the White M line , .old is alio the fear of the preleciuran;
captainlli'p ot Culinbach, of a lupcriiitcndciit, revenue
and cloitfcr-ollice. This town lias frcijucnily futT. icj
greatly by tiie.
Krlaiig is fcatcd mar the Rednii?,, which at this pi ice
recclies iiiio it the Schwabach, and tonrtlliof two towns,
the Old and the New ; the l.itier of which is alfo called
Chiiltian F.rlang. Old Frlang is very aiuienr, and about
lour hundred paces in length, but not near lo wide ; it
has a peculiar niagilfrai y of its own, and a Luthcrarx
church. New or Chrdlian Eilaug bc^an to be orcdcd
Kkk ,n
w
i
.,>.,'
■ f
II 1 1 .1
litfiill
r u
) t
222
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
NuRENIIi-;u;,
ill the year i686, by the m.ugrave Chrillian Eriicft, from
whom it received its name : it lies clolo to Old Krhiii}^,
and is dilliiiL;iiinied iVom it only iw the llr.iilncla dI its
ihects. This is oiieol' the tiiiefl towns in all Geini.iny
The hoiiCes in the principal rtreets aic all <it them two
ftories high, oxcept thole at the coiners, which .ire three
llories. It has a I'liiiarc eight hundred paces each wav,
and a markct-plice a hundred and ten paces in length and
breadth, the call fide of which is taken up with the palace
of the margrave, which Is built of free-llone, and is three
llories high. Behind it is a large ,.nd beautiful garden,
planted with rows of ehefnut and lime-;'ees, cvcr-grceii
liedges, fountains, .iiid Ihuues. Here is a Lutlieran
church, which is a very handfome building, together
wiih one for the Krcnch Calvinills, and .inother for the
German CaK'iiiilto. lierjisan univerfiiy, which has a
chinch of iis own. I he French refugees have let up
(ome confiderable ni uuilaiitoiies in this town, among
which thole of (lockings and hats are the moll pro-
fitable.
Round the town arc v.ift numbers of firs, ai :1 Inftead
of viney.'.rds and corn-fields are plantations of hops and
tobjcto.
S E C T. IV.
Of nRANDi:MU'Rt;-ANsr.\cn.
Its Siluatiin, Pr!,l:u\-, uiiil Rr.'t-rs : the '1 >uilt anil Rthn'im
cf ll:c Inhithilmili : the Offua cf the (iooi)»m/nl : the
Reveniifs an.l l'\i:ts c/' the I'riiue; with the prineiful
Towns.
TIIF. piineipulily of Anfpach, Anlbach, or Onolz-
bach, is bounded on the north by the country of
Schw irt/.enburg an.l the billlopric of liambtrg ; on the
call by the territories of Nurenburg, and a part of I5a-
varia j on the foulh bv the bifliopric of .\ichll.adt, aiiil a
part of he circle of Swabia ; and on the wll by the
counties of Hohenlohc an.l Limburg, the territory of the
imperial city of Swabi.in Mall, the domain of the Teuto-
iiic order, and the bifliopric of Wurtzburg.
This country has fome fandv and mountainous trails ;
but is in general more lertile than IJareiih, it abounding
in corn, trult, and tobacco; and all along the .Maine
;ire vinevan's that proiliice good wine. The richnefs of
the pjilures render the breed of cattle excellent. There
are likewil'o plenty of game and filh. In the earth are
qu.-.ri es of marble and iron mines.
The principal river in this country is at firft called the
Rcf/at, and riles partly in this country, where it is term-
ed the Under, oi l-'raiieonian Ketzat, and partly in Swa-
bia, where it is termed the Upper orSwabian. liuth ihefe
rivers here unite ti.eir itreams, and then obt.iiii the
name of Redniiz, which alteiwards receives the I'lgnii/. ;
after which fome give it the name of Regnitz, while
others Hill call it the Rednifz. The Altmuhl nle^ in
Braiidenburg-liareiib, and palVes into thi:. country. The
other riveis an' the Ji'gll, or Jaxt, the Wornitz, or
AW'riiltz, the Sul/.,and the Tauber.
The inhabitants lublill by the breeding of cattle, by
tillage, and by the culture of their vineyards and planta-
tions of tobacco In the towns various branches of me-
chanic arts and manufactures are carried on, as the we.iv-
iu" of tjpellry, cloth, (luH's, gold and filver lace, and
(lockings. The mnkiiu ot poicelain, lookiiig-glalles,
leather, wire, needles, &c.
The inhabitants aic cf the Lutheran religion, and
their clergy are divided into nine decanates ; but at Ifie
city of Scliwahach is a colony of French CaK mills, who
have a church.
Of the family, title, and arms of the reigning mar-
grave of Anipach, we have given an account in treating
of Barcith i and wc have only to add, that he, as well
ai the maryrave ol Bareiih, has, on account of this prin-
cipality, a leat and voice ii: the council of the princes of
the empire, and is alio co-lummoning ptiiice ol the circle
of Franconia.
The princely colleges oi offices of (late arc the pt ivy-
council, thi* aulic and regency-college, as alio that of the
council ofj'Jllice, the couit of appeals, the chamber and
provincial cnuncil-collepe, the war coimcil-eollcge, the
fiet-court, and the conlillory and matrimDiii.d coiiits.
The yearly revenues ol the piiiice aie eilimaled at iie,,.
a million cf guldens, ,iiid his militaiy lori.e tonlills ol a
lile-guard ofhorle, and one legiment ol loot of feveji
companies.
This principality contains fixteen boroughs and feven-
teen market town., the piineipal places in whiih are,
Anfpach, or Oiudzbach, in Latin (.)noldum anj
Onoldinum, the princely refidence and c.ipital city, k
lituated on the Under Retzat, and is the (eat ol tlm
abovemcntioned c(d leges, of the Aulic revenue ofllce, anJ
ot a mint. The palace of the prince was cliieHy limit
by the margrave George Frederic in 1587, and 15SH;
but lutfering confiderably by liie in 1710, was partly re-
built in a much more beautiful manner than before, anJ
alio enlarged by the addition of fome new and grain!
edifices. The public library was founded bv the mar.
grave Charles William b'rederic in 17^8. I'he prmcc-
ly chancery and regcney-cliambcr aie fixed intla^olJ
buildincs belonging to the loundation (jf .St. Gumhrecht
which iiave been repaired. This found.ition was creel-
cd by one (lumbrecht in the eighth century, as a Bent-
dictine monaltery j but in the middle ot the elcventa
century was converted into a foundation of canons, anJ
ir. 1563 (eculanzed. In St. John's church is to be fccn
the new burying vault of the princes; this, with thciicvir
building it the Gymnafium lllullrr Carolinum opened
ill 1737, the Jews Ichool, and other ;uildic biiildiiit',s, ate
to be Icen in what is properly called ihe city. V\'ithni:t
it are the porcelain manufacture, with the prince's gar-
den and pleafure-houlc. Ikhind Jagcr-llreet, which li
well laid out, lies a large and beautiful garden belonj.
ing to the court, in which is a fine green. houfe anJ
orangery. In one of the fubiiibs is the church-yard ot'
j the Holy Croi's, and in another the Ipital, the o'phji,-
houfe, and the widows- houle.
, bchwabach is lituated on a liuitlul (pot by a river ot
that name, and, though nut large, is very populous. 1;
I has a Lutheran parifh church, .111 holpital withachuro'i
in it, and a Latin Ichool. '1 he French CaK iiiiils have
alio a church here, and the Jews a ichool. In li-c
' market-place is a fine fountain .idornrd with cafcides and
jets of water. Ilie mint is commodiouHy laid o.it.
The new ful.utb before the Zollner-gate is built wiih
great regularity. There was formerly a letter toundery
I here, in which were call the Schwab.ich letter':, which lii
1 the (lerman tongue aniwers to our Italic; thcfe were in-
vented and took their name from this place. Here arc
artificers in gold and filver l.ice, workers in Leon i.r
Spaiiidi Heel, iron wire-drawers, brals turners, nimic!
[ cutters, needle-maker^, who make above thirty dillcrciit
, Ions of needles, which Jie much admired, and cxpori-
ed to a gieat dilLince, lloeking-weavers, tapcl!ry-wc.i-
vers, and cloth maniifaclorirs.
'I he Holni.irk Fuith is a large commercial and popu-
lous town, fitiiated on the river Rcdiiitz. Itishuilti,-
regularly, rxccjjt the new lir.;et5; but cont.nins niar.v
grand and fine lioufe.s. In this town lefide an uncom-
mon number ot .iiechanics and artills ; thole who e.m
not be received niti) the fraternities at Nurenbur :, fet-
tling here, where i.vciy one is fuie of being well re-
ceived. The Jews, who .ire very iiumcrous, conllitnte
one third of the mhabit.ints, .nid have a great IcIkwI
111 the printing-houfe. 'i h<: inhabit.mts aie partly luh-
jevls ol Urandenburjh Anljiach, partly 01 Nu.'eiibui. ,
and p.iitly ol the chapter ot Bamberg.
SECT. V.
Of the Imj'it'ml City of Nmet.btrg, in G cvifumtnl cm
Ternts'tei.
NURENItERG, or Nuremberg, a large and bcaii-
tilul city, lituated on the river IVgnilz, in thr
lijily-niiilh degiee loriy-one minutes latitude, and in the u
eleventh degree twelve minutes e.ill longitude, n thccj-"
I pital ol the rep'.iblu of the lame name, and belid s tmir
other towns, namely, Altdurt, Mulbruc, Ldud, and
' Gratt'iii
NuRENBL'RO.
t ir.ifFenherg in
jiiiildieiion five
I 111.' hundred .iiul
and is adoined u
i.iirtv-tluee final
t.iity-lour religic
..re of (lone ; 1
li.vty-fivc towers
laid to be inhab
and (lie regnitz,
nioiion about on
lorts within the I
The liiiules a
llnnc, and adorn
lircets are broad,
'i'he callle is feat
the city lies iipoi
eaftlc are (o be (1
feet high, whief
Rome hy the dc
monk.
The ornament
arc preferved in t
i/ndi" is the diadem of (
''■'' - i.5of pure gold, w
'' ed With precious
the iijipcrial crow
tre .ind globe are
been brought fro
IS ot a violet cok
pirial cloak is c
f.igles of gold, ai
Here are alio the
domed with jewel
cd with plates of
Among fcveral
of the hofpital the
and as they are I'e
other places, they
feus, .11. d that till
brought fiom Ant
the hulls of five pi
The arfeiial her
many. In the t>,
hundred and fifty
(,( camion, anionj
the biggell of the
pounds weight ;
(lieiv, they being
The public hhi
I mgcd to the Don
tiioul'and volumes.
Hundred years old
tlie prayers and hy
The tuwn-hoiil
t.he front is very fii
adorned with (ever
whole I! regular,
wher very pi.ind _
i('''.-iididly ornamei
UDwdcd, it has n
In ii,:rrow, that it
'i here is an alcent
I iiig gallery, iipor
ill lelieio :i r.unou
ihrie hundred ye.
puties fioin the ci
tlie atKiirs of the
ch.imbcr is a pi>;tu
three biothcts Joh
liaii, pimccs (^t S
iiiotiM!; the reform
contains the liilb:
A i.ong the I'evcra
this buildini; are,
homage rendered l
e_iipe:or Leopold
tiee'epic elector (
vi.-gin .Mary; Ad.
"■ tiighly clhemed
very a.-ch ii.l'i jai
NuRENBL'RO.
(Jr.ifR-iihcri: in t\\<} I'li'icr Pa
linilJiCtion live luuidicil vill
E U R O P E.
2:! ^
e and bcaii-
nii/, Ml thp
', ami in the 1.'
, IS iliecj- /'
liclid -^ lour
L.mii, ;ind
G ratten -
Uiiute cont.ims uiiilcr its
i;i;<. 'I'lii.s lity coiit.iiiis
ciiiL' hiMiilrcd ..lul tventytiglu Urge Ibccls, t'ortv laiK-s,
jiiil is ailoiiif.l will) twelve Lrsie .iiul iiii'.- humlicd ami
tliirtv-tiiici' i'lnall rouiitaiiis. It liajallo lixtciii chiirdii's,
rurly-lour r<flij;.<iiis tunilcs, twelve biiil;;cs, lix of winch
.ire ot ItoiiL- ; lull ni.nket-placis, tiucc huruln.l and
li.xty-iive lowir.", and about twemv-onv lliiMiland lioiik's,
laid to bo iiibabitcd by levcntv-tive ihoiiland lanulics ;
and ilic I'cgnil/., wbich runs t,irc<iii',h tin: city, puts m
nuHion about oiif hundred and lixty nulls ot dittcrtiit
lort< wilhin the territory ol Nuieiibur;;.
I'he hollies air ^';cnerally very lolty, built ot lunvn
rtniic, and adorntil with piiitiires on the outlide. I ne
llrcets are broad, elcan, and will paved, but not itrai'iht.
'I'hc calllc IS fcatcil on a hi^h rock 1 but all the reit ot
the city lici upon a level, and In one ot the hails of this
caftlc are 10 he teen tour Corinthian columns lotty-tive
feet hijh, which it is pretended weie brought from
Rome by the devil, upon a challenge made him by a
niDiik.
The ornaments ufcd at the anointitic; "f the emperors
arc prcferved in the cluireh of the holpital, among which
vrt/t" is the diadem vl Charlemagne, termed the iiilula, which
• 'I'- is of pure gold, weighing tourteen pounds, and is cover-
■' t^ with precious Itones. it is not clofed on the top, as
the imperial crowns are generally repreleiucd. The fccp-
tre and globe are of gold, and the Iword is laid to have
been bro\ight from heaven. The lobe of Charlemagne
is ol a violet colour, adorned with pearls, and the im-
ptrial cloak is edged with thcin, feattcrcd over with
eagles of gold, ami a great number of precious (lones.
Hero arc alfo the cope, the liole, and the breeches a-
dorncd with jewels, the llockiiigs and the bulliins cover-
ed with plates of gold.
Among fcvcral other relies, they keep in the churcli
of tlie holpital the iron head of St Longiiuis's lance ;
and as they are fenlible that it is ihcwii in above ten
wher places, they maintain that all thole arc coiinter-
feiis, and that ttieir's was finml by St. Andrew, and
brought fioni Antioch to is city: indeed, thev have
tlic bulls of live popes to vouch for its authenticity.
i'he arfeii.il here is one ot the molt famoii'i in (jcr-
many. In the t,vo great halls, each of which is two
hundred and fifty paces long, are three hundred pieces
t,i cannon, among which are many of a very large bore,
the biggell of them carrying a ball of three hundred
pounds weight ; but moil of thcfe arms ferve only for
flicw, they bein;^ of greater antii]uitv than u!c.
'I'he public library is in a doiller that formerly bc-
I mgcd to the Dominii ans, and is laid to contain twenty
t'imil.irid volumes. 'I'he moll antient manulcript is nine
hundred years old ; this is a < .ijiy of the Ciofpeli, with
the prayers and hymns iiled in the Cjreek; church.
'i iie town-hnufe is a very large ;diliee <if hewn Ifone;
the tront is very line, and has a noble portal in the middle,
adorned with feveral liatues ; and the archiliiilurc of the
whole I! rigular, and in a good title. There are two
oiiier very ;;iand gates at equal dilfanccs, that are no lefs
ij';-.-iiJidiy ornamented ; but this building is too much
iiowded, it lias no court before it, and that behind is
lu ii.urow, that it (catcely difcrves to be c.illed one.
I here is an alccnt up a very inditFer<nt ilair-cafe to a
I 'Ml; gallerv, upon the cieling of which is rcpiefentcd
in ielie\ii a I'.imoii-, touriumer.t held in ihii city about
three hundred years ago. In one ot the chambers de-
puties tiom the circle of Kraiuonia meet everyday on
the ati'iirs of the proviiiiC, Over the door ot this
th.imbcr is a picture, which coiit.iins the pi^rtraits of the
tl.rcj biothcis John Cjcorge, I'redenc, and John Chril-
tian, pimccs of Saxony, who fupportcd I.uttier in pro-
inutins; the reformation. The tapelliy ot this cn.imber
contains the hiliory of Nebuchadnezzar, in li>; pieces.
A.i.oiig the feveral pi.:lurcs in the many chair'oeis of
th;> buildint; arc, a large p.iintinj; which reprcfents the
homage rendered by the magillracy <■( Nutenburg to the
Ciiperor Leopold ; a very antient Maiion.i, given by
hiee'cpic elector of Saxoiiv ; a St. Luke painting the
yi.-gia Marv ; Adam and Lve l-y Albert L>uier, which
ii highly elli enud : lieie lve pufents the apple with a
very arch ii.rruating liiiilo , .inothtr picture by Albert
Diirer, in which arc the f.iints Peter, Paul, John, and
M.irk i the murder of Abel by I'relller, where Cain kills
lii^ biother with a large Hint lloiu,' j the hilturv piece of
Ijlher and Alialucius, aline pi^itiiie much illcemcd ;
bin Ahafueius ha-- the l.^cr. and liiels of king Franeis I.
and the (jueen is drell'ed like the ladles at Nurenbuig. In
the \(>uncil-i haiiiber, which is very Imall, is a pieluti:
ol the lalt jiidgn'ent, I'aid to be fix luindied vejr.. old,
ill which Joleph is piiiited in tli-.- h.bit of a Caiiiielit--.
I'he city of Nureiiburg is divided into eight parts, and
one huiidr'..d and tiiirry-one captaiiidiips : 1. The i|uar-
ter at the wine-maiket, which is divided into thirteen
eaptainlliips. Here ii the paiifli church of St. Seb.ild i
in which the priiKip.il thin,;s to be Icen aie the bufi
monunieiit of St. Sebald, with the creation of the woild
by the celebrated Albert Durer, who Was a native of Nu-
lenliurg. The Latin I'chool near it is (upplitd witli
eight tcacheti.
II. The epiarter at the niillcmarkot, which contain*
fourteen captainfhips. In this quarter is the imperial
fortrefs, feated on a mountain. \\'hat is imdt remark-
able here is the emperor's chapel, with the old tower be-
longing to it, as alio the chapels ot St. Walburg and
St. Margaret, together with the oblervatorv. The thurcil
of St. iVlary, which is alio called the i'redieaiit, or Do-
miniean church, in which is kept the great litirary be-
longing to the town. In this part alio Hands the chapel
of St. Maurice.
I II. The quarter at the Gilben-hof, which confifts of four-,
teen captainfhips ; there is here St. Ciiles's churcti, whidi
is built in ihe modern talie, and is thefinfll 111 ihc wholi!
city. In .\n old cluiller near it is a f'eminary, in whicii
the upper clafles are under the care of a ccriain number
ot profellors, and the lower under one re,;tor and fouC
preceptors.
IV. The quarter at the falt-markct, which contains
twenty-two captainflMps. Here is the council-houfe julfc
deferibcd, with the church of our Lady. Near the
Spital, in which four Imndred people arc confUntly main-
tained, is the church of tlie Ilcly Gholl.
V. The quarter near the Itare- looted Kryars contains in
it twenty-one captainfhips, in which is the parilh-churcli
of St. Laurence, near which is a Latin f'chool un.lcr the
diredion of eii;ht teachers. In this quarter is the churcfi
of the liare-tootcd Kryars, an holpital lor foundlings, the
church of St. Catharine, that ot St. Martha, with a
f'inall holpital, the church of St. Clare, and the building
belonging to the academy of painting.
VI. The quarter at the corn-market confirts of fevcn-
tecn captainlhips, containing the chinch of St. Sal-
vator and the atlenal, whieh contains two hundred and
levemy-four brat's cannon, and two of iron, with Imall-
ariiis fuffieient for eighteen thoufand men ; the largclt
cannons are forty eight pounders, except two pieces of
ordnance iha: carry balls weighing eii'hty pounds. One
of the cannons is charged at the breech, and may be fired
•igiit times in a minute. Here are alfo fifty held-pieces
that are called by the names of the twenty-four letters
of the alphaliet, the twelve months, the twelve fign'. ol
the zodiac, and of Mars and Pallas. The fmall-arnii
aiv: very beautifully dilpofed in columns, Ihield.^, tro-
phies, funs, and the arms of the city j being curioufly
arranged, like thofe in the Tower of Loni'on. All thelc
im|ilunents of war arc kept in two large halls, e.c of
whi .h Is a hundred and leventy, and the other two hua-
ihiil .'.I'.J t'venty common paces in length.
V'll. I'he qiiaiter near the Carthulians coiilills of
'iftien captainlhips, and cont-niiis the cbuicii of Maricii-
zcll and the chapel of the twelve .ipoHles.
Vill. 'I'he quarter near St. Elizabe h confilh of fil-
tcen captainfhips. Here is the church of St. Jimcs, n
Latin lehool, which has three mailers, and the'l eutnnic-
hoiile, which is the rclidence of the commandery of
Nurenburp. In the church of St, Eliz.ibetii in this quar-
ter the Teutonic order ci lebrale tli'ir form of worihip,
nd ihe ilcacons ol St. Jacob have their mats or hours 01
pravcr then evi:i v d.
ly
th
■-■ mrirning.
( Ine of tiic preateil beauties of this city is its foun-
tains i thcfe we have jufl mentioned ; but it will be pro-
per to ];ive a mote particular a(iQunt of them. In the
I new Iqusrc .t'c three lount.iin% ".iic nvll remarkable of
wli-.'-
m
m
M
'I '
». !l
, ii
l-t
iti
!■
■ V
,
i
1
i
^
.
aj4
A S Y S r f'. M O F G t O G K A IMl Y.
.^^•lU.Ml ; c,.
wl>ich i". thjt i:i ihf iniiLllc. In a l.irf,o oval liafon is s
fock.on thL't.i|)n' wliicli I'lui Lugi-iloliiliiiii ('|)')iit water,
.iiiil l.i]i[)i)it a lar.'i- flv.'il,mi! ot which liU-s a tritoii, vv'iuh
(CIS a plLjitiliil III. ini into the an, throurh l.is marim
iiumpet, and fu>in the linlion iif th'" baSm rifi; lour
ImalliT watiT-l|i,mi , whuli tliinw their w it t into thr
tnto'.r.ihrll, throiiotitlu- hollow D.ipin:;'. Dlwliiih itic-
lurns into the b.Uon. I'lii. whole ii. Mirl.iliJ wiihni a
liia- MOM balultta Ic.
( 'iir .lulhor nunt'ons aiiivhi;i ir.aj-tiirtrcnt roiiiitain,
ivIikIi wllni he w.i>j al NiMeiibiir/» viss nearlv fiiiifheit,
bill not ereflr.!. In the niulillc of a vail inaiMi' b^lon,
l.n ■. he, will be plaeeil .ilaipeio.k, in whiLh .ii'- two ra-
uriis oni>< lite tocaclintlier rroni iheCeiTolto'. Ipiinr^ wiih
giC.il liiry two lei-horles, of br.ifi, with riders, who
niaii:i.;c them with lar.;:' Iea-reei)s. Above thele '.jfittos
arc little iiilaiii'. of tiio l.iiiie metal, each loiin<liii^ a ma-
line tniiii|-et. Tpoii the rock lit two iiaia.ls, with oar>
in iheir I. amis., ui largf b ilons, ami four clraj^oiis n»>iint-
f.l In liiilc children. All ihe lijniioi arc of brals, »> bi;.',
a. the lite, aiij the attitiules adiniiiihlc. Out of the
niidvlle of ibis rock rile, a pedeftal, adorned with fef-
loons cciiiipofifl of cor^l and eaiious ft)' '..•, wiih car
toui his, i<cc. and Mjth all thife ornamciils are Inter-
mixed loine dolphin' head'-.. The fiiiill liiniie in llie
uhide i, a Ntpiunc llaiulini;oii the p'diHal. Thi^ heaii-
• ihil llatiie i> neailv ten feet hi ;|., and wiii/h . two thou
f.uu! t'.vo hiin Ircd ,'ouiidi. Thii l.uinta.n will throw out
IWo hundred hr'.lbeads (.f water in an hour, and i- v.:-
lufil at belwii n thirtv and thittvhvc thouland crowns.
Aninnp fheliciu hiid.e'. is one of a lingle .ircli, (ilv
pices in kii;;th, ovc ihe ri\'"r I'ci;iiit7. At oiKCXtii-nii
IV ir. a l.iigc (lefli iiiaikii, bii'lt of hewn-llone, and i'M
((■^ iMte 'V a vail f» of llnni King on its bell), with eili
lioilis .ind hoofs ; iin.!i' «hich i> a l,:itin louplei in j^old
Icirers " that tv le thin;; has iis hc.'innint; and iiurcali ;j
" bill ihe ox yon lee hne ncvci was a call."
( *n the new bridge, whrh is fald to have coft tlie
city a hundred thoufand ;^ii!dcn.s, arc t.vo pyraniu's, on
the apex of one ot winch is thr imperial I'lailc ea^'le, and
<^n the other a d r e with an olive branch ir. iis beak,
with adillich in l-atin to the ffdlowiiij; pnrpofe:
" In pairinj' ever tin- bridge, dedicated to Cliailes,
" pray that hij imperial race may flourilh wulc the
" waitrs flow under it.'
Here are nunv noble niiifeunT! belonging to piivate
pcrfons, and which are vifiteil by all trucilers ot tafte
and Icarnin :. riu'iei'. al'o in anatomical iheatre found-
ed at the expence ol ihe iilv, in whiih are about a hun-
dred Ikeletons ot ditierui' animals, efpccially of the wint;
td fpccics. This anatoiiiiial theaite, Mr. Keyfier oh-
ferves, is under the management 'i Dr. I rcu, whole
hou.e is near it i mul in his c.bin' t is a colledlion of a-
bi'Ut fix ibonl.uid kind, of planf., feveral petrifaction,
a let uf all kinds i f feeds, loiViC delicate and curious
Ikeletons of leaves ai 1 fruit, an<l Tveral pieces fliewiii!"
the cniioiis mcihdo.lin of the human luidv. In this nn
iViim is (ct up an elc^.uit Latin inlcriptioii, which may
be thus tranftalcil :
" Morral, if i-..ira!it of the (IrucHiiic of thine own
" b'ldvi and ot tlut of tne animals, A:c. created for ihv
" ufe, if thv ll -ht be gocid, and thy mind inclined lo
•• 'r;nowl<d:i,e, Hop here awhile, flither, lor liiine, and
" bis own hcne.'ii, an .dllradtcd mind and curious hand
" his eoiK'cbd rhc (kcletons of men, animals, and ve-
" gi tabU ■ , wiih the v.irious kinds and forms of mine-
'■' lals, l>.'cry panicle ot thele is a kind of natural
*■' hiern;;!v|ihic, whi.- h delineates the infinite iioo.lncfs,
" bouniv, ..;;.! gh rv of ;he (.'reator miuli more ditlinctly
-' tliin tho'-'.iiveiilcd bv ihe Euypiiaiis ; and at the fame
'■' time teaches thee to celebrate tne iinleaichable power
" ol the ]>eity, to ^dnu e the inimii.ible and wonder-
•' lul formation it ,-!l lhinr;s, to Ci'iiluie the ablurdity
'• and obliinacv < : ihe wii ked athtift, to iddei ve the liid-
*' d'-n chan ;:e of va'il beauty into loalhlomenel's, and
■■' from iheiuc, ..nj tlic luilty of' human lite, to learn
" line wildom."
It N rcma' i..i'j'.c th.it the principal clocks in this tity
I'likc the hours from one to twelve prnL'rellivelv from the
•n-n^of the fun, aivJ bt:?in a'.ain after l'un-l»t, which at
firft puzzles ilrangii' ; but I . (le l.ible ol the enuatinM
ot nine publilhed li.ts, thisin.iy be lal'ily itduecd to i,,;-
common iiaitiod ot calciiliilion.
There arc levei.d othei i ulton.s wloih Ireni vtiy i x-
•raoroiliarv, pari.cularly Ihe manner ot ciii liialur; ni.u-
riage : lne biidsgiooin, ailended by Ins lelatiuiis and
I'. Kiidn, Walks to I he chuiili, .iiid is loon allir lidloued hy
lb.- intended biide and her liieiids, Mr. iMilloii, who
was pieienc upon one ot tlule occalions, lays, iliat on
their entering the chinch the bridegroom lat down with
his let lUoiis on one tide, and the hiidcon the other on.
p li.e to linn ; and over each of their heads aganilt in«
w.ill was painted the tiguie of Death. I'lom thence tluy
hoih waUed up to the miniller, who llood in the niidli
of the ch.iir ; and he had no looner perloinicd Ihecerc-
mony, than four or live tiunipets loiinded ttom the top
ot ilie (If-eple. Upon this the /lew maiiird couple re-
turned in the lanii. manner Co the place fiuiii wlieiuc
thev came.
Ihe bridegroom appeared all in black, with a cloak
triniined wuh lace, with a l.iige riilt, and a little crown
ot gold plate lace upon his periwig. But the biiJei
dreis is not lb calily dciciihed : the bell way to foiiii an
idea 01 It 11, t< fairy a liiad-tire cump'-ded ol gil: wiie
like a bub peiiwi^ iiaif a loot higher tlun the loreht.iJ,
and frizzled out on the lides ; llicte iliieads or wires .iie
lo el, le lojetbei, th.it tl.i'ie is no moie ditlance between
ttf 111, than isjult lullicieiit to tallen to thmi an lulinic
number of veiy lini'd, thin, lound pl.ites ol gold, wiiicli
lian.'.ing both •.viihiii and wnliout v/aved with the lealt
moiion. Her habit wis a kind of black veil witti loiii'
Ikitts ; but l!;e body was very (hori, and had ihe leaiiij
covered with gold lace, as the Ikiris were with Imill
knots of black f.itlin ribbon. Mic had lliniytit tlee,c»
.ml cutis mat I'aclu..! d wn below her vvrilts. About
her neck file wore a handkeii hief of vei v fine lace Uupcd
licloie like a clertynian's band, but rcathiiii; di.wn to
tnr niH.dle of h'-i haek, ended ill a point. Mie h.id alfo
a gold ( ii.ini about iier Ihoiilders, and another about her
wailt, intlead of a girdle. I'lic petticoat was ptrity
III .rt, .ind ti mimed tuw.irds ihe botioin with black bon;-
laie anil ,:olii ttiiige. This bride danced at the wedding
with on,' of the feiiators, who wore a great ruff. In .
deed the culfoms I oblerved, lays our author, at this
tcatl were lo very diticrent Irom anv 1 had ken before,
tliat I rather fancied myfelf in China than in Kuiupc.
Nurenhurg boalls of having better aif./ans, and ii
greater numbers, than moll cities in Kurope : partiia-
iarly the curious works made here in wood, ivorv, ah-
balter, and even ol p.ipcr and llarch, are very fanuiii< ;
and thole who arc fond of mechanical arts and manutjc-
ture:-,,niav here abundantly gratify their cuiiority. The
toys of Nureiiburg are indeed cxportid .ill over ll.e
woild i bit ihcir tiade is not now lo confiderahie a' it
was loimerly.
The few Calvinifis here have a preacher of their own.
and perform liivine Irrvic e out rif the town, in ahoufe
fcatcd in agaideii, and fiited for that pirpolc. The pa»
pilts are allowed the puhiic cxercile of their reliiO(>n in
the I'eiiuimc-houlc : but 'be Jews are oDiigcd to live i:i
a ullage near thetity, from whence tliey have the libtr-
IV of coming daily into the town, on p iviniT a fnii!!
piece of money ; but they aie not fuffei i to Kay all
night, and mult Iherclore return bcfoie he gates r.rt
I'liit.
I lie nobility here tnok their rife in i if)8, when the
emperor Henry V I. r-lliltinr'at :i tournament, raife.lth:if\-
eigl-.t bur '.heis faii.;K<% to tlie degiee of iiob:Iit>. TI'.'
council of Nurctibiiri! confirts ot thiitv-four nuHe .'i: '
eight handiciaft coiinh Hoi'., 'Ihc former are ilividi I
into twcnty-lix burgoin.Jdrs, and ei dit old lcn.ii(>r',
called Alt Cienanttii- I'hele iweniy fixburgoiiiafb rs m'i.-
I'llI of ibirieen oil and lliirtcen young mivs, and ; n-v
lour weeks an old .ind a young one (lafide. ();,ti,l tSe
thirteen old burgr.malicrs are cholen the leven lirlf eoe-;-
fcllors, who are ftiled ilie lepieiin ii itr, and niaiiai;e o e
moll impoi taut and le> ret affairs of the citv ; lo'-^irer
with the lix next to thim, who compofe the con.,, it of
appeal. Ol the foriiu r ne tliree tirit are Itiled th- I'u-
preme head p".»;j'c, auj a'c alv.'ayj imperial touiilei! i. :
jr.i
'■'7*'
r-
***,
nil
Airlt'.T\DT.
.1,1 Ihrlirlt oflliefi
inc. iiii|uM.il lort, A
thiiU'cii yc)iiiij;fr I'
iililiM I'lirs, all till-
,,p. I he i,i(;lit rii
|.oannii.illv at tcrt
iclcvtul Nil. II rhc ;•(
the tjyiors, the cuti
uinici'., who arc i
vri.al council, .vliiti
urns ii coniii'iful ci
I ne jiiilicitorics
„,,(ier lourt, topcth
11,11 1'-i'iiiirt i ihcvoii
i.iltitun'il liir thi- rci
v,iili-'-i"oiiit, lor th
jjurt, belonging td
ct Luifcce wood ;
LlltlT.
I'he jiirildiflinns
<i!Tkc, I he adminillr:
cilirc. the ruprcn.c j
biiilJins-ortiec, the
(ifnce (iir k-vyiiij "f I
liiuliii!!-h'nil'c, ihc (
l.lhai I'jrlhcgincrnn
(lie reiit-m.i(lcr's-offi
the office belonging tc
the chill -office, the
Till- military forte
luniciol loot, each <
.1 hundred men, but i
t.vc; o! two troops ot
hvc men ; and two C(
t,Vii hundred and tw
Tii'ular tronp'i, the bii
l.iiircompanies of abn
viii 1 arc .ill well difci
ivulutions and manu>
activity. Two hwnd
.iriillcry i and the cit
(urh oi the burgbi-rs
, iiJ comelincfM. Th
I. re III the city, have
:;).-m, tn which the
tcloii.'ing to the aiti
here .\n excellent reg
t,i cxtitc the people ti
■ '.oil as a tewaid to
1 ! water, two guide
'1-. 1(1, eipht (.'.rofches
i'. ■ K'rt Hftetn criit7,e
The trart cjllcd fl
I'v the rivers Schwar
',' which the Nurcnb
w.itfrv Itcortiprizci
full.., called the
:.' I'rvcrcd with pin<
Mir.iMe number of
ih;.' principal of whiel
Altoit, or Altdoif,
I'llly of one laige (Ir
"irilh-cbiirch a profc
'lie two deacons bcloi
iliwiiity. The citade
ni' twelve large coui
■\ll>irf relides. Mete
conrilf; of three ftori
■jiiK in it a valuable
■:lK-niK.il laboi.itory,
t'.mii h a Urge bolani
'jrJtr.
C" lh( nijhprU of Ai
r>r Armi cf tht Bi/h
'"-nment is nimini/hr
M-JhJt. Of !■', 7
6z
F, U R O H E.
,\|(II'.T\DT.
(,„| the (irit ofthcfc iV Ah imperial li.illitt'i Iv rrlldcs nt
ini: mil"'"''' '""' •'">''" "''^''l I'll' C'll''ll''ii' <'iitotthc
iliirii'fii V"ii"R<''' I'lirconulltr;, an will as out ot the
iilj.'i ""''"i ■'" •'''■ "I''"' °* ''"^ govoriiiiiciit arc lillcil
I,,,, Ihc i:i(',IU ( (uiiidllors chol'c'ii out (if the Ir.ulcliucii
,',.,„iiu.illv at certain timti to r.iuiuil ; aii.l thdc ate
icluliJ '"^'■" 'h^' r"l'lii'>i'h<, thL- brcwcis, tiii; tanners,
the tJvlors, the rutUrsthe clothiers, the b.ikcrs, anil the
uirriors, who arc iioniinatcJ the lili'cr council. 'I'M
.'rut council, .vhich mult confift ot two humlrcJ jicr-
iiiiu, 14 conipofcil of thole cledcil liy the Inni-lKrs.
I nc jiiilicitorics in Nurcnhurg arc the appeal anil
,1 ii'fr court, topeihcr with that ot the town anil inar-
iiiiie-court ; the country pcal'antcourt ; the under-court, ,
inUitutcil lor the recovery of Imall dehts ; the quinque-
^,(e.court, for the rcpa/ation of iniuries ; the lorelt- |
J lurti belonging to the wood of SebalJ ; ihc forcH-court
1,1 l,.iiirc..ce wood i and the wild lioiicy-court in the
I'he jurifdiilions here arc the bailirf'-ofHcc, the tax-
pfjic, the adminillratory office for the couiitv, the war-
c'lirr, the fuprciiiC guardian and iceleli.illical-office, the
liiiilJing-olficr, the toll-ofTicc, the l)rcwcry-o(fice, the
i.fiicc tor Icvyin:^ of toll upon wine, ihr pawn-office, or
liiciliiiit-houlc, the corn-oflicp, the cenfor-otfice, cllab-
i.lliL'd I'jrthc govcrnnicntof the artizans thetallow-offlce,
(he rent-m.iller's-officc, the (hctitf's or inquifitionofficc,
(hcufTue bclongingto the town charity, the arl'enal-officc,
thr chc II -office, the mint-offic, and feveral others.
The military force of tlii* town confifts of fcvtn com-
panies ot loot, each of which in time of peace cont.iins
,1 hundred men, but in time of war a Imridrcd and cighty-
tivc; of two troops of ciiirafficrs.each conlllfinj ot eighty
t;ve men ; and two companies of invalids, aniouniing to
nv,) liundred and twcnly-fix. Belides thefe, which arc
ic.'u'iar troops the burghers form thcmfelves into twenty-
tour companies of about three liundicd and fifty men each,
MiViarc .ill well difciplined, and go through the fcvcral
iiolutions and manual exercifc with great cxaflnefs and
activity. Two hundred men alfo belong to the train of
.iriillery ; and the city felefls two troops of Vorfc out r f
Inch of the burghers as are remarkable (or their height
andcomclincfii. The latter, on the breaking out ol a
t.re ill the city, have their particular ftations affigned
;lii'm, to which they immediately repair ; and the men
tcloii.'Inf; to the artillery fecure thcarlenal. They have
here .in excellent regulation with refpcvfl to fires, in order
ti excite the people to activity and vigilance ; a ducat is
\cii as a reward to that perlon who brings the hrft p.nl
i: w.itcr, two guldens to the fecoiid, one gulden to the
ih id, eight grofches to the fuuith, and to every one ot
i' u-ft fifteen crui7.ers.
Ihe traft called the Nurenberg circle is furroundcd
Iv the livers Schwart/hach, I'cgnit/., and Schwabach,
I.' which the Nurcnbergrrs give the title if the border-
watrr'i. It comprizes within it two conl"ideral)lc iinpcriul
f. iid.i, called the Sebs'd and Laurence tnrcfts which
:,■ I'lvcrcd with pines ; and in this compafs are a con-
liSiiMc number of towns fubjedl to NurcnburL', one of
th;' |"iiieipal of which is
Alim;, or Alldorf, a finall town that confifts princi-
;i!lv of one la.ge ftreet, and feveral little ciir^. At the
"inni-chiirch a profefl.ir of divinity always i.i.aches, and
.■he two deacons belonging to it are like wile piofell'ors of
■liiiniiy. The citadel is an aniient Hone buildin:;, that
fiJMwelvp large courts, in Which the admiiiiltrator of
Aitorf relides. Mete is alio an uiiiverfity ; the building
coiifill i of three ftories, and h.is two wings ; and coii-
•.iin< 111 it a valuable library, an anatnmical theatre, a
duniKal laboiatory, and an obfervatory. \V'ithout the
town is a large botanical garden, which is kept in good
'jrJtr.
^■ir,
S F. C T. VI.
0' tht nijlKp'-ic of A'i(hJiaM ; I'r; ^-.Utathn^ and Rivers.
V<f Armi cf tht Bifliop, a'ul the Ofiicrs h '^vhuh the 0'«-
■:'rnmi'nt it nlmini/hriil ; with a utlhipi'i:n nj' tl)e City of
/liihfhJt. Of t't Teutrrtic Onlir, and pinli^u.'iiriy the
M ijl.'ritam of Mit;nilUirti ; "vilh an Jamnl tj that •
^1 own,
T\Vc. I'ifhopric of Aichftadt, or Eicliflctt, terminates
on the Upper I'.ilrttiiute, Upper liaiaii.i, the riutchy
of Neiibiii!,', the ciiuiily of Hjp|K-.'iheiu , .iiid the prin-
cipality «l Anlpach, by which allu fLvei.il detached parts
ot it .lie liirriiiinded.
T he principal nvers by which fhi-. country is watered
are the Altniuhl, which llowi out of the priiicipality of
Aiil'pach, and here receives the little livers of Aiilauter,
Schwari/.ach, and Sul/. ; after which it enters Havaria.
The Upper and Uiuler Ret/at allu runs through fomc
parts ot this bilhopnc.
I'he epifcopal title is, l!y the grace of God, bifhop
and prince of Aiihlt.idt.
riie ejiilcopal arnn arc a crnlier argent, in a field Arti.'i-
gules. A liilhop's mitre crowns the fhieid, and behind
It appears a (word and croficr.
'rhefc bifliops 'iirnierly (liled them(clv"s arch-chan-
cellors of the holy lee of .VKiit/, .md maiiit.iined that,
in virtue of this dignity, they had I'lvcral privileges dur-
ing the vacancy ot th.it an hliillioptic. I'hc bdhop ot
Aichrt.idt is perpetual ehanccllur ot the uiiiviifily of In-
gcilltadt. Me fits 111 the council of the princes of Ihc
empire, on the I'piriUial bench, between the bilhops of
\Vorm5 and .Spiic, and at the dr. Is of the ciicle of Kran-
conia between the reigning margravci of Biandenburg-
Hartith and Anfpach.
I he chapter conCills of fourrern capitui irs and lour-
tecii domicelli, who mull be all of a nobility luitable to
the foundation, and fwear to fix teen decrees of delccnt.
The principal offices here aic the fpiritual council , the
regency, the aulic council, and the aulic chamber.
I'hc inhabitants arc of the popilll religion. The epif-
copal fcrtilories are divided into eleven upper prefcdlu-
rates, the principal place in which is
Aichftadt, or Eichttctt, the cpifc'ipal refidence, which , .
lies in a valley on the banksof the ..Itmul, in iho fotiy- l,^.fit
eighth degree filty-fix minutes north latitude, and in tlip // . / '.
eleventh degree ten minutes call longitude. It has an
aiiticnt cathedral, to which one of it:; bilhops prefeiUcd
a fine pvx for the hott, which is of pure gold, in the
form of a fun, and weighs forty niarka j it is adorned
with feveral diamonds, rubies, and otliet piccioui iloncij
the whole being valued at fixty thoulaiid i;iiiljL-is. Be-
fides the great choir, there is the choir ot St. Wiilibald,
in which It is pretended the bones of that faint were
found in the year I74.|., in homuir of whom John An-
thony II. caufej a new and e\pen!:ve high altar to bi-
raif.d, which was dedicated in l"45. At St. Walhurg''*
church is a ; hiL;h altar as bro.id is the church itfclf, and
above it is a Iniall cavity, the fi.u's and bottom of which \
are lined with gold, and covered with a ttone. This is / /n.ij it liitu
called the cotfiii, and is (aid to contain the brcall ■bonC'. -Trir'.tr.v*'.//
of St. Walburg, f:ut of which an oil is l.iid to llow aiiH " .■■•■/^r!,'-
force itfelf through the Hone, where it is collected lie
drops, which are received into a golden "inigh, and from
thence conveyed into a golden bowl, and depolited in
fmall vials for the ufe ot pilgrims and bcnefaclors re-
forting thither, and employed in miraculous cures, '{"Y, .
holv flux happiMis twice a year, that is in the fpring and
fall J but it lrc(|uenlly appears at ditiereiit fe.ilons. 'I o
this cliuich belongs a Hjnedicline nunnerv. In this town
is alio a college of Jefiiiis, a parochial and colle_iate
church of our J.ady, in which is a fcund.ition ronfiltin"-
of a provofl, a de.ii), a cathedral and town minillcr, and
lomr can ins. [leic is aifo a IJuniiiiican convent, a
cloifler of rcgula, c.uionills of the cnigiegation ot on;
Lady, a Capuchin clo''ler and church in the c.i(t I'ub-
urbs, an I nnotlier chiir- h dedicated to th.' liuly Cihoit.
We Hull now give an account of the rcutmiic orJ.-r
in general, and in particular of lihc tnaftcrdoni of Mer-
geiithcim.
The Teutonic order was founded in I'alcHinc in ih.c'/',iiii<'i/c f-/c
year if)'^, and thofe who entered into it were called
kni;j,hts of the vir^^in Maiy, or brothers of the Teiifj-
nil: hoiifeofour Lady of Jerufalem. Thcv bound thcm-
("elves by a vow to deteiid the ChriHi.u; religion and tlic
Holy Land, and t'.' !'.:vc the po^r and lick , to be all of
L 1 ! ticia
IJ'I
u
; I
1 il
:'■{.
m
ii':.-
^ m
A 5 Y S T E M O I- G F O C. U A 1' II Y
i (,
216
ihitn German', nn.l of true aniiiiit ni.liility, 1"1h'
kni^'hlt oi M- 111 ill r wm- I'livi-ii irmn Jctiil.ili'iTi I'y i i ■
S.H.ic !l^, rtnti ulurvvaiili j'.r.iiliiil'y liil'iliicd .ill l'iii!!ii,
C irl.uJi Si'nii^',>lli.i| .iiiJ l.ivuiiu ) but ii^aiii lull (hulc
Coiiiiltii<
Tic upiildr of llii- oriliT, or ilio f,r.iiul snil 'I'ciito-
nil" "ilUr, llilii l\iiii('ilf .uliiiiiiillr.itut of thi tM.;iiI nui-
ft'-Tcl in of I'liJli.i, I ■ 111 r ol iIk' I iiitiiiiii- (inlir indtr-
niiiiy ..iii Ii'iiyi •mil liiiJ of KriiiJciitluil anJ l!uKii-
btrjj. He i» •! Iliiritujl piiiicc of tlic iitiiiirv', .iml irjuy*
a h: •'■ r.iak i.i llw tmuuil of tliu |innu , lllliii,; oil
thi l|>iriiuil liiiirli nv.\t after ilic ar. hlnlliop., aiiJ |mc-
icJrn; uil the I'lilatk's i but in the cirtlc ol I'r.iiuoou,
]'. • r' J l.ill ( , i!ic l,).ritii il luiiiics.
f'/ns. iiu irm* ami tiilii;n» oi t|ii> oriliT arc- an cri-ifl crnf*
f.il'''' ■ ' .1 HilJ atii'iil, t'raiilnl liy popi' CtUlhiu: III.
Jii th'' li Id i> a iroli or, iiiiilVrriii l>y kii'i; Hiiirv "t
Jiriit.itin, ail i in ila t.ntir i:. fom llu- imiuti.il tajje
b' (Kirtiil hy llu- fMipiT' r I'lCilciu- II. On ijili of ilu'
tour (oriui> is a lilly or, wtiii.li wai r.JJul to thifc arms
l>y f'l. I.( wi- of Ktaii ( .
Tliflc kuiullts iiuid 1' of ol.l (ifrni.in nobill , n I
prove thiir J. tci lit. I;, h the protijlaiil'. ami ,i,i()iiN
may I' JiivclKd with t:ic ouli-r, ami tlic pnilillaiit
kni^' t) arc p, rmittcil to iniriy. On fi.lrnin o. lafiLii'.
the kn.jiliJs WL.i- a wiiiv; iii.iiitle with a blaik Cn, , up-
on It, ic'ii-d with liiMr; but thi.ir drcl'^ in otlKr tc-
fpccts I inblcj fliai of otlKt fiiular-, thoii|jh it i> not
ornann ; ■iii, or of tiu :;i)ilf n'timrj.
Did I'le fi^iiiiiriu an I eliatcs which the Tiutonic
order i\.'.\ (I'Im- in CJi iiti.'.ny lit contigiiou.s thiy w.'iiKI
Tirm a lOiil'id.i.ihlo piiiKip.ility, I'laii; ili.itri cuniilt,
in ;;riicr.il, of what i- piojKily called (he !ualUi\loi7i ot
iMiij;, nihei n an I twelve baili.vics.
!>.e I '.eiK-y at Mergeiithum is c.'inipnfeJ of a vice-
flj'! il.ler, prf fi !i 11;.-, houfe cninini-iulauL^, .inJ piir-
vc' '-., with . . 'rM.ii nuinh.r of piivy, ri.j,.i.^v, r;iii-
tual, ^11. d ch..i;.'.iti I.' ' nlu'ilorj.
To the r;i.-!' uf !';. :i' ilia bvl^nps only the pr^prr
m.ifUril; PI of M'i;.'Mr'-.'riiii, and the bailiwic ol i"..in-
fi r.i.i, tlie ptn ■!,).( ('.ace in wbi' h is,
Mi.igiiii;r -in, .\ii-Y''"''^ '1 '" M.iriciitlial!, a fn-.jll
city Ic.'.ted o.i ' '• I'liibor, tweii;y five irii-s to the
fo,.tli-wi-rt of \''.iit/!nit ' i the r( fi.lence of the ^raiid
ri'aller uf the T '.'Uiic o;Jcr, and alio the fi.it of the
rogiuy. In ti . tcr.vii is an academy, aiul afmiinary.
Here is alio a rural ileancry bel'in^in^to the cclcltical
iurifdiclion ot Wli ' '.mrj', and on a mmiiit.nn niar the
t'lwn liands a cilji. I, in which the grand ni.iftcr ufually
r fiik-«. It was t,i -n by th>' Swedia under the coin-
inan ; of (.;encral fl itii in 16^1 ; but w:is i'oon after re-
taken by the Kiiiuh and the duke of Sj.-.e-Wi yniar •,
b It has tieiii fince refi.ittd lo itj antient pioptielui, liic
jjraiid malUr.
SECT. vir.
€/!'' CiK-t'.n of U'MnlJf, ll'iithiim, nnd Ethuh.
J!,'r S'-'- .'■>', [:.\tn:t, Prciii,.^, un.l Rrns; iv;//> a
C'h'/f /'ii-..<.; .■''.'.• I'ai.ics of mJ), ihiii .lims^ C:iti n-
!ii 1,1, U>l.' plilUI^:,i T.'.i. :!.
THIS ("imtrv '' ^rJ ^^ on thr madcrdom of .Mer-
gciul.'-itil, ;;..; lirMpiii. i.f Wurt/.buig, the priii-
cipaliiv ol Aiifiiih, lie !• i-itorics of the imperial lities
of Rotciibur 1 ! S>vab'.;i.-Hall, the dutihy of VVur-
tenil''ir:;, ami a patt id' the electorate of i\1cnt/.. Its
pre ■■ it e.vtrnt 'V'.iii eali to w. ft is about ei.ht aim twenty
m . ., and from III. till to (oiith about thirty. Itwasan-
ticntlv much hu^'.r, and formed nearly one third of ail
Fran ■ n?a.
Til fimth fi Ic of the country furniflics the trav:ller
with proCpeiil of fine viniyard-, which, in lomc places,
join o each other for f. viral miles to^'cther. The
north fiile i, proper for aj;'ieul:i;re, and on the tops of
the mount.'iii) are conimonly found valnublc woods of
«ak, fir, piiK, beech, and birch, in which a variety of
game lind IhLllir j and in the valleys i-. pood iiicidow
ground, which tccds an excellent breed of c.ittlc.
lion
IM-OH;,
The principal iiier» arc tiie Koehrr, which iff
iiiU out 01 the lemtory of the impeii.il tiiy i,| tj
bi.iii Hall, tiitetb the county of Hidicnlohe, an,) '"
iiiui tin; dutciiy of Wuitinibiir'. The J.ijjt ^.i,.'|'
fl'iw. iiuo thii loiiiitrv Irciii ilu principal ly uf Anliiji,
I'r.e Taubtr, and ilii. NV'iinii/, both which iilciiiik
to'.mtry. ''
W'hu r.-fpcil to the rcli«lon nf this country, i( i,.
crli'iry to obl'irve, that tlie relonn.ilion whuti v^.^ i,
p,uii hi re in I 340, w„.'i thoioUjihly tomplctcd 01 u,!"
.ind e\it lin e tlie whole couniiy h.11 been o| ihi- I '
thuan tl'.ur.li. lint in if'n;, toiinl Lewis (Jull.uu, "'
hr.icin^ the Ivoniifli nlijjion, uiul lii« elder hro'hir in '•
Chtilli.iii of lli'hiii'iihi-li.iiteiilluii, fooii alur f(,||j|. ,'
in^ l;is example, the protiltaiit* were ojipuiicj ,,„j
fulf'eo d vaiioii.'. (;rii.v. iiees, wliith li.ive been 111 a'l'rt •
uitJlire lemoved bv the imirpolilion of the tnipirt *'
'I'he counts of Huheiiluhe aie ol a veiy andim'f
milv, and aie divulid inin the piimipal bi.iiKhi', r
Niiiinl(<iii and W'alih iibiiig j ihe lornicr is .dioiuli,
videil into thiile of \\ nki ilh, iin, uiid I.ageiiburi; j/j
the latter into llmle of I'lidilbach and S',.hilliii .s',„|'|
Tiu' whole of this capital line was lailej in jJIf
1744, In Ihe dijiiiu of priiu -s of the impire ; li.j |k 1
the princely dignity was at the lame time orfcuj Ujii,.
cilLileiat bi.inches ol the line of Neuinllcin, thiy tu
M >< t Icrtipled to accept of it.
The princes of the younj^er Waldcnburg capital !,ne
P.ile ihemi Kis princes ol the ludy Kom..n tiii'i-,.'
counts of llidicnlohc and W'aldenbuig, l.irds of/j, '
genburg, &e. but the counts "f i|,c elder Neuinilu^
line, llile llKmfi.lvi.s counts ol I Inlu ulohe and UlMtntn
and loids of I,an;;iiibun^ Ci.iiiiihfielil, &c. '
The aims of tlie pilniely capit.il line of W.ihK.nl,,,, , ^
arr, fur Hidunh he, a fliield i|ii.irluly, In whou ijnj
and fnurth iiuailers arj^ilit, are two leopaidi. l.dilc, ,,,„
iiin:; dinctlv a^j.iiiill each niher : .iiid in the kc>.ii,' |',|i
t'liid I'jiper <|uartirs, a iiou advancing and crnHiiej,-
'.villi an open Ihioat, a red e,\crted ion^;ue, and a iluuic
nllid ii;r "il, in a r,cld l..ble j .ind in the low.r onrl
•n account of Lanjicnbuig eijjiit luliies fable, in a titlj
or.
The arn'fl of the Keuinllein capit.il line, are .I'f,) ,
fliiild ijiiaiii ily, ill whole full and Icuiih cjuaiiei., a-^ ,
befin 111 a field ariant two leipaids fable ruiiiiin,. -.
i.'.cli otheri and in the f.coiid and third, above, a lion
crowned (/:, in a f.tid fjblc, and below it lij'lit hum/s
fable in a li.ld or. In a middle fliield ii. a lion cojwiicii
or, in a fn 1 1 vcitc.
Atthedut id the empire the piinccj and count; ^|
Iluiicnlohe helling to the riamom.iii collef;e of couii-
and at the diet ol counts au poiriH, J of lix voices iiii,'
the ri lit of precedency 111 the Irancoiii.in college j I'ut .;
llu riaiuiii;i..n diets tiny have only two voices, winch
follow dindlK after ihofe of the piiiues.
This county contains in it ten cities, three market-
towns, and twelve cil.id.ls, ti. • principal pLice in vviikh
Oriii;;cn, the capita', of the . luntiv, fiated on the
rivulet ol Oliin, wlui li runs bcl ve'.n ilic old .m.l mw
town. One I'.ilf of this |)lace jelongs to tiie t)nni;ai
line, and the other to the w'.ole princely line if \y^\.
ilenbiiri;. The Ion \er r fiilcs at a r.iagnificent cillio m
this ciiy, towhiih. '|Oins a beautiful plealure cMokn.
'J'lie biiiliiinii called t. dune I' mfe is a grand li;ui:liire
cnciolld i>y a w.ill, with a f|ja-jious coiiit before it, and
belonj;s to the inincely line of Waldenburg. At iliis
place is alfo a buildinj; allotted for the itlideiice of .lie
cnuntefs dowager. The chinches and preachers are .ilio
in common. Of the former iliere arc two, the princi-
pal church, and that of the .'Ipital. The Lazar hdnie
has a ihapcl, and the bmiid pl.ice withnut the tuwnlus
allii a chuich. 'I lie lemin.iiy here was in tlie v
niwKinEur..
foimcd on the phm of a (
iymnafiiim
lllulh
I'car |-
))
In thi.
town are alfn kept the common aicliives. In thencidi-
biHirhriod of this ciiv are feveral eminences that mcU
excellent fruit, and fine wine.
The county of Wcrthiim, which we (liall next dcl-
crihe, lies between the archbiflioprie of Aleiitx, and thi
bifliopiic of Wurtzburg, a part of it being alio bounii. 1
Of tl- Cnwtifi of Hen':
cyii:,j Account of the
•iM^lf
I'llHlCIl,
li'l'. arc 1
ilt IlllMfs
I tlowiltj
I on the
.in.i iiiw
' C)iiML:iii
ic It, aiiil
At ihs
iitc 01 jie
;rs ate .■il.o
:lu' pr 111.1-
vi.u' li(Hi;c
tiiWIllU!
vcar 17 55
in thii
thcmi,'li-
tlut \]M
next (Ii.-
f., Jiul !:--
u buunO i
IlENKinERO
I . int- count) i)f F.rb.lfh. The M.iiiiR riii'.i throii-'i-i it,
a,\a in llii'. coiintv incivM ihi- I .lubcr. It |ir.Hliici» .i
.iritiy "t '""•' ■'"'' "' ''""' ^'■'^^" ■' '"'"' *""•' '■■ "'•"''■
*' At ttH! ilii'i "I the eiii|)iie tn-: (iriiitu ;iml riiniit* nl'
Iiiwi-iill'in Werihi-im, aie pollilUJ, on accouii( til Ihi^
,1(1 d'iwo voiic^ in till' I'l .1111 (1111. 1 II i()llc:'e"ri(ninti,
^" 1 It the iikIc <iI Kr.iiiC'iii.i, ihcy I'lijiiy ;i lc.it .mil
"uii-c iHtwtrn OlU-ll ai'^l Hinicck.
I nc cui'ital III ihu tounty ii W'crthcim, whith i..
ffjtiil I'll ihi- M.'im-, whin: It i« jniiieil hy ihi: i'.itihcr,
)i cciiii.1111.1 two itlid. iitiiry p.il.iic^, .iiiJ al n :i pirilh
I,, nil, wniih hoili the l.ulhcr.iiH smi I'oiiian latl.'i.
I •, nialii' iilf lit >n iiiiiimon, iiml ;ill(J a Latin Ichotil.
•j',,r r.ian'ltracv hen- ate, however, all I'mtrtfant*.
I'ne iiiiiiiiv "t 1' rhacli ii leated on the ( ).lrinvaljr,
i,,i,| ,^ HiiioiiiHleJ by the aKhhilhopric ol Mmi/,. ilir
Inial iwla'iiiatr, aiul a patt nl the coiltitv of Wir-
finni, rxitiiilioi' a'loiit twenty-lour mile» in length, an,!
r, U R O V p..
«17
ohiml niiH'
tten 111 bria.llh.
ji ,j a inountainoiis loiiiitry 1 hut well cuitivatril and
prcitv liuitliil. I he more biitcii lands are lonietinien
Intfcird I" rell between liee and (rii jeaii, alter which
ihi- bullies, he.itli, and whatever die they aie over run
vnih .lie < lit .'own 111 time ol hatvcll, dii;; in> by tile
„„,:., and ihele, with a part ol' the tiiif, beiii^ lai.l to.
ii.tner on heaps as loon as lliey bceonu- ilry, aie lit en
^ff, and the aiii-5 bcinu; Ipread abroad, the land i>
nliiichoil up and lowM i by lhi^ iiieaiis me land is reii
lii'i J ftuitlul, and the inliabit.mis ptoeine a fiiiliuiiit
ipiii it. Ill' coin lor thtir rnlilill.iiKe ; thtfy cultiv.ite
•1 ,111.!. nice ol pol.iltie-, and auo prep.ire a p.uat d, il nl
I irell^ however, become thin, and nianv
I'tci of ground which wcie lornierly cn\
iieiijv. have been converted into arable land ;
t.,;l:i. I
covered with
but at
pul ": t:i y bciiin a^ain to plant trce^. I lie bed p.i-
(bitis ai'.d meadows lie in the valleys, and tlii; breeiliii;;
uf rait'; '•■ heie pieity conlideiable.
Tins ciiiiM'rv hai lonie good (|uarricj of iTone and
lii.iii>ie'> ai;d It has alio I'oinf good iniius cf iron.
'Ilie rivul 'H whu h riie in this cmiiitry, a r.on/ whirh
f'ne.MiHiilin;; i. the priiieipal, .ill dilehar'.'C th' ml' Ivr- in-
to the Maine, the Khine, and the Isecltar, and alioiiii I
intilh.
I he inhabit.ints smount to n ar twenty lour thoulind
fouls; they are of the Lutheran church, and rxpoittinc
nicji madeof Ipclt, with oatL, bin k- wheat, wood, co.il.s,
rot-adi, cattle, inm, mils, honev, and wa.\. J he wool
iitmi i.ed here is ni.iniil.icturtd into i loth.
Tlie eouiity ol Im bach is (or the moll part a fief of the
t.-Hor I'al.ilinr, kiuI on the i-iil'inj; of tii.; h.iul'c of Kr-
hci. to the dij'.nity cd coiint.s, the leodal nte.s v^•erc ex-
pf ilv .eferved to that ol tUe eledor. Ihele counts arc
piillelleJ of two viiiccs at the diet of the empire in the
coik te of the coiints ol I'ranconia.
Within thi.s county are nine prcfcifluratcs, one of the
pt'iifipd places in wliich is,
Kib.ich, an old iitadel, anil a Imall to.vn fituated on
tlie.Mumliii;;, in a narrow valley amidll hitth mountains,
iiiil contains only a lew houlis whieh iLiiiil bv the cira-
iltl, and arc luiroimded with a wall ; but other hoiiles
have been built on the out Tide ot thi.s wall, which have
tile appearance id a fiiburb ; but the place is lo iiu luili-
(iaabie a to have only one church. At a fmall ilil' u-e
Irotii tiie town IS the villi;;e (d Kibaeh; thri.uph this
place runs ;. rivulet, wliicli in a mc.iJow near the town,
iinki into the earth, and pall'es through a mountain, on
tiK' otlier lidc ot which it lilacs out again, and at length
turn into the Munilin".
S K C T. VIII.
Of !f C:iintifi of Ifr^inehrs; timl Sdnun'tztnlitrr, nuth n
i.'ii.',. Accowil ff tki Jrte impel iiil City cf Unu-iiburg.
THK county of H^nncberp; is bounded on the cad
bv Coburir, and Schwartv.cnburg ; on the nnrtli
hv (il tha and Kifen.ich ; on the wclf by the Imdjjra-
va;e ol Hell'e, and the birtiopric of KiiKla ; and cm the
loath by the bilhopric of VVurt/burg, extending Iroin
noiih to I, nth near Iwenty.eight milo, nnd fmm tall to
Wed aho II twenty. hve.
Ill mi'l .'I It. diili '. 'Iv iiihi.l-irantj «p;Jv ti.cmfclvf!
tn .u'riculiiire, with lolerablu I'uccif , ami m lorn.- pU. . <
ciiliivatr tobacco. It has mincii of lllv r nnd copni r j
hut th.iU ol iron aie !n lar the mi it iiuinrn us. In liiim'
parts III ibii coiinrv talt r. inaJe, and u hit .illn Ionic
nieili inal l|iiiii" ..
Tlnj principal liver I. the VVerra, whith alter iti eii-
teiiti.; iii'.i this .iiiiniv, diHil.H it'. ;f into two f lit , and
receives into il levcral Imall ftreiiT.i.
No other rell 'ion than Ih it ol th* Lutherans In \n-
Irrated hero, exci ; t at Si limalk.ildcii, »vhtfci5 achiircU
1" i Tl '111;. II. till- L..Kllli!l .
Tlic III inn lai I 111 IS of this count v chiefly rfitil'll of I'li-
lliaii, an. I ih ; iii.iVinj; of aiin..in,l li;r.|.wJi>.
At prd.iit ihv piini civ county v\ Henn. birg his ihff
liillo.viiii. loid. lorie. polKini:,, iiukIv, fheekMirof
.S.i.itiiiv, the bikes ol Saxr.Wiiiii.ir, Mcimin.Tii, (Jo-
iha, (.'..bur.. ;iaalteld, and Hilbuteluulcn, and iIm; land.
gr.ivc ol Hi ilc-L'.illi;l.
The principal plicc. in this coimtv are (be li.lliiwinp!
Schleuliiigen, tiiinicrly the n lidi nee ol the princes ol
lleniieberjF, and .it prclint the feat of tht ehvloral .Sa-
xon fupeimtcii.lituy, IS lated on the little rivir
•S. hieiii/., fiirte mibs to the iiortli-wcll ol llamber'!, at
the (cot of a hill, upon which aie the ruiiu of a laftli-
or p.ilacr. The town is not lar^e, and on account of
the a.ljoininfi; Thii:ln;;ian wnoj, li.i, but litil.- 1 m.l lit
lort.lliijei itli.i', however, a lenunary, which belonjo
in common to all the dukcs of Saxonvj ivh.i ate polkl-
I'e.l of any (line in ihu cminty. .Schluirin ;i n jIio con-
tains a foiiiniaiidrry bcloiii>ing to the Older of St. John,
loiindc.l 111 the year i jiji .
Meiniuvien, oi .\Kiniiiren, a town featd on il;; river
Werr.i, aniidil liiL;h mountains, whi. h di.lie liein.naid
ol S.ixony, on Ins o'naliiin.; :t in id.'si, ih..;.- im jii^
tclidencc, .iiid c.uled a new palate, with a i h .[lel to bo
built, n.iinin it li.i;n hi.s coiifoii Kiiialirth.-iibnr!;. In
this palaic aic the pi nicely libra: v, a ca! iiui ofnie.'al^,
and the auhivesot lleim here, wliicn bel vii'^ .ncom-
m<ii ti) the piiiitely and electoral h.'Ulis ot ba.xoMV. In
ihi. town 19 one pi.ilh cniirih, a '..itiii fcluud, .in cr.
plu.i li.iiU ■, a h )uie ol collection, and a lpii;iiiilf! houl'-.
It li.'i I'MOKilv .1 veiy coiilid. i.ibl.- maniil.u Ime ..| lii~
llian, which IS now lels llouti(Iiin.r, aii.l the l>ur.?hcrl
chii ily apply th. nili l.cs lo the cuhurc ..I lob.icco.
.Siiultald, a i.jwii htuaied at the lout o, the Pliiirin-
ijuii wood, onaiiciiletol th.- I.ime name, whicn hcio
reieivci: into it the .Stillc. It is a prcttv Uri;e, tniivini;,
and popiilou, town. '>ii a hnl near it Itaiids ilie ciiadcl
of Wilheliidburg, thus called liom its bem,; lebuilt by
the landgr.iv.- William IV. In thicmter ot the town
(hiids an old palace of the princi; of Hilie-Caliil, c.iilul
the llellcnhol. In this town is alio a coilet^iite church,
in which w. re lornuily tiv. Ive loioiis, with a town-
church pollilied in common bv the Loth rans and Cal-
vinilb , and a Latin fcti.iol. Ilie f.lt-pits hcr^', in cuii-
iiindioii with the neighhoiirint; miiii!. of iion and the
l.irs^-s, areof great a.lvantai;e lo the town, which h.is a
conliJtr.ible trade in hardware. The iidiiierous incct-
in.is held by the protelfant princes m this t-ivn, with
the li.ii^ue thev concluded here in I ;X'< •Tl'l 'he thei.-
lo-j;ical articles diawn up by Luther, winch thev caul. d to
be conlir.r.ed by their t.achers, h.ive renJeiei! this town
famous in the Cierinaii billory.
The county of Si hv.artzcnbcr^ is for the nuift part
I'lnroundcd bv the bifliopric of L.imbirL-, the rcuntv oi
Caltell, the li..iiiory of .*speekfeM, the piniiipi;;i' , of
Uaieith and Anipacli, and th;; bithopric oi Wutt/buifr.
This countv ill its j'reatelt extent i.s about iili'eleen
miles ioni; ; but in ionic p.irts it is only two miles, th.'
in oihcis about three in. ics broad. Thj inliaKiiaiits of
this nariow llip of comittv are partly of the Lutheran
and partlv of the Rom ill church.
The piiiueof Schwait/enberir is polltfl'i d offcvir.il
other dithiclr in Dohemia and .Stiiia. His tii!<; is prin'c
of .Schw;uticnhprL:, ol the holy Rom in empnc princely
laiub'.i.ve in the Klcfeni, i...iiiit ol Sul/, duke cif
Crumau, and loid of (imiburii, ot the holy Rcunan cr:i-
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(716) 873-4503
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A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Mentv,
pire hereditary aulic judge of Rothweil, and lord of the
(igiiiorics of Murau,\Vittingau, Frauenbcrg, Poilclbcrg,
Wildfchutz, Worlir, &c.
J/r/.i His arms are a fliitld quarterly, the firft and fourth
fields of which are arjjent and azure, divided eight-told
lengthways for Schwartzenberg ; and in the third and
fourth quarter is a black raven picking out the eyes of a
Turk's head, in memory of the fortrefs of Raab in Hun-
gary, which was taken from the Turks by count Adol-
piius in i5o!^>
In this little diflrift are fix prcfeflurates ; but no town
worthy of notice, moft of them being villages, and the
reft only little market-towns, with only one parifli-
church.
There are fomc other little diftrifls in the circle of
Franconia, as the counties of Caftell and Rcinec ; the
feignioriesof Limburg, Sciihcini, Rcichclberg, Weiffen-
theid, VVclzheim, and Haufcn, which, though their
poflinbrs have a feat and voice in the diet of the empire,
are too inconfiderable to merit any farther notice.
There are alfo fevcral free imperial cities in the circle
of Franconia that have a voice in the diet of the empire,
the principal of thefe, next to Nurcnburg, which has
been particularly defcribcd, is
Rothcnburg, or Rotenburg, which is featcd nn an
eminence by the Tauher, in the forty-ninth d<vr'ce I
twenty-fix minutes latitude, and in the tenth diL-rre 7 "''I
eleven minutes call longitude, thirty five miles to the ''' '
well of Nurenburg. It receives the water for it:: nccc^
(aiy ufes out of the river Tauher, by means of an m-
giiic, by which it is forced up the mountain, aiut Irom
thence afcends in adireft line to what is called the Klin-
genthurn, from which it falls down again, and produce?
three fountains in the town. Rotenburg is furroundcd
with walls that are fortified with towers, and ducnJcd
by ditches. The inhabitants who are Lutherans have
five churches in the city; but there is generally no preach-
ing but in two of them, that is, in the parifh-church of
St James, and in the church near the hofpital. The
academy here confifts of fcven dalles, and the like num-
ber of teachers.
At the diet of the empire this city pofiefies the eighth
place in the college of the imperial cities on the Swabian
bench, and the fecond at the circle of Franconia on th^
bench of the imperial cities. To this city belong fcve-
ral villages. "
CHAP. XVI.
The ELECTORAL RHENISH Circle, or the Circle of the LOWER RHINE.
SECT. I.
Of tin eltiUnil Rhiiiijh Civdc in gtmral ; and firjl ef the
Elciisrati: of Mcntc : its Situation, Extent, and Produce.
The Rciigion of the Inhabitanti ; their Arts, Manufac-
tures, and Commirct. The Dignity, Titles, Arms, and
Prerogatives of the Archbijhop, and of the high Chapter
of Mcntz. The Offices ly which the Government is ailmi-
ni/lcred ; with the eleUoral Rever.ues and Forces.
THIS circlt extends from the circle of Swabia, which
bounds it on the fouth, to that of VVedphalia,
which lies to the north ; to the ealf it is bounded by
Franconia, and the lower part of the circle of the Upper
Rhine ; and to the well by the upper part of tho circle of
the Upper Rhine, Lorrain, and Luxemburg. It divides
the circle of the Upper Rhine ; but its extent is difficult
to determine.
It includes the three archbiflioprics and eleflorates of
Mcntz, Triers, or Treves, and Cologne, with the I'a-
Jatinate.
Thccledorof Meniz is the fummoning prince and
director of the circle, the dieta of which have ever finct
the middle of the fevcnicenth century been held at Franc-
fort on the Maine. 'Ibis is one of thofc tailed the an-
terior circles, which, ill the years 1697 and 1702, en-
tered into a mutual compact with each other for their
defence againft the attacks of an enemy.
With rcfpcct to religion, this circle it reckoned among
the mixed.
The archbifhopric of Mcntz is feated on the Rhine,
and is bounded on the north by Wctteravia and Hefl'e,
on the 'nith and eaft by Franconia and the palatinate of
the Rhine, and on the weft by the electorate of Triers ;
extending about fifty miles in length, and twenty in
breadth.
This country affords fufRcicnt fuhfiftence for the in-
habitants ; for, befidcs corn and excellent wine, it pro-
duces fine garden-fruit, and plenty of cattle ; in fomc
parts are raiftd large quantities of flax and tobacco, and
in others are iron mine;.
The principal rivers with which this clf.clorate is wa-
tered are, the Rhine, the Maine, the Jaxt, and the
Lahn.
The countries featcd nn the Rhine and Maine, which,
ever fincc the Kcfurm ili ■11, have been in tiie pjwer of I
I the elc£lor of Mentz, have invariably adhered to the Ro-
niifli church ; but on the Fichsfeld, as alfo at Erfurt,
Cionberg, and Come other places, there arc many I'to-
tcftants ; and at Bonnighcim the proteftant worfliip \t
alone iif:d. In feveral places the Jews arc alio ig-
lerated.
In this archbilhopric are fome woollen and other ma-
nufailures, in fome places looking-glafl'ts, and in othcri
fine porcelain is made ; while in other parts the inhabi-
tants apply themfelves with great diligence to the culti-
vation of flax and tobacco. With refpect to commerce,
they carry on an important trade in wines, ferge, linen,
tobacco, almonds, chefiiuti, nut.s &c. I'he late
eledlor, John P'redcric Charles, has not only efiabliflieH
two annual fairs at Mcnt?, ; but has endeavoured to make
commerce flourifh both in that city, and in all the archie-
pifcopal countries ; for which purpofc comniiflioners or
commerce arc appointed there. I he eleftoral exchequer
of Lohiicc expedites all mercantile affairs, and examinei
into complaints relating to exchange and all coinmercia!
fubjrits of difpute. 'I he elcdtoral magazine here has i
prelidcnt, four magazine mailers, and two brokers.
'The archliifhop obtains his dignity by the free choice
of the chapter, and mult fvvear toancledtion-capituiation.
'The p.ipal confirmation is very cxpenfive ; the pallium
is alfo obtained at a high price, and the annalis, which
cich new archhifliop is obliged to pay to the pope, a-
mounts to ten ihoufand florins. This prelate is, how-
ever, the firft archbifhop in Germany, and the archie-
pifcopal dignity is inlcpara'ily connedled v^-itli that ol
ele£tor ; and indeed he is cfteemed the tirlt among ail the
fpiritual and fecular electors.
His title is J, F. by the ^i;racc of God of the holy fit
of Mcntz archbifhop, of the holy Roman empire iliiuugh-
oiit all (lermany arch-rhancell.jr and clcitor, &(.
'The archiepifeopal arms are a wheel aiijcnt, in a liell .,
gules, to which each ilce'lor alf(j adds liis f.iniily urnis.
'I"hc eledlor of Mentz has great prerogatives With re
fpect to the fuprenic judicatoiy of the empire. At thf
imperial aulic council the vii c-chantcllor of the empiie,
who is nominated by him, tollows immediately after the
imperial piefident. He h,is alio tin- nomination of all tl -
lecrctariis i and tho iinperi.il aulic ihanrcry, which !■> a|i-
pointtd by him, evpcdiifs all matters ot winch coi;mi-
zancc has been uken. H( likewiic co!lcit.>, and h<i- irc
dirtclioii ol the iiiiin''\ r;. ..lyi ,1 |,,r all dilp..tchci , ki: ^■
m/it/hi/ttrAf/i \
//oH
l»")^
irn-
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\U.mid A ^ f'/Wwi
'■ -p^///>»T ■
nd other ma-
^nd in others
the inhabi-
the cuhi-
commcrcc,
ferge, linen,
The lats
eftabliflicd
ured to malce
the archie-
iflioiiers of
exchequer
d examines
commercial
licru has i
rokcrs.
I'tee choice
capituiacion.
the pallium
alis, whicli
the pope, a-
atc IS, how-
the archie-
witli that ol
iTiong ail the
the holy fie
pire ihi uugh-
r, &c,
cnt, in a licil ir,
imily arni'i.
fives With re
lire. At tiif
jf the cmpiie,
atcly after the
tion of all tl •
, which ii aji-
wlhch c'J';!ii-
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Mrs'Tz.
the a>its of the ir
th.' dcdtor arc p
(i( their order.
likcwile appoinl
/'hi; high cha
ptrCons ; that is
']'hc lorjncr h.ivi
the latter need n
'I'his chapter ha
flci^toral Itadthol
auhc council, w
iiri' always chofi
all (lipulations iv
important affairs
bilhopric arc com
mentioned. A c
archl (hop in (p
be born mi the Rh
being delcendcd
At the cleitoral <
council ; but im
what is called tht
conlilts of the au
(ecretaries, privy^
eery. The aulit
council college, i;
great ileward, an
privy-.iulic, and n
judicatory has a d
and proilors. At
thirty days, for rt
judicatory, the of
'J"hc other college
tcncis arc notified
the aulic-chamlier
ofSce, and town
commiflion, and tl
The elc(!loral re
lion two hundred t
confift of the elcfti
of dragoons, with
number of provinc
fooling. The citj
forlrcl's of the cm
confidcrs it as one
in it, under certai
longing to the circ
Jn the deiflorate
twenty-one borou"
A particular Drfcript
hu
WE ftiall Iicgi
electorate w
I.ntin Miiguntia an
the confliu nee of i
'>", ninth degree fixteer
'■ eighth degree fi.xtec
i!. n. 'I'lic city is
(i!i' for the mod pa
foufts belongiiitr to
R"nian months wer
tl-iis city i*but thou
V urds begun arc ex(
The archbifliop's
He, in a very ma,
lories high ; but th
mp richly adorna
'I'he ceiling of the t
in different apartmei
ironof Mentz; and
presents the Itory ol
t"il of this firff a|
faliinct of looking-g
the bafcs are adorne
painted fine landfcap
ty the reHc-aion of t
6j
Mentz.
E u k P t
hj
the ails of the imperial aulic council, and the alTcfTors of
th: ek'dlor arc poni-niid of the fui\ pliice among all thofo
of their order. The chancery of the chaniher-court is
liiccwilt; appointed and regulated by him alone,
The high chapter of iVlent/, confilh of twenty-four
pcrfons ; that is, of five prelates, and nineteen cipitulars.
'J'helonner have the privilege of wearing a mitre j hut
the latter need not be priefts, though they peiRMally are.
'I'his chapter has feveral fynJics and othe. officers. The
electoral ItadthoUlcr, together with the prifi'lt-iUs of the
aulic council, with the chamber and town jurifdiclion,
;iri' always chofen from amun;; the capitulars ; and in
ill! Itipulations with the neii;hbuurin<^ (t.ites, acid other
important affairs in which the privilc;',!.". of the arcli-
billiopric arc concerned, the coiilcnt of tne chapter is alfo
nuiitiorud. A capitular is always vicar-gcneral to the
archl (hop in fpiritual matters. 'I'hcle c.ipitulars nuilt
be born in the Rhenifh province, and prove by oath their
being defcended from noble ancellors for fix defccnts.
At the eleitoral court of Mentz is held no regular privy-
cnuncil i but important affairs of (fate are propot'ed in
what is called the privy-conference. 'I'he privvthaiuery
confilts of the aulic-chancellor, the privy-iecretary, the
(ccrctarics, privy-regirters, and privy-clerics of thcchan-
ccry. The aulic council, or the electoral re;;c-iicy-
council college, is under the direition of a prefident, a
great Iteward, an aulic chancellor, a chancery, dircdlor,
privy-aulic, and regency couiifcllors, &c. The rcvifion-
judicatory has a dlredlor, rcvifion-coiinfellors, a fccretarv,
and prodtors. At this court a perfon may Are, within
tiiirty days, for revifion of the fentences of the aulic-
juilicatory, the offices of appeal, commifTiori, and works.
'Jhe other colleges are, the aulic-judicatorv, whofe fcn-
tcncts are notified in four general aulic-judicatory days,
the aulic-chamber, the military conference, the chamber-
oflice, and town judicatory at Mentz, the poor-houfe
commiflion, and the office of works.
'{"he electoral revenues are efliinated at about one mil-
lion two hundred thoufand florins. The military forces
confiftof the elcftor's life-guard of horfe, and a number
of dragoons, with three regiments of foot, and the like
number of provincial regiments, eftabliflied on a regular
luotine. The city of Mentz being reckoned a barrier
fortrcfs of the empire, the circle of the Upper Rhine
confiJcrs it as one of its fortrefllis, and freciuemly keeps
in it, under certain rcftridlions, a number of troops be-
longing to the circle.
in the electorate of Mentz are forty-one cities and
twenty-one boroughs.
SECT. II.
A particular Dtfcription of Mentz, Crcnitrg, and AJct:offtn-
burg, in that EUtloruii.
WE fhall begin the defcription of the cities of this
elcclorate with Mentz, or Mayepce, called in
Latin Moguntia and Moguntiacum, which is feated at
the conflui nee of the Rhine and Maine, in the tbrtv-
. ninth degree fixtecn minutes north latitude, and in the
eighth degree fixteen minutes cniT longitude from Lon-
(!iin. '1 he city is pretty large and populous ; but con-
fill? for the moft part of narrow ftreets and old t'afliioned
boufcs belonging to the burghers. In the year i 735 two
Roman months were granted tor the better fortifying of
this city i 'but though the fortifications that were after-
wards begun are excellent, they are flill unfinifhed.
The archbiihop's palace is built of a kind of red mar-
ble, in a very magnificent manner. It is only two
(lories hi^jh ; but the apartments are very fine, the ceil-
ings richly adorned, and the furniture very fplcndid.
'I'he ceiling of the hall where the cleiifor dines, contains
in different apartments the hiffory of St. Martin, the pa-
tron of Mentz; and the tapeftry with which it is hung re-
presents the (tory of j^J^'neas and queen Dido. At the
end of this fir(f apartment is a large and fumptuous
cabinet of looking-glalfcs, enchafed in little gilt fquares j
llie balijs are adorned with cartouches, upon which ate
painted fine landfcapes, which are amazingly multiplied
by the refleflion of thefc mirrors. From hiiicc you h.ive
"J
a profpccl of the Rhine, the Maine, and all the adjacent
oui.try, which is extremely delightful.
; The feco.id ftory has nothing remarkable, except the
i elector's bed-chamber, which is a very liiiall one for ,1
prince, but magnificently liirnifhcd. 'J'hc tapcffrv is ex-
: qulhtcly fine, and reprelcnts in fix pieces the whole
t.ible of I'crfeus and Andromeda. 'I'he bed is of crim-
fnii brocade with a gold ground, and tlie canopy is covcr-
I ed with pearls. The chairs arc carved, gilt, and covere !
j with embroidered crinif)n velvet and gilt ffiiije ; even
the frame of the loukiiiL'-glafs, which is eight feet high,
I is covered with crimibn velvet laced with [rold.
'I'he arfenal kept in the palace is no riorc than a large
clofet lined with fufils, mulkets, carabines, and piffols,
made by the mofi: lanirms irunfmiths in Europe, and
many of them arc of exquifitc workmanfliip. Here arc
alfo foine air-guns. This palace, in the year 1750, re-
ceived the addition of a beautiful new wing, and has the
advantage of fine gardens.
The cathedral is a valf pile of rcddifh mnrbic : imme-
diately on entering it you fee the fepulchral nionumcntj
of fix antient archbifli(ips of Mentz, whofe Itatms (land
leaning againft the pill.irs that fupport the arched roof.
On the other fide are tbofe of the two lafl electors ; the
ftatue of one of them ffands in his cpifcopal robes, and
is as large as the life : the tomb of the !a(t elecUir is of
black marble, and his (htiie, which is of white marble,
is fitting : two little angels of white marble ft.md, one
before him, prefenting him an open book, which he
feems to read ; the other at his feet, plaviiui with the
archiepifcopal mitre. On each fide of him is a crofs of
white marble, on one of which is an iiifcriptioi*. This
work is clfeemed here a finiflied piece ; but there is no-
thing ill it very extraordinary. In the choir are two
other monuments, one of (leorgc Chriftian landgrave of
Helle, the other of a count of Lamberg, wiio was kill-
ed the fame day that the marquis d'L'xelles, who de-
tended Mentz ai'aiiid the allies, caufed a parley to bi;
beaten, and capitulated, which was on the ninth o?
September 16K9. The (!.itue of this count hjs fome-
Ihing very particular, it being of white marble, and
covered with armour, except a lielmet and gantlcls. He
is in the attitude of one ufing all his efforts to get out
of his coffin, which is of black marble, and pullies up
the lid with one hand, while he fupports biml'elf witii
the other agiiinff the bottom of the cofHn. The fculp-
tor, bcfides m. iking a man in a coffin with his armour
on, has alfo ridiculoufly given him a full bottomed pe-
ruke, quite in buckle, 'j'he high altar "f this cathedral
is Co contrived, that the priell faces the .eople, and need
not turn about at mentinning the words V-'ninin volnf-
lum. The principal thing worth feeing here is thetrea-
lury, which is (hewn for a ducat or two, bv two offi-
cers nominated by the dean, and confiffs of jeweis, riciv
veifments, and other church furniture, particularly an
olfenlbrium valued at twenty-four thoufand dollars.
'J'hc Auguffine nuns of .St. Agnes have a very ele-
gant church, ami the Carthufian monalfcry without the
city is worth feeing, on account of the beauty of thp
church ; in which are thirtv-two (falls of a line fort of
wood, curioufly inlaid with ivory. Thel'e flats were
made by a Haiiiburghcr, and the monks value them at
no lefs than a thoufand dollars each.
There is a bridge of boats over the Rhine at Mentz,
which is (even hundred and fixtv-fix paces in lentrih,
and leads to a little town on the other fide, named Cftlel.
The religious foundations here are, that or" St. AI-
ban's, the 1 1 Jry.vr o'dei'uitit irjhtwi B. A/. I . a:t t^in.'i.i^
wilh thoie of St. Peter, St. Sl.'phcn, St. \'icbV, tho
H(dy Crofs, St. Ciangolph, St. John, and St. Al.iuriee.
It has an archiepifcopal feminarv, dedicated to St. lio-
niface, with feven parifli churches, and a ISenedicline
prelaluie, fealed on Jacob's mount ; as alfo a collei;e
of Jefuits, fix mon.illeties and hvc nunncncs; witha
cb.irtreufe, and two other nufincrics near the cit\ .
'I'herc is alio .m univctlitv, and fix hofpitals.
About a mile from the city is the ele.-for's palace,
called l.i Kavoilta, which is a modern edifice, and I5 ;>
moff elegant and deli\;htl'ul place, both on account ut'
its (iiuation and prolpe,;l over the Rhine and M..ine,
the ardutedure, and the difpuhtion of the garden, which
M m if> " i.;
ii !
mm,
m
< !
itt
" ^'
i; I
^ i?i
• jj A S Y S T E M O F
is aJnrncJ with pyramiils (ladn's, r;iriailcs, and oilier
w.ucr-wurks. 'I'nc buiKljii;^ ili.lii;iK-il lor the oraii;.'cry
belongs to the mum boiiv i>t the pal.icc, and the three
p.ivilions on t-ach fklc, I'jrvt lur lod;.;iii:;s tor the [;fli-
tlemen ol" the comt, dflicc-rs ami dunnlliis, whin the
eledtor is h' re ; hut the a|ijrtineius ii\ which he telides,
are void of all ryninu'tryaml i leirunee, and exec pt one hall,
have nothing; to recommend iluni.
Thi> city waj bclicgcil and taken by f lunavu'; Adol-
})hus kin; of Sweden in lO^i. Anionj; the other booty
which this prince found here, was a inally rrncihx ol
gold, as lar^e ai the life. Krederic V. eleiilor Palatine,
and kini; of iiohemia, di.d here the year following of
grief for tile death of tlut prince, who was killed at thi
h.itlle of ],iitzeii ; bciny; p.rfiiadcil that had he lived a
year lonyer, he would have rcinlhited him in his domi-
nions. Prince Charles of l.orrain, with the electors of
Saxony and llavaiia, laid fiige to tile city in 1689, and
took ic forty davs after their opening the trenches.
Cronherg, or Kronbcr^;, a liiiall town feated on a
mountain. About the year 152S, llie Pioteltant doc-
trine was introduced here by the l.ind^rave of Helle, who
then poUclled the place ; but in the year i 5.).l, the land-
grave cedini; the town to the lords of Cionberg, they
promifed to leave religious woilhip in the Kate in which
thev found it. A part, howncr, of the inhabitants em-
braced the diitlriiKs ol" the Roniifh religion, while the
relt continued P.-otellants. After the peace of Wellpha-
lia the protcllaiu rclii'jous worfhip w.is alone redored ;
but it afterw.ir.ls falling to the elector of Mentz, the
iiiimunities which the Protellaiit-. alone enjoyed, were
ihared with the Roman catholics; and in 1758 the an-
tient citadel, which llooil in the middle of the moun-
tain, was in a ;;reat mcaUire pulled down, and the (tones
belonging t^) itiifed for the new popilh church. In this
diltrict are fum • line woods, a variety of fruit, and a valt
Huantitv of clKlnuts.
Afchaftenbur'i, oncof the bell towns in the archbifhop-
,."./t. ric, is feated on the .Maine, in the fiftieth degree hftecn
7,.'j . minutes north latitude, and in the ninth degree five mi-
nutes call longitude, and takes its name from the rivu-
let of Afch.ift, which in its neighbourhood falls into the
Maine. Tile i itadel, in which the cleilor frciiuently rc-
iidcs dufiiig harvclt, as long as the hunting fcafon lalls,
is arand and be.uitif-.il. It is a vail Iquare building of
red llonc Hanked by four large towers, with a platform
in the middle; over the hilt gate is an equeflrian (latue
of St. Martin, patron of the archbilhopric of Mentz,
and quite at the top the Itatue of Chrilt. On palling
througli the lecond gate you enter a fpacious fquare
court, furrounded with buildings three (lories high. 'l"o
the left is a portico of twelve columns, upon which rells
a terrace railed breail high, and from hence you enter a
chapel, the aliar of which is of white marble, adorned
with columns of jafper, and b::nb relievos, reprefentiiig
the hirtorv of our Saviour's palVion, in feveral compart-
iTicnts, with a large crucifix of white marble at the top.
On each fide of the altar is a fine (latue of the fame
marble, as large as the life ; one of St. Martin cutting
off a part of hii cloak, in order to cover the nakcdnels
of a poor bcguar : the other of St. VVichard, archbifhop
of Mentz. I'h^ pulpit is alfo of white tnatble, and is
adorned with (l.itues of Jefus Chriit, St. Peler, St. Paul,
the four evangelifts, and the four doctors of the church,
St. Jerom, St. Ambrofe, St. Grcgorv, and St. Augiif-
tine, all finely executed. In tour niches of the pcdellal
fupporting the pulpit are ilatucsof Mofcs, David, ifaiah,
and l^aniel. '
The apartments in the caftlc are fpacious and richly
furnifhed. In the great church dedicated to St. I'eter are
two altars adorned with excellent fculpturcs ; o.ie repre-
I'cnting the crucifixion, and the other the ador.ition i>f
the wik'-men. 'I'he author of thi.. piece, '.hough well
Ikillcil in hi) profellion, has given the king, wno iifually
prefents a laree gold cup to the infant, nothing but a
litile box, into which the infant is going to put through
a chink, a (mall piece ol (ilver, which he holds between
his finger and thumb.
In this town is alfo a college of Jefuits and a Capu-
chin clui'ler. The tuvk'n is yvallcd, and hui a line bridge
cf nine arches.
SECT. HI.
Ofliji olh^r Ti'yritar'infuhjcil ta tht EleHor c/" Alcntz, iiiinei;
thi- Euh./dil, unJ II e (Jl^ r,J' Erfurt, with the Country tt-
to>:^iiw to it.
THD Elichsfeld, frctjucntly called Eisfetd, anti'cnily
belonged to Thuiingia, and is environed by Helle
Thuringi.i, and the principalities of Orubenhageii and
Calenberg, it being in its greatell extent from north to
fouth about thirty-(ix miles, and from eail to well about
twenty- four.
This country, agreeably to its natural fituation, is
divided into Upper and Lower tichsl'cld ; both wliicl\
are in a manner ("cparatcd by the mountains of Duhn.
The Lower Eichsfeld cunditutes the northern part of the
country, and is ("mailer than the Upper, but mote level
warm, and fertile. It aflords a fu(Hcient quantity of
corn, together with a good breed of cattle, and a great
deal o( (lax and tobacco. 'l"he Upper Eichsfeld, which
lies to the fouth, is for the moll part mountainous, and
has a cold, though wholefome air ; but as it does not pro.
duce a Cufficient quantity of corn, the inhabitants .ire
fupplied with what they want from Thuringia, This di-
vilion is, however, very populous ; and there are made
here great quantities of^ ferge and linen.
'I'he high fituation of this countiy is the reafon th.itno
river enters the Eichsfeld; though (bine run out of it
as the F^cina, the Lutter, which on leaving this coiiiiiry
I'oon falls into the W'elcl, the Unftrut, the VVipper, anil
the Ruiiie.
In the fixtecnth century there were many Protcftantsin
the Ei( hofeld ; but their number has gradually decrcifd
and the prevailing religion is the Popifh. Such of the in-
habitants as devote themfelves to the (ludy of thofcienccs,
are iiiflrucled cither at Hciligenftadt by the Jeluits, or at
Duderftadt by the clergy ; alter which they vi(it forei;ii
univerlities. In the Lower Eichsfeld the f.ower S 1x011
language is (poken, and in the Upper the Tluirin"ian.
'i'he pr-ivincial dates confid of the prelates, with the
abbedes of the nunneries, whofe places .ire filled by il;
provods; of the nobility, and of the towns of Heihicn-
dadt, Duderdadt, Stadt-Worbis, and Tred'urt. 'Lhcir
provincial diets ate held in the open air, about t'our milu
(rom Heiligendailt ; or, when the weather is very unfa-
vourable, in the council-houfc at Heiligcndadt, ' in the
prefence of an electoral envoy and two commifriniiois,
'I'he cleflor governs the Eichsfeld by a lieuteii.uit,
whole place is fupplied by an adminidrator. At Huli-
genlladi are the fupremc temporal courts, namely, the
provinci..! regency, which mamgcs matters political,
jiublic, and cnminal ; ih : upper land-court, to which ap-
peals lie from the prel'eiilurates of the noble. md claiiltial-
courts, ill both which the lieutenant, or his admini(tn:tor,
prefides 1 together with theelecloral provincial tax-office,
and the ekvtoral loitd-office. In this country are alio
(ix claudral and (ilteen noble judicatories.
Heiligcndadt, the capital of the country, is featcd.it
the conriuenee of the Leina and the (leided ; it is the
leatofthe lieutenancy and the fupremc temporal judica-
tory, and contains in it a cadic (inely built of free-ftoijc,
where the regency and piovincial judicatory hold thiir
meetings ; together with an e'ectoral town-judicatory, a
town-council, and a collegiate (bundation dedicated 10
St. .Martin. It has alfo a Jefuit's college, a fchool, and
three churches. In i;j(j this town was almod wholly
dedioyed by fire, but has been again rebuilt.
We now come to the city and territory of Erfurt.
Thisiity is fituated in Thuringia, of which it is ellecni-
ed the capital, ihyUL'li it was never owned by the ciicle
uf
Wnm
E U R O P
I' ., '•■,i.\oir,' .isafl-itc oi"ili.U L-ii'cle. It wr, l.KiiiJ-
'.''l iii''tlic lH'gHmiii'4 of thu iit'ih cciKiirv, anJ much diT-
", I,, iiji arilcn cuiicemiii^ Vv: ri^lit ot iln: cK'ilor of
'"' ' m th.it city ; Ivit lliuli; clciitois miiiil.iin, that
;i
A
iMnil'
the I'lvorci'^iuv ovi r it.
,, „„ ,„,ikMii limri they h.ivo iia.
■ rut ihi'V h''^'"^ aiantiJ (he iiiha'ntaiitu ail ihcir im-
'luiiiili.. .iii'l privil< ;'.-3. Hoivevi-r, iii virtu;' .if the- Iti-
" iiii'Mi'i h'.'twocii ihwi'-' t'lcctot'. .iiiJ thch nifo dl S.ixony,
''. imicll.iiil iliicltin. iiiil Wdilhip h.is li, fii ajrutj to lie
' J iii.iiikJ ill '•i'^ '^'" '''•■>■ ^'^'^"^ '" W'^i'-a thofc liijHila-
' III, wiTu made i aiiii this has liccri C(mfir.i,i.'d hy the
''i'lor ami chapter, llejice the (^lediclt pajt of tlie m-
h hii.uiis. hotli of thn city of Erfiiit aiiJ of the wliule
.o'uiitrv, a>e I'rotellanta.
1 hetitv ot Krfart is feati-d on the Cicr.i, in tlie tiltieth
h-rce fu'iy-iiuie minutes noiih latitude, and in the
.[>ciith decree fourteen minutes call longitude. It is
|,,i-,c hut liot fulfieiently populo ' ■ '' - •' "
jiart
liuilt 111 tlic old falllioiu'd t;i(li
aid is for the moll
It is fortili 'd and
lli^^l^.iiilfd by the cit.iJels of I'etcrlliurt; and Cyruuliurg,
,,J b.is I ;;anifoa ol two battalions ol imperial and eiec-
tiiral troops i and a number of iioblemen reliJe in the
t nvn. Oil whom level al privile;^cs have been conferred
1,^ .,;,' uidiiiaiice publilhed in 1755. It has a larn;e ca-
tiulial. which is a fecular fouiulatiiin, conlilliii;; of a
nrovolt, a dean, fix canons, and (ix vicars, which was
loanJed as a cloiller by St. lionitace in the year 75?..
Tlic whole of this lar^e Itruclurc relts on vaults, with-
out any pillars to fupport the roof. The celebrated great
htll in this church weighs two hundred and leventy-tive
• fcntners, or thirty thoufand two hundred and fitty pounds.
The towers of this church have been demolilhed by tire.
Here is alfo a collegiate church dedicated to St. Sevenis,
which has fix canons and four vicars. Here are lilcc-
wifc a college of Jefuits, and a rich monaltery of Uene-
(liitiiies, under the direiilion of a mitred abbot ; with
fcvcii other cloiftcrs, four popifh churches, and three
ihapcls. The Lutherans perforin their worllnp in lix
churches, and have live others which thev make no ufe
of. They have alfo a feminary in a building which was
formerly an Augulline cloilter. Here is likewife a cele-
brated univcrfity, which has live colleges. The theolo-
giral faculty is entirely Roman catholic, but the Icnior
ot the Lutheran clergy is profdlor of the Augll)urg con-
lelTion, and receives a yearly falary of two hundred rix-
dollars from the eleaor. The other faculties arc filled
upcquallv with the Lutheran and popifli profed'ors. To
this univcrfity belong a botanical garden, an anatomical
theatre, an allronomical obfervatory, and a riding acade-
ir.v. Ill the year 1754 an academy of the ufeful Iciences
was alfo founded at Erfurt.
The territory belonging to the city is for the moll part
fertile, and abounds with corn-fields and vineyards ; but
woi)d is (carcc. This territory includes in it two towns
and fevcmy-thrce villages.
SECT. IV.
Of ih EL-Slorati of Triers, tr Treves.
//j Siluatiti)!, Extent, Produce, and Rivets. Of the A'ch-
liifmp, his Eie'lim, Titles, Arms, and Pnver : the Of-
Ai.'j by ivhich the Gnernment is adminifiered ; his Reve-
nues ami F:rees ; with a Defcripti^n of the Cities of
Ire-jes and Cibientz,
TRIERS, or Treves, is bounded on 'he wrft by the
dutchy of Luxemburg, on the fouth by the dutchy
(4 Eoriain, on the calf by certain territories v\'hich be-
l.m.; to the clcSlor Palatine in the circle of the Ujipcr
kniiie, and on the north by the an hbilhopric of Coloi;ne ;
txteiiding in length about ninety-five miks, but its
breadth is very ditlercnt.
'J'he country is pretty mountainous and woodv, yet
contains good paduiet for cattle, and in many places
fiuitful arable land ; but docs not produce corn lufficient
tor the inhabitants : however, the growth of wine on the
Mofelle is very confiderablc. The country alfo abounds
with game, and has niines of filver, tin, copper, lead,
iien, calainy, and coal.
I he .Mofille is the print ipal rivr of tbii cnutitu-,
wliere it receives the .Saar and thxK^li, .ilter which it
runs ihiDUjh tlie greaiell p.irt of the countrv 1.1 Tin 1,,
with levcr.il windings, p.iiticulailv bet'.veen tiie ni. 1,..
tain-, and at length, having uccived me I^.iiiii, t.iii ;.i-
to llu- Rliiiie.
I'he people of this archbiflinpiic arc of th;- Romifll
ihurch, and the whole of tin- .nthiepilcopal jtiiiid:, t en
is divided into li\e archi.liaconates, to whiili Inlon.j
twenty decanates i;r provincial deanirics.
'I'he archbilliop ol Treves U tl:c(ed by th'' ch:!i)i.:; ,
and f ve.irs to a capitiil.iiion, which the ciinoiis 01 ■I,"
chajucr propol'e to hini ; and the pope ronlirnis I'li. h
election in the ulual manner, impowciingonj ol the new
ekVlcd hilh'.ps, al'of ,; jV.r tliat purpole, to coiiicci.itc
him.
'Jhc .irchiepifcop il titles arc, liy the grace of (I I
archbiilu'ii ol'l reves.of the holy Ro'iiian empire tliioir. ' -
outCJaul and tlie kingdom of.Xrles arch-citanceilur and
elector, and alfo adininittrator of I'rum.
I lie arms ot the archbillio;) arc, on acount of Tiev. , /J rtfi.,'^
a fliield qu.iiterej, bearing in tl'.e upper <lexter field and
alfo in the K,wcr ticld finiTtcr a cro's gules m a field ar-
gent ; and, on account ot I'riim, in the uppei field fiiii-
Iter an I the lower field de.\!cr, a lamb ar Mtit, beariii.; a
fmall trophy, on which i;, dcpicled a ciuis on a mouat
veiic 111 a licld gules.
'Ibis archbifhop is in rank the fecond fpiiitml elector.
At the election ot an tnipeior he deliveis the lorniula ot
the eledlion-oath to the elector of Mem/,, to h,; iV.oiri to
by him ; and he h.is the fiill voice at the iL-..-tinn ot' the
empeior. As elciitor be enjoys both a feat and voice 111
theelc'toral council at tlie diets of the empire, and, as
archbilliop of I'tevcs, obtains the fecond place in the
electoral Rhcnilh circle. The fufiVag.ins ot this arch-
billiop are the bilhops of Ma/,, Tiill,''and \'erdun.
The chapter of J rcvcs confills of forty canons, amoiv
whom are lixteen rapitulais, and twenty-four domitelli!
All thefe canons niulf, at halt, be defcenJed trom amient
noble families, and have it in their power to e.ihibit fix-
teen anceliors capable of being admitted to toumamenth.
The regency of this country conlills of a chancellor, a
privy and regency counfellors. The court of leviliou
conlills of a director, four rcvifioii counlcllors, anil one
actuary : before this court procetl'es are broiirht from
both the auliejudicatories, one ot which is at Tieves in
the upper archliilli.ipiic, and the other at Coblentz ; and
to thele aulic courts appeals lie from the levcial courts i,i
the towns and prctecturates.
The revenue:; ot the eledor are laid to amount annu-
ally to about levcnty thoufand pounds fterlin:^. The
taxes railed arc agreed to at the land diets' by the
land Hates. In the year 1714 thefe fhtes niutiullv a-
grecd in what maniKr and proportion the aids to be-
granted yearly to the fovereign fliould be levied trom eacii
ftj'.e: namely, that there fhould be aniuiallv paid by-
each married couple one Rhemlh florin ; but by widow-
ed perfons only half a florin : and tiiat a certain fain
fliould be annually paid by perfons of every o.-ciipatioii ;
as for inlfaiice, by habcrdafliers, manut'adu:er,i, inn-
keepers, he.
1 he archbifliop has regular forces and a militia : the
former generally confiit of the circle troops, which the
cledor of Treves is bound to maintain, and which a-
mount to between eleven and twelve hundred men. The
elector has alto a life-guard of forty perfons.
The principal places in this electorate are the follow-
ing :
'I'rcves, or Triers, the capital of the upper arclibi-
(Viopric, is fcatcd between two mountains on the nver
Mofelle, over which it has a coltly Hone bridge. 'l"his
city is liluated in the forty-ninth degree fifty- eiidu ii;i- ,W,' ->».
nutes north latitude, and in the li\th degree ten niinutcs 6,fi".
call longitude, and is Co antient, that it was inhabited
by the 'I'revcri long before the birth of Chrilt, Tjie an-
tient Roman emperors afterwards refided here ; and in
the days of Conllantine tlie Great, it was tlie capiial ot
all (raul. Here are foine remains of an antient Roman
theatre. The archiepil'copal court or p.d.ice was rebuilt
by the elector I'lancis (leorge, and Itamls n^ar the ca-
thedjal
\:
%
\\
1
1*^
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M
5!2
A s V s T r. M o r g i: o g r a p ii y.
Co I.
00N{,
'■if,
! .
1
I'
■i
h
: fti clear, that
what i^ furjiii-
th'-ilral cluirrli nf St. I'cttr, wliuli U (V.itiJ in a luli,
aiiil \i J lar:;c biiililing. Tlicrc arc alio three iDllo^'iatc
aiu! five puiilli eharchej, with three ti)llej;cs of Jel'uiti,
ati.l thirticil iiiDiiaKeries ami iiiiiuierles ; a houle of the
Ti ,it(iiiie DrJer, ami a inaiifion lieloiijMim to the orJer
of S: Jcihii. Here ii alfo an uiiivLilitv.
Cohlentz, in Latin Cnntliii'iitia, the capital of the
,. lower ari hliinioprie, is featcil near the iiilUix of the
.fi).','.''' Alofelle intt) tiie Rhine, in latitude liftv-lix ilei;rees
' "•;> ■ thirtc-iiiiic minutes, utiil in loii;itmlo (even detrees
twetit\ -thiee niimites. Here was a citadel in the time
of ttic Roman , and the kings of the [''ranks kept their
court here. Tlie Rhine on the one tide, niul the Mo-
."•lle on the other, render the f|i;it on which the city
ilands a fort ot pcninliila, and ferve it fur ditches. (Jver
the lalt r is a lloiie-hridge of fourteen archc:. ; hut it is
"o n.irrow, that two coaches can hardly go a-brealt. At
is cxtreniitiib are double jiates, towers, and purt-culli-
I'cs. with lonie pieces of lamion to command the ;)al-
fa;;c. The fortilieations of the city confilt of flroii' ba-
JUons, provided with cavaliers, ravelins, half-moons,
large ;.iut deep ditches, ;i I'.ood counterlVarp and covered
way, all wi 11 paved, palifaJoed, and mounted with brafs
^uns. The Mofell; i.s \.rv rapid, as well as the Rhine,
and whci' the t.vo rivers meet, yon may c.ilily dlllin-
guifh llie \vat> r of I'le one from the other ; thai of the
Uhino '^'inj yellowHli, .uid tiie Moftlli
you may dilliniltlv fee the bottom ; hut
fmg is, that th' v nave fuch (carcity oi tifli in this place,
tha' 'lierc is iiaiely enough for the eleiltoi's table on
fall days.
licfiJes the piiiuipal church, here are two collcLnate
church' s, an cpil'copal lennnary, u college of Jeluiis,
and a feminary, with ie\en nionaiferies and nunneries.
The citadel, which is naine<l F'.hrinbrcitlfi in, is an
important lortrci'^, feated on a mi.untain oppnfiteto Cob-
lentz J tiie afcent to which i.s pretty ditKcult, it bcin^
by a winding; road cut out ot the rock. 'I'here are three
gates to be palled before vou can enter the citadel, and
upon the outermoit is a llatuc of brafs reprefentinL; the
\'ir^in Marv with the infant Jefus in her arms, and
holding a lily in her hand; this figure is about fifteen
feet hi"!;h. On p:if)ing through this gate, you come to
a fnuate, on one lide of which is the governor's houfe,
.Mid the nra'^a/.mcs and barracks occupy the three others.
■I- n.i/ Here among other curie lities is a cannon of a prodigi-
<V7<;.-,^> , fius m.ignitude, it being eighteen feet and a half long,
its bore a foot and a h.df in diameter, and its breech
three I'let four inciie, : it eariies a ball of one hundred
and eighty pounds weight, and confe(|iicntly its chaigc
is ninety-tour pouiuls of powder. From this ftjuare ymi
proceed to another, in which is a fine fountain. In the
middle of a lat'^e iione bafon (iaiids a niarhlc pillar up-
on a brai's pcJcilal, aJoincd with the elector's arnis, and
furrouiided witii four dol|)hins of the fame metal. On the
top of thij colun-.n is a Itatue of the Virgin M.iry brui-
fmg the llrpent, which is alfo of brafs, ibout twelve
feet in height. The well of this fortre! faid to be
five hundred and fifty feet deep, and to : .e ; oil great
fuins, they being obliged to dig it out ot i '.lid rock.
The toiti!ic;itions of this cit..del are got. , but irre-
gular, from the inequality of the rocks on which they
are built, and indeed it may be citeemcd impregnable;
for in i. is .'ul that art can add to ii.iture. 'I he gate is
covered by a valt hornwoik, with a ditch before it, be-
yond which IS a large halt moon. There is no advanc-
ed work, or fally port, but what is flanked. On the
fide toward the river, there are lines ot communication
to the right and left, worked through the lleepelt parts
of the niountaini and where the tituation wtnild admit
of it, they have built well-t'aced redoubts, which render
the accel's to it very ditlicult. The fort below is (in a
flraight line, and conlilts of three ballions, with their
curtains coniniaiuling the river.
From tins citadel is the molt delightful profpecl in all
Germany. I'irft, one fees at tlie toot of the mountain
the elector's palace, which Hands on the b;ink of the
Rhine, this river and the Mofelie, with the whole city
ofCoblentz from one end to the other built upon a neck
of land at the conllucnce of thefe two rivers. Vou fee in
the middle of the Khmc two licds iflund^, one abo'at
half a Ic.igiie above the town, fli.ip-d like a he,.rt, aboiit
a i]ua'ier of a league long, aiivl in it is a very hiiecuii
vent uf Hencdidlini s : the other, about a league litlyj,
the town, IS twice as long ai the lormer, and upoi,
liands a pretty conlidcrable vill.ige, and a convint ot |ju.
n.irdines ; the cliartreule, Icated on a riling grouihl, jjj
greatly to the bc.iuty of the prolpectj and the t.iithtr
part ol the landl'cape prefents a pleafing variety ot Imi..
hills, vineyards, plains, valleys, vill.iges, tallies, cnii"
vents, and pleafuic-houles. in (liort, this toitrelstoin
mands .ill the adj.ucnt country, and i> jullly tcckoiuj
one of the llroi geit pl.nes in (jerniany, and calitu i
key of the Rhine .ind Mofelie,
I he apartments of the ehclor's pal.icc are luit itn-
large 1 hut they arc adorned with bcnitifui tapilli,n
I'hiie is, however, a hall above one liuiidicd li'tt ,„
length, on the ceiling of which are painted in Icverjj
compartmetits, feverai events in the hillory ot .M.irm,
Aurelius and /'l.liu'i Verus. It is alio aduriuj win,
ni.iiiy good pomaits: among others are thofc of th,. (.^_
pernr Leopold, andt'h.ules VI. with Frederic theCircjt
elector ot llraiuh iiluirg. Among the piincipil tainltry
hangings, are the hillory of Jofeph and his brethieii, ,„
twelve pieces : that of IKld.iiius, in eight pieces; hy.
the tinell of all reprefents the (lory of Afelcager and i{.
talaiita, in tix large pieces. Ills highnefs's chamlu-r u
hung with ted danialk, the beil and armchairs arc of
the lame, and the whole adorned with gold friru'c.
The chapel is fmall, but very elegant, and beau:ifi.
cd with p.iiiiting: in I'cparatccomparunents, reprefeiui,,,
the moll remarkable pall'agrs in our S.iviour's lite, fotneot
theiii by Ij.iptilta, an Italian mailer, and the relf by
Hedor, a famous (Hrinaa painter. 'I'he ceilinT jj
.idorneil with gilt fenlpturcs. °
The garden is of no gieat exient, there bein^ but
little earth between the rock and the Rliine; it is, how.
ever, embelliihed with llatues, luuntains, and a fine
or.ingeiy. A large harbour which extends alon' the
river, is one of its molt confiderable ornaments, it be-
ing above three hundred feet in length; and from tJic
opiiiings of this bower you fee the Rhine, the .Mofcllj
the town of Cohlentz, thebtidge acrofs the Mofedc, the
chartrcufe, and a very fine country to tht diitancc o;
thiee or four leagues.
'I'he chartreuie is delightfully fituafed, about the di-
(lance ol thicc quarters of a league from the town ; in
the way to it you continually meet with chapels in tlic
manner of oratories, adorned with Ifatues repiefemiiiT
the princip.il ad'tiuns of Jefus Chrift from his birth tu
his relurrcction.
SECT. V.
Of ih,- Elii'lirale cf CoLor.N'E.
hi Situatlin, Extent,, and Proiuce. The rnruPMlw
TiV/cr, Aims,, R:ven.iei, and /"jrivr i>fl/icE/a:3r;',i-:ih
(I I'lirtuuhir Def^riplian of the Imperial City of CiUv:,,
and the other remakable Places in that Eltitorate,
COI.CKJNF, the lafl of the three fpiritual cleilo-
rates we have to mention, extends along the wilt-
ern bank of the Rhine, between tlie dutchy ofClevcsuii
the north, the electorate of Treves on the fouth, the
dutchy of juliers and the Netherlands on the welt, and
the dutchy of Ik'rg, from which it is Ccparated by the
Rhine, oti the calf, extending above ninety miles in
length, but hardly any -.vhere aliove ('even or ci/lit i;i
bre.idth. The archiepilcopal countries, however, J.i
not lie together; but many of them arc Ibparatcd by
other countries. The jongett connected part is that jiilt
mentioned ; but another portion of it lies chietly be-
tween the dutcliy of [uliers and the archbilhopric df
Treves ; and ano'her is in Wclfphalia, and terminal'-,
to the call on the bifliopric of I'aderborn, W'aldec, aiivl
Men'.- ; to the fouth on the counties of VVitgenllein and
Naliau, and on the dutchy of Hcg ; to the well on th-.:
fame, and the county of Mark ; to the north on the
bifliopiic of Munilcr and the county of I-ippe; extend-
ing from north to (outh fjtty-fwvcii milcj, and from tait
to wd! thiityeijiht,
The
(.'OI.OONC.
The coiintrivM lit
, rvditf.ren! n.ituu
,,.,.v nuHintaini'ii' ai
„,;,;.rfrui!lul. TiH'
.ountnhtuatedon
.ml dK rivers vv'M l
li, iliis archhiltu';
,,„„,.h enjoy (h"l"'
,,,twlihil.inding this
I'liis countrv "'.n
>,■,,'. made an aivhbi
ahliiftiops early ol
,h,|..t hearing the t
„.,ic deemed equal
|-,,^.|., Slid thiv till
Mioa.'.llOHt ..11 Italy.
,, cx-rcifuig iheir o
,l^„ prelate eninys ii
,.„5, he is poliilied o
; ihe clcc'fuin ft the
■,pi.|nr, he has ih.
■| Vrves; M\i li'* ■'' I'
, .ecekTiallical junl
,.ij!, ..: the einpe;
.•ci.ir (if Treves, (h
; itlltliv.
Tlu'''.on(l.'.iit tale
ll,„, |!y the grace ot
ycn-cliancellor ot th
aii l;.ilv, as alio ch-a
jvltdlic 'iit,, duke ol 1
( His arms on aecou
L', a crofs fable in
Wcltphalia, a white
ihi- dutchy of Kngerii
, ;,| for tlie county of
t'dJ azure.
The ciuiptcr ha- its
•Vdr.ii in the impttia
•.'.'.■entv-ln'c canories.
The tlcdtor of Col(
I'.vy-cnid'crcncc, the
;!ij'thc aulic judieatoi
The electoral rcver,
p.j c:.'i:itrics, accordii
[. nlinrahlc ; but othi
.;■ Cologne amount ic
;■ jnas Iterling pi"r an
i;:c)rits to nearly as n
r.'iKC a war without
in.:i' coinenc the Itatc
ckcto" maintains a life
t.i.'cthcr with a reijimc
The land-tlales her
.'li towns ; ;ind the i
!. Imp'i; are n(iinlly
ill the archiepilcopal
:k'.i' feventcen borou
;:ti',e tallowing:
Hoan;;, a fmall, but
e .•:!.ir r.'ii I'cs, is litii.it
■ -.r.j liiiieth degree tl
: .: in the ic-venth de;
; i ;vo miles to the I'ou
.. ::'.iiitii! country tlia
„'.>,!- with a ridge ol
'■'it line palace in this
'l.;';i.s the principal cl
■;, there is a collegi.i
..Kb have likcwil'e a co
.. iments. In the years
i',.> bclicged and taken
1 : in the laft nient
.:k: ef .Marlborough,
■ ..-. af Utrecht, it'j
■!'■ '
lac inipcria! city of
K. !i'n, ill L itiii Colo
■ .ui.t largclt cities of
■ ■■■:.-, in the fiftieth (
:.'.:, and in the lixth J
(5
out the ili-
town . m
apcK ill ihu
piuiiiitin:;
birth to
iial clccio-
the wilt-
tClcVCSDIl
foutli, the
wcU, aiij
ted liy the
y miles in
ir ti.;lit Ml
ivever, iln
paratcd by
is that jult
chictly be-
ilhopric ot
tcrniinai'.-i
'alilec, anJ
.'iilleiii ,irui
well on the
ith on tile
f; L-xteiiJ.
d Irom c:iit
The
U U K O 1'
The roiiiitri^-s f"!'V-1 t> ilv: ,irJ.l.ini.)pric nrc rf .1
vditr r.n: n.ituu- ami cu.u'.iitis : one put ol ihcni h
" .mnuniaiiiiMnatul vvuiuly, :uio'hcr (an.lv, and an-
" iii'lul. 'I'lu' tt-'odvliaa-i alF.-n! r.tm-h y.inie. tlif
'"" VniiiiJ .111 the Kiunc a'.)oiiiKli witli liru'vatJi,
''i ''!l,il' 'iKhlHlii.."ii'-" ""'"• '^''t '''"'''■ "'' the' Romifli
ii mi. IV til" l"'''l'-" ^•''^•I'l'i'-' '" ■'''■"■ f'"li:^i"i> i bi'ti
'.' ■ihll.m.lin^ tins, there arc tiiany i'aitcllants In it.
' Thii loiintrv w.''» -1 I'd'opric 111 the year ^14, anil
nule an urchl.ilh..:vi. m the iii-.htli ccnturv. '1 lu-
"■'■'". I A,y.„ i-jrlv (il-taini J the honour of the Mlliimi, aii.l
K "1 heirin" the aol';, aiul in the tenth tenturv ihiv
'"■''." ,,^.cn,r,.l"e.]n:il to the archbilhops of Ment/ and
7"^> s and ihiy lliil ^'^' ""■ '"''^ "f arch-ehanc..ll.ir
'^''hniit ..'il l''''^'- tlioii!;li ti.ey have no opporliinity
'""x'trilini' iheiroiric-. "llehdes the prcr.i-atives which
,L''prelatc'eni..vs 111 eomnion vyith all th.- other tlee-
i he f polulii'il of lonie peculiar to hiiiilclt. I hir.,
"'Lcleaion of the king of the Komans, an.l :if the
', .,„r l.e has the next voice alter the ele.'tor i,|
■1 I'es'.iii'l lits at piihlie ullemblies, when held within
'JceW'ialtital junf.liiftion, or out of it in Italy and
iT.ul as the einpei.ir's right hand ; and both he aiul the
..'.■;tiro'f 'I'revej, (hare the honour of precedence al
The''on(l'iit t.tic of the elector of Cologne runs
I. , l!v the '/race of Ciod, archblhop (jf Cologne, and
1'. '-'-cluntellor of the holy Roman empire throu;'liout
? [■ ,\v ai alio cleOi'tor and liviims >uilia of the holy .1-
'', ill.ilic fee. d^il"-' "•' t'":^''"' ''"'l \Vi'ltpli'ili^, ''^f-
. ' llis amis on accmiiit of the archbilliopric of Cnli-gne
f a ctofs fable in a lield art'eiu ; for the diiuhy of
\Ult'phalia, a while horfc faliant in a field pules ; (nr
ih diitchv of Kn,^ern three hearts or, in a fielil i;uli'.i ;
,'j lor the county of Arcnfbcrg, an eagle argent in a
f.:lJ azure. , . ., , , . .^ ,
The chapter ha- it.; refidence at the archicpifcopal ra-
t''cdr.d in the iinpciial city of Cologne, and confills o(
..i.^ntv-five canories, and a number of doniicclli.
The elector of Cologne has the following otTices, the
r'.vy-confercncc, the aulic council, or regency-college,
jiiJthc aulic indicatory.
The cleiiloial revenues arifing from the archiepilco-
-J cs'Kitries, according to Mr. Uufching, are not verv
[rinliJcrablc 1 but others fay, that in time of peace thole
(f Colo:;Me amount to one hundred and thirty thoufand
r'unJs (KTling per annum, and that of his other ter-
tiwrics to nearly as much more ; but he cannot com-
r'.-ace a war without the c"nfent of the chapter, who
m:v convene the ilatcs in order to oppofc him. 'I'he
c.cf '■ maintains a life-guard of halberdiers and yeomen,
; -liiiT with a reijimcnt of foot t'liards.
The land-ftatcs here conl'ill of the prelates, nobilitv,
:ni towns ; end the land. diets in the proper arch-
|..h":'ne are ufually held at lionnc.
;ii"(iic archi'.-pit'copa! countries arc fifty- two towns and
.love feveiiteen boroughs, the principal phiccs in which
r.-the fillowing:
lioiuie, a fmail, but well inhabited ciiy, in which the
t!.';l'r rffi ies, is lituated on the wclb fuie ol the Rhine,
;■ th; liiiieth degree thirty-live minutes north latitude,
■ :::) in the leventh degree five minutes calf longitude,
f.v.lve miles to the fouthward of Cologne. It Ifands in
: fiuilfu! country that pimlurrs good wine, and the
v.".Hli with a ridge of mountain j abound with game.
Ti-i.iir.e palace in this city ■•.as be.^un in the year 1718.
'!.;';!■::; the principal church, which is a ifatelv biiiid-
■:, there i'. a collegiate and pari(h church. 'I'he Je-
,,ii>have likcwife a colleg,', and feveral orJeis have their
,. ,:v,eiits. In the ycirs it)-;;, t68o, and 170;!, this city
v> bcricsed and taken br the Impeiialilh and their al-
,: in the laft mentioned year it was taken by the
:.;i; ef Marlborough, and upon itb rertitution bv the
■, uf Utrecht, it., fortih^.-.tions were to be demo-
I'he imperial city of Cologne, bv :hc (Germans called
■!:.''i-n, in I/itlii Colonia Agrippiua, is one ot the old-
• .i!il lartielt cities of tJermanv, and is fcaled on the
.'!:..'_■, inthe fiftieth degree fifty minutes north lati-
., ami ill the li.\th J.,- j res forty- live minute, calf lon-
'5
2JJ
'-•itu,!i'. It was or! 'iii.illy built by the Hhii, who werit
taken into the pr.Uii lion of lli.- Romans an! remnv.J
10 the well i)f the IChiiie, wheie ihiy fniiinled a town,
to vvliieh, bv or.ler 1.1 the empiifs Agnpplna, confuit fj
Claudius, who wa . born llier.', ,1 Roman col. my wa. fviil }
when.e an.fe the ii.iine of t'oloiiia Ag'ippiiii, from tho
fiilt word (it which the ippelhiliiui of Cologiu reieivcj
K. origin. It w^\ ihe chiit town of ( iermani.i Seciinda,
and continued uiid. r ll.c power of the Kimi.ins till the
lianks put an end to tluir dominion in the lilth cen-
tury. At pielcnt It is ihn refidence of thu chapter lA
the archbiilicpric ot Cologne, ;.n all(> of a pope'i inincio.
•Ihi^
city .itlords a very agieeabic pr.jfpect at u di-
flance, and being fitiiated in a plain .nid level country,
the valt niinil.er nl its (Iceples niaki: .1 hue appearance.
i It is built in the f.irm of a half m. .on, ai,.! has oiieflroir;
' wall on the tide lUNt the Rhine, wi'h out- works, hall-
moons, and r.ivelins j the walls ot the city have all;)
eighty-three towers, and three deep ditches louiid llieni j
they arc planted with rows of fine trees, imd the loof:.
ol the houfei, are (liied. A flying bridge extend, uvcf
the Rhine to the town of Duiis, which 1, on tiie op-
pofitc fide ot the river. This flying budge, ai It is calU
iil, is will contrividi it is built on 1 irge llat boats, ia
well bclave.l wilh ropes and iron ihalns, that It Is iin-
polfible tlu y can be lijofen"d, and there arc live or lix
iioats of a Imall. r li/e, tint lie at anchor in a (lrai:;ht
line, in the middle of the liv.r, at (.(lual .lillances iVuni
each other, ami tw.) imifl;et-fllot abov./ the bridge. To
thcfe boats are fadcntd two flioiig cables, the ends of
which pafi tluciii 'h pullies fued at the lop of poftt. with-
in the bridge, and make it when loofeiied tack and veer
j merely bv the cm rent of the water, without any need
] of rowin:', or anv other woiking, e.\c./pt (feering. Iti.-J
I laid that the coiuinual pafllige bv this bridge biings into
I the chapter of the cathc.lral a revenue of abo\ e ten
i thoufand crowns a year.
! Among the buil.lings of this city, the cathcdr..! of ,St.
I I'ctcr ilcferves particular notice, iiiid it v.uuld be very
j magnificent were it quite finiflieil ; tor a part of It i.s
: extremely fine. The Ibeple is two hun-.lred and fitcy
. feet hiTi, and atlords a fine view of the city. I'he choir
j is laid to l-.c the highell in Cicrmany, and the iliancel is
; .'upported by four rows of large pillars. I 'pun the prin-
cipal altar in the choir, li: s in a filver colliii the corpfe
.if St. Kngltberr, archbifllop of Culogiie, who fulteicj
maityrdnm un.ler IJioeli-fian and .Maximiaii. His (Ki-
liie of white marble. In bis pontificals, lies upon a table
of black marble, leaning his head upon his hand, and
at his feet Itand two angels of white marble, the one
liolding a crown, the other a branch of lalm giit, 'Then;
arc leveral other antient tombs; but the molt celebrated
ot them all are thole of t!ie three kings, or calteni
magi, who came to olFer prcfents >.o the infant Jefus v
lor It is pretended that their reinains were removed hi-
ther from Milan in the year i 162, wdieii Frederic Har-
barofia laid walte that city. Thefe bodies are depolitej
in a large purple (hriiie (potted with gold, upon a pe-
I dellal of bral's, in the iiiidif of a fciUare maufolciim of
' r.iaible. This nuui"i,i-, rii is in a liiiall chapel behind
the choir, and the flirine is opened cverv nii ruing at
nine o'clock, wdicn theic kings aie (hewn lying at full
length; but two of th eaiioiis mult always be prcfciit.
They here report abundance of mii.uUs vvr.nn^bt bv
them, and among the relf, th.it thcie being a great
hought in Hungary, many p.'ople c.iiiie from thence to
implore the :;l!iltancc of thefe three magi, who are faid
to have promiled ihem rain, which f.iiling foun alter in
great plenty, a bodv of the Hungarians, in lemeiiibranci;
ot this miracle, come everv l-ven yeais in pil.iiimai;e
to Cologne, where tliev arc entertained by the nia.;'i-
Ifrates for a tortnight in a faiulf-mie hoiife built for
that piirpofe. The heads of thefe pretended kings have
each a crown of i;old adorned with piccio... Hones of '
various kinds, and their names Cialpar, Meuhior, and
Haithazar, arc in purple characters upon a little i;rate
before the flirine; wdiith is imiuenlelv rich, it bein '
adorned with an ii.finite number uf l..r;ie and vaiuabij
pearls, bclidcs otiur precious Hones of all colours, air.ont'
which Is an oriental top 1/, as big as a pige.jn's egg. A
little above the flirine h^n^ tu'v. large -olden cup., and
■■' t
t <\
1 i
n 11
■I i:;.;.T
? •L^
*u
A SYS T r. M o I' c; I , o g ji a l* h v
H in.in on hoi
frtini k lit' the f.;Te niei.i
ihii
kill
Opi
, votive pn TCI r
tc to ilicm are fix I.Ujit'
liUir l'l.llll•'H^^, Willi I.HKrii or viiuin w.ix, wliii h liiiiii
I'.iy uriil i'i,;!it.
.'rulir ii vi'imillioii ^i.it
b.li.ro ilii
fliniu' .lrr fwii I..iliii Vitl'i.!! cut 'in iiiiil'l"', that
hire
tlirii- lioilin ottln.' 111.1 ;'i 111.' iiiiiti', .mil cm |iirl 111 ihiiii
" ,l>\\ wllllr <■
III
ilu- hilloiv lit tliiir iiiln
At thi- to|i 111 lie liiiiil 111 till
Miiii Is niiri'U iili'il 111
.(111 nli vo ii|'iiii wliit' in.irlilr i ovir the imlitiirc
i;'i" ll.ir "lit, uiiil III anoiluT |
lis I.
f,
r ii.iit III till' iiiiiiiliikuin .iri'
iir«, allinlin': t.» tin ir tliiif niliriii ;s, am!
ill thv
tlirr .liviiimul u;c. to 111.' maiji- nl thrin i ii.iiiii.ly iiMr:.
fcrvcn nftrMtiiH) fin anoiin
it in ailnriini. Ikluu' the
t 111 liie fi
"V<llflWilhwl,„|,
pniKipal jliar hjii^, j ^^^
limp III cNijiiilitr ui.rldii.iiilliip, lix Uil i
fV'iiii . ot L'litilf, Willi tlic livi' wil
II lKi;.|,t: ,1,
>■' aiij tin- (
viri;iiis 111 the parahlc, arj npii Iciiliil in ril
l^ri.it ill III,!
I his ihiiuli ha> lew
jli'iij
ln.liu
ItlUl
I'lit ti. wiaiili i'l ii)iiiieiile i line alt.ir is uui
riilinly lovi-rril with a kiiii) of einliiiiiilm. „|,||"
will' anil I'lMiln ; aiiiilhir is eiiiielinl wJili a\,iil ng
111 riiliit', liiMK.' Ill thrni \crv la
rju-
aiiijilu'i
(iliei, and iniii.ims in h.iliii uliivo the Inji,,
a I'lirr lie.iri, ami pia)
I!, uli'iieil iiiCliiill liiMli .111 liiiiii- 'Hie liiK', aiiil .Sr !■
illiiii |itiiiii III the hilly V
II '.'III, Willi 9
St. I
,\
|!n.iiiu>
y uiiit
ivier I'll the uilui
fi.iil. l.'poii 11. i.' li.i ic III the nia.ili liimi t> iiiiri- >■• alln mir nl ni.illV lilver, wiih a hurilei ol [.„ij
(iiitcil HI h^llii relicvii, upon white iii.irli'i, the hiltmy : iillinl wiili peaiU; .inutlier ut ('iiKI htmaiii'
■liii
I iililn
of the tr.inll.itiiHi n: ili'.- i.iree ni.ii'.i riinn Milan to
iiiil iniei.iMi
1
•M'
it'.i tile piur. 111.111 iTiaJc nil that ik\.iIiiiii
.llloll
, anioni; w
huh
lie in.iny nl j;re.it v,,
1' r III iiinilun inihrniiliTeil with ''uM
111 the iliiiri h lit St. Lrliila aie llieM n the t.inihii nl' til wuhrarvdl li.nirts nl Ji liii C'liiiil, St, J
the fleven till. iilaliil virjins in.ifi'rre
•il 1
y llie
il
I,
nanus, an
I Xa
Ihc lalt
['his III!.' tl, ry has Ineii liilly Kliittil hy .inh- ; wouiranlh.p, anil nt a very extt.ionlinaiy
ml ill
.l.,.|,,
Is 111 l\|]i|
iiia"iiiiii
1 illiii, I'lhir. aiiJ iveii t'y le.iiiail nun ol the church i I thile nrn.ini. tils heini; Mily'uleil In ailurii the j;K.it
" jrei', that it n liiuniKil nn a inilLI,c l on certain Inlunii kilivals, and arc tlieulorc ki
Kill.,
wall itlativin to the aiiticnt nianiur of reitiii;^ ilown llic
II "lies an 1 titles ol the laint'
tiil:i
11
•il I'nilc
liippiiks that St
le ,il>iive Uariuil pn
L'nul,
1 .s eiiiti|Mnitiii vs'as
ecmiili.i, ami
till! her name w.is iinll.ikeii lor
'iieii iin niiilia, or el-veii
tiiiiiir.niJ, a I iiiiiii lure vv
hieh
In; 'nrlei' tn-aii antient .Mill'al in the Sm bonne, win ro
1.1 ot .M, Uriula, patroiK'soi tiie Sorlionne, i
M
elliil, f-
■y
A'. .S. (
■:y.i
■(.i( t itiUiimiiiif o
II.,
fj.,.
thi,
IJiit to retinn, it i.s preten.le.i that ill" e.iith is li.'ie
iciiilered (i) holy by tliile viri;ins, that it will ivit re-
i'eiic anv o:lier miple-, as a Ciiiihiiii.ilioii ol >vliich thev
VI 111 I
I'l III li-
wluie lb an iiiiuinuralle ipiantiiy of ht.uitt;,
elliiks, liiltres, bulls, val
es, as wcl
p.ittiiis, eup'i, plates, and olluruteili
iill Ihe lalte
Ih
i;old eniie
heil wiih ore
rah ell.
lor iiul,
preciDui it(,
i: reliclory biinngin^! to this iolle;i,c is vrrv I
and well w.iuilcotted, the ce
ilili:; IS ad
uined Willi
tine, and is luiiij.' all round with pictuie* leprereiitii: • n',
priiKi|).il eveiit.s 111 our Sai ii'iii'.s hie. "
Jl
lew tile toii.li 111 thj il.. II, '.liter ul a eeilain duke
>l li
lant, who, on
JlCtll'lf up,
id
ilu'ir p
oin;
to bury her, ihey lay, railed
iiiriHiided ill the air ; tills
obi i !cd them to put her into tins tomb, whirli n lixel
tipoii iriiii rupniiiicts two in- three lett Ironi the gimnid,
?-;aii'li one nl the pill.irs (it the tluireh. In a lar^e
ch.ipel on one li.lp ot tlv.' lanie einireli are to be iVrn tlic
bones ol tliolc eleven thoul inl legen laiy l..inis j ihc
walls ■■ ■
irttind
are .iiiotiu'
d with tows III hulls jjill, 111 wlueh th' y
ids ol
ir.^iU' ol tliele virgins aie preleivei:
Th'.
:atc a
etuiith ol the M.ieiabeis h
pictiir
11 on the oullul
c repieleniii'i; ^alnrnllne, the niwihi'
ollfc;
piplianes mi :
lUlll
iholJ niart;,is, tiainplint.; Ant
leet. She liuMs lur levin Ions ciovt'iied With I
her miwn, lour I'll one lide and ilnee nii the oiher. Ti,,
Inliory is p.niited on the wall in the coiner ot ilie linii^
III ei^ht dilh
>ry IS p,iiiiteil on the wall in the coiner ot llic
lent pieces. I he hi',ids ot tl,e \Uc:
ire ki|it 111 the taberiiaele ol the principal altar, wnich
iC purple enibriiid. ted with f,old ; and each ul tiicie r„j.
a,s a ciowii rahlv adoimd with
eiiieraldj. The
pearl;
rub
»", and
ev likewile lliew liiie tr.e preicniiej h'.'jj
aii'l lo'i".- of iri'.ni have ca.e» of cloth ol gold, velvets, and vlr;.i'iiH is .ilfo painted en leveral purls of the w
ol St. (oachini, the l.ither ol the Vii^;in Maiy.
;il St Anne her niother, with inniiberlefs oilic
The hillory of the inanyrdoni of the eleven t
il
I. .'in. 'I
rie
hi
IIK •
J!( lide-, their bones are hung up in .is decent | m ar the chinch is a well into which they pretuul t,
n nianiur as tne Iwor.!
tills arc rangid in ana;- bluo.l wis poured. The Jieneilulline.s, t
O WIlUMl II.
inoiin- i and among thefe lonie appear to h.ive belonged church belongs, pretend, contrary to a tra.iiiiuii aiim
to ihiidrcn livci.r lix vcarsold : but a celebrated phyliei.m the Urlulines, that the piinccls Urfula was nuiij
of this phiee was treated as a heretic for fayiii.; thcie ! on the Ipot where the principal ahar llaiids
Cki
yere anion;
the
in two or thrc',' bones ol
niaftitf.
«i"r:s, an.l boaltin ' he co'.i
;itellibi
I he churih of .St, I'antaleiin is adorned with pi^
y prove it ; for of the hiltoiv ol that faint, who was a phjlieian in N,.
wliieli lie was condemiitd to pay a conliderable hue, and : conitili,i, and is rcpreleiited in eighteen pieces. 'I h"
b.iniflied the dioccle ot Cologne. 'I'lie church is lull of | pcror CJalerius Ainientaiius ookied luni to be put lua
the toivi'.is erected for thefe virgins : th.it of St. L'riiila is | variety ot toinunts, on account ol his adherenie i« h;«
of bhuk an I white marble, about two |u1.tis lonj an
in the tenth
fix inbicailth; her Itatuc of white niarhlc lies at full i dron ol melted lead,
eiistn crowiie
J wi ! a garland of flowers, and
her would
1 ha
juriit hnn to tne ver
is a dov
be v;
and
:e revenue of tins church, which mulf j fays he c.une out iinhurl. In the two lall i
de
from the oti'-rinus made bv |iil
t perlons, belong;; entirely to an
piece lie is pluiigeil into a c.i',i
iliiih one would have tluni:'
at the K'j;ni
Mintiiigs til'
[iiei ipiiaied fruiii a high rock into the (ca, will
abnels \ Hone lied about his neck ; but he does not link. All
and fi.x canonelll'S, who, to do honour to St. L'riula, | all ibis they weic obliged to cut otf his head, vvhli
•irt be all coiinuri'.',';.
The
no fiioiii r done than tney |iretend there Iprun" out i
ate church of St, (jerion h,is ten canons, I fountain^, the one ol blood and the other of niillc. Tl
.1 a '.;reat number of chaplains, ali of whom enjoy a ' alio (hew here a gold box, which they fay contains i.i-,
rch is i alhes ol St. I'antaleon, lii» body having bee
an
very haiidlome rivenue
'I"he choir of thi
Alban, in twelve caiiil
|iilal p.iintings i anil hem
nd thi
covered with tapcllry, and with nine hundted he;id.s of I Nieoniedia. In this church is alio the hillory
Lloorifli cavaliers, the companions ot (iiegory, an Mtliio-
p;;'.M prince. f'heic were all Chriltiins, and t'oiii:; tu
the empe
ror Conltantine's army, when they were taken
id fla
They are ranged in little niclics, bet
everv two ot v^'
a cap
fv^•hich is a •■ It folia'''" of carved w:
if feirb't, ad iriied with p'
lliloll
everv h-ad.
n a lorner ot tfiis cmireii is
Ihewn one ot the pillars i f
the leatfold on which all thele holy nartvr.i were behead-
ed ; and this pillar of a IcitFold is of tine jalper (potted
with blood, and about a loot in diameter.
The church beloniiiin; to t
he J
eluils-collen:f IS a
d a
eaiii
lofty and elegant buildiii;;
fupport the ceiling are llatues of tne twelve apoltles, ami
very
If the plFlars whicti
Hie
oi many o'.h'.r
laiJUj
as
l.iri/o as
the
lie.
Thi
pnlji
it de
e(;ui
iltar thev pretend to lliew his beiiies depolited in a i
lilver llirnie.
T he entrance of the cluitch of the Apodles is pariicj-
' rerniirk.ible for the llory it re|irefeiits, which is ih.i.
Ill a burgom.illers wife of tins eitv, who being bu;ifJ
heie in 1571, with a valuable ring on her liiigei', the
fexlon, relolving to Ileal the ring, paid a vilit to thegrjic;
but w.is lo extiimely lii'.;htened whi 11 he louiul tne luji-
pofed decealed l.idy graip him by the hand, that he iiuiit
a preeipit.ne retreat.
toiTib, and returning
'1 heladv
however, role- from her
ne, knocki
calling to a fervant, told him the wholu
the teiluw, takiii
her fc
Ai.
at the door, ;iiiJ
adventure; but
ran in a great fright 10
Ion pirilh chiin
tcii's, ihirtv-niiK"
bi'iit lilic chap. I-
iii the iiiy reloit to
fii.'in iheii reli.i
D'lils. a mean bo,-;
Inr ; i'f. Iinules arc
iii lew Itreets e.sti
inivii, l,:vs our aim
t.iri'e liuirtiis and uj
wiio, for the f.iise
aiiiinab, which the
to f II ih -m at a I
are !ii>!ei'd not peni,
fii niui 11 as 10 enter
piying a gold fl.i
tlCDiti'd hv one o| t
el 111 |iay f.ir hi" im
lliiir aiicellors h.uii
ha'iit.iius by poiloii
ho'.vi.'vcr, icrves li
priibably m.ike iile
th'.'.a in their tr.i le.
(Julogne is one o
have pielervcd i;s li
centuries 1 but the
fmneJ great diforde;
Til'.- Duich m,ike ul-
ii;)'iri the Rhine, an
fiiij Culoj/rie on all
INVilll Willi h
oh:-' 3 Ilka
l'.<■|^;il| ; nc
tivi' llHiill,
tilkU) rt,i,,
ly Willi j.y,)
'^•llt llUlliii^t
' i» <jl ni.iii,
ulliiiy oliie
iin,iiiu> u,, ;i
lllCI. '111,.,.
l',"M iiiiiit,.
■« Wllii lli.l
ti;fi-'< ^.iii..'
•lllll lll.u;|j|.
J"l' I'll, tH;
i» "I I'Xqiilli;;
' IllJ^lnlii,;,. _
it"-' h.ii-.it al:.i
ri' ki.|it ill i; .
/ (il braiulii
nill l.ll,:l;i> ,
luf "l-'J^ 1 ..l;,l
:ic)U> llciiK'..
is vcrv Lr.-
cii Willi l.u',|i.
liKlllUil .; !,,(
: OUlfuli' oftfc;
he iiiuihct cf
.ilics liiiicr ,;i[
til l.iurL-i uiiii;:
.'DllKr. 'liici,
of llic cliiitin,
,liL' M.ltl„,'C;>
altar, vMiicli ,
1 ol liic'li: h.j^v
1>, rubit>, ami
lirctciuifJ hnj
laiv, ar.il t;;.,t
Is oilier riiici.
tVfll lI'iOUl.'l
tlic wjIIj, „.;il
' prctdid ti;;r
to wiiurii u, ;
rj.litiuii amu.;
was nulii.cid
1 with piclu:;',
i)lii;iaii ill N..
ti s. 'I li" tir.-
to he |)ut tu 1
dlu-t^'lKC to his
(I into a caui-
havc tlnnij:-;
hut the ii'gtiil
|iaiiuiligi licii
»llh a nuil-
t link. Aiitt
il, wliiclnv;;
)runi» out iu>i
luilu. Thf/
y tontaiiis tr.!
hiin huir.t .;
hiltury 0; .":.
iiii-.il thctiiii!
ulilcJ in a iii'.c
idli's is partica-
which is ih.it
being hu.iiJ
lu-r rni;;e'', the
lilt to tlieur,uii
louiul tiie hip-
I, that he 1112 :c
, role iVom htr
the liuor, lUiil
a.lveiiiure ; ba:
agreat liiglitto
C0t,O<5M«'
F, IJ K O I' r.
hl.mulKr, an.li..r..^'.<-.l I'm o._ wli.it h.M h.ippen'.l ,
,„„ ,|ur ^.nihii.m immc.liit'ly ineil, -h.ii li.: w.mhl
r ,Mii hcliivo m. horle. w.rc in the f,,iiM.t. Ilulc
!r„r.l« wi-f" "" I""'"''' "»>"■''• '"" •' f^""'' '""''■' '"'"'i'
h irl III the I'ur^t, the letvalit l.iii up, ,iiiil In hn i.'r.at
a,n,/inie"t l.'.iiii.! Ilx i-.>irh.liotle. th.ie. Ily tlii» liniu
the li.lv b.i.l "ii'l'-' •' <>"" '" R^' '"' •'"'' ^"'' ''"■ '•'"•■ "'
htr |i'(».iiiti W.H loon In well iieiiviTiil, tliat iheiu w.n
II I ereJt .ippe.if.iiu e nl lur itliimiiv to the i;r.ive (.ir tlii!
lime, and tnc luM I'.iv lln' horles were 1 1 u.>*ii out ..I
lii'^'irrcC hy lerlain Mi.i.niiti ■^ pr-p»reJ lurnui piiipoi.
AhiuiJj* tl'i» '*'"■>' '"• "" '"■''•' '"■'"'/ b^l'i'V'-.l, ailJin
ilii, ilav llHTC .lie Ih.'wii III Ihe (ini- (r irr> t lever..!
,,.,„i.Kii hiiih", l-iiil I" ho foverf J witii the ikin- ol Uiotc
1,1,1 wei' leeiitlur-' i mU III the emitfli 01 llie IweU.
/\h ltK> 1* a larT piece nl linen cloth Ipuii I'V the l.ily
jlicr her luilig likjUillVoiii ih' crave, wnieli (lie Im-
»i.eJ leven jear^. W'c (iii.l lonie iiuthetllie tellililoiiie,,
,,; 1,10 tiiitil «>l tl)i5 meivior.ihle liory i hut in thch- no no-
li .• u t.ilieil ol the li.il s, a« hein^ an evl'luii, .01. 1 very
li.iculJil'' tictioM, iiivenleil to h'i ■')«. 11 the woiuler.
I lie lownhoKi.' '\t a v.ill (iothle Ihu^^luie, whiJi
, ■,,!,■ wholhew le I'ty was hiiiil alter tlie inoilel ol the
a-;iiiit eapitol at Kooie. In the front is u hallo relnvo
r. iit'i'li •' "'•"' luhtin;; n li.ni ; anJ in the t;ieat h.ill
ail: li>e picliirc.-, wit.i leveril j.^n 1 iiUeriptKini in veile
(in c.ii:i, <" ("ipetu ite the iiieniory ot th« telehiateil hat-
ll'rof llochllei, earned by the hr.iveiy ainU onduet ol
inseiA' ol iMaiiiioioiiL;h and priiin; K.ii;; lie over llic
Vi'.rHM and li.ivari.ini ) with cloLiiiinis both on ipie'ii
Amu, ihole ijener.ils and the linnlilli and Duleh. The
jniraiii.'-' ol '.le th.iinher wlure the city couneil nn-it is
J vllihiili' "I in' 'id worlc, alter the .intniue taile, .ind on
Cjui TiJi-' i> ■' '"•"■ didieh, advil'in.; the eouiikllors to
Ic.iii' all partiality behind them, ami declare thi ir jiidn-
niciit Iriele, and, at their L^oin.; out, to ohlerve lidelity
in rxve.itioii, and a prudent t.ieitiirnity. Upon the in-
fiiic 111 tiie enamlv.T door are lix vcrle'i, iii;iiiiatiiii; the
iulK's which belong to tiie oHiee of a ruler, in thi., ap irt-
nirii; is a piiSI'ire ol' tlu; Lift i'ld_;in''nt, H.^tleeii lei:t in
^r ,iJth,.ind ei:;!it in heiijht. On tiie ehimney-pieee i . a
VI v line erueiluion hy Van Dyke) on one lide ot it is
th.' I'.iiliait of the cnip:.ror Leopold, and on the other
th;i ol ine empreCs his ronfort. In this llrueture are I'e-
v.mI riionis, in which are depoliied a vail iiuiiihLr ol bows,
aii.uvs, cini.s-bows, buckl rs, and o;hcr aiitique arms.
(\,|. (.!' tliel'eerol's-hinv.s is of whalebone, aivl is I'.iid to
tii-'lv.' feet loilii, eig:u inches broad, and lour inelus
t'.iiL ['"roni ihi.- ton-er of this buildini is a very tine
p,.i;. ..I ol the whole eitv and the adjacent counirv.
Ill Tii'S'i) there aie in this city ten eolle^'iate and iiiiif-
tc.ii p.r>lh ehiirehcs, with four ahbey<;, leviir.een monal-
tciii> ihirtv-nine nunneric, hxtceii hdpitals, an 1 a-
beiitlil'ie chap.N. The nu-ncroiis proteU.ints who ilwell
in the eiiy reloit to .Miilheiiii, where they piiblielv pcr-
fiirm tlieii reli.'ioiis v^'crlliip. The Jewn live chiellv at
Units, a mean horoii;;h rntirelv dependent on the elec-
tor 1 \'f' liiiuies are of w-vnl plaiiicred with white c!av, and
iti lew llreeis cxtuiielv tiithy luid ill paved, in lb.'
town, iivs our autnnr, one lies more fwine than nun,
tiirre fuurtiis and upward'; of the inh.ibitants bein.'; Jews,
who, I'lr ihe lake of piolit, i.itten whole herds ot iliolc
animal-, which ilieir l.iw forbids them to eat, 111 ord;r
tofll ih'mat a hi;;h puce to t)ie Chrillians. The Jews
are iii.ieed not pennitted to lie one iii;;ht at C"o'o'.riie, nor
fiimuih as 10 enter the c.ty about their art'airs, without
piviiiL.; .1 '^old florin lor every hour thev Hay, and bein.;
el'e'irted hv oneof t'lr town _:;iiards, whom tlieyare oldij;.
el 111 pay for his iroiiblc. I his is done as a puntlhmenr,
llu-ir ancfdors having, it i.s laid, intended to kill the in-
haHitants by poifontnj; the wells and fountains. Tin,-,
however, lerves lor a pretence, which the mj£;i(fratts
nroliahly make life of to prevent the Jews undcriTiinin^
th'...i in their trade.
(Jiil(n;ne is one of the Haiife towns, an! pretends to
have piel^ivcd its liberty with.mt interruption for nianv
centuries-, but the calamities of war have often occa-
fioned S-^reat diforders in it.s government and comniere..-.
'I'll': Ouu'h ni.ike life of it as a magazine for their trade
M;ion the Rhine, and this has eiiijai^ect that Hate to de-
fciiJ Culojjne on all occafions againll the pretenfions of
'ili
ihri!nl.r. Doiojjnc n (;.iVk"rnc I by the ttiipter ani|
iti,i'>,illr.iie., the I. liter ii.nlillinn of two biir;;"iii.i!Ur'. aiii|
lorty-iiine coiinfellor^. The ileclor has alio Ionic powii,
iind iioniiiiitiD a ma;;in.ato who ii jud^'C in iii'iiiiiai
(Mil s| and the rily f.veaM alle'i.incu and honiii.-eto
the iHw tiei'lor, foloii- a» he continues to proiitl tlieiii
in ihi ir jnll ti^rht* ;iii.| piivllepcj, and confirms their im-
nuinitii>, y\H n Ine imperial city, it has a liac ami
loiceaf the iliels of the (iirle of \VV((pha'i.i, and at
th'Vc ol ihi' enipire in theco!le;e of the iiii| eii li eiiic«,
ai'il etij 1)1. ih • liilt pliceon the Rhmifli buich. Cido^'iio
iiiaiiitiins (our coni|anus of foidirrs, but in time of war
' "■ eiiijiror, <>r an .illy, ufually pl.itcj a y.'.riifoii in the
1 1 ; V .
MiMr Ui nf.', n fni.dl town featcd on the I'liine, is t(i
Ik lien a iiui nk.ible piece ol .intiipiity, calli-d the Koni[»-
Hiihl, or l<r"al throne, conlillmn ot a louud vault built
ol (rielloiie, lellln ; upon nine (lone pillar-, one of
wbiJi llands m the middle. This vault is 1 ijjlit (iciinaii
tlUand a ipLirlei hlnh, above forty in roinpaf-, twelve
..nd a »|uaitei in ili.inieler, and lurniflKd with '.veil feats,
a;;ri lablc to the aniieiit ininiber of licchin. ihe alci nt
to It is by lwenty-ei;ilit Ibnie IKps, audit has two Itroiu;
doors, in (Ills pi, ice tiie ileitots formerly held [irevioiis
lonliiltations on the eleclion of a kiilj; and eiiipeior, aiul
whenever the eleilion, nil account of any inipeiliments,
•duld not he peif.irnieil .it I'r.inckfort, it was done lure ;
ihe eii'i'iiirs lure .ill'o tonl'ulted on the weiiihiv att.iir.; of
the empiie, and here the emperor i ronliiined tlu ir privi-
le^is. At this place was ill.ihliOied the elei^oral league
concluded in i;llS. It was pnrticul.uly ch. ifen by the
ehelois, bicaiile the four clcclors of the Rhine have
places belon;'iiij; to each of ihini lyin; near it ; the
elvclorof Ccdoj;ne beiiii; pLlled'ed of Renfe, the eleilor
of .Ment/ of Upper Labnllrin, the elector of 'IVtvcs of
C.ipelle, and ihcclec-tor I'alaline of Ijrauhach.
s r. c T. VI,
Ofi/.f Pai..\iin.\te of TiiF. Ririf.T.
/is SiltiJli.H, h'xiMt, Pniluc; ami Riven. The P.r.-ihf
tii/is tl'f IKiliitimitc hui uiJeigme with rcfptvi li /Ji'/;;w'o>;.
Tin 'lit!,-, (111,1 Aniii cf the lilii'hr ; the jiJiiii (Iffiui of
ill,' (hiuinmrnl, with the El/rlor's RiV,nuei iiii'l /'',f:e's,
will a Dijirijiiin of tht Ciliei of Mniibcim and JieiJtl-
THK country of the eleiHor Palatine, nlfo cilled the
I'al.uiiiate of the Rbinr, and the Lower Palatinate,
to dil^innyidi it lioin the Upper i'al.itinate, in the circle
ot ii.ivaiia, is bouiiiled on the call by the archbifliopric
of Ment7, the bidiopric of \\ orms, and a part of the
teriitory of the Teutonic order in l'"ranconi,i j to the
I'liuth by ih<.' dutchy of Wurtcmbcrg and the l.ifiiopricof
iixpoiUs
• ^ J - .• . - .. ^ J., ...... .
bpire ; on the well by All'ace, the tlutchy of 1),
and cert.iifi diltiiils belonc'inij to the eledor of .Ment/ ;
and on the north by a part of that archbifliopric and
Triers ; ( xtend'iig about a hundred miles in leni^th, and
feventy in breadth.
This country is indeed partly mountainous, but vet
tine<immonly fertile, piodiiciiu'; in abundance .ill forts of
corn, pulfe, fruit, chclnuts, and walnut- ; with Tine
palhires, and a good breed of cattle ; together with plan-
tations of tobacco, and vineyards which produce N'eckai
and Khenifli wine. The IJer^rtralTe is an agreeable high-
way benviin Ileidelbere; and Darmflaik, which is plant-
ed with walnut-trees, and on both li.les has fruitful fields
and meadows, iiueim:\id with hills and mountains,
wliiJion the rii;bt lide of the road, in travelling from
Hcidelbcri; to I Xirmll.ult, extends toa confulerablc length,
and are covired on their lummits with woods ; but to-
wards the pl.iin with vineyards The nun-.erous walnut-
trees on the Hergftralle .md the Odenwalde, as well en
account of their fruit as wood, are of grrat iidvantage to
the country. On all parts of the Bergllraire grow al-
nuiiuls in great plenty, and in the vineyards are chcliiut-
trees.
With refpeiTl to the rivers of this rountry, the Rhine
runs paitlv thioiiub its borders, and partly through its
cen'.ei. Near Germeifliciiii and SeU, out of th.' lands'
«/ ."^ 1
^m
i
1
"I ■;
•
»
1 ill
m
1,1
ti'iii
'• ' ' ta
t i
,»
1 ','
+i;
J '■'
•I ( I i'
aj6
A SYSTEM O I
c'lhij r'vrr Ii w.idicil ihc licnKhLiiKh imiM, to whirh ilic
KIkmiiIIi ;!o|.| Hiirnii invi' th' u i)ri|;in.il. The j-oUilni.
walhril i. liiiki'J upon liy the clcclur as a rny.iltv, anil
ncciiri'.mj^lv CarnicJ out by hiiii. Thirf arc levcial iivcf.
\vhik-!i hit>' (all i ;t > thi' Rhnii', |viiticiil.iily the Ntikar
and iho N.ilu'. I'lu.!: rucri, j» well an tlK Ini.ilUr onf»,
uboiiiivl in tifh.
Thi.' il.iti; 1 1' rt!i({i(in h.ii bivn hitr fiibji\'l to altera-
tliini unhcar J oi in other tiat;ojii, 'Ihi- pi'opk' wcie prt-
parej tor th.' ictrrina'Kin when, in tlie year 151X, l,ii-
thirhiM hn di:piitatiun with ninch appiohation in an
alli'inbly i^t Aiijiulline monk:i at lli..'i!elhtr|.s ami the pa-
cific mealiir.i o.' the eleilcr l.-'wn idiuiihiiiid to pro-
mote it, Till! retorniatinn wai uriml on by liii bro-
ther and riiceiiior JMciUri.- II. but iiinler Froih-ric III.
limie I'leneh and Swi!» ,livlm"i eomiin.', into thi' pal.iti-
iialc, a warm iliipnte arv)le bctwe-'ii the I'ri.tillann ton-
icrninn the I.onlV S'lpper, which pave onilion to the
iltelirs joining the CalmiiiK in 15*'^, aiiJ he was the
tirll tleimni piinee who intr.»!iieeJ thf relM.'ion ol I'al-
VIII into liii emiiitrv. Hiif, 11 iliAilhllanJiii;^ the /eil he
IheweJ t u- the Joctiine ot the Calvinill;, l.ewin V'l. his
liin anil ruiieiliir, with .iiii..! /.e.il bnui.'ht in a;'ain l,u-
thcranilni, dilniilllJ th^ L'aKiiiill picailurs anil ap[ioint-
fil I.iith.'rani in thiir lUa.i. Attfr hi* .leaili l.'hn C.'a-
limiv, .jiiarJian to hii (on Ki Juie l\'. r> lii-.ed all he
li. Ill d Jill , anil with lu -h /i . I intio.liK'i.>l the Calmiilt
tloCliiiii.', tliatiiiilv a t'ew churehes tenniiinl to the f.ii-
thoraiH i an.l in the tollowin ; reij'ns CaU 11111111 llill more
prev.iileil : th.- po;iilli liiitliines and worlhip were alter-
wards iiitrodiKcd in I'tveral places and tlie I'roli-llaiit ,
opprtll'id by till- i'.narian tronp';, till afl'airs weie little 1
by the p'Mi-e of Wetlphalia. At 'en..',th the Cdviiiifl line
«il priiucs lieiiiiniii;', extinci, and the liKCtirion lilling to
the Uoman catholic tine ot' Neiibiir^:, the popilh iloc-
triiK'j aii'l worfliip were gradually nuire and more iii-
tiodiiced, and the I'liittllaiKi deprived of the pov^'er they
had hitherto enjoyed. 'I he Krenili afterwards ravaged
the l'a!a:inate, .ind opprell'ed the I'rntell mts.
In the year ijrjihe tleclor julin Willi.iin tolerated
the three reli.;iun':, ;;nd d.xlared that tliey (hoiild enjuy
full liberty of confeiencc ; and, i:i p.irtitul.ir, that the
Calvinills and the I^iitherans (hould be permitted the
public and priv-ite txercife of their rJiivon, ti^'ethcr
with the fj'iriiual juiifd lHoii. I'o the Lutheraiii were
confirnied Ihiir pcculi.ir eonhtlory, eree'lid in ifxjS, inde-
pcnduit of the Cdviiiilt church-council. To their life j
aloM'" were kit all the churches, which belonged to them I
in the year i6av, as alio ihofe which ("iiKc that time had |
been built or Ihoiild be built by them tur the future ; and
that they lliould lilccwil'f h.ave whatever they could prove
belcnj.ed to them in fpiiitualitics fthoo!'., rents, and
incorneo in 167.4. To the Cdvinilis all cliur.lii s ;inil
I'chools were coiiliniifd in the m.innerthey enjoyid them :
in 1685 ; except only lint in the towns where they had
two or more churches, and the Roman eatludics none, '
they were to give up one of th 11 to the hitter : in fiich ;
towns wheie there was onlv one church they were to
give up to them the clioir, an I two out ol ' \ Ty fevcii
country churches, and alio two-fevenths out ol their re- [
venues. The eltatt:; and incomes arilinj; I'roni the fup- j
prefl'ed foundations, provoKihips, doilleis, 5ic. were to ;
be adminilK-red by afpintiial admiiiillration, cnnllllin!;
of two ropilh and the like iiumlHr of Calvinilf coiin-
lellors with other nec.'llarv oflKers, Sonielhin;; certain
was alio fettled v.'ith refpect to the popitli holid.iys', mi.x-
cd inarriacies, and other aftairs which till then h.ul been
fubje.-tsof difpute. lint, notwithllaiulin.', this a<;rcempnt,
and the I'm. ill number of the I'apilts, alterations have been
continually made, and the i;ricvances of the I'roti llanis
greatly increal'ed. To the difi',racc of the Reformation
the two Protedant churches have thenil'dves been for a
ion^ time the zealous enemies of e.ach other, to their
mutual detriment, and the no lels advanta.^e of the Ro-
man catholics. The Lutherans, .iccordin!:; to their own
computation, amount to about filty thou land, and are
pollcll'ed of cii^btv-ftvc parifhes ; but one-h.ilf of thrir
preachers and lelionl-mnltrr. Hill wanta competant malii-
tcnance. The number of CalviniR clergy is ellimated
at five hundred, ai;d thol'c of the Roman 'jath.ylic at fyur
bundled.
Ci I', o c
The tit!"
U A IMl V
' of the clec'hir
1'AI.ATIN.,.j[.
;'*'! l.|„.
•■'I'lllaf nf
fc ni follow: Pall^rjvc
the Rl, ,11c i i.tili-triaUiur ana elu'tor tit the lu.lv u
man impire i duke in Havati 1, Julifrs. C'leu», u,,,, ,?"
Ilerj; ; prnue i.t .\lorM nunpiil of IUr^>in-..M./"
II. .nit ol \'eldei'., Spimhom, ine .".Uik, iino Uuvenr., '.'*
and loid of U.uenllein. ';>
The .itnri on accouiir of the Palatinate on the Kh'.
atf, a lion or, in i held fable : on .itnuiiu m ll.n ru
reiiecs or fiilils; o-i aicinuit i> |iili.n, ;, |,„ri (,,[,;^. ""'
field or; on .Kcouir ot tJcvfs'eij.ht ie>il Iccptic,' '" ■*
joined in t.iie fniall .hield, in a lieid purple: < m .^^.^,"","
of l!et|T, a lion j:iilr,, crowni.l virie, in a fi. M m- ''"'
on account ol ^lcl>, a lelle lable, la .1 li^ld 01 ; un V"
coiintot ller^tiiop./)oin, .1 JhiiM ilam.i(|.uni,i •
account 1.1 Veldeii/, a li..n urte, 111.1 |„-1,| .iri,,,, .' ""
acco.int of the .Maik,a 'illcioiilillni;; o( flincchin '"
;,'uks and ar.'cnt, in a hJd or ; on .ucouiit ol Kn''',!'
bwp, time ciKVioiii i'ule> in a lit Id anient j and „„ ,
count ol UavenlUin, 4 uj din's utii'ic m ,1 Ik|j"
gent.
I be flexor has an older of kni-luliood if S( |i
bcrt, tirll loundrd m ili,' fin uiili leniuiv ; bui'roi •'
by the elector John Willi.mi i„ i-.q. |-f,t. ha,l,.c" i
thiioid.r, IS ,1 i|u.idranitular i nil's worn pendant 1
lid ribl'on, and on ihe l.ualla ll.ir. I'hc ile^ln '
jirenie mailer ol this oider, and the kiii-hts
ptiiKci, couni.s, and bamni. "
The hi-h tullei;ei Ime.iir the luivy flatc-ccnCerfr--
and thepnvy-ch.iiiceiy, the ic;..eniv, the uppir court 1'
appe.di, the aulic-jujifdidion,' the auiic-cnamber -,',1
till' war-council, ' "''''
The annual revenues of the clciilnr arifing fr,-t„ ,1,.
countries of theele. loral and I'pptr i^henilh cirrlf i!
ellima,id at nil".- Iiuiidivd thouland t;iiMeiis, exclulu-," ■■
the l.ir^:e luins received from the admi.nlftation „, ,"'
fpiritualities. Therevrmies of the dut.hicsof d,',.",
and Hm.;, to;..,rthir with iliol : of the fnMiiorv of ]/.
venlKin, ,illo .imoutit annually to about'lhe f.mic f "
lowhuhisto be added the rcveiiMC ariliivr iu,n, ",h'!
diilclm, of N'lubur;; and bult/.bach. " '
I he ilcMor mauu.dns two re:;imcnt:i of horfe-r,,,,, 1,
and another ot .Swiis, with a body of horl'e anj i ' .'
aniountin;; in the whole to about h.-t tht.uland iiicii ""'*
'Ihe l'al.uinutecoiuaiiis lu.tv (.ne towns, andUcn'
buioiii;hs, the principal places in which are,
.M.inheim, ttie ilivtoial rili,!eiu-c, .mJ the '■-.r„„i
town in the electorate, i.i a liioii,- lorir.fs fer ••('li„
low pl.iin near the influx of the Ncckar in'o tile Ulmi/
inthelorty-ninth dri;ree thiiiy-lix minutes north la'i.,, ■,'
and in the levcnth deL;rce thiity-two minutes e.dl'lonn'''
tude. In the year itjcO, the elector Kiederie IV b-V
to convert the old villai;e and citadel of iVLmluim Vj.,''
a town, leceivintr into it I'ome ot the iiihabilanis „f ,'/'
Neiherlaiids who had ijuittcd their country, inord-rr
enjoy libert\ 01 conkienc.-. And thoiii-hit w.is dr'c-
tui'y laid walle in i6.'j, when bdiei-ed .ind t-ik-ii'l™
the Uavaiians, and in lOSi, ciitirrlv dcmol,(l,cd b" (/
brench, yet liie electors John W'lHiani and Ci',a,io-
1 lulip caiiled It to be rebult and fortilied in fm),' '
mannei, that it is now beci me one of the tincll tnwp''
in e;einiany, and a placo of ,.reat flrcn-'th • b;,t ,-
ipilres ten thou.'aiid men to u.'Icnd it. = ' ' 'i--
it has three line i^ates, of which that of the Ncchr
IS t|:c iroll ni.Krnihccnt, and bell adorned, it hav|„.
ballo rJievos veiy bcantil.i! y executed. Thisp,,'
opens into a long and li)acn us flreet, at the cml ,•'•
whii h IS the elector's pal.iee. The ftrects here intcnlii
e.ieh other at iil;Iu .iinihs ; lo that at each Coriur th'
IpeCl.itor h.is a view ol tour llr.'cts. Before the pa', .
IS a large lijuaie, ,11 winch is a confiderablc numi'iT'I,',
lod|Mn^_-rooms wnh a ;:reat a id bij:h p:,y,lio„ |„ ,,.,
middle, ai:d two advanced win ;s, witn ample pavilion'
at the end:,, where two mher .cry extenfivc wing, rile
on both luie:. whK 1 are alio terminated by pavTli,,,,,,
behuid which aie other lodi;i,-,;-r,oms ; .-md before iho
palace is an equeltnan tiiw of metal, of the ela'lor
John Willi.im.
Within ihc palace are tw.> -rreat rn„,t, fcp.ira-cd l-v
an open ••.allery, yc ry nine 1 iidomed wi;h archit diirt'
1 he apatinunts are beaii'.itied wiih noble ciclin-s mj
flaotv, and hiie th.; final prolp..-a iin,i:jinable to?Spi'rce,
i'lJl!.
llnatihriK
}'iMii!icii,li)iI, \
ill the nioiiiit.ii
ings ill I lis pal.
Iiie lrl■aln^ , in
l.itiie to flic l',i|
iliii ctovvn of J.'
Uuheinia.
In the preat
roiiiie.l houle, I
II iircitoin.iriuiit
l.llll, wliicli ll.l
The Liiilurtiis d
and Ihe J. fiiiis .1
rliiinll 'I'liiiei
I !c e.iiiii III, .ind
i„di'e.l ai.' veiy ni
..-e fa J to he theii
on accuuiit of nii
I .)i, aiiJ drive a |
11,1:. .Ill .11 AJentz,
Tile people of h
rli.ir.ii.'lu, III Iiij; e
Tile nihility heie
ill UK, Willi ad in
l^nnifmen.ind fon.j;
),;i< liNiie niaiiul.itl
tiaJe,
Hiidtlber^', ihe j
, f Jt! Ml a pleafaiu
> t'lf .Veekar, in llit-
;'•' II ' ill lalllii le, and ii
i„li liiii^i;iide, tnji.j
iiMt'-r. It ii fuirouii
lAiipf on the Will,
n:i,ii.;li wliicli the ?
i' liiit liu.dl, llioiigh
U'iiiT/itv, iiiin.ig. d I
I lIlKC diviiii.'y pr(;i;
I :. .nl /t\ for philu/'i
>■■ .111: fli'nus, who j.
fiMi.h I'iccl.ctor him
fi..;-, like i;ie v.ce-ui
vi.i i. prrfilent of tn
ci Mepii>:i;j;,ii. •(•!
I.itliiiii; t.'ie law of
I'.r.'fur :!i- i.iiiiiiiis I',
li.:T'_, winch he (Inifh.
This fjiy |,as ,„,r,
I'C I'Kiieh i To that I
i.-rl'.djiiiie, it has [,
I ir finits 'I'he eleii
;• c.'iiii -h of the ij .,
j '. teller hi.'i'd wi I
^■'' mat Rom-, and
f; i!:.r of its ciiriou
'■■'', the iiliprri.d PC
'■.'■'. -i.id put fi"c luu
r " put of this librar
I .' 1' llle r.cnrh i-ain
■:'?:~i.h of the iin|Kri.i
I "i:ion with the /)a
' ''■'■ "'wn ill afhi.,,
j ■' llie thunhi-.s, ,1,
'■' ■■'1. 10 add to their
'^'■'5 to leave the c
/'" "luir. h till f;ey
' ""^'i H'.1t. Meide;;
'''iilidcrab'e earrir,
/■ ' "ice attacked 1
■ "' 7 ot the governoi
■ ■T''-' brutiliily mi,r
"''" 'le calile. L"
.'■'. the ladies a:id ,it
'■'■"<■• their honour. I
" -'11 In r:iiie into ti
' "; ''■,;, !>■ .mile, th,
:?■■■■■ The Krniih at
■;«up thet'ecford to
I"', who amounted to
'■"KiVMi by ni^-u, when
0?
IFriDiLnfRO.
p. I' I; n t'
M'/
,1
tlu; i.Timl
Cca'.'.-il In .1
the Rhiii',
irtli!a!,:ii :.',',
LMlH'in-',.
IV :,,■;;.,
:'■ ini ;i.r)
It. 1:1: . rf the
111 uril'.T ti)
was r.-x..\.
1.1 t.ik"U by
Iflicd by the
tind Ciiailc!
in fucii 1
iritll tnwp-
111 i bat ic-
|t!'(; Nccltar
, it liaviti;
T his gai-.
I the cnil 0';
[ere intctfift
coriur ih'
the paljii'
mim'.Hi HI
lion ill th;
|)lc piivilioir;
wings rite
|v piivilioii',
hcforc the
the dcflor
ll.'para'oil 1-v
ithit cliirf.
lolin^s ,\iiJ
jilc to .S|nrc--,
I'ur..
l-'r.inkcii.l.ihl, U'liiim, an I uvcr iill llv ci.ilMlrv, .1« l'..i
;i, iho mount lins oi Aliiur. 'Ilic inil. .Ikhi ik p.iMU-
in;i ill I 111 (ul.u'c is very iruiil, .iikI, in \»|jt n tall il
iiic tri-jliifvt i» •• tiiinidiTiMi- imihbi.r i>t' niiiiiiuii'ri ris
l.itiu- 111 till.' I'jliiim-h.iiili.', .ml .uiii.n; otlici* th- |m.1-
liui ao*ii III 1'icJi.ric Che uimappy lUttui anJ kini', ol
lluhciiii.i.
In the ('"Mt ni.uli't i5 thi- p.ipilli rlrirth, mil tl .•
cuiiu-.IIh.iiU', l'ii«n'ii vvl.iih ll.iiiiU ii lowvr, ih.if IS
;, i;tiMl<M limit lit 111 tlin li|u.iri', as ii iilio a liiii; Inuii-
i.iin, which li.r. Imir (.ill.in, 011 whith li.ir.Js » liuii.
.j'^J (,,i,{iir.iii'- iiiHl Calvinlltii luvc uilo CK-h u iliiiich,
;iiiJ the Ji fiii'» .1 tine colUi^c, wiih x virv li ■.uitidil
ihiiKh riu'ic .If.' here iillo .1 Ciiiiiehin .in.l .i Cirme-
Itce.inunt, iiiiJ alio .1 Jcwilh rvii.i;,'o;iie. 'I'lie j.-w-.
i.'le.il ii'' very niiiiierous .ml two tmrN i.f tint h..iili.»
'\ f.i .1 I.) he thi'irs either I'r iin tiu ir biiiMin ; tl.e.ii, ur
i,n .ikcoul.t ol niorlgageii \ (or foiin; nt them «rr vrry
h, anJ ''live a ^le.it trule wiili thm'V nl their own
„,i;,,iii,it Mviil/, Franelo't, .iinl ,\nillei.l.iiii.
'I'lie people lit biithl'-xe. are here oC ii vciv ann ihle
rli,,t.itlii, hiin;; cxtienu Iv foii.il 11ml civil to llr iii).cis,
•ij'c Hi hilnv heie iiiaint.iiii aeninpiinv ol I'VciuIi n.iiie-
(liins who at In a very liu.ill theatre i Imt h.th the
r.iwnfineii.inj I'oHMjiner* pay lor a.lniittaiue. M linliein
h.i< iiiiue iiiaiiulacluii'», . iJ carrier on a coiilUerabl.
H.iiklberj:, the priiuipal town of the clctlririit-, !■
fat ■ ' in a ple-ilaiit Ipot on the ri\er ol the (leilb; r;; n .11
ill" N'l'ck.ir, in lilt: h.riy- ninth lUgiee thirty-lix nuiiii'is
.■ ji . ill l.itllii ie, aivl ill the ei,;lith il.gn-e I'liiy-live ni.n.iii-.
i-,|i loiv'it'iile, enjoyin.', a vvli.il. liiine .iir, ami veiy ^..i.uil
w.itT. It ii furmunJeil Willi hills toveie.l withnn. sj
iscipt "'1 the wtif, wlieic i:. a lar^e ; iiJ I'liiiiriil pl.iiii,
n;i 11 'h wliieli the Necl;.ir runs, The town at pteknl
l^ lull hii.illi llioni^h tiiiely buih. It is aJoriuiJ with all
iivutHiVi iiiin.ig-il by an aeaJcniieal fen ue, toiililliii^
I time Jiviiii'y prolMIiri, tour lor law, time lur ph)-
I ..'i I li\ f.ir philorophv. r'hey have a rei'l ir nia;-
1- .!i: fliinis who is a kind of chaiicellur, aiul is coiii-
t ,;.', ilie il-cior liimlUt ; and liken lie a rei'l.ir ni.ijtni-
I'..:', like ri'.e v.cc-iliaiuelior of Oxford or Ciiiiliiiilj;e,
, . I i', piffil'Mit (if tiie fen If, an. I ehofen aniuiillv mit
, n.-pui'tlii'is. the tiill tliair iiillilntcd lor publicly
Liiliiii; t'.c law of n.itnrt and natimis, '.vai tuiin.U.I
1 :; f.'i'tlv f.iiiioiis I'lillViulorf, who here biL^ in his fy-
li.T. wheh be linifhej in Sweden,
Tlii'- city has liil?"..ied ir.neh by w.ts, erpetlailv ffoiii
I :; I'l.iieli ; fo that fiiue the difijr.iee of I'reJeric ele-
,. r I'..l.iliiie, it has b;eil taken, plinleieil, a'ld burnt
, ,r f"ii(s 'I'he cleiilor's libiarj, w'.inh was kept in
I. I'.iui -li of the II dy t>h..(K w..s, aeCirdm^ to tiea-
; i,hi'ittr hi!''ii wi h v.ilua'.de b.ioks lliaii even the
\ . ill at Roni", and exeeeJed all in the empire lor the
1 il\r <'f its curious iii.iiiukr pts 1 but when count
i J;, the iiiipirial p,enera!, to.ik this city in the year
1 ,.;, .'..k! put fi"e Hundred I'alatines in it to tire hvurd,
-at part of this library was fuit to the Va:i.an. In
I ,-'S the Trenrh i",;ain fei/.ed tbii city j b.it upuii the
..iiM.h of the i.nperial army, t'.ley, coiUiary 10 ti:e ca-
,!a!ioii with the Dauphin, blew up the callle, ai.J
; li.i' tcnvii in alius, toi;..llier wiih the ilcilnr'a imhle
I ■, the chiirehes, and otiier puMle huil.liiv;; The
I !cJi, 10 add to their biu'.aliiy, w.mld not fiilFer the
ii?Ais to leave the city; but flint them mi in the
• it hiir, h till t'-:ey burnt t!ie tiiy; and ili-n alio
rm.r.l that. Heidelbeij; w.i> afterwards rebuilt, and
.■< iiliderab'e tjarrifon ; but the b'rem h under ni ir-
t I ori;c attacked it au.lin in 1693, and by the
ii' rv ot the governor, tnc ei'v was loon t.iken, .'..i.l
i> .ipic brutillily murdered, txd'pt thole who eoril.l
ia;u tie calHe. Upon t.ie lirll eiitiaiicc of the
.1, the ladies and ofieis lent to f.i'licit the veiieral
,i.irc thcii honour. Tliis he proniifed, -awA ordered
11 all to ruirc into the gr.'at church, where, coii-
:i to his p,-'imife, ihev were brutally raeiCned and
jipi-d. The Kreiuh at this time l.iid the city in afiies,
:.»c up the teclonl tombs, and iiiriied the inli.ilii-
|I.::'-,wh.) aniouiued to about tifteen thoufaiid out ot
li'c ta.vn by ni r it,
0?
w'.ica bcmy d"prived of all iliey
had, niiiiy die! of w.nlf, pirdeularty women wilh child,
who till Ml i iliour v.iih the (ri;^ht.
AlJir this thit clecluf ciii oiitji^'d the people 1 1 r I'li'l.l
ihi' city, prninirii 'J i.iem . xeinjiinui liorn taMs fur fh'riy
v.Mis, with full liberty « eonfoenci'i ♦iiit btinR of rhu
Koiiiifli reli ..hill, h^ wa:. ' ,>n prev.iiteu on by the J.'«
lii.ii I'l make one iif th.'ir to.ietv 11 profeiii.r In ih't iini-
eeiliij, and oppreired hii protcll mt I'liljel', till the c)e-
. I.ir Dt Ibaii.h iibiirn a.d other projellant piiiicts, intet-
po.,-il ill thur bell ill'.
In iTOf) the I'rtnch a;;ain fai/e.l [leid, IL-cr?, aii.l hn--
iii;;, the iiei;;h!ioiiiiii ; Ci.uiury tinder f.iii'ri' ntiiii), ih."
ii.hahjtanij w.ie lo mipovcrithci!, that foM-nl thoa'aii U
of ihein iKil to f.rii'ii iimniiies, p.niciil ifly Kir.;'an !,
fi .111 wlKii.-eth. y wcie li'iit to Ireland and the HiltiHi
e..l.inl'', III An.ci.c*. 'I'his titv, liowev.r, be .an lo ■•
e-iuT itielf, v.'Ui 11 l!i ■ eh v.:.jr bnii_; .iiftiilKd lit ill • C 1'-
viiii|l<, lor refuliiv; to deliver up lo him the! body ol t r
t'leat church, which had bei.n allotiel ihem In liie pi ! ■!
o| We'.lphall 1, the choii beniu in the polli (liuii o, i'.
I'..i:nan tatholies, ijiiilied II- idJbeij;, and went to :',
at .Maiihciiii, liiieu which this city ii.u ever lince ,1
dii .11 111^',
I'll.' piin'i|Ml beauty of IT/nlelln'r^i; confills in .i..
large h.iii.l'iitiie llriit, willi a l/aco-.i^. fipi.ne, .uiil iii;|.
foiiil lii.iri-.ft. The lUclu''. e.illie, or p.d.i. e, i.ii (he.if-
ceiu of I iieij^'bmii 111^ lull c.ille.l Coiii Jialil, wliieli over-
looki. llie \Muii.; city, w.is reiiijikable lor it. It.inil'i,
and was bemtiliej witli tine jj.iideii.s aii.l jj,ro;toH. N:„r
It is a 111. 111;^ lower, which I'i.kc the p. ue of W'.llplu-
lia was calliil the Sl.ir-Kiit. I'iiii palace u viKl.i:-jd >\it!i
a Wall hewn out ot llie rutk.
Sever.il towns h.ive been alre.u v militl.) . ' l"air.oiu
tor their li.ivin^ tons of .111 iiiiconiriion m.i^'i "i.! , which
proeceds nut only Ii om the londliefs of ihe Ci miain tor
.Irlnlan^i tut to (iiew t!i 1; wine is one of tli; moll pro-
titable branch.':, of tir.lr trade in the province:! ne.ir the"
Uhine an 1 t:u: lJaiiu''e, and none of thele tons is nioiu
f.uiious than th.it of Heiil.iber;,'. In a cellar under MVJ A ''<'.'/
ot the tJW.rs of the cLiloi's palaci fii'i d one of an ex- y^,,
tiaordin.uy fr/.e, it btiii; cap.ible of holJiir^ five luiii-
died and twcmv-ei-bt liL^fiiead-, or tWen'J-li.X thoiil'.inil
two hundred an. I liliy u, Ihui:, I'.iru meii'.ir.-. This\i;.j
rebuilt, an. I ni.ule t.i hold lis hundred li.i^,(li,ad. Kn^llh
ine.ilme, The old one had ir.iii hoopsj but ihe new
OIK- h.ul I.Ov'e ones of knee timbers, like t.-.j iib:i of ,1
(liip. With fevetal inf.riptions, and was v.iy iieitly
ad.iimd v\'ith caiveil work and gilding. (I11 ( ne tidi;
was a bandloine ftair-cale of forty-thue tleps leading to
Ihe toj), on wiiich w.is a i;.illery eiieonip.i'.i'ed with i-alu-
liiadcs, and on this |)!atforin tlie eleclois h.ive had fie-
iiuuit car.iufals. This to.i having been fiil^ emptied,
was kn.icked in pieces by tiie I'ltnch in itV-l'i; but the
el'.xtir has had a new one made wiii; h is i.,r|;er •, this
is alio decorated with variety of oinaiiuntb ; but is in-
ferior In fr.'.e to that of Koiiii;lb,in in S.ixony.
rile palace bears the maiks ol tiie rava.^cs c'i;nmi:teil
iliere hv the bVeiieli, a ^reat p:irt of it bviii.; lb ruinous,
tiiat iif I'liar coiilid.-i.ible nunlioiis, of wiiich it c. unfilled,
only one elcaped uiKlaiiiaj.' d. The remains of th' p.i-
lace a;e in .1 llile lieithci Uotllic nor modern ; but all the
ord'crs are jinibl.d to;;.-tli!:r,wilh!>ut either fanry or jud.i-
inent. h has u magniriceiu tirrace towar.ls the i.hv.i,
whence there ij a piol'pecl ol' t.'ie plain, and of the
country tot fever..l Ka^ues round. The infi.le is fcarccly
mine re^;ular tlian the outliJe, an.l the dceior's .'.partmont
conlilKs of a !,.ii_^ fuitj ol rojni.s, without be mtv or pro-
P'ltion.
The CaKiiiilis are in the polk'lli.in o( St. I'.-Iim's
ehiinh, which llaiids in the luburbs, and tlu Lutherans
of the church of I'rovidince. Tlie Jel'uit; hue a tine
college and a church ; aiul tliere aie alio \\\ c.ii;ven!.s in
the town, with churches in them. The iiniveillty of Mei-
dclherjj was luiinded in the year 1546, and eiitertains
t'ourtten profefiors in ordinary, amony; which fix Jeiuits
teach duijiity, natural piiil..fopbv, niathema'ics, anJ
moral |)hilofopliy. Mr. IveylTer oburves, iliai the num-
ber ol [iroteftant fludents amount to .ibout a hundred atul
eii;hls- ; but the popilli !lud.:iits do n.it exceed a hundred.
ThCi Itftiitm J.ip'unUu was lurmerly an .\ngu!Uiie cl .lUcr,
*J o o which.
'^
k'
'■■K 'h
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ii'^Ljl'
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■ 'if
'f
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n
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_2^
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23S
A S Y S T r, M OF G E O G R A I' li V.
Wo;.-
whi'li, ill 1553, was nppointtil lor tlu' r(Tulciifc of pnor
iKiJciit-. : u M \nci\:iit lu-loii^s t.> the C.iivmills, uikI in
It ail' twi-.ivL lIuiiLii; ., -.vlij arc pruviJud witii lui!;^iiig aiiJ
One of the moil ieni;irl<alile IfiiaTiircs in the ritv is
the towii-houfe, once laiiuius lor its cuiioiis clocic, \vl!iich
liaj a variety ol movenieiils, witli fever.il li;,;iiies of nicn
iij^htiii;;, anil a i oi'k which I'rowcJ wlien the hourUruclc.
Tile city U ilivicitJ into five juiilJiclion';, ami the in-
Ilahitann 1 jnkcil iiu Icr fa in.mv clalles, the niemhcrs of
I ach not htiii;^ oblii^eJ to appear before any court hut
rlitir own. It i? ;'.ilo dividej into four wards under a
liiirj;()nialier. 'I'l'.e geiuTality of the inhabitants bciiiLj;
Calvinilfs. church alF.iirs are iil'ually managed by a
prelhytii)', conlilliii-"; of twenty-one ilepaties.
Ahnut a mile from lleidelbrrj; are tl;rcc n.eanif, wlilc:-.
Ipriii;^ Ironi a hill, down which they floiv ; and, ^^ttc-
fiilini; live ponds, and paflin;, three w.;ter-talK, run with
(o llionji; a current ihiough the adjacent plain, aj to turn
Icveral inilU.
Anion;^ the principal plaer:. in the Palatinate nf ;lic
Rhine aie ^enei.illv reckoned Worm:. ..nd .'Jiiiie ; but a,
both tliele are in the Upper Circle of the Rhine, anj
neither of them (iibject to the cledtor Palatine, we
Ihall defer treating ol tlicin till the bei^inning of the next
chapter.
I'he nioll confiderablc towns in this electorate, next
to thole that base been delcribed, arc I'lankent.ial -iid
Oppmhcim.
C H A P. X\II.
The Ci-clc of tlic U I' V I: 11 11 J [ I N E
Smi'.e.
f.ct Iqiiar
KiiteJ tlu'
lint coin.'
;ddrefs hi
her knees
Jifus by tl
KeJeeiiier
lie twelve
tiie lour b
while the |
holts that I
(li u'liich h
bifliop, thu
iijun.
liiHiort,
cnlleg lie,
or near the
inoiiaKeries
Here are
tratci alll-ml
ill the oilic,
(irilof thefe
!■) which the
1 -.. I I... .1,
I
f
H
1**3 iiM
,. M
! •] I, i
Ar».;
• nijl-jpr'u'fircnm:
')C kelirivi if thi
s 1; C l'. ..
Oflh'ii Choc in-n:n;:ls ,,'ul jvjl -ftr
hi Silu.ilio'i, lixt.iil, nu.l Prolhi,-. Th
Jiih,i!iitiiiili\ ivilh the Di^'iUy, TUUs, ytnin, ,i>itl Pro 0-
r...'.V<i <;/ the Bijhy> ; iin.i a f'ti tiadar Dfjoil>l'ii>i of
// 'j) HIS, thi aipilul of the Bijh^^pii.:.
FROM this circle mod of the iandianl (Vatc? fituatcd
on the other fide of the Rhine, have been graduallv
taiccn :!wav hv l''r;!nce ; as tiie greatclt part of theuifh'ii.rics
of Stral'.nlr^,' Mcnt/,, Tull, and Verdun, with the arch
bifhopric of Ikfantj-nn, the dutchy of Lorrain, 5cc.
This circle is at pr.-l'ent terminated by the elciloral
circle of the Rhine, by which :t is alio interfered : it is
likewife bouiu'.eJ bv the Wellph.ilian, the Lower Sa.Non,
the Upper Saxon, the Franconian, and Swabian circles ;
together with AHjCC and Lorrain.
The circle of the Upper Rhine M prcfcnt compre-
hends the bilhnpiics of Worms, Spire, Stialbur;/, Halil,
aiidFulda; tlie diitchy of Dcux-Ponts, the l.iiid-ravate
of Heli;-, Her>f.ld, Sixinheim ; as alio the ii.arjravatis of
Naflau-Weilbur-, K'alVau LTinricn, Nall.in - MiHein,
^Valdc^, Hanau,".^c. with the iinnn.il cities <,f \Vorm>,
Spin-, Francfoit, 1 riedhcr,', and ^\''etzlar. IlelieCill'el
and Hanau-.Miinzenbcr^!; Ii.ive bcmfor loir.e time leparat-
cd from the circle.
Tlie diets of the ciitle of the Uppa Rhine were for-
inct!v held at Woriiii ; but durin/, the prclliu century
they' have been ioiift.;nily held at b'lar.kfort, yet the
thanccry-circle ol the
cli
, belon;;
; to it are kept
at the direetorv at Worms. This circle, with refpccl
to its reli;;ion, is reckoned amon^ the mixed.
After tills (hi'it introduction v.'C fliall begin with
the bilhopric of Wi.rm., which is about twelve miles
Ion;', and is, for the gieatelt part, fuin. muled by the
]-nwcr Palatinate, and the tell by the territory of
Mcntz.
This country is for the iiioll pa't mmintainons and
woodv, but lias fome Iruitfiil ar.ible l.iiids, nicJows,
and vineyards. It is likewife plentifully watered ; f'lr the
Khinc running through it, leceivcs f^ver.d fiiiallei river,
in its courfe.
The Proteftant churches in this bifliopiio retiied in
1-05 from the Palatinate of the Rhine to the bilhopiii
(it \Vorms, where they are at prtfciit in an opprelied
ftatc. '1 hey have no longer any paitiinl.ir iluiich-
govcrnmcnt of thtir own ; but aie fiibje^ in ec-
ckfuUical and matrimonii! affairs to the regency ol
\Vorms, and that legeiuy nominates the pallor:.
and fehfjol-mancrs. However, one of the ProlcHr.m
preachers is inlpc'lnr over the felt.
The aims of iiiis billiopiic are a filvcr lev, with the
wards turned upwards li..v:ig on t.i;h fpie lour ;;'.!. Iin
ftarb ill a black lielJ.
'I'he bifiiop of ^Vornis is fubject to the archbifliopiif
of .Men;/. In the circle of the Upper Rhine, he is the
fiimmoning prince and diredlor ; and in the council r.t
the piinces of th'j empire, he exchanges place on the
fpiritual- bench with the elector of VVurtzbiirg. 'ftie
chapter is fea!ed in the imperial city of Worms, anj
confill': of thirteen capitulars and nine domicclli.
Tlie princely regency here coiiillts of a preddcnt, a
chancellor, aiilic and rcgcncy-coniilellors, and fccrc-
V. ries ; the aulic-ji.'dicatorv, ol a prelident, an aulic-iuJ~e
coiiiniillaries, and coiinfi.llor.s, '.vho are all members of
the regency, togetlier with the feerctary ; the aulic-
chamber, of a prcfident, provincial cleik, counicllo.''
fecretary, and lifcal • general ; and the epilcopil viciitti-
of a vicar-gciieral, olficial and fpiritual (ounklior-.
'/'he p.rincipal places in this bilhopiie are the follow-
ing :
The imperial city of Worms, which is the capital cf
the biflioprie of the f.imc name, is feattd on the well fiJc
of the Rhine, wiihin the limits of the Palat'.natc, in the
torty-lonrth degree thirty-fix minutes north laiitiiJe, anJ,;
in tile eighth degree ten minutes calf longitude. (
The ni.;gi(tracv h'rc is l.iither.ui, the city l-cinT Jc-
Kiuiited one of the free Luther.in imperial cities, vmh
toleration aiui freedom of worfhip to the Catholics. Tf.c
t.iiiherans have a church which they have lebuilt in a
handfome mnnncr, in which Luther is reprefeiitcj i,
appearing at the diet in Ij2l. They are alfo in podd-
lloii of the t.ld church, as it is called, St. .\l.i.'nu>')
nnvv in iiiiiis, and St. Leonard's a little way oat of th:
town. 'I'hofe of the Romidi church arc very niimcre'is,
and are in polieiTion of all the relf, Tlie Calvinifts hau'
a church at N'cuhaufel, about half a ieaguc oiitofth;
town, where the Lutherans fonutimes brin-; tlicirchi!-
dren t ■ be b.'pti/.vd. The Roman catholics di not hi;j
carry the Moll in public, nor make any proccffio.T ex-
cept on th^ d,:y after Eadcr.
'I'he an'.ient cathedral which w.ts a long, lofty, ::;>!
Ilioii 5 bt.ildiii'.; erected in the Gothic talic, had amue:
at each of the four corners. Over one of the dooisiv.;!
,1 h;\nre of the five of an afs, with four heads, tiiofcola
man, an ox, an eagle, and a lion: the right foot u.,
alloth.it of a man, the left that ot .m ox, .uul thct»j |
liindrr feet tefemhled thole ol an eagle and a lion. Uj:- j
on the back of this ligure fat a woman. The people hr-{
related very odd Holies of this animal, which tin- k
ed liippoled to l-e an hieroi'lyphic, compoled of t ..t
healls in the viliim of i//,ekiel, and that the vvoiiun «., |
di(i;.Mi.d lo leprefcnt the (iofpel. I his cafheur.il,
lis deHrue'tion by tbeKiencb, has been rtbuilt uitii^:..;!
m.i^nifii ence.
Near tlicmtrance of St. Martin's church ii a y\^".-'.
jiill over aniine.ible alt.ir, which, frotfS the odJiuiji
the conceit, and the low and profane idea of the p.iin: ;
lia> notefcap.'d the notice of tranlicrs. 1( is abjutli,
r '■li'iirrj/ATKA
<ff/i.-
of//,,'
\r fn'iii f/ii- /,i;,f
L , Aithoriiios .
If 1^
Smre.
EURO
fcct fciinuo, aiul •'( one of ilio corners on tlio f.p is rcprc-
•nrcJ tlu: Alininiitv, vvliuni llic ln.avcii ol liu.uciis can-
not i-oni.iin, in ihc li';iire of an oKI man, who kcnis to
ililri'ls liii'idlt' to thu Virj^in Mary, wIjo is placuJ on
I'cr kiu'cs in the niiJIl of the pii'.tuii-, holilin;; the infant
Icfiis bv tlu; feet, .:nil riJicnloiilly puttin ', tliu head of the
KeJcemcr into the hopper of a mill, wlntli i- tnrniil hy
ne twelve apnlUes, !"■ the help of a wheil, alfilled by
tne lour healU of Iv/.ekiel, who are on the other liJe ;
while the pope is iliawn npon his knees, leceiviiig the
holts that fall from the mill into a goid-n ehaliee, one
(I, which h- prelents to a cardinal, who ;.*ives it to a
liifli'V), the bifliop to a prielt, and the pricll to a lay-
man.
Infiort, the Romans have, liefiJcs the cathedral, four
cnlle" ive, and the fame number of parilh-churehcs, in
iir near the city, a Jefuits coHol^o and feniinary, three
inon.dtciies, anil three nunneries.
Here are (wo public balls, in one of which the magif-
tr,itci alli-inble twice a week upon matters of (fate, and
III ihc oilur for the adminillration of julHce. In the
liiltuf thcfe f/Utbcr m.ule bis Iblcmn appeal, in relation
t.) which tliO people here lay, that tl.e diielor bem
i). ...).;
, 1m. lllf,-
.led
'i9
S F C T. II.
Of lU- Ujijofiiu i/'5i'iki;s,
//( SiltMllmi, l:::!c>ity i:>i:! FfilUily. Ti .• //■/«', i'l il;:,', :-ri,
(fill C'JU^'s 'j'thc V,':pj,f : uith a c.^:.:fi H'ikry mil U. ■
Jbiptim of the Cit'ui r,f Spires unit I'liKipjiiii^.
TUK biflinpric of .Spires, or Spire, i'^ featcd oti thi-
banks of th.' Rhine, and is for the nioit part
cnvirnneil by the electoral I'alatitiate ; but is in lomr;
pl.ices boiMi'.'ed by the mar^'ravatc of U.uh-n Durlacli, e\-
tendin'j thirtv-two mile^ in its great.ll lent^th, and twelve
in breadth.
Ir is p.irtlv wnoJy ?.\:\ partiv mrnmt:'.in')ii ., hut < njoy.';
L'oo.! aiable lands, a:ul h.is groves of chcfnuis, almonds,
•uid vineyards. It i:; a pleafantcountrv ; but tlic native,
wanting a vent for their commo'iities, the Palatinate In
whieii it is enciol'.-d bein.; eqtM'.llv fertile, arc very poor .
befides, the pe.iple have freipi'-r.lly I'uH'ered the c.danii-
ties of war.
The arms of the bifncpric arc a crofs I'.rgnit in a fiLl.! Anns.
-'-" •■'-<-hKini(inof
^
i' i 1
t' i;!i|;
i
• X /.n», /,...„/„,,
■i
^
'I'
it
b'riiiE.
U R O ]■
239
f^ct fqii;"'') 2nd .It one of the corners on llio f.p U rcprc-
(liiicJ tin- AInim.'itv, wliiini the hravin ot licivcns taii-
ndt c'lnt.iin, ill ihc li;',inu of an okl mun, who Itcnia to
ililrcls liiiiillll' to the Virj'jii Mary, wlm ia pl.icc.l (ui
ht'r km''-'* in the n!i>ill: of Hit- p'k'iuic, hoKlin;; tht; iiil.uit
[efiis bv the feet, anJ riJieuloiiily piitliii:'; llie head of the
ReJeenier into the hopper of a mill, wlutii i? turned liy
ne twelve iipnltles, hy the lirlp of a wheel, alTilted by
ine lour li.-alU of Iv/.ekiel, who are on the other lide ;
while the p')pe is diawn upon his knees, receiving the
holts that l.ill from the mill into a guiJ-.ii chalice, or.e
III which h- preleiits to a cardinal, who fjives it to a
bifho'i, the bifliop to a prielf, and the priell to a !.iy-
IIUII.
Iiifliort, the Romans have, befiJcs the catliedral, four
collei'i.iie, and the lame lunnber of pari(h-< hiirehes, in
or near the city, a jcfiiits college and lemiiiary, tlirce
moiKdieiies, and three nunneries.
Here are two public halls, in one of which the manif-
tratci rdii-inhle twice a week upon matters of itatc, and
ill (lie oilur for the .adminillraLion of juttice. In the
tiiilof thcl'e I/Uthcr made his folcmn appeal, in relation
10 which the people here fay, that the doctor being much
L — 1 I... .u . .......r.,..!-, ...i.h ,„K;,.'n 1,,. ,i.r--.,.,iv.,|.'";,nd al-
S F. C -l". II.
Of i:.,; Il:ji::plii 4/ Si'iREs,
//( Situalitiii, I\::tenl, an:! I'citUily. Tiy A'lnr, I'li:;!.', .■''<,
ifidC-Jlc~f> 'fthi- Hij.'ijp; liilli a Cjii.ih H'^lciy mil U. -
faiptim cj'thc Cit.\i r-f Spins ii.-i.-l Philipjiui ^.
TWV. bif!:npric of .'"ipircs, or Spire, i< feared on the
banks of th; Rh:nr, and is for the molt nan
environed by the cleiioral Palatinate ; but is ir. Iimuk
places boiili'.'ed by the mar.'ravatc of ll.ukn nnrhicli,e\-
tendiii'i thirty-two milji, in its great. It !enj;;li, and twelve
in breadth.
It is partiv wooJv r.i-.d partly mount:n;v)u ;, but r njoyf.
;.'oo,! arable lands, and h.\s j;rnvcs of chul'nuts, almonds,
and vineyards, hi a pleafant country ; but tlic native.,
wantinj; a vent for their coiT;modi.-;rs, the I'alatinate In
whicii it is cnclof;d bein.: eqiiallv fertile, arc very poor .
befiJes, tiic psople b.ave frci;n',i:tly fuH'ered the cdaini-
ties of v\'ar.
The arms of the bifnnjiric are a crofs :;rg;nt in af.eid Antu,'
?:r.\x".
I'lie biflion of Soirjs is fubieif^ to the arcbbifiiopof
_^L
'AvAci'vjiATK Map
of til,-
C I K (^ L E
oft/i,-
lUPPERKfllNE^^
Authoritif.s
...I O \r\K Jt
iT^m.n- / o ' ;!.> ^l J\ (I
\ C^rbwh i •*'* o^^""'"."/"' CAS
ll,//.'r„,e
)3fulhitu
^fW4/m\f
9 , (^ ^^'-iV'Vt/*
Svt^n k
If I ^^
Ahny't/'rri/
JDUUn/'ufif
f/'Ai6-r/i>nf
^' .. jV' 'liiVmiriy 'y SlprMmii-l ' o 7" ( ,.0, ,' /j] S ,,
^?w:,v>
^--'1--' I tl '' „:^y. ^ I . .--rl^.VNKFOHT y^ ; ! ,~^ '-' . *\ Ijli^'ViZ^ I s.^
i
hT%inii flirt
.V«tt;^,vy
II '-'"m
///tA«// Jft/t,, oy fyia JJt^n
^■-^ H fff/tl/^t/'M^/ I
°in,'imt/ia/
I'l'llieim
(,~n,„„ . If,/,,,, ,f t, ,, />^,v, ,
/\ 1*^,^ A' /,,„„ £„.„,/,.„
»
I
■f •
! fl i
2;S
A SYSTEM OF G E O C. R A I' U Y.
VV (,!■,•,
whi'-h, in 1553, w.)5 appiiiiitiJ lor tlic rcfhlcnrc of pcmr
ItiiJi-iu-, : It at piL-lLht bi.i«ii:;s l.i tlii' Caiviiiills-, aiul in
It iitf tvvuivc liudciit:, wiv) .lie piiiviJuJ witli loiljjiiig and
l),);iri).
One of ilvw' moll rcmarkaWe (hiiiTlnrcs in the citv is
the towii-lioud', once Uinous for ir . ciiiioi!:- clock, which
li.'.J a variety 01 nii/venients, witli fever.il h.;iiics of nitn
ii^htin:,, and .1 c.jfk which crowed when the hmirllruek.
The city i* divined into five jmifdiwtions, ami the in-
tiahit.ints r.!nked iiu ler fo manv dalles, tlie members ol
1 aeli not being oblin;ed to appear before any court but
flieirown. It ii ailo divided into four wards under a
biir^oinallcr. The ;j;e!K"rality of the inhabitants being
Calvinilfs, cliurch alEiirs are ufualiy managed by a
pi-:l)yt,iy, coniilHng of twcntv-one deputies.
About a mile from IleideUirrg .'ire tiuec fi.eanis whicn
fprin;; from a lull, down which they Ihnv ; and, after
filling live ponds, and p.iflin;; three w.'.ier-talls, run with
(o )li<iiu^ a current tluough the adjacent plan., aj to turn
leveral inilU.
Anion;; the piincipal placer, in the I'aljtinate of the
.Rhiiu- lie genei.iilv reckoned Worm. ..nd Spire; but d
bc:tii llitle are in the Upper Circle of the Rhine, and
neither of them (ubjeeL to the elector Pal.itine, we
iliall liefer treating ot tliem till the bet'inniiiL; ot thcnejvt
ch.ipli-r.
I'he mod confidcrable towns in this cleJlor.ite, next
to thofe that li.u e bein delcribed, are I-raiikeataal m'.
Oppenliiim.
CHAT'
XVII.
Sri.ie.
f,.et fipiarc, :
iiiited tin; Al
iMit coiil.dn,
.dilrefs hii'ili
her knees in
hfiis by the f
KeJeemcr ini
ne twelve ap
i,ie lour beali
while the p'lp
holis that fall
o.- which he |
tiiHio;), the b
1j1.11 ,
In (liort, the
collfj;i.ite, aiii
or near the ci
iiioii.dk.ies, a
Here are tw
tr.itei adeinble
ill tile other I
(iilluf thefe f,i
'o wiiicli the pe
heated by the c
1.1 by a (ire that
v/!,:eh bein^ br
Ibil e.iger in pi
be:: eh, when ii
by any bo.ly; w
fon was mix.d
wee fo Aiilv pc
which the glal's
or it, which arc
liverancc.
The bifhop's
the cxpence off
The mint is a
where vail mm
the arches ; the
the latter the ho
which the antieii
Since thi-^ cit\
has little left bcl
The ri.'heit trade
their ancertors h
rpen to France, 1
the principal tra
h.ibit.ints, dcpcn
citizens arc, ho\
is faid that iher
"S by bciiiL' pla
hundred fodders
aii.l fifty Kiii^lini
tlKit the nia;j,
t'l princes and ot
ill which the ei
and fruit trees ;
which, liom it
milk.
The r.natc, or
f)f iweiity-fivc ni
The city has the
rial cities of the I
the circle of the
hue often C(;nte;
tilitics and excon
arnoiij' which th.
bein/a'^reid, ih
iTpe.d lies fiorn i
ih beloie the app
tiiJiis for the rcii>
aulic-coiineil, tb
tianfmit the p.p.
'hi re is fc.iict
fi>ven i;.„.:, the 11
'"'hmnitifs ; fevc
"'■« the place wh
in the year i 74 ^
'''IS city, and h,J
'IcoiDcttini'.-ii.
11
WT
Sl'lRi
EURO I' r.
i39
(M foii'if'") "'"' •" °"'' '^^''"■' ff^i'iK^fs nil il'ic t'.|i i-. rcprc- |
' nlfJ tlu: Aliiii';iit\', whom thu liL.ivin ot liu.ivtiis tan- '
iHit colli. lii'i ill 'he t'r'jiiro of iiii oKI nun, who Icems to
.ililrcC'. Iiinili-ll' to tliC V'iip,iii M;iry, who ii pl.icc.i on
her kiH'C> ill the miJIl of ihc piiUuif, holJnii; ihi; iiilaiit
(i-fiis bv the feet, ami i i.liculoully piittm;'; the head of the
Ki'Jeeiiicr into the hi'|-|H'r of a null, wluth i> tiirnid by
111' twelve api-llles, by the hrip of awheel, artilteil by
t.ie lour b'.alls of I'./ekiel, who are oji the other lide ;
while the pipe is liiawn upon bis kiiecb, receiving the
boils that tail fro;ii the mill into a golden ehaliee, one
III which he prelents to a cardinal, who :.',ives it to a
(iifliop, the bifliop to a prielt, and the pritll to a l.iy-
liifliort, the Romans have, befiJes the cathedral, four
colU'i'iate, and the fame number of parifh-eluirchcs, in
iir near the city, a Jefuits coIlei>e and feminary, three
inoindkiies, ami three nunneries.
Here are two public halls, in one of which the mii;;il-
(ratci alleinble twice a week upon matters of (fate, and
ill ihe oilur for the adniiniltiation of juffice. In the
thll of thcfe Luther made his lolfmn appeal, in relation
t.i wiiich tice people here fay, that the doctor being much
h 'a^cd by the cai';ernef3 with which he difcourled, and al-
I,) by •''"■'-' '■'•" ^^•'•^ "^'•"^ *i''"> itcfired a pjafs of wine,
v;!,:ih bcin^ brnu '^ht, he fori.>o£ todiiiik it; but being
liill eaacr in pmiuiiig his difeourle, let it down upon a
bcr.fii,"whcn it fooii after broke without being touched
hv aiiv body; whence it currently palled, that fome poi- '
fon was mix^d with the wine, of whith the l^utherans I
were lb fullv pcrfu ided, that they broke the bench on
which the glafs ilood into fliivcn, and kept fome pieces
01 It, which arc ftill prefervcd in memory of Luther's de-
liverance.
The bifhop's palace was rebuilt in the year 1719, at
the cxpcncc of Francis Lewis, the bifhop.
The mint is a noble (fructure, with a t'pacious portico,
where vatl numbers of bones and horns bang between
the arches ; the former are faid to be thole of giants, and
the latter the horns of the oxen that drew tlu ifones of
v.'iiii-h the antient cathedral «•.;•; built.
Since this citv h.is been laid in afhes by the French, it
hn^ little left bcfides the fliadow of its former beauty.
'Fhi- ri.hcit traders, conliderin /, how much both they and
their anccHors had futf'eied on account of their lying fo
rpen to France, retired to Frankfort and Holl.ind ; lo that
tne principal trade of the citv, and the fiipport of the in-
ti.ibitnnts, depends on the bifhop and his chapter. The
citizens are, however, very complairaiu to iiranacrs. It
is faid th.u there is fo much vacant ground in the city
n«, by bciiiL' planted with vines, annually yields hfteen
hiinrfred fodders of wine, each containing two hundred
aii.l fifty KiigliOi gallons ; and it ,3 fo much clfeemed,
that the magiiirates make prelliif of it, witli fome t'lfli,
t'l princes and other travellers ofq\iality. 'I'he fine plain
in which the city Hands abounds with corn, viney.ods,
a;ul fruit trees i and here grows that Rhenifh viiiie,
U'liith, liom its delicious talte, is called our ladv's
milk.
'I'he r.nate, or fupreir.c council of ^Vcins, is compofed
of iwen(v-livo members, thirteen of which are for life,
'/'he city has the fourth feat on the bench id" the impc-
ri.d cities of the Rhine, and likewife votis in the diet of
the circle of the Upper Ilhine. The billiops of Worms
h.ive often cunteffed its independence, and both by bof-
tilitiirs and excoinmunication h.ive extorted conventions,
among whith that o!" 1519 is particul.ulv remarkable, it
being agreed, that in luits exceeding lifty guilders, .ui
nppi-iil lies fiorn the city couit lothat of the biihop; but
il, hefoie the appeal be entered upon, the appellant peti-
tions for the removal of his caufe to the eiiiiieior, or the
aiilie-eoiiiuil, the b'lliop mull not only comply, but
traiilmit the pipt rs.
The re isfcaiceanv place fo f.unrus for interviews ot
fovcri i'Mvi, the nuptials of kings and princes, and other
lolimnities ; fevcralditts have alio been held here. 'I'his
was the place where the icformation began in 1525, and
111 the year 1745 king (ic.irge IL took up bi^ i|iiarters in
tills city, and lodged .it the billiop's p .l.ice .liter the b.it-
tle 01 UettiiUii n.
/•?^.
S K C T. II.
0/ iL' A'y/.'s^Nv of iji'iREs.
Ill Siludti".)!, r.::lt>it, im.-! Fulilily. Ti ■■ 4i nn, Pi'n.a,.'et,
ii'id C'.iU^n rj' the Viljhjp ; xiitl) a c.i:,!f{ fh/hiy mil U. ■
Jalptivi ofthi Cit'm :.f Spins and Phliipjiu!^.
TlIK bifli-ipric (,f . 'spires, or Spire, is feared on thr
banks of th-- Rhine, and is for the molt p.iii
environed by the electoral I'alatinate ; but is in loniK
pi, ices bounded by the marLTavatc of Kadeii Diirlach, e>,-
tending thirty-twti mile;, in its i^reatTt length, and tweUc
in breadth.
Jt ii p.inly wooJv ar.d partly mnuntain'iu ;, but enjoy.'.
good aiable land;, and has groves of chLfnuts, almonds,
and vineyards. It is a pleafaiu country ; but tb.c native:,
wanting a vent for their commo'lities. the I'alatinate bv
which It is enciof.jd being equally fertile, arc very poor ,
belidcs, the pj.iple have frcipiir.tly fuh'ered the cdanii-
ties of vvar.
The arms of the birn;';iric arc .a crofs argent in af;cid Ar*rtS-
azure.
The bifliop of ,S;i;re3 is fubjvfi: to the archbifliopof
Mentz, lu.twitliftai'Ji:;:; '.vhich he is a prince of the cm-
|iire, and in the cotineil of the princes h:is a feat and
voiceon the I'pii'itu.d -bench between the bifliops of Aich-
Itadt and Stradiu.-g, and takes the fecund place at tin-
diets of the circle of the Upper Rhine.
The feat ol the iMthedral and rhiipter is in the inipe-
tial citv of Spire. 'I'he ch.ipter coalit's ot lourteen ca-
pitulars and thirteen doniicelli.
The colleges here are the regency, theepifcopal vicar-
fliip, the auhc-jurifdiciion, and the aulie-chamber.
'I'he piiiicipal places in thii bdhopne are tl;e lollow-
ing t
'I'he city ( f .Spire, or Spires, is featrd in a delightful
plain, <ui tht call fide of the Rhine, where it receives
the fiiiall river of Spirebach, in the forty-ninth degree J^g: j.i),
twenty iiiiiiutes lu.rih latitude, and in the eighth degre.;
twenty minutes call longitude, fixteen miles to the fculh-
wcll of Heidelberg. Its (jerriian name is Speir, and in
Latin it is called Spira, Noviomagus, or Numetum,
and is thought to have been built by the Helg.x-. The
Romans after its falling into their bands augnient'-d and
wailed it, c>n account of the convenience of the pall'age
into Cjcrmany j but it was taken and plundered by At-
til.i in 451, and never rc.-overcd thi; dlfaller till the
time of (jl-.arlcmaLT.c, who built here a royal palace. 'Yhc
emperor Hcnrv 1\ . cncK.fed it with walls and ditches,
kept i'.is treaiurc b.cre, made it an imperial city, and
built manv noble fhuCtures, particularly the cathedr.il,
in which iic and feveral bidiops were buried. Arlcngili
the Spaniards took this city ; but foon abandoited it on
the approach of the bwedes, and carried oft' the artil-
Krv, gun- powder, and f.dt-pctre, after having exaeled
eiidit ihoufand rixdollar, from ibe inhabitants. Th..-
Swedes took polUlTion of it ; but not being able to fpaitt
troops for gariifoning the pliKC, they denKdiflicd it. In
ibSS it was taken bv the F'rench, who the next vear,
upon the approach of the Germans, burnt molt of the
cit\, with the c.uhe.'r.il, fiiue which difailer it has not
rccoicrej its piilline I'l.hndor ; for after its total dellruc-
tion by the French in il'Sq, and lying w.ifte ten years,
on tl'.e pc.;ce of Ryl'wic it w.is rebuilt, but with lefs
beauty.
Vm: choir of the cathedr.il is beautifully repaired;
but the Cupel 1) marble nionunieiits of eight en'perors and
thiee eiiipreli'cs were bn ken in pieces by the F'rench,
who alfo (i|ieiicd ,ind piil.iged the vtiults, and threw a-
bout the bones of the illuilrious dead. This church has
a large revenue ; but is cxpcnccs are alio large. ISe-
fuU s three other found.ition' , among which is a college
of Jcdiits, there are feveral popifli parifh churches, con-
vent-, and iiunii' lies. The l.iitheians, indeed, cut-num-
ber the othi.r inhabitant.s ; but have only two churches
and an academy ; and the Calvinills, whofe number is
not coiifiderable, have only one church. The macif-
trat.'i ot th: city are of the Lutheran pcrlualain.
Thij
% ii
fill
I: i-
'Mi
m-.
-V • mm
''4 Lliii
. ■ S I
■ fl'l' iji'
! i
M
M
!!'■
9^ri
A S Y S T F. M O F G F'. OCR A P 1 1 Y.
II
£$:>£
Tlii,; city h:-"' tho nr.h 1' .it ;\ni(in; ilm impi-ri il citiis
rf liic linle nt' tlv.; Rliiiic, ailJ votcj in tlK I'lict ul' tliv
cpjii" U'line.
'I'l. iir rlicrs arc illviil .1 iiiti) tirti".ii r"mp.'.iiii'.:, mit
of wiii.li .1 tctt.iiii luinilur j^ c;.oli'M, w.ioh.iVi: iIk t\t-
tiilivi' p .wi r.
A iif.v I'illiop, bi-f(irL' his cntr.inrc into tlic citv, is (il)-
litr^'J ID r:i1ul-. ili<- tonipl.iints of i.u' iuli.ili;t.uu-. ; niui
iUUTVv.irds fuiiiU', oil lioiU'liiu Ic ill tlic open ;;ir, lutwccii
tiic twi) oininnoll g.itis, which iliiiiiH; the ciicnioiiv
lire Hint, wiili OIK' liaiul in liis lift liitill, he pnmuuii-
ii's a 1'li.iuii^ on i:h' tity i then binJi hinili,!! n it ti> in-
(Vin^c !!> priviii.;',i's i hut r.illitr to vindic.iti: miil iiu'rt.ui;
fhi'm, ::iiii to iui- in li.irmniiy with the illlv^llit;ull^. He
thiji iiKikcb his puii'ic iiitry, aini i.ic tiii/.in:. pi'.y liiiii
Jioini'.'c.
IK-lo'o tlif iKIlnicTion nithis city liy the French, the
inip'^ri,.! chaniher w.is hilil hire; niul in i 529, :i diet
was held in this city that wa:. p ciili.iriv leniaikahle, as
liaviiii; iiiveii rile to the name ol I'lotelKmls.
l'hili,ilbiir;T was at liitt- a fni .11 toivn called rnd'^n-
heim ; but lunj coiueiiitntly for coninuiiJin;; liie au-
ji-ent coiinliv, Philip, billicp of Spire;;, chofc it for liis
r.li.lcn.e, fortihcd it with feven roval b.iUions, and at
]e:v;th LV. . it ills own name. Hut the cci'ibiiii d ele,-
tor.s an.l p/mev-s, particularly Fred.'ric V. elctor I'.iia-
tin.-, as ia,.,\.T;. r, with tlie iiia-^ravc of IJaden-nurbuh,
fufiic-t.iK; tr.e ;>i(liop's deii;;n in fortifyiiif; this place, or-
ilcie.i liiiii to defifl ; but he relulid, alled^iiij.', til 't he
liad ',\.K e.i'.pcr:'r'.s pldcart to warrant what he bad done.
Up Jii '.vlii.;li ih'jfe piiih-es a^'iecd at ,111 aliliiihly fi.
1 11 111-
^'.ir.
yv.:::v i .it
II,
iariiii, to f.nil t.'.iilitr four thoufaiij horfe
fiut, wi;h twelve huiulied pioniers, and the neeel-
..: .iH'.TV, who on the hftteiith of June 161!', de-
,! iiK.k polUdion of the place, and u|Hin this
KM
U<
111 , . ,
ta/.. I .mI ii« r.iri.lici.tinns i for which ihe ciiiperur funi-
inoni'd I lit fe princes litfoie t;ic clianibcr of Spires, and
cKr..!'cd to proceed a^'ainlt the m with she utmoll Lverity.
'I'liii w.is one of the caafes of the thirty yeais civ.l
\v.ii ill Ge many.
'Mii.i city ha-: fiilK^red fcvcn ir.cmarahle rie^;cs in the
fpicc of an InuiJ.-ed years, and its works have at difi'c-
rent times b'.en preath' increafed : particularly Lewis
XIV. of Fiance in iI)6d, cvtenJed its tbriiii-atioiis to
tlf Rhine, wiiicli lies a quarter of a league from the
town, and over the j;reat gate ciufed an inferiptioii to
lie put up, " I hat this fortrefs he lhen^',thened as a
" nioiuiiiient of his own valour, and of the recovery of
•' the libeitv of the Germ.ins, far the terror of hi.eiie-
'' iries, the fupport of hisall.e-, and the feciiiity of the
" French ;" concluding; with thel'e words, " What he
" (huts no man opens, and what he opens no n..in
" fiiuts." I'ut ill 1678, it was retaken by the Imi^eri.i-
lid-, when the emperor ordered that iufiription to be c-
r.i/.ed, and aiuiiher to be put up, " J'iiat I.'.opoM, tiie
" emperor, h.ivini; undertaken a ncceflliry war, took
"■ this iertref) by fiegc, that it mi ',ht be a nioiiuniint
" to pofKrity ot bis bie.ikinjr (,!'[■ ilie ytike ot iI.hu\'
'• fioin the neek o' Libery," concliidin^j; with " W'liat
" their neb (hut, the Ciermans open." 'Fhe Cierm.,iis
li;i'. !i!;r tiiii'-- rci;.-;iii' d it after a fn-ite of four months, it
was i;-,M);cd thvin by the pea.ve ot Niinegiicii. Hut in
i'l'i'i-, liie French retook it, and it was lelbired to tlie
caipiie bv the treaty of Ryfivie in l(")7, with its fo'ti-
t.iiIo!:~ .. ) tjic li.'ht fi 'e ; hut thofe on tlie left, tojjctlu-r
witi' tbebiidgc, wei"? demolidicd. 'I'liis place was taken
a;aiii bv the Kreiuii in 1754, after a lung and bloody
11 ;;.., II) which the finiou-, duke of Berwick, natural fmi
to kii'ir James II. was killed bv a cannon b.ill, beiween
his uvo ^Mjiidlons, a'- he went to take a new of the
ttendit;- : but it w.is redored in 1739
The tiiwii beloiu^s to the bifliop of .Spires, who has
an office heie i but it is confulercd as a fortrefs (d' the
empire, and h.is a governor and commandant appointed
by it. 'File callle, which i^ the r (Idence of the biOiop
of Sp'Ks, is faid to be a ii'hle pile which (lands in a
pi lin luToiin led with marfllCb ; but the town is inuch
faliei! 10 dccav.
S E C T. 11 r.
Thi Rijkp'h of Ft- 1. DA.
Ill Sliiiulrn, I'xiirilt ami Rirfis. t'l't Rdipomf lie /„.
I'aiir.ini. 'Ill' litti, .tliii, tti:il Firicj^nlivts rf ihi
li'.jh-.p ; :vith il D,j[iiitiin rf tl.i Ciif of FuitLi.
FL I,l).\ i- fnrroundr.l b\- I li lii-, the counties of Ifm-
Inn,; and li.in.iu, Iht bilhopiie of '.Vurt/huru', iiiul
tlie pniKciy county ot Miin.bin\s c.xtendini^in i:s
ijreaiilt kiijiih ("ixtv-two miles, and in its grcattll bicidtli
upwards ot till tv liven miie^.
It is a niouni.iinous and woody country j but has rich
ar.ible Luid--', and f.ill l|,riiu,s. lis piincipal rivers ate
the Fulda, whieh riiis lieie, and ihe a.dj, which illu.s
out of tlic teriiloiy ol VV'iiit/dnirj.'.
It toniaiiis lixiy paiifli, and iiiiu iv four (ili.il churchev
ainoni; uliicli nine of til.- p.ndll, »nd a lew of liie lilul
ihiireins are Fiitnii.ni \ but ihe reii pnpdb.
Ihe title of tlie b (hop of Fulda run- thus, Binvm
and .di'aot of Fulda, piiiice of the holy Rom, in enipiie
aich- hancellur of tin ui.;ning Koniaii cinprifs, priiuaie
of all ( !■. rnianv ;nid ( i.iul.
i he ,11111:, III I'lii.ia ,iie a bhiik ciol-, in a liiu:
gent.
'Flit bifliop and abbot has a I'c.it and vc.ieein tbecnui,-
cil ol the princes ol tiicempiie, and is .11,, ,1 nie T'Ikc
of the liuleof iheL'pper Rl.iiie. I'liO hluh chu 1
conlills of liftceli perfoiis, and the hii;h toilet', • i.s to,,.
pofed of the lei^eiKy and tli feudal cour;, tlic lpi:iii!.,i
vicarlliip, and the aulic chan.ber.
T"lie bilhop, who is (iiliordiiiatc to the pope alone,
has lour gitat oilicers of (Kite, rich cijuipages, a m;i;;-
nilicent l,ouii]o!d,a coinp.iiu (il horfc guards well cloatii-
cd and mounted, and a rtginunt ot toot g'.iards.
'Fl,is bifliopric is divided into twenty little bailiwics,
the principal place in which is,
F'ul.la, the capital and relidentiarv town oflhebifh p.
tic, is le.ited on the river bul.la, and owes its oii^ni.d
to the abhev, near which w.is at (lilt a vill.it;c, wliiih
be:nt; enlarged, was about the year 1162, (iir,"iiiu!ij
with w.dU, and ended into a town, it has j ruy.d
p.ilaee built Willi free (Fine, and the priKip„l Ciuicli
isdedicitid toChiilt. The coll.|;ia;echuicn of Si 1;,,.
iiilace wa, aiuieiilly call.d the p.liilll cHurih ot o;,
lilaife i but in the vear 1^50, the , hapter of S;. W ni.
face, which till lliat time had coiitii.iird at Great 1: ir-
(la, was tr.inlljicl to l-'iilda i it has .dfo a collcj'c of J....
fuits, witii a gvinuariuin and p.'p.il leininarv. a n.niKiy
(il Beiiedieliius, and an uiiuiUity loui.d^d by liie biiii'jp
in tli.' year \~ ^\.
S K C T. IV.
7'V L,:n.l'rai;,U rf Hks-e.
hi S:f'::li >i, /.■,»/, 1,/, Pra,liH-.\ im.l liiirrs. Of th,: Dirli
1 1 tl, CjI.i.I')., tie Piacg^i.live: rf the ihi.fis r,f H,lh--
' ('■■Jill '•'■■i i>'f' Dm njtuilt \ ihtii- lillti, Jims, puru;
('f'iis, ahil dull,, Kiii/iuii, Fjii\s, and pnmilut
1 iUlli.
TIIF 1.111, l_;ravatc of IIiiTe terminates on the bifliop.
lie of Fulda, the piiiiupalily of Hersfeld, riiuriii-
;;i,i, and F.ith-feld, as alio on that of CdenheiL:, "he
bifliopiits cif I'adi rborn an.l W'.ddec, and (he du'ciiy of
\\'i I'.plialia. This landgravate is above ninety-five iiiiies
in len;;th.
'Fhe country i> for the mof} part hilly and woadv ;
but has pic.i'aiit valleys, and is iiueifperfed with gmij
corn anil p:.(ture-laiids. It alio [irodiues plenty (,t ex-
cellent will'-, and particularly abounds in cattle. With
refpecl to minerals, (ilver, copjier, lead, and iron are at
prclent found in p.ieat ipKinlilies in this country; as al-
io alliini, vitriol, pit-coal, lulphur, boles, a portilain
, c.iith, marble, and al.dialKr. It ha-. Iikewife f.iU (pMiii;s,
I baths, and mineral wat.ti, v, ii!i an uncuninio;i plenty
I cd" I'aine and IKli.
W;:a
f. U R O 1'
IIe5.se.
With I .liRvl tn llic liv'frr., tli- |iriiul|)il an- llic I'liinc
and the M.tiiK-, witli the I.an, cr l,.i:-.ii, wliicliallci I".-
iivT joiiicil l)y many fm.illi i llrcam,, falK into the Rliinc;
t.lc I'uM.i, vvhicli (jiDiccds iV.mi itio ludmiiric <it that
liaiHL', and lalli iiitu the Wciia ; aiul tlic Diiniul, wlui.li
luiis into th:: Wcfcr.
The llaits (if HcMl- Caflcl ronfift fult nf the ;ir;!atC5,
thifc are coiniiolUI of the convutulcry ot the I eutoiii''
tidcr liir Hclie, at Maihurg : vt the lednr and knatc of
the unucifity <>! Marbiiri; : of the four provolh «l the
ijiionries ot Kuntfaiiiten and Wetter, and the yovemora
ot levcral h<)fpital> l"hc other parts of which the (tales
^re Ciiinpofcd, are the ii(i!)i.ily, who are dillinijuifiied hy
iiie five rivers Laliii, Schwahii, Kiilda, Werra, and
])itiii'l: and lalMy, the towjis, whi^h arc alio divided
actordiiig to tlic toiintrieb lying on thefe five riverii, in
tjcli of wiiith is a funiiiioniiii^ town tliat fends two re-
pulciitJtivis to the t'eneral and particular diets ; hut the
other towns alhll at thcni only in turns, aecordin;^ to a
fctiLd rocntion.
ill the diets of HelTe CaflVl and HcfTe-Uarniftadt prc-
fiJes the hereditary marflial. 'I'he fovercign ot both
hollies may aflemblc at plcafure any particiiUu diet, and
then the landgrave ot Helli^-Calfel lends ordeis throiigh-
iijt his whole country lor thcni to appear hy their di ()ii-
tic:. Calli.! IS ^a-nerally the place ol airembly lor ihoU-
of Hcfie-Cad'el ; but they (oinetinics meet at I'reyla.
'Jhe diets of HeUe-Darniltadt are invariably held at
Ciicflen, and in both the foverei[^n is repielented by a
tommillioncr.
The houfc of Heire-CalTcl forms one of the flatcs of the
talvindt religion, and that ol Helle-lXirinlladi ot the
Lutheran; ol the collateral lines Rothcnburi^ ij I'opifli,
anJ Homburg and Philipfdale Fiotcllaiits. It being known
ill the v.ar 1754, ihat I'rcderic the herciliiary piinceof
[Idlc-Callel had, in 1749, embraced the Roinifti reli-
rrioii, that prince voluntarily drew up and continued by
ojtli .:n inlVrument deel-.i-ing, that his prelent and tutuie
ciiiUreji (houMbc brought up and int'.ruiited only in the
1'tJti.lUiit religion ; and that on his accetlion to the po-
vL'fiimtnt, no manner of alteration f)ioiild be made with
leliicct to relij^ion ; but that he would prcfctve it in
every paiiicular as it then Ifood unmoltlted and entire.
Ill tkiie arc two fc:vcrcii;n families, between whom
^'! t;ic Heffian territories are divided, namely, tiiole ot
CdLI anJlJarmitadt ; but many articles have cniuinucd
liciiniinon, as, I- The feudal powtr and invediturc of
l',-"ruices of VV'aldec, which has ever been performed
in the n.mic of both landgraves. 2. The joint court ot
ii,'";icc at Marburg, which haj its judge and allellois,
iViili whom, ill pioeelles of above a thouland guldens of
..iM.aii appeal las to the aulic-couneil ; but il it exceeds
ili-iv one hundred, to the court of revilioiis. 3. The
Kiirtof revilion, or appeals, held altematelv iix years
.l.Maiburg, and fi.x at Ciiclicn. 4. 'J'he poriioning of
thcprineelils, to which the fiibjects of both fovcrcigns
cniuributc. 5. iioth lovereigns have arbitrators, which
arc cl-.olen in difputes betwceen them, and to whole ver-
liiih thfv fubmit.
'I'heir titles are alfo nearly the fame ; as landgrave of
lltni'ipiinceofHersfeld, count K.atzcncllLnbogen, IJiaz,
Zie"ciihavn, Nidda, and Sehomberg ; to which Hi-lfe
Call''! adds llanau and Ikilc Dar.nlladt, Ifenbur^, and
iiadaucn.
fc/<. The arms of Ifille arc a fliicld twice longitudinallv
divided, and three times traiilvcrfcly, with a fcmhcon
rf pretence azure, the Hdiin lion argent, and three
diadems gules. In the full dexter Hiield ar:;eiit, is a
imtriarchal crofs gules, for the priiicip.ilitv ol Hersfeld.
Ill the fecond (hicid, party per led'e, table and <ir, with
J Ibr ;ir"enl, for the county ol Zicgenhayn. 'I'he third
litlj has a lion rampant gules crowned ariire, for Kat-
zciiclleiibogeii. The louith field gules, two lions patlant
or, for tlje county of Diet/., The fifth field p.iity per
fdfc, or and fable, two fhrs with eight points argent,
for the county of Nidda. 'I'he lixth field party per bend,
gults and argent, within a nettle leaf on three (egments,
111 each of which is a carnation argent, for Sehomberg.
'Ihc landgrave William added the Hanau (hield, which
is quarterly ; in the lirft and fourth fields or, three chc
vrons gules, for the county o! Hanau ; but 11: tlic (econd
64
H'
and third field or, ihr^e bends iriiles, foi tliC county of
Keinee , likewife .1 Iciitcheoii of pretence paity per fi lie,
or and argent, (or the l.irdOiip of Mun/,eiibei|;. Tlic
landgrave:, ot I Irlle-lJ.iimff.idt alfo :idd tr> the arms o''
Kenburg and Miidingcna (hicld argent, two bendleis fable.
I he two collateral piinccs of Helli-Caliel bear the Hcf-
liiin fliield alone J but Iholie of the line of Uaimlladt aJJ
to it the arms of llcnburg.
Both He(ie-C'.illi.l and HffTc-Darmftadt have a privy-
council. Ill the former are two regencies, viz. one at
Cilh I for Lower Hell'c, and the other at Marburg. In
flelle-Darmdadtarc alfo the fame number, oncatGitfTcn
and one at Darmltadt.
\\ iih refpcitt to the courts at law, there arc the joint-
court ol julliee held at Marburg j befides which ccclefiaf-
tieal and niatiimonial cafes come before the two confif-
tories of Hede-Callel, held at Cade! and Marburg; and
thole for (led'e- Darmd.idt at GielFen and Darmftadt.
lor the trial of noblemen, or pcrfons of eminence guilty
ot any geat crime, a particular ciiminal court, if dclired,
is erected.
With refpcit to the taxes, ordinary and extraordinary,
thecouniiy feats of the nobility, with the lands and
elie>:ts belonging to the clergy and the fcliools, are ex-
empt fiom ttic ordinary taxes ; but with regard to the
extraordinary ones, the lour hofpitals, with the tenaiitj
and I. lids ot the p'lells and fchools, are cxcep-cd. 'J"hc
provincial chcit is under the management of four rc-
ceivers-gener.il, who enjoy their office for life, and thefe
noiiiiiiaie the collectors. The uniiual revenue of the
hiiidgrave of Hcdb-CiillLl is computed by fomc authors at
a hundred and twenty thoiifand pounds a year, and that
of liede-Darmfladt at about half this funi.
Call'el and Darmftadt have each their wai-!ifiitc, ai d
the landgrave of Heire-Cadcl condantly keeps on foot
twelve battalions and eight fquadrons, with a troop of
huliari and three hundred matrolK?s. Hede-Uarmlladc
maintains a body of horfe guards, two fquadrons of dra-
goons, and lour battalions of regular militia.
1 he principal city belonging to the fovereign- houfc of
HelFi; Cad'el is the city ofCaficl, which is leatcd on the
river t'lilda, and flows between the Old and New Town,
111 the fifty-firll degree eighteen minutes noith latitude, -,'/
and in the ninth degric thirty-eight minutes cafl longi- ' ^■
tud;, and has adonc-biidge erefled o\cr the river. The
Old Town, which is the largeft and inoft confiderable,
tornis a femicircle on a hill, and, like the Lower New
(own, is old-f.ilhioned ; but the French, or Upper New
Town, is very regular and handfomc ; and between itaiij
the Old Town lies the efplanadc, which is delightfully
planted with rows of trees. The palace of the prince i»
of free-done and very liandl'omc both within and without j
it (lands in the (Jld Town, on the banks of the Fulda,
but is a didincl fortification. In the Lyceum is an
anatoniic.il theatre, a mul'eum, a csHe^ium Curelinum, a
cabinet of antiques and natural curiolities, and an obler-
vatorv well furnidied with indruments. Over the liable
is the Ibvcreign's lib.ary. As all the public offices meet
here, the building defigncd for their ul'e is a noble piece
of architeiture. The ailcnal is of tr. e-doiie, .ind con*
tains arms for twenty-five thoufand men, and in the
room under it arc two hundred cannon ; it has a
foundcrv, which (lands at a fm.ill dillancc. In the
French New Town the landgrave William VIIj. has
added to the houle in which he formcilv lived, a fine
gallery of paintings. In this Upper New Town is alfo
a beautiful church ; but the principal church in Cadel is
that of St, Martin's abbey in the Old Town, in which
lies the burial-place of the princes, and near it is a pub-
lic Latin Ichool, In the Old Town are likcwile two
churches, one of which belongs to the gariifon ; and on
the ramparts a third belonging to the Lutherans, the
firdllone of winch was laid in the year 1734. The way
fiom the palace-bridge over the lefit;r Fulda leads to the
pi luce's flower-garden, near which is a large green-houfe,
.ind an elegant marble bath. In the center of the garden
is a fpacious balon, in the midtt of which is a beautiful
mount. This delightful place is furrounded by the
(jrcat and Little Fulda.
At Cadel are nianufaftures of cloth, duff's, gold-lacc,
hats, (ilk and worded dockings, and other commodities,
I' P P The
■3S.
W^
,y '
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1
il'''M
1
I
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1
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p
11
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, *li'f^
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i :|j
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i4«
A SYSTEM OF G E O C. R A 1' H V.
Wa
'I'^ic plcMfiiri- liour;3lvlonp;in.' to the prince arc Krrj'iii-
lii^tei), wliirh 1k'5 at the ciiil ot :v nuJ Iradiii;.'; Iiorii
l.nd'cl, pl.iiit il (111 iMcli Ii If wiih tici'^ ; VVcilliiill.in-
liinili', .ilic) iK.ir t'.iflM ; ;iii.l at ;i (in;ill ilithiiicc Iroiii i: is
C':irl(liir(:;, wlirri' c nn ailiiiii.iljli.- raltM.lc, In-f^iin 1>V tlic
l.iiK'giavc C'liitlrs. On c.ich liJe aic ci;;lit luiiulinl li^pi
Ic.iJin:; up a hill, and at ihc top is .1 i;r,inil pyramid oT
liii^c (}iini.'« arr,iiif;cJ in a traiiCvrifi: and vcrlii:.il politi'.n,
.ind (iiriiiDiiMtdl hv a Ilcroiilcs nl" cnppcr tliirty (ret liiyh.
The pro('p;\ I here is imxprcnihiy fine. The eafcade W.a
four iilaitiiinis with alpaeious li.il'on inc.uh. Near the
upper bal ■'II il a I'plcndid grotto of l.ir;'e rou;.'h hewn-
lloiies, tliat liidl; an it' only pl.ieeil upon e.ich e.ther
witluHit ceni'nt, Inthcfecnnd is a roek confiltiiij; ol'
heapj </f (l.>ii."i J'TpjIed in a tniilt luiuitilul ront'iilion,
and uiulrr it a ;,i.nit !yl;i:; on his hack, and ejcifting a
itreani (>r water lix inelies HI diameter, to tlic height of
tolly (Vet, while the crvHallinc water talliii;; licaily pcr-
jiendiciil.ii, winds through apertures whicli art alnuill
impciccptilile in iniuimerahle nu.'.nders. 'Ihc defcent of
the calV.'.de ( n each Ii Ic the bafon eoiilills entirely of larpc
tquaie flones over which the water runs about an iiuh
in 1! pth, r;ii I a little way forward over a thin (hctt of
lead about three inches brosd, precipitatinj; itlilf fiom
one pl.uf.irpi- Cone to another, and having the appear-
ance of crvltalliiK" mirrors ; but hv a fpc^tatar ftandin;^
r.t the bottom, llie brilliancy, when the fun plays his
he.nns upon it, cannot be \ icwed without admiration.
'I'll- water for this work i-: bro:ijiht from lever.'.l llreanis
>ip the mountain, and c'dlniLd in a refervoir one luinJrtJ
feet del p, and of coiifiderable extent.
Marpurl^ or Marburg, the capital of Upper Helle, is
feated on a hill lu.ir the river l/.ihn, in the (il'tieth de-
gree f irty-lbur minutes north latitude, and in the eij;luh
decree fiftv-three niintiies eafl loni;itiidc ; and above it
is a fortified callle that was once the rvfuicncc of the
landprave of Hili'e. Befules the foverei.Mi com ts and
public ofTiees, it has an academy for tlaflical learninij,
■with three churches, one of which is French, and the
Lutheran church of St. Klizabeth, in which it is pre-
tended that faint lies interred. Her monument is pi. t- 1
ed over with iilvcr gilt, adorned with a profulion of pearls, j
in this church have alfo been buried feveral of the land-
graves of Heir.-. The CJermnn-houfe is tlie refidence of
the provinci.d comiTiander of the Teutonic order for
Hcfle, and the commander of Marburg ; and ne.ir it
Ifands Kli'ijl-ah'j htitjiital, the ciir-; of which St. J:^li/.i-
beth, they f.iy, recranmenJed to the above order. Tf.c
provincial commander, by the convention of Callel,
15 chol'cn alternatelv from each of the three reiigions.
'I'hc prince of lied';; has afinef^id of horfcs hcf.
Marburg hai been twice dcllioyed by fire, and in 1 529
.1 folcmn but fruitlefi conference was field here between
Liith''r an^l i\!el incthon cm the one fivle, ami Zuinglius
and CLVohmipadiiis on the other. Towards the dole of
t!ic ve.'r 1615, and tl'.e lieg inning of 1646, this town and
caflle were taken, .ifitr a fuiio«seannonading,by the troops
of Ca.Tel, wb.ieh ll'.c prinecfs Amelia Kli-^abeth, at that
time rerrcnt ol Callel, lent againll it
'•l>Ef.
I''rederir II. Ii.h added .1 liin.lfoinc new town, in wlnti,
an orph.in-hoiif. anil alnis-houfe have been ciwirj
by the (iriir e, who is pioprietor of thne prelfclntaic,
in the territories of Magdiliurg and the llalligr.Udt
exclulive ol other perfon.il lights and rcvumo. '
S K C T. V.
'lie Cinily cf Wai.DEC.
Its Siiunlicn, I\\lril, mil I'lilin;: Ti'i- /!f/ij;i;ii ,„i,/ .\r,,.
milWIui-n rf i/v Ou'iHy. Tht litUs aiul OJjha -J ,'/,)
Piina\ aid a Dijiripiicn o/ihe [iiiicil'iil7iwni.
Till', county <if Waldee is bounded on the north
bv the clifeef.- of IVidiiborii; to the laltwaul |,.
Ilellf, and llie eledorale of .Menf/ ; to the (outliwanj
alfo bv Ilrlli'i ,\\v\ to the wellwaril by ihc (lutehv of
N^'illphalia ; eMendiiig, according In Dr. Itiifehiii'>', j.
bout twenty-light miles in length, and twenty- tlirec ii,
bre.ulth.
I his country abounds in grain and cattle It has ;i].
(o large woods, and Ihc mountains contain iron, IciJ
copper, and even fiime gold, which is elleenud cunal
ri value to that of Hung iry. Of the gold gathered cut
01 the Kdcr the prince has eaufed ined.ils tu be Itnulf
and a niagnilicent lide-board of plate to be nude. Some
parts alfo afford .ilab.iller, marble, and Hate.
'/"his country contiins thirteen towns and a niarltct
village. 'I'he llates are compofed of the nobility ;,r,a
to^Aiis. It is only on extraordinary oceafions ih it the
whole body of the (talcs arc convened j for on ordinary
oeealious, none meet but the nobility and the reprcfcn-
tatives of the three deputy towns.
'I'hc greatrlt part of the inhabitants arc Lutheran?
and the reft CalmiiUs, except a few who arc of the lu'
; pidi religion, '
I '1 he manufac'lurcs of this country are coarfe cloth
, barragons, ci.lamancos, dimity, ratine, and other lluffj*
I paper, and irreat i|uantilies of hard-ware.
■ The titles of the VValdec family are, Prince of the
j fiered Romr.n empire, count of I'yrmont and Rappolt-
I Itein, lord of Hohencck an* Uerolfeek, &c.
The prince of WaKlec has not yet obtained a feat and
vote in the college of piinces ; but cnioys a feat at the
diet of the eiiele of the Upper Rhine.
The piinre has a p.iivy-eouncil and court of fiift, 3
rezency, a chamber of iinanccs, a forclf court, arii j
court ()( law. Ihc two l.ilf courts are compofed of the
f.inie niemb.T., who alio, in coiijun£tion with the ije-
neral,and one fuperintendant, (oriii the con(iltory. J'ri,m
the court of law an appeal lies to the thanccrv. (Jicr
the prei'ecturates prefijc four judges, who are fuboreinatc
to a rural chii.f juliicc.
'Hie principal plaecs in this county are the followiiiu;
Coibach, the cipital, and the fiiil of the thre.i- dt--
jiuty towns, is alio the feat of the high court of juliice,
and confidsof theOld and XewTown, each of whidihas
(iird'en ij a (oilifiid town on the river Lahn, and has it-- church. In that belonging to the New Tow
an old cj(!l-,' and arltnal. In thii town, alternately with
Marhiir'.'. ij held the joint court of appeals : it i.i like-
wife the fe.it o( the regency, a confidory and fiijierinten-
dcm y, and has al(ii a Lutheran univcilitv founded
here in i6c-, a clalTical academy, and two ehurencs.
It is (iilMcct 10 the houfe of Hede-Darmlfadt, and ib de-
fended by a lirjng wall and regular fortitication-i.
Darndadt ii feated on a river of the (amc name, in a
fruitful and pleafant country, and has a very (tatelv pa-
lace belonging to that branch of the Heilian huufe to
■which it 'jives name. It has .dfo a regency, a court of
appeals, a corifillory, and a grammar Ichool, and in the
church arc the vaults of the princely faniilv. It is en-
compaliol with a wall, and has (everal (ubuibs, near
which is an crphan-houl'e.
Ilomburg, a town fubieft tothc houfe of He(li;Hom-
burp, by whom it wa-i built, anil inhabited by two
French colonies, contains a palace in which that piince
refi;!' s. ljo;h th-; Luther.-m ; and Calvrnills lien; enioy
the public exercife of their religion. Tne lanlgrave
Hatel
■■n IS a niol;
monument of marble and alabadcr, that takes up
one (ide of the choir, and was eredtcd by the republic of
the United I'loviiues to (Jcorge Frederic of VValdec,
who was lield-marlhal of tlieir torces, In the New Town
IS alfo a gyiiinarmm of fi.\ clall'es, and (even nialkrs.
Wildungen, a town feated on a hill, ami the fccr.iij
•L-puty town, is both larger and better built than Old
\yildungen ; it has a Latin fchool, coniaiinng five
dalles, and an orphan-hoiii'e. In the choir belyngin^ |,,
the church, the re|)ublic of \'eniec here creeled a linj
iiKMiument ot alalijfler to the memory of Julias prints
ol \V ildee, who commanded their armies with great re-
putation.
Arolfen, a regulir built, thriving town, feated ncir
the river Aars. The piince's pal.ice, of which priiic;;
l''redeiic Anthony Ulrie was hiinlelf architect, nuke; a
grand appearance. All the above-mentioned offices aiiJ
etdleges, except tlie i iii.rf court of jultiee, aie held Im,:
Bclides the Liuhcian eliuich, the Calviniihand Rumniis
have alio their. Thb town Itandi at the end of a no.
I'll)
H
hlc avenue, forrr
jLiecl in liiigili.
O
hi Siitdi'nK, lixi
C'ily of Uiiiiau,
•WAU 1,1 ex
t,' e dioeeli; c
irid Fr.iix'i'ort ; e
ic/igth ; hut (onie |
Tlie foil H len
and ve ;erable«, all
kinds. It h.is alfo
whreh arc vfrv lich
f,ilt-p,inj. Great
wood-.
Thiv C'liintry lies
run all the fnialler
mnng tli.le the chit
latter of which is ji
III the fi.ttccnth C(
t'r.ranilln ; but in r
t.'ic opinions of Cil
ihfieare fiill I'ome L
rliurcli, who arc pen
pion. Trade and in
'j,-,'i- in t.'ie city of \
The ruling count (
I'.Tof the college of
Mu; hut the lanJfr:
(r.m them, and in jj
per Rhine. The inc
H..1UU .'rorn liis fevera
cJiiiaK.ve five hundi
In thi, county are fi
iJit principal place in
H,in.iii, the capit.ij ,
p'.iin on the river Kii
ir.tj the Maine, and i]
Town, both of which
from time immemorial
aiily, ii ill built ; but]
a gii'/J appearance, an]
the Ltithcrans and Ca
and here isanuiiivcrfitjl
JcH" dwell in a pari
(.ho-jls. _'|"o this Oldl
The Xew'Town is
feels are liraight, broJ
on both li.lcs are verf
very near the iJutch to]
niiruiein a grand lijuii
tic public iiurkets are I
irwsof this (ijuare is a
round with marble, aii|
iron-v.-ofk, on the top
Ijhtcil every evening,
both ill I'lemifh ^iid fJ
Ha Will from top to[
ni^us. The gallery iiil
:nJ Ii an amphitheatre '
red (lone upon whieh tli
tao, very w-lludori;c|
[■''"c i hut perform theij
"J« a mile from Hanai
1 he New ToivnwaJ
Walloons, or I'lemilli li
P"vilfges ; they have th|
P"" ,01 all ,1k. town
'"'^i-rench and Dutch,
'■"■'■',;h at prefeiit the C^l
^"■' »' tl-.e Inhabitants,!
Here arc (everal woolle
r-'irams, (fockin-vs, bol
^in, ILinau'i, ,„J
S'="f <lii-i"'.rtr.3 ef ,,,11
feat aiiJ
Mt at ihc
fufs a
I an! a
.1 of iho
,'. lani
. Our
lioiJinatc
111
followinj.
thrc- ili-
of juliice,
whkli ha<
1 is a niok
At takes up
republic of
f VVaklcc,
N'l-w'I'owii
nafK'rs.
lie fcc&nJ
than Old
billing five
elyngiiig t'
dvd a tin:
ulias piinc;
th yteat It-
fcatcil iicjr
hich p'.iiic;
it, nuke, a
(iffices aiiJ
liclJ iKro,
anil Romaii'j
iiJ ot a 11'.-
He .vcnii''. '"'fntJ l-y fix rows of irtcs, two thoufaiiJ
S P. C T. VI.
Of thlCtunly of \iAf*\V.
J Siiiiilhn, /ixti'it, PteJiio; tuhl piin.ip.il Rivtis\ ihe
Kili':"i if th l/i\iiiilanln iii:h a D.Jlripiivi of On
City of Uiiiiiiu,
HANAU '» cnrompnrt'oil b/ tlic clc^lciratj ofMintz,
(!:(. tlifii^efc (it KiiKlj, wah the tlTi-.tcililb (i| Ihflc
iiiJ Frarcl'ort i cxtciiiliiii; about forty-two miles in
knatli i I'lit l"iTif parts of it lie fcparate.
The foil i^ ii'inarkably feitilc in corn, wine, fruit,
j^j J.J. ■(..•jbles all which are txctllent intluir fcveral
kinds. ' It b.'s alfo a iilvcr and a copper mine, both of
wh'c'i ate vtrv lich, anJ likcwlfc foine cobalt- works and
flit.,,,,,,.. Great aJvantagc h likcwilc niaJe of the
Thi> C'Hintry lies chiefly on the Maine, into which
run all the fmaller rivers by which it is w;;tercil. A-
mmi ' tli-f'-' ''"= chief arc the Kinzij; ami the NidJa, the
lattLr of wiiich is joined by the Nidder.
In the fixtcciuh century the inh ibilaiits endiraced [.ii-
,1, jjniun ; but in 159I1 count I'liilip l^ewis inlnnhued
I'lr opinions rf C.ihin, which have prevailed, iboui;h
ihcie are Itill fom: J.uthcrans and pcifons of the Uoniilh
church, who arc permitted the free i\crrife of tluir rtli-
(.joii, 'I'lade and manufae'lures tlourilh here, partieu-
farlv in the city of Haniu.
The ruling count of Hanaii-Munzcnberp; was a mcm-
Kt of the coilcj^e of the impcri.il counts of the Wctte-
iiui but the landgrave William VI. feparatcd himfelf
li.m ihcni, and in 1741 alio from the circle of the Up •
rcr Rhine. Ihe income aiifin;; to the la(t count of
II..1UU .'nun his f.'vcral torritone.i.i^ fnid to li.ivc .uuouiit-
cJtiiab,,ie five hundicd ihouland fliirins.
In thi) county are five towns and ninety-fix villages,
1>,.; -rlncipal place in which is the following .
Hanaii, the capitril of the county, is feated in a iarnc
flain (111 the river Iviiizi^, near the place where it rims
ir;a the Maine, and is compofed of the Did and New
Town, both of which are fortified. The Old Town \vliicli
from time immemorial has belonged to the Ilanau f.i-
.niily, is ill built 1 but the pala.e called the Hurg makes
ago.iJ appearance, and has a tine flr)Wer-^i;arden, Both
the Lnthcrans and Calvinilts have their particular church,
anJ here is an iinivcrfity built by count I'hilip Lewis. The
lew? dwell in a particular (|uartcr, and are allowed
iiiho'jls. 'I'o this Old Town belongs a large fuburb.
The N'ew Town is not only of greater extent, but the
ftrecls are ttraight, broad, and clean ; molt of the houfes
on both files are very regulaily bulk ; and it comes
very near the Dutch towns in ncitncfs. The Itrcets tcr-
iiiiiuse in a i^rand Iquare in the centre of the town, where
ihe public markets are kept. At c.ich of the four cor-
ners of this fquure is a well of tolerable depth, walled
rcunJ with marble, and adorned with foine foliaje and
i:on-v;oik, on the top of which is a large lamp, that is
I :hlcd eve.'y evening. Thcchurch in which they preadi
both in I'lemilh .;nd French is but one edifice, divided
by a wail Iron; top to butlom into two feparatc apart-
ments. The gallery in the French part is very fpaciou;-,
:nJ is an amphitheatre fupported by twelve columns of
reJ (lone upon which the roof relts, and thecieling is of
llucco, very w-ll adorned. The Catholics have no church
here ; but perform their devotions at a village feated a-
boct a mile from Hanau.
'i'he New I'ownwas built in the year 1597, by the
Wa'.ltioiis, or I'lemilh refugees, who er.joy extraordinary
privilfgcs ; they have their own m,".giftrates, r.nd the dil-
I'iii'.il of all the town offices, which the members of
ihc French and Dutch congregations can alone poflefs,
t\M.:}\ at prtfent the Oerman Caivinilts contliliite one
b',!! of tl'.e inhabitants, and the Lutherans a fourth.
Here are fevcral woollen miuuf.iCiiiri's, particularly of
grograms, ftoekings, both filk and worded, linen and
I iretlain. Il.iiiau is moie paitieularly fjiiuni.i for the
giKt i]iiaiititi..3 cf loll tob..ceo tii.idc up heie ; wax-
K n II O I' E.
243
lileaching is alio carried on in this city ; but the greatefl
article in its impoils is timber, wliieli is In ought dmva
the Maine to this city, us 11 alio rough and cafl iron,
corn, and meal.
In the iieighboiiihood of Hanui is I'hiliprnihc, a beau-
tiful le.it near tnc villi ;e of Kell'ellladt on the M.oiie. It
was built by count I'liilip kciiihard ; but received very
(ircat improvements from count John Rcinhnid, his bio ■
thcr and rucceilor.
S K C T. VIL
Of thi fret Impel id C'.tiiS of Fuiiiifoil, FriWur.], aiiJ
ICtlzltir.
FRANCFORT, or Frankfort on th.: Maine, the
ufual place of the eleclioii and coronation of thy
kings of the Romans; alio the place where the (latcs of
the Rhcnifl) circles meet, and a celebrated Ilans-t.jwii,
IS fituatcil in the liflietli degree fi\ticii miiiuttn north la- ,
litude, and in the fevcpth degree tiiirty-lix minutes lalb
lon.'itude, feventeen miles to the wellwaid of Hanau, in
a delightful, healthy, and fertile country along ib.e
Maine, by which it i.. divided into two parts, ililtin-
fiilflKd by the names of Fiancti.rt and Saxcnhnullii.
The former of thele being the l.irgeff, i. divided into
twelve wards, and the latter into two, iind both arc rec-
koned to i(.nt,iin about three tlioiifaivd Ixiule-. 'J'lm
fortifications, whieh are both regul.T and folid, form a
decagon, or figure eoiiiilling of ten li.iliions, laced wiifj
hewn Hone, the ditches aic deep and fillcij witli frefll
water, and all the out-wotks arc pi, iced before tl,.- gate-.
There arc, however, few cannon on the works. At
Saxenhaiifen there is little worth notice, except its for-
tifications, which arc tolerably good. 'Fhcrc is in par-
ticular a large horn-work, a ditch full of water, and a
covert-way very judieioully contrived, r.'.nging on thi;
head of the ditch, which miift be palled in or.Lr to go
to S.ixcnhaufen (ui the land lide. T"h:ro are fix bafti-
ons in all ; but tin ■ arc very irregular.
The town-houle of Krancfort is a valt building worth
feeing. The hall where the emperor is cliufm is not
very large ; but it ii adorned with piiiturcs, among which
arc one of Kfthcr and Ahafucrus : the figures arc
clothed according to the mode about one hundred and
fifty ycais ago ; that is, with fardingales, rulfj, doublets,
5ic. Here is likewife the hillory of Sufannah and thu
two KIders ; that of Dionyliiis the tyrant and his favou-
rite Damocles, with a noble rcpall before him, which
he dues not touch for fear of a fword that bangs by a
(lender thread direitly over his head ; Sefoftris king of
Kgyp', with his chariot drawn by captive kings ; h'g-
hinard, fecrelary to Charlemagne, and Kmma his fpoule,
that emp.-Tor's daughter; .S.ipio Africanus reltoring a
young captive princefs inviolate to her bridegroum ; and
Bathiliebi in the bath.
The fore part of this flriiriuie is fupported by arches,
under which during the fair of Francfort are toy-fliops
of all kinds and over thefe arches is a hall, where the
emperor ufually dines after his coronation, and intu
which opens the chamber where the cledtion of the new
emperor is canvaliid. In the above hall the emperor
cats at a table by h'mfclf, and the cleflors have alio
their feparatc tables. The floor is c, ■•;ed with blaclt
and yellow cloth, the livery of the houi'c of Aultria, and
upon the cieling is painted the (lory of (janymcde car-
ried away by Jupiter's eagle ; and the hiftory of a
falle witnefs who had acculed a pcrfon of murder; but
when he had confirmed his evidence bv an oath, a lar"C
raven, it is l.iid, having torced his way through one of
the windows of this hall, perched en the v.llain's head,
and tore out his eves with bis beak ; on which the mif-
creant being touched with renioiie, conielfed his crime,
and had his head (truck oft".
In the back part of this {triictiire arc the city o(Kces,
and the diet chamber of the circle of the Upper Rhine,
as likcwil'e that cf the dicTatuie of the circle. Among
the archivts of the town-houfe is kept the celebrated
golden bullof the emperor Charles IV. which is a parch-
ment book of forty-th.'ee quarto leaves, containini; the
li'/nda-
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A S Y S T F- M O !• C, K O G R A I' 1 1 V.
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•RANCJ.CRf_
funJ uiiciil.il inlliiiili' '.(tile empire wnitcn In Latin with
c.ipilul Icltii . I'lii. 1.11111)111 p^i'if ii, .iKorJing tofortis."
nutliiirs, k'.pt HI A pi)l,l i.il'.it : liiit Ml. Kiyfl.-t i.iyi, it h
ill a toitoifc (li.'ll liiiitl' Itox hi wiili iiKitlu'i ofpi'jrl.an.l
liiu'J with yullow filvct i an.l th a the buuk iivery much
(uiKJ.
I he callii.' Iiul «rSt. U,iiih«l<)n)ow is .1 l.irj^o builJInp,
but there aif only twu or tiit.c tliiiu',$ tii.il r< 11J1.T it
Wutth) ol iijlic;. Vhv I. ill i; .ifmill, liPiij^, Jiid n.irniw
ih.ipil, which is ihirk jiiJ wr,li')iit .iiij oiinini'iiii, ex-
iipt ihu reil tloth wiih whicli it ij huii.; ncir tho .iltar
in th.it p.irt ^hirc the el.-ilori or Ihiir ri pn I'Liit.iiivc lit.
I'hii .ill.ir ii very iiu'aii Ic-r Tci iclvl.i.iti. I a plue, .iii.l the
Icjtj on whieh llij rlcctun lit, wnen they ehunlr an cm-
pinir, arc biiiehc* rt' very ciniinon w.iuil |)l.i.cil agiiiill
the walli. Thr iithi-r thine that difinf. iiniite 11 4
ihapel, to which thcclf^tiil cntpcinr is cniulucleil, in or-
i!er to he crowiiij l.y theilu'lm of Mjiii/, and i.. no-
Ihinn in.ire th.in iiii ircm rhhlL-r, withjiit any orii.iment,
joined to the lialullrade ol the thoir, an I has (omc re-
(I'lnhliiue lo a parro'.'. cij^c. Tho altar in it ha^ nu
other omacnent than » bral'j crucifix of very inditlcrcnl
woikmanlliip.
The ahove (. laces atlr.K'l the attention of travellers on
account of the iniport.mt hiilimri periorniej in them ;
liut the curioii-, clo.L in this eaihidial, whuli enilillsol
three part? or divilions, ii perh.ips more worthy of no-
tice. In the lowcll, which refenibUi a calendar, are
fcveral circles, the hrit of wliich (liews th; il.iy .uid
month i the I'ccuiid the jjol.len number, with the a^e
and chaime of the moon ; .tnJ the thirJ the doniimcal
letter. 'I he fourth an.l tiuli circles reprclViu the .iiitimt
Roman calendar. On the lixlh are the nanus of the
apollles jiul martyrs, the Ini^'ih of the days .ml iii.'jit.s,
and the entrance of tlu fun into the twelve ("ijns 01 the
zodiac. The feventh and eighth cin Ks exhibit the huurs
and minutes when the (un lifcs and fcts. In the other
circles within thele are the divifums of the twelve li^iis of
the zodi.ic, the four KafMn-:, the moveable fealK, iScc.
'I"he figiiu.s which fJnke the hours reprefcnt two fniiths
with lianimers in their hands, 'f'his curious piece of
clock-work was put up in the year 1605, and repaired
for the full time in 17C+.
This cathedral belongs to the Catholics, though mofl
of the inhabitants arc Lutherans. It is laid to have been
built by Pepin, kini^of Fiance, anJ greatly enriched by his
fon L'haileinagnc ; but the emperor Lewis of i;a\'.iria
took away the grcat^rt part of it. revenues, to punifh
the chapter, who had lidcd wiih the pope aL;ainll hiin.
The churches of St. Leonard and Our Lady arc both
follri'jatc. In the church of the Piedicnts ate two
allais, ttaiulin;^ oppnfuc to each other, whiuh are de-
corated with two pieces of p.iintini; by Albert Durer.
One tif them reprefenls our Saviour's Afcenlion, and the
other the .Aflumption of the Virgin .Mary : but the latter
is only a ccpv, the ori;;inal having fallen into the elector !
nf I3avari.i's ban Is. T'hcre is here alio a convent, with ■
a church of the order of St. John j together with others
l-elnngirp to '.he Carmelites, Dominicans, Capuchins, |
and two Komilh ch.ipcls. ,
The Luthcr.in churches and convents arc the G. "cat
churcii; tlutofSt. Cathatine, where, in 1522, the fiid
Lutheran I'eruion was preached, and to which is annexed
a nunnery of l.idies of noble birth ; the church of the
\\ hite \V'omcn, fo called from the convent belonging to
it inltituted tor ladies, and other young women of high
biitb ; St. I'cter':; church ; together with the chapel of
the Glauburg ; the bofpital church ; St. Nicholas's
church ; as alio the church in Saxenhaufen.
Here i'i likewifc a femiiiary of divines foundeil by Dr.
I'ridiiis, and completed by Dr. Munden ; and a Luthe-
ran gymnal'ium, which conhllsof fevcn clalTes, and flanils
contiguous to the church of the liare-fooied friars, and
ill it 13 the citv library. The alms, orphan, and work-
houfeiia well contrived building under good regulations,
that arc IhicUy executed. The hofpital of the Holy
Gholl is one ot tnc wcalthieft foundations in the whole
city.
Francfort is of a circular form, without any fiibiirbs j
but tnc ftucts are generally narrow, and the houfes aie
molflybuiU of timber and plailkr, and covered with Hate ;
I Jitl
.iiiij
but there are fonie liai.df.'ine pri.r.tt nriic'lurcs of j |i|,|j
III lid marble that juHty dclcrvc tli'' mmu' of palacii' ,
the- biiiKling* r.ill.d the ConipJliI and Knaihof 'n'c
I rii iDiof, ihc Cullenhol, the tiorni.in-lioiili , .m j,', ,„a'
id Ik- luiiatcd near the bildnr-iivcr the M .line, the ||^||
Dirinll.idthnf, the p.ilair ot the priiite de l.i Tiiiiu
the limifis of the ciniiilj of Solnii, Si haui iitii r.
hcho.iliirn i and there arc three principal lipiarcj"
T h.' brid'^e which Utim the ciimiiiiiiiuatioii hetwff.
rraiuliiit and Saxeiibaulen ii luut liumlrid .ind filly nac,
in lenuth 1 and over a g.iteas you c iitir np-m it is j | .n '
iiifmplioii III j'old letii n to thr lollo'.vin I purp.,lc : » 1
" the Kign i;f LioimKl I. tlie iiii.ll aiiguil i.iii|ii ror olii,,,
" Romans and Cierniany, king of llungaiy and llohc.
" mil, the tiiie father ol Ins country, iinJer wliole haiipy
" au'picci the cmpiic tiijojs an unintcr;up;ed r,,,'
" Ipirity, tills foitilied gate was icpaiiid by ilicciiyuf
" Francfoit." [ Ir; Jews quarter coiilills of a '(ly
ii.iirow llicil about an l.nglifii mile in length, and tx.
tiemcly diity. At eai h end ol it is a gate, wIikIi
carefully fluit eveiy evening, .Tiid the keys carri.ij to ih*
migifliates. I be houl s aie niollly lour, live, or ll.
ftories high ; but the apartments arc cxticmely filiiiy
1 his iju.iiter lb laid to contain three 01 Ion thuuLnj
pcrfoiis ; but, according to the Jews ihcnifclve-, ih^',
amount to fume thuulaiidi mote. The pnncip.i| loiii
merce they cany on here is in buungand Idlin.njj
goi.ds, in going Irom inn to inn to Icll toys to llraiw,
and in exchanging fuch money as is not curiem it,^
Lhey are obligcil, under levire pen,. Itii s, to Utch wiitj
when a hie happens in any pait ol the city, huwcmdii.
tant it may be lioiii their ipiaricr ; and 111 letiirn the m .
giUracy permit lliem to chuule twelve judges out m th, ,
own body for deciding the didercnces and qujircib iii.i
happen aimiig them ; but thole who will nut lubii.it u
tncir dccilKins, aie allowed to appeal to the trihucili .(
the Lulheians. As to their drels, it is fuitablc toihc
tilihincfs of their dwellings. The men gencully w;jr
ciiiaks, that are extremely coarfc and thiead-hare, nnl)
flajiped hats, old greaiy rulfs, and thick pointed bcuri.',.
T'hcir women indeed arc not tjt.itc lo ragged and oiuy
as the men ; they wear over thiir deaths (Viart cluaksoi
bl.ick crape, bound about their necks by clafps of oilj
copper, and round their fhouklcrs a bonier of linlVI j.
bout a foot broad, fhiniiig like gold. Their heaj-iiii.',
formerly refembled that ol the Ciirirtian women ; Im; [(,,
magilUates have obliged them to wear a coarfe wt.'.m,
about their heads, ending at then luiehead in two l,ipe
horns about four lingers in breadth, one of whicii^j
covered with black gauze, and the other with a piece cf
la*ii dyed blue. Ciirl-. are not permitted to eir.cr ihf
fynagoguc, and arc diltinguillicd Ironi the m,irr;ed wo-
men by their heaJ-dre!b, which is a p.ece of red titiliy
borderc.l with gold gauze. Many JewcH'cs wear iw
rings that reprelent the figns cf then houles, ur Ihi ■!!;
as tor inllaiice, if a cat be the lign, the wilcor .il'ni
the houf.; carries dangling at her tais two cats in .lunu-
ture of copper gilt.
Hut though the Jcwifli worflilp and that of thr I'^pifi)
is tolerated in this city, and the latler in paitiniUr ajif
many churches and convents ; neither the Fiemhiior
German Calvinills are pcimitted to have one place d
religious woilliip within the walls, and are oliliL'ed tO"o
every Sunday to Itockcnhe'm, which lies about a Ici-ut
from the city in the t' rriioiy of Hanau. 1 he weahay
pel Ions among them have Irequeinly oti'ercd a l.ir.;e tuiti
to the magiltracy, for leave to alfcinble for public wnr.
fhip in Francfort, were it in ever fo mean a place i vet
fuch is their uiichrirtlin jiartiality ag.iinll their bioti.i:
reformers, and fuch enemies arc they to religious 1 bcitv
that this piivilegc has been obllin.itely I'efuled them.
Howcv'.r, Mr. liufching fiys, that it is thought they will
at lail be permitted to build a church jull withoii: th:
town. I Ik- number of coaches which generally ro to
the twochuiches at liockenheiin every Sunday amount
to about two hundred and filty, many wealthy pcrlonsm
Francfort being of the reformed church ; and it is tlic;e
a common faying, " That the Roman catholics have il'C
" churches, the Lutherans the mauiftracy, and the Lai-
" vinills the money,"
Amoii«
e« nf i kind
palacm ; .,|
I M\ 411 Mil
I', the iKii;.
T'Kif., .ml
|u;\ifs.
u)ii bi'twffn
ml lillyjurr,
it li J I .11.11
irpule : >■ |„
ili|",rijr iifili.:
^ Jnj llohc
wll'llc h.\|ify
r.'up'.cj pi,,.
by I'lK- 111) ut
:j oI i vciy
gth, unci «x-
.uf, wliivh It
cartud t(i ihc
r, livi-, or ;.x
IL'Itllly lillliy.
1(111 tliuuLr.J
.nifclvv, ihty
ii-iiicip.il lom-
inJ iillm.;i,;j
■5 to llraiii't'i,,
: tiirieiu iieit,
til Idih \*.i;ci
;, liowcvu Uil.
iftiirn t^t• mi-
(^l s uut III l(;..t
1 qiuttclb liut
I nut liibii,'.! 10
le triliurali ,|
(ullabic to lh{
j^iiKTally Wilt
icail-b.uc, wiih
pi)inti.J licjiilj.
jgntJ jnd amy
fliort I'lij^iiis f,i
■ d.ifjis of gill
f linl'ti i.
lir hc.iJ-i;ii"(
cnuii ; bu! iSie
coaik: wr:i|if(t
J III two l<i^e
of which li
ith a piece of
to cir.cr iht
m.irricd wn-
(if re, I tit:i;y
Hc.i wear ui-
Us, nr (hi pi;
wile or |;ill of
lac^ 111 miiiii-
of the Pjpifij
Liiticibr ,u\f
c I'lciiili nor
c one pUc< (,|
tibli^cj lo;;o
jlioiit a Ici^'uc
I he weak,!*
red a l.ir.',e km
or public wor.
Ill a pUiX ; yci
ll their bioti.i:
cligious bbeilv,
lefufed theii!.
CHijiht they will
ill without th:
generally vow
bunday .iiiiount
.ilthy pcrlon? in
and it ib then;
tholicshave ibc
and the Cla,-
Aming
r. u u o
t'nANCrORT.
Amoiii' the natural fiiriofi'l"! nt l'i.,i,i I'ort, lliat .,f llu
h./cllMe. mentioned by Mr. Kcyllei, i, highly Wi.rihv
.f nntiec: it ii to he I.eii in .Mr. ll,illH\ (..udiii in ihr
niv iiiJ i* nientiont.l in the Ki.inetoit Chnmi.Ki. ahuvr
Ji'hnndied y.ar. ;.«o. " I he liiw-r p.i.t ot if i trunk,
" lavsiliJl mntUniin, l.'.fev.ii l'i.ine(ori <ll . in riiciini-
.1 fvriii. e, lh.it r, filtecn (eet n lie imhrs : iii height is
1. ,„,Mlt» th.it olth.hHiilis nrui it, and ii llili hl■.lI^
>• nMi!t «*"''/ y"'' '^'' """' "^ '*"' """ '' I""'
„ jin-t, are veiy lliiik t but the kynel h.i. tlir (.iiiie
II flivmir »•> llml'e '>\ (.ther iliili. The ..nipi-ror I.copiii I
II illivd iwicc under this tree. The lull ol tliis (;arden,
II he adJi.miirt be p,»rlii iil iilv favciir.ibl.- to hj/.i l-liiis,
h ihi adiaeint |:iciiiiiil viehli only coniitinn
I' (ur thoii^;.- . , r .-,
„ (|,f„bs, l>iiit li.i/eltre.s pUn'ed wilhin thefc tiltieii
•> vfj , 111 Mr. llallll'H garden, aic already a'.iove tw.niy
II tect tii'.h. 'i'hrlV rceiiiiti .ut- the more neeelLiry, as
II the ..bovc-mcniioned old tree begins to dci-.iy."
The I lirs held at I'r.uu fort are r.iinoin all over Kurnpe ;
,,| Mr. Kiyller olilervK, iliat liiiiie nicirli inis, who
Ik- iiuinietent judi'eH, all'iired him, thit ten millioiiMit
^ulliirs would hardly puiehalc tlie nieiehandi/e expofed
in file at one nl thefe I'.nrs, the goods in the ware-houles
I (liops inetuded. Of the niaiuilattiiies carried on
hi-,e thole of lilk aiiJ porcelain aic llic moll conii
dtrable. • , . i i i ■
I his has always been nn impeiial city. In the dut it
holds the lixth place ainonc the nnpnial cities of the
Rhine, and alfo votes in the diet of the Upper Uhine.
The ma"ilttacy here (onliits ol a jiidjn-, the bench of
(•j^),„ff(i, or aldernifii J the lerond lunch i,l the comicil ;
fi,ctther with the third, wbieh i . compoled of artificers
ji,j iradefineii. The lall is alfo fiiinnioned in all.iirsnf
ocneral concern, and executes the ofTu cs rel.iiinj.' to the
police i but t'lie diree'tion of i:iiportant alFairs is loJticd
f whom thi; two burt;om.i|l
P'
ii'
are
r..
*4S
3 E C 1. VIH.
Ill the two former, out ol whom ttii; two hurt;om.iiicrs
are .luiuiallv choli n. Lawfuits arc here dcterinined
b'v the fchoffcns and lyndics. The membcn of the con-
fillory.^retwo Ichotf'cn, thi- fennr niini/iiiii, the two eldell
piftois, and two civilians. Theteriitory hclongiiif^ to
the city contains a number of viijipes, feats, and farms ;
anJ the i'ld.'s of the M.iine .ire adorned with a valt nuinher
erzltdvni and vineyards, in which I'oriie of the vines arc
rrijipcd up bv flukes, .iiid others fupported in the form
J,l.|ibourii Lut the wiius they produce are not very
ilron:;. , , . ■ , ■ ■
We (hall now take notice of the imperial cities ot
I'licdt-jr;- and Wct/l.ir.
The imp -lid city of Friedbcrgftdnds near the Ufliach,
en a very fertile fpoi on the iid(;c of hills called the Hohe,
iiiJ was formerly much laiger than it is at prellnt. 'Iliis
city cnjoy.s the twdftli (eat on the bench of the impeii.il
town;, of the lUiinc, The ma;;i(lracy, with the grcateil
part of the buiyhcrs, aic laitheran.. It is governed by
abu-'tavc and lix nobles, who arc members of the ge-
ncral^council, and of that of the ftates ; and when any
jtfairi rtl.itin;; to the empire and circle come on the car-
pet, notice is i;iveii them of it b the ma^nlhacy, that they
mayj'imtly agree on the perfuii to be deputed, and on
the iiitiiie and extent of his iiower.i.
The imperial town of Wct/.lar is I'lMtcd on the I/ahii,
near its confluence with the Wet/bach, and on the o-
ther hde the Dill. The iTi-.!^iltrate» and m»(l of the
burghcransare I-uthcraiis. lielides thecathcdr.il, which
the l'ro;eltatits hold in common with the Catholics, they
have a chapel, ami a L^ramiiiar-fehool inabuildiiiL; that
was ori '.inally a b'r:iii' ifcaii eonvciit, and the church of
the ho!|Viial of the ifidv Cihofl. The Catholics have not
rnly the in'c of the catlwdi.il, but a Kraiieifcan convent,
with a church, and a Iduits crdlcgc. TheCalvinilfs
hivc lilccwifea ihiirch here. In the town houl'e are held
the meetings of the impeii.il-chambcr, which in the year
i6()j was removed hither from Spires.
Wct/lar was an imperi..! city fo early as the days of
the emperor Kre.ierie I. and has the thiitccnth bench of
the imperial cities of the Rhiii?, aiiJ alio a vote in the
(ilrts of the Upper Rhine.
64
Ofl.'n t)iitt>iy -f DtiLy/iinli, tint ih Pnn.il'dlily if hfiiffiiii.
(iiiii [II imifiiil I'liiiii liilji:^in^ h tmh if ll'ift I'riniii.
'"T'^IIK diitchy of Doiixpnnts, wliiih ii fitii.itid 111 the
X iiiolHoiiiherii part of ihu liuIc, is in y;'n< r.il a
mount. linoiin barieii ciiniiyi yet i> iiiterl'perled wilfi
lome fertile vallcyi. It cxteii,!, In it« ureal! (I length a-
bout lorty niih'i, and from ei_i,ht to iwenty-tive in bie.idth.
It belongs to the duke of iJeimponts, whole aiiniMl re-
venue aiilin ' Iroin this dutchy n computed at three liun«
died tluiufaiid tlorinj.
Diiixpoiits, the cipitil of (his dutchy, ii called by
the ( lerni.iiis /weybriicken, and in Latin Hipontium, all
which lignity Two Hridgis, a nunc which it received
Iroin its two bridges over the rivulets of Dlifcand Swolb,
on which it (lands ; and this name it gave to the whole
dutchy. It is litiiatcd ill the forty-ninth degree thirty Atf. y,t
miniitcii north latitude, and in the fouith dee'rce thirty- ' .j/
one minutes cad longitii.lc. It is a (mall, but neat well-
built town, and has a tine palace erei'Kd in the modern
talle. ()( the great church here, the CaKinills have
the n.ivp, and the C.itliolies the choir. The I.uihL-rain
hive liki wile a church, and in this town is alio a gym-
n.idiim. iJiiring the thirty years war it ruH'cred cxtrcmc-
Iv, as it alio did in Id;;, when it was taken by the
l''rcnch.
In a v.ib: at a fmall diftance is Scliuflic, a p|,'a'"ure-
lioule erected by Stmidius, the dethroned kin^ of Po-
l.iiid, during his relidence at Dcuxpunts ; but it is now
gone to rum.
Tlie prineipility of Nafl'.iu, whiih we (ll.ill next dc-
fcribe, is boiindcl on the north by Wcllph.ilia, on the
e.ill by Solms, on the (ouili by the biOiopric of .Ment/,
.ind on the well by ihecleclorate of Treves The lcn'''.l»
ol the whole prineipility IS computed atfiftyfeven milcj,
and its breadth at thirty-two.
'['hough It is lor the moft part mountainous and
woody. It is not without fine arable and meadow land.
The founder of the prcl'eiit princes of Nall'au was count
Henry I. lumamed the Wealthy, who, in the thiiteenth
century, lel't to his two fons, W'alram and Otho I. the
councy of Nall'iu, with its feudal, patrimonial, and hen;-
diti'rv lands,
^Viih rcfpeft to the fird line, William Henry, prince
of Nallliu Ufingcn, left two Ions, who were the founders
.if the twoprefent ruling lines ; namely, prince Charles,
of the N.ifl'aii .Saarhruck-L'lingcn line, and prince Wil-
liam Henry, of that of Nallau-Saarbruck, who, on the
twenty-third of .Seplcmb;r, 173$, aurcv-d to a partition,
by which the lall gave to the (orm;r all the inherited and
elcheated land on this (ide the Rhine, and the foimcr
gave to the latter thofe lying on the other (ide of that
river.
'I'he only -cmaining line of the defccndants of Otho
is that of N.inau-Dillenburg-Dietz, which Cubfilts in the
P'incc of Orange, hereditary (ladtholder of the United
Provinces.
The titles of the prince of tlie elder line dcfcended
from \V'alrain are. Prince of NalTau, count of Sa.iibru.k.
and Saarwerden, and lord of Lahr-Wilbadeii and
Idillein.
His arms for Nairiu arc a lion, in a field a/.ure, femec A'<'HLS
of billets or •. fe>r the county of Saaibruck, azure, a lion
argent femie of crofslets aigent : for the county of Sur-
werdcn, f.i'nii-, a ("picad-eagle argent : for Mors, or, a
feirc fable- f)r Weiliuu, or, two leop.irds pafl'ant gules;
for Mehicinherg, vcrte, a faliier crofs or, f.:mce with
crofslets or : for Mahlbcrg, or, a lion fable ; for Lahi,
or, on a fed'e gules.
The titles of Williim V. prince of Omnge, and (ladt-
holder of the United Provinces, with refpeiil to the ter-
ritories of Nall'au are: Prince of Nafl'au, count of Kat-«
zcnellnhogen, Vianeii, and Dictz, and lord of Beilftcin.
His arms for N.i(l"au are, azure, a lion or, femee of billets
or; for Kat'/.encllnbogen, or, a lion rampant gules ; for
Q.q q Vianen,
M
\
«* ■
' t
ii
\ '■ ■ "•["■.fell
1 u
■m
I( i
U6
ASYSTKM OF
h : I
11
V If
9^ ■
J I
i4i
\'niKn, or, .ifkf.e .irgfiit i fir Did/, gulfi, two li.>m
|i.ir,'.iiit or.
The iiriiicc. (if the niiti'iil line nf Walram have no
(c It or viiiiC ill the cull-gf of ptiiu<« i Iml h.ae five
loit. at ilic iliit of the rircif of the L'|ip«r Khiii". Th •
|iiiiici'< of tlic yoiinjrr lir;iMch >ci|iiiri.il a fiMt nmi vot
G P. O C, R /\ I' I M . n
on lh.it .iccoii'it h*v<; .in i lilili'>?ial vote iii t
I '( ■! /It), .^•,'
ptintci, »nd At th« Jlu i.f tl.u ciiclc ot th« V ,'„',
Rhine. ■'
llfil'cll, i'l r.ipil:,|, 1 fv4t«i| ntl Ihf FnlJ.i, <,,„.,
mihiti till' fiMtth tif CiH''!, .liiil is a htit Iim |,„ t
«ity, in whi..h IS n p.il ik , j rirhrdral, » Mwin.:,,,,!
in Itit. Cr 'K'.-i' of piiiiio in 1^)511, .mil h.ivi- two oihir n fcn)in;iry, ^irnl .1 wi.ihliy hofpitnl.
votu, lioth whic h .ire iiihi'iirit m the ((.iilthiililcr of the
I'liiii.l Nclhctl.iiiil', who h;u .lifa iwu voti» iii the ilict
111 \',\ll|,!i.iliii.
'I lie t'lMity of N*j(Tiii-I)ietr. lies on the livrr F/ihn,
.iiid w.ii loinieilv %-.illiil liifCiuUm C'i)iintry,nik .iKoimt
<il i: ftiiilily, anil loniilU of nine pnfcii.fur.itet, the prin-
tip .1 pi u'cs III wlorh >uc the fiillowiii|,':
l)ii!/, ilii; c.ipit:il of a prct'iituiritc of the f.iinr n inic,
11 featv'J on (he Ljhn, over which it h.is a lunl 'c of
fl.iai'. ' I.) n illviikil ii"o thr ( )lil .mil New Town. Tin;
piiiKc ii ■ p.il.ni." hui tvliich (l.inli fin a hill. 'I'lic
Cilvinifl, 11 1,* fv.o churL-hca hi rf, aiiil the Liithrr.mi
*»ie. At ;\ fm.ill 11 '.ncc from tlu' inwii is ( V.inienlltiii,
,1 i' ft iK'longiim to llie prince fcjtoJ on the l,.ilin.
\Vi iilmt^, .-( Iianiifome to*/l *liich It.uiils on an cmi-
linn-'f by I'l'' rivci I/.rnii, over whith i' his a hriil;;i' ot
llonc. 'I'Ik- prliUk''^ palace here luiuuinb luiiic vtryile-
'I'he i-oiiiHv ot Solnri 1. cnieMv .Itiiatei! on lioth r>,
the Lihn, an, I liorJei-i on tlic tcrritoriei nf He;';. J, ,
Nad'aii, an I the dilliut of tlifr lity of W'tl/'a;, |.
.ibiiiiiiil. in iiirn ami raiilc, and hn' many iron nnin;,
whii li enipliiy fevtral fouiiilfriii nirl other work'. '
'1 he (iitiiil. of ;)iilms vvhith aif fippolcl to he
br.iiirh ol ihe fiiiiily of N,,ll. n, aic iliviJeil niio tl„.' t,,.,,
piiniipil hrniihe',, ihat ol S.ilnn. Ui.oinfels, ;nvl (!' it,,f
;niliii!i Lith, ' ach of whom hi» 'he fullowini^ title, l„, 1
of Miin/.enlHM'^', \V iM.-nleli, Soii..rnwald, w<<t-. an, 111,,,,
.inns aie, fm Jmhiii, or, a lion J/iire ; for Mun/enlnr.
party pel Idle or and jjuleij for AViKlenfJi, fable, a l,,.. I
.irfrcnt.
1 he roiintu of Solmi hive fnir votei in the rDllc^tc ,„•
the impel i,il eonnts ol Wctteravi.i, ,iiul a liki iiuinli,,' ,.,
the iliit ot the ( iri.lc of the Upper Kliine.
I 'Ihc prinuip.il pl.ire in the whole cminiy is nr.iiinfili
[;;ant apartments, wiih a line ^ar>kii bilon^iivg to it, iiml whii'h is te.ited mi a lull, v.here is a hanillonie caltlc or
a ina.'nifu'tnt chapel, All tli- toai's near the t iwn form ' pil.ifc belonionij to the piiiue, fortihed afici ,lie antient
beautiful Milas, they luinij l.ml out in » dirult line, and j manner, and is a place of grc.it (triii^th. It CDniaiu,
within it .1 eh'irili iluit alio feives the inhahiiantnif the
town, which Hands on the oiitlid.!. Uoth tlte ralile m)
town are fiippiied with water hv work* erected ,ii
foot <if the lull. In the leventh century this town wj^
twice dillro;, d by fire.
Uppu- If' iiburi; li thus called to (liflin;;iiifti it fionitlij
each pl.iii!'. J on both fides wiiii a low of trees. In the
ncii'hbuurlijod is a large intna.^rie, with a ple.il'iirc-
hoiifc.
Ill the country bflon/iii!; to Nan'.iu-Saarhtuek-Ufin-
gen ii W'iri'aden, a handluiiu-, p.ipti'ous, and tliriving
town, feated in the lordlhip of the lame iiamr, and in a
good w;ne eciintry. The priiiee's pal.uc in this pi icc | county of Lower Ifenbm.s in the Pal.mnatc, and inj.
was built in the beginning of the preknt century, i'lie | pcrly cuiifilts of the lordlhip of Hudinpi-n. It is a line
warm bath', here were Isiiown to the aniiuit Rom.in<, 1 eorn-eountry, that has alio fome conlklcrable wno, ,-,
and are Hill famous. This to^n falfeied greatly in the p.iHures, .mil lin. 'yards ; and is watcrid by Icveral
w.irs of the fcventeemliCLiitiirv 1 but has been lintc con-
iiderably ia-iiroved by prince (Jeurge Augiilhis.
Tlic piinec of NallauUllngcMi has a beautiful feat in
fbc village of Hibericli, which is fituated on the Rhine :
ii W.1S cieclcd by piince CJeorge Augulhis, ami embel-
lilJied by prince Ch.nlis : the building is large and mag-
iiihecnt, and llands in a deli;j;htful fituaiiDii,
The lands b-loniMiiu' to N.illau-S.iarbruck, arc fituat-
ed between l.urraiil, which lies to the welt, and Deii.v-
ponts to tiie ealt i but thoiijiii it is fur the moil p.ntfaiuly
and woody, it .ibouiids in iron and pit-coal, and the toil
in fiim,- places produces good corn.
Saarbrutk, the capital of this little diHricl, li''s on
the river .Sa.ir. It was let on Hre, and its walls dellrov-
cd by the .'mpirialifts, on their recovering it from tiie
French in ,'(176; but was a;^;ain rebuilt, and at prefent
confirts of about two himilred hoolii, with a Lutheran
and C'aKinift church. The prince's p.dace in this place
wa.i cre'Red b ' ptince WiUi.im (li nry. ( )ppolite 10 tbis
town on the other fide of the rivir is St. Johann, with
which It has a comnninication by mcni'; ol a bridire. It
is equal to .Sa.iibruck in extent, .ind is delen.led by a
rampart and moav. Lhc Catholics aie in the polliflirui
of the old churcli, aid line- the ve.ir 1727, A new
one has been ciccted for the Lutherans,
S F. C T. IX,
Of th; Piiihi[>)!ily 5/" Ilt'i/tu'.l, th,' Ciuiili^i ef Sclnis, Up-
ptr If-nl'iir:, ,iiiil ll'il^i-njUin ; thi Lardjhip of ll'',jlh:iri\,
and tii ullhr fnuiit ^Utln in thi CiuU of tic h'pp,i
Rhi,:i.
BESIDKS the countries already defcribed in the cii-
cl.- of ill-- Upper Rliiiic, there arc a conliderable
iiumlwr of others, nioft of whi;:h are very (mall and 111-
confidcrable, and .ire only remarkable for having a (eat
and voice in the colleje of princes, and in the diets of
this circle.
One of the chief of thefc is the princip ilitv of II rs-
feld, or HirUifeld, v/hicli borders on Upper and Lower
Heir?, an, I is- about twelve mib's long, and the fame in
bread:h. It iu fiil>j'i.t to the houfe ot H-.n': CalTel, lyho
llreams, is the Kinzig, the Semen, and the Niddir.
The fmir princes ol the houfe ol Id nbiirg "ovcrii i!if.
firuit paitsol this roiintry, and lit in tlic collei.'e of thj
imperial counts of Wctteravia, and in the diets of the
ciulcof the Ujiper Rhine.
The principal places m this county are the twofullow-
ing :
CtlVenbach on the Maine, a findl town, which cnn»
tains a p.ilace, a Curnun (Jalvinilf, a Fnuich Calviniif,
and a Luilieran church ; and has feveral flourifhing mj.
niil.iCturi s.
liudiiigen, tboui'h a fmall town, is the capital of the
whole countiy, I'hc palace here has a fine parnirc,
contii;iious to which is an orphan- houfe, in wliicii ,1
woi lien manuf.u'turc is carried on. Here is alio a ifcc-
fchool.
The coun'vnf Wirg^ndein is nineteen miles in Icr-ih,
and its grc.telt bre.uiili is lomewh.it aboic thirtei'ii It
borilers on Helli-'-Darniltac't, the principality of N.iflju-
Dilknhurg, and the dutchv o( VVellph.dia. ' Some |urts
ol It arc \ery mmintainous, but yield plenty of w,ioil,
with mines nf lilvcr, copper, and iron. It has good paf-
turr i but pro luces little grain, except oats.
This county is divided between the two houfcs of
Savn-Wit.eniKin (d W'itgcnlhin, and Sayn-Wit.eiilffin
of 1). ileburg. Lach houfe has a diliin.'.l vole hotli in the
college or the counts of the cir.pirc, the diet of th,' L'p'i.r
Rhine, and the college of Wctteravia. The joint re-
venue of tin fe counts is computed at iifty thoulanj ii.\-
dollars a ye.ir.
The piincipal placis in this county belonging to each
of the counts arc the following :
Wiigi.nlKin, feated on a high mountain, and the p,i.
trimonial-houle of the an'ient counts of W'ltgenitciii,
and white thole of Sayn-Witgen((cin dill relide.
Ikrkbiirg, a fmall town feated on the little river Dcr-
b.ii, near the place where it falls into the Kder. In this
town IS a line palace, and two other houfcs belon"in.'
to the ctnint.
There are alio the counties of F'alkenllein and \\'ar-
tcmberg, whole counts enjoy the lame p-rivdi I'.is; but
as they have no towns woiihy of notice, we ih,.ll no!
trouble oiir readas witii a dry dtlcription of thele liiiall
dillfias,
Th;
M:
i
1
' \
t
i
1
m
1.
ill CM
t:il iif th'?
pill Kite,
WllK 1 .1
iH'c) a litc-
►
i (;o()il |U|'-
houks of
''l!;i.'lllKv;l
• )t!i in th;
jul.uij i;\-
n ' to f.iJi
il th- p.i-
'iti;i;nlti:iM,
uvcr Ger-
In (his
lic'longinj
ami War-
ihi^s; hut
iii/H not
llidi; lir.,al
'I'h;
1 '1
1
h
1 »!
, ; it
1
' ■ 1 1
toil
Xi Jf
I
■15. 1'
!ii ■ i '■
f i
? '
f
HI
||r|
■f I
,-^^^ Circle ^^ ^
jK to /--/*«/•// IP ■• M
U|^ fnmi Ihc \tvH T C 'I
!^A4 Aiit/ioriiif^ . iTt*. J
'tm
rADEREOllN'.
EURO
E.
a-j;
The lordfhipcf WulcibiiiT; in a fmall territory featcil
„ tlic tl.iil"''''t=°f ' f*^^'" and the territory ofNn(-
r""*aiui contains fine palhircs, and confequently (hccp
I l.oineJ tattle. It alio produces barley, rye, oats,
""\ ij^.^ witli plenty of very fine earth-nuts. The
"," 1 are' lliiniitd, but it has a remarkable mine ol
^rris called wood-coal, which is alone fufficicnt to
\(h tliat neinhbourhooJ with fuel. The colour,
T' " lUs, :ii'd twigs of this coal, nearly refembic thole
''f vouii '•'"^ the depth oC the pit is about twenty feet.
1 this country are alio deer and other game ; the rivers
I! „ ml with trout andcray-fifti, .indlhe ponds with pike,
.„., and o'bcr kuids.
^ I'his lordftip belongs to the counts of Wcnerburg, of
, ,|, ,),cre are fcver.il branches : it only contains the
lilw towns of Wcllburg and Walleifburg, and fevcrrfl
Tlicro arc alio a few other lordfliips, as thofeof fCir-
chinyin, Uratzenhiim, ki:. but they and fume other
little (Kites are too inconfidi.rabk- to defervc a p.iitlcul.ir
deferiptiiin in a work whicli has for its fnhjtel not a
particular country, but the whole teiraiiut()ii> ;;lobe.
The liifluipric of Stiaflnir;'. i-. ..lib jiillly conrulcrcd a-, a
(Kite of the empire, on account cf a part of this bifliopric
Ivini; in the V'pper Circle of the llhine ; as ij alio ilrr
bilhopric of lialil, for the fame rcifmi ; and both th'. f.'
bidiojis have a feat on the fpiriaial b;nch of ih'- council
of the princes of the empire, and at the d; .-tj <if thii
circle i but as the principal part of t''.e bifliopric ol Stral-
biirg, and the city of Str.illur;! itfidf, is in Alf.ice, an 1
the chief part of the bifli-'pric of Uafil, with its capital,
is in Swifl'crland, they will be more properly defcribed
in treatin'; of thufc tounirie:.
yp'r^i
\hMf
1' ;;>■
m
1
\i
\ '»«
fill
'I
C H A P. XVIII.
The Circle of WES T P II ALIA.
SEC T. I.
• rmertil; nt).'! frjl of tin Bijhopric ofPaihi-
p iiliue
i F.ivcn : the
ormM'
U'lrn. /'J iiit'iatton, /i\U/il, t iilua, iiita
p,.„; -tithes cf the Bijhcp. A Defaipiim of the City of
I'li.ltihru, (iiidfomc rcmarkiibic Springs.
THK people who inhabit the country between the
Wcfer and the Rnine were anticntly called Wcft-
tilialMiiSj and fron^ them that territory received the name
(ifWcllphalia ; but the circle of ^V'c(^phalia, which con-
llitutcs apart of that country, comprifes in it other terri-
tories J and we ought carefully to dirt inguidi between the
circle of Wellphalia, Weftphalia itfelf, and the dutchy of
thai name.
This circle is Airrounded by the Burgundian circle,
the United Provinces, the Northern or German Sea, the
UppctRheiiilh, and the Eleffoial Rhenifh circles ; it be
ini' two hundred miles long, and between a hundred and
fifty and two hundred broad.
Certain ilates were formerly reckoned in this circle,
which at picl^iit no longer belong to it, as Utrecht,
G'jtlJers, and the bidiopuc of Cambiay ; in other re-
fneits alfo the nnticnt and n^odern lilh of the countries
cttlic Wefi|ihal!.ui circle diiur greatly from each other.
W'e fliall i'''Clnde under it the bilhoprics of I'adcrborn,
Munilor, l.icgo, and Ofnabrug, the dutchy of Verden,
the principility of Minden, the dutchy of CIcve, Juliers,
am! iitr;^, ^c. tiie piincip.'.lities of tail Frielland and
Mori, ^e.
The lun.m^ning princes and directors of the circle are
the hifiiop of Munfler, and with him the eK.-.fors of
lirandenburi' and :iie i"'alaiina:e, as duket of Cleve and
(uliett, bo:h of vvliom, in this directory, enjoy together
but one voice. The diets of the circle were ufiially ap-
pointed at Cologne ; but none have been licid fince the
vcari7l8. The archives belonging to it are kept at
DullllJor;.
With rcl'pic^ to rciij.lon, this circle is one of the mi.x-
cil and both the catholic and protdiant Oatcs nominate
two alVellors, to aliilf at the imperial and chamber-court
of theeinpirv.
We i\v.X\ begin this circle with the bifliopric of I'adcr-
boni, which is bounded on the caft by Hefli', and by the
river Wefer, which divides it fioni the principality of
Calenbcrg ; on the north by the county of I.ippe ; on
the welt bv the counties of Rietbirg and I.ipjie, and
the dutvhy of ^Vclfphalia ; and on the louth by the lame,
a!iJ tlr; county .>f W aider. Its grcatelf extent from eafl
to weil amounts to lilty-two miles, and Irom north to
fouth about forty-two mils.
It is lor the nioit part a very fertile countrv, and in
particular piuduci.:^ a good I ccd of cattle. It hts alfw
iron mines, fait anJ medicinal fpringp, with rivers that
abound in fidi ; but it is moll remarkabli: for its b.-iton
and venifon.
The\Vefer w.aflie3 a fmall part of the country to the
eaft, and the Dicmcl, after traverfing a gKat part of the
bifliopric, difchargcs itfelf into it. '1 he IJcvcr and the
Netie receive their fourcc in this country, as does .ilfo
the Circat Menimer, the Hec, thcNiefe, and other little
flreams, which fall into the Wefer : the Lippc, which
rifcs here, runs by Wcfcl into the Rhine. 'J'he other
rivers are the Alme, the I'ader, and the Fms.
In the whole bifliopric are twenty three towns, three
boroughs, fixty-four pariflies, and fixtecn moiiafteries,
all fubjeCt to the bidiop.
The inhabitants are in general of the Roniifli religion j
but there are many Lutherans among them, who frequent
the churches of that perfu.dion in the neighbouriin'
countries.
Thebifhop is a prince of the crrpirc, and fits pt the
diets of the empire between the biihops of Hildeflielm
and Freyfiiigcn, and as a prelate is under the archbifiio])
of Mi.ii:-^. The ( pil'copal chapter confifls of twenty-
tour prelates and c.ipitulars, who mud be twcnty-oiic;
years of age before they are admitted, nnd inult prove
their noble extraction four degrees backwards.
The revenues of this fee, which is I'utFragan to Mentz,
is thought to b.; about tWi.nty-fivc or thirty thoiifan-J
pounds.
'["he arms of the biflinnric are, a crofs or, in a fi:H
gules.
The high colleges here are the general-vicarfhip, th;*
privy-couiuil, the regency- chancery, the aulic-chanibcr,
the oflici.ilfliip, and the temporal aulic-court.
Thi^ bifliopric is divided by high mountains, called
the Ki'ge, into the Fore and Upper Forell diltricf.
Paderborn is the capital of the bifliopric, and is an an-
tient city that (tands in a pleafant fruitful countrv, in
the fifty-firlt degree fcrty-five minutes north latitude, and
in the eighth degree twenty-live minutes ealt lonsitudc, ^'-T.?-
and takes its name Irom the liver I'ader, which nfcs in
the center of it. Five of the larged fprings rife under the
cathedral and the aiij.u:ent houles, difcharging fo copious
a dream that at twenty paces diltance feveral mills, an'!
aftcrwanls a dill greater number in ihc town, are driven
by it. In the cathedral tormcrly flood the images of the
twelve apollles made of the lined lilver ; but in i6i2
duke Chriilian of lirunlwie took them away, .ind caufed
nxdidlars to be (truck fioni ihetn, with this infcription,
(,oi)'s FRir.ND, THE im;ii-st's iNKMv. Hc alfo took
the (liver cotlin of St. I^iboiiiis, which hc likevvife con-
verted into money. Here is a colic ji.,tc ihiirch, t >
parifll-ch niches, a Benedidine abbey, a college of ,.-
iuits, five other cloifters, an iinit<.il'.iy ertctid in the vear
I
\\A
'm.<:-
-■/■■-/.<.
i
ill
11
1 I
Ml
I
\4
' 'ft
Ir-n.'
A f i Y S T E M OF G E G R A P M Y.
1615, auil a (iviiiii.iriunv 1 his city .inticnily enjoyed
thf inimuniiirs InUmi;,!!!;; to a city of the i-mpiic ; it w.is
icrkoiK'il among the Haiife- towns, and carried on a
(ireat trade- ; hul t'lus trale is dccrtalcd, .ind the inhalii-
taiits, (or ttiu mod part, fuM'ill by agrituliure and tlie
breeding nl' catile.
At Mfihoin, iwo mil's t'lom I'.idcrborn, are three
fprinjs, two or which an- nut i.liovi; h;ilf a yard al'iiiidcr,
and yet arc of very diH'crcnt qualities : the cne is limpid,
ol a bluifh colour, luke-warm, and contains fal-armoniac,
ochre, i'on, vitriol, allum, fulphur, iiiirc, and orpimcnt:
the other is as cold as ice, turbid and whitifli, yet has
much the fame contents ; but the water has a ftrongcr
taflc, and is heavier than the other. It is faid to be a
I.rtcr,
The bifliop is a j /incc of the crrpire, ai.d In ilie ci,].
iege of the print.'. s takes idacc alli-Tiuitily wiih li;,' I,:!),. ,
ot I.ie^e ; but in fuch a manner ili.it C)hi,ibiii;r .;]„,'
tits between both. He is the tirft fumnioning piiiici.' .mj
dini'tor of the circle of VVcflphali.i, and at ihcili.i, „i
the tirilc, enjoys the fiill feat and voice. As Inlli,,., ]|.
flands under the archl.ifliop of Cologne. The thipt^.r
conlills uf forty meinbeis, who arc ,dl nobles, an I nmif
prove their nobility ; and onte a year the (hit Id .mj iu|.
met of the youngell canon are cariitd in prociirion wuh
public beat of drum, th.it every cme nay ( ntiiiin- intohis ,„..
digrce. Theepifcopal doni.iins ^\c ir.ore coiilidtral.'i.tj-;,,,
thofe of Ol'nabrug ; nnd ihc chapter maintains fcvm n.,
giments. The revenues of the Ivlliop aie faiJ toamoui"
perfe«ft cure for the worms, yet the fowls that drink of | to feventy thoufand diiciis. He becomes he
it are immediately thrown into conviillions ; but arc foon ; ftrangers as die here without children; a very uiijullcui-
recovered by an infufion of coinmun lalt and vinegar
'J'hc third Ipring, which is about twenty paces difVant
from the other two, is of a grcenidi colour, but very
clear ; the talte has a mi.Nture of fwcct and four.
In this territory is the famous (ield of battle, where the
brave prince Arminiu-i, general of the (jcrman forces,
defeated and (lew Qiiiiuilius Varus, and routed the Ro-
man army under his command ; a moft important viiTlrjry,
which freed the Gernian> from the Roman yoke.
SECT. II.
Oflht Bijhjpric »/ MuNSTFR.
Iti ^ilualh'i, Prcilii(.\; and Rivers; the Religion of the In-
habitants 1 tht Amis, Prtro^at:ves,a>JilRei Clitic oftheliificp;
with a Defer iptiou of the City of Munjier, and CoesfeU.
THE bifhopric of Munrter is bounded on the north
by the principality of Eaft Friifland, the county
of Oldenburg, and the prefeclurate of AVildcfliaulcn,
which belongs to the elet^Viral hoiife of Brunfwic j to
the eaft by the bifhopric of Ofn.ibriig, with th; counties
of Tecklcnburg, Ling; ii, and Ravcnfbcrg ; to tlie fouth
by a fmall part of the dutchy of W'eltphalia, the county
of Maik, and the dutchy of Cleve ; and to the weft by
the United Pioviiiccs the county of Zutphen, and the
provinces of Upper Ull'el, Groningen, and the county of
Jieiiihtim ; and is the largcll of all the Weflphalian
bifliopiics.
This country is generally level, yet is intcrfpcrftd with
fomc agreeable eminencies, hut has no high mountains.
The c.xtenfive '.icatlis (crve for the breeding of cattle ;
it has alio fruitful plains, fine woods, and good quarries
C'f ftonc.
'I"he tivcr« here abound with fi(h; the principal of them
are the Kins, which travcrfes the whole length of the
bifhopric, and is incrcaftd by fcvcral fmaller ftreams, par-
ticularly by the Aa, which rifes in this country ; the
Lippe, which forms its boundary to the fouth ; the Vecht,
which rifes here ; and thelJeikal. The lake of Dum-
nicr, which is near five miles in length, and half a one
in breadth, lici bttween this bifllopric and the county of
Dicpholz.
Munlfer, befides its capital, contains twelve towns
that are lummoned to the land diets, with twelve others
tliat have not this privilege, and the fame number of fmaller
towns.
At the Reformation the dotSfiincs of Luther oaincd
ground in thisenuntryj but the exercife of that religion
was afterwards I'upprelliid. There arc (till, however, fe-
vcral nobles, among whom fome arc of the Lutheran, and
others of the Caivmifi: church ; and at VV'eerdt both ..re
tolerated; the popilh religion, however, prevails.
'I'he principal commerce of the inhabitants is in hog'
and \Ve(lphalia hams. They geneially entleavour to
preferve a neutrality, wnen their neighbours arc at war;
and though there are I'everal fortrefiis in the diocei'e,
they pay twelve thoufand crowns per annum for the pro-
itti on of the dates of Holland, who have ufually a great
IVNay in the choice of a bi(hop.
Tlie provintial ftatcs of this birtiopric confift of the
t!cgv, the nobility, and the above-mentioned towns;
and are ufually held at Munller.
The arms uf this bilhuptic are, a fcfle or, in a field
azuic.
/.om, unknown in any other pan of the empire.
This b'fhopric is ilivided into four tjuaittrs, each of
which is CubJiviiled into a number o! picfct;luia;cs th;
principal places in which are the followmij.
.Vlunlfcr, in L.itin jMonnlteriiim, the cupital <if tii'
bifhopric, is feated in a very fiiiiifiil and p!ej|'.int fpotin
the river Aa, in the (ifiy-fccond degree li.\tuii rnnu/c
north latitude, and the fevenlh di:M(C tweUe niirmtcs "
call longitude, thirty-eight miles loulh-wcif of Ofj,].
biug. It is furrounded wi:h double diiches and r.inii ji(,
and has ulfoa citadel called the lirille, cretttcd hj Ivllinj
Chriftopher Uernharil, in ordtr to curb tlie town. 'l\^
city is alrnofl of a circular form, ami has eiglit nit?.-
The hf>ufes are moflly in the antiiiuc tafle, anil the'pMn.
cipal ot them are in the four m.iiket places, p.irticulni^y
the (cnatehoufe, aiitl the hall^ htloiiging to the coir.iu-
nics. In ihe I'outh-call part of the lity 1.5 a large (inij ..,
where the fronts of the huufcb rdl upon pi'Iars, anlf.Kin
haiulfomc piazz.is. This city has live collegiate ;iiu! fx
parifli churches, befidc a college belonging to the Jc-
(uits, a great number of convents, and other rcliriou!
houfes, moft of them (lately piles, and fomc of ihcn
very delightfully fituated in tne inidll of beautiful g.ii.
dens.
This city is famous fur the peace concluded there i,i
the year 16148, between the Swedes and the empenv, .md
the princes of the empire, by which an erld w.i'; ; ut to .i
war which had hilled thirty years, with vail prii';iiif>ii „['
blood ; a treaty which ellabliflied the fortune of ni.-.ny ;'„.
vereigns, the liberties of tlie empire in general, and tin
free exercife of the I'rotcftant religion in the cn'.pirr ;
and a treaty upon which thofe that have been fini e nnit
with Germany and the northern parts, have in a gre.u
meafurc been founded.
Coesfeld, a town fituated in a (:nc plain, is, next to
MunlKr, the principal town in the whole bifliopnc. It
was formerly one of the Haiil'e-ttnvns, and at p.'rfrrt
contains two paiifn churches, one college of jclint!,
four nunneries, and one mtuiaftery, and has lik.wiii; a
princely judge. In the year 1591, it fuffcred greatlv by
file, and 111 1631, it was taken by tlie HciTians.
SECT. III.
Of the liijlmptic of LiEc.E.
//; Situa.'isn, Extent, Proluee, and Rivers. Tie SljslfS ei
the Ciiiiitry; the Reli^icn U'lJ (jOmmerce cf the liii.r iuiniii,
with the 'litles, Jims, and I'rcrcgatives '>f tht li'i/iip ;
the Offices l.y luhi^l) the Chiieriimcnt is ndi/niiijlte,l\ ui 1 1
purticiiicir Dejitiption of thi Citj/ of Liege, as alf if Hux,
UinMt, and Spa.
THE bifhopric of LIciic lies in tlio Kethcrlan.ls, siui
is bounded on the noith by Hnihant ; on t''.c t^.l
by Limburg and Juliers ; on the fouth by C'ii Jinp.ignc ..lui
Luxemburg ; and on tlie weft by Hrabant, N.iniur, and
Hainault, extending from noiili to fouth above ninetv
(we miles ; but dividing and tunning much to the fuuili-
ward, is of very ditVeient bre idth: fomc I'mall difirict? .f
this billiopric lie within the juiifdiction of Urabant and
Luxemburg.
This is a tleliglitful traJl, abounding in corn-(ieI,!i, pv
fture grounds, and cattle ; tlu- hills are cnverej vtirh
viiieyarJi, which p oJuto wiiie» that refemble the iniJ-
ditf.j
),ll,
us p,..
icil b^ bihop
;, rifxt !o
(lidiinc. It
;n prffiTt
gc of jefiii!!,
.Ti.atly by
<f lUlUjhp;
licrl.iii.'s, r.r.J
on t'lt (A
amp.igtu' ..n.i
N.iniur, aiiJ
il.ovc ninety-
to the rvMiii-
ill dianct^'T
Ur:ibjiit iir.J
irM-ficlh, pa-
ciivcrcJ with
nbls the miJ-
Jim2
I.iroE.
dlliilT wiiv"! of BiirgunJy and Chati.#agne, and the coun-
,,.. iiasioiifiilcralilr fmvlh, with many quariitsof nur-
1,1c uul la-c-itonr ; alio mines of copper, IcaJ, an.l nun,
ii'iimlio"''. vii'iol, iind pit-coal. 'J'his bidiopiic is liu-
. I,, iilcbratcd lor its mineral waters, as thok- at Spa
i„l Cliaii-I''""'''"'''
jtif p'incipul rivers liv which ihc country is watered,
ycilit: .\l.icle and the Saml>ic.
'Ihc provincial (tates conlift of the chapter of the no-
I llv ami ihe bnr;:n-ma(ters of the towjis ; thcfc have
V'tncral trc;;l'iircrs and fix receivers, liatli of the
The bur-
EUROPE.
249
two p
m'o tirll llatcs choofc four deputies annually
(im.ilK'rs of the city of Liege are born diputics of the
Thi'd It.i'.c i but have four deputies of the finallcr towns
[0 allill tiKiTi. 'I'hcfc deputies meet in the cpifcopal pa-
lace ol Li^ge. ,
The principal exports ot this country, and particu-
hilv of the city of Liege, confift of beer, arms, nails,
feree, leather, and pit-coal, ail which arc exported from
I nice ill prodigious quantities.
'I'he titles of the bifhop of Liege are the following,
l)v the '/race of God, bilhop and prince of Lie(.'e, duke
I Uduille III marquii of Franchimont, count of Looz,
Hooni, i*<c.
His srms on account of J.ic;_i;e, arc a pnlar arge.it, on
n nedell'il of the fame, with a crown or, in a field gules ;
nn account of Bouillon, a feflc argent, in afield gules:
rjn account of Franchimont, three lions in a field ar-
icnt • anJ en account of Looz, four fefl'es gules in a
tit'U or.
The birtinp "f Liejc in the council of the princes of
the empire, takes rank alternately with Munllcr ; but
lo that Odiabiug always fits between them. This bi-
Ihopric is the third in rank in the circle of Wellphalia.
'ihc ecdehaftica! juril'didion of the bifhop is divided in-
to feven archidiaconates, and the chapter confifts of lixty
fcrroni,
The prince's privy council, which is filled with fpiri-
lual and fecular counfellors, decides all attairs relative
(odie fupcriurity and immunities of the country, and
the rights and prerogatives of the prince. The aulic
ii'.d rciit-chambtr determincb all matters with refpedl to
his revenues. The oiKcialihip has the direction of every
ihinz icUting to religion. The court of the fcoflen, or
jijuh judicial court, determines all criminal caufes. The
ordinary council cxjmincs every thing that comes be-
fore it by appeals from the feudal and allodial court, as
alio all caules inconfillent with the privileges of theeni-
ri?ror. The feudal court judges in all feudal dil'putcs,
aiiJth' allodial court in all allodial coiUroverfics. The
court of the twenty-two judge fuch officers as abufe
•heir p-iwcr.
Tbi- bifliopric contains twenty-fix towns, which arc
,!i\iiieJ into the Walloon and Heniifli, and has tiitecn
'luaiir.ii iLiriflies, fevcntecn nbhics for monks, who mull
hegenilemtii, and eleven lor ladies : fo that the annual
icveiiues of the bifliop aic computed at three hundred
ilioiifaiid ducats, aiul he is laid to be able to maintain
ci'ht ti.oufand troops, without opprefling his fubjeits,
ihc bulk of whom are of the Popifh religion.
The piineip.il places in this Lilhopric are the follow-
Lifr-e, by thctJermans called !,uyck, is fcated on
t',c river .Macl'e, in the hirieth degree forty-lix minutes
iioith l.ititiide, and the filth degree twenty-eight mi-
niies e.ilt loneitudc, in a vale hetwren two mountains,
mcof which Itantl; to the north, and the other to the
t.ill. Ih^ citv illelf is <jcn.-rally divided into the Old
or Upper, and into the New or Lower Town, and the
hit is fubdivided into two parts, namely, into the ifland
inJ thcqiiaitv.. ' ond the Maefe. The Upper Town
liamls (111 the declivity of the northern mountain, which
15 called the Holy VValburc, .'.nd extends on the fouth
to an aim of the Maefe, by which it is Icpnratcd from
that pait (d' the Lower T'own called the lll.ind ; but to
the noith terminates on the Great Made, which divides
!t from the (juartcr beyond that river. Ihc Lower
Town, alio calK-d the lllaiul, is enco.npafled by two
branchci of the Made, which unite at the point of the
iCaiid i and the quarter beyond the Maefe is a pciiin-
uia fill' iiid bitwcen the river and the caflern mount
64
named CoriiiUon. Tlufe fevcral parts cf the town have
a comuuiniealioii v.'ilh each other by bilJ^'cs.
Thi', city is well fortified, and defended by a citadel,
erected on the mountain of the Holy Wslhwrg. At ihe
loot of this mcuntjiii fi.uidi the giaiid epifcojMl palace,
part of which was burnt down in the year 17341 but
was rebuilt in 1737, :;t the expencc of the provincial
(lues, in a tegul.ir .uid fine talte. In it aie not only
held the meeting of the ltat..-s; but the hi^h colleges.
1 he council hoiife, which was ruined by a bombard-
ment in 1691, was in.ignificently rebuilt in 1714, and
contains a public library. This 'city has fixteen gates,
leveiiteen bridges, fome of which are very bandfome,
twelve public Iquares, one hundred and fifty-four flrcet.s,
moll ot which are broad and ftraight, a cathedral, and
feven collegiate churches, thirty-two parifli:,*, five ab-
bies for men, and the fame number for women, ihirty-
two cloifters of both fexcs, two colleges of Jcfuils, one
(crninary, ten holpitals, and a chartieulc. The cndow-
incnts of the ecclefialtics are fo rich, and the fituatiun
lo pleafant, that Liege is commonly filled the paradife
of the clergy. The houfes are high, and generally built
of bluifh marble. Here are alio two fine quays adorned
with rows of trees, and the city is four mils in circuit.
T'he cathedral of St. Lambert is extremely large ; but
is a heavy flruflure : it contains a great number of pre-
tended relics, befidcs bulls and (btues of filver, and 3
St. George on hoifeback, which is laid to be of gold.
Among the many collegiate and parifh churches, that
of St. Paul is remarkable for its ilrjclure and fine orna-
ments. All the regular orders have very beautiful con-
vents, and among the reft is the college of Knglifli Je-
fuits, and a fin.- nunneiA? for Englifli ladies. In St. Wi!- :
liam's convent lies Sir jfohn Mandcille, the famous ro- H<- ,.'-tsnTA^^
mantic Englifli traveller, and near his grave arc kept the oan..t,y,ffA
faddlc, fpui^s, and knife he ufed, and on his tomb is an j^7<',7»-j- 1, /I
inlcription in old French, requefling palTengers to pray j.,y'.4"V^-(. J
for him. ,.' -J,
The city of Liege is not only called the paradife of " * ' '^■'
the clergy, but the hell of women, they being obliged
to drag the boats, carry burthens, and work harder i.ian in
any other place ; as a confequence of this it is termed the
purgatory of men, as their wives generally domineer over
them.
In this city arc a multitude of brewers, who export
great cjuantitics of beer. T'he manufadurcis of arms
and nails in this city have a great demand for them. Its
leather and ferge is alio famous ; and from this town,
aiid its territory, the Dutch receive moft of their pit-coal,
T'he magiftiacy have been feverely handled by their bi-
ftiop for pretending that Lie^e is a free imperial city,
and difputing his authority. In the year lOeji, it vv.h
bombarded by the French, and in 1702, taken bv the-
duke of Marlborough.
About two miles from the city is the cpifeopal pa-
lace of Seiing, in which the bifliop ufually rcfidcs dur-
ing a confiderabic part of the fuminer ; and near it, on
the Maefe, is a well built village, that cont.tins nianv
plcafuic-houfes.
Hui, or Huy, is fcated on the ?vlaefe, which at thi.i
place rcceiies into it the little river Huy. It lies in a
pleaf.iiit vale, and is divided by the. Maefe into '.wo parts,
that have a communication with each other, by means
of a fionc bridge. T'he fuiall river Huy alfo dividing
into feveral branches foims a number of little illands in
the town, that are inhabited and joined together bv
bridges. T"o the north of the town lie five or fix fub-
uibs. Huy was once well fortified ; but it has been
Irequently bchcgcd and taken, paiticiilaily in the \car
1715, when its fortifications were deftroycd ; but tho'
it has undergone various misfortmus, it has i(il| many
fine houfes, with one collegiate, and fourteen parilli
churches; an abbey, a cloillcr of regular caminsof the
order ol the H'lly Crol's, fixtem convents of both fcxe;,
and a number of chapels and iiofpital:,. Gn the river
Huy ate feveral paper-mills ami iruii-vvoiks, and the ad-
jacent country yields com, wine, allum, fulpliur, and
pit coal.
iJin.int, ill Latin Dinnantum, a city fcated on the
Made, ainidll hills and rocks, and tonfillmg of the
I'owii pioperly fo called, of th; Lower T'own, the Illand
R r r quarter.
hV
.AS '••
A SYSTEM or G E G R A P H Y.
h ,:.
ipi
!■■
^1
« r'
m-'^ ^ 1
<I » ■
m
150
(Hinrtev, .lii ! fnmc fulv.irbs. It cnin;iins one colV[;i,Ur,
iiiiJ l-vcii o;luf churches, ii collfgc of Jiluits, with lix
cK)i;i.rs ail.! Iu)l'i)it.ils. BLlDri.- thu tmvn ;iri; I'omc line
HiiuriLo of mubl':, ,iriJ othci (Kmc. The principal UmW
cirriL'J (in here cuiil'ills in Ic.ith'T. In 1554 it was k-
vercly h.indlc.l hv the French. In ll>;^ it wus t.iktn Iw
the Aullii.in^, an>l the I'ollo^inj; ycir by the l-icnch.
vsiiu diJ ii.-t icttotc it till the peace ot Nimey'icn.
Spa, or Sp.m', a town celcbiated tor its mineral wa-
ter;, is I'cateJ in a valley luirniinilcil with niouiitaim,
and contains tlirec hiindreJ hoiifes. The part called the
Old Spa, wh ch is properly only ;i fubinb to the otlier,
cunfills u/'iiii.eiable cotta^C',, and when lirangers arrive,
the poor inhabitants lend "out a l\v,inn of childrcnto f^et
what they can by befTLiint;. The hrnifes of New Spaar-e
little, dailc, rild'fa(hi()ned wooden buiUlinjs, and yet it
is alHrrned, that thev can nialcc twelve biiiidrcd bcdj lor
ftran^eis. The chiir h of the Capiichms and the pa
rilh churcli arc both Hated upon eminences, and make
a good appearance at a dilhmce. The inn called the
court of Lcind'H is very lar^c, and as it is the bell in the
place, is mo!l frcqitcnt'cd by itrangers. The name of
the five principal wells aie Tunnelet, Watpotz, Sa-
vinicre, C}c[iinflerd, and Pouhon. 'I'he inhabitants
are employed in making toys, and other things lor Ifran-
ocrs, to whom thev are" very civil, and leady todothun
all good o.Ticis, Near the city theie are excellent li(h,
and'^good game, to accommodate thofe who go to the
Spa.
S E C T. IV.
T/h- Bijh-.piii s/ OsNADRL-f:.
hi Sil:i.il!:n, Extent, Produce, and Rivos. Oftl.f Inhidi-
tants, t/iiir EmptoymmlJ., Riiigiit, and '7 ;•«</«•. Tie Rf-
rul.itions ejliihlijlud u/iih ro^ai d to tlh-re hi'wg allcrndlfh
J'rot./l-i'it and Popijh Bijhil>. In Revenue, Arim, pu'>!ie
OfJKei, and Chapter : ifilh a p^irticular Dejiiiplimi r,f the
Cits ■■/ Ufmilirug.
THE liirtioprlc of Ol'nahrug is IcMted in the center
of the circle ot \Vellph..lia, and is bounded on the
north by the bifliapric of Munile; ; en .the I'ouih by
Munftcr and the county of Ravcnlburg ; on the ealt by
the lame county and the principality of Miiulin ; and on
the well by MuiiIKt, and the coun;i(s of Lnigtn and
Tecklenburg J but the preftdurate of Rechenberg lies
feparate. I'his bifliopric exten I5 forty feven miles from
north to I'outh, and between miictecn and twent)-eigl>t
from calt to welf.
Almoll oi'.c-half of this bidiopiic confifls of hcath-
lands that yield pafturage, and aKive tni lorts of turf.
The country, however, produces as iiuich rye as fup-
plics the neceflities of the inhabitants and live hundrul
Itills. Confiderable (.quantities of whc.it, oats, and molt
of the barley ul'ed here, are imported Iroin the piincijia-
iity of Minden and the county of Scbauenburg ; and, as
there arc but few cattle bred in this biOiopric, great lunn-
bers are brought from l^iCl P'riefland. The country h.is
hut little wood, but, belides 1 eir turf, they have fome
coal-pits. Marble is iilf.j found here.
'I'he principal rivers arc the Hale and the Iluntr, both
which rife in this country.
The inhabitants are diligent and lab.irious, and the
country people here fe-ldom lit, as in other parts oKJer-
nianv, by ifoi.es ; but ul'ually by the lire-liJe, vhei-c thev
perform tbeit principal work, wiiich is Ipinniiis; ; and
about fix thoufand peal'ants go every year to lloll.ind, in
order to mow, cut turf, an I do other wuk lor hiit ; and
it is faid that the meanell of them bring home tivcnty,
and the belf woikmen Icvcnty florins ; lo tliat the ready
money thus brou^'ht into the country may be leckoned
at two hundred thouland florins a ye.ir.
There .ire in tins bilhopric ni,iny v.ifl'als who belong
p.irtly to the chapter and popilli clergy, and partly nahe
burghers. The number ol Catho'ics and I'rotcltaiUs is
thoii'ht to 1"! ne.uly e(|ual, though 'he foiriuT have
thirty^-two ciurche'-j and the latter only twdirv ; but
no Jews are tolerated in the country.
'"^"•AlIIltT,
The nifill beneficial I'liiploemfr.t r.f the irdnbitaii'
conlilts in fpiniiing yarn, am. rnanufaiStuniii^ a coiru.
kind of luien, which is ccivevcd by the Eiighih, Dutc>
.ir. I Spaniaid'i lo their leitlementT in Africa .mu .^menc'
there arc alio ionic coarfe woollen cloths nude in ij.
coii.itry.
t\r. ibe pea.-c <.f Ofnabriig, in 1648, it wan fettled i-j,
this bdhoprie llumlJ aiujin.iteiv have a cali'rjlic and j
Lutheran ,.lih>.-, and in confideration that tl-,c houfc c'
lirunlwic had lor the fake of a general peace made f(i
vei.d valuable laeiiliccs, namely, oi'thecoaiiiutorlhi'is ^,|
H.ilbeilladt ami .Magdeburg to the clc6lor ot liraiidcn.
biiig, of that ol Hiemcn to the king of SwcJ.-^n, anj ,/
the bilhopric of Ratzebuig to the dukes of .Mcckkr-
burg, the Lutherans, who were to have the altcrnatiit
were to be a younger piincc of the houfe of lirunlwit.'
Lunenburg, the prel'eni royal family of Great liritai.n ■
and on failure of that, the altenutive was to pals 10
Bruiifwic-Wolfenbuttle, now 13riinli«-ic-lievein ; lo ihat
the prc'till.int alternative has been enjoyed I'y prince tr-
nelf, gr.in.lfather to his late majeffy, and alterwardi the
next turn by another prince Erneff, the late king's unci;
who was created duke of York ; and upon the decealccl
the archbilliop ol Cologne, who uss tie lalt incumbent
Frederic, the I'econd (0.1 of the king of G.at Ilntai'i
was eleiitid billiop in l-]b\./lef<i.is6erf; ^;fe(j Auf.rti,
Hut though this bidiopnc is abctnatcly hercJitary jn
the houfe oi Hanover, it is not fo with regard to jij
popilh bifhops, who are cholen out of dilFerein /armlicj
by the t!;.ipter, which confills of twenty-tive caivjns the
revenues of eii'hiecn of whole pnbends arc enjoytd ly
the Rjnidh eccleliallics ; thole of four, by the /tlnitt
for the I'upport ot their college; and the other tlir(;e by
Lutheran canons only, who are capable of ckclini;, but
not cl'bting elected bifliops, as the catholic caiioiis are.
When there is a gopifh Lilhop, he is fuffiagan to the
arclibidiop of Cologne as metidpolitan ; but when there
is a pr(itclt.,nt biffiop, the exercile of the metropolitan
jurildiction is to be lufpended. Since the reformation in-
troduced here in 1534, the bifliopot either denomination
has, with the dignuy and power of a tcmpoul prince
little more than the name of a hilhop.
'l"he revenue of this bilhopric amounts to between
twenty and thirty thouland pounds.
The arms of this bilhopric are an orb gules, fet with (n
fix fpokes in a field argent.
l^he bilhop is a prmce of the empire, and may fit n
the diet of the empire in the council of the prinees b;-
twteii the b;fhops ol Munller end Liege.
The public otHces are the prince's privy-ct.uncil, wh ch
has the care ol the epifcopal boaid-Uiids, and the ("uprcir.e
• ifpiciien (jf the country. The prince's ch.inccry 0;
lands and julticc, conlilling of two catholic aiij tuo
Luileran counlellors, one of whom is at the Time tim;
a i! eitor J as ailo of a catholic and Lutheran lecrc:arv.
F n this court an appeal Ires immediately to the luprcrn:
I t of the empire. The epifcopal olHcialfhij) ir.iovi,
uilcaufcs, a jurifdidfion jointly with the (.haiicervi
;, with refpeiil to I'uch ecclelialtical matters ai beiop'
io the cath'dics, jointly with the archdc.icoiis, from
whom, iKitivithlfandirig, en\ appeal may lie to ihe offi-
cial The prince's Lutheran land-conlillory is cumpoltd
of a fecular prclidenr, two fpiritual counlellori, and a
fccrctary.
The bifliopric is divided into prefciSuratcs, each 01
which has a noble (entlchal, together with are:it-ni.illcr,
who coUee'ls the revenues belonging to the b:iiio|) ; 1
rural rouiit, or judiJe, a court clerk, and a (ileal. Thelc
pieleitlurates cunlilt of parillie,, and the parilhes of pe:-
fanldiips, wiiich are properly Iniall villages that h.ive no
cbuicbes, and ticquently only certain little dilliicb m
which many pealants refide together.
All theolficers mull fwear to be true to the favcrcicn
and the chapter. (Jn the decea'e of a bifliop the chapicr
takes pollcflion of all, and tills up, in coiijuniticiM with
tiie magillrates of the city ot (Jliiabrug, the vacant ul-
tices i for abiiolt all the odieers, the rur.d comrs c.v-
ccpte.l, lofe their polls on ihe deceafe of abilhop, t:,l
thev are again reinllated in them by the chapter, win. a
retains or dii'cards them at pleadire ; but the jicw bilh.p
ag tin makes a change in the ofticcis.
Tho
: inlnbitarn
,'lHfi, Dutc!:,,
iiui Americi
iiuiic in th..
ai fettled tar
iti-Diic and i
t the houl'e (,;
care made fc-
idjulotlhipsi.'i
■ ot IJraiidcn-
.■cjcil, and (.
of Mccklcr-
he ;i!ternati>t,
of lirunl'wii.
jrtat liritai.T:
v.\s to pals 10
cvein ; lo that
I'y prince Er-
attcrwardi th;
e kin;;'s unci;,
1 the ilccealcii
all incumbem,
G.'.Mt Liritai::,
y/C' Aug. If.
y licreJitary m
regard to iti
liferi'iit lamiiitj
live canons, the
are unjoytd 'oy
by the jt\'w.^
: other three by
of electing, but
olic canons are.
fuifiagan to the
but when there
ne metropohtan
reformation in-
er denomination
xmporal prince,
nts to between
gulc?, fet with ^r•,
and may fit in
the princes b;-
council, wh cii
nd the lupreir.c
chancery o:
th'dic and tuo
the f.ime timi
iLi.ut fecretary.
(> the lupicm;
icialfhip iiijuv!,
tlie chauccry,
i;i.tters .\i belong
hJcacoiis, froai
lie to the offi-
ory is compokd
inlellors, and a
luratcs, each o:
,h arciit-niartcr,
the biiiiDp; a
illeal. rileic
panlhes of pii-
that h.iv,' liO
ittlc ilillucls 111
to the fuvorcipn
Hlop the chapitr
onjuiicl.yn ■vi'.h
, tne vacant ui-
r.il conn's tx-
|i)f a bilhi;i, t;.l
chapter, win. a
the new bifil-p
1:.:
■if'
M.s.Ev. K I' li
The priiiciiial city ill ilii» biniojviv; is.Ofnabruo:, or
Omiuiir^k, m Laiiii UiiiaUiuaa, v.-i/.cli is leatcJ in a
vale by the river I late, in tae Ulty-.ccoml ilcgree lorty-
tivi. iiiinuto nortli latitude, an-l th.- leventee/ith .lej'ree
ihirtv-eii;ht inmutev call 1 m^jit.iJe. It is a neat well
biiiU city i I'lii ''••'■ bxil^li";;* •'"•': ^ntiiiiie. It h:'.s levcral
hinilloiii- iiiiblie llriictnrc-,,anJ isencompafi'cd with wall,'.
ii'iJ ilitcln-s hut eoinm.iiidecl by a niouiitain within can-
n»n-llii"> "P'"' wnioh is an abbey or rathera place lor
men of qni'ity to retire to for devotion. The niiinbi r
ofhonles, cxclul'ivc of the public b.iildina;?, ainDuiUs to
twelve hiinJied ; but tiie place is not populou.s. I'nc
cniVo'ial pji.iee was built by bilh'ip Kriielt Augulhis,
j'.I'.k'Ioiij^ to the eleilor.il houfe of Brunfwie.-l-unen-
hiir', wboulually refigns it to the catholic billiop lor his
nlc' l"his pal.ice is'well tortitied, and I'cparated Iroin
the town by a hrid^c. This llruiluic is erected in the
of a hexagon, and at each corner is a turret, with
It was in one of the apartments
torni I
aconrt in the middle
, , pCtiiis palace th.it king George I. expired, on theebventli
r • p|- L,,,.;, 1727, in the arms of his brother prii.ce Ernell;
aiiii it i:> laid, in the: very room where he was born.
I'hc chancery is but an in.liti'ercnt buildiii:;. in the
),jh uf the coiiiitil-houfe, where the celebrated pc.'.ec ot
164S was concluded, are the pictures of the feveial am-
bjil.iJots who adilted at it. 'i'here arc alio Ihewn here,
in a thin folio, the portraits of the billiops ot Olnabrui:,
which George Itorgen drew with his pen. In St. I'cter's
cathedral arc fliewn the filvcr cotliiis in which lies St.
„/ (;riipin and Crilpiniaii ; and here are alio interred leveral
■ bilbips- The cathedral chuichof St. John is the fecond
parilli-church belongiiigto theRomads. The 1/Uthcraiis
have two panlh churches, which are thofe of St. Mary
and St. Catharine.
The Romans have not yet the privilege of ma'ting
proccfions in the city. In their church-yards the Lu-
therans are buried, but the catholics arc not interred in
ttioie belonging to the Lutherans.
There is here a college of Jefuits, with a monailery ot
Dominicans and a nunnery of Augnftincs ; alio a com-
meivJty belonging to the Teutonic order ot St. George,
with a fmall church, and a feat of the order of St. Jonn.
Till the year i 595 the Lutherans and Papilh had a l,;hool
here in common, at the Ccll-.^ium Carothmiii, in which
were teachers of both churches; but in that year a fepa-
ration wa-. made, when the Lutheran gymnalium arole,
in the pollcflion of which the town was contirmed in
160J, by the aulic-chamber of the emperor and empire.
In the Ci%i«ff!Cflr3/(n«;/; the Jefuits have their feminary.
'I'he church belonging to the cloiller of Augullines,
which was deferted at the time of the reformation, has
been converted into a prifon and houfe of correction,
'i'ntreare here alio three well built hof'pitals, and lome
lina'.ler ones, with a Roinidi and Lutheruii oiphan-
hoiife.
Tho principal fubfiflancc of the inhabitants depends
upon the linen trade, and the foreign manulac'tures re-
tailed here. Thcmii|^(lracy arc Lutheran, and re-chol'en
anniuilv on the fscoiid of Janu.iry. This was the lirit
toun in Weltphalia that received the Lutheran doctrine,
D
O P E.
lie Cain (J AJiiithii aiul Lii'dwW.
a5»
'•.■/(/.// Dij'.riplitn 0/'
TWV. piinclpility (d' Mindcn lies
ludii'pric iif Ofiiibrug, and ii
to the weft of the
lie. lily a hundred
and loiirieeii milts in circuit. It conlilt* (or the molt
p.iit of gdod corn land, and a;Mici:lture beiii;^ cinii'H on
v\'itli great ililii^-nce, th;: iiihabitami fujip'y tlvt iici^h-
boiiriiig countiii- with corn, and p irticularly with wlioai;
■iiul barley 1 ila< ahii is cultivate.l with liicn fuccel.«, rlmt
they arc likewit'e able to liippiv their iiei j.ldiours with
it. I'iie meadows ,ind palliiies brer 1 a conli.lcrable niinr-
ber of cattle. They have alio wood, pit-coil, turf,
and an important falc-work, uhich I ipiilcs both (he
I'rullian and the adiaceiu coimtiijs with tliat comniodiiv.
I he Wel'.r tr.iverles the country, and is of great advan-
tage to icj commerce.
With refpect to the religion of the inhabitants, thofii
of the Romilh church enjoy (mly in the city of Mindcn,
and the Calvinills every i|u,uter of .1 year at the cit.adel uf
Kterlhageii, their public woiloi;) ; and all the other
churches in the country belong lo the Luther ins ; yet
the Jews are allowed their Ichools at Alindeii and
Lubhecke.
The inhabitants arc chiefly employed in agriculture,
the breeding of cattle, the fpiiinin' of linen, and weav-
ing of buckram. 'I'hey alio make a kind id' half linen
and half w jollen ftiifts : coiifider.ible quantities of yara
arc exported from this princip.ility, and the coarfc linen
made here is fcnt 10 England aiul Spain. There arc here
conhderable breweries, a great trade in corn, fope, horfes,
and all forts of cattle.
Ciarlemagne erected this country into a hifliopric j but
the piecife year of its foniidation i-. not known, though it
is fuppofed to be about the year H03, from which time,
to the peace of W'eltphalia, are reikoncd fixty bifhops :
but at the peace of Ofnabrug, in 1648, the billinpric of
Minden was religned as a principality to the dedtoral
houfe of lirandcnburg, inltead of the ceded countries of
I'omcrania. On the fifteenth of Odlober, 1649, the
eleclor Fiederic William caufed the citadels of this prin-
cipality to be polU'lfed by his officers ; and on the twelfth
of February, 1(150, received the homage of he inha-
bitants
Over this principality and the county of Ravenfbcrg
a regency is appointed, which alio, in conjuiidtion witt\
tne two luperiiitciidents of thcfe countries, and the Pro-
tcilant court-chaplain of Minden, conllitutcs the con-
fillory. Both colleges conduct in common fuch af^'airj
as rel.ite to the fovereign ; but the regency alone enjoys
the adiiiinillration ot juiiice, that over the knights in the
hill inUancc, and over the others in the fecond. The
war and domain-chamber manage all aft'airs relating to
war, trade, and maiuif.uSures. Gut of thefe colleges,
or offices, another of health is appointed, which, when
any infectious difcafe prevails among the inhabitants, or
cattle, makes the neceliary provifion for putting a Hop
Here
to it. Here is all<> a provincial medicinal-college, in
which a member of the war and domain-chamber prcfidcs,
and takes care that the country be provided wilh Ikilful
Mei man flecker, a tnciik of the order ot St, .^uguU j phyficians, apothecaries, furgeons, and midwivcs. At
tin-j, and former mailer to Luther, preaching it here Minden and Lubhecke the civil power is adminiftcr-
froni the pulpit in the year 1519. T his city denies the ed by the magiilrate, but in the country by officers .'p-
puwi r id' the biiiiop in aft'airs relating to the church and pointed for that purpofe ; and it is all'o in fome mealure
ptilicej and is alfo poU'elicd of the ciiniinal jurildiction, exercifed by the ch«|tcr, the provolt of the chapter, and
ciiniina
wilh tiie light of fortification, and has a conlillory of its
own, as aho the rxcife, and the privilege of collecting
the ratrs of the burghers, with an annual revenue of
about eight or nine thuuland rixdoliais.' It is podefieil
liltewile of the light of coining copper moiey, which it
exercifed for the latl time in the year 1740.
fe\eral religii>us foundations.
The annual revenue arifing to the fovereign from the
doinain-binds .ire, according to Dr. Biifchiiisr, rated at
bnni what more ihaii a ton and a half of gold in rixdol-
lars ; and the revenues of the warched, aiifing from this
principality and the counties of Ravcnibeig, Tecklen-
burg, and Lingcn, are dlimatcd at about two tons and
I a half of gold.
I 'I"he piincipal places in this country arc the follow-
ing :
1 Minden, the capital of the principality, is feated on
the weft lideof the \V'efer, in the tit'ty-i'econd decree
//( Sitii.iiivi, Extent, find Priiuit : tht Rchgim and Trriile thirty-one minutes north latitude, and in the eighth dc-
0/ t!:e /iihiiUiiinti : tbi fiujtai Offiits l>y wl/uh the Govern- gret thirty-eight minutes cart longitude. It is a ne.it
mM is admmijltred: tht RiVinuis r/cfk\d hy t>K' King "f and will fortified town, environed with rainj'arts and
I d.tchcj.
S E C T. V.
Of the Principulity sf M in' DEW,
:.1i
iH
r,.il
ri 1 , ' . '
;-:■'^v.
Ai
152
A SYSTEM OF GEOGUAl'HY.
M::
" U
i I
n
i\
w
Jitchts, anJ has a flonc-liriilge nvrr llic Wcfer. Its com-
modious fituiition for trailt .iiiil ii,ivk'.ilitii, its Inewcry
of a pli.'ul.iiu while In IT, ami in Cinic mcaliirc alfo in
»griculturc ami brecj nf tattle, liijijily in inhahitaiits
with thi: nicjiib ol pniciiriii;; a i-oiiiloriabx' lublillciHC.
Till: cath..Jral i> a no'jl^ ; mi lainf, lliougii t'ark ilriii;-
turc, aiiil niMi' it \i a liamUome ch.iptcr hoiifo. Tlic
chapter conlills ol iij;liitcii pcilon^, who arc partly Ro-
man catholic ami paril" I^iitinraii, ajul has achaptcr-cro(:i
which hangs at an azure libbon, aiiJ was conlerrcd hy
iHi- king in 1750. The church of St John alio belongs
to the Fapillb, and cfoitaini a coll'.'i;',uc foundation ot
tea catholics. St. Martin's, the principal church be-
longing to the Lutheran^, has alio a tolltgiate fouada-
tion of nine perloti";, who aic paitly Roman catholic and
partly l.iitheian, together with I'lx vicais. Near St. Mar-
tin's church is a female fouii'latioii for twelve perlons,
the abbcfj of which has a pretty cxtenfive feudal feat.
'J'he third Lutheran church is that of St. Simeon. 'I"he
churches of St. I'aul atid St. Nicholas alfo belong to the
I.uther.uis J but itisftldoin, and only at certain times,
that divine Icrvi^e is perfortncd in them. It has likcwife
an orphan luiufo, and three alms-houfes.
This city has lurt'cied greatly by war, and has fevcral
times btcn befiegcd and taken. Upon the pli.in in the
neighbourhood of this city a memorable battle was
a.?ny (ought oji the lirll of Auguif, 1759, in which the con-
federate army uiuler prince Kerdin.'.nd of Brunfwic totally
routed the Kiench, when the troops of .he allied army,
particularly the Dritifli foot, fignalizcd their valour in lo
extraordinary a manner, againlf much fupcrior irumbers
Ljf the cncmv, ai gained them immortal honour.
Lubheckc, a finall town, which ever fuicc the year
1279 was cncoinpalVed with walls, ramparts, andditchcs.
It enjoys confiderablc immunities, and in particular the
jurifdiilion over a confiderablc dillrit'J. In it are thirteen
gentlemen's (cats, and one of the order of knighthood is
always tirll burgomaftcr ; hence the magiflracy bear the
title of knights, burgomaller, and council. The inha-
bitants, molt of whom are of the Lutheran religion, trade
in yarn ami linen ; they aUb carry on agriculture, and
the breeding of cattle, brew beer, ::nd diftil fpirits. Near
the parifli-church is a collegiate foundation, confifting of
one dean and four canons, among whom there mull be
always a Roman catholic.
SEC T. VI.
0/ the DiilJjy t,f V'l'RDtN.
7/r Sllriallsn, Extent, Produi-:, ami Riven : the Rel'ig'nn of
the liihuhitonis : tb; Offtus by u-hiji the Government h aa-
mini/ltntl ; with a Dijiiiptieii o/ihe City of yirdtn.
THI'"- dutchy of Vcrdcn terminates on the dutchy of
Urcmcn and Lunenburg, and is computed to be
about twenty-light miles in length and breadth. It con-
lifts, for the moll part, of heath and high land, as alfo
of lorells ; but on the rivers Wcfer and AUcr is good
marfli land.
The Aller waters almoft all the fouth pjrt of this
dutchy ; but the Wefer only fome of the wellerly boun-
daries, where it receives the former into it. The other
rivers of this dutchy are the VV'umine, which rifes on the
holders of Lunenburg, and traverfing the dutchy from
eall to weft, receives the fnialler rivers that rife here, as
the Fint.iu, the Vcerfe, the VVcrdau, and the Rodau ;
alter which it enter? tile dutchy of Bremen.
The inhabitants are of the Lutheran religion, and the
country has the f.ime confiftory with Bremen, and alfo
line and the fame gencial fuperintendent ; but at Verden
U alfo a (pecial fuperintendent, who is a member of the
royal crnliftnry, and has under his infpeilion the twelve
provincial parilhes of this dutchy.
Verden was a bifhopric founded by Charlemagne ; but
at the peace of VVeffphalia, in 1648, the crown of Sweden
obtained the bifliopric as a dutchy. It was afterwards
taken by the Danes ; but by virtue of the alliance con-
cluded at Wilni.u in 1715, it was ceded, together with
IJrcmrn, by the king ot Denmark, to the cleaorid houfc
of Drunfwic-Luncnburg 1 and in the year 17131!
of Sweden made the fame cclTion.
kii-,|
In the council of the princes of the empire the kini ut
(j/eat Britain, as duke of Verden, has a feat (jn (l^
temporal bench, alter the prince of llalberftadt, and alio
at the diets of the eircl-: ol Wtltplialia.
This dutchy has tlu.' lame regen y uith that of lire
men, nantcly, a chancery, and an aulic-courti In (he
latter of which an .dItlTor fits, both for the nobihiv uf
this dutchy, and for the town of Verden. The laiul iljitj
ol this dutchy confill of the nobility and town ol \ cidui.
Both the council of nobles here, and that of the tuwn tif
Verden, appear, in conjunflion with the land-ft.its of
Bremen, at their diet at Bafdel, when any all'airs tre to
be difcull'ed there that have a relation lo both diitchiu.
The city of Verden is foaled on the Aller, wliith hcic
divides itfelf into two branches, and is at prillnt only
frequented by the lliips that go up and down the Aller,
There arc here four churches ; the cathedral, near which
is the church of St. Andrew, that of St. Nicholas, a:,il
that of St. John. In this town is alfo a Latin-fchool,
SECT. vir.
Of tht DtitJjy of Ciuvr..
lis Slliintiin, Extent, Piciluie^ nn/l Riven: the ReH^i'ti rr
the Jiihahitants : the OJfe/i hy which the (ioTen:rnn:l ;j ,;,/,
imiiijhred : the Revenue! the King ff PrnJJin reeeivcs t,',-n
ihli Dtilehy ; uilh a Drfcripthn of the Cities oF C.'.tV!
Emmeric, ein.l If^rfe/.
THE dutchy of Clere, or Clcvcs, terminates to the
call on the bifhopric of Munllcr j to the lou;h in
the dutchy of Berg, the principality of Mors, the arch-
bifliopric of Cologne, and I'rufli.ui UueKlres ; to d,,,
well on Brabant and (Jueldrcs ; and to the iinriji on
(jucldresand Munfter ; extending forty miles in lenijth
from north to fouth, and fifteen in breadth from call to
weft.
This country abounds in corn, fruit, and all manner
of plants : it has very fat meadows, in which arc bred ,\
confiderable number of horned cattle and horfcs. In r-c,
ncral it is well cultivated, and has many delightful ii)un
particularly near the city of CIcve : all kinds of game'
are here in plenty, particularly on the weft fide ol tlij
Rhine. This river divides the country into the lallci/i
and weftcrn parts, receiving into it the rivers ol Ru"i
the Emfer, and the Lippe. The Macfe touches alfooii
a part of the dutchy, and receives into it the Niers, wHkIi
rifes in the dutchy of Juliers. The Old Iffel alfo ti,.v.rf.;
a pirt of this dutchy. All thefe rivers abound jiriny
much in fiflii and the falmon, pike, and carp ol iln:
Rhine, are particularly admiicd.
The iiihabitaiitj are moftly of the Romifh cliuri h ; hut
the Calvinilh, Lutherans, Mennonites, an I Jw::,, .»«
allowed the free exercife of their religion. There ;>ri! .
collegiate churthcs, Hvo commanderiej of the Tculoi.i..
order, one eiinmeii/lum belonging to rhe order of St. johi!
the .ibbey of titcn and Hamborn, fw'venteeii monaitij.u;,,
and about thirty nuniKrics.
The voice of Juliers, Clevc, and Berg in the coeriL.I
of the princes of the empire has been dormant cvii liiice
the death of duke John VV'illiani. In the circle of 'vVill-
phalia the eledlor of Brandenburg, and the eleiitor Pala-
tine, as dukes of Cleve, Juliers, and Berg, bear alti,-
nately the office of fending the circular letters 10 liiiii-
mon the ftatcs to vote; but 111 the linecloi ium have b:
one voice between them.
In the city of CIcvc is the royal regency appuinud uvcr
this dutchy and the county of M.iik, to whii h theaiu.cnt
aulic-jiidicatoiy has been iinitcj, and in it too is a m'H-
fiftory held monthly; fo that this lii;;!) college ixgul in;
all the aftairs of church .-ind fl.Ttc, and apjic-Js lie to;t
fiom all the other courts. 'I"he war and dom.iin-cl:.-. ;,-
bcr of Clevc, Mors, and the M.uk.take cogiii^:^iic.' "I
every thing relating to (economy, the fonil, lu'l'., ici;-
tributions, cxcil'e, mines, war, &c. and tinder it i: th-
provincial council cltablifhcd ifi 1563, that refiiii'a:(s
eveiy thing relating to the police ; tut civil and ci.n.air.!
affairs are admiiiilletcd by the provincial judicatojiesaii-
1 pc:-:;
'Ifw^Y
Cuvt, ice.
■ icil in 'lie year 175:5 at CIcvc, Xantoii, Wcfcl, ami
iCfli'l^'""' and to thcfc the fuhjcai'uf the ailjoining
EUROPE.
''53
„.f,.olur..tcs arc referred.
The .\unu3] revenue a
nCiiV' to the kinf; of Pruffia from
,he .lonu)nsof Cleves anil the M.iik, arc clluiute.l at
-bout thne hundred tifcy-hx thouljii.l nxiii.lljr., aTiJ the
f m bruit-'" to the war thell from Clevc, the M.uk, ;iiul
Mors to alioiit three hundred forty thoufinJ.
Th'i; pf'"^'i''' I'''""*-"' '" ''"'' J"''^''y ate the foMowiii^', :
(Jlcvc, ill Latin Clivi.i, h f.iiJ to derive its ii.niie (mm
■,s lituri.'n among cillfs and tlie declivity of a hill,
' Krc it It'll"'' hetween the Rhine and the iM,iel'e, in one
*[■,;,(. fined countries Ml (jetiiiany. Jt is featcd in the
(• iv-!irO d'.j'rec Hficcn minutes north latitude, ;iiid in the
c'!i,li',l^.,.rte'tweiity-linir minuter e.ilt hjn-ituile. It is
('iiijll hii' plealant, WlII built, aiidwell peopled, having
fcvoral fine houlVs belonging to petYons of i|u.ility ; hut
thofe of thcordinarv burghers are mean. Il'ho caQle is
]jrr>f and dclightlully feated on the top of a hill ; but is
jrrr^'ilar and no: vcrv droni;. It h,is (lately apartments,
an/thcrc the king of I'ruflii relides when he comes to
ihis citv. I'he inhabit.lnt^ chiefly fubfift by the circula-
tion of money occafioned by the rcfiJcncc of his deputies,
who govern the dutchy, and by the meeting of the Ibtes,
who all'emblc in the caftlc. There are here aderman
Cilvii'ill and a Krencll Calvinifl church, one belonging
to the Lutherans, and another to the Mennonites, toge-
ther with an academy belonging to the Calvinifts, with
a popilh collegiate church, two monalkries, and a nun-
nery, 'h'^ river Hel, which runs by the foot of the
,j[j|c, is navigable by I'mall vcfi'els to the Rhine; and
on ths weft fide of the city are wh.it is called prince
Maurice of NalTau's park, in which are many imnds,
caaals, hn'; water-works, grottos, and the l.ke. Above
ihtni is the high hill of Sternberi;, from whence m.iy
bt fcen Utrecht, though it is fifty miles diftant. With
near forty other cities and great tcjwns, tAclve of which
arofecn through fo many walks cut thro'i;;h the woods.
The priiice's houfe ILinds in a wood on theeaif (id;-, and,
jmon' other curiofities, has a noble eolledtion of old Ro-
mJiiurns, and fcvcral other monuments ol antiipiiiy.
Eiiinwri;, or Embric, in Laim Emerica, or Embri-
cum, is a large, rich, an-,! be.uniful town, pleafantly
filuitcJ on the caft fide of the Rhine, four miles to the
call of Cleve. It is a very antient city, and h.is a pretty
rood trade, and was formerly one of the Haiife-tovviis.
Tj.tc is a'.u'ay.'^ a fmall garnfoii; but though the forti-
)iciti.i:i> v.eij formerly very confidcr.ible, tliey have of
;,tc becnncglecled. The governor, with the magiftrates,
:.iiJ many of the burghers, are IVotellants, and have a
oTJrrh hiie. 'I'lu' Roman catholics have two churches,
one of which i« collegiate, with two monafterics, a nun-
nery, a'ld a cuilege of Jefuits.
VVci'el, in Latin Welalia, is the largcft and bcft built
to'.vn in the dutchy, it being populous and well fcalcd for
irudc. It was formerly one of the Hanfc-towns, and an
inineiial city ; but was e,\eni])ted by the dukes of Cleve
fro'r, the contributions paid by thofe towtis to the military -
chtll of the empire. It grew ricn by the concourfe of
merchants, who fled hither from the perfccution in tiie
Sp.;nilh Netherlands, and was garrifoned by the Dutch,
to whom it was iiioitgjge.! by the eleClor ol liranden-
burc'. It was tak'.n and plundeied by the French in
lb">. ; but was reitc^rLd two years after to the c lector,
after It had been dit'maiukd. 'i'luugh this place fubniits
to the king of PrulFia as its foveieign, it is governed by
its own laws. Unth the town and its two fuhu^bs are
well lortifud, after the iiiojirn way, with baftions, half-
moons, and ditches i anl in the middle curtains there aie
gad.-ries which run into the ditch, and have feparate
places for the men and women in cafe of a fie2,e ; and it
lb eiicemed one of the ftrmielf t.iwns in .ill luiropc. It
has a good citadel towards the Rhine, a fmall harbour t\ r
velllls that traie on that river, and an arfciial well lilled.
The Calviniils, Lutheran.-, and Roman catholics have
all churches here. There are here a Lutheran at ademv,
three munalteries, a foundation lor l.idies, called Averdorjf,
who are for the moll part Lutherans, and a commeiidam
of the order of St. John. Ttic city hjs a leat and voice
at the provincial diet.
65
S E C T. VTII.
7/v County of the Mark.
Ill Situatlin and Pniit^:c : the Riiigian an I 7iii.li- cf tlu- In-
liibiliniti : thf Ullias ly wh'uh the Givn>imiiil is admi-
iii/lofil; uith a Difaiptien oj' IJti'/i, VhniI, Jfntsn, uihI
THE rniintv of the Mark is boundvd on the north
by tl-.e bilhopric of Munller, on the calt by the
dut.hy of Wiliphalia, on the fouth by tlie dutchy of
lierg, and on the weft by the dutchy of Clcvc ; and vi
efteemed the largeft county in all the circle o( W'eft-
phalia.
It enjoys a fertile foil that produces wheat, rye, barley,
oats, buck-wheat, peas, vetches, lentils, beans, rapt;
and turnip feed, as alfo luch plenty of flax and hemp as
to fupply the neighbouiing countries with them. Italili
produces plenty of fruit, together with good kitchen-
roots and herbs. It has fine meadows anJ paftures, with
a good breed of cattle, and all manner of game. In the
mountains are mines of filver, copper, lead, iron, and
co.il, with quarries of Hone.
The inhabitants of this country are Lutherans, Cnl-
vinilts, and of the Romifh church ; all bein.^ allowed the
free and public excrcife of their religion, and no reftraint^
laid upon the confciences of the people. There are many
manuladures here, the produce ot which not only I'up-
plies the country, but great quantities arc exported, par-
tieiil.irly of iron and ftcel worked in a variety of ways.
This country is fubjecl to the electoral houfe of liraii-
deiiburg, who ill 175J appointed fix judicatories over
the wiiole county, each of wliieh has its own juftice,
allefi'ors, and clerks : at the lame time, for the re^'ula-
tion of aitairs relating to the pidice, four circles are ap-
poiiiteil, in each of wliiih was placed a provii'.cial-
COUIK'il.
'I'he principal places in this county are the f illowlii' :
Ham, in L.itin Hamniona, is the capital of (he wlioK-
county, and is feated near the borders of the biflioprl-. of
Munfter, by the influx of the AtVc into tlu Lipjje. Jt
has no walls, but is encompafled with dit'.l;e.s, ramparts,
and palifadoes. 'I'his city is pretty large and well built.
Ithas a citadel in which a conmundant leluies, and con-
tains alfo z gyi!miiji:im iHii/Ire belonging to the Calvinifts,
in which are three profelfors, and a Latin fcliool, with .1
large church that alio belongs to theCalvinills, a Luthe-
ran church, and a cloilter of OblVrvants, witli noble ap-
pointments for the poor. Juft before the north g.itc is
the Norder hofpital, a noble foundation for protcftant
and popidi ladies ; bu: the f:iiall church near it is only
ufed by the Catholics.
This town has a confidcrable trade, and was formerly
one of the Hanfe-towns. It has frequently fuftcrcd very
much by fire, particularly in 1741, when three hundred
and fifty houfes were burnt down, with the council-
houfe and the church belongin ;; to the Calvinifts; but
better buildings have been crc>;ted in their ftead.
I'nna, the fecond town of the county, is feated in a
fine plain, on a livulet called the KotteUiecke, and is
furrounded with walls and ditches. It h-s a Lutheran
parilh-church, and hofpital church, in wliich tha
Calvinifts perform divine worfiiip, as a Lutheran
preacher docs on Saturdays. Here is iikewifea nunnery,
together with a Rotnifti chapel and a !,utheran .'.ehool.
The town is poflelled of a very cxtenfi\e and protitablc
territory; and moll of the burjheis I'ubfill by anricul-
ture. diliilling, and brewing. This was alio airtieiuly
one of the Hanfe-towns.
At no great diftanee is the mountain of f laflo, on which
is the free fecular foundation of Kioiidenbeig, belongin.r
to the Cifterciaa order, which has an abbe's and twenty-
four ladies belonging to it, and into which both the i^ro-
teftants and Roman catholics arc received : beiuies li-vc-
ral tythcs and corn-rents, above a hundred fai;;ib be-
longing to the peafants are fubiecl to it.
ilerlon, alfo called Lon, is a conliderable town weii
inhabited, and feated in a mountainous trai^i. Tlie
Lutherans h.ive here three churches, with a Latin Ichool ;
S I I tiie
i '
454
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
:.i
! , .)'■
■,'' ' ! 11 , ^
\'nis-
the Calvinifu Kive one cliiirch, mij tiif Roman railnilics,
in 174b, CK-cliJ line fur tiifinlclvcs. The prlnci|i.il uii-
^)!o)'incni cifilu' iiiii.iSi:,iiit5 cummIIs in ni.iniit.'i;iur(s ;mj
trAi'f i (or livrt! iiri.' m.ule ;ill wcirkb in ircin aiiil Ih.iI's,
woollen thirt's, velvets, on I ribbons. 'J'liis luwii lias
beejj frei-jiii'n ly i.iiil w.ille by fire.
Soifl, in l.iiiM Siir.\iiiiii, is aeity of confiiier.itilc cir-
cuit, in which i.re exti nine minis anil t;.ir'lens, Init is
ine.'.nly l.uilt. It is litii.itdl twelve miles to the call of
Ham, :ujJ is furtiliej with doiihie w.ills, on whieh arc |
thirty toivcri, ar..i is ;'iro ilefejuleil by a l.uj;e deep ilitch. '
The Catholies are in pntVeiruin of the catheJr.il anil two I
ir.on.iilerics ; but th-' [yUtherans have (even churches, in I
one of which the C.ilvinilh perlorni public wojiliip. The
Lutheran Latin (Vhool is ruie of the three arehigynuia(u
(uj they are c.i'lol) of Wellphali.i. To this town be-
longs a confilerahlj extent ul arable land, and its prin-
cipal trade inn("il(s in torn.
This was formeily or.e of the Hanfc towns, and the in-
habitants chol'e their own niagidrates ; but, in 175", the
king abolifhed the old niagiltiacy, and appointed a Hand-
ing on*". Thi'v had here an antient body of laws, which
va.s the foun.'alion of thofe of I,'.ibec.
^\'c (hall conclude this account of the ?vlark with a
concife account of the imperial city of Dortmund, in
Latin Trcniduia, which is ("ituated twenty-fix nnles to
the well of Sotit, and w.is aiitiently one of the HanCe-
towns. It is pretty large, but flijihtly buil;,and contains
tour Lutheran churches, one nunnery, and two mon;.;'-
teii'-'s. It has likewife one of the three archigviiinada of
A\'ellphalia, and enjoys a feat and voice on the Rheiiifli
bench ofthccullege of the impeiial cities. The ttrri
torv belonging to this city it an antient county, that
contains many \ illages.
SECT. IX'.
Of tht Diitchiis cf Jt'Liiins mil Bero.
Their Sitiicti}n, L\tciit, Pniluce, and Riven : the Ojjiies
/ V iMcl) th.-je Diitihiei cue giverneil : the Revenues the
Ele:!'jr Piihitir.e 1 eceivei fiem them ; ivilh a Dijiiiption cf
tl\' Cities cf Jiuieis, Diiieri, Diij/tuUrp, Heiijkr^, unj
I'ileu.
THE dutchy of Julicrs is bounJcd on the north by
the dutehy of Gucldies, on the calt by the arch-
bifhopric of Cologne, on the fouth by Luxemburg and
Treves, and on tiic wed bv Liege and Linibuig, extend-
ing about niiuty miles in length, and in breadth in (ome
parts above (ill tythree, but in others much lels.
This dutidiy has a (ruitful (uil, that produces all furts
cf corn in .ibund.-.ncc, and bai alio good meadow and
palture lands I'he breed of cattle is condderablc, par-
ticularly of horfes, which are lent to the neighbouring
toumiics, an I alio into France. Much wood is culti-
vated here, and in Come |)arts pit-coal is found.
\\'i;h rel'pect to the ii\eri, the Maefe terminates this
country on tlie weft lide, and the Rhine on the calf. The
Kuer riles here, and having trayeMed a great part of the
country, receives into it the little livers Worm and
]-)entc, a'fo called Inda or Inga. The Liftt alfo riles
here, and traverfes the country to t!ie call. The other
rivers are the Nicrs and the Ahr.
'I'he provincial Hates of Julieis united in the lad cen-
tury for the maintenance of their privileges ; th.le united
Itates coniill of the nobility of both countries, and the
four principal tii'.vns of eatii dutchy. 'I'he inhabitants
ad'ert, that they do not depend on the unlimited arbitrary
will of their lovereign ; but were ::lw.-.vs governed ac'-
cording to their antier.t cuflums, lights, and innnu-
liitics.
The inhabitants are partly of the popifli and partly of
the proteftant church, and both enjoy the free c.xeiciicof
their Kli.'ii.n, and perfect liberty of conlVicncc.
ii-.'.le dutcbies are lubjcit to the cleifor Palatine,
\vh;i('e arms on account of the dutchy of Julicrs, bear a
lion fable, in a iiclJ or ; and for the dutchy of licrg, a
li'in gitles, iiewr'.ed azure, in a field argent.
Tne [rovincial colleges of JuHeis and JJcrg, with the
j-rivv-cuuncil, tiic aulic-countil, tlie chancery, and the
JllLIERs, ff.
.liilic-chamber, arc held at Dunelduif, In the diitd, ,
IKr,;. An annual liini is granicil to the foverciin 1'
the ttatcs of Juliers and lieig, which in the vcir°../'
amiHinied to five hundred and elghfy ihouUnd iix,|, 1 ''
to wiiichwas added a (rcc ('ift nf (ifiy tlioulanj (l„|j|,"''
'I'he ilutchy of Juliers is diiided into twenty. „|',
prefeiitnrates and ligniories, the principal places in wh A
arc tl.c following : '
Juliers, or Julich, alfo railed (Julich, and in J,,,
Juli.ieum, is the capital <jf the country, and ii fituV.'l
on the Riier, in the lifiieth ilcgree fi'irty-eight inmu.
north l.ititudc, and the fixth degree f"rty-fix rninut^'
i.ill longitu.'e. The river here is very fiihjcill to mj.'
Iliiw its b.mks: the city is well fortified, andhasaiiii'
del, which is faid to he as firing as the bell engineers
Ciermany could make it; it being thirty years in 1,^.1;
ing. Witliin it is a fpacious piazza, with the palaa.;,'
the antient dukes. The Iheds arc broad and rcni' .
and the h.iufes neatly built o( brick. It has a Roun,!
catholic c illegiate church, with one belon.iiim („,[
CalviniH.s, and the Lutherans have another befirc tlic
town. Inlhefubuibs is a Carthullan nuuiaflcry, ivj1,|„
endowed by the dukes. This city is very antient iJ\
obtained it- name in the time of the Romans.
Ourcn I, reckoned the lecond among the towns that
have a voi< e .ind feat among the diets. It is fmall unj.
form, and well built, with ftreams of w.;tcr tuiiniiu
through the llrects. It was made an imperial city bj
IV. but fubvlued by the duke of Juli'.rs in lar-
Charlc
Chailes V. took it by florin, put the gariifjn to iii-
fword, and burnt it in 1543; but it was afterwards re-
built and -eP.orcd to the duke. The handfonifft (Ifu,..
turc inth.s town is .St. Martin's church, where llicypre.
lend to have the head of St. Anne, the mother of tlit
Virgin .Mary, which formerly brought abundance of pil-
grims to this place.
The dutchy of lierg, fo named from its mountain; ij
feated on the call fide of the Rhine, oppofite to ir.e
eleitoraie of Cologne, and is bounded on the north' fcy
the dutchy of Cleve and the principality of Mors, from
which it is Ciparatcd by the Rhine ; on the cart by the
dutchy of W'eltphalia and the county of the Mark; on
the fouth and wefl by the archbifliopric of Cologne. In
its greateif extent it is above leventy miles, and in i:i
greatell breadth tvs'enty-cight.
It is a very mountainous country, but ha.s fomc fr^it.
ful trac'ts, as alfo good meadow and palliire lands, with
great quantities of timber, pit-coal, iron, and other ores.
In the upper parts near the Rhine arc vineyards.
The Rhine, which flows to the caft of this countrv
receives into it all the other rivers, as the .Sieg, into
which the Agger pours itfelf, and the ''.Vipper: thj
Roer, which (lows out of the county of' Mark, runsti
the northward through the narrowed part of this dulcliv,
and in Cleve falls into the Rhine.
There arc heie eleveir towns, and the fame numlicrof
boroughs, in which arc manufactures of clotii, linen,
and Heel. The Hate of leligion here is the fame aj in
the dutchy of Juliers.
This ftate is divided into fixteen prefedhiratcs, the
princi])al places in which arc the following :
Diiii'eldorf, or Dufl'eldorp, a city feated on thcRhiiij,
in the filty-titil degree thirteen minutes north latitmlv, .
and the lixth degree fifty-eight minutes call longitude,,
twenty-three miles to the north-calf of Juliers. It hs
its name from the livnlct of Dull' I, which runs throiish
it, and afterward.s tails into the Rhine, over which ii a
bridge of boats at this place. This city is not Lirr-e,
though it is populous and ftroiigly fortified. The New
Town, which the elcitor John AVilliam caul'ed to lis
built before the gate of lierg, confified of one bioad (iiie
built ftrcet ; but it has fallen to decay. In the town is
the old princely citadel Icatcd on the Rhine, and com-
mands a fine profpedi. Ft has two galleries, the uppcr-
nifill of whitli confills of five rouiir., which arc adorned
with paintings by the grcatelf mailers, as Titian, Ju-
lius Roinanus, Rubens, Van Llyck, Raul \'eroncfe,
&c. and alfo with excellent flatues of bral's, antiques,
and the like. Under this gallery is another wdiich con-
taint; (latues in marble and plaifVer, which are copies of
the molt celebrated ftatuci at Rome and I'lorencc. In
1 the
Mows, &r.
'lie ritadf
'.juaie oppoliii
i-.l to the lioni
juilcgiate and
iliilies of Julie
lege, a^ ',\)'mn.i
beautil'ul ( liap'
Mies and iiiiiii
churih. liefui
the model of th
Jiiriu-d with
ii,liiig-acadein\'
licnfberg, a 1
vcrii;n, built
three leagues ft
liiud (lone ;
that fupport the
marble, dug <
Jl'artmcnts are
iiigs 1 befides w
iu (ar as the city
flat country. '1
\'eif,iille.s, thou^
fliiiilure was de
iciifured, on ac(
mfiits.
Fifteen miles t:
im|;erial city fanv
aliout the year S"
piic, and to her tl
are all'o feveral lar
ill the diet among
venues were at fir
and twenty canon
iiniic adnntted but
iriarry at plcafure.
ihcaDbey, and boil
allowed the free exi
Lutherans ; but it I
Slid acommandcry
jTctty large, and is
■,\K made there ; bi
itwa>oncc famous
Oflht Priiieifiality 1
Li>:;eii, i:nd Ravi
taib.
TIIL principalii
dutchiis of C
(.' iottne, and the il
r.i^rc than nine nu'le
It abounds in coi
Jfc wafiied by the R
it'.Tal ('mall rivers a
ifi'iuflia, who on ai
'■; \-t leat and voice
e.:;i!rc.
' Ills principality I'
nunageevery thing ri
i.'jctner with civif, c,
tut what relates to \
'lit iJx-councM, whii
'"Jduniain-ehamher.
liiulity the king ann
'•>ilollars.
' 11" principal place
fe-ll lortified I wn vv
fIjcc where thv -.rovii
It ".is aCalvinil. c;,u'
(-'leftld is all'c a I'n
''"' has manufaiaures
■■tt.clts,
'>.e county of 'T'cei
"'^J M(f „n the bidio,
■'"^•cll on that of A
''■«i"i!ci in length,
m
^H5, k:
iliitchv cf
V"' ':;;
^"■nty.nin.
:s ill which
■1. in I,it,„
'• fitiiatcii
;lit niMiutci ,, ,
li'< niinutt) I
C^ to (ivc;.
I lias aun.
:nginccrsi:i
ifs ill build.
lie paU:c o:
llld rc''u!ar,
1 a Romm
ii^iiiHtuilif
r iKiirc (lie
H"y, llolily
.imitiit, zui
IS,
.c towns ihit
s fmall.uni.
.■.tcr luiinir.i
ciial ciiy by
li'.rs ill l^r-,
rill'jll toil;;
il'ierwards le-
llbiiu (I (Iruc-
iiTc l!icyp:c.
mother of tlic
idance ot'pil.
mountain;, it
ipofite to t'ns
tlic north" by
f Mors, from
he caft by the
he Mark ; on
Cologne, !n
and in !:>
as fomc fijit-
re lands, with
iid other ores,
ards.
this country,
ic Sil'g, ill!o
".Vipptr ; tht
irk, runs to
It' lliis dutchy,
[lie mniibcrof
clotii, linen,
|ic fanv; i> in
iiaviralcs, the
111 the Rhiii',',
lirtli latitudi-, .
Ill loni^itudc, ,
Th'rs. It has
Itins through
Ir which is a
|is not lars;e,
The New
|r;iui'cd to he
ic bioad fine
I the town is
le, and coin-
|, the tippiT-
arc adorned
I'ritian, Ju-
Vcroncl'e,
is, aiitiiiues,
which con-
ire copies of
lureiice. In
the
I". U K O P
Mors, ice.
•he citadel is the Teat of the aulic rliainher, and in the
'.uijici>|ip'>lile to ii is antqiielln.in (htui- oi metal vn\i-
I'l to ihc honour of the tkctor Jciliii William, lo I'le
iiik-iate and panfli-f liurcli arc th(.- tomhs of the .miiciit
iliilverof luliers and Hi ,;. The Juluit.s have alloacd-
Ice, a ;;yinnariuni, and a l.:niiiiary, to;nthcr with a
bi^autifiii'chapcl. In thi; town arc likewile loinc inoii.il-
lities and nuiiii'.-rics, as alio a I.iitnctaii and a I'.ilviiiill
churcli. liefore oiieof llie ^ates is a (hapi;l huilt afur
,hv niodel of the houfc of Our Lady at t,orctto, and a-
Jiirntd with tine paiiuiiijs j and in the year 175?., a
,i.,|;ii ;-acad;niy was founded here
IJt'nfbcrg, a tine pl.afurc-houfe licloivjin:; to the Ti-
vcrti Ml, built by the elector Jcdin William. It Hands
three kagucs from the Rhine, and is built with a very
liatd llone ; but the ornaments, particularly the columns
that fupport the gallery in the front, arc a kind of grey
iiiarhlc, dug out of the nciyhbourini; quarries, i'lie
jrartnicnt-. are large, and .idoriicd with the tineil palnt-
iii rs • bclides which ihry have u moll extenfive piolpcci
..jlaras the city of Cologne, over the Rhine and all the
ll.it country. This feat is faid to have much the air &t
*5l
It his a fiiiTicient quantity of land c.ipaMe of hf.Tring
all lottj (if corn, with ai'oiid biecd ofcatilr, and plenty
or lowl and venifoii. its river,', and brooks abound with
lilli : thi:le are ilie tUfe .ind the live; and in the moun-
tains arc (|u.irries ol llon'\ A great ileal of linen 'f>
m.ide and c.vp.jried (roin lliis country.
In the be^iniiin ;; o! tlic Reformation count Conrril
iiKp'.lueed the I.n'.l,' ran iloLtrinc; but count Arnold,
ot lieiulicim and Teekluihurii;, his dau^htci's lini, biiir-,-
ing 111 the Calvinills, the whole country embraced their
fentiments.
'I'hekiiigot I'rurtia, on account of thh country, cnioys
i an additional (.Mt and voice In the Weftphalian college
ol imperial coi'iit:, and alio at the diets of tho circle of
\Vc(lplialia. The fovcr'.'ij;n's domains in this countv
bring in aniuially about twenty-four thoufand rixdullarj.
I he amount of the taxes, cxril'c, &c. is included in the
(um mentioned aboie under Mindcn.
I'lie pl.iccs in this county are too inconfiderable to dc-
fervc defcriplion,
The county id f/iiii^^n is furr.ninJcd by the bilhoprics
of Miinftcr and Ol'iiabrii:'
r anil Ulnabrii7, and in part by the county ot"
Veifailles, though it is neither I'o large nor fo lofty. 'I'lic j I'eciilenburg. '1 he liul vi the country is in gencta< not
lliuiture was deligned hy an Italian ; but the ouifidc is , very lertilc. In the upper country are ibmc coal-pits and
iciifured, on account of the multiplicity of its otna- quarries of llone.
niriits. I The prevailing (luircli here is the Calvinift; but thf
Fifteen milts to the north of Dufieldorf is Elfen, an j greatell number of the inhabitants of the country are
imr.eiial city famous for a noble and rich abbey, founded | Roman raiholics ; for at the time of the Reloiniatioii
aliout the year H"". I'lie abbefs is a priiiccfs of the cm- | count Conr.ad was obliged toiefigii this part of the country
piic, and to her the grcatcfl part of the city is rubjett. as ' to popilh lords, and it beeaine iiuirely under the Spanifll
are alio feveral large manors ; and her deputy has a place ! dominion.
in the diet among the prelates of the Rhine. 'I'heir re- I Lingcn is under one common I'ovrrnmcnt with the
venues vvere at tirft fettled for the abbels, lifty-two nuns, , county of 'I'ecklenburg ; and with lefpeit to the police
and twenty canons ; but they are lincc rctienchcd, and and oilier altair.s, it is under the liomain-chambcr of
iiDiie admitted but the daughters of noblemen, who may ' Mindcn, which has adepuialion college at J^ingcn.
ri.irrv at pleafurc. The king of Prullia is prolCiitor of i 1 he royal annual revenues arlfing from the domains,
thcadbcy, and both in the city and doillcr the people are contributions, and excile, are ellimatcd .it about eighty
allowed the freecxercifc of religion. 'I'he magillrates are thoufand florins.
Lutherans ; but it has alio fome Roman cailiolic churches,
jiiJ a comtnandcry of the I'cutonic order. The city is
Mctty large, and is a place ot tr;'. le ; fonic good cloths
arc made there ; but the making ot firc-arnis, lor which
iiwasoiicc famous, is I'allen to decay.
S E C T. X.
'J'his countrv is divided into the I'ppcr and Lowci
County, the principal place in winch i^
Lingen, the capital, which is leated near the Ems,
was formerly fortilied, but at prel'er.t is barely I'utroiiiul-
ed with a ditch. It is the feat of the regency oi the united
counties of Lingcn and Tecklcnbing, and of the depu-
tation of the war and domainchainber of Minden. It
has a church belonging to the Cdvinills, anoilicrbc-
I longing to the Lutherans, and a third pollelled by the
Ci'thi Prindl.jllty of Ahn : lot Cmintin cf Tickknlurg, ' Roman catholics. It has alio a leininary, lounded in the
Ur.^cn, end RavcKjlerg; with tht piimiptil P/iices in year ibfj; by William HI. king of England.
,aih. j Ihe county of Ravenlberg is environed bv the bifliop-
j rics of iMunlkTaiid Oinabriig, the principality of Alin-
THE principality cf Mors is cncompafTed by the 1 den, the counties ot .Schauenburg and Lippe, the bilhop-
dutchii-. of Clcve and lierg, the archbifhopric of '■ ric of Radeiborn, and the county of Ritlberg.
Its foil is in fome parts Candy; but in others bears
corn, llax, and hemp ; and the pallurcs are in tome places
verv good.
C. lop.nc, and the dutcliy of (.lueldies ; it being little
more than nine miles in length, and as iiiaiiy in breadth.
It abounds in corn, cattle, and vcnifon. Its limits
.Uf walhed by the Rhine, and it is likewife watered bv ;
iiv.ral I'mall rivers and brooks. It belongs to the king
ifi'rullia, who on account of this printipalitv has a par- i
t.CuLr feat and voice in the council of the princes of the
t.Tipirc.
This principality has its tiwn pfciiliar regency, who
'i'he Wcl'er feparates this county from the principality
of Mindcn, and is of great advantage to the coniniercc
of the inhabit lilts. Its other riveis arc the Relnne, the
Werre, the Aa, the Elfc, the Warmciiau, the Heii'el,
and the Lutterbach.
Moll of the inhabit.ints arc Lutherans, who have
niJ'.iage every thing relating to the altairsof the fovereign; '■ thirty-three parifll-churches ; but the Calvmills enjoy
l.';ct!ier with civil, criminal, and ecckllailical concerns ; ; '
bu'.what relates to war and the police, is conducted by
till' tax-council, which is under tlie direction of the war
-nJ domain-chamber. I'roin the territories of this prin-
'liliiy the king annually receives about thirty thoufand 1
i-Mlollars.
'he principal place in this little princip.ility is .Mors, a
f".!l lortitlcd I v\'n which contains a citadel, and is the
r'jct where thv ■•rovinci.il colleges hold their meetings.
1: i'as aCalvinil. Ci,U'ch, and a l>atin I'ehool.
Crcftld is allV a fmail town, in which is a citadel ;
I'ut has maimfaflures of velvet, tilk, linen, and other
..:!>cles.
Ihecounty of Tcckleiibiirg terminates to the north
the public exercile of thtir religion only at Herlord and
Hieleleld ; though the l^apills^are polkil'ed of churehc;;
not only in thole towns, but in three others, A certain
number of Jews arc all'o tolerated.
The moll profitable employment of the inhabitants
conlilts ill fpinning and weaving of linen. 'I'liere arc not
only many thoufand weavers in this county, but confi-
derablc (|uantities of linen are alio brought from the
neighbouring countries to Herlord and Hickfeld, where
they are bleached and fold. IJotli the line and coarfc
linen made hero is exported all over Europe, and alio to
America. At liiclcleld is alio amanufacluieof llockings,
and at Herlord of (lutt's.
This countv is fubjcil to the clciloral houfc of Bran-
denburg, and in 171b was placed under the regency of
■Jiiicall on the billiopric of t)fiiabrug, and to ilic I'outh
•i'l well on that ot Nlunller, extendiiii; about twenty- i Mindcn. Its principal towns arc the following :
i:.i-c miles ill length, and about ten in breadth. |
• Bielefeld,
■"ill
I
.I'i
i 'i
I )
1
m \
:|liil*s|j A
i ,
A S V S 1 E M O i- G E O G R A iM I
Sc".M't\Rii).,
BiclifJil, the cnjititof tlic county, ii fcitcj at the
foci' of a iTMMiilain, iin.l nri the liinki nt'the Lutteth^ith,
whitli run* tiiriJiii'li thi; mwii. It ii will bmlt, aiiH coii-
Uiii> luar tl -'lU hiiii.lri'd i!wvlliii;vh<>ufij ; wuli tw"
piiiici;)al churihii In.! ii{in^ to the J.uthdaii", vir. tti.it
«if St. Nicli il.'s nt wlii'.h tlic rii|v rintrn.liMt of the
county Is iipji'.T preicliii i iiiiJ it.at . I ,it. .Nhiy, m whkh
IS a chapter, I'lulilting of fcvcn lj'i:hi'r.iii ami hvc Kit-
m in c.ith'il'c i'n|viiiLn. Thcic ar..- lur? alio aC.ilvi-
lilil cli irch, a l'ij|i;lh th.^pi-i, ;ii;ij ^ Kr.i!n;il'cari ni<m II. iv,
with .1 Jiuuli in It i Jii ii.iir'iiaM'. in winch i>. 4 l.uthn.ui
cli.i|ii.l i jii (iriiM.in-hiMlff, in wnuli is a llockni,; rn.iim-
fa.'tuiv i a Ipiiiniiig-huii'.'c, a houfc of CDiaiit.dii, aiiJ .1
FyHtiii uhuol. In tiic tuwii arc all.i Icvcnu'cu l>|ii.irii.
'I'll'.' nubility hnii! th 'ir pun incial Ju-ti here, an. I in this
pl.icc ki:r|> tlicir aithliis. It w.h (ornierly a Haiilc-
town i .'t prt lint iric picnciji.il empi, yniciu.i of th'i inha-
bit.inlv coiiliil III wi\uiii\ .iiiJ li!i'a:l.ing ol linen.
Ik'ifotil, Uiimcilv irnordfii, i< w.itered by the rivers
Wcrr.i .iiiil A.i, whicliiuii thro;it;ti ihccity, dividing it
into time paits. Th.it in the niid.ll: i. lal d the Alt-
lladt.aiul coiil.iins three huiulied and lixtv-nvo Iniri-herj
hdUlLS, .TLuth.r.iii church, and a cliyftcr of (Jrey Iri.irs.
About oiie-third of iliu p.wl is called the Librity, and
contain-, thiiabbc), which is jn imperial, free, iecular
fotiiul.iti.in, and its abbels, who is ililed a priiicel's and
pielatels ol the holy Roman empire, tits at the diet a-
mong the abbelles on the Rhcndh bench, and at the diets
of the circle ot Wellphalia. Thi^ foundation \% Luthe-
ran, and the chapter conlifts of a deacnncfj, a female
thiirthwarden, and a number of cinoncU'ej of the ftate
of princclles and couiUillcs, of whom the abbcfs may re-
ceive any number (he ple.ifcs. The abluls Johanna
Charlotte, piincefi dowager, eredlcJ an order at this
place, in the year 1 72') The crof? is pendant to a fcaiUt
ribbon, bordered with fiber, haii^^ini; Irom the rinlit
(houldcr to the left fide. Ononeli.lers the Virijiii .Mary
Handing, with theihilJ Jefus, and the infci i|>iii)ii .me-
MiNtssE ET IMITARI J and on the other the n.ime of
the abbels. The c inontlVes alio bear a liar on their left
brealf, in which is repreie:Ued ti.c Virgin with the child
Jefus.
In the Altlla.lt arc a'fo the cnnrt-rhapcl, the chapri of
St. Anihoav, jiid the Juli;r.s an.l \V'<(lpl,.,li,iii courts.
'ihe llcoiid part of theto.vn, winch lies to the iiorth-
caft, is c.illed tnc TNeulladt, and cont.iins three hundred
and ninet'.eii bonier beionion^' to the burghers ; the Lu-
theran churcli of ;<t. John the 15a;itill, 111 which is a
chapter ol twelve cai.ii.il ir^, one of wiioni mud be a Ro-
man catholic ; the brother houl'e, the liiier-houfc, with
the coiiimandery-couit of tiie oidtr ot St. John, in which
i« a chapel.
'J'he ihiiJ, and fiiulKil part of the city, which lies
to the well, is cilled the R.idewig, and contains a hun-
drjd an.l t.ecnty-lix houl'es belonuing to the burghers,
\vith the L.i'.he.aii church of St. James. Thus there arc
ciirht hu... .ed cr.d fcvuii h: iifcs of the burghers in the
diilerent [-arts ni the city . within the walls are alio fpa-
cious courts ^nJ jarJeus, many vacant pLces where the
houfes have been burnt down, Ionic pilturu ground, and
a im.dl curn-li'. !d.
C)ci til? mountains oppofitc to IlerforJ, at the diftancc
of ab'uit lix hundred p.iccs from that city, is the colle-
giate church ot St. Alary, a noble, tree, and fecular
luundatioii, cr.iirillin:; of a female dean and provoft, with
a female t.".urchward.n, and nine other ladies of the
foundation, all i.f i-.nhie hirth, the fupirior of whom is
the abb'-fs of the above foundation in the city. Thefe
lades alio wear ti.c fign of the order, with the ftar on
the Icic breait.
S L C T. XL
Ofthi Ciuntid of SLhaueiihiir^, Hfya, ami Pyrmtml ; vjith
the priihij'ui i'loies in Cuih,
i
me
1 li^if;
T
HE county of Schaucnburg is fcatcd on the VVcfcr,
and is (urrounJed bv the principality of Hanover,
the counties of Lippe and Raver.lbe.'g, and the priiici-
pulily '(pf Minden; cxttndiif: ne.r thirty miles fr„;n
north til loutli, and twenty ii..in call to wc/l.
It H in many pluc, very mnuitaiiiou* ; but <i( („„.
tain* a great deal of tertilc land, w.th loin- i\ir;ii|,t
palturis, and conliderahle i|u.tiii n .ii ho, Hon. . |i ||_„
alio an alliim mine, and j,i;., o( i .c. Ilent loal. It»i<ni,
.ibouiid with liih . thcic art the llamcl, iheCafpiw, 11,4
W<(er, and the K\ter. It has all., a lake, whuh is'dve
miles lon^;, two bio.id, and about lixlcen fut dni,.
In tlie whole lotiiiliy aie luilv llvi'ii little town',, ^,,,|
ihrec biitoughs. The inh.ibitann cliully lublill , y j^n.
culture and the bretdin_; ot catile ; niull ot i,,ui, ^rj
Lutherans; but the (Jafyiinlls are allowed the n^bhc
cxereiie of their religion.
I'his countiy beloiijs to the king of Great Ililtaiii.tht
landgrave of Hclle-CallU, and Vv count ot Sehautii-
hurg-Lippr i the two fill ate poil'.lied, by virtue ottli,,
county, ol an additional fe.it and yoice in the college of
the VVellphaliaii counts of the empite, and in thctird;
ot \Vell;)iial;a. 'I he whole coiiniy biinL!S in annually
about a hundred Ihoulaiul ii>doll.irs to its' princes.
'I he principal places in th,., lounty rue the h.lf.win'i'
SiaJthagfii, 111 Latin lla-aSi haurnbiirg, is fe,ited In
a level and plealani fpoi.nnd is eii..ompalle.J with diii ho
aiainpart, wall,, .ind frvcral lowers. The iita.lel 1 jj
prelent the rclidence of ti ■: iiriiuels Charlotte Kce.liii
AnulM,countcfsdowa:;cr of Seha'ieiiburg-I^iiip:..
Krnelt founJeil j Ifiuii.^ry in this tnwn, whicti m
was railed to .111 un,yeif:ty, whii li in l(y7.l wii „
by that piince to Rintc lii. Tnthe call of the Lu'le .;«
cliuuh Ilandi the collly inauLkuin nf i>riiicr l,n,,((
ciuililting ol an hept.i^'niial iow?r of hcwn-llone covf,,J
with pl.itis of copper, in which is to be fecn ant\.t|.
lent nioiiunieiit ot maible and brals, reprcfentingClinlfj
tomb guarded by the w.itch, and cut of it our .Savi'jur
riling triumidiant. Here is an orphan-houfe, foimjcj
ill 17(8 by Johanna Sopliia, ( our.tel', doviMj;rr to cmhh
Frcdciic Chrillian, and lor the mill part loiiiuJ a!!,r
the model of the orphan-houfe at Hall. Here wji alfu
a Francilcan doilJcr, of which nothing now reiniins but
the church, one-half of whieh has b;en rejiaircd, ..nj
allowed theCalvinlih, for the ule ot tluir public v.iir!!;,n.
IJiickeburg, a linall town, delendid by acitaJil, n
fe.ited twelve miles to the well of Sehauenbur-. !>
has a large and beaiitilul church, and of late years tiji
been much adoined with hue houfcs. It has a limm.nii
in the ni.iiket-placp, and the count lias a p.tlace eitclij
in a magnificent talte alter ti.c Italian manner. Ilircis
a fchool belonging to the town, and the CaKinii!, l-.u-
.1 peculiar cl'.urch and an orphan-houfe.
Sthautnburg is anoid ruinous citadel, featcd nn a h'.h
mountain between the towns i I Riniein and C)!dciiLi::.
This fort gave name to the whcic country ; but theiort
itfelf obtained tl;c name from the cxtcniive prolpevt it
affords, the word Seh lucn'.iurg fipnininir, m Ciermiii,
Secingtowii, and the lull on which it Hands is ii.imid
Oeibcrg, or Lye-mount.
Riiuein is afortified town, fcated on a trafl cnurontJ
by mountains, and lying between the Wcfer a:),l !:.,
Kxtcr. <-)ver the former is a brielge of boats from .'\;..rcii
till the beginning of December. The univerfitv, u' u,.!
as the town, belongs at prelent to Hede-Caflel. Ine ni -
felVors of divinity are of the Lutheran religion ; but '.a ..
in the other laculties arcCalviiiilts. 'I he Lutherans ti.:.j
the town-church, hut the Calvinifis and t.ne gariiiua
make ufe of that which belongs to the univcrfity. i.".;
town is environed by rampart?, eiitthcs, and biilwaiif.
The inhabitants chiefly apply ttitnifelvcs to agricuiuit,
the breeding of cattle, and luewii'g.
The county ot Hcya is bouneled on the north by tr:
county of Delmeiilu.rll, the teriitory of the city ot ii;.--
nun, and the Weler; on the e.ilt by Luiienhiir;', JivJ
Hanover ; on the fouth by the priii' ipality of .Min.lcii ;
and on the well by the county ot Dicpholz ; cxtcii.l,ir
about thirty-eight miki; in lenijth, and about thirty-lhi,;
in its gieatell bieaeJtb. It has tome large heaths, ar.a iis
foil is for the moll pait faiidy ; but it coiit.iins ar.ibl: la.J
and pallurc, and yields as much rye, oats, and buci;-
wheat as the inhabitants have occalioii for j and m (oiK
parts arc produced good wheat, bailey, anJ flax.
[■Ml !•
The' ri
.'liinrc.
I'Diou'-hs
tn agrici/l
heej i III
1I11II1, aiK
ilic Lutliii
I'jmIIici,
I heelcc
/loya, nn ;
tllUlltS of '
III thM ri
rhcrcfore w
■omit of th
I he com
.all by Han
\V'(illeiibi/tf
lower part 1
heMutiliil nn
I nimcr, and
mountains j
(he religion
have a fuperi;
.\'"i\ The arms <
argent. The
(inali country,
(ihalian colle'g
the diets of til
venues arifing
thirty thoufanii
M\i (alt works
T/iis county
Py.-mont, with
The citadel i
liigh rampartc.
ditcli of the cita
10 the fjiring, v
iliDut twenty f(
which an allLmb
imleiles the Iprij
fountaiii-hc.id ri
ufcd (or bathing,
il,-e,l and twelve
fprMi,', which is
Ihe New To
fpriiig and the v
llanils an orphan
<fone-(|uarrv, in
t'aiie near Slaple
jfa'/iJ, and over
was built, Ahou{
viTii nfes a brifk
^Valaiit, vinous,
III Hiliifitiori, F.xlei.;
miTuiili of thf
'*;"'"■ Jnhjti} ,0
l i:'U( itiiives/ij^
'T^f'E principal
,-*• '"'in Its fitiia
';'i' fluted Piovinci
"leCi'erman fea, on)
-" ''"^' h.uih by thef
*^ft by the piovincJ
>«cndi„g from norr^
"•W '» ueil about
"""" i"id thick air
'"bieezes. Spri„„|
';;'" 'Ii.'" in other
di'ou'.lioiit is level .1
-l^-'ive- dykes againll
"iciea-coalHiesam
•« more u fed forme
'""■■ Indeed the
pa J
FoJuce horned eattl
="-. "nd of an extl
65
vr.n,
Lr'ili'iic
1 1 hal
» iiv(H
iw, tiii;
I IS live
iisi aiul
, y ijsn.
itLHi urc
s public
itjin,t)it
nliiucii-
ji; ullhii
;t)lit:(;e of
llii; cird:
aiumally
ulluwin;;:
1 fujlcil in
ih iliiihfi,
.lU.'.cl 1 at
L- t'lCiliu a
ip.'. r;iiu«
^h ill itJiq
If ifi-unj
U' IjVi'lic.jn
lICl' 1.1 111 (I,
til an t\ vl-
uln-Cliiilfi
out Savijut
mlV, louiUd
,lj;rr IIiCm:iI1(
Ijiiii.u at'.it
,v iciniuii but
vrii.iiri'J, and
ublic v.«>r!li,p.
a diM, "
[sucnliurj;. It
l,iu- ycari hai
|li.is J loimtiin
p.ilai'C iii.'-UJ
liiiirr. Here is
IjKiuifl^t-.u
l-atcil on a h'.;h
[,i,.l OMcnJo;!.
b'.it ihi- loit
\h\x \-'ro\\i<:d it
111 (.itrm^n,
lt:a£^crni:cnti
IWcler ■^■•}'l ••■■■-
Ijts tViim "\'.- ^c!!
livcrfity, .;' ^*'"
tuii'cl.'l ni^!"'-
j:ion 1 but '.n -
Jl.uthct-iii n.^.-
lid tnc giiiii-''
liiiivcifitv- '■■
aiiJ bu'.wa:*-.
lb to .i^iicu'.'-if,
the north hs }■".
iheciiy ot ill;-
I,untiil)iiri', *i'J
lility of Miii'l':"'
,boutthirty-th:.;
iu heaths, 31-.:: ■•'^
It.iins at.'W; !■'-
oats, .iiiJbii"-
lor i iMiJinfu'W
unJ fl'"'- „ ,
Ih
Fast I'uicM.A-.n.
The rivfP arc the Wcfrr, th-? Allcr, the Oclnc, nnd
Hunte Thi' n'lin'V hJi only (iiiu iity, ktuI li-vcim.- ii
boiou-hs. The iiih.itut.iiits in i>pni-ial apply ihrmklvi-.
tn a^MCtiltiir.-, the brct.ltnu; of lattlc, ami the kc.'pm^' ul
I, ■•'»"• til ri'innln;;, til'' WMv'in;; ot liiu'ii aiiJ wixilkii
rtii'lli', iiit'l the knitiinj': of (liitkin(:i. 'I'hey are all ol
ilie l.'iihii.iiuhurih, am! the louiiliy vuntaiiis fifty-tour
'''rhcclcrtoral hnufeof jtrunfwicpoflWli's.on areount of
llova, nn aililitional feat and voice in the colle;;c ol tin
^unit's ot Wertphalia. .
1,1 this ((uinty ate no placci ot any confeqiicnce, and
ilvrifote v^'i- Oiall not ttuuMe our leaderi with any ai.-
niiint of them.
'I'hee'iiiMty of I'yrmonf is bonmled on the nnrili ami
, ill hv ll.iiiover, anil on the fouih and wc{\ hy FLiiiov r,
Udhuihiitlle, and the territory of I'adcrboin. The
lower part of the county confilts of an untcmimonly
hiMutiliil i'.iid pleafant vale, through which riir.s the
I nimcr, and all around it ii environcil by lofty i^reeii
mmintanv. 1 and in it arc the celebrated mineral Iprings.
'i'hc religion ot the inhabitants h the f,iitheran, and they
have a fupeiiiitendtnt that relidei at the cipital.
The arms of this county are an anchor-crofs in a field
areent. The prince of Waldceic, on account nf this
linal! coiiiury, enjoys hith a feat and \oiie in the W'lll-
phaliaii colli'ltc oi the couiitu of tlie empire, and alio at
the diets of the circle of Weftphalia. His annual re-
venues arifin;; from this county arc eltiinated at near
thiitv thmifand rixiloll.irs, to which the mineral fprings
and ialt works chiefly contribute,
riiis county contains the citadel and New Town of
Pvrmont, with ten villages.
I'hc titadel of Pyrmont is fortified with a broad ditch,
hiph rampartc. and fubtcrraneoui pali'apes. From the
ditch of the citadel a canal has been carried quite down
to the fpiing, where is a mineral fountain, which riles
„boiit twenty feet hi:'h. A little above is a hoiife in
which an aliembly is held, and near it is the houfe that
mtlofes the fprinj; : about forty feet d.ftiince Irom thi.s
loiintain-head riles the Great biibblinp fprinc, which is
ulcii for bathing, and makes a great noifc ; and at a hun-
lireJ and twelve feet diitanrc to the weft lies the lower
ijiriii,', which is the weakelf of them all.
The New Town of Pyrmont is feated between the
fptiii;: and the village of Oillorf. To the fouth of ii
lUiiiis an orphan-houfe, and on the north is a pocid I
ibne-quarrv, in which is a pit rcfcinblinp; the grotto del
CaiU' near Siaples, Irom which (froiig fulphnrcous fumes
jfcciiJ, and over which, in the year 1720, a ftnne-vault
was built. About thirty rods ftoni this fulphiireous ca-
vern rifes a briflc fpring, the waters of which arc of a
jiltjlant, vinous, acid tafle.
s E c T. xr.
Of East 1'" r I e s l a n d.
/// l\iliiiilim, Extent, Prodiin., ti'id Rivr s. The l.nr:::un^fi
milTuiiU of the lulxlliliinll. 'I he Mutinn- ill u-hiclr il
.Vi.jmf Jnhjiil 11 I'lujjm: rli /liini ; ll>e Revenue the
Prince itieroeifrom it, uml tis f'tiiiiipal''Itiwni.
THE principality of Eaft FtieflanJ receives its name
liuin Its fituation with reipeet to Friell.ind, one of
tl.t L'nited Piovinces, and ij bounded on the nurih by
tiie (iirinan fea, on the e.iil by the county ol OUIenbuip,
on ihc loiiih by the bidlojiiie »( Munlhr, and lui the
wift bv the province of Cjioniiijen and the (jermaii lea,
Intending ffom north to fouth lorty-fivc miles, and Irom
calf to welt about fony-two. This principality has a
iiidilt and thick air ; but it 1^ freijuenily puriti.d by the
lea biec7.es. Spring and fummer apjK'.ir here fomewhat
flier than in other parts of Germany. The country
th'oui'hoiit is level anil liw, whence it is feciircd by ex-
nciilive dvkes againll the inroads of the Hoods. Along
the lea-coart lies a marfh that is uner nonly fertile ; but
I more uf':d for meadow and pallui ihan for agricii'
line. Indeed the palluieshere are remarkably good, and
produce horned cattle, horfes, and flieep in great niim-
Dcf.-, and of an cxtr.ioidinary fistc, '1 he niilk of the
&5
L II R O P E.
iS7
cows, which is rcoiark.ibly rich, is yirldij in great qiinn-
tilirs, and of it is made exccll nt butter and clierfe. In
the hejif ol ihr lountry the fiil is lor the molf part I'andy,
and in fonie pl.urs linny i but yields turf for burning,
which, Irom Hie gnat l>arcitv of otIuT fuel, is ol the
highelt advaiitv;e. I'he pioduco of the earth, and par-
ticularly kill hen. herbs, here t'ow to a larger fi/.o than
ill other ((Minlfti s ; but aic leldoni fo good. Venifoii
and fowl arr allots be hal here, and in this country are l^tni,
gei I'e tliat wei;;li tweiity-luiir pounds and upwards, la C> -f/i .
harvelJ a great number of lielJfares and I'nipcs generally
app'ar.
The princip.il river of tbi 1 country is the Kins, whicll
here teceive» into it the l.eda, or Siielta, and at lalfrun*
into tile ( lermin fu. Near the place id its ifHuxitis
very bro.id, and, dividing into two branches, (iirroiinds
the illand uf llorcum. Iheibband flood are to be ob-
fervcd here nine miles up in the country, and I'o high the
falt-water come s.
Between Kail Fricfland and (ironingen ii a bay called
the Dollart, whih role init of a confiderable tradt of
country tli.it was Iwallow.d up bv the lea, on which
weie many villae;es ; but the Dollart now decreafes
greatly on the I^alf I'liidland fide, yielding much ncvir
land, whirh has been uraduallv dyked in. The fea hero
allords ojllers, mulilcs, ctabs, and a varierv of other
(i/h.
'I'he langiiasjei fpoken here are the I'aft Friefian, the
(ierm.in,and Dutch; and in thelalf leimons r.re preach-
ed in many places near Ciioningen. Nl.m to the i.uthe-
rani the Calvinifts are the molt numerous. In the town
o( Kmbden,and in the lordlliipsof (lodeiis and Luf/burc,
the Roman catholics enioy the quiet exireile of their re-
ligion ; as do the iVUnnonites at limbden, [,eer, and
Norden. In this county are alio a number of Jews.
Trade and navigation are brilkly carried on here. The
produce ot the country and the commodities exported from
hence arc large horfes, numbers of which are lent by fe.i
even to Rome, nnd fold by the pair for coach-horfcs, for
three or tour liiinJred dollat;;, and more, a.corJin'' ttj
their (trength and beauty ; horned cattle, butter, chccfe,
rape-feed, winter-bailey, and line linen m.idc at Leer and
Godcns. On the oiher hand, every thing wanted in the
country, that is either neceflary or convenient, is con-
veyed thitliir in (liips ; and at Kmbdenthe kiiigof PrufTn
has eftablilhed an Afiatic company.
The princely houfe of F^alt Krii-naiid becoming extinct
by the death of prince Charles Kdwird in 174.^, the kinp
of Pruffia, in confcqiiencc of the expci'lancy granted t(>
the houfe of Hrandenburg by the cmiieror Leopold in the
year if'Oi, took iioU'vflion of the country ; but the illuf-
tiious houfe of Bruiilwic-Kunenburg dec hired nnd made
known to the rr gency ol Fall Friefland, and the whobr
b.-xly of the ftates, its rights obtained, by means (d a
brotherhood, and an hereditary union enti reil into in
1691 with prince C'hriltian Kberhard ; and alfo made
proper declarations to the aiilic-council of the empire a-
gainlt the I'uit of the king of PrulTia, for being inverted
with the pollllTion he had I'ei7''d.
The arms on account of Kail Fricfland Proper .ire, 'f; ■«/,,■
an harpy or, beaiing a coronet, with win:;s expanded
in a field lahlc, and having two (tars or, in the four
corners of the fuld.
'I'he prince of Kail Fricfland has a feat and voice in the
council of the princes of the empire, and at the diets of
the circle of Wellphalia.
'I'he revenues of ¥.M\ Fricfland, it is faid, greatly cx--
ceed a bundled thouland rixdollars. The reoenev con-
lilts of two lenatcs,and is held at.Aiirich. Thefe I'enate;-,
with the aflillanee of the ireneral fuperintcndent and town
niin'.llerof Aurich, conllliiite the conliltorv. The other
officers are the war and domain-chamber, tiie provincial-
college, which collecSls, adminilterf, and compuns the
taxes and contributions, and a provincial medicinal-
college.
The principality of I'afl Fricfland confifts nt pret'cnt
of three towns, and nine prcfeCturatcs that werf Ici-
merly lordfliips ; but are now, as well as the towns, be-
come heiodiiary Hates of the lovereign piince : it has im.>
lordlliips that have their own hereditary lords; but ?'e
lubjciTt to the fiiprcme jurifdidlion of the piince,
1 U T'.e
■■mn
4
mm
u^
iil.
l;t:
».';'<
A S Y S T R M O F Ci K O G R A P II Y.
OlDINRI'ro,
ilfj)
The prlncip.il |il.icc^ v( iliu jn iiu'i|i.illlv tit,
AniKii, ihc .iiituiit icIiJt'iKv I I il)>' iiiiiii't'i and (till
Ihc li.K III the |)t><viiu'ij| i't>lli'|;i.'4, ll.>iuli iii llw iciitci nt
tiic iiiiiidy. Inr ;illti('nt rtlij' Hilary cjIUj ii cm ikhkiI
wilt) r.iiii|i.irli ;(ntl ili(ili>-<, .iikI ihi- CjIviiiitU .it |itiliiil
iicrl..riii tliiir fi ii<ti"ii wiiillini ill ilu' n'l'ilnii iluuih.
J hill' i< Ik'I'c allii * l.iiilK'r.iii iliuuh,.! |iiuviii. i.il liiiuli.,
u i..iriii tVluiiil,.iii.l u piilil'C .iliio li iiil>'. I IK' iii.i^iltijcy
tdin'iili ui twu biii^oiii.illi'r>, t«ii tuunlvlluri, and oiiv
ficrii rv,
l.iii ijit), a lir-jc aiul llioii^ U-.i-putt Hnwil, fciilt;.! on
thj I, HIS, III iKi- tifiy tliir.l (kj!ii.i' lu>' niinitu ihutti
l>ilitii.U', .iiiil in iiic livcn li I'l'kirci- iwriitvlix iMinutL's
tali .'(iiii.'ilii t.-. l.'n liic Uii.t-li Ic ic 11 I'liiiiticl \>s j
uinii'l..' c\ui\, tiuliv.irk., ;inj l..ilti'iu, .mJ on ihi; mmr
by ,1 limn;; wall .iiul the nvi r ; it h .. iillii ail clil lull anil
u cii.i.ltl, ami hv ni'-ans of rtuici', tiii; loiiiury aumn.l it
niav lie l.iid uiiJiT walir. Ilic liaiiniiii n imc <'l lln'
li. ill and Hint imiviim'nt in Ciiiniiiiy, wimli niidu-.
l.inli.lcn a plaio id i'.riMt iradi'. I hi liiiiilt!i ait iiiai and
Kiliy, It huH t hue iiiiini'il-liukiti, in wMih Ihips
may arrive by niiaiiinl abroad canal itiawii li..ni llic
Kms, ial!-:d trii' li.rjl. Aiimhj^ ihi- public biiildiiij;. arc
what li named tiiilinat liuirch, ihc t iiu It-lioiiif, in
which IS a church, aim inc Nccv church, all which bc-
Idiij; to the (,.ilviii;li', and a l.aiiii Llioul. Iliic arc
alloiiMin Luiliciaiis .:iid lil;: vv.lc KDinaii calholii i, Mcn-
nuntti' , ai'J Jews. riic tiinn lias anmxcd tn it Icvcr.il
lor.l|lii|is uiiith lie to the call ; the inlul italiti ul winch
arc (.'.I. ihilb,
Ndidtn IS liMtcd at a fiiiall dillancc Ironi the Cntinaii
foa, .uti li thci.Kkll town >n Ka.l liicHainl. It isopm,
but prcttv lar^ic J it l.as a ij.wid h i ..mr, and it a pl.ice
ol tt.ulc. It lias a I.iitluran chiircl,, wi;li al/atin Ichonl,
and a nui'd-bouCo, that was tcrincriy ,i cloillei , tliirc
ure hc'f, likcwil.', limie Culviiiili- and M niuinitcs. It.
juril iictiiin is under tlie piincc':> adiiiiniltiaiin, the bur-
g'liiialUi, and council,
S K C T. XII.
O/l/it Ciuuliis of Oiihilturg, DiliiuiiltHj'l, IkiitUim, and
Hldnfuit.
TIIK rour.tv of Oldenburg is bounded on she well
bv Kail Ini<.nan.l,oii the fnuth by the billiopiic ol
Munftcr, uii t!ie tail by tiic county ot Delnitiilini 11 and
the Wd-r, and on the n .nil by the li'^iii'iry ot Jever
and the Jajt ; cMciiiliii^ fiity-cij;lit niiUs in Iciui.tli, .ind
thiiiy-tijilit III bitJilth. Ill loiiit pails ills pretty fcitile,
and hisix.clUnt paflura^e, which produces a good breed
Ot hoi iiid cattle and hoii. s; but lus a J.',ieat deal of
inr.iiiilb land o( no other fcrvicc but fur prodii'.in^; the
lurf which i:. here ulV I for biiinnii;. I lif laiul is le-
curtd ajainll inundations by lar^c and cxptniivc dykes
and Jams.
T'his loiiiurv is fubiicT to tlie kiii^ of Denmark, who
on this account is polb lied ol .. I^at a^id voii e in the W'cil-
iihali.)!) iiilkgu of the counts of llic empire, and in the
diits of the circle of W'cllphalia.
OKlcnhurL;, the capiial of th:- county, is fiiuated on
the river fiuntc, whieii rcctivtb into it tile ilaaie, as it
pallcs throu::h the town, in the fitty-thnd de^n c eiyht
minutes north latitude, and in the ti^'Jith degr. e ihirucii
minutes ealt longitude. The tov.ii ilrctchts out in
lenirth, and is w.il loriiricd with walls and ditches. It
has alio a haiidfome round calllc, in winch its anticnt
counts lifed to rciidc, inid i.. built of trcc-llonc three
ifurics hij;h. In the principal church, winch is that of
.St. Lambert, i.s the burial place of the counts of Olden-
bur:;, and there are two other churches. The town con-
iills ol what arc teinicd fret bouies, free iiihabilaits, and
the (;a:rilon. The fice inbabifant:. arc cxcnipt fioin all
fuch hu'thens as tliofe to wlm li the burahersare I'ubject,
as the tpiarterin;^ of (oldicrs and keeping watch ; ihtfe
conllitute nearlv one-third of the inhabitants, and are
folelv fiilijc.:! to the chancery of the royal rc;^cncy ellab-
lifhcd here ; but the burghei. arc under the town iiiagif-
tracy, and the gartifon under the aiinmaiidant.
Tlic cnuniv of Dtlnn nhoiil, which lir, bctwrfn i(,(.
coiiiiiv ol l)UUnbur.\ and the \Vil. r, i> aliuur livcniicn
niilci loint and d veil broad, <nd likcvvilc brloni^s to (hj
kiii^ til l)iiiiiiaik, who on ilin acmiinl .ilfo tnjuy, ^
paiiicuUr li.it and voiie in the collijie i,i the U'eit-
ph.iliaii ciiiutot ihc ciiipiie, and allu at the U'cllphwlm,
ili.'t.
Ill principal town is I)rlincnhorf>, whiili ii fif^trilnn
the lidie rutr iJiliiic, Ironiwhuli it ri-ccivej ilsiumf
It li.ul aniieiiily a lollinc-ol .aii.n., ihc icveimts of which
w.ie applkd III 157^10 tin maintciunvCof ihcchurcho
Uhmls, and Ihc pnor. '
Ilie county ol IKnlhciiii h.;j ihc L'nilfd Provincci on
the north and wilt, an I the biIh"(Mie ol .\lunlKi on tiuj
tall, it i, about loity-livc inilvn in liiigth, anilti ihin.n
in the j.'ie.iiell lic.idih.
This iiiiiiiirv IS both fertile and pirafjnt. In llic 'luiiin.
laliis aic I xicllent ipi.iriici, lioiii whicii lloius aie nm.
veyid to the Nclliiil.iiiils rfiiil the bdhojuic ol .MuiiUcr,
III llie plains aicliuilliil litld., with gooiJinvailuwtjrvAiinls.
rile wooils alt.iid i.\icllciil t.nibcr and jjanK- i an. I iIkh;
is hcic a ^o.)d bleed ul latile. The piiiuip.ij mcrnf
thi, county is the V'cclit, whi. h tun. tlii.jii(;ii its whule
Kii.'in, and may be iiavii;atcd for the gtcaiclt pan „l the
year wiiii finall trail and lloats of timber, and b very
iich in bill. '
The inli.ib.tants are laboiioiis and deal in yiirn, wi»l
linen, laitle, lioiuy, itonci, wood, and other :rticle»
wIikIi arc iliiefly cxpoited to Holland, .Sjinc of the in!
halnlanrs arc o( the Calvinill religion, and oth. rs Lmln.
laiiji but iht foiiner aie the moll nudicnais : t.ierc ji,;
alio a cunlidcrable number of Umnan catholics ; but ihey
are permitted the public t.vercile of then religion only at
llfiithum.
I'nc count of lientheim-Bcntheim enjoys a (.at and
voice ill the college ot the W'cllph.ilian coin.t.of ths
empire, and in the diets of the cif le i f W'cllpimlu,
The p.incipil town in tins lounty is
IknirKim, wliii.li (lands p.irtly on a mouniain, an,!
pauly on a river i.(' the ( iiiie ii.iine. The pUii; oi n.
hdetitc lor the counts (lands on a remarkable hi .ii imj,
and I, (urrouiided with ioacis. In this town is .1 (.'^l.
vin:;l p.irilli ehuicli, and a church btlon^iiij; to tluKi,.
iii.in catholics,
I'he county of Steinfurt ii nearly twcnty-thrc;' n.ilf,
loii^r, and the fouth track only feveii, but the nori.cni
ivitUe miles broad. The Aa, which liicson its (uutheni
limit-, tiaveiks the whole country, and at length Jn-
chaijjis iiltlf into the Vechl.
Tlie count ol Ueiubeiin-,Stiinfurt,whoisdefeeiiJciJfi,)rti
the fame lamily as the count of Heinheim-Hcnttieim lus
alfo ale.it and voice among the counts of thcfii'p,rc
in the \\c(lpha!ian colltyc, and in the diets ol thjt
circle.
Th'- only town in this county is .Steinfurt, whiili is
fi'uated on the Aa. The inhabitants are lor (lie nioll
part C.ilv null ., who have here a church, and the Rimuii
catholics .iiMther, The celebrated feminary in thist.mii
called .Inr.Umtm, from its being founded by count :\\.
Hold in I5()li has five profclFors, with fix preccpt.ii!,
and was lormerly very flouriOiiny. Jul! by the town ij
a tominandcty of the order of St, John.
SECT. XIII.
()f the fret imperial City o/Alx LA Chapelle.
THK imperial city of Aix la Chapelle, called by the
Cjcrinans Aachen, or Ackeii,aiid in Latin Aquii-
(;raiiu!n, is featcd between the diitchies of Juliers and
Liniburjj, in a valley (urruunded by hills, woods, mid
vineyarils, in the liltieth degree forty-four niinutis north.-,
latitude, and in the fixth degiee twenty-eiiriu miiiulis '
tafl longitude. 'I'he ciituit of the wiiole city lb a leaaue
and a h.dl. It is cncomp.ined vsith two walls ; the inner
wall has ten i;atts, and the oiilcr tltvcn. The ttiwii-
houfe is a noble lliuaure of free-done, and one of the
linell in Cierniany. It Is adorned with all the llatiics of
tilt eniptroislin.e Ctiailcniague, and with curious liilluiy
paintingi,
AixLvCiuri
r lllllini."! "i"'"'^ '
,,, ,1 jii,.i,u'r rl Lli
l,i. llic iipperni
„iiJ(lxty I CI 111 I
ilw iniper.iis ulei
friicin. wh" ■'1'"'
III (lie maikfl p
M; f luiitiin, wiih
i,il,i .1 iiippcr tidfi
111; ti»cl»eihrtiifan
„ jM.jje bral» llj
AithCiiiy li" '"
ir.fic arc twenty 01
h.lijij rruny jiii*
,;t uii hot iiiintral
l.i'ci.il 111 lilt adja
iliiiiu^h the city l
nii'Is.
Wah refpevT to I
,]i mric wiilioi ih
1 ii,;.eiiir>, .Si. (ill,
li i,.j' le Was 111 mil
I .,|ijciiily inviled h
; .LUilii hiin i bu
I ,,.1111, The l-IIlli
|,. Ill rile fu hot, th
hours bi (ore they ii(
iiiid widi niire ar
li.-i.iiliiiiii: and laltp
uiicM nut 111 llicm.
,i,i(i thfii liiitll rcftn'
|.,ili> I.- a fp'nig of
(jinnier mornings, ai
I'ltde New I'own,
ilitli, t'lii St. Come
Sj the I. inner ; but I
jiiil iheir liiitll oU'eiil
i.ij ones, by which
Willi a little cxpence
iiii.fuleliglilful baths
Hire aie thirty dm
i.,ii.irj>c (ioihic pile
(iitkikc ot the emp
ilaJ an.l lixty-five bi
1) ..lonieJ vvitii fevt
,.i^e globe and crofs.
vj!t number of marbl
imiy aiiJ p.iititior
Our the place wh
Ijij: en;*n of III
ten rm.ill ^ower^
;!jiu:s a foot high
IS' lilver ; among w
candlellicks, and at
liiur liiiiiJrcd and lif
^y flitwid here at the ji
irars, a.e tirll, wl
i.y the Virgin Mary
kind of fljx which
in: .IS it ii only ex|
i!iii,iy be either line,
tile people being abl
^.irnitnt it is. The
i.ity preli lid, was g
rii ihc cri.f,. 'i'he
which he was bound
on whiih the blood
i^ofl, enclofed in a ,
liunes, on which th
t.itir inauguration.
At the end of the
rmuig in nidji fly on
K.nniJ the throne
l./.tkiel's vifion. O
lUi, and uiidirncatli
KJfcd 10 Conltantii
Here is alfo a reprel
nicniiunAl in the R
Uiiyafide their cro
li.e thfoiie.
W: *-'
;,xLACMAriUi. I'- U R
■,„i„,M, nm....;; wLkH i< » Tm^ I'icce ..f tl.c rf li.rrcnhn,
" i'lic HP'""""" ''"'y r""'''^» "' '"'^' ''■''' •' l>'i"'l'«'J
"'irxiv I 'INI loiiifin. •'"'' '""y '" bf'-'J'h, in W.1K.I1
. miKtMi uli'l I" cmcriJiii III* flutori.iiiJ uilur
''" c. Vhi> jfnitcJ .It intir »oroiuii.)ii.
■"'iTf'c iiuikn I'lice.oppofin.- ihtiown hmif.-, ii t no-
■ nni4Ni, wiihniiir CpiinnH, wludi iiiu liuiii .iIk.vc
'', uM'P<riilt"" tliilly <-" iil'ti.im. icr, .inJ wti^h-
' ,',^i.l,L'ih.-.iir.'i'J puuiul.. Oil tlir l"|) I't till- l.ni»M:n
' " ' ,,.c bral> IIjI'i'-' t"'' "' '-'''.'il""''k:ii'-' m-uiiiuui,
"\ ''hf>iH' 'i" '" i V4IU7 fiuiouiiiLiI \siui niiMiiiiuiii',
• I'ar'c twenty "thiT ("il'li'- •i'U"i''iii' <il ilc.ir w.ii.r,
b lUt^ nuiw pii'.ii'-' »>""• ^^'iil>'"i« •'''• J*iiii^'» ,V''*" I
■ ,.„ hut iiiintfjl liimv', ;iii'l l""i'' "'I'l "ii'». UliJii. I
',,,,,1 in till- ailj.K-nil ii'Kli. 'n>e (litiinn lli.it rim ,
liii.iu'h the tity li"!' '« very clca:i, auJ Jiivc Icvcul I
"' VVilh rifiicwT W tht ciltbratcJ bath^of tliis liiy, tluri'
(ntit wiiliiii 'he inner wal! ., which arc lalii J the
l"'i,,cii'r». ''^■•^■ii'"'"""''"' ;ii>J "11' l-i"''' "•I'll- Char-
I ,',. „■ Was 1.1 imaii dcliiihu-J wit!i ilir tiill, lint hi-
K.mtmlv iiiviteJ hii Inns .mil 110I1I1-. to Iv.iihcan.l iwim
,"\itiiii hinii but It IS iidW dimli-.l inui hve b.ithiii;;-
, ,„„, 'Ihc I.ittlc Hath joiin til ll, .iiiJ the r|irir't',s ol
1 111 rile lu hot, that they let them toul tin or iwiUe
iiour! biiofi; ii"7 »''■• '•"■■"• ''")■ *" ""'"t;iy iiiii'"'i;-
ir'iJ Willi nitie ami lulphtir, an! loinetnms laliHiif
[j!','„"I(,il,: jiul lalt|Ktn- ul a ciiiiliikralilr thiiLiuls aie
ukiimiil lit ilii-iii- 'I'hcir t<lle is at tirlJ iin|iKalaiit,
,,,,,, Inn linell nrcniblc* that of a rotten eyg. Ni.n thi-le
h.ili> !■ arpiiiig "' warm water, much rtl'orlcil lu 111
(,,,„nii'rnKiriiini!s, iiidilunlt tor chrdiiicalilircafrs. Thofi'
■it'it Niw I'liwn, whiih arc the Itnlc Ilalli, the Poor's
Kjlli am! it. CoineiUc's, arc not iieai fo hot aiijiUar
llie liiiimr ; but tliey arc of much the (aiiic nature,
jiij ihtir lincll otf'ciilivc. Near the hot Iprin^^s lie ni.,iiy
o),J on", by which their lieat niii^ht be teiiipercil, and
mill a iiltie expence they might be nude luiiie ct ilic
n;i)ftilelii;lill'iil bJtbs in the world.
Hcrtaic thirty churches, bclidfi the cathedr.il, which
isabfi' tii'ibic pile coiitlcrattd jy pope 1, 10 111. 111 the
nrtkiKC "I ibc emperor Charlemagne, aiul three hiiii-
ilnJ an.l I'lxtv-tive biflmps, The (Ueple at the well < lul
liiJurmJ wi-i levtral pyramids, .m.l on tlie top is a
;^;ji.M|ubc and crofs. 'I'he Infide of this lUuilure hat a
vaitnumbtrof uiarblc and bral's pillars, gilt llatuis, brals
(liwis anJ p.iititions, and a great deal ot Mofaic woik.
. Unr the place where Charlemagne was interred ham;s a
Ijij: iTiiAii of filvcr and gilt brafs, adorned with lix-
ic.ii fm.ill lowers, furroundcd with lorty-cight little
;ijiius afoot high, and thirty-two that arc Itill Kfs, all
(iiliivrrj among which are coinnicmly placed forty-eight
Limiitllicks, and at certain gianJ Icl'iva's no Ics than
. i.ut liuiiJrcd and lifiy ta|)er.s. The foui priiuip.il iiiiis
Ly flitwulhi-'re at the jubilee, which happens onci: in iVven
\fiis, a.i'tiilt, what they call the gown or (liilt woiii
hv the Vir/in Mary at our Saviour's biith, inadc of a
kiiiii of fljx which lecms to be neither liiUMi nor caluo ;
i ;i: .IS i: ii only expofed fronr the top of the higli towir,
1; iii.iy be either linen, calico, or any other llulr, without
li^t (K-iiple being able to difcover the difterencc, or wh.it
j;.iriiiint It i.s. I'hc ficni-.J is acoarfe bncii cloth, which,
i,iiv prcti nd, was girt about our S.iviour when lu; hung
(11 ilic cr.'f>. The third is a piece of the cotd wiih
uliich lie w.is bound ; and the fourth fome of the earth
on whivh the blood 01 St. Stephen ilropt at his martyr-
(:i.:li, enclofcd in a vclTcl of gold adoined with precious
lluiits, on which the emperors wcic ul'ually fworn at
ihi'ir inauguration.
At the end of the cathedral cur Saviour is reprefented
f;:iiiig ill niajf fty on a throne, dreiRd in a long rohe.
Round the throne arc the four animals tepnlented in
l.iiiiel's vifion. Over his head is a cirile of golden
u
V E.
25^
li.i
ijis, .111.1 uiidirncath the fynibol of the crol's that ap-
■tarcd to Cond.iiitine when he deft .ed .Maxcntius.
Itrc is iilfii a ri'prefentatioii of the .y,.iity-four ciJers,
nicniiuned in tl.c Revelations, rifing from their feats,
Uviiigafidc their crowns, unJ Lillin^ prodrate before
f;
tiie tiuune.
The windowi are rmioudy i;llt, and the p^^Pr^lCllt ii
of i'liei|uerej MinMe. I hii ilinrth loiitMin an im-
nieiil. iteiliitc, CoiililHii'' of vc'''ll of c.oM and filvcr
gill, lop. s einhroijiici with pi4il<, lul other ich vfl-
nil nil. ( )ki.r the ihief .ilt.ir is 1 fiKer rh»' ' idomeU
with go!,!, of aiiilipie woikni.inlKip, and fii loufly tn-
(rivei!, in which. itr kept the lour rtlii'i al I'v-wn-
tn lied. A pulpit at the entrance ol the choir iirourrd
Willi pliitt. ol "/iM and I'.lvcr, .iiiil adorin.' with puciuui
(b'lusi .iiiioii" whuli I- 4 veiy larj'e ag e, the giit of
ibeniipiMir lUni) II, I he aliar oi (he ili'it ii cuverrd
Willi pl.itc* ol t'ol.i i.prilentnig >>iii ,S,tViuiii'« p.'ITi n. In
ll e upper part r.l the church, oppolitr the- piiin> '. iil'a.*,
between the pill.irs, iH a Ihi.me nr chaii c,f wtiiic in»r-
ble, liippofcd to li.uc been plaicl thct.; bv t.iernipiior
t li.irLiiij;;iie, 111 wliiih the en.pefj'i ii'ed to lit when
conlecia-ed, and ritiive the (nH liomaee of the eL«;lor«
an.l the 1 li.iptel- of the latliedral, in (pi dity of kin/ of tnfi
Koiiiiils. It is not (1 ilifhed, it being Inrm'-rlj tuvercJ
with plates of goM.
'I'lin < ity was for a lung limf rei knneil the cipital of
the em|) re, iiid the pioper refidence of the emp'Tof,
and 111 11 oii^lit to he pi'rfui me.l the i nion.itioii ol ihe knii;
ol the l<iiiiiaii'.,.iii.l ot the emperor. H. in < in the louiu);i-
tionol.St M.iiy in this city, isa p.irt ol the jewels ol ilm
eiiip're Commonly iili-d at tlufc cornn.itioiis, as a r.l
I ot Ihe emp< ror Ch.itlem.iL'iie, a manufeript honk of the
I (lofpcls, in a cover of filver gilt ; St. Maiy'. church has
alio the horour of havin.', emy emperor one ol iis (worn
' c.iiicMis. Ill R'lut.il th'ieaie tweiitv one religious or--
dels of hiiili fixe, in this citv, wliot.ike lip almolt one
■ ihinl of wh.it IS e.illi.l the little I own.
1 'The gieatiU part of the inhahitaim arc of the Roniini
I re;i;iiin, and ttiinr'h theic are .iKii many I'loicHacits,
; yet ihey .'.re uot periiiitted to enjoy the bei'iefii ..f public
! woidiip i but both the Lutherans and Calvinills are nb-
I liy<d to (JO for that purp(>fe to Vatb, in the diitchv of
l.iiiibuig, an hour's jomniyfiom the c:y. 'i'his cityr
. claims the lirlf pl.ice on the Rlunilli bench in the to|-
JK'i^e of the ciiies ot ihe empire, and h.is the C.coiid
. among the imperial clues that Invc a Icat and voice ac
the diets of the circle nf \\'i|(| halia.
i 'fhe title of iis magiltr.icy is th.it of buriuim.illcr, f]ic-
i liiT, and council of the holy Rimi.iii imp rial free eny of
Aix la Cli.'pille, and its arms are an e.igle itiiplavcd l\\-Ai
ble, with the heal, crown, feet and Jaws or, in'a}' U
ar,'tnt.
In this citv are m.inufaflurrs of eloth, copper, anJ
brals. Ill 105(1, It was ahnoll eniinU clellro^cd by fire »
in Ib68 .'.nd 1748,11 was I'ilUnguiftled by celelirated tiea-
ties ol peace cniiiluded there, and in' 1750, was d.',-
maged by an earthcpuke.
.'\bi)Ct th.' dillaiue .if a fiirlon;; frnin the fouih gate
of Aix la Cliapelle, lies ihe delightful villag'.- nf P.-ircct,
01 lioicet, which is laid 10 have derived its ii.inic frotn
ihc Willi bo.irs that formerly abounded in the neighbour-
ing woods. Mere aic many hot Iptin.'s, on boih fide*
ot a liiiull cool rivulet that runs thioui'h the villai^c,
I and are uuiveyed by pipes and conduits into f.iuiticu
; houlis, in which arc tuinied twenty-eight baths, fomc
', of which arc much hotter tlian thole iii the town, and
mull be ciHiled eighteen hours before thiy can be ufed.
They are for the molf part fiv; or lix yards Iqu.ire, anil
their water is clear and plcafant. One quite open 10 the
air, called the Poor Man's bath, his a Ipriiig lo hot that
the people fcald pigs, and boil cgi's with it ; but It is
obferved, that it only hardens tlij yolks and not the
whites. Thefe b.iihs are nut lo llrong as thofe in the
tity, and coiirei;uently better for weak people; and tnoCe
ol all ages and condilions bathe in thim lor their Ji-
verlion, without any danger. The village of Porcet is
well built, has four handl'omc churche?, and a nunnery
of ncrnardines, wliofc ab'.ielj ;s a ptineel's of ths em-
pire ; but there lies an appeal from her court to the
Kchcvins or (heriffs of the city.
The adjacent country abounds wiih corn, fruit, and
pafturagc ; the Woods f'uriiilh the people with materials
for building, as the ipiirries do with Ibuic. They have
alfo lich coal niiiics, belidcs others of iron, lead, viiriol
ful-*
,¥
''-^A
M
( ■
mM
■■•' 1?
'i(i
.■mi
h.
i6o
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A IMl Y.
ml
i'
'Wm^ 'ii
., :m^
1 "s
1
^'ii)l-* ^
^ I
fulphur, and Ijjm? c.ilamiiuris ; ami arc well fuppliic'.
with ncccfi'iricb by the Rhine .iiul tl'.- M.iel'e. Tlic ter-
ritory of the city c.illcd the ItiiipJoiic of Aix la Chapelle,
arc larpe and coniains a coiiridetal)'"inimber of villages,
and about three thnufand fubjects. It is iiiclofed on all
fides with mountains ; and the iioHliiy who dwell in this
territory arc lubjcdt to the jurifdichoii of the city.
S V. C T. XIV.
Of the Prindfialilic's of Niij/tiu-Siifftt, or.il NiiJIaii-DiH^ii-
vu>i; i Willi ihe Countia of LipJ'e, Sayn, and It iiil-
Ruiiie!.
THE principality of Naniiii Riegcn lies in a traft
called the Wolk'rwalde, or Weil Korcll, and is
fourteen miles in length ; but in the broadelt part I'carce-
ly five. This prinei]).ility is very mountainous and
woody; yet contains iome j;oo(l arable land, anil parti-
cularly good pallures, whence it has a conlidorablc breed
of cattle; but it is moll famous for its iron and (IccI
manufadories.
I'his principality contains one town, two boror;^lis,
and about one hundred and fifty villages. In 1O24 the
Calviiiills were in pollenion of all the churches, iWiools,
and religious revenues: but in 1626, count John the
Younger ciiibraeing the I'opifli religion, fought to intro-
duce it not only into his fliare of the country ; but alfo
throughout the whole dutchy; however, he was never
able fully to accoinplifli it. The line of Nallau-Sicgcn
becoming e.xlinci, this principality devolved to the line
of Naflau-Diei/, and is pullellcd by William V. pmice
of Orange, and hereditary (ladtholder of the United
Provinces; who on this account has a par:icular ft.it and
voice in the council of the princes o. the empire, and at the
diets of the circle. His revenue atifing f.oni tliis prin-
cipality is cflimatcd at one hunlred thoufand rixdollars.
This country is divided into feven prefeduratcs, the
principal place in which is,
.Siegen, a town featcd on ihc river Sicg, has an old
and new citadel, the former of v\hich was antiently
the rcfidence of the I'opifli, and the latter of the Calvi-
nill princes. The I'.ipifls perlurni their religious wor-
flup in St. John's church, and ilie Calvinills in the church
of St. Nicholas alone. Iri this town is a cuiligc of Je-
fuits ; and in its neighbourhood arc many mines and
fmclting-lloufe^.
Tile princip.dity of N'an"au-I)illenburg is featcd near
the furiner, and is nineteen miles long, and fourteen
broad. It has profitable woods, and good quarries of
flone, and from its iron founderies and lorgcs, with the
trade carried on in that metal, moll of the inhabitant'-
Jeiiv their fublilleiice, tlurc not being a fufficiency of
arable land, in this principilitv life tlic rivers Sieg and
Dill.
This country contain: five towns, and two bo-
roughs, the inhabitants of which are of the CaKinill
church. I
The princes of this country h.id the fame origin as the
other piinces of Nadau, and this principality m alfofub-
je£l to the lladtholder of the United Provinces, who like-
wife enjoys an additional vote on account of this prin-
tipaliry, in the council of the princes at the diet ot the
empire, and in the diet of Wedphalia. His revenues
from this principality amounted in 1751 and 1732, to
one hundred and lixty-one thoufand florins.
The principal town in this principality is,
Dillenbuig, which is featcd on the Dill, and after its
being burnt down in 1724, was better built than it was
before, llic palace, or citadel, is a fortification in the
old tafte. In the parilh church are th^ buiial places of
the aiiticnt counts, and tiie fucceeding princes. In the
large park are two roy.d Icats, and iie.ir the town is a
copper foundcry eieited by prince Cliiiftian, in which
are aiinualiy fmclted about one hundred and fifty cent-
ners of copper.
Wc now come to the county of Lip|)', which is fur-
rouniicd by the counties of Ricibcig, Ravenfbcrg, Schau
id the principality of iTaiinver.
F.mmer, and the Wcirc, nnJ h-r,.
"tatrj.-.
Piiburg,
t.inaus;
but Contain* J'^mi: arable land.
It Is moiiii-
Its prim ipal
rivers r.re tiic
the Huiiime and the Mever.
The in!iahitants coiifill of Calvinids and Lut!
but the former are the mod numerous, hi thiJ („„,
county, according to the Rev. Dr. Bufei'in;., ■fj'.'^l
towns, four boroughs, and fiflv two villages ai»l lijir "'
The houfe of I.ippe is divided into fiveral nrjn' ' '
between whom the country is divided. Thcv ,i|| ','1''
theinlelvcs counts and noble lords of Lippi-, aiij • '
arms for the county are a role gules, in a fiilj .u,,!'.'
and on aceotint of Schw.dmbcrg, a prefccluraie ni 1' '
county, a fwallow in its natural colours, (Liiij,,,, ,. '
'lar or, in a field gules. Thefe counts hive to' .1,'
hut one voice in t!ie college of the eouiiis of Wju!'
Iia at the diets of the cnijiire, and at the dieti, ,',l ,",
ciicle of Wcllphalia.
The principal pl.iees in this county arc the fulloH-;,,,,
Dctiiiold, a town feated on the Werre, aiij doIcnJ-i
byaeitailil, the ufiial refidenec of the regent hiiiif.!.
Detinold. The town is divided into theOM ainl »;.,,
and has a Latin fchiiol belonging to the Ciiviiiiin [V !
has fix teachers. ' ''
Lemgow is feated on the Vcg.i, and is the Ij-- A
town in the county. The I.ippchof, one of the rou" •'
p.ilarcs, was- ere(!led by count Chrillopher Lewis. ,1
this plaee is an abbey, the abbefs of wiiieh isaKvaisj
countefs belonging to the regent houfe of Lippc. Ti;--
are here two I^utheran churches, one btlm .[i,, ,,
the Calvinills, and a flourifhing Lutheran lemiiury'V"!'
has (cvQn teachers. This wa. f irmerly one of thellt.i'i.l
towns; but its anticnt manufactories of cloth and itrfj
arc much decayed.
'I'he cn\inty of Sayn is a finall didrict that lies chieBy
in the AVeflerwalde, containing two prcfcfluratei, in
which are three principal towns nnd as many bitoajh'
The iiihabitaiils are a mixture of Lutherans, CiKtiUc
and fomc of the Romifh religion. The margrave 0;
i!randenburg-()noIzb,ich, on account of the \ire[ix\"ji<.-
of Sayn-.Mtcnkirchen, and the burgraveof Kirchberj
on account of the other prefcdiirate named Savii-flachri'
burg, have a voice in the college of the Wcflplni,,^
counts of the empire ; but in the circle of Wcllphain
both houfes have only one voice among thol'e of the
counts.
The principal places in this county are, the little loiv.-.
of Altcnkirchen, in which is the coumil-eolie;.; k
Onolzbach-Sayn, and alfo a chancery, with a l.uthc.-",
and C.ilvinift church ; and
Hachenburg, 2 finall tiv.vn, defended by a c'.\i'.\;\ y.i
which the burgravc of Kirchberg lefides , hn;h the town
and citadel are fief* of the elcvflor of Cologne.
'I"hc county of Wied is divided info two part', fa.l.
enjoyed by a difterent branch of the fame familvj ih'^-
arc the Upper county, or the roiintv of Runkel, mid the
Lower coiiiili-, alfo called the county of Wied. Henof
the two counts are dilliiigiiiflicd by the titles of Wicd.
Wed, and Wied Runkel, and arc pnllbflird of a voice at
the college in the diets of the empire beloiigiii.; tiitk-
roilegc of the ^Vellphalian counts, atid in trie circle ','•'
Wedphal.a.
In the L'ppcr county are the following place; :
Runkel, a borough feate.l in a valley on the tii'r
Lnhn, confining of about a hundred and twenty fnijlis,
defended by a citadel which fl.uids on a high hill, anJ
was formerly the refidcnee of the counts. A ch.m-
cery is (till k"p( here, and here reiidc! the fu/erintcm.'en;,
who has the iiif"pec'lioii of the preachers. The inhab'-
tants fiibfifl by agriculture, gardening, and tlie hrecjiii^
of cattle ; and
Dicidoif, a town alfo defended by a citadel, in wliic.ii
the count of WiiidRunkd at prclent refidcs. In thi;
year 1755 the Capuchins of the Rhonifh circle wcr"
allowed tl build a idoilter in the new built fi.'j'irb'.
In the Lower county is Xew Wied, a fmail but repM-
lar built tiKvn feated on the Rhine, over which the couii'
of New Wud and the cicilor of Cologne, in 1742.
caufed a (lyini)^ bridge to be laid.
The dutchy of Wtdpliali.i terminate; t.i the cail or.
Ih'- billiopri.- of Padcrbnrn, Wald-r, .end HelFc ; to thr
I'nutli on the counties of Witgenll.in and Nati'm, 'ini
lik'.'wif? on thj dutrhy of Berg ; (o the v.-cd on t.ie:.!i'
J :i;. ;
^ A- A 11 1 A.
U R O 1' E.
iGi
I [|,f loiinty of tlic M.v.k ; am! to ilic ii'irtli on tlie j rivers run with nil impetuous torrint fiom llii- niduii-
1 llu) ■ i>l MuiiIKt ii'.ul tin.- tmimy ot Lip|)i; ; cxtiiij- | tiiiii:. : but tl.c towns in tliiS diucliy, iiiul p.iiliiui.irly
,, li',(... live miles IVom noiiii to louth, aii.l I'urty Iroiii | tlu'i.tv o; ChIi'mic, ;iic iilnMcIy iliiiiilrnl in ili.it ik-t-
'\{ n) well ; Init the ilinn-nlujii'. binh ol liiigtii anj tor.ito, to wliicli tliiv more iitopi-ily bduii;;, in liiatiiii;;
,' 1,1, ;ii,; iiMCi|ii.il. It I'^ivcs ilic till-- ot liukc to tlic ol tlic clcctural ivlunilli liitlc.
"I'j'r,",,. nl Ci;lo!;nc, to wlioni it is )iib;c^l ; though the
I i-f is nut tL'ckoncil among tlie Itaius ol' this tiitlc.
I'lii, couiiiry has many woocU aiiJ miuii vcnilbn, and
III I'liic i'lii^ abounJ-. wnli coui anJ |iallura;^'j, ana iis
I'licre are I'cvtr.il 'lule counties in this circlr, whi^jli
we purpofely omit, anJ alio levcra! hmlfiiijis that arc
loo incunfKleiabic to be nieiuioneU in a wutk ul' tlwK
kiiiJ.
I
'•-Iff-'f
i ' \ !•'. 1
H'fti'
m\
1.
\rfl
tt\
'i ■! ' '
v:;ii1
■ . • 1 ; .:
!|l|
\
it;:?!
CHAP. XIX.
Of S W A J] I A.
W
SECT. I.
Qf^nMaiii ^tnertiU anil more parluulurly ^ //,.• Circk of
l,\J S'liiiii. It! dim lU mill Proiluif. The Regulations
villi ifipii:! to the Diets of the I'.iiele, to keHgion, miiitary
i.':ctl anJ the general Government of the Country,
S'/.'AIUA, called by the (}crmans Scliwahen, and by
tni It' iich Soaabe, derives its name from the Latin
Suviii '1"^ country inhabited by the antient Suevi, who
wuclu called Iroin their longhair, which they braided
jiii iied> liy^ J-^''- "I'lehing, like a fchwcil, or train.
The freatcll part of Swabia at picfent belongs to the
circle of th.it name, which we fhall now delcribe. It
bo-Jcrson the Upper circle of the Rhine, Franconia,
Rjvaria, Aultria, and SwilVerland, and contains about
liviiit^"-" hundred and twenty- nine fi]uaie CJermaii miles ;
itiitciiiiiii:; a hundred and ten P"n;_'lini miles from north
to uiutli, "and a hundred and thirty from call to well.
It is divided between I'cveral princes, bilhops, and
free citiejj as the houl'e of Aullria, the iliikcs ol W'ir-
tcMibur:;, the eleilor of iiavatia, and the priiiecs ol lia-
Jtii • InlidLS the imperial cities of Augfliurg, Ulm, &c.
'I'hc air is healthy, and the foil in ;.^< iicral fertile ; and
(VHi'hfome parts are mountainous and woody, yet the
III, N afford mines of filver, cojiper, and other metals ; and
tlulortfts a great deal of pine or lir timber, befides great
Itore of eaiiie, and a good breed of horles, horned cattle,
aiiil fliiep ; while the other parts yield confiderable iiuan-
tiii. of corn, wine, and flax ; but we fliall give a more
iir.itii-ular account oi the produce of this circle in treating
ut'tliedilFerent ll.itcs into which it is divided.
Tlie princes funnnoned to the diets of the circle are the
liiflio,) of Coiii'..ince and the duke of Wirtembeig ; but
lik' latter is fule diieelor, though he prcvioudy communi-
cates to the former the deliberations that ate to come be-
lori: the circle. Thefe diets arc commonly held at Ulrn,
111 time of peace twice a year. M.ich of the In c b-iiciies
liji its iliieclor, who lets his feal to all the aCls of the
cinl-aiid other uilpjii. lies. Tlic billiop of Conllanje is
til-' ptip.'tual director of the bench of cvcleliallical princes,
.i, the duke of W'irlember;; i, of tliat of the temporal
[;iiiiccs. 'I'he diieetors of the benches of prelate? and
c.iiiits arc cliolenonly for life. Ulm is perpetual dircc-
t.ii of the bench of tii.' impcri.d towns; but Augiburg
..l,v.ivs votes I'lrll. The lefl'er aflemblies here alw.iy.
coiilill of ten dates of the circle, including the two
pniicci nominated to it who frequemly meet during the
piKTjl eonveirtion of the circlj, when alVaiis too |ir(dix
tor the general aflembly are to be dilcull'ed, and then
ll.cy are lliled the ordinary deputation. The chancery
and recnrd-olllcc beloiit'ing to the circle are at Stiiti;ard,
the nliJenee of thedircviloiy of VV'irtcnibrrg. It has alio
Ifecd diets, in coiijunclion with thccirck^of Krancoiua
and liivaria, for the allaying of coin.
ill tlie year loSi the mililarv force of the empire, by
a'ierne of the diet, was fettled in time of pe.ice at forty
tliuiiland men, and the (j'le.ta ot the orele of Swabl,! a-
K.iie came to one thoufand three hundred and tA'enty-
«iic hoife and two tlrjiilanJ iVvcii hundred and liven
foot; a like afklTment was alfo palled for the circles cf
Upper Saxonv, Lower Saxony, liui gundy, Lower Rhine,
and U'ellphalij. The number ol troops in this ciicle
coiillantfy kept on foot conlilt of four regiments of in-
lantry, each coni|)ofed of twelve companies, one legi-
ment of dragoons, and one of cuiialileis, each conlilling
of eight fciuadrons. 'l"hc commander of the circle is
lliled general fidd-mardial.
With rQl'pcclto religion, this circle is reckoned among
the mi.\ed. It at |)rcfent noinin.ites to the imperial cham-
ber two allellors, one of whom is a Calhnlii., the other a
Lutheran, On the death of .i r.itholic piofcflor, hi-,
de.ith is certilied by the imperi.il cii.iinber to the bifliop of
Conllancc, who acrju.iints the catholic llates with this
event, and by a ni.iji,rity of votes they dnit one of the
perfons piopolcd by the bifliop, or reler the nomination
to him J after which the bifliop prefents thcpcrfon to the
imperial chamber, liut when a Lutheran alTcfIi;r dies,
the imperial chamber makes it known to the duke of
Winembcrg, who certifies it to the margrave of JJaden-
Durlach, and the city of Ulm, by a writ fiom the im-
perial chamber, upon which, in conjunction with the
other proteltant liates and member^ they lio'd a meet-
ing for the nomination of another perlbn, who is propofed
to the duke of Wirlemberg ; and that piiiice iioi only
prefents to the imperial chamber the perfou thus nomi-
nated by the protellant ll.ites, but when he cannot con-
cur witli their nom.n.ition, ni.iy, as fuinmoning prince of
the circle, prefent another; or, when lie appioves the
perfons nominated 1 1 till thi.s dignity, p;;'!ei,t. them both
ill his own nime and tiiat of the proteil.int llites lo the
imperial chaii her, leaving t!ic choice to thofc w:'.o aic
the bell judge, of their abdities.
Un.ler the enperor Frederic III. the circle o.''Swabia
was divided into lour iiuarters, which divifion (li!l con-
tinues, and on many occafions has been found to be be-
neficial. The head of liie full is the duke of Wntciii.
berg, of the fecond the margrave of Ijaden, of the third
the bifli'ip of Coiill nice .niJ tiie abbot of Kenijiten, a/id
of the fourth the bi[li'>p of Augfburg.
s r. c r
I'^lli; bifhopric of Conft.ince lies on lioth fides of
the lake of that nanu , and the borders of Swil-
Icrliiiul, and is comiiioiiiy leikoiicd among its allies; fo;
indeed a |iait of it bes in SwilTerland, a,i well as a part
of it ill tJermany. It is leased to the foiith-ea(l of Fui-
Itenberg, and to the call of the c.mtou of .Schalfhaufi ii
extending about thirty miles from call to welt, anj
twenty-four fioiii foutn to lu-rtii. In tiiii biflL.j.ric tha
incado'A- grounds and pi'iuglu'd lands turn ic li.il. a.v«..unt,
U II 11 ,,..,^.
I
n\
!::lHl
i i
:p 'h
2( :
A S Y S T K M O f G I'. O G R A IM I Y.
C
■■»T.<
. rvi
1 i K
lliL- foil bciii:;cl.v, cv, f.ir;,!',-, r.r m:'.:niy, niid fiibjrfl to in-
ur.J.ilious. "In tlie towns wA villa^jci tiic only trade cnr-
lit'.i (HI is ill wini;.
Tl.c bidiop of Cuiifl^MCC flil-s liinfclf, Hy the pnce
of Ciiiil bKhop of C'lillaifCi', Icril of Renlu-iKiii airJ
(),hriiri;;i-ii : by olln'r-; he is icrcncil 'I'lic infill nob!'--
^^ f (iiihcc .iiul lorJ, ^'c^-. 'till' arm,: nf tliis bKhupric arc,
i. trofs ar.'.ciit, in r. lul.i i'jiU-s.
Hf ba.s four hfri.'J.t.iry ollu-cr?, tin- lifn'iiiiary nvir-
flial, the ht.li .riiarv chaMibcil.iin, cap bearer, an.l Ibw-
arJ. ri;c bidiop vdifs ill the laip rial du t .imong the
prince., fifinjj; on the ccck-fiailii-al Ih-iilIi bi'iwian ilic
nilhops of .v.Mfbiirir •'." ' '.•lilbiir •. Tlic antiunt t.ixa.
tioj; of thi- biiiiopiii.' i.. ;iij papal tr--aliiry is two tlmu-
faiid five hiiiii'rcd florins ; but in 17-4 only lour huinlicj
M\i ttn weic paid lor mc coiuijiiiaiion ol bilhop ]c\\\\
Fninci;.
'I'll;.- bidiop's boar-t-rcvciuio, according to a report
made from i.ic chaptr to t'.u- court of Rome in 1712,
amounted only tcj twenty tliouf.uid fl inns. However,
Jlis whole annual ictnuc is b,' fome authors computed at
twelve or fourteen tlioufanJ pounds Iterlini;, which is
faid to be cliielly 1 ailed by t'l; toll on the lake and the
Rhine. His ch,ip!ei .(j.iiilts of twenty canons who
attend the chair, and tour who arc expectants of va-
cancies.
The cftabliflied rcliginn of thr. d.ocefe is the Roman
catholic.
In defcribing the rcmarl.ible pi ices in this bifliopric,
we (hall hejrin with thr Lik.- •• ' '..iiilanee, the broad, ii
part of which extends into Swillerl.mil, and tliat townids
Germany divides itfclf into two arim., one of which is
called the Zelierlce, or i.;ke of Zell, ami the other the
IJodmen, L'beriinr;crfee, or lake of I'beilingrn. In
ihe i.,iler is the illand of Meinau,as in the former is that
of Reichenr.u. The whole la'..' from I'rcgrnt/ to Zell
is alio diiiinj-uifllcd by two appi ^latioiis ; the pan fioni
Jkfgcnfi to Conllance bein; called the Uppei l..ke, and
that from Conllance to Zell the Lo*er lake : the latter
jj between twenty and thirtv fathoms dei p, and has a-
lon,^ its banks near foity citits, towns and vill u'cs ; yet
the Upper lake fiiip..(r< it, for it has no Icfs th,.ii fifty,
and its i;rcatcll depth is faid to be three hiindndand
fifty fathnm.s. Here is alfo its greafift breadth, for be-
tween ikichorii on the one lidc, and :\ofchach on the
other, is no itfs t' "" (i\e leagues Xcar Lindaii and
Brigcntz, be 'ides the hlh coinm. niv caught in thefe parts,
is a kind of falnion-tio'.it, wiiah 'leing pickled when
full grown, arecvjiorfcd as a rarity. I'hcy aie j',cnerally
an ell and a h.ili, cr ;wo ells loi.i', and weigh between
thirty and forty pounds. As the lilhermcn cannyt always
make a good m.irktt of fuel) lati;e lirti, they tie a bit of
wood to a line, which luving p.ilRd through the filhcs
j;i!Is, th( .' threw tlum a:_^aiii into the w.iter, and tie the
othcrcnd of the line to .illal:-.- ncr.r thtir huts. Thus,
without r.;iy da;'.g?i of I -fing the hfh, they allow them a
range of thirty or f..rty p:>re' to fwim in, and prefeive
them alive and fnuul, till they mcrt with a number of
purcliafeiL, or have an opportunity of felling one o' them
for finic marriage, or other entertainment, where a Jilh
of that magnitude is required. I
In half an l-.our's failing you may go from Zell to the 1
idand of Rcichenau, v^luch lies in the middle of the j
Lower lake, and on account of its fertility and the '
wciltii of the abbey built there, is not improperly fliled 1
ReichciKUi, or Aiigia dives. The idand is half a ir.ilc i
long, and abounds with hue vineyards and all kinds of!
fruit. The abbey i^ a I'.aiulfonic building, .Tiid fo rich '
that the abbot had formerly live hundred vaffltls, and his ]
yearly income amounted to above Cxty ihoufand guildics.
liut iincc the year 1 54O, upon a reprefentation from the I
bilhop of Conltance to the pope, that by the propagati(>n
of the Lutheran doctrines his revenues had been ctmli-
dcrably diminifhcd, this opulent abbey, together with
that of Oeningen, were annexed to the Ice ol Con-
ffance.
This abbey is pariiciilarlv remarkable for the lar^e
v.(^emerald prefentcd to it by Chailcs the Kat ; but (ince tlie
attempt, a (cw years aeo, to rob the abbey, it cannot be
feen without fome difficulty ; the piior, lor its greater
fecurity, letting but few, even of the brethren of the or-
der, know wh'i.. it is- corn.e.;led. It i% kt-i> in
wooden frame foni.'whi't l.rger than a !'.:!i,), .-.uj „',
t'.vcniy-eight prniiuls three i|iiaitcn. Svver.d jh,
h.'.ve ofiei' d for it liftv thouf.md guildif- p.r ""m-.i 1
valuable Hone is a paraT !o;M.nri, only at o,,' (',|.|.,
is iiregnhir, w:. \\ a pi'ic had been broken 1 i,' \ ', '
;'.reateU Irngth it is th.re (pans and a hal', i;s (li,,^, ,,' '
IS a (pan aiil a half, an I it is two inches tlii^k, V '
it is (cratehcd the initial letters of lome name.^ ; j,,,, ' '
l.mcie^ are now no longer pern. itted. ' '
In the church behmging to tli:.s a!-b;'v Ics the '• „
emperor C'b-irlcs the Kat, once diltniguiliiv,| by' ( "
power, and the inii.r/ing extent of nis doinini,,;,. 1. 1
I .itterwards (oifikiii i'v every one; lo ihatheiin'i
j extreme iiuligeiici., or v.as put to deatii hy in:, u«-,i '
I pie at Ne'dingen, on ilie l.)anube, 111 b'bti. I:iti,^.\,
I iCi-nth centiiiy his tomb was rep.iiied, and .;n c u
j added, which fay.s, '1 h .t " Cln.rle.i tl,..- F.,t, ki,',.'!/
j *' .S-.vabia, and great-,, rand.'on ot Lha'li m;;!,. ,, ^ \,.'^ ''
; " by for^e of aims entered lialv, aivl fuhduej it, „'•'"
\ " Clowned Caflar at Rome, ;iid '.bt ined the Roiriiitn.'
i" pirj ; alio, upon tl.c ilcith of his brother I.e.,;. .,
j " Germany and France tell to bin; by liglit of u\\,Z
■ " tance. Jiut at length f'.iliiig in courage, anJ iirov..,..',
" weak in body and mind, he was, by a ll.-imj,',. rpj,,.","!
" ol lortiine, forlaken by ail his friends, and buri-J .."
" this ohfciire place. This tomb (lone is at nrtlrnt r».
" nuived, and the building (d' the new faerilly mc^i^ , .
" the grave itfell to be concealed."
Upon the ,;liar of tliis chuieh the monks prctcn.! to
(licw one of the water p lis ufed at the mani.ij" .u t ,,,j
in (lalilce, ofwhirh upwards of twenty are(h.«i, 1,
other places, all of a ditt'crent mpgnitudc, colgm, ....j
(hape. The c(!'>, -nt alfo i-.oi(!s ol being polKllul n: tic
body of St. M.:k the Lv.ingclill ; but tins is diioi,:ij
with them be the V'enet'aiis.
The next place wc 111. ill mention is Merfbiir.r, or .M,,,',
pinb, a city feated on the Like of Conll.iiue, and trj
ulual refidence of the billiop, containing a leniiiiiry i,ir
the (eciilar clergy and a ccnvent for Dominicar,-. Imi,,
year 1647 the palace here was burnt down bv t:;cSwj,ln
The country in the neighbourhood of thisciiv pris,l::.,s
plenty of wine, and iii.ir it, in the lake, (hr;ds a cr.i.'i
on which is an infciiption, importing that tic hkf is
there two thoufand nine bundled lathoms bro.iJ, an^j
hundred and eight deep.
ConlKmce is an antn nt city feated on the lakcrftir
fame name, in that p.irt where thr Rhine illiies oi.t v. r
in the forty-fevcnih degree fcrtv-two minutes no:th Uti-^>|
tilde, and in the n'nth degree ten minutes call h;!' ■■•i:i;, }n
It was formerly an imperial city, hut in 1548 uas-;;;
under the ban by the emperor Charles V. it h,Hir;_ ih.;.|
dclerted the popifli religion ; but the next year Feruin.siid
I. brought it under the power of the houfe of Aiilira ,
and though the (lates of Iswabia refuted their alVeiu, vc;
its fubjrdtion was ratified at the diet of Ai;;!biir,' ui
1559. The town is fortilied, and has on the other (l.lo
ot the Rhine the fort of Petetfliaufen for its Het'eric.". Tr.s
city is of a niidJling fi/e, and towards I.indaw m:;kc; .1
good appearance ; but the burghers are thought net totx-
ceed five hundred and lifty. The pul[iitof the citncdr.-.!
is fupported by a It.ituc of John Hufs, who was hrr:
leritenced to be burnt, and his being made to firvc^s a
pedertal to the pulpit was intended as a mark o;' !'.irth:r
(lifgrace, though it feems more natural to admit of in
honourable conllrudii-.n. It is here the current o^Miian
among the fuperltitioiis vulL'jr, that the place wh.rc tlut
reformer v.ms burnt is curfid, fo th.;f no wr.il's will 'umv
iijion it. Our guide, fays Mr. Kevflcr, who w.is a lub-
(hntial citizen, but a Roman catholic, was b iiif.tinrj
with this notion, th.it he maintained it while we v.rrc
w.dking about the place, which was covered wiih ver-
dure ; lb tliat had we thought proper to enter into the
dil'piitc, we might have convinced Inm by app-.aliiig to
his very fenles.
It was f.nce a rich city, and has a tolerable fr.ide, by
me.ins ot the lake and the neigbbouihood ol the Isliir.c.
It is well built, and rtroniily tuitilied. I he clniicli'-s
:'.'■: magniticent, p.irticularly St. Stephen's cathedr.il,
tlioiigh it is old ; and theexchnn:-;-, town-hoiife, niirk-rts,
bridges, and other [.'ubin; builJing», with the bilhip'H
► V*"' thofe fu(/.vti
o:;sT.<?;,.,
^■'l'' i'l .1 1, 1
r.:l j.«c ! '
> oir ,\, ;..
ii^ liior; lljj
liiik. I';,'"
"■'* i I'm i.,:,
Ic. th.-.i'.u.,,-
ii(iK',l by (,,
aiiiiujiv, ii;,
Lit he dicj ,,,
.'li.'- a\V.\ i; ,
S. liu:,c,|.\.
.11,1 M cmUm
■ I'-t, l;ir,; ,;
'■';■. !• 1 i:... .
uliicj it, v..
IlL- Rtiir^iitii
HT I.CV,;.,, 1.1
^''t of iiihii,.
t.-iIiKiTev;!!;
I anJ but^l :;|
i at |irc-lt-ni r».
niity oa^Lui
ii';s prr'cni to
irii V~" ''■ * "iJ
y are (h:-',n, i:i
ic, CcjIoUI, .•ijI
puli'dlnl ii; ii.t
Ins is uiipiiuj
[bur.r, or Mirf-
It.iiuc, anj He
a li.iiiiiisry tot
ijicar,\. Inthi;
I by t;;cSwv.lo.
s ciiv rrnJi;,-,s
, tla::ds a cr_i,s
hat t".c lulif is
s broaj, anj a
[the lake (if ;hf
lilliics Ot:t it I',
juti'; north Uii-iHi
caii lrji!j:i;;:ir. ^1
I 54?! wa! yr.
it D.n'i,-;. lh';:i
;car Ftri;in;,ivi
k of Aiil!r:a ,
Ihfir al'.cnt, ve;
th? other I'l.lo
Irk'fcnc". Tr.s
liiJaw m;:!v;: a
iicht ret t.: IX-
|f the cattii..:-.;!
who was tirrc
k- to fiTveas a
i.irk of fartliir
to aJmit of .11
lirrciit o,''.ii; '■■)
irc wh';rc that
Will vv.i
ho Wai u !llb-
f.i iiif..tiui-ii
MIc we were
tctJ wiih vcr-
'iitcr into liiv
.'■l [)-..ihii^ w
|iW.' tr.ule, hy
rif ilu' Rhir.e.
The chuich''?
^I's cuthclta',
|nif<', ni irk'ts
the Ivllf'-'.
nabcc, arc hanJfomc flrucliir'.-s
t: u
K
o
I'
r.
^v1
The fiihorb o'l the
'north ink is rc|uratec! iVoiii the city by the Rhine, over
whiih isa hri'l^c three huiiihed aiiJ thiitylix pa.-es in
Kiicth, iimii-T which is faid to be a mill that moves li/
teen iiiill-i'oii
liete, anJ an m
hve tonveiits of liurs, two nunneries, aiul lour parilli
wuiichcs.
J'histity has been famous tor
,044, or 1045
the emi'i-ror
ea at once. 'I'he Jeluits have a colle-e
iniiitT-rent church ) beli.les which l.eic are
an allinililv
Henry 111. an
troubles of tieiniany by what is called the peac
llaiicCi 'It ajiiiKtiiie when ther,; were tine;: pop
its roiincil;. Thus in
tif prmecb m-t here under
put a concliillon to the
of Con-
who
were let afide, and a new one chofeii, who in 1056 tu.;hc
ihc lamc of Clement II. In 1414 a cu;incil was alio
held here, fummoned by the emperor Si.-.ilmoiul, u|)on
three popes pretending to inlallibility ; one fet up by tlie
linli.ins, a leeoiul by the french, .md .1 third by the
Spaniards, who were all three di poied by this council,
ai'iJ Martin V. choleii in their nnati. The fame council
condemned the doflrines of John WickliH", John Hufs,
aiul Jerome of I'ragiic, caufinj; the hoius of Wicklilf
to be dui; up and burnt, and John Hiils and Jerome o!
Pta'iic to be cruelly buint alive, thou'jh the lormer had
a fafc-condurt granted him by the emperor 1 and this
cruel and infamous council, which appears to be the moll
numerous <■ cr held upon any occ.tficn, made the canon,
yiftt " That fa- is not to be kept with heretics, nor with
ti^/«"' thofe fuf .'.aed of hercfy."
SECT. III.
Of the Hifiojyic of AuGsHURO.
!liSili'''t""t 1'" Prerogatiues of the liijhop, his Arms^ and
Rtvi'tuc i with a f articular Dijiriptlon of the Cily oj
Siuijburg.
THE lands belonging to the blfhopric ofAugflmrc;
lie feaiieied between the rivers Lch, Her, and the
Danube ; but the grcitelt part of them near the tbr.iier.
This country extends bcyiuij the Lech to the diocefc of
Raiiibon aiui Kreylingen ; fouthward to thole of Urixen
and Chur ; weilward to the biftiopric of Confl.ince, from
which it is feparatcd by the Her; and northward beyond
the Danube, to the bilhoprics of Kichitatt and Vv'urt/.-
burg. That tract of it which lies towards the Tiiolefe
is very mountainous ; but the red priiicipally confills of
fine coin-land ami pailures.
Theprin.eand bifliop of Auglburg fits and votes in
t'l: college of |)iinces, between the billiop of Conllance
anl HiUklheim, and in the diet of tr.e circle of Swabia
poli'elfes the feeond (cat among the ecclelialfical princes 1
he is alfo the head of that fourth quarter of Swabia,
which liis between the rivers Lech, Danube, and Her.
The arms of this bilhopric arc party per pale giilcs and
argent.
The ch^itcr of tiic cathedral confills of forty perlbns
ofijuality, who murt five proof of their nobility for lix-
tieii deficnts. Idle temp iral and fpiritual colleges be-
longing to the dioccl'e are the general vicariate, the ecele-
fiaitical council and conlillory, the regency, the trealury,
and the court of tiefs. Thi: epilcopil revenue is eitimat-
cd at near a bundled thoufand rix^lollars.
Tnis bilhopnc is divided into fouriceii prefei\urates,
the principal places in which arc the I'olhnving :
Dillingen, the rcfidence of the prince, is lituatcl on
the Danube, and had forinei ly counts of its own to whom
itgivetitie. There is here an univeiruy, in which is a
lollcgeoffecular canons. In this town is alfo a college
ofjcfuits, with a convent ot Capuchins, and tvto niin-
nirics.
But the principal city in this bifliopric is thi' imp.rial
city oi Augdnirg, originally called Vinleina, and after-
wards Aiigiida V'indelicorum, or Kb.ntoium, which lies
in a fertile, healthy, and delightful countrv, in the for-
ty eighth degree twenty three minutes, and in the tenth
Jcj;ree fifty-nine minutes calt longitude, between the
livers L-.ch and Wertadi, which unite near this place,
lis utnioft extent is about nine thouland common pace-^,
and its length from the Ked-jjatc to Filher gili four
r'-s
ihoiifaiid. The city is environ -d with ramparts, walLv
and deip ditches, and lias four la.gc and fix I'ma'.l gate?,
and liei'.veen fume ot them a v. itli<t of cirious eoiitri-
v.ince tor admitting perl.ms in the night-time. It 1; ■ .
commonly divided into three parts ; biit nth.Ta divii'c it:
into the Upper, the Middle, the Lower Town, and tho
luburb of fct. Jjines. Some of iis liuet.s ale Heep ;
Imu below th'-le, it has others that are broad, ai'd wel!
I'avtd, wduncc it niav ill gene.'.il lie leimed a fine city,
ir tides th: cathedral it has lix pooidl pr.i illi churches,
live inonalieiies, among which is .1 Jefuiis college, the
.ibbiesof St. L'lrich ai.d .AlVa, tlirc enunnerlcs, and fix
Luther.m parilli chuii-iKs, to whiili beloii.; lourtt'cii ini-
niU'.rs, and a Lutht r.'ii gvmn.irimn, inv.hieh is a good
library. In the year 175-5, the imperial Francil'can ara-
deiiiy lor arts and (cicnces was founded heie. It has al-
io lever.il holpitals for the pi or, for orphans, and fick
people, with other charitable loundationj.
Hut to be more paniuilar, the town ho.ife, which is
reckoned the fined in all Germany, \v.i!i completed in
the year iO?.o, after bemg \\)(. years in building. At the
top of the fiont, jult below tlie pediment, is a \^r^.\i: A Mr'*^"
(pread eagle calf in biafs and crowned, l.:id to v.-ei;:tl Bn'J'f
twenty-two hundred weight, and to have colV fift:;en Bt^lc .
thoufiiiid i.icrman lloriiis, or abnve one thoufand eight
hundred and leveoly pounds lUrling ; it holds with its
talons a gilt fcjptre and globe. The great portal,
which is twenty feet in height, and twelve in breadth,
is of very beautiiul red marble, adorned with a balcony ^
fupported by two handlomc columns of white marble. »•■■
III the great liall next the Ifrcet aie right lanje pillars of
red marble, fourteen feet and a half high. Ib.ro the city
mainguard is kept, and are provided with fix field
pieecs. Round the loom are brals bulb of ;hc twelve
C;efars. In the upper llory i,s a ftill larger hall fuppoit-
cd by Corinthian columns of red inarile, with bales and
capitals of brats ; the cnambcrs contiguous have abun-
dance of hiitorical and political painti 'gs, with well
chol'en Centcnees, exhorting the judge? to obfervc im-
partial julticc, prudence, peace, and th- fear of Godi
In the third and up|.erin(dl, called (joldcn-lia'.l, are fifty-
three windows, winch render it extremely li*ht ; but it
has no columns, and iiiltead of being arched, the ceil-
ings are divided into a number of little brown and gilt
compartments, on which as m\ the w.'ilis are good paint-
ings. The floor is of red, white, and grcv marble; but
in the other halls only of v, hitc plailler. f'he height of
this upper hall is fiftv-two feet, and its breadth fifty-
eight, and its length on.' hundred and ten. This noble
room is adorned with hue pictures. The four contigu-
ous chambers in which meetings are held tor allaying of
the com, giving audience to envnvs, and for other im-
portant atiairs, bear the appell.ition oi' the four princes
chambers, as having been the p fidenee of the four clec-
trirs whn affifted at the election of Ferdinand IV. king
of the Romans, in ib6 {. Every p.irt abounds with hi-
ttorical paintings iilultrated by ingenious infcription.s.
The whole breadth of the town houl'e is one hundred
and fortyfeven feet, anil the length of the front one
hunlred and o-n ; its height towards the welt one hun-
dred and fifty-two; but its caftern height mtafures one
hundred and feventy teet.
In a liiuare ne.ir the town-houfe is the fine fiiiintaiu
of Augultus, the moll fplendid in the city. It is a large
maihle balon furrcninded by an iron baluitrade, admira-
bly wrought, with four brals Itatues as big as the liie
upon the edge, two of meti, and two of women, fup-
p.ded to repic'lent four little rivers, the Lech, \V"ert,ich,
Siiikel, and Source. U\ the middle o! the bafon rilea a
hinare pedellal, at the foot of which arc four larg:
fphinxcs witl> water llreaming from their brcafts. A
litib; above them aie four infants holding four dolphins
in their arms, from whole mouths the water (pouts in
plenty, and over thele infants arc fellooijs and pine-
apple, allofhrafs. Upon the pedell.il is a brazen Ita-
tue of Augultus crov.-n.'d with laurel, and armed after
the manner of the aiiti.-nt Ronians.
The molt beautiful fount. lin next to this, is that cal-
led the fountain ot Hercules, which has .1 large hexagon
bafon with leviral br.ils fii^ures, particularly one of Hcr-
cule; coinbatm^ tl'.e hyJ-a, v.nich ar.- by many good
judges
<■ ii
■ \
11 «
•^4
•i64
A S Y S T F. M OF G F G R A P II V.
W
I'.'.TtMii: rn.
h,l.
ill
fiil
I!
N
.'I
jiiJiU-s ifteiiricJ bjttci- rxciiitcJ th.in tli-ilc of llic for- I
iii'.'i,
Tlic tr,wcr callc! I'crlai-h, wliirli ft,in.!.s near the
town lioufo, h.i» thn-i; luiiiJinl lt.|n to tlic lop, uiu!
al).)vc ilif woathcr-co. U is tin: ll.uiij of a ivoni;in. In
an aica irmv t:ii.; (liu^tuif is a vciy line tcnvi-r ^JornLcl
with the (i)'.ir fc.ioiis III hrafs, ami in the center is the
Uatiie of the cnijjtror Au^uilus with uiipofite inl'crip-
tlUIIS,
In the hillu/;!'s p.:Iace. wliich is hut a mem hiiilJinp,
is Ihewii trie iiall in whieli thr A>i;;ibuig coiilellion was
piti'eiitcJ to ttie emperor Chailej V.
L)n tlie hrals iloor of the tatli.-dra) i> reprefentcJ the
virgin Mary talvinu' I'-ve out oi Ailain's lule. The monks
of St. Uh'ic ilifp'ile of a diill or powJer c.illeil St. l'lric"s
t'art'.i, reconimeiiJin;; it in the name of th.it faint, who
they pritenJ ilrove all i!ie lats out of the city aiiJ ncigh-
l-o,ir;iiH)il into a hole which they (hew in Ins cluiich.
Thi'. iliiit is dup lip from the place where he lies bii-
lie.l. lint ;is this cU'ed has never hcen afeertaincd by
iiatiirahlls, it i.ilII izo lor iiothiiij,, efpieially as this
hit;hlv extolled earth fails of its power over the rats in
oilier places.
On the line wtll-contiivcd aque.liicls for the convey-
ance of water fioin the Lech, are feveral corn, fawiii^,
ilitting, .ind fnieltiiig mills. Tlieie are heie alio water-
works which throwlh.it iifefiil element to the top of five
towers, from which it is cmiveyed through the city in
luth a manner, that the greateil part of the hoiifes arc
I'uiiplied with, water. Tlic pil.uis of the counts of Kiig-
ger are very magnirK-ent; and ihe Kuggery, as it is called,
confilis of ore hundred and fix finall lioufes creeled in
15-1), hv the brothers Lliic, (leorgc, and James l"ug-
gtr, in lanies's fuhurh, for tiie reciption of p<i()r burgh-
ers anJ inhabitants, to whom they aie let at a very fmall
rent.
!■ Au'fliurc; lias always been famous for ingenious ar-
llils, paitieularly in clocks, goKlfmitlis work, and
ivorv turning. 'I'lierc arc here iluwii clocks valued
at fifteen or twenty thuufand crowns each; but the
woill is, they are lb very nice as not to be durable.
Their ivory work is no lefs admirable, and among the
relf contain well fli-iped cups with a ring niade of the
fame piece, which plavs between the foot and bowl of
ihe cup without a p.illibilitv of coining oli. Thtie are
lo nicely niaie in miniature, that the jeaiiud Mr. Kcy-
fler fays, they ine'ofe one bundled of tliem with their
linus ill a jv.pper coin ot an oulinary li/,e, L'pon cxa-
miiiatii'ii, the tracts of the tool with which they were
turiie\l are vihble, Tiuy haie other cuiious baubles,
as fleas fai'.cned ah'.ut the neck with fiecl chains, lb
linclv wrought, tliat though tluy arc a fpaii long, a Ilea
will lili up the chain when it le.'ps, one ol' thele fleas
with this cnrioas chain, thev lUi for ten-pence. The
trade of this city is very conii.Ierable, though it is much
iiiferioi to what it w. • f.unurly.
This ciiy is very iimnkahle for the fingulai v.iriety
of habits worn t'V the inhabiranis ; tins alt'air being (o
exactly regul.itcd by the magilliates, that the ditfeieiKe
ol the religion, and ipiiliiy of the people, are for the
moll part \\:t:n by their cloaths. For iiillance, lays .Mr.
Millon, 1 f.iw a Konnin catholic merchant's widow in
mourning for her hiifli.nid ; Ihe had a hamlKeicliiet wlI!
whitened am! I'larelicd with wm 'S and cornets, a black
petticoat, an! a cloak ol the I. une colour maile like that
of a man's, wiiich le.iched down to her knees, a large
white veil behind hanging at the corner of her handker-
chief, and reaching d.iwn to her heels, enlaiging itfelf
by degrees, and a piece of the fame linen with the
handkerchief four fe.t long, and at leall two broad,
very much !i.irched, and llretclied on a Iquare of wire,
f'alleiled jull below t!it h^ps, and covering all the lure
part of the body.
The o.iriifon of Augfbiirg iifualy coiifirts of three
hundred men, and the burghers aie loinputed at lix
thouL.nd. One half ot the lo'im il is I,iitheian, and the
(ither h.ilf Ivoman rat!i.>iic. 'I'lie ni.igilhaey at piefeiit
coiilitis of foity-hve petfons, thiity-one of whom arc pa-
truians, four of Inch as have man led the daiighti rs of
patriei.ins fivc(;fth: boly of niticli mts and livjol llie
tomnioiiaiiv.
I
Tliis city in the diet of the empire pofislT s the fecninf
pl.iec on the lieiich of the imperial cities of Sw.ibi.i ■ |i,i[
III that (■( the circle h.is tiie firll feat and voice. In [i,^^.
ye.ir i()S6, Pii alliance w.is conclii.kd here hctwreii i;,..
eiivi.ror, Sjiain, So.'ei'en, and fume other priiues ana
circles, in oppolition to IVancc ; but lowauls the i.),,.
cUifion (<f the ye.ir 1703 and I 704, it fuHeied much i y
the IJavarians ..ml Ficnch.
To the jarifdiiiion of this city h.'Iong., the vill,i.,c q,-
Oberhaulen ; but in eccleli.illical matters il it tu|i;,"et t,i
the bidiop, w.'io, conrormab'y to an agrein-,.iu iiiaJe lu
j()02, grams inftitutijii to the minilltis,
S !•; C T. IV.
Of lie Dutil.y of WiitiTMiiKiK;.
hi Sitriatloti, F.xltnl, an J PnJuce : The Kiimhcr, R,!i/jj„
iiiitl Mdnufii'lura of the Inhtiliitii'Ui. 'I'hc Titl:;^ ,fi~.'
tiihi Prero^iilivei of tlic Diiie. The Orihr of Huntfrs
The Riii'iiiics, ferii!, anil piimiji,! 'T mots unit Paia '
of iriyli'mbi-ri^.
Til K diitchy of W'irtcmbcrg, or Wurtcmber', cnp-
lifts of a great number of towns and lordlhip-
fome of which were purchafed, others devolved to the
princes by marriage, and others were acquired by con-
ipiell. To the north it terminates on the bifliopric et
Spire, the I'alatinatc, the county of Hohcnloc, and the
dillricl of theimpcri.il city of Hall in Swabia; to th-
eathvard it is bounded by the county of Limpur;;, the
diftricls of the iinpeii.il city of L'lin, the loidfliips 0:
Rechberg and Wicfenlleig, and the county of Oettin-
gen ; on the fouth-call by the Aallrian do..iinioiis ■ dj,
the fouth by thofc dominJ ">n:;, i>iifi'au, and otli^'r fmailv
diltricls ; and on the welUv.ird it ci'iilincs on l'irr(U-.ii.
berg, the dioccfc of Strafourg, and the maripiiiate ui
li.idcn-Haden and Ijaden-Duil.;.li, from wliieh it is le-
parated by the Black Fored. Its extent from north t)
fouth, cvclufive of the molt foiithern detached part i,
fixty-fix miles, and it is of the fame extent from calf i,
welt, without including the lordfhip of Hcydcnhein:
which lies apart from it.
'I his is indifpuiably the moft confiderablc and fcrti!;
part of the circle of Swabia, and is indeed one of ili-
bell countries in all Germany. This dutchy abounds
lo much in grain, that confiderablc quantities ,ire ex-
ported ; but this chitfly confilis of f|)clt, rye and when
being much lefs cultivated, yiax and hemp are alfonio-
duced here, and the former thrive bell in the coMc!
parts. The vallies foimed by the (kins of the A!'',
fome cf wliich are t''ree or four hours in length, arc co-
vered as It weie, with lorcds of fruit trees, of wliic'i
indeed there is no fcarcity in mod of the other pjrt-. v\
this country, cyder and perry being the liquors di.'''!c i:;
common by the country people, when wine hap;,ui5 ;u
be dear, 'I'bi- duleliv alto abounds with very rich pai.i
table ,ind whobfome wine, called by the general ran.e
of Ncikar, tliougli each has a particular title of its
own, which it receives Iro'ii the part where the truit
I glows. The grape alio that yield the beC wines bcir
' the ii.imc of the k iiiitiici whence llie wines were trirl-
I pl.nitul, as the Chiavcnii.i, V'abcline. and Hungarian.
■|"l',c vineyards of W'irtciiiberg have been much impruv-
cd by the learned Mr. 'hllingcr, who procured IIkiu:-
Iroin I'r.in-e, Italy, Hiini'arv, C'ypnis, and even Schi-
ras in I'eit'ia, lor his vineyard at CantlLidt, where mol'
of them throve (b well, that they have been tr.infplii ;-
cd linm tlieiKC into ni.iny (.thcr vineyar.l^.
The forells of this country ,iie coniidcralilv dccrcafcl j
for tiie confumption of oak in particular has been leiv
l.irgc, and beech and bitch row lequire to be ufei
fpaiingly ; but gieat tjuantities of turf are iicnv du:,
which makes up lor the leaicity ol wood for fuel, (/iv.i:
pioli'.s are nude by pra/.iii';, partieularly in the ril.irt'
r'orclt. Tiie largilt breed uf llieep is found on the W\\
and iiudt pait.s o| ibc country abound in uumc.
With lefpc^'t to thi miiRral. of tms oountre, tS'ie
are 111. lies ot lilver and copper, and alio Ibme of ii^ii ,
but the latter do 's not ;)ro.iuce a fuflicitnt i(uniilil) 1 •
Ibpi'ly the country. Sulphur is .'.'!•) met vyith n fcicr-!
places, and ir
cJ preferable t
ware, are (bui
Jine variegated
uf Italy, and
cryllalline peb
niill dunes.
Here are a c
fpniigs. The
the lollowiiig
liom iiurtii to
into the Rhin
Fili, and Kem
The numbei
with great cert.
year by the gei
animal fynud. I
end and Icveni
louls, and they
111 the dutchy
twelve hundred
hamlets.
Fheeftabli/h
ifin i and thougl
yet in 1729, 17
(lutes, in turmal
be made in any |
churches and fch
Iheranilin (Iiouh
cinirihes, chapel
iiur any fuch as 1
ccili.uis, pilgrimj
be .illuwed ; that
nor .my part of th
cept only in the 1
habitants of the ti
pilniege of pcrlbr
piuycouncil fhoi
il:.y alone (hould
nl..tiiig to the chi
'Che Calvinills ;
of -.viiifhip at Stilt
3rca!:ofoinc VVahl
the lialiaii village'
towns they have
(lockings, and ar
religion.
In the whole di
p.inlhes, and abou
lirij .ind twenty-Ill
liMilcJ into thirty
lioic into (bur
"■Ills hold, togedi
Ihe towns where th
and lehools withi
ycai convene the m
tlicir report to the
Chi.s country has
thole of porcelain,
gials for looking-gl
v.'ooL'eii (luff's J die
fi'l<, the making of
piper, c<ce.
Ihe titles of the l
Teck, count of Mc
Jultingcn.
. ("he arms for Wu
il a field or : fur
Monipclgard, two
in a field gules : for
a kind of hud'ar's ca
azure, a datf' in ben
(j'iiv, the imperial
of VVurtemburg, a:
empire.
The dukes nrclikd
and, ill allufion to
year 1702, (ounded
renewed and incrcafei
inn; always grand- ma,
gold crofs rclbmbliiijj
66
■W'lRrtMBt'Rf,
E U R
O
E.
jrj
nhces, an J many parts yiclJ coal. Terra fij,il!(iu, rcckon-
.| nrfteuble ti> that of Malta, aiiJ a tmi; flay lor cartlun-
wacc arc found lure. In this coiuitrj arc aUo fouiid
line variegated marble, fomc of wlii. h arc tciual to tiiole
,it Italy, and rtniarlcalily tranfparciit ahibaikr, a^;au-,
c'rvllallinc pebbks which cut i^lals, black aiiibcr, and line
iiiill Hones.
Here arc a confi.leralikMUimbcr of baths and iniiicral
fnriii 'S. The rivers which liic in this dut^hy arc clii. fly
the tollowing : the Neckar, which dividi's the diitchy
fiom nortii to fouth, ai'd in the Lower I'alutinatc tails
into the Rhine, being firll cncrcalcd by the Ens, tlic
\\\i, and Kerns.
I'lie number of inhabitants in t!iis dutchy is known
v\'ith great certainty, an cxait enquiry bein^ made every
year by the general fuperintciukiiis and reported to the
innualfynod. In the year 1754 were numbered tour hun-
lirid and fcvcnty-l'even thouland one hundred and lilteeii
fouls, and they have hitherto been obleived to iiicieale.
Ill the dutchy are alfo lixty oiyht cities, with about
twelve hundred boroughs, market-towns, villages, and
hamlets.
The cftablifhcd religion of this country Is I.ulheran-
ifm; and though duke Alexander embraced the Rom-in,
yet in 1729, 1732, and 1735, he gave alliiranecs to the
iijtcs, in formal inftruments, that no innovation ihould
be made in any part of the dutchy, and that ia all the
churches and I'chools no other religion but that ot Lu-
ilKrinil'in fhould be taught ; that no new Romiih
ciuiithes, chapels, altars, or images Ihould be erected,
iiiii any fuch as were forfakcn again ufed ; that no pro-
cilli'iii, pilgrimages, or catholic burying- places (hould
be .illdWed j that the hod (huuld never be carried openly,
iwr.my part of the catholic worfliip be perlormeil, ex-
ci")t onlv in the duke's chapel; hut that the popilh in-
habitants of the town of LudwigfburL; Ihould have the
piivileje of performing their lervicc in private; that the
piivycouncil fhould confill only o*' Lutherans ; and that
ih.v alone fhould h.ive the management of every thing
rtl jing to the church, the revenue, and tiie police.
'i'he Calvinilts arc only tolerated here, and their place
of wdifhip at Stutgard is a private houfe. In this dutchy
arca!:ofoine VVaMenlcs,W'ho are hufl)andmen, and live 111
the kalian villages, as they are called ; only in a few
towns they have ellablifhed manufae'Uires ot hats and
llockings, and arc allowed the public cxcrcifc of their
religion.
in the whole dutchy arc five hundred and fit'ty-fne
panlhes, and about hity dcaconric?, belides ciiiht huii-
iiroJ aiiJ twenty-nine chapels of cafe. The parifhes arc
divided into thirty eight fpecial fuperiiiteiideiicies, and
tl:olc into four general ones. The fpecial lnpcnnten-
ccnls hold, together with thiir dcanncs, the paiillies of
the towns where thty rclide, annually vifit the churches
and khools within their department, once or twice a
vcai convene the miniftcrs fubordmate to them, and make
their report to the confiftory.
I'his country has feveral confidcrablc muiufatlurcs, as
tho:c of porcelain, pottcrs-vv.ue, the calling of plate-
glals for lookiiig-glalles, damalk, and other linen and
woollen (futt's ; the printing of cotton, manufactures of
fillt, the making of hats and llockings, gilt and marble
p,ipcr, i<cc.
The titles of the duke are, duke of Wurtcmluirg and
Tcck, count of Mompelgard, lord of Hcydenheim and
Julhnien.
;. The arms for Wurtcmhurg are, three flags horns fable,
i.n a field or : for Tcck or, and I'able lo7,cnges : for
Mompelgard, two barbels cnJorted with t.iils averted,
ill a Held gules : for Hevdcnheim, a Saracen's head, with
a kind of hull'ar's cap gules, in a field or : for Julliiigen,
azure, a llatf' in bend with branches 011 both lules ; and
laiUv, the imperial flandard borne by the ducal houfe
of VVurtemburg, as hereditary llandard-bcarer of the
empire.
The dukes arc likewilc grand-huntfmen of the empire ;
and, in allufion to this, duke Kberhard Lewis, in the
year 1702, founded the order of hunter?, and 111 1719
renewed and increafed its llatutes, the reigning duke bc-
in" always grandmafter. 'I'he enlign o( the order is a
gold crofs relcmbling that of Malta, enamelled w ith red,
66
and at c:'.rh of the foiir cnrncrs a (".d.k-n c.iglc, wit'i :i
humiiig-hoin bet A'een the middle anl lower p'jint of e.ieh
part. Ill the center is a fmall ihidd, on one fide of
which is a \'y' in relievo, with a diie.il hat over it ; and
in the oilier three gol.len hunting-horns. This ciols ia
w,)rii appendeiit to abroad watered fcarlet ribbon, piirni;;
lioiii the lelt (hoiililer to the light iide. On ihc lett
brealt of the coat is a filver liar embroidered with the cn-
figii of tlie Older in ilie middle, ,ind in a green circle
round it a.mkiti^ viutu risc^'i; idmh.'s. Thegrar.d
felhval ot this onler is on St. Hubert's day, wnieh it
alio celebrated with a great huiitin;;-inatch at the plaei:
win le the yraiid-iiialter happens to relide.
rile duke of W'lrtemhi
III viitue of tliis dutchy.
fits and voles in the colle2e uf pi iiKcs. and ii the fiini-
moiiiiig prince and director of the circle. Mr. Keyller,
in his ti.ivels, computes tiie whole revenue of this coun-
try at two iiiillioiis ol guilders per ,1111111111. The country
itkll Ijvks ihe contribuiioiis ami cxeir.',
1 he duke's court is one of the mull numerous in (jcr-
inany, his liveries rich, his ilables furnilhed with the
linelt horles, and his hunting equip. igcs magnilieeiit. II--
has a graiid-mardial, cup bearer, ni.iikr of the horle,
gentlemen of tlie hed-ch iiiibcr, and twenty p.ige;, all
men of good families, m my foutmcii, ic.'. He kc.ps in
p.iv a body of hoile-Liuards, •horfe-grenadleri, dragoons,
and I'lot guards, behdcs fue re^imciusol luut, anJabjJy
ofartilleiv.
Tlie duke has feveral liuiuiiu-feats, wdiicli he vifits
alternately in the deer and boar feafon-, lo that every
five years he fees his principal f.irclls. It is an old cuf-
toiii all over the country of W'irtembuig, to adoin thu
chambers and galleries with the largcll and molt br.i, idl-
ing horns ; to that it is naiiual to ima;;inc, th.it the
huiitlng-le.its are dill more plentifully fupplied witli thefi;
decorations. At WaldeiibuiL;, tiie name of the perloii
who iliot the deer is iiitcribed over moll 01 the lemihkabie
branches ; and the walls ot levcral looms are h'led with
thefe marks ot the duke's viextcriiy.
At Stutgard are the piivy-chanccrv, in which the duke
himlelt prelidcs ; the privy or iiiinilleiial council, con-
titling of nobles, men of letters, and ollicers ; the col-
lege of government, which has a preli 'eiit, and among
its members are alii) nobles and men ot letters; the coii-
hliory, which has a prefideiu, director, and couiifcl-
lors ; the board ot war, which has a prelideiit and otiier
members ; the trcafury has a prclident, a receiver, a fo-
lieitor, and other oHicers ; the eccleliallical college lias
a vliiedor, aduiinillrators of the church icveniies, and
other members and officers ; with feveral other boards,
as thijfe ot the mint, trade, forells, domains, mines, 5cc.
In the high court of julliee caul'es are terminated in the
lall retort, no appeal beiiii; allowed to the aulic or any
lither tiibunal : tnis court was in 151.I. iciiioved tor ever
to 'l'ubin;;en, where it holds iis killons once a year ;
and coiilills ot a chief jullice, allell'ors, who are compoteJ
of nobles, men of lludv, and country gentlemen, a.f
alfo of a Cecrctary. Mr. Kcyflcr lays, that this court of
judicature is a jewel equal to that ot appeal among the
other electors. A very conliderable benefit ariiing iVoni
it, is the fpcedy adminillration of jullic<:, the pii aJ;ng3
bein:; verbal, and a lentence given every day. It is re-
mark.dile that the prelideiit, or chief jullive, has duriiiij
the (eflions only three guilders per iluiii ; the atTillants,
who arc noble, two, and others, who do not live at
Tubingen, one dollar; and liich as arc inhabitants a
guiMer, and a rundlet of ui'ie piefented to each al!i;lanc
at the end of the feflioii, which feldom lalls above (ix
weeks.
It is remarkable that in all the cities^ towns, and vil-
lages in this dutchy, there are certain otTicerii called pri-
vate overk-ers, who inlpect into the ollenccs, clandelline
meetings, and other mitdemeanors of their fellow-citi-
zens, and make their report to the magillracy ol the
place, that thefe matters may be farther inquired into.
I'hcfc private inquilltors, who take an oath to dil'charge
their othce with fidelity, receive no I'al.iry ; but arc ge-
nerally rewarded with a counfellor's place, or fomc other
office Ml the government. As nobody knows his acvtuier,
this office may be attended with the moll dreadful abules,
il lli';le informations are conlidcred as any thing more
X X N thai;
■ft
t
\l
m
I ' '■
vm
' '..p
1(6
A S Y S T I'. M F G K O G I^ A P U Y.
IJa;),-v.
I *'
, ■!?*,''
:' ■ t
:! I
iVi.111 prcmnnitioiis wilh riPv-i'^ lo ttie jiiilt;<'i or as an
jiKiiituo to niori- itj;ul.n itv and cuilion. Tliis ispri'liy
imiih ol a [ikto vvllh tlir Inirt inli)iin.ilinin of Viiiirc- j
and I (incllion, Uy^ Mr. Ki'\ llci, wlicllicr the like is to
be met uiih in nil (leiin.inv.
The princiji.il places in this diifi ''.y art- Stutpird, LuJ-
wipilnirt.', anj TnlniiLa-n.
Stntgiird, the capital of the diitchv, liis in a dcli[;lit-
ful country full of paukns and \iniv.iiiN, i.n the bank
of the Nifenbac!), in the (orty-fijj;hth di|;ri.e forty-feven
minutes north Kit tiule, and in the ninth dipiee eight
minutes call Inni'ituile. The titv ik nut larpr, Init cni-
laiii'; two well built fulnnhs. 'I'he new duial palace
wa? bcLMin in the year 1746. Near theoKI palace llands
the chaiK-erv, which is a handfnine (hiiClnre Iniilt of
ftonc, and on the other fide of the pal.uc tow.wds the
tall are the nicnaircrie and pleafnrc-hoiUV, the latter ol
which is admired lor its curious auhileclure. It was
erected 1:1 the year 15S+ wholly of '.lone, and conliins
t\yo (loric!, in each ol which is a faloon. I'lie hall has
few etpials in I'.iirope; it is two hiiiiilied and twenty
(cet 111 Kiirrth, cinluy broad, and nincly high, without a
iin^le pillar i its iooi, wliich 1^ aiche.l, hein^ lallcned in
a malleilv nianiur with wooden I'ciews. In 1707 niii-
Ihal \'illars, theFreiuh i;ciicral, enterinrr this hall mil-
took it, .ind faid with Ionic admiration, I cia ui: luiiii
tc!i:pU; tliat is " This is a line church." On the roof
arc painteJ feeeral fciiptuie hiltotirs; but the fides arc
covered wilh yiews ol all the forelts ot the dutchy ol
\Virtemb;ir';, and Ibine merry adventures that happened
in the chace.
Near it is the oranpory, which is compoCcd of large
and vcre high trees, but is not well contrived ; for the
want of height occafijns many of the trees to bend at
the top; a..d the proitos near it arc not the moll bcau-
til'ul. The new buiKlin.', as it is termed, is ot tine
frcc-l'.one, with a stand Ihiir-cafe of the fame, and a
Ip-acioiis hill, whole gallery relts on twelve loUy pillars,
on which are painted the twelve month--. The tool (liew>
ti.emollanticnt tranfnclions of the family of Wirtenibur^',
and the fides are filled with nialipieradcs and public en-
tries, and a large painting of the battle of 1 lochllet. I he
•jjipermoll chambers lerve for arnioiiiics, and belidcs old
and new armour contain lome Itufted boric?, that were
particular favourites of the duke's, with ihgs, wild boais,
ami hounds. In the lower partaie the duke's ilables.
In the mufeum arc fcveral portraits of theduc.il t.imily,
with petrili;ati.ins, mechanical and matbcmatical inftru-
incnt ;, curious pieces of penmaiidiip and turnery, gems,
coftly yellils, mummies, .:nd antient medals. Amoin;
/»./.> '.4ctliei curiofities you lee the picture of a woninn wilh a
>(->V-.ir»/.largc be.n,!, as Ihe appeared m 15S7, when flie was i.i
lier twenty-filth year ; her name was Harteld (jiatje ,
.ind (he is again painted as Ihe looked in her old age.
In the dutchy-houfe both the coinniittces ol the couii-
trv and the I'eciilar diets an"cniMe. The Ice of the biftiop,
which was antienlly at ISeutilip.ich, was removed to this
place in 1521, on which account the chuich of the ilolv
Crol's is lliled the cathedral. Among the (Jeiman Lu-
theran cluiiclies are thchofpital church and St. Leonard's.
The French Lutheran ccngre^iation have their public
wi.ilhip in the palace-churt h belonging to if" '-"nvcnt
.if Hebcnhauii-n, and the rtencli reformed meet in a room
nf the old palace. In this town 19 alio a fpecial fuper-
mtcndencv, and a ^\mnnfium illulire of leven dalles. The
Jilk manufactories of .Stutgard make all forts ul lilk ilufis,
flockings, and li'obons.
Ludwigiliurg, a |>alacc two leagues fioni .Stiitgard, is
one of the Unclt palaces in (icrmany. The looking-
•.'lafs and lackered clol'et are well worth feeing, ;'.s alio
the larje (tair-cafe for ambaliadors, with its grand ceiling
and the -.lallery of pii^luies. Among thefe are fome ad-
mira'ole ni"ht-pietes, and nianv pictures ot holies and
dogn. The chapel helon>in^ to the p.tlace is very
f Icgant, but rather too fiiull. Oppofitc the lower part
of the palace, on an eminence in the phealant-gardcn,
stands the F ivoi ita, a moll beautiful building in the ncwcit
Italian talte. Ijere is alfo a curious mrnagcrieol loieigii
fowls J and the gieen houfe is a very fine one.
Ludwigfbur!' is reckoned the fecon.l ducal feat, and
third principal to'.yn. 'J cNvatJs the bc-imiiiig of the
prffent century, there were here no more than two farm,
houlcs; Imt Kli'-ihjid Lewis li.uing built tin; pal.i,.,.
hollies have been gi.idually tail'cil ncir it, fo as at Iciii-ii!
til lorin a hanJiomt town, that lies higher than tli'- mj.
lace, and is the leat of a general luperintendencv. ILie
are made linen d.iniaik, good cloth, and marble jiapn
The iitv of Tubingen, which is fituated on a niijijn.
tain, conlilts of about five llioufand inliahitants, and n
lamoiis for its univerlily. I lie Animcr, Keckar, ard
Lullenaiier vallir. give this nlaiefuch an agreeable Ihua.
tion, and beaulil'ul prolpciSIs, as few cities in (icrinaii/
can boalt. The c.illle is now only coiilidered as a hunt,
ing-lcat, to which the duke ul'ii.illy comes with his court
once in five years. It has gooil apartniei'ts, and in f,„.
iner times nuifl have been reckoned very (liong j lor he.
lides the lleep declivity of the mountain, it is fuirounj-
ed by a deep trench. It is eveiv where vaulted uiulcr-
neath, and among other cellars is one that has not p;._
haps its equal. It is in a rock, and lined with tree.
Hone, though it is three hundred feet in Icnmh, .-ni,!
twenty in height. The thuknels of the arch of the
cellar is tweiuv-two feet. This vault comnuniiciu ;
witli another, in which is a large well of fine clear w.i.
ter walled in, and three hundred fathoms deep. The /y v ' J
undul.iling found caufed by dropping a Hone, or fiiin <\
piltol down the mouth, has lomcihini; aniazin^; ....j
dreadful.
Tubingen is eflecmcd the fecond town of the diischv
and befides its univerfity, has ac4.7ci;/«'/; i/lii//it, all the'
Icholars of which arc princes or counts ; and it is n^vtr
opened, but when youths of luch families come to llaJir
there. Here is alio a Latin fehool of four clalli-s, an.i j
Ipecial fuperintcndciicy. In this town is a woollen iiw.
nulacturc.
Urach, a town in a di(lrii5t of the fame name, i;
chiefly remarkable for there being near it on a high and
llerp mountain, a very extraordinary machine called th:
Wood-lliJer ; it confilts of a thick iron pipe about three Aw/J
feet broad, upwards of two feet high, and nine hundred
IVct long, through which the wood hewn in the lorelt
beyond Urach, which ahoi;nds both in beech and I'li.;!
after being cut into logs or biilets, is carried down Imni
the eminence with prodigious celerity, and thrown iiiij
the I-!rms, which forwards it into the Ncckar, whtiit.;
it floats to Berg near Stutgard, where it is at lalt (topped
and piled up in the duke's wood- yards. In this man-
ner every \car alioiit leader, upwards of nine thoufind
cords of wood are brought trom the Alb to Stiil.jri!,
befides what is iiled in the duke's court. The priljiao
of what is fold is applieil to the pa\ ttient of the ecc'-.fn.
Ilic.il ail I civil olfi'.eii.
.S F C T. V.
T'i Mif^'siviitf tf iJ.MJi-s.
/.'.- S'ituotrn (ifu/ l'>'.:ifim\ nhh th,- Til!fs nn.' ■/.,■., tf
t''e M.I' ;:•,:.■(! ef l>,\'.n-ll.:.lai; in Si/iuti:,,, tviih,.
Df/i> :f>ii3n 0/' liiiftn.lu 'ii'il thi PiiImc tiiimri F iviriln.
Ol liaikit-Pu'liiJ; tic Paldu c/ L\i)/i> i.ly, ,md th
"y H K n^ar.'r.iv:itc of f!...!c:i. or Raaden, i; featcd or>
J. the cal'.ein fide of the I'.iiinc; it is properly the tract
ot land between thi river.-. I'fin/. and .Si luvart/.bach, and
is watered by the little liveis Alb, I'le.lilcrbaih, .Mufl',
Saiibach, and Sultzhaih, ..II whi-, h dilVliaig; thenirclvt,';
into the Rhine. The northern part of this country ..
called the Lower Marpravate, or lioni Duilaeh its ca-
pital, themargravate of Haden-Durla-h ; but all the relt-
is termed the L'pper N'lai.-r.iv.itc, or from liadui its ca-
pital, the margravate 01 li.i.lcnlJadcn. I!ut to thefe
m.iigiaves alio belong oihei lands. The whole nia.'^ara.
vatc is a fertile countiy, abounding with coin, heinji,
(lax, bees-wax, and wood.
'Ihe margraves of both titles didceiid froTi the fanu
(tock, and the titles of each of them are, Mar^ra.ei/i
liaden and Hochbersr, landgrave ol Saul'enberg, cum:
Sponheim and F.beirtcin, lord (f Kotcln, li,id-:i, W'ei-
ler, Lahr, and Mahlbcrg ; but the houre i.f IiaJci:-Ha-
dcii adds the diilricts of Oitenau and Kchl.
I Tl-
r'O farm-
t kui'lli
til'' |)a-
;y. llac
P.1|H1.
u niuiin-
't UIlJ II
li-Jr, and
lil^: fituu.
Ijcrm.in/
i^ ;i hum.
Ills I'uiirt
111 ill l\ii.
; lor lie.
liiiKniiiii-
Cil uiulci-
not (1; i ..
vith hii-.
igth, :Hi,t
ch (if the
mimif.Hf,
ckar WM.
xp. The /y,v;
or fuin,;i
lining .lad
he dutehv,
lie, all (lie
it li IK'VLf
lie to l!;iJjr
iU'es, .111.1 i
.'oullcii ma,
: nami', i;
a hiijh and
c calicJths
about three ^fii
ne hundred
1 th.- lorelt
h and lu;i,
down Irrmv
thrown iiitj
;,ir, whcp.c-
.ift (iopptd,
this man-
' !houf.ind
Stulj3rd,
prodinij
':ci.' '}.'-
llKIS, Willi I.
I Fr.i'jiiln.
i; fc.itc.l 0!'
t'tlv the tracl
rt7.b.;ch, JUil
.ah, Muri!,
■ thcnifclvcs
country ii
bch its ca-
,1' :il! the reft
l:iJ>n it^ ca-
Itijt to thcfc
hole ni.irgra-
com, hcin|i,
jTi the hw'.i
Mar/raic oi
ibery, c.iin;t
i.ad-:i, \\'>-i-
.t HaJcii-Ha-
, DCS.
E U R O I'
iCiy
■|ht ^i"'' '^" ''■'■■ '""r""^''"'^ "'^ r>ul'jn arcl'.irty p T
, „„'|,.«, in .1 lieKI or : I.m- S.iiilciilHri;, ;. l;i.ii i.nn-
T't mik"-, iK'WiieJ IT, ill a lielil ar-Mitl Icr .S|)nn-
''■'" i-heiiu^e jMilc^ aiiJ ai!;eiii, a/ure .:iiJ ui ; t,.r l.b.-r-
'"'" ' jj i,(,.,f |.,i)le 1. 11 a mount \erte, in a ti.lj or, ami a
!.iii,
„|es witli lent'.
;;/.iiri'
III a field argent : t",ir ihj
„a^r,.vate..
,,„t : hir Rule
!'.■
J Ikjii p.ilUiit gill's in a (iclJ (;ul-?,
■ , i^^.y tciifs wav tJ at^'.eiit, ill a field aziiic ; for lia.Un-
Uilcr "ulcs p.iitv pi-i I'ale or, with three thcvrons fa-
.' lu'rT.iihr, arj^iiit |ier fell'e gules: for Mahlbert;, a
,,HViv.'d hoii r.ible, in a field or.
^ W'lfli''" liilt '"^at 111 tiicnia:,^,rava!e of li.idcn ISadcn,
1 h tenii'iiates to ilu' wcllward on the Rhine, and a
I "m uait ol It lies on the weft fide of that liver; on the
''"'m, well It i< bounded by the lower nuirgravatc oCli.i-
I -Uurlaeh 1 on the callward by the dutchy of Wur-
' .. 'itri;, an.l the tounty of Kli:rl(ein ; on the fuiith-
'' libv a p^iit of the bidiopric of Stralburg, and ihc
Thclorddrp^f.Mahl.
laniily, lies fjinewhat
;;;';i!!!!litvofHelle-l)armll..dt.
!,„,,. which alio belongs to thi
'';,i;'.r up the Rhine.
Vjden-I'aden has a vote in the collepe ol princes, and
-moiiK the temporal princes in the circle of Swabia. The
" iroravcs of IJadenHaden, and Uaden-Durhich, areal-
the chiefs ol the I'econd <]uarter of the circle of Swa-
1 1 he princiiul colleges and offices of this prince
'the privy council, the court of jullicc and trealury.
1, annual revenue, according to KLcydcr, is four hiin-
''•cJ thoul.iiid llotins.
The principal places belonging to the Upper inar-
-avilc .ire the following :
- i^^ftaJt, a city renularly built, with a ftately palace,
,j(.j({lej the center of which ::fl"ords a view of the llreeis.
Tnii pahice was formerly adorned with a great luiniber
>1 tine paintintis ; but they were confiderably diniinidied
bvlalhcr .Mtver, who had furh influence over the couii-
ic'; dowager, as to cjufe piiliires to the value of fifty
thoaland guilders, which he judged too naked and libi-
d iious, to be committed to the flaine". This city is
ituatcd in a fine plain near the river Murg, which, a
litilcbflow it, falls into the Rhine. It was built by the
iiurerave Lewis \Villijm with regularity and elegance,
::ji'j m the year 17 14 a peace was concluded here between
ihc emperor and France.
The Kavorita is a beautiful feat at fomc diftance from
Rilladt, built by the widow of the margrave Lewis Wil-
I j:!i. It has a chamber of very beautiful porcelain, and
a cabinet lined with looking-glafs, with inanv cuiiofitics
1 : ait and nature, particularly above feirty pictures in
■ .-iih tiiat prlnccfs appears in the diflVrciit in.ifquerade
',•;;• (he formerly wore. Ai.iidll the giadii.il alteration
,: the complexion and feature?, in fucli a loiii'; liKitflion
i i I, 111'', llic fame look is every where obl'crvalde ; and
'It. Rl'. ller obfervcs, that thei'e line portr.nits maybe
i,-i;-.:icd to the adminibic performances of Rub-ns in
'•.t Luxemburg paikry, wheic ([ueen .Mary de .Medicis
- rcprcl'-ntcd under a vaiicty of changes. The hall
'caches in hcigl'.t through all the dories, and ii:, cupola,
ii.'und which is a balullradc leading to all th.' kveral
•'jor!, is very li^jhtfumc, and i.dorned with bcaiitil'iil
i.imting?. Some of the other rooms arc hung wiih a
I hintle ma nu failure of paper and lilk : another with
:ce-wr'rk ; the cicling of aiiotlur i; cnrich:d with f'cms,
a asate, jalpcr, cornelian;, .in.ethvlts, Jcc. iiv.iiating
Mil;-, birds, and flowers. I'lieic is alio a maiinificent
lMc of the lame workmanfliip. The excellent order of
ihe kitchen, larder, hall, .nid medicinal- room, cniiicit
•ill of plcjfing anicconomid; and accordin^jly tli.il prin-
ecfs took no little pleafurc in walking wiili her gutlls
t'lrough thei'e fubtcrrancan apartments.
On the left, at the end ot a little orangcrv, is n phea-
um-garden, and on the tight a wild thicket leading to an
liermit.'ge which ftands in the centre of it. 'I'he outer
walls arc covered with large pieces of baik. The door
Iceiiis to red on the trunks of old trees, and all that is
to lie fecn on the inlide arc the coarfc images of Jcfu;,
lolepli, and .Vlarv ; the niches, like the doors, are fup-
)KiricJ bv old tiunks of trees. 1 here is a mean bed
without curtains ; an altar witbDut decorations ; and at
the angles iii the nirrow w.ilks in the garden danj wood-
en iin.i^es i)i tin; old hctmiu as I .rge a-, th ■ lif;, foiiie of
ihem ill li.iiiy lidiils. In lluirt, this hermitage owes it:,
ugiceablenefs 10 iwi txait i.liitation oi th ■ natural limpli-
tity ot a fiilit'i.lj a lajKeJ 1 > deviiut con'emMlation.
MieLower ni.Kgravate of liadeii terniin.it.'s tothewill
on the river Rhiiiv, to the f puiluvard i,;i ihe Upper in.ir-
gi.iv.iie <d' IJ.id.n aii'l til.- dukedom of V/uitcnib.irg, to
ihe e.illAaid on the I'lnie i!ukeuuni,an.' to tlienoilhwaid
on the bidiopiic <if .Spire.
'I'he inargr.iva'.e of Ifiden-Duilach enjoys two vntei in
the college ol princes, one for the Lower niarcravate of
Ifulen, and the other lor tlie niaigiavale of llochbcrg
in the liiilgau. I'liefe eounliie-, likenile entitle liim ti>
two voles in llie di.-i of the circle 01 Swabia, v.'herc he
has a feat among the princes'.
The gicat ciliegcs herehold their fe.Tions at Carlfruhci
thcL- are lli.' privy coan il, the tre.ilurv, the chamber of
acioant'., the cnuit of jullice, the ccdcfiallical-council,
and the inatrinionial-cojrt.
The leigiiing family, and the c luntry in general, pro-
fefs Lutheranilm ; but the Calvinids I'.ipils and jew-,
are tolerated at Cirl Indie, .-ind feveral o.lier pla.cs. The
whole couirry of Ifiden-Durlach contains a hundred anil
twenty parilhes, which are under the' infpeclion of fevcii
Superintendents.
I'lvj revenues of the prince arc computed at four liun-
dicd thoafand fl.jiiii...
I'he citv of Carllriihc, or Charles's Red, is feaied in a
didric't of the fame na;ne, that ia one continued plain,
every where landv, yet prodii.es corn, hcni|>, fli.\, lu;-
iiips, peas, and otiier vegetables ; and th; villages alorg
the Rhine abound in hav, and breed gieat ..ambers of
caiile. The city receives its ii.inie fiom Cnarles Wil-
liam, who built it; and on the feventeenth of June,
1715, l.iid the foundation-done of the palace thcr.', on
whi^h occafion he inllitutcd the older of Kidelity. 'I'hii
city bas A ^yiiria/ian ili'ii/lr,', in which arc eight niaders,
the four liilt of whom arc dilcd profcHors. I'he Luthe-
rans have feveral churches, the Calvinilb and Catholics
have ..ll'o theirs, and the Jews a iynagogue. Tlic town
is very regularly built, but both the houfes and ihe jialaco
arc only of wood and brick ; th.fe houfes that are near
the palace are the largeft, and have a range of piazzas,
T'he hrd object of attention in building of the pal.ice,
and for which no cNpencc was thought too great, U the
turret on the body of the building, from whence one has
not only a view into all the main dleet^, which are di-
vided by three crofs 11 reels ; but alfo into tvvcnty-fivc
villas, lome fct with trees, and others cut through th^
woods ; and the beauty of the prol'pcH is dill heigntencd
by other vaiiegated walks in the fame woods. Some of
thei'e walks bc..r the names of the ininilKis who ferved bis
highnefs at the time when thei'e improvements were made,
ana moll of the lliects in the town aie called after
princes.
The garden, though fmall, i.-- very elegant, it havin-^
no lei's than tour tiiouland orange, lemon, bay, and c-
ther fucb tree? 1 among which, I'.iy:. Mr. Keyller, two
tlioufand I'even huiidied are orangc-ttees. In lome of the-
kivver parts of the g.iiden are (iretty cfpalicrs of youiigj
lemun-trces j and behind the palace is a decov, wherea-
bout two thoufind wild-ducks arc el.iily fed. The cliiif
defeat in Carlfruhe is the want of water, and what the-
garden has is convived thither by hand -pumps.
In the upper didrid of Durlach, which is a very fruit-
ful country that produces not onlv plenty of com, hemp,
and flax, but good wine, is Durlach, the capital of the
margravate, and once the rel' .ence of the prince. It is
I'eated on the 1 ivcr I'lin/., in the fortv-niiith degree twciit v
minutes north latituile, ana in the eighth degree tweni','
minutes cad longitude. It had formerly a palace calk J
Carldnir^, with a Ipecial fuperintcndency, and a gram-
mar fchool ; but in 1 6H9 was laid in adies by the I'rcnch.
At a fmall iliUance tiom the town is a very laige duoy
lor wild-fowl i and in this diUricl is Seehof, the man-
lion-hoio'e of a tine cliate belonging to tf.e pi nice, near
which arc mult beauiitu! nieadoWi lor the iil'c of liii
dables.
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A S Y S T F. M O I- G li O G R A 1' 11 Y,
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/I ilthiie
s K c I", vr.
,4;: :i>it cf lite J),,: imt'rii.il C.il'in of S.v.i!'!.!.
iir.\ii"l1iiir!
W\', li.ivi' alri'.uly tiivcn a ilcrciipiiiiii (i!
UiMilii.; <>t' th.it liilhuprii-, ,111.! Ili.ill tliiTcliirL hi
'^iii witli thi irity 1)1 Ulni, which i. iV.iti-'.l on .111 um-vcn
ipi't of L'loiiml ml tlu- l),imi!v, iivir wliivli it h.;i u lliMif
briJ^o, III the liirty-ci.jhth iL'i;rcc t\vciitv-lhri.-i.' minutci
lioith litit.iili', ami in Ihu tenth Ji-grtc lix iiiiiiiitcs cili
)<iiigitLi.k'. HiTc that river receives into it the Hlau,
which runs throirih a [Liit of the citv, ami jiill Ivyuiri
it i.; iiiineJ by tlie liir, Tniscitv is pretty well liiriirr-'d,
but itr,in.;ers arc iiev; v futtlre-l tn !;i) u|>iin tlie r.inip.irts
xvith'.iut pavin;.; a guilder 1 the veiy lniri',hcrs are under
the r.tni ■ reilr.iint : this he'ii.; t!ie privilciM: iif the pairi-
tians an.lth;ir trienJs, which Cdely prueecls tri>in ava-
rice ; for thil'c patrici.iiii (Iiaie the h.iy and Iriiits that
j'lD'.v ilpim tiie ramparts .itmiiii^ tJU'inrrlK's, which nukes
th.-ni thus ftiictly cautiuus to pievcnt any diniiiuaioii ul
tlvir prolN.
Tile inh.ibitarits nre m<dliy l-utlieranb, and to them
Helnn^'; the citriedral, which is a lar^c llruilure, that
ftaikls .iliiiiiK in the center ot' the ci'v, and his I'evcn
minillcrs. The hiidding is three hundred and lixiv-tivc
leci ill len.'th ; and the windows, piirtii ulaily lix in tlie
thoir, art mult hc.iutiluily p.iiiitcd, and lUie ol tliem is
laid to h.ve coll three thoiilaiid (ii rin.iii llnrins. The
itccple ol' this cathcdr.il is Iniir hiindicd and one iKps
lii.'li, and afi'irds a moll c.\teiilive proCpecl, all the adja-
cent coiiiitrv hoin^ level. 'I 'he l.ulherail', h.ive all'i) the
thuitll (if the Holy (ih'dl, that oltlie llue-lootcd Iriai.-,
and an I'.ol'pital. The Roin.m talhulic iiihahitant> pei-
fiirni tiieir piihlic woifliip .It the convent ol' Jit. .Micii.iel
.';{ Weiigen, in which are rrL'ii'ar canons of the order of
1-t. Aiuult.iK', and in the hotili.'ofthe Teutunic older.
Tl'.e liUtliei.iii Ceminary is founded in a convent that
fjrmeily hrltii^cd to tlie i"> ire-foot.-d friirs. Amon^
the other ltii:."uircs is the (pleiulid foundation of Sain-
lungll'lt, which is particulailv appropriated fi.ir the
(!au:'hti.r» ot jiatriciaiis ; and anioiii; the public civil liuild-
in:;s are the town-houfe and the aifvnal.
The ho'.ifes arc for thL' moll part of tiniher and plailler
1 IK Millies til ^ It'l 111.. lltUlL U.I I I < ri ii III II.. I 1111V1 III III I II. I f
I'ney m.ike lv.it an inditl' rent appe.irancc, and the ilretts
ire neiilur wide 11 .r hanJl'ome ; they have feviral lipiarts,
lilt tliev are nie .11 and veiv irreinilar. It is leekoned
t
iir
but they are nie .11 and veiy irrejnilar. It is leekoned
near fix miles and a half in circuniferoncc: its ditches,
whiih arc v\'cll fortilV-d, are :ilmo!t every where iloiihle,
and on one lido of the town the Danube rllll^ throiujh
I on one . . _
them with ;;reat rapiditv, while tiie others .ne i.ei
lliiicc-. Tills city was once (0 rich, that it
kept till
of water ! y lluKC-, I nis city was once lo rieii, that it
pi-.lied for one of the wealihiell in the emjilre ; and the
(1'. r nans were accullonied to fiy, " 'I he re.uly cafli of
•' V'.in, the iieatnef.1 of Au^flniri;, the iiidulliy ol Nu-
" reiiburL'. and tile atlenal of btralburj, Wcie the four
of btralbuijj, wcie the four
nd confills of fortv-
rciibur;!, and tiie at
«' wondeis of Germ.'.ny
Theinigidrary here is Luther.ui, a
one m rnihers, above half of whien are patricians. 'I'his
city ma'.ntaini fix companies of foldieis. Lar^e quan-
tities of wine: aie bioii.'ht hither fioin tlie Riiin-, the
N'eckar, the l.iko c f Conllance, and the \'ehliii, and
earned up the Danube. It alio trades in linen and other
j;oods. 'lids tiiy pcdlilles the fourth feat on the bemb of
iiwaui.m cities in the die: of thccmpiic ; but inlhcciitle
of Swabla h.is not only the fecond place on the Swabian
beiicii., but the perpetual .■/.7,.'.'; /'.v,'/;. Here arc kept the
aichives of the iiiiperi.d towns in Swabia and Franconia,
and tiic diet of Swabia is .ili'o ufually held here.
The Tree imiierial city of I'^ilingen is fcatedon tlie Ncckar,
ti'^ht miles to the c.ilf of Stuti-ard. What is properly
cjllcd the litv If.mds on ab."anch of that liver, and con-
lains St. Deins'j ( hurch, together with the New or Do-
tniiiKMii I nurch, the Fmiuii/iiyJ.iK, anii another which be-
)on"ed to the liare-footed friars, the orphan-houfc, the
grammar fehoid, and the isiUgiiim ahimnorum ; as alio
the line town-lioiifc, and the rich hofpital of St. Ca-
therine. It has three fubinbs, namely, the Upper fub-
Lurb, which, as weil as the city. Hands on n branch of
ilicN'eckari the fubuib ot lieuten, nf.ir which ii n
lilidcli and the luhuih of Ulienlau, which is fiiujii'i
nil an ifland between the main Iheam of the Ncckjr ji'l
ihe alxive-iiU'iitioncd branch, and is famous fur coiitjui.
111^; in it the aruii.il ol the ciicle of Sw.ibi.i.
I'hf principal thur. h belmi-s to th; Lutherans, who
co::ipole the ni.riillr.icy \ and the Roman catholics p(r.
loim their public woilliip in the tliapel of the IK'wjrdj
iif the convent of Cayfeilheim. In the diet of iheem
|Mie this city pollilles the lilth place on the bcneh ot ijij
impnial cities of Swabia 1 but the thud on the bciKhia
cities in the tirele of Swabia. Ellingcii ii under the
protc'iltion of the duke of W'irtemburj;, by whufe tern
tories this iity and the country beloiij»ing to itatelui.
r luiidcd. This city, in the year 1701, fuH'crcd gn«iy
b\ (ire. '
Thi! free imperial city of Rcutlingen ftands about live
m les dillaiit from rubingen, on the little livcr tchcti
wliiih I nils into the Ncckar. This city is fmall,aiiij li,J
only one pariUi church, an hofpital, an orphaii-huuic
.Old a grammar fi.hoo|. IJoth niagilhates and burghorj'
ate l/ulhrr.iiis, and the lormrr ufually conftll of tvicntv.
ci;;ht perloiis, of wh.jiii the civil jud;;e and twelve ethvrs
aie coniiiioneis. In the diet of the empire it is pulVtirnl
ol the hxth fiat and vote on the bench of the unintui
tiiwiis ot SiV.ibia i but 111 that ot the circle, of the louu'i
on the beiah of towns. It is alio under tlie proitctun
ul the duke of W'iitenibiirg.
The imperial .md ficc city of Nordlingen is featcj i<|
a pic il'aiit U rtilc country on the river I'ger, aiul till i|;^
year l2jS Ibiod on the adjacent lulls of Kmeranlbci . ^
but being then confiimed by fi.e, was built un tlic l'°ut
wdierc it now liaiids. Almofl all the burghers arc Lu-
theiaiis, who have three churches, and a l.atin Ichool ■
hut the Roman catholics have their church near theOcr.
iii.iii hoiile. The magillracy are alio Lutherans. Ttiis
city likewil'e poli'eHes a feat on the bench of the im;.'i.iul
towns ol Swabia, and in the diet of the circle.
In the year 164-; it was befieged by the army of ih.j
empire fur leventecn weeks, during which it futt'tr^J
gieaily by an accidental liie ; and in 1702,3 fjmouj
eonipae.t was entered into here between the live circit; ■
alier which this town was better fortified, as bciiu 4
biilw.irk to the ciide of Franconia againft Kavari.i.
We (ball now delcribe the fiee imperial city 01 Hii!,
otherwife called Swabian-Jiall, which, together with :;j
territories, is Icatcd on the river Kocher, between liic
counties of Holunlohe and Limburg, the mar"ravatc t,'
Anfp.icn, and the diitehy of Wiitemburg. Itisluli,r.
rounded by mountains, that it is not eafy to approjcli
It i and IS d.vidcd tioni the fuburbs by the r.ver, over
which is a Hone budge. The town confilfs of ihu-c parts,
namely, of Old Hall, in which liands the pr;iKip4
church of St, Michael, wiili the college, the hji'piiil,
another church, and the falt-houfcs j of the patt abci:
the Kocher, in which Hind.-, the houfeof the oider of Si,
John, and St. Catharine's church ; and the third yii:\. ,i
conipofed of Gelbinger-tircct. The city is LutLrii!,
and the magillracy confilfs of twenty-four peifons, un-
der the direction of two burgomafters, as prclidents. The
citv owes its oiigin to its lalt-fprings, which are faid to
have given ocealion to leveral noblemen to fettle there,
and ,imongotlicr buildings locr.it fcvcn towers cifllonf;
whence tnc place at fiilt obtained the name of Siebcii-
bu:/,rn, or Seveii-caftlcs, and alterwards it bciame pra-
dually enlarged, till it arrived at its prefcnt (hie. This
citv alio poH'elles a (eat in the diet of the empire, ,inj
ill the circle of Swabia, It has fevcral times fatfeiej
greatly by lire, particularly in the year 1728.
T'he imperial town o( Uberlingeii is feated 011 a mck,
in a bay of the lake of Conllance, and its moats arc
formed of lo many Hone quarries. The town is diviiiti
into three parts, the Upper Town, the Lower lowi!,
and the Cjallenbeig, The inhabitants arc of the Roindli
religion, and have a collegiate church dedicated to St.
Nicholas, a lioule ot the order of St. John, an imp:n,;!
hofpital, three convents, and two other cliurchcs. .N'oai
the town is a good mineral Ipriiig, Ubcrlingeii pofli.lifi
a place in thedict of th« empire among the imperial towiu
iifSw.ibia, and among thofc of the cnde
The
i.BRON
N,&C.
i: u k o I'
ifnj
flic fri'^ impcii.il town of U.u'um il i.s li'JtuI on :ui
f,;,liirtikc l>y ''!'■■ N'-'kk.ir, anil iu tcriitorif ; lii}rilcr on
ii.ir ut thJ diitcliv "i Wiitem'jiir^. Tin; iiili,ibii.int;i
a; ulilK popilh rdigiDn, anJ thti\.'aro licii: a nion.ilKiy
,1, 1^ ,( (iiJtri'f St. ji)lin, a tulli't;'.- ct Juluits, ami ilircu
ufivcins. It enjoy i tl\c (.inii; piivilcgcs a* >lic olIiiT
iiio'., ni havin ; ii icprcrcnLilivc at the nnpctial diet, and
,11 Hut 1)1' the cnclc.
Ilcilbion, a (rcc :inil impcri.il city, i:i fcati'il on the
N,.clcar, in a very pic.ilaiit iind tiuilliil wini;-coinitry on
IM boidiTs of tlie tiiitiliy of Wirtcniburt; and tlici'.iU-
tiiUtc. It received its name from Hiilbroii, wliicli li;-
iiili.s He.ilth-lprini':, from a (pring that, by ineaiis ol le
vci.il coikIuKs, fijpiilies the city wiili excellent water in
i^vtM dillercnt placei. It i< not iil.d niedieiii.dly, as it
yf.a lorincily, but continues in great repute for its ex-
li.iordiiiary clearnel'i ami fdiibnty. 'I'u the nli; of this
f)riii/ the emperor Cliirlej V. attributed hii recovery
(loin a dangerous fit of ficknefs. 'Iliis event is coni-
iiieniuriied by the following infcript :i in lli;;h Dutch,
whch Mr. keyllcr obfervcs is to be u.ii on a hoiife be-
IjO'iiig to the prelates of Sconih.d, but at piefent in-
|,„'.)ited bv the pnft-r.uli'.T : " On the tweiity- fourth of
" lJeccin;)er, 1546, the emperor Ciiarlcs V. was brouriu
" Imiier in a litter 1 and on tlie eighteenth of Jinnary,
" 1547, he rode from hence in perfect he.ilth on horle-
'• b.itt:." CJn each I'lde of this mnnimient Hand I'orti-
tu.!- and Clemencv, with four other virtues, and two
cr.iwii'-d pillar-, witii the inleription I'l.us ultra. In
tiiii lioule ij alio to'.ie fecn a portrait of Charles V. which
helclt belinid liiin v/hen he went away. It is well exc-
cutid,and icfemblei all the portraits ol that emperor done
bv Holbein. Our author mentions there beinj; one year
lucli plciity of wine in this country, t!iat the inhabitants
liaJ no: a fufHcient number of calks to put it in, and that
'.vin-ot the growth of the year 1725 was fold for half
_ . reutzcr, or about a farthinj; a quart.
; lie city of Hcilbron is well built, and has three pa-
i , .iiurchcs, the piincipal of which i-i dedicated to .St.
,n. The college and town-library arc in a convent
;, ... forinerly belonged to the Minorites. There is heie
a,|ja ni.iiirion-houfe, and comnundcrv of the Teutonic
ord r, with a nunnery of the order of St. Clare. The
form of government is .iiidociatiLal, and the ma;^illrates,
as well as nioll of the inhabitants, are Lutherans. Heil-
bron was lor a conliderable lime under the proteiHion of
Wirtenibur^, and afterwards under that of the eleiilor
l',iiJiine. It poll'efles a feat in the diet of the empire a-
nurn^ the imperial towns of Swabia, and in the bench of
tlvile on the circle.
Gmund, or Cieir.unil, another free and imperial town,
is leated on the Rems, on the b.)rJers of \Virtemburj';.
The inhabitants are of the Romi(h reli^j^lon, and have
fvc churchca, the principal of which is that of the Holy
Crofs. There are here alio four monalleries and two
11; ancries. The magillrates arc elected out of the body
of the people. This city enjoys the fame privilesics a.
the rcit, with rcfpect to the imperial diets, and tnufe of
the circle.
The free imperial town of Mcmmingcn is featcd In a
bcaiiilul and fertile plain on a fmall river called the Aach, '
w.iicb runs into tlie Ilcr. This town is Lutheran, and
its prmcipal ciiurch of St. Martin belon;;s entirely to
thoi'c of that communion ; but the church (jf Our Lady
is pufieded in common by them and the Roman catho-
lics. There is here alio an Augullinc monafterv, with
acluirch, a Krancilcan nunnciy, a monaftery belonging
to the monks of the Holy Crol.s, with an holpital near it,
ill which is a church, a chapel dedicated to the wife-
men of the talt, a fmall church, and another holpital
near the church of Our Lady. The magiltrates are of
the Lutheran religion, and confill of nineteen peri'ons,
part of whom are patricians, and part cholen fioni the
inidv of the people. This city has alio a rcprcleiitativo
at the imperial diet, and in that of the circle. 'I"he in-
h.rbitants carry on a good trade with Sivilicrland, Italy,
and the other neighbouring countries in bavarian fait,
hoT.e-fpun linen, corn, hops, and other goods.
Lindaw, or f/ind.iu, i< .111 imperial city liruaiej on an
iflaiid in the lake of Conllance; but has a communication
C6
With the rnntincnt bv mc.ins of a very lar-o wooden
ondRe J and is divided by an arm of the l.ikc, fo as to
toini another fmaller idand that is fcparatid from the
city, and conruh of vineyard 1 and garden-, .-.iid is walle.l
<|uite round. Hence, on account of its fitnation, it Ini-
been lliled the Venice of Swabia. The parilli-chnrch i .
dedicated to .Sr. Stephen : it h.is alio a well emlowc.i
holpital, and a (:r.iminar-rchool, confiiling of I'oiir cialiu..
1 he caltic, ana the heathen-wall, as it is called, Itand
ne.ir the gau- .ir llie bridge which leads to the continent,
and arc luppolod to he Roman woiki ; the latter of whicli
IS attributed to TiberiU'i Nero, and the former to Con •
Itantinii; Chbini':, at the time of thiir encampment nr
this illand, during their expedition- again!! the V'mdilui
.-ind Alemanni. It n, alfo fuppoli;d tli.it near this calilr
formeily (lood a town, and that the little . hurt h of .M.
I eter was built on the lint inlr(;duClion of Chi.lliar.uv
into this country.
'I here is luie an impeilal nbhcv, the nlibcfj nf wliiih
IS aprincefs, who h.dds the tirlt icat in the imperial .liJi
among the aUbelles on the .Swabi.in bench ot
and has alio a fe„t in the fccular bench of
1 1
$
prelates,
Tines in tic
diet ot the circle, [t is reinaikable that cveiy ahbelv, „„
her aid (lion to her govjrnnKiit of the abbLy, has ilu
iy con-
privilege of ivlealing the fiilt malefa^or capita
demm.'d within the jur'f!;. lion of the city.
Themagilltaey conlilt of the privy and lar^e-rounc il.
Jhecityh.ul loinieilv a piovincial tribun.tl^ but en ;■
Inue theend ol the llfieaith eenturv this has been an-
nexed to Aitoif, and l.indaw annually pays two t.-n.-. nf
wine, as an aiknowledgment to thcprelicliirate ol Altort.
1 liiscitv has aplaee among the imperial cities on the'
bwabian biiKhol the diet of the emi.ire, and in that of
'''•-' >■'.';;''<= ,"', '"'"■■'I''''- ^t 'IH- diet held here in 1 ar/j, was
t( abliflied the chamber of jull.ce. |„ ,04;. it j.Vld ou-
ahcgcof lime weeks aganilt the Swedes, who were at
lalt obliged to retire; and, in 172H, a confiderablc part
ot the city was confunied hv (ire.
'i'lic imperial town of J)iiikelft)uhl is featcd on the
Wernitz, near the margravate of Anl'pach, and (iand; on
three hills, on which loimerly grew Ipe't, whence its /4iv/- r
arms are an car ot fpelt or. The inha'ntan s arc a mix-
ture ot Lutherans and Roman c.itholics, the latter of
whom arc poflllled of the i;reat church, and two con-
vents i but the former of the hofpital church, their own
confiilory, and two Oerman fchools. 'I'he niagiltracv
here is one half Lutheran and the other Roman catho'-
hc. This city enjoys the fame privileges with the red
with refpecl to the diets of the empire and theciide
liiberac, another imperial city, is feated on ilic little
river Reis, or Rufs, in a plcat'ant fiui ful vallev fur
rounded with hill.-, fidds, gardens, and meadows. Li
name ligmfies the relidence of bevcrs, and it is thus call-
ed from the number of thole animals near it ; hcii'-eits
arms are azure, a bever crowm d or. I Llf of the ma-.f- \r/>lj
tr,ites are Lutherans, and half Roman catholic, '"l^t
Martin's, or the great church, and the rich hofpital'
with its church, aie common to both fuels. Tlic Lu-
therans are .dio pollellld of the church of .St.'.Marv Miw-
dalen, and each of th;ni have a 2rammar-fchool. ' Its de-
puty has a feat in the diet of the' empire, and alfo in that
ol the circle. '1 here are here many weavers, and its
principal trade conliiis in fultians.
'i'he iir.perial city of Ravennnirg is feated in a valley
on the Scbuls, a fmall river that "falls into the lake of
Conftance. It has four gates, many convents, a hand-
fome town-houle, and the churches are well built. In
the middle of the town is a high watch-tower, in the
place ol one blown down by a whirlwind in is?-", on
which is an infcription, tliat the watchman, or uum-
petcr, who, according to ciillom, founds the hour o.'
the night, fell do«ii Irom the top with the tower, with-
out receiving the leail hurt, while his wile and Ion,
who were below, were killed. Tnc Luther.'ns and C.i*
tludics are on the fame fooling with each other, both with
rclpei5t to fpiiitual and temporal allair-, and the maglf-
tracyjs Ihared between them. T-.c cliuich fituatid near
the Carmelite convent is common to both feels ; but the
Trinity church is in the pollcllioii of the Lutherans a-
lone, and the Roman catholics have twoparilli-churc'- •
1
i
I
■ 1 i
'. '.
^'
il'-.'ii
3 70
A S Y S T I'. M OF G l. O G R A 1' 1 1 Y.
lloiitNT.Olll
R»,
It h,\i ;iKi a fcnt in the "tnn-l ilia,
ihc
.iini)iv.; Ihc impuiil I'hc littli: fri:c impcri il townj nf I'lullciiddrf, nurhnrn
ciil-.'i i)i\ thi bciicll ul S*.lbla, .iiiJ on till Ikiii;) ol tlif Al. n, H. pfui nn, l)u;haii, Urflrihurj^, (Jcn^Tn!,;,, k'
'•irclc. I /.I'll, nil.) ILiiniiiirfbach, jrc llMrcc wmtliy of any ilffci,,'.
'vi, iptcn, an siitiiiit inipfri.il rily, is fc.iicil on flic 'lion, liin-r tiii'y aie inc niliiKr iMi- pi ito, hiuI .irc imij
•, •iiuhll.nn btiwiiii il'o town. nil tlio riilniilu, Nilliii^inOi'tl liy tlirir haviii|,' a Ititt m tin- ilict r,(' tlicim
JiO'll the buiiihus and iii iijKh.iiit ,nc ul llv r.iitlur.iii | pirc, .inion ; tin' iili|icii.il turtm u\\ Ihc bench g) bwabij
rclifMiin, Hiv.l have u h.inillunic parifliihuiLli, .mil a and in that ul Ihc cmlIi'. '
pLunnLir-fcliDul,
III tliii city is a very aniiiiit HtncJii5^inc abSiy, \v!.;di
HilJiLvird, innliirl to Cn,iilcina;;Mf, rf|i.nK .1 in ilv.' yc.r
S K C T. VII.
775, ..n.! if llu' was not the ur 'io.il limndiiis, (he let- JY'"' f>i''ill Principiililiei ef H>hfnzol!frn on,! FiirJ},^!,.^,
Union it her (Iiucot' Ik"i- motiur's inbintaiicc, in at- '>'' f-'i'i"!!" "/(Jclli'i^tl, utiti t'l/t>j!ii», with iht Ltiujhit
knuwK (lament ol wbich the abbey iimiIc her inia,i;i" fur iJ.\Jiii,/il/'iiiii, '
> ; I
' i
'■ |"*IIK priiiri|i,ility nf Mohcn/.ollcrn is a fruitful coun-
JL t:y .,dvan;.i;;ioiilly litiiati-J in a lurriji/ ir.i,;( ,n.j|.
the D.nuibe, bitwii'ii (• iirllinbcr|' and thi diitchv u|
irteniburg. It took its n.imc irorn the calHc ot /(,|.
til
kii
■fr/ri.f. iis ciMi of .TtTH, '1 he 1 ruice and .dibnt ol Kciiiptmn
t;iandrnar(li.!l to the i nipr'.M>, and at lurcornn.ition takts
tiom her tile I ' ;'tre, which he ulttrw.iidi ilihvirs back.
He hat a hat in the inipeiial culle e ol piJites, and in
the Old of tiK riide ol Sw.ibia ; as tlie liiy of Kcnip-
tcn has amonj.^ the iiiiis on tlie lieneh of Saabia, and in I' in, wnieh ll.ind'i by a river ot the I mc name, and n ,1
that ( f tlic tiije. In the )car 1633 tliis tity was talc 11 'on:; and n.iirow track citiiiding about thirty-tour niil^
fwiird !:i hand by the Inijie i.dill-, wilii the il.in^hier of in Kn-'li, and abou' ten wluie btojilelt j but ni oififr
at Ical^ UMJ il.iijs of tin bur^'liir-. | plieei Ic.iree live. It is tolciably fertile, and is govtrn-
The iinpi.-i..il ti;y of Kaui bmo n is Htiiatcd in a valley td liy its own piiiicei.
onthebirks of the VVertach. Tne burghi is aie paitly I he f.innly ii ilivided into the two branches of Mcrliln.
Lullic.-aiis .'nd partly Roman ratliolics ; but its ina^il- !;ni and Si^nMrin;;en ; eai h riiiMnn^; prince has a coun.
i.c tutchy or \Viriciiibur;i. I'hc I'mulli itii^ion pit-
tiai . toiifi':lN of ci„'ht LutlRiaii", and only lour <d the
Roimlh r ligicn. In the town conn >nd ^'roat lomiiil
all ihi: liicivibcis are i,ii'heran:., cxicpt Ia.) Koni.in la-
thohcs. H':re a:, a coilei^e of Jefnits, and a Kianeii.an
IV nn ly. 'l"ois town has .ikewilc a feat amoiiy the im-
p^ ri.il toivns on l>c bciu h of Sw.ibia in the genet.;! J.ct,
and in the diet of .he cirvic
Weil, alio e..;ied \V..dii)ljdt, in La'in Wiia, is an
iivpc'ia! town l.atedon the nvci Wurni, .oid firiouided
by
Va.L nerc
coll-uiate. Here is .ill'o a conveiu of AiiynHiiie ..nd Ci-
piiehin iimnks, togchcr uiih a liih liofpii il. I'his liiy
cnioys the fanu privileyvs .\s the rell with r.l'iK if to tile
diets. In tiie year i j'-iH count Ulric of W'lrteinburg
lort hi^ life ill a bait'e near tliia city, and in i')|..S it was
taken by llorm by the J'riiich.
AV.-ingcii, together with its diilriJl, is feated on the
river .•\rj;cn, and is but a fmall place, nodvithflanJii.g
its iiaving tl.e fame privih";ei with rcfpcil to t.ic diet
'J'hc i:ihabitants are I'apil?
cil .md treafury i but thefoniur alonr has a vute in ihu
College of nrinees, though botli have a voice in the ditt
of the circle.
I'he titles of the reiining princes arc, Prince of Ho-
henzillein, burgiavc oi Nurenbert;, count of Si^m.irin,
^en and \'orin^ 11, lord ol HaiL'.crloeh and ^\'ohrlK•ll;
and heiCilitaiy ehaniticrlain of the Holy Koman firipin;'
yet the .iiinnal revenue of the prince of Hohcii/.ullern.'
' He^hiivHii iscom|iuted to amount to no more than thiny
I'loulaihl ilorins, and thatof Hohenzollern-Signiaiiii^cil
The paviih-chinvh ol St. I'eter was Vornieily ;doc. not exceed tills fun).
I he former of thele prinrcs refidv-3 at Hcrhincfrj,
which is feat d <m the river Star/.el, and has an abbe/
d-dieati d to St. James. Tmc rclideii, e of the latter is .u
^ij';maringtn, a town l.aicd on the Danube.
Ihc piiii. ipall y of Furllenberg is a iiirrnw trjc},
which, actoidin;; 10 foine autiiors, extrni. 'lumt levL' ny
miles III l< iv4tii on both hdes the Uiii'ibo, w., '1 hi' k;
1 lour.e wiuiin il'.. Imiiis ; but no where exceeds iiglUL.n
jmiica in bre.idth ; but this account does not Item to he
:.nd have here a parifli- p"''}' aicura'e, and Dr. KulVhin', who is extrcnulv ^x-
church, an holjiital, and .1 . onvcnt ol Capuchins. P 'cit in lo.ne p.irtieul ir;, takes no notice of its form .:;id
Ifny, an'.'ther imperial town, is fcate ! r,n the river of 1 '•'•"""it Tne county of Heili|;enherjT, w!iich coniinf-!
the fame iiaine in the .•\l.;au. Its ma_'illratcs, .:nd ;he 1 a conliderablr purt of this prim ipality, is bouiid;din
(.'r.;al;ll p.irt of the burgher?, aie of the 1.,'itheraii leli- ''"^ c.ill by Koni^ .'c and R.ivenlbiiv;;, on the call it Icr-
l,rnn ; hit among tile latter are foiiie Roman catliidics.
II r:; is an- abbey of Heiv.i'ieline monks. It has a p',''.e
in the diet nf tlic empire, and in the tir.Ie of Swal. a a-
marj, tne ether impciial toAUi. In 1771 it (uli'>.n.d ex-
trem<ly by tire.
The aii'.ient iinpcri..! town of I,;'iitl;ireh i; fi ..t. d lui
the river I-^f-.h.icli, which a iitiic' b.;liv,v t'-.i:: pl.i.e runs
into th Aitracli. It has a LutLvran and Roni.iu c.tho-
lic church, toi'cihcr witn a niiiinerv of Praneifcan.-. ; but
the creat.ll p..;t of the loagillracy .ire Lutherans.
The antic'iit an.l imperial town of Wnnpl'in, in I.aiin
AVir.ip:iia, W...S in the t;iiK of the Homaiis ( .ill. d C'or-
i)'-:ij. It is le.itcl on the rivcrNeekar, aii.l prop.ily con-
fifts of two to'.vio, tl'.e ir.j't eor.fiJjrahle ot wliiih i.
calb...! VVimpi'";i on the hill, an.l the ether Wimirlen on
the vale. In the former is a /..iith'ran paiiih-chiirch, a
gramm.ir-felioo!, imd a popilh lioipital, or foundation ol
the order of the Holy iilioll ; in the latter i.-; a poj)ini
ahhev dcdicat--d to St. Peter, arJ a convent of Dom.ni-
can monks. The magillrary .nc, however, compoled
cn-ip.ly id Lutherans. In 172O a (harp aiidum happened
here betwevn count Tillv and the margr.ive of I! lecn-
Durlaeh. In 1645 and lOSS Wimplwii was taken by the
French
(iieni.'en is feated on the river Hren/, and is entirely
furiounded by me diitciiv of Wirtembur;;. The inha-
bitants are of the Lutheran religion, an.l enjoy the
f:i:n 'privilege of I'-niliir^ a deputy 10 the (general diet of
the imperial towns of Swabi.i, and in that of the circle,
as all the other imperial towns. In 1634 this place was
entirely diUiovcd by the ImperialifL,
mm it.'s on the tt rriiory of I'oiiltance, to the w^ll it
birders on the juril.lietion of L'berlini' and l'eterlli.iu!,
and to the north on the imperial to>vn of Pfullcndorf and
liolnn/ollern.
1 il -• prince of I'urrtcnherg is entitled to fix votes in
the diet of the circle, two among the princes for Hiili-
genberg and Stuhlingen, and four among the counts inj
t>arons,ai lord ol Moikirch, Baar, Hanfeii, and (jundcltin-
g' n in the impiiia! diet he polleires only one vote in
the college of piinees, and another vote in the cidlc^e
of tlu- counts of Sw.ibi.i, for Hciligcnbcrg and Wtr-
dcnber;:.
There arc r.o pl.iccs in this principality worthy of a
particular dclctiptmn, there being only alewfmall towns
.iiid villages.
The cinintv of Octtinaen lies to the eaft of theiiutchy
of AV'irtembutg, cxtendin;; about eighteen miles between
the m irijuifate of Anfpaeh on tne no. th, and the duii hy
of Ni'iburg and the l)anube on the Couth ; its grcaicit
breadth is about twelve miles. The lor.ls of this couiury
are divided into tlisee branches ; but all the three lines
have one cu'.fom houfe and lleward in common, which
are both accountable to the chamber of regency. Tne
inhabitants are partly Roman catholic and partly Luthe-
ran, liie country is divided into four prelcdurates, th-:
principal pi. lie ol which is
Oeitingen, the capital of the coiintv, and the rcfidcncc
of th." princely line ol Oeltiiven Spielberg, is feated on
the Wcrnit/, and is the feat ut tne regency and trealurv,
and alii) of the Lutheran confulory of the princes and
counts in common. Ihcrc .ire here a foclety for the iin-
provcinciit
f^rtii/fcorn, and to\
I fix vctos in
I's fur HmIi-
,e couinsan]
Id CJunJcltin-
lone vote in
li the college
iiid Wtr-
I worthy of i
■ fiiiall towns
|)f thcil'itcliy
,1U'3 between
the iliitihy
Its grc.ucll
I this country
three lints
noil, which
leiicy. '1'"=
|.,rily Luthc-
T;duiate.i, tho
Lhc rcfiJcnco
1 is fc^ited on
|»nJ itcal'ury,
jptiriecs awl
■ for the iin-
provcmcnt
MlSDlLHKlM.
!•'. V \i !• i:.
n mcmcnt nf «ri> anti Iciencfs, » pMmir.v.lhnnl, ncd-
\.f of Ifuits a coainuiiJtry ul thi I'lutoiin; oiuei,
I III orphiiti'h'nilc.
""'inc county of Khirrt" in tie, in the III lek Foirll, he-
n.,. „ the dutchy of Wirt nibu'g .111.1 the iii.irjr.iv.ile ol
1,, Mil ''"'I '■• *'•>"•■'■"' •'/ •''" ^'"•'i'l ''■■ '"•■•"I' "' wl)>-h
". i.i't iiniiiher ol lli.iti ol liiiiher .ire c.iriitd into li.e
Rmic. It bil<'"i;'* to the mamr.ivc (It li.nkii-Had'.ii, to
uhumif B"" ^" .iJ'iiti""-'' le.'t anil vot..- Ill tiie Kill.-'-
I ,^^,jt,ia,l lOiinth .It the diet of the cnipiie, nild .ijlu in
l,; ol the circle. This county ront.nin
1 b illein. > MUiket-towii, iic.ir wliich is a c..(lle.
liciliMch, ii Iii'jII '"Wii le.itcd on the river .Miir;^, the-
', li.ihiuviiu of wliicll are a mixture of l'rotelt.int.i Jiid
In this ciiiinty ii alio a RctirdiifHiic ahliey for l.ijies,
I'd Franin.ill), troii) its being fcatcd on the liver Alb ;
^'i',,. likcwife leveral villages.
Theiearc fonie otner little icrtitories too minute for
i!iiVr;plioi> ni lo e.xtciifive a work as tliii ; we fiiall there-
1 K uiily add tiie following loulfhii):
M nJeliieim is litu.ited between the blUiopric of Aii';l
Km • on th': norlh-e.ill, ami the territories ol theabliiy oi
• • '^,,,[111 on t'lc foiith-welt. It is a plealant fur'i.il
t. r;iO'yi ■'1'""' '*■■" "' '■' •'I'l'"*-"- '" '''J-' bej.riniii; ; .,1
iiiglallceiitMiy duke iViaxiniilian of liavaria made hiiiilcll
ll.. olit, and tranfmitted it to his ilelcfiiJanl . ; lui:
tiv elector of Havana bein^; put under the ban in the
M-ar \'Sb, the emperor railed this lordfllip to a princi
ni'.iv and conferred it as a fief on the moll ill'illiioui diiki
of .\Ii'l'^"'"''-''' "'''" vvas created a prince of the empire,
^id ilfo inverted with a feat and vote, not only on the
bci\h of princes ot the circle of Swabi.i, but likewil'c in
the imp.rial diet. However, 'ly tb'.- peace of Ualladt
jnJ Itjilen, i'l 1714. Mindelbeim reverted again undu
jij aiitieiit title ol a lordfhip to the elcclor of Uavaii.i,
who uii that account enjoys both a feat and vote on the
lunch of counts and barons of the Swahian circle.
MuiJelnvini, the capital, is lituated in a plain on the
livci MiiiJel> about twenty-feven miles to tlie .onth-wi It
0' Au^lburg, and is an open town, with a callle on a hill,
luiltmoic IT ornament than defence: it has a parilli-
tlvrch, a college of Jeluits, a gymnafiuni, and aFian-
iiiun convent.
SECT, VIII.
Of Iri Jr/liinn Coiintrits in SwahSa net iiuliitlcrl within th,'
Cinif, aihl the principal Plant tluy cmlain.
T
[IF, extent of the imperial dominions in Swabia
cuinot be determined, with refpect to their lengtii
hrcidtli, with any degree of certainty, they being in
;r,.ii.v places intcil'ecled by other territories.
This country is of moderate goodnels ; it produces all
lottiufcvrn, and toward;> thu lake uf Cunltiincc, like-
wiA' wine, Thi cmilrymfn, wlio arc Rnmnn cniholii-i^
liil'lill heie in lummer b\ t iboii: ill; ill the li.lds and vine-
yir.!', .iiid 11) winter rlnill^ by Ipniniii:'.
I III- pui of Swilii.i i.s divid.d into Upper .nn.l f.owci'
jiirifduiioiis i in ili'ji loiniT arc thirtr.ii
.Miiiate<,
and in the hictrr ten divlii.n-, tne prin.ipal places ill
ivlii-.i ar.',
Kotuibiirp, a fmall town feateil on the Nee!:;ir, am!
Ill til- Imver (ouniyof llMunbtr^^. It wis tlillroyej
by an e.irtlnpiak-, in the ■I. ventli or twelfth century j
but wa. a!i'.iwaid« reliuili, and at prifeiit coiilaiiH a
eitadil, with ,1 line rolleL;e of Jeluits, and aCinnlito
doilli. lirloro the gat- llaiuli a celebrated vliurtli
n mud W'rekinihal, and 111 its luijjhbournood is a mt-
dicinal fjirin.'.
Ill this part of Swabia is Audrian Hr!f,^aw, wbieh
li'.s on the call I'lde ol tlio Rliiiie, that river .lividiiii;
It Irom Allace j it is featel between the Ortnaw on tin:
welt, and the principility of I'lirilmberg on the rail.
The piiiKipal pl.ices in this dillrict arc the f.llow-
mg:
treybiirt^, the capital of ilic province, is f.Mted In thi!
i.ver rreilam, and w.is |..rineily .in inipoitaiit fortrels.
It iMs been three tinu;. t..ken by the Swede,, and as of-
t'.n liy ilie I'reneh, who in 174.3 demolilhed its fortitii.i-
' im;. It has a rc^^eney a|ip.)inted over a p.irt of the
Aiillrian territoiies in Sw.ibia, an univeilhy, acollige of
Jeluiis, and feveral iluillei ..
Old Urif.ieli, thus called to didiiiguifli it from New
liiifacli, wbiili belongs to the l''remli, .iiid is leated ori
the oilier lide ol tiie Uh.ne. OKI IJrifacli is (i-.ited on
.111 Pnimcnce, and was toimerly an excellent I'ortnfs,
which in |()SS was taken by the b'reiuh 1 bur in i6ij7
w.i. again rellorcd,and in i;:^} w.is tiken alecoiid tiniej
but in 1715 was again giv n up to the lioul'c of Aiillri.i ;
but .it len.;tb, in 1741, the ptcl'ent empiefs cauled the
lortificiitions to be ra/ed.
Kheiiilildeii, one of the foreft towns, is featcd on the
louth lide ot the Kliinc, and is defended by good fortifica-
tions. {3n the oppofite b.mk of th.it river is a loverej
way built in the manner of a Horn-work, and h.uin;; a
conimimii'iition with the toivn bv moans of a bridge.
The Rhine at this plice runs with gre.it violence into ,»
rocky tr.id a mile in length called the Gewild, throufll
which fliips are Kt down by ropes.
V'lllingen, a town fitualed in a fertile traifl nii thi5
Uriege. The (treets are regularly laid out and well
paved. This pl.ice, by nicans of the circumjacent moun-
tains, and narrow partes leading to it, i> extremely well
fecurcd. It has alio I'ome tortilliations ; hence in l()J3
and 16 ;J4 it was b( fieged in vain, and in 17C4 bom-
barded without effect by the French, though it had he?n
t.iken by them in i6(<S. It has always ferved the Aullri-
ans as a magazine for provifions and military llores. It
has an abbey of Bcnedidincs, and in its neighbourhood
is a good bath.
CHAP.
yf
m
U'
Mi
4
( ^7i )
CHAP. XX.
Of the Circle c.f b V K Ci 1/ N I) V
(riii|:hrfej.'i
m^m
M
> i
;»
S F. C T. I.
IJJ ill (.'('./. :/ l'!ur^uihh lit ftHfr,ll ; Ultl' a fiill li.li!.ir /t, ■
.Hint of ih,' .liii'iri.in Shart tf iln J)iil.hi/ li>\,hiiil.
Iti Siiualhn, kivtii, (,')Vf<'iin"it, tin.l .iimi; with a
n.'i'.nl'lifii rf lit piitiit.il ('.itits, fiiriiiuliirly LfUViiin,
Hn"''li, //'ilii.'p, iind nliihlin.
Tlir. fciiih :iii(l l;ift liritc of the (Jcrmsn empire is
1I1.U (il ItiirLiiriily ; luit thi- t'nJUK p.iit ol its tcr-
iituriis li.ui' biciiliirn from it. KiarKf hjs (;r.\Jii.illy
l-riuij;ht 1111 !iThi-r vluminion thciliitchy of l.orrjiii, which
w.H iorniiily rrikoiuil iii tlii-> cirdi', aiul alki a part ol
Ih.- dutchv (it I.uxcmhilt,', togctlur with a pait nf tlic
iminty nt i''l.iiiJi'rs, :uicl the couiilic'-. of Anois aiiil l!ur-
miiuiy, nr I'rdu 11 I'oiiiptc, ami a pait lilcrwilo "t the
ciium'iis ol Ilaiiuult :u)u N.miiir. 'I'hr proviiKC-, el
(iiifl.lrcs IJiillanJ, /i.ilanJ, l.'ir.iht, Kridlaiul, Ovc-
ryllcl, ;mJ (iiciiiiwcn, have r-ilwl ihcmUUcs to liberty
aiid iinkpeiuitiK-v i ii.iv, alter lliur iiiii.m, by the luiee
ol' Jinn, they reiluce.i to rubjeaioii a part el' the dutchiei
ollirab.mt aiul I-iiiibur,', ami lilcewile of the cni.'nty of
Fl.iiidcii, with the eity of M.iclhieht, and its territory,
j.altlv, tlie kin;;of I'lUiii.i lu> .illo the poUlflioii of a jurt
of I'l'l'^''' ^'"'■'"'"■■'
Thu^ the eiic... f liurgiiiidy at prcfent CMihds only
«if tae priiicijvil part of the diitchies of Brabant, I.im-
luirg, ,uil l.iixcmbiir;; i and alio of a part of the eoun-
tics'of I'l.mders, Maiiiault, N.uiuir, and a part of the
upper ijiiaiterol CuieKlrts. Thefe territories, which, to-
gether with the Netherl.iiuls, devolved, on the death of
Charles V. to th'.- iJurgiindi.in Spanilh line of the hoiilt
f.f Aiiiliii, fell, alter the death of Charles II. king ol
Spam, til tiic (in, nan line of the honle of Aullria, the
c.iiperor Chail< > VI. Ii.ivinf;, by the peace of Uadcn in
1714., and by that of Vienna in 1725, fecurcj them to
li'is hdure, .ind :'.iler bis death they tame to his daughter
and buith Maiia'l'herela.
'I'hisciitlc is wholly Catholic.
'1 he IJiiruundian envy fits at ihe inipeiial iliets in
the council of the pi iiK-es of the enipiie ; and the Aullrian
govi'rnor jener.il rilides at liriillils.
Weliuil bejii) thi.^ linle with the Auftrian fharc of
the dutehy of liiabant, wl.u!i trrniin.ites to the north,
on that part of the dutehy poliifud by the republic of the
Uniled I'rovinces, to the e.:it on the billiopiic of Lie^e,
to the louth on H.iinaii'.t ,;;il Nannir, and to the welt
on l''l.in.Urs and Zealand. The whole liuKhy, which
ii a liun.iied .md four miles in len 'th, and ninety-live
in brcidth, was roriiieilv the liili in rank of all the fcven-
tecn proviiid -, of the Netheilaiids. The fouthcrn part
of tins cliilchy is very mount-inou'.
The air of liraban't is j^nod, and its foil very fertile.
Its iTcatell ritlies confirt in its flax.
A p;'rt of the country is w.Ttcred by the river I)<nier,
vhich receive into it the lelli.r rivers ol (Ihecte, Dyle,
Seiinc, and Ni tlie ; alter which it takes the n.iinc ol
Rupel, and luks itielf in the Seheld, which, to the well,
borders on liiabant.
Nnir Urnllels a c;Mi;d h;.'. been carried on from the
river Sennc to the vril.;;,'e of Willebroee, wh<-re it dif-
char;;cs itielf into the rivu Uupil, wliicli loon alier unites
in fuch a ni. inner with the S' held, that a perfon may I'.iil
from litullils to the Noitli Iwi. This canal was beuun
in 155'^ and liniflud in i;Oi, at the cxpcncc of cioht
jiundred thoul.ind ll'.rrns. In ij^^acnnal was hrpun to
Ivrarri'il on from I.onvaiii 10 trie Rirpd, which divides
the Dam between the Ixuu.uii anil .Meclilin into twoeipjal
parts, and is now broii;;lu to bear. AmoiiLi other pub-
lic worksaitoiiecauf wa, between I.ouvjin and Hriillels
was built in 1*710, and anothir in 17;6 reaching liuin
Louvain to Jliieneii .md l/irL^e,
rii" whole cniiniry pro'ifli ■; the Roinini churcli • a
in I'ij'i an .trchhilhopne w,i> ereacd .11 .Me liliii hyVlw,.
I'.iiil IV. under whom arc fourteen collegiate chunl,,..
.111.1 iwii hundrid iiul three ili.illcrs. To the fjm,. j, l
lulhopri.. are lubjecJ the piel.ites of Antwerp, (ihcnt'
lloifledue, llrune^, Vjin s, .nul Kuremond. ''
Kor the promotion ol leaininj in this 1 ountry here jre
feveial fihoula and Icniiiiatics, ai alio the univctliiy y-
I.oiivain.
The ibtes of Urabant confill of three ilj(n<, tl,( ,u
hots of a number ol towns, .md all the pimm, ilu|(('
counts, and baron, ol thi. pnnince, with the Imt.onu'
Iter and penlloner. of the towni of l.oiivam, UrulTcli'
and Antwerp, This college ulually inccis four limts !
year, when it choofcs four deputies, namely, two out of
the clergy, and two out of the nubility, who have i|n„.
Micctiiij; daily. 'I'here is alio a council penfioiier, who
is perpetual fecrctary of the tullcgc.
The arnij of (bis dutehy are a
fable.
'10" or, in a fitljj,
lioth the above (laics and the duncery of nribant
meet at lirudlls, and at the l.nne place are alio the Idte
council, the privy council, the domain and liii.mcj
council, the rent chamber, and the (ief court of Urj.
bant.
In the Auftrian part of r.rab.int arc reckoned riiiictfcn
walled cities, .md a tonfiderablc luinibcr of imniuiiitc!
or boroughs, the inhabit. ml-, of which enjoy the ri^hti
of burghers. The principal place-, m this dutehy art
r.ouvain, Bruflels, Antwerp, and Mechlin. W'c fliJi
beL'in with the tirlt.
Louvain, called by the natives Locven, and in Litin
Lovanium, is feated on the liver Dyle, and is of vcrjr
confidcrable e.vtcnt ; but while fome reprefent the circle
within the walls as twelve Knglilh miles, others affirm
that the walls aie only fix or (even miles round, it wis
formerly the capital of the country, and had a llourifli.
ini» trade from the ni.iiiufulturrs of linrn and woollen
cllablidied there, which m the befjinnim; of the fjur-
teeiuli cenlury, maintained upwards ol one hundred and
lilty iliiiuland maiiufadurers ; but the cloib wtavtrs
making an infiirreetiun in 1^82, and beinij pundhsl on
t!i,it account, a '^reat number ol them withdrew loLn,;.
land, and togetlier with its manufactures, the city jffo
decayed ; but it, trade has been attempted to be rcvivci
by making the new canal.
Within the walls arc large meadows, beautiful vine-
yards, with ple.ifant gardens and orchards. It Itanuj in
the filly-liill degree twelve minutes north latitude, and •
in the fi.urth (le'_;ree forty minutes call loiuituJc, in .1
very fruitful foil, and in fo pleafant and finJ an air, that
wine is made both within the walls and without.
'i'hc tow'n-h.iule is a tine building in the olj ladc,
adorned with ilatues on t!ie outfide, and much cmbcl-
lilhed within. 'I'he magillratci meet here twice a wcelt,
and are more numerous than in moll other towns in the
l.ow Countries ; lor they have two burgomallers, ftvca
aldernuii, two recorders, fix lecretaries, and Imir Irca-
luiers, belides a council of twenty-one, elevciiof whuh
.ire country geiulcnun, and the other ten are deaeoib u
the trades.
The citv cotitains five parith churches, which are verv
noble ilruitures, and ainong them tlic collegiate ehurcii
of St. I'etcr is one of the moll nu;.',nificcnt in the whoi,;
country. Its llecple has been elteemcd a maller-picc;
it was live hundred and thirty feet high, and on cach,;|
fide of it was another four humired and thirty feet in
height i but the larger lleeple was blown down in a liorni
111 the year 1600. 'i'he chapter of this church conlilh
ol a provoft, a dean, a chanter, eighteen honor.irv
piebeiuN, and ten lanon-, who mull ail he proftfl'.iisoi'
dirt'ercnt fcienccs in the univerlity. The chapels belong-
ill'
1
' •"■we"
1
r
i^Ki
f'
i
in » (itlj.l
I Latin
lUlul. It WIS
a fluunili-
anJ woollen
of the lour-
liuiiJrtd m\
tb weavers
unilli'il on
fcw loLni-
he city alio
t(j be rtvivcJ
)cautilul vint-
It Ihrius in
l.itituJe, and •'
ii.tjiuJi-, in 1 '
: .in a:r, that
;th'iut.
lie old taftc,
much cmbel-
;wice a week,
towns in the
itiulteis l't*c;i
iiiJ lour trca-
Icvcn ot' which
arc Jcaconi cl
which arc very
llcgiate church
It ill the who!.'
m.iltir-pic.c,
and on cjch.:|
thirty feet la
■jwii in a lliirni
church conl';!';
iiccn honiir.irv
lie |irnlill-ii^o;
;hai)els belcii|;-
in;
»'
•
M
t
#
I ; '•
p)
i'\y
y P i:
I
f!
Brussels.
Ing to this chii:
p.iintini;.
^Viihoiit the
nalKrJts, and as
uijj to the Jcfiiii
p,ils lur a beaut
h ihf fiiicft |iK
hotiom IS rcprci
fedemptii)ii o( it
pcnt's htad. An
Eiijllifli IS the (ii
richly endowed.
'I"mc univcrfity
IV. and cont.iins
privileges, graiite
biiii. The priiK
tor magniiicu-, v
but is pent-rally cc
frnm among the |
(he canon law, th
H;rc are tivo othc
tor of the privileg
lor : the Cormer is
prnvolllhip of St. i
public cxcrcilcs art
Ihinc, and a great
three ijiacious roorr
jj.i, and ph)'fic, t(
may ; -iort.
Ill uu- year 1542,
Gutldorlaiulers, att
1572, William prill
burghers, aliilicd by
Mncc, as 10 oblige hi
belic'gcd in vain by
tilih of Augull 17;!
furpnzc J but were t
who obliged them to
V, kill': of Spain, a
p(i;jcM key, which is
k:u'c. However, in
ni.i;:i'rj of this place,
Tia- territory bu
i> "cry large, and c
dilhkl'i.
Brulllls, called by
till iJruxelliE, is the
relidoncc of the govc
it ideated on the litt
. it, in the fiftieth degr
in the fou.th degree I
Citvniak.'s a noble ap|
li!!l, and from below,
no city 111 Europe ma
i.'hnce, except Naj
u'lcn you are in the ti
Ithasfcvcn gates, ou
iiri'S in which the c
city IS furrounded wit!
tec interval between,
is too big to hold out a
mii'S in circuit.
'he (Irccts are very
Wci are generally p
I lijuarcs, aitioiii; which
CM 0' the moll beaiiiil
Kticrc the magiltratcs r
I 1 noble pile, which has
Mtv-iour feet high, w
•'iiclmcl ill copper gilt,
I t=t dragon, and thoug
'■awcither-cotk. h
I »;'"cin the ftates of 15
•"i'lied of any in tun
"';>■■ rooms, one ol v
"Charles V. in tapcftr
jU to exceed every thi
l«"pm gilt frames; ;
l'»'hisa(lcmbly are fine
66
I
Brussels.
EURO
E.
ing
to this church aie fiiiily aJo/ncJ with fculpturc and
AVulwiit the town is a college of Jefuits, filtccn mo-
ralKrifS, and as many nunneries, 'fhc churcli belong-
m,' (o the Jtfuiis convent was built in ibbb, and would
n.ih lor a beauty even ;it Rome. I'hiir pulpit of
ualc
[s ihf fined pii^ee ot that kind in tlie world: on the
holtom IS rcprcfcnted the fall of in..ii, and above, the
fecicmption ct man by the virgin's tre.iiiin(j; on ilie fer-
DCiit's h^ad. Among the nunneries, the convent for the
Kiuhlh 's ihc tineir in the Low Countries, and very
lichlv cn.iowcd.
riic univcrfiiy was founded in 1425, by duke John
IV. anJ contains fotty-onc tulicges. It enjoys very great
rrn ilexes, granted by the popes and the dukes of lira-
Liu. ^ I he principal perfor. in the univcrfity is the rec-
tor ma""!'"-"-! ^^° enjoys hib office for three months;
but IS gtnaally
continued for tlirce more. He is chofen
hnm among the profedbrs of the five faculties, divinity,
the can»n law, the civil law, phyfic, and the liberal arts.
Ifre arc two other honourable potfs, that of conferva-
lor of the privileges of the univcrfity, and the chancel-
lor : the former is cledtivc, and the latter annexed to the
prnvdrtlhip of St. Peter's church. 'I'hc hall where the
public excrcifcs are performed, is a large building of frce-
liiine, and a great ornament to the city, and in it are
three nacious rooms, where leiilurcs are read in divinity,
lai, and phyfic, to which the fcholars in every college
may .".-fort.
In thf year 1542. Martin Ronem, the general of (he
Gutldi~rlaiiders, attacked this city without fuccefs. In
jj.j^ William prince of Orange belieged it; but the
burshcrs, aflillcd by the Ihidents, made lb brave a refif-
t.incc, as to oblige him to raile the liege. In 1635 it was
hefiiacd in vain by the French and Dutch, and on the
tilih of Augull 1710, the French entered the city by
furprize ; but were bravely repulfed by the iuhabitants,
who obliged them to retire inconfufion ; for this Charles
V, ki.v; of Spain, and afterwards emperor, fent them a
(iiililcn key, which is If ill kept as a curiofity in the town-
hoaie. However, in 1746, the French made themfelves
maitcrs of this place, and kept it till the year 1749.
The territory bc-lopging to the jurifdidtion of l.ouvain
ii very large, and contains eighteen large manors, or
Brullils, called by the French Rrnxelles, and in I,a-
tin Kruxclia;, is the capital of Bra! mt, and the ufual
rclldcncc ot the "overnor-general ot the Netherlands ;
il is leatcJ on the little river Senne, which runs through
it, in the fiftieth degree fifty minutes north latitude, and
in the lou.th degree fix minutes ealt longitude. This
civmak's a noble appearance, it being on the brow of a
hill, and fiom below, the whole of it is feen, Indeed,
nociiy 111 Europe makes a more beautiful figure at a
c.ftiiicc, except Naples and Genoa ; and like them,
when you are in the town, it is all up and down hill.
Ilhasfevcn gates, out of e.ich of which are large fub-
u.-l'i, in which the citizens have their gardens. The
Mv IS fuiTounded with a double brick wall and a pretty
Urjc interval between, and liiuU ditches ; but the place
1! 100 big to hold out a long fiege, it being about feven
miics in circuit.
The Itreets are very fpacious, though flccp, and the
koafci are generally pretty high. Here are (even fine
fijuares, among which that of the great market-place is
nco'thenioll beautiful in Europe. The town-houle
wBcrc the magiltrates meet, takes up one fide, and is
ar.oblc pile, which has a tower about three hundred and
uiv-four feet high, with a (tatuc on the top, of St.
Michael in copper gilt, the patron of this city, killing
Kt dragon, and though fevemeen feet high, it ferves
lira wt.ithertotk. In this llrudlure is the apartment
»iifrcin the ftates of lirabant meet, which is the bell
iiorncJ of any in Europe. Here are particularly three
ljr2e' rooms, one of which contains the refignation
w Charles V. in tapcftry, lo finely executed, that it i^
(jj to exceed every thing of the kind in Europe. It is
I hup in gilt frames; and the other rooms belonging
jiothis alieinbly are finely adorned with oiiginal paint-
|ug!.
66
271
Oppofite to it ii the imperial palace, the entrance
into wnicii is by a fpacious court. The palace flandj
on an eminence, and on the left ii.iiid is a large hall that
Ic.ids to the imperial thapel, which is adorned on the
outlidi- like that of Henry VII. in Wellminfter-abbey.
Fioiiiing the gate of the court is the entrance into the
royal apjrtniems, which are veiy noble, but irregular,
having been built at different times, and under them is a
terras Ironting a beautiful parterre, on which are brafs
llatues of the emperors and dukes of Drabant : indeed,
the whole fquarc is furrounded with pillars of the fame
metal. Upon one of the towers is a bird pierced with
an arrow, in memory of the Infanta Ifabella fliooting a
bird, nehind the palace you dcfcend by a pair of hang-
ing flairs into the above parterre, which is adorned with
fountains and cver-greens; and behind it is the park,
where '.very body has the liberty to walk, and is adorn-
ed with villas, grottoi, fount.'.iiis, and other water-
works ; it is alfo well flocked with dtcr. What is moft
furprifing in this park is the ectho, which makes ten or
twelve dillindt reverberations. At the further end oftlie
park is a fine pleafure-houfe built by the emperor Charles
V. after his abdication; whence it is called the empe-
ror's houfe.
Round the other parts of the great market arc the halls
of the different trading companies, who have each a large
room for themfelves, and the rell of ihc bu;ldin<f ferves
for a tavern. Thefc halls are all of an equal height,
and the fronts are adointd with fculpturc, gilding, and
Latin infciiptions.
The armoury was formerly well furnifhed ; bjt his
now only Ibme few niiiains, as the armour of Charles V.
the duke of /Viva, the cardinal Infante, and lomc others j
as alio the figures of feveral emperors and dukes in ar-
mour on hor.eback, and on foot, with curious antique
arms, according to the dirt'ctent manner of the fevtral
courts of Germany.
Near the arfenal arc the palaces of the prince of
Orange, the prince of Eigne, the duke of Arcmbcrg;
and Arfcot, the princes of Epinoy, Rubenpre, and Eg-
mont, and in the gardens of the latter is a fine labyrinth.
liut the moll agreeable gardens on account of their fitu-
ation, are thole belonging to the dukes of Bouriionville,
from which you not only fee every houfe in Brull'els,
but have an ex'.eiifive view into tlie country. In all
thele palaces are colledons of original paintings by the
moll celebrated mailers. Doth It.dian and I'lemifli.
The opera-houfe in Bruilds was built by the duke of
Bavaria in the year 1700. This is one of the nobleft
and largell in the world, it being ereilcd in the Italian
tafte, with rows of lodgi.-s, or clofcts, which ;hc nobi-
lity generally take for the winier feafon to accommo-
date their families and friends, and of which they keep
the keys. That of the prince de I^igiie is lined with
looking-glafs ; fo that he can fit in a coiner of his lodge
with half a dozen friends, drink a bottle, or eat a fup-
pcr, which they often do, by a good fire, and at the
fame time fee the reprcfentation in the looking-glafs,
without being feen either by the a£lcrs or the com-
pany.
T'herc arc in this city twenty public fountains, adorn-
ed with llatucs at the corners of the moft public ftrects.
In that of the herb-market are reprefented f ur beauti-
ful young women tli.it Iqueeze the water out of their
brealls, which Ipout night and day to a gieat dillance.
The fountain in thj middle of the town-houfe is much
admired ; it reprcicnts Neptune and his Tritons fpout-
ing out water, as a horl'e alfo dues from his mouth and
noflrils.
Tne churches of this city are very magnificent, feveti
of thcfe are parochial, and among them the church of
St. Gedula, which is alio e:ul!egiate, is the largell and
finell. It Hands on the top of a hill near the Louvain-
gatc, and is furrounded with iron balullrades. It is an
old Gothic building, with two large lleeples at tire caft
end ; but is finely eiiibellirtitd within. On the pillars
in the body of the chureh are, on one fide, the ftatues of
our Saviour and fix apollles, and on the other the Vir-
gin Mary, with the fix other apoUles, all ab big as the
life. The little chapels yn ca<.h fidu aic finely adorned
Z z z with
^I'J;
Tn
rm
k
I \\\
I
h i:
mi
m :
H'
i^^
H
"r
i
^71
A SYSTEM OF G E O C; 1< A i' 1 1 V,
Bk
fSSEIs.
\ I,
11.
Willi poiulii^. aiiJ m irble baliiltrnJcs. In the choir arc
(cvcijI liiii; inniminent - n( liliilhidu', luiiiccs, as the arch-
duke Allicrt ami Uh wile; Il.iHcll.i, liilaiui <if Spain ;
John iliiks ( f Urab.int, witl\ liis wife ; M.iry ilnu^;htcr
to KilwarJ I\'. kiiij", (if Kngl iiJ : hut the (iiirrt 15 that
of Kiiicft aichiluko i>f Aullria, ami governor of the Nc-
thci lands. In one of the little cha(uli thcyworfhip three
liolis, which tliev pretend were Ifalihed by a Jew, abiMit
tlie year 1360, a;ul bled. 'I'hefe are cxpofed every fef-
tiv.il in a chali>:e richly fet with diamonds. In order
III pcrpctiiare tlv n:cniory of this event, there is a yearly
piot^filon on the Saturday after the thirteenth of July,
when thefe hofts ate carried round the city, and atteniled
by all the r"^;ilar and feciilar clcryy, the magillrates,
L'liiit I'l i il!;c'.-, and even the governor of the province.
The ihapel wluie they arc kept ii built entirely of mar-
ble, and the altar is of fulid filvcr.
Here is a c-iilege of JeUiits, which han a very fine
*iiiiich, eleven nionadcries, and twcntv-one nnnncries ;
.iniuiig vvliieh are two F,ii;;!ini, one of Dciininican ladic;,
tiiundcd by cardinal Howard in the reign of Chailes II.
kin;', id' England, nt which one of the houfe of Norfolk
IS always alibcis, the other ir. of Dcnedicline nuns.
The HcLniina/c, or the loundation et pious nuiisr''-
fenibks a iitll: town, and is fiirronndcd by a well and
ditch, and divided intn pretty little (Ireets, where every
IicL'uine h;i5 her own apartiiunt. Their number genc-
i.dly ainniinis to iXvcn or ciglit lunidred, an I fonieiinus
Millie. 'I'lu'yare governed by fciir elderly women, whom
tlicy chonl'e out of their own bodv, and ha\c a lonfefllir,
or chaplain, .iiiiiolnted bv the biPiiop of Aiuw.rp. Their
thuab is a fir.e piece of architecture lately bndr.
'J'he .Mount of I'irty ill this city is a public office
for len.iin:: inrnev iijon pledges at a moderate inteiell,
-ami w.'.s ellahlilhed by the archduke Albert, .ind If.'bella
his wi'V, in the yi ar 1617. It is avail buildnr', like a
monaliery ; and there are private pafl'.igrs f.ir going in,
witliout being feen fiom the public llreets. TI.: ■'•ch-
duke put it for ever under the proteflion of the archbiftiop
of Mechlin and the t hancillors of iJrabant, as govt. r-
))i>rs ; and thev put in a liiperintcndcnt and other proper
olTKi.r'., by wiiicli it is governed. 'Idiis has lucccedrd
{') well, that the magilliatcs in all the great citiis of the
NctherLiiids have erccUd othcis in imitation of it.
"" Tiie antient inhabitants of Hrufiels have fliewn n fin-
gular fundncfs for the number fcvcn ; lor here arcfevcn
principal lliects that enter into the great market-place, in
which arc fevcn (latelv I'.oufes ; feven parifli- churches ;
f.vcii 11 jblc far;iilics, ciiiiiient for their amii]uityand great
privile;< s ; feven niidwivcs, fworii and licenced by the
lenate to vifit the poor as well as the rich, whenever call-
ed ; feveii public gntes of tlic Doric order, remaik.iblc
lor leading to fo many places of pleafure or dit'ireiu ex-
crcif."-, namely, one for hunting, a fecond lor tilhing,
a thiid for fowling, a fourth le.ids to pleai'.mt fields, a
iifth to p.dluie grounds a (ixth tofpiing; and vine) ard.s,
and a U ventli to p!cal'ant gardens.
This city is laid to have enterlained at one time fcvcn
crowned bean;, btfidcs the dukes of Savoy and l.orraiii,
with nine thouland horle beloiu'.ing (o their retimies.
The inns, or eating-hourcs, at liriMlels, aic ecpi.d to
any in the woild j and a llr;.ngcr h..s the advantage of
diiiini; any time between twelve and three, on leven or
c-ight'iiidies of meat, for Id's than an Knglilh fhilling.
'1 ne wines hereaie alf) very good and cheap, and for an
Knglifh fi.\-pence eveiy hour you may have a coach that
will carry you wherever you pleal'e.
I,, the be;>Jnning of this (eclioii we have mentioned
the canal whah p.illi s by this cily. Hy the way of this
canal trecklchuyts go twice a day from Hruflils to
Antwerp an.l back again. Thele trcckfchuyts, ot
draught-boats, arc fo called Irom their being drawn by a
horfe, and are long covered boats, with windows on the
fid-s, and two benches within placed Icngtiiways, on
ca.'h ol which fourteen or tiliceii pallengris may con -
ve liently fit. Kaili boat is dr.uvii iiy a fiiigle horfe, at
the rate of about three miles an hour, ,ind the fare ol each
pM'-njitr amounts to no more than about two-pence far-
thin ' tor every hour. The canal is made Ike thofc in
Holland, with broad ftraight quays planted with trees,
wlierc the ladici lake the air in thtir tuachc", g'Jin;; out
at the gate of V'lllevort, or Vilvordcn, where ihore i,
line loail, wiih lour rows id lices on each lide aioiiL'ih
canal lor fcver^l miles, and fioni the canal is aliir.i'
Ihght of (leps which leads to the w.ills, on winch n'^
may w.ilk, under the (liade of trees, ipiitc round the cit".'
It mull beeonfelfed, lays Mr. Millon, that lew cii
in I'.iirope can comp.irc with Urullels lor good coiiman ,^
as abundance of people of (jiMlity eiihei live m, „,,','
fort to this city, who arc ealy of accefs, elpci:i.ill„ t"
Itrangcrs. Every ni^hr, both in winter aiij luinmc''
they lake a tour in their coaches, where the men j, '
prailliled at Kome, never go in the hurie coat he's witli
the women, but lor a very liilieieiit leafoii ; tur as
Italy it IS done to avoid tlic eonveriation of both fevm
they leparatc liere out o! a nicie piece of gall uiiry . 1'
the gentlemen always keeping one circle, and the Lidie.
another, they meet contiiuiallv, and thus have the on
porlunity of talking to, or oglmg one another at pltji
lure i but the worrt of it is, that their continual fjiuta"
lions as often r.s they meet is no fmi.ll .ntcrruption to
this general f(;ciety.
There is another picafant cuftoiri, fays the fame au
thor, obferved among the citi/.cns of iiruli'cli on th"
nineteenth of Januaiy, whetl the vvonirn undnls tlicr
hufbands and carry them to bed, and tlie hulbarJi j,.
obliged to treat their friends the next day. Thev oive
two reafons for the original of this ciilloni. 'I'hcftrlfis
th.i: the city being reduced to luch cxtieniity, as to h'c
obliged to lurrender to tlie enemy, the wonuiionlv vvcrc
.illowcd to cfcapc, and to carry with tliuii what tlicy
edeemed molt valu;;blci wlicn, inltcad of their oiiij.
mcr.ts, thev all marched out with their hulbamli cm their
backs. Others alled'u-, that a eood number oi" thecni.
/.ens of liruilcls, following St. Lewis in his lirlt ciufailt
mofl of them had the good lortiiiic to efcapc the cciiera'
dcllriie'tion ; and afterwards coming home in 3 body, thtir
wives rejoicing at their return, met and caught them ia
their arms, and carried them home.
Among the peculiarities of this country it is obfer-
vable, that p. ople, both at Hrufiels and other towni m
the Netherlands, have dogs 10 draw the little cjrtj in
which they fell fruit and other commodities about the
llrcetj.
Hrufiels is particularly f.imous for its tapefiryjcambltii
and bonc-lacc, whiih aie expnrtid Irom thence.
With relpeit to its hiftory, we (Inill only ohicrvc th..t
in 1695 it was furioufiy bombarded by the Ercnth durinj
fortylix hours, hy which means (ourtven chuichrs ani
above four thouland houks were reduced t.i alhcs- bi,t
within four years they were rebuilt with grejttr beauty
than befoie. In the vear i-cS it w.;s bi hcKd by lilt
elei'tor of IViv.iria ; but the duke of Mailbonjuch maJc
him decamp with precipitation. In 174O it was tjken
by the French ; but was altored to the emperor by ;h«
treaty of Aix la ChajKllc.
The territory and jurildic'tion bcion[nng to this city is
of vcrv l.irge extent, and containn kvcral manors ani
lordlliip'., in which arc many conlidciable villages.
Thi' eitvol Antwerp, called by the natives Antwcrpen,
by iheEienrh Anvers, and in Latm Antvcrpia, or An-
doverpum, is theeB;.ita) of a mar<)uilatc of the (amc namt,
an.l ij leated in .1 low and lennv ground nn the talt fidt
of the Schfid, in liic filly- hrit degree fifteen mimitci,!
north latitude, and in the lourth degree fifteen mmutti j
ea(t longitude. It is built in the form of a crel'ccnl, and
is laid to be three tliOulan>l fix hundred and thirtyriic
gi'iMiefical paces in compafs. The (treets arc peiie-
ully large, (tramdu, and well paved ; but the hnulciart
biplt in a manner peculiar to itfelf, half of brick, arJ 1
h.ill of wood, with a kind of battlements on the ion, |
and vcrv high roofs, which give them an aiitlt|iie j|i;icar-
ance. The fortifications are not lo much cclebratril tori
their ftieitg.th as their beauty ; the ramparts beiii^alniolil
every where adonicd with double rows of trees, whiJil
in fiimmer att'oid d-lifhtful and (liadv wiilks. 'I'hciitj-
del, however, ib a (trong and regular lortrcb. Irtl
Schtld, both at Antwerp and two leagues above .iiiJl«'-|
low it, is deep and broad, which greatly coniributeJ tol
the flourifhing (late of this city in former time-, «i«l
it had the lepiiiaiion of being the richcit and niull Irt-f
iiuented port in Europe. 'I'he iccordi of this titv ii'fr'j
•,-IT
.KP.
(if)/7 .• iiicrcha
4 ,nilli'>n of gi
.lap.i'ir to dii
;„• ilirew the e
III iiiiiMinnn,
price than at p
III the city £
haiulred and t
(diirt-vards he
ihvL't is called
iii.iy I'u a-brea
fia-rioiii.. Ai
ciiieili.x thirty
(Idhl. The CI
rum a Ion ; lire
placed .ilioiit tin
r.it-' which lead
-||;i, gate, as V
(i.^iuJ by the (.w
Kulien-, who w
The citadel,
ill liiiiO|ie, i.s \
anJ ll.iiiJs on tli
of the .'i'.iirld, a
the nciidibourir.
trdi, by order u
check given to tl
a Iron port. It h
Ijiity of the figur
has large and di
anil is faid tu bu
in ii.'cuit.
The exchange
pofitc to each oth
it aie fupponed b
carved with iMle,
alike. 'l"his Itru.
feet Idiig, and a I
are vaalts, or mi
j^uod^ ; and above
arrhittLlure, auU t
txehange coil the
■■ faiiJ cro*iis. I'Vi
oft!'? kind in Ed
modoi -if tlic Royi
dill alio tile burg
The town-houl
bulk with Irec-
wilh a variety of
top. It AanJs ill 1
fp.ieious fijuart,
Th.-heiile 6f the
the tjllern mcrch
was huiit ill the yc
fluurillled, and
dred and thirty fc
upper p.iris fur
In the middle llor,
inntr fipiare, are
ciiants. IJut this
raiks, the cellars
rooms above for h.
The markets of
each other, e.ieh
market by the iiv«r
of ihcni all is the
on every I iiday,
and jewels, are (ob
rate ; lor when a ,
dreii, hi.s pictures
the money aiilinif
theni.
No city III ihcN
(uch fine li,,;:iuu
ffc of a bil!i(.|)
'I here are here b.
P-i'ifll churches, I,
the fill! rank. Tl,
>llii a parochial tb
five hundred Icet I
>til three liundicj
/.■(T-'-i-Rl*.
„„„ .-. iiicrchaiit, named John Dicns, who havi:i!; lent
E U tt O P E.
that
. .|lif>M iif "o!J to Charles V. afterwards mvitci
^•'ni'irti) diiKiiT, where, attcr a noble fiitcrlaiiinn'iit,
'' ilirc'iv ihe enip'r.ir's hoiid intn the (no, whiihwas
''J liiii'.'i"""' ■' '1'"^'= which at that thiie horc a higher
oriic than at prefeiit.
' ii, ilie eitv aic twenty-two public fqiiares, and two
. . ircd and twelve Uretts. Mort ni the liDiiles have
' ,-t-vard-; before, and jardciis behind. The priiici|);d
(it—t is called Mere, which is f> broad that fix coaches
1^ ,ra a-breal*, and the hoiifei her" are gem'rally of
I L-thini.. At the upper end of this llrcct is a hne bra/s
I iiilix ihirty-i'"''ee feet high, placed tin a marble pc-
llhl. The eiiv ha^ (even gales, fiom each of which
HIS alfii)^ Itrcet teminalii,.; n the cthcdral, which '•■
nboid about the middle of the city. On ilii; lop of the
Pit- wNieb leads to the (jii.iy Hands the llatiie of a ;^iant.
Tl'.i' uaic, as well as feveral others in the city, was lic-
fioiicd hy the fanuius p.iinter and archited Sir I'tter I'aul
Kii'."-'i''> who was a n.itive of Antwerp.
The eii.uhl, which is cdeemed one of the (Irongeit
III l'.iiiO|ie, is very regular. It is an exact pentagon,
jnJ il.iiids on the fouih fide of Antwerp, on the banks
yj (iji; Sihdd, and coiimiaiids the town, the river, and
the iieiu'Jibourir.:; country. The rreiiVmi; v( this for-
trtfi, by order of I'hilip II. Icini; of Spain, was the firit
chat given to the traile of this citv, wliich w.ls before
atroi: port. It lias live ballions, whiih, from the re;;u-
Ijiiiv f f '1"^ figure of the citadel, defend one another : it
has lariie and deep double ditches, with only one ^atr,
anil ii laid to be about two thoiifand tlvc hundred paces
in iircuit. ^
'I'lic cxciiaiiL^c of Antwerp h.xi tour fpacious sjatcs op-
pofite to each o'.hcr, and always open. The w..'lts round
it aic fupported by forty-thiee pillars of blue marble, all
cirved with ditiereiil fij^ures, not two of them being
aliltf. 1 ''" llfuclurc is faid to be a hundred and eighty
fat Ijiigi •""' * hundred and forty broad. Underneath
arc vaalts, or magazines, well uurcd with merchants
Mods *"^ above is an academy for painting, fculpturc,
architeflure, auJ the mathematics. The building of this
txth.'iiige coil the city of Antwerp three hundred thou-
fjiiJ croM-ns. From tliis ftniihirc, which w.is the firlt
Ol t!- kind in Europe, Sir Thomas (Jrcfliiim took the
DioJoi ;if the Royal exchange he erected in London, as
dill alfo the burghers of .'\rnlterdain that of theirs.
The town-huufe is a very grand piece of architecliire
built with frec-(tonc, with a fine frontifpiecc adorned
with " variety of ftatuea, a cupola, and an eagle at the
top. It (lands iiitlu; great raarkct-pl ce, which is a very
{p.Kious lijuarc, in which arc all the public executions.
Th.'heiile of the Haufo-towus, for the convenience of
the tallern merchants (roni the Baltic, called Kallcrlings,
was buiit in the year 1568, when the trade of Antwerp
fluutidied, and is a fquare building of (tone two hun-
ditJ and thirty Icct each way, with magazines in the
upper parts (or dry goods, and cellars below lor wet.
In the niiddk llor/, which h.is a gallery quite round an
innir fquare, are three hundred loduing-rooms lor mer-
ch;in:s. lUit this ilrudture is now turned into horfe bar-
lads, the cellars of which ferve fur (tables, and the
rooms alK)ve for hay-lotts.
The markets of Antwerp arc at a proper diftancc from
each other, c.u-h h.ivin;; a particular fquaic. 'I'he H(h-
marlset bv theiivKr is veiy fp.ieious ; but the mod curious
of them all is the Friday-market, as it is called, where,
on every I ud.iy, all forts ol houlholdgoods, piciurcs,
and jewels, are fold by auiition, and olten at a very cheap
rate ; for when a peifon dies who leave, a t'ainilv of chil-
dren, his [licturcs ate all fent to the Fridav-mnrkct, and
the money aiiluig (roin their laie is equally divided among
them.
No city ill the Netherlands has fo many churchei and
(iieh fine (! i i;i.'ture.s as thole of Antwerp, wl\i.-h is the
fi-e of a billiip (iillVa.;an to the aici.bi.lioji of Aiechlm.
There are here (our cidlegiate chuiches, three ot'ier
parifli churches, four aSbevs, and about (ixtjr cloiilers of
the liid rank. The laihedral of (Jur I,ac(y, which is
alio a parocliial church, is a very grand pile, upwards of
live hundred loet long, two hiind'-C'.' and thirty broad,
anJ three hundtcJ and fixry hij;h. it. I;)'!e i, four hun-
dred and fixty-fix feet in height, thccrol, nt the topoii ■
hundred and (ifty-onr, the dianu-ter ot the dock tiiirly
(eet, aiul its cireunit'reiice ninetv. In iis beldy arc
thirty-three great belf, and two fels of chime,. '1 hi- ;7j
three principal gates of this cathcdr.il aic adorned witii
marble and gilding, and the altars are I'mhellilli'J
with fine paintings, (ome of them by Rubens. 'I he
pii'Uirc which reprefen'.s the taking down ot our Savioiii
(rom the crofs, in whii.h the figures are as lug as the
li(V, i^ reckoned a maller-piecc. I lore are alto Ionic eii.
rious pieces by (.^liintin Malleys, a blacklmitli, who (.l\\ A nnrfolo
ing in love wit': a piintcr's d.iughter, alked her in n\\\ -^afffhitfi.
riage ; but litr father anivvercd, tiiat he would never be-
llow '.wT on any except a painter. IJpontlii; thebhicK-
iinith going to Italy, entered the Lombard I'chool, and
in a (ew years returning a greater mailer than the I'athei
o( her he admired, he married her. At the entrance into
this cathedral he is intcired, where his cliigy is put up
with this infcriptiin :
Cmnul'niUi amor de MuUbre fecit .'fpctkm.
That is,
" Connubial love translormcd Vulcan into ApcUes"
In this cathedral Philip II. king of Spain, after the
voluntary refignation of his father, the emperor Charles
V. held on the twenty-firll of January, 1555, a chapter
of the order of tl'': (jjlden Fleece, in which he created
niiRteeii ne.v knights, among whom were the (even fol-
lowing kings : Henry VIll. of England, Francis I. ol
France, his uncle Ferdinand kin^ of the Romans, Chril-
tian king of Denmark, John of l\)rtUL;aI, Sigifmond of ;
Polaml, and .Maximilian of Bohemia, whole banners arc I
dill hanging in the choir. j
Ihe church belonging to the Jefuits college is eftccm- '
ed one ofthc fined in Europe. The front is a noble piece
ot architcilure, on thu top of which is a (latue of Ignatius ,
Loyola. All the infide is paved with white marble, and /<•««•""'(?''
the galleries were fupportcd by fifty-fix marble columns. '^''^f/'"''''
i'he great altar is alio of marble, intermixed with jafper.&D 1 il\<)l-
porphyry, and gold ; and on tlic ceiling are thirty-eight /t./^Z/m'/ ■
pidturcs (rom the hillory of the New Tellament, done by ,»fc<'y<"'
Rubens and Vandyke. The carving is molt excellent, r',tj^-
and the Hnwcr-work by Scgers, a Jefuit. The chaixl of
the Virgin adjacent to it is (till more magnificent. The
piijturc of the Alliiinption of the Virgin on the great altar
was done by Rubens, and called by him his f.ivourite
piece; round it are fix datues of alaballer reprefenting
thet'ounders of this ch.ipel. 'I'he church was much da-
maged Come years ago, and the marble galleries beaten
down by thun<ler ; hut it has been pretty v\ell repaired,
though the galleries have not been rebuilt. In the Je-
fuits college is alto a libraiv, which takes up fou' cham-
bers.
The Carmelite church is famous for its having a large
filver datue of the virgin Mary.
On the b.inks of the river near the ramparts (lands the
noble and rich abbey of St. Michael, where all fovereigii
princes lodge on their coming to this city. The apait-
inents are truly g'and, and the rcfeiftory or hall, where
the monks dine, is faid to be as large and as wellpi'.int-
ed as that of St. (leorge at Wmdt'or. The monks arc
of the order of St. Norbertus, archbilhop of M:igdeburg,
who came to Antwerp in 1124, and edablidicd this or-
der here ; and his pretended miracles are painied round
the church belonging to the abbey.
There are nineteen nunneries in this city, among
which is an Eng'ifh one of the order of St. I'hcrefa ;
but the nuns wear no linen, e.it no fledi, and lie upon
draw: even the grates have (uch a difinal appearance,
that they uive the plate the relcmblancc of a prifon.
Ami>ng the m.iny piivileges granted this city by its
princes, one is, that any p. rfnn born in Antwerp is a
ciii/.en, though both the tather and mother are fo-
reigners.
Towards the mid>lle of the fixieenth century there
were computed to be no lels than 'wo huiidrej tnonfand
inhabitants and llrangers who lived in the city ; but du-
ring the civil wars it ('uftcrcd much, particularly in I57t>,
when it was plundered for three wllole liays together by
the Spaniard',. But what has molt cor.tributeil to re-
duce this citv, wa^ tlic icjce concludid at Munfler m
iCa;;,
'H i
!t V
( 'I t I
(J ^\'
:liMi||l^l
■: i
i
n
276
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' 11 Y.
I.u.
Bt'RS,
1648, between Spain aiiJ tlio UnilcJ Provinces, wheh it 1 drcd quintals of powiL-r, wliicli inft.uuly blowin" un
was agrc»d, that no large (liip (liould godirc'£\ly to Ant- I dellroycd alinoll the wrtolu city. "
werp, but unlade its wares in Huliaiid. In_i65gmany
o(" the inliabitants, on account of an infurre£lion, being
' obliged to quit the town, and an infcdious difcafc fonic
years after carrying off ^reat numbers, the place fell of
courfc into great decay. However, the tapcftrics and
lace made here are very line; and tor the promotion of
trade an important infurancc company has been erec-
ted.
With re.'"pcft to the hiftnry of this city, it is proper
Afarther to add, that Krancij of Valois, duke of Alen^-on,
and brotner of king Henry III. of France, being inlfal-
led dukf id Hrahant at Antwerp in n;d2, and appointed
governor of theNetherlands by the lines-general, thought
his authority circumfcnbed within too narrow bounds ;
and to render himfclf more abfolutc, refulved to furptifc
the city. Accordingly on the i-th of June 1583, cau-
fing fcvcntecn companies of infantry to enter the gates,
he himfelf drew near the walls with his army, who were
all Frenchmen, as if only to review them. But the ci-
tizens, difcovcring his dcfign, made fo brave a defence,
that they drove the French out of Antwerp, killed about
fifteen hundred of them, among whom were about three
hundred noblemen, and took upwards of two thoufand
prifoncrs. After which the duke retiring into France,
died with grief,
In 1585 the duke if Parma, governor of the Nether-
lands tor the king of Spain, took Antwerp, after a ficge
of twelve months, which was one of the mod remark-
able in hitloiy. lie re-ellablilhed the Roman catholics,
who had been but lately banilhed the city, and rcllored
it to the cnuvn of Spain. It was feized by the French
on the death of Chailes 11. in the year 1700 ; hut tlio"
it was provided with a ftrcng garrifon, it futrendeicd to
the duke of Marlborough in 1700, about a month after
the memorable victory that great general obtained nvcr
the French at Raniillics. In (hort, the barrier treaty
between the emperor and the republic of the United
Provinces was cotrclujed here in 1715; and the l-\ericli
made themlelvcs mailers of this city rn 1741'), I'Ut rello-
red it to the emperor, at the peace ot Aix-la-Criapelle.
The territories belonging to tnis city ate very cxt.n-
five.
The ciiv of Mechlin is large, well built, and fcated
on the Dvlc and Demcr, fixtecii miles to the fouth-eaft
of Antwerp, in the tifty-liilt liegrec twenty minutes
north latii.jJc, and in the fourth degree thirty-one mi-
nutes call lonnitude. It nas many artificial canals, and
broad and clean flrcets. It is a fortified place, but
of no conliilerable lhti'.::th, and is the fee of an arch-
S E C T. II.
Of the Aiijirian Part sf iht Duloiei of Liinhur^ anj l^i,_
emiiurs;, with a pmlicu/iir liijtiiption of iht Chin cf
Litr.hurg and Luxcmktg.
THY, Auftrian part of the dutchv of Limhiir» con.
fills of good arable land, and particul.ulv uboiinJs
in a fine breed of cattle. In the neighbourhood ofi.jn,.
burg are found iron, lead, and lalamy. (iiCut pitt |,f
this duichy being at prifent lubi'ct to the (t.ites-(»cnc.
ral, it will be delcribcd under ihe republic of the Ur.itcJ
Provinces: wc have only to add here a very tt-w p.irtim,
lars. The arms of the dutchy arc a liun azure in a i
field or.
The dates of the country cordill of prelates, noWc!
and high jurifdnitions. Ilie .'Uilliian part ot riic dutch?
is under a governor, and cimliUs of nine I'niall diiiricb
the principal place in which is,
I.imburg, tlie capital o\ the province, featrd nn a
fine and fruitful hill, at the frot ot which runs tlir litdc
river Wefe, in lii- fift'cth d'gree forty fix minute', notth vi
latitude, and in ,h lixth di;j;ree fcnirtcen inunit.s call »•;'' |
longitude. In its neighbourhood are Icvcral quaitics of
diHercnt forts ol m.itlile, and all around are f i.prifmT
mountains, rock.', and prrcipiies. It was rcgul itlv fur-
tificd and dclcndcd bv a caltle on a very lleep rok
fl.iiiked with towers and balln.ns of free-llonc; but in
1675, the French under the pnnce of Conde laid fieje
to It, whiie the French king himfelf, with another
army, hindered the pnnce of l.)range from rclievingii-
fo that alter el- veil days opfii trenches, the governor
was obliged to furrender ; and in 1677, the F'rencn, (ore-
feeing ihat they (liould be obliged to reftore the citv «
the peace, blew up the callle, dellroyed the fortihca-
tions, and burnt the whole town, exiept the church and
parfonagc houfc. The next year it was rellored witli
the province, by the treaty of Niineguen ; but in 1-01,
the allied army under the duke of Nlarlboroiir>h rnaJe
thcmfelves mailers of the city, which the French had
fcized in 1700, and took the whole F'rench garrifon, wiih
the governor, pnfoners of war, and it was foon afnr re-
llored to the emperor. The city is again pretiv wtll
fortified ; but has only two gates. The parifh churcK
of St. George is a fine and large flruiflure, with a llrcple
of freclhme; but has futfered very much in the lev e-
ral fiegcs it has undergone. Here is alfo a ccnvcnt of
bilhop, who bears llic title of primate of all lieli^ium, as Capuchins, and another o( penitent nuns.
alfo therefidcnce ofagrjveri'or, whohas aprovincial court I The dutchy of Luxemburg is bounded on the caft bv
h'-r?. It IS divided into fix ,)anflies,each of which has a fine . ijic eleitorate of Treves, on the fouth by the dutchy (if
church. The cathedral is a large and noble ilruclure, i Lorrain, on the weft by Champagne, on the north by
that 1.. laid to have the highcft lleepic in the country. \ the bifhopiic of Liege and the rtutchies of Limbur!; and
The parifh chuich ot Our Lady is collegiate, and the ' '
pa.ochial church of Our Lady of Hanfwyck is a priory
of regulars of the order of St. Augufline, and of the
congregation (if St. Gmevieve. There ate here nine mo-
Julier-s. In its utmoft extent from north to fouth it
is about ninety-five niiies, and about as many from call
to well.
It lies in the center of the forcft of Ardennr', but its
naileries, a commandery of the Teutonic order, a college 1 foil is not very fertile, though it produces fome corn, and
of Jeluits, and an archicpifcopal feminary ; there is alio ! has a good breed of cattle, with wine and all forts nf game;
laid to be a B guiiiage, which generally contains about ! but its principal riches confift in its many iron-works
kvcn hundred yoinij:, women, who maintain thcmfelves . and foiinderies for cannon.
by working, ai;d I. lake no vows. St. Rombant, an liilli- j It is watered by many fmall rivers, the principal of
i.Mii, and birtiop of Dublin, is the patron of this city, which arc the Seniois, the Ourc, the Lall'e, and the
and his remains are iii pt in a lilver fhrinc. Chiers, which dilcharge thcmfelves into the Made, to-
In the arfciial a'c calf great guns, mortars, &c. Here g«ther with the river Sine, whiih receives into it lomc
Philip II. king of Spain built aw holpital lor wounded fmallcr llreams, and alfo the ICyll, both which flow iirir
and rii|)crannuated foldiers.
The magillracy confills of a high bailifF, two burgo-
mallcrs, and twelve echevins. The concurrence of tins
little lordfliip is necellary to the enacting of laws, and
raifing of money. Tlie inhabitants cany on .1 confiJc-
rable trade in corn, thread, and blankets; but the prin-
cipal manufacflure of this city is that of the fine laces fo
famous througlunit Lurope.
The moll remarkable circumftancc relating to the hi-
flory of tills city is, that in the year 1547, a tower be-
ing fei on fire by lightning, communicated to two hun-
tlie Mofellc. 'I'he Made wallies this dutchy on the well,
and the Mofclle waters a part of the country to the loutli-
caft.
The inh.ibitants are of the Romllh religion, and in the
whole dutchy, bclides the principal city, are twenty
fiiialler towns.
I he arms of the dutchy are a lion gules, in a fhicli ,4"
divided into ten parts, azure and argent.
The Hates conlill of the cbrgy, the nobles, ami the
deputies of feveial towns. 1 he abbot of St. Maximin,
whu poircQcs large revenue;, 'ii tins dutchy, is primate of
the
s, in a fhiclJ iri
Flanders.
,1,. (litcs, though his abbey n fc;.U'd near •lfc\c;.. Ovc
I^duichyis ..ppointed an Aullri.m e<>v""''r. At tlic
ivorLiixrn.bur.; is j judicatory <.l iu>l..r. filled up mi-
"Lbyncrfons of anticnt ncihihty, wlio luvu at t!u.u
hJ a -rdident, lUlcd a judgc^ TI.e provu.uai-cuun-
' was eica.d by the emperor Chailcb V. .>iid Loiililt',
".'anrcfuUMit, thri'c noble and three learned couiikl, a
!cm-.al procurator, and a (.cretary.
Iiithe wiiul'-' dutchy are twenty-three frnail towns,
-..5,1,1. capital, which we fliall next dekribc
i",nanburt.':, the c.ipital of the dutchy, 1:. Cvaied on the
I'll at'its conlliicncc with the rivulet ol I'etreule,
'T,, oiie'ot' the lliongtn rortihcations in the Ncil.er-
f'l^' 1, IS liivided iiuothe Upper and Lower town ; llie
i'r'iiicr rdi-mhlcs an hept.iijoii, ai>J lie^ panly in the
, J ,,.,rtlv on a rock ; the latter is feated ami. Ill
'i''.n''alley>, and conlills ot two fuburbs. Tlic priiici-
"^^''-huroh ii that of St. Nicholas, which is parochial,
'ut nil very remarkable; and therefore wh.n any pub-
r act of devotion is to be performed, it is done eitlier 111
h- church of the Jefuits or Reco.lecL-., w ucn are both
1 , ... and heautiful. Here arc tnree other |).iriili-s, one
nsiiicli lickings to tlic liencdi^tine abbey of Munller ,
v,e are alio three convents of men, and tiie like nuinbtr
(,i«iimcn. , , , , ,-
This city fnffcred greatly by the wars between lr..ncn
vid the Ncilurlands. In 1542 it was lackii by the
i'Vnch under Charles duke ol (Jileans ; bui ri.takeii the
/,illo«ins year by Cjonzague, pcner,.! of ilie enp-.'ror
Chirlcs ^ • '" •''Sj it was bombarded by the I'ltinh,
jnJ jfierwards taken : they kept it by virtue of me
ir(a!v<ifRati(bon, but were oblige.! to rcl}..ie it to ih
'■-j; .ariis by that of RyCwic. 'I'hc Ftencli retook ii .11
,'--1 and by the treaty of Utrecht it was jiveii 10 the
Ii! 'td Provinces as a barrier ; but was furrcnJend to
mtlr.e rnipcror in I7I5_.
i\i th« Aull. ian part of the dutchy of Gueldres is very
,\,ji; wc fii.dl defer an account of it till we ome to the
fnitril Provinces, to whom the j;ieatiil part of this
country belong?.
SECT. IH.
0/ I'lanDERS in general.
jttSJ:'(it!!»i /•V/^■1^ Ft'lility, Pioitiue, anil Riven. The
Ri.fri:>: '■"•^ MdnufailuKi of the Inhabituntiy and tin
[}:\.\;.jiit sf ihi Count) y.
f LANDERS terminates to the north wed on the
N'orihcrn lea ; to the north on the Schcid, which
.1! !t hum Zealand ; to the call on Brabant and Hai-
.;i!t) and to the (outli and l'outh-we(l on Hainauit and
, \,-. Its extent, taken by a ri^ht line drawn from
borders of Artois along the k.\ coafl to Antwerp, a-
, inis to about ninety-five miles, and from the nor-
..iimnll end ol Ca.lfand to March lennes to ab.n e leveiuy-
\; aikl if we draw it to the end of the narrow trac^ of
t prdircturate of Douay, to ninety-tive niilev
This country enjoys a temperate and wliolefome air,
;-t;ca!arIy to the l.iuih, it being partly level and partly
r.. jntaiiiuus. Its foil is in peneral fertile, and fit for
..■ricuiturc J and towards the fea, and the boiders of
:;j:i.f, its degree of fertility is uncommonly great. The
..iiJIit.irs almoK all forts of corn and garjeii-iliirf" j and
•031C tiaclii, particularly thofc of Bruges and Ghent, may
.»;icrt com, though that produced in other parts is fome-
Mirsnot fufficieiit to fupply the great nuiiber of its in-
.j.'itanls. Tlic riches ot the country coiifitl in its flax,
r.lcpaliurc grounds heir are in many parts extremely
.■:nc, on which account the breeding of cattle is an im-
pfriant article, and here is made a great deal of fine but-
iTind checl'e. I'hc breed of horl'es and fhcep is like-
w < very confidcrable. I'landers produces fruits of va-
■:..a! I.irt.s i it has plenty of fowl, and, as it has forelh
i. 1 woods, it has a great number of deer, wild boars,
;t.! hares. It has likewife plenty of (a and river-fifli.
I its principal rivers are the Schcld, which receives the
fcirpe, the Lys, the Licve, and the Dender. Some
.i.'ci'ui canals have been dug here, ainuiig which that
!■ U U O P F.
«77
which CAtend, between Ci;-.eiil and Uui^rcs 'n the prin-
cip.il.
I he !•'! -miiigs arc of the Roniifli church, and klnjj
Philip II. erciiied three i>iv/ bifJuiprics lure, thole of
(ihent, Hriifes, and Ypui. 'I"he iiih.iliitanlk boall of
their being the iiuentnib of fime impc. riant arts. 'I'hey
ueie tilt full in Kiiro^ic who br^.iii tu f.ipport tliern-
klvLs by weaving, and bv dviii;; of cloihs and llufF.s ;
.iiid .-.t Cnurtiay was dircvcied the n-.anii. r of weaving
all liiris oi figures in linen. In the fourieeiith century
William von 15. nkellV.on, a naiive of Viervilet, taught
tlic ni. thud of curing herrings; and in the fiftce:ith cen-
tury J.ihn Van liyck invented p.iinting in oil. Indeed at
pr.leiit the manufachires of Kl.mders are I'.ir fmfn being
ill their former fliui idling Itate. Thcrcarc here, how-
ever, llill made li.k and wojllen (lulfs, brocade, cotton,
c.iiublets, linen, lace, tapelhics, wrought curtains, bed
coverlets, and other worked iTjIFs.
I his country became fubjeit to the carls of PTandcrs
in the ninth century ; and in 959 Haldwin 111. the fourth
count, intioduccci weavini^, and alio appointed lairs and
trade. In 1369 Philip the Hold, duke ol Burgundy, mar-
r)ing Margaret HI. daughter and hcirefs to count Lewis
1. at length obtained the county or earldom of Flanders;
an 1 his daughter .Mary marrying Maximilian, archduke
of .Auftria, Flanders became policfTcd by the houle of
AiiUria. I'ho northern p.irt of this coaiury was ceded
t.iihe States-general partly by the peace of Mundcr, and
p.Mily bv the haiiiei-tr-.Mty in 1 7 15 ; and France in i6t37
fei/.eJ (11 the (outliern part.
Flanders lonli.ts of three pairs ■ the lnr:-"fl i;f thcfe,
ivli^-h i-, piup 'ily call-d r v County of Flanri..Ts, and was
fMnnrly under t!ie dominion of the F'rench, his been
.!.i .led, accordin.: to the lan.^iiages fpoken ,n it, into the
(.nrniaii and Walloon. Cr^ruian Flanders leiininates
to the i.oitli on the North fca, to the cart on Imperial
I'landers, to the foutli on the Lys, and t.Mlie weft 011
Artois and the New Fcfs ; but Walloon Fhuid- rs b.irdcrs
to the north on German Flanders, to the ealt on the
Sch..:lJ, to the fouth on the territory ot Cambray, and to
the well on the L',-s aii.l tlie county of ,\rtois. All this
part the emperor Charles V. by virtue or tne ilip'dation
made with Francis I. in 1526, fet free from its dep n-
dcncv on I'rance. The lecoiul part, which was called
the Signiory of Flanders, or Imperial Flanders, from its
being under the liipreme jurifliction of the holy Roman
emp.ic, comprehends the county of Aloil, the land of
\V^les, and the four prefclturates, as tliey are called, to-
geiher with the land on the other fule of the Schcld.
The third part has obtained the name of Proper Flanders ;
this being neither dependent on FVaiuc nor the Roman
empire, but is under tlie jurifdiilion of the counts of
Fl.inders. To this part belong Dendcrmond, Bornheim,
and G.erfl'erg, with tlieir diitriiils.
The p.irts pollened bv France and the United Provln-
I ces will be tre.itcd of in tliofe coinnries, and we fhall
I hero only confider the territories in Flanderi belon;;ing
to the houfe of .'\iifhia. In treating of ilis country" wc
' (hall defcribe what is calb-d its four niembers, which are
' the I illriiils of Ghent, liiuges, V'pres,''aiid tiie Fiaiik-
I enlaiia ; the principal pl.iees in which aie Oilcnd and
Newport,
SECT. IV.
Of /'■<• Ti'rrilir-ei in FLnidcrt h,h>i!;in^ to the f-Jijnle of
^iiijliia ; tfr'> il p:in::i<liir Dejcriptisn of Ghent, BiuctSy
)/».'), OjLnJ, c:n,l Ncifsti,
capital of Flanders,
1 .'^ r
67
TH E city of Ghent, the
called by the natives Gent, or Ghciidt, by the
French Gai;.!, and in Latin Ciandavum, lies iliirty-fiv«
miU-3 to the north-well of IlrulTeL, in the fifty.firil de-
gne twelve minutes luirth l.rtitude, and in the third de-
giec thirty-fix minutes cull longitude. Uii account of
' its many running waters whicn unite n.-.ir tins city it has
' gie.it advantages, both with irfpeift to trade 11 J Hionoth.
i tor not only the Scheld receives the Lvs .1 this town
but fiom hence to D.imnie runs the Licve, which is pro-
perly a can.ll, the digging of which was begun in the
I 4 -^ year
m
^1!
:!^
^ \
! 1' 'I
ifii
tJ-.V/i.'
•t ■ ';
! ; ■ ;
( i
:% .U||i:
■^kd'
mm
m
"! in:!
! M
V.' ■'{
i; r']
,1
a7S
A S Y S T F. M OF G F O G 1^ A 1' H Y.
(illJtf
yf.ir i:iS, and, liffiJes Tevtril rivulets, rfcfivi'i into it
the Cj-Ic. I'lic caii.\l which extciuls fioni luiuc tn
Brugci, .iiiJ from t'lcncc lo Oftend, was hrgiiii in i()r ;,
and ji very rcm.iil(.,ililc. From mother c.in.'.l, which iiir.
to thf north, a iM.m.h extends from Rodfiihiiyfi.M\ lo
Sjs van Ghent. BiMiJcs thefe, there .lie here I'evi'i.il
other c.in.'.ls and nvrrs. The rity of (jliCJit is of roii-
fiJcr.ihle extent, it< compal'j within the w.ill; heint; cdni-
puted ,it f<H!\ -five Ihoiif.in I fix hundred and foity Ro-
man fcit. 'I'he livers nml e.iii.ils \viil\ni the city divide
it into tucnty-fix ill.nid>, vvliitli are iunied hy a.* many
great lirid^jts, and feventy-two finaller onc^ ; and, hy
fliutting up the fliiiccs, the rrMintiy for a mile round may
belaid under water. It if. defended by a citadel built by
the emperor Chailes V. (onfilling of four regular baf-
tions ; but is not fo conveniently fituatcd for the defenec
of the town, as to command it, and keep the inhabi-
tants : awe.
This city, at the iciiued of king Philip II. w.is crtded
into an epileopal fee, .md made luHV.igaii to .Mechlin : the
celcbr.Ued Coineliu'i Janfenius, lion\ whom the J.mfe-
iiiUs, that h.ivc railed liieii diii)utcs in I'r.iiice, h.i\e
tluir name, was the tirll billicp. This diorefe contains
ftven deaneries, and a Innidud .iiul ti^hty-threc paiillics,
fcven of which aic within the city. The cathedral, de-
dicated to .Sr, John the Maptill, is a fine, lari>e, and an-
tiiiit (Iruiiliuc. There ii. .ill'o a collegiate and i\x paiidi
churches. The abbot of the IJeiicdiclinc abliey of St.
Peter (liles liimfelf|)iimate of Minders, and pielidcnt of
the alCeniblv ol the Ketherlaiul cloiUcrs. Here are alio
two alibies for monks, two coUe^^es of Jefuit«, feven o-
ther nionan'erie>, and what i:; called the Templehof,
which heloiin.i to the order of St. John, with twenty-
tA)() nunneries, two l!,-i;iiine-houlcs, a feminary belong-
ing to the billiopric of Ghent, with feveral holpitah and
chapels.
There arc in this city thirteen ni.irket-placcs, feven of
which are lar_;;e, p.irticiil.uly that called the Kridav's-
market is the iiiofl cxtenlive, and remarkable foi a noble
ftatuc of the emperor Charles V. drclled in his impe-
ri.d robes, and ilaiiJing on a pe J dial in the middle of
the fquarc.
L'pon a bri,!^;e built over the Lys (land two brafs
ftatues, reprcfeiumi; a nun ready to cut oft" the head of
another. The fame ti.^ures are aifo painted in the town-
houfe ; the florv of which is thus related : .\ father
and foil heinc both condemned to death, a pardon was
afterwards otfered to either of them that would be the
other's executioner. Afier a long contell, the father
prevailed upon the Ion to lave his own life, by takiii:; .1-
way his : hut iull .:s the fon was readv to{;jve the fital
who wa? then in Spain, {<:( out immrdiatf ly, n_^f\ ,
France, and hav.n;; anivcd at (iheiit, piinillied ,1,^ ' 7
bitanis with (iiiiiular fevcriiy ; he cauled twein. | '''
the principal ciii/rn.s to he executed, bamlhcj' 'Vl
.; I
Kteater number, conhfeatimr all thiir < Hects "VimltV"'
the city It. artillery, arms, and l>rivile(.es ., 'enn^'J
the inhabitants to pay a fine of abovi' twelve h H
thuiilaiid crowns ; lentenced the ma;',i|lraits t.) '1^
in public proccilioii with a lope about their ii;'(|(,,
that thei iti/dis might never be able to recover tlicirr''
mer privileiu's, he built the above-mentioned ci'ta,;'''"
Uv thefe means he made almoll a delart of one d ■!"
larijell and moll populous cities in Fiirope. ij„. ,. '
lince in a ;;reat mcalure recovered iti antient (ui'ni
thouj-h it IS faid that not half of ii, extent with „?''
walls 13 built upon. '"'
In I ^76 the States-n;cneral of the Netherlands c
cept thole of I.uxcmhiir;; and Mmburj;, coiicludcj 1*
t.iinoiis treaty called the I'.icilication of lihent. thfn ."
cipalarihlcs of which were, that the Spamrt,, iuiji"
other foreii'^n troops, (hould ev.icnatc the Nrilurijr/"
that Holland and /ealaiul fliould continue uiiitcd'\iA'
the other provinces; and that the Roman eaihulicrj
ivmi, and the .mtient privilejjes of the ciHintry ihu'i'i
be maintained. This treaty wi, approved and r,i„c,;
by kin- Philip II. hut with nodrfign to kee[s it; f„,|i,
duke of .■'iifchot bciiiii ajiprii.ted .governor ol the pmin '
ofFlandei-, r.\.ii.k a ma::niliernt rnt;y into tin; ft/'
Ghent, a id three day: utter the Citi/ens allcmjlci and
demanded the rcltoMiion of all the privilr irs tlif J |, j
beendeprii -d of hy Charl-s V. which bein.j r.hif.i] t'it,l
they feized the duke, the bifhops of HruVes i.-.J \„,.'
w'itli (iime other lord;:, w.-.om thev kept p'liiij.ij-; . ,,.''
which they took an .^alh to the piince ol (Jraii.\.' 1^1,'
fcrihcd to the Union ot Utrecht, an.; d'lnibil'e, whofnj
aflilled in this j;reat event, wa-- made (irit eehcvm uiii,.
city; hut in I 5S4 they ,-r^'- ..ibmitted to thekiiu,/
Spain ; upon v.'hich d'Imhile wasdcpofcd, and loiiiijitti
publickly beheaded. In 1678 the city was lidicccilb-
the French, and the king himfelf came before it, when
thougn the citizens cut their dykes, and laid part olitj
couiitiy under wati r, both the town and cir.'dci wcrtfxia
taken ; but, about four months after, the Frei.clircllj:cj
It to the Spaniards by the treaty of Nime;,';. a. Unth;
death o( (Jharlis II. king o*' Spain, in the year i-j'JitiiJ
French again fei/.ed this city ; but in 1706 it furrViidtrtJ
to the allies, after the battle of Ramillies. In j-cSth-
French furprifed it, together with jjiiiges, and tlirewi'^
army into it for i;s defciKC ; but the city oti.illc havr.
been taktn by the allies at the clolir: of the faniev.ai.in'
French were obiiged to luircnder (ihcnt, at:cr a :cw
blov,", the blade either brike in the an, or flew out of '^■^)' het'C. It continued in the poHilfioti of tl.c houi?
the handle, which being confulered .is a iikjII lingular <>' ''^''Uria till ;lie year 1 745, when the I'Vcntliaaaaimailc
inlhncc of the interpolition of Providence, they were themlelves malUrs ot it, but rclloied it to the ciudcio:
both pardoned. • at the peace of Aix la C'hapelle.
The tnwn-houfc is a double huildin?, with two front?, ' he didriit of Gtient is verv roiifiderabf', and co.v
oncof aniient archit' dure, and the other in tlie modern
tall .', and verv beautil'il. It was begun in the year Ibio,
and wa^ twenty^ye.u . in liiiilliin.;. Near this building'
ilands a hi:;h tower called the Ji.dfrcy, to which is an al-
cent of above three luiiulred lleps. Here is a fine clock, ,
with a chime ot bell.., the largelt of which, called Row- '
land, wcigh,s eleven thouland pounds. {)ii the top of
this tower is a dragon of gilt copper, l.ud to have
been lent fiom Conll.iiitinople by Baldwin IX. carl of
riandeis. j
The tr.-de of Ghent principally confilis in cloths,
iliili'-, . nd filks-, of which fiich qiiantities arc made here,
that among the hliy companies of ti.idcfmen, thole
concerned in thcfc commodities are faid to form a third
part. j
I lie magiflracy confilis ol burgomaflers, echcvins, or 1
aldermen, and counfellors, annually cholen from among '
the principal inhabitants ; and tbcle have at their head ',
.111 hr.;h-bailift". This citv is the feat of the council ol 1
Flanders, from which lies .111 appeal to the grand council
<)f Mechlin.
oaded
In the year 15^9 the inhabitants, bcin'» over
with taxes, revolted againll the emperor Charles \'. ami
implored the alliltance of Francis I. king of France ;
but he rcfufjd lo comply uith their rcijuill, Cli.uks,
tains the eountv of Aloll, with its capital; Oiidenirj.
celehrated lor the olorious vic'lorv obtanu-fl luMr it :,;
t'rAl, bv the duke of Marlboroiiah; the town andrii.
tcllaiiy of Coiirtray , ths eountv of Waes ; the tomur.i
loid(liij) of Dendermondc, and othei places.
I heiity ol iJMiges, in Latin Hruua, hy the Flcmini;,
called liniL'ge, or liruggen> from a bridge iijintd Jliii..
(Icick, near whidi itood a ch;!pel that jmvc uccalioii
to the budding ot the lity, 1^ leatid in the thirlv./
full degree fixteen nlinute^ iioith latitude, and in lU]
thiid di-gree filteen minutes cdt longitude. Ilrre .'.'t \
feveral canals, one ot which leads to l.)lfend, Newport,
Fumes, and Dunkirk ; and can carry \elli.ls ot four hi:;:- i
dred tons, which come up to the balon ol liiiine^. I he |
I'alt-water is kept Irom mi\iiig with the canal by tiKari
of fluices and other machines, liefide-. this a csnalh'Mi |
to (jheiit, another to D.rirme, and a third to Slu)\
'I hefe contain U.-i-naiu water, though the gro'nid i! I
eighteen teet lower towards the fea than in thctcwaj
at the (ihent ;;ate : but the water in the city may i>f 1
loon renewed by letting it run gently into the fea, b» I
means of three (lui-.es. .As Hrugcs has neither lives n^i
fprings, trelh w.iter is ■oiiveyed thither from th; rnt:j I
J-ys a«d the SJirld, by means ol pipes.
tilled;,
iMiiiIhfd i |i,|.
twelve hundirt
illntcs
t'l Wilt
rtciivcr (licirfi)',.
■ iitioiicj ciuit!.
rt ut' ciiic cf iht
■M"-'- Hut I! hu
Jiuieiit Ipuiiiior,
xtcnt Within tr.J
NJcthfrlamls, f^.
:, ciiinlii(icj [K
tihi-nt, thcprir,.
.'ip;ini(h, ;uiJi;i
ilie NftlicrljM).
inue iinitcil wnfj
iiaii iMiholicrel;.
' l-iHintiy, Ihiijlj
'•kivpit; fond.
(iiol ihi- province
' int" thcriivof
ns alloinMtil, and
)nviU-'rs thtyhjj
"in;_' r.hif,.i;taeiii,
inii'cs ind Yprti
It (11 ;1 .;,;!•. ; aitti
:_l.t OlMli;.', lui).
rimliilV, who Bad
full cclicvin uiih;
cd to the kiin t;
fed, nnd looiuitei
y was beficctd by
le before it, when,
nd hiid part oiit;
I cit.'llci UcrtfjCH
he l''rci.chrcltxcl
mc;;,'L,.,i. Unth;
he year roo,t!i;
706 it furreiiJtrtJ
llic-b. Ill i;c3ih:
^cs, and threw i:i
ty (it ],illt havr.'
|thc fame yaiiih-
licnf, at'.cr 1 tew
ilioii (if the houlf
rem ii again inidc
It to the cmoEio;
Icrabl.', and co;;-
Jpital ; OuJciijrJ.
Itaiiied iK'ar 1! .;.
|lie town ami ai-
the to\vn.inJ
ices.
!>y the FIfmini;,
Idftc iiameil Hm.-
lat I'lvc uccali-::
Id Ml the thirtv-j
riiilc, and in tlit
itiidr. Mere .«e |
IlK-nJ, Ncwiimt, !
Illcls ot ioij: h^::s
joi linnc'. l>c I
;aiial by m'.i:
llhis .1 <.«nal li'idi |
tliird to Sluy,
\\ the ;_;ro\i:id is !
liaii in the to«i ]
Iths (.ity may bf 1
into the fca, 'ot
htither lives n.:
from th: ruerj
Th'.
Bnt'Ot^
EURO 1' i;.
775
The lUtet' t.f nrii;;e, are l.-r.'C ;inil ftr.ii:;lit ; it liai alfc
itvtral hnt lipiaies, p.iniciil iily the I'lid.iv's iiiaiket-
;irr from wrenee lix ':rcat itreits lead to the I'lX piiii-
P'**- * » ..I ..1- .1.;. I- /L I.. .. I'....
al urates.
, I'^a
Al (IMC 'I'd of this (ipiare (tanils a fmc
•tm)!irf;vchuiid:cil aii.l thirty-three (iep,', hii;ii, with a
curiJui ciunie of be'.l:. Tnis (inrare is planted with
itvcral 10. V5 of" trees.
I'he liMiarc called the Hurg, from the rallle of that
I ,iiie, I. nrrounJed with many lino liiiil.iiii;.;-, as tlit
. .'.ui-hoiilo, whirh i, a handloiiic ( Jmhie llrii>.iiiie, a-
, ol nianv eail
eountell'.s of
and tlij
,ioi,i(J w:ili the pictiir
llaiideii, the talhedral, the hilliop's paluiv,
cljapcl of the Holy blood 01' om Saviour.
'Ihe cathedral is a very antieiit biiildiii;:, and ha.
'iuriv-two tanofis. Here are alio two oilier tolkj'iaii;
iiiiirchts, one of which is dedicated to (.)nr Lady, and
lijj a chapter eompofed of a piovoll and twelve eaii'ins ;
the other is the chnreli of St. Saviciur, and ha, a chap-
ter conhlVing of a dc.111 and iixtecn canons; the loriiier
of tilde two laft Itriictnrjs is very beautiful, and has a
tins IteLpL', fo high tlut it m.iy be fcen at lea in fai,in_;
tot>llend.
There are here five other parochial churches, fourteen
ihaicls, a college of Jel'uits, twelve nionalleries, and
rn.'tceii nuiiiieiies. 'I'he pulpit in the Diimiiiiean
onareh is elleemed an admirable piece ot workiiianlliip ,
i,ie wood which fuppjrts the top is cut out like ropes,
iiid fecms to bend like them. Amon^ the pictures there
:, here Ihewii a rennrkable one of the marriage ot our
Sivioiir with St. Cailurinc of Sienna ; theV'ir^Mii Mary
oais their hinds, St. Dominic performs tlie office of
riclf, and old Iciiiu David plays upon the haip at the
■iveilJing.
The Carthufians have a lari^c m.inafjery, and the
viivuit of their kitchen-garden, cells, and little gardens,
Is abiiut an Kiiglifh mile. All the fathers divert them-
ielves in taking to one trade or other, and coivert their
icils into workihops.
The Carmelite church is one of the fined in the city,
.nJ has a beautiful monument of Henry Jermyn, lord
IJovcr, a peer of Kngland ; but the moll noble monu-
rr.cnt in the city is that of the Ik-riiardines. T'he ab-
not's apartment is very niagnlHcent, and thofc of the
monks very neat. 'I'hey keep a (iimptiious table, on
which is placed every thing in i'eafon, and have country-
feats depending on the abbey, to which they go a hunt-
iiiir, and even keep their own churches.
Among the many nunneries in this city arc two I'ng-
li(h, one of .Auguftine nuns, who are all ladies ol high
rjnk: thefe nuns gen.-rally entertain llrangersat the jm.'.ic
with wine and fwtet-mcais. The other Engl:lh lumneiy,
ijlicJ the Pelicans, L a llricler jider, and the nuns wear
i coarfer diels.
'I'herc ate few cities where the p'lor and orphans are
!i) well taken c.irc of as at Brug'.sj for here are fevcral
altrs-houles and hel'pitals lor their maintenance, among
which IS on: callet' the School 01 the ' )rphaiis, founded in
141 1, when; a hundred, and thirty orphan boys are edu-
cated and bro.i:;h! up to leainiiig, or fon.e trade, accord-
ing to their •.•cuius or inclination. 'Ihcv aic drefled in
cloth coat', liiifotwhieh is brown and the other half
r^'J, aiv! vr-ar fiat caps. This fchool ii.'.s produced feve-
r.d hiihopt and ahb'Hs, who, to fiicw their gratitude,
lii'.vc lent their pidii;rcs to adotti the fchool.
Krugcs cairies on a eomiderable trade in worked cot-
tons, finiwoolicii Itiitf;, linen and lace made here; and
here are many peilon- employed in manufacturing fuf-
tiaiis and tapeltrie^. I'he tradefmeii are dii'ided into
lixty-eijiht companies.
.'Vbout two hundred vcars ago this citv was vcrv fioii-
rliV
illiing, as merchants from all parts o! I.urope refori;d I
hither, where the feveral nations had their diltindl houfes I
inagnificcntiy built, with ware-houfcs for the merchan- |
di7.e they either imported or exported. Kach nation had '■
alio Its rcfpective coiiful, and here arc fiill Ihcwn feven-
teen ar.ticnt palaces in which thole ic.r.lul-. relided ; alio
the cloth h.dl, favcs-hall, and bar/c-hall, which are
Ipacious rooms that belcngid to the l\iigli(h ; under the
hilt of thefe runs a canai of lueh depth, that it is (aid 1 it 111
b.l.'.ndcrs ul burlliciican enter the viiv hall.
Iv.it the trade of th's city at firfl fuffercd greatly by
the revolt of the inh.il)itaiu., agaiiiH the arclulukc Maxi-
inili.iii, who had married Mary the heirels of th.' houle of
iiurj^uiidy. The citi/ei.s had even tne preluni|)tiOii tu
keep that prince in cullody, to aHVoiii bis Ici vams, and
iile his officer', ill ( hut when thcjr rebellion had comi-
nued about twelve months, dreading the coiilequcnecs,
they implored their lovereign's mercy. This happened
111 )4';o. l'':fty or fixty of ihe inhabitants were, how-
ever, fenti'iieed to lufter de:itli, a (till greater number
w.is biiiuilled, and the my was oblig.d to pay a large
fine.
I'.vei lince the cities of Antivcrp and Aiiillirdim liavo
enlarged their commeice, that of IJriiges has been
declining; fo that it is lar Ironi beiii ; lo populous as
fornieily. I'hire are Itill, however, in Hinges liiveral
very rich mcrchanti, who meet daily in the grjat market-
pl.iee, whicli has been their exchange ever (mcc the year
1715.
Here are feveral courts lor ihcadminillration of jufticc,
both in civil and criminal alfairs ; the principal is thai;
of the magillrates ol Itruges, composed of two burgo-
niallers, twelve cchevins, or aldermen, twelve cou.ilel-
lors, t\x penlioners, and two trcafur>'is. Thefe have
the government of the c.tv, and admiiiiltcr jutticc amun^
the inhabitants.
'I'here is another court for the iiovctiiment of the li-
berty, which has a m.igillr.icy of its eiwn, confilting oi
fourbuigoniallers, twenty-l'even cchevins, fix peniionarici,
and two tre.ifiireis. 'I'hc twei l.dt iiold theii employiiient'>
lor life, This court is held at Biuges in an old caftk-
c.illed the liurg, or l'"onrefs. In the h;!! where they
meet are feveral good pictures, particuUiiy the lalt judg-
ment, by H.icker, a dileiple of i^ubeiu.
We are now come to Y [ires, or Iprcs, ii I/atiii Ipra,
which is feated ou the little river Ipre, or iperlee, in tht;
liliieth degree fil'ty-feveii minutes north latitude, and in ,
the I'ccond degree filty-oiie minutes eaft longitude.
The buildini.s make a pretty haiidlome appearance^
though the Iroius arc of timber. Its public flrudures arc
the cathedral ot St. .Martin, five parilhchurches, one;
college of Jeluita, fix iiioiulteries, one epil'copal femi-
nary, eight nunneries, and I'ome holpiials and aim,-
houles. Here is alio a fchool for poor boys, and another
tor poor gills, where they arc taught what trade they
like belt ; aiiJ, when able to get their living, are lent
out with a certain fum of money to fet them up. One-
third part of this town conhlts of churches, convents, and
other religious houfes. It is the fee of a bilhop under
the archbilhop of Mechlin, and one of the hairier placed
which was ceded to the States-gener.U in 1715. It had
undergone leveral calamities by fire, and has been iVe-
i|m-iitly taken by the French, particularly in the year
1744, when it was triveii up by the Dutch garrifon al-
iiii'lt .IS foon as the French came before it, together with
the territory belonging to the town, which confills of a
very fiuitlul country, containing two or three fma'!
towns, and a>. many viileges.
(/)(KiiiI, in Latin Oftend.i, is called by the Flcminji
Ooltende, and is feated in the fiftv-firit degree lourteeu
minutes north latitude, and in the fccond degree iifty-
niiie minutes calt longitude, in a m.iifliy foil, amonu a
variety of canals ; it being almoll furrounded by two ol
the largell of tlicm, int.o which fliips of great burtheti
may enter with the tide. It is well foiiifie.l, and ha^ ;■.
Ilrong rampair, a deep ditch, and eight r.-gular baltion. ;
and the lea may he let in round the town tor a confider--
able extent ot ground, by which mens it is lendeieJ
almott impregnable. I'hc city is alio defended by |i'-
veral Ions v^'hich enconipafs it.
The: buiKlings in ('llend arc bat low, yet arc pretty
uniform, and the llrccts arc Itraight and regular. Its
principal church is that ol St. Peter, which ee.is burnt
deiwn 111 171.1, and hand'einiely rebuilt. Here are feve-
ral convents of friars and nuns, and ai, hofpital louniiid
by the citi/.ens in 140 j. The inh.ibitant... labour iiiidei
want of Irelh water, which they are obliged to i;et liom
I'uii'Ci, whence the brewers fetch it in I'oats, mul lod^ji;
.1 l.iri'c refervoii, near the liarboui.
■•^n
M
11 .1
I : " it
\l
Th.^
-So
A S Y S T !■: M OF (J T. G U A 1" 11 \.
11 WVaI'IT.
i '.i
?■ I
'I"lic lifi.lv ot tlitf iiiJjiKlrjiy is roiniirifeil of a bailiff, a
l".ir;;'»iiulhr, l-vtii cclioviii', iin.l < in .iliiriT. They .in;
.ill clLingid ewt) yCJr, ixti',.i tlic luililf, wliofj pl.icc i->
lor liC.'.
'fhi* city U inrticulurly f:tmoii- (m t!ie lonj riciie it
fiilt.iiiirJ a^.iiiill tlio .S|iji i.iiili, iKnti the filth of July,
ifcci, to the tw. iry-lVconJ of .'^rp-'-mbrr, i6i).^, when
it furroiulcii'.t nil y\ jioinl term:;. Itj br.ivi" itckiu'c a-
g.iinll tin- .Ti\liiUiki. .Alhi It of Aul'.; I, arj tlic inaii|iiis
Anilirofe .''(liiiiiLi, iii.iy I'C jiillly afvii'.iui to :h'-' fupplifs
fcm fioiii I'ln^land, ninl (he poxi ioii,Ui.;t of Sir Fiaiicis
V'l-if, u iLtlin' of th.u roiiiiti). 'I h'.; .•ipaiii,inl> arc laid
fn have loll iic.ir ri'hf\ ihouuriH iiicM Hctore the place ;
thi.Uj'h, v.)wi\ tluv tirtl iiivcileJ it, thi-y i!;il not (.-xpi-'iil it
to li.'M out a fui might, wliiih imlncoJ ih^' arthiliitchcis
to iii.ikc .1 vow, tiKit Ihi wtmlil luvrr fliitt hi-iicll till it
VMS taken, rhonoinliii who were kill M orilicd during'
tlic lic'^c is rcckontil at alioiit (iliy thoiilaiul, not ih.it lo
iliiin inrn were in tlic pl.iri.- at oi'Cf, luit fiijiplics were
ciMUimnlly friuluiL' tioni Kni'l.'M.I ami Hollaiul. Hillory
iiilonn; lu, that cliiiini; the li.il fix nmiiths the bcfiej.'crs
fiiod a hiiiulrcJ an. I lixty-fivc ihoiiianJ five hunJrtil can-
non lulls of almiir th.rtv pounds wei.-ht ; ami th.it in llie
whole courl'e of thi" fi'-^e the citv h ul received above
thiTc hunJied thouf.nid cannon-lhot frciiiientiv uiuler
cove: t of the de.i. I bodies with winch the befie.iej tilled
the iireacii'i. ^V'hcn at lall they fiirrciiileie.l, it wa.
neither for want o( men nor provilioin, the haiboiir
havini; bren ope i all the time, and fiipplics coiilt.mtly
comiii" in, but nurelv for want of proiiiul, wnieh the
rncmv''had gained loot by foot, till the lieli(;;ed had not
(o much left as would contain men cnou;^h to clcli-nd it.
Prince .Maurice had fevera! times attempted to reli'-ve it,
but to no purpo|>, the ."Spaniards being too llrooL;!\ in-
trenched, and his army too (mall to force them. Hif-
torv alio mention, this remarkable circumllance, ih.itthe
Spaniard.sfhot fuch a number of bullets a^ain(t the faiid-
liill bulwark, where they ftuck, that it became a w.iil of
iron, and da(hed thefr'.lli bul!-to t'l.it lilt it to pieces. In
(hort, when the gariifon, by virtue of the c.ipilulation,
retiied to Sluvs, prince Maurice received them with as
much honour f( r tlieir brave defence, as if they had come
from a conquelt. In 1658 cardinal .\l.i/arine attempted
to take this city bv (Iratagcni, and fent marlhal d'Aumont
with fonic men of war to fnrprife it; but the marshal
himfelt, with the fliips, was taken. I'poii the death ol
Chatlco II. king of .Spam, th- Fieiich feiz'd 0((end ;
but 111 1706, afiVr the lialile of Raniillies, the allies be-
fieged and took it fii m them. During this laft ficgc the
town I'.ou'e, which was .1 pretty building, was entiiely
beaten down, with it,, chime of bells, reckoned the finelt
in I'landcrs ; but thisltruclurc has been rebuilt in a more
ftately manner.
The latf emperor Chailcs VI. formed a fchrmc for
drawing to tl.io city the trade of the Kaft Indies ; for
which purpofe he eflaiiliflied here the famous Oltend
company. This fclieine was piivately encouraged by
fomc Eiiulilli and Dut.li merchants; hut it madcagre.it
nolle, and me: with a ilrciuious oppofition from the ma-
ritime powerr, who took fomc of the fliips of that com-
pany, while on their return from the Indies ; and, alier
iniriy negoti.nions, at la(K in 1731, cauliJ that com-
pany to be aboliflicd. Ollend yva.s alio taken by the
French in i-.;";, bat rcltored to the houfc of Aulliia by
the treaty of Aix laChapelle in 174K.
We iliall conclude this feition with a concife dcfciip-
tinn of Ni'Mipoit, or Newport, which Hands about nine
miles from ( >llend, nnd is a rtrong fca-port town on the
little liver Ijierice. I:; harbo'ur is ferure ; but only fliips
of nudi!l'iv:ibi:rthc;i c,;n enter it even at high-tide, when
it has about thiitien feet water. 'I'hough this city be
pretty well fortified, yet its principal Urength confills
in its fluices, by means of which all the adjacent country
•may in a min'ite be laid iiclcr water, 'ihe Ilreets are
wide and Hraigh:, but the lioufes are low and built wiui
timber. It has but one paiifli church, which is reckoned
the fincfl in all FLinders, bcfides feveral convents, a no-
ble hofpital for the fupport of forty orphans, and a con-
vent of F.ngiilhCarthuiian fri.irs. 'The inhabitants cliief-
'y fupport then.lelvcs by fllliili^ and making iicti and
cordage fcr fliip;.
1 In the ve.ir lOi? .i battle was fuo.'ht near fhi< t,,wu
I between the tor.es of the I'niied I'roviiires, roinin.iiiii|4|
by piin.e Maurice of N.ill'.ii, at- I the SpaiL.ir.'s, i.ithe
dil.idv.intJL'c ot the I itt'i ; an.i 111 I 7.^ j it wai tal.'ii br
the French.
S V. C T. V.
Ofll'i ,1uj!,Hm P..it y ih- C.m.ly ;/ IIai:;ai'T.t.
Ill Situiilini, t'xUil, /''.■/'/..', Kiii'ii, il'i.l Di-rii'im, „J ,;i
Ctitntry ; ulili ,1 Di-J^iitilon ^f tU Cil-i of Mmn.
THK Audiian part of the ronnty of Ilainault, e.ii;, J
by the tiennans Hiiiiu\;.iu, is b'Uiu.led dn ui,.
north by Fljiidirs ; on the call by the diilchy nl Uq.
b.int, the countv of N.imur, aii.l the bilhopiic of I,i,.j,e.
on the li.utli by C'h.im;iai;iie and I'lcar.ly ; an,!' on i|if'
welt liy Artois and Flanders; extending (i(ty.|L-»in niilu
Irom noith to louth, aii.i ah Mitlixty-lour from ealt towfit
The air is good ;.iid inoJerate, and the toil piod icei
a great deal ol com and rich pallures, on which aie bu.,)
a gre.i: number of c.ittle. Its wood; Mid torelfs atjuul
timh.r.'or butl.^if.g an I fuel : it has alio pit-coal, iron
beautitul in.irhle, and llates. '
Its piiiicipal rivers are the ScbcM, which iHiiesoutr.f
Picardy ; tlie ielle, which receives into it the liaync .inj
the li.i iiii.ui ; tiKoaoibii, which iliues o it ol Picanly
and ilie D^ndu, winch lil' s lu-re, and runs into I'Liiukti!
I'.i the wliule country are fek'.ui'd twcntv-tour tovviis:
ill number of villnj^es is by fomc computed at nine lum.
drtd anil fifty, but by otieis only ;it lix hunrlrel and
loiirteen. i'ne cleigy .ire rncoiiiinonly rich, .iiul 'iithij
countv !tro fixteeii abbits for monks, and ten for nuns
together with twelve chaptirs, and many nion.lle.itj
.ind convents.
The ilatcs of this country confift of three chambers: ta
the full belong the clergy, to the lecond the antient ...c-
nuiiie nobility, and to the tlind the deputies of the towl,:
each chamber has only one voite ; ..iid tne plciiipo:cii-
tiarics of each have their f.-at at iMons-. Hothtiiciln.
gv and the nobility have two plenipotentiaries, wKou
office lalli three years ; but the towns have fix. 1 nc
lovereign alio lends two deputies. All tlieie m^i
weekly ; but the Itate.s only at tlie command o( the lo-
vereign.
Hy th" peace of the Pyrenees France obtainf.l the
towns of l.aiidrecy, Qiielnoy, Avelnes, Maiienhiii",
and i'hilipcville ; as alio by tne peace of Niiiie;i,uM,
Valtnciennr.,, IJouctiain, (.'oiide, Cambiay, Bav.iy, .-.nd
Maubeiigc, with their relpedtive diltiicts ; anu bv the
peace of Ryf.vick, fcverai village. Tne houfe of Aiilina
Itiil enjoys 111 this county thirtee:i f;Tull towtn, witii fe-
yeral principalities and fotiie villages. 'I"nc piinciiii
place in this county is,
Mons, a very large, fine, ftronj, and rich rit,-, rf.e
capital of Ilainault, is c.dled by tne Flemings lilrjcn,
and in Latin .Monies ; it is leatcd on a hiil n^jrtt^;
iuiu^tion of the liurs Hainc and Trouille, and '■.', ?.\u,
partly built in the plain, in the fiftieth degree th rtv ,.•,
miniifes north latitude, and m the third degree t'liriv- .'.'
i\\ minutes cad lon-itude. The little river 'In i:;:.'c
div.dcs It into two parts, :ind filis its three ditches : a:;^r
which it runs into the liaitie. Here aie (luiccs bvviiixb
the ncighhoiirini; country may be oveillowej, extciii {'.:
^Hltil-^art fide, vsheie the iriound being liunewhat f;,:fii.-r,
they have r.iiled good bailionii, which render if- an-
pro.iches of an enemy very d:tl!tulr. The city coi.rjuu
above four thoidand lix hundred hoiifes. I he biiildu.>'»
are bcjulitul, llie Ifreets larg--, the maiket-place !pici,n.i,
and the public edifices are vary magnificent. A.r;.m< the
i.ilt is 'lie 1-1 venuir's [lalace, in which the pruvuKij'
toue.cil meet;, and the town-boulc, which has a lolty
tovcrr.
This city contains fix pardh-churchrs, two of w'lich
are cidlegiati, one college of Jeluits, and leveral cKiiIIck.
H. re is a taiTu.us abbey, or chajuer, of canonellci, founii-
cd by St. Waltrude. 'Fhe ch.iptcr confiftj of th>rirfn
canonelics, wlio it is faid mutt prove their nob:litv hy
iixteen del'ceius. 'i'liev are obliged to allill .;t niornins;-
Lr.icc ill thtiir caiun.r.al I abits ; but the rc!t o.' ill-' li.i ■
Namiir.
ni.iv wear fum)»i
rime 111 danciiiB,
^11- ivinperiilittei
iliaptcr is gover,
I liiir cliuich is a
.111,1 ,illar.,biiiig hi
t,l *iih beauliliil I
10 which theiiobil
liflUtebcluii','.
Hfic is alio a ci
under the dnectioi
luits college.
The body ofthi
' iicvins, iVe. and
p.iriicul.ir gnverno
jnJ military It
li.tiis.cfpecially wc
jfc in.ide here.
This city has frr
iiciiifivar. In ,M;
(h.r to the prince o
nut oppofition ; bi
nha'j lull, hefiegcil
h.ptcinbcr, not wit
niiacc of Orange to
il'Hiiiii""! who CO
.nd h.id greatly di(!i
ihr piiiKC of Orang
\.iiKi'd to its relief
ii.lciJ by furpri/.c t
fiivnnburg, who v
i;niy-, i" oi"'!" to
cjtiit exceeding bloo
\.ait.igc. The next
fiiltilitics ceafcd, upt
ibt the peace hail bi
flit- French again
LcttiiXIV. was thei
tleMiK>d,and marfh;
oloHcivation. The
1 jr:h fif A!arch, anc
irr riatli of April fol
rrcn beaten down bv
W.1' rcltored to the S
':; :fic)7.
L'p':;i the (ieath
F.'inch ag.dn fi-i/.ed
l!." the year 1 -rq, 1
.iiAl.elboroiioh. Tli
l.'ijisaiul H.,utHcis,
ir, i'i.l;c- .ndi'.inced lo
:S'.:;i 1:1 the woods n
re;;; Icvcn or eight 11
the KiCiich lay under
jlti.^.'d ihe.n, and
irllicc.lfi.ivtable lot'.,
iViacd .m\\ fiillowed
province nl Mainanlt,
t.'.Vjflria by the treat
;;;: c.f the barrier.
5jxt again took this c
;rice of Aix la Chapt
.rj its fortirti tions.
Irthe count I' of H
.rd I'tveral villages ;
' r.dcrcd famous by tf
'ike of .Marlborotigh
rl;,near which the a.
ill. alt.icked the fortiti
'It Fienc4i lofi more
•■irrt it not for the con
( iili, would have be
S I
Of tk
h Situation, ExUiit, a
l':e Cjunliy ; iiitli ,
1:1 Ciipiliil, and oifo .
THE county of N
bifliopric of Lie;
67
m
itaiiif.l ihc
.liunbiii",
Nllll'-g.KM,
jv.'.y, r.Ml
.imi h:- ihe
of Aiiiiiu
, w;in li--
Ii rltv, -V.c
U's li.,-."r,
ii.-jr It; J
a:i(l i; alio
L'lcc th rtv jV-..^
ire thir;v< .'.-'I
■ '!>( ;:;::£
lies : art'r
s bv whicb
txicpi t'iC
h.:t ("vh^T,
!r il •■ jn-
tv I'or.tauu
A.r;.iiu tlie
ptoVllltU.
has a lotiy
^•o of" w'uch
r.il tloilkt'.
■lies, f'oiinil-
(,t thirifi-n
nc'blity by
,'.t n'.oniiii^-
i ij; ill: Jjy
Namur.
1 . II K
I)
r
all.
n,iv wi^'f fun'!""""^ .ip|i..,it, .u.l (vtii fpciul iluir
,in,< 111 dJluiliE, liii.ni"/. ^"'1 I'^'i^ iiMivcrlath.li; tlity
^1,. ,v>npc-iinittcJ to li avr ibc iibbiy ;iiid marry. This
ttr is uovernfd bv lour "t 'bi' nidcll taiioiK-llcs,
Viiir chuich is a very liiii' llrniitiiri-, molt of us ch.ipils
,lail.ii\.biin!': built wiih m.iibli' iiiid j-ilptr, -.iMd adorn
"'I'^^'iih bi-.iiuiiiil lI'iPi"'- 'Ibis i-. aid. a paridi-chiinh,
w,*'hich tlic nobility, in.igiltracy.coimfcllors, aiidofliccrs
.riljie bi.li'irz.
t|eic is alio :i co11i".V' whurc p-)litc litrratiiic is taught
imJcrthc diK\tioii ol Iccular piicllb, and likL-wilL- a Jo-
(uits colICt'.t-'*
The boilv ol'ihn mapiflr.icyroiifilNoCa mayor and ten
■iii'vins ^i-"' •'"'' •■'^ ''''^ '■ •" pl-'i'i: ol l>ieii;.;tti, it hab a
jfiiciili' I'nvcmor, with other proper offiitr', boihtivil
nJ iiiiiitar'v '' ^^'' " C'""! trade for various toftimo-
' 'lis clpccijlly woollen Hulls, j^rcat ipi.iiuitit ; oC which
j,( injdc hcrr.
I his city ha', frrqiicntly fiitFered the dreadful calami-
„jsofw.ir. Ill May 1572 count Lewis nf Nalliiu, bro-
itir 10 thf prince ot ()r:.noe, look it l)v iliatai^cm with-
iiul oppofltion ; but Krivlcric of iuledo, the duke of
'lia'jion, bcfiegej it in June folhjvviim, and took it in
h.ptcmbcr, iiotvvilhll.iiuiiii!; all the eiuleavniirj of the
iiriiicc of DranfTC to relieve the pla;e. In 16-; niarfli.il
,1'Humiercs, who commandfd the French, Invi-lled Mom,
.ml h.iil grcJtly dilircU'ed that city ; when the next year
[hr priiKe of Orancc, afterwards kin^ William ill. ad
V, unci to its relicfwith ibiriy thoul'anJ nvii, and at-'
luktJ by furpri/.c the French army under the ilu'rCr of
! iixtmburg, who was eiicampi'd at Calliaux .iiul St.,
iJcnv-i i" oi.l^r to rover the blockade j the battle be- •
iiiiit txccfJiii'.; bloody, and the prince obtained the aJ-
\.;nt,icc. The next day the block;Hle was laifed, and
Iiilblitics ccafcd, upon the prince's acipraintin;; the duke, ,
ihat the peace had been I'lfined at Niinei;umi.
The French ajTP.in inverted this place in 1691, when
i.cwiiXIV. was there in perfon, wiih all ihe piinres of
itieMwid.and marfhal Luxemburg commanJed the army ,
otoHtiv.ition. Ihe tienches were opened on the iweuty-
I jrth of March, and the city obli;;ed to fiirrender on
ircriat'.i of April following, iiuilt of tile lioules having
Btcii beaten down bv the bdWijers bombs : but the city ^
».i-rdiored to the Sji.iiiiardi by the trealy of Uyl'wick 1
■■■■ '''-)7- , !
Up'n the death o( CharKs II. king of Spain, the
Fitnch a ■..ill lii/.ed thii city, and kept poll'ellioii of It
111! 'he vear i^rrj, when it was invellcd by the duke
,1: .^^l:l^orolloh. The t'rand aiiny under the marfhals ;
t ,;:.iis and HoiitHcis, threatening to relieve the place, I
ir. t-i.ke advanced to giv tlieni battle, and came up with !
;!i.:n iti the woods iieiir the vill.ige of Malplai|uet, a- ]
>c;;; Icvcn or eight uii'e> to the I'outh of Mom : though j
ihcFitnch lav uiuier tiiple iiitrenehments, he boldly |
jiii.i;,''! ihe.n, and jjave them an entire dcl\at ; but!
«iiiui;nfui;tabli; lof-, im the fide of the allies: after which ;
Irmcd atclv followed the reduction of this citv and the •
province of Hainaitlt, which was conhrmed to the hiiule ,
sfAuftria by the treaty of Utrecht in 1715, and made a j
p;;:efthe barrier. 'l"he French under maifli:!! count
Sjxcsiain took this city in 1746, but retlored itbvthc 1
pee ot Aix la Chapcllc in 17+b', alter lirlt deinolilli- j
;r.Z its fortitii dions. I
Ir the count V of Hainault arc ali'o thirteen fmall towns,
..-d I'tveral villages ; and among the latter is M.dplnqiict, j
tndcrcd famous by the above viftory obtained bv the I
'ike of Marlborough over the I-'rench, and alio Stcen-
rl;,near which the allies, commanded by king William •
ill. attacked the fortifie.^ canip of the Fieneh in ib()2:
"ic Fiendi loft more men than the confederates ; and
v.ctt it not for the tonduft and br.ivery of the priiKC of
I iiti, would have been entirely defeated.
SEC T. VI.
Of thi County of .Vami'R.
/. Situalian, Extent, and I'n.luce : thr Arms an,! St.it,-! tf
l':e Cjunliy ; ■u.'ith a fiirtUul.ir D,fcrif>tion of hjniur,
in Cupitiil, and o!jh an //t.ount of tlf liiinier 'rctuns,
HE county of Namur is almoft fui rounded by the
bifliopric of Lie^e and the dutchy of Brabant , Init
67
T
t^nnii.iii., .ihd 10 thj ..;;t c.i th.; tui.»;y of fl.iifliulr.
lit, r'leaielt e.vteiu from ea!k to walk iu.ouiits to about
i thiiiy-diir iiiiUii, and liwiii iiuuli to fouih to about twemy-
einht. 'I'lus county ij very woojy ai.J ninuiU.iinou . j
I but the level pans bear all furt . of to.-ii. It. prineipal
licJRi, liinvevei, lunlill in its iron, preat i|uanti:ie'. of'
which are worked lieie, ,iiid converted ii.to l^cel. It 1|J»
alfo le.id and pitnial, with a pr.. it deal of marble and
i other tlone, The Maik iravirfti a great pa:t <jf iha
county, and at Naiiiiir leieues intuit the S iiiibre.
I lie arms 01 the muiity are, a lion lable in AArnui.
, lieM or, with a dexter fJle di.iwii over the whole (liielil.
J he It.itesof Namur confill <.f the cleri.'y, the nobi-
lity, and the piiiicipal town ot Nan.ur, witn its territory,
' The lovefcij^ii appoints the governor of that city and
j county,
Namur, or Namcn, in Latin Namurum, the capital
j <d the county, is feated between two hills at thcconflu-
, ciiceof the Sambre, the livultt of Vederin, and the river
iVlaele i and Is defended by a veiy (troiig calUe, fituated
nil a rock betwieii the Klaele and the Sainbre, near
their iunction. This tadie is likewife defended by Fort
William, built by order of king William III. by the fa-
mous Coehurii. This lort is equivalent to anothercita-
del ; and behdes llu (e there are faid to be above twelfc
other lorts louiid the city, tiie molt conlidetablo of which
is that of the .Vlaije, opporui- to the cattle, and the lort
ol Codjiiel t, which Is I,) l.iige that 11 incbides two
vill.iges within i's- fortil-citiijiis. Nan.ur, (' om the a-
h )ve works, is eiieenr-d the- lltongell fortrels in Europe*
It iiai two Ifiin.' bridges, on.' over the rivulet of Veilerin,
and the other over the Sainbre.
Tnis city IS the fee ofabiflup, v/ho i- fuf?';a.;an to
Cambray ; and, betides tli'i cathedral church of ot. A!-
bill, the chapter of v.'hi<h is cumpoled of twenty canon,,
here arc two c'Jilt.';.',ate churches, four under p.iiifi'-
eiiinelifs, ;l leniiinry. thirtcn convents of both le.\ej,
and d college of Jefuits, who teach philol'opiiy, and whoft;
church IS a noble building, all of red and black maible,
liipported by ten large columns of black marble, and a-
diiinrd with a beautiful frontifpieee. The prince's palac;
IS a line Iquare building. In which the governor ulually
relidcs. Here are likewile foveia! hofpitals.
I he niaglllracy coiifilis of a grand mjy.T, who en-
joys his plai e for life, of a burgoniafter, and I'l.-c cchcvins,
wlio are all changed ev-'ry year by the governor-i'cncral.
Here is another tribunal called the fovceign bailliage,
compofed of lix advocate., with the governor at their
bead. Thel'e judge in all feudal cafes; but an appeal
lies to the grand council at Mechlin,
In the year ifj()?. Lewis XIV. beficged this city in
peri'on, v\hen, after opening the trenches, ic held out only
fix davs ; but in 1695 was retaken by king William III.
alter a timft bloody liege ; marlhal HoufHer, commanded
in the town with a garrifon of no lei's than fifteen thou-
fand men, .md Villeioy without at the head of a hundred
thouiand ; but did not dare to attempt its relief. Keftde.'s
the marflial, there weie feveral general officers, and
twenty engineer.s in the city ; and the garrifon fought fo
delperauiv, th it when the city was taken no more than
four tnnnland men were left. Upon the death of Charles
Ii, kiniruf Spain, t'ne French I'ei/ed this city, and held
it during queen .-Xiine's wars ; but at the pc.iceol Utrecht
it was icllored to the hoiife of Audiia. In 1712 it was
ceded by king I'hilip to the cledor of Bavaria, and in
I 7 I 5 was j;iven to the Statcs-geneial as a biirrier town
t.) be garriloned by them ; but m i 746 the French again
made thenilelves mailers of it, and kept it till the peace
of Ai\ laCh.ipelle.
Within the county of Namur are Charlcroi, V/alcort,
and Bouvigne, with a great number ol abbies and priories
of both (exes, and a number of little didriffs under the
name of llgniori^s.
Belote we conclude this account of the Aurtrian Ne-
therlands, it will be proper to take fomctnoticc of the
barrier towns fo often mentioned. It muft be obferved,
that by the barrier treaty concluded in 1715, between the
emperor and the States (jcncral, the former confentcj
that the latter fliould alone garrifon Namur, Tournay,
■Ypres, and feveral other places, either with their own
trooBs, or with luch as the empetor had no reafon to
* B lufpeit.
m
%
¥[
\ MM
Iftii
19t
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. I nitjo Netmerl
fufpc^l. The emperor was to nominate the governori,
(hic both they and the girriron alfo take mi n»th of fiile-
lity to theStatei. The emperor and Stairs (irneral arc
at their own exprnceto keep on foot between thirty and
thirty-five thuul'ntid men for the fecurily of the AuDrian
Netherlindi i the former paying three-lifihi, and the
latter two-fifihs. In cafe ihc former diminifltcd his ijuota,
the latter mipht do I'o in the like proportion ; but on the
appearance of a war, thii> body is to be auemented to
forty thoufand men ; and in cafe of an aflual war, the
augmentation to be incrc.ifcd at picafure. I'hc Stau'i.
have the dillrjbntion of the troops in the fevcral places
committed tu them ; but in the others fiich diliribulioii
it 10 be made according to the joint confent of both par-
ties. In thofe places gatrifoned only by Dutch troops
the States General appoint the governors, commandants,
and flatf-officers, on condition that their lodgings, and the
advantages ariling from the works, (hall not be produc-
tive of any charge either to the enlpcror, or to the pro-
vinces, nor unacceptable to the emperor from particular
caufes. Thcfe officers are to defend the places cntnilled
to them, and in their military capacity arc only fubjcdf
(0 the States, though they take an oath to the emperor to
AND).
hoM andmiinlain ihem fur the hoiilo of Aurtrij. Tl
iroopi ol the States-grnrr.il, when in (^arrilon, urc p,,!
initti-d (he fiTC I'xeri lie of their religion, 'i'he !y,'
(icncr.il may cliangc the garriloni at pleafure, and intim,
of war ftrengthen the fortifications, but not raiil> !^
additional works, without ilie approbation of the Aulltn'
uovernor-^eneral of thL' Nctheriuiidi. For the fiipp„r, oj
iIicIl- garrifoni, and defr.iying the ixpencej of tin- 1,,,,,.
Hcatiuns military llorc, and provilions in the \ututt
towns, the States arc to pay the annual fum oi hve hun'
drcd thoufand rixdoliars ; lor which purpuf^; m „fHce hu
been eitablilhed at \\nLn, under the title of Ihc l)jtr,c,.
office, and this, exdufiveof the revenues iliuini; from
their (h.iie in the upper quarter of (lueldeiljnJ, the quj,.
teriii •-money, ^c. During the war which was innii"
nated m 1748 by the peace of Aix la Chapellc, thcfcbar!
rier towns were greatly damaged ; and fmcc thjt time
many difficulties have arifeii rel.iting to them, between
the court ot Viciiia and the Siatrs Ciencral j and ,| u
faid that the Dutch troc ps at pitlcnt in them do ii„t(,,.
cccd nine batulinns and two fquadrons, and pollibjy |kl
right of parrifoniiig them may in (imebcconic obfuljtf
and bu lupcifcdcd, '
K 1!
CHAP. XXI.
Of the UNITED NETHERLANDS.
! iS
rv
Bi-A'iii >
■t^
■\ .«:
SECT. I.
Thtir Sltuat'm, Exl'it, ami Cllmatt : iht Difea/tJ 1/ the In-
huhilMli ; the Djiii, Daini, timl Canah ntcejfary to ix-
dudi tht S/a, drain the Ltimh, ami preni'.H Commtrie-
Thi Pndufi oftht Country, itt Rivuri, and Fifiiriti.
THE name of Netherlands, or Ixiw Countries, by
wh'ch all the feventecn provinces are called, is
doubtlefj derived from the low ntuaiion of thofe coun-
tries ; the inhabitants thcmfclvts call the country Bel-
gium'i but the French, like mod other nations, ftile it
Les Pais Bas, cr the Low Countries. This tra£t lies
between Germany and France, and it) greateft length,
as taken north-eaft along the fide of the ocean, is about
three hundred milei, and about a hundred and forty on
the fouth fide.
The ftven United Provinces, of which we are here to
treat, form only the northern part of this trai^, which
borders to the fouth on Aullrian Flanders and Urabant,
juft dcfcribed -, to the ea(t on the upper quarters of the
dutchies of Guelders and Clevc, the bifhopric of Mun-
fter, the county of Bentheim, and the principality of Eaft
Friefland ; and to the north and welt on the Northern
fea. The feven United Provinces, notwithflanding the
figure the Dutch made, and dill make in Europe, is no
more than a hundred and fifty milei in length, and a
hundred in breadth.
The whole country is full of marfhes, which are not
without their advantages, as they yield pood turf for
fuel, and in fomc parts of the provinces of Groningen,
Overyflel, and Drenthe, they arc efteemed fo fecurc a
fence againU Germany, that draining them in order for
cultivation is prohibited by law, though this prohibition
is not univcrfally regarded.
But thcfe morafTes, joined to the low fituation of the
country near the fca, occafion a damp air, and frequent
tains, which, as well as the thick fogs, are more parti-
cularly brought on by the wefterly winds, that prevail in
thcfe parts with great violence. The general diftempcrs
of the inhabitants are the gout and fcurvy. Coughs and
iheums arc alfo very common here; and in the fenny
parts near the fea, where the mud, during the ebb, emits
putrid effluvias, and wholefome water is fcarce, conti-
nual reachiniis are likewife very frequent.
As the land is for the molt part level, and in many
placci lies even lower than the fca, it is not only fenced
againf) any inundations from the ocean and the riicr: ;t
a proJigiuut expence, by dykei and dams, but fur the
draining of the waters innumerable ditches are mt;
whence ihe waters fo drained arc carried off by wmd.
mills, and conveyed into canals, from whence 11 ijIqi.
warded by means of fluices into the rivers. 'I hckjyiifi,
ditches, and canals, give the country a lingular appcu.
ance, and by '.H-ing planted with beautiful row.i ol nces,
interfperfed with villas and gardens, are of infinite cw-
venieiKe to merchants and travellers. The treckfhuyts,
or barks, which are drawn here by horfes, go oH' every
day during fummer, and at certain Hated times pafs from
one place to another.
As a great part of the foil confifts of heath and f^ndy
downs, it is far from affording a fufficient fupport toihe
inhabitant.'!, nor can all their indufiry ufed in agricul-
ture, dra* from it as much grain as is neccllliry tor
home confumpliun. But this is fo amply compcniitcd
by its trade and navigation, that of the imported grain
they not only brew good beer, and diftil brandy wiili
other fpiiiis, but export great quantities of both. On
the other hand, its rich meadows and paflures render
grazing very profitable, and the inhabitants are not only
fupplicd in abundance with milk, butter, and cheeky
but the exports of the two lall arc very confidcrable,
the cheeie of Edam and Texel being famous all over
the world. In Holland the breeding of ftiecp is earned
on with great fuccefs, and admits of flill farther im-
provement, it appearing on an eftimate, that under pro-
per regulation3, a million of fheep might be fed in that
province. The wool of thefe fheep is reckoned extreme-
ly good. Several places yield tobacco, and Zealand is
noted for its madder. Thcfe provinces have likewife a
fufSciency of culinary plants, and fome parts abound al-
fo in fruit. The principal fuel here is turf and pit-coal,
the latter of vvhiclr is imported from England and Scot-
land ; iox wood being very fcarce, and bearing a great
price, IS little ufed ; every piece of timber wrought in
thefe countries, whether for building or exportation, ii
brought from abroad. Many places make fait from fa-
water. I'he county of Zutphcn yields iron : biitinge-
neral the inhabita-itj owe both the neccfl'aries and com-
forts of life to th'.'ir extenfivc commerce with foreign
countries.
The provinces of Zealand, Holland, Friefland, and
Groningen, lie contiguous to the North Sea, while thofe
of Utrecht, Guelderland, and OverylFel, have a com-
I munication
■f?'
f^
I '
! .
i.>,\'i'.
nn nips, ana witn a caieiels air ot inlolence, Ipic at the
fcetol a gentleman who was treating him with civility,
and giving him an opportunity of getting a guinea for
in inconuderable fervice. This they miltake for liberty,
while their knowledge \t confined to the common means
of gain, and the gratifications of the calls of nature.
Ched'c, beer, geneva, brandy, and tobacco, arc the Joys
that fcL-m to crown the labours of the common people.
The principal virtue of this nation is frugality ; they arc
at all times contented with moderate meals, and the
common people never make extravagant feafls. Very
often a bifcuit, with a bit of butter, cheefe, or a herring,
with a glafs of beer or brandy, fuffices them for a rc-
pift; but in their cups they are apt to mix cruelty with
their rulilcity. Indeed a Dutchman is naturally phleg-
matic and flow to anger ; but when he is heated, he is
not'eafily appeafed. Conlbnt employment, coldnefs of
complexion, and perhaps the nature of their food, may
contiibute to their being but little addi£lcd to love.
The women who are not of high rank adorn their
htads with gold lace, and other of the like ornaments,
but with more frugality than is generally praiSifed in
It
agreeable appearance than is ulually fecn in other coun-
tries i and for the villages, no part of the globe can be
compared with North Holland.
I'he language fpoken here is Dutch, which is a dia-
ledl of the Low German ; but fo different from the Ger-
man tongue, that thofe who only underfland that, find
the Dutch unintelligible. The French is alfo much
ufcd, and is generally undcrdood; fo that moil of the
news-papers and books are printed in that language.
At the time of the Reformation the inhabitants de-
clared for Lutheranifm, adhering only to the Augfburg
confcflion ; but in 1562, a different fyflem of articles,
correfponding with thofe of Geneva, was drawn up for
the Netherland churches ; at the union of Utrecht in
in 1579, the States agreed to maintain and defend it;
and in i6;i, the Calvinill doi^rines, as fet forth by the
fynod of l5ort, received the fanflionof the ftatesofeach
particular province. Hence the Calvinifts alone are ad-
mitted to any (hare of the government, and deemed ca-
pable of holding the principal employments. The num-
ber of CalviniA minifteis in the fevcn United Provinces,
and the countries belonging to them, amount to one
theufand
■•'(^yUA-.u .ni.f ./.■,7//w/,'..V>,'!'^
^^•mm/A'
I 3 J 4 ■< /!»
.7»«-.v<
SI ill '. .
lit
FricdaiiJ ; aiiJ tOTne n<mi» •\k% ^^^ « - —
fea The fcven United I'mvinccs, notwithftanding the
fipure the Dutch made, and dill make in Luropc, is no
more than a hundred and tilty miles in length, and a
bundled in breadth. , ,, , „ ...
The whole country is full of marfhes, which are not
without their advantages, as they yield pood turf for
fuel, and in fome parts of the provinces ot Groningcn,
Ovcryllcl, and Drenthe, they arc cfteemed (o fecure a
fence againlf Germany, that draining them in order for
culiivatlon is prohibited bv law, though this prohibition
is not univerfally regarded. . , , .
But thefc moralTes, joined to the low fituation of the
country near the fea, occafioii a damp air, and (rcquent
lains. which, as well as the thick fogs, ate more parti-
cularly brought on by the wefterly winds, that prevail in
thefe parts with great violence. The general diftempcrs
of the inhabitants are the gout and fcurvy. Coughs and
ihcums arc alfo very common here i and in the fenny
parts near the fea, where the mud, during the ebb, emits
putrid effluvias, and wholefome water is fcarce, conti-
nual rcachinps are likewife very frequent.
As the land is for the moft part level, and in many
placci lies even lower than the fea, it is not only fenced
but the exports of the two lall arc very conlidttiMt,
the chceie of Edam and Texcl being famous all over
the world. In Holland (he breeding of (hecp is carried
on wi;h great fuccefs, and admits of flill farther im-
provement, it appearing on an elliinate, that under pro-
per regulations, a million of flieep might be fed in that
province. The wool of thefe flieep is reckoned extreme-
ly good. Several places yield tobacco, and Zealand ii
noted for its madder. Thefe provinces b'vc likewife 1
fufficiency of culinary plants, and fome parts abound jl-
fo in fruit. The principal fuel here is turf and pit-coal,
the latter of whicb is imported from England and Scot-
land j for wood being very fcarce, and bearing a greit
price, is little ufed : every piece of timber wrought in
thefe countries, wl ether (or building or exportation, ii
brought from abroad. Many places make fait from fea-
water. The county of Zutphcn yields iron ; but in ge-
neral the inhabitants owe both the nccen"arits aiul com-
forts of lilc to their extenlivc commerce with foreign
countries.
The provinces of Zealand, Holland, Friedand, wA
Groningcn, lie contiguous to tlic North Sea, while thofe
of Utrccftt, Gueldcrland, and Overyll'el, have a com-
I munication
II
.u
' 1
pi 11
I '. Hi
p,-/l'l'll"< .
r\ , "'"■'■'(•■•••i.'if
'4.';.v-/v,vi ,'■
~w\t^ of AV'AK^;
"'^i
(I V ' /^
.V .r- ' ./t }-|
/» r
?^ .± r z t\
\r
OJ iht Manntry of t
Irj, with a gener
iheir Language,
Skill ofthtDutc
ManufaHuri!, T
i
liJ i,„
■\-i
'i '^t n
*
FricflanJ i ;mJtofhe nortti ana wrn «m m.v..- .
fca. The fcven United I'rovinccs, notwithftanding the
figure the Dutch made, and (till make in turope, u no
more than a hundred and lilty miles in length, and a
hundred in breadth.
The whole country is full of marfnes, which are not
without their advantages, as they yield pood turf for
fuel, and in fomc parts of the provinces of Groningcn,
Overyflcl, and Drcnthe, they are efteemed fo fecure a
fence againlt Germany, that draining them in order for
culiivation is prohibited bylaw, though this prohibition
is not univerfally regarded.
But theft morafTes, joined to the low fituation of the
country near the fca, occafion a damp air, and frequent
lains. which, as well as the thick fogs, are more parti-
cularly brought on by the wefterly winds, that prevail in
thcfc parts with great violence. The general diftempcrs
of the inhabitants arc the gout and fcurvy. Coughs and
fhcunis arc alfo very common herci an.' in the fenny
parts near the fea, where the mud, during ihe ebb, emits
putrid effluvias, and wholefome water is fcarcc, conti-
nual rcachinps .-ire likewife very frequent.
As (he land is for the moft part level, and in many
places lies even lower than the fca, it is not wnly fenced
but the exports of the two lull arc very conlidcraClr,
the cheeie of Edam and Texel being lamous all over
the world. In Holland the breeding of fhccp is earned
on with great fuccefs, and admits of fiill farther im-
provement, it appearing on an eftimate, that under pro-
per rrgulationa, a million of fheep might be fed in (hat
province. The wool of thefe (heep is reckoned cx:rtme-
ly goiw). Several places yield tobacco, and Zcai.tnd is
noted for its madder. Thefe provinces have lilccwifc a
fuiSciency of culinary plants, and fome parts abound al-
fo in fruit. The principal fuel here is turf and |)it-coal,
the latter of whiclr is imported from England and Scot-
land i for wood being very fcarce, and bearing a great
price, is little ufed : every piece of timber wrought in
thefe countries, whether tor building or exportation, is
brought from abroad. Many places make fait from (a-
water. The county of Zutphen yields iron ; but m ge-
neral the inhabitants owe both the necellaries and com-
forts of life to tli;ir extenfivc commerce with foreign
countries.
The piovinccs of Zealand, Holland, Fricdand, and
Groningcn, lie contiguous to the North Sea, while thni'e
of Utrccfit, Gueldcrland, and Ovcryllcl, have a com-
I municaiiun
fi. i'
cc with foreign
United Netherlands.
EUROPE.
aSj
fflunication with it by the Ziiy-der-Zce or South-Sea ;
which is a large lake or bay environed by the proviiKcs
of Holland, IJtrecht, Ouel'derland, Overyllel, and Kriej-
liiid. The principal rivers arc the Rhine, the M.icle,
and the Schcld.
The fifliery in the feveral dreams, rivers, and lakes
of this country, though very conliderabic, ferves only
for home confumption ; but that of the North Sea is of
jj^ produce, anu divided into the Lefler and Gieatcr.
The former is that carried on along the coaft, efpecidlly
on the Doggersbank, between England and Jutland, on
which arc caught cod, haddock, turbots, whitings, loles,
a„J other fea-hlh. The cod caught here is cither carried
frcfU and alive to market to the nearell towns of the Ne-
therlands, or is faltej at fea, and thus forms a branch
both of domeftic and foreign commerce. The great
fifliery is that of herrings, from which the Dutch reap
immenfe profits : for if it may not, as formerly, bcierm-
(d the golden mine of Holland, yet it ftill affords a com-
fortable fubfiflence to at lead thirty thoufand fix hundred
families. The feafon for catching the herrings along the
coails of Scotland and England, is from the twenty-
fourth of June to the twenty-fifth of November. The
vcflils employed in this fifhery arc termed bufTes, and
carry from twenty-five to thirty lads, which one with
another fell for about one hundred and twenty guilders.
Formerly in fome years no lefs than fifteen hundred fuch
veiiels have failed from the ports of the feven provinces ;
but at prcfent it is faid that the number of them feldom
exceeds two hundred. Though the eftimates of the pro-
fits arifing from the herring-fifhery differ, as the profits
themfelves really do, very widely, yet it is computed that
jn a good year the neat gain to the proprietors of the
buffes, afti • all deduiSions, amounts to two millions of
Holland guilders; a very conftderable fum, which might
perhaps have been gained by the inhabitants of Great-
Britain, had the Dutch been fteadily and conftantly re-
fulcJ the privilege of fifhing on our coaff, and feizing
thofe advantages which properly and naturally belong
to ourftlves.
SECT. II.
Of tht Manntry oftht Dutch, the Populaufrrfi of the Cotin-
trf, with a general Account of their Towni and yUlaget,
thiir Language, and the Religions tolerated there. The
sail of the Dutch in the polite Arts, their Learning,
Munufiiiurei, Trade, Commerce, andCoini.
THE Dutch are robuft, laborious, patient, free,
open, affable, and pleafant in converfaiion. They
ate great politicians, not excepting the women and fcr-
vants, and the very children are well acquainted with
the hiftory of their country. However, the boors, and
cfpccially the failors, arc rude and clownifh. Mr. Han-
way obferves, that he has feen a boatman in a great cit' ,
llrut up and down a room with his hat on, his hands on
his hips, and with a carclefs air of infolence, fpic at the
fcetot a gentleman who was trciting him with civility,
and giving him an opportunity of getting a guinea for
an inconliderable fervice. This they millake for liberty,
while their knowledge is confined to the common means
of gain, and the gratifications of the calls of nature.
Chccle, beer, geneva, brandy, ?nd tobacco, are the joys
that fccm to crown the labours of the common people.
The principal virtue of this nation is frugality ; they are
at all times contented with moderate metis, and the
common people never make extravagant feaih. Very
often a bifcuil, with a bit of butter, cheefe, or a herring,
with a glafs of beer or brandy, fuflices them for a rc-
palij but in their cups they are apt to mix cruelty with
their rulllcity. Indeed a Dutchman is naturally phleg-
matic and flow to anger ; but when he is hcited, he is
not'eafily appeafed. Lonlfant employment, coldnet's of
complexion, and perhaps the nature of their food, may
contiibutc to their being but little addid^ed to love.
The women who are not of high rank adorn their
Jieads with gold lace, and other of the like ornaments,
but with mure frugality than is generally praitifed in
Germany. Except a few court ladies, they have not
much talte or delicaty in their manners. 'I'hey are ge-
nerally h.iiidy, neat in their houfes to excefs, well made,
and fome hjvc good complexions j but there are few-
beautiful : their tc^th are in general bad, and mod of
their children are fickly till the age of eight or ten.
The women in this country feldom breed after they aie
thirty; .iiid as the men arc remarkable for we.uingmany
breeches, the women in cold weather ii(r puts witii
live coals of wood or turf fct into boxes bored full of
holes, and put under the peticoats : this is not only apt
to make them old from the waift downward, before the
time ordained by nature ; but the fmell of the coals !•.
oftenfive. Thus there is a proverbial faying, that " The
" dirticft piece of furniture in the houfe of a Dutchmai>
" is his wife." But we would not be underftood to
charge the difagrecable part of this charadter on every in-
dividual of that nation i there arc no doubt ladies diftin-
guidied by their charms and their delicacy. Heauty ii
not confined to particular nations ; and the polite aiul
well-bred are to be found in "very country in Europe.
The very fituation and nature of the country render
induftry more neceflary there than among the people of
other nations. The neighbourhood of a dreadful vol-
cano, fays an ingenious author, cannot render the fitua-
tion of the inhabitants of any other place more precari-
ous than that of the Dutch, from the lowncfs of th^
land i for here the ocean has often paflcd iis bounds,
and exhibited a lively picture of the general deluge, in
1530, a great part of the country, with fevcnty-two vil-
lages on the coaft of Holland and Frielland, were fwal-
lowed up, and near twenty thouf..nd people perifhed ; iJ,\\>.
and in 1665, an inundation broke down the dyke of
Muydenburg, and laid many places in the province of
Utrecht under water. The dyke between Amderdam
and Harlem, and many others were alfo broke : but the
calamity was no founer over, than the indudrious inha-
bitants, as foon as pofllble, repaired the damage. Witti
refpefl to their dykes, they have lately made great im-
provements : they now line many of their fhores with
large dones. The dyke to the Zuyder Sea is raifed 3-
bout fixtcen feet perpendicular, and goes otf upon an
eafy dope. The (lones are here regularly laid, and form
an excellent defence againft the water; but the dykes to-
ward the North Sea are faid to be more lofty, and not to
be fupported but with piles at a great cxpence.
The United Provinces, though formerly a bog, arc
well cultivated, and extremely populous) tor thefc, with
the country of Drenthc, contain no lefs than one hun-
dred and thirteen cities and towns, together with four- .
teen hundred villages, fome of which are very conlider-
able; and there are here about two millions of i:ihabi-
tants, exclufivc of thofe of twenty-five towns in the con-
quered lands. But the mod populous and bed improv-
ed of all the (even provinces is that of Holland. The
towns here, in the form of the houfes, in the canals cut
through the dreets, and planted with trees, as alfo in
the cleanlinefs of the dreets themfelves, make a more
agreeable appearance than is ufually fecn in other coun-
tries i and for the villages, no part of the globe can be
compared with North Holland.
The language fpoken here is Dutch, which is a dia-
leiff of the Low German ; but fo different from the Ger-
man tongue, that thofe who only underftand that, find
the Dutch unintelligible. The French is alfo much
ufed, and is generally undcrdood; fo that mod of the
news-papers and books are printed in that language.
At the time of the Reformation the inhabitants de-
clared for Lutheranifm, adhering only to the Augdiurg
confeflion i but in 1562, a different fydem of articles,
correfponding with thofe of Geneva, was drawn up for
the Nctherland churches ; at the union of Utrecht in
in 1579, the States agreed to maintain and delend it;
and in 1651, the Calvinid doilrlnts, as fet forth by the
fynod of Dort, received the fantSionof the dates of each
particular province. Hence the Calvinid» alone are ad-
mitted to any (hare of the government, and deemed ca-
t-'able of holding the principal employments. The num-
ber of CaWinift minifteis in the feven United Provir. i,
and the counuici belonging to them, amount to one
thoufand
■t
' m
: t '
>'.'\
I
t!
■V
-hiv---
■ 'U -
■ t.
■■ r !
1
liV
Um
, • V •■!
t
'-.■'h
i": V,
zSr
A .S ^ S i I', M OF G E O G R A F H i . Hm;
!)
ixh MHR! ..\;,r4
thniiUnd five huii,hx\l an 1 I'cvi'ii'.v. llo'vcicr, rcfpcfl
11 paiij ID ilie rights ot ciiiHijin;i-, Jii uiiivcrfal tok-ra-
linii lu'ini ;illo;vcil.
The p.ipifh cluircln.-! in the Uiiiioil Hrtivinccs amount
to about three luiiidrfii .iiiJ liltv. ami tliL- priclh to near
lour liiinilrcil ; of thek litiv-oiie cli'iiclici an. I f-veiuy-
hiiir prieds are JaiilliiilU, ^\\^ the nil arc of Jcriiilical
(uiiiciplcs, or aJhire to tiie ti>n(Htiili'..ii lliii;;eMiiii.'..
'I'hc pipid, arc aihiiitteil only to trii'iitaiy ciiiplij iiuiiis ;
hut no pirloii ol' tliat loc^ !•; i\cr created ie Mm ir(h.il.
Thev are computeil to make ouc-thiul "f t'lie iiih.ihit.mt'^i
the IfUiits, however, aie not tolc;.iteJ, tliouj;h in loine
places conniveil at.
'I'hc Lutherans arc allowed the frei- cxercin- of their
religion in the towns, and their place, of woiilii;), in the
outward archite£luie, have all the appcaran::r r,i ..i lurches.
The Lutherans aic, however, iniapahle of .til polls and
tinplovments. In the United Province; and Ijrabant aro
forty Lutheran cor rre;^ltions, who have nttv two fixed
niiniftcrs. The Sah/,luir;',her:. have alio a congregation
in the dillrict of Cadfaiid.
The Remonrtrants, fo called from a rcmonrtrancc
which thev prefented tothc ail'emhly of the flats in 1610,
are alfo called Arniinians, from the learned Jacob Armi-
riius, who taught the doihine rf univerlal redemption.
Thefc arc at prcfent tolcraicd ; hut inllcad of incrcafin;'.,
arc rather under a decline. Of this focicty there arc
thirty-four congregations, under forty-three minilUrs, in
Holland, Gueldcrland, Utrecht, and Fnedand. Thcfe
every year hold a geiier.il ali'embly at Anillcrdain and
Kottcrdam.
The Mennonites or Baptifts arc divided into various
fefls, the principal of which are the I'lcmifchers and
VVallerlanders. In many places thefe fcveral congrega-
tions are incorporated with each otlier. The Haptid
congregations throughout all the Netherlands do not ex-
ceed one hundred and eighty-li\, and thei' Tiinillcrs
amount to about three hundred and twelve.
The Rhcinburgcrs, or Collegiants, obtaini he fiifl
of thcfe appellations from Rheinburi', a village near Lev-
den, where they meet t\*iee a year to celebrate the eu
charirt ; the fccond title h.ad its rile from the colleges,
or particular afi'emblies, they have cllablflieJ in fcve-
ral places, to the number of about einhleen or twenty.
The Qiiakers arc at prefent dwindled to a veiy I'mall
rumber ; but the Moravians form a confidcrable boily.
The Armenian Chriflian«, who in many refpccls releni-
ble thole of the Greek chiirch,chitfly iclide at.Amllerdam,
and I'lo c/ijoy the fieeexercife of their religion. There
are many other fefts that have no fettled congregations.
The Jews h.ive been alln.ved the public cxercile of their
rcli^'ion ever fincc the ye.ir ibio, .iiid with refpecl to
manv richts and piivik^es, are on a looting with the
other inhabitants, except their being excluded from moll
trades at Amilcrdam and fonic other places. They are
divided into I'ortvigucle and (lermans, the former of
whom came f om Por'agul in grrat numbers, in the years
15'p and isS'^i a"J ^vere very knidiy received.
■With relpeil to the line an., the Dutch have chiefly
diftinguiflied thenifelves in painting and engraving, tho'
they are not without Ikilful llatuaries. For fome cen-
turies pall, the ftieiices have been cultivated among them
with great application and encouragement, and the num-
ber of perfons eminiat for knowletlgc and literature,
who were eiihcr natives of the Netherlands, or invited
hither, is very confiderable. There are no Icfs than live
univerfities in this country, namely, Leyden, Utrecht,
Haidcrwyck, iranecker, and (Ironingen, with two
eymnafiums, one at Andlerdani, and another at Ocven-
ter. There are likewilc feveral famous grammar (chools,
and in Harlem is an academy of fciences.
The United Provinces being I'o populous and well im-
proved IS chiefly owing to the variety of nianutai'.turcs
carried on there, and to the amazing extent of their com-
merce. Among the former are the beautiful tiles, of which
immenfc ipiantiiies are made in South Holi.ind and
Uirecht; their fmall bricks, calk! klinker., great num-
bers of which arc exported ; their pottcrs-warc, and to-
bacco-pipes, particul.iily thofc of Tcrgow ; with th
to foreign countries. Go,,;! bor.ix is alfo made in H ,].
land, r'.nd comnioii I'.ilt well tciined. Here are li!;cv.i'
a miihitudc of oil mills, and Itareh bo:h blue und
furniflus employment for
It
qu..n'
ble.i
ities of liire.u! I
pun
f 1
nunil.cr of lianil.^. (;r,„,
emiaiiy are impoi;. ,i b(,'"li
lied and iiiibl'-.ichid into the Netherlands, w';i;t. ,
und-.ignes larchcr inipiiivc'iients, and is ufed I'.thir ij-
laces or linen ; but the limll linen is made in the iio'
vinco i.i i'"rieflanU, and tlie HulldiKl dam.ifk is nut m l,^
exceeded. A great de.il of Cierm.in linen is alio bleach-
I'd and whitened by the Dutch. liemp Is likewifi.
iiiilactured here feveral
iie ma.
F!
Delft porcelain, great (luaiititics of which are alio carried I weight.
ways ; and with refpecl to p:ia\:T,
immenl'e quantities of it ate m 1 le, and the hed fort ,'
acknowledged to be as fine and beautiful as any in 1^^.
rope Tnc timber brou.ht from Norway and the Hal.
tic, is fawed by mills for the building of (hips and hoiifi-,.
and bi lides being a verv prohlable article in their tx-
ports to Spain, Poriugal, and other countries, is m.iJi;
ufeofbythe Dutch for tlie conllruiition of laruc lh
f<ir many European nations ; and for makiiv a vail \
riety of tov*, which are ex(iorted to foreign counirles
Sugar-b-tkni.; is all'o the fourcc of a great trade. Thi-
Woollen, cotton, and (ilk manufaflures do not v/iit
bcau;v j but are at ivefenl on the decline; good lesthtr
is alio made in the United I'lovinres, and ioinc pljct?
arc particularly rem.'.rkablf far the blcac^ ',ig of wax,
'1 he great trade of thefe provinces is facilitaicj atij
fupported by me.i.Ts both n.itural and political, as bv
theii litnation along the G.-rman oean, ihoui^h withuut
any convenient or fife harbour ; the /uydcr Sej, the in.
vi)»able rivcrv, and nnilti'ude of canals ; their eivd ini
religious freedom, with the mm.ber, (Vill, and indelir/
of the inhabitants in handicrafts, manuf.iflurcs, and (ilhe-
rics ; the great multitude ot their merchant (hps, the
plenty of fpeeie, their infiona! patiiniopy, and eai/erntls
of gam ; their cr"dit among foreigners, the bank at Am-
tlcrd.iin, and tlicir Eaft Ind a trade. Hy their com, notio
and (hipping this little republic ha. been able to lupporj
many wars, and dill maintains its freedom ; but [vh
the co.iimcrce and power ot the Dutch have con!Un:l7
gone hand in hand, riling and filling togeiher : i!:,,;
their trade and power have lor fome time pall been unia
a deJine is very evident, and this by fome is impiucj t.i
a decline of parliniony and indullry ai iiig the mtiaS,-
tants ; hut the principal caufe is pro' ,ibly the impru.c-
meiit of manufactures, tra.'fic, and navigation, in li.rT,r , :
the neighbouring nations. I; is ftill, however, veryi,i, .
liderable, though its pi incip 'I dependence is on tlie Fj.I
India company, whole powc; and riches are too'^rut'i
be conceived, and of which the reader may fee an .a
count in vol. L pajL' 1 n^, 's:c.
The Dutch trade almolt to every country and pin,
cither as carric-!, or in exporting goods, and brinim.-
homc returns on their own account : their moll cnnfulri-
able exports are goods broii_^ht to Holland in their t.all
and Welt India (llips, and among thole chiefly fpircv.
Their trade to '1 e ivledirc.rancan and the Levant ii ten
dueled by a co.npany ; they alio cany on a great tr.ido
to Spain ; their trade to Portugal is very advaiita loih,
but in tha to France the imports exceed thtii c.xpott^
The commerce of the States with (ircat liiit.'.m ai„l
Ireland is very much curtailed by the (Iricl prohibi!io:i^
made by the l'.ngli(}i againll the importation of iv.::, ii
commodities, and by tiie heavy duties laid on cth.r.
Anoiher very ronfidirable branch ot their tude is Dr.
to Norway, Dinniark, Riiffia, and the otlier coiinin".
lying on the Haltii. 'I heir trade to (Jeimany and ti^'
neighbouiing ctiiinlries is carried on along the Fke, tn:
VVcfei, the Rhine, the Maele, and he Kins ; '.ut ll.ini-
burg is the port molt ticq''ntcd b/ihi-v " i^.r tu'!.«
with the divided Netherlands daily detreal'es.
The coinage of the United Provinces is under thedi-
rci'^tion of a general mint-college. InileLd every pra-
vincc being a I'overeignty of itlelt, each of cnuric has tl.c
privilege of coining j but all pieces, in order to ohti a
a general cuirency through tbc whole republic, are n(j.
Iiged to be of the fame intiinlic value j without whan
regulation one province would not fail fo cry down fa^^^K
pieces of the otheis as happened to come fli ott of the Jae
The Imallert piece here is named a dent, er
4it:,
!tR!.Ar,r<,
.iJi: in H,|.
■irc h:.cv.i:;
'-■ -lid A';,,it
:ils. V,u..{
ipoi'.'d bi.'li
'!'>> \v'-.i;i.-;t
1 lithtr lor
ill ihf 110-
is nntldto
alli)h!fach-
likcwifcma-
cct 10 p,ipi'r,
' liell Ion .■i
iiiiy ill Ku-
inJ the II:,;.
« ami hcjiifi-v;
in their tx-
its, is m,iJi'
( l.iroeihip;
g a vad va-
;n countiies.
trade. Th'-
o not viim
5;ood l«th(r
(oinc phci-5
g of WJX.
acilitatej anj
litical, as bv
ouj^h wiihu'jt
T Si'j, ths m-
heir livil aaj
and indu!(r/
rc5, and lilhc-
ant (h'p<., thi;
and i-aj;cTnc!s
bank at Am-
icir ciim.ncitc
iblc to lupport
fn ; but borH
avc coiillantly
.ogcihcr ; tlu;
|all bi'tii undi:;
ii> inipiitcii u>
the iiibaln-
thc iniprovt-
ill fuir.c u[
., very ioi -
i oil the Kj;i
; too ;',nati 1
foe ail al-
!H
t >■
y and pen,
lid brinini;;
moll conliitft-
n their K.i!l
litfly Ipicc--
tvaiit ii toii-
a grtat trade
.!vanta;ii)ii>,
Ik ii export',
liiit.'.iii and
prohibitioMs
on i>f (cr::i ii
,d on cthir^.
tiadc is ti.i;
her cour.lri",
iiany and t':,!:
ihi- Kite, fw
'.ui !:..r..-
f*,r -Mtt
under the di-
every pm-
coiiife has t^e
rdfr to obfi a
iiiblic, arc ob-
;illiout vvh;!!!
cry down I'.i^K
i')tt of the Jae
ed a deiif. uf
m
m
]■
1 •■'
J .i!
i'fh
jW
pi
) '■
1
I if 'U
.1 .'
III
liif
illlf, i? worth a
liwr dites, and
Iniill filver |ilcc
ri|iiiv.ik'nt to fix
III fivi.' Itivers am
the lame value ;
ac not very coin
III iwfnty (livers,
iri' lilcetvile half
Ihfic are (clJom (
fiiht (livers, and
or" Albert ilollar,
alfo half and qua
fnfiy-two rtivtrs,
( diicaioon is wor
prncf. Their gi
which arc worth
five- pence ; and w
dffs.
A r.ncifi Hljhry of
iHluiitn, uhh a
fh Ti'lei and /
tvnii.'i «/ tht Ji
THK Nctheria
lies weft of
m^iis, who called i
fliiie of the Roman
ihtrn people, took
pifTed through thei
ind here ereittd fc
Imd of limited mor
dukes, counts, and
privileges under the
prtfrrving them, bi
five duminions madi
ift'efllon (if their fut
pruvinces became li
(iominions elfewherc
indulgence. Charli
hewaskln^ of Spai
of Burgundy, he ha
prediCflTors ; and be
he brouuht foreign
ihe Ncititrljnds, no
irjrv.
At length the rcf
fxhibitcd very rigori
cd from the Romi(h c
ouring his reign, abc
tfrcJ death for their i
raje of thole who cr
mation.iiiftead of bei
itcuiion, daily iiurca
fcued out of tile hand:
II) execution. Thus
i:en.i(cd fron) the ht
icnis increalcri on Ch
U be their governor.
liicPopKh religion; ,i
iJic heretics, as they
frelh vigour, a court c
cruelties aggravated b
Theic opprefiions t
height by Fe.dinand ,
I "iilip had created go\
pufti for their freedom
1.1 coiijundijon with hi
nnderioolt the defence i
iiriigglcs for rehgioui a
'••lies 01 Holland, in i
lUJtholderfhip on the
J '"d provinces declaring
l"'57&i in one gonc°
UsiTtD NETriERI.AN-bS.
L U R O I'
2u H
,litc is worth about half a farthing ; a grot P'lcmilh is
I.Hir'dites, and a (liver two grots ; two llivers make a
, II filvcr piece railed dubbclihen, and a fchillini; ib
diivalcnt to fix (livers. There are alfo lowered fcliillinirs
(.1 live (livers and a half; and fclKhalves, which are ol
the lame value ; the eijiht and fourteen (liver jiieccs,
J c not verv common. A Holland guilder is equivalent
l„ iwf nty (livers, or one (hilling and eiyht-pcnce. There
in- likewil'e half guilder and three guilder pieces ; but
thtlc are feldom feen. A gold gulden makes two twt nty-
liilit (livers, and a thaler, or dollar, tliirty -, u rixJolKir,
rr Albert dollar, is two guilders ten (livers. There arc
alfo half and quarter rixdollare ; a lion dollar is worth
fnfiy-two (livers, or three fhilliiigs and feven-pence ; and
(diicatoon is worth fixty- three, or five fliillings and two-
iifnce. Their gold coins are the well known ducats,
which arc worth five Holland guilders, and fiiur or
five- pence ; and whole ruydders iitc worth fourteen guil-
ders.
SECT. III. '
/I tm'ift Hljlury t/tht Uniled Province: ; thtir political Ciin-
jlilutitit, uith a particular /fcctunt of iht States (ieitirii/.
'fhi Ti'ti! tnd /trmi of the States ; the Taxes and Re-
unuis »t the Republic \ with their Military and Naval
Ftiic.
THF. Netherlands, with that part of Germany which
lies weft of the Rhine, wa» po(refled by the Rri-
maiis, who called it Gallia Helgica : but upon the de-
cline of the Roman empire, the Goths, and other nor-
ihctn people, took poflefTion of thtfe provinces, as they
palTed through them in their way to France and Spain :
ind here ereiled fevcral fmall governments that were a
kind of limited monarchies, whofe (bvereigns were (liled
dukes, counts, and lords. The people enjoyed great
privileges under thefe princes, who were contented with
prffftving them, becaufe the fmallnefs of their refpec-
tivt duminions made their greatcft ftrength confift in the
rfeflion I'f their fubje£la. But afterwards when all thefe
provinces became fubjefl to one prince, who had large
(iominions elfewhere, the people were treated with Ids
indulufnce. Charles V. was the firft of thel'c, and, as
hcwaskinnof Spain, emperor of Germany, and duke
cfBurcundv, he had different intcrefts from thofe of his
predarlTors 1 and being engaged in a war with France,
he broiiiiht foreign forces from his other dominions into
liitNcthtilands, notwithllar.ling the laws to the con-
irary.
At length the reformation breaking cut, that prince
txhibitcd very rigorous edicts againlt thole who feparat-
cd from the Romilh church \ and Grotius affirms, that,
iiuring his reign, above a hundred thouland perlons fuf-
itrcd death for their religion j but the number and cou-
rage of thole who embraced the dodlrincs of the refor-
mation, iiiftead of being diminilhcd by the hoirors of pcr-
itcuiiiin, daily intrealed, and lometimes the people re-
fcucd out of the hands of the officers thole who were kd
locxecution. Thus the Netherlands became cxtremtly
alitnatcd from the houfe of Aullria, and their di(con-
tcntsincrealed on Charles's nominating his (on I'hilip 11.
to be iheir governor. This prince would admit oniy of
the PopKh reli;;ion ; aii>. a (anguinary perlccutiim agaiiill
liie heretics, as they were called, was carried on with
frcdi vigour, a court of inquifition was creeled, and thcle
cruelties aggravated by infupportablc taxes.
Thel'c opprefTions being carried to the nioft tvranriiral
height by Ferdinand of Toledo, dirkc of Alba, whom
I'nilip had created governor, the Netherlaiidtrrs made a
pu(h (or iheir freedom, and Wrllian) prince of Orange,
inconjuiiiilion with his brother, count Lewis of Nadau,
nrideridok the defence of the inhabit.iiits, in their noble
I i'augglcs (or religious and civil liberty. Accordingly the
1 Jtcb of Holland, in their own names contcricd the
IJj'JiholJerfhip on the former, and (evi-ral other towns
iiid provinces declaring for hiin, he at firll uniled them,
1111576, in one general alTociation, under the title of
Ine Pacrfication of Ghent. Dut this unimi being (bon
pMloUtd, the piinc* labouroil to tli« utmoll of hii power
to form a more durable alliance, which he li.ippily ac-*
coniplidied Ml 1579. In that year the celcuratcd Icaijuf!
ol Utrecht w.is concluded, vhich give name to the
United i'roviiic.s, aiul became thu balis and plan of tlieir
conllitiitldii. Tne prince ol Orange was alterwards on
tile poiiu of being n'liiinatcd fovercrgn of tlielr roiintrir.s,
but v.a:, trcarluTOullv flia: in 15K4, by an alialTiii hired
by till- .Spanilh tninillrv. 'The United Netherlands, how-
cur, coiiti'iuing toniauitain, Ivvord in hand, that libertv
to which they had railed thernlclves-, queen Klizabcth of
Kiijlaiid took thtnr under her protcilion, and (cut them
aOillance. 'Thus the war went on prolptroiinv, and their
commerce arrived at (uch a pitch, that in lOoi their ce-
lebrated Fall India company was cllabldhed, and Spain
being both weakened and dllcouragcd by the ill l'uccel>
of a tedious war, in lOob, agreed to an arniillice lor
twelve years, and in the very (ir(l article acknow-
ledged the United Netherlands to be a free and inde-
pendent (late ; and, during this truce, the republic at-
tained to a degree of power which it has never (incc ex-
ceeded.
In 1621 the war was again renewed, during which the
ftadthold,.r, prince Frederic Henry, greatly dillmgiiilhcd
himfelf, 'Ibis war was brought to a period in 1648, by
the p'.ace of Munller, at which I'nilip IV. king of Spain,
renounced all claim to the United Netherlands.
In 1652 a war brokcout between the United I'rovinces
and England ; bu was terniiiiated two years after by a
treaty, in which the dates of Holland en^a^cd forever
to exclude the houfe of Orange from the (lailihollcrfhip
of tiicir province.
In 1665 another war was kinllfd with England, which
laded trli the treaty of Urcda. 'The ll.ites of Holland and
\V\(l Friefland then palled an edict, by whicli they a-
boli(hed tlie ftadtholderlhip in their province. When
France formed a defign to feize on the SpanKh Nether-
lands, the United Provinces entered int>> an alliance with
the crowns of England and Sweden, for the defciire of
thofc countries : thus France was, in 1668, compt lied to
agree i .he peace of Aix la Chapelle ; but foon took :i
feverc revenge by fubverting that alliance, and inhrcing
England, with (bme other powers, to enter into a lea^utJ
againft the United Provinces, on which a war cnfucd.
In this critical juniSlure the republic, in 1672, nominat-
ed the young prince of Orange, named William III.
captain and admiral general 1 and the populace com-
pelled the dates of Holland to iiivcll hiin with the
iladtholderftiip, which two years after was declared he-
reditary.
In 1678 a peace was concluded with France at Nime-
guen ; but it was of no long continuance, for in lOS^,
the dates fupporting their (ladtholjir in his expedition to
England, with a fleet and a large body of troops, France
declared war againd them, which laded till the peace of
Ryfwic in 1697. At length, on the death of Cliailes 11.
king of Spain, in the year 17C0, the Spanifli provinces
fell to the Ihare of the houfe of Audria, and the republic
became involved in a war relating to that fuccclEon,
whrch continued till the pearc of Utrecht, in 1713. On
the deceale of the emperor Charl''s \'I. they allillcd the
quctn of Hungary agarnll France, which drew on them
the rcfentment ol that pr'wer ; and, irr 1747, the Frencl*
making an irruption into Dutcn Flanders, the republic
irnaiimoudy declared the late prince of Orange hereditary
dadtliolder, captain- general, and admiral in chief
The Seven United Provinces form (even republics, or
independent lovercign (Utes, united together for their
common defence in a dole allrance ; but on condition,
that all ihdl enjoy iheir own rclpeC'.ive laws, liberties,
and privileges. As th-y are confederated and allied to-
gether, it rs requifite mat they diould meet, in order to
conlult on the moll proper method of promoting their
common intered ; but as it is inipolTible lor all the mem-
bers of theic leveral (latcs to meet together, each particu-
lar date appoints I'ome perfon to reprelent it ; and thp
ad'embly of theIc reprefcntativct is called the aflcmbly of
the States-general.
Not only each province, but the principal cities, fend
depirties to the States-general, as do alio the nobles. Thus
the number of the repreleittatives is very corifnlrrable,
and all are maintained at the t xpeiice ol their refpciitive
4 *- prov-nrcs ,
w.i*m
t-
1
I u
*
'
m
li
1
(
t
^'h
i^:l;i
2S()
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' 11 Y.
Nt
tiieu!,an:i;
u
Afiis
ili'puties of Hulland being allowed tour revciuic ; ar.J In con jii^inn witli tim Jrputiii oj t."-.^
' ■' ' ' ■' " '' " ■ '■ ■ Sutis I'cnt'iiil, tluy alio nrdviiii' ci;',- thiiij; ni.^.i;i;i,^,
liir tlu' ilfiwiujot (l\i.' louiitrv, botl. in lime cf pcic^-
ami \v;ir. I'lii- rimiLns uhJit t',io '
province? ; tli
florim a ilav, am) tiiDl'i; of the othir Hates lix. Hut what
over bi' the niinilv.T of the >Jc|Uities fioni each provinc e,
he they noble-, or eoinnniners, ihey h.ivi all together but
one voice ; :in.l therefore in the alllMnbly "f the States-
general there arc hut levcii voices. Hcfidcs this, btin^
properly the all'einblv of the reprefcntatives of the feveii
'jvereii-ntie;! whieh compofe the (hite»ot the United Hii>-
vinces, tiieir power is limited either exprelUy or tacitly
by tliis inllrudion : " Not to fuller the lealt wnund to
'' be (;ieen to ihe fovcrcii'.itv of that province which de-
" putes lliein."
The Slates-general, however, not only make peace or
war 111 thi irown name, liut fend and receive ambadailors
and orliei public minilters. The commander in chief,
an.) .ill otiier military officers, take an oath of fidelity to
fh.in , anJ, during a war, lome of their members, or of
the cnuncil of Itate, follow the army, fit in the council
<if vvar, and without their confent nothing of importance
cm 1m- undertaken, in lime of war the States iikcwil'c
j.'rant lieiiices and protei! lions.
Thus the Stalet-jjcncral appear at fird view to be the
l'o\-et;ipns (if the coiimrv ; but molt of thele deputies
are ai>poin:e 1 only tor a few years, and th.iuch they
hive the po-.ver of debiiin;; on the moll important al-
f.iirs tl'.at mae tend to f- cure or promote the prelcivation
and h,ippin"fs of the Hate, vet they have not power to
conehiJe .'AW p.iint of ji;reat coiilequeiue, without pre-
>ioiillv communicating it to their refpeitivc provinces,
r\nd receiving; their cxpiefs confent. This renders the
leluUi'.ions ol the republic fo tedious and dilatory, as to
lire 'he pnliemc of tliol.- powers who have alFairs to ne-
potii'te wiih the Males ; bii: tho' this flov
ceedini; be attended witii many inconveniences, it lias
fome a,lvanta!;es : it affords leifure for miturc delibera-
ti-n an.l laution, and is fometuncs an unexceptionable
pretence lor prctraClint', time and waiting events.
In the .ilimblvof the States-general, the provinces
prui le weekly in their turn, beginning with Giielder-
land, who h.id the pn-cedencv before ilic union ; tlien
Holland, Zealand, Utiecht, Frielland, Oeeryirel, and
Crronmsfii. He v.-ho is hrit named in the deputation of
his provinre prrlid-5, and is from hi ncc called the Pre-
fiilent of the Week. He propoles the lubject to be de-
bated, and collects the voles of the alFembly, upon which
he forms his conclullon, dictates to the regiller, and af-
terwards funs tlic relolution. They lit ttiroiighout the
whole year without adjournment, and their meetings arc
always held at tlie Hajjue.
The highcft ofRce in this country is that of Oadthol-
dcr i lor hr is at the fame time povcrnor-i^jeneral of the
leven United Provinces, captain-i^eiieral, and urand-ad-
miral ; but his power i- extrenuly limilcd. He (wears
to otiev the Sraie'-penfral, and can neiiher make peace
nor w.ir without their con.'ent. He may come to their
.iflemblv to lay beloic them any bufinels In which the
public is concerned ; but his nut ordinarily a feat in it.
lie may pardon criminals cf.iidemne.l to (ufter death, and
h:>s the rn;ht of < huhni' the mauHtrates of cities upon a
double nomination ol tlw-ir rtlpective I'enaics, exceptini;
only Afiif>erdarn, with fevcral other iiniiortaiit privi-
leges.
The (i'le aifum'-d by the States is that of High and
Micbtv Lords, or the Lords the States-i^enetal of the
United ISVibftlands, and in public addrelles they are
ftilot tbfr Hiph MiuhtinelU-s.
Their .inns .ire, L'ules, a lion rampant, holdini' in one
p-jw a fword, and in the oiber a bun.tle of (even irrows-,
beneath the Ibield, which i> lurrr.ounicd with a ducal co-
ronet, is the motto concordi A Rt'i PARVA CREs-CONT.
Th- council of Itate coiilills of twelve deputies of the
fcveral province?, and tli'lr office is either triennial, or
durinj^ the picalure of their princi|>als. In this council
the deputies of Holland have the ijreateit weiuht, that
iroi-inrc bein
circ^tion ol this
council are thofe paid b-, ihc S veii rroviiices, ai„| n..
country of iJientlie, iiiio ihe military chcit, -i.dhit!.-
Geneuliti-land> intfi the public tiealury ; as likewilcs,!
coiiiribu'i'ins, confiliatidiis, and the like. Soimtinnj
the council of (late is lummoned before the States.-i ne.
ral ; but whencecr the laticr require a particul.ir umic.
leiue with them, they lUil, feml two oi tb-ce din'ties,
I'lie title of thi.i council is Noble and Mighty l.oi,;
The treafurer-iieiKial is alio honoured with lliis iiije
as beiim an allcllbr in the council of (tale, and may Jc'
liver hi. opinion J but his no iltfinitive voice. Tlic re-
cei\er-;.',cneral has a leat in tiie lame council.
I be iiencral chamber ot accounts is conipofed of lour.
teen dtpuilcs, each province fending two. Their chiti
employment is to receive, ll.ite, and balance the accoiiiui
of the Kvcral piovinces. The members of this chamber
are alio lliled Nol-le and Mii^lity Lords.
The i!.v iirral chamber of (inaiicfs is fubordinate tn ho
fornuT, and cunlilts of four coniiniHioncrs and a JLcrc-
tary.
The mint-office confifts of three counfellors, aflidcj
by .1 niint-maller-^"jncral, a mineral aUay-maller, and an
under fecrctary. All thefe i'tvcral collCjjes ir.eet at ih:
Haiine.
\Vith refpcci to the adminiftration of jufticc, the pro-
ceedings of the feveral courts are regulated by the p.irti.
ciiUr l,.ws ot the relpcctive towns and provinces whtrc
thev arc tncd, the cduils of the Hates, and the civil hw.
method of pro- j tach province has its tribunal, to A-hich, except i,i en.
niinal cafci, appeals lie fiom the petty and county
courts, and if the party calt is dif|>ofed to Hand a thirj
trial, he may apjily to the itaies of the p'oviiic?, who
appoint certain perfons learned in the laws and cullums
of that province to examine the decree, and pafs a final
decilion. Jultice is laid to be no where fo well admi.
iiifkred :is in thefc provinces.
The ta.\es payable by the inhabitants of the United
provi.-ices, anit by thofe of theconqucred lands, have bten
rendered neccliary by the long and fevere wars which the
republic has fuft^ined, and the number of them, cfpc-
cially in Holland, where they are always the hcavici;,
IS lb great, that a certain writer allerts, th.-it the only
thing which has cfcaped taxation is the air we breathe.
The principal ordinary ta.xcs are the duties on exports
and imports, levied by the admiralty offices, and appro-
priated to defray the cxpeiKcs of Ihe navy. The tax-.-s
on houfes, lands, hnrned cattle, &c. and on the pur-
chafe money of all Immoveables, under which are com-
prehended vellc-ls of above eight tons burthen, for which
the fortieth |Hiiny Is paid ; and this alone in Holland
aninully blinds l.i above feven hundred thoufand golden
rioiins. Ihe tweniicrh penny levied on inhcritancts m
the collateral and afcending line. A poll tax, which
obtains only In fome provinces. The excifeon allltindi
of praviliom., nccellaries, and liquors ; and here i^.e
money levied on bread and beer is eltiinited ai above
one third, that < a wine at fomewhal lefs, and that on
turf for firing alio at one third. 'I'hcrc is likewife aduty
on horf's, coaches, and fervants. The llampt pipir
ule 1 in all their feveial inftrumeni-, cnntradts, and bonus,
Is laid to exceed tour hundred thouland golden florins.
In particular emergtnciei, when the ordinary reve-
nues are lUlulticienr, the tax on lands and houfcs is
d 'ub'.jd, .uid Come other dutii's railed. Thus, in 17.;-,
.Ill edict pafi'ed for a volunt-rv aid, conliiiing of the
tifticth iH'iiiiy of every man's whole wcaltti a.? ! fuh-
Itance. The ordinary reveii.ics tjt' the republic arc elli-
niatcd at twenry-oiie millions 0: guilders ; but as the
contributions have fallen fliort of the expenccs incurred
by their Kin^ wars, the llale has borrowed imirienlcfunn
f three votes, while none of i (roni the inhabirants, and every one of tiie provinces la-
bours under very heavy debts.
The Uniteil I'rnvinccs Hand in need of a confiJcra-
ble militiry force for their delencc, not withit Hiding
which, this hjs never been put on a proper e lUb ilh-
incnt F.ach province keeps on foot fiich a nuinbirnf
tioops as it can conve!'i':iv.ly maintain; but tlve Sivijj
rri;.-
poflbU'ed
the others have more than two, and loinc of them only
one. The piefidentfhip nuked is held alternately by the
twelve mcnibrr?, each In their week. The council of
Sate all'-nibleseverv day In thefame court with the Staics-
f;en-ral. The principal .■ift'airs which tome under the
deliberation of this council are, thofe of the army and
Ji^iict are determi
I'ates of the whole
t'leliate, oft;ie th
three capitals, ortc I
fiargrave of Nimea
tfKleairemblies all
arc rteiilated. Gi
'0 thc'aflrcmblycf
VlllCCS.
Thcdiftria of
Oadderland, and 1
the .Maefc. Thou
'l..; aioft confidtrub
tile piiLbc cxpcnc?
iiJ.s a leat and vcit(
'• '.*ie following ,
iii:'.;!.AKn:.
C.T.!.DIKLANr?.
E U K O 1' F.
I
ill
■'■»^
,f,vnu-i)t5 arc r"J '-"y '""-• otat«<-gpncr.-.l. In tim^ i^l
n/ r the iDntrs "I the ic-|1'iI)!k" leldoni cxicL-il fuity
IhmiiJiiJ men, uiiJ very oltcn their luinibor is tHll Ids.
In lime v< w.v thi- rcpiih' c hircj troops ol thi- (Urm.in
nrjicis ii'-l Wv "ii. t'..-m in |).iy till iic;irc lie ie(h)r<'.l
rnc il'" I <■''"""•"''' "* ''"^ army is vi'Kc'd in tlie Itnit-
V |,|^.f .ij ,M|itainp.-n!;ral ; bnt the txeeiitivc part, (■(pc-
ci.'.llv ill 'iHie ol' w.ir, is HI ' by the field m.irlhal ge-
ncrji. I h"^ fotiriircs arc alwjys kept in f;ood rtp.iir. In
.--c th-rspenef. ot'thcniilitnry tlt.iMiflinieiit .imiijiit-
(i u. .lie million eight hundred t'orty-rmir liioul'.iiid
,'our liJ '••IriJ ^"J thirty-feven jjuilders (ixttcn (livers;
hut ill 1-;*'. o"ly t" "'•"'" "'illi"" Tevcn hundred lixiy-
fi'.r itiout.'iui and four. I'hc naval force oi the repiib-
!u' lornurly made a great fV^ure, and in lume wars the
Uateh hive had at lea a hundred men of war ; but the
ijual number in time of |>eace is only thirty, and tlinCe
,,„[ .ilvvavs lit for fcrvicc. It however pnflis for a
tcrtaiii truth, that the admiralties, by the adidanic of
(fir f leral [irovinces, can in a fliort time equip forty
,,, titiv (hips of the line. Tlieir men of war arc ebicllv
cni'i'ineil in cruifin.; in the Miditcir.inean, lo pr.neel
iheir trade aiiainll the Corfair-, or iis convoys li> the
f MicwarJ bound InJiamcn.
SEC T. IV.
0/ GuELDnULANO,
I:, SltuVijit, Cimatty Pr:il::.i, ml Rii'cri, T!t GjViin-
r.:nt cf th^ Pr:V!>iit\ in Divilhtu, irul a Difcripliiri of
S.Kt^Mn, 'Lutp'ir., and Arnhchn.
GUELDERLAND, or Gcldcrland, is boumled on
the north by the Zii^ 3er-fc.i and Overyliel ; on
the call by the biflinpric of Munller, and the dutchv of
C.cvej oil the fouth is divided by the Made from Kr.i-
binti and on the weft borders on Utrecht and Holland.
The air is the bell in all the .Seven Provinces, and
the foil for the moll part e^ood. The country of Zut-
fhcn has fuch plenty of apple, pear, an 1 cherry-trees,
tliJt it fupplics all the other provinces with thofe fruits.
There ate here alfo large tracts of arable land, with a
fufficicnt (juantity of meadow utounds fit for paltures.
Guci..i..land is watered by the Rhine, and its three
briiichcs the Waal, the Yfd, and the Lck, and on its
foulhcrii borders runs the Maefe. The fmaller rivers
are the Linge, formerly cal!cd the Longwater, which
tilets its coatfe between l.'.e Rhine and the Waal, till
it fit's into the Merwe ; the Old YfTc! which joins the
YfftI near Doefberg, ii;d the Berlcel, which falls into the
fame river.
In the whole province arc t*enty-t'.vo towns, and two
boroughs. It ii divided into three Jiltriih, Nimeguen,
Zutjiheii, and Anihciiii, each of which li.is its own
(utti:u!ar rt.ites coirpoftj of the nobility and towns.
The nua-.b.T of the nooilitv admitted in the leglllalive
p.nviT ii not fixed, e.ery one legally qualified being ad-
va.ieeil to a (hare in the government at rwvnty-one years
ofa;;e. The towns mav depute as many as they pleal'e
ij aifill at the diet of lir. dillricl, thoun;h each town li.is
(let one Note. The airtn-.blies of the ihtes of each di-
itritl ,ire al'.vays ^.^.•ld in the C2p;ta!, from which it derives
ilsname, and tho burgomalter for the time being fits as
prclJent at tiie diet, at \vhich all affairs relating to that
iliftrict are d'*termined. Two general aflemhlies of the
Ihtes of the whole province, conlillingof the deputies of
t;;c iiate, of t:ie three provinces, are annually held in the
three capitals, orK in fprin~, and tlie other in autumn. The
tiurgrave of Nimegucn aUv.'.vs fits as prcfidenr, and in
ihvie airemblies all affairs relatng to the whole province
arc rcgiildted. Guelderland :;lfo lends nin;tcen deputies
10 the alTcmbly of the States- general of the United Pro-
miccs.
Thediftricl of Nimeguen contain'! the fouth part tif
Gaclderland, and hcs between the Rhine, the ^V".lal, and
the Maefe. Thoui;!i this quarter is the fmallell, it is
li.e LiiuU cor.fideruble, a:id pavs the largcft coniingent to
the piitl.c cxpcnc?*. It contains only three towns th;it
liave i (eat and volt in iliv alicmbly. the ^jrinc'p;'.! "f'.hrfc
1. ihe following ;
NImeiruon, thi.- capital of tiiis difliij. Hands on li-vr
ral little eminenec; along the river Wnal, over which
has a bri.t-f of lioatv iir the fiav-f.ilt degree (iltv-tv.
niuuites north laiitu.lc, and in the li'ili degree foriy-li.\
minutes ealt longitude. Towari^s the land it i^ ven
llroiii'ly fortified, it beiii;' til • i;!rno!l boiiudarv "f the
N'etherlan Is to the call ; hut the gre.it extent of its out-
works requires a verv niinieinir. garrifon. The churchcr.
here lire two of Dutch Calvinil!,, the principal ot which
H that of ,S'. Stephen, a French church, a Liilheraii
church, and five belon:;ing to the Roman catholics. C)i<
the call fide of the city, within the walls, Ih nds an oM
burg, or c.iUle, called tlu- l'.,^^enl;of, which i'l faid to
have been built by Charleinajnic ; mul the burgr.ive, uli./
refides in it, is one ot the molt conlidcrablc nol-les in all.
(luclderland. Withm the wall.s of this caftlc are delight-
■ .-•■'■■.■f^-
,•/,<>.
fu! walk.
planted with rows of lime-trees.
houfe, which (lands in Ilurg-Hrcct, is tin
tliL- Hates of th(! quarter meet, and where
The lladr
place when
the pronn-
cial diets me held.
In ihTiJ i!ie celebrated treaty of Nim'gucn was con-
cluded lure, and in 1702 m.iilhal Houffl'-rs formed a
defignof (lizingth.s pluce, it b'-ing then with lut a gar-
rifon ; but ihcearlof Atlilone, the iJiilcli general, inarch-
ed to its r lief with lucli expedition, that the marlliara
fclieme was fiuftrated. Ninvgiieii carries on a ;,uod
trade with the dutchy of CIcve, an! fends great quaii-
tities of its white beer Into all ihc Unilc.l Provinces.
The Zutphen quarter, or coiiiuv of i^utphen, is fc-
parale.l from Arnheim by the river Yilel. The foil is oa
the welt and foutli liJes not interior to aiij in (Jucldcr-
l.ind i but to the callward near the frontieis of Munller li
full of heaths and moralles. It contains iive towns that
enjoy a feat and vote in the diets, the principal place iit
which is the following :
Zutphen, in Litiii Ztitphania, the caplt.il of the
county to which it gives name. Hands on the banks of
the Yifel, over which it ha3 a bridge of boats, fifty-rive
miles tart by-foiith of Hanover. Die Yd'el here receives
the Borkel, or Berkel, which divides the town into two
parts, the Old and the New. The former of thefe is
much larger than the latter ; but both have cxtenfivc
fuburbs, which chiefly confill of plealure-houfei, yet by
degrees have been included within the circuit of the walls.
The town is well fortified, except towards the works in
the fuburbs, where there is Itfs occafioii for llrcngth, as
i.ic country may be cafily laid under water by means of
the Borkel. There aic hero feveral plea,.., it walks, par-
ticularly on the ramparts, which are planted with trees.
Zuipheii w.is formerly a Ilanle-town, and more opulent
than at prclVnt. The Dutch Calvinills have twochurches
here, and there is alio one belonging to the Walloons,
another to the Lutherans, another to the Catholic?, and
another to the .Meiinonites. A gyinnalium, founded here
in 1687, has fix niaHers. This town has feveral times
been befieged r.nu taken.
The Arnheim quarter, or the Veliiwc, is feparatcd
from that of Zutphen by the Ytlcl. Its foil is for the
moft part verv injifterent, cfpecially towards the mi>ldle,
which abounding in fand, heath, and brakes has ihc ap.
I pearancc of a wiidernefs ; but the country near the river
j i< as fertile as any other part of the Netherlands. It lias
j five towns that enjoy a feat and vote in the diets, the prin-
cipal of which Is
i Arnheim, the capital of the qinrfer, feated on the
Rhino at the foot of the Veluwe hills, at no creat dif-
'■ tanre from the place where the Yllel and ihe Rhine di-
vide thcii llreams. Over the latter of thefe rivers it has
a bridge of boats, and befor- the Rhine-gate is a com-
modious harbour of a quadrangular form. The forti-
fications to the land-fide were eonfiderably enlarged in
17J2 by that fkilful engineer general Cochorn, who alfo
enclofed within a llrong line an eminence to the welt of
the town, which in cale of a liege might be a great »ii-
iiovance to it ; but is now capable of containing^ fina!]
camp for its defence. To the north oi the town runs
the iiiolcbcek, which fills the moatj with watvr. Thi:
walls arc delightfully planted with lime-trees, nnd iiiav
te walked round with cafe in an hour anJ a half. The
town iticlfii- well built : here all thelt.itcs of thisquiirier
have their meetings, and a is likewife the l,a: of the i.tu.
1 viiuui
' 1
1 '
{
1
1.
! 1
.
1
il
• B8
A S Y S T !•: M C) !•
'- , ; !
? .i.
\f"
■ili
vinci.il tliii I'lO'iit 1 Ijiillii'i', aiul llif i li iniln r nl' .iccoiim^.
Aiiliintly tlic iliiki^, (il Ciiii.MitI.111.1, .iivI .iltci (liiiii tin-
H.iililioMi I , (jf this |iiii>i;n.i', kept thiirmutl in llic oM
Jial.icf i wliicli, wluiiivfi tlic licKililJcy ll.ullliiiKlir idiiii i
l'> olTill .It lln- .ill' iiiliiv III till' (l.itts 111 iIk' piiimii !•, ii
fitlcil up loi Ins riii|Uiiiii. Jn thr j;rt;it iliiinh, ilali
i.ilcil Id M liiHtliiiis, .lit" t'lc inoiiiinu'iits nl rinr,tl
counts , mil liukis i>l (iii.lilcil.iiul. Thi' Duii li C.iln-
iiilKs lun' ..ll'ci .iiuuhcr eiuiri.li, ^iml ihcic is likcwili- j
liilich iliuuhaiiJ a tiiiii;ri- 'atiiiii ol l,utlui.iiis. Aiii-
liciui w.{' i.iktii lii'in tlif S|>anijrils III 15K5 ; tlic Frtiuii
liiadc thc'iiiloKcs inaltcib ul it in i'';;:, and krpt ii till
the ycir 1O74.
lluahuvc iiu'iilicmcil dillriil, rallid V'lliuvc, i* lur-
roundid hy a iiarunv llii|i<)l l.iiul Id ixtiniiiiv K'ftiK',
as to i;ive oicalidii to a (ayin:;, tli.it the \ lUiwc n a
Ihrcadliari' loat aIiIi a very ruh liurdcr.
It is (ii(i|uT to iililcivi', that p.irt ol ihi' ipp|)?r (jiLiilfr
«if (iut.-Idi-il.iiKl in. ludi's the qu.irti r ol Kuronioiul, wim h,
with its e.ipii.il <it' till.- lam.- nami.', is (uliitct to ilic IduIV
<'l Aultiia i an. I the I'mall town and p'l-kclur.itc ol' tiu.l-
ii:c.s, whic.'i bdun^ to tiic kinjid I'lUlFia.
G I
'I'l
thr
f. U A 1' II Y.
ff
Cl.i'.AN3,
S I C I'. V.
Ofi!.e Provimt of UoLl..SN-ri.
In Silualion, Ji\lciil, Pndutfs tnl Rivtri. Tri P^puhuf
"^/i of tot (.'''iDit'v, ii'ii ihi- Xtiitneji of tht Tswni <i-.A
l'iiLi;n. Tht- {hv,'nim,tit of ihr I'roviriu- ; nil'') a Di-
liiifiionof I'll' Cili'S of f)jt, llarlt-m, L'yini, /f-ii/hr-
•liri, Rittii il.iin, !i>; Il.nii,., .tn I thi riLi^c of tirick.
TilK province of Holland is hounded on thef luth by
Hr.ih.'.iit i oil the ciH l>y the provinces of Cjiielder-
lanJ, Utn-cht, itie /uvder k-a, and t!ie Noiih l^a j on
the latt-.-r of whi.li its whole wi'lKiii Ironiieri lie. This
is the larj>ell ol a.l the (even provinces, and, aicording
to the c.diiput.ition of the celebrat d John de Witt, con-
tains lour hundred thoiil.in.i acres \ liut later .uit.-mrs lup-
pole that It contains four hun.lred and forlv thoufan.l.
Its litu iii :)ii is in y;iK-r.d very low, and loiiie part even
1 )Wer tiiaii liie I a, Irinii which it is lecured by dykes and
'i.ini«, and iiilerfecled bv innuni. r.ible ditcnes and can.ils,
throuLih wiic!i the w.:ter is carried otl atthctinie td ebb.
I he air is foj^v and uiiwho'efoiiie ; however, the great-
cll part ol ir.e piovincc coiililts of liiii- palture lin.li, .tikI
llu'tclorc the piii.cipal enipluynieiU of tlic country people
is ma<iiw butter ,oid checle j for wh;ch piirpofe thev keep
a number c milch-cows. I'hc inoie loutlurn puts of
I'le province, wtiich lie near Zealand, and alio the welt
l.inds, as they are called, arc > xcellent corn countries.
The iniddic part of the province coi. fills aliiioll eiuirely
of lurt i;roundj.
liefides the large rivers conirnnn to the Netherlan.K in
general, there arc fcvcral linalltr llreanis ; as th- Vei lit,
which cnmiiig from Utrecht falls into the Zuydrr fea :
the Amftel, which receives the Crooked A111IKI, an i
iiiiis through Anillerdam into the V : the /un, which
waters North Holland, i-nd alio difchirges itfell into the
Y ; as docs alio the Spaaien, which illues out of the lake
ofHailem. On this river pals the laruer vellifls bound
to Zealand, and other ports, crofling H.irlein lake : the
Shie, which runs throu;;h Delft to Shiedani, where it
joins the Maefe j as does alio the Rottc at Rotterdam:
theCiouwe, wnich proceeds out of the Old Rhine, and
at Gou la fall, into the Yliel : the Holland Yll'el, which,
after rcceivini; its waters from the Rhine-canal, as it is
called, difcharr;es itfelf into the Maefc -, this river is alfo
joined by the V'lill : and lalHy, the l,in.;c, which ifl'uini;
out of Ciucldeiland, iravcrfes Holland, and lofes itfelV
in the Merve.
In (everal parts of the countrv thefe rivers arc joined
bv invigablc canals, which afford a cheap commuiiica-
ti.jn be^'cen the (everal towns and vilhges of this popu-
lous province, as, by means of the treckfchuyls, patieii-
gers go from plioe to place at fixed hours on thefe canals,
and at very cheap r itcs. t/oods are likewde lent the
fame way, which is of unfpeakabic advant.i^'c to the iii-
I iiU trade.
le liro.id water, whi h palTcs by Amflcidiiti fr
/unlet lea, and divides tlie province into Suuih x j
Noith Holland, or Into Holland and W'cU rriedjnj
callid tHe Y, or, a-i it is pronounced, the ty j„j "
Heverwic k (onus ihc Wykeritietr. '
Tills piovince abounds in the moft extraordinary i^i
provementi, and is ama7.iiii>ly populous, the number 'i
lis inhubiiaiils bcmg computed at one million iwu hi
dred iboufand. I lie buildinjss in the towns arr molll'
ol brick, and for liandloine villa;;cs and ileanlmt; '^
their lioiifis, it rxcieds every other country j lut ;
North I lolUnd neatiiels is tamed to an aUoMiflimi; pj|j|,
111 that piovincrare vill.ijes in which the hou(cs,toirct|ifr
Willi the looms and luiiiituie, arc clean and brivnt |»
yoird iin.ij^iiMiioii ; the buildiinis tliemlclvcs, the (looij
and cwiy wooden utrnlil, boih within and withoui'
even to the very yales in the iu«ds, and the polh m (kJ
paKuies i.ainll which the cows rub, a> alio ihc vify
ii links ol the tries, biiii>; palmed : the chminits lii,.
wile, wall the cow (fails, both on the floor and un th,
lidi.',, .lie kipl r.\rit-iiii-ly lu.-at ; but in thefe eow ft^n
ilii- Liiiiilies ilieiiiliivej rilide, to avoid foiling their (ii.Q.
ill;; riKUiii. I'lieii (Ireels too aie paved with brick, j^j
viiy caielully wallied and Iticwed with a fine whitf
land.
The two pins of whii'h this province confifts arc u-
d(-r out- joint-rrgem y, called tiic States of Il"llainJ j^j
U'elt I'lieflan.l, coiiipofcd of the nobility and vriin.
towin. The number of nobility admitted into the alilm.
biy of the Slates 15 not limited, •.■ul therefore not alwdy,
iIk- fame. The noblity cled their feveral members by
a majority of votes, but they Icldom exceed ten. Tf,,.
votiiii; towns, at the firft f)undation of the republic, were
only the fix followinj; : Durt, Harlem, De.ft, I.eyJti,'
Amilerdam, and (louda i but \Villiam I. pmae „,
(Jiaiige, added t'Aclvc more ; fo that at ptelcnt they ji,
eighteen, that is, eleven in South Holland, and fevinin
Noith Holland. The Imallcl* of thcfc cities has g„
eipiil voice in tlic provincial ftutcs with AtnfterJitn
which p.iys almod hall the charge of the whole province,
Kach member at bis did appearance in this allembly
is obliged to Iwear to maintain the rights, privileges, im.
inuniiics, la*s, and tultoms of the country, andtogive
his vote .ici'ordiiig to his conlciencc, for the coinmoit
happiiiels and prolpcrity of the province, without hatroj,
or rCjjard to the intenif of any particuLr town or pcrfoii |
to execute all the refolui, ■ fakcn in the alFembly witii
fidelity, and to keep inviolable the istin. 'with which he
tli.iU be (iiiruUid.
The States of Holland enjoy entire liberty of fpccch,
and arc only anfwerable lor their aflinns to the tuwii
which deputes ihcm, without bcin" liable to be caliej m
<]i. (lion by any other authority. I'hcy meet four timci
a year, in February, June, Scj)temhcr, and Novcmii^r.
Ill the three fwiner (cllions th;y fill up the vacant cm-
|>loymeiiis in their difpolal, confult about the ccimn:o.i
alfaiis of the province, and determine particul ir ditfcr-
cnces that may happen between the towns. In Novem-
ber they meet for raifing fuch I'upplies as may havi bcru
granted by their deputies to the btatcs General, fur ;hc
lervice of the fubfequent year.
The refolutions of the States are generally determined
by a majority of voices ; but in very important affairs
they mull be unanimous : fo that the oppofition of 011c
of tnc fmallcft cities can prevent a refolution being taken;
in which cafe the aficmbly is adjourned for a day or twu,
that the deputii s may have time to return to their refpcc-
tive cities for farther inftiucticns.
The grand peiifionary of H-)Iland is a perfon of great
dignity; he has no dccifivc vote; he n'-->pofcs the fubjtds
of debate to the adembly of the (I? " 'hat province,
collecls the fuffrages of the ninctee. -Mentatiyes, pro-
nounces the refolutions, and diiilates ic terms in which
they are to be regiftered : he is alfo the conftant deputy
to the States General, and keeps the public regiders aiij
great leal of the piovince. He is elec\i-d by a Piiijurity
of fiitt'rages in the all'em'.i'y of the flales ; and his office
is properly only for five years, at the expiration of which
a new eleclion, or rith:'r a confirmation of the iorinrr,
mull be obtained.
A fit:
ol Mf proviiKc. 1 h
•AND,
1 or pctfuii i
cnilily With
I which he
rtv of fficcch,
tij the tuwii
be c^lIcJ \\\
foui tiraei
November,
vacant cni-
hc icjmn'.on
Ciil ir ililFcr-
In Njvem-
y havi beta
u\, fur the
determincJ
itant iffMi
fition of one
being tJlceiij
I Jay or two,
their refpcc-
foll of great
i the fiibjcds
at proviiifc,
itatives, pro-
ms ill which
(but deputy
re^iftcrs anJ
;i ni:ijoriiy
lid his oflfice
oil of which
the formrr,
K U R O P
noi-LAVu
A.trr the ftati'i of ffiHafuI, the court of the prentell
ititritv i» the promuial couiitil (it Hate, which, Imiiii
thVtwo I""''"' ''"S province, is ilivultJ into two allein-
1,1^, , tiiat ot South Holland confills ol Icii rcpidcii-
iiivf, o' which one al.vayj rcprelents the iiohilily, and
'h« il'>-' pieceduice of all the relt. Theli; take mgni-
lio'h of the revenue and niilit.iry afl'iirs ; mid,
111 nctfll'iiv, convene a (•ener.il ailenil'ly nf the lUtcs
proviiKC. The .illLnibly ot North llnllaiiJ is com-
'^■J
tin
•iiJ ol fcveii Jepullc^ of the towns of that part of the
mwiice. Ihife hold a joint all'enibly every year in
• "iiuiithof November, to lettle, In tonjiinetioii with
ilic deputies of the States Cjeneral, the nccudary funds
be levied in the fubfeiiuciit year for the fervicc o( the
J,,) the adininiHration of jnflicc then- are two courts
Jicl: at the llajjuc, nanitly, the court of llnlhiiul, and
the liijh council, The proviiues of Holland and /ea-
Ijr.j iijvc always been fo (ti icily united, as to have but
Pi., common high court of jullicc ; and accidingly the
cjiiit of Holland is con'polcj of apriliJent, witli eight
cojiilcllors ot that province, nnd thiee for Zealand ; a
fo'i.citor, two attornies, a rejjiller, and fix fecretarics ;
Ho bii'l choofes the prefidcnt tv\'o years, and Zealand
ll,; third. I he members of tliis court arc excluded
(I, ;■! hcing magi It rates of titi.-s, directors of trading
(j,r,paiiies, or enjoying any polf, or any other (alary
Ihiii what is unnexed to their office. 'I'he nobles of
Huiland, and the niagiltrates of the cities, arc fubjeiit
to ;:ic jiirildiflion of this court, and appeals from the
iuJ'iri-'iit* of ''^* magiUrates arc decided by it.
The hii;h council ot Holland and Zealand is conipofed
ot a prcfiiJcnt and fix counfeilors for Holland, and three
for Zealand, a regillci, and a fubllitutc. This court
iu,: 'ti dctinitivcly in all cafes brought before them by an
jTcal from the court of Holland, and uivcs judgment
fioiii which there ii no farther appeal, except by v/ay of
{(ulicn,
Thefenate of Amfterdam confifts of thirty-fix mcm-
btts, part of whom have the direction of political affairs,
j!iJoil-rs theadmiiuitration of judicc. '1 he dignity of
J icnatjr is (or life, unlefs forfeited by maladiniiiiitra-
tiuii. The fenate has the power of filling up vacancies,
aik) directing all other affairs with a (iiprenie and ablolute
auihotitv, independent of the people. I hey chool'e the
bu';onultcrs and fchepens, or aldermen, of every city.
Ttictirft .lie always part of their own body, and in order
tobccome aburgomalkr it is ncceO'ary that a pcrlbii has
bornt the office of .i fchcpcn. There are twelve burgo-
liulicn in Amiteidam, four of whom have the admini-
Itiaiion of affairs, and are from thence callvd regeiit-
bij:.:omaitcrs. Three of thefe are annually changed, and
the fourth continues in oITkc a lecond year, to iiillrudt
t^c ncw-cumers : he lilcewile prelidcs for the firit quar-
ter, mJ then gives place to his colleagues, who in theiamc
mi.nner preiiJe three months alternately, till the year is
Wifhcd.
Tne fchcpen, or aldermen, form the chief court of
;u:kc in every city. In Amfferd.ini there are nine, (even
oi'vhoni .ire annuallv clecfcd, and two remain a lecond
«J.'. Thefe have the admiiulfration of jullicc both in
I ciwl and criminal affaiii ; but, bitore they condemn a
ptjfjii to futfer death, they alw;ys confult the burgo-
m.}.c!< on the merits of the caufe j but are not obliged
10 canform to their opinion, and I'ometimcs they give
jucmciit contrary to it. There lies no appeal from
ihtir IcntLiicc in criminal caufes. Whjre the punifh-
titnt is capital, not only the proof of the crime is re-
uuid to be extremely evident, but the prifoner himfelf
iwit ciinfefs it ; for which purpofe they employ the rack
in! other tortures ; but this is never done except when
ih' evidence is fo Itrong againft the criminal as to leave
ro room to i|uellion his guilt, whence it is faid, that an
iiiMctnt perfoo is never put to the rack.
There is another court inferior to the former, but
I wcrthy of being imitated by all Chrillian nations, finco
I ii kerns founded on the very fpirit of Chriltianity. This
I court confilh of eight or ten members, rtilej peace-
liiiiiers, who are generally young gentlemen of fortune,
I nt> muft be hoiife- keepers and married. Tiicir bufinefs
Isio mikc up all quarrels, and to prevent or difluade peo-
68
p!e from going to l;;w. Thfv, with ntii> '•xpTifnced ma«
[Mllraf; at their hea 1, alfo t.iH;; cogni/.Hii'c of livil caufcj
amounting to a f.iiii not cxendiii^ fix hundred guilders,
or a'.iDiit fifty five puunds flerling. Their method of pro-
ceeding is by way of citation ; t'.e creditor fuinmons hi*
debtor to appear, and, ufier the faiil has been llated, aiul
biih fides heard, the pcace-niaken determine what ought
to be done, and onler the parties to comply with it : but
there lies an appeal from their decilion to the fchepens.
I'herc is no where Inch large credit given to all forts
of perlons as in Holland, and there never was any coun-
try where lo few languilli in ptifon. Whenever any per-
loii acquaints the magitlrales of his inability to pay his
creditors, and lays before them an exact account of hii
circumffanees, they immcdiatelv order the comniifTiontra
of bankrupts to take poUefTion of his clFeiits, and exempt
his pel Ion from all arreils lor fix weeks, which time is
allowed him to compiund with his creditors. In the
mean time his b.>oks arc laid before the commillioncr^
to be examined, and all letters direiiled to him are de-
livered to them before he perules them. If his endeavours
to compound with his creditors prove ineff.iSual, and his
failure appears to be owing to loU'es and miil'ortuncs, the
comniiflioners, when the fix weeks are expired, fell his
etlciifs, and make a d ideiid, after which the magiffratei
acquit and exempt him fiom all claim, whether foieigii
or domeftic i nor is it in the power of any or of all liis
creditors to hinder this, when the failure is not frau-
dulent.
I "here i: alfo another method of obtaining abfolu'e free-
dom in Holland Hill more expeditious, which is for the
debtor to apply to the provincial high court of jullicc, rc-
prefcnting his condition, and giving up all he has upon
oath, alter which he is exempted, as before, from all
future claim'., and may again engage in trade ; but if the
debror here t.ikes a falfe oath, the magillrates are autlic-
ri/ed to puiiilli him as they pleafe, and even to Icntentc
him to fuffer death.
Holland, with rcfpciTt to its ecclefiaflical eftablilh-
ment, is divided into two parts, each of which has iti
particular fynod. The fynod of South Holland is com-
pofcd of eleven dalles, under which are three hundred
and thirty-one miiiiltcrs : the fviiod of North liolland
has only fix clalVes, in which are two hundred and twenty
miiiillers. lUfulesthele miniltersof the e(labli(hed church,
there arc allembliis of Kii,;lilli Piefbyterians at Amlker-
dam, Rotterdam, Dort, I-eyden, and Harlem ; and at ♦
Amllerdani is an Kngliflj cpifcopal church. The Re-
monltrants amount to thirty congregations, and thirty-
eight minillers. 'The Lutherans compoie nineteen con-
gregations, and have twenty-feven preachers. The Ro-
man catholics have about two hundred and fifty churches,
and two hundred and thirty-five prierts, among whicli
are about forty churches and fixty pricffs of Janfenilt
principles. At Amfterdam is alfo the metropolitan church
of the Moravians ; and alfo a t^iakers meeting.
The principal cities in Holland are the following:
Dort, or Dordrecht, in Latin Dordracum, is feaiedon
an iflaiid in the Merwe, that was formed in 1421 by 3.
terrible inundation, which dclhoyed no lefs than feveniy- yt.
two villages, and about a hundred thoufand perfons. /A7/?,7/i-
This city Hands fifteen miles to the call of Rotterdam,
and its fituation is naturally fo Hrong, that, though de-
ftitute of fortifications, it has never yet been taken.
The number of houles 111 1732 amounted to three ?hou- ,\i/.r/,.
fand nine hundred and fifty-four. It is the feat of the
mintage for South Holland, and has a feininary. The
harbour is very conmiodious, and its trade conliderable,
efpecially in grain, Rheiiifli, ;ind other wines ; as alfo
in timber, which, in fuiiimer time, is brought front
Germany down the Rhine and the Waal, and here
fawed in mills, of which there are great numbers about
the cit/.
Harlem, Haarlem, orHaerlem, is fituatcdon the river
Sparin, which runs through it, and is the only palTage
for the many (llips and other vcflcis coming from Fricl-
land and other parts, in their way to the towns of Hol-
land and Zealand. Harlem Hands fourteen miles to the
weft of Amfterdam, and enjoys a communication with
that city and Leyden, by means of two fpacious canals.
I The houfes, which ate neat biick buildings, in 1732
A O amounted
f' ■; 'i
t
■ 1
1^
H*
fW
w
J«jo
A S Y S T E M OF G E O CJ K A I' H V.
AMITIKDai,
AMSTtxr) \r
■/i'^a-
' . I
r jif
M r
umountcJ lorcvnuhuiir.inJninehuiiilrril aitdfixly three «
bill VI ry Uw ><i tliini ,uc liiiili in iIk- mn.Urii uftc, nr
iii.i!vc an elr^.iiii .ipjT.tr.iiici'. 'I'hcrr .irc in lliis liiv lour
l)iiti.,i CiUiiult iliiirtlu*, die cil I'liiiih, (infill l.u-
Ihiran, .mJ knr.il iiuli-liuiids the ri|)i(l) licinn litic
much Miiirc nuniciimi ili.iii tin: I'mti ll.inl'.. It> iii.iiiu-
rattiK\i 111 lilk .iinllmi II, llvmgh llill i(inriJi.r.iliU', aic
jjrt.icl)- ilccliin.ll. I'lic bliMrliiiig ol thrcjil .iiiJ Imk'Ii,
(ill wliiih ihs lily ii l.iiniMis <iii(i!i')'^ •> t;rc.it niunlici
111 liiiuls. Oiuf ■« ninll ixtiav.i^:.iin trailc in HdWcm,
jiirtli'ilaily ill tiilipi, wa» lami'il 1111 hcic ; Imt at prt'lciit
tlii^ |i.i(Iiiiii, wliitli wai c.umJ tu a lliaii^c txciii, is
niiicii .ili.iicil.
■|"l',o iiili ihitaiits aitiiluiti' the invciilinn of priniinp to
frmt>'» »»• • 1 awiciicc C'lilKr ill thin tily \ on v.liofc luiiiU', wliiih
ififfi^fJilf''- liouJ 111 alioiit tlij nii.lilli' 111 llic lii.vM, wj^ a l.aiiii in-
riTijiiioil that hi- iilVciiti.'il It ahc.iil llic year 1)40 '. a lli-
tuc wa-, alio crn;Uil tn him on tin; lanii; aicoiiiit \ anj
ill the Kuvii hiMilc i. kipt ill a fiUir tali-, wtappiil ii(i 111
filk, till- liill liuiik that C'ulli r puiiti-ii. I'huic li hficaii
ataiiiniy ut liii-iiics, riiui.lnl 111 I75I.
In llii; yrar 157J (his liiy hiKi nut a fanimis fii-gc a-
gaiiill ihc S|iaiii Ills lur tt-ri miiiilli> ; iliiiiii.; wliiili thi-
f i.iv? citjzrii'. wiTi- itiliiiiil til lai kaihi-r, and the vilill
cniinal-. Thry tor a cunli It-iahlc time ki-pt up a rdinl-
poiuluuc will, till- priiiii' 1.1 Or iii(!i- hv can K-r-pl;^loll^,
till t!'c Si aiiiuiJs ihlciivi-riiii; it, (lii'l .11 the pi.;tijiis a-
bout the town. The citizens at lalt lurreiiilerci!, (in ion ■
ilitiuii of beiiii; laM.l Ir.iiii pliiiuler j hut the .^p.iiiiar.l.
haJ i:ic ir-.ii ley to p-iiudi the inh.ihiiaiits Im their hiaverv
by a ir.iil! iiihum.in ni.ilKieie in cdJ liluuj. 'I'lie ^atii
fun, whiih hill (.inlillMl ut lour llioufaiij men, w.is re-
Oticeil to llxtecn hiindrej, anil uf ihcfu they barbtfruully
lliiiiileiiil nine hiinihiil.
To the liuith if the town Ic feviral lieautifiil feats
anil a wood I ut out into deli^^htlul walks and vidos.
^ l.cydeii, ill l.aliil I.iijiduJHiiil liat.ivonilli, iskaledoii
/T'i /.f. the Rhine, in the fifty- fei mid degn c lilieen minute- nmili
' Jfl'l. latitude, .iiul 111 the to irth degree ten minutes ealMon
{.Mtude, and, next ti) A'lilterdaiii, is the laryelt an! liiKll
city in all H -Hand. In i;{i the houl'es amouiittd to
ten thuufaiid ii;;ht hundred niid ninety-one. '1 he
flicets aie loiij;, ln:Md, m .it, and adorned with beau-
tiful canal I. Here arc fonie line churches beliiiij;iin;
to the Dulch Ca'vinills, with a [.uthcran, an ]''ii;.',lilli,
a I-"rcnch, and .1 .Mciinoiiite nuetiiiL' i a> .ilfo feveral niaf>-
houfes, the I'ajiills eimllitutiiig the m.ijnrity of the inha-
bitants. The uiiivtrfity, founJed in 1 575 by W ill ,1111 1.
prince of Or.iiij;'-, is the largert aiivl molt antient in all
the United Netiierlaiids. Its lilir.iiv, hefides a multitude
<il piiiUid books, h.is two thoufaiid ()iieiital manufiiipt',
ni.iiu of which are in .Ai.ibic, and a lar^o fplierc .uLipted
to t'lc C'.|)crniean fvlKni, and nioviii;; l.y iloek-work :
it has alio an aii.itomieal theatre, an obkivatory, and a
ph-.-fic-gardcn. The cilehratcd e'.'ih maiuilailtiiies of
thi'j citv arc much decayed, the demand for them bein;;
greatly leli'eiied. This city is famous for the I0114 and
fcverc fii-je it f'llt.iiiieJ in 157J agaiiift th'j .Spaiiiard.s,
who eiiiomp died it with f'-\eiiiytwo loits. This fui^e
jailed above five months with liieh vigour, that the in-
habitants were reduced io the i/rcatell ixtiemities, and a-
bovc ten thijul'and of them penlhed : yet, confideruij; the
barbarous treatment Hailcm met with, they refoUcd to
hold out, and ii|ioii reeciviiij; a fummons, aniwcred,
" They wo. lid 11- ver furrendci, while thiy had one arm
•' to eat. and anoiiier to li^llt." At lenytli they cut the
main bank of the Maefe and tin! ^'lleT. At fiift the
water role but flo a ly ; but the wind loon cliangin;^ to the
n.jrth-wcll, turned the countiv round i.eyden into a fea,
by which means fifteen hundred Spaniard) were drowned.
'J'he anniverfarv of this deliverance is obfcrvcd on the
third of 0:lo!)cr as a folemn dayof thankfgiving, and alter
fermoii the fame liegi: is tepiefented in a tragedy, the
money atifing liom which is applied to chaiitable ufcs.
Ainllerdani,or Armiteldam, is fituated in the 5?.d degree
f^-Xr. 20 minutes iioith latitude, and in the 41 h degree yu minutes
.J . cad longitude, at the influx of the Y and the AnilU-1, wticic
is a (luice, by means of whii h that river continues its
courl'c thro igh the town. This is one of the i;reatell
trading towns in l.uropr, and ih lugh from the fhailow-
Jicfi of llic i'ainpui, the only pallajje leading tu it out of
the Ziiydei lea, it might be ihounht out indifrcrmi
lilualcd lot roiiiiiKTce, a« thipi of burthen mull be I, .1,
eiicd III Older to pits ihruugh it, and afictwanl, w.111 1
an callitly or north rail wiiiJ, to go ihioiigh the M
iliep into the Noiih Sea, yet the harbour n dm., u. .l
l.irgelt and l.ifilt in l'iiio|ii' . and it hai this advjni ./
(h It the other iowiik of the piovinee can calilv (mj y. '
goodi thiilirr, and receive reluilis \ and with 4 (air u
It Is but a lew limit, pillage to or Irom all the nort
North Ijoll.ilid, l-nillanil. (Jvei)lUI, aiiiH;ji.|j,,|".
The ground is natui.illy matlliy, .iiid the buildiiiuj f,,^ ','
el on oaken piles, whii li oic ilioned the l.iictiuu( f,
mils to lay, that in Ins country vad multituJrii „) u,"
pie livid on the tops of trees. The middle ol the (1,^'
Is intiife(.l(d by a gnat number ot navigable m,,,
whiih, while they conduce to ihe pli-afantiu-fj and ck r'
liiiels of the place, arc at the lame tunc a great toin
nirme tu trade j but in hot and calm weather tlicvi.ii.
fetid effluvia, whiih would be itill worfe, were iiut ihl
water kepi in i.onmiual motion by the Woikmt
two l.irge vviter-mills, and one turned by horfti. "^ 1 1
the canalj ill'ue into the Y .iiid the Amitel, aiil lu^i,
go far up nilu the town, being intcrleiilcd by crus
iiaU, has I- a coniniunn ation with each other (i,,,'
canals divide ihe town into a niultitudc of ifl.iiiil, |r ,,i
logtilur by budges, Ionic ut which arc of lloiicanilu.
thcis of wood.
The lily forms a femicircle on the Y, and ij fortif -j
on the land-lide with rainparia and tweiiiy-fix ri-ju,«
halliiiiis, and on that fiil;- tiie iieii'hbiiuiing ecjniti'niv
be l.iid un.li-r water, i ):i tiie i.de lu vi the Y it is ; cj..
ed by a double t" a" of p.l. , Iriyeii into the tiver, pro a.
ing loine leet above the furfacc ; but in fume p .,.',
openings aie lett loi IK ps t> n.-fs 111 and out, aiil m ;|,.
night thefe ojii-niiigH are feiic.d with abnoni. The"/;'.
1 xu-nd in length no lefs than liny thoulaiid feet j,i
without them, in a pLue called the Lai'.', Iiethcijr--
lliips in liii h numbers, that their malls K-femhlt a,v,oj'
In the iiiteiineili.itc lp.ices, be.wien the townanJn,'
inner row o! piles, are i.uiged innumerable Imali Hi.ii
and b iiki. '
Tlie .\nillcl divides the town into two part?, mJ ^
175;., wiieii the houfes were numbered, they were lounl
to aniouiit to twenty-lix thoufand eight hundrcj inj<
thiity live; but the inhabitants do not exceed twu h.in- '
died '.lioulanil.
I'll-- gates ol the city arc very tine, particularly thaiol
llailiMi, wliieh IS adormd on each tide wilhlaigccolumm
and a li 'li'. head on the top ol each j m the miduic i
tiie ciiy's prelcnt aims, and on tne Irieie of the mliJc ol
the ga'.c towards tlie town is the antient coat, Wnich *.,i
a (liip without a rudder. On each (idc of this gale ii j
guardhoule, one lor the burghers, and the 'jther lor ihe
loldiers ol thegairilon, who ;^.ie paid by the inji(ilttj;cs
and aic under thur tommand. Ilicie aic luur otnrr
piincipal gates \ belore which is a bridgeof feveral 4riiic,,
with draw-briilges, and aiiuther Ibuie gate, iluiisllij'
every night. I'he bridge over the Amilel, whJi ;
one lide ol the rampart to the other, confilh of tluriy ; ,;
arches, eleven of which aie very hi;ih, and eight ul i;i .;i
(hut up ; the rcR ot thcni being open for boats tog) l;i
and down the Amllel. Tins biidge is fix humlreil a.ii
lixiy leet long, and livcnty broad, with iron tails oiii-ao
fide.
Mofl of the ftrccts arc cxtrcmil" '-I.-an , but, fxcrpt
thole that have canals, they are muih too 1,. -•■oiv. Tiu/
are, however, rendere ! lels incommodious by llic lurtl
coaches being (u on fi 'Ig-.-s drawn by one hurfc. .\!.i.
chaiidilc is alio drawn on fledges, w huh arc not only ih«
ni"ll ufeful veil I lis for the inhabitants and their I w^',
but are ealeul.ittd to prefe-ve the houfes, which, liom
their being 1. i!i 0:1 piles, might in time be dani-'gcj :,i
their foiindati'ins, by having a ;^rcat number of whc;!-
c.iriiage... Cientleilitn's Cv;.n lies aie, however, for ir.c
moli I art fet on wluelsj but lor this liberty they \,.:,i
confiderahle ta.i:. The principal llieets, or rather qu.»i
ot the c.iiials, aic agreeably planted on each hJ-j viiili
trees. The houl'es arc rather neat than elegant or leui-
modioli? : the nature of the climate renders it iiecellarv
to -.e iQi thcin often ; but the gieatvd part of the pco[\;
carry this k.nd ol clcanliiich tu lai as hardly tu affu.-J
thi'inft'.c;
"t iiuliffcrmi ,
I mult be 1,;.|„'.
tWitll, wjll'l,,
""«•' ihfMi,,.
»f IS (me ui ih(
lliii Jilvanu.,
'••lily I' nj II,,,;
with 1 ijir w„„|
J 1 1 tl\c poft^,,!
Mii CiuclJir|j„j
I'liil'lingi fnur.j!
!■ lUltlUUl t,,,.
iillitiidri III I)-,,.
JJlc III thf |,,,,,|
4n;;.ibli: tjiu„_
iiiiiilianddun'.
a great cuiivc.
L-atlier ihcy im.;
IV, were hot lilt
the working ,i
bv horfci. ,,\,|
lt«l. aii.l luchii
Sk-J by criii! ci.
Ii (It her rii'it
ol l(l,lmll 1C.;|,J
c ot lluiie inii u.
', ini ii I'ottihJ
kcnty.fix tsfu.jf
iiiig ccjiiirv my
iHl- Y It ll'|.;j;.
the river, pro ;(.
t 111 lame p..,c,
.1 out, an I 111 ;ti;
)niim. 'I'hepiei
loulaiid fett, j,!
■iV', lie the liii!
I -.-101111)11: a .v,o!J.
the town unJi^t
icrable I'iimII fliipi
two part!, inJ ,
they were IguaJ
u;lit huiidrcJ id',
exceed twu h n-
articulatly thai of
th large column,
111 the miiloic i
ta ol the mlijc o(
t euat, wi'.icn *..;
ut (Ills gate ii 1
the other lor iht
tlie magillriics,
aic luur otH'jr
I kveral •riiii':,
.lie, that isllij-
IKI, whJi;
lij of ihmv ; .:
ul eight ul iiK^i
boat.', to ^1 l;i
lix hundred a:ii
iron taiU un cto
"ail , but, exctpr 1
K) II. ''OW. I hi
ous lij I he hut I |
one horfc. \..i-
arc not only the
and their t «.•,
fes, whitii, Iran
lie he daiii.'gca ;.i
umber of whc;i-
lowever, for ir.c
berty they |...'. i
, or rather q'.i\i
II each iidc wr.li
1 eli'fiant or i.cn;-
ndtrs it iiectluif
art of the pcopiil
i hardly to afforj |
lhcmfi;.c;
AMSTIUnAM-
r !i u o p r..
iheinfclvri lime for the ncciU'iry rirT ul tluir pirl.iii'.
'I hii'iiiraiue (if iheir houlo ii ger.eially by llvpi, wimli
file fiiuror live feet Croili ihe ^Mcmiiil, ainl the p.ililijre iii'
(u ihe ro'iill*, whieli riiiH very deep, ii irHiini un I pan-
Hilled With marble, whnh hai an air ol graiuli or in nii-
liiaiuie. I'hey have niu( h iie<t, and lonir ruh lui iiiiure,
vvhiih fernM rather (Kearininii hy an anlieni ciiiloni ul
neatiul-- and elegaiKe, than the effect ul a luMirmus and
iji(ifiifne t.ilte.
Ol all the biiildin;:! !ii AmfleiJatn the town-hoitfc ir,
the moll dillinjMiilhcd. It ii two him Ireil and ti^hty-
(W'l liet in rroiil, two hundred and thirlv-two il.i|i. ;,id
.1 hundred aiu lixtccn hi;;li, extlulive ol the eupoi.i. It
crlt three millions of (•uilden, or three hundied i+ionCmd
i.'»^"piiunds Iterliii.;, when ninncy Wi« more valii.ihli ih.in it
IS now, which will be lel» lurprifin;., if we con lid cr ihit
i( |] founded upon thirteen th.jufand lar;;c pilci. I'liii
iiaverv grand and ulelul Iniildin^', and yet it i- iieiilur
tlreanc nur agreeable, [t contain^ the otHcej and tiiliu-
nali hir the txecucion of the laws in the I'cvcr.il lii.iih his
til the miliMiy, ai well as civil (;()vernmeiit. It is vuy
obleiiablc, tliit the entrance of this liiiiMlii;.' ii very
nicani but had the doors been proportioiieil lu the reit
of ihc edifice, they would have h.en more fubjeit to he
forced, upon occalion of thole tumultuous ali'.inhlies of
the people, that are not uiilrei|uent w. this countrv. The
want of a large door fuitable to the grandeur ol' the
buiL'ing ii, accordiii;» to Dr. Kulching, adeligncd oiiiil-
fioii, the (even doois in number and uiiifurniity repie-
iVn'.iiii the leven provincei. The infidc is laid to 1il very
bciiili'ullv ornamented with marble, jalpci, Cculpiurc,
and p.iiiitiiigs. In I'ome of their vault-, or cellar-, aie
kept t;u' tre.ifures of the celebrated b.ink of Aiiillchlain •,
in others ite conlined criniinali under fentcnce ot deiih,
and otlieri again lervc as apartments lor ofTiccri of live-
ralclallls. In the upper part is an arfen.il, as it i, calU'd,
thnuch it is lather a collection of old lafhioiud armour
and weapons. The chiims of the tower are i, ..mpi-
labl ', and it conini.iiids a line prolpecl of the city and its
tiiviriiiis as far as the /uydcr lea. Anion;; the other
public buildings are the admiralty and Kail liidi.i-houCe,
which are large and beautiful. On the h.ub'i'ir ll.inds
thi- arU'iial and magazine for military llores both loi In
and land-fervicc. Among levcral things reinaik.ible m
thu nia:;a/inc is a rclcrvoir on the top of ilic lioule i .ip.ilde
of coniainiiig lixtecn bundled tons of w.itcr, winch, liy
mean', of leaden pipes, may be conveyed in cafe ol liic
to fixtccn different pirts of the citv. Ni .u tile arlena!
islhcdoik, which is above five hundred feet loni;.
In Amllerdani arc eleven churches of Dutch Calvinilfs,
two of which arc parochial, with two of I'reiuh, two
ofKiigiifh, one of Ariiiiiiiaiis or Rcmonllrants, two of
Lutherans, and three of Mcnnonites. The Arnuniiii
Chrillians have likewifc a church here, but the I'.ipills
hanagreiter number of pl.ices of worlhip than all the
abiiu-niemioned feiits put tot;ether, and in paiticul.ir
have ittcnty-four inafs hoiifes that arc very huge. 'I'lu-
fynapogiieof the I'ortiiguefe jews is afpaciousand (tatelv
building of a quadtaiigular lotiii, and the iiilide is c,\-
tremely neat. The other Jews have alio their dittinct
fvnagiigues. The luimbci' of poor- hou fes is cmilidirahU-;
tncir incomes, and their convcniencies and ihanlinels
arcwoithy of admiration. Here is an liolpital for ai;cil
men and women, coiililling of ieveral biiildinj;s j a luw
edificu lor aged people of both fexes ; the diai Dine lor
old women, which is the molt Ifately Itruciturc of thcin
all, and in which old men alio receive a comfortable fup-
port ; with a receptacle lor lunatics, and Ieveral orph.iii-
houfes as the elecmolinary-houlc, in which are fic-
quently twolhoulandchihlrcn, thediaconie orphan- hoiilc,
the burgher orphan-houfe, 5;c. There are alio lome
houfes of correction, as the rafp-houfc, where felons rafp
Bra/.il wood for three, four, fevcn, ten yc.irs, or lor life,
according to the nature of their crime. When they are
incorrigible, and too lazy to work, they are often put
for an hour or two into a dungeon where wat( r comes
in; I'o that they mull be continually labourioii at the
pump, in order to avoid being drowned. Here arc alio
fpinhoiifcs, where proftitutes, and other women of had
charaittcr, are kept to fpinning. All thefc foiMulati<iir-,
and (he good police of the city, have fuch an elicit, that
Si UK
291
I ill' re III' no heg'^ari In th? flrecfi, Kerr arc ofK rri v/h'J
t.iki- op all v.i:; iImiiiJ., and luiivcy ilKiiiilirei'lly to houfes
piovidMJ lor that piirpole, where they aie luriid to work
(Very man in his own liuloh l>, in piopuiiioii to hii
llreiij;lh and ability. It -le the poor wli.i unit work, iinl
niter tlieuifelves, are reciivul. In Anillerd 1111 .iml iimlt
of the conlideruble riiii.s ni Ibllai.d, is alio apullic
olKce, Willie all poor iravtllen ilut tan give any ac-
count of thcinllvci may iro and take a loaf, 11 |.rnnv,
an. I a pallporl.hv viilinr ol whuhthey ,ire rec. ivcd I'l itn
iiuo the boats winch laiiy palicn^ets aiiJ joods from
lown t" town.
Th' y have illo a chant Ide foiin la'ion, which is ct-
Ireniily icinaikahle. As peiliins ol all nations icfotr tn
Amlliidim, many <il wlinm have imt much to (pen I,
-ind the tavrins an- laiui illy very de.ir, they have Ipa-
i lolls edili. IS, where all p.ior Itr.iii'crs ot bath (exes whu
.lie cdiliivd to ni..kc any llay in this lity .ire received,
iiially loil^cd, ,iiid have bed, bojid, and w.idini.;, for
three davs and nij^hls. diiiiii;; whuli time, if miy of
ihcni tail lick, tiny are leimivid iiiio .1 m ij-Jibourin'-
holp.l.il ) hilt alici the expiration ol ihiee day.i, lliey
mult icniove lioiii theiiic, aiul are not alhi.'.ed to re-
turn fir lix wcrks, on |i.iiii of hciiii' I - - ly puinlhcd.
Amlterdani ahouii.l- 111 altllicel^ and iiunul.ictur- rv.
Ileli.les which, ihi-. city i, alone in |i'i|li,nnin ol h-.li iliu
imiiii life trade winch the Dutch cany on to tlu- K.ilt-
liidies, and governs the whole. Its commeice with
Sp.iiii and the Sp uiilli Wclt-lndies is very great, nor is
It lels conliderable to the Lck.int, Italy, and I'mtug.il.
.'Xmlleid.nn alio eiiL'iolies alnioll the vs'liiiL- iU'rihem
ti.ide larii.d on by ih.' Dutch lu Noiway, and the
coiinttii . fituatcd in the lialiic.
Uutuulain, .1 l.irge and populous city, fourteen niilc«
to the f.iiith-calt of the Hague, in the lilty fecoiid dejrcc
ten minutes noith latiUide, and the fouitli deurcc
twenty-fix niiniites call hni^'itude. It is featcd on tho
.\lerwe, whii h at this place receives the Riti-r, alter it
has t.iken its couile tliiiugli the ciiy. Thi. river is
very broad, and of a depih luiricient to admit (liips of
tolerable burthen i but if tln-v iliaw abon lift- en f....c
water, they are obliged to tike the w.iy of I i. ioeiiluy*
to Kotteidani. The mnutli of the Merwe I; ilivrCLr-
ni.iu niilcs to the welt of Kotierda n. vl.eri it l^ .cliully
becomes fliillciw hy the gathering 1.1 the fa i.J . I'hu
c.iii.ils within the town are I > deep, mat the ' i ^.It Hiipj
come up and take in, or deliver their '.ir., i-s at the
very doors of the warelMuUs. Accuri! 1;^ v l. s citv,
next to Amilerd.iin, is the place of j^reatclt liaJe, c'jie-
cially to Kiii'land and Scolliil'l.
In 17 ^', it, houle-. were computed at fix thoufai-.d 6'6XI
lix hiiiulird and twenty-one. The liiielt Itrect in Iloi-
leulain IS called the ll.i.iiiiig fliet i nn-lt of the lioufcs
are noble lli-nv biiiKliiiL'S. The IJoomties, or lii.onuiuaya
llreel i.,\unds delightfully along the M.icfe, licit c.illed
ihe Meiwe, which is here near a mile and a half in
bre.ulth. It is upwards of half a mile l.nig. It has t
row of lofty trees, and the houfes relenihle palace,; on
the other lide runs tiie river, which has Ihip* contiiuiaU
ly fiiliii^; in or out, or lyini; at anchor. This is ihe
place of general lefort lor people of condition, to wliuui
it ferves as a mall.
The principal public buildings here are the bank, the
K.ilf and W'elt-lndia-houlcs, the arlenal, and the ex-
i hinge. The lirlt admiralty college of the United I'ro-
viiices has its feat hcie, under the direction of twelve
commiirioneis.
There are here four churches belonging to the Dutch,
one of French, an. I one of flnt'lilh preliiyterians, with
M\ Kiiglifh epifcop.il church, whole niiiiilli 1 lia^ a liuii-
ilred pounds Ifeiling per .iniiuin Irom the king of Cireat-
Uritaiii, belidcs fur|ilicc lees, laid to amount to two hun-
dred pounds more; tlieie are alio a Scoto and a l.uthe-
ran church, the lall of which is n -w and liaiulfomc.
The Ivnagoguc of the l'ortiiL;uefc Jews is a v^ry line
llruihirc, though not h) iiia.;nilicent as that 111 .Anillcr-
dam. Among other public luiildiiii^s is the great biid.'c
acrols the Nlerwc, in the middle of ,yhich is a lino
brafs ftatuc of the celebrated Lrafmus, who \v.is a na-
tive ol this city.
The
I
t-.m
-ill i!
at/i
A S Y S T li M OF G I. O G R A I' 11 V,
I, !•
* »1
4
Thr ILigiie M • moft hramirnl pUce, fjiualeil in ;i
\i.'tv (l>.ll^htrul cuiiiitry, icii milo n»rth-wili <il Kni-
icr<l,irii I bill, Iron) iti Iumhc titithcr g-itrs nor wulK, n
culli'il a vill.igc. Ii II, howrvcr, liirrounJtil liy a iiiott,
buiJiri'il with a \v.ilk nf Inliy mid (lu ly ircci, ami at
the avciiutJ lit' thi town i< pjlUil by itiiMni ol dtaw-
bi idol's. The ftiirt'i arc broad, (cvcral of ihini aic
uiilunK laiials aiul the houlcs aic, for tbc moll pan,
r.xiKiiiily Will built. The number of coaihrt bilmi;;-
III;; In the nnldciinii and gcnlli'mui, .iiiil llie ;;a\ iip-
{icaraiii'c in pnini uf Jnls, ^ive a very ditKcicnl idia n.
lie Iriiiii iliit III the tradiiit; (itu'i. I'ropir hcrr in
more poliic and c,i(y in thi-ir hfhavioiir, than in othrr
pails of liollaiid ; tlic inul) lonlidtiabli.- pcrloiii in Ku-
rope niccliiis; tliii.', as well at the allcniblv of the Slates
(itncral, wliiih alio drawj thilhtr the prrateU part ol
the people of the lirft dilhiu'lioii in the United I'nnin-
CCS. Indeed, the Hague may be conlidered either .is a
great cily, or a^ a riir.il fcenc, while, as it it tnllimary
in 1,'riat citieii, thoy have playi and other aiiiiifement'.
In ir'j2, the nuirher of houfin were found to amomii
, to fi.x thoiiland one li.indrcd and fixtyfour, befulcs the
public edihces, and among the foriiur arc very large and
leirul.'.r biul,!inj;s. 'I'herc are alCo here liveral fuu.in:.,
wn:eh bein^ planted with trees, and louinn'; iiUalanl
walks, pccalirni a [.'rear refor* of people. Uili.les the
St.ites General, ai:d thoCe of the pioviiues, whiih n-nlcr
it the rclidcnce of liirci.n .imballador'-, iruoyn, and other
lorcir.n minillerj, lieic is tlie council of itate (or the
L'nitid Netheil.iiid , the council of war, the gcncrai
chamber of accoinpi', the pinei.il miiit-chanibcr, the
couiKil of Urab.int, .iiid fcvti.d others.
The old palacL' of ilie counts of Holl.ind at prcfciit
belongs to the li.ulthi'Mirs, and lias bun repaired with
fuitie very itM^'jiihiint ad.litioiis. In the center of the
area between the biiildiii;;s of thi* p.il.ire, is the gicat
h.ill where thi: tri>i'hi' s ol the te|!ublK 1:1 their many vic-
toiies over various enemies a.e hiirij; up. ^\'ilhin lliu
huildin.; are not only the above colleges ; but a numbir
ot bookfell'.'rs (hops, and the church of the I'reiieliCal
viniHs. At the llapuc arc allotniee iliunlusof Dutch
Calvinills an K.nglilli church, one beloii-iii;; to the
Lutherans, fevcral mal's houfe?, and two jewilh fyna-
j'ogues, two alms-lioules, an hou:e of correction, and
an orplun-houl:;. The canals are not kipt with Inch
care m at Amilerdam and other pl.iccs, on which ac-
count ibe air is thouj'ht to be leU pure and healthy than
in many other parts ol Holland.
The environs ol the Hague are e.xtrcnuly ilclij^hiful ;
and in its mijilibourhood is a fine pkaluie g.iidci, in
imitation of that of V'aux-hall ; on the calf lide the town
is bounded by beautiful meadows, to the louth by fplcn-
did leats, to the well by land- hill-, aloii'; the ^s'orlh Se.i,
em which Tide -s a ilraight avenue paved with brick, and
a walk for palicngcrs, planted with feviral rows of tree,
leadinj! to the village of bcheveling, which is at two
miles d.ltancc ; and to the noith is a delightful vvixid, in
' v.hich the lliJtholJer has a Icat known by the name of
The Houlo in the VN'ood.
It will not be improper to mention here Brock, a
large and handfomc village of North Holland. The
houfcs are all built of boards ; they feldom exceed one
Itorv, and the roofs are tiled. 'J be boards which form
the iiutlide are painted according to every oiie'i lancy,
and this n fo otten done, that tlie houfes Icem always
new. 'Ibe windows are generally (allied and deroratcd
with beautiful cuitainj. The infidc of the dwellings is
not only neat, but embelliftied beyond what can be ea-
fily im.igincd, and all who have the fmallclt piece of
ground before their houfcs, never fail to convert it into
mi agreeable garden, divcrlitied with gravel walk:i, ftiell-
work, images, and little hedges, or painted rails. The
Village IS watered by canals, which are kept with the
greatelt care, and all the (treets paved with bricks, which
ill Come places are dil'poled in the form of flowers, and
are (rciiuenilv waflied. That thele ornamrnts may not
be defaced, or their cleanlinels interrupted, the ((reels
are. dcligne.llv made too narrow lor carriages to pal's
through. 'F'he cattle, inftead ol being permitted into the
village, arc kept by the meaner (on of psafants, who
'^lAlANII.
dwell amoii > thr p.iUure«, and ail palknfiJri niuf? pu,
up at the II. iH withuii the tilUgt. Not nnl) thewuouen
liiriiiture 1:1 the hiiiil-,, but the very brojrnitieki are
|i;|intiil, as ;,ie alia the yatt^ an I raiii in the meadow*
I'lie iiih.ibiiaiils iillur trade 01 fubfill on llivir fnrtunei'
aiiil ai'Kiii • the l.iller iirr lieiiuenlly many merchant,'
mid It 'leii ol A'lill'nlaiii, who having aeipiired ^
picntilul (uKiiiii , rrtirc Iwrc 10 enjoy it in ttdnnuilny
I here ar. liki-wile witl.in the pronnce of IbilUnJi'c.
veral Imall ill iiid', that lic in the /uydet lej, arid (or!
niily joiiicil to the ronlimnt. I'hc inhabitant, „(|htfj
illanJs beii g Irom ibeii childhood illliuted to that dc-
mini, m iki. exrelh lit tnarinern.
The piiiuipal of tiule illandi is the Texel, which hai
a Iruitlul l.'ii, and m.iny of the inhabitanti brrrj f^t^-
and brlidn Hading in wool, make wilh the niiik a kirii
ol i-n<ii thiile, wlin.li i-. much admiied. In the whole
did 1 id aie (ix \ illn ;>r , anil on the ra(k-rn coalt 1, a com»
modulus load, (tiled iiv Moico load, which ii (h« icn.
dexvoui o( the uutward-buuiid India (hip*,
SECT. VI.
0/ //'/ Pitvimt »/ /lAtAND.
Ill SilMliin, ami ih Muinrr in whith ih IjJumh if y/hiih
II it I'l-iv.'tue ii i.mpt/til art fnnrid hy hyiti, Uf ihi
/fir, C/iniiiti-, iinJ I'lo/liHf cf ihi Cowiiiy; with a iimift
/tctiunt q/ tit Hut/i, imit a Dc/triptisn if t}>t Litiii if
MuidLiuir, t'lujhine, Uc.
•/
1
ZF.Al-ANI) or Zeeland entirely confifis of idands
loimed by the many outlets 01 :ht Heheld. On the
e lit it Is boundeil by Urabant, to the fouthward by Flan-
ders, to the wellwaid by the Norih Sea, and on the north
by I lolland. Ihc name of this province, which ln'riifiej
iea-land, (ufficienilv points out its liiuation.
The iflands ol \V.ilcheien and Schouwen, on the
weltern coalt, are defended agaiiiK the violence of the
lea by downs or fand-hills ; and on the other fides, like
the relt ol the illariJs ol Zealand, riy vail dykes, or banks
wiiich at the bottom are twenty-hve (icrman el's broad*
and at the top (o wide that two carriages may pafi j.'
bieall. The lit^ight is alfo proportioned to their thick.
II' Is i yet 111 high tides and Itormy weather, the waves
III m.iny pl.ices, lomeiimes force a pallage, or even flow
over th 111. The (irit lormation of thele dikes mult have
been alteiubd with imrnenle labour and exjH'nce, fince
the very repair and mimtenance of them lequire large
(urns. The dykes of this province alone would form a
length of forty miles, each mile reckoned at fourteen
liiinJicd tods, and liippoling the expence of one rod with
another w.is fix Dutch guilders, the expence of the
leviral outward dykes taken together amount to three
hunuted and lorty thouland pounds Iterling. .j
Though the inhabitants of the other provinces, as well
as foreig.ners in general, complain that the air is here
heavy, dil'agreeable, and unhealthy ; yet no people look
better, or enjoy a more conlirmed ftate of health than
the natives, who are bred up in the country.
1 he (oil is fertile, and famed for its excellent wheat
and alfo lor mad>ler, the cultivation of which employs
many of the inhabitants. It like*ifc abounds in t nut
.mj its rich paftures are covered with flocks ot fine (hcep.
1 he water around the iflands fiipply the people with
|)leniy of lllh, (larticularly with oylters, lobiters, and
iiiulcles of an uncommon iize ami goodnefj. Hut thou.;h
Zealand enjoys plenty of all kinds of provifions, fuclii
very f.arce, elpecially turf, which being brought from
the other provinces, bears a great piicc. They alio ufe
great ijuantities of Englilh coals.
In the whole province arc eleven cities, and a hun-
dred and ten villages, lome of which are very \.iV:e.
The inhabitants arc laid to be the mo(( wealihy in "all
the Netherlands, which is in a great meafure owiii_; to
their trade by ka, for which they have every conveni-
ence that can be dehrcd. Their numerous privateers
alfo, in time of war, arc fuppolcd to have bioujjht great
riches into the country.
\ The
{■;iiiittr.
'J'he (' fi of
(iTiiJi-ni ' f A-lii.
.lid Iheolf.rr m
v.itin • lotili, w
riiok-n, Kbilllili
couils ol iultuT I
i.jK .ilrradv gin
ltiii.'< liiiir de|>uli>
iflli) hold IIk'U <
I iiiilen I'lom .irnoi
lutvrK. oiilv Miili
.Middlebiirg, tl
H.iole pinmice, i
lu., II, which (tar
I, ivliieh (lluatio
s ifiL' fitv-tiifl degri
', iiiil III the third de
A can il a mile aril
initiiiealion wilh 1
itiviii.; the l.irgell
11 wall, (frengtheiK
lilies nf the priviii
jiiilu'; who .ilFembl
ujji tlie feat of if
.kT'inipH, and the
llejc are fcveral
il\, parliciil 11 Iv I
uith a very hi^h to
•)• .'cJ.iiid fifty houf.
Miiill churehe , wii
Lutheran, iMcmion
iiiJjii^jiie. I( I, a
v.iiin. Ill iif;i, a
Ihc hands of \Villi.i
lince been in thepo
iroin hence to Klulh
■lilh trees.
Hufliing, in Dutc
! the mouth of the
■.■mJ.i not only the p
'the ulhcr illes of
\ti. Illese'ghtmi
"i.'V.ur, which is I
■::oli'i, or dyke-., uti
iiTfii, and two ran.
ifgriicral ryperi' c
vnilecn huri.lred \K\\
lumJitd 111 breadth,
•iwn, a (leei of eight
■;'tiie new li.iven, le
'"!:nl(ick, to the \vel
I'lcold haiboiir, whi
. iJ ib.'ves fur mcrch
;j t.'ie other end ot tf
■'? to the very doors
ipcncral we'll builr,
•"e town-houfe is
•,';L'io-.vn are thrc'
': l-rcnch, r.ne cf i'!ii
"fyoar 1749 one ot
■i the naval llore-h'
'V fiift was fo( ii rtl
■lit :u-,-n deliveied ii|
'•■ .1 pledge of their
'»»') that princefs I
;jiiilt the Sp.iiii.irds,
''mlip Sidney wa.s I'ov
•'1-l^.lill 111 161(1, UiK
1 iiiennfiJcr.sblc fiim,
lii'od iiidLbleJ to Kiigl
^V'lih relpciil to ihc
iMh the largell anJ ni.
•'•Goes and a conilde
Jitniiiid was once io
ciiiniryofall Xcaland ;
'"ha terrible iniinda;i
■il cattle perifhe-', an
'■ ' 'I. illand hut out I
■■'"I the water. lint
"I'l; t.iil'ed by the con
■'milwa! dvked in an I
ALAND,
mijft put
'•wiKKicn
liii'ki ire
niciduwi,
')V>ttune»,
I'.Tihanti,
n] II I red t
'quility.
I utiJ for-
iti Dl'ihtfc
> llut de-
which hn
n-fd ftittp,
iilk 1 icind
the whole
(( i) a coin*
II tha icn-
nilt if which
<''. Of Ihi
will) a imiji
■ tin Cilm 1/
Is of inand]
;ld. On the
ard hy Klin-
III) the nonh
hich lignificj
I.
wen, on the
ijleiite of the
icrfiJi-s, like
<.i:i, or banks,
an il!i broad,
may pifi a.
• ihcir thick-
, the waves,
or even flow
;cs mult have
pence, fince
|ii;i)uire large
rt'oiiKI form 1
Id at fourteen
one rod with
hnice of the
[unt to three
liiice-,, as well
Jir is here
lo people look
hciUh than
icllcnt wheat,
"kiili cmployj
|iiul« in Unit,
;it tiiic (hcep.
people With
|lolillers, and
Hut though
ifioMs, fuel is
Ibrouglit from
llhey alio u(e
Is, and .1 hun-
very l.irL'i*.
vcalthy in all
lure owiii.', to
Lcry conveni-
lus privateers
Ibiou^ht great
The
I'mifiiT.
'I'hf t'f'"* /Miami i-Min'ill of fivfn memhcis ihc
1,'fliJi'ni I f A'iiiilt I' tiK lirlk iiohleni iiicil the prnvinie,
!nd thi'oihiT mrmlifri or ll.iti'« .iro the iU|iii!ic-i of lix
..iliii' to*iu, which .iiv Midillihurttj Ziu/iv, tioi^
1 111 K-ri, Klullliiii!:, .inil Vtfr. /rala id fiat two lii(',li
^,1;, III iiillii'C III iixiiinon with H'lllaihl, nl wh th wc
; mc .ilicadv ;;ivrii ;m aiimiMt. Thn pruviiicc alw.ni
un,;. (our dc|JUlie« Id llf .illinuily of the Slates (leiural,
,in,( h'lld Ih'it (ilHee- diiiiii;; lilp, and arr alteiiulely
, i<iin fiom niniiMj; the iiia^il(raie'< of the Icveral vutiiig
,,ivn<. only MiddlcbiiriJ alwayi (Villi one.
MiiMltburir, the capital of Walchereii, and of tlu
niolr pioviiue, ii a lar((r, liaiulliuiic, iiih, and (lioiii(
,111 whnh fland. iioarly in tlie miter of tic illiiid,
I, wliirh ("itiiatioll it OWCH it] luiiic, and ii leated 111
ifie lillv-'ii" '''^(i'"-''' forlyfcvcn minutes noiili latiiudc,
iiiJ III the third dCj^rec forty-one minuted call longitude.
Ai.iiiila mile an 1 .1 half in Icneih alVnrJi this tiiv .1 com.
iniinnalion with thd Well Scluld, and is capable ot rc-
u-iv!M'tlie lirpcll (hips. MiJJIebur^ is fortilied with
Mia'C l^'fif''^'*""' with thirteen hallioni. Here the
I lie, of the |)r iviiae hold then nicetiii.:', .is alio the dc-
,;,:k who aircmbic ill St. Nicholas'* abbey. It u likc-
i,ii< till' (eat of the aJiiiiralty-cullvj^r, the chamber ut
jor'iiip'S ""J '^"^ mint.
IIlh arc fcveral line (i|iiares and llatelv piililic biiil.l-
TM, particiil Illy the town-liMurc, which 11 a noble pile,
uilh a very hi ^h tower an I ilovk, wliieh ! ill Ciilt a llull-
.! cJ .iiid li"y hoiiland guilders. It coiitaiiii (even Cal-
>i;iill churehr , with an aiadcnu, an Kii|.;lilh, I'reiich,
l.ulhetan, Mennoiiilt', and I'opilh chiircli, and ajcwilh
,iij;;ii'iie, ll 1. a place of gicat trade, p.niuularly in
v.iim. In iS7f» *'•" " '"^8*^ "' •*" years, it fell into
ihe hand' of Wilii.im I. prime of Orange, and has cvei
iincc been in tlio poU'cfTion of the Stales. 'I"hc high road
iroiii hence to Flulhing is all the way beautifully planted
lilh trees.
Klulhing, in FJiitch VlifTinjen, is a well fortified town
I the mouth of the Hondt, or Wederii Stheld, and de-
'.iiJi not only the pafTagc into that river, butalfo that
itheothu ifles of Zealand, and even into I'landers by
\ti. It 1 ej c gilt niilcj to the (outh of MiJdlrbiirn. hi
'iihuur, which is large and fecurc, lies betwunlwo
•voli'S or dyke, on the (outli-cad of the lile ol U'al-
iiTeii, and two canals. Its nevv h.iiliuur was formed at
le "fncial •'xpciii «' of the proviiuc in |()8S, and is le-
■ tiiieen huiulrtil Rhtiiilaiui rods in ltn.;ih, wiih two
limilied 111 breadth, ami will admit, cvm up to the
•iwn, a fleet of eighty laige men of war. lo the li};lit
; lae new bi'.ven, leadni;; to ibe proviiKiil baloii, is a
■.-nlnck, totbe wcllward (if which lusthe entrance iiif)
I ,t old hatbour, which is divided into two depaitiiieiits,
.'.j i-.'ves fur merch.int-lliips. The (ea runs i|iiite up
M ilic other end of the town ; lo that loaded veliels come
•,'tothc very doors of the merchants. I lie h(>iii..s are
1 1'tneral well built, and, befides other line llructures,
•r.e" town-houfe is a magiiiriccnt and rc.;iilar pile. In
•■rio-.vn are ihrf- churches of Dutch CalviiiilK, one
: Frrnch, r.nr of ElijiUfh, and une of .Mriinonites. In
r year 1749 on'-- of the churcho, the p'lnce's palace,
;:< ihj naval llore-hnufc, were dcliriivcd by liie ; but
•V til ft was foni rebuilt. This was one of the caulion-
.11 tjwin deliveieil up to (p.iccn Kli.Mbcth by the Stales
i' .1 pled;;c of their tid.dity, and as afeciiri', (or the
niiiii') that priiiccfi had expended in aliiliin.; them a-
;amll the Spaniards, and ol which the ceiebr.ited Sir
i'nilip Sidney was governor in 1 5K5 ; but it was ledeeni-
,J .i(;aiii 111 161(1, under the reii;n of kiiii; James 1. lor
.1 iiitonfider.ilili' fnin, mui;h Ids than Uie money they
liiioi! iiidibled to Kngland.
Willi rclpciil to the other iHand,-, South n-.v^laiid is
ioth the larp,cll and molt plcalant, containing the town
1.1 Goes and a conliderable number of viil.i^es. North
Utiiiind was once indeed the molt plealant and fertile
ev.Mmvofall Zealand 1 but in 1550 and 15^11 fiiifeiid
ij ha terrible iiuiiula. ion, that ;;reat numbers of people
II cattle perifhc'', and nothing wm to be fetn on ttie
v.iiil: illand hut out ftceplc, which lofe above the lur-
:. Tot the water. Unt about a century aiier, tiie ground
■•n(» tailed by the continual incieale 1.;' iiic mud, the
•::ind \va! dvkcd ill an I ciiUivatiJ, ai'.J at pitfuit cuii-
K U K c) 1' I.,
tains a I'm ill ii>wii itil fcvirii yill.ii'/s, rhi" idindof
ibouwi 11 ll 1, the Miwii of /iiLle'.', wHirh ha; a feat •■•ilf
Vote in the lljlei o( liie pioviiii.e j wiili a Imill iiwn atiJ
lome viliaMn. I lni« are all) I'n- illands of Diiivel.inJ
.Old Ter 'I'liolrii, III vs'hi h Ihtn; i^rc feveial village^
.Old in itie lauvi .tliu a town of ilic fame name with (ho
idaiid.
S F. C T. VII.
0/ ihi /»»«(•;».,/ '/ UTintciif.
lit Siliialiin iw I I'lvliKf : tK- Nui:iii ef iit Cii'iit, Tinrt\f
iiml I'lMgti : iht iSt'itii »/■ th,' CjunI'), iiHjili taU/ia/li-
iiit Untinmint \ ivMii Uff^ripiini J ilit Cilui t/Uln. .1
>ii<i Aimnftrt,
Till' province nf I'trccht, rxcepting in tnc fmall
flip ot land to the no. il' card, which bnrder. on thi-
Zuydcr-lea, i> wholly ciivironul 1./ Holland and Ciu'i-
deilaiid. It extendi about thirty-two nnl s fruni the
lbuth-ea(t to the noiib-well, ,ind twenty two tiom tht
louth-well to the norili-call. Thii coiimiy enjoys a good
air, .ind in molt paiti the (oil is very fruitful. Indeed ti*
the eallwaid, near the boideis of the \'eiu.vr, it Oiiilill.
cither of laiidy hills or liii all eminences, which .iie in
i^cneral coveted with trees , but 11 f)nie plaJCi tunlaii 3
Ipots of iiidillVreiit paltiire-^roiii- ■, On the loutli fide,
between the Inlly p.irt and the liver I.ek, it lias 1} od
ar.ible laiul, audio the wedw.id the countiy peitCLlly
nlrmliles Holland ; itchielly lonfiltoij;, of licli meadows,
thou;;h llieie ate m.iiiy (puis of tuif [;rounds.
Ill thepioviiue ol l/tiechl arc five cilir>, and fixly-five
towns and vill.';."s. Its llales are ( ipoled ol the clci.'y,
the nobility, and the towns : indeid the foimrr are merely
iioniiiial, and loiililt of nobles and c iiizi m of the Caivi-
iiill leli^riDii, ;iiid nut of cci ll fiallics, 'I'luy are, lio\v»
ever, clcclid liuni tlie chapters ol the live tliuidies : 1:
Utrecht, and II ill in the allenibly of the dates reprefei.t
the aiiticnt cleigy of the coiiniry. The college of the
deputies of this piovince confiils of twelve member.', each
clals of the Hates feiidiiij; four. The chamber of ac-
compts IS under the direction of four commiiriJiiers, and
the provincial court of jnlllce is compoled of a pr-fiJent,
fix ordinary .ind three extraordinary .lillirors.
I'he Calviiiilt congregations ol tins piovince li ivp fe-
venty-nine minilters, who hold a fynod once a year at
Utrecht. The I'apilts have above thiity chut, hes 111 thi;i
province, under forty-live prielts -, the Liilh i.ms two
I on ;reL;aiioiis and tliiec iiiinill'i'. ; ihe Rtmoiillrants lliu
lame number, and the Haptilts two
The province ot Utrecht is divided into four qiiaitors,
and has five cities, which have a vote in the ftates of the
province ; ti'' principal ol which aie the following ;
Utrecht, •■ i.alin Ultrajccliiin, the capital ol ilie pro
vince, '.'(undi in a deli;ihtful corn (uiiniry, in the (ifti ,
(-■cond dei;rcc ten i-iiniites north latiimle, and in the I'lii'i
de;^.!.' <:\-n miiiutcsea t lon^^itiide, It iv lituaied on thr
river I'iiiiir, which lice divide, iililf into two biancli's,
called Ml. Old and New Rhine, uoih of which irav. 1 f-:
the city throii;;h its who'e Icngih, alter which they unite
again. This city is pretty larj.u', it being .;I).iut an hout
aiil an hall's w.ilk in circuit, and is alfo very populous,
lhout;li it has no oiher ili fence tha.i a wall on the old
caii.il. The iiihabitanischicllv cuii:ill of tradus .ind ur-
tilicers ; but aluii,' liie newt.in.il are large and handfo.Tie
houlV'j inhabited by v'l lulcincn.
Among the lev en ehur^lie, belonj-ing to tlic Dutch
CaKinills, the piiiicipal is the cathedral, which i< dcili
cited io St. .Martin, and It.imli in the center of the city;
but only coiilills of the choir, the ur'-atell part ot the ohl
catlicd'al liciiii; deiiioved by a l' iriblc I'.oim in 167.;,
' fnicc which the tower has aiwa;, 1 remained fepar.itc fiorri
' the body oftli; church. TIv, chaptei belonging to th ;
, cathedral is ciiiipolid of forty member , who purchale
I their places, fur which thiv generally pay bet.veen (\K
; and leven tboulaiid ;;iiildei... I'he othei chapter clnuclus
I in this city a-ethcOld .Miniler, or th.-.t of St. SaUator,
I .'M. Mary's, : t. I'ctei's, and St. John',. In the lirlt of
' thcf- a part I. ■ Icon partitioned oti', a. n pl.icr of wiwfliip
I loi I'lc I'li^l 1 V. ho leli.ic yf:\'\ tho'.eh ihey aie not
1 I vcrv
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194
A SYSTEM O F G E O C R A 1' H Y.
I'll
"'i-.un.
very numerous. (Ivcr the churcli h a mufciim, which
i.oiit.iiiis ,1 v.iti^-ty 'HC'.iriDritifs ani aiulqucs. St. PetcrS
rlmrch has bii'ti .ifligndi to thi.' Kri.nch Calviinlh, whti
idiiniiuie .1 muiKunis coni>rci^;iti()ii. The Lutherans,
the Rcimiiilb.uit.s, and the Miniuimtis, h.ivecaihnf thcni
a cliuuh, while the I'apids meet in houlv s of which they
have liAcral a|i|iUiiiii,iieil ti.rthit mirp le. (11 thii city
alio lehile;; the thief o( the J.infcniAs 111 the N'thei lands,
who i!.:-s hiiiihlf an.l'.l>,lhi"ii of Uiieiht, am) is elci.1cil
by the iioiiiuial iiiaptcr, vvhieh, iniludin!'. the Jean, coti-
hlls of cijhi canons. The (fates of the province meet
in a builiiiiig c.illed the States thainbei, which is alfo the
feat til the other provincial colleges. In the CTcrmati-
huufe icfiJei the conimandei of the leiilonic order j hcie
is alio a celebrate J univctfity, which i; Jrnendent only on
llie city (nagilliacy, .ind iKit on tlie wiioic province, its
plivfic-iiaiilen i> patlieul.uly euiiou.'., ai'.J h)i the recrea-
tion of the l^udents, 01, the ea!l (ide ol the city, juft with-
out thegiite, is abeautifiil mall, coiifilfii!;iof I'evcn ftiaight
wallci, two thoul'jiid paics in length, regularly planted
wiih limes i but that in the middle n pioperly the
mall.
In this cilv the niemorali'e union wa* formed between
the Seven United Hiovince: , in the year 15-q in 1672
the French took thi' city without the Icaft lelill.ince, and
in I , . .' a rc.igref- of plenipotentiaries was opened here
fioni .. I the Kates in Europe, which, within two years,
Ittn.iiiated in a urnetal peace.
Aniersfort, or Amersfoort, is fiti.'ifc.l fourteen miles
to the north-eaft of Utrecht, on theiivcrKni', which
has its rife in thefe parts from the conflueiue 01 lever.il
rivulets, .ind hrft receives that name here, where it beconic
iiavieable. It is a ftrong town fiiu'ird at the foot ot
a hill, in a pleafant and firtile country. T'le buildings,
particularly thole of the Old Town, are v..y neat, it
has three churches, one of which is a large and tfatcly
ftruclure 'l"he hofpila!s of Amcrsfort rcfcmble thofe of
the larger cities, and here is a public fchool, where feve-
r.il perlons of eminence have had their edjca-ion. .At
this port are (hipped all the goods hroughi out ot (.Jer-
many by the Heffi.m wa;.;gon5, and confi;.!;ned to Amfter-
dam. Its new ereded manufaf^iires ol dimity and bom-
basines are in athriving way. It 'ormerlv futTercd much
fiom the inhabitants of (juclderland, who took it in 154'5,
and in itui (his citv was alfu taken by the Spaniards,
who afterwards quitted it.
re.
■It a
I'he iiih.-bilants alon^; the fui-coail nre under
ciintyot feci'ring themlelvc; by lueaiu ot dykt-,
valt expence. Forinerlv, whin the care of ihe/cdi,"
was only the concern if the projirieiorj of p.irtit | '
Itatcs, they were veiy low, and Irtquenily (utfac.l l'
SEC T. VIII.
ThiPrtvincc of Krieslan'P.
hi Situallen, Extent, anil P-aluit : tht ALinntr in xul ;'. h
the aniient InltiliitJ'.lt /f.-.if'ril frim thf Inuniiiilieni Otcii-
JiiUi/i k) thfheaiin^ if tht lhi,-i ■ thtir L(in!;uii^t, Re-
/i;i:ni, anJ (iortrnment ; with a Deja iptisn of Lrxan/m,
Franehi, an;l Hat!in;in
FRIESI.AM), in I-ntin Frifia, is thus called from
ihe aniient Fiiflan;, a martial people, who are fad
to derue their name Irom Fiill'-n, to dii», they havinj
recovered ihi^ country from the fca and rivers by dii;'jini»,
or e.idin:; up dykc:.. I his country is bounded on the
eaft by the river I,a\.ers, which parts it tiom (iionin-
pen ; on tlie foiith by C),er\(lel; on the well by the
JCuydrr-fea ; .'.i;.l on the north by the (Jrrman 01 North
fea. Its grcatcft evtciit from no'th to fouth i.s thirty-
feven miles riii 1 lioincill to weft thirtv-two.
The air and lo.l ol ihi. province very nearly rcfemble
thofe of Il')lli;nd,el])ecially in the north- wc<l pans, which
lie lowr th.in the (f.i, and are psriiculatly 1 rmarkahle for
their fine pallures, amons^' whuh arc excellent oxen,
cows, and fhcep, with numerous breeds of lai!',c horfci,
many of which are exported toOermany a.nl other coun-
tries. Ill the more elevated paits arc '.'ood corn land«,
and the wheat pro.luced in them is particularly efiecmed
for the fui'iK is of the ears and the wliit'-iiefs of us flout.
The F'iedand peas have alio an agrceahlcncis in their
tafic fiiperior to moil others. Here is likewife a u'reat
(leal of turf gr.<un.l i but tiic tuif is inferior to that o(
Holland.
tali to decay , whence lliev became unable to wuhit,
the impetuofiiy of the waves, ripecially when ilriv,ii h
a Itrong north- wei.eily wind. l>y ihcfe bre.ktus it,*
country was laid under w.iti r, and great nuir.l (is„f n^, *
pie, as Well as cattic, penllird. To pnferve llu-mfi!] ""
trom thefe calamities, ihi- inhabitants railed levcul em
ncncrs Irom twenty to twenty- tive feet hi^'h, .111 1 ofc r "
fideruble circumference, to which, if not prevented li"
the rapidity of the inundation, they betook Ihiiiiftlj,,
with their cattle and houlhold futnituie, and theic i '
m. iiicd till the flood had fublided. **
Friifland may vie with tlolLii I in the number of f.
nals with which it is in all paits intercepted. |„ .k
whole province aie eleven tuwnt, and thiee hunJicj anii
thirty hx villages.
Thcinhabit,iiits Hill retain ihatilrong paflion for liberti
which diitinguifhtd then aii-ertori, together ivuh r ,„
culloms and manner of livinij.cven to the antient Ki;fi
dialcif and accent, whuh renders the laiiL'u.ij;c ol (•■
country people iip.nlel!i,:iLle to the other NeiliLrlaniifi,
Fricllaiid is famed tor its woollen (luff's ; but more cfct
cially for its linen, which i> the finclf in tutvpc tnc
price of the bell fort fein.- at priiiie coif no leli td,-
iwelve Holland guilJLi:. an ell.
The majority 01 the inhabitants arc Calyinifts ; tfij,,
are alio many l'.ipills, and a (till greater numbc: of Min.
nonitcs ; wiiich is the leli to be wondered at, asMcnii»l(
Simon, troiii whom they derived their name, waj bu'n in
at Witmarliim, and fnlt propagated his doiitrines ini^i,'
province. Thefe Mennonites form fifty-eight a.n/rt.
gations, under the direiltion of a hundred and tiftv-iKo
p.iltors : the I'apilfs h.ive t Aciity- four co:igre"aii()i)4', ^nd
thirty-one priclts : tiic Liiilicraiis have only two (i>npf<_
pations and three miniffers , and the ReirionHrams hii^
no more than one ; but the Culkgianii have fcvcij
co'iri;es.
'Flic wh .le p- mce is divided into three nuiitrt<
namely, Oftergo, '.V'clfeigo, and ZevenwcMc, ejc'i oi
whi^h is again I'u*'^ 'ideil in grietenyes, <ir prefd'turii,,
Each of thcle prefe. lutites annually thoofi 5 tvko Jrpu
tic, one of which is a nohlem.:n, m\i\ the othr' iwniu-y
freeholder, diltinguifh'd by his abilities and h:s urtw
Fhe number ol thefe prifci!furaies bring thi'ty, Frir(l.incl
has of couile lixty deputies, v^hoare dilliiiguiflird i.cnril-
inp, to thf three qu.iiter.. lienn (owtis alio fciiil r/n
deputies cai h to the alilttibly of the (^atc;, v\liiili 1
tlius compofcd of cighiy-iwo {lerlons, who art .uiiiuj^y
eledf.d.
I he college of the deputy Hates eonfirts of nine ptr-
fons, fix from the prefeifuiali: , ami three from the townv
Fhis collej^c puts in ex'culion tiie refolutions of t:nlL:n
with relpetf to civil and miliiary iiHair-, r.s .ilfn ihnfe n-
lating to the ptoviiicial revenues, lhedif(>ofal i.f firplo".
meiils, and the lilce. I'lie provinei.il touri of j.iilcV
compofcd of twelve afl'eflois, afBded by an .iltt'rruy.j.
ncral and a fecrrtary. Fills couil alone takes ((ictuzane
of criminal cautes ) but in civil, the fiiu heating is in ilw
courts of the prefei'tuiates and towns.
\V nil refpeCf to its eii Ichaliical 1 ft.iblifhin'n'.Kilrrtiml
IS divided into I'lx clallis, under which are two tiundifj
and (even minil^rrs. Fai h ilifs aiinuilly fetidn iweni.
nitfcrs and the like numliet ul ciders io the (yiiod, vvlu.-ii
IS hcid eight dnvs afn-r E.ifter.
I he principal daces in this provi' ce are the followin.;
Lewarden, or Leruwirden, the capital ot the piovitici,
Hands about iixlv miles to the north-call of .'miftetd.in ,
and is a rich, popilous, and {trong fowi, the !eat ol ii'
chief colleges, as alio of the mint, and the rcfidcncc el
the principal nobiliiyof Fnefland, whence its buildin ■,
as well public as piivare, are very magnificent, ll h'i
I. veral canals winch run through the Itreccs, and .iic i
preat advaiUige to the trade of the inhaiiitants, winch 1
very conlideiable, elp lially as thefe canals are continu J
not only to the lea, jui to the moH confiderablc iuuii<
III the proviiitc. The fi>itificition» of ihit city arc ho»-
cm '
Ov£RVS.SEL.
tvcr nfgle«aed.
holders, they n
which gave it a
loll this honour
was dei lared her
lhcil4iids. The
in 171 5- ''"'"-' '^
and ill '''»' "(■^
C'hiiren, is the '
ircnch C'alvinili
one, the Menno
Jews a fyn.igope
^'orth Sea lothii
the Middle Sea i
;-ound has been
" VViihuui theci
to the houleot N
Twelve miles I
wlnrh IS fituated
(„rlnied, though!
taunt I-ewis ol N
i,i i hiiilding whii
friicriiiiy ol the (
jngioii. There
jng tnruin, w.is In
(rammar-ichool,
cjiurcii is a fine b
Hirliiigen is, ni
populous town in
er r«her on the
Jiirbour, with a c
idc grcjteil burthe
by the gathering o:
kc taken out befori
fortilied on fhe Ian
inhabitants cai. lay
the wed it is guard
dikes of prodigious
two churches ; but
art Mennonites. I
pilis. In 1 580, th
Itie town, and raift
timt. Hood cloi'c to
or the
Il< Silf'tfioi, Prjil,
tilth It D/iiipli
Cumti'^:, iind Ztr,
Til V. province
ed on the ne
eaii b. the county
Muniicr ; to the foi
well i'V the Ziiyder
the other fide, or
f;iefl 1 1 thofe provi
as iluiland and Utn
T^ie foil is for tl
fjrf , but along the
(ftrj; palliires, thn
ne paftures in othei
properly of patticui
to tnc iiihabit.ints o*
.•readoiv, along the
frou.-rJ i, in niol) pj
fmall hiils, which n
l/om fouih to north.
The province of
fol, not Io w(ll cul
•ihcr provitrces, am
with tigiiiy villages,
divifioiis, named Sal
lis llalcs coiilid o
fil whith have an ei
lions. 'Fhe nobility
iMher provmre, and
10 the a/Icnibly ot tl
Jtletm, and that hi
OvtRVSSEL.
r.. u R (' 1'
»95
l^aed. While Frioflind eii|n 'cH us own fl.idi-
'"", "ihcv rcfidnl in the Prinztiihol, in this lily,
h ch KJVC it a" •"' "( '■p'«:'Ki"f *"'^ Hi'Miilv ; but llioy
MMhis lioru.ur in the year 174/. whiti William IV.
liolarcil hercJilary ftadtholdei ot all the United Ne-
*'". i,j, The lowii-houlc is a noMe (Irudlurc hc|.Mm
', Tlic Dutih C.ilvinilh have hire tliiee ihurclus,
'"dill that of St. J.imcs, which is alio called thcCircat
n irih f the vault of the ftadtholdrrV family. The
K tnch'CalviiiilU have one church here, the Lutherans
r thcMcii'io"''" three, the Papills feveral, and th.-
t" '5 a fvn.i'0!;"f- Frrnicrly a bay extended from the
fcrth Si-a to this city, and was fo large, as to he called
L Middle Sea i but it being gradually dried up, the
,.ound h.is been cultivaied and built upon.
= VViihoiit the city lies Manenburg, a palace belonging
,0 Lbehoufe of Nanaii Orange. , ,, ,, ,
Tufclvc miles to the wcH ot Ltwarden lies Iranelccr,
w'lich IS fitiiated on a canal, but ib neither large nor
firtiiifd, thoup^h endowed with an univerfity founded by
iuntl<<wis otNailau. The halls of this univerfity are
■^biiildini^ which formerly fervcd as a convent to the
Litrinty ot the Crofs, and nas a phyUc-garden belong-
■ -toll. There was here an antieiit raltle, which ,-ill-
i"«[oruin, was lately pulled down. Here ii alio a good
Mammar-fchool, and an orphan-houle. St. .VLirtin's
L,cn IS a fine building, with a handfome (Icrple.
Harlingen ij, next to Lcwarden, the largcft aiul muft
BMulous town in all Kridland. It is fitualcd on the tea,
or r"^" "" ^^'^ Flic-w»tti, and ha:, a coinmiidious
liirbour, with a depth of water fuflicmit lor ihips of
,!,£ jtrcjieft burthen i but the entrance 1.' nij. obltructed
bv the gathering of the fands, part ot the lading mut^
J„lten out before they can tome in. It is preuy well
fortilied on the land-fide, and, in calc ot iKxcllitv, the
ir.tiabiiants ca.i lay the whole country und>r water. To
llieweft it is guarded ag.iinll thi- inv.ihoiis ot the fca by
6ites of prodigious llrcngth. The Calvinill Dutch have
two churches i but the wealthieft part of the inhabitants
are Meniionites. Here aic .illo Ibnie Lutherans and Pa-
pib. I" IS^"» ''*'^ SiKtcs made tlicmlelves maitcis of
tnttowi'i and raifcd a llrong calllc hcic, which .-t that
Hint Itood dole to the fca-ilioic
SECT. IX.
O/" the Prrvlme of OvF.RVJsEt.
[f iiluJlici, Prjiitct, Chil (in! t'air/MjIuiil Govtrnnunl ;
v.\tha D'loipiiin of iu priiu'pal ']<iwns, vie. De-venter,
Oiml>''.. iind Zvcl.
TlIK province of OveryfiM, or OverKTcl, is bound-
ed on the north by Fncdaiid and Drenihe ; to the
eall b. the coumy of Bentheim, and the hiftiop.-ir of
Munticr ; to the Ibuthward by Ciueli'erland ; and on the
well i V iho Ziiyder Sea. Its name (htw> t'lat ii is on
tne uiher tide, or beyond the Ytlel, or Illil, with rc-
fpcft I ) thofe provinces that lie to ilie well of that river,
j5 Holland and Utrecht.
T:ie foil is for the inoft part inJiOiy, vi'.-ldiii'; only
tjrf, but along the Yfl'el is very gi>od coin-laiul, with
tvpij'; pjlUires, though the;- li.ive not the richiiels ni
the p.li'url•^ in other cuumnts; htit iiiittad of hein^ the
propiriv of particular perfons, ihey bclonp; in tom.ivsn
lotnc iiihal'il.ints of the neaicll villajics ; however, the
rr.eadi.w, along the livci . hav exielUiit grals. I he
prourrl i.iii mort pa'ts low and Iciel, except 3 lidgeo!
fmail hiils, which run near the ctnfr of the picvince
l;om louih to north. It is alto a fine fpoiting CDuntry.
The proviiue of Ovcryllil is, from the n.iltire of its
fol, iiiit (() will culiiv.itrd and inluliiteil ;i> fi me of tbe
tthcr proviirces, and thciefort h.is only tixleeii town',
with ti^iiiy viU.ign, all whiih art taiijieJ under three
divifions, lumcd Salland, I^wrnilie, and Vdllenhovcii.
lis Halts coiilid of the nobdily ^f\A the town», both
nl which hjvt an etpijl wciglit in the public delibera-
iions. The nobility arc mo.'e ndiiierous than in anv
liticr proviiui, and a nobleman, in order 10 he admitted
10 the JiTcMibly of tins dais, miitl not o.ily prove Ins
adeem, ajid 0\il he la ot the Caiviiiift kIi^ioii ; but
lliat he i. upward* of l*Cii(y year; S itc, aiiJ jn hi;
I ilitliict li.is Jii eflate qii.ililying hull l^• he luiniiioiicd li«
I the iiikiiilih , th.it ii, of twenty-tivu iliout.iiid I'uilders.
I Any iiolileiii.111 likewilc who is in ihe army, and i]
pi'lletled of ihel'c qualifications, is capable ot being a
I iiieniber of the iCiieiicy, provided he be not below the
lank ot captain i but when military affairs cmnu i idcr
connderation, he iiiufJ (|Uit the afl'embly. 'I'hc towns
which fend reprcfentalivcs to the llates arc JJcvcnier,
Cinipen, and Zwol, where the Ihitcs alternately hold
then annual incciings.
In this province is a college that may be confidcrcd as
a chamber ot tta :;, or rather of finances, and is compo-
led of fix niimbcrs, three of whom arc appointed by
the noliiliiy, and three by the towns. It has likewile
a chaiiiber of accounts, and a cli.uiccrv. in juridical
affairs the three piincipal towns determine in the dernier
rcfort ; where., as from the fentences of the country
courts, appeals may be brought bclore a higher tribunal,
called the ilaringc, only luld at Diventir, :\id bctutB
it the nobility and gentry liavc their hrff hcjiiiig. It
is compoled of the nuhh s .uid other pelons delated bv
the three town-;, who have j prcfiJ«-iit at their he.id. lli t
province fen Is five repielenijtivc. ij trtc States General,
; that is, two from tfie nobility, and one Irom each of
' the ihric towns.
j riie national clergv, cimlillitig of c jjhtv-four inini-
, Hers, aie ilivided into lour claliis, and cuh cLds lend*
Ithiie ininillers and uiie elder in the annu.ii (; n(jd.<.
I 111!-' PapiHs of this province are poticlKd ot 'Hiiity-
) lev 11 1 hurthes, and have thirty prielts ; the Haptilti
j 'lave li.xteen, and thirty-tive niiuilUt,, and the Luthc-
i rans ihree, and the lilc- ijmber of niiniflors.
The three great io-a of the province that fend de-
puties to th: atiemblies of the States, are the tbllowine: :
j iJeve'Uei, ill Latin Davcntlia, i, lituatcd in a tertilc
! jdealant >ouniry on the banks ot the ^lli.], and ij tho „
|iapital ot ;he Salland iju.irter. It Ihnds in the filly- C?.
fecoiid degree twenty-live minutes north latitude, and ill ,
tilc fixth dej^ree five minu'es eall longitude, iJevtnter
IS cncomp.illi'd by a gooil wall, lluiij^llieiicd by eight
baflions, ionic ravelins and outworks. It is not very
large in circuit ; hiii ii dole built, populous, and enjoyn
a very good trade. Here are three ihurrhts of Dutch
Calviniils. one of Kiench Calvinitls, one of Lutherans,
a mteiing ot iVIeniiointCb, and .1 nufs houle, A uyrn-
iiafium ilUiIhe was founded by the Itates of the province
about the higmnini; ot the fcvciif.-'-nth century. It was
anticnily a tree imperial Haiile town, and !ias llill the
right of coining both gold and filvcr. The inhabitants ac
prii'ent brew cxcelh'iit beer, ot whiih great c|uamitie»
are exported, and the Devcniet cakes are cel,;hrated all
over thele provinces, In 158';, the Spaniards made
thcmlelvej maffers ol the town by treachery i hut ii was
.recovered by prim e Mauiue in i^ql. In 167/, tiio
i French having r^-duced it without much oppul'itiun, con-
I lerred it on the hdhop ol Munllei, whole troops kept
! piilittlion of It till i'>74,
1 Campen, a laige city and port, is Icatcd on the nver
Yllrl, winch I lutle before 11 dilchatgea nl.lf into ihr.
i/uydei. lea, ij divided into (eveial hunches, the two
principal of which totm in idainl 1 ailed Campen, 1 he
' wiMKien bridge (nei the Vllel is a curious llruduu, it
j being feven hundud an 1 twenty-three lect in leiicih,
I and iwciitv bro.id , 11 is lounded on piles ; but thi piers
I arc ai uich a diilancc fiom each other, rhat it (cenis (uf-
I peiuied in til" air. It was lormeily defended by a liiiall
] Ion nil the oiIkt hue of the iivrr; but in lO;^, th.it
j tort wasdcliiovcd by ihe troops ol Mtinflcr. I hough,
|accoidiii)> to the modern talle in loitilicaiion, this towti
I mull not be d illed among the loitrcllcs, yet un any
I emergency, it is aMe to lay the adiaient country undi r
I water. It is iiiiuh fiimller than Dcventet, and not fo
compaillv built ; mU carries on a finall trade, and w.''9
one ol the llaiile lownS) it has a!f<i the rig!>t of coining
% \
old and lilvcr.
There arc here three thurchfi lu-longine to the Dutch
Calvinills, ii'. 0111; o'' which ihe I'rench I'rotelljni: are
,dlo peimittcd to allcniblr. The Mennonites, Papilts,
and Lutherans, aie indulia-d in the liic exercifc cl tlirir
religion. In 1(7^, the tiuops ul liancc and Muii'.ier,
having
< I
III
:Jii ■!; i:
|i <!■;
\'i
if 1 '
I !
f
JjS
A SYSTEM OF (^, i: O G IO\ 1' IJ V,
Gro;,
J^
w
f
1
hiving made thcnSfclvos nudcrs of this town, committed
great outrages.
The laft town wc fhall Jefcribe in this province is
Zwol, which is fcatej in a pkMfant country on the Ai,
which here takes the name of the UlarU-watcr. It is
feated st ahoiit an hour's diftance from the Ylll-I, and
ibmewhat farther from the Vecht ; hut has a commuin-
cntion wiih the latter by nican^ of a canal called the
New-Vccht. The IJIacic-wJter being deep enough for
Jhips of burthen, affords the town a communication
with the Zuyder-fca, whence it is the handfomell and
moft wealthy place in all C)icryfl"i;l. The north part is
not only watered by the Aa, but intcrfciftcJ by two
canals, and on the outfide of two of the pates are very
haiidComc fuburbs. It is a very flrong place, it being
environed both with a wall and a rampart, IhengthcncJ
by large and gooil ballions, with fcvcral outworks
amoii^ which arc three forts to the fouth-wetl, which
have a commuiiic.uion wi(h each other, and with the
town, by means of Urong lines. The Dutch Calyinills
hnvc here thr^^'c cb jrchcs, bcfidcs which tht-rc is a FreiKh
coiigrcgalic^n of the fame pcrfuafioii. The I'apills meet
in four mafs-houfcs; the Mcnnonites are likcwife very
numerous ; but there are few Lutherans, '/wol was
iintientlv a free imperial ILiule town, and Hill pollifles
the piinle.e (dioiiiinj;. In 1O7?., it was taken by the
bifhop of MumILt, who kept polVeflion of it till tlw: year
"'74- ■ ..
S K C T. X.
Oftk PrsvliLc '.]' Gruninctx.
hi Sitiiatiii, Pyiliicf, tt'i I kivtn : lit Civil nnd EnUfi'i-
nk.il Gmtir.ntnt, U'ilh <i Dfjaiplion of the City ofijto-
GRONINGKN, or (Jrocning n, is bound'ul on the
r )rth bv the (jernuii ociaii, on the call by the
hilhopric of Munlter, and the priiicipaliiy of Ealt Kricf-
l.'.nd, on the fouth bv the tenitory of Drerithe, and on
the wilt by the hu c river Lawer.i, which feparates it
irom Kriefl.ind.
In its air and foil it nearly rcfembles the contiguous
province of Kiirnand. The land lor the moll part lies
low, and abound! ■n fine pallures, whence grazing is
<ine of the principal employments of its inhabitants, and
it has all') fomc corn land. The turf here is neither lb
•Tod, nor in fuch pb iity as in I'ritlland. On the fouth
?^dc of the proviii'.-e toward^ Dreiithe, the ground mii-
lilh of heaths and lands, intitlptrled with crtlfs. IJe-
tvvci.n its norlh-calt fide and \..\\\ Kriedand, liie Cicrman
(11 can forms a large bay called the Dollert, which has a
lommunit.Kion with the North Sea by means of the
month of the h!ms.
I'hi: piiiuipal liver in this province is th.' Huiift,
which is lormcd out of fcveral Hreams, all which unite
111 the town of (iroiiingen ; in that city alio lile^ ibc
!-"ivel, which windin;; to the north-wtlt, l.di» into the
l-'ms. Thi. province, lihe Kiiefland, is evcrv where
interfetlrd withcana!; and dykes tor carrying off the lu-
perfluoiis water.
It contains only three towns ; but its villages amount
to one hiindnd and fixty-live. The (l.itis coiiltlls of
ihe town of droning n, and the Omnulatid or circum-
iacent coiintrv ; of 'he latter fome arc eKcled hv the
iiol iliiy, and others bv the peafants ; but by v.My of
tpialilication, they mull he poll'cU'ed ot land within the
province to a crtain value. I he city of (ironingcn is
the on'v place whcr'- the It.it'-s hold their meetings, and
the time <d their alUinbling is eneiallv in the month
of Fcbruarv. Here i-, alfo the college of the Hates de-
piitiei, whuli is cot.p' led of eight pcifons, that is, four
a', rcpiefentativcr. of Citon'ngen, and the like number
Irom the Ommflands. 'I'hefc execute the nluhitions
r.f the rt itc,. I ne chamber of accuuiits tonlirts of (ix
(itrfons. and (jroningen fenls fix deputies to the Stale.
General.
The min iter; nf the efhMifhed church, who amount
to one hundred and lixtv-'-ne, are rlivided into Uww
chfTcs, a-iJ the UwA m'.et^ annually at the begiiiiiin^
of .Ma'', one year at Groningcn, anj the next at Am
piii;;cd.im, and I'o on to five other towns, cjih \,\
which belongs to a particular clafs. To this fvimdcvcr/
clafs fends three niinillet:., with a ccrt.nn luirnliu ,,
elders. The Roman catholics in this pro-, ince ate po -
felled of about ten chuiclus, under thi. diiciliun ul ii„t.
teen prielts j ihe Haptills have t.scnti -ftveii church'.
and lixtyone minillers j th.: ),ulhcraiis ha,; tha,'
churches, and fixty-one miniller. ; .iivd the Cude.imn,
two culleges in the town of < JriUiinjcn.
This province is diviilvd into two p.arts, the ci:y ^
Groningen and its [irccinfls.
(ironingcn, i>r Ciroeningen, the capital of tlic pro.
xince, is lituatL'd in the fifty-third degree twcnty-viont
minutes noith latitude, and in the lixtn degree ihiii'.
one minutes cart longitude, at the confluence of ftvc-,1
ruulcts, out of wliich are formed the Iluiife and Fufi.
The former of thcfe llrcani'. admits large (hips lioiii th-
lea (juite up to the city, and is of courfc of gieal cmivc
nience 10 >is comrtKrcc. Its extent was formcriv men
liderahle, till in itilj it enlarged itlilf towaids the mm',
and north, and its rampart, were icpaired with tlic acj .
tion of I'eveiitcen baltions and a good counterfcarji j j..;
though tbel'e fortifications ufed to be carefully furvciij
every year by deputies from the college of the llate;, u;
they are now fulfercd to run to ruin. However, at. ibu;
a ipiartcrof an hour's diltance from the town, has lif;;i
creiled a modern woik in the form of a line, wl.ich .,
kept in adelenlible Itate.
Groningen • the place where all the :',rcat provinc:4
colleges alietrole, .ind is conlcciueiitly the lelideiice ottU
ricbell and imdl eminent families both amon ; the noilcj
and commons. It conta'i, three churcl.es of IJutthCTi.
vinills, befides tile univerfii church, in whicn tneht.
mons are preached in l/atic ov the prol'ell'ors of Jiviniiv.
An-iing thel'e the principal church is that of St. .Marti.i
which is a fincltrudliire, at one end of the great nutiic:,
with a high tower. St Mary's church Hands at taetni
of the filh iTiarkct, an.! has alio a very high tower, anj
harmonious chimes. 'I'he Lutheians aie alio polVcl1;J it
(me church, the iVlennonites of two.an.l the Rnn.jiu.:-
tholics of five. Here are three market-plr.ccs, the laiii;t
of which is the ox market, furroundej with fine build.
ings ; and among thel'e are the town boul.', cxchan.'c,
and wcigh-hoiife. In the three market-places teritiiiu!.
fevcntecn llrcets, fix of which ixtiMii in a ltr..iglu In-
to the like number of gate., and there arc tw"iit)-k,;,i
Ipaeious (trects in all. .Molf of the h<nifcs have j!!.\l.i.,.
garden, with Iriiit-tiee:-. The piince's palace is oti ti';
iioitli fide ot the city, an, f 1, adorned with piiflurc; 01 .i,
the priiKij ol ( )range an I counts of Nafl'au. The uni-
\eilily ha-i profelliirs in all the I'cieuces, and in tl.oi
library is a well-altetled inlicription that a loldier livij
thcte fixtctii days .iltei receiving a wound 111 the ngl r /j'
vcntiicle ot the heart. They have alfo a public icl.i»,l
fur the languages', with feveii malt'.'r.s, wl.o h.uciaclia
houfe ami a h.mdiomc lalary.
This ciiv has often been taken; hut in 16-2 tin-
inhabitants made Inch .1 brave rdiHancc againlt the li.(ho;i
of .Milliter, that alter the lof. of ten tluiufand nu-ii that
prelate was at lall ■ ' bged to raif^'the liege. V\'e ha\-
now gone through the Seven United Provinces, and In,;
only to confider the countries dependent on iheni.
s i; c r. XL
Of the Ccuiily ./]):il.< I HE, cr DRrNr.
Iti SilUtiti'.n, Prrlutf, T^.'f'ii, iliid yHlai'ti ; ;iiih tti (-1,
and ful'/i'i/liciil (jirf'nmfiil, m:J a lJej,ripticn cl' tit
'fowl 5/ Ceji-rdtr.
TWV. country of Drin'he, or Drent, borders In the
northward on the piomueol (jioningeiij (■) ili«
eallwaid on the lime pr.)v,n.'e ajul the bi(iii>pric of Mun-
(ter ; to the luut'^waid <iii lientheiin an. I (Jviryliil , aiij
to thf; wellward on I' tie, land.
The ground here is vifibly hi.dicr than in Kricdand and
(troniii'.'en, it bearin > .1 nearer rcfcinblaiice to that of
()veiyllcl. The moio elevated oitls arc woody, but a-
h'lig tlierivetb it atlord . ;;ot)d p.lluraw.-. It. nielt coni-
.iiki !
14 ^ «| i
I RON IS,,,;;
next at All
h lyiiolcvx,,
111 luiiiiUr 1/
viiicc arc po;.
CCllUll III lu,(.
<iQn church' ,
» ha..- (hit;
ts, ti;c ci;y 01
il of llic pro.
Iwcniy-ngr,!
degree ihiiiv- '
:iKc of kvtr,,|
nie mid ri\c|.
Tlifii horn th;
li (;iL'at comc-
irmerlv iiicon-
w.iuls ihc wtn
wit^ thcacj;.
iterlcarp ; ji.>
ifiilly furvijcj
tile ihtcs, yi;
vever, at abo. ;
)wii, lus btc:i
line, which .,
Tcat prnvinciii
clidcnte of ti.e
onj the noilci
of Uutth Ct].
which tncisr.
nrs of Jivinuv.
of St. Mjriin,
-• great nursr,
ind« at incal
ij;h lower, anj
alio pulVclT.'J ( i'
the Rimiuii tj.
CCS, the laijtit
nil fine build-
if:.', exchar.gt,
aces terminal;
a Itr.'.ight lire
tw:iity-fe-,fn
lavc pleifj.",:
ace i« on tht
ic'lures oi all
The uni-
.llld ill ll.iu
loldicr livtj
111 the ngl.t/i;'
public rdiiKjl
h.uc each a
I i6-i tbi-
ill the h.(hcj;i
.llld riK'ri that
We bai-
lees, and ha;;
them.
'l .'JT.
mill III crii
Tij-ticn if lit
lordcrs to tb'
linden 1 to thn
iric of Mun-
ttrylii] , and
■ricflind an.l
r to tll.lt (if
I'oody, but a-
(. null loni-
iroi
Hj.h-.i BM:-\Nr.
1'. U R O 1' I,.
moil
"rain '■^ '^''■' ^"'' * '*'■"* p'^^'-S ^Ifo produce wlient.
u' •i-^''i''.'^f •" •'i'' 'i'"'''-''^ "' •'i'-' 'a'ter, a liiiijul.ir ciil-
' .Ircv-ids that it iliull cVery where be be);iiii on a
""" ' dav, wliicli is proclaimed by lolliiv; the belU' in
'Tl' tiie vd!a.'.eb, and one (Kued d.iy it niiilMikewife be
' .. V wli-'ie Concluded. The foiitheni parts arc over-
',,n\viih m.ulTles.
The plaeei 111 this couiitrv arc, two market- towns,
1 ■ • fcven villages, one fortrel's, and two forts. 'I'lic
ihtfs coll
«9?
■•\ of the nobles and )i\cholder.s ; but evi 'y
bU'iv.m b'.'loni'iiig to them iiuilt he iioH'iired of an 1
Xti' fi'l'.is'nt to qualify him to Ik and vine, and there
hfiim "•'"•■ '•■i-'"'-'''" '"'■''' cllates, tlic legillaiive part of
^j ,",„i,i,.,rv anunint only to that iiunibir. 'I'here are
■lii)thir;y-l"ix tVecliolders, who are annually cleiflulby
iltifc vilLi^es that have a r'glv of votin;^. Thi: ordinary
iff-mblv of the ftates every year is held at All'iii loiv.inls
h'" be 'innin:; of M.irch. The prtlideiit ol this allenibly'
ibe inteiiJaiit of the coyntry, and ib always uoniin.ited
1.V the hereditary lladtllcdJer.
This country was foimeily a county of the (ii-rman
,mire. 1^"' i' tl"''-'^ ofKihe yi^kc of Philip II. k ng of
Sr,;'in, .llld became a free ll.ite i yet probably on aeeouiil
„, Its fiii.illn'.'fs w.is never able to obtain the privi|e;>eol
.,ii,)ji.., aopr' tative to the States C}tiiei:il, it b^ inj;
p.,;y iindir their p;o'c,51ion, and to every luiiulred lluniis
[Jiid I'V il^i-" •'^"^''11 United Provinces it pavs only one.
li.fiiics the above allenibly of the (lates, here n ano-
thct colle:;cco!iipofed of ihe intendant and fuir depiiiies,
nv" fioi" aiiioni the nobles, and two from the fiec-
hcllcis. This colle;',e meets ei 'ht times a year to exe-
cutt '11' rii'oliitionr. ofthcState^, and on thefe occafioiis
I- IN t*o more members added to :t, one out of the iiobi -
liiv and ihe other from .inion^ the freeholders. The
(niitrnic couit of itilliee here conl'ills of an iiueiidant, an
iilcfliir, and twenty-lour counlellor-s, who decide without
The clergy are divided into three clafles, under the di-
rrflioii o'lorty minifters. Kachclafs fends adeteimi-
r'l- iiu'iiber of ininitlers and eidirs to the fviiod, which
f aKvays h;ld at Alien ill November; but has no coii-
iicclien with the fyiiod of '.he Seven United l'iovince>.
'l"hc principal places in the county of Dreiithe are the
foll.iwiiig :
Aflcn, the capital of the county, is fituateJ nearly in
it5 center, on the rivulet of lloorendiep, and is well
built.
CVverJcn, or Covorden, a Hroiig fortrefs near the
f.-onti-Ts of tne county of licr.thc.m, and flrenmliened
w.ihf.vcn b.iili'.ns, that take thtir iume> Ikmu tiie Se-
ven United Provinces, r.nj likewilc with du- fame iium-
kr of half- moons and ravelin,<, together with a e..un-
tfrfcarpj belidci vvnich thiie Is acitaiM dillinel from
thctovvi., fi.uified with fuc li.il'ions. Tliele woiksaie
kept inrep'.ir at the expencc of the Stales tieneral. '["he
(ortrcfs itlilf (lands on a landy ground ; but is on all
liJis mvinjiied by a morals, which terminates on the
oiit-w.irk;:. A fmall <]'umi!y of rain lays all this moral's
fiufttvlually mull r w.inr, that the place immediately be-
tumrs inaccifllble. l:s ftreii;>th h.;s piocured it the
name of the kiy to (JvviylVel, l-'riel'and, and Giuiii.i-
In the year i^ql it wa< Ui/.e.l by prince Maurice foi
(he States, and inimedi itrly fortified in the bell manner ;
jn.l m it'o; count William Lewis ol Nafl'au-Diet/. put
it into fo good a flatc of defence, that it w.is thought
iiiiprej;nablc i but foiiie of the uovcrnors permitting the
iiihiiHtur.ts to drain and indole the adjacent lands, and
coauTt tiiern into fidds and meadows, thi. ovulight,
v^hthe w.int of artillery and mili:ary floies, occafioned
i!'i bciiii; taken by the bilhop of Munller, after a very
(hort lic^e, in 1672, thouj-.h not without a Ifout lelill
mice; however, cfl the iail i\.\y of the fame jtar the
ilatti p.couTed It by furpn/c.
S !•: C T. VII.
0'l!t Cnittiil.li l.iw.li, /wA./.'i;' Diit,!' rir.il-.f.t ; t'"fir (!:■
,i","i,nl, j.:J tit- i'tti^.,-41 ■/ I't hi'u.i'il.rll ; iiilh <
OS
i.p-Zj'.,i\ ,]fiie/li i,.ji, aii^l S!:iv in I'liimh ..
BV the (leiierali'r Lands is meniit that part "i (h'' N'--
iherlaiids llial h.i, been fubdued by the Seven L'liileu
I'roviii.es, by tiair joint arnis, and loleiiinlv ceded t.'j
them bv iicalics and conventions. The iiobiiilv and
towiisoftheiecountr.es, particularly thole of Hraliaiit,
have iVcipitiul;. (ouv.iit to beronic nienrners iif the (iati,
and to l.i: allowed to '.uie as a dilhiict piovince in the
allembiies of the Sl;.tej General j but this ha, as oliril
been denied them. Iliey, however, it tain all the pn-
vile[>es thev enjoyed when t' .'y fell under tile power oi
the republic. The h'lcditary ftadtliolder of t)i; Uniteil
Province 1 is gnveriior-,T,cnei.d over all thefe couiitiie, j
and the Slati s (i..'ner.!l, prob.ibly fioiii a principle of
trconomv, never appoint particular g(nc;ii.>rj to any
p.irlicul.ir province. I'iuy h.ue indeed govcmois of foi-
trelFes, luit their power i'; limited to the foldiers. The
States tieneral and the council of ft. lie annui!!y fend
fome of their members tii exe.ute all aliairs ol impor-
tance, who, at tiieir return, lay an account of their pru-
ccediiii;.s b'-fore the all'-mbly.
Jiidr.e IS heie alminilUred by leveral colleges; firft
by the cou:t of Hrabant, under whofe cognizance is- that:
part of Lmiburi.' which b-loiiL;s to the States, and thij
coll c»c holdi its fefliviiis at the H.igue ■. the fecond is
ihe Flanders court, which ii.eets at Middi' bufi; j ami
ihe thiid the court of tlie upper nuaricr ot Ciiield^rland,
which ha-, its feat at V'cnI.i.
I'he crtablillied ieli;;ioii in thefe ( ountries is the Cal-
vinill ; but the Catholics, being much more numerous,
are peiinitted an entire frcx-doiii in public wotfltip, except
in piocelViuns .ind other public folenmities.
l"lie Ciener.dite Lands conlili iirll of a part of Bra-
bant. This didiicl coiiiains the whole quarter of Bois
le Due, and u fniall part of the Antweip quarier, ;t bor-
dering towau!^ the ii;)uh on Guelder! iiul and Holland;
to the Caltw.ud on the dutchy ot Cieve and the u|ipcr
c|uarrcr of Giulderland i to the fouthward on tiie bifliop-
lic of I.iriM; and Aullrian IJraban:; and to the wcftwaiJ
on Dut. h Flanders and '/.ealaiid.
The court for lii.ibaiit, whi.h is the h!.;h tribunal for
this country, and likewife of that beyond the .Vlaef. ,
meets at the n.!j;ue, and conlllls of a prelident and eii;hc
alienors, with feveral orficers for various cale-, as liiufi;
for widows, oiphaiis, and other delH'.utc peifons. It is
invelled with an unlimit^.i power, and "taiits patents,
privileges, favours, and pardons ; confei. hi;nouij, na-
turalisations, i^'C.
The fnil of BoLs 11 Due is f.indv, and f,.r th ■ moff p irt
naturally barren \ but by the indef.ni.-.alile inuu'.lry oi tin;
inhabitants is broir;lit lO yield j',ood pulfe, rye, .mJ buck-
wheat, willi oats and Hax, thoa^h it afFords little or no
wheat and barley. It has alio );ood fruit, and plenty of
poultry and wild-fowl. T'he inhabitants ate very fonj
ol lield fpnrts, efpecially o( falconry, and moll of the
lalcoiicrs of the Luropean princes are ot this country.
The principal city in the i|uarler of Dois le Due is the
city of the fame name, c.dhd in Latin Silva Dii is : it
is lituated in the lifty-lirll dei;,icetliirty-fix minutes north _.
latitude, and in thj lii'th d.'gicc twenty-five minutes caflr
lonL'jtuue, at the conllueiuc of the nvers D.iunicl and
Aa, which, after their junclion, arc called th; Di>IL
At about an hour's dillaiM e Ir.im liciirc, th.s liver loles
itftlf in the Made. F'nrineily Bois le Ouc was Uiriound-
cd bv adeip mor.ifs ; but foiiic paits of this moral's be-
coming; dry, rcndeied it liectllu) to (hciigth.-n ihe woik'i
towards thefe .1. i elFible phKcs. It wis alfo defended on
the noith-wcll li.l-' by a citadel, on the fouth by two forts,
and on the roilh iide bv a liiiall fort. The ciiy is pietty
aife, and interleeled by many canals j it has three
cIuiicIrs btloii;;
Fiench,
i
1
■-)'Mf
Mi' %
to the Dutch Calviniits, with one of
one of Luiheians, and ten niafs-houlesv the
majority of the pcoplis being of the Romilh reli ion.
Fli'- trade and (hippin;; of I'^us le Due are cot.nder.ilk*.
It was (lift founjid III 11S4 by Godiicy 111. cuke ot
Hrabant, who caufid a wood lu ic to be c'e.irui and
ii!ed in huildin.; the hoiifes, and to this rircunilhiue
it ewes its name, which li-rifiC) th.- Duke's '.vo.vl. In
4 !•' ' 'SJV
A SYS r F, M or GEO r, li a i' 1 1 v.
V 5'f
/.'.■»r
A I /*•/
■ I.
298
'559 P^P" f'-"'' ''^ • '•'"■^I'l •'' I'ldi'ipric lure; luit nil
its tniiijj t.ilviji by tile Si.itfs ill i6;(;, ilic ffu w.l^
ahdiilh;",!.
W'itiuii tS.it p..rt nf t'ln' (|iiurtt'r uf Antwerp is the ba-
rony i)r tin: i.inllhip of lircil.i, which c.inlills of gooil
com I.iiul :ii\o p.iltiircs ; b.it li.is many hcatiK an,l mo-
ra. I'cs lis |iriiici|Ul rivirsari' the NLrlc.or .Mark, wliiL-h,
after rcceu'iiiJ '•veial othi r rivulet',, i;i e.illrj the Dinlel.
Tbij baroiiv hvioMiis to the houle of Nad'iii ; the love-
rrigptv of it i> 'oiliieJ in the SiatesCJeneial. The pun-
cip.il '.-ity it eo'itaiiis is ihc following :
lire...!, the 'jpital of ilic barony of the famr nniiie,
is feateJ .)n tae river Meik, whieh ,it this place re'eives
the Aa. I'he latter of thffe two flrrains btnu a little
bifore inrreafe.l l>v the i'ylo.ip, is lierc remlereil naviija-
ble, anil h !■< a coiimiiiiieation with the (lerntaii oee.iii.
It llaiiils in the lifiv-!iiil iK'gree tliirtytivc mnuites north
latitiiil.-, a, 1.1 ill tlie loiirth .lei-rce filiy-t.vo minutes eft
longitUile. Il.> fortifications, witlioiu very gient inijirove-
ment';, are unable to ItanJ a long fieie, though the c ty
itfelt is, partly tovereil !>y a morals, aiul, by mian. of tli<
Merle ami Aa, the inhabitants are able to lav a part of
the roiintiy unilcr wa'er. It confills of about fifte.ii
liiiiulrtil houfes, is well built, ami contains a tegiilar
ciKlr I ncunipallVJ 'A ith a moat ; ami frontin;; the cn-
tiaiice IS a U|u..rc delightfallv planteil with tiees. The
great church, now in the haiul. of the I'.oiellaiiis, lias
(evcral veiv tiiic moiui iirnt>, ami a h.nnlfunie fpi'e three
hunilr."il .Till lixty two fii-t hi;Ji : the Dutch have alio
another cluir. h, anJ the Kretich have alii) one., as have
likewife the Lulli.raiis ;. t"i. though the Roman catho-
lics are ir.oic niiinernus, they are allowed onlv three 1
chaptls. The townhoufc is a large ftruiflun;, ami theic
arj four fpacious niarkct-pliccs i hut its commerce anJ
woollen mamilaelin. s are greativ ileelmcd.
In IjQC piiiire Maurice toik this city by ftrafagcm ;
but the Spaiii.uJa recuvereil it in 1O25, and in 16J7 the
< States ag.iin made themilKes niaders of it. Here k'lic
Ch.iile. 11. rel'i led when invited over '.o KnglanJ, and
'•liis famoii ■ dci Ijraiioii was da;cd fron' Breda. In 166-
thc treaty between him, I-cAi; Xl\'. of France, and
the St.itCs Cicneral, was roiicluded here.
'I'wentv miles to the weft of I5reda is Bergen op zoom,
the capital ot a maiquilate o! the lane n.ime ; throui;h it
runs t.Te rivulet or r.'t:icr moat of /.lom. The luutli
i'lJe ot the town llaiuli on a fmall criiincnce. It hac been
long cckbr itcd ?.s a (Irong f^.rtref. ; :.iiJ its wall, which
is about an hum's walk in circuit, is dcfemlel by five
haltions and ten born works. Bcfides the othn foriifKa-
li ins on the north fi le, a ftri n j line was diawn there in
i;27, that h isacommuiiicatiori with Moc .noiit, I'lnlin,
a4i I Rover fiits, and the South or Water furt ot live
billions commands tiic eiitruices of the old and new
harbour. I'hi' ai'jarmt country may .dfo be l.nd under
water ; and as b n.t a; Zeal I'ld rout nines 1 lear of ineiuie-,
fipples and feiiitoriemenls may be thrown into it by
means of the Si held. Itcoiitams about ibien hundud
houf;'', with an (A^ pilare called the Hot, that was once
the refilenic of tlv.* marijjiflis of Bergi n ; ar J at prcfent
th-.' chamber <■( acco'iipt., and the feudal couit belonging
ti) the niaripiifite, aie kept in it. Heie i: a Dutch Cal-
vinift chutth, and aii.ii.her diiidcd into two p.iititions,
whuli is .ifluiud to the Kreiu h Calvimfts and the Lu-
therans 'I'lie l'..;iill, huel.kewife adi.ipcl. I'hc .States
Ciencral keep a goo' garrif.iii here, and the governor is
always a perfon ol d.llinguiflied reputation.
Tnis tiiwn was tiill walleil in liS;. In 158F and
162:, it IhI 1 out nga nfl two prnverfid armies (.1 Sna-
iiijr.ls , bit In 17^7, the I'rench made theinfelve ma-
rt'.r:, 01 it by furpnle, alter a fie^e ot ten weeks. It w.,s,
however, reftoicJ in 1749, though in a very rundus
cor^dition i but the houfes and Dutch church I'emolifli-
ed 111 that fi g". h.ue been linec rebuilt.
Maeftricnt is one of the moll antient and remarlfa-
b'c cities in the Neth-ilands, piriiculaily fur its (Ircngth.
It is feaied in the hit eili degree tifty-one minutes north
latitude, and in ihe littn degree thirty-eight niiiiutes call
longitule, 11 tlie b.inks of the Macfe, by which it is
divided oito two parts, joined to each other by a i;rand
ftjiie bitd^;. Th: Inullclt, which u fituatcJ i., the
Dutch Brab^st.
'.•ISSERLAN
fidi- i.f tl.e diilchy <i I.iinburp, is called W\)t. M.
tiielit is one of the llrongi!: forircnjiti belungini
tiie icpubbc, and alto one of the principal Sijvs i;''ih''
Matte. S'liie d -fd't hrtviiip been obfcrved in the „ '
v^'ork-, the late itadtholder Willi im IV. about a mon I
*ai
bi to e his deaih, look a furvev of them, and a pla,,
id for their ninoval. The Jeker, a fmall nn-,
runs 'hrougli the louth tide of the town, and lj|ls j, "
tour.
the .Mael'e at the budge, may be checked in its --m,,.
by means of flui^ts, and ihj level country laiJ m,j^!
water.
The houfes within the walls amount to about th,
thoiii.nd, befides which there are three (Jalwm 11 '
cburclics, that is, twuot Dutch, and one of Kicn 1
wiili a Calvinift grammar fchool, a gymnafmm, 1 I '
thi r.iii cliiitch, two Hopifti collegiate, and four pj.
ihi.il churches, eight convents ofmonks, eleven im.
miles, (ine Jefuit* college, and a commandcn ot iii-
Icuionic order. Though the Papifts are perniriri
the free exi rcile of their feligion, yet they arc allowfi ,
ii.ake thei, public ptoceinons only twice a year jnj
then only inund the two tolleyiatc churches. Th
towii-houlc IS d 'lately tdilice, and has a public librjrv
Iheie aio two other elegant buildings : tliele are t--
houte ol the deputies of the Utaie. I. icneral, ai d '..,[ .
the governor. This city had oiicc a confiderable tlo'S
nianutactory ; but it is now greatly decayed.
The fovereigiity of the town belongs joiniiy i;i ,\.
States tjciieial and the biftiop of Liege j but ihe (;,tn-,
alone gairilon it, and ate lilcewlfc pofTeired of the lujc
power over the coilveiiis and eccleliaftics, by virtue 01
whieli they grant privileges and immunities of allkinj,
In oiher relpeits the town is under the joir.t runr;
n.ent of the Slates and tile biftiop ; and the tiiwi;s j ^,
dividid into two departmcntd, each eledting half oiitt
magiftracy, which lonfifts of an equal number ot I.4..
vinill Brabantcrs and Papifts, born in the biftionricgf
Liege. Fvery year both fovereigns fend four dicidme
commitraries, as they arc called, that is, two each |\,i
the liiiil determination of caufes, and other atfairs leu.
ting to the town.
Aiitiently .Maeftricht was immediately fubjcift to the
head of tlic CieriTian empire ; but in 1 204 tne emperor
Philip ceded it to Henry II. duke of Brabant. In i(,n
this city waj taken by the troops of the States (j.ncrji
iiid in 1648 thi ir polleirion of it was confiimcd bv :lic
cur.vn of Spain, at the peace of .Munfter. In id-j
tiie Fier.ch mul.- tbcmtelvcs mafters of it, and in 1(1-;
king William 111. endeavoured to recover it ; bat *■ iti.
out luceels. It was, however, reftored to the D.i!ti, jt
iheicivc ofNinieguen. In ftiort, in 1748, agrrcaliio
Ui the preliminaries of the peace of Aix la Ckajcll,', n
was ceded to the French, who again evacuated it at the
coiuluf. ill of the peace.
About two n ufl<et-(hots from this place ftanji a h 'I
called St. Peteifburg, which being much higher than the
town, ;:nd having been very detrimental to it i.i a ioi.
met liege, the Stales CJeneral caufed a very (Irong Inn
to be crciflcd upon it in 17CI, under the name ui St.
Peter's tort. T his lying within the terriloiv ot L.egr,
the biftiop complained loudly of this prociedin > ; but
111 171- tlie atfair was accommodated. O'. this hili n
.111 excellent horizontal quarry, with 1- 1 entrance tn i-J^i
clofc by the Maefe, fo that carls go m and unluij « J
the bank of the river. Within tli s quarry are lon»
pad.iges fupported by innumeraole fq"ire pillais, wtiich
arc every wticre twenty feet high, and in many placci
more. It has Icvcr.il vent holes cut m it, as aifo lu.xe
fmall relervoirs, and in wai-liiiie it is a fafc refi;i;e to
the country pei pie, who being acquainted with all its
winding", fecure their rattle and valuable tfieifts in ihij
fubterranean retreat, whic aflords room tbi foitythou-
faiid men. A (tranger wno fliould vifit it without in
experienced guide, would be in danger not only uf bc-
wildeiing hiiutelf, or ol tluinbling againft the cornirsul'
the pillais i but of being liiddeiily (hot by villains luiit-
liig ihere. I he upper part of the hill confills of ^ou!
corn land, and on the lidc tuwards the Macic iljiiJ;
tint nioiialleiv of S'avaiUe.
r.
Ji!
X4
' ,'^y'""g'iM '•
"\ ':»)> '•I ihc
fJ in tlie cu[.
a'luut a montl,
and a pla,, .„
fmall river (hn
and tjlU i„,o
u in Its 'ouric
itry laid uiidcj
to about three,,
three C«lv,n,|(
one of Kicnili,
inafitim, i Lu-
and four pu^.
Cb, eleven nun-
riiandcri- ol th,.
i are pcrniittcj
y arc allowfi lo
ice a year, jnj
churches. The
a public library.
: riirlc are th;
rA, aid i...,,|,,,
mfidcrablc cloih
ayed.
s jointly to the
i ImiI the foin;.r
•IFid of the (u.c
cs, hy virtue u
tic? of all kinj>.
le joif.t govtri;.
i ttic towns ix
;tins half 1)1 iht
nuinhrr ol Ci:.
the bilhopric of
id four diciding
!, two c,nh, f>,[
thcr aliaiii leii.
ly fubjeft to the
104 tiK emperor
abaiit. Ill iftij
: States (i.ncrdl,
:<)nfiimcJ bv :hc
nftcr. In 16;:,
it, and in 16-0,
it i but w.th.
the Dutci, It
748, ai;rreiti:c
la Chap-IL-, it
iiuatcd It at the
(!an.hah:!l,
I higher than iht
tn It i.i a lui-
ery (trong loit
name uf S;.
Itdl V ol L.tg',
oi't;'ilin^ ; but
(>. thl^ bill li
iiurance to iH.iij
.Mid unload at.
.juatry aic long
pillais, wtiich
III many placci
It, a< aifo lun.t
fafe ri'lii;;e to
led with all its
le tftcifts in ihii
foi foity thou-
It v^itbout >n
not onlv ol bc-
!\ the rornirsiif
ly vilhmii luiK-
roilfilf'! (if ^ool
e Maefc KaiiJ.-
■VISSERLAND.
U R
P..
Sjrj
To the States General alfo belong the mod nnnlirm
njrt of Fhinders ; a Iniall diftriiH lying between theCJer-
nian ocean, the Hondt, the Srheld, and Auftiian 1 l.in-
(lirs. Ihis country was ceded by Spain at the peace ol
Munfter, to the States CJencral, and afterwards enlarncd
bv the emperor at the barrier treaty of 1715, and roii-
,j ;„, Sluys, and the little towns of Ardcnburg, Ooll-
{n,,,,, Hulft, and other foiall places.
Shiys, ar-'i in French TKclufe, ftands on a bay in the
German ocean, named the hnrre-marlcct, from the fup-
ndfci rtfcniblance it bears in lloriiiy iveatlier, to the
iioifc of a marker filled with thofe animals. The town
I) pretty large in circuit ; but the greatelf part of it is
laUii up ^"h garden and bleaching grounds. It !•
firun 'ly fortified, and the country towards the fouth
and louthweft may be laid under water ; but the imrlh
fide being higher, has a double wall. On the eaft it ib
fenced bv the bay, ami by a morafs, which every flood
ia l.iid under water. All the eltbrts of an enemy can-
not binder its coniniunieation with the fea, wlv nee it
may receive all necefiary fupplies and reiiiforeenienis.
Iti ..ir, however, is (0 iinlualihy, that the tjaiiil'uii is
ciiai)u;ed cveiy year. The gove.'iior's power exiciuls to
all the fortified towns in Flanders, belonging to the
States (ieiuial. The haibour is fo choak<d up, that to
the lery jjre.it d' trinieiit of the town, it adiiiii. only of
fniall veil Is. The old ealUe wbii h Hood bytbo lulu ol the
harbour, is at pielem converted into lodi;iiigs for the
governor and other military olBcers. In 14(15, liic Ijii;-
Idh niifcarrnd in tluir aitcnipt on this pl.icc. In 15'47
it wa» taken by the Spaniards ; hut in 1(104 "'"•overed
ly prince Ma
'I'hc bcfiecied In Id out for three
months, till tliey bad eaten up M tnu ka'.her, niii.e,
and rats they could find.
C H A P. XXII.
Of the Thirteen United Cantons of S W I S S E R L A N \), with their AlHcSi
S E C T. I.
"p:/ Situation, F.xltnt, and Fate of the Country, uilh re-
j'pifl to its Alounlaiits and ynUiei. Its ditfirmt Cliniiitis,
l'i,ifili,anii Minirah. Itl Springs, ki^en, and Lakis.
Ill Fiuils, I'egetahies, and A ni mail. |
I
SWlSSKRLAND, or Switzerland, the Helvetia of
the anticnts, is bounded on the north by Swabia ; 1
on the welt by the Sundgaw, Burgundy, and the
couiiiry "f ^''•■'' i t" the fouthward by Savoy, the Mi-
l.iufi, and the territories of Venice; and to the eill-
warJ by the county of I'yrol and Swabia. Its greateit
lenfth, according to Bufching, is about two hundred and
tijjlucen miles, and its breadth one hundred .iiid forty-two
I lioii!;h Swificrland is fituatcd between the foriy-
' f.i'ih and the forty-eighth degree of north latitude,
yet tying among the Alps, the highell mountains of
turopt, the air is much iliaipcr than in moll northerly
htiludcs. This is indeed the highell coontry in this
piTtofthe earth, the grcatell part of it coiiliding of
chains of hills ranged one upon another, with only nar-
row vallicj between. Thele hills are alio coiiipofed of.
Hupcndous rocky maflls, two, four, ■i»'.\ even fix being
piled on each other, and from four to twelve tiioulaiid 1
feci hi^h. One (Knk of a mountain called the (jotthaid,
is bv du Ciet computed at fixteen thoufand five hun-
dred French feet. The lower parts of thele high moun-
'iiiii arc covered with woods and paltures, the herbage
in which is of a remarkable leni^th and nchnefs. The
middle abounds with a great variety of odoriferous herbs,
thickets, bufhes, and excellent fprings, and in luminer
ire iclorlcd to by herdlmen with their cattle. I'he third
pj;;of thefe mountains almolf entirely coiihll of craggy
iiiJ Muccefliblc rocks, fome ol which art luite bare,
witaout the lead hcibage growing upon iliem, while
others are continuallv covered with liiow or ice. i'hc
vj'.Iics between thele icy and liiowy mountains appear j
l:k'j fu many hiiooth frozen lakes, and liom them \„[\ \
;:j:menti of ice frequently fall down into the more
f.'uitful fpois b-neath. It is from thele nialles, and the .
tsiwiiig of the ice anil fnow, that the grealell pait of the :
flieams and rivers in Swillerland are denveil. The ice |
fills begin in the canton of (jiaris, anj alter palTing
la.'oufh the teriitory of the Uriloiis, and lioni thence
into the canton of Uri, terminate in the dillrict of
Hern. The moft lofty of thele mountains are thofe in
tse canton of Uri, namely, St. Gotihard, Furka, Ciil-
pali, and I.uckmaniei, which fend forth livers to all th'.:
principal parts of Europe.
I'his is the mofl dreary part of all Swiflirland ; for on
the funiniits of thele mountains an eternal cold alniofl
conlfantly prevails, witn hard gales ol wind, uiid verv
damp logs ; while tiie valleys, except I'oiiie towns ai'J
villages, with a few fields and vine\ard.s, thiik wood.s,
and nth paltures, are covered with lakes, and the I'uni-
mcr heals are theie frequentiv lo iniiipport.ih'c, that the
inhabitants betake themlelvcs to the niountuiiis, thoi;j,'h
in winter their luvifes arc almoit buiied in liiow. In
many places within a Imall compafs, the lour lealonstirc
Icen at once, and foineiinies funimer and winter arc fo
near each other, that one hand may take up fnow, and
the other pluck the (lowers.
During the ^;rcate(t purl of (he year the clouds hang
beneath the peaks ol the hii;hell mount. liiis, and from
thole peaks they refemhle a lea, liom w.iich tlie peaks
life like illaiida. Sometimes they bnak, and tii is dif-
play a view tif the exieniivc country ben' ath. From the
rihng and finking of thcic clouds, the inhabitants lorni
pretty certain co..ieclures with relpecf to the weather.
Not one of the above m<<untains is without a cat.iiact,
and as the eye by realor. jt the intervention of the clouds
ia not always able to reach the bfiMiining of them, they
look as if poured dov^ii Irom heaven upon the rocks.
I'he water thus failing from one rock to another,
makes an attonilhing noile, and rail'es a milt aiound it,
on which when the fun beams pl.iy, is formed a very
beautiful fight, paiticuli^rly at the foot of the cataradt,
where i:; cxliibiti.d a rainbow of the moft lively colours.
Among t'lele :nouiitains are many medicinal Ipiin;^^
fome ol which loriii cold and others vs'arm batns, cele-
brated (or then exliaoidiiiaiy virtues.
\'eiy didVteiit Ituiii this is ihe temaininz liiialler part
of Sw.(ll:rlaiid, including the county of 1 luirguv, which
is a part of the cantons ol Zuikh, Sch. ill h. mien. Heme,
Ualil, Solothurii, and Fieyburg; lor though this dil-
tricl is not without mountains, lome ol which arc even
two ihouland or two thouland live hundred !eet hif;h j
yet It IS much more level tiian ih .• above-nnntioiuil part,
and tlie loot of the moitntams, and fometimes .ilio the
very lummits, arc covered with vineyauN, con fields,
meadows, and palluie grounds. Heie are likcivilc no
rocky precipice;,, no cataiacts,, few trees, and, in funi-
mer, neither Inow "..ar ice. I'he inount.iins, in(ti ad of
being inteirupted with vall thafnii, or abylies, are sene-
rally entire, and coiiipofed of a few cminenee.s, the luni-
niits 'ol which are lo l'..i liom fliooting into peaks, that
they are tiat or rouiu' to the extent of many miles, with-
out any conliderable irequality, and tiequently att'oid
not c.'ily paUiiraje, but arabli land I: is only iltiriiig
long
\
m
' "^ r
•
■ ■ :y'
P\
t
m
300
p. M or G F G C. R A V [{ V
^'■■''S''i:ai.A;,
!■:' ■ i
loiii; rains tli.il tin (IcikN fink below the rmiii'.'iicr'.
Tlif (k'lils, tluMij'li m'mi.illy itony, aic kriilc, ami thi'
iii'.M[U)W3 arc 111 iKi l( (iljci's i'laiiti\l with ("riiit-tri-i.-s.
" riicri- \': no cmintty in iliu world In-ttir fiipplicil with
" waiir, (ays Mr. Ad.liliMi, than the fcvrral parts nl
" owilli-'ihuiil that I tiavilk'il throuijh. Onr mcctscvcry
" wIktc in the n. ails with Ipiiiii;^ cdntiniially riinnint;
" into hugf trmiirhs that 'lam! iinJiTiicaih iliini, which
" is wiinilirliiily coinmoilJtiiis in a country that lb much
" abiaiiui;. with hiitli-i nn I raltli;. Jt hi'; fi) many
" iprinliN hrcalviii'.; oiii rl'lhc fulcs of the hilN, and Inch
" \,\i\ ipiaiititicj Dt vviin;l in make pipc^ with, that it
" is no wonder thrv arc lb well Itorkcd with lountains."
linked tlvfc coin|iaraticclv level parts of SwillalanJ arc
watered on'y hv a few rivcr.i ; hut thofc arc lary;e.
Tr.erc arc here Imiiid jjieat numbers of pctiifailiops,
.Tn.l the f(,nil tribe Is \ery conliilerable, as chalk, mundk',
Icvcral kinds i.f clav for the m.'.kin:; of caiti'.en-ware, and
< rlleihlc^, as alio tcrralipillata and fulphur. In nianv
parts ll.itc is very common ; and thou;;h white marble
•)e Icaice, it abounds in a black fort interlpcrfed with
xeiii'i of white, as alfo in brown, yellow, and, in (ome
p! ices, in a preen, and even carnation loloiircb marble.
K.'d potphvi V, fpecklcd with white, has likewife been
lound in tl-.^ ley inonntains. Coiiinion iivpfiiiii and ala-
haltcr are nut uncommon, and r^l the laiter ncie is tlie
fine foit fonuHli prized by kulptors, A kind of lion-
lull of filitterin;,' (paiks of a brown colour, and capable
olaiei\ tine polilli, is verv common lurcj and lc\cral
toir< It ervlial ccrt!polrd <d lamina aiul angular coliiiiiiis.
Jts oih' r lidlils an Iniditone, laltpctre, fa't, pit-roal, ami
near Rinb.ea puie and Ir.infparcnt I'llphu , wnh a rich
liilphiirefius oic. tioUi-dnIt is lound anion.; the land ol
lime ol its river; but in no !»reat <iuantities. Swiii! riand
lias alio filvcr, copper, lead, and nioie paiiiculailv iron
ores, of which (Jun/.cn, a lofty mountain in (he county
cif hari;.iii>, yields t'liec kinds nami ly, Mai k, red, and
iron coloured, which bci.ij!; ..iingled by fiifion, without
anv other ini-redient, foim a true lleel. It mull, how-
t\er, be owned, that the metals of this countrv arc l'C-
iirraily obfervcd to ne brittle, and accordniuly all me-
tallic attempts, a few lion mines excepted, have turned
out (o the di'advanla'je ol the undertakers.
'Ihe principal rivers are the Rhine, a tiame given by
the Swils to all ftreams and rivers in general ; it has its
rife in the country of the (infoiis, and, with refpect to
iti Iburc?, I . divided into the Anterior, the .Middle, and
Hinder. Ihe Aiitcri.ir or Upper Rhine ilUie' Irom a
(mail Idke on a mountain roiiinionly c.Iled the ()ber.ilp,
.ind by iVjineCinia del lladuz. The lourceof the Middle
Khine lie-, in I,u> kmanier, a pait of the Adiila chain,
.iiid, alter a counc of about fix houri, joins the Anterior
Khinr. TheHind'.r Rhine riffs about three hours dif-
tJiice ill a moiint.iiii called by the Italians Monte del
Uc'.ello, or iiird^-hill. 'I he other rivers are the Rufa,
vvhieh illiies Irom the lake called l.at'odi Ku/i ndro, <!n
the mountain c.iiled S'. Ciotihard, and hivmp imned two
rivulets, pieei)iitatcs itfelf throuj:h a deep and narrow
v.illev down levcrAl rocks ; l:ut at lcni,'th becomes more
I'cntlr, then lalls into the lake at the four ForeH towns ;
but at lAicern a'_;.iin makes its appearioice under its for-
mT name, an I loon after rcceivis the [,elicr Kmmar, or
(■'mm'ii, which rifes in tlic mountain^, and at lalf lif-
charyes itkll into the Air, or Aieii. 'I'his l.ilt river,
wlii- h I'loi ceils from the mountain of Citimhl, at U iij'th
;...ii ii.to the Rhine. 'I he Rhone is liiH formed bv a
w.i'ti '.hiih ifbies out of two rocks ol ice on the hurka
cN.; .1, and ptecipiiates itfelf with a thiindcinu; .•"■ife
between two rocks of an altonilhinij height, which rc-
ceiviiiir leveral rivulets in its courie, runs into the lake
of(Jeneva, and ilTunii; ai/am iVoni thence traverfes the
territory ot that citv, and after waterin.' a Ini.ill pait of
Saviv enters b ranee. The rcfin, in Italian 'IMino,
riles partly from two lakes on the mouiu.iin of St, Ciot-
thard, and partly Irom fever.il other lake, nn the iiioiin-
l.iiiis, and atter pallin;' thioii!;h the v.illey of I.ivis, and
Ihe Lai^o .M iL'.'iore, enl'-rs the duichy lA Milan, and at
lei._tli fifes itlelf 111 th'- I'o.
The laroe lak' s are thofeof (jcneva, Neiicnbnr;;, i'-iel,
Zurich, the I'jur rureil t'jwii , Thun, aiul Brivi!, wiiii
mniiy others ; that pan id the lak-! of l.'.mp incc wf
waters the bordeii of I'huiiiaw, and the ahucy c^'s
(iill, belongs .dlb to the Helvetic Coilfeder;icv.
I hefe fcveral rivers and lakes are of confidcrabic ti
vantage to Swidliland, by fupplyii' ; it with fidi j
lurnirtuii;; the inlLibitanti with th: means of wii'
cariia;;*. ""
The levels and valleys produce f;raln , but not i,,
fufficient ijuamitv to anfwcr -.iH the demands of |„, '
cruilun-.j.tion. liarlry n lowed in a (cry eleijted fn '*
tiiui, the oats in a warmer foil, rye in a vv inner llil| /i
the warmelt of all is airi.'n( d to fpelt. Flax is rri "i
cultivated and woiked, and Ihe like may b.e.Ja:d of hem '
I hey have al'o be;.;un to plant toliarco. 'I'hc fj,. f'
\'aud, the cantmi^ ot Heine ami Schali'h.iufiii, the \Vt°
lein, and the Valais, produce the felt wines m Swifl'. ]
land. 'I'heic aie here plenty of api'les, pv3,s, 1^,,"
cherries, plums, cheliuits, and the pans towards linl'
abound in peaches, morelk, almonds, lij;-,, citron
pomegranates, and others. Molt ol the caiitcns abounj
in tiiiihcr.
(Jf wild animals the chamois arc the mod rcniarki'
and of two dirt'Rient Ipecie. ; one ot wIikIi nuke the '
coiillant .ibode in the hi^hcft and wildell mountains i
wjiich f. arte any acccfs can be lound. i he!e are m'
rc.idill) b;ciwii, and for the moll p.iit Ibmewlut Imallcr
tlian the others. The lecniid (peeies areof a li^htbrow
colour, and v!o not coidine themfelves to the iiimmitjnf
the mountains ; but likewile relort to the woods anJ
thickets III the vah s.
The marinoulel u a kind ol badj^rr, ..'nd towardsw-n.
ter ;.;row lo cxcecibnt; (at as to wei^h twenty pfiuiij. ^.,
which means they become an ealier prey lo i||.,- peafuu
and huntcis. 1 hey burrow cither in the eaiih, or uiij-
ii 1 oc k .
Among the Alps are likcwife found a fpecics of hare
wdiich 111 fumnier peifcclly rtfemble other hares, but in
winter become all over white, in lb muih that tlicy ar'
Icarre dillinguilliable anion;.; the Inow. Here are alio
yellow and white loxes in ijrcat numbers, which in win-
ter comedown to the valleys.
Amont; the birds, the noil remarkable is the lammtr-
gfyer, which deh'.dits in ihehi^hell peaks, and rel.-nib.cj
a !ar,;e caeje, ol lo prodigious a I'l/.e, that Us wing. (re.
quently extend fouilecn teet : it pieys alike upon u.lj
and taine ammal-:. There are alio leveral forts of fowli
fit for eatiiii.', as the moorcock, the rail, the fiiipc, the
partridge, and lomc others.
I S K C T. II.
O/ti'i Pi'l't)!, Dti/i, A/iimifri, a>i<l Cu/iomi r.ftht Suiifi;
ihi-ir AJiir„z,iius Jir Corn ; tlnir Aluiuif/iiimt of ik,ir
I C'lItU ; li'f I'':/'U,'!i/Jr,tJs cfllh- iMiiitty; thiir LtmguJin,
I Jie.'ii'iiPii, niifllht Inanimily that gimyiiliy prevaili utrmijl
I thm : with ll<e Hiiinui, JHunuJacUint, and Cmm tf
\ Swivel liiiij.
I ■ , ■
THK SwiK arc RCnerallv tall, well m.idc, firong, anJ
laborious ; they are dillini;uillud by their hontlly
\ their lleadinefs in their lefoliitioiis, and ihcir braveru ]{
1 is the piiinipal cndcavoui of the leveral c. , .,• " ,rr-
j lirve thei>ieaicll plainn.n and limplic;ty if nanntrs, and
to lianilh Irom amonj; them every ih'iv.; mat his their-
I pcaranco of pomp or fupeifluity ; ; n llioyld drtiui:''-,
I (calling, and balls, once git amoii ■ 'h'j cantons, tf.isr
military roughnefs would be fooii i ef ; iiv.u teinper!
would Ix'conie too lot t loi their clmiaie, and their ex-
pellees exieed their imome ; and, as the materials or
I luxury mull be brought from other nations, they wou'i
; foDii mill a coiinliy that is not mtr-Uocked wi'h moncv.
Hence every ilimg n piohihited th.it may introduce vanitr
and luxury. Jielides tlic leveral lines let upon pbjs,
games, balls, and feallini', they have many culbiri;
which Rieatly contribute to the pieleivalion of their an-
tieiii limplieity.
The citizens, at the head of the government, arcobligeii
to ..pjiear at all theii public .lU'emblies in a black cloak
and a band. '1 he Jivi>oi the women iscMrcinclv plair,
ihuic
SwIJSERLAl
thole ot the fi
lii,-r luadi bi
country. In>'i
arc allowed tl
from being e)
lion. Tliust
crmviu of the
worn by pco
ulu.dly clothe
rouiitiVi wbil
to fon, and an
generation ; f
couiiiryman ii
father.
As ihefc lift
corn, ih'V arc
exigencies, wl
humaaiiy to a
affairs n latin;;
fame '11 every [
IP V, 'he rui
coniinonw. Mtl
arc deputed (o
afulHcicnt epia
cafe of war or
/inci muft be I
der that they r
public revenue
iWtS that the
to pav too prc.i!
impufe upon th
ihcai mufl, uf
from their ov,n
lines may noi
price of provil
within twelve n
qujiitity of cor,
and public- huu
of It, by which
the publir rcvcr
>t 1 much deare
cipal income <.
penlions of moi
on travellers, o
enough to fpeni
The mhabita
the grazing of c
thevallfys and t
tuns the Alps,
are the ufual foe
the miics. In
are driven up ai
the care of perii
f'lm lor keeping
wife keep hofs,
ing two forts of
Jrink this whcv
eHeemcd in otb
oftitrne and th
of harit.s arc Ilk
&r the I'rench r
S«i!lerland n
iuucine, the wor
•c.s' "-•ivinccs t
and iti i;v. whol(
Hii.' rrotcftant i
wc.lih- than thi
ovCi.iuned hv th
The number of ii
and thele are divi
bur^tiers, and th
Fli ;/ on Nation:
lelf-murder is mo
indencva an(
thtir tllaies equal
,. r.cverv one lives at
to the republic : I
i.ito the hands of
ijividcd into fo m;
Iharcrsof it rich c
(love the level of
6o
if'itice whii,
iibbcy of Si.
ncv.
iiifulcrablo ad-
wi''' fidl. .nd
in. uf wait,.
hut Hot ill ,
•iii'ls of h„n^
i-liijti'd fituu.
H.ix is muLii
'■J-i J of hemp.
• 'I'hc Pais de
ulVii, the Vtlt.
n^s 111 Swill'c,.
S pfaiS, liu;,^
towards lti)y
''i;s. citroni,
cantons abounj
Kift rcnurkio.f,
lull make their
1 mountains, to
I hcli; are oi' j
iiK'wli.it Imallcr
ol 1 1 1, ^h thrown
'1 ilic iummitiof
thi- woods and
irn! towardiwin-
I'lity pound", by
y "itliv pealaini
caiili, or uiij.r
fpci-ii'sof hare,
hi r lures, but i.i
jch that ihcy ar;
f. Here are alio
5, which m win.
le !■: the lammcr-
ks, anil rvli-mbcj
hilt Us wing: Irt-
alike upon w.lj
lorts of fowli
the fnipt, the
flm! rfihfSalj'.i
'iiiftinmt ef ihitr
thiir Lnnitiiiiii,
pnvaih (imnijl
, witi C«in! tf
a.le, ffrong, and
>v their honeltv,
ir biavc" [:
. .i; " .rr
\ianneri, j:!
' i". h»5 the.';--
i,i )■;!(■; ilrcaiiv:,
I'j canlnr.s, tl:.^.i
I hen temper!
, aiul their cx-
the materials oi
ions, they wouii
.kill w!'h moncv.
introduce v.ini!y
let upon pb)s
e many cullnir;'.
It ion of their an-
imcnt, nrcobligt'il
a black cloalt
. I MieiiKly pl^ii.
ihvic
SwiJSERtAKD.
r. u li () 1' J...
set
iholciW the firtt quality £«"«'■;'"/ wcarng nothing on
,..( hi*<J^ hut furs, winch arc to he liaJ in their cmn
"" nirv. Iii'l«''» iK-rloMsof iliH'crciit ranks of Imth (exf.
'""illJweJ thiir ilirtiiiii' ornanunts i but tiiife arc lar
from bein'4 expenlivc, ami arc nicrcly marks of dillinc-
„ 'Vi^'f 'he chief nfhicrs ol IJciii ar ■ known by tlic
'riiwns of their hat', whith arc much dee|Kr than thole
"^•urii bV people of infeiior rank. 'I In- pcilants aic
"luilly clothti! in a coaric cloth maniifailUiic.l in the
"ounliVi while their holiday cloai'vi ilelcen.l Ironi lathci
fun' and are feldoni worn out '.I the fcionJ or third
'encrJt.on ; (» that it is not vt ,■ uncomnioti to Ice a
counirvman in the doublet and biecrhcs of his ;!;raiid-
As thefc little ftitc5 abound more in pafturagc than in
orii ihi V arc all provided with public (jranarici, and in
j.,'ncie», where the Icarcity is not iiniverl.il, liavc the
humanity to aflift one another. The adminilhation of
affairs rtUtin^ to the public granaries bcin;; much the
jj^^ ;„ every particular government, it will be fntKeient
,p v> -he rule, obfcrved in thcfc rcfpeiStr, by the little
coniinonw ""llh of CJencva. Three ol the little council
arc deputed loi this office, and oblia;cd to keep together
afuffieifnt quan ity of provificns, to lalf llic people in
iifeof w.ir or famine at icall two years. Their maga-
iinci muft be filled in limes of the urcatcll plenty, in or-
der ihat they may all'ord to fell cheap, anil increalc the
rul'iic revenue at a fmall expcncc to iis member'., lie-
lidei, th it the three managers may have no temptation
to rav too prc.it a price nut of the public trcahiry, or to
imp 'li: upon the public by purclia(ln;r h.id corn, none of
them inuft, upon any pretence, fiirmlh the granaries
from their own heldi •, and that the lilling of the inaga-
Tiiics may not prejudice thur niaikct, and railc the
price of provifions at home, they mull buy no corn
within twelve miles of the citv. In Ihort, that Inch a
quintitv of corn may not fpoil bv keipinj', all the inns
and puhlic-houfcs are ohlieed to furnifh themfelvcs out
ol It, by which mc.ins the molt confidcrablc branch of
the public revenue is raifc;. The corn beinu lold out
at a much dearer iatc tiir.n it was bonghc up, the prin-
cipal income of the commonwealth, which p.ivs the
penlions of moll of itb oificers and minillcrs, is lailcd
on tr.ivcllets, or fuch of their own body as have money
enough to fpciid at taverns and public houfes.
'I'he inhabitants derive their principal fubfillcncc Irom
the grazing of catile, which is here very profitable i both
the valleys and the middle part of thofc enormous mmin-
tains the Alps, yielding excellent fodder. White meats
arelheufual foo«l of the peafantj, and fuch as labour in
tbemiici. In the bcginnni; of the (umnier their cattle
are driven up among the .Alps, and there comniittcd to
the care of perfoni Ifiled Senns, who pav them a certain
f'lm fur keeping them. 'I'he .Semis on .ill thi- Alps like-
wife keep hogs which are fed with the whrv alter mak-
ln»t«oforli ofcheele and butter; and thile |icopleallo
drink this whev themfeives; The Swils chiefe is much
eifecir.cJ in oth ' parts of Kurope ; but the bell is that
of Berne and th canton of Ktcyburg. (ircat luini'.iers
of hofies are likj vifc bred here, which are bought up
&f the French ravairy.
Swillerland h more populo'.is than foreigners generally
imagine, the women being retiiaik.blv prolific ; vet in te-
.:•.' — 'ivinces there is not I'o much as a rnii,le town,
ftd .:. i;'- whole country little more than a hundred.
fill.' rrotefiant cantons are hrttei inhabited, and more
wc.lth than the Popilh, which is owing to ihe celiiiacv
e,..^....uncd hv the number of convents ;.f biiii lew..
• The number of inhabitants is computed at two millions,
and thefe art" divided into three clali's ; the iiobi'itv, the
burjhers, and the pe-alants. D. /.inimcrmanii, in Ins
tit .y on National rride, maintains that in Swiliirland
iclfmurder u more common than even in I'.nijland.
I Jn(icncva and SwiircilanU it is curtonnrv to divide
their etfales equally among all their children, and thus
. r.cverv one lives at his ealc, without liecommii; dangeious
to the republic : for an o. ergrown df.iic no I'ooiier (alls
into the hands ot one who has many children, tlian it is
f ciividcd into fo manv part , th;.t though it leiiieis the
(hirers of It licli ciujuiih, ihcv ate not raifcd too much a-
buve the level of the rttl. . In th;.'- iitOu republits lliia
6r)
is abl'olul' ly ncafT.iry ; for as the lich merchants arc
oblijied to live null h williin their cll.iie>, they might,
bv liiapiii' lip vail luiris, become fornu.,ible to llie relt
o! ilieir kllow-i iii/Mis .ind dellroy that equality which
is 111 neeellary in tlieie kiiids ol governments.
I'he inh.iliilaiils in reneial Ip.ak (ierman,and in thi^
language all their ll.ile and public affairs art tranfai'ltd,
•ii .ill'o thole in the it public of the (iiilons and the Valais.
Ill a pait ol the town ot l''reybiirg, and its dependencies,
wiih llmle of lUrii and liie cily ol Geneva, the principa-
liiy ol Nciiciiburg, the Upper and I.owtr N'alais, llic
tylluiii'sot Syders and .Silteii, the French ii ufed ; but
It IS generally only -he I'aiois, or a balhrd fort. Jn fe-
veial dilhiils <d llie (Jiilcns they I'p-.ik the Cliur Itali.in,
with this ilitt'creiKO, that in fome pl.u ci it borders on the
l.atiii, and is actoidingly tcimcd J.adinum, while iii
others it li.is no fmall afliiiity with the It.dian. Indeed
ill many places ihe Italian language prevails i but in cacti
with diti'trcnt degrees of juMiy.
I'he two prevailing religions are the Calvinill and I'o-
pidi i the former is profclled by four cantons, live an-
iie.sed places, and three governments; the latter is elfab-
lifhed in fevcn canl(<iis, three incorporated dillncls,
twelve governments, and the like luiniber of protected
l)laccs. In two c.uitons among the Citifons, live go-
vernments, and two protce'led places, both religions arc
on an equal footing. Facli town, place, and (tale, has
lis own particular conltitution, lor the maingement of
its churches, fchools, and other eccleliallieal atlairs.
" 1 have often conlidered, with a great deal of pleaCure,
" lays the ingenious Mr. Addifon, the profound peaic
" and tranquility that reigns in bwillcilaiid and lis al-
" liaiiccs. It lb very wonderful to fee lucli a knot of
" governments, whi. h arc fo divided among tliemlelvcs
" in matters of religion, maintain I'o uniiiicrrupted an
" union and corrcfpondeiice, that no one of them is for
" invading the rights of another, but remains content;
" within the bounds of its lirft ellablidiment. This I
" think, niuft be chiefly afciibed to the nature of the
" people, and the conltitution of their novernmcnt.
" Were the Swil's animated by '/e.il or anihiiion, (onie
" or other of their Itates would immediately break ia
" upon the relt ; or were the Hates fo many principali-
" tics, they might often have an ambitious fovereijjn at
" the head of them, that would embroil his neighbours,
" and facriticethe rcpofe of his fubjedlstohis own glory."
'I'he Iciences are cultivated in Swifl'erland with an ap-
plication equal to that of any other nation, and the iii.inv
eminent I'cholars it has produced arc '""Hr'uus proofs ui
the genius of the inhabitants. 'I here are many good
fouiuiations for the inltructionof youth, elpecially anion '
the Calvmills, who, belides the gyninaliums and fehcoli
in many places, have academies at Zuricli, Hern, Lau-
fanne, and (leiuva, with the celebrated uiiiveifiiy of
lialil. Tlie I'apills have alio I'cvcral gymiuliums and a
Jefuits college at I,aiifaiine. The Calvinilts have like-
wile literary focicties for the iniprovenuiu of the Ger-
nian tongue at Hern, Zurich, and lialil : others appi/
their attention to the cultivation of the fcience,, among
which is the Helvetic focieiy at lialil, .m^^ the (economi-
cal lociety at Hern. Some Svs'ifs have all'o dilliiuniifhcd
themfeives in the tine arts, and the number ol iii.ilterl/
painteis this coumiy c.in boalt inav be feen in the i,ive'>i
of tile Swifs l'ainters,publinied at Zurich in 1755. This
lountrv has alfo produced leime excellent en!>ravers.
Swiiletlind has a great number nf manutaiiliiies. Jii
ih.il'e pait! that produce tob.tcco, that plant is prepared
both for fmoking and fnutF. Great quaiuiiies of fla.v
and hemp are fpun into thread of dift'crent linenel':,, li>r
the weaving of linen. Tliiead, laec, and Itocking.t, ars
likcwile made lieie ; and Wmtcrthur is noted |.)r its
neckcloths for men mid women. Anionii it^ linen ma-
iiufacliires aie its dimities, cotelincs, limogcs, and tricges.
Cotton IS fpun and wove into nniflm and Uiirt.s Icr
i;owns ; into handkercliiets, (lockings, .uid gloves. Cot-
tons are alio printeil wi'.h ligiiics e.l the molt beauiin.l
colours. In Swiilerlaiid ai^; made levcral ions of lilk';,
particularly padualoys and oiganliiics, gold ami lilver
brocades, velvets, handkercliiels, ribbons, and Itockine;.
Itj wtiollcn mainifailurcs aic dru:;gcts, calamuncoc^, lat-
liiis, dam.ilks, canibkt.s, ratines, lUnnelj, bUnkc:;,
4 U l-.nJk::
I*' i
urn
I
m.
I
I'
r
1 i! i
';
' t
il:
i ^
-f .
,'
302
A S Y S T E M O V
i\
liiiilt'cy-wnoiriv, nml doc kin;.'--. UU-ailiin;^ ami tlyi"?
art' likfwilc icrlormcd in tht- h. II inaiuicr. Tlic other
ni.iiuir.\Miiri-s .irc thdfc ol' h.its, id.irli' ami liiic paptr,
Ic.ithir (iir all iilis, pirticiil.iily the Niuiiiliurg (.h.miuh,
aiiil till- Schwil/ tall "s Icaihrr, aic particiilatly ('.inidiii.
Horn IS wiiikcil into a variety of iitcnfih. \Vmti'ithiir
and I.aiifaniie are (anions for their tartlicii-waic>, parti
lularly Inr thur licantilul white and pii.iird (divs j
and (eviral places make a very prettv porcelain. The
maible of thu conntry is fawn and polillic 1 at home ;
Init the grcatilt part of tly licautilul ervllal' nut with
here aie rarricd to Iraly. Their golJ and lilver manii-
(actiircrs deal in I. ices, liingc, \c. and the bell gold-
lieatcis aie tliofe of U ilil. Several places trade larpeiv in
tovi; neat and goovl watches are nuilc here, and Swil-
lerlaii I is not without Ikilliil piimcis, braziers, foiindcra,
cutler?, i^c.
The litiiation of this country bctwrcn (Jermany,
France, and llale, wall ili iiaviirible lakes and rivets,
particularly the Rhine and the Rhone, by wliiili it ha>
a cominiinieatioii both with the (icrnian ocean and the
Meditcrramai), to;;ether witl) droves of pack-hoiles tor
the convevame nl goods over the nioiintains, where no
carriages tan pafs, rendf 'he trade of this country veiy
extenlive, Its |irincipalc. , rochcele, butter, horl'es,
horned tattle, Iheep, ibme wine, and leveral of the above
nianuiacluics. On the other h.iiul, this country impoits
grain from Swaiia, Tirol, and All'acc, as alio hemp and
flv ; «r.i wine, wool, fait, feveial Iprcies of tnanulac-
turcs, a ■ ! ; articulaily American and Aliatic goods.
1 lie com ge in all the c.mtons and intorpoialed llalcs
is not alike: /.iiricli, liafil, .Sch.itFhaufen, and St. CJall,
follow the llindard of (icini.uivi while Hem, I/iiecrn,
L'li, Schwit/, L'nderwald, /.ug, Freybnrg, Solothurn,
(ieneva, Neucnhurg, and the Valais, keej) to the old
JJiHtuindi.in llami.ird.
'I he lowelt coin here, according to Dr. nufehing, is
the heller, or haller, which is tiie fixtecnth part of a
|)enny, two of which make a pfeiuiuig, or angllir ; Zu
rich toiiis drey hallerlins, or three liallers ; and Hern
ilrey''ilin,or viercr. Another I'inall piece here i.^ the rap,
fix of which go to a plappcr, and ten to a bat/,, and lil-
teen of the l.ill make a Swifs uuiMer. Six ani'dcrs are
cijj.il to a Zurich fhilliiiL;, leveii hellers to a krtutzer,
and four helieis to a Iicrnlaiider, or Chur batz. Bern
and Zup have likcwile their half krcutzcrs ; Zug, I'rcy-
burg, and Solothurn, coin three kreut/.er pieces ; and
IJerii lome of ten and twenty. Tlic bat/.es arc o( three
("oris i the good, which are coined at Schaff haul'en, are
of the value of lix'een pfennin:;sj the Zuricli bat/.es are
equal to lilteeii plcnniiigs ; and thole of Heme to four-
tien: there are alio half bif/es. A gemein gulden
iifually palk-s lor lifteen good b.il/.rs, and lixtten Zurich
hat7.-s J a Bern gulden l'>r fifteen Kern batzes, or thirtv-
fi.x Zurich (hillings ; and a lander lor thirty-two. Intiie
country of the Cjrilons feventy blutzgeis, or thirty-five
Zuiieh ftiiil iigs, make a gulden. The gold coins here
aie whole, hali, and quarter ducats.
G F. O G R A P II Y. Swisses uvr*.
mod iiilaniniischarat'tets for avaric! and arrogance wh c.
adniiiiilltation becoming inlupportablr, the pecplt "1
■lulled thiir petitions and complaints to the cmpcr
but Without I'uccel.s. ^''
I'his fo encouraged their tyrants, thatCrider, th,. ,„
vernor of Underwald, let his hat upon a pole :it Alto'.if
and, in the wantonnil's ol powi r, drmjnJid ihat u '
lame relpeit fhould be paid to it as to hnniclf, T„
hiltories of Swillerland lay, that one VVillijn, I'dl , "^
tuling to lubmit to this mark of flavcry, GrilliT ha,i t,™
brought belore liim, and telling liim that he licjnl h
w.is an excellent matkfman, commanded that he lliuuid
(lioot an arrow at an apple placed upon his own f,,,,',
head ; and that if he milled it, he (hould be haiiL-cd
I ell, though With a trembling hand, Ktuck off'mj
apple without touching his Ion, and thereby Uvcii h ,
lile i but Urillcr perceiving that Tell, though he »,,,,„
have but one (hot, had an arrow in his belt, demanded
the rcafon; on whuh he 'lankly confelled, that had he
been lo unf.jriunatc as to huve killed his Ion, he wnulj
have (hot It at hini. The tyrant, who had pioniuti; ,„
give him his life on his acknowledjiing tlietuitli, ii„.»
ordered him to be bound and carried prilorer f<ir \il, ,,, .
place on the lake of Lueern ; but Tell f ippily ekai,;,,.
out of the boat in trolling the lake, retncd im,, ii,(
mountains, where he waited for an opportiiniiy oi Jc
Itroying the tyrant, ami at length flwt him as he
palling along the r<ud.
The
Vlil
SECT. III.
Th H'jlsry cf Stvijfflanii; with n !;fiitr,il Acaunt of the
Rigiiliilicns u/lh nfpdl to tht tl'itt,rn liiiltcl Caiiuns in
youral : tht Tiilfs by ivl ich thry ax aiUrrjJid hi forti^n
Utatii, their nii,il,i>y Ejidhlijjniitili, iind the (.'oiitint^eutt
»f Kul' State ; uith t''e Key//iti'»i, ivith recant ti jtuh of
ihtir Troipi as er.iir into the StiviLe ofprei^n Piinai.
T'
offi.
IF, antient Ilrlvetians were a Gaullrti or Celtic
people, and Helvetia, which received its name
from thciii, was divided into four cantosis or territories.
Julius Cjel'ar was the hrlf who reduced the inhabitants
under the doniiiiion of the Romans, who founded colo-
nies here; and their dominion commued till the (ifih
century, when the country was over-run by the Burjun-
dians and tJermans, and at length became united to the
(ierman empire ; but about the year I JCO the emperor
Albert I. not only refufed to coiilirm their antient privi-
leges, without condcfcending to allejge any rcafon for
hii rcfufal, but fct over the S'.vUs two noblcni' ;» '. !" th;
eople now iiniverfally cxprefTed their ha'rfd a-
giinll tlie tyrants, and the inhabitants ot Uri, S'huit/,
and L'nderwald, who had from time immemonal polii..||eij
the right of being governed by their own magiilrjirj
with other important privileges, united in order to ilciinj
iheinlelvcs to the lall extremity. For this purpole ih(»
chole three commandeis, gentlemen 'approved cnuiaoe
.and abilities ; thel'e were Gerhard Stautfach, \Vj|(t,
I'urit, and Arnold Melchthal, who fecretly agreed to
(urprilc and demolifh the caftics in wliith the impciul
governors rcfidcd.
I'his rclblution being efFeiTled, thefe three places jomcj
again in uleague for ten yean, which gave biith to tac
Helvetic confcdeiacy. 1 he emperor Alhcrt thinkinnthii
a (iroper time for totally reducing thcfc places h\ Kirte of
aims, haded to Baden to begin the picpara n r.s ; but
being on his return murdered by John of HjplLua', tho
deligii was dropp.-d till the houle of Aullria inventcj aa-
cther prctcnte lor falling on the United Cantons I'htfe
and other parts of SwilUrland adhering to ihe emperor
Lewis ot Havaria, Frederic of Aullria, his compintur,
was lo extremely irritated, that he put the inhabitants ol
Schwitz under the ban of the empire, becmle dumi'
their contelts with theabbey of EinliJIen, they bad m.iiie
lume ol the monks priloners; and they were exeoniniu-
iiicated by the hirtiop of Condance. Soon al'.er l.eo-
puld, duke of Aullria, in 1315, attat ked the CniileJe-
rates with an army of twenty thouland men ; hut w.is de-
teatcd at Morgarten, in the canton of Schwitz. Upon
this, on the eighth of IJecember, in the lame year, tncv
entered into a perpetual alliance, which proved the origin
ot the piefent llclvetic tonlcderacy. In 1332 Luien.a-
ceded to it i in 1351 they were joineil by Zuruii and
tilaris; and in 1352 their number was inereafcd, bv their
being joined by Zug and Hern. For tlie Ipace of ijj
years this './iilederacy was compofed only of thele tight
cantons; but in 1481 Freyburg and Solothurn, an i in
1501 Bafil and Schatt'haufen, were admitted into the
conftderacy ; and in 1513 Appenzel alio acceded to it.
Fhc federal union, however, extends no farther liuii
is neccliary tor their mutual defence, and accomnii«ia-
ting dillerences th.it may arife betsveen two or miirc
towns or cantons, and in all other affairs they are left
to their liberty, particularly with refpect to coiicitiding
alliances with foreign powers, their graining auxiliaries,
receiving fubfidies, permitting a palfageto loreigu troop--,
anii^allo in their tranfadions among each other; as tne
fencing of envoys to foreign dates, adjul'.mg the value
of their coins, or calling tnem in, and other matters of
public concern, though, both 111 their foreign and lio-
inedic affairs, great pains are taken to produce an iiii.i-
niniity of opinion, in order to add, the greater weigh' to
th;ir fcfulutioni. Bellies, every town and canton is m
indcpcf.dcnt
p
'ISJIRLANft.
"gancc, wh<,fc
lie people Jd-
tilt ini|)eror,
Iriflcr, tlu-;>o.
iolc It Ahoi'ii,
ii'lul ihae iht
hiiTHcir. Tnc
illlJIII Tell r;.
inllT ha.l him
It he licard he
tt>.lt he lliciulj
I his own fun'i
jUI be haiiiicil.
Hrutk ort'inc
crchy fuvcj hn
oui^h he wjsio
k-li, ilcmaiidcd
-■J, thai ha.l he
Inn, he would
lail pioinilcd In
the tiulh, iKi'v
'IT for lili' 111 4
.:)i|)i|y rkapiiig
•cliic<l iiihi ine
Kirtuiiliy 01 dc-
him iib he wat
their ha'red a-
Uri, S'hmt/,,
•moiial pollelici
wii niajjillrjU'j,
1 orJiT to dclLiiJ
lis iiurpolc ihcjr
iprovcd cnuraee
uttUch, Walitr
.Tctly .ijjrced to
ith the imperul
reeplaws joincj
avc biith to t.is
irt thiiikiniithii
Utcs b\ lorte of
lejura ii-r.s ; l)ut
f Hj(>ilirt,t(ie
nvcntcd an-
antorib I'liefe
he cmpcior
i compititiir,
iiihjhitanis ui
cc.uilc duiiii^
hL'y had made
ri' cxcoiiiniu-
)Oii af:cr l,eo-
ilie Coiiledc-
j hut w.l^ dc-
hwitz. V\mn
lame year, iney
oved the origin
{^2 LiKCn .ic-
ZoiKii and
rcafcd, bv thiit
fpacf <if 125
(if thefe eight
thiirn, an i in
ttcd into the
acceded to it.
10 fatther tii^ii
atctmiiii"iia-
two or more
they are Irft
to coiiciiidin:;
n I auxih.ini's,
Idicigniroop',
other; as tn.;
iH^ the value
her matters of
reign and do-
uduce an una-
later wei^^h' tu
Id cant.:>n i^ m
iidcpcr.dcnt
^ i ' 'i
• I "
1 1
1
■■': i
"■!
:< '
1
^i
H'
'•ill
Hi
r
I^Jrpfnilfnr iUtt m
delimit i" "«"> '''
liw», wiltiiiiit any
oflhc ronlnlir.icv.
'ClUM ihe wlii'l'"
f,ih lit ihirtiTii dilli
l,V(.i(ll r.ir llicrr ni
now f'lr liMiic < iiili
(ririlmn Jml inJ'-pi'i
,il niJjflty ( iMi'l'' w
|> II! invi'V •""" •"
iiilcrtJ 111(1' .illi.iiKf
,i,i,ii.;ht pnipfr to th
,,idiiiiiiie'. I'li'h m
„ipnlr>l nil '!"• va'
Aci'irJiiiijIy, ii' il
wi; ,itkiii'wiiil^''il I
i.TiT aiui rmpirc. 'I
III. It vjjiaiil, til II
" jiivtii Irii-iiilj itii; I
•■ imi c.iiiIiiiH aiil
f'ifnch km;! adiirclli
i> To our very ilrar
II t'lc hiirj!(ini,ilti'r<,
II cil (it the Swill
lii,,. ofCinat Hrilaii
I" imilt mighty lonl
" nu'ii. n'l'l l"i-n<"'"
" our vrry ilcar (rii
t>irm, " I lie ii'ililf,
" nowntd proplc, cii
" lent! naU, Ian lam
<> ficihii It'll coiitiil
Pnillii writts to " I
» wil>, ami very kai
'• of .'111 otHcfs anil <
" inaltfr, piittnr, hai
•' cnnffJi'i.itcd canto
And the p'lpv's aililril
• I'd mil briovcj In
" |:ic C(Miii(clli)rs of I
" lay, i.t I.iinrn, ..Vl
I'nitiil Caiitciis in r;
Toilic'ii hclnnL; in k
tonn'i aril 'lie likr in
ffff H'lvl'tl.lM -fpulili
cimlfilfr.icyi or with
I he tnrin ol ijoviri
rftiHiic i". Ill lonR' n
fil, and 111 others ai>ai
arttiie prliiici of ttn
jnJahbiii ol St. (i.ll
!rt the cantons ot '/.
with fiifiif mcorponiif.
Vutllhauli'n, aiul Itu I
:"iiallfr» ; the canton
>"Whitrn) ovLT wliH
Nfuciil'iirg an I Ijciu
;..>li:cJiiiha.lifKs. Ti
uTiii prevails ill ihi; li>
drrw.il.', Ziii:, (jjar
ifijcr ih; diriclion ol
r<iij|i(in in the fi|jht
.r:i the V'alais ; Init in
:tin years of afv his
('he revenues ol ilie
iniiual inconvs, payiiii
•■y.i thrir I'libiiiliis.
H'iih iclptiit to ilifir
tf.'ul.ir forces are llu.fi-
Sill!, (n-neva, niul Ail
finl,andliil-ji'Ol, nuilt u
.'v:«.jr (in the Hated ila
.' Ihhirrfilf with proper
litr .irul liall ; be alwa\
I country, and punoliiali-
W. Kortliis eiuialiiio
olZuricli, liern, li,i|i|,
i.jilcd their liihiei^ls in
uniitT the comnianj of p
u;tie bur£hLT6 of the (c
A
i;;wiJ«li«tA''D.
t. u R o p r:.
J0<
I
„|,n.n.lcntl»4tenr itu-lf, rniny, ihc privilri!.- of mn-
\\Z; i" own form ot K'-vc'n'ncnt, an I o( m.ikiit-
I , wiiliout any oblltuitioii I r.mi the oilier iiicmlKiJ
fihi: coiili'*l''f"V. _ , ,
Th.n (he wh..lr HHvciie cnnfclfracy nropcrly con-
f K,.f thiru-rn (l.ltli.a rc|.ul.lKK, or fron (t.tci, mi.t.-.l
'' ,,, ,„r their miiiii.ll Uiuiity »ii'l iK-li-nte. It h.u
Afrnrdinr; to fcvrral nrdinancei, ind the conveniiom
f'lr the common dctrncr an I immediate allill.iiiceor any
iiijiiretl parly, lite coiilin^ciid ut ilic Icvcrul cantuiis ird
Hi lullow :
1,u ivjih I'lf their iminiai iriuiiijf >M I
u,f,r Uiiiic t.ntiiiii-- liippoiti-.l itlclf 111 an al.Mluto ,
rnhmaii'l inaqKiulrnry I nuic.ifi.l all the pdvikgo |
" |,„|l' wan, coiicliiik-d trf.iiics, received and I
« Iroiii and to the (eni.il Kuropean poweri i |
i.inwti-llyi "I
i,Mt fii»"y'
ciilcreJ nit
'"""* "ito alli.incc^ with ihiini Rivin wivit lonii they
iWMijht p'i'P'i' •" ''^'■'' f"i''*i""i"'> V e'>'"i''-d I'lw a'"'
„i)iii"jiHe». 1""'' '" len'P'iMl •'"'' IpifU'i.*! artair* ; and
"'iii-ilf'l "11 •'"' various prerojjniivis of l(iver<i^;nly.
",\c,riiJiiinlyi»' '*'= P^'"^ "^ W'rdpli.ilu in 1048, It
ickriiiwliil"''d 10 he a (ric (late, ivcn by the em- j
*'u'', and empn^c. The (ormrr [Mvrs it the title ol " 'Ihe |
)'.„„,(t valunt, tiim, and Inll ..I dii;ni(y, our bell be- I
.. I.ivcd (rifiiJ' the rDinmon roiitVJcralii of all Ihc ihir-
.. ifrn c.Hitiint »"'' '"'"'' p'-'<«^ "•' Swilliiland." The
Kriiuhkin^ addrtlUs ih-ni in the folU)\*iin; manner,
1. I „ imr vfrv il'^ar aiul j.',ieat (rieiidi and contidiralu
., ,,,j hurxniii ilt'TS advoycr«, landiiiimen, and conn- I
.. ril III '!<<: ^*'" If';""-" i" I'pper ( Jciiii.inv" The;
,,,,,„f Cinal HriiJiii It^l Jlhcin, " Ihe illultiions and i
•■ .iiiilt initfhly loiiU, tlie conlulu, Iciitfih.ils, l.imlain i
I. „,,ii, an I lln.llor^ id ine Kinledcraled Swils cmtons, !
„ „|„ vrry dear trifiids." The kint! «'•' Swdeii llilei ,
., ,„ " The ii'iblr, moll niij;hiy, "Mi^mlicenr, »nd re- I
.. ,|,n\-nfd peiiple, "ur deaily biUived Iriendi, conluls,
.. ,t,id nals, Luilammcn, (ciutms and eonimiinilns of,
1. tu:hii ffiiCKiifederatidSwils cantons." Tht' kin; u( [
|v.il!i, writts to " Ihe hijjh born, noble, moll hrm, I Defidcj which, each canton and ircorpot.t!i.d dillricl is
.. w'l', ;'!"' *'''y leaiiitd,oiir fin;!ul.irly b' lovid trunds, to have in readincfs one fr Id-pitcr, with all other iin-
■1 „! ,,i'l olHies .mil oihrr polls ot honour, the biir;;o- plcnienls, powder, b.ill, iVc, that on the lull noluo their
'' iidlcr, P''^''"'' ''■''''''*' •""* eouiuil ot the thittfen luccours ni.iy be lent without delay. Alio every coi:fi;dc-
" (..nlfJiLiifd cantons of Zurich, Hern, Lucern, Sic." rated and incorporalej dillriiit, lor the kcond and lliinl
Ani the pip"'* addrtis lo the catholic canioni runs thus: dr.iii[;ht, i? to lurnilh and hold in rcadinel's double t'.ic
I'.i mil brlovcd Ions the pra'tors, landamr.icn, Uc. lame proportion. Such towiu .ind tciriioiics as levy
I. 1 1- cdiinlellnrs of the f i^ht hwils ( antons ; that is to cavalry arc alto inimedi.ilcly to march.
M i;v, I't l.u'irn, fic. the dilciuiets id the lailh." J'hc I lius, as in the Seven bniiid Frovincen of tlie Nether-
I';, mI Canlons in rank aieuikoned next to V«;niie. lands, the weak ate defended by the llron^', and tliofe
I 1 iK'Mi htlon'i III common twenty-one h.illiagcs, two who can lend at one time only one or two luiiulinl nun,
(r«n', .in I 'he like numliir ol loidlhip^. KIcven o'hrr are gcneriniflv protected by thole who are wiilin;; to knd
l„f 1) Ivelian -epuhlics are unilid, either wuU the whole as ni.iny thonlands ( and all are mutually cn;.Mj;i d in om:
c(.nlalfr.iry, or with particular llaics. 1 common iiuu!!, in the defence of their liuetlies and
liie hirin of uovcriiinent in the Hates of the Helvetic their refpcMivc laws. ll.ip]iy would it be for n.ankiiij /J
Men.
Ilrrn
i~ioa
Ziiiuh • — — —
1400
liCO
I),, _ _
4.00
Schwitz —— — •
boo
400
/ng — —
400
(ilaiis — — —
400
Itaf.l
400
Krcyburg — ■
800
6co
Sthart hanfen .
430
Appm/ill — -
bro
Abbot of St. (Jail _ _ _
1 L 00
The I own ol St. Clall — —
2
Hiel
in
Uaden —
2 CO
tvi
The Kicc Haillia(;cs -- — —
300
300
The Rheinthal or Rhein Vale — —
200
Lauwii — — — —
4C0
200
100
Mayeiithal — -— ^
ICO
Total ~
«S.4'"
^W'
t.
:J.-
,.niiiiic IS in lonie monarchical, in others aiiltocraii-
ril jiid 111 others ayain democratiial. Ihcir lovereigns
vetie prill' es of the cnpire, as the bilhop of H.lii,
.-Jahbniiil St. (lall. '1 Iil- aiiUocta'.ii.al (lovcnnu nts
;. ihc cantons of Zuiiih, Halil, and S.;iiatl haulen,
•v'th liKiie I'lcorporale.l places, as ihe towns ot St. Clall,
''uHlhiHilef. and lial, which are j;ovetnrd by lix bur-
•mallciJ i tlie cantons of IJern, l,iiccrii, Kresbur^', and
,>'iipih'irii, over wliu h arc appointed jutticiatics j and
Nruciibiirt; anlljeiKVJ, w!,-.ic the luprciiv.- power is
i.,|ocJ 111 haililFs. 'Ihe democratical toim ot gijvrrn-
iffiii nrivails in the lix cantons of Uri, Sihwilz, Vn-
drmli', /ii|-', Cjlaris, and Appeiriill, which are
jnJcr the direction of laiulimmeii, and alio wiih fume
v.iialiiin in the eipht acceJon; places, as ihe Ciiilons
.rdthc V.ilais ; but in all ot them every male tioin lix-
itrn vcais of a^c his i vole.
fhe revenues of the iLites arc the ufiial imports, tvlhes,
mnual incomis, payments annexed to the luvcrcignty, ' the (niartcr-nialki):eiicial, by .Schaft'haufen; the provcil-
::;3 thiir fublidiis. j mailli.d, by the abbot of St. Uall ; and the waggon-
VViih lelpiiit to their militiry elKiblilliinent, the only ' mailer, by iiiil.
rf.ul.ir fiirces are ihtd'e ot the ^ariifons ol /uiich, IJern, 1 Any territory in vifible danger of an attack or furprize
Bill!, (iineva, ami Aiburi; ; but every bur;>hcr, pea- | bv tlu enemy, may claim liom the next territory all the
Ul.andliil'jeol, mull cxcnile himlelt in the ulc ot aimsij three draughts ccdicclivdy, and this territory again is to
irxjr on ilic Itated dav^ lor Ihootiiiu at a mark ; fur- | demand luccour of the next ; and loon, each being oblig-
iWhhiml'clf with proper iloaihiiu;, iiciouiremenls, pow- | id to march its contingent to the rendezvous. For the
itr .ind ball; be always ready for the detcncc of his I more expeditious allembling of .(,< Ic armies, fignals arc
to;inlry, and punilually comply vviih every article of ordered to be made on the mounvains and high places.
wir, Kor this end almoll every canton, particulaily thole Swillcrland is well piovidcd with . rieiials, particularly
oiiiunch, Ik-rn, lialil, !• reyburg, and Sobithurn, have | at Bern ; but the onlv fortitied places are (!cncva, Solo-
wjiicil their tubjei^ls in'' rcijinicnis of horic and foot thurn, Zurich, Bern, lialil, and Arburg.
iiniiir the comnianJ of proper otnccrs, who arc compofcd The Swifs engage in the lervice of foreign princes and
u liie burgh-rs of the Icvcral town:. llaii s, either merely as guards, or as marching regiments.
In
in gcinial, were all its princes unlxd by a like conte- im,^,^,,
deracy !
The above corps, compofcd of the troops of all the
ilirterent cantons, torm tsvo armies, one conlilliiig ol the
troops of Zuiich, Lucern, Schwitz, Zug, lialil, So-
loihurn, .'\ppenzell, the town ol St. (i.ill, tiu Ihurgaw,
the Krce liailliages, Sargans, and Lauwi3 ; to the other
belong tholV ot Hern, Uri, Underwald, (Ilaris, Krcy-
burg, Schatt'haulen, the abbey of Si. Cjali, Hid, IJaden,
the Rhein Vale, J.uggaris, Mendris, and Maycnthal.
Over the trl^ of theic armies the towns of Zurich and
l.ucern iioniiiiaie eaih a commandi.r in chief j Schwitz
and Ziig, each a niajor-gineral of the artillery ; Solo-
thurn, a tiu.irler-nialler-general ; Appenzcll, a provoft-
marjhal ; and the town of St. Ciall, a wag^on-mader.
In the latter, the two commanders are appi intcd by
Hern and L'li 1 the two major-gr-netals, by I'lulerwald
andCjlaris; the general'of the aitilleiy, by I'Viyburgj
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A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
In the latter c:i(c, the goveini-nent permits the enlilling
volunteers, though only for fuch ftatus as they arc in
alliance with, or hjve entered into a previous agreement
on that article; and no fulijciit i; to be forced into fo-
reign fervicc, nor even to be cnliftcd without the con-
currence of the niagiOracy. All the advantages arifini.'
to thefe regencies fiom thele levies are ufually an annual
fubfidy, paid by the ftatc in whole favour the levies arc
granted, and peihaps a promife of reciprocal aid when
neceflary. A public benefit, however, attending this
cuftoin is, that thel'e men, on their return home, after a
long fervice abroad, greatly improve the (landing militia
of the country. The grcatcft number of Swifs troops is
kept by France.
In order to give a more particular defcription of the
fevcral parts of Swiflerland, we fhall begin with the;
thirteen cantonsj aivd afterwards flwll add the incorpo-
rated territories.
SECT. IV.
0/ the Can ten «/ Zurich.
/// Situation, Extent, and P'odmt : a Dcfcriflioti of ikn
Lake cfZ III- till; and if the City of the ftmt Ntime,
ZURICH is bounded on the north by Swabia and the
countv of SchatFhaufcn, on the calt by Thurgau
and the county of Tock'-nburg, on the fouth by the
canton of Schwitz, and on the well by the canton of
Zun; and the Free Provinces.
This canton is, according to the learned Scheuchzer,
an epitome of all Svviircrland, as containing hills, valley?,
plains, corn lands, viiievards, lakes, rivers, vegetables
of all kinds, and whatever elfe is neceflary to the fupport
of life. Grain is cultivated all over the country ; but it
ripens later in the mountainous parts, where the air is
coldeft, than in the fandy valleys. The hilly grounds
on the ealh weft, and fouth borders, afford a fpecimcn
of the fertility of the Alps, as aboundinjr in cattle, milk,
butter, and cheel'e ■, anJ towards Schatf'haufen and the
Thurgaw the country produces good wine, which, tho'
at firff tart, improves by keeping, and aher fome years
becomes fmooth, pleafant, and wholefoine. Fruits are
•.■.Ifo found every where in great plenty. The moll le-
markahlc minerals and foilils arc, tlic hue white chalk at
the village of Mur, different kinds of clay for making
carthcn-warc, pit-coal, and turf; and in fevcral places
are veins of fulphur.
The principal lake in this country is that of Zurich,
which is one of the largeft in Swifferiand, it being
twenty- four miles in length, and ;.bout three in breadth.
'I'he prolpca from it is extremely dclig'.tful, the little
eminences by which it is bordered being all overdivcrfi-
fied with corn fields and vineyards, and behind thefe is
every where a gradual afcent of larger hills terminating in
the ilupendous mountains of C51aris, Schwitz, and the
tirifons, whofe fummits are always covered with fnow.
'I"he Rhine waters the north fide of this canton, where
it is joined by the Thur, the Tofs, and otlicr fnialier
ilrcams. Out of the lake of Zurich illues a river whicli
flows through the town, and having a littk- below it
received the' Hill, begins to be called the Limniat ; till
traverfin" the county of Baden, it at laft lofes itlelf in
the Aar.
This canton is, next to Bern, the largi.lt and moil po-
pulous, it being thought capable of bunging near hfty
thoufand fighting men into the field, without any coii-
fiderable detrime^nt to its agriculti^re or manufadtures.
The Reformation was begun here by Zwinglius, in
1517, in the city of Zurich, and in 1514 fpread through
the whole cantr'.i. RcliL.'ious aff.virs are under the di-
rection of an ccclcfiaffical council compofed of eight
members, two of whom arc clergymen, and of a fynod
of ten deaneries, including under them a hundred and
fifty miiiillers.
On the acccflion of this canton in 1351 to the per-
petual alliance with Uri, Schwitz, Underwald, and Lu-
cern, the latter, on fwearing to the alliance, made no
difficulty of yielding the picfidcncy to Zurich, which
^'■Rlc,;,
it has fince conllantly retained ; but this honour, inH,.,,
of being any real advantage, is rather a burthun 'X
aftairs relating to the ccilleclive body of ;hc comV] ■ '' '
being traiificlcd in its offwes, and ''lom thence comiiil!?
catcd to the other Cdwiis and places.
'I'he city of Zurich, the I'igurum Thuricum of ik,,
anticnts, is feated in the forty-levuiuh ilcgree fifty. ij,.;
minutes north l.'.titude, and in the eighth dci-r^c thirr"' ''
two minutes ealHongitude, in a very pleufant°and ftrtiV
country on the outlet of the lake, and is elUenicJ if".
handfjmcll town in Swifferiand. It is large and well f r"
tified, and contains five arfenals, \ililch are well lior>)"
Its churches are the Great .Vliiiller, which has pitbend ■
the Frau-Munller, a parochial chuich ; but the larin*
ecclefiaftical foundation belure the R< formation was ■
abbey tor ladies, tne abbels of whi^h bore the title ',"1
princefs. To thel'e arc to be added St. I'eter'i and tl
Hrediger church. _ There is here an academy, whic'J
has fifteen profelTors, with two colleges. Here is ilii.
ticrman fociety, which owes its origin to pro(ciior"lj„j.
mer, and is allbciatcd with that of~Bern. 'I'hu to(v/
library, which is very confiderablr, with the public ni'-.
feuni, arc in the Watcr-chuich. In the prebeiul-librv'
are fevcral valuable manufcripts. 'I'he town-houio ir.
very fine pile of building, and lb well dcfigned, that'it
would make a good figure even in Italy, flie fn,,,.
tifpiece to this edifice has pillars of a beautiful blac-
marble (freaked with white, which is found in ihj
neighbouring mountains; and the chambers for the fevciii
councils, with the other apartments, are very neat.
The burghers are divided into thirteen companies the
firff of which is chiefly compofed of gentry. Out nf
ihcfe companies are chofen the city regency, that is ihp
greater and kfl'er council, in whom the foverei:>nty anl
«.dmini!h'ation of all civil and military affairs arc lodicj,
The great council confills of oiic hundred and fixty-iwo
members, and to this allembly none can be admitlcj
under thirty years of age. The lelVer council is compo-
fed of fifty members, who muff all have attained their
thirty-fi.xth year, and is divided into two equal boJic-,
each of which is alternately polleffed of the regciicv io'
the term of fix months.
The principal pevlons in the city are two burgomi-
Ikr.s, freely elected by the burghers and counfcllorsfioiTi
the above councils, and thefe hold the governnicnt bv
turns, each for half a year. Next to them are foi,r
(tadtholdcrs, or mafters of companies, and two trealij.
rcrs, who continue in olBcc twelve years by annual ro-
tation. The privy council is compofed of twelve mem-
bers, who are the two burgomafters, the four ftadthol-
uers, two treafurers, the obman of the convents belong-
ing to the public, and three others elcifed by the coun-
fellors. In this allembly the aft'airs of the canton aic
firll difcuffed, and if thought neceffary, they lay then,
before the Icfliir and greater councils. The chamber ot
.accounts coinilfs of twelve members ; thefe are the [wd
burgomaffers, one ffadthold -r, two treafurers, the oil-
man of the convents, three members of the Icffcr, ar.l
three of the greater council. Thefe infpect the city re-
ceipts and dilburfements, the accounts of the trcafurcr,
and city builders excepted, and likewife take cogniiaucc
of the fiefs. The council of refcjrmation is compoii^d 01
eight members of the lell'er, and ("our of the greater coun-
cil, and fupcrintenJs the execution of the fumptuaiy
laws, the reformation of manners, defamatory expreifi-
ons, and adls of violence. To the mariiage court be-
long eight members, who determine all matrimcniai
difputes, and infliit punillimcnts on all perfons convic-
ted of whoredom, prohibited games, (wearing, fupirll,-
tious practices, profanation of the fabbath, and the liicc.
The city court hears caufes relating to debts and jiccu-
niary claims ; and the revenue court decides contells in
matters under its jurildiction. To the above-mcntioncJ
obman of the convents is committed the management ot
the church revenues, ')oth in the city and country.
Zurich has all the manufadtures that are to be met
with in the moft ingenious and flourifliing nations, a;
cloths, (tuH's and linen crapes, calamancoes, h.ilt (Ilk
and half worlled cipers, calicoes, filk handkcrchicis,
fattins, organlines, and fevcral other forts offilks; fiiic
Itockiugii
Bern.
E U R O P E.
30s
(lockincs cotton rtockiiigj, mudins, Liwiis, jroUl and
lilvcr thread, and gdllooiv; j btUJcs a louiidcry ior bells,
unnon, and otlicr things.
Ihc arms ol the lIiv ui Zurich arc, a fliicld argent and
aziiri;, party ptr bend.
S K C T. V.
T!.c Ciinicii of 15 E K N .
/,! Siliinti'if Extent, Produce, RIvrrs, Laid, Moutitaim,
,i,:.i hiliirs. The miliuiiy /^Jfhin of the Ciii-tm ; with <;
iin'thii'iir Dillriptian of tlie Cily ofllcni, and its Govnu-
w.iht ; the lyelfchen or forti.'^n LiiiiJi, end dljh a Dej^rip-
um of LMifami.
BERN IS termiiMtcd to tht; eaft by the cantons of Uri,
Uii.lerwald, and Luccrn ; to the northward by the
Aiiltn.in lorcll towns, and the cantons ol li.ilil and So-
l.iiliurn i to the wiitward it borders on the canton of
Solothurn, thedillrict of ISicl, the principility of Neuen-
bura, I'tanchc Comte, and the land of Gex ; and to
ih; loathward on the lake of Geneva, the dutchy of
Savijy, and the Val.iis. It pretty nearly environs the
whole canton of Freyburg, extending; about a hundred
ami iiity-onc niiks in length, and feventy-live in breadth,
itbeiiiL' the largell of the thirteen cantons, and form-
ine in the whole little lefs than one-third of the con-
federacy.
hcheuchzer fliles this canton, with rcfpciS to its ex-
tent, figure, and fertility, the mull valuable gci'i of all
Swilfeiland. Ihc levels yield an exuberance ot grain
and fruit, and the high lands afford rich paihircs covered
with cattle i whence the inhabitants are in no want ot
mill:, butter, and cheefe. The finell fpots here are in
the country bordering on the lakes of Bid, Neuenburg,
ard Geneva, which not only yield tne choiceft truits,
but alio excellent wine. Here is clay of ditierent co-
lours, of which earthen-ware is made. In this canton is
alio found mundic, with a beautiful blue and white fand-
llone, ufcd at Hern for building. There are here alfo
gypfum, pit-coal, fulphur, and iron ore. Some gold is
likewile found among the lands of the Emmat and the
Aar. The latter of thefe rivers is the largeft in the
whole canton, and has its fource within it, receiving
the larger Emmat, the Sanen, the Senfcn, the Wigger,
the Aa, the Hufs, and the Limmat, and at length lofes
itieli in the Rhine. The Candel, or Cander, is an im-
petuous torrent that ifl'ues from the Gatler Alp, be-
in; joined by the rivulet of Alp, and afterwards by the
Simir.en, whence it continues its courfe through a new
cand three thoufand feet in length, in the nuking of
whitliaii eminence a hundred and fifty-two feet high was
levelled,
Amsng the lakes the principal is that of Geneva, the
greateft part of which is within this canton, and which
welhall defcribe in treating of Geneva.
To this canton likcwife in fome mcafurc belong the
lakes of Neuenburg and Biel, the latter of whl':h is alfo
called the Nydaw lake, and is very full of tilh : it re-
ceives into it the 'I'hiele, which illiies from the Neuen-
burg lake. The borders ot this lake are fiuitful j they
arc planted with many vineyards, and almolf in its cen-
ter are two (mall illands, the largell of which, called St.
Pete's, is a delightlul Ipot covered with meadows, vine-
yards, and the molt beautiful woods.
The ijimmcnthal, or Simmen Vale, in this canton,
fays Dr. Bufching, extends between twelve and thirtteii
hours in length, with a breadth of only one quarter or a
fixth, and is on both fides bouiidrd by a ridge of high
mountains, of equal length, but of very ditFereiit quality,
fomcofthein being extremely fertile, and others Inirien,
while others again are merely bare rocks. The rivuh.t
oi>Sirr.men, or Sicmen, which traverfes the whole len:;th
of (lie vale, is laid to have a leven-lold fouice, and Ironi
this circumllancc to derive its name, which it has lime
communicated to the vale. The Itupenilous h'-ight <if the
rocks, whence vail fragments frequently l.ill into the
toad, render the entrance into the vale fomcivhat (right-
ful, efpecially during the Ipring, when, by the dilliilii-
tionof the ice and fnow, whole mallvs of rocks leparatc
6g
from each other, and render it really dangerous. In this
long valley are feveial villages; but the inhabitants in
lew |)laces foweithir wheat, oats, or rye ; they receiving
great profit from their grafs, which is extraordinary rich, .
breeding v.iit luiinbers of cattle, from which they obtain
milk, butter, and chcci'e. The bell fort of the latter,
which is made of cream, ij in great leputc abroad, un-
der the name of riaan clieefe. The greatefl part of the
inhabitants, iiKlead of bread, eat thin bailcy-cakc?, with
the fecond fort of chtefe ; but the principal food of the
comiiion pe)ple is potatoes "nd they drink milk or whey
but the more wealtny have vs-inc, which is of a high
price, It being brought over the mountains from Vivis.
Some parta produce "good truit, and the rivulets abound
both with led and common trout,
The territory of H..f,li, which is alfo in this canton,
according to the j!i.)\e author, extends about eleven hour,
from the fuiimiit of the (jrimfel hill. In the upper val-
ley are tine woods of beech and pine, with plenty of <»raf;.
tor cattle, both on the heights and low lands, ^'i'he
mountains yield moll excellent roots, and are frequented
by chamois goat=, and other animals that refort to the
mountains ; as alio by wild fowl of all kinds. This
country likewife abounds in mines, particularly in thole
of lead and iron, as alfo in finecryftals.
Over the high mountain called the (Jrimfel hill is a
road Iciding to Upper Gcdelen in the Valais, that is
pall..blconly in lummer ; and even then, on account of
the ice and ('now, is very difTcult, troublefuinc, and dan-
gerous, and is with great labour and expence kept in
repair by the inhabitants of the flafsli vale. In many
places this road is hewn out of the hard rock in a fer-
peiuine form, fecurid with wills, and conneJled by
bridges that extend from one roclc to another ; and on
the top of the road towards the north is a lake. On this
road, at the foot of a hill, is an inn or hofpital, where
every five years the land-holders of the Halsli vale ap.
point an hofpitaller, as he is lliled, who continu.;. there
Irom the middle of March to Martinmas, that is, as lonL'
as the road is pad'able, and accommodates travellers v.'itti
meat and drink, tor which thufe pay who are able, but
the poor are entertained gratis. The expence is defrayed
by an annual colleition made throughout the whole con-
federacy, and even in Come places beyond it.
Southward from the hofpital an ice vale extends two
hours in length, and afterwards for fix hours more winds
to the welt with the mountains, terminating at laft at
the high ice-mountain of Schreckhorn ; and in this vale,
which is called the Grimllelthal, lies the fource of the
river Aar, or Aren. On a part of the Grimfel hill,
called Zinkenbcrg, a cryilal-pit was difcovered in 1719,
which yielded cryltal to the va! e of upwards of thirty
thoufand rixdoUars ; many pieces dug in it weighing
Iroin tour to (even and eight hundred pounds, moll of
which were without flaw, and as tranfparent as water.
The canton of Hern is well cultivated and very popu-
lous, containing thiity-nine large and fmall towns, and
above thirteen villages, with about four hundred thou-
fand perfons. The CJcrman is the prevailing langua"e
in the greatcfl: p.>.; of the canton ; but in the foreign
Lands, as they are called, the freiich is moflly ufed.
Tne whole canton is l-'rotellant, except a few I'apith,
who relidc in the V'.ile of Frick. The churches of the
German territorv of Hern are ranged under lix cliapters,
each of which has a dean, who is appointed by the daily
council of Hern, and alfo a tiealurer alfiiled by certain
jurats ; and lliele, every year, in conjunclion with fiich
oiricers ot thebaiUia u'as live within their department, hold
a chapter or (ynod.
In the veai 1 ^5;^ the city of Hern concluded a perpe-
tual union with Uri, Siliwitz, and L'ndeiwald, .irul thus
became a member of the conledeiacy. One article of this
union w,.s, that Hrrn IhouM likewife :itii(l Zurith and
Lueern, when requirul by the thiee above-mentioned
cantons, as allies of thole Hates, and, at the rtuuell of
tholi; cantons, Zurich and I/iicern were alio to aflill
Hern. Tiiis t.iiiiun, on account of its power and opu-
lence, has been allo,ved the fecond rank among the con-
(cderatcs.
Its arms are gules, a bear fable, rampant, on a bend A ri
or.
4 li The
1
M
i*i ill
S'i,
1 '
"o6
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
!.'1(
.$'
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if
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i 1
Tlie militnry affjirs of tlv? caiitnn arc umlcr th^ care
of a war-otlicc, iiilHtutJci in the lajjiial. 'I'liis office np-
polnts ih: miirtiTs, ami alio the ni;ijors who roiuliiit
thrm J jivfs orders in every thin.; relatin;; to the lurni-
ture and difciplinc nt' tr.e tnilitia, and alio the imple-
ments of war. Every male from fixteen to lixty is en-
tered in the war-roll, and about one-tliird of them divid-
ed into regiments under the title of fuliliers and auiriii;ers,
wh:> arc recruited from the other two-thirds. The tu-
flliers are all fuigle, picked men \ but the auffimeri are
iiiarncd. In time of war both IVrve, but the liilt draut>ht
is made from the fuliliers. A regiment of thelV, i.i-
cluding the (laff-officers, confiUs of two battalions, each
containin:; five companies, and to every lompany are a
hundieil an 1 ten meji, incliulinj ten commilTiori and
noncnmmilTicin officers j but of the aull'ugers, a regiment
confirts of twelve companies, each contaming two hun-
dred and eighteen men, thirteen of whom are officers.
Every perfon when entered on the roll is to provide
hinifelf with arms, which, as well as the cloathing, are
to be all uniform. The colour univerfally ufed is brown,
and the dillindlions between the regiments confiH entirely
in their facing. Among the horfe is a regiment ofculraf-
liers, who a.e furniflied by the valTals in the Pais de
V'aud and the Walfchcn lands ; the reft of the horfe, one
troop of curiafllcrs excepfcd, who arc burghers of Hern,
conl'ill entirely of dragoons. Every regiment contains
ten troops, making in the whole five iquadrons, who
all find their refpedlive hr.rfes, arms, and accoutrements ;
on which account thofe who keep horfes arc generally
chnfrn for the cavalrv.
That the men thus diftributed into regiments, and the
others alio m.iv be proiided with arms, and be rejider-
cd expert in the ufe of them, commillaries at arms are
fl.iiii.ncd all over the canton for muftering and exercif-
in'^ the people in cv»rv department throughout the year,
I heir arms and
Berk,
The prefefls over the countries fubjciH to Hern rcfiJt
while in otficf, in their fcvcral departments, and h«'
their deputies, clerks, and collciflors. In civil cauffs
they lit as judges in thcbailliage courts; but from them
.appeals lie to the court of appeals at Bern. They pu.
nidi petty crimes, and in greater ones draw up ihc , ]
dichoents and form the procefs, which beinj; trarl';Tii|J"i
to the lefllr council at Bern, fentencc is there pdfl'tj
the execution is referred to the p.-efcils. '
'I'iie cit) of Hern, in Latin Bcrna, or Arcntnpoli, ■
feated on the river Aar, which waOies three lidcsofji'
foiming a pcnmfula. Down the river at the ftone-brij,'
the peninfula is fo narrow as to be reduced to a (in f
llreei ; but gradually widensalong the fide of an emineif/
three or four bundled paces in length, after which
firif divided into two flreets, then into three or four and
lallly into five. (Jn this eminence is a fine plain, bj,),
fides of which are watered by the Aar, which hcrefl
in a deep chjnncl, and on the top towards tiu' wtit
toriirted with walls, moats, and out-wqrks, Theh:)!
except thofe in the highelt and joweil parts,
few bye (frccts, are built of (lone, paiticuljily
main Krcctf, which are adorned with
•es,
with a
I') (he
, . ^ . „ , P^az-iub, n-.t];
paved wiih Iquare flags, for the convenience of w.iikln',
dry in rainy or Inowy weather. The ftreets, efpen,]!.^
the high ifreet which rum through the center of the
city, are paved with flints ; and the latter is fo broads
toadmit of two carriages a.brealt on each fide of thecdml
which runs through it. The banks of this canal arc
lined with free-lfone, it pa(ll;s through moil of thellreti,^
and makes fufficient amends for the expence of brinitinJ
it from a confiderabic dilfance, by its being, exclufivt(jf
other ulcs, of great fervice in cafe of fires, and very con.
venient for carrying off the (oil of the town into tlie Aar
What appears very extraordinary at Bern is their pub-
lie walks by the great church. I'hefe are railed a p,;,.
'jious height, and, that their weight might not brcjlc
and for feting that ai; ihcir arms and accoutrements arc ,
in iTood order. The countrv is alfo divided into certain ! liown the walls and pilalters which furround thim, ihtv
di(fr;cts, each under the di.ciiiioii of a land-major, who I "re built upon arches. The ingenious Mr. Add Ion obi
receives pay from the Ibtes, and is to fee that the fol- I 'erves, that thefe walks being as high from trii' Itftet!
dicis are kept in conffant readinefs to marcii. This of- | and gardens that lie at the foot of them, as moil lt pplts
ficer frecju'-ntly makes a progrcfs for the infpeilion of rhc i '" England, they aft'ord the nobleft fum.ner p:ol;,;'ct'ii
tlie world; for they give a full view of a pi o.ligiouirjn'c
of mountains that lie in tue country of the G7iluns, anj
are covered with fnow. Thefe are about twfinv live
leagues dilhnce from the town, though their bright anj
colour makes them (eem much nearer. I"he cainedral
ItanJs on one fide of thefe walks, and is a mafter-piecein
Gotnic architedfure. The chief minifler is the hea-i of
the tuy clergy, and bears the title of dean ; and formtilv
this church had alfo its prebends. The inferior minillcr's
and deacons belonging to it now officiate in tne Domi-
nican church, where w.as once a convent of monies oi
that order ; but it is now divided into an hofpital and
houfe of corredtion, and the upper part of the choir be-
ing vaulted over, ha? been converted into a mufic-room
i tor the csUei'ium mufuum. A French congregation has
officers and private men, and every year brings thofe of
his circuit to a general mufter.
A commander in chief is never appointed but in time
of war, and even then he is aflilled by a council comp'ifed
of the moft eminent members of the regency and other
experienced officers, without whofe concurrence lie can
iind' rtakc nothinu', but with their approbation any thing.
As in fu':h cafes ic*eral diti'ercnt corps arc nccellarilv put
in motion, fo each has a commander and cuiinfellor at
war. During a peace the prefideiit of the war-office at
Hern is thefirfl military officer.
ThniiL'h the grand train of artillery be kept in the ar-
fenal at Bern, yet a cotili ler.ible number of held pieces
are dilfributed all over the countrv, efpecially at the
nvinfiiin houfes and caftles where the governors and pre-
f?£fs nfide. To this artillery belong three companies of 'alfo its meetings in this church. The church on tne
iiutrofies, and one of bombardiers, each cnnfiKing of Nydec (lands at the lower end of the city, near the bnlje
one hundred mm, under their proper officers ; and every I over the Aar, and has a particular minilfer, with an affilt-
(liltridt knows the horfes and carriages it is to furnifh for
the artillerv, Ihires and baggage. There is alio a com-
p.itiy of a hundred and twenty ni.n, compofed of various
artificers, for adjuding and repairing the artillery; as
alfo another of guides, with its officers. 'I'hefc laft are
always compofed of fuch as arc thoroughly acquainted
with the roads, bye-ways, and diHerent parts of the
country.
In lime of pcce the only force conrtandy kept up is a
guard in the city of Bern, confiding of two hundred men,
commanded by a town nnjor, who is always a member
of the great council, and three lieutenants, with fevcnly-
five men, and thr^e non-comniiflioned officers included,
as a g.irrifon for I'ort Arburg.
For ille better regulauon of levies to be made fiirany
forei Ml power, Bern has a particular office called the re-
cruit-chamber, the commilfioners of which confill of two
niemters ot the d.iily council, and five of the great coun-
cil. Erom this office licences (or fuch levies are illued,
and here the recruits make their appearance and ..re re-
gillcie.'.
ant. 7'he hofpital of the Holy Gholl, which ftands in
the uppermod part of the city, has been made p.rochial,
and provided with a miniffer and afiiltant.
There is here an academy, to which belong eight prti-
feflbrs : it has three halls foi\ public ledtures, examina-
tions, and other exercifes, with apartments for a provort
and twenty (fudents in divinity, who are maintaineJ
gratis, and alfo a large public library, with a mufcum.
I here is likewife here a grammar- (chool. Here isan
oeconomical (bciety, compofed of men of letters. Under
the town-hall is a large granary, and on the lower liie
dands the olfice of record. The arfciial is a very extcn-
five building, in which, befides the artillery, are ariri
of all kinds for twenty thoufand men. Heic are ihewn
the figure and armour of the count who founde.! ihc
town, and thofe of the famous Tell, who is reprelcnitJ
at the head of the hall, aiming at the apple on his I. tile
foil's head, who ftands oppolite to him : thefe are iiiUJei
of wood, in which the hands and eyes are admirably cx-
prelled. He appears to have been a tall raw-boned man,
with a very honed countenance, and, according to tlia
falluon
Bern'-
L U R O 1' P..
ZoJ
fjftiioii of thnfc times, one half of his coat is red, and
the nthtr blacit and yi;lbA' ftripes altfrnatcly ; his
brctches and llockinga art of one Tingle piece, and an
jfrow ftiflci in his coat behind hi? head : the hoy ts
)auclii"gi ^^ apprehending; no kind cit danger, They
hkewile Ihi'W abundance of arms, which they took from
the Hiir^iindiaiis in the three great battles which clKiblilh-
c(l thcni^in the poUcflion of their liberties, and dcOroycd
the ijreat duke of Burgundy himfcif, with the bravcfi of
hi, lllbjedls. . n CL
The hofpital is a very fpacii.iis ftructiirc, completely
(inilh''J in I741' The infirmary is another very large
buiWins. .,..,.., ,
This city IS divided into four quarters, namely,
thofe of the bakers, the butchers, the fmiths, and tlie
uiincrs, each having the privilege of chuling a knight-
banneret. Hefides thefe there arc other companies ; but
it is the privilege of the former, that the four bannerets
iXf chore M only out of thofe bodies.
The bufhcrs of the city arc divided into the (piali-
ficd for government, and the perpetual inhabitants. The
hiter confining offuch who were made freeiiun fince
ihe year '''?5i enjoy all privileges ; but arc incapable of
(he magiftracy, and all public employments, which are
the ptculiar portion of the former, as the defcc ants of
thofe who were burghers before that year. I'hough the
,ity was ere£led in the year iigl, as a check to the vio-
lent proceedings of the nobility, yet fix very ancient iio-
hic families found means to be ciafred among the quali-
M burghers: thefe, befides being refpedted above all
others, have this privilege, that when any of them are
aJmitied a member of the fenate or lefler council, he
lakes place of all other members, though his fenior in
effice, and immediately follows the knights- bannerets,
or tribunes of the people.
The great council, into which none is admitted un-
Htr thirty years, is not to confift of lefs than two hun-
dred perfons ; and when complete, their number amounts
to two hundred and ninety-nine; but never to three
hundred. This council makes war, peace, and alli-
ance!; manages every thing relating to the rcveiuies, gra-
t'jitics, aids, and buildings, above the value of one hun-
dred rixdollars ; choofes the leller council, and nomi-
nates the feveral officers of the prefedturates : the mem-
hersalfn prefide in all capital caufes for crimes commit-
ted within the dillridt of the city, and likewife in civil
caufps, when the fum in debate exceeds the value of five
hundred pounds.
In the 1 -nbr or daily council, fit the two praetors,
twenty-five council men, among which arc the four
knights-bannerets, and the two treafurers. Thefe meet
titry day, fundays and holidays excepted, for the dif
pitch of all bufinefs, whether political, criminal, civil,
or any other, that docs not fall under the cogniiance of
the great council, or of any particular office.
The heads of the ariftocracy arc the two pra;tors, by the
French called avoyers : their office is for life, and they act
sliernatelv every other year. The ailing magiltratc pre-
fiJcs in the great and lelFcr council, drellcd in a black
robe, and fitting in a chair of llate, lomewhat railed;
vethe is pofTcfled of no vote, except in cafe of an i qua-
litv, wheie he has the calling voice. However, on
molt occalinns his opinion is afked. To his cuftody is
rommitted the city teal, and by him all letters and othrr
inftruments arc figned. The prsetor out of office takes
place next to the other, and, in his abfcnce, ails as his
reprcfcntativc, and is inveilcd with the fame marks of
diftinOion.
Next to the pra:tois fits the trcafurcr of the German
lands, who holds his place for fix years, after v\'hich
there mull be an interval of four more before he can be
a f;cond time eleftcd trcafurcr. His p-ovince is to eb^dl
and fupcrintend the revenues of the feveral dillrirts
in the German lands, as alfo th; aock belonging to the
fantcns in the Knglifh funds, fer which he palTcs his
accounts twice a year.
The knights-bannerets, who are the n'xt in rank,
precede all other members of the leffer council, and de-
rive their title from their office of keeping the banners
fir flags of the four feveral parts of the town Thefe
arc impowcred to fee that the militia under their ban-
ner, have their arms in rcadincfs. They arc clet'^cj
Irom the fdur al-.ove-mentinncd tiailcfmen: no mcnibcr
of the daily couiii il who is not free of thofe C(mipa-
nies, can be made a banneret, nor can two bannerets be of
the lame company, each of the four having one of iheii'
own They continue in office f(.iir ycar.>, but refign at the
end tif every year, that their election may he conrnm-
ed by a frcih choice. They are pod' lied of certain pri-
vileges in the kvillaturc, and may Hand candidates for
any office not peculiar to the ledcr council, and each
of them is vclfcd with the intcndancy of fume dillridls,
confillirg '-.• i'everal villages about the citv.
Thefe ire lullowed by th( trcafurcr of the I'ai's de
Valid, which office is the moll profitable of a!I.
'I he country governments of the cantons being very
lucrative, ufcd to occafion great ihiigcles ; h that to
prevent difpiites and cabals, it was ordered in the year
171 1, that thefe and other polls of grjnt profit fhould bo
difpofed of by lot. The candidates fitlt draw lots about
their turns in drawing for the office; after which, as
many balls as there ate candidates are put in a biir.
Thefe balls are all filvcr gilt, except one with nold,
which entije-. to the govcrniiicnt. 'I'his office is in-
deed held only fix years; but is attended with fucli emo-
luments, that within that fliort fpace, they lay up thirty
or forty thoufand didlars. No batchelor is capable of
this or any other profitable employment : iinquelliona-
bly the Icopeof the ordinance was to promote marria:Te,
and thereby good order and the incrcafe of the fiibjedits.
In the center of the city is a large (lone (eat cncnni-
pafled with iron rails, on which fits the ac! ng ju.L'.e,
and the two members of the council nejtt to him, v/hen
any fcntence of death is to be pronounced.
The commonalty of both fexes wear draw hats, and
the women's coats come fo near the arm-pits, that not
above an hand's breadth is left for the dlap.-. The pea-
fants of the canton of Bern arc the wealtiued iii SivilVer-
laiid, there being Icarce a village without at lead one
inhabitant worth twentv, thirty, or even fixty thoufand
guilders. Within thefe fixty years the manners of the
country are become greatly alt..red, and a Iciuli.cfs for
(how, pleafurc, and fumptiious living, is increafi-d in a
manner unknown to their limple anceltors ; yet many
vices ate neither fo bare-faced nor fo common as in other
cities.
To the city of Bern belong many governments, each
containing a number of villages, particulaily the Wal-
fchen Lands, othcrwife called the borcign or Italian
Lands, which were conquered by the city of Bern in
the year 1536. It will be proper here to mention the city
of Laufanne.
This city, which was anticnily called Laufcdnnum,
or Laufoniuin, is feaied in a valley, at about the dillancc
of half a league from the lake of Geneva. The city has
feveral gentlemen's houfes in it, that are toKra'nly well
built, and very commodious, and is furiiiflicd with two
public loiintains.
The wall of the cathedral was opened by an earth-
quake in 1634, and fome years after ihut by a fecond ;
but though it is at prefcnt not above an inch bread, and
tilled up with mortar ; when Mr. Addifon was theie, fe-
veial perfons in the town were living who h,id former-
ly pad'ed through it. The tower is not without bciury ;
but having been twice burned, only half of it is now
Handing. A Imaller tower belonging to this church,
was alfo fct on fire by lightning, when they prudently
beat it down by a chain ball, by which the bodv oi ihc
church was faved, and fince that was done, a fpire has beeii
railed upon it. This church has two hundred and le-
venty-twoft.-tely pillars, and a fine choir.The choir is le-
ratcd from the nave of the church by a fine gallery (up-
ported by eleven pillars of black marble. To this church
are three gates, two great ones and a fmaller; one of the
largeft has a fine portico, adorned with the ilatucs of tiie
twelve apodles, and the Virgin in the middle. The
other has alfo a magnificent portico adorned vi'ith fmall
figures in relievo, reprefenting hiftotical pafl'ages, befides
(bme ftatues as big as the lile.
Here were formerly eight churches more, together with
two convents ; but they have been molt of them dcmo-
lilhed fiaie the Reformation, only St. Francii's church.
1
I' •■)
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m
^jS
A SYSTEM OF G E G K A 1' 1 1 Y.
i:?
^ ;
a haiuir.iiiic l.u^c lliiidturc, is ftill prcfcrvcd for the iifi;
ol the luuir ('.lit 1)1' the city.
The tiiwii hiiuli' is a very hiindfome building, in the
fimit p.nt o(' the cityt adorned with a portico tlut h.is
two tine pill.ir i iit' ;;rceii marble.
( '11 the call liJt of the cathedral is a fpacioui walled
terrace, like that al lierii, with this difference, that (he
terrace ot' Meni is iiUKh higher w.illed, and that of Laii-
fanne has the advant.igc ill profped, it commanding the
lake, and all the lowcountry towar>ls Ciencva. 'I'liis
country, iiuhed, from its nature and improvements, af-
fords a delightful view in the variety of liitle hills and
dales, lields, meadows, vineyards, and woods, together
with the iieiehhourhood of the la'te.
The city is governed by a great and lefTer council,
the former of whieli coiifilfs of fixteen members, who
have the burgoniailer for their prefident ; next to him is
the tteafiirer, with the live bannerets, belonging to f<i
inanydivilionsof thecity. From thefe councils, incaufcs
Hot exceeding twelve luiiidreil florins, appeals lie to a fu-
perior couneil compofed of fixty members : but comeih
relating to larger funis, are carried before the council of
Bern. It is remarkable, that th;re is one Ihect in this
city, in which the people have the privilege of acq;iit-
tina or comlomiiiiig anyone of their own body in affairs
of life and de.ith; and as every inhabitant of this llreet
has a vote, houl'ci fell better here than in any other
part of the town.
This city was formerly a bifliop's fee, originally found-
ed at Aveiiche; hut L.iufanne clofing with the Reforma-
tion, and coming under the fovereigiity of Bern, the bi-
fhop withdrew to Freyburg. A part of the cpifcopal re-
venues was applied to the academical gymnafium created
here in 155;, and the bailiff" of Uern refides in tiie bi-
Ihop's palace, wh.re he judges in all dilputes brought
before him from the country courts.
SECT. VI.
The Ciiritoit s/'Ll'CERN.
]n Sltuati'.n, Extmt, Riven, and Government, u-itlj a
Dejcripiion of the Cily of Liuetii.
Tl n. canton of Luccrn, which is the mod confidrr-
.Jile next to Zurich and Hern, is bounded on the
call by the cantons of Underwald, Schwitz, and Zug,
and on all other fides by the canton of Hern; extending
tlintv miles in length, and twenty in breadth.
Tills canton produces a fufBcient quantity of corn for
L'rl, Schwitz, and Underwald ; and as the paffurage
I, alio excellent, the inhabitants likewife apply them-
Itlves to grazing.
The principil rivers are the Rufs, which iflues from
the lake of Luccrn, and receives the F.mmat, ami feve-
ral other ftrcams. The W'igger has its fource in this
canton, and alfo the Suran.
There are only four towns in this country, and the
whole canton is entirely I'opiih, under the fee of Con-
ftaiuc. It has on all occafions been the piincipal abet-
tor of Popery in Swilferland ; and in 1747, and the (ol-
lowim; vears, it refumcd the antient feverities againft the
IVotclVaiits ; and (oire of thefe heretics, as they were cal-
led, wcne put to death with many aggravations of iiilult
and cruelty. , . ,,.
This canton acceded to the Helvetic alliance m 1332,
rm which the third place was allotted to it; but it is
reckoned the firff and muff powerful o'' the Popifll can-
tons. Accordiiiglv, whenever t" vy ^.-rcmtjle on religi-
ous concerns, provided fuch allembly be not held in one
of their capital towns, the envoy of I.ucern alw.iys prc-
fidcs. The fummons are likewife iilued (rom this city, and
the recorder is always a member of the council of Lucerii.
The citv arms are, ardent and azure party per pale,
and its government is ariltocratical.
The city of Lucern, in Latin Lucerna and Luceria, is
fituated on the banks ot the Rufs, which divides it into
two uncipial parts, that have a comrt.unicaiion with each
oth'T by three covered bridges. It is cnconipaflcd with
a fi'n"Ie wall, and is rich and populous, it being a well
built" and polite place. 'Fhe inhabitants h.tve a great
IP
trade with llie merch.iiit;. ol (Jetui.inv and Italy. Th
moll leiiiarkable things to be feeii lure, jrc tiie oiuj
ol the great cliuich, whuli is veiy line, ;uid of an extt .'
oiilinary (i/.e, and the Ikelelon of a jii.iiit in thetowi'
houle. The leligious buildings aie tlie latlieijul ol Si
Lcodigarius and Maurice, tlie Jeluits college, vvhici
conlains a church, and lour nioiialli ries.
The depofitarien of the luprcine power aic the lefler and
greater council : the former is compoled of thirty. fiv
members, divided into two equal parts, that relieve (3„l
other every half )i'ar; the ineinljcis aie tliolen by th't
lefler council alone. 'I'he greater council eoniids of
lixiy-four perfons elcifked from among the burghers. It
is likewife veffed with the penal jurifdiction, judges m
the l.ill refort, and confers the freedom of the
•^ity. At
Lueern ufually refiJes a nuncio from the pope, under
the title of /,-iiliii (I Lliu:
The lands and towns fubj^cl to this city are divided
into (iftceii prcfeiiurates.
S L C T. VII.
The Cuiilm of U R I.
Iti Situation, Extent, niiil Fine of the Country ; jj,/^/, ^ j.^_
wnrhitiU RoaJ ; ii'hi tl coneife .ieeount of the I'nduii ofil-j
Country, and of its Capital.
TIIE canon of Uri borders tow.irds the weft on the
cantoi s of Bern and Underwald ; to the north on
the canton 01 Schwitz ; and to the eaftward joins on
the canton of Glaris, the Grifons, and the feveii Italian
diftrii5ts, with ".he dutchy of Milan and the Valaisj ex-
tending about thirty miles in length, and twelve in
breadth.
It almoil cvry where confifts of dreadful mountains
and deep v'"es, the fummits of which arc perpetually
covered witu ice and fnow. The loftieft among them
and indeed the highell in all Swifferland, is that of St,
Gothard,over which is carried a fine road in one continued
afcent o( eight hours to the very fummit of this llupcn-
dous mountain. This road defcrves particular notice
it being in moff parts (ix feet wide, and every where well
paved during its whole afcent. The Rufs runs by its
llJe, fumetimes to the right, and at others to the left,
over which arc feveral handfome bridges, moll of which
are of flone. This road in fummer is perfectly fafc, not
only for horfes but even for carriages, though in winter
j the fall of mafles of fnow have proved fatal to many tra-
I vellcrs. It lies between very high mountains, the lower
parts of which are covered with thick, woods, but a-
j bove are quite bare. Several p.irts likewife exhibit the
I molt beautiful cataracts, cither from the Rufs, or other
; fmaller llreams ; while many of them, by reafoii of the
rocks that obftrudl their paflage, are refolved into a milt,
whicli, by the refracting rays of the fun, form a variety
of rainbows, and at the lame time both charm ,iiid cool
I the traveller, i'.ut as he advances he is terrified at the
. view of frightlul rocks hanging over the road, and fo
• worn out underneath, as if they were jull going to fall
and crulh him to atoms. On the other hand, when he
finds himfelf fliut in on all fides by fuch prodigious high
mountains of vaftly different afpedls, fome quite bare, and
i others tutted with trees, and abounding with a hundred
1 .ts i,f medicinal herbs, he has reafon to .id.Tiire the
wonderful woika of the Citator, and to extol the indurtry
and ingenuity of the inhabitants, who at immcnfe ha-
zard, toil, and expcnce, keep thefe roads open. For
ihis purpofe they join locks together by arched bridges,
cut a way through feveral rocks ; and when the road
feems ready to fiiik, fupport it by flout walls and but-
trelles, with great ports, which they drive deep into the
earth, and ftones, which they falteri to one another ly
iron hooks.
At about two hours diftance above the village of Gcf-
tineii lies the l.iii'elt bridge over the Rufs ; it is of lloiie,
and is tif a furpril'ing height, with only one arc!., which
is an exact lemi-circle, the piers of which rell upon two
rocks alfo of a prodigious heigiu ; and here the iiuilc of
the rapid torrent adds to the tenors of the fccne. It is
fifty leet over, and its height above the water about
fcvcnty. It can fcarcely be imagined how it was poi-
lu:.-
.liii on the lake
L'lii.
U R O
'•blc to crtiH a briilR? thcro ; anJ the iiili.iliit:ints tliiiik-
,,• r it bcvond the piiW'.T lA in.m to acnmipiilh, (iipiiofir
~n, (,c |ri I li'i "!'■'' I'v 'lie ilcvil, and ihcrcfurc toll it
|',-iitrilil"iHl'. orllu- I)''»ir>-l)riJi;o.
ji,„r,..di.!ulv Ih'V'IiJ this brhlgo i« a roa.l lu'wii out of
t'c loliil lock, li>r the l|),iii' of riiMr tliri'C hu.idrcil p.icts,
-l (rf .il'ici'iib furticieiit for two liork-i to |iil's comh--
ini'iitlv a-b:i-'-ill. At iIk' fiiil of this lu.ul ihc C'Hiiiii y
;|!'uim.s aviiv ilirt'iricnt alpcCf ; fir as the w,iv IhIow ilii;
(irnl"'- is biHiinlcii by t^vo fi>isr, of mouiit.iins, in this
ih',' fiav'.iiiT finis hiiiiUlf 'il a vale, in which is a vilb,;e
,.,,',ii-l Hiif|'i'-'l, th,it CAltiiils thi:)Uj;h a vall.'v, if th it
11,1, 111" ni.>y b'j ;;;ven to ill.' fun'.nii; of a nioiiiitain i'i"ht
tr.mil.mil fvct hi;;h, that hjs other nioiintaiiis (tiuvlini; on
,; lifiii" tliii'C lh,Mif.m;l feet more, :uul fome even (li ;h'.T.
Ill mil. N.^ib'y the nuul aij.iin afeeiiJ.i towar.ls tlie I'mith,
itluiiv; p.ivcJ anii ol a ^reat brea.ltli, anil on c,;ch fnk-
aftiitled by thi- highclt rnounlains in liiiro|ic. In this
iMit llie ro.iJ "• pcrlectiv dciiithtfiil, the baie inmiiitains,
,v;ili their c.itarjL'U, having a ni.iicllie a|i|ie:ir.inre ; and
K.
S K C T. vtir.
Till Caiil:n s/ScuwEirz, cr Schwit/.
90»
Ih Sit
lilt P'
illiins, whii h arc elojthed with a rich viidure, ,ire
id iMlii gicat niiinbLrs of line horfes, Aiiinit half
.i;i hour fjrthtr on amoni; the nioniit,iins lies the lake of
I,c,/,inJro, out of which illiies llm Rufs, wb.ich is at
jiilt no nii.re th;in a n.irrovv hrook ; but it loon rcccivi's
tc ;riau'r part ol its water* fiom an adjacent innunt.iin
^,{1a■. Oi\ tliJ upper p.irt of this vale are feveral linaller
],!{(■., wliicli inay be tcrm'.d the fource.s of the river
Tiirmui vvliicli runs bcneaih tliem on the fidi; of Italy,
[(etc :■> iilln a Cipuchin convent, in which twofitbcis
cdiiii.iiulv attend, and for a fniall coiifivleratioii tr.ivel-
i,r- i.e very convcinently acconiiiioilated ; but the poor
.irj obliged to put up with the fare of an adjoining alms-
r.o'ji'i;.
On the Alps, ill this canton, during the fumnicr, are
fat'.tiv.d many thmil.ind heads of caiile ; but the bell
•lallures are on a hill called the C)bfralp, the checfe of
«h:i'h i: famed for its gojdncfs. 'There is here a (mall
hte about a hundred paces in length, which abounds in
f,(h, and receives moll of its wateis from the Cril'palt, a
hi'h mountain in the neisibb.nirhooil. O.it of it illiics
nvoiivulcts, one of which running eall ward falls into the
Rals, ^"J tbe other directing its courfe eaffward into the
cduniry of the Grifons, then- forms the Upper Rhine.
The vales between the high mountains are, in fiim-
mer, very hot and fertile, wluii not exjiolcd to the north
wiiiJs. Among the mountains are alfo lound numbers
ofbiMutiful cryitals.
The inhabitants being Inured to a rough and hard
«j)' of living, arc vigorous, brave, and (Irenuous alUr-
i.Ki of that liberty which was fo deeply purcbafcd by
their heroic anecllors. They were once a free people,
iiii,!et the jurifdiiliion of the emperor ; but Albert I. .lini-
jii^ .it their entire (ubjection, placed a fevere governor
i.ir ihem, who, by bis tyranny, gave rife, as huh b:-en
,'!ca!v mentioned, to an union between Uri, Sihwitz,
.nl Uiuli-rwald. They threw oft" the Aiilhiin voke
111 tlie beginning td' the year 1308, and in 1515 ihefc
ir;e caatcins entered into a perpetual alliance. At that
t:T.c L'ri held the i\\[\ place among the confederates ; but
it prefcnt it has only the fourth.
fhe arms of Uri are or, a bull's head gnrdent fable,
living a ring g;i!cs pafling through its nolhils.
Tiie government of this canton is democratical, and
u.iJcJ into ten dillricts, the piincipal place in w.nich is
i.-.c fillo'.ving :
,\i;orf, or Altdorf, that is, the Old \'il!a:re, in l.aiin
.\;firfium, the capital of the canton of Uri, is fituaied
il a plain on the lake of Lucern, near the mouth of the
riv.r Rufs, at the foot of the Alps, about tiventy-three
miles to the fouth-call of l,uccrn. 1 he houfcs are neat,
ami iheHriets broad, fpacioiis, and well paved, while the
f.irJeiis and country hoiifes round it :ire delightful. It
hthe feat of the government, and of the courts of i:illicc,
who hold tbeii meetings in the lovvn-houlf. Tnc pro-
vincial arniourv is alfo kept here; beiides which it has a
1.1 l;p iii'w granary, crec^ted in 173?. it has three
chiirri- , tlie principal of which is that of St. Mariiii;
an.l .loli of the gentiy relide here. In fhe ye.ir 1400
the i.-eatelt part of the town was dcftroveil by tiie, and
in I'jtjj it agiiii lurt'crcd bv the fa:iie caiainiiv.
iinidi, F.xhnl, I./1I1S, anil Ri:vn ; ■wilh n i-jncijc
DiJ.iiiiiir,,, y m C'l'il.i/, aihi '/the Ablty or ihrmilugr.
of Ll»l!tli>l,
THK canton of Srhwcit/, .Schwit/, or .Switz,;n r.iiliii
tMiitiinhs r.i.;iis, thuugh only the fifth in rank,
has the honour of giviof; name to the whidc country,
cither betaufe the w.irs of the Swifs foi the retovi ry ot
their libciiy liegaii here, or b-Ciufe here w.is formed' the
firll confederaev, 111 defence of tluir natural .tiuI ailtient
rights .ind piivileges. This canton is bounded on the
iiiit'n bv tile canioiis of Zurich and Zu^ ; on tile rait
by(jlaris; on the fuiih hy L'.i ; and on the wjit by
Lueerii, Ziig, an 1 Zuiich ; c.-itcndiiri from north to
fiutli about twenty-eight niiLs, ai.d f;om call to weft
twenty three.
It ;:r.Mtly refcTiblcs the canton of Uri, but the pirts
about the lakes aremoir fertile. The lakes her? are thole
of Zurich, Zug, and W-'.ildlKi.lten. The Sill has its
fiurce ill this canton, and, after receiving th^: united
ftreams of the iiiber and the AIp>, enters the territories
of Zurich.
The canton of Srhwitz cnnfiils entirely nf boroughs,
villages, and fcattere.l h nifes, without fo mucii as "one
town. I lie wliol 1 country is alio pnpifh, and in churcli-
alF.iirs fiibject to tiie b (hop of Conll.ince. I'he inii.ibi-
tants arc likewifo hardy, vigorous, brave, and extremely
tenacious of tlicir lii-ertics.
its arms are gules, a crofs argent, placed on a canton,
and its government is democrat. cal.
The canton is divided into fix parts. Improperly called
quarters, to e,icb of which belong rert.iin families or
clans, who are not to ri^muve their ccmliant dwelling in-
to any other quarter. I'hc mull remarkable placcs'here
are,
Schwitz, or Sihwcitz, the capital of the canton,
fituated ill a plealant valley, between mountains '.'enc- .■ >
rally covered with fnow, in the cigiitii d gree f irty three ^•'Ji'i.
iilinutcs call longitude, and the forry-hxth digre'c fifty-<,o •.■.'/■
levcii minutes north latitude, it is the feat oT the o'r-
diiiaiy regency, confilting of fixty counfellors, as alfo the
rciidence of feveral families of diltinction ; but it has only
one parilh churcii and three convents ; v>'ith a mint, an
hofpital, and an arfenal. It was dellroved by fire in lt.'r2,
but -jbuilt with great advantage; and is the refidcncc of
fevfial faiiiilus o( diltinction.
I'hc abbcv of Eiiifidleii, which is feated on the Sill,
is on all fides lurround.d by lofty mouiitaiiis, oil
which antientiv Hood a thick gloomy fort It. About the
year 90O, St. lieiino repairing hither, laid the founda-
tion of the abbey and convent, which is of the Henedic-
tine order, and under the direclioii of an abbot, who is
lliled prince of the hole Roman enijiire. In 1734. the
conv.nt was rebuilt, and is nov(,' a 1 irjc fplend.d edifice ;
the Hall of which is finely painted, it ha:; alfo a well
cnolen library, with a magniiicent ap.irtnunt and other
convenient rooms for the many leclufei, here, and the
entertainment of flr.in^ers. The niinlt.-r c'.iurch of Our
Lady is cmbilliflud with very mallerly paintings, coltl\r
giiduigs, and v.ry beautiful Itucro work ; but the molt
remarkable place in it is a rhap: 1, llilcd the Holy, in
whicii is an imag-." of tiie hK-ire.l Virgin, wiiicii atir.icfs
a great icfort of pilgrim :, who hav e brought great wealth
tLi thechuieh; and an.nng otb. r offerings is an oltenfo-
tium, near two ell. high, in which, fays our ..uthor, are
three hundred ami twenty pounds and a half of t;old,
with eleven hun.ind and lc?venty-four lari;c peails, three
hundred and ihrce diamonds, tbirtv-cight fipliire-, a
hundred and filf y-toiir .MTLialds, eight hundred and fit'tv-
leveii rubies, lorty-four gavnets, tweiitv-fix liyaiinths,
and nineteen aiiietliyfls. Near the abbey is tinlidlen, a
m.nket-towii.
I'here is a very level fruitful part of this canton alono-
the I ike of Zurich, which is called the M.irch, that is
the b'lontier, it beinu aniiently the boundary bctweui
4 I th;
" I
If
^m
m
3>o
A S Y S T !•, M O !• G E O C, K A i' H V.
Zrt
. (
M
.(; if.
hI
.-/' ''/J
the llrlvril.ms ;ihil RliL'ii.ins, nr lii.loni, fiorii wIi'tm it
W'.i:i iiiilv IqviruU'il liv ilu' liver l.liiniiitt. It uiidiiilly
bilmiji il Id ihf lidiilf (if A'^ilri.i 1 tint in 140S w.ibtiktii
hv tiic irn(i|): ill Ap|uii/.il, wild luile ,1 |iii.'liiil iil it td
tnis iMiiI'Mi, ii!i iiti ;irkiKiwL'iljMiii.iU lur Ihclr jllilt.ini.c.
In th s iiillciiM i-. cdin.iiiieil,
L.u'ii 11, Its c.ipiial, aiiii the pl.icc whiro tlie iDUit
jiri'l lOiinul luilJ miir mtctinns, daici) on t'lc loiiili
t..\Mf ll.c l.ikt if /.iirrli, ;ind is llii: port wlicrr tr.ivil
li . I,.r,>i vvlidj;ii by water (mm Ziiiiih to thcc-iUDiis in
the niduntjiiis.
Altiiiiloif, a villa;^c a'nniit a miifti-t-rtint from the foi-
nicr, whirr, in 1704, a I iriiv Ir.ipttitnt fioin the nuiim
tnin, at ihi- foot of which it llaiuls, (lulilrnly (rll on .1
pait of thii villj;;f, .iiid the ncighhomiinj nicuhnvs,
ilcfl living aniinibi.'r of people aiiJ cattle, Ui will at
houl'cs.
S I. C T. IX.
[ht C:iKl:n c.f L'ndekwai.T).
Iti Sltui:li]ii, Exifnl, I'tmluci; Coviiinnirt^ and priiiii-
UNUKRWAI.n, or Uii('rw,.IJrn, in F-aiin SuMll-
v.n'i. IS l><iuii<k(l (III tii'iiuiih by the laiiton of
T.iiMiii, ml hv the lake of the t''iu' cantons ; on tne iMfl
bv hijh ni'iiiiitaiis, xihuh lipai.it" 11 from the canton tit
Un ; 1:11 the fi'iiih hy thef.inu cant'in, and that oi Hirii;
and on tlie wiH hy that of Liic'in ; ixirnJiiiL' about
twinty-hve miles in 1. nglh, and iLvenieen in bieadth.
li takes its name fr^. in a large foicfl of oaks nearly in
the mid ;le of the cdtintry, that iraveifes it from iioith
to fiHiih, and is divided into two pnits, that above the
foielt and ttiat below it. I'he canton 15 finall, but a-
buniids in fiuit and cattle. The mountains are covered
with riih p.iilutes, and fields and the vales are re-
mark.ildy fertile : for in fpring, v^■hcn the fnow is otFthe
j;rcuind, imy are full of c.utle, which beiiiy afterwards
diiveii up the Alps, the herb..ge fhuota again in fuch .1
maiiiKT, as to be mowed twice in a f'uninier ; and in
auiunui liie cattle, on their return from the Alp.', meet
a;iain with pieiitv of Lrafs, till the fnow fets in a<>ain.
All ihc Id.viT prirts of tnc cmintry produce an cxiiberaiiee
of VI ry hne frui', and ihe canion is (o well jirovided with
wood, tbit, witlunil anv dctiinient, f'cvctal (pnt? might
be chared and mprnvcd into meadow or arable land. It
has little or no wheat, and no wines are made here.
In this canton are alio i;ood (|uariies oi inaihle, and three
l',il|'.liuriinis fpriius. Mere riies the river Aa. and in this
caiiiiin aie the fmall h.kcs of Luii;zein, Rudeii, and
ii.iuier.
'I'lierc are in this cantm only fmall market-towns,
viilaji'', anil I'catiered hoiifcs. The inhabitants in their
apparel ami maniurof life ..dhere to the old f.ifhions. I'hev
are unuc-rilly popifh, and form apart of tiie dioctlc of
C.inflanc
The arms- .if this ennton arc ai^jent, party per fefle,
will) a dviiibic warded key crci^t, in pale gules and
arjrrnt.
("he government is purely dcmocratical, the regency
beiiij; tf-e ilt:pofit.:rv of tr.e whcle lupreme power, lii
wliich all males above iixtcen years of age h.ive a rij.'lit of
admittance. As the ccuiriy, however, conlitis of two
vaics, each f'Tming a icpaiate reputlic, fo thev have earh
their p.irtieular cormtil and cfEierii. 'I'o tne g''neral
afleiiih.y of the Iljivitic confedera'-y each vale fends a
rejirrltiitative ; but both ait as for the (anie canton, ttie
two lepti l.nia'.ivts iri'iyinj only one finirle voice.
The principal town in tii.s canton is Staiiz, or .Stans,
which is fejtcd c.n the fouth fide of th-.-' lake of I,ii -ern,
and has .1 fiandlj lie church, adorned with flatucs of black
ir.a bit f on qnatr-cs near the town. It has aifo a con-
vent of Capii'.-li'ns, and a nunnery. On the gr.ive;. of
thi> place are cr-di'-.s of ■.•.-cod and iron, and on fome of
tii-n. bun,' litM ■ i;i;i.-/ r kc tlis of holy w-nter, which the
W'.'i-rtn f^;riiik'c on the graves with little bunches of
herb:.
SEC r. X.
Of tilt Curilsn of Z t; c .
In Siliuuiw, F.xttHi, PisJuif, and Gavirnmtnt ; «,„■
iinJf,' D,-J:>iptivi nf tin City of 'lu^. ' ' "
ZUO is a very ('mail canton, bordering toward,,!
f north on that of Zuruh j to the caliward «i, Z
l.diie canioii, and that of IJchwif/, ; to the fuutliwi-'i
alfo on the laiier, and ihit of l.ucern ; and to the wpiI
ward on Ihe I'ree riovinces, and a part of the ca,,,,
of Liicein: but is not above twelve miles ciihtr w.i."
Ttie paltiires here arc excellent, and it alio proju'.
arullicieiicy of gMiii, with plenty of fruit, ami {.J
wiiic On one hd.- of the l.ikeof /ug the country ii™
vercd with cialiiu: lues, which form a very prufitabV
bniiith of trade by the fale of the nuts into the iic:.|.
boiiiin^ couiuiies. Tlie woods have plenty of i;,.n',.'
•in.l ill geniial n is a line rich canton. The „bovc la,,'
•••iilds caip, tii.a weifh from fifty to ninety po^jr''
weight, with pike of hfry pounds, and plenty of it,'i
and othir H(h. < )iit of this lake runs the rivtr Lore',/
w-hieh joins t.ie Riifs. '
Ihc only city in this c.inton is Zug, all ihr o,t,,
places here bem^r only fniall towns and viHaijr.v |l'.
whole country is popdh, and tinder Ihc jurildid^ion of,^'
liiocile of Conltjiice. Thii canton is the levcinh ^
rank, ,.iid among the lellcr on-s the fifth ; befidcs vc^uj!
It 15 111 apaiticul.ir nuniier conneilled wiiti Lu.cin I! •
biiiv.nz, .ind Undcrwald, commonly called the five ic','
ritoii.d lonf. derates.
Its arms aie a-/,iire, afciFc argent.
'I'he goveiiimentof this canton is entirely demorra., ^ "'*
cal, the fupiime couiuil being lodged in a council which
annuallvnucis in the town ot Zuj?, and in whirl, eve,'
male ot fixtei-n years of age is pdllcfTed of a vote. It '.
compofed of diputies from the five divifions of the cati'
ton. The chief pcrfon here is named the amman, who
is alternately cltilled from the town and the tcrriiori--
but the to«n amman continues in office three veirs'
while t::at 01 the country ciijo\shijoffi e only two.' I'l, '
otTicer miift always reha'e in trie town. Next to W'm \
the thuUholdcr, who ketps the pri,v'---.^.| f,.,,| j.
daily dilpauh of inci.lental occurrences, and the orji.
narv public utF.iirsare coinmiiied tothefladt and amftraih'
wliuh coidillsof forty nanibers, that is, thirtcfii f,om
the town, and twenty-li-ven fiom the country. T'le
penal jurifdiCtion is loifuid in the amman, afliftcd hv -i^r-
taiii aflefliirs from the town and country. iiefiJci Jc
town, every (niartcr in the canton has a 'dirtiii(it cound
.Hid lecorder of its own for the management of lt^ jf.
fairs. For the adniinillrraiioii ot jiiftice, thecitv hastwo
couits, n.inud the greater and Iefs,one half „f 'the mem-
hers ot which arc appointed by tiie city, and ihc M.t:
h..lf by the two (]uartfts of A;,Trri and Bar.
The principal place in this canton is the city of Zj^
in Latin Tugium ; it is fituated on the call fide of tb'
hike ot the fame name, which is about feven miles Ion-,
and at the foot of an agreeable hill, which graJualiv
riles to a great height, in the forty-fevcnth degree Icvcii
minutes north latitude, and in the eighth degree thr:,-
tour minutes eaft longitude, fixtcen miles to the caiUi
Lueern. It has fpacious ftrcets, and the houfes arew.-ll
huilt. It has a collegiate church, a parifti chi.rch, a
convent of Capuchins, and a nunnery. In 1435, the
lown futfered by a melancholy accidmt j when a ftrcet
hy the fide of the lake was fwallowcd up by it, niih a
whole row of houfes, and the town-w,dl on that fiJc,
and yrt it is faid, that no more than fifty pcrfuns wc.-c
drowned.
SECT. XI.
Tlv Cnnmn »/ Claris.
Iti Situation. Extmt, th, Fau of the Country, iin,/ its Pri-
d,ui : iti Riu-r, andLakii ; ih Reiigicn «nd O-.-jinmnt
y
Zvt
% towards the
twatil on It,.
ho fuuthwi-j
id to the well.
"•' the canion
fiihcr wjy,
nHo proJucci
liit, and f'TOc
couiury ii q.
k''^fy profiuble
nto the ntigl'.
i-my of g.nic ;
r lie ,ibo»e 1^5
ninrty pounj,
jlcniy of irout
<■• rivir Lotciz,
^ all throthff
villa M-., If,;,
rildiitionofiht
the Icveniti n
; bifidos vi|-,i(!,
h Lu.ein, V;;^
IcJ the tivt tci
irely dcmnrri;,.
a council which
in whiihevtrv
3f a vote. It IS
ons of tht car.-
ie amm,in, who
1 ihc territory ;
ice three yeits,
only two.' I'h ■
Next to him is
— .1 M. Tm
lid the ordi.
and amUraih,
thirteen from
)unlry. The
jfliftcd hy -rr-
BefiJci il.c
iltinit council
'nt of Its af-
eciiy hj^two
If c'f thcmcm-
anJ ihc other
Bar.
.■ity of Zjf,
:art fide of thv
.'in miles Ion;,
ich jjrjJuallv
ith degree (i'n-:i ,
n degree thun •
cs to the cart <■:
houl'cs arc w:!l
arifh chi.rch, i
In 1435, the
when a ftrcet
by It, 4iih a
11 on that fiJc,
y porfons wc;i.
tnc
try, tinl ill Pn-
m iimi G'.-.vrnmcai
iflhf C'Uil'y; with a Difiy'ifthn of tin City of UUrii
ii, Ciipi'''i-
THE canton of (ilatis, or Giaurus, is bounded 011
ilic c.ill by the county of Sji gans, and the couiury
01 iiic tirilonsi to the lootd by the laiicr, and the can-
ton "I Uri i to the welt by the latter, and the i .intini
of S^nwit'i i and to the northward by the iM.ircb and
(Jallvi, exiinding, atcouling to Ionic authors, near
nycnt)-liv^ Hides from north to foulh, and eighteen fiom
ult to welt.
On the call, fonth, and weft borders, it is environed
(Vitli mountains of (o great height, that they are coiiti-
naally lovercd with lec and fiiow, particularly by the
'I'oJilicrg, winch is ellecmcd one of the highell m all
Swilleilaiid, and is ahiioll impallahle, iidtwithltaii.liiig
i road nas with gieat labour been mad'; over it trom the
iiicat vjU 111 Ijlaris to the country of the Grifons. !• roni
tnc north, where the country is open, a valley extends
to the fouthward for the length of eight hours ; but be-
lo* bthweiiden, the 1. 'nintain named I'rcyhcrg, divides
into two kparjtc vales, th^ greater and the lets ; the for-
mer ot which lies to the welf, and the latter to the call
01 1'-at hill : bclidcs which, there are fevcral other val-
lic) aii.jng the ridges of the mountains.
I'liough thefe vales are in many parts extremely pro-
pet fjr agriculture, very little grain is fown in thenij
the inhabitants being chiefly employed in grazing horfes,
and flicep on the Alps ; and with thelb cattle they
jll'o tccd many thoufand hea.ls of horned cattle, car-
ry on a prohtabic trade, and likcwifc export checic,
butlcr, and tallow. On thcic mountains arc large woo, Is
of pine, with cryllal pits. The high nioiiiuaiii n.imcd
Jjlaltenbcrg yields vali quantities of flatc, which being
nolifhed and formed into tables, or put into wooden
frames for writing, are exported to all parts. (3f all the
mountains in SwilVetland, that named Freyberg atf'ords
the fafeft refuge for the chamois goats ; only twelve
fworn hunters being permitted to (hoot them, and thefc
at nn other time but between St. James's day and Mar-
tinmas. .. , • , I . ,
Amone the Alps are fevcral mineral waters and baths
The lar»'el( river here is the Liiith, which id'ues out of
twonvu.ets in this canton, and traverfing the country
from fou'.h to notth, receives the Sernit, which is form-
ed by the conflux of fevcral Imall ftreams. 'I'hc Lontfcli
ilTufi from the Like of Cloiithal, and the Sees is the
oudet of the lake of W'.dlenlladt, which extends from
weft to cad no lefs than four hours, thou'jh i' is not one
in breadth. Towards the calt and welt It lies quite
open; but its noith and fouth fides are terminated by
very lii!;h cra^iiy rocks and precipices. The oarks and
palTage "boats receive great advantage from the remark-
able regularity of the winds in thefe parts, which eaily
in the morning fet in with an cafleily breeze, and thus
continue till about ten o'clock, when a calm takes place
till noon, and then is fucccedcd by a wellerly wind till
fun-feti when iftlic weather be fdir, the e.illerly biceze
then returns. This regular fucceflion of the winds is
only iiuerrupted by a north blalf, and that not often.
Thefe phajiioniena, however, ate accounted for from
the fituation of the lake.
The greateft part of the inhabitants arc Calvinills,
the rett arc l\ipi(l.s, and in many parilhes they are intir-
niixed, yet they live peaceably enough, divine fervice
being in many places alternately performed by both in
the very fame churches ; fo that on one Sund.iy the mafs
begins, altc- which a curtain being diawn before the al-
tar, the CalvinilU'crvice follows; the next Sunday the
Calvinills begin, and when they have done, mafs is per-
formed. To the Calvinifts belong tnirtccn parilhcs ;
hit there is only one that can be ftiled entirely Popifti,
though at Glaris iiid Llnthal, they have their ecclelia-
ftics equally with the Calvinifts, and are under the bifliop
of Conftance.
The numbt^r of males in this canton above fixtcen
vcars of a"e, amount to fomewhat more than four thou-
iand. The principal bufincl's and trade of the inhabi-
tants is grazing, though they arc not without manufac-
tures, as thofc of cotton, and a kind of cloth called
matzcn.
O V E.
iit
The .irrns of thii canton are gulc», a pilgrim bearing ^,.„_,
a ftafl', t.ible.
Its government is dcmocratlcal, ihf fuprrnir power
being lodged in the court c.dled laiulefi;viiii'ine, whien is
held (jncc a year in a field without the' tov.'n of (il.iiis,
and to this (duniil the nialej of both religions, who.irc
upwinls of lixtceii yi.irs of as'C, have adniitt nice, ile-
li.les thele, carh nligion has its p.irticul.ir landi It'enieincj
which are likiwile held annually in the op'_-n I'v his. I lie
prim ipal pcrfnns in the whole cnunliy art. th land jiii-
man ami ilie ftailtl .ild.-i, both of vvhnm arc altern.itel/
cle>:led from among the Calmiilts and I'apills, with this
dilliiii'.lion, that the Calvinill landainman holds hisoKice
for three years, and that of the l'«|iilt< two ; but with
the (ladtholdcr it is the rcverfe, the Calvmill ItiidiholJcr
cominuing in office only two yc.irs and the l'c.|ii(h thn c.
I"he laiidamnian iilually lumnions the t'civ.'r.d and parti-
cular counlellors of his Kel : the like Is done by the
lladtholder, and each prefides in the coiirti he thus lum-
mons. Thf laiulamman keeps the (lal of the eanlon ;
but when buliiiefs calls bim out of hn territoii's, deli-
vers it to the lladtholder, who is prefidrnt durii'i^ his
ablence. Next to the chief olHccis i-, the banneret, who
is alterii.itcly cKcled fr(jin among the two n li ;ions, ; nJ
holds his office during lilo. The court c.illed the lan-
drath is compoled ot lixtv-three imnihers, forty eig.'it
of whom are Calvinills, and fifteen I'.ipifti, and, when
ncccHIuy, is held in the town of Gl.iris, the land.uiiinan
fitting as prelident ; and each ledt h.is its partieul.ir lan-
dr.ith, for their feparale concerns : the laiiilr.iih of each
relieion has all'o the criminal jurifdiction over the vo-
taries of fuch religion ; but if the delinquent be a fo-
reiL'iier, he is tried by both landraibs.
Alilitary affairs are managed by the provincial captaint,
provincial enfigns, niaftcrs of artillery, and bannerets.
The Calvinills have their own council of war, oiififting
of level! members.
The only town in this canton is,
(jiaris, or Glarus in Latin and Italian Glarona,
fituated between the lofty mountain of Glarnich, ami ^
the river Linth, in the foity feventh degree noith lati-
tude, and in the ninth degree eight minutes call longi-
tude, and is a lar^e and handfome place. The Protef-
tants and Papills live very peaceably together, and per/orm
divine worfliip in the fame church one after another, in
the manner already obfcrvcil ; but the Calvinills are by
far the molt numerous. The landraihs and courts of ju-
llice arc ufually held in the town-hoiife, and juil with-
out the town is the p!a:e where the annu.il laiideigemeine
of the two feels are held. This town has been feveral
tunes dellroyed by lire.
S !•: C T. XII.
'f tbt Can tan ^ Basil.
lis Silufitiii, C, , Product, and Riven ; ivilh a parli-
aditr Difciiptki, j the City of Bafil and its Government.
THE canton of Bafil is bounded r the eaft by the
Frickthal ; on the fouth by the territory of Solo-
thurn; on the weft by the fame country, the ilioccfe of
Bafil, and the Siindgaw; on the norih bv the lordfliip of
Rotein in the margravate of Badcn-Duilach, extending
ibout twentv-four miles from north to fouth, and twenty-
one from eaft to weft.
Th'; country from Bafil to Lichftal abounds in corn
and wine; but lievond it is extremely mountainous, cold,
and barren, except the vallics on thefe mountains, vN'here
are the moil heauiiful paftures covered with cattle. In
the city of Bafil are feveral medicinal fprings, and in the
reft of the country baths of approved virtue. The Rhine
waters the north-eaft fide of the canton, and the other
rivers are the Ergets, the Bits, the Biifig, or Birfec,
and the Wefcn.
In the whole canton are three towns, which havecon-
ftantly perfevered in the profeffion of the pioteftant roll-
gion, ever fince its introdui5lion in 1529. It contains
twcnty-fcven parifties, divided into three deaneries.
The
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SYSTEM OF G I . O C. R A IM 1 \
m
m
3«»
■\>fnJ. I'he •irni!' "f ''^'•' "^''v "f l''>l"il arc argent, a ligurr l.i-
l)lc, liy runic lii|ii)i'fiil to be the tVrnl ot a pilgriin't ll.itt.
ajul bv otiKMj a (illi-hnok,
Its govtrnimiit is anltocratical. The provinciai mi
litla li ilivlJiJ into two ii'';inuiils, cicli loiilillilig <>t dn
ium().iiiii.s ,in>l a trooji (i( drigooni ; lo rarh rcgmiint
I) a culoiu'l, a licutcn.iiil-colojii.1, uiul a niajur.
The principal plaics in llii'> ciiitDii are the tollowiiu',
liilil, oi Italil, in Kriiich ll.ille aiul Dale, aiiJ mi La-
tin B.ililea, is the ejpit.il ol' the whole lanton, ami llii'
lari;ell tity in all SwillerlanJ. It is (V.iieil in a liiliK' an.l
ilelinhtlul eoiinlry, on the hanks of the Rhine, on the
coiuiiies 111 Allav'e anJ the empire, in the loitj -d-vi nth
'l^.'.V.'." ilcgree thiityfix niimitei north l.itituile, aiul in the
" '* liwnth cltLire.' thirtv-lix ininutcj ealt lonirituilc.
The l^liine, wiiieh iliviiles it into two pans, calleil
the Ciieatir and l/cfs, is luic jomeil hy the little lueis
Hits aiil IJirke ; the bnilji' over the Rhine whiji iin.trs
the two towns, is U\ hiiiiJieil teet in length. ( hi a tower
which It.liuU ell thclulc is a crowned Moor's head, which
every niimite ihrulLs out iis loiij; rej tongue : but this
ilroll tigiire does nut, however, i'.ivh Mr. KevlUr, ^live
luch a dii,;iilt, as a tiltliv repulentation in a little i.ibin
ilanJing on the nii.hile ot' the ht dge, be^TC which the
public piolt lilies, at their luii.;; banllied ihe town, ate
brouj,lit 111 iiiKJi rgo Conic' iiditulous ceremonies. '! he
citv,\vlicli lies en the Cierni.ni tide of the Rhine, is
called the Leller Town, .ind h;i.s itj own jiniiil'iilion j
but IS I'uloriliiiate to the (lieal Town, and h,is no Cor-
tifications. The Cin.it 'I own has live lubuibs, and he-
lides its wall-, is t'oit.tied with towers, moats, and I'uur
balHons ; but is nut of hiiv i;reat iheng'h. IJ.dil ion-
tains two hiiiulnd i'.iiJ twenty Iheet-, fix niaiket pljces,
and ninety nine wills. Its htiiaiim isunevin, ni lil ot
the Ihee'.s bein:; crookid, aiul paved with fii.irp ll.nies,
which are defi. lied for the furcr faming of the horle;.
th.it carry lo.iJs up hill. In this put lie the three prin-
cip.il ihuri hes .uid p.irifhes, the minlier, or anticnt la-
thedral, St. I'etu's, .iii.l tiiat of .St. Lioiurd. To the
niinfler Iv.long four oihei parifhes, thepriilts of « Inch
alio affili in tiiat cathidr.il. The Fiench perl'orni divine
fervice in the thuich of a i^oniiiiicaii convti.t.
The 'I'ciitonic order have a coiiini.iiidcry here, as have
alfo the order of St. John near the church if lh.it name ;
the houfc beloiigiii;; to the order is inhubitid by the
bailirf', and fonictinies by the co iim.indcr himf If. The
town-houfe, wliicli il.iiius on tne nvir liirftc, is fup-
ported by veiv l.irje pillais, and its grvat lull it liiiely
painted by the tele!. rated Hoib.in. Tmie who aie ad-
mirers of picture! Ihduld not lu-jlecl to take a viiw of
tlufe, and particuLiily of tl'.e l).ince of iJe.itli, on a
covcicd w.ill near the French church, reprefenting a long
train of pcrfons of all I'oits, holding one anoiner by the
han.!, Death Kadiiii' the dance, liol! ein w.is a native
Ol IJ.ifil, and havinii learned his art without any inllruc-
tor, li.ul a I'Ciuliar turn in ail liis pieces. 'J'he uiiiver-
iity, which was foundi.l in la 59, hai a very curious
phyfic-garden, which contains ttie choieill exotics, and
adjoining to the library is a valu..blc muleuin well fui-
iiilh.d with r.iiural and atlifu mI cinioliius, and paiticii-
lariy with midal-. and paintings ; .ind 111 the lahinets of
Lrafmiis and Anierbacli,whieli alio belong to iheunivcr-
fity, there are no lefs th;in twenty oiigiiial pieces ot Hol-
bein ; tor one of which, repreleiitiiig a dead Chiilt, a
thouland ducats have been otfired. The Helvetic foclety
apply their attention to llie improvement of Icieiice, be-
tides which there is a philological focicty of Cicrmaiis.
Near the minder, and dole by the Rhine, is a (pot
ofgmiiiid tej.nil.iriy planted wiih tiees, coiiinianding a
molt beautiful and e.xtenfivc prol'pect. On this Ipot
Hands an ac.i.lemy, in which are no lefs than ei^ht
dalles. St. I'eter's iquare is planted with elm and liine
trees, and there the celebrated doctor Feitch built ins
noble miife:ini, which is gieatly admired by pciioiis ol
literary curiufity, ordering, that, on the tailute of ci\i-
liaii,. in his faniilv, it flloiiM I..11 to tlic iinivtrlity. 'I he
'. margrave of IJ.ulen-lJiirlach h..s a ll.itelv pala.-e in tlu'
' new lubuih, which contains a moil Iplciidnl chamber ol
ciiriolities 111 .irt, nature, aiitiiiuities, and p.iiiuings.
In tli'i little town is tne parilh cliuich of St. Theodoic,
wu.'i a Cai'ihulKin convent, th.ii w.is uii^iiially a iiuii-
I
G I-. O G R .\ IMl V. I'«tVBu»,..
n IV ol Clarills, iliuuih It now lervc-- iis :.n orphan. hg ■■
.Hid .1 hoiil'e ol cotpctioii. Ill the thuiih of thij cl ^
vent inoinin,; priyen arc read and feimom preachij "'
likewile III a bulldilllj that was once an Au''u|! ..I
niinmiy. °
l lie lupreinc power ii lalg.d in the greit council
which is tonipi'ed ot two hundred and tureen perfon '
under two bur:;oiii.i(lir . .111 J two war.ieiu of trjJc '
Out of earh ul the tiltnii ei inpaines ol the greater citvs..
elected titfeeii re,^l. i nt.itives, an 1 out of each of the {\^',''
coiiipanien of the Utile eiiy twelve, The hH'cr iouhc "
Is comiioled ot ti\ meinbeis .nid a nrilideni. whn ,.. / '
-..,, ... ..V. .... „ ,„.r ,.,„„ic,|
I ot ti\ meinbeis .nid a prilideni, who :irc (■
the greit council. 'I^hu, the |„'„"^
in coniuiieliun with the grciter e 1
Is compoled
lecled tioiii anioiu
piliuipal peifoiii,' .„._. , B-..iir .e„i
lellei councils, loiin loginlier mi alieiiibly oftwo hunJi 1
and tigl , perloiis. I'he other colhvrs here .irf ii,.
priv) -council, in which aic difeuU'eil .dl affairs of imp,,,
tame, rel.itilig cilher lo war or the police j and th
opinion of this council is hid behiic the lillir, and jlfr
that before the greater eouiu il : the dreyeiherten, wl.rh
fiiperiiileiid the city revenues and treafun, as ;,|fo Ik.
diibarUnicnts of the t'oveiiinient : the linufmr ;.,i'.__
dilbarUnicnts of the goveiiinient : the lupremc inlwr.
turs of the iluinlies and f jiools wiiliin the town and
country, who ar.- compoled of thiee members of |(w
lilKr council an.l the iity rerorderi belidcs which fath
town h IS a patncular couii lor the dttcrniinatioii ofiiv,!
Cailles.
All military ali'.iirs in the city are under the iiifntction
of two principal lonimiiraries at w.ir, who .ire aKvj,
the two biirgomatlcrs, an inferior cominiirary, a lon'.,
ot
1 , ' , 1 '■ . 1 „■ ' ^"J
likewile by thole ol the Idler town.
A i:riat tr.ide is carried on at IJafil in ribbons, The
1111. 1, 1 i;reat rejiulations ; moll of the offices be-
,11 nv(i ^Miiis'i'iii I v'liKiuii.ii II :i ji w.ii, WHO .ife yku.t
the two biirgomatlcrs, an inferior cominiirary, a ion.
lieuten.int, .nid town ni.ijor, afTilled by the captJiiiM
the guiuls in ilu' great town and the five fuburbs an
likewile by thole ot the Ml'er town.
police is iiiu
ing beltow. d by
iTiiltcd caiulidat
SEC T. XHI.
7/y Canlin t,f Frkvuurc;.
Ill Siliialion, Extent, Piciliice, am! Riins: the Lantuam
Jfickcn there : the Givri niih nt anj miiitmy Fcrci cf ihi
Cjuntiy i liitli a piut'uular Dijaipti'iii ofli.e City offrn-
iioe^, uiiii (.J a iii;,(ii k..tnc Her inituge ,
TWV. canton of Frcyburg, or Friburp, is ciicom-
p.illld on al: fides by the canton of liiiii, alcw
places oiily.txcipted, whiih border on the Neuciiburg
lake, and Ionic diltiiiils belonging in common to Btrii
and I'leybing. lis length fn 111 north to fouth is near
forty- It ven miles, and its breadth tVom call to well about
tweiitv-levcn.
I'he north- well p.irts of the country are lefs moun-
tainous than t;ie others, and coiilequently prodiitc plenty
ol corn and liuit, and even Ionic wine \ but though the
Other puis aie iiKuiiuaiuou:-, th'.y have gocd pjlluie--,
named the Uiiig, tl
jW
^-
f'nivni'RO'
,„ »vlmh fciJ U'tr hcrJ^ nf cuilc.
Iillci 111 ilittli; to
U K O I'
r,
3'3
■iLu.
The inhibitaiits
I'rJiice and oilier
H/lllllll'"''
•|"|K' nriiu i|'"l rivcii 111 inis canton iiic iln: hjiirii, tlic
t ii'ii jn.l ll" lli'iv'. IT llrnw 1 the (iill ul whiih
'lies III tlif I ■II""" "' "''i"i •""' I" 'ti" li'iriliiry nf Kii')-
1 ,,t iiti'ivi'S iht H'>"ii'l .it Us illiic out ot a l.ikf, .iliir
u'hilli it jiiin' «'" •'^•"' '" '•"•■ "ifi'i'iy "' "''iH' ' '"^'
(hirJ rilVs HI tliii cmiiiliv, il h.iviii^ liiri tinvily li.i-
^„li^^j [lie ttrntoiifs lit llfi.i iinJ Tn ylmrj; cnlcis the
Miiilff l'*"^! '""" **"^i"^* " '"'""* •' ''ii") ' '" »' li'it;.'th
iiiitli i'> I'fi-''"" •""' "'"'"•' ■'"■ I"''- '" •'"■ '■'''^' I'l Ncu'.'ii-
In this 'Milton ari- rcvcii towm, tlir iiili.iliit nils cilwhlih
. .j|^ ;, ;,iii,| lit I'.itois (ir .1 Liirtiipt iiuilUy of (itriii.in
•iJ I'liiiili , hut in till' iinvn of h icyluitL' the puifCiti-
n'i.m iiriv.iili •'"""''i; p^^non'' orr.inic. tli.it liii^ua^r hciiij;
r'L'J III t'"-' council ill all piililii' iii(lninii'Mi>, ;iiij iiiihc
tw>) iliii't'hi's i it ii ulfii ct.iiiiiiiiii!v Ipnkc III ,1 I'iMcill p.irt
' the to.vn ih'it lii'S tiijvjuK lioin, 1 lii' (i'.'i'ni.in liko-
j^'llc nrcvaiK in fcvcr.il parts of inc canton, Init tlii; I'.itois
,,ulul inthc ;;iiMtill part.
liolli the town .ml flic countVy are entirely Popifli,
jiiii tnulcr ihc juriuliiilinn of the hifhopof I,3ul.iimc, who
iciiui'' .It I'ri'yl'ur;^. I lie wliuli' i anion incliules uii.ler
jt ahiiiiJ)i'il aiiil l.nir paiilln"*, vvhiih an." ran;;c:| iimler
ihcir Kl|>-i'livc diMoiii'".. Ill 14K1 thi. i.int.iiiwas re-
j^Hi'ij iiiui ihc pcrpfiii.il union ol ihi- II :lvetii- body, at
whii-li tiim' It loiinci till' iiiiiih in laiik ; bulon the at-
ulli'iii "• W-'''' '' voluiitauly di .;rai!eJ itfcll to the tenth.
\rr:(. I he .irinsof ihetow n are p.irty perfellc, l.ihic andaigiiit.
'I'hc niihl.iry atf'.ui- .iic uiuler the dnection of a toni-
mjniler in vhi.f, ainilc'd hy frvcii other perlbns. 'Mr-
|,j,,7|.,ir> of t.ic lo;vn of !• levhiifi; are dii idcd intifoiir
companies j but the coumiy niilitia toiilfitute eleven rc-
^imciili.
In: nioft rcni.iik.iblc pla.ji in thi.i canton .ire the
lollowiii:;:
Kreyburj, or Kiibonr;;, frated on the river .Sane in a
iJcop valley aiiioiiL; hi^;htoiks, and lo iire^rul.ii ly that the
inh.ibitams aic forccil to ilimh up fcvet.d parts of it to a
nro(h<;i"iis hii^ht ; but tin-. iiii;onvenieni.e is couiucr-
bilaiicc'l by a lingular advantage ; for having leveral ii-
Ictvoirs 0:1 the tops of the. nurjiitains, il afire break
out ill any pirt of the town, the,, by openiii^^ a llun.e,
convey a river to the very I'ptit \\'here it is ininieili.itely
w.'.ntcJ. I he town i.. on all fuk-s environed wiili a wmII
and towers though on the noiih, louth, an.l ealti-in
fides the rueks might have fuppli.d the place of thole
lvork>. 1 he four parts into which it is divided are
lUmeJ the Uuig, the Aue, the Neiv Town or Upiare,
aiiJ the Spilal or Square. In the lirlf is the col'c.'i.ite
charcli of .St. Niehol.is, in whieh the lervic ii pcrloiin-
cd in German ; the lfate.,-olhre ; the couiKil-hoiift ,
wiiih {[Mid', on a high rock, .nul commaiuls a grand pro-
ifid, particularly ot the delnih'ful cour;e of the Smie i
a nunnery ; and a Capuci'.in convent, which cont.diis .1
'cminary for phi|..)fophy ami divinity. Mr. Addil'oii,
l|)c.iliing of this coiuent, favs, thu he here law the
KlcJri.Mtoire, which is a fquare place boarded in and
Clii'J with a valf <|uantitv of Urge fnails, which, when
well cli«lli-d, lire elleenicd excellent lood. The floor is
(irevnd about half a foot ilecp wi.h leveral kinds o,'
plant-, among which the fnails ncltle all the vi'inter. Ai
Ltnt ihey open thi ir magazints and, take out of them th^
liell meagre lood in the world ; lor theie is no dilli ol
f.lh whieh ihcy elleem comparable to a ragout of fnails.
in tl:.' lecniiJ diviiion is t!ie church of St. John tin-
Miiuir, together with the convent of .Au;",iilliiie Kicii iics,
in the church of which t!ie lervico is pirfotnied in Cicr-
man. Here is alio the hofpit.il c.i .St. James, which like
wile ci. mains a church.
I:i the third divilion i.s the church of St. John the
KLIer, vtith a coninianderyhoufe of that order a.ljoining
10 It, a I'lancilcaii nunnery, and a very large granary.
In the f.>uith diviiion is the parochial churcli of Notre
Dame, with a convent of bare-footed iV.ars which feivc.
aiakind of academy for |ihilofophv, the matlu niaties,
ai'.d divinity : in tiiis convent ilic leaice is periormed
i;i Krench. 'I'here are .illo the tine college ol Jeiiiits,
laid to be the nioll beaiitilul 111 Svvilicrlaiid ; but it llands
fo hi^h, that jhe af. ent to it cnnfillt of fonie hundred
Mep,, and heie the Krench Ung.u^'e u alio ul^d in the
cluinli, .III Uriuline nunnery i tnc gieat hoipit.d, which
coiii.iins acliuuhi the aifciial, the delenlion.il oirice ^
the lali-ofKce, and the inuil ; the inanuladtuie huule,
and other public editico.
I'lie ^ovcinnunt is aiiflocratical, the pitri:ii, or cer-
tain piivile,;ed l.iniilies, to the iiunibcr of Ii vcnty-onc,
being .ilone (lu.dili.d lo fit in the Idler or greater touii-
ril ; bill heloic even theic i an have a (h re in the gov in*
incut, they mull be lice of one ot ilii thirteen conipiine!.
Ill the iity. I he (iipienie |iowcr is lodged in the leller
aiiil greater council ol two hnndicd nienibcM, ihitis,
ill tw.iiiy-four Idler coiinldl.iis, and a hundied and
IwrKc bur hers. The hc.iJ pcifon in the Hate is naiiicj
the i);.rt.it, or .ivovc r i and of thde llicrc ar two, wim
ail aniiii..lly by turns, i'he IcMior in iiic b iTei council
Is always It idtllolder, and at the fame time colonel ol the
caiilon, and laki s pl.ice next to the priior Kvery three
years a hurgnin.illcr ischofeii lioin a 1 ong the lell' riouii-
1 il, in order to att.iid to the bh.vioui of ihe burghers,
and he has the power of piinilliing Ionic cnnri by t\vi
own perlonal authority. The general and upper am-
mijjiiiii, ol whom one or two may beeleiled from among
the Idler or greater council, lupei intend the fi fi, jiitil-
diclions, lordlhips, and other polldrinns of the llate.
i'he privy council is coiii|)o(Vd of the tour bannerets,
and li.x members Irom e.ich of the four divitioiu of the
town. Tills court geiier lly I'us four times a year, and,
befides eltiitin^ the nieinheis of the great council, 1.5
empowered to lay before the government fucli fchemes as
are thought of advantage to the public. The town
court is veiled wiili the civil ju.ifJiilion of the city, and
hy order of the leller council, t.i which alone the power
of life and death belongs, hears alfo criminal cafes. The
lountry court decides all conietls and procelks anion"
the inhabitants 01 the antient territoiy. The court of
appc.ils receives appeals Iroiii iimll of tiie provinces, and
Its decrees are de, iliv.', cxce;'t tlie party c^lt can make it
appear to tne banneiets and iheictDuler that his honour,
f.ntune, and life, depend on the iH'iie ; upon w'lich he in
al; wed to appeal to the gieater or leller council.
.All. lilt two le.igiies troni Kreyburg is an hcrmitagc,>yv-.»*'v/-'(i'>
that IS elleemed tne gicatell cm lol'ity in iheic parts. It
IS filualcd in the iiiotl agreeable folitudc imaginable,
aninng woods and rocks, whicli at firlf light dilp.ifc a
m.in lo be lerioiis. in this place an hermit h.id lived
tiveniy live years, who with his own hand had formed
inthcroik a piettv chapel, a l.i rilly, a chamber, pai-
loiir, refeiitorv, kitchen, cellar, and othci conveiiieiu ic!.
Notwithll.iiiding the looms lie very deep, his rhi.nne-,
IS earned Uji through th- whole rock, to the height of
ninelv leet. lie hid alM cut tne fide of the 10. k into a
flat for a garden, and by laying upon it v^Mlte cirili,
which he found In Rvtial of the iieijhhoiirin:; parts,
made Uieh .1 Ipot of it as furniflied out .1 kind .i| luxury
loi an hermit. In Ih rt, Iceing drops of vv.rer diftilling
Irom leveral parts or the rock, he by following the veins
m.ide two or ihree fnuntiiiis in the bowels of thj nioun-
tain that at once lerved his tatde, and v/atered his l.ttlo
garden.
I'ne ch.ipcl is fixtv three feet long, thirty-fix brnid,
an.l f.venty-two in height. 'I'he lacrifty, or veiiry, is
twenty iv\'.> feet both vi'ays, and fourt.en in height.
The iieeple is feventy feet high to the top of the rock,
anl fix ill breulih. Ihe laloon, or anti-chamber, be-
tween the chapel and the refectory, is forty-lour feet by
thirty-lour. I'he refectory, in which are his bed and
Itove, are twenty -one feet long. 'J'hc hill, or parlour,
is thouL'ht to be the nmif turpi ifiiig p rformaii.'e, it be-
ing twcniy-eii;ht paces in length, twelve in Ireadth, and
tvven'y Icct hiiih, with four openings repiefeir.ing large
wiiiilows. At one end of it was Ins cabinet, with his
little library. The cellar is ten feet deep, and twenty-
five long.
This hermit, whofc name was John de Pre, began :o
hollow ilie rock at thirty years of age, n.nd laid he w.is
twenty five years in c mi d-ating it, having had no foit
ol allillance in this W'nk Irom any perfon Uut his vd t.
The r.ver Sane flows b\ the loot of the rock, and lou'.d
this wonderful hermitage is an cafy defceiit covered by
4 K part
!
1
HjM' ^
¥ ,:
i
t!
Vj .
1 , • ^
.' ' ■ '
1
j
a > -t I I
■''m
3»(
A S Y S 1 I'. M U !■ (i I'. O G K A I' H Y.
JioLOTIlm*
( '
n
Mf :
I
or
'it ttic
iii-
; r:Ct Ivfd
, 111 r.iiik
l>.itt if 4 ileli^luful lorcft, in which .irc (hajy woo>l« aii.l
aycnurv.
It i> iitip<i(ri1>li' 10 view this 111 ii'^mc without uniiMnri-
of coni/rii l.ir tli- l.iti' nf ii^ liiH owiir-r, a man <>l l.ith
coiittiv.iiux' nil I iiuliliry. wh-i ratiyii'i' b.u t (bmi- )minn
j)C()|)lc thit i.iiiii; tn vilit hiin mi llu ciiMru'Mtin;; <il
liij ih.i|ii.l in the ycir l^'-S, w.is dtuwiu'il in tin- iivii
Sam-, uii wlii.li he iil'il oikc a wcwk to Ictch ncte'Varici
fu'iii tiie luwit in a iiulc bi>.it.
s K c r. XIV.
Th,' Cmtm if SoLoTiii'RN.
tfvwl<:L,liUiU), and ii Ihjlnpih'i tf ih Ol^ n/ 6ih-
ikiiiii,
^-*lIE ciiit.in of Soloihiirn Is b.-unJcJ im ihc-rift an I
I.Hiih b) ih'- cintoii of livTii, on ihi' w.ll bv the
iL.iiloi, ul H-ilil aiiJ the an.alc . f th.it n..me, .ml on tlv;
ii..rih by tlie r.m- .ii iif Dalil, extcnJin/ > ii bi.tli (i>lii ilij
liver A.ir about twelve iiiiUs fioin noiib to liuitli, atiJ
ten wliiL- hni.uleli liom ial( t.> welt.
It eonlill* r-it'lv "' M""i>' J"f-'' •'"'' r-fl'v It 1 I'vil
country. Its l-.n'. ■ . l-'.-TaMv tertib', lurliciil.nly m the
levr! i).iir«, wtii'.i )ir!.l gr.iiii aiiJ fruit, ami in l^me ol
th.' Jilti;-t< of ihi- e.nito:j are fine woo.li, piilkurc-, :
viney.itils The rivers of thin canl-m arc the .\.ir,
Areii, v.lij>h i,j„ineil by the greater I'.minat.
In thcWM.jle canton .nc twi> towns .md lour villai-cs
The ea.iblid.va reli^i in is I'riniy, Keept in ore
liilhuS, w!M.h i, iLiimd lluLheeli K'tn;, where the
lubitaiits jicC.;lviiiil! , a.v" .l.^ nuiiilb.rs arc nominate,!
by the city of liern. The IV^ni . hurehrr, here :.re dil-
tuluitcd a:;io;v tin' dioccle. of Conltance, .(.ilil, -nd
I.aiil.innc.
Suluihiirii can r^iife tc.i tV.our.iiid nii-n. It w:v
intj th.: IMvetic b-kly in the ye.ir iVJl, and i
tlitt di vemli taii'on. .
Its arin> aie pirty per lUFe i^uJcj and arjcnt, nnJ its
govemineiU a.-ll'.oeratic.il. ,,
Solotlniin, in I-aiin Solu.biruni, and in Irenrh .lo-
Iiiirre, the capital ol the canton, ib fnii.itcd In the loiiy-
l.'vcnrli ilegreL feventem nilnutes north latitudr, and in
liie Icienlli dicrcc thirty-five minuter c.iit lon'MUide, in
a fert.le and pleaf.mt counTy e.n the river Air, by whic.i
it is divided inf) u:.cqnal pai'ts, and the city i> Uitrouiul-
ed on both U-i'-s that liver with in'w loitduationi ot ttee-
l\o:u at a \.i'.!: e;:penrc. lis bdt Ibitilu.itions arc, hc.v-
cvjr, tile hi.'!' mountain', that lie within its iiciji'.ihoiir-
hond. It e.' mains a colli-iue church, with an abbey
dedicated to >St. Urliiia, a very hue J I'uits coll -'•, a
conv. lit of barefuutcd moiik-, and an .•.rienal. ' "e Jo
fuits church i:> the fini-rt moJvrii ImiMmj; in SwilKrland,
and \i famous lor iti paintln ;.-,, Itucoi- vvoik, and Iron-
tilpiece, to which I-;'wi. XIV. .--.ve ten thuniand livies.
Al a fniall dillance irun it (lood t!ic old cathedr.-l, (;n
the .ifctiU to which aie two antique pill.irs, which, by
their prop.-.rtioii, feeni to be of the 'I'ufcan order, and
helonjied to an old heiithen temple dedicated to Heimes.
Tlic ""llrccts are l.ir-e and i.dorncd with tmintains,
and the neighbouring country ii planted witii veiy line
walks. " , „ ,
Tills city is tlie u!'ual rrfi lence of t.ic V rench envoy to
the cantons, and its burghers I'.re ran.'id into eleven corn-
pani-'s, out of which both the i;icatci and lelier councils
are elected and filled up; and, i.i fhort, their govern-
mcnt is inueli like that of Freybtir.:.
The landi belonging to this city are divided intoch\. n
diflriih, in which are aconlldetable number of populous
villager.
SECT. XV.
T/v Cuiilsn of ScHAFFHAUSr.N.
hi SituiUii'', Extent, ciii.l Prc.iuce. J Defcripiicti of tht
City of a-iwffiuiufeii,
markahk Cutarati.
vUh iti (j:Vin,mti:l ; and of a it
s
Cfl.'^FFIIAUSEN is the mod northern of all the
cantoiii of Swiiurland, and li for the moll part fur-
I'ln:
rounded by Swabi.i, the ronton of Zurich, and the HIark.
fori ft i cxtrndinjj ab. nit twenty niiki from catt t'j «y(|)
and twelve li> in north to loiith. '
This . oiintry produc", a ?" 'd d al of corn; t hoii .h
not fiifiii i.iit for the inhabitants who are fupplicd wifii
what iluv want from Swabij. It aboundi in palKirc
hav, and liuit, and cxpoiK a preat deal of rv I W|n,.'
Iiitfcid of lolty inouiilaiiH it has Intile rniiiKinei. ■J'l,.
Khine is the only iivir of any note in this canton,
In the whole iininliy there :ire hut two lowiiv Th-
inh.ibitanti aie ot the t'alvindl relij»ion, and tlu- p,irill|,. "
betu'e thole of Schalf naulen, are nineteen m r.umhtl'
In 1501 thii canton w.is ricnved into the pcrpiiunl j||jl
ance, and thus bee .imi- th" twelfth canton.
I'lie ,irmi of Seli.ift'liaufeii arc ari^jciit, a lain f,,|
and I ible, with a ciown or.
The town of Sch.itfhaulen, in Latin Sraphufiim nnj
I'rohatnpoli«, \^ lealed oil the Hhine, our win h \\ 1,.
a haniU'oine Hone bridge, in the forty-l'eventh dr r/efifiy, ,. ■
I'cven minuti-i north latitude, and in the ei(;luh dc rcp i T
forty lix minutes calf lon;Mtudc. The i hurchei h?re arp I
thole of St. John, whi h has the reputation of bvjin thj
I :ir^;i'IHn all ,Swilli.Ml,iiii| j All Saints i.hurch, cilliJd,.
iniiiller, <>ni'e Iielon;;eil to a Hi nedi.iline abb^ y, and luv.
in.^ bi'( n ciilar:;cd and beaiitilied at the city\ evp.^m,. ,
elieemed a tine lliu.tiire , and on the lar^^ell bill, wliich
is (aid to weij;h tin tons, and to be thirty feet fuui.J i^
this infcription :
I hit voc), ni3rt,i:i />Li:-i, fuliuru frang:.
Tb.it is,
" I fiimnion the liviiK', bcw.dl the dead, siij Lr^ '
" lightning.'"
I'or in the apes of fup -rdiiion it w^s iinapined, that Iv'l
di-rivid a power ol dilpiifinp tcnipells, liippo<ed to In-
r.ul.d bv evil Ipiiits, (rmn the bapti/,111;^ of them, whic'i
war. performed with a dial oflhewand ceremciiv. Thers
are likewile two other churches. I'.eUdcs thele IjuiLliii^^
wY.M wf.hila ilhijiris. It was anticntly calhd Scliiihvi.
('■n, or Uargc houfe, as here the boats coniin,' duv/n I'le
Rhine from the lake of Conrtanec were ohli;-cd to land
their ij'sods, on account of the cataradls at i„iurf'fn .i;
wiiieli place they were put on bo;ird other vellids j but ii,"
n.inie was changed to Schatflniifen, which li;;nih.j
llfcpfold, it having; piob.ibly carried on a cunliJerab!:
tiade in fhicp.
Alidf of ihc houses arc painted on the outfi 'e, rnJ arc
as commodious as handlbme; the llrccts are ipjciousanj
clean, adorned with fever.d fountains, that h.ive i;?nt-
rilly pdl.'is in their balcns, and llatucs of William l\-ll,
the famous archer, or I'oine other deliverers of their
country.
At tnc upprr end of the town flands a large tower,
with a good luimber ( f guns mounted ; but which fcrvc
more I'or oni.inient tlian defence. On the highcll "round
of al! ii acit.idel, which commands the town, witti thick
walls, two wells, an ailVnil, and lodgments unJcf
ground bo'iib-proof, capicious enough to coiit.i'n two
thoiiiand men. The town iti'eif is well rirti(ii.J with
wall,, and tiiwers even next the Rhine. WitSout the walls
are three fuburbs, in one of which is a plentiful fpriii;,
and near it is a larp? deep (p.iarry.
The burghers of SehafFhaufen are computed at tivo
thoufand ; thi' aiftnil is far from being cenlider.ible, yet.
on anv rnargency, fuHicient to arni the townfmju, leid
other iiibj' I'.ts, who, otherwife, are not without nici-illi:,-
arms, everv c(<mmon inhabitant, or peafint, g nn.' 1,1
chiirih with his (word by hi-, fide: and whoever app-.i-.
belorethc magillralc witho:it that weapon and hi.cl, i'<,
incurs a f''vcre peiiahv. Over great part of the iliH.i,"'
of Muint Jura, particularly in the canton of Bern, tho
men fo to church not only with their fword.., hu:
b lyme's and firelorks, which, during thedrvice, thtv
either k. ep by trem, or han^; up in a particiil.ir ciriur
of ihi' chiirc!) ; .\n ufige, not improbably, il'-rivel from
the fre(|urnt commotions of former timci, and the war;
wirh the Burgnmlians, apainft whom, as an adjacent
and daiioeroub enemy, it behoved them to be continually
upon thtir guard.
thrlil,, ;.
•it* U Wtlt,
>rn; though
ipplltll Wllii
ill lulhin,
f ri-.| wmi.
iitiin,
)wiiv Th.:
tlu- parilli..,,
ill liumhfi.
frpctunl alii.
a j,\ni L'.'.\]:-
pliuH ini J!.)
"•ill li it ill
;tRlr,h Jc.;tu 4 ,f
I'hcs h:Tc an;
I ol IkIup tht
h» ( illi J li.c
li< y, 1111.1 lijv.
II b,ll, wliKh
fcft 'UUI.J, L
.'aJ, anj brt;v:
iiuvl, tliatK'!!.
lippil'l-ll to lie
jt tiK'in, whicli
COK iiy. 'Ihere
tlKl'i; buililiii;^
illtd Sdiiihj'i.
miii'j ilown lie
oblij'cJ (0 larnl
at l„iutl';n, at
vcll't'ls i but in
whii-h li;;niti.»
\ a coiiliJiTabl:
tfi'c, snJ IK
ijurifiusanj
lat havi! g'ne-
Willijm Pdl,
;rcrs of their
large tower,
t which km
_^lic« ground
11, witn thick
incuts unJe:
cipiit.rn two
f iriificJ with
hciiit thcwalli
Jlltiful fpiiiu,
Ai-nM"""
I. V R C) I' E.
3«J
■111
minifcJ at two
•nliik-r.iblf.yct,
towi'fm.'ii, ai'd
ithmit ihciITj:/
.vflllt, g nil ' I'l
illDtvcr ai'p.J'-
anil hi.cl.iV,
if the ililt.i."-
Ill of Bern, iko
fwnrdj, but
le Ci rvicf, thfvr
articular criur
(I'Tivel Ircm
:s, and thi- war;
as an atljaccnt
be coiitimially
Th:
cr ill Siliill'hiiili-n ii Indwell in liic luriilip-, n( whkH fuiir, Willi Jwo ■ h^p:h of mV, ur'
.iiiili, ill' iDriiicr of wliicll i« r'lin- l'ii|iilli, ,iii I ihikii' -ii C ili niilt. I'lmpi rh" )'i ir tj.'*,
III. I ilio lati' I <i» ii\:\ ini'iiili Ci, an in wli,,|i t',\.- I'ronll.uit iflirn'M l".l^ li'(l iihiiJih' I i< 1
null nuiiil' 1 "' "■ "" •'"•" «^^i"'''il "1" "' lb ' liVwIvc | I 5KH, very great aiiiiPioCitv lubfillfil |i twri»i( the niiii .
onii'i'iii'* (if the 1 vvii, 'lip liilt <>f w.hcIi iniiliili .11 fix ' tiy pi nple tin «i:cuiiMt <)( iili}>iiiii, till, by ibo iiRilii>
j,|j. Iimilii't. I !<• pMiiii|iil |ii'rl' III! in tho lUlc ar: tmn (•( ili ciilvi inclvu iMiituiii, Pwire wa* iilldrij,
iiaOci , vvlioiiinr npim tncit ulliiV' altrriiai'li' I'lidle nf ilu- K'niiiili chiin li «ro in ij>lil'iial ,1 ,tti ti un-
The fupremc pi
Icirr Jn.l :'i atn '"
p.,k,l .if t >■ my •"'•' •
tv»iibuf(:'i'i
;'«ff
111 \t In lb' If
tvcrVVtJ'' ami"'"" •" '"' " '■" ''"' 111 'ibnlilil, 'I'Ik' il r iMc jiiiiUlittion nf ihc b lllnp uf ..'iilillalici',
niivv-coiiHil iipiiliilj "t I1n.11 , ''rfiins •III'! ibc Inwii- ' I'lio I'r.itiK.iiii* .inniijllv w ivc main' iliiiiiljn I I'i.TCi
tourt uf ivniitv liv. I'bL' ni.itiiiii'iiiijl com! !•. cmii- nfliirn, wliiilirfu i nliur n iu!< .! at lioiite, or at I'ro-
uolcJ uf 1"* llaJlliolJir, li'ti coiiiili llm-, and iliit^""! ,',i'n, St. (Jail, an I otliT pi 1 ■ , ill trnm th.iuc cx-
jL|i,l|i.,,. ' p.irtril iiiKi l-'r.in i', lialy. Sjiai 1, an I (jcrniaiiy 'I'hs
Ihc prjiicipul trail'' ofllii'. city cntllil'-i in uiila liM(!iif | r t iil Ip'ri by t!r Wih.kmi at Ajipen/,.'l, an I ihnlii bij.
nlFil', an.l till-' ixpiirtlnj, of li'iion, i";"p % und oUiiT | M'II I t ic Sittor ii fo tiiii-, 11 to fell fm upward-, nf fix-
H .]
Ill I.,;,, by menu "I H"- lUiinc
inured into .1 lea;Mic
'1 /iitich .illd Si.
l-'"it ,;UiidiT' tie p irid. (iii'at i|'ia'ititiei iil tbiraliire
he city iniircn nun .1 ica.nic \v;t 1 /.iitkh .iiul SI. aim lU'i.'.ii up 111 liir l^lirinli il,I u. Wtiibur^, ibc I'hiir-
(lii] II, I j;4, an I witli /mich, HiTii, hiiciiii, .^rliwrir/., iin, .iini ow.ihia, aii.l iiianntailiifi'd bfrc. The ollurr
<i \ in IS '' •""' "• '5 '■'/ ""'" '^''^ *•''* doitrint!. of iiic . c mid 1 di! .'xp'i tn of tnii laiitnii arr chi';re,C4tllc bulh
K.MrmaiiDii- , f i; and U'aii, imtKii, w I, and i har.o.il,
A'l lut a i|iiart''r of ii li':i!'iie from S. Iinlf liaiirmi it .1 j ' h" .nnii of ih.n ..aiuun arc .ir^;i'nt,a bear trcii (Mc,
ItniicndniiH i.at..ia^l on (h ■ Kliinc, wlnii- I . 1 rivci | if- Willi , ivvi u'utij
tiiiiLitcj Iroin •■ Ki'.'' ''"d '" be Ccviiuy del lii..'ii, 'M.' , I'le .uinniiin ucfe ice of the country I; not oiile pro-
imifiy paec ill bii ad'.li. Kvcn before tb Rhine rrni .n 'id.-d fn liy m. ani ol a w.ir-.iffice j bat eveiy man in vi
ihn catira'N the jMoiind i* very rockv 1 and at tb l..li iiirii.lli i.inifeif with a niiilk t, powder, and ball. IJoth
jiiiile< i'.lil: I'lti' tiirec Itriinn, of which tli • ar.en h -.1. ine yninij; . I oH are exei if.-d at rcifain pcriidi, nnJ
and lilvcr viirlice.i make an a/'-i-iibli- lontrall to tbi" be- t 'Mr arms inlpi'i'dd fioiii hiiile to hnufc. In rr.vh p.l-
hJier I but at the fame tune his mind tanni r, lu'j) (.i;. . liili ari" tiic draii^'iil'. of thi ii younrj nu-n raii[.'e,l under
lir lillfd w'i'b a mixture of dread and amsi'/.vn'fnt at the cuminillion and ii.in-e(r,'in Ili iii ofti^fr::, who urc nUvavn
rnatiif th • w.iiers : on tin- foufb, or ilie '/.urieli lide, is i ready to ni.ireh on the ("iril n:itice. '\h,i canton io abl-'
,1,5 moll iinpetuoii'i breath, the violence ol the fill alter- I to biin^t a c.>:ifider.iblt t'lrcc into the li.iJ, and rxNt to
in'thc w.it. r, as it w. re, to a wliiie iKill, ;vwi of wrti h, Hern, /uiicb, Lnee.n, ;in I Fuybur ', ii the mof> pow-
jikca liijiu eloii I or mill, lioveis in Imo air, and «lih ine I eifiil of tiie whole c<)n:edcrnry. The C':'.ivinill« arc
intrrcept-d (un-beains luniii a vuri.ty uf inul'. brilliant th'ee li'iiei the luimbcr of the i'apifi", the foldi'.ry of
riiiibows. ti'e la'ter not exc-'iliiio; three tlioulimd ; wh'.KMj tnoii:
ol tiie lornier a"io 'iir to t' 11 tlmii'and.
The priiii-ipd | 1 uc in this rimfi;! is App'iv.-.cl, in
l.atin called Abhnu C'ella, which na'iie it rht.mvd Uom
an abliiit'i cell, bii It I. ere in the 1 ij-lith ecn'oiy. h is i\-
iiiattd in a diliulul.il v;ilUy, dii the b.ink of ibe livoi , ,
'f Rfliriin if S:tt.r, in the foriv L .•enth .1 'reellirty- lix ni'inites noith /i^'S^'
iklnlxikliinlStllhii A't.niiiJtiHurti, n'la ■<.U:'y Ulrtuj^th; l.ititiide, and in th. i.intli ik^ roe one minute c (I |.>ni;i- i^ '/.
v,,;b luo'iciji Acc'iunt y tin To.vn cf .-Ipi'i r^J, tii I.', thirty one in i.'i to :lie call of Z iii h. It hi. oni
jiinfli chiutli, with .1 convent of Cipiicliim, a iiunn.TV
AI'I'KN/l'.r, i-. bound' d on the rail by the Ivhein- of ClaiiltH, an .ii'ioury, and a town-hiiiile : here idlo
liia', on the (oat'iward by the canion ol /uiieli j the anticnt g'-neral record-ollicc nt ti\e whole Canluu is
a;i I tii.it ol S. hwcii/, to tiie welKv.ird by rin.ki-iib.ii.', kept, an.l the conris ol julliec are held,
mil t» tne niirthwar.l by the territory ot the iiwn and |
jlhty of .St. (1. II, cxten.l n; thirty miles in l.n,'tli, an.! 1 .is
s K c r. XVI.
Tht CanUn «/ Ai'1'i:n'/.fi,.
//I J'iVnii''"', Extent^ Pr'i.liue, an.l Kh . i .
aimut tweniy-four in bie.i.lth
The country aloii.; the Kiieiiulml is very fuii.fiil, but
thil hiirJeriii;; on the hi^'i chain of hilN i 1 tiie louth
ward is rii',»ii;ed and mouiu.iliious; vet iii ii.;tiira'i llrnlity
hasI'Lcn otcicome hy tin: peifevirin;; iiiouiiry ol ilie la-
borious inhabitants, in finh a ni.inner, tiiat f. an e any
bititn fpi)t.s are to be fcen ; nt lealf th.'y .IFor.l o|
pcfturc i but their a'ticillliire is both chargeable and
toillonic. The country produces wheat, rye, barley,
tats, peas, beans, and flax in abundaiuc and of cxtr.uir-
iiin.uy ijoodnefs, thougii thev are tco frr'(|uently injured
bvihcfrolt in the fpriiu'. This canton alio produces a
fulliciciit ipiantily of wine to fnpply the whole tountrv ;
but l!ic white wine made heie is tart, thou.'Ji the r.d is
giiodi and there are fucli pleniy of Iruit, that vail i]imii-
litxs of cyder and perry arc 'iia.le here. Wood abounds
everywhere, fo that the inhabitants arc enabled to fup-
fly the a.ljacciit countries.
This canton abounds in mineral waters, and the ri-
itrs and brooits in moll parts cuntain plnity of ti(h, par-
liculjrly of line trnuts. The piiiiripal river ij the Sit-
t'.', which ili'iics out of the Ali'ence, the lari;eft lake in
the wli. lie country, and being iiurea'ed bv the rivulets
cjlL'd the White-water, the Vv'eilh.icn, and the Urnach,
enters the territories of the abb t ot St. (Jail. The Aach,
Jnuthcr river that riles in tlii'' country, after travcrlin;!
the territories 0' th.; abbot ot St. (J ill, wdiere it is cllcd
th: (JolJach, dilchar.'es itfelf into ihc lake of Con-
lb.nce.
There is only one town in the whole canton, and only
'i 'lit villages ; the other dwellings of tlie inhabitants
• • •; Icattctcil abinit. Theic are, however, twenty
W'c have now laid bi lore the re.uler as dilliniEl a view
we wire able of the thirteen cantmis, and (hall pmcccd
to ilioie bailiwics, 01 iovcrnmcnts, which, thoiir>Ji not
within any of the alune c.intons, arc jointly pnllelt'ej bv
two or niiire ol tliein ■, ar.d (hall then proceed to defcribe
the allbciated co'antiies.
S E C T. XVII.
Of ill Plain fiihjr.'l Id th: Thirk.'n Cinti'i!^ r.'-.l firfl rf
Tiurgmi : lit Situnliin, E\li-nl, Prciiine, ini t Rivtis \ ihr
Afii'tner in «/■/. '' /'/ luit rhiiint/l h //•'' Sui/i ; ifil'' its
liovmiinfiit, end a Dijcriplion ef lit Cities cf Fi<iU!nf,lil
and Alton.
TIW. bailiwick I fThnrpjaii, or Thurgaw, i^ 1 onnd-
cd nil the call by the lake of C'onil.ui.e ; on the
lonth by the countries belon»ing to the piiiice and ab-
bot ol St. tJall ; on the well by the cantons of Zuiieli
mid Scli.iil'hanren; and on the north by Svvahia and lb.:
Lower lake, which by fonic is held to be a part of the
lake of t'onlKmce.
Thongn this country is fomewhat mountainous to-
wards the fouth, yet it tl'.ere alturds rich ; altiires, and
its other part: , which approach n'-nrer to plains, pro-
duce plenty of i;rain, with veijetablcs and triiit of all
kinds, as alfo wine The fiiprcnie jiiril'ditlion over that
lialf of the lake of C'nllance which borders on this
rountiy, belon;js to thole cantons that arc I'ovcreigns of
the Thnr^'an.
Its principal river is tlic Tluir, which gives name to
the country, and flnvvs out of Ib.e teiiitory of the abbot
of St. Gall, alter which it receives the Sitter, and bc-
iiij;
i '■ ■
*,'
■'i^
'p m
Wii
m
;» 1^
■ !!'
^■'■.
•ti
' ■• f
i
'Iplllil
:f '.'■
. «
31b
A S Y S T E M O I' G 1-. O (.. R A 1' 1 1 Y,
1{
IIElNTll.i
inp .11 lrn:',ili JDincil by the Murk, pall'cs on to the caii-
tUII lit /.IIIK li.
'I'llL- cmimry is pnpiilmjs and well culliv.iteil, loiit.iiii-
iiiL; (ix towns, ;i gn .it niiinlirr of (cMls, ..iitl iipw.itils til
one liiui.liiil ,ini) (ciiiitv villa
tin- inh.ili.i.iiits .lie I'.ipill
thli
(I ill cliiiicli .illaiis liiliji'i't
to ihi- billiiiii ol C'oiillanic. Tlii- inlici two-lliiril.s, wIk
evti liiu'i'
"I
the
vi.lril into (iiKv
three ili.anirii-
15.^;., h.u'c h' in Cilvmilts, aic
ic ill-
v-Miiii.' p.irillus, whieh Jic raiigi
J uiiJi'r
aiiJ tlcik, <iiit (il the' riMiiilrllors aiul Ji
P'"'" ol boti,
coinimiiilotis, aiiil (.uuiiiiiicil l>y ihc biOui) oi ('
s !■: C
XV III.
(l/llu- n,iliini,i cf RhiahaUn.l S.
I'pins,
/"':
Ihe IhM
rf!.iii IS .1 vry anticnt hailiwic
wliiili ill
14^)0 w.is III tlir pi'lUilinii 111 tliu hmill- of .\iinri.ii
but III lh.it year thr Svvils hiin;; at w.ir wiili arilijukc
ihI by the
Jii^ilinu
wiiiitil this (.luiitry lioiii hi
[.y
k'll the (nllovvinj; year at C'uiiHaiice, it was
Coiitiiitn.J to them. I'lie eiiitoii.s to which the I'ove-
peaic concliiili
rci(;iitv of tlii.s toiintry 1
y lielnii^r are.
the eii;lit iiKI cm
toil!, ol Ziirith, Hern, Lueerii, Uri, Sehwitz,
I' ml
al.l. /■!
ml (i
'PhiU-
■ ht
er-
every tAo M'ai
altirii.Uely appoint .l bailiff, wl'.o reliJes at Fr.nK'iileUI ;
an.l lince the year 14<)(j, tiie eantnns oi Kruybui;; aii.l
SolotHiiin li.uc alio ohtaiiieci a feat in its eiiiniii il ciiiirl,
Dt the pi.i is within this eoiiiiirv, Ionic are iiiinic-
•liatelv miller tiie ei.;ht taiiioiis ; hut the greatell pait
ll;; to liillltil.ii a
'I
relpi dive loullbip
111 ten
iinil I'la
I iiilli
their
Hiri
iJic't
11)11, niiil every \'iai
lekieii, in vv
hich
an dllieer y
hol.l
.■(eie
le pollellej of the lower
VV,
elee.te
ly tin;
cantons Iroin anion^lhr peilon , piopol'ed by the julliti.i-
Iies oil
'Ihe
t of their own lioily.
ip.ll
c piincip.li jiLitCb III tiiia liailiwicic are
the fu
ing:
Francn
feld.
I.atlii (iviu
elite ne.ir the iiu r
Miiik,
iim, is feated on an
;>vi r which it has a
iii;/i i'.aiiui.i i will ,1 [•iirlikUliir DcJ^iiM.on oi t!,,- f
"'I ti ll^
UK bailiwic of thr Rhe
Rh,
on the Rhine, wliii li is its ealterii b
ill VjIo,
ouiii.'arv
T
in tins part enters the like ol Conllaiieej to tK,
ward it holders on the e.inton of /uricli ; tu tl
ward on the eanion of Appeii/el, <in which h
.ii.J
't IIMISll,
le Will
fin.ill tiaet of it I
o( St. (Jail
erniiiiales on the territory ol ;hi
and to the
It
rthw.ird it
IS divided into the
e Ar
lake ol 'Jonll.iiiei
Under Rlie
I he ioil is leriile, and produces a great
led by ih,
celleni wine, the
lirll VI
he in
ago as gboiii the jear ijiS. At the loot ol the C
or (lunior-hill, in the Upper Rheiii Val
leal of t
!,' pLiliIid here In lu
iinii
.rvllal-
pit. III wiiieh are loiiiid niaiiy tin
yellow, blown, and w'
ijaient.
1 IS a lam,,
■•'and ipiini,,!
irylt.i!, ,|1 h.iid and
li.Ull,
In iliis whole trael are ;nK two towns. 'I'he
part ol the inh.ibitjiits are Lalvinills, and toiini
panflies, whole ininilleis arc cholen fioii. ilic
ul /nr
■|'hi
I'ti'MCIt
'le iiiiic
rich.
inliabitaiits of A
|ipcii7,el piirch.ifed tliij ]j
gravate in I4')0 ; hut in 141)0 were obliged to ced
th
e cantons of /iiricli, l.in.ern, Schwil/.,
and (;
e 1: tj
biidge, at about an liom's diHaiKC (loni the plaic where 1 which at the lame time admilled thole ol Uii, I
It joln^
the rinir. In the iiianlion-hniife here n fi,|:
the haililf of I'hurg
The
grea
telt
art of the inha-
bitants aie I alvinilts and wimiii tlic town are two
me for 1 aeh lect ; but the
(ilhe
III h
wli
alio tl'
<taiuls .U a liii.ill dill nice, at a pl.ice called Oheikirch,
lie I'opirti priell lelides, and the dead olhoth
cd. Ill the coinicil-hoiif aie
c cantons lor aii-
'5
Id,
:)0 till
lid /.I
y ..111,
into a partii ip iiion viilli ihe
lid Ar
.mil III I •■ 17, all
(aiiiiiiis loncuiied in p.iyiin; the fame iiiaik ol r.
ill.; ui
Hi
'ihii
the teiiiiori.d loicrei'iu
,«-iiJ 1.1
•-oniiiuiinoiis are inieii
u
fiially 111
the
<litiiig the aiinii.i
R'-'
111 lal
nKetiii.'s
.f tb
lipetially tor tliofe c.inli
th.it aie pollelled ol the regency of the (jeiman diltiii;l:i
ol I'hiirg.ui. the Kcinihal, ^ic. Hi re is alfo a Capu-
chin c invent, which contains a tluirch.
The regency c ;iilills of a leiiei ciniticil, conipofid of
twelve iiieiiibers, and a gu
diiiL' the above twelve. T
rs, and a ''leater i-iniicil of tliitt
wo iiaits o
tluf
y, iiicui-
c loiini lis aie
of the CaKinilt religion, and
I'opiftl. 1 he pi
pi IIKI -
pal perlons in the council are the pia,tois, one ol wh
always a rrotellan
>iiiil the olh. r a
ill, will)
dillercnt cantons, which alt
y lieiiuig, |„ |„|
einately appoint a haildl ,
It every two ye.iis, who refules at Rluineci buttlK>.ib
hot ol St. (.i.ill enjoys half of the jiiiidical p.nver, ajj
the greatell part ol the re
1!
IIU
•|h
IS cotters.
iito h
e whole country is divided i
iJppei
nto fi
Lh of •"hn h ar
ivo com Is, CUT
the
e two ainin.iii.i, one a; puinie.l
iiliins, and the otlu r by tl
le ahlioi abi
17
iiienlioned The latter is alio p. illi lied of the io'.ycij
rildietioii
I'ppv Rheiii Vale
-il
.It St. (Jail.
ap I lies Iruni the courts to the ahb,
'01 seoui.iil
'MiepMiR 1 places in the Rluinthal arc the (u\k
Lt I 111;;
riUernali Iv.
I'hele two pi;i'tois witli a C.ilviiiill hiir^lier
111 tliel!
i'l
Rheinthal is Alllie
, Oil .11
all chofeii by the whole bo.ly oi the buriihei.s, are il,Kd which the al y of St. Gall is pollelled ol th
the
thr
ee coiiiilellors
Arbon, or Aibcn, a town in the prefcc'l urate of the
fame name, is
fituated on tin- lake ol Coiiitaiice,
lupp
lied to be the Aibor I'elix of Aiito
Mr.ll
ihe iiihabitaiitc are
(. .dvinills : but the rell, a lew
the:an finulies excepted, aie al
1'
ills
Jt h:
Lii-
but
111
L-hiircli, which tne C.iKinills and I'.ipills make ufe
and the Lutherans alio attend the divine
wouliip ».ii
h the I'm mer.
1 the nianhmi-houle lelldes
the b.iil.ll beloiigiii;2 to the bidlop of Conltance, who
has a
at both in the couiu il and the tnwii toiiit, whe
ifdictli
exereile.l by
the
;i|Iic
Ic'iie
I hole
particular pn iiig..iives, w!;iih.
iild tweUi
ludgcs.
I he lirll I
tlirie fcKill pcilbiis
the butLiheis '■'.oni the courts in this tov
removed to :
aiiieicemi'iits
one third to th :
aulic-council of St. (J.ill ;
■■■ thiid belongs to the re.
of Ihe
ent cantor,
uey
to the town. .\t Alillettci
;-i St. Gall, and the other thiiJ
alfo held the
it for the Uppir Rheiii Vale, at which th,; twcK
sies ol th.c town a
(lilK
itlier
in co'ijunclioii with tho
eourls.
"he inhahit.iiits aic interiiiixed, l.iiiic b;-
cvcr cafes <if tielpalh.'s, or lile and death are to be tried
the
111 occafion of ciiai'l
ing any new laws, o
r I tie
■vr edict ; but h.is no vote, the civil and ciimmal
diction being veiled loIcK In the to*n. 'Ihe pieli-
; both of the couneil and town coiiit is Uiled the
aiiiiii.iil, w
ho is noniinited by th, billmp, and every year
piclented to the whole bo.ly ol the peo|)le by that pre-
biilift. I his odii'er iniill he a I'apill ; but has no
late
f'he town council li
ipofed
lix Calvinilt,
alio a like iiiimlK
cler,v IS .ow.i
r of I'ojiilli members ; but the town
v.s a I'rote'tant. 'I'his council has the di-
.Itioii of the alfaiis of the town, and takes cognizance
cif every thing punidiable by t.ie laws. Its members arc
,;;iii.ial!v (.leclcd m tli.' pr^i^iicc of th; town amman
ing L'alviiiills, and others of the Roniiih ihurcli.
1410 the town was lacked and l.iid w.illc by the .Auf.
triaiis, and it has iieiu iMite lecovued its loriner graa-
In the Lower Rhein Vale the
Rhe
ly town is that 1
eiiiec, a f.iiall ph.ee feat<d on the Kliiiie, but
pit..l of the Rhi
id the rifidenceof the hjiiilf
jf the
'.tons. This ollicer dwells in the baillia"e-hi:i
the feat which Hood above the tow
ir
11 being lalliii to rii
1410 and 1445 this town was dellroyed by hre.
'Ihe coiiiitiv of Sargans is feated on the Rhim
the country of the Ciriloiis, and, though yc ry ninuiit.i -
nous, breeds great numbers of fat tattle, while the vjI-
leys ptioduce j^raiii and Iruit. In the lolly muunia.ii ol
8
Guiii
l|ir,in 1.1 the b.iil
loiiiaiodijiii lod rii
v.Mtir iN|ierlei.'tly e
;:t:iaally rifis aboi
eiiKc aivay about ti
i.iy Ji-y winters,
iM.lol .\'ay, and tl
iie iiifoniied of \i-
l•o.^ling up in the g
1: li.Jjeidy (l:)ws v
(icieut tu turn a mil
i'fliil,"hur, jii're, y
IJ'K' gulJ. It is Ik
gJinll lueral dillem
trjiii 311,1 nerves,
I'Icmcn, deafiiefs, i\
liiiira, f.liulas, ul,
With iclpea t;
feiiMtaiii, ic (> nils
With woods, and int
linlv ihllioyed by
iii.i:iMilieence, and II
wliitc, iioin the gio
70
KlltlNTIlA:,
>Utics or bi,!li
■iHill Vdlo, In,
boiiinl.iry, aiA
\ •" tilt Kiiitll.
1 i I" ihc will-
hith lidc .,||(, J
fy "I the ablot
I'.iiiivKcl byihc
ilu- L'ii|xiaua
rt.it iltal (,f c
.il licrc 1(1 lull ■
ol the Ciniiu
aU', i:> a l.uni<u>
(ajul iiiiinl.i' u;
liarJ aiij tuiil-
. 'I'lii' ;^TiMtcli
il tuiiijnin; iiiiii;
II. die UlUV.'llily
lialal thi, l.ii:j.
^lJ tu ctJu i; ij
11/., ami (;i,ir,,,
ot L'll, I'll ;;T-
^itll llu'iu, .iMii
7 17 all ilii/ cir't
1.11 k ol H-naiiitM
,- belong, til iiiiic
,)iiit a luilitl'cutr
\wc ; liut ilic a'j
lital p.'wcr, anJ
ippi'i Rluiii Xix
five com Is, iviT
ic a; iHiinicJ iiy
abbot aboic-
tliu ;o;sci ju-
liil 111 civil |ir,i-
abbol'i>i.uui.cil
1 arc llic fuILw-
1 IiimII town, lii
:il (il the lowt;
, whiih arc
Tbclirllut
pi-ilons iiiiioii;;
iwii i'.iuk-> aio
ill ; ami iif ilu-
j,c'iit cantor, .
the olluT thii.l
ill the ciiiv.inil
ch tlvj twdvj
jii with thofi' i.i'
mixeJ, loincb:-
lih ihuiib. Ill
illc by till- Aul-
fornm gtjii-
towii i I th.it I i
Ullf, but l':K' 1 V
ICC of the b.iiiili'
; haillia;;c-h.,u;i',
ij; tallm 10 run!,
:(1 by li'e.
the Rhini" iu':u
li viry niiniiit.i -
■, while the vJ-
iltv nR'Unl.i'ii ol
Castim.
ti V w o [> v..
!'7
c;iiv,'. .ire rmii'l il'ici' Hieeiifl of me, Mark, r.il, ami
■il'li-e'iilmirei', whulion liilioii, alter a pru|nT inixtiiie,
wnlioiit any "ibn- piiiieli., ».el,l a ;;eniiiiu Ib-el.
Ill thi^ tmiiiiiy aie t.n) tcuvii.s the inli ibitaiils <il
whiih .ire p.illy C.iUinill. ami parily Tapiil;. 'I'he h.r-
niti have ilieii minllKrs liiiin llie iiiiivnl'ity (il /.iiriili,
iii.l thclattir ill ettleliallical alFairs are iiiiJtr the biih.ip
„i I'hiir.
I'.iis i.iiuitiy was antieiitlv dibjuk to the coiiiiu nl
Wcr.leii!"'!'.. I'om whom ii wn aiiiiiateil ; but in 1 1 ;'•
, .v,ii;J to iliem a-am. The people then eiitenn; into
, .ioi'iilual lomiiuiiiiitv of rights witliiheciiy ot /iiiich,
I'lKioiiiii. in 14 57, alio lonned a perpetual Cinmuinity
,,l tenil"tial rii'.lii.. with Seluvit/. ami Olaiis an! P-i-
I,iiil-.a the call'li-. of KreiiJenherj; and Nculhets> id be
.■iniloiiel with Aullri.iiH. 'I'hi^ alaimiiii; boili tl-.e in-
ii,ibit.in's ol' this country ami the eity ot Ziirieh, the
litur iiillanlly marehed two thouland men into the
i.iuiiliv, wlio i.iyinj t'lege to the two caltles, took and
I'tiiiubllied them. Oil tiiis count Henry ol Weiden-
bu'H niorli'aged tlic whole courtiy to the e..ntoiH ol
Xluvii/. and Ciiari.s tor the luin of eifhieen hundred
llariiis, w.th a view of kttin;; them at v.iri.ui. e with
/.uiicli. Acc<)r.lin,;lv tluy came loan open rupture, but
ji.c.ia'wai loon enneluded, and m 1485 Cieorue eoiiiit
,,l U'.rdeiibeii; told this toiintry to the leveii old auilc-
iii.ic eeiton^, vvbieh in 1712 admitted licrn to a fliare
1,1 i:\e rei'.tiiey. Thele eii;ht cantons I'en.l 111 tiieir re-
lHiti»e tun s a baililKto Sar'^.ins,
The piincipal plates in Ibis coiintrv are,
S.irnans, the capital, which is (eal.d near the Rhine,
11:1a is^tbe leliden.ie of the b ililf lent by the can'ons,
whochool.i an avoyei, who is alw.iys a burgher ol the
iinvn.
I'blV.is, in I-atin F.ib.itimn, and in Fren.h baviere,
b :,inio:i-. ;, r in rich Hjiiedietine abbey and its baths,
i lie kiiiiier llaiids on the river Cainin/e, about two
l,j;iies lioin Sarijans on a hi;_',li mountain, and its abbots
.ir; Ibl.d princes of the empire ; yet the c.intoiis, being
l,iviTci.',iu of the country, arc both inl'pe.'lors and pro-
li\tois\if t:ic abbey and its territories. The baths aie
luieJ 111 a valley at the bnttoni of two llee|) rocks or
laiHiiiuins, through which the river Tamiii rullies down
Willi a hi fitful node. The cra^'.s of the rocks advance
III j> ti) form a kind of aich. 'I he delcent to the b.iths
vi.isliillby ropes, as into a well; alterwards a p.ili'a^e
H.b made down to them by wo, den brid[;es l.illeiied to
ciij aiiiithcr, and f,ilpendcd bet'ieen the rocks, and then
ailli inlimte l.ibour they built thebajnio- an. I lodt'ina,-
iioiii'.) but they were fod.iikined by tht lock ;, that ih;y
uiro tniced to li;^ht up c.imlles in them at noon day. In
\!,:c) ihcle buildiiv^s were all buint down, and next year
t ,. a;iliiit cai.fe J oduis to b,: credled, in a iileafanter and
n„,i ! 1; ■'itloine pl.iee, by cutting p,iir.ig'-s in the rock,
cu.tiii; wooden bridges, wdiere the eanli was w.iiitiiiL',
»n.l nuking an aiiucdntt to bring the w.itcr from the
||ir,in Id the hailiing-rooms ; lo tli.it now they have
niiii:ii(,diou> loilgings, and always :;ood company. The
v.Mtir i^pcrlcOtly clear, without either t.ille or linell. It
;;tncrally rills about the beginning of May, and goes
eiiiic away about the middle of September, except after
\ay Jtv winters, when it does not rife till the middle or
(ii.lof .\'ay, and then goes ott'lat, r in the year. They
iic iiib.'nr.ed of its approach bv little bubbles of water
coming np in the great bafon ol the bath, and f.icii after
1: li.Jjeiily (l;)W,s with a great noife with a dream fiif-
liciciitto turn a mill. It is impregnated with the fpirits
cfliilpbur, nitre, vitriol, and of iVvcral metals, particu-
larly golJ. It is hot in the fccond degree, and gooil a-
gaiiill li\eral dillcmpers, particulaily obfhuclions ol the
hrain aii.l nerves, pains in the head, cpilepllcs, apo-
|le\ics dcalnefs, weak eves, palfy, obllrmilions of the
\iuira, lillulas, ulcers, i*ie.
With i£lpe,;f to the abbfy, though it is on a high
ir.niiitaiii, it (' nds in the muHf of a (ino plain, Ih.ided
wall woods, and internii.xed with meadows. It wascn-
iliilv dillioycd by tire in 16(15 ; but rebuilt with greater
mj^iilfuciice, and lim d vviili black marble, ftreaked with
wlii'.e, fioiii the j^iouiiu-flotjr to the roof.
TO
S !■: C T. XIX.
Of the tiaiHiuui '/" (1,i/!,-r, li'tzriich, Gailli, (luJ ll:e Town
arj p.fn. ! •/' k..[>pJrfJ;u,i!,Jul'ji-il to ll\- SwifiCiiilans.
C^ .\S IT,", or Gadil, in f.atin Cadra, borders to the
T e,illwa;d on the couniry of Sargan^ ; lo the fouih-
w.iid on ill.- hike (f Wall, nlt.idi, .ind the canions (d
(il.iris ail.l S.liwi;/. ; 10 the wclKvar.l on IJi/iiach ; an, I
to the ivirth'.v.ird on the territory of Tockeiiburg. It is
ill fome p.ui:. niouiUainous j but is very fertile. I'his
country was nmrtgagrd by the bonfe of Aullria in 143^
to the canton ofSchwit/, an, I Olaiis, which dill ciuitinue
ill poliijlion of it. Thcle two caiitun'., as f;,veii-igns of
thedilliic't, govitin it by a b.iililV, who holds hisoiiicc two
ve.irs, an. I is appointed by them 111 turns. With every
new b.iililF the people renew their hom.ige, and that
ofii.er fweaii to maintain the libciti s ol the couniry.
VVitli lefpect to the canton of (.rlaiis, il is obferv.ible,
th.it whin th.it eaiiKMi nominates a baildV, he is only
chofeii by ilie Papilfs oiif of then own boly. Ills offi-
cers aie an umlet-baili:!', who is elciile.l by th.. regent
cantons, with a in .il'.irer, a recorder, a Icijeant, and .1
ineli'enger cr.olen bv the people.
I lie countrv roint is rcuiipol'e.l of nine judges, who,
111 c(:ir,un.:tioii with a bailiir, a. pr; lident, anmially hold
lliiee Idli.-.ns in the town houle ol Sehanis to decide civil
caul" s w.lhout appe.il, and impofe fines for petty trcf-
palks i but in amercemeiits lor greater crimes, one hall
bebings to th'.- town, an.l the oilier half to the regent
canioin.
riu- piiiuipal place in thl: countrv \<,
Schaius tir Seiu-nnis, a louii rnuatul on the banks
of the Lintn, or I. int. It has a church and coiincil-
hoiifr, witli an abbey for ladies, the abbel's of which i.s
reck.iiud a piincefs of the empire ; and though the ladies
uiiiler htr inl'peelion are permitted to marrv, yet Ihe
mult devote ncrlilfto a lingle life. The pation.ige and
foveieigiiiy of this abbrv, which liai very large polleilions,
is vcUcd in the two rc:;ent cantons.
I'he diiliiet of Ut/.na.h lies between (Jader, Tockcn-
bilig. the c.nuoiis 01 '/urich ,iiid Schwif/., and llie terri-
tory "ftlie to-.vn o[ i<appeifchweil. It was once a county
nt lit -If, which was niortgagc.l by the heirs of Frederic
count 'l"ockeiiburg to the cantons of Schwif/. and (jiaris.
The inliabitants of this didrii:}, as well as the former,
aie ol the Roniilli icligion ; and the above cantons, every
two vc.ir.'., appo.nt .1 new baiiifFover it, who is prel'cnt-
ed to the p;-op!
renew ill. ir lumag
II cnit.iins only I'f/nach, a Iniall town, which has a
pr.etor and co-.incil of us own, with live or (i.'i villages.
The county of Ci.iinb is very lin.ill, and lies between
the counties of Wcidenbcrg and Tockenburg, ami the
lordlhip of Saxc. In 141)7 the inhabitants put them-
lelves under the protection ol the cantons of Schwit/. and
Ularis, with the relervc, however, of their libeities ;
and it is, like the lornicr, governed bya iiailitt". Itcoii-
tains only a vill.ige or two, and a few I, ..tiered lioules.
The town td' Rappeifchweil, with its precimff, termi-
nates on the l.'ke of Zuiich, the canton of the fame
name, and Uf/ii.ich.
The town of R.ipperfchwcil, in Latin Rupcrii Villa,
dands on an eminence, ;v-ar the abi vc lake, over which
it has a budge eighteen hinulied and liltv paces in length,
reaching to a point of land wliicli advances a great way
into the l.ike. The town his fotne fortitications, witij
a pretty dunig cadle. The iiihalv.t.mts both of the town
and i.s pricindl are of the Komilh church, an<l in ccclc-
liadical ad.tirs lubjec'l to the billiop of Chiir, wdio has a
Capuchin convent luic. Iti niagidracy confids of the
little and great council, the lornier of whom arc com-
poled of twelve, and the latter of twentvlour members.
It was luljci^t to the hoiilc of Audtia, but in 1464 thf
inhabilant^ put thrinfclves under the proiec'-dioM of the
cantons ol Uii, Schwif/, Undcrwald, and Olaris, with
a lef. ive, however, of its liberties ; yet iliefe were at
lad le;/ed, but in I7i.' wctc reftorcd, and the country
4 '-■ now
at L't.'.n.ich ; and upon thisoccalion they
f-if|l
S. ■ 'i'-'ii ffel
' i 1 :PhI|
m
.'■ ^f^r-^'^
3'^
A SYSTEM OF C. F. O G R A I' 1 1 Y.
now rcm.'.iir. '.ir.
iiiJ (ilans,
.r th: I'ovcrci^nty of /uricli, Dcni,
s E c r. XX,
O/'lhe Cciinly if Badkn.
Its Silti.iUon, Rival, an I FroMia. The Manner in u-l^iJ'
it kcaine fiilji^l to the Stviji. Its Guvonnunt, a Dfjuip-
tisn cf tl)C Cit) ofUiidi-n, and of its Baths.
THE county of I!.i>li.-n i^ f-Mtnl in the Argau, or
Er<'iiw, bi'.nf; b.iiMuKd on the welt by the rivir
Aar i on the north In ihi: Rhini-; anJ on the fouth ,iiui
ejft by the canton of /uri Ji ; thoii^,h fc\i.ral villains
bclonuin'i to it lie on thi- other lulc ot the Aar and
Rnme! "'I'hc Linimat palH-s alinoll iliiiclly throiigii the
tenter of the country, aiul niuiL^le.i with tjie Aar, whu h
a little bei'jre us ctilillux with it is joined in tliij diiiricl
bv the Reus.
' Tnc wnole tcriilory in general aboiiiuls wi'.h fruit and
gr^iiii, pariicuiaily on the I-i;omat and Aar, where it
pioducci pond wine: it likewife yields great quantit.es
of good iron ore.
In this tia;f arc nnlv ih'fi' towns. The greatelt pan
ol the iahaha.iir.s are TapiiK, under the juriMicliuii ol
the bilhopof Conltance, and the rcll are Calvinilt',, e,\-
ctpt a few Jews, who •■re t(detated.
This country aii'ieiilly b.loi\i;cd to the dukes ot Auf-
tiia, but in 1415 the aiei. duke Fiederie beiii^ put under
the ban by the einpiie, anvl excomniunic.iled by the
council of Conliance, the inhabitants of Seh.vii/ made
themfelves nia(b-rs of the town ai.d county; on which
tne cni|Kidr .Si:;ifniund niouga^cd it the lame vear to the
city of Zurich, for four ihoufand live limi.'red guiKierb ;
and that city, out of nuie locial fiieiiddiip, adnutitd the
cantons of I.ucern, .nhwitx, L'nderwald, Zu;;, and
(.ilaris, into a fhareof the mortgage ; and aftiTA-aids tlie
i!ty of IJirn and the canton of Uri received the fame
inarli of regard. 'I'hcfc eight old conledcrate cities and
cantons were propiieturs of this county, over which they
mrv two vc.irs .iheriuitely .ippoinied a baililf, till the
Tockuibur'g war in 1712, wiieii the regent Caiholic
canlons of Lucern, t'ri, bchwii/, UiuLrwald, and Zug,
bavin" thrown a ganifon into the town of IJidcn, thj
cities'^fd' Bern and' /.urich made themfelves nialLrs id' it,
and the live above mentioned Cathcilic cantons, at the
pL-ace of Aran, gavcuptlieir fiiare in tiie regcnvyof the
county, Gl.iiisulone exccplid.
Tiiuj tlie cities of Zurah and Bern poficTs fcvcn parts
of tb.c regjncy of this county, the eighth belonging to
(.Claris, liy virtue of this ti.'ht the foinicr nominate the
i'a litt fourteen years fuccifliiely, .iftcr which Glaris t..kis
i:j turn l-'r two years. The ..b.,ie two cities have, how-
ever each tiitir option, whether the baililf lo nominated
ihall continue during fivea years, or another be appoint-
ed at |lc,ifiirc.
The baililf fcfidcs in the (own of Hadcn ; but judges
only ill luch civil caules as arc brought before him by
appeal fiom the co'iris whi.h are held alnud.t in ev.ry
village, ;.nd the nien'beis arc eb cled lioin among ihe Ic-
veral pandics, the under-bailiii" fitting as pr-.fiJent.
Haden, the capital of this country, is fitualed on the
Li.i'iiut, over whiJi it has a bridge, which, though of
^oiirider.-ble length, has mither walls nor rails to it.
The to*n is (eated 111 tne forty- fevtuith degree lliirtv-
live minutes north l.;tituce, and In the ei)-.hth d^-grce fif-
teen minutes call long.tude, between two very high hilk
on both (idts the riv.r, and has two cafiles ; the new
one lies on the other lide the Limmat, oppofite the town,
and is the rffulence of llie ba liil", (or whole conveiiiciKC,
ill l"J4i great iinprovcnuiU) weic ni.;de. The council-
iiouie eonfilh of two buildingsj in one, arc held the af-
lemblics of the cantons in guirr.il, who meet for that
purpofe in a very haiidfonie room. The deputies cf Zu-
iich have the- moll hoiiotir.ible feat at a little table at the
upper end of it, having the ambaliadurs of the foreign
powiTs on tlic light and kfi, and the deputies of the
otliLr cantons ranged below them on both lidcs. 'I'liey
all l.t and arc covered, except the bailiff' ot Uad-ii, ;:nd
l.i- d. putv, who (land ail the while uncovc: J, but
8
Bade.v.
when the fuflV.igcs happfn to be cijual, the b.iihtf j^ j]
lowcvl the calting vote. In the oilier buildiiir d,^
lieular councils and courts (J Haden meet. To the I'
pills belong the church of the AHuiiiption of tlu liltii'.i
\'iigin, which I'erves as a ciiKUiryj a convent of C.jni
chins, and .1 nunnery; and they have another <hurc'lic,''
the road lo the batl.s. The CalviniiK allernble rn '
church built by them 111 1714, which llaiids alio on tl '
ro.id between the town and the baths.
I'liefe baths, to which the grandeur of this city
well as Its origin, is ihicfly owing, were famous I'u l',„j'
ago as about the time of our Saviour. Thife luih"'
are about a quarter ol a mile below the town, on Son'
lides the river l-ininiat. The l.irgtil ot them aro it
Imrapen, a pretty little borough, which cuiililts of h.mj.
lome houies feated on an cinintnce, and h.is ;i (h|,i
dedicated to the Three Kings. It is conipuled th..t t'lv
water is conveyed by no lels than fi.xiy can.dsto the m
ral inns anil private houlcb. I hey coiiicliom fevuai Ipiino
by the lide of the livet, and it is laid froin one in ifj,.
inidll ol the river itfclf. 'Ihe waters aic hot in theth'rJ
degree, bein:.^ impregn.tted with a gie.it dial i^f fulpjij,
with a mixture ol allum uiid nitre. 1 he Ipriiips alwiv-
nie the lame, without inert. ife or decieafe; but -ir..
thiiu..'ht to have moll virtue about the be;;iiiiiiii„ yf \| ',
and bcpieinbcr, becaule thiy then abound iiu.lt wiin
the flowers of the lulphur.
The water is good lor diinking as we!! as bnthir
and lecoinniended lor the cure of dillenipcrs, not oiil;
of the hot kind, as fevers; but lor thole pnicccJin.
from cold humours, piiiis in the head, verti ocs l-,'
difordeii in tile btc.dl and bowels, allnmas, ohilrucf'.!
oils, and i>aiticularly the diiorders peculiar to wcimer.
in the center of the place is the poors bath, ca'lej s'r
V'crena's, formed by .ilpr.ng that liles in the veiyniii'J'"
ot the llnei. Here the poor people bathe in a pLice euit,-
open to the llieet, and its water being elf'-e;ned a cn-j
lor Iterilitv in women, it is laid that fcarce any youn .
woman of dillinclioii marries in this county witiiou"'
making it an article in the mariiagc-ctuuiail, ilut her
hulbind (hall take her every ye.ir to the b..ths of li.i,l,.|,
the ladies being here ]>criiiitted to wear thole drill's'
and allowed thole diveilioiis, tli.it are prohibited in utht-
parts of Swillerland. iilainville obfeives, that thnli'
who bathe in the pu!)!ic baths, who are geiicially luch
as cannot alFoid the txpeiKe of tli= private 01ns, h.ivi
their (li.iuhKrs cupped in them, aod tiiat inilt.id of cup.
jung-gl.iflis, ih.y uie large hums ot rams or bucks; i'u
that in th»le baths arc lometimes feen two or three Isui'-
lired naked petfcuis of both le.xe.i with horns on tlieir
Ihouldeis. 'I he people who Hay at Imrapen fur the u'-
of the baths, arc obliged to buy the w.iter tiiey u!'e f;-
drinking and diefling iluir victuals, it beint; brou-h;
I'kuh liadeii, or fonie fprings o;i tile other lije of i.v
f,inimal, the water of that i.ver being always lliiilc ,i:i,i
muddy, fioni the rapidity of its courie ameiig tiie roti;,
and f.iiiJ.
The harbour (,ii the river belongs to the tu.vii; bu;
the culfoms to the cantons of Zurich and Ifun. Ii-,'
inferior m.igiltratcs aie appointed by the goicnoi m
bailit)', and tliele, with the judges of each ddliiet, Ji'-
cide laules in his ii.unt ; but c.ipital caules ate iletiT-
mined by twenty-lour judges, vmio are chofen out m
the whole county by Ihe baililf"; but lie has p.iwet in
Iiitig.ite their fenteiicc. The gre.it council confilis ei
forty member^ , but the kikr, wiiich is only ol iwclir,
and included in the gieatcr, decide all caules uvil aiii
criminal; and thefe two Councils cho-jlc the pfittor, (i|;
treafjur, Miid other iiu;^iftratcs.
s ?: c r. XXI.
Of that Part of the dunt'iis fuljeiJ to the Sivif t;rmil
the Fiee I'rcvinces ; their "ituati.ii, Kxlml, Prcluit, jr.i
Gjveri:me-t ; uv'//; a Dijitiption tf the ju; iihiipfMr.t
Tauins if Brongarteii atid A!el/i';;eri
T
HF I'tce Province? contain a tract of land and
ceitain villages lyii'j; along the tiver Ruli,
which tiaveiCcs all the cillern bolder
d this touii-
tiv.
Badev.
'• Kuliff i, al.
Jiii'^ the p^r-
I'o thcl',1-
of till- 1,1l|k.|
•■■lit of L,|ni.
Iii-'r 1 hutcli on
all'fiiibk' III ,,
lis .illo UIl t|„;
'( tli'b city, 3,
'jMHMI>i lb 1„|, .
■riuic luths
"Wii, o;i botli
It Itii'iii arc ,it
Mifiltiul (i,.nd.
Ii-'S :i <hiiril\
>uti.'.l th..t tl;.:
n.ilsto thcitH-
ilivaailpiiiij,,
iin (iiic ill tin
liot in lhi:ih;tj
'.il uf lulpliur,
l|>iiiigi .'iKvavi
i<-''iIl- i but aro
:iiHun'4 of Mav
uiij nvA\ Willi
fl! as bathiir,
ip-rs, nut oiii;
.olc piiicccJIn^
VXTtljM.l's, <,-c'
iliar tt> wtimcr..
li.uh, c.illcj St.
the vfiyniiilJlt
ill a place (jiiiti;
ill'.'cMic-J a euro
.irci; any vfui)'
county witi-.ou:
niiact, lint her
b,.thi of l!.i,!(ii,
ar tiiofi; lirtlll;,,
liibit'jd in (ithir
vts, that thnw
gciicially fuch
lva:c oni<, hair
t iiiikad of cup.
Hi (r !iiiok> ; fi>
'o or three liup-
horiis on tlicir
ip^n for the uv
liter tiiey ul'e iv:
beiiii; brouir,:
ler i'lJe of ihi'
Iwayi thivlc ana
laiiii.n^ i;ie toib
thr to-.vn 1 but
liiul Hun. Tlv
I'.oic.'tiot n:
kil dlllii.t, Ji'-
(luleb arc deur-
chofen out di
Ic has p'.HMT to
liniil conlidi of
only of twcKf,
Icaufes civil ani
the prjitor, t'l.
lire Sivifi tirnii
\nt, Prc.hiii, Mi
\J"- iiuiipr,ui!,i
licl of land anil
liver Ruh,
)f this louii-
I'V.
V. U 11 o
,|,i.|, li hiiim.lcJ tn-.varil'! the nottli by tlic co'iii-
E.
.?'9
irv,
ijiJcn i to the calUvar.l by tlie faiilons of /u
1 /ii ' i '" ''''" '"iiiliwarJ by tliat of l.u
^l;^;,i""anlW''''^ wdhvirl by tn
an
jnJ Hern
eanloiw
III lie
if Luciril
an cxtraorJinarv plenty of i.'raiii
l!"ijj I'lie iiih.ibi;.iiii-. are of the l'i)|iilli rcli;'i..i.,
' lu'l'Viii'"-'' "'''-'^^ '•"" ''"'')-'^' '" '*'" '"""'1' "' ^•""'
■'" ., llie inliabiMiits were tormcrly tree ; but at leii;;ili
'*'".', '^.- fiibji'i."' to the houfe of Aulliiai but tlie iinpe-
'";''l^","i|-,„iiMil havin:iiii uiij-piit I'VcJeiie aieh-Jiike of
''' ' " • -'- b.m, aiiileiua'j;eJ the Helvetic conle.le-
lii
.•'iiliuuiul-ft'"'" ...,..„
,. iMvaJe his territDrics, tnc troops ot I.u'jrrn alone
'''•' ivilKlTioii of the yieateli pare of the I'rec l-'rovinecs,
■ "were lor retaining ihiMi •, but were oppol'eJ by the
'■"' ,,j of Zuruli, '/mi, Schwiiz, UiiderwaUl, ami
■I'
iv
'■i,'i/\vh') clai.^lcJ their relpectivc (hare.s, as havinp;
'^''..'\V,e tiel.l at the timcihey wue conqutreJ) it h.iv-
''^"b en p:eiioiil1y a;j;rcej, that what any one or more
•'".^^ij'^ j], ,„1,| coiiqiier after the 'Jtluis were in the fuKI,
k'"' M b" elleemcJ coiu)>iered by the whole body. This
,'j •-■d a cinitell that billed ten years, till at length,
' iir Uorii ceded the Free I'rovineej to the cantons
''!'/,iiiich, Luccrii, Schw't/, UnJeiwaM, and Glans.
r 1 alio reli-tied all fliare in tlKiii ; but in Ijji, that
"' fn'i was admitted into the co-r!-;;ciu-y. At the feroiiJ
r'','cil Aiau in lyi?-^ i' "'■'
!'■'.' (h,,;,!.! he drawn from I
1 ihat a'l below it llioul I be the property of Bern
!!'' Z'lri.h .ilone; but that all above it (hould continue
" the pull -11'"' "'^ ''"^ ky-'n cantons to which ic had
k'.-n hit'ier'iO ful>jc;t, thou^^li ISerii was afterv/atds rc-
.'■; 1 imo the co-regency of the fame d.partiiient.
■liiMs the Free Provinces have ever fince been divided
W'j fhall now iiive I'oine account of the towns ot
liicnigartei) and Mellingen, or IVUIdingcn.
lirenigartcn is (ituatcd on the river Reus, between
the f.ov.if Free I'tovincts ai;d thj county "f liadon,
eigiit nillc; to the noiili oi /ul!. I he town is divided
iiiro Uppr aiiil Lower ; tiie Imincr Hands high i but tlii!
laitir, III which is the pjiilli chinch, wiih a Fr.ur.iicaii
nunnery, is I'eatcd on the bank of the Reus over which
It has a bridge, and at the farther end of it a Capuchin
convent. It is a placi- or oreat trade, paiiieulaily
fouth of the
making paper. 1 he inhabitanls are of the Romi(h
church, and within the dioccfe of Conlhncc. 'I'liJ
town, which was forineily impel ial, has undergone le-
ver..! levoliitions, and is nov.' lulijci't to the cantons of
Zurich, lierii, and Gl ris. 'Fhe regency conlitfs of the
little and great council; the former is compofcd of
twelv; members, among v/honi are two [irxtors or a-
voyers, who, when tliey enter upon their office, take a
formal oath of fidelity to the deputies of Hern, Zurich,
and (ilaiis, at the next annual meeting for auditing
the public accounts. The great council con.Gils oV
lorty members, out of whom is cleided the town court,
app.als from which ar.- firft carried to the little and great
council, and lioin thence to the deputies of the regent
cantons at the annual met ting i and laillv, even to the
cantons themfelves. All crimiii land capit.d ca'es arc
mrecd that a boundary i immedi.:tely tiled before both ciiincils, the town beinj;
iikhofen to Farwangen, | poll' lied of the privilege of beheaaing and hanging,
Mrllingcn i) a little I'opdh town, with one church,
feated on the river Ruls, an I is at prefent l'ub;ect to
Zurich, Ijerii, and Cjlaiis. Tile ingenious Mr. Add. fori,
who vil'ited this town, gives a more particular and u
more entertaining account of it than anv author we
have lecn. It contains, f.iya be, an hun.ired citizens,
and about one thoufaiid fouls. 'I'he government is nv'-
dclled after th.it of the other cantcns, as niu:h as it is
poliible for lb fmall a community to iniit.ite thole of a,
large extent : for whieh reafon, though ihey have bet
little bulinefs, they have all the.vaiiety of officers and
councils that are to be found in the greater lhi;cs ; they
have a town-houfe, adorned with the arms t;f tluir pro-
tectors, and three councils ; the great council of four-
teen, the little council of ten, and the privy-council of
three. The chief peifoiis of the ftate are tne two avoverj;
and when our author was there, the reigning avoyer ot
the romti'.onwea'th was Ion to the inn-keeper where he
lodged, the father having enjoyed the fame honour be-
lore him. I'he revenue of this hig!i polt a-nnunts to a-
bout thirty pounds a year. I'Lvcry 'Fhurldav, he adds,
the I ever.il councils meet upon affairs of (l.iie, as the
repairs of a trough, the mending of a pavement, or thi
like imporiant bulinefs. A river which runs through
their dominions puts them to the cxpencc of a verv large
woo den bridge, which is covered over-head like the relt
ill Swid'-'rland. All who travel over it pay a certain toll
tor its maintenance, and the French amb ll'ador fret|ueiitl7
palling this \k.\)\ Ids m.iller allows the town a penfion of
twenty pounds llerling a year ; on which account tiiey are
e.\tremely indultrioiis in rail'ini; all the men they can for
his Icrvice. The preferving tliis bridge, and the regu-
lation of the dues arifuig fiom it, are the grand altairs
CIS a court to be held at that cut out cmployn«.iu for tlie council ol Hate.
Vx mil of IJrcmiiartcii, wnere he takes up his quarters, 1 There are alio the lour dillricis ot Schvv'artzeiiburg,
iiif ia h:s abfencc, even to pa's lenteiice on thecimviiits, .Murtcn, Gramlfoii, and Elchaleiis, which are (ubjet't
iia; laii fenteiiee mult be t:an:niittcd to him, either to, to Bern and Freyburg, who alternately app i.nt prx'.ors
K coaiirmcd or mitigated. If it be death, he goes with ' over them, whole ollice la'.ls tor live years; but tlicfe
are little diiltiilj that contain nj place of any confe-
quvn.e.
',r,h7 Upper and I.ower.
I'he L'pper ''"^'^ I'rovinccs lie to th'
KouiiJarv lii'ei •''"'' ''''■''' gnvcrnmeiit is veiled in the
,:,hto!J cantons of the coiifed.i.uy, that is, in Zurich,
r .11 Luccrn, Uri, Schwitz, I'nderwald, Zug, and
(" ;i' the laft of winch every fourieeii lears a|)points
s ililf over them. This oldicer, however, inllead of
...'•luv there, vilils them only in Ipring and autumn,
ivi-cn t'nc courts are held; on wliicli occalion he lodges
••the e.invent of Muri, and the commandeiv of Hit/.-
"v,-;\ where, without anv colleague or aflilt.uu, he de-
-iJ i all caiifes brought before hiin, and millets peii.il-
tt'ua J.-liiuiucn:s. In the inlerv.il alio, if two parties
,",■,._ Iiis attendance, he rep.urs thither, 'jut it is at iheir
tx"':ricc, as he docs likewife on any important alFans
, ;:..v!:i lilt admit of a delay.
Ih,' fi Ii hearing of all civil caul'es is held at the courts
t,f tnc l.viral provinces, iin.ler lli: picli Iciulliiii of the
ur.Jer-liiil;ll's. From lliefe coiiri, app-als are car; led i'lrif
lithe baili:i', who pulles his veidici I'lngly ; but if alter
thuaiivof tlie paities think th-mlelves aggrieved, they
iid at hlieriy to carry the c.iule before the deputies ol the
r-.ciit-i:aiiloiis, and alterwards from thele ag.iiii to ill:
(.iitoiij tiienilelves.
liicaiital cafes the reror.ler ufually fends inf.irmat.on
d; the I'nniinals to the baiiilt, who geiierallv coiiimif-
I'lonshiin, in conjunilion wiih an uii.ier-bail.it", to try
laiMi, tor which purpole he or.
!.;; iadi.s to the ui'ial place of c\eciiiioii, which is in
nc li;;h toad between Hie.ujarten and W'.dlen, where
IPC KiUiiice isopeii'v pronounced, alter which the exe-
(uti'ii iiiiniedi.itely follows.
ri'.e i,ower Free Provinces, wliich lie on the north
flic Hi the boundary line, have lince the year 1712, been
tnJer the fovereignty of Zurich and Uerii, Claris only '
;;;,iiiiin.; the feveiith part, which bclungcd to it before, j
.aJ every tourtecnih year putting in a baililf for two I
y,,.u i whereas Zurich and Mitii are polldied of that \
|iriiilci'e every two vcars alti rn.itely. The proceedings j
htri', both ill civil and crimnal cafes, and in every thing i
idating t.T the government, are the lame as in the Upper
lue I'lovinces.
SEC T. XXII.
Of thi J'ivtn Itu'iiiin BcHi:ii'ii:i j'uljeit to iht Swifi Cnutsr.s.
Kumn'), Btliinz.ir.n, Rii'ierii, thf I'aiU di Blegnty Lu^um,
Luiinit, (til Aliiffj.!, and AUiidtii.
IN the fevcn Italian bailiwirs the inhabitants are uni-
vcrl.iUy 1' ..pills, and fpeak the Italian language. 'I'hg
thiee lirif of ihcfe belong to the cantons of Schwiiz,
U,i, and Un.'erwalJ ; and 'he other loar to the cantons
in
.:t
A
11
I V 3
m
m i
U!
U
'20
A SYSTEM OF
in geiicr;il, rxc'/.tiaj only Appcii.'/.l, whicii at the time
ol'tlK-ir .uquilitio:) was nor a ii;ciii*".t of tin- ciMilVdiTJCy.
'I'lu- t lit ot tliclc is til.; b.iiliwic nf i)L'l:in."Mi.i, which
is buiimlcil (III the callw.iiJ hv the L'p|kt (iriUHii jiiJ tju-
dutcny cr Mil.m, to iiii.- rim[hiv..rJ. hv the b.iiliwlc ot'
I<aiii5 ami J.ycjriio, to the weltwaril iillo b; Locarnu,
aiul tf) the northw.iril by the h.illiwic o; |{ivii.r.i.
A part of It ii waicreJ hy the river 'ritiiio, into
whieh the MnJla iHllh.ujies itlelf. 'J he lulls ami iiKiiiu-
tains art'onl CAcelkn; p.ilturji^e I'lir cat'.K', ami likcvviie
itbouiij III chcCiiu:* ; aii.i the plal:i n -av l)Lliiii/.i)iia pin-
duces l;ii(k] wine. All the piiilhes, tiiree exi epte-l, wliieli
are in the ilKjecl'e ot Milan, are uii.lei the billiop of
Como.
Ill the year I5C'0 tlie tnwii of r.i'lliiiz.nia fiibiiiitteJ to
the cantons of U.-i, Schwit/,, aiiJ L'iiilcrwa]il ; and tiitee
years after it was cjJeJ to thiiii as their ahf.iiiite pro-
perty by Jewi. XII. king of Kraiiee ; and this ccffiun
was ratitiiJ by Maximili.ni ."^for^ i, duke of Milan, in
aiknowl'.-dL;nnnt (.f t.'.eir liaMiu r. lloreJ hiiii to bis
(iuichy. Kviivtwu ve.irs tllele (.aiuims altein.itely no-
minate artewaid, or huilitf, iin.t.r tiie title ot eoinniil-
l.irv, which IS always the pcifun whom the two |necediiii;
years had dikhargej th.it olKie in the haiiiv,'ic ol Ri-
viera, tvcrv vear too cacii of the regent cantons lends
A deputy to Ijellliuona, to audit the coinniillary':) ac-
counts and hear appeals, a!id to ttanlact other public
aftairs.
The princip.il place in il.i^ b.iiliwi.- i-;,
b'eiliii/.ona, or Ij!.llen:z,a l.ire.e, ttaJiiig, and well for-
tified t.iwn, litiiaied In a plain near the conlUi.x of the
'J'icino and t.ie .Vl.rf.i. /Minolt in the center of alar;',e
hju-'ie iLiiids the mai'.fion-hoiil'e of the coniniiH'ary. '1 r.c
Col!c,;i.iteaiid abbey church of St. IVter and ^t. Stephen
is a handl'oine buildiiiij, and in the fuburbs without the
town arc two convents and one nunnery, each havinj^
its ch.ircli, belldes .in edilice called itie Reliduicc, which
ha"; I'.cen converted into a coll;i.',i, in which the abbey of
-Kinlidlen aj-points profdlurs f>.r the inlhuction (if youth
in humanity and mora! thtoloyv. I'lie town iLinds be-
tween three hills that conimai;d It every way, and have
each a Itrong old caltle fcit fied in tiie aiuient talle, and
provided with cannon. In one of thcni relidcs the caf-
tellan of L'li, In the fec.iiid tlic calleilaii of Uchwilz, and
in the highcit that of L'ndcrwald.
The baillwio of Riviera, or Hol.'fe, ii. bounded on the
fouth bv the bailiwic of Belliir.'.ona ; to the wcliwaid on
that of l>cx-aino, or Lugarus ; to the northv.-.ird by the
X'alle dl lilegno and Li\iner ; an.1 to the ealtward by the
Upper (jrifon^. This clillri(il Is watered by the 'I'lcino,
which in thtle parts receives the lile.;no. It came to the
canton; of L'ri, Schwii/, and L'n !eiwald, at the fa.'iie
time, and is (Mivcrncd bv thtin in the fame manner with
the bailiwic of Uellin/.ona. W'iihiii its juiil.lietion are
only nine paiillus, the town of RIvieia, and a few
villages.
The bailiwic of the Vallo di lilc^n), otherwife called
di IJregiU), Is bounded to the fouthward by the dlltrict of
Riviera, to tiie weltward by the Vale of l.iviner, and to
Jiic north and call joins to the country of the Upper (jri-
fons It is environed by Kifty nioiintains ; but the bar-
rvniu'fs of foms ot them Is made tip hy the fertility of
others. 'I'he length of this territory, accordin::; to
Bufchlng, Is not lets than ftven hour-, all watered by the
Hlegno ; but its breadth does not much exceed halt that
l^.icc. It feeds niultitudri of cattle, and \iclds feveral
kinds of grain an.! Iriilt, cfpecially chefnuls and tolerable
w ne ; but in fummcr the nitil remove to Italy to e.irn
money by working in the lieldb, leaving all their work at
h ,,T,e to the women. I.i the year 1512 this Valley fuffered
ixtieinely by the tall of two mountains, which (topping
up tl'.e courle of the river. It fwclleJ to that degree that
t!ie far greatelt pai: ol the vale became a lake ; and this
inundation lalK-d till the year 1514, when tho waters
lu:. ed themfelve.; a pallage.
About the year 1500 the inhabitants luhmltteil to the
canton of Uri, though with a referve of their lilKrtiei,
and that canton admitted Schwitz and Underwald into a
c.i-regcncy. I'hcfe feveral cantons every two years alter-
nately appoint * bailiff over it ; but the ecclrfiallical
G E a C, K A l» 11 Y.
■1
Sr.G.,
u,
alK.irs of this dilhicl are only cogniz.ihlc by ;hcj, ■.
liiliiop of iMIi.'.n. It is divided into thiee parts . '
of v.liicli contains feveral villages. ' ''''
I i.e bailiwic of Lu;;.n'.o, by the Swifs cilli-d L^,,
Is on .ill fi.le.i finroi.r.icd by t,-.ofe of I.oearnu, .Mi.„,i,;'
lKlliii/.(,na, and the diit..hy of Milan, lo it belon-'iii '.
greatill part of the l..kc ul l.iigani., which is iibout°".J.'
nines lo.v^, and tlitee bro.id, cxilulive of its nianv lif'..
hiys. 'ine country liiell, in wliich are no Iti'jt.","
a l.undrc.l and ii.\ pc.puhnis bar.;hs and villa-cs wa"''
1^12 conf.'rie 1 on the confederate cantons in "cin '
wiiitn ut tnat time ■a.iV twelve in niiinbir, by Mjxli> "'
li.iii Sforii, duke ot Milan, in retun for ttie crtc;t ■ I
aliiltince they had pran;ed him againK the Kiench 1,
accu, din..'ly iliey every two years appt.int a trovcriioroi,-
II, undei the title ot capit.ineo. It is divided into ;.[
tliiaitci.--', tiif.e ot wliiiii, in eccldladical (;i;:i;crii. V..
under the bilhop of Como, and the oihcr und.r tlic i^
perlir.endency of tae arcii'.'il. ^ of .Milm.
Ine bailuvi: of I.oc.ii no, or l.iig.-.nis, is fituatcj 'jc
tweiii the .MllanelV, toe .M.'ycnthal, tiie i.ivln.rili:! jij
the b.nliw:cks of Rivur.i, l;eil::,.'..,.na, and I.auii, toi,,.
piehending alfo apirt of the i>a;:o Ma:;giore. It;,,
three uv loin I'lultful y.dlcy3, an 1 line rivers tiiatriiain.
to the lake, and 1. divided into four conimiir.itiej j. 1
lorty-nine parilhes. It came to the twelve alii.d ,..[
ton, In the lame manner aii.1 time with Lugano, 2i:i ■■■
goiernment is the fame. Its capital is of the fame ii.;:i; .
I helide.s vvhich it has a town cilied Alcona, aiij aic/
1 villages.
I Val .Maggia, or the Miiycntha!, i; furroiinj.ej lnt;.>
' diitchy of .Uilaii, the l.iviner Vale, and the Captinv
; of Loearno. It is thirtytliree miles in l-ngth, aaj,:!
; rive; its name from the river .Maggia, vvr.icli ti.ivcri'eji.
i It came to the twelve coiileder.ite c.nti.ns at tiie Ijh]..
I time, and in the lame manner as the al'Gve-meiitiiinc;;
, b.iilnvics, and thole cantcns every two jears .i.-^m; j
b.iililf over it. k c iitalns th" to.\;is of Cevi;), or Civia
aii.l Vla'.r^ia, with a few viila.cs.
I 'I'lie hitt of thele h.iiiiwics li that of MjnJris, which i;
' furromide i bv the dutchy <d Milan, ami a part of th.-
' bailiwic of Locarno, I'f.is all.i came to the tv.:l.;
' United C.iiUons at ihc f.ime tln}c, and in the fame niu:,.
: ner, with the three [iteceding diltri.'ls, and .-,cr.i,-Jinj;7
; they every two yeais altcrnafly ajipoint a baililt over 1:.
I In this coui'.try is a town ot the fame name, and !ev.:.|
villjires.
We ft ill now proceed to the ad'ociated coaiitri-,!,
fuinnioiied to the legiilitive diets of .'iwil'erlanJ in 1111.1-
Iny ol allies, and tii.it have a vote in thole adlmblics.
'I'hefj are the abbey of St. Oill, the couniry of the Gii-
fons, with their fubjeits, the piincipalliy of N-euieluul,
and ilw republic of C
loriner.
eneva. We Ih.ill begin wiili t.ie
S E C T. XXII F.
Tk- Tinilj. 'ui of thi AhU-j cf S r .(].». r.l..
■7/e/r Situation and Extent : a cmcifi A::::i;l ifth: Axr„
ivilb the Prfm^riiiu^i onJ iltmi of thi JJkt ; thfh G;-
vcnt!iit':il n'ul priii:ipiil PLhi's, ivith a pmti.ui.ir Dtfa-y
tiu if ths Cit)- of i'll. Gj.-'i ciik.il! I'yU.-jiir.t R'Xi!.:.
in !eptn.,'ent sfthc A'jl-'y.
THK abbcv of St. CJ.ill, which is of the Reii^hctinc
order. Is include] within the fame walls as liv;
town of that name, iv.it has very conli lerahle tcrrltorie;,
and the abbot is cap.iblc of railing an ainiy of f.veh •
thoiif.iiid arnie.l men, he being foverelgn of the v.h .!;
country, and under the prjtc.'lion of the caii^ciii u! Ze-
rich, l.ucern, Sthwif/, and Glaris.
This country is divided Into the ()',! '1 erritory, ai. .
cafled the teiri'.ory of the people of G.it's h.jufe, .in,: .1
dlftricl called the county of Tockenborg ; the fo.iaei ..
hounded <,\\ the caft by the lake of Conllance aiiJ the
Rliein V;:l--, on the louih hy the canton of AppeiucI,
on the weft by Tockcnharg and the ihurgaii, and 011
the north alfo by the latter ; it being fjurteecn nillei
long and ten bro,ad. The foil bears a iic.ir allinity to thi:
of I'i'.uigau, and its iii'-.a'a't.'.nt', are I'oo.Oi
on
f/iJ.
-o.M. . \^. \J R
111 il'c vrar 1 5!); this abbey was p.irtjj from tliecity
]„ l„. .1 iin;;le h'^'lS^i but .ilicrw.ir.|., by a p.ii ticuiar
..r' iiiKiil» i' *''-^ iliviilfJ by higb vv.ili-, in Wnich i> a
'."''^ o'l'iiiii^ into tlic city, :viid aiiutbcr towj.il'i the
^riitiiiK'* lil llicjblpcy. VV'iibiii tlio ciiruit of tliis con-
uat is' ti'" "■•'"'' ■' ■''•'^'•7 '■'l'""-'''» i-' wliicli, iiimiij; thi:
h'.i-M iJl' I'tri^'r bin!.-, urc ki'pt tliulb of St. CJalliiS, th'j
or Ja-il iJi'"'''^'' "' t''^' ■'•'"'-7 ' ""■' •'"l"i'i'"~' t-' it IS ■'^'■
i>'.awi': cluirch, in wiiiirh are (iroleivcil tnc icliclcs iil
tiii: laiiit. NfXi I') tl-.cfo arc th^ p.ilacc of tl.o .i^.but,
■j, 5Ji.j i-oiivo'iit ilfclf. 111 whii;ii ate ufuallv iipw.iuls of
I'lMV nil'"'''' '"'^ ^ l''"'a';' famous tur its antiL-nt ami cu-
rijs i:ij:uil<.:ipts. I'm; .ibbot is chofeii by tiic inoirKs
ihe a'j'Jt'V IK"" anionj^li. ibi-inl'elvf'i, iitij mihintly bi>
(■fvni'^ ■'■ "111'-'-' i^' ''"•■ i"iii|''i''"» iinm-Jlutfly lubjcct to the
, ,j j,.; iiiclf. On ins Ji-ci filon to bin ili^nuy lie ij, bv
I nrjntirjai tbe cinptrjr, iiivtlljJ wit:i tne regalia, and
•^c; ('•••' •■■"^'■'^ i ;rritijry beiiiiiL;iM;; to the abbi-)', .liul t:ie
c.iiii;:. "1 I'lc'-i'-'ibiirg i bin iIol-.-. not aliilt jt the Uias
ufite empire. On the otber band, by virtu,' of tlie per-
pcf.iil coiiiiiianity of d.ltiice entered into with tne eon-
u'lh'rJte ciiuorii of Zuritb, Lucerii, Sciiwiiz, and Ula-
,ic til;" abbfv w.is admitted as an incorporated pl.ice,
,,iij j-iijoyj both a feat a'ld voice in tiiv i;';iier.il m.eiin::s
,if the ci;nii Jeracy wiiich are K,ranf.d to it.s deputies,
iiniTi^iliately after (hrf.- of Ap|v,;r/,el.
The arms of luj abbot ;ne cpiarteily, in t'.ic full fiiKI
,'.\:ir a bear rampant lable, loi the abbey : in tlie hrll
ii; li fiaidcr, a/,ure, an .v(;)/.v> /.*. /, ar:.'ent, (or the abbey
,;S;. Jol'ii • '" 'l*'^ leecnid dexter lield, tilt f.unily ariii-s
iift.ie abbot ; and in the fecond finiller or, a dog fable,
v.;;ii a cyliar ar^';enr, lor tlie county (d Tockenbiiri?
i'oiiiieilv ti.e .ibbey had the dulce of Swabia for its
'';Wir.t, liiecoinUi ol llobcnzidiern for it> r'.rand ni.;r-
lh.i\ tac Count.- of lloehb^r^ lor its areh-cuphe.irer,
.:iJ iiis baron of Ke^K nlber^v fur its l-,i;;b-ehaniberl.dn ;
Irjt ti'.clb ofikc.i are at puleiit borne L.y ettier pjrfons
1. (Iill.ii^uillud rank.
in the old diAri.;!, and the county of rockcnbiir,;,
lhcb;(li'P of Conliance is veiled '..lib all epifcop.d rijjhts
:,i,.l cMioianKiUs, in toiifonnity to the piivileifs i;r.mt-
,J by Cv'til popes, 'flic abbot ol St. (i.dl enjovs,
|.,i.vcuf, n't only tlic difpofal of all (be convents be •
liwiiii,: '>' bini, but lik wife of idl lien' li-.es, both in the
ol,l itriiiorv, llie county ol Toekenbur;.', and wlibin his
(liib.us 1.1 I'burtnu and the liluin Vale, 't'ohini like-
Ki;i' l>.liiii^i,s ti'ie iUiildictioii'iii civil, criminal, and mix-
ij cJle^, wiih the \ ifitation, i>cc. but the ^^.c.ittll part of
lil.ii.' pKi..^;j'oves he e.xcrcifes by a reprelentutive, who
i,aiAay,s a monk of the abbey, lie has alfo an eccle-
fiiibcal ,oart lor tiie decifion of reiis'ions tiiiitelt.s wbitb,
iiliJes ihc abo\e representative, who fits a.s prcfulent, i^
c;':::viU'd of four coin entnals, and limie lay-..iieliors.
Til,- numbers of tlie .-.ulic council at St. Gal', are the
uJ.-uf I'le abbey, who liis as prelident, rlie ibdtholder,
i.rti; coiuenuials, and Ionic laymen. This council
::a!s i| jie.,is from the lower courts within the iurifdic-
ijiiof t;ij abbey ; but deei les u'l'liout appe.dj, only an
i.r.ltr ii.:;y b^ obtaine.l fioni llie abbot for a revilal.
Tne chief town in the abbot's aiitient territories is
i; iri'eli.ieb, which is leaied in a pleaf.int fruiiful country
Iv, th; fiJe of tix lake of Conllanee, oppoiite 'o Lmdaw.
il ii:i> many line homes in proportion to its e.vteiu, with
J :mid haibour, and j'.reat niarkas fiequ'nied by niul-
tCiiles of people fioni all the towns .md vili.iges round
V.W like J and a cnnli erable trade i^ carried on in lin; 11,
corn, fruit, cattle, and ;;ood win?. In i^-i') l!iis plaic
t.ia.; attacked by foiir tiioul'and Iinpe! lalilis, was ile-
f-ii-;.! bv two thoufan.l burjjhers, who f >u:;ht with the
ut'Hdli i:.tripidity till they were all cut to pieces, and
il.cn tlie town was taken and burnt; but bv ileiirees it
;j|e ai;.un, and tiie boul'es were rebuilt v.iih fiee-llone.
liv tlie II le ol It is a niai'.nifi'.'ent convent on an eaii-
i;.;k? ;b.it co:iinijnds tin- town, and .:bovi' tlw ( (invent
ii an a;r,iii;t f.)rt bclonjin^ to the abbot. There is here
'..a a cullfge for the in;iruelion of vouih.
I'lie eoiiiity of Toekeiibiir^ is (unouiided by the an-
t-.':it ti:ti:ory of the abbey of St. ti.ll,tlie 'riuiii;au, the
i.i:itiin ol '/(iuiich, the diiiricts of L'liiijeh, Gaiter, and
I'iigans, tile lordli)ip of \Verd:n'j.::, luid th>: c»ntoii of
O P E.
^•■.r
Appcn/.cl, and is, aicor.linr to Dr. Uefeliing, ten hoLr;
in .tiiLith, and its r.ie.it. If l)u..lib three.
The I'oil refcnibles th..t id' A|)pen/el and otbcf canton.'--,
and tlie country is lull of fertile niount.iins that abound
in luimennib breeds of cattle. 'I'll • niiiio.i |uMe lorm n
body 01 about nine iliouland men, two thirds of wlioni
are CalvinilKs, and one-third I'.ipilh. The I'apilfs in tlie
upper part ol the eouniry .ire iiiulcr the hilbop of Chur ;
but in the lower pait within tlie diocele ol (.'onil.iiiee.
The abbot of St. G.ill bears the till: of n.aur.d fovc-
rei:;n and lord of the country of 'I'oekeiiburj;, and the
people take an oatii to bun and p.iy hiai I'lit.ible f rvice?,
I>ut without any vi.dation of tl-.eir ri-^bts and libertie-:.
l-le apjioinls a bailitf over the cuuiitrv, .i:(d inav nond-
natc either a native or a foreigner ; be liicevvife puts 111 .
tile recorder ai.d ferie.mt, wiio mult be natives and p.r- ',
Ions ol clf.iie n the country. The councd is compoli.d
of thirty i'apilfs, and the like number of Protcflants,
who aie chofeii bv the parillics and dillriiil.,. 'I'his coun-
cil attends to the I berties of the peo/le, eondiels tlic
public and private ail'uirs of the country, iii)pul'e> taxes,
leilKs the mditary exprnces a:id tiiol'e of any public iiii- 1
provements, and likewil',- audits the accounts of the par-
ties coae.riied. This council mets oiue a year, and 1
oltener wiien iiseeli'ary. All males of fourteen years ol i
a;;e and upwards are luinnioncd to take the countiy oath. ;
I'lic prtfident of the country court i- al*ays the bailill
tvir Ih; tunc btin'.; i but its tweiuy-four judges are ap-
poiniid by the abbot, one from each o. the twenty -two j
old pjrilhcs, and two fioin Liebt-nlleig and W^it- ,
Weil. 'I'his court is IkM in the abbot's name ns prince, J
.ind takes coLMli.'.ance of all cauics ; .md being the prince's j
council, thelaliiiies aitendiiij', it are piidby tlie prince, ;
to wlioin belong all conl'ilcated eft, lies and elicits of male- i
i.iclors executed, wiib Uxne of fuicidi"-', and fiwltives for '
.api:.il crimes. 1 1 of of ih..- jiRbf^s of the iiikiior courts |
are iiomin.ired by the prince, and the other hilf by tiie
pardhes. Tlie court of appeals has for its pri lidau the
tiailitt' tor the time beiiiL;, but ti.e twelve alleil'ors niulf ,
''C natives of tile county and landholdeis. '1 he prince ;
here nominates three I'.cpilfs and tiiree Calvinill.., and isj'
the couniry couiKil chooles alike number from among
their own members.
Lici.icnUeiig is tuc capital of the country of Tockeii-
buig, and is a fmali town I'eated on the river Tbtir. It
IS the relidence of ihe b.iililF, who dwdls in the new
mannon-lioufe, and the old one is ufed for holding tbi'
country court and court of appeals ; but the council of
To.keiiburg, with the Calvinilf fynod, the matrimonial
court, and tne town-council, all'emble in the town-houle.
I The government of this place is veiled in a pr;i'tor and
I a ccuneil, the former alternately eholen out of both rc-
I ligions ; the fame e(|iialiiv is obferved in iillinij up the
j council an. I other polts.
I We {lull now return to the city of St. Gail, which is
I a little I'rotcllant republic entirely independent of the
' abbot, and under the protection ol the cantons, it is
I feated between two mountains in the forty-fevemh de- .,-;■■;?/.
I gree thiity-one miiune.i 1101 th latitude, and in the nintli y.'.V.
I degree twenty mnuitescall longitude, two leagues to the
fouili-vvell of the lake of Conltancc. It is fituated near
the rucr Steinbach, which drives fevcral mills ; but its
moats receive their w.iier from a rivulet called Iron.
Heie arc fpacious fircets, good houl'es, and fevcral pub-
lic llructuies. The cathedral of St. Laurence is a pariftl
church, and without the walls is another, wiih a chapel.
Hi re was a convent dedicated to St. Cathanne ; but now
cimvertcd into a gymnafium ol nincclafl; s, under the liko
number of niafters allifted by two profellors, and in thij
building is the city library. Here is alio a town-houle
and an aifeiial. Mr .Vddil'on obferves, that it is furprdin^
to find Inch a number of ridi burghers in the city ot" St.
Gall, and lo few poor pei p!e, in a place that has fcarcC
any lands belcingmg to it ; but the wealth of this little
Itate coidills in its linen manufaiiture, in which people
of all ages and conditions arc employed. The adjacent
country lurnilhes them with valt quantities of il.ix, of
which lliev aie laid to make every year forty thouland
pieces of linen cloth, rcckimingtwo liunured ells to each /.i', fidit'i,
niece, and lomc ot it as fine tnd white as an^' that can chf'Jls.
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A S Y S T K M OF G K O G |{ A I' H V.
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msoN-
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^t'fitJ
lie Couiul in HdlLiiiiJ. Tlii:. lijun tlioy li"'"' up"" mule?
into Germany, Spain, Italy, and ill the adjacent roiiii-
tries. In the city of St. Ciall, and the hoiilcs (cattcnd
ahoiit it, there are computed iie.ir ten llunif.ind Hiuls, of
which lixfcen hundred are burghers, out of which body
their councils and burgomafters, the town amiiian and
lladtholders, are chofen, as in other governments of
Swillerland, the diH'ereiicc confining in little more
than in the number of fuch as arc employed in llatc
aft.iirs.
The military cftablinimcnt is under the conduft of the
council of war, and the burghers »rc divided into nine
quart'-r-i, with a captain and proper officers to each ;
but the lirft officer is the town major. Here arc alfoa
company of matrnli; ^ and bombardiers, with one of light
infantry, two of I'.rcnadicrs, and a troop of horle.
J'he town is {;eiRrally thoup;ht to owe is original to
the abbey, which it is certain has not a little contributed
to its increafc. The abbey and the town are faid to have
a great avcrfion to each other, and yet in the general diet
of the cantons their rcprcfcntatives lit together and a£l in
concert.
About four years before Mr. Addifon's arrival, the city
and abbey were on the point of coming to an open rup-
tur.?. Ill one of their annual priiceflions a Benediiftiiic
niunk carried his crofs eredl through the town, followed
bv a train of tiiice or four thouland pcal'ants ; but he
had no fnoner entered the abbiv, than the whole town
was in a tumult, occalioitcd by the piioll's carr\ ing the
crols contrary to all jincrdencr, in that nianiK-r. In-
iKintly the burghers put thcmlLlves in arms, and drew
down four pities ol ihiir cannon to the gate of their
.ibbey. upon whitli llmie who had formed the procc/Fion
c'ld not dare to rttuMi by the way they came ; but after
their devotions were ended, went out at the door that
opened into the abl>nt"s territories. The abhor, e,\afpe-
rated at this pioceedini;, r lifed an army, blocked up the
town oil the lide that tactd bis dominions, and torbad
his fubiecls furnilliin;; it with any of their commodities,
fiut while things weie thus ripe (or a war, the cantons,
their proteiftors, wil'lv interpofing as umpires in the quar-
rel, fentenced the town, for appearing too forward in the
difpute, to pay a Hnc of two thouland crowns j and at
the fame time tnaited, that whenever any pioceffion en-
tered their walls, the prielf fhould let the crofs hang a-
bout his neck without fo much as touching it with
cither hand, till he came within the precincts of the
abbey.
The town and abbey of St. Gall carry a bear in their
arms. 'I'he Roman catholics have the memory of this
bear in very great veneration, and reprefent him as the
firft convert made bv their faint in this country. One
of the moll learned of the Benedictine monks, with tears
nfartectiuii in his eyes, gave Mr. Addifon the following
hiftory of him. It leems that St. Gall, who is here
termed the gre.it apoftlc of Germany, found all this coun-
try little better than a vafl defart ; and as he was walk-
ing out on a very cold dav. happened to meet a bear,
when inftead of being Ihirtkil at the rencounter, he gravely
ordered the bear to bring him a bundle of wood, and to
make him a lire ; upon which the bear ferved him to the
bcil of his ahili'y, and at his departure was ordered by
the Saint to retire into the very depths of the woods, and
there to fpend the reft of his life without ever hurting
man or bcalf. From this time, added the monk, the
bear lived irreproachably, and till his dying-day obferved
the order given him by the Saint.
S E C T. XXIV.
The Cnuntry cf the Grisons.
lt< Si tuition, Exttnt, Pmduu., ami Rivers. The Languau
,i>i I Reli^i/iii '.]' the hihohilnnts ; their Hi/lory, CiiVim-
/11,-iit, Altvmets, tiuil iiiiliKtry i'lrces : zcith a Deferiptioii
vhiii
'linnet i, iiniJ iititileiiy Fireei
i.f the time l.ravuei, tr l.or.federaiies, into xvhiih this
I'.'iuiitry is ili;:itle,U ""i tl)e priiieipiil Phizes in each ; with
ei p,iitiiid:ir De/cnpliin of the City of Chur.
T
IF roiintrv of the (jrifons is bounded on thecaft-
wjid \:\- Tirol and the territories uf Venice : on
the fouth bv the It
ly the Jtaiian l-ailiw ii', the \'alteline, and |i
coiintv of (Jhiavenna ; on the welt hv ihe ,j,,,,.
'n and pilaris ; and on the nor ih by the canton i4 ( i
ris, the county ot Sargans, and a partut I irol ■ extc' i
ing from call lo wilt in its gieattlt length about ei ,(,!',
live milii, and in its breadth from louth to mir-h w
feventy-lix. "'""<
The greatcft part of the country is mountainnu: k
the levels and valley!) produce aliiiod all lorts ..I L "'
with pulfe, plenty of hay, fruits of feveral kinds '''i
wine. Its hillsi which aic of t middling heiyht' '' i
enjoy a mild air, yield not only good grals and 1i!iJ 'I .
alio rye and barley, and in fmie parts cherries; iVni .!
thehighell fpois are good p.iliiirt-ground.s bclidcs ni i!!!'
kinds of palatable and vvholilomc berries. '
The principal biifinel'; of tiie inndbitants is the ffcj
ing of horned cattle, fhrcp, goats, and fwiiu'. "w^^.
likewifc export a great deal of butter and ehei f^ • \, ;
the breeding of horfes is ij much iiegleL<^jd, tiia: (n
greatcil part of thole uled in the einintry ate pur. liay Ji
lore:gner>i the few that are bred there arc h.ir.iv and
laborious, but ill fhapcd. They have plenty ot p,;,iit„
and wild fowl ; but the only hfh woiihv lif nonce .ri
the eel-pout, and a tew pikes. They iiavc mines "in
fevtral parts; but the pioduce ol them is iiHor.fiiicr
able.
The principal rivers of this country are the Rhi-i-
theinn, and the Adda, all which have tlieir fiiune hcjc'
Hefides thele, there are fume liuall iivers, or livuif;-
Here are alio feveral lakes, mod of which lie on the fmn.
inits of the mountains, where they nie from fire iprings
In the whole country of the (irifiuis are bu: three
towns. I he Gciinan lonuue is not only iiffd in ^\^^^,
general (late adtmblies, ami public in(lrumtn-s j hut i-
allo continually growing more and mure in vajuc. It
is fpokcn at Chur, and In its territory, and aimifl ticri-
wheie in the Ten Juiifdictions. In many pLm , the i;,'.
habitants fpeak both the German and italiaii. file
koman or Chur Italian is principally fpoke amnng trc
Grilons. At Engadin, the Ladinum, a kii.d of Laim j;
the prc\ ailing language j and at I'regel is a curruin ki'nj
ot Italian.
lioth the Calviniftand Popi/h religions are by the Uw*
entitled to an entire freedom. The profelVors of the liilt
form about two-thirds of the inhabitant^, and tlicr
clergy ate divided into fix edioquimm. In every Iciijuc
is a desn, and each colloijuium has its ewn frirjcs. The
deans are annually cholen by lot in a fynod ol the that
league*, which have alfo a college at Chur lor the i,i-
ilrudtion of youth, each of which has its inljuaor, who
is always a layman. The greateft part ot tiie Popifti
clergy in the three leagues arc under the fee of Cliur,
and UivideJ into chapters.
l!very community is fo entirely of one religion, t"it
if any perfon changes his fentiincnts, he mult go imo
atiother. The Papilts in their proccflions luiintnncs "o
from one community into another; but when theyent°r
thofe belonging to the I'rotettants they lower the ctol^,
and leave finging till they are again upon popifh ground.
The country of the Citilons is a p:-rt of the antient
Rhattia. The people were foimerly fubject to lcvtraU,f;
princes, fome to petty fovereigns, feme to the bi/ln.p ot
Chur, and others to the houle of Aultria, tu whciiu the
Rhitians behaved with fuch extraordinary lideliiy, thjt
the emperor Frederic II. rewarded them with aorantot
feveral privileges and immunities. In 1419, the hilliop
of Chur, who bore great (way here, in conjunction with
the city of that name, concluded an alliance ol tittv-
one years with the city of Zurich.
The free communities in this part of Rha-lia, by a
mutual compact among themfclves, lormed three re-
publics, which arc now called Leagues or Coiife.leraic-
thcfe go by the names of the (Jrey or (jrilon l,e.i;:ue,
that of the Houle of God, and that of the Ten Juiil-
didtions. The liilt concluded its alliance in 142.). ; the
fccond claims a more antient date; the third acceded to
the union in 1436; and in 1471, ;he thice lea-iici en-
tered into a perpetual alliance with each otlitr, whieh
has been fince ratified and explained.
The three leagues, by virtue of ihele eng.igcmcii! .
form one united republic; but inrtead of one united com-
nion coat or fial, c.icli Ic.igiic h:,? its pnrtieular arms;
liut 111 inllniiiicnu that r'latc to the whole body, ;i Icil
li uli'J ih-" ''''^ ''"' '"''"'* °f ''^'^ three unittd le.iiues.
ijow'vcr, a (j<ii(,'i;il diet is anmnlly convoked by the
Kjd« (it the three Icapiies, aiiJ annually meet on St.
HjrtlioloMicw's-day, one year at llant/. in the tJrev
Itaiiuc, the ne.\t ai Chur in that of Ciod's HoulV, and
the third year at Davos in the Ten JtirilUidtions. At
the fime time iiorice is fcnt to the leveral comniuiiitics,
uf the affaiis on which tlicy are to tend their plenipo-
untiarits with full powers. This general diet ufnally
fits a fortniiiht oi tliree weeks, and two deputies arefcnt
from every coniiiuinity in each league, by which means
the iiiiniber of votes in the g.-neral diets amounts to
fixty-fi" i of which the (jrey league has twenty-eight,
,(,j( iif (JoJ's Houfc twenty-thiee, and that ol the Ten
Juriliiiilioiis fiftfen ; the chief of the league where
Irtcdict is held being alwavs prcfideiit.
ill the i;cneral diet are difciillcd and regulated affairs
of Itatc, negotiations with foreign powers, and the de-
cifinns of all appeals. This diet likewife receives the
public revenue, and adminillcrs the oaths to new otFi-
ctrs 111 the provinces. However, in ail.'.irs relatiii'^ tn
the whole united body, and to negotiations with foreign
povvtrs, no final rel'ulution i-. taken ; but at the rifing of
'he diet, a comniiitee of the heals of the three leagues,
affiitcd by two repiefentatives fioni each, is appointed
for digclling the proceedings, and to determine wb.at
patticul.irs are to be cominuiiic.itcd to their fevcral coin-
muiiilies, either as rcfnlved and enaded, or on which
l!i;ir iipmions arc defired. I'he rclolutions of each toin-
rauiiiiv are formed by a plurality of voice-;, each com-
muiiity finding up its opinion in wiiting to the new
aiiigrd's.
rtie country of the (irifnns is extrcmclv populous j
■•r,\ js there are no people more free, lo there arc none
iinrc icalniis of their liberty. Hence th>y have a lin-
■■,;ijr incthiid of punifhing thofc fufpciited of trealun,
,'t of any eiimc againlf the ifatc, which makes the great-
tl! iii'ii in the country tremble. When the diet is af-
Lmbliil, the p'afants flock to it in crowds, to deni.md
a Court of jiillice for the trial of the otteiuler, which
t;ic diet is bound to grant. This court conlilts of ten
lu.lse;, and twenty advocates of each league, who have
Ihc power of appljing torture, and doing every thing
nmllary to dilcover the truth of the accufations. Its
proceedings are vigorous and fummary, and "cncrally
tiid ill a leiitencc of death, or a heavy fine. In other
iii'pefls the Roman law pievails among the Grifons,
th!)ui;li fomewhat modified by their cultoms. Thus a
ffijiiVho has an eftate by bis wife, enjoys it alter her
dtjlh till he marries again, riiid then is bound to di-
, Jc it among the children he bad by her.
Tiie married women here fcarce ever appear abroad cx-
ifpt at chinch ; but tiie young women have more liberty
iv'or.' th'.'v '.\rc married.
Tiidugh here is plenty of every thing, yet their habits
;i:ij Ijinit.ire are plain. With rcfpcdt to their provi-
;' lis ihcir meat is very juicy, their fowl excellent, and
\'::- tifli (if their lakes, efpecially their trouts, inferior to
ii-ne III the world ; and though the wine they drink is
I'Mii^'ht on horfes four or live days journey, they have
i; .htaper iha:; ;ii moll parts of Italy and France. The
in; upim the inoiiniains are very good, and bcfides good
htad and wine, there is always a great quantity of
;imc and vi iiilon, according to the I'eafon of the year,
Willi neat chambers and good beds. There is nothing
;i; J ill this country for importation or exportation ; but
..try one enjoys the fruit of his labour, and the reve-
nue of his lands.
The three leagues have contrafled friendly alliances
nth the neighbouring cantons an. I their afl'ociates. In
iOco they all entered into a perpetual league with the
icpublics of the Valais, in 160 J. with l!ern, and in 1707
uith Zurich. In 1497 the (irey 'cajue, and the next
vcar the league of (jod's Houfe, entered into a like
rn:3j!cmeiit with Zurich, l.'ri, Lucerti, Schwitz, and
(Jlaris; and in 1567, the Ten Jurildiitions fued to be
jJniiitid into that allianer ; but at a diet held at Baden
received for anfwer, that though their application was
not tlivii c'jmplied with, vet ttic contcderatc cities and
U R b I'
E.
3^i
cantons alTurcd them of their ready f, .<ndfhip and fcr-
viccs on all occafions, and in their mlliuments and let-
ters ftilej them confederates and allies.
The Grifons maintain no troops, and even apply
themlelves vt-ry little to the ule ot arms. But as they
(urnilh foreign powers with regiments, they Are never
without experienced ofTuers and foldiers, and on occa-
fton the three leagues aic able to bring thirty thouland
fighting men into the field. But the princip.il Ihength
ot the eountry confilts in its high mountains and nar-
row pafles, in which a handful \i( refolute men are able
to make head againlV a conliderable army.
The Upper, or Grey league, which contains fevcral
high mountains, is bounded on the eaft by the other
two leagues ; on the foiiihwatd by the dutchy of Milan,
and the bailiwic of iHllinzona ; on the weltward bv the
canton of Uii ; and on the iioithward bv the canton ol
Glaris and the bailiwic of Sariians.
In this league are eight communities, the principal
town in which is the following :
Ilantz, in Latin Ilantium, a fmall town leated at the
foot of a hill, between the Farther Rhine and the C!en-
ncr. Tnis is the chief place in the Upper or (irey
league, and rvcry tliiid year the general diet of the Gri-
fons is held here, as are likewife the courts of judice.
The inhabitants areCalviiiills.
The league of the Uoufe of God, or, as it is called.
La Caddee, from the Italian Caddea, a coiruptioii «f
Ca(a IJei, prob.iblv inves its appellation to the billlopricj
of Chur. This country is bounded by the tjiey league-
on the wcfl i the county of Tirol, and that of Hormio
on the call ; the Ten Jurildicitions on the iiortli, and
the county of Chiavenna and the V'alteliiie on the fouth.
It is about lixty-feveii miles in its great';(l: length, f'rom
the iiorlh-eall to the louthv.elt, and foity from ealt to
well.
The fciil is for the moft part rugged and barren ; yet
about Chur and the banks ol the Rhine, they have moft
forts of Iriiit except or,.nges and olives.
The arms df this leajrue arc ar;'ent, a goat faliant and
(able.
The principal place of this league is the follovs'inc ;
Cliur, or Coire, in Latin Curia Rhictorum, and in
Italian and Roman Coir a, and in the language of the coun-
try Chur, is the c.ipital of the whole republic of the Ciri-
foils, and is fituated in the forty-fixth degree fifty-two
minutes north latitude, and in the ninth degree- thirty-
two minutes eail longiluJc; fourteen miles to the nortli-
ea(t of llantz; by t!ie river I'leiU'ur, which wafhes tiie
walls of the city, and may be conveyed through all the
flrcets, and about half a k'ai;ue before that river difcharges
itfclf into the Rhine. 'I'he caft part of the city lies at
the foot of a hill, as docs the fouth part at the foot of
another ; but towards the north ami weft is a fine plain,
beautifully diverfilicd with corn fields, meadows, or-
chards, and vineyards ; and towards the north-eaft, an
eminence, alio covered with \ineyards-
This city is of tolerable extent, and all the inhabi-
tants are Calvinifls. It has two churches, each contain-
ing a niinifkr, one of whom, who ofHciatcs at the ca-
thedral of St. Martin, is fiiUd Antilles. Hefides thci'e,
it has a church let apart for funeral ferinons, with a cj/-
If^tum pbU'ifijihUum oi two prolell'ors, founded in 170^
by the Calvinill communities of the three leagues, and
over which every league nominates its own p.uticular in-
fpe£tor. It has alio a grammar-lchool of three claircs.
In the town-houfe every three years is held the genera!
diet of the Ciriloiis, as likewife the extraordinary diets
and congrefles. In the town-houfe arc alio kept thi;
ftate-office and recoid-ofHce of the Houfe of (jod in
particular, as well as of the three leagues collecitivcly ;
and under it is a maga-/.ine for keeping the goods of the
merchants paffiiig to and from Italy and Germany.
On the cloil^er fquare is the arlcnal, in which are kept
the artillery both of Chur and the whole flate of the
Grifons. Adjoining to this is the granary, in which a
corn-market is held twice a week.
The finell private buildings here is the palace erec-
ted by I'eter lord of Sails, to which belongs a moll
beautiful garden, and the houfe of the late burgnmatkr
Olho Schwartz, which is built in the Italian taflr.
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A S Y S T E M O I- G i: O G K A 1» II V.
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Tiif (iii'romi' p'"vor i< Itulj'-'il in the Inirpl'.cts, who
are ilivuln! iiiiti fne tcitipuiiics, aiul liv piuclain;itioii
fioin tin' (I'uiu il, nn'Ot nu all dvliln-TJlioiii riljtivc to
the fl 1:0, in whii h tvcry frfL-m.ni iit' iliaii.- conn'uniij
|i 3rt,o(l liii 1 )iiim>:>, the rc('(ilii;ir)n'! arc ukni ;ir-
r.irditi'j tn ihf nujf.Miy of ihc rurtVnijcs, ;imi cuiiiiiiiiiii
nitc.l ill wriiiii 1 lc^ tho i(,iincil. \\ li.itcVL"- is appiovfil
by thri'C c iiv|'.iiii ■«, the i)i!n r two niull ;ii.i;iiii.'l'Li; in,
'I'nc MiiMt toiini il CdiililK of fivtn'.v pirfoiis ;innu-
»Ily c'loli'li hy ih-. bui^hcrs ; tiiit is, roiirtciii (uit (it r.n h
ir'nipiMV, (in t^^; fn(t StinJ;iv mtir St. Crilpin'si!;iy.
'1 lu li' i vi'irv rhnole the Icillr ouiuil, (MiililHn^i; "!
twiMitv I cif.iK. Viw priiK-ip:i! pcrfon in the tity is ih '
l.iiri'iKU.ilb r, who 11 .iiiiui.cll\ elccli'il liv the lu'c choice
n( Thiro'Cit lOiHicil. The lollVr council, wall the ;iil.
tiiiioii iV two tfcclcli.ilbc' , conlhtmes the mulrinioinal
iiMirt.
The c.'li'Jn of tills city is involved in ohli iirity •, but
it piMilii lily o'lulni'd ail the ininuiiiities :ind privilcfv-s ol
iiii inip.ri.il city, I'.n,! h:;s (rom time immemori.il been
|Mifl(.\! of ilic vii'.ht of rr.inJj-e. 'Ihc uri-in ot t!ie fee ot
O.ur I- no Ici^. iMiccrMiii. The lliies of i:.s h:(!i -ps nn-
lui.dly lif;;:nn with Afitno, who ii fuppof.d U> h:ive lived
Hboiit the ye.ir .^40, and tiie lee is (;(ner.i!ly ludil to be
one (if tl'i'iruli .uitient. 'I'lie iVvcral cnnimunities of
this p, lit .il ;lic lountrv of the (iiifuns, have aciiuired
I'.^c iu'lit o( protectioii over the fee, and have llievvn
ihenililves I'li all oceafions the coui.'^coiis prolecloi's
b.'lh of the fee sral the bifliop*.
■J"he bifh.ip of Chiir is a piinee of the empire, nnJ
hn title i?, iiiihi p of Chiir, of the liul;; Roman empire,
!(i;d (<f l''iirll;mbi!r;_' an 1 h iitilenaii.
• H;.i ai.-ns aic ir.e'lnme w;tn thoie of the citv, and (lie
bllhnp cnjovs a fiat in the diet ot the tnipiie, and in
the i.dligc'of princes, fits next to the bilhiii of Ln-
lic ; hut'iii chuicii atf.iis f.c is under the juiilJi;iion of
the archhidu p of .Vlentz. He is cle£l.d by the chap-
ter of C'luir, which confilVi of twenty-four prebends
T.ie I'iliii'p, with tlic cliiei of the piebends, that is, the
providl of the cathi.dr.il, With the dean, fcholaliieus, can ■
i,.r, diilos and tlu fuit.iiius, live jrd without vlic ciiy
t.l Cliiir, on an envncnce calle>l tlie 1 l"f, which iseii-
cloled with walls and i;atei, -and in which alio Hand,
ill.' cathedral. I'he revenues of liie bi(hop arc, how-
IV (T, far ftiini bein^ fo copfideiable as they v.'cre tor-
nc'lv.
'I'he I'cn Tmifdiiil'in' border 10 the fi.utli and eaft
rn tiic '.ca^ue ol Cicd's Houfe ; to the wcilivaid on li.c
lame league, and tlie ommv of Sir-ai'-; j and to ihc north
on Saltans and the pnnripalitv of New I,ieluenHein,
This I-, the fniaihil ot tiie three ieanue-, and conl'Ui ol
f.veii d.-.lriils. [tier the molt pait coiifidi of tii^;:,ed
,.nd dcf.-.rt n-.our.tain-, and has no com or other Imit,
i^<eept in that part called the Vailis Rh.ttica, on the bmk.s
of llie k!,ine ; '..ut it has pUnty of pallure, cattle, milk,
hiitter and < hccfc, not only for ihiir own ule, but tor
( Np'irtalion ; :.n.l the lakci aboiMid with tifh, efpeciaiiy
troiits. 'I'll- air on the mountains is very cold, and the
(r-ople often in 'danger from the fnow and ice which fall
iron them,
'I'he Ten Jini.iliclions arc Davos, Cloficr, Caltels,
biliicrs, M.iy.'nield, lieliforr, and Schanti^ ; the tnree
lalt are each fuhdivided into two jurildi.:lions, which
makes the wlude ten.
The principal | lace in thefe Jurildliflions is,
i\1:'.vail'':ld, or Meyenfeld, a ptttty town in a fine
country, which is the nndl fruitfal of any belon^m;; 10
ihc (Jrifoiis. It Hands on the banks of the Rhine, with
inoniuains liiin^ round it like an amphitheatre, well
planted with viiier, which produce excellent wine. He-
tides its church, which is dedicated to St. Lucius, there
IS a callle, in wln' n the baiiitV re:ides,and levcral nia;'i;i-
licent hon >s. The town has it-, leparatc council and
civil :io\ciiiirient, and tlic bailitt' is chofeii for two years,
uhcr.iiitoiy by tin; Giifon leagues and the conmiuuity.
SECT. XXV.
Q/lIf C.:.iirr',s ftilifil to the Giifms, vlx. the I'tilitTnu,
ll-.'n-.h, tiiiil the iliunly cf C/.i/arnna. Iheir Riitmtiin,
Lx'tr.t, J',;r'i..i'y C(iirr:!:i(nl, mi.l J' iiui^.d Temu.
\\7r, now come to the lubjcJls of the Grifitu, wS^
V p'llhls three line conn' lies at the loot (d the .Ai,,
iie.ir the entrance of It.dvi thefe arc the Valielnie, |),',,'
iiiio, iin^i the county ui Chiavcnna i the whole lu-inr,"
prop-ilv Ipeakinu;, one vall'V, which '-xtends to t\u:ui.'-
of the Rhatian Alpi, and in bounded' 011 the call h,;
Tirid, on the foutli by tiie dominioni of\'ini,cjnl
Mil. n, and on the well .md north bv the countiv uf f..
C/riftiiH ( extciidinir about lixiy lt.tliail miles iii Icn^t'-
l'«l is ve; V mil (pul in bieadth. ,'; ' ''
W'c fliall lv:.in with the Valleline, in 'I.atln \',i|; ,
Tellina, whiih lies between the Irai;ue of (i.id", I.,,,.;,.'
th- coiiniy of Jlorniio, the lertiioiiei of Venice ih'
dutchy of Milan, and the cinintrv' of Chia\ciiiu- ^^
teiidni'^ upwards of thinv-ei^^ht nuiis in lcnj>th, .v.j ,.,
biridih liom nine to tiVentv-thtee,
It IS excec'ipn Inntlul, and thi' u;;hout its whole ex.
lent waleied by the AdJa, wl-.icJi difchari<cs itfell i,,,,,
the lake nt Cnino, 'I'he liiii buiirs (hine in every p,irt,i
tl.i^ vallev, and it is knci\\ lioin the mirthetn iilallj i,^
hi;;.h mountains. In loine pots the heat is inieiil.- i^,.
Ill otiiris more model, ite 1 and on the hills and crcart'l
part of the adjacent valleys the air is inniily cool." | |,|j
dilfeience '-I its teitiperaiiir'; iiei'.fi'arilv raiifes a vat'j.
tion in the products of the i-aith. 'I hi levels m (r, ^
vail. V, thiou;;h w:iich the Adda pui flies its i.icaniieiin
couile,exliilnt a pl.^afnii.; var.ety of corn- li ids, nicado-*.'
vineyards, and oichards of chelnuts and other fruit. ) ;'.
vineyards on the nioiiii'...iiis towarda th; noitli proJnri
the bell rt'iiie in the wliole country, and abvive tai'in jrj
corn-lielda and pallure lands. The hills on the frmni
lide aio covered with tine v.ouds of chclir.it!, and rt.-li
palliires, in which ;',ia/.e niin.erous herds ot Cittle. The
conntiy alio abounds in .111 > xeellcnl red wine, ol aniMt
delicious flavour, and of fi u'ood a body, that it w I
keep for a whole ceiitiitv. improving both in taibc ,ir,J
wl'.olif imeiul's, and gradi lilv tuininir paler till it;rc|.
nefs at length entirely dil. ppears. CJreat cpia.ntili,'! ,t
this wine are exported. In moll places tlic apples „:,j
pears arc net very good ; but the p-achcs, apricots, h ..
and melons of this country arc cxquifite. Here are 1:^..
wife plenty (if citroui, iemui;:, a:.;ioi,ds, ai'.d otiiorcj-
licii.nis fruit,
The foil would alio prnriurc all k'nds of criin snj
pulfc J but the- level fp.i'.s bein" inte: I'u.i led with iV/jnip-;
i;r<nind, thathas '.it,'.c:to remainal vviiiiout cultare, ani
the atlinlioiiut the inhabitants Ueiiii; cliiillv <.ne;re!ii.J j-y
then trade in will-:, it does ii..t yield luliic lent corn for
to pepiilous a countiv, and iliereloro tliey are obli.'tdf)
have K-co"!,e to iinpou.ni .n. In loni,- pa.t.thev rjiie
heni|>. Dee- and iilnworms are here lied in vad num-
bers, liut as to their giine, ii is much re luccd bv tiie
avidity of the liniiters. The Adda yields plenty id lilh,
and is famous tor its ttouts, which are very t'^t and J>
lieious, and of fo large a li/.e as to wcijjh from lih- tj
li.\tv pounds,
rii-.'rc arc here numbers of t-^oavi, Alpine ir,\,',
h.-aij, boars, wolves, lyii.\es, foxes, niaitens, lijiej, aij
ftpiiruls.
I he men arc comelv, ftroiv, good foldiers, iii^'e.-.ij.r,
and apt to learn all .irts and icicnces. 'I'he wonun ju-
civtl, cunniiv.;, and anioruus ; and here are many j)n,,,i;
ol (juaiity, Who are as polirc as any in It.ilv.
'Ihc lan;;ua^c of the inhabitants is a corrupt kir.d ' :
Itali.in. At pteleiit I'uperv is th- only re!i.>ioii, thou-i
before the year 1620 the I'alvinilis conllituitd j cunli-
derable body, and had their cherciie-i and feliools; bet
in that year the I'apills of the Valieline extirpated t'l-.-ai
by a :.;ciicral nialVncre, in which, no re^^a.'d was p,i:d eit.'-.ci
to a_j;e, cpuilitv, or lex. Their clerjy are under ti'.ej-j
rifdiclion of tne bil>\op ofComo.
The principal ollicers are appointed every two ye:,'i
bv the Citifors, and every two years each league kr,ii
three pcrfons, with tv.-o clerki and a ferjeant, to h.M-
the complaints of the people aiiaiiiil the cttieers let over
tiu-m, to redrefs their grievances, and decide in c..fe el
appe.ds. A farther a[ipeal in civil afr.iirs aifo lies tot!:;:
jiencral diet of the Cjiilons. The iniiabitantsare p,^ii'cl;'-
ed of particular privileges, and have certain 1 iws an.i
llatntcs i;raiited them by the C.jrifons, as thefole rale ei
their coiidne't, and they chooli: their ccu.Tcil ard ehai:-
t'.ilor: out 0! their oVi'li coi*r.l'vnien.
T;::
pdlei .ire lorn, iin
Gri:,on<,
rifiiti', wSt
■ 'I the Alps
i-'Km\ llf,,.
itO tlK'ld,,.
the i-a(t hiT
' Vini.r .inj
Ulltiy (it' (>,:
;s ill '.civ.'th,
T-atin V.1II i
Venice, ih'
avciiiia i r .
igtl', ;^.:J ,:,
its whale t:.-
liC4 itiVIl iii|„
1 evirv p,-,rt , I
iiTM i'lait, Iv
• imi'iii,', I i.ii
5 uiul grtwi'.!
.' cool." I hli
ivid-s a vara.
IcvcU in tl;,,
s r.ic.iiiijciip
Ills, mc.ulo'*^,
ur irui;. 1 :\;
iiDith proJ.u-j
hovQ t.vm arc
un tlic I'riuiii
lUtJ, illld v.rh
ol c.ltlo. Thr
.■iiic, ot anirtt
y, that it w ,1
h in lallo .inj
I'jr till itircl-
: niiantitiii li
tl'.L- i\pp!ej i,i,l
, npvicnt;, h'.,
Hire arcl;»o.
, ar.J Qiiur lic-
!•■, cf crain snJ
■J '.vith iVjmpi'
put cult ire, anl
Iv i.:igiu!i'i.J t-y
iuicr.t ixi:i for
ly .irc oblL'tiit)
ju:!. thi-v rjiic
il in vait num-
rt iucci bv tiic
plciuy it lilh,
[•ry tac and ii>
h Iroin littv t>
Al|.inc iii't!-,
I'.r.j, h.iics, mA
licrs, inL't!:i')..!,
riic wuiiitii ai;
Ire many \yj^,'.:
Icorrjpt k:r.d ' ;
jli7,ion, thou:;i
ituiiJ 9 coiili-
|id ti;li<)ols; I'tt
j.-xtirp.itc(i tli-;n
I was p.iul citr.ti
|c uilJcr thcju-
very two yr.r,
ch ka^uc Icr.i!'.
trji-ant, tn h;./
loVnccrs let over
lociji: in cfc i-t
iiiiblii-s ti)t'::-'
tanrsari: ;)iill--|
^it.iin li'.vs ar.;
tiie fole nik I i
;;d! M-.i thai'--
^l^p^^^TTl
^fll
'' ■ f
VAI.A1'.
■fnc wliulf Vale i-i ilivldeil into the Upper, Middle,
n.l l.iiwir, callcil 'rernnos. The Uppir |urt ninlilt.
°/il"V<'ii lonimiiiiiii-s, th-MiJilie p irt ol ei^hlcen, and
'i,cl."W'fP'"*"f""'y •^^"- . ■ , r
■ pi,;„io, the capital ot the Upper part, is only fix
,;i,, Iriiin the teriil'irv of Venice, anil is leatcil nn the
",ir Aid*' '' ■' ''■''t''< P 'l"''""s., ^'id a place of fomi
"i,li-. Fiirintrly It was encdnipalliil hv a wall, an I de-
I'li'j.'d hy a citadel. (Jn the other lido of t:i" Adda n a
Al.nilid church of white marhle, adorned witli nuny
■.'Ihlhment:!, which are contimially iiureafiii;;, it he-
rel'orled lo hv piljirims who make rich olFtr-
anJ having a lari^e iiiconie.
i'lie tonntry of Boriiiio, or of Worini, lies between
iVCduntryof I'lrul, tlie t-rritories ot Venice, and llie
Valttline, and is on all (tdeb environed by IK-ep nioiin-
,,iii-, of f'"^n a hci;j;ht that ihnr fiiminiti .ire feldoni
i,rtlrn'n Inow. A conliderabic part oi the coiintiy al-
fotoiifid^ of th' li; rtupeilJouj hci^h-5, and the narrow
11;., are iomeiiinei. rendered iiv.pal'.'anle, by thj Inow
'.jlliiii! d''" " '""" ''"-■ "H'= °f ''^" ir.oiiiuain;.
Til'" air !■- rather mid than -.varni •, but yet pure and
liCahhy. In this cminiry is produced no v/me, and but
E U R O I' P..
Pt
r:lO
1:1- 111''
liltlcl'Uitj u has however, mc
lu'r home conriiniption, and the p.iliiires art (o 1
corn th.in i^ t'uiii. ieni
h, that
llic hihal'ilants keep vait herds of horned c.itt'.e, belktes
jtcatiiuinbcr. of flieep and goats. Ttie hon^y too of
iluiCimntrv is pariiciiliiiy pjocid ; and it alio aboiimls in
itoii ore i but its other metals and minerals are inconli-
airiM'-"-
Tlie Add.i, which has its foiircc in thcle parts, ilUies
from a water thai lalX down a roek into the I'lcel, or
f'rJvl v.dley, in which is a lake, and from other currents
|,, ,;' p..cipi:ate themlelves down the mountains.
'I'll- iiih.ibiMms, who amount to about tout teen th'ni-
LnJ, ■'"- I'aiiil^S ^"-i '''- whole tountry is under the
liim-cle of Conio.
Taraiidi llorniio or ^V^lrm<i is povcrnrd by an offi':cr
nai'id a'podelta, in the name ot the (inlons, yet the
inlul'it.i"ts ilill enjoy all their aniient rights and privi-
Ivcs, ani! all trials h^'ro arc regulated by the laws of the
c-".inifVi hut with rij.>ht of appeal to the three leasjues.
Every four months th-y tle.-t by ballot two oflTiciales or
chi't'?, I'rnin their own body, w.th fixteen toiinrell-irs
aaJihir-.cen julliciaiies, who try both civil and crinii-
H.;l c:uifes. __ ■ • T.
The whole country is diviJcJ into live tliflrias, thf
principal place in win. h is.
Worms, in Latin 11 irmium, .T town Rated on tlic
fvulct ot' Fradulf, which at a fniiU ilill.ince runs into
thf Adda. This town is thz re;:dene?. of a tuivcrnor
cjilcd t'iie poiella, lent hither every two years from th?
Grifons. It is a pretty and populous place, and had
lamctly a '^ood catHt ; but it h..': fufFercd mi.c.i by fii -'s,
,i!iJ that buildinj: has been ccnfuinc!.
The countv of Ciiiavcntia take- np fli: -.vcO pirt of
tiiH i;rea* valley, and is environed by tlve Upper lea-jiie,
liut cf Cud's Houle, the V'ahcline, and the rerritory
oiC'nmn; extending, accord, n?; to Or. Bufehine, be
t.vccn fevcn and eijiht hours m length, and lix in
trta.!th.
It h s anion.; hijh and ftecp mountains, and has fome
rallies of conlUerable extent. Ihc fiimmer heats are
freiiucnily exccirivc, durins; whicn a noxious effluvia
are brought (ion-, the lake of Como, when tne wind is
fouth. However, both the mountains and vallics, the
St. Jacob's vile excepted, are well peopled, and the
coiiiiiry ill mofl parts not only abiunds in pafturcs,
but in all kinds of fruit and wine ; hut the inhabitants
have not a fufficient quantity of corn: they, however,
export fome wine and rattle, and the culture of filk is
an iaipoitant article. They have here the lavczzi-itonc,
in Latin 1: betes, out of which they turn kitchen uten-
fils, which they fend all over Italy.
The principal rivers of this country are the Maira,
crMera, and the l/ira, which unite their Iheams in tliis
country, and then fail into the lake of Como
'I'he inhabitants are I'.ipilh, and in fpiritual affairs
arc fubjcil to the bifliop of Como.
This country is divided into two governments, each
mulct a comiiiiil'ary, who is appointed every two years
by the three leagues. Thefe reprcftnt the fovercignty,
and jiidne both in civil and ciindnal rales 1 but take an
oath to be r.giilaied bv llie pirti.ular laws and llatute'i
lit the couiitiy. liver lince the year 165'), the court ot
C'htavcnn.i, at every noininaiion of a new coinnnHary,
chooles two lawyers, and the rommillarv one, who mult
be n.iiive-, as his aflelVois in pi n.il ciulev Civil con-
nils aie (itil refripilto aicrlani runibirof pcrfons of
('•lite and probity, Irom whom they may lie cariicd to the
college of l.iywcrs, nr\t to the cominiflarv, tlien to the
fyiidics wh'un tne Ciiifiins find hither cveiy two years;
and alter all, the dilcotiti ntid pariv ma) biin;/ hij luit
before the tlirce leaiiiu., ihinililvts.
I he city of Chi ivrnna, in [,atiii Clavenni, the capi- •
lal of the county, is fateil on the Miiria, in tlie foriy- j^ig .
iixth dei'ree twenty minutes noith l.ititu le, and in the j» 'J^r
ninth degree thiity minutes call lon;r tnde, tnniy-two
miles to the fouth of Cluir, and i, a ptetiy la ue well
built town, ilia (Klig'Ulul fimalion, ainon^ h ic vin?-
y.irjs. It was formerly willed in. jr-.d liad iwo f ,rts on
two pecks of a broken rock ; hut in Iji6, bitii ilieic
were deiiiolifhed by thcGrilons. it is itie reliiin ■ oi
the comiiiiHary, ?nd cnntans a collegiate i.nurcli, unJ
within and near 11 are five other churtnes, with a con-
vent, a nunnery, and a hindfnne cullnm-i.oiile fur itie
i;i)ods vvliich arc forwarded on puk horfes to Italv or
Oennany, according to the confignnicius of tlieoAn-rs.
'I'ne inh.ibitaiits have dui; 1 ir^e cavirns in the ii' i:;,i-
btiuring mountains where they How their wine, which
by tliis mi ails is k-pt frefh all the fuiiimer, and drinks
as cool a. if It had been al the time in ieci and iie.ir
thefe grottos they have built fiiminer-hoiifes, to v.hicll
they go in the evenin;: lo partake of a coUation, and tj
enjoy the frefh air. 'I'lie city was fornieily mii.:h larger
than at prclent ; biit about live hundiel jiid (iitv vi'aiii
a:i), all the nortn pirt of it was buricl in the ruiiij of
:i niinirtairi.
li will be proper, before we t.ikc lee.* of the cnuntv of
C'liavrnna, to mention the town 'n' i^uii, wf.i.hltood
in a ddlrict ot the lame name, an I ,va.s built on the lidn
of the village of Uellturt, wh'ch his been deihoyed by
a fljnl, and coiit. lined one hundred and twcnty-fuc
Is
■■»■".>>»
churches and o.her nub-
houl'es, b.Tides lo'iie haiidlii
lie edifices, with a manfion-hoiife for the po kll.i or
comniiti'ary, and an arched (lone-bridge over the .M.dra.
To'.v nds the tontli was a hill of a loofe texture, thai
had in.my currents illiiing from it ; but in the eveninj';.
I of the fifteenth ol Augull 1618, a prodigious part ol
this mountain, with a dreadful crafli, luddciily tell on
riie town of I'iuri, an I a'fo into Cnitau, an adjacent
village of fcventy l;ve houlcs, and ovrrwlielmed botii
places fo ttreclually, that not the kail trace ol them
nave i'lnce appeared. Some reprefnt the number of
perfons who perifhcd by this c.ila.iiity as amouniin:; 10
nine hundred and thirty ; o-.hers compute tiiem at fi.icen
hundred, and others maintain th.it tlnv amounted to up-
wards ol two thoufand. 'I he r.ver .Mara wa.s for fome
time oMirucli'd by the rubbifl) of the mafs wiiich thu»
tell. The people of Chiaveiina, though near the town,
knew nothing of this dreadful difalb.r till th^ry law the
river fink, it not tecciving a diup of water for tiiree
hours. By one of the p.il aces which was at a fmall
diHancc from the town, and therefore not ovei whelmed
with it, a judgment may be formed of the magnificence
of the reft. It was a pleafure houfe of the lainily of
I'rancken, which, with its gardens, could not coll lets
than one hundred thoufand crowns, and might be com-
pared with many palaces of Italy.
S K C T. XXVI.
The Valais.
hi Siluatlcil, ExUiit, Producf, and Fcce oftht Caw.tiy. The
A/.tiimr-, Lii>i^ii(v:i\ ii'iil Hijlory if the InliMitmiti ;
their 4rini iiiut Cnierrrr.int : with the primipcu PLees in
the Vf'pe! a'lil Loiv^-y Fidais ; •■lid amoif, the njl, ti-i Ac-
co'tnt of the Hcilh, -f l.eucl:, cf '.lie City cf Situn, and cf
the fdmoui AhnujLty on tlie Cmvent of St. Bei nurd.
T\\\\ V.ilais, in Latin Vallefia, the next of the coun-
tries ililcd the allies or confederates o^ the Swi's,
4 N is
*:i
j^c-
A s Y s T r^: M OF G i: o u ii a im i y.
•f /
N
i* boiimli 1 h .'u' north ^^• the r.int'^n of llirri aril tlu-
likfiit (I.'iu'H i Ml II, ir will l<y S.ivo', ; nn tli.' Inulli
t^v I'liJinoiit .iiiJ Mil.iMi and mi ihn i.itt by tlit Miv-
"iiih.il, «hirh li.lcin.M to tlic t.iiituiis in ^y/ntMal, .iihl dv
Ti ( iiitiiii (il L..I i cxliiuiim;, artiiriliii; id Dr. I!iil-
i.liiiiL'i ili'iiit iliirlvlhrcc or liiiity-l'mir Irxirji in luiv',i;i,
iiul III llinic p,iit!( iijivvarils of ti.'ii in I'rc.nlih.
riif whole country \\ mif lir.'.c v.ilc lliiit cxiiiul* cad
.Mill wi\}, .in I on the nurili niul I'oiuli (i,lcs j., hnuniltd
liy very h,|;h mimiitniiv Aim(iii^> tin- loiirh.in niiu;-.-
'.'ins, ihi' nllll^ rcni.irk.il'lc '\^ tli.it ..illcj CiiiiiSt. Il<r-
ii.ird's, .inmnriv M.iiiu-J Moiis IVnnimi^, a n !Mi ■ i:ivi-n
u> ilic wiioU- .\ppi.!iniiii' cli.iin. TIr' pnrii|i.'l lull on
tile norlli li,lc is tne Cu'iiinii, ^liiih li.-> low.inl^ the
tiDiitiers ol tiic 1.111:011 ol Hern, ini.l it ini|).il1'il K- in
wiiif r, .iiui iii"ilekint tow.-.rds the v.illey ot the V.ilais
w.ia of a d.in;',('i<His llcfj-nels, .inJ very ivrow. loir-
mcily (his iiKonvenii nee, in 17^1^1 (i'vcr.il loeks were
blo'.vn u;', thet'.lil in iiiiilfpLicei wiilenrii ti> tiic linailth
Ol' Oicn tVet, :iii,l w;iili r.iil'ed in the nu.il (Kip .iiul
inofifl p.iriji III that tr.ivilling i* at preleiit iiineli mint
(.He .mil eo in oJiivM th.iii turmerly. St. Anilioiiy'''
hill is i'liiiol' an allonillliii;^ iKi,;!-.;.
The V'rtlals \i A M'ry liot cijiiri'ry, rcmarkaWe ("t its
ferti iiy. 'I'lie hant II |.i;jiii.s in i\lay, ami l.ilK till the
I liter en 1 1)1 ()<;t..bi.ri llic corn in the bolt.im ot the
chief vmII- V I' in..; brought in lii it ; next tl'.rt in the liJe
v.!iiie«i ,1111 ; !l . f all, tint on t'le mountains, wliieh
yielJ grain at an I'luimimon hcijiit. The low lirv's
e\C'-l th'.' i'p;Hr in llio pro.iucc of winter, an. I tliefe
P.Viin the fcrriner in fiimir.cr ftiiits. ilelkies (i.e bilt
kiiuls of giain, as whe.ir, barlev, and r\c, this emintrv
.n'lniiiiils in gooil v.ine, partitiilarlv in a line mill. a. !i I,
with plenty i.f apples, pear, |i|ums, cherriis, niiil-
berrie«, cliel'inr-, a;ij iMiall nuts ; an I abcuit .S lien, Si-
dtr,<, aiul CJiiiiiJii, all'u grow poiiieuraiutes, iVi^i, al-
inoivls, ai,,l i.iUcr rich fruits. 'I'hei'e ilhIs aie allii re-
markable for I r-iduelnj^gocd (aflron. IJnih the liills and
Villici feed priat numbers cf cattle, an. I .iffoiil plenty
of d.er, h,ircs, and other g-inie. It is I'lippoad to have
a!lb ttrnei offiher, ccpper, and lead j but the prodncr,
i: is (aid, v.'ill n'.t aniwtr the e.'^pi.ncc ol wori,inj tlieni.
Here is l;k,-"A-i!e pit co:d.
'I'h; V;.!.iis is I'rum one en i to the other wati^nd bv
the Rliodan or Rhone, to wiiah tiiecoun.'rv penple eivc
the n.inie of Kottcii, and v.'hiili lias its fom.c on the
Furku inount.'.in. At firft it pncipitates itfelf wiih g-rat
nolle anions fever..! rock<, an I down to the \ery pbrn
i)i the vniky has the appearanec of a fingle eararacf,
with Icvcral cafe. ides, it i.s alterwards joined bv the
Meycnw.nii: rivulet, winch ill'iics from the (Ji'imfel
mountain, and iheii ili.eCl ni; i:s courle du^ l0'.i;n, en-
ters the X'.il.ii', wbi-re it mii.. Iioiii la'.l to welf, till aficr
windins: r.oith vard, it d b hari;es itUlt with i;tfat im-
(:.tiiolity into ihe lake of ti. iKva ; all the ificams and
liller livers nl tile \'a!.iis ilij.nj; f:or.i t!ie mount. lins
niiiigle v.-ith it.
Tne \'.,Ie(iins arc a biavc and coiira.;eous people;
but it is iinconimon to find either 1 man or won an wrh-
I'ut a l.i'','e wen in tneir ineks, wliuh is ("uppofed to be
ow'Oj to the clayey fandy w.ter, that leaves a Ic.linunt
in th ; ijiands of the body. The a; p.iril and dn i of the
eonimiii people are coarlV ; but the quality lue lerv
(piiulidly. M. . It i.f their houl'es aie <■( «o..d, p.icicu
I irly of the larch-iree, whiih is very durable, ..n 1 grows
!is black as ebony. I luy cover iheni with ll.ite, and in
(ome pl.ues build their hiniles with turrets and iviirjs.
lii t:;e Upper \'al,us the prevailing Lnguai;c ii the
'ieiman; but the inhabitaiHs of Sulers and .-liaen, wirh
tilofe in the Lower Val.li^, (peak a eorrujU Kreiicn; tho'
in both parts thev apply themfclves to the (ieriii..n,
I'reiich, It.ili: n, and Latin, which arc indilpenfibly iie-
ctflarv in thtir intcrcourle with the cantons of I'ein
and Uri, Savoy, I'icdmon', and the .Milanefe ; and there-
fore a ihan;;'.r cannot fail of bcin,:; lurpiifed at the flu-
v.u,u:,
, llur "Indian kin;,.!i m ; but tbtrf yran tifier ibe 1^,,,.
j nr Colli. ;d 11 ni.i.!e(*iiT llic Low I v.ilais to the n,|| ."
j 01 .S voy. I lie inhabii.ilits, on li.vtr.il mi. dioin, hj^'
I telolutelv ma'ntaineil their liberiitj. In 1475, ih^. i,.*"
j lliop ol (leiitva tei' . .1 the I'ppir \'al.di with .1 Im,'. ,,f
[eijjhten tlioiilan.l mm, ronldtm; ot Lower Vjuj',,,
I .111.1 .^avoy rds i but tile Upper ^'aUfiuis beinjir a(lilti.,|
! by ihrei tiioufand Hoops lent bylleiii, biiibur? j.,|
i Aoloibiin, ilieir alli.>, dcfe.itid the bilhop, aiij'tv,,,
I iii.iile .1 i.iiii| rll ol the l,ower \ aiais, whi.h h.ij tur
I lince be. n lubjidf totliini. In the lame vrai ticLfo,-,
ed i pei|.iMii.il alliaiue «iih li.rn, wh.eti Jijs htrn ,,.]
litwed wiili ihe wiinle llilv. lie bodyi and m ten f.'.'.
riileied into a particular union with the fcvni IV-jl.
I caii'Diis. ''
I he arms of the republic of the Vatais arc, party r;,
; pale (.nlcs and arjjciit, three inullei.i in lach fi |,|, w,;;, ^
one on the p ;le.
The republic of t'c L'ppcr Valali roiirilli rf ft,,,,
pans, i ailed /entcn or ryt.iiii..;s. In li\ ol tin 1.. 11,5
gouinnieiit is dcmoerau: al 1 but tli.it ol the fe.in'-
; whi.h lonhll) of t, c liiy v( l-ittm, is ar,(|,icf.i,,,ji'
I Kacli ruhiiu' fends :l ri'pieleiitative to the ;;, iicial J (j'
iWhith .illeiiibles twice a yen, that is 111 f.I.iy an,] J),'
Cemlier, at .Sittiii. '! Ins diet lias the mjnam.nniuti ,k',
public C'l.xcins, botli civil and nulit.uv, Ivb.les appcj''^
,111 proce!!'-s biou;;lu before ilie 'I'yt'in;.'.^ : it bk..,!,.'
L'ius audi.:n;c to envoys, J<c. Oitr cath rvtliin!, si
; chief, called a mevcr, or mayor, v.iih a p..rtiiul.if ,.-
'-■en.y niid juiili!icli"n ■, but the Tyihin.- t.iurt 1.; emu.
P' fe.l of the 'l ythiM;4 iud(!e. r.flilted by twelve ,(|';.
lor:, an.l judges, who .let h,.:,T in civ.l and crinnnal i,;f^.
' File military allaii.s ot each 'I'ytliini; are under liie .- .
, tcclioii i.f it b.iiiiu'nt .ind capMiti.
■/ he pnncipil plaeCi in tire L'pper Valaij aretlitfi.
lowinj :
JJrii^^or I'lie'T, r. !ar" open town, and ilie e.ipitaj „|'
4 r\tMii;; of the l.;me iiiitie, is feati,! on the luir ,S.i'.
tana, at ihcfi'Otif the mountain of liiug, in the pafj
of ^lll•plon. Here .ire feveral hue buiKlineN, particuhi.
' ly .1 hendfon e J. (uits co.le[;e an 1 nuinieiy ol Uriu.
! liir.s, and here all'u aie hcKl the Tytbiij^ ciuiii. j,,
;the \eat 175;, the i;rtatift part of the town was d.ilrt,.,.
ed by an eaiihqiiake.
Liuck i^ a vidage feated on an eminence near ili-
iconflix of the l)..la and the Rhone, .ind hi.s twochurcl.Cj
a fine town-boiife, .md an old caIHe, winch b. I.ii.ir, i,,
the billiop of Sitien. ,\s it llands near the centen.l the
I V'al.iis the deputies of the country oflen ;.ii'enible hw,
! 'Ihe I'.iiiious li.it baths, called ihell.iths of Lcuck arc
in a val'ey about two le.:;.;ues ilillance, inci iled on jl]
lii'es by hiiih mountains, through whith tluiv is only j
narrow palui^e to a wood on the fouth ll.le. 'I'licv .tc
lornied by tivc fprin^s, nut far from cafh other. Th.;
, laigelt, whi.h fills ei^ht baths, (lows pleniitiil'v, an,;
the v.ai.r is hot cir;u:;n for boilion igjrs. It j^ ('.jf (^,,
' mull part clear i but fomelmus chan(;es its colour. K
is puTjiative, atrJ good a;^iin(l col.ls, the tout, we.kli,-
nil. hs, liifcafes ot tiie Iver, Imijis, an.l fplecn, dimiicl',
■of lioht, convuH'ion;, d, iluxioiis, the diopl'y, (lone, ul-
■ccis, dil! ■nipcrs of ihe wonili, iVc. Th, re u aantlier
of tne fp:ini;s (i.oo.l againil ihe leprofy, and at a fmali
I d;(t;.nce fioni ihefe are feveial cold Ipriiif;?, the iar".c([
(1 y '.viih which the nieaiKll people here fpcak thelc
four languages.
I he .iiituiit iniiabitants of this country were lh>' Le-
n->n',ii Viberi, with the .Scduni and V'eragri, In the
middle agcr, it came to be called Valella, and in 10 52, it
il^voived 10 the Ciennan empire, ai a part of the (ttniJ
:;f wh eh llows only from M.iy to b.ptiirber, that i?,
■durinjilie luninur, when other fpiiii.;? aie .'lie.l en;
I but tlii-j is alVii'.ied 111 th'' nn.l!in.',o''the liiowon tlicAI(is.
I Sitten, or Son in l-"i< neh, .;r,d 111 L.iiin ieduiicm, the
capital of ail 'he y/iiol.' V..lai.s, is LatC'i on the livcrS.t-
I ten, .It a fm di d.lf.uiec (10,11 t'. li'viiie, in the for:v-fi.\tii
degree (even mimit'-s north liiii.ide, and in ihe levfiuh
I degree f.irrv miniit.s t.ill lo t.'.ude. It (lands almallin
the ceiiier b-iweeii t,"ie Upoir an I Lower \'..Iai;, in a
deli.ehifi.l plain, over'ook'-,i by pretty hi:'h hills on '.he
; eal't lide, on the bi,'i.tli of wni.h is a I'ort. in which
the biHiop iclid.', in ve.y lot we.ithcr, or in fickly fca-
' funs. II. le IS alio anothir fort, called the \'.ilfrii,
which li.o a ihu.'.h, and fevera! fine houli-s. Th.- tily
is neat ..I 1 vi'll built, with four churches: the mefl rc-
mark.ibl. o 1 -i^ is the eithedial, which h.'S at las
: threat fiatc a t .• nient of Roinaii marble, with a:i in-
' iciiijlioii lo the noiioiir of the cmn.'ior Au'-uK'a,.
'i'he
F
St IF II *":'•'
r. u R c) 1' I'.
^.1.
ri|ii.l)lik' Ci i.firt 01' ilie iii'i.il'i-
iinti
ol lllC l.u*tl \.llli:i Waifil lulll.llMii tlHlal ill'
In ilii'" coim'rv !■■ it'" nnunlaiii cm' .St. II in;'.!,!, wliit li
I,.,, 1.11 il4 limiiiiil .1 l.ii'.'t ctmvi'rit, ulu'ictli ■ '- ■■
tim .i!l tiavilln* tor ttuce iLiyn ;r.i'.|.<, vvIkiIi'-t l'.i|)ilts
ri.ii^ miiii-
r
r.iiiMiJc tii.ikc
,„ir.>ultJiil«i '"" I'""!'''-' ''
i;,mc civil aikiiiiwlcJi'iiiiLMf on tlicir Icmi- iiii.> lionle
,!t hoip"ji''y'' " '"'y '""■ ''i'"* '>^'"^« ''""v ''" ""' '"'"■
l^j^, hut ciiry him to ;i uli.ii)^ ill fomc .lilt.iiici: in lla-
niidl'l of (now, wlivre liic ilc.id lunly Ii.h wiiIhuii ch-
ijiitinil friKii tlic ixtKiiii; iiilJiids oi (li-- place. A liinii-
ijn.l'tr.iu'll.T'^ would lie ill lUn^^ir 111' |uiilluii); im llii«
|.„^.,| r,ioiii'.t.iin, wire it not lor tlu'lV lioniil tii.irs, who
liiiil :iit pi"i>plc with lii.iinlv ami oilii'i lor.li.iU In itoiii-
loit ihcrii, cri)ci.-i.Al!y in tiif wintir, .nul iiikiii f;rf.u lli.iws
uhiii tlicv I'lm-''.:"-' '>•"' '''•' P'""' imv^IUm') llrcti-licil
on the i^rounil, .'.lul iil.nuil OjivcJ to (KmiIi by tin; vin-
li'iifcoi the colli, or ii.iily to ilt"|) ilown witli C.ili^iif
f.,,ni tafdiiruiiliv of ihc road. Tliii iciulcis tlvfe lii.iri
I,, wfll bcluvcJ nil ovir Swilililjiid, ihai \slu'n lluy
IcnJ thither lor a coll' viion, wlndi liuv do once a yi-tr,
,l,j,( ;, fcjrcc a f.iniily, ii'.h or poor, I'jotclhiiit or I'a-
Pill, init S'vs fr'-ily to ihe i licl nl ihc convcnr, which
l.vu'ii It ii f.iid 'o Ivj lar^'C enough In hidd lix Imndad
lico'it-, and to I'l' io flnil ii|i in Imow .nid iic lli.u ihhIumh
i'ovti near it, '.'.i ouli t.ne i* l.ikcn, that this houlc
w.!nls for nolhiii;;.
St. Ma'jricc is a lar^e luiulComc town, iValc.i h.twccn
tivo hiiii <iii ihi.' Rhiiii.', over winch it h.is a llaU-l'/ Hone
briJit'. rcacliin:: from one hill to the (Jtl'er. On the
wclfliJ- "f ''"•■ l'i'<'u''i '•'"'IS '"^ l"u'' mountain, ll.iinls
li;.' "uvi'inur's i'eut ; on the e.ilK-rii iide i> u tower, and
[.;;,, ..v both a •^■.nr, which is (hut by ni<;lu. This pal.
i> a "teat Ihorou^hf.ire for .dl j>,ooil;. and petCms t;oHi(;
liciii the lake ol' (jeniv.i through the couiiny ol the
Valais, and over the niounl.iins ot St. l!..Tn.iril. In this
l.iwn i* I'll Aiii;ii(Hiie c.inonrv, the alihot ol which is
i;:lcd witli the lowjr jurildiclion in I'evcial vill.ij^esj and
thcjiihev coiitauis many pieces olantupntv, p.iiiicul.irly
a'Tcal nuniher ol Roman micriptions, and near the hi_;h
iluris a cuiioubMofaic pavement.
s K c r. XXVII.
71 i Prhn-ipaHly cf tsf.\;rL\wrtl.
Us Sil:ii'lii>"^ Exitiit, nnd Pr-Jim^ ik Liii!.:!m^f, Rfli<i':n,
lvih<\, ii'i'l Govr-ihimit cf ill- t ciiNliy ; icil/) a J),/,>lf>-
ll'ji of ihe City ef NiiifihatJ, and an /liniquity en the tip
tfii Ahu'itoin.
TliK next o/ the allies of SwllTeilaiid which wc (hall
now mentii n, is the principality (4 Neufch.ilcl,
ba'jr.ilcil on the ncrth hy li-ld ; hy the l.ikc of the l.iiiie
ii-iini; on the c.df ; the couiuy of liern eil the juuth ;
;nJ bv the Trarchc Coniptt on ll;c
tout forty miles long, and twenty hioad.
It is every way hilly, .ind akmg its northern and
wcl'.ern borders runs the Jura chuin. The nioiintainous
prt -ro.luc<-s very littu', except herbjLje for cattle •, but
ihv i.^ii.iiMtams, who arc ciiitlly artificers, procure theni-
fi'lvts a cumfiitt d>le iubrilicnce by tlicir labour. Mow-
HTf, the fmalletl eminences, with the valleys and plains,
r;; only produce red and white wine-, but Iruit, corn,
t.unp, :uu! flax.
Tlic Ncui nb'.irf; Like, fo railed from the town of
Niiiciiburg, which liands on iis bank, is nine hours in
l.n.'th, and two in breadth ; but not of .;ny lonridcralde
(icnth. It art'ii:d: jd-'iity ol iilli, particularly pike and
Ir.uit : cm the liJeof the town it reccncii the river Orbe,
anJ into i;s w.llcrn p.'.rt run tlie tw.> Iniall livers oj
Arcufe, or Keufe, and .Seyon. Its iioiih fide forms .in out-
let to the Zill, by which mc.iiis it has a coniinunicaiion
widi the hike of liul.
In the whido princlp.diiy are three towns, one bo-
rou^h, and tweiiiv-liNe |ianlhes, with ten chapels n!
caff, li.\ty-four viil.'.f;es, and a great number of fcattcrevi
lioiilc. The curr..nt language is French \ but with a
mi.\turc of the BurcunJian, both in the accent and
juit-a.
weft ; it bcinj; a-
Tliegreaiill part oflhe inli.ibiiantj an C..iviiiins, b'l'
ill the lallell iiiy of I.aiideioil I'dpciy \% the pievai'.n;'
icl'(;ii>ii. The twenty-thiic lii'.ul p.iiidus, inid riito c'
■ III liliaU, aie I'rolcll.inls, an I divid'd into llic lluec
uilloi|iies (if Neuinbiir;', llouilry, .ii:d the \ il de Tr.i
Vers. All their levii.il niniillers miet annually at Neiicn-
bui j; cli.ipel, in the tii"iilh of May ; an I this .di' nibly be-
iiij; vclbd with the lii| cnnKiidiiicv of all ecclih.ilHcat
all.iiis,tonrniHs thechiiri hnllicci . who are newly cholVn,
and coll.ites ,in I ( jm!1, niinilicrs, except in the town of
Niiilchatel. In ihe ca(b limy of Laid, roil .i;l' two i'li-
p 111 puiilliej, and one ch.ipel of c.il'e, which in cctleli-
alli.al aHans are under the juril liclion ot l.iufinnc.
I liH country aiicicnllv belonged to ihf l.iii kin;;dom
ol liuij>.ind\, wiih which, in i' ,ji, it devolved to the
(ieimm empire, bince that lime it hai been poUffled
by many <litl'ereiit f.im lie,, and in 1707 the hifjli t ibu-
nal id' the (tal'j of Ncut'chattl, after a mature and im-
parlial exaininaiiDri 01 the claims of leveral illullriouj
t.uniliis, palU'd a decree in favour of Kr.d iicl< 1. kin;;
ot rruflia, who inimcdia'cly took p lielil 11 of it, and
ihe iilii.il lioina^e was peiformed 10 r.im, he on his part
coniiiniing .dl th.j liberties .mil pi ivil ges of the ft.itc, and
Hi allijim's with the iKii;hhiMiriii,' powers. At the
peace of Utrecht, conclu..'i.d beuveen !• ranee and 1'; ifiia
01 171 <, the Kri'inh kiiii! arkru>wlcd^!ed the king of
I'riiliia as lovcii-i^'ii-bird of Nealchatel and V. llanj;in j
aiiil the iniiahiiaiits lire in .dl pi'.rts of Fiance intitlcd to
the l.mie r.phH an I piivilet;.-. that are indul.;ed to
the n. lives of the Swiis cuu.jiis, or which th'.y enjoyed
hcloie the kirii!; of riulii.i b.came their lovcr> ijn.
On the ofher hand, by virtue of the ronimunily of
ti.i;lil5 whiill the lords of N'eiifchal; 1 ha\e cnterid into
w.tn the tantoiis ol liun, I.uccrn, i'rcvbnrg, and Solo-
ihurn, h"th the fovcrrii'n and the town aie reckomd
all.iciatc^ ol the canton-.
'I he king, as Ik ad ol the n.ite, tTifnlcs in its ilTemblie?,
convokes lliem at plealuic, ccdlccls iheir fuii'r.'ijis, and,
when n|ual, decides ihe point in dclihi i.ilion. lie has
.ilfo the ni.inaginicnt of all niihl.iry nH.'irs, witii icfp';c't
10 which he is tilled lieutenani-^uier..!, an,l with him is
Connected the coun.il of Itate. The luimbcr of the
ni.mbers d-peiuN alio on ibc lovcreij;n's pi .dure. This
council fiipi I intends all theallairsol the (late and poiiic,
and decide> in any occurrences or con'ells. The gover-
nor here fits as pieCident, and in rale of his ablencc the
I'enior counfcllor. lie likcwife liimir .ns ihem logi ther,
whenever he pleafes, thou 'h their ufu.il time ot nicet-
irm is every Mund.iy and Tuefday in the morning.
L nder him are many general and particular officers nomi-
nated bv the lover: i.'ii, as the trcafurcr, to whom the
r^ccivirs pay the I'eieral hranchvs ol the revenue; thi»
liilt fecrctary to the council of ll.ite ; the general procu-
rator, who attends lo tlie main enancc of the I'ovcreign's
ri(;hisi the general dnimillary ; the g;-ncrnl advocite,
wdui carries on the pioced'es of the foverei:;n ; the callel-
lans, ami the mayers or mayors, who arc placed over the
lower courts, Willi a lladlhuldct or lieutenant under
them.
Thepiincipal court of jufticc, which iud_^rs without
appeal, is that ol the tlitic Hates of the I'.iycreignty of
Neulchatel. The full of ihele ftates is conipofcd of four
iioblis, who are ^^enerally the lour cldell noblemen in
the council of llao-. The lecoiid is called the (late of
officers, and confills of the four caftellans of Lan.leron,
lioudrv, ihe Val de- Travers, and Ttiielle, and any de-
li, ieney in thcfe is lupplied by the niavers or mayors,
riic third Hate is compofed of four burj;hcrs of Keuf-
ch.iiel, annually eb-iiled by the town council trom among
tliur own members. In this affemblv the governor
prelldcs, and on an equality of votes has the callirijr
voice : the jieneral procurator takes c.ire that noihin"-
be iranfacled contrary to the prerogative of the fovcrclgn.
This alVembly hnally determines all luits hrouijht before
ihem iiiMii ihc lower couits in the (enciei^iitv of Neut"-
chatel, explains ihe aills of the council of Hate, and "ivcs
iheir i.llcnt to any rvw tdicls of the fovcrcirrn, or to
ti.e rep'-al or alterath.n of the old ones.
;\mong the fuperior courts, ii that for the (rial of cti •
minais, in -.vhich the decrees arc executed wiiliou! ap>-
pcal, unlcfs tiic fovcrei^n, or his govcnor, arc difpofcd
r
lUii
*
I
\ ,
i
3»«
A S V S T V. M O 1- G 1, O G R A P H V,
> I
t til
u\
-r I
I, ,1 ih
ti> f.ivfiiii III'' t''in\ I V, tiihcr l>y iiiitlj;.itiiiiT, nr aiitmlliii.:
th'." fcntcii' I I Imt to a^'/avad- it r. not iii the |i(i'.vi'i nl
tltlii-r. I'liolo iDuru (mi' ilu' piii'illuiuiit nt' iciiTiiii.il'.
iiri'ol t'.vo kinJ>, f'liiir uivellcil w.ili ilu- In 'It {umilictioii,
.lniliitht.[!i niMtiii'' I t'l itic InMi'i ) iiikI iIu'ii Iciitciico^ i x-
lenil 11(1 f,iii!K'i thin i:n|iiilii|»mrnl, thi; pilldiv. wtnp
jiint, »V '. ( >i iliU \,\t\ kiiiil .no .ill tlio i-ouniry ccmrt'".
'I'h'ir miliiia, ••xi'lulu'c ol il.,,t i.f ihc precinct nl the
city of Ni'ulili.ili.1, DiiiiiiMits III ii|)W,iiil< o( liiiht tluHi-
('mil iTii'ii, whi) iiri) r in:." il im.i iVvcr.il cnnip.inicj i .in. I
thi' wlinlc iiiiiiciry tlKiMilliiiii lit i« uiuk'r the diri'Cliun
of .1 "/'tH r.tl infi". 'I'lr, (uur la'iitciijnj-coloncli, and the
liko liiimbrr ol iii.iinn.
N'cul'that' I, (.illul l>v tlic (jiTinar^ U'liri'h-N'tKii-
btii'j!, .in.i iti I 41.111 Ncot'i^iiiini, or Nuvn-Jlltuni, ilic
c.'p i.i! of tU'' iiiiinirvi i^ ItMH-il mi two I'miiiuiccs iid-
Ji)iniii; to thi- l.tki' lit' till: f.inic nini'", whi..h here ri;-
ciivi'i into it tlic little rucr Scy<m, It it a line tinvii,
cuMlilliii^; of lour I iipc llrecli, and an "IJ lallle, in
which thi' grivi'tii'M' riTidi's, to winch there ii an alccnt
liy OML' luimlii'd iK'p., fnnic (il'lhiiit cut out ut the ro.k.
'J'lie liKUlcs art" um^jr.illy will built, and .miiing lli'-'in
are fc'vcrai hanJlumc lliiicl'ni.s and I'.oi'd fountains.
Nf.ir the iMl^le i.i a fine old clnnrh, and a tcrr.ice that
a"'i)i,!i .1 vi.'W botn of the town .iiid lake. In the plain
•It thi- l)otto:n is aiiuther cluircli, the town lioul'e, and
likcwife u ^'s nin.ilunn. Hfre are Icvcra! niciiuinicnts of
sntiqiiif,', p.irticularlv a Ihicly tower on the dclccnt oi
one oi' tiic h.ll.s (ail! to have hcen built by juliuj Citlai.
Round the town arc on all ride.< viney.irds, garden'., and
count! y villa;. The city '\i j^nvcriied by a ci aneil ot lixtv
liiiri^hei,, v.'ho c:ii ly fuch ptivile^'.cs that they are alnmii
indejundcn!. Nenlchatel h.is I'evcral limes fntitied
;:r'jatly by fire, and in 1750 endured as much from two
lainul.itinns of the Seyon.
It o.i';ht iVJt to be i)niilt''.| tliat on nnrofthe fuinmits
of th-' Jura drain, near a feattrrcd vill.ii,'i' called la Cute
aux Fees, is a very fuprrb temple hewn out of the rock,
1:1 which A!cr( wry w.is aiuirntlv eoiihl! il b'.' n fans of
certain prupheti ll's. It is with it 'a: diih • jltv '.li.it a per-
I'oii cm ilclVend to the entr.iiire, bif.ire waieti i.s a llately
portal, whcie M^ aliiioft in iceed'ule ruclc tjrni'j an ar-
cade of d iluiiciidous magnlLudo,
»n'
S F. C T. XXVIII.
T'^c Rcpitl'iii o/C,tsi'.v,\,
//> Sniiclr,:! r.'^'l Pn.litct. Jl'ith u ftarumhr Difcriptlon
of l'm Lahi :f G:Kn:r., .)•.•/ if th: City if tht A'l/w/t',
ftl ipe like a halt moon, u hole 1 oiivex fi le luo!-, .
Swilieilandi (o that it is (i<t, tii I '.'."len 111 Itn", .,' *""
iule, While l,.w.ndi, Savoy, it d,.;, not , x, ,',', .''''I'''
It u preitv narrow at botli en.lsi but widm, !,.. ,., ''
to the iiii.MIc, where it 11 iw. nty. live miirMiv .j ^'i'
'" 1'^ ^-l"!'' 't " l''i'l me pi icca 10 b, uiifnu™ i'
and 1., thereliirp iinvi.taMe l.y l.-r.-a vcll'.l. iha,, ,r. '■"'•
munly lee,, ,„ met, Near \'.llei,euve, the kl,„; '7 '
enarjte, itlrll into it with (uch rapi.lrv, ihjt f,„ ,., ,' '
t^neeof hall a leaL^iic its watti, win, h \» very I, h\' '"'"
1111110 unniix'.d with that of liie lake, wU^.,, ' '^"^■
ele.iii hut alterw.i,d,, lay. Mr. Kevlier, (hire'; ''"'
niible dilfindioii, th gth lonie ol ihtf ancient ,'
Icveral ol the modern wuterit . Ilin.i f.c eontruv ' f
meily this l.ike allordid trouli of tiiry or li.\tv'iv ?
»vet^;hti but now one ot iwwitv or thirty i, rcct'lM
I he Rhone, at its influx, foiini nn iniiul, „|, ,,;,;
tog, ther with the banks on b.)th ll'es I'.anJa tiic '
ot tieecva, which in thus divided into three u''-^'!
part ., th.it have .1 comniiiiiicati.m !.v Co^.r bri.i ,"'"
inuaied in the loitvll-ah il-j^re': f. Iv^miimu; „],nC'
tilu.le, and 111 theli.'ith ileirii n'lictecl: ininite. t'.,i!'i.,.'
I'ltude. 'I he preatilt part of the tiiv is fi a'.J nn',] '"■'
aii'l has its view beundcd m d\ liL"! by fu,.r.ii ,, ''
ot mountains j but ihele aie at Co great a ilidaiic 'r
they b-ave open a fuiprilin.t variety cf beautiful 1 r ' . 1 "
and liom tluir htuaiii.n. covi-r ttie rour.tiv thcv ii,.| r'
Iroiii all winds exee,K the louth and north, „,h'| ,„ T'
laitot th;(e wind., the itihabit.inu of thi. city Mr
theh'iltl;ti.!nef. of the lu -, lo, a. the Alps '1,,;.^';;
i.ie city on all lidt ,, for-iin > a valf baion, v.'ithMi w'-^'h
IS a well wa'ered r-nmtrv, ihue would line h.' ,,.,!,,
Ibnt l(.ij...:ti(iinjf v.;pour.'-, did not the nnnh tt.||.,i '!!,''•
t:icni ill ■• ,i;,i', and lea'ter them trum t'ni- »,,„•;,''
It'.r.n-rt.- liiMa.e-in ■'■ .'X.iilifeii o'vervea, r-.c • ,., , ■!'
i .t.r at ticiiev.i, !i, 1 ■ s i,;;)nT, than i:i othvr p'ifnZ
me lam't !..titu.!ei ..nJ th'j top-i of th? n-i^M,,,,,,,
by
ji 'ii . rep.i-iiic ot vienr'.'.-i, i>y the CJerni^Mis called
A (j, ::u\ an ! by l.'ic French Cjenevc, is the laft of
the all.c, of Swifll'il.'i'.d. Tnii republic is but of Imall
extern, i'ur, itxcluli'.e of the city c) Geneva, it does not
I rintaiii ix'oc.:- e!.:ven pariflie.;, ci.i;it of winch are [lartly
iiiiHcr th" jiirihiielion <;. the duke ol'Saiov ; vet it is a
cr.iui.iit.ibic ally '•'• the Swifa cntons. 'I'he country in
j;entral is v;:ry friiiltul -and populous: in villages aie
|,irT;p, well luilt, :;nJ adorned with inr.iiy hnc houlc.s
bclon^iin; t'l the citi/.en.i of Cieneva. h abound.' with
iViiit, ainl pr.id'iees white and n-.l wine ; t:',e tiiiini.r iii-
(k'eii i.- finnll, but the latter ixetllent. The only corn
fjwej here i;. v.hea', which it, li'il boars here in great
plenty; and the icpublick conilaiuly keeps a larticmaga-
'/ine of it ngaie.:^ :; time of fci'rcity, when thiy fell it
out ;;: a rcsf^.nab!'; rate ; and in a time of plenty, they
alfooMi s the iK'.keri, and thofe vviio ke-.p public lioufcs,
to luiV It of tH 111, ujl at a inoJer'.;te puce.
The lake of Cjcneva refemulcs the ica, both in the co-
lour oi iti water, the ftorms that arc railed on it, and in
the ravages it mak'.'5 en iis liank'., and is as little fubiect
to froft as the lake of Coi.llancc. It receives dilfLreiit
name; fioni tiie coa!l.; it wallu s, and h.is in I'limmer (omc-
thin^ lik" the ebbliij^ and flowitig of tlie ti.le, oce.iiioned
by the ir.dtir.j; of the Inows, that fall more ropioulli into
it at noon, than at other tinies ol the day It has five
dift'eitnt ftates liotdetiiig on it; theCe an- bVance, the
(iBtchy of Mvoy, the canton of iiern, 'iu bilhopric of
Sittcn, »nd ihc republic of Geneva. This lake is in
noiKitaiiis oe to/.r:d wi'li li;;htabjvc half .m ln.ira<t-'
the lun is down »t Cr-ncvu. I It I'e mountiinsaif.ur .i'
lucrcaic the h-a;.s .. Inim.:r, and for.li nn heri/im'th!
ha, lome-.nii : in i- • ■ ry Lt^t^ii ir and a-re-.dile n'
the one hai, . a lorn. rin..';ef mils, d.fiin^u.ih-d b, ,.,,
name of moiint Jnu, i; cov.-:e ! u i.h palturc .,„ ; v;^.'
yard-i and en "e cih-.-.-hci-epr-'cipices, formed of nakcj
rocks, rile in a i!iou:..im odd r.^-ares, and btini; (i.i- :,,
lome places, di|...v,r hi-h nemntains of fiu, •.• ^-'iV
dillaiice of leeeial le.!-'jesi)eh-..d thet^. To tlie fouthvir'
tlic hill? riliiij; mnf: ii<feMlibiv, leave the c.-e a ■./l",..,'
imerrupted profpcd j but the mod beautiful' virv/iulu'
ol the lake, and its boiders, ihat lie north of the tO'vn '
I lie pait <m the ri^ht fide of the Rhone, which ;-,™
a church oi that name \i called St. Cervais, n uf,
much Miteiior both in its ditnemioni and beai;tv to tia
builiiiii-^ nn the eminence on tiie left fide of that rivpf'
but lor thele t.iirty years pal}, daiiy improvements hi'
' been made ill every part of the eiiy. ThelarTcnl
; beautilul foititications have drawn hither fever.-.l ioti< >'(
I vvoiknien, and orcaiioned mtinv jii licious nif.-,f„i,-/(',.
I procuring materials for building at a rcafunahlc rate • f,',
I t.-.at what mi;dit at lull appenr'to raile the price of p-;.
I v.ite building, ha-, had a very contr.i y rllr.t, Nj...
lircet conlilbs r.f line buildiir";, part;, ulailv ihe l'.. •
; Hcing theTicille, or walks m,idc behind Iheiown-i n, '■
I 'i'liele walks conlilt of llnic-:',ie«, and boi:i . on aiie,- ^
I nencc, afford a btautilul profpidf „f thel.t'f.e "jri'-j
beneath them, and of |i,e lieldi and me.id'jws (v.-n-'j;
j the mountains. One of the r.'nl\ ma;;ni!iccr.t ho:;'- "i;
' that of Mr. i.ullin, an ■ 1 iefi Hie, wiiich I-, fa:d' v, h»'-
colt him abov/e eiL;hty thouland didlarF. Sonic ff-;, • ,'
tiie Lower Town have a kind of pin/zas j but t'-.c. ari;
lolticr than thole of IScrn, and project farther. ShH'c'r.
of this kind arc very convenient in a city without
coaclies,
Amonp; the public buildings we oiipht m.t 10 omit .'■r.
Peter's church, which was (ormerlv a cathedral, niid";:
a fpacious antleiu ilrucluie, in the'torm ofacrcfi. in
the front is the fi;;ure of the fun, whi.h was wo.'/}.':,.
ped in the time of the I'.ifan';, and which tiie city li;.
veral :'t;es after tcoi: for it; device, with thi; motfi,
r-.r
0»»iv/.'
e li)"k» t iwjfii
111' lit liy ttpj.,,,
iiiint">tMum,i!v
'"«li:'i».ir.'ioi„.
. xht l<h,.n?,|,|.
tluc fur ii,.- ,|||.
♦ >"''y •"•ul, con.
Iwf, ihiTc i, n,,
'^ i'lici-nt, mj
K'litruv. hr.
or lixly ,v,„p|,
iifly ii rcckoij.j
niini, ou
V.iiic'i-,
I'.lnJa liii; r„,
■'■ hri'lj ..jHi,
r»i iiiiti. iiii'(li'..(/.|
mi'i ""•I'jilli!,. «J
af.M'.'J oil il,;;^
l>y fnrr.ll I J,,.. I
I .1 I'.ill.lllC, (',.
.■aiitiriil pr, ,^f,i,^
intiv they ii'iclof-
orth, mill In ti|(
tllM lily ?trV
i"t Alps lii,T,i.in.i
on, wuh'n ivhi.li
il liric h^' a ,■,„,,
i! IKTlll Win,; .„j.
)in Vnt". to tiri:r.
■vc-;!, t^-.c :.,:, „f,,'
i-i o-.'n-r plwMof
th'.' ii-ri'j'-.'-t.'urmj
luiir.in lij'.iratta
'Untiiii«,ili.inin!,
a;Ti-.,i)k.. 0,1
i|-...ii.!h;\! h'/ ths
lUirc I,. 1,1 vino.
. funniJ oinrilicj
|nJ !icii:g 1.;,;: ,„
of U:i..\; at tie
tln.'lbu!luv,ir,l,
llic cyi; :i v.,;} !■:..
[ititul view Wtliil
rt'ii fjf tl'.f town.
|<.'tK-, vvliuh ;;i,rn
f 'lTviu's, ii very
il tu-3i!ty tf> tit:
i.'e of th,it iwfr ;
lovcnu'iUb I,.',';
Tilt Lirfic ;.ni
1 (ncr.-.l Ion; I
lus nir;-.l'ui.> r r
hl'.JiiriWf r.i!c ; III
llhc price 11! pri-
|y .iVr.t. Ncv,.
iih.ily the 1',.;, ;
the tdWJl-l.'i :■
li'.-i:);^ on ar.cii::.
Ihc l.ii;;e ;-:.r.\!:?
ICld'jWS t '■■ .ri.
iliccr.t jy/i r. ii
i'i faHJ !'. h^v.;
Sonic ((-(i ■ ( !'
Ins ; but t'ic, x:
rtlicr. .Sl-."i'v:r.
la city v.l;!.'.u:
ll.it to npiit ^r.
|.itlic'.lnil, aiv.l i:
(if a eel's. In
111 u'.ns «"-•:(};•:,•
Icli tiic ciLy ;c-
]'ith thiJ n:r,;;i,
r. u u o
Ci NlVA.
TiNiuBA* npi*" tt'frMi tiut afiiT ilKinh.il'l-
rur
i.i III ihk Kvloriii.ktiuii, ih<« miitio w.r.
iMnj;!
'■•"" j'm, |.,.|,i' 11 NUiRA* l.i)x I till- fciimrr tKlntiin;
iMlli'n' il.tliiHi., >i ■ I' 'I '""■ liKlit.'""! tJH' ntl.r, tl.iit
Jilt w "^ 1 niii*
„,. ch> ll 't'i»« "• ' '-■ l^vtUo apoltir* r.irvrJ iii
■ ,„J "iim 111-' '"h" '"^'^ ■"^' ''*'' twili""_|""|ihc'«'
.\l.u>..il)tc«, v.Ik'IC- li'.,tii I'.ic (nrni.iii.< iiinl li.ili.iiia
,,111 iliwiic wurllii^i, .iiul wliirc jIIo tl-,o iirotiltur*
,11 llu' invc lit llir « Itii ( li biliiilJ I'll'
;,jin w 1 ...■-■ "'
•ulpil ai'-'
iV'r i""!"^'''' '''•" '" '*** •I""''''''' ^^^ kiii;i iif
tirljiiJ -"'' Iki"-" •"« iipfTinally \M»ye>\ lur. IIk
Cii'lluii biMJvi""' and iicAcc.inIt' Uinpot i.l' li,c iliTjiy
hrf nay hrve lor a p*iivi II to thiii liethicii ilitlcilnn
Imiillumi" r.in.c.l..an.i..l p.int-.. Jlul'l il.c tlugy
,1 lilt* .111! •iviilc III iiiiv JiKoiiI" "n Ihc |,i, (iwJm.;j
J.Mi.ltScivciu-, aiiJ Will* that Hit- •i"l«-- niaiur w.n
I ji.i.i III u;'l.n"ii- .... I
(.III l.ic I'lainpaliii wi,l,,.»» the try, i« tti- g«-ni;r.l
I ,;!,l-placi', ami in llii.. tliui, I vjiil the li -Jy ui (il-
ii,,, iiiiiticJ i liiit the iiihali.t.iiit,, '<»'(i iH-vj, lofliew
J.-ir an' iV'i' «'> li'i.laiili'1, wiil not ii-.i '" I<.jiii t'l know
,„'uiwt (ilacc It 11 J pi.ritMl i I'Ul it is (J.,!, that a Lii-
lur.il cckii..!! if w.u Imncl tlul.- liy Calvm.
"iWiiiiiiini <" till- ».-.ur.i..lrMi lif StI'ctcr i> tlic_iliinr!
of III
!,l unil.jl'11'liy rcui 'tluir |:ctiiifs. l!iliJi» llic iwu
l.iuruK- all'' • ' • ch<pcl, .ilri.iJy iiicniiomil, liicii; .ik-
lojrutlicr chui^.cs. Tiic ucn>.r..l ln.lpital i.,a ncwbuilj-
ini ihit lijs a pjriicul.ir «ii.ipl..iii ol ii.s nwii. 'I'hc
fiaich luvi' lii;i.vv,li.- all Ikilpil.il fur the relief of tlu/u
li;;:.iicn Iiic tiivvii-liiMil't.' i»a ll Ucly cJilicfOl licc-lluia',
(I'.'ii t,l Ul, .11' iilliii'-lKC not l.ir from the c:ithfJr.il, .ni'l ill
111, jijiiMi pillage p.ived Willi f.|iMiiltoiits, whcioapcrloii
u-jt' *-U oi ri ic uiiJer ciivir Ir.iin the hjtto:n tn the
(t'j'i aiil It a f,iull ihilaiicc from it ii the aileiial, in
wniill .itt ill wii til' lail.ierj, a tliar.a'd pit.ii J, aiiJ utiicr
i;iiul.iiiCJii> II ailv iilo ul by ti.e S.ivuyarJs in t'ltir l.iiiious
liilic'H'i I'lipriliiij; t'c i-i^y by nij;ht in i()Oi,wlien tlicy
vvtu icpull'.J anJuiauii iitFwiili all the iijiioiiiiiiy their
.,.,.,Jiouiiic.- Je.crve,!. I ne imiv.rliiy, winch i.s rtckim-
cJ jiiuiu tl.c mult eekbr.'.te.l in Liiiope, w.is fcundeil in
i;:3, and his tw Ive pioMi'its b,U>ni;in^ to it, with a
u,v valuable li'.ii..ry, in wiiicii are I'oiuc curiuiij iiiaim-
Itripl!. At the iWax of the Riiiiic nut of the lake is a
IjuilJiiilt III wliitli aic kept the p.iblic barges, yachts,
^ndvclleli built fur their ilel.'iice.
Withuut the i^ates are h.iiiilluiin' f,ats, dolii'htful par-
J;'i!,3nJ pkaf.int walks. I'he lalubiity nfihe air, with
lhct.\teilciit ptovilioiis, the agrecalile liiiiaiion of the
■iljci', the pohieiiels of the iiihabitaiiis, tne iireat luiin-
iKiiif iiuiuila.;turers iiiul artificers, a'j aifo (if perlons
pjifi.!.; ihrmigh it fiuin Germany or Kr.incc tj Italy, or
liom il.ilv to France, as likewile of yuiiiij^ foieigii gen-
litmcn refidin'j; hereto pLileiit themlelvcs in the French
ionsue, pilite literature, and other academic.il exeieilcs,
ion'iibiite to render this city extremely delightful.
Iv
(ii-.it iiniiilitii' of l>..iiiti(ul ina!ufj..»uiri Hp'jubiu-.
are mad, here I Plid union;; many woiki of iiiii'iiii.'y
lli.it (,f w.ilwh in-l.iii(t il lairicd lip with v»t'''«t I'mcel .
Ii.ll.ile Is, lioAcvcr, fiiiiicwliat tUilii":,!, b'li ,i ilill
veiy umilidiiablr, (in aciumit ol ili beliijf a ih'j-im^h-
lati f.tr (•uni'. p.idiii/ trom France tnCrrniiiiy and It4ly,
as allii liuin ( lerin iii\ to Fliikc, thi-v f i iii^ uiily (iiip-
poil Imm luiici nil the Rhine oi th': llhoiif!.
I'liu uvtnuin (if ihe city, iieli.f^ 'l.at .uifitiir from the
I'alc (if the ri'iii, wliicli i. iiicdiili.'rralil-, annually amouni
to .ib.Mit II liundied iinil ihiitv thniil nid iliillan, il.c ijruat-
ell p.ii* i.f which ate tmpto)e,| in llio falaii- , of the tnJ
nil I ciclvlialliral ofliicrs. In the bull lin,; and rcp.iirs ol
the public edifice;., and in the p.iymont of the |;:irrif(jn,
v\hicli cniifiil;, ()! ri^ht hiiii.lrcil men well dili.i_)iiiuj,
who weir an iin.f iim of blue licol with lej,
'I'lir power lull Iveii iiiimi niori.illy lo.l,.ed in the pro-
pi ■, v/hoconlift of about fifteen bundled biir,;lieis j their
ciiiefs LeiiiL; f"ur fyndic;, who, with twenty one eouneil-
nien, conn'tute KH! fipieme cnutt ol twenty- hve, vf
whi. h two perfoii:. of oic; lainily lunnul be ineinbcri a;
the I'.ime time,
'I'lii' II xt il i!ie more fLVfre court, ciiifidinj; of fixfy,
and the j^reat toiiiiiilof two liiindied. 'I'lie Ijiiditiare
cliofen by the people ijiit of llieKniiuil of twenty-one i
and thev tontiiuie in olRcc bat a year : boweetr, they
letaiii their feat in the council, and ate capable of being
chol'en ai'iin. For the iiippoitof credit it is ciii'Ud by
iMi I \piil» law, that no foil who duel not difchar^c hi)
tathei's debis Ihall be capable of any (.fliee.
'Fhi'i little republic has fonie peculiar ordinanr'", fel.it-
in;^ to in.itrimoiiv. No iii;irrl.i;'e is p'.rinitted uiilels bolii
p.iities be I'roti Hants ; all previous |)iomife» or en[;.if;e-
niciits of A Keforiiied wiili a Koiiian catholic, aie de-
clared void, and the a;;eiits, with thofe who hive j^ivui
thiir .iU'ent to it, are punifltablcaccordinj; to the natuic
ol the circiimll.iiKts. A woman of toity years of age
cannot many a man tli.it is ten years youn -er than her-
fell 1 if above fjrty, her choice is confmrJto five years
younger. A man about fixty is nut to mairy a woman
wh-i IS not at Icall above half that age ; and a widowf
mull remain fuih fix months before ihe can alter her
condition, in tins p.iiticulai a man i not exprefly li-
mited , but i'', however, enjoined to wait a icafjiiable
time, with this fin^'ilar addition, " both to obviate
" fianJal, and to fliew that ho has felt the band of
" Cud."
'Fhe maintenance of a good police, and the fuppref-
fion of bi.'Miry, is the province of a p.irtirular chamber ;
but a vitry extiaordinaty fund here, is that ariling !roni
the dirt of the itrects. In other places money is paid for
liavineit carried away, whereas here it is farmed for eight
hundred lutos paid to the city, for the exelufivc privi-
lege of takin^j It away for iiuuuring land.
4Q
CHAP,
ffr.mji
' p
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•T
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CHAP. xxiir.
Of I T A I. Y.
; t
4
I
S E C T. I.
0/ I r.\LV in ^iv;;777.'.
Its h\iri:i-s, Silnat'i:r, Fi7jirc, f'xUfit, M;;intiiin;, Ri-.ri i,
on! P<:du.:t\ Tl e j'. .'., Lanpui^c, Ri-ii;isii, Cu/hnn,
Aliiimcrs, and Fi:.i ^if the Inhuiiumls, 'J.iththc Div'ijhi:,
rftlc Cawliy.
IT Af.Y was aiuicntlv known hy the names of S.iv.n-
nia, Oeiiotria, Auliiiiia, and llerptria. The hrft
was derived from S.iturn, the fceond and third fio;n its
primitive iiihabitaiils and tlic fourth, whieh fignifies a
welUrn country, from the (jreeks ; bee.'.nfe lyiiiu; to the
well of them, iji fueeeedin;; times it obtained the name
of Italia, according to fomc aiiihors from It.diii, a kin.',
of Sicily ; but in the opinion of others from the Greek
word IrsAsf, whieh n.^iiifies an ox, this country, from
the richncfs of its palhircs, being rc.narkaHe for the
abund.incc of its fine oxen. Each of thel'e apicllations,
at firif peculiar to diftinft territorie,-, were al'ei v^aidi
givi n iL the whole to;intry.
Italv, iiicludimr Sicily, lies' between the thirtv-fcvcnth
and forty-fixth dej;r(.c of north latitude, and between
the fevtnth and nineteenth degree of eaft longitude. Na-
ture has fixed its boundaries ; for towards the eart, fmith,
and weft, it is wafted by the Adriatie a- I Me liter-
ranean" feas, and to the noitli by the high and loltv
mountains of the Alps. Its figure is generally compa-
red to that of a boot, and is tliercfore divided into t'lree
parts ; the top of the boot containing anticnt LombarJy ;
in the upper pint of the leg arc t!ie te litorics of the
church and of T'ufcany; and in the fmall of the l.g
and fo.1t is the kingdom of Naides. The length from
Aorta, at the foot of the .\lps, to the promontory called
Capo del Armi, in Lower JaLibri.i, is computed at near
eight hundred Italian miles, which make about ftvtn
hui'dred and twenty- fix Kn.'lifli ll.itute miles. Its breadth
at the foot of the Alps is ilv.- hundred and fixty Italian
niiies i and through the middle, that is, between Ancn-
na and the mou'h of t!ie Tiber, one hundred and thirty-
ii.x ; but in Come places hardly twenty-five.
The piineip.il mount.iins :n Italy .ire the Alps and
the Apennines. The A.lp'^, of whieh we have niven
fomc account in treating of Swiflliland, are a long chain
of mountains, that begin at the n.outhof the river Var,
and, after nianv irregular windings, terminate near the
river Arlla in Iflria. They divide Italy from Fr.iiice,
SwilFeilan..!, and CJcrmany, and are varioully denoniina- i
ted accordiiu 'o their .'ituation. Tlie Alps on the ki-
co.iil reach fiom \'adj or V'ado, to the foiirce of the '
Var, or even to that of the I'o ; the Cottian Alps, from !
the i'ource of the Var to the city of Sufa ; the Greek ;
Ai's, from the city of Sufa to mnimt St. liern.ird ; the |
1 i-ninian Alps, Iriim mount St. lii uiard to mount St. '
C-iotthard ; on ihei'e border the Rli.eti.in Alps, wh.ch ex- I
tend to the foiirec of the river I'lava ; ::nd ladlv, to j
mention no more, theNoric, or Carnitian .Mps,\vhiih '
extend from the river Piava to Il>ria, and the fource of i
the Saufirom. We have already given an account of;
fome furpiifmg particulars relating to thtfc liupendoiis j
mountains, and fhall cive others no lefs extraordinary in
tre.itiiig of Savoy and I'icdmont.
The Apenninc mountains take their rife near th" Alps, i
on the fca-coalK in the territoiies of Cirnoa, and dividing; |
Jia'y into alino!!- two equal parts, reach to the freights ■
that feparntc Italy from Sicily, and ;;ive rife to an ineie- 1
ilible varietv of rivers lh.it water this del'ghtlul rtu'itrv. '
'Che larccfl and nioH reni.iTkable of the rivers o! Italy aie
the followiiu' :
The Vo, which rifes in.mnutit \'efo, one of the hit'h-
cftof all the Alps, and after receiving upwards of ihiity
fmall rivers, difchargcs itfilf into the Adriatic by f
difl'erent mouths. The Adigr, in Latin .'Xiiufi. h'^'^^
fource in the KlKvtian AI|.s, and wateij the eitivt 'f
1 rent and Virona, it being the oi'.ly l.irgc river in L,
bardy, and inlK-ad ol joiniirg the !',,, nin, like thjt r""!"
into the Adriatic. The .UnnfloAS hum the, An „„!'■''
mount.iins, an I f.i'ls into the I'ulean fei nea. I'lfa. 'i'""
I'iher riles a!fi> out of the Apenniiie mountain. ,' anl^*^
a imall diftan e fr.im Rome, ernj)tics itklf im,, the j-,^-'
can fea. DelicKs thcfe theic are many other- "
This country produces in arcat plenty all the .-kt'""
ries and conveniencies of life ; for all the varieiy of ,i i'"
cacies that lie le.ittcred, as it were, in other cuun' '"
are here almr.il eV' ry where met with in profufu u, p' ',
confiU in com, rich wine.-., and the ehoieell tiii.;^' 'J
(■ranges, citrons, lemons, olives, pomt"^ranJtc,~ ^'i^i
(ins, almon-ls, fug-ir, oils, mulberry-trees, beyonj i'^,'-"
bcr, to facilitate the producing ol (ilk; tanieanlwi
be.;iij, alab,ilier, j.ifpcr, gold, liFver, julphur, iron, ,|„..,
?cr. On this .iccount aulliors have be;il exticiiulv lii'
vifli in tlicir praifes of this tinecountrv, wliic.i tii.y'r.jv"
(tiled the p.irent of plenty; 'he (ouree'of earthly (ilicuv!
the pride of our earth ; tine garden o! Lump/; j„j ,; '
beauty of th- world. .I3ut it mu(t he aeknowiclj..,! tti t
the Hue pl.:nts, which, from time to time, have luui \l.
troduced into ti\e weitern and northern countries irj;^
Italy, as the reputed mother of them, arc notall urir.,,,!
natives, the far greater part being tranlplantej t J tli^
Italian foil from tne c;df. Thus all the (;uit-trce.< the
produce of \\hieli the Latins caMed wj.',;, w ere traiifpbr',.
ed to Italy _:.ftcr the conque(l of the Romans io'rtfriQ"
Greece, Alia Minor, .md Syria. The apricots emit (u.n!
Kpirus, and are c.illcd >iul,i Elnr:tu,i; the pcao^ aic
named /;.'«/.( A-',''.,;, from their being brought frimi \\;i:.
the citrons «;!.7.j,l/<-./iiv;, trom their heini; t1anl|ilar;e(i:ru^
Media; the pomegranates /w.Vj Pw.'/.j, from CirtLj;,-
and chefnuts were tranlpl.intcd from tiie town of (Jallar/
ill the diltrid of Magnelia, in M.icedonia. T he b:?;
pears were fcnt from Alexandria, Numidia, (Jreece, .nri
Niinianti.i, as their Latin names fufficiently iiviiejic.
The (v.[\ jilums were imported from Armenia and iv:ij'
efpeciallv fiom ILimafcus. Luciua Lucullus w.ii'thc
!iilf who introduced cherry-trees from Pomus, whicH
fbon after became tl'.e growth of all other coeiKnes a;
Europe.
But however rich an, 1 fertile Italy in general mav bo
deemed, yet no fmall difference is difcoverable witil re-
fpcct totlie (niitt'ulnefs of the foil, the falubrity of the
air, and the pleaiantncfs of its provinces. Itisfu;vc;i
to fevcral great inconveniences, partieularlv in the m J-
die I'nei lower parts, and in tnoft countries the ru:;ifccr
of inhabit.iiits is far from bi ing (uincient lor the iiip rove-
nient and culture of this fruitful foil. On co.'.liJerin-
the nmltiiude of people in Italy, during the rei-ir of tli:
Rom.in emperors, its pri lent defolatenels, which i) mol!
perceptible in the pap.d dominions, canr.ot but appear
furpniing. The ingeni.ius Mr. Add fou was of opinion,
thjt the Cimpaiiia of ancient Rome contained mors
people than arc at prefcnt throughout all Italy, and th.t
there !>, not a town of any coni'cijuence in the- whole
countrv where the eccklialtics do nut make at leal! one-
third of the inhabitants.
The ancient inhabitants of Itily were the triumphant
conquerors and rulers of the world. The lifter 2rts h:-.e:
now taken place, and fecm the chief employment ofth:
modern Italians. I'.iinting was indeed introduced .it
Rome by C.iius Eahius, and wa.s brought to CdiilideriW:
p"rlei-'ion belore the time of Auguitus; but a cuiiupt
t.ille loon alier prev.iiling, the politer arts were oblitc-
rateil, and by dc'ties (iink into oblnion. .Since the
decav of the Roman em|me, Paintini; paid Italy a leconJ
vilit,
.11
J'^'^,;
Ulriatic by fcvf;,
1 Allul'is hjiii,
••13 tile citk-s of
;;<■ tivtr m Liim,
:!■' like that rucr
;)m the Ap iinins
m-a. i'lla. Tnj
"iintain-, an I at
If into the Tu!'-
■ orluTc.
y all the ner-'!'!.
ic variety dfiitl,,
1 other cuuiK;,; .
prof'iiri(jM. I'll ^
lloicill tlU.l> J 4i
:r,in.!tc«, &i. I,,.
ECS, lu-yciiiJ lium-
c ; tanu- aii.l «• ij
Iphur, iidii, ul,,.].,
-.11 I xticiiuly Ij.
, vvhx:i tn.y'njjj
jt I'arthly kllcily;
Kuropu ; jiij li,;
icknowlfJi'.d ih.;;
nic, liavc lictu n..
•11 coumrii's Iroin
arc nut all orii;i|i.i!
■anlplamcj tu <m
he l.'uit-trcf!, the
7, were traiifplant-
<on:ians in^Afna,
|a[inL-otsc.iiiic lK,ni
the pcaciips arc
;ht friini i'trbj
traiiiplaiULilirom
troni Cartliji.1''
tnwnofCaltailij,
dnnia. '1 he b:;l
ia, (ircicf, lir!
(iL-icntly in.acatc.
iimiiia and byiij,
.ucuUus tt.;s the
PoMiiis, whic'i
Luhcr coun;rivs in
in gt-ncral mav 1-.
lovcralilc witii ri-
(alubiity of t'-ic
. It li k!':';c;t
iilarlv ill (he m J-
iiici the pi.nibcr
L lur the inijrovc-
( )il ciir.liJctin;
the reigns of tl;c
1-, which Ij moll
Mil not but appea;
jii was ot'opiiuon,
coiitaiiivd mors
all Italy, and th.t
lice ill tl,5 whole
make at leail cnc-
crc the triumphant
he filter arts h -.v:
employment of ihr
cod introduccJ jt
i;ht to Cc.iiruieiabL-
us 1 litit a tuiiupt
aits wcic oblitc-
luioii. Suite the
pai>l Italy a lecoiij
ITALV.
,f,t. atid the maders that cxccllci! in it
E U R
O P
3i'
fclvcs. - ,,.,1
thcirworks are Hill
for a lon;^ time
cfcrvcd an unrivalled reputation. Whether tlic tltlf
f'fL'.k painters came to HoloLjna, l-'lorciice, or any olhtr
',v has been warmly dilpnteJ. In the thirteenth eeii-
"rv mo" "^ ''^"^ church paintin; was either in Mofaic
'" fi'cfco. 'llie fnft painters who diftin^iiifhed tlieni-
"' were iienerally alfo llatuaries and arehitecl.s, and
the admiration of the cuiiou.,. The
cntion of engraving is claimed by the Ituliaiu. ; but
"hat honour is only juftly due to the Ckrm.ins ; for An-
Jrc^^f^^a^tcgna, who died in 15 17, in the 6o'liycarof his
, was the firfl who applied himfelfwith I'uccefs to
"h'^s'artin Italy. The Italians (till maintain thiir fupe-
'dr charaiScr for fkill in flatuary. iJomc caufes of the
"jvancetnent of this fcicnce among them, is their having
^he noblelt models, which they keep before them ; the
nv Icdurcs and conferences in the academies; the
n)t'ral payments ; the tonilant opportunity of dilplayiiv;
their (kill; tlic incentives of praHe ; .ind the gaining (it
,„l7f, Almoft everv titv has an acaderny ot Icuiatmc
fountains, and cafcade., more than in kcepin; a fplendid
table, and indul^in^; in tne luxuiies cuniniun in o:hei>
parts of Europe; and though thj i.'rcat are fond i,f lich
C(|iiipagc3, eoaclics, and ;. large retinue of ferv.ui:?, thev
d.j n.jt I'lilf'er tlv: latter to Intel i'eie with the icem imy of
tlv.ir table; but commonly keep their fjr.'unts at bjaid-
V.'a;_'i-i.
'J'hcy commonly flecp about two hours aft.r dinii.r,
wli.ch is but .1 (light meal in compatiibn witii iheir lup-
pen. Theic la(t they beg 11 with roall iiieat-, and end
with foops, and the like. iJoiled fiiaih, (erved up with
oil and pepper, or (Vied in oil, and tl.e hiiiJer part of
fiogs, arc ertecnied delitaeieo; and feveral fortj of fo'.v!
are eaten here by the great, which the poorelt .ar.onglt us
would hardlv toueh, as kites, hawks, ja.kdawj, and inag-
pirs. Th^y bath eat and diin!-: vcy Ipiiingl',-, and have
thei: wine cooled be ieeor('n'>w.
The iiiiii ill the little towns, fays Mr. .MilTon, ate ill
!i:rnillied with i)rovih<iiis, elpeci illvon 1 .i.'.c ro.! Is. I'hc;
iilll rijiai;'. |■:.lll■,Itl..■•.nn■^.,.l.. .. ', ,1.(1. ,1 -M .- u.ll-.t
K
r
.
£
•*
4y
^r
i
J.I.
4 I
'if
ti»
It
vt
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■ ifl
1
■ (
i ■'
n
h.
^^
H
» H<
f
1
1
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•I ;
1 17
I ' '■'
„■ K.M-i .<.«<>'
'I
m
Italy.
EURO P E.
3j'
■fit and the maflcrs that cxccllci! in it for a lon^ time
^'rcfervcd an unrivalled reputation. Whether the tirlt
?;rci.k painters came to Holoi^na, Florence, or any otlu r
tv has been warmly dil'puuJ. In the thirteenth ccn-
Jlrv mod of the church painting was cither in Mofaic
frcfco. The fnft painters wlio dilHrniniflied tlRni-
fiyjs were generally alfo Uatuaries and arehiteilj, and
heir works arc ilill the admiration of the curious. The
! .jntion of engraving is claimed by the Iiaiian:); but
Ihat honour is only juftly due to the Cierman^ ; for An-
Jfew Mantcgna, who died in 1517, in the 6o'liyearof his
was the firft who applied liinifelf with fuccefs to
'his' art in Italy. The Italians (till maintain thiir fupe-
• cl,ara£ler for fkill in flatuary. Sonic caufes of the
advancement of this fcience among them, is their havinu;
the noblell models, which they keep before them ; tli:
anv Icflurcs and conferences in tlic academics; the
liberal payments ; the conllant opportunity of difplaying
their (kdl; the incentives ofpra'k-; ,^nd the uaining of
^,ig„ AlmnlL evcrv citv has an acadcniv of .fiubt'ure
f<uint.i;n.5, and cafcadc, more than ii. .vccping a fplemliil
table, and iiidul;:in;^; in the luxuiics common ij) othcii
parts of Europe i anJ though tli.- i^rcit arc fond <,f lich
C(;uipaj!;cs, coaohrs, and ;. largo retinue of ferv.ui:', they
d.) n,jt fuft'cr (h ■ latter to intti;,'tc >.vi;h the ccc liMiny cf
th-.-ir table i lat comn:only keep their Livants at bja;d-
i'hev commonly fleep about two hours aft^r diimer,
wli.ch is but a llight mcil in compaii'.bn witii their lu|)-
pcr>. 'rhel'c lalt ihey be;^ n with roalt meats, and end
with foops, and the like. lioilcJ fnails, ferved up with
oil and p.-pper, or fried in oil, and the hiiiJir pa:t of
flogs, arc eitecmed deli..aciei; and ftveral forts of fow'.
are eaten here by the great, which the pouri.(l ..moi-.L'lt us
wouM hardly touch, as kites, hawks, j.i.kdaws, and r.ia^-
piiy. They both eat and diink very ipnin^ly, and h.ivc
tlui: wine cooied bv ice or fiinw.
The inn:, in the little towns, fays Mr, Miiron, aic ill
furnilhed with provilMiis, cfpeciiUy on : .r.ie rci Is. I'hc
lir;f C(nulc, called the amipallo, is a dilli of _i.le',s tuikd
^'.<M^> .I'o^'
; I
m
>n
ii •
( 330 )
CHAP. XXIIL
Of I T A L Y.
SECT. I.
0/ Italy in general.
Its Names, Situation, Figure, Extent, Afsnntains, Rii'ers,
and Prciiuee. The Arts, Language, Religion, Cujhmi,
Maimers, and Food of the liihabitunts, 'xith the Divijisns
ef the Country.
I
TALY was aiiticntly known by the mriics of Siitiir-
nia, Ocnolria, Auibiiia, and Hcfptri.i. The tirft
J..;...J c, — v:.,„rn thi- frrnn.l ami third frnm JK
fmall rivers, difcharges llfclf Into the Adriatic by fey
difterciit mouth:. I'lie Adigi-, in Latin Aihifi,, hji '•"
louice in the Rh«-tian Alps, and vv.itcio the ^.j^.', '
Trent and Verona, it being theni-.ly large tivirinlfi'
bardy, and inltead ol joining the I'o, inns hkc that ri!""
iiito iheAdriitic. '1 he Arnn flo*s liom the Ap n,,!"
niunntains, and Calls into the I'ul'caii lei nea. I'll.i, 'iv
Tiller riles alfo out ol' the Apennine mountain^ an 1
a fniall diftan e from Rome, empties iiklf into the T f
can Tea. lieluKs tbcfc theic are niany othcrr.
Th is coun try produces in great plenty all the nercfTi.
¥'■>
Italy.
EUROPE.
3i'
•fit and the mafters that excelled in it for a long time
"refavcd an unrivalled reputation. VVhethei the tiril
[jrivic painters came to Bologna, Florcnc;, or any other
citv has been warmly difputtd. In the thirteenth ccn-
' moll of the church painting was either in Mofaic
frefco. I he fiift painters who diftiniuifticd them-
"ives were generally alfo llatuarics and architc£ls, and
'heir works are ftill the adiriiration of the curious. The
nvention of engraving is claimed by the Italians; but
Ihat honour is only jultly due to the Germans ; for An-
ijjj^Mintegna, who died in 1517, in the 60th year of his
,e was the firft who applied himfelfwilh fucccfs to
%'iit in Italy. The Italians (till maintain thiir fupe-
or charaiSer for (kill in ftatuary. Some caufes of the
advancement of this fcience among them, is tluir having
the nobleft models, which they keep before them ; the
many
Icflures and conftrcnces in the acadt-mics ; the
liberal payments •, the conllant opportunity of difplaying
their ftdl; the incentives ofprailc; and the i;aining of
nrizes. Almoft every city has an academy of fculptine
^ J pjliuing, and fome places more particuhiily diftiii-
ouilh themfelves by excelling in particular branches of
ftulpture.
The Italians have alfo diftinguiftied them-
jclvci in architedture.
Italy has produced great men in all fcienccs, and for-
T.crlv "ave birth to thofc generals, oiators, poets, anJ
iiilloiianS) whofe aflions and writings will be ruvered a^,
loiv as manly fortitude, polite learning, and t!eg.;nt
ccmpofiiion, are confidereJ as ornaments of human na-
ture. Yet its ftate of literature cannot now be deemed
fu(,f,iicr.ible, though encouraged not only by fevcral uni-
verfiticJ, but by a multiplicity of academies or literary
focieties, which are to be found almoft in every city.
jome of thcfc afFeft very odd and whimfical names, as
theOtiofi, Humorifti, Lincei, Fantaftiei, Iinmobili, Im
fountains, and cafcades, nnrc than in keeping a fplendiil
table, and indulging in the luxuries common in other
parts of Europe; and though thL'i;reat are fond of lich
equipages, coaclus, and u large retinue of fervanis-, they
do nut fuft'er the latter to inteiiVre with the ireniiiniy ef
their table; but commonly keep their lervants a; bjaid-
wage;.
'I'hey commonly flecp about two hours after dinner,
wh:ch is but .1 (light me.il in conipari:bn witii tl.eir (up-
pers. 'I'hefe laft they beg 11 wiili ro.ill meats, and end
with foop;, and the like, lioilcd fiuils, ferved up with
oil and p;-[)per, or fried in oil, and tlie hinder part of
frogs, are trtecmed delieacies; and feveral forts of fo'.v'.
ate eaten here by the great, which the poorelt .inumi'lt us
would hardly toueh, as kites, hawks, jj.kdaws, and mag-
pii's. They both e.it and diink very fp.iringly, and have
thei: wine cooled by ice or fiMW.
'i'hc iiiiii in the little towns, f.iys \'Ir. MifTon, ate ill
furniihe;! with provili. ins, cfpeciilly on K.t.ic roats. The
lir;1 coiirfe, called the antipallu, is a dilli of ,i:le's boiled
with fait and pepper, and nixed uiili wr>ites .jf tpgs,
alter which come two or three (in.iil dilhes, mie iil.er
anotlier, of different ragouts. Between Koii.e i'.iii! Na-
ples, the tr.ivelier is fometimes regalcvl with th<: tUlh of
bulr..loes and crows ; but that ot tlie buli.iloes .s bl.iek
and hard, and that beait mult be hunted, otherwife it is
impolfiblc to chew its flelh. In all our trav Is through
Italy, fiivi the above author, we never (aw either a hare
or a iiariridge in the heUls : audi might alio add, that
we law none in the inns, which is the more extrat rdi .ary,
as there are large fpots of ground in Italy that ate ahi.olt
uninhabited, and conleijuentiy might be expeil.ed to a-
bound with g'lme, like other places of the fame kind, in
other parts of the world: b. fides, the lords of thelu
grounds leldci'i relide upon tliein, and yet areaijcalouu
icrfeflit Inquieti, Incogniti, Dilcordanti, Occuiti, Ar- | ol their rights as thole ol other countries. Q^iaiis, how-
o.iiti, Catenati, kc, and indeed moftof their productions j ever, are not furh rarities; fir on the approach ol ipring,
SIS tinctured with the fingularity of. thcfe appellations. they come in fueh Hocks liomAliica, as to ctncr tric
The Italian language is originally deri\ed from the j vvhole counrrv; at which lime ihey are lo tired with
Latin, with which the many nations of Goth?, Huns, , tiieir long pad'agc, that they tlirow themleKes into the
Vaiiiials, &c. that over run Italy, fo mingled their dialect i fliips, and vvhere\'er they can find ,-. place to repofe them-
to give birth to a new language, at fiill very lavilh ; ■ felves, and may be caught in heaps without the leidl (trug-
gling; but as they are extremely Kan, thole who take
them ufually (eed them fome time before they eat them.
Among the variius forts of wine in this coaiury, ij
o.le called_LacrymaChrilti, <r the rears of Chrilt. About:
Loretto their wine caO;s are made fhorc and bioad, like a
dutch cheefe ; but towards' Pavia, their length is about
(even times tlieir diameter.
ToAfirdi Pariii.iand Placenli.'., whrre there are excel-
lent pallurcs, they make cheefe of all their milk. As
butter is fcaree in Italy, they ufe oil in all their ragouts
but gradually polifiied, and foltencd into its prefent agiec
jblelmoothnels. Its genius feems particularly adapted
to foctry and mufic ; for which the Italians are alfo
fiinoui : and hence the Italian fingers are more in re-
(lucll than thofe of any other nation.
' Tlie I'opilh is the only religion generally tolerated in
]t.-,!v, and here the pope has his feat in quality of I ead
olthc church of Rome. The Jews indeed enjoy a kind
of toleration ; but it is in mod places under great redric-
tioiis. However, they enjoy an entiie liberty in the city
ol' Leghorn.
and frical'ees ; but though they
The Italians arc polite, aflablc, and ingenious; ihcy ' olive-trees, it is frequently worf.
endeavour to recommend thcmfclves by their wifJon and ^ wheie none of thole trees grow
gravity; obferving a juft medium between the Ihtcly "
gravity of the Spaniards, and the airy levity of the
French. They arc taid to ait a bulFoon, a mimic, or a 1
fciramcuch, better than any other nation ; and to be
IS apilh and whimhcal during the carnival, when under
.V It (rom their own
.an in thole (oiintrics
"or what will vield a
.\ported for the lake of
price, ana keep longcit, is alway
gain.
[ It is remarkable that the Italians begin the day imme-
dii elyafier fun-lit, and their clocks always ilrike twenty-
four hours, fiom one fun-fetting to another. According
3 ma(k, as any other people; but are too wile to do it to thia manner of comput.ition, the hour of noon varies
with a bare face. They have a warm fenfc of gratitude, ! daily ; for wlteti the (un fets at four o'clock according to
and upon all occafions arc ready and willing to return an ' our calculation, they reckon one when we count live,
oWiL'Jtiun, though ever fo fmall ; but, on the other hand, and confequently it is noon at twenty hours ; and in like
atejeaious and revengeful ; very retentive of the fenfe of manner, when the fun fets at eight on our dials, it is one
an injury, cfpccially where their own honour, or that of ' o'clock with them v\hen we reckon nine, and jull noon
awife, fitter, or miftrcfs, is concerned, and 111 thefe cafes [ at lixteen liours ; and yet with rcfpecl to the attihcial day
feruple not to proceed to treachery and murder ; but as between (un-ri(ing and fun-fetting, they, like us, u(e
thcv arc very courteous to ftrangers, cfpccially alter they 1 the worth yelterday and to-morrow,
have begun an acquaintance or friendihip with them they | The Italian matuil'aflures and trade are in a flourifhing
ate very cautious of difobliging or quarrelling with them, condition. Italy has a great variety of excellent wines.
They are extrcnely nice in all the punctilios of civility, 'fruits, and commodities, which it exports, and its filks
and 110 people arc more profufe of flraincd compliments, ! alone make a very confiderable article. I'he moll fa-
and pompous titles. Whifpering in company, fpeaking in mous annual fairs in Lombardy are held at Alcllandria,
another language, and interrupting a man before he har. Cremona, Bergamo, Brefcia, Verona, Reggio, and Pb-
S centia.
done fpeaking, aretfteemed the height of ill breeding,
and are fcrupuloullv avoided by all polite people; and le-
dtcting upon perfons, cither abfent or prel'ent, is no lefs
dctcfted.
The nobility and gentry laviflj their money on fine
houfes, paintings, itatucs, beautiful gacden.s ;^rottob,
6
Eich ftate has its own coin both great and fniall, the
knowledge of which, though requiring a particular appli-
cation, may be gathered from the following account,
which contains only what. is neceli'ary.
In
t
m
'■f
Wm
iilS
■!;'i|ipp'
d
^'lii
.■>^'
"■I
■ .' t ! ; i.
■!f; '
\
\ "
l.'^l
Ti ' ^i Ml ■• is -■ \' ■■ m
r 'M ■■ ■■■ mil I • i ' t|
' I
:■ Ai
r,i
i*;
*i ■"
>3«
A SYSTEM
III Savov and PiEnMoN r.
Twenty foldi make one lira, or pound, which is cqiiul
to one ftiiUing Engtilli. The loii.s ci'ors and S|iaiii(li
pillules are woitii lixteen liras ; the Savoyard inlloL-,,
ti.'ttcn liras thn-e-lbuuhs. Other Italian |)iltolcs, liltt^'n
and a naif. 'I'lie Italian fihiT crown is v.dued .u lii'C
III as and five foKli ; a ducat or on;;aro at li^ht liras thir-
teen loldi ; a Milauefe filijipu at four liias thiitwcn and a
half foldi.
In the Milanese.
Three Milancfe liras are equal to two I'ieJin^nttTi-.
One filippois worth fcven lir.-'s and ten f-ddi, abom live
(hillingis iterlinr, two (hillings being equal tmhiec lir.;s.
A Spanilh piltule, tiventv-four liras and between three
::nd four loldi. An Italian pidole, twenty-lour liras.
A ducat in eold is worth thirteen lira, fixtecn loldi. A
ilucatoon oV Milan, Venice, and Horeiice, or a filver
crown, is equal :o ei^ht liras : and a zecliiue in gold is
worth fourteen liras ten foldi.
At Venice.
Vwo foldi make one cafTetti, ten cafletti one lira,
equal to about fix-pence two. tilths fterling. One ducaio
eorrento is worth fix liras and a half, fi.\ty-two calletti,
or one hundred and twentv-four ioldi. A ducato di
banco, or four (hillings and four pence ft'-rling, is an
iini.'inary coin, and worth five liras one-fixth. A dop-
pia, or a Venetian, Sp.inill), (jcnoele, Klorentine, and
rrench pillolc, i.^; equal to twenty-nine liras current, or
thirtv-fix of the baler lira?. A/.ecchino is eighteen liras
and .1 quarter. A ducat of gold, or oiii;.iro, is equal to
i'lxtcen liras. A large filver crown, eh /en liras cuirent,
in common currency thirteen nafe lit. - eighteen luMi.
A julHnian and fihppo, ci.^ht liras ten foldij but common
currency, ten liras two loldi.
At CSenoa.
Twelve denari make one fo'di, and twenty foldi are
equal to one lira ; which is about eight-pciue three-h'ths
ilerlin:;. A piece of eight goes here lor live liras. A
fcudo 'd"oro, or hall doppia di Spagna, is nine liras eight
fold'. A fcudi d'argento is worth feven liras t.vclve
foKli. A fcudo di Cambio, four liras. A filippo di .Vli-
lano, five liras eight fuKli. A fcudo d'argeiito, ninety
loldi m iiv.ta carta, in which coin the culfoms are paid.
A doppia d'l'.fpagna, French weight, is nineteen liras
two fuldi current. A iloppia di (.Jcncua, ciglitet-n liras
fixtecn foldi. A doppia d'ltalia, lull weight, is eighteen
liras eighteen foldi.
O (• G li O U K A IMI 'r'. JrAi,
At Moi.o(.,s'.\.
Twchc denari make fix quadiini, which are equal t^
one foldo ; twenty foldi, or bajochi, or Holognini, nu;;,.
on-- lira, an.l two giiili are ei|uii'alcat ti) one lira, a'
I'etiJo, or p.7./.od'(.ito, i.s four liras five foldi, or ci 'hiv.
five llologuini, iihoii! foiir (hillings and ilirce-pcn',-
laiglilh. One Spanilh pilfote ii (ixteen lira , and bi-.
tween ten and tw.lve foMi. One /cchino is niiiet.-t i
giuli. One diuat, or ongaro, is eighteen giiili, or ni.i..
lir.'s t II foldi, or about fue ihillings and tbncp ntj
Kivjlilh i a ducatuoii, oi filvci ciuvvn, ten niyij m,j ^
h.ill.
At RO.MK.
(^nc bajocho, a copper coin, is equal to five qu.urini
I en bajochi are worth one giulo, as ailij uiie paolg'
Seven ga-/.eit.i, and one quatriiii, are hkcwife equivalent
to o:ie p.iolo ; ,\ni one g.i'/.ctta is feven quatrinj. ■](.,,
!;iuli make one I'cudo nionita, or curiint, which is about
four flnlhngs ami lour-pence fterling. A Sp.uiifli pilloic
is thirry-two giuli, or jiaoli, more or Id's. One iia!
piUole H thiity-one giuli, or p.ac)li.
ta.uii
At Fl.ORENtF.
twcntv foldi .-. fell
Twelve denari make a fo!
A Kudo d'oro IS .in imaginary com,
;.t feven and a half liras, or one hundred and fifty loUli.
A telloon is worth two liras, or three giuli. A Spaniili
pillole is valued :.' twenty liras and about four foldi, or
between thirty .md thirty-one giuli. An Italian pillole,
twenty liras, or thirty giuli. A ducat, or filver cruwn,
feven liras, or ten giuli and a half. A piece of eight,
fix liras ; but in paying of cullom one hundred and fif-
teen foldi, or five liras three- fourths.
At Leghorn.
One gratia is equal to one foldo and one- third or five
quatrim. One giuli di Roma is eight grat.e. One tef-
toon is two lira?, or three giuli. One lira, which is an
imaginary coin, is one giuli and a half, tweiitv foldi,
or two hundred and fortv denari ; and one f d.lo, twelve
denari. One ptzio is tvveiuv loldi ; one pe//.o d'ollo
reaii, or piece of eight, is fix liras nine giuli, or a hun-
dred and twenty foldi, abou' four fliillings llcrling. Seven
liras make one ducat, whirli is tbe pialire or fcudo of
llorencc. One Spanifh pidolc is valued at twenty liras,
and b-twccn four and live loldi or thirty-two giuii. One
It.dinn piliole is t-yniy lira , or thiitv -j'uli.
At Naples.
Three qu.itr'ni make one gran.:; tei^ grana, one c.i-.
lini 1 two c.'.riini, one taro ; five tari, one ducato ; torn,
livecarlini, one Spaiiilh pillole ; twenty-fix carlini, ono
/echino ; twenty carliiii, one ongaro.
With rcfpecl to the divifiinj of tiiii rounrrv, anti?:r
and modern, it was originally formed into a multituJc
of fmall It.iti-s, and afterwards the (i.iuls fetllintt in th:
wellern, and many Cireek colonies in the eadcrn pro-
vinces, it was, from its diftVrent inhabitants, divided intu
three large parts, called (jallia Cifalpina, Italy pro'u-i;-.'
fo called, and Magna tirecia ; and this divifion is i;ciiJ.
r.illy met with among amient geographers and hilioru;],.
I!ut the Romans at lciu;th fubdued all Italv, alter which
it was divided by Aiiguftus into eleven provinces ; but
his authority dying with him, the old divifion wasj'M;,-!
received, and continued under the Roman ruipcrori) ti;'
the invafioii of the Goths and IKrulians in the iifth cci;
tury. The Circcian or ealtcrn emperors at length druiv
out the Olhogoths, and made tliemfelves mailers of Italy.
Uut the Longobardi pollcffing themfelves of the u'y\[
p.irts, at lall re.luced what belonged to the (aR-.m cin-
perors under ihe n.ime of the exarchate ; which was 2:;;i
on the other fide abcdillied by the S.iracens, who 1,^.1
feized upon Sicily and Naples. Tiie pcjpe lluis on :h:
point of lofiiig all, had rccouife to the Frank;, ^lA
Charlemagne their king, after hi^ conquering the kiiv
dom of Lombardy, was proclaimed Roman emperor ,■
Rome on the twi lUy-liftli of LV'cembei, S.'O. Ihu ti..-
authority of the Roman emperor w.i.. of limit contin.i.
aiice in Italy, it being inicnfibly curtailed by (he anili,.
tion and avarice of the popes, and at lall In ought to ih,-
which is reckoned lowell ebb omhe extinction of the Swabi.in line. Ilauc
Italy w.is again parcelled out into a great numberof lii
territories.
Mr. .Aildilon's obferviitions on thi- fubiccl- ar" citrcv.i ■
lyjurt: " If a man confiders, fiys he, the fate of Ita!,
" in general, one v.'ould think that nature had laid it
" out into luch a variety of llu.es and government;.'!,
" one finds in it. For as the Alps at one end, and tl...
" I'liig ran.'e of .Apennines, that pall'cs threiigh t',.'
" body of it, branch out on all fides into feveraldiH'erci,'
" divilioiis, they lerve as fo many natural boundaries anJ
" fortifications to the lit'le teiritories that liea.Ticn.
" them. Accoidiiigly we find ihe whole roiintry c.
" into a iiniltitudi- "'" oirticular kingdoms and comrr.cri-
" wealths in th' i''.d..l» accounts we have of it, till t;,-:
" power of the R-jinans, like a torrent that ovcrflov ,
" its bank^, b ire down all b^'foie it, and i'prcad ill',
" into the icmotcrt corners of the nation. But as tl,ii
" exorbitant power lieiame unable tolupp'Tt itfclf, we
" find the govcriimeiir cif Italy a_'.nn fciidten into I'ach
" a variety of fub-divifions as naturally luit.. v.'ith .',
" fitiiatioii.''
li.ily includes both tbe main land and the iilands. The
main land is commonly divided into three large pjrii,
the
7
-ijt are hels ol t:
Ir,
1 arc equal ti
^'giiini, nuko
I'lie lira. /;
'ii or ci^hiy.
tlirce-pciur
ifa-, and h.-.
throep iicj
1 iiiuli and j
live qu.itrini.
SaVO'.-.
L, U R C) \' E.
2i'
lu oiie
paolo,
lie equivalent
iJtrini. ']'(.„
.'lii':h is about
ipaiiilh pifciic
'JiK' luilijtt
an:i, one c.i:-
ucato; lorn.
X carlini, ono
untry, ami?nt
I a multituJc
r<-'tt!in^ in the
<-■ iMilcrn pro-
:3, diiiJtd intj
I'a'iy |)ro;)cil7
vilioii is gcnJ-
.!iiJ li;!turia!i>.
y, alter which
roviuccs ; but
ifion uMsaja;:!
II cm|ii'ror> !::'
1 the tifih cci;
length drui,
Icrsof Italv.
f the uppli
lanvni i-n.
lirh w;ii ai:;,
ns, who I,,.:
tluii on ih,:
I'rv.nki, ui,:l
M the kin;'
enipiTor ,■
0. Ilui ti..-
lit contiii,!-
1<V (he aaili:-
loiight to th,i
line. IIju\;
niherol'lm..!!
" ex'rc.tii •
e late of ha:,
re had l.\.d II
r.veiiirntntj.. ,
end, and tl...
ihrcu^ih tl„-
cverjiditierci.'
boundaries anJ
h.it lie amen .
; rountry c.
and comir.cn-
c o!" it, till t;.-:
that iivcrflov ,
.! i'|i:cad i;!',
. But as thii
pi'rt iM'cir, wf
jl:cn into I'ach
luit> wilh it>
le iflands. The
rs'j large parii,
the
the Uii'iiT, Middle, and Lower. This divilion i^ vrry
, iiicl lomcides with tliat of the aiitieiit '_'e(i7i J-
Upper Italy at prel'eiit ciiiitaiiis lU.- gie.itJt part
'' ',.' antii-nt (Jallia Cilalpm i and Lotiiliardv .which con-
I I., 1,1 l.ven Urge (liitchi.;s, ten fm.ill prim lpdlli'.■^■, and
" 'i; icpiibiie"s. Middle I'.ily forms a pait (.f (iailia
[j'l'ljl.ina and of the anti. lit Italy, (ir, in nth' i word.s,
, ,1, ^.raiid diitehy of TulLiny, the ccclcliallu .,1 (late,
,,i M lie othei l'm.dl ei)vintin>. I.owiT Italy iniiT.iiiis a
"litollh" aiuient Italv I'mp'-r, and Ma;',na (iiecia, at
'|',j.i,.„i me kingdom 'd Napl-,. VVc III ill be;;in will)
rV'f '''''*■' '""'' '" t''^'"!^ ■'" •"■'-"""' "' ''•'■ levi-ral
.,5 (hall coniprehi. nil iiii ler one hi'ad tin- deli-iipliiin
, ..-.i; cuiniliies beloiiL'in ; m the liine prinee, whelhti
j„ineioniinent, or in (he illand^,
linlefenbingthe fever. il loiintries of l'pp"r Italy, wv
(i.jll lirlt treat of the kinj; ol Sardinia's dumm'ons, and
1. vii-r i;iveM an account ot thole on the continent ot
lui.',°l^''" '^""" '''^■"'■■'■' rio'"<ed t'l the kin^'.doni and
illj,i] of Sardinia ; previouny ohlervinir, that this
i,ii..',oni and the priiu ip.ditv of Piedmont aie in lepeml-
i,i- countries, hut that thecljt'.hies of Savoy and Mon-
l.nat are ticis ol the empire-
.S F. C T. If.
(Ifl!.,- Dh-Jy '/ S.wov.
jii Sll:l3ll»'^ /'•'•v'''"', «'■■•' P" !'ici; a partlcuLir D,j[>ip-
VM sf tU A'hiit:i«MS A/.ir Ii:,-Sy or Cm fed M'nnu.iiiis ;
„,,,/ ifihr Al.ivamhei, or invi;jniis Snnv-Btil/s. Of tin;
tir.:i'i iv.it Liiii-; 'jf Aav.y, l<:irtuiilarly of the n/loiiWiiii^
C,:i fecftlA' A'v::, ami the R-ad mar it. The Manners
en.l II- -'1 of L'fe •■( the Savyirils, with n p.irti.u!ar Ac-
c;v.il of l^'eir Al'thoil of e inuii:; Trav^llm oi'er Afmrl
Citmii, aiil if their jhd:--' ihivn from that ALuKlain.
'lirOp^'iiJi"! of the Xoli.iiy, xtiih the Tilln m.'/l Amu
cl'llie l\i''y efSariliiii" l an Account of the primipai (Jr ier
l(K.;i\lilhi3il, -w.th the I'rero^^ativei and RiVnii.! of the
imref^n, A ionoje Aur.int of the prineip.d l'i..ui in
Uvy:
'"fiiE dutchv of S.ivnv. c.:';!c.l in Lat'n S. ',):;i: !in, is
1. bounded on the well by France ; on tlic lotith bv
runce and I'^edniont ; on tiie f.:ll by I'icdmont, the
il.Lncic, jod Swiil'ciland •, and on the nor:li hy tnc Like
itljtneva, hy whuM it :s l, paratcd I'ioti Swill'.-rl.in.l,
its jicaiiU Icnulh Irom c.ilt to well is eighty-eight i^n:-
,;:i; a.ilcs, anJ its bicjdih from north to louth l.veniy-
iavny fecms fequeftcred from all incentives to luxury
.i;l io:in'.ij, by t.ieir bd'ty b.irieii mountains and mor-
i.!,/is roiks, by which the j'reater part of it is over-
ma, and are known to produce only fome inofi and
liiriibb, with box-trees, whi.h fjrow in (iicli plenty, th.n
Mionis are made of ilieni. 'I'he valleys between the
mmintaiiib yield fome g-ain j but abound inore in paltuie;
•iir the inuullry of tiic inh.ibiiants has made the belt im-
,iin.rnents in the mountain-- theinit Ives whiih the I'ldi
\. .uld a.lmit of. 'File wine about the l.ike of (Tciieva,
\loir..lian, and St, John Mauiienne, is not contenipti
iiie i and fome paits h.ivc futh -ij^ood breed ot catlb-, th.it
limit of the o.\cn in I'iedniont and (he Milanelo are lent
l.um Savoy. Mules aie alfo bred lor exportation ; but
«ll lliis is inconfiderablc in proporlior. to the grcatcil parr
1)1 taecountrv, which is taken up by huge nioumain-,.
Some of the highcll of thelo nioiiiitains are called ihe
tilaticrcs, or Ice Valleys, and the Montagnes Mauditcs,
ur Curled Mountains in Faucigny, the perpendicular
height of the l.itter, liom the lurlacc of the lake of Ge-
neva, is computed to be at leall two ihouland fathoms,
which aic equal to twelve ihouland eight hundred and
fixtcen feet, or above two Fnj-didl miles ; and the furface
ul the lake of Geneva is (our hundred and tivcntv-fix
liihoms higher than the level ol the Mediterranean. 'l"he
ilcent to \\iz'iii mountains is very deep, cr'.jgy, and
f.ippery, but not contmuul ; a new ridge of mouiitr-ms
'rei|uently appearing on the other fide, higher and more
ftccp than that which is left behind j till at length, Irom
!."e lall eminence to be fuiiiumiued, the profpcct of the
-•rozen valley appears in full view, and oil the opp lite
lide ;i cb.iiii of era;:;,' uijcffllliii; roilc!, covfrej with
ice and fnow, and I'o icarped mid fpl.t, th il ut loiim d.l
taace th y i.pp.ar l.ke prodigi'-u; pilr-. ot Gothic build-
ings and ruins, while the furface of the (lo/.n v.dley
below feeins Ipeckled, if we may thus expicl,, ouileKe-
wiili rocks (11 a nionllrouj li/e, that ire liruken ofl', and
lai'en Irom the higher ground-., lleret'ie air i.i fo ex ■
'rcinely coM and piercing, that though the months oj'
July .uiil Au'Hiif an; ulonj (it fur tliib journey, men are
llun (orced rogn cloathcd .is in tlie depth ot w inter. Mt.
AdJiloii (ibfeives, with refpeCt to t!ie Iliarp rocks on th':
lo|>i of the rnoui';aiMS, that tliey were prot.ahly o;;C.;
niuch hii'.her than they arc at prefcnt, the rains haviii;;
w.iilnil .iwiy abundance of the f.nl, and 1-. ft the veins of
Hone (!ii)oiiii.> out of them ; as in a decavcJ body, the
llelli comin us (liii:i<ing fro'n the bines.
It ii proper here to take notice of the Alavanches, or
nioiiilfous I'now bid's, which are the mere t'rcridful as
they always come luddcnly dov.'n with fu.h incredible"
r.ipiilily, tnat they carry all before them ; I'o that when-
ever tnc'v haiipen to fill along thcfe fterp d.:."livi'.i?s, it is
next to ini|-.ollible ."".ir tr.-wcllcrj toavoid bein.',lwept away
with ill m 'Fl-.cy are ccjrr.r.-.only occafi'n-d on!;' by tho
driijiping of fome fmall tjuantity of fnnw blown by the
wiiui ftom fome pr jmincii: rock, or fliook oiF '.-y the
(tumbiing ' fa hoile, the nri.-.r; of a gun ur pidc!, cr by
my tliMiL' dfc ili.it ll-.akcs the air. This picrc of (V.d-.v,
tliou.'h at lint very fir.ill, rollioz down
fcenl.,, gatlicia up luch Irelh cju.i
it roUj, and
incrciffs (i) a;iomih,n;;!y in bulk, that it tears up trees
and funietimes part of a wjod by tl'.e rao:s, withh; iifes,
chuithes, men, an. I horfcs nothin:^ being able ti; rcfilt
the force of thele b.i!l5, till they have g ,t TjUite dow.-i
10 tl'.e bottom, v/he;e they g ner.;Ily break in picres by
the violence of the (liock, and fomc;ii:ic-. tcvcr a whrle
village, wiiich lies buried u:id.T it. 'I'.nefe b.llj arc
more paiticiilarly dangerous for travellers in thofc roads
wdiicii are along the lides cjf the high ;nuunlain^, wh tc,
to pievcnt iheir heiii^ o\ertaken by t'lem, t'ley cornmo;--
ly lire a piliol or g'ln at every qiiarter cr ii.dfa mile, to
(hake olf all the looi'e iV.o-a- that is :;pt to occa'lon t'lem ■,
alter uhieh tb.y trivel tiirough th..t fj-ace wilii ail the
filence and fjiced thev can.
I'hcl'c aiiiaiing kind of f.-.ow b.-.ll* are not peculiar
to this country ; but .iie co.iimon in Swllleiland, fever.il
p.irts ot Germany, and It.dy ; but they are moie fre-
ipicntly found in theie p.irts ot Savoy, where iliey aiC
alio laii'.er and mo:e dreadful. S -me of ihein by th? l!a.;t
ih y leave behind arc found to be above a hundred yards
in .liamettr. In tlie year i'.mS oni- of ihem fell upon a
villa, ',e c.dled Valmedia, which dcllroyel eleven houfe-,
and as many bams an.l (Saldes fo cniit^y, th. t there
Icarce rem.iin.,1 one llone Ujion :\iK)tlK'r ; and a number
of men, u\.iiuii, cbil.l.cii, and t.-.ttle w?re left. The
ii'iile they make refeii.bles al-mg and loud clip of thui;der,
audi.) htaidaniMi:- tiie c'ch-iing rocks and mountains at
I- y lal league-, dill.mce ; and yet lo rapid is their motion,
that palT. ngeis li.ive not time to avoid tli-m.
'I'll.' chief rivers in this country are, tlie Rhine, whicll
Hows out of the lake of Geneva, and on that fide fepa-
lates it liom I'rance ; into it run the following ri\eis :
ih' .-Xivo, whicll riles in Faucigny, and, nearCieneva,
difchar.'.cs il'elf into the Rl'.one ; the Sullis and SieI^,
ihe fo..-rces <,l whi^h are in the Cjciievois, and fall into
the-Rhou" near the Seifel : tlie Ifere, which riles at tl;c
iVot (if .Mount Ifeian, and, among other rivers, receives
the .'\rc, which, having a great many wa[er-f.illj, is
very rapid, and full of loam.
'I he liver Arvo, juft mentioned, runs for many miles
between lii^,h cragy.y and inacceflib'e rocks, which fcem
as if fplit on puipoie to give its rap.id waters a free pal-
lage. 'i he liirprifiiig echoes and continual founds oc-
catioiied by its Itreams, the trampling of the horfes and
iiiule-,, tlie I'.allinviir; e,f p-ifLngers, 5.'c. in thefe places
.ire reveiberated thice, four, and even in fome paits li,^ cr
fevcn ti.ncs, w,ih liuh friglittul Io.kIikIs, as lirikca tho
traveller unaicullomed lo them wi;h terror j and the
tiring of a gun, or pillol, is heie inore teriible than the
loiidell claps of thunder. 'I'be roads \vhi..h are cut along
the fub s ol the lleep rocks, and in many places aie not
above five ( r fix feet wide, tilurd both abc-.e and below
4 1' i.'.c
m
1
- !
1
^
1
i
■ %
\
i
' '*
' 1
m
- ' ' w ■:
n
' \ :\ \x
''%
4
3H
A S Y S 1 l', M O !• r. !•, O G K A I' 1 1 Y
i!
4 , ■
the (IrciJl'nl pi>ir|'.-jl I'f.i llci-p nn\i|iice, witli iniiHiulii-,_-»
ini)iilli(iU3 rock< tli.it Item jiill uMily to (ill, wliii li, join-
«i| ti) tilt' rc'iii 111;; iiiiiie lit the rurr, lliil^c:, tlu- .im.i/oil
InhiiMcr with tidrior. 'I'lic ^;rc.it iMtar.lCls ot tli.it rivi'i
in ri.n'r;il pbrca iitL- more or lei's Imiil aiul hriilile, jc-
ciir.lnr.; h till' w.iurs are nmrc or kl'. lAtlK-.l liy the
itieliiii^ liinws, with which the tops of the moiint.iiiis .ire
ciivi ixcT. ( 'lie in particular, tnlkJ by the iiili.ihitnm ;
the Ni;ii ot'Aipiiii, IjIN from a proHj'i.iUi liiyhioilc
with ;,u;.it nuifi' .ml viulciicc 'I he l.ill ot tlii.i e;U.irai;t
ib here liiiJ to he ;,h(ive tk'VCii hiilulrnl leet. We III. ill
oiils' ;ii)J, thai the Arvo, which tr.ivcllers are obli5;eJ to
croi'-. over (even or rii;ht tunes has all .iloii;; that way
bridge, fmiievirv limn'.; ami luaiitilul, ami oiliers lb
clil .inJ crri.'.y, tiiat it ii nlinull inipoflible I'l p.iG over them
wiilioiit uar.
Ikl'iili^ the four rivers ab'.ivc-ir.cniioncJ there nre m;'ny
fitulItT ones, with innun-erable ('piinL;sanJ iivulets which
flow ilowii IVoni the ailj.ieent hills ; anJ vvh.it ;'.ppeais
lurpr'fuig, ni;.ny ot' th.le, whieh arc fiveral yards in
I'leailth, run a Ion.; way by the liiles and dei livities of tl.f
hil!.i two or three miles above thevallcvs, waterm;^ a
number of large villages i'ltuated along tfu- hills beloic
they l.;II down into the plains. The bfds ot theie rivu-
lets fecin indeed to h.:ve been maile by ait, an. I aie deep
cnoiiuh to receive the waters that come (loiii the higher
pans ot' the mountains, which increal'e witii their eiuirfe,
till iTii-etiiii; with I'ome impediments, thcv till with great ■
violence iii;o the flat grounds, ,ind there cither form tlumi- [
ftlves into l,;kes, or di;chargc themfclves into I'onieof t!ie
j-rcitir rivers.
The p:inripal lalcfs .-.re thofc of Anncry in the (}e-
iievoi-, a::d IJ.nirgct in Savoy. The lall has a filh un-
known in other countries, called lavarett.i, which fie-
iiucr.;!v weighs four or h\c pounds, and is to palatable,
that it never faik of bringing a good price atCiiamberry. |
Here are alii) fonie reinailcable fprings, particularly near '
tlic lake of Bourg-t is one that lifcs and ('.ills with tome
no;!'c i but not at Hated and regular times. After Kalter
this alteration is frequently perceived fix times in an hour;
but in div fe;ifons not above once or twice : it ilVues (loni
a n ck, and i-i called la Fontaine de Meiveille. Of a;
didercnt kind are the I'piings ot this country, that fome-
times tbiow u[> more or lei's waicr, according to the al-
teialions in the Rhone ; but not by Inch a ihort an, I Ire- :
Client (lux and nflux as in the Ipiing juU mentioned.
The S.iMiyards, In ir. the nature ot tluir country, are ,
cencr;;lly to poor, that a traveller meets liw people on J
the public load, who do not recommend theml'elves to i
his benevolence ; and a farmer with a yoke of oxen, two ■
horfcs, fourcow.s a few goats and (hei p, and a fniall
parcel of land, is elKenud a man of coniiderable fortune.
Thiir bic.id is of oats ■. but the more vcalthy ufe fomc '
tvheat. 'I'heir other food confilb of butter, cheifc.
'aidcn-llulT,
fomeiinies, though feidom,
walnuts,
flefh mcit ; and their drink is milk and good w.iier.
However, thof. who live in the vallev; fare lomeuh.it
bett'.r. 'I'hey are all, however, cheartul, have health- |
ful florid tompli-Nions, and are remarkable for their fe-
cundiiy. Among both fexes a great m.iiiy are feen de- ;
forined and lane ; and the women in particular have I
wens that reach from ear to car. One- third at leal! of i
the males feek a lublillencc in Prance and other coun-
tries in {|uality of chimncy-fwecpers, fhoe-blacks, rary-
flifw pun, &c. yet they arc fo honcH, that ihev mav
be trulled to change gold ; and if they are once able to
fct lip a litile ihop, they arc Inch mafiers of the thriving
talents, that it is ot'ten the foundation of a very conli-
derablc fortune ; yet fo prevalent is the love of their
coiintrv, that when they have acquired a little flock a-
tiroad, thev generallv return home.
'I'he inhabitants of Mount Cennis, and the neighbour-
ing mountains are called Matrons, or Marroniers. " One
"Would imagine, fays Mi. Keyfl'r, that from the heavy
" burthens they daily carry up thefe itoep mountains,
" tl'.ey would fooa or late fall into (onfeniptioni. in our
" cities in (icrmany, what a noile do our chairmen
" niake, if they are toc.iiiy a perfoii of any bulk two
" cr three hundred paces; wlule here the ch.nirmeii,
" without the halt panting or relliiig, run directly up
" a mountain, whole height rs a good hour's journev,
and then on the pl.iin above oiitflripus ; and as f,,,
as they have relitted the chaas, which is dilp.K^in i
" in a few minutes, they carry the co— panv intrth-
•' woiff p.nt of the way, for two hoiir^ together, mnkin>
*' only lour p.iulcs, and thole veiy Ihoit ; fwi h ii ti ^
^" erteCl ol culloiii, and of the liniple diet to which tii ■
" owe their uncomniou longevity, many of thern art |,'
" ing to above a hundred years of a:;e. 'I'hcir uj,, i
■ " drink is milk, and they leldoni lade any wir.e. '| i,,
'. *' better to feciM-j their (outing, their (hoes are wii;-.„in
, " heiN, and the loles rulibej with wa.\ and roiiii. 'fli'
I " nKuliiiu's in which travillers are carried aie a kiinl ,,1
I *' Itiaw chaifs, with low baiks, two arm*, and ulif i
I " of lect a little board hanging down by cord', t(irr..||,],,
" the tr.ivillcis legs. 'I he teat, wMch is ma.lc oflxirt
I " .iiul lopes twitlcil to.;elher, is lalL-ncd to t»ii n,,],.
" and c.micd like a fedan, with bioad leathern tlr.ip('''
In wiiiier llie plain on the top of MountCenni;,bcin,
coveied wiili (now, is croll'cd in Hedges drawn by a tioiN
or a mule. The di fient is in tome pl.vccs alwin.. pf,[
loinitd in cliuits ; but liom Mount Cciinis to J.aiictur-,
j It is conduced in a very extraoidmary m.inner, Onthe
! Ipi't vvheie the declivity be'i'is is a lioufe called Ij^,.
ni.ilie, wiurc the Iravelleis .letting into a (ledge, v»,ili i,j,
guide, flides down with fuel Ivvilim 1^, that he bc.ir.'icd
i about ihiee miles in leven or eight minutes, ilu; raoi.
: dity of tiie motion alinoll t.iking away his breath, j',,,.
■ guide fits forward lleeiing witii a Hick, and hajonrju
[ tide an iron chain, which hedropn liiic an anchor, ciihji
to ll.iekcn the coiiile of the fledge, or to (top it. JY|.
vellers halving been lonietinies iiiiich inipofed upijn the
king has l.itelv laid a lax on all kind of carna^vs our
the mountain ; and on both fides is an ofiurr, tu wl.tim
travellers, in tale ol any iinpolition, n ay apiily i^,
ledrefs.
In Savoy every one f|.eiks French, and m,-|f of iji.
names ot the towns and villages are of that l.iiKua'c •
but the inhabitants in their ciiltoms and difpi li!in;,.',f.'
femble the (icrmans. They aie all ot tlie Komilh re.
li^ion ; but do not acknowledge the decrees of thecoi.n-
cil of Trent.
The nobility both in .Savoy ind Piedmont are grc.v,!v
opprelled ; the king's ordinances are, howtvei, iii fonx
r"ipei'.ls ol advantage to them, by having tlt.ibhflk'l in
all liels the perpetual right of primogeniture. In i-jx
the king rei'umed all the alienated domains, bv whub
means the dignity of th; anticnt nobilitv gradna'lv i!c.
tlm-s, as it alto does by the continual incrciie nf lii;
new ; for whoever purchafes an cllate that has the title
of a maripiiUte or h.ironv, is thereby cnobled and i\,'.ei
maicjiiis or b.iron, and (iich i it.itrs may be pimhaird cf
the king (or fix or eight thoufaiid livrcs. l-.vtr\ auKc-
inan nuiil piove from wh< ncc he deiives hisain^r, ir
tiff is depiived of the ri'.'ht ot iitingthem, and mi.!; re
at the cxpence of puichaling a new coat ; and an vicut-
cheon ii;tire!y new colts liom ten to lixlccn ih "jLiriu'
lures. In oider to bear the title of duke, prince, rr,.ir-
quis, count, or b..ron, it is nccclVarv to have a patcii"
(ignid b\' the king or hii anctflorh, and the fame ;;!:-j
rtgilb red.
The liberty of hunting i.i under fivere rellrictlon',
and of all mines difcoveicd and .vcrked a ceitain ftiac
brloni;s to the king. No pcrlbn is to tell trees evca i.i
his own wood, without k\ue obtained from liie iii-
tendant ; nor i'- any timber to be exported. No mcn;v
is to be placed at inttrilt or lent on morti'age out of tii;
country : nor is ,:ny p.nfi'in or order of knighthood fx-
tcpt that of Nkiha to he accepted of, from anv I'orf^a
prince. The nobility ate |)iohibit<jd from ciiteiMig Imu
sny foreign I'crvicc, or travelling abroad without a writt, -.
licence (mm the king. None arc to be feen with liic
arms out of their lief ; and a pc rfon not poflelVi-d of a fu-f
and even the oHiccrs in the army, are not ro keep any.
A forci!;ner whointcf.ds to fettle in the country nuili:
be naturali/ed and Hike tiic oath of allegiance ; bi.t itf
altei wards hnp]>ens to be above three yiars out ol li.j
country, he hmeits all h"i piivileges. No (uieiiiner, w(i"
is not naturalized, is capable of being heir to a Savinatd
or I'lelmoiitefe.
The prelcnt royal family of Savoy h.is long been di;'-
nilied with the title of loyal hlrhiie fs on account of tlitir
cl.iir.i
Savov.
I ! and as f.-m
h is tliljMtchi,!
""iny OUT ihs
^,i'thcr, miliini,
t i luih li tl,c
tf) which ih. y
of thi-m ati.iii-
• 'I'hcir iil;i„|
ly wii'.c. 'liie
>cs arc 'Aii: i.iit
ind rdiiii, 'II,.
il ;iic .ikiii.l f,|
ii', anil iii|t(';,l
■tirJ', Idfrklt.iir
s ma.le ot'li.itjj
\ ti) two p„|,,^
ithcrii ttnips.''
ilCcnni., hrin"
•;ivvii by .i ho'li
:C3 ilw:us pf,.
is to l.anchurL',
iiim-r. ()iii!,e
Ic (-Mllcd U R,.
llL-il;.'C,«,ih hii;
h;it In.' isc.irricd
iitcs, the rapl-
is bf'.'nth. r.if
;iiiJ h.ij oil ra.h
II atK-hor,tilhti
(top it, IV,.
Kilcil upon, lilt
I c,irn,ij;ts our
.fiUer, to whom
n ay apply iv.
,nJ mr-rt of ih:
tha: l.in;:iia:c ;
\ dilpt 111!":, ~|f.
till.- Kcmdli re-
reti of the toi.n-
iioiit .uc frcv.lv
DWivi;, 111 lijji'C
I dhibhftwj i;i
tiire. Ill I'll
iiin«, hy whic^i
radiia'iv dc.
iiu'ii-aii; I't i!io
t has the tide
ohifd and Ihiei!
lie piirih.ii-,1 tf
!'.vir\ ntXc-
5 liii ainir, I r
, and mi.!; re
; .illd an iliU!-
tcm ihouijiij
, prince, mar-
o have a patcnr
i the fame -.i.:-)
■re rcftriction',
a ccitain fha^c
11 tice;. cve:i i:i
J fioiii liie Ill-
led. No men, V
'ar.c out iif th;
kr.i^hl'nood c-
'roiii aiiv liiii';::i
imi ciitcnmr inn'
vithoiit awiitt,'-.
Ii-en u'iih Hii-
lolidU-d of a fu'l .
ot lo keep any.
ii; country niiilt;
nee J bi.t iff'
;i;-j Oft ol 1!'..
!;jiei;:iier, wli"
<:i! to a Sav,'y,irL
s long ken dii'-
aCvOUlit ot ihiir
cl.iir.i
IV
Savov,
diim "1 l''* Itinp''""' "f^ Cypu'!, though till the year
,.,1 that hotife was only in poHi.lfion of the Jural ilij;-
', . In that year Vittor Amadcus II. duke of .S.ivov,
E U R O I' F,.
335
T(jjpi„ » the kin;;dom of Sicily on the pr.ice with Krain
allutned'ilu- royal'titlc, aii.l wai a;^ually crowned king
tSicdv at I'alcrino. Such he continued till i-i8, when,
jireeahlv lothe qiiadriiplcalliancc, he iiligncd the kin;;-
.^ „f i^lcily to the emperor Charles \'l. and in tiie io;m
of it had Siidinia ceded to him an a kingdom, which he
tookivdlWnonofin 1720.
The titles of the king of Sardinia rur) thu? : Charles
Emanuel III liy 'he grace of ("nul king of S.rdinia,
Onru?, a"'' Jcrufalcm j duke of Savov, Montfetrut,
Ciijt)lais> .'\olb, and the country of Cieneva ; prince
of Piedmont and Oneglia ; marquis of Italy, Siliu/o,
Sufa lvri-"^» Ceva, le Maro, Uriilan, an.l Sc/.ina ;
cuun't of .Maurienne, (rcneva, Nice, AHi, Alellaiidria,
Tendi-'< (rorean, and Romont ; baron ol le VaiiJ ,.r\ '
Faiicit;iii > '"'■'' "^ Vereclli, Pigiicrol, T art-ntlife, of la
LoDieliiif* and Val de Svfia ; piinccand pcrpetu^il vicar
of the ^''"Iv Konian empire in Italy.
,. -j-j,;. king's arms are quarterly with a point ccn'.ral,
(hield and h'^art-lliicld. I'hc dexter (kid is a'^aiii qiiar-
(tred. I" 'he firll ardent is a ends potencee or, with
fiiar fn'aller for the kingdom of Jctulakm : the fecoml
chtoaiTed argent and azure, with aero A'U'd lion, r*ule.,
for the kingdom of Cvp'us : the third or, with a 1 rowncd
lion eiilt's, for the kingdom of Armenia ; and the f.iuiih
arirent, a crowned lien ^;ules, by fuine thou'^ht to in.iit.iic
ihediitchv of Luxcmherg, or, according to the others,
the kingd"iii of Cyprus. T"he lecond iield conlilfs of
three paits i the dexter gules a hnrCe rampant argent, for
the dutehy of Lower .Saxonv : the rniiffer iri f.ible luiJ
crchtqiiffcd with a \*'reath of green, for the dutehy of
^pncr Saxonv ; and the lower point fuperadded argent
thicc chapes of a cimcter gules, for the dukedom of
F.rorn. The third field is party per pale, the dexter
ji ar-'cnt variegated with fma!l Ihields fable, and a lion
fablc"^ lor the dutehy of Chablais : the fmiller for the
iiitchy of Aolla, a lion argent in a field f.ihle. 'I'hc
fiurih field is alfo party per pale, and for the duti by "1
GiMtvois, contaiin chequered or and azure; thelinilf;r
forthc dutchv of Moiuferrat, a target gules. The point
oris ablack I igle, tor tlie county of Maurienne. 'I'he
jjn(ial (liield* argent, with a crofs gules, atid four Mrjors
heaci ivith ribbands argent at the cantons, for the king-
corn of Sjid:nia. The hcart-fhield gules, a crols ar-
sr.it, denoting the dutehy of Savoy.
The I'lincijial order ot knighthood is that of the An-
nanciada, or Annunciation, which was inllituted by
An'jdeiis V'l. in 1562. l"hc badge is always worn ap-
p.'pdant on the bicaft from a gold chain round the neck.
1 he collar is about an inch broad, and each link con-
l.iiiis thele four letters F. t.. R. T. wrought in the
manner of love knots. The ancient motto of the luuifc
of Savoy, alluding to thele initial letters, is /oiiitinJa
RhJum Eius Tcnuit, that is. His courage prclervcd
Rhodes. From this collar falfcned to a fmall chain,
hangs a medal reprcfenting the an^el appearing to the
viroin .M.irv, fct round with gold on a filver ground, in
the inncrmoll circle of the Star with the abovementioncd
four letters. The circle is alfo environed by a filver
wreath, and the wreath v*'ith fiery tongues fi;rined in
gold. All the knights of this order have the title of
excellency, but none can be inlfalled, without being lirfi:
of the interior order of St. Maurice, inltttuted by Ama-
dc-as VIII.
The order of St. Maurice, by maintaining in its com-
mandeiies three gallies againft the Turks, bears fome
affinity to the order of Malta. 7"hc knights indeed are
allowed to marry, but not to widows: fecond marriages
arc a'fo prohibited ; but iti both cafes a little money laid
on: at Rome procures a difpenfation.
I'he king's prerogative is unlimited, and though fuper-
Oition is carried to as great a height in this country as anv
whcie in Europe, yet, in church affairs, the authority
of the pope has been reduced as low as poflible. No
bull can be made public without a licence from the privy
CDunu!; nor can the inquilition of Turin molelt or lay
any one under an arreff, without previoully acquainting
thit council. All ccclefiaftical preferments ate at the
I kin,'j difp.il.l, tiud he Is InveHe.! with tlic power nfaf-
(ignmg peiilioiri on theni to the iimoiint of one third of
their iiuoiri- 11; can a! o ii'iniiniie a peilrn f.jr the
dignity of cardinal, wl;o mult be ii-.-ited at the n'-xt
piiMiioiion. \\i pAlace ch.ipel, with the eccbli.iltici
liiat Itrve in it, .<iid ihc liiiii latioii ot Siiper.>a, iiiflead
ol being under the aichbilliops ol Tunti, .ir:; iiibo:dinate
to the lord almoner, wlio Ins a dilllntl juiildiclioii.
\'> li.it the convents pofiillid before tin- year lUoo hai
been left to them as eiiil.)\s-iiienls out of the royal domain ;
but ■'very thing elle, wheilur niove.ililes or iiiii.iove.ibl.s,
ate (iibjict to ti^ces cquilly with the laity. All cieil tim.
tr.ifls, tiunigh tcl.iting to eccldi ilfiea, niiid he tianlaclcii
in the pielenee nf t!ie temporal jiid.;e ; before whom arc
alio tried taufes wherein cei.!cli iltic. aie concerned, either
as rl.iintifi.. or defeii.lnnts.
I'he principal boards, or colleges, arc the privy coun-
cil, winch eunfill-. ot apt:iiie niiiiiller, two fcLrctarici
ol Mate, and other perfoin ol liink and gicat einj-loy-
ineiits ; tiij council of Sardiiii.i 1. co.iipotetl of the love-
reign, the liili piclident, and fomc ntli.'r m ic.liet*j ami
till- touncil ol ll.ite, wiiicli h,;.-, all'.j its peculiar iiurn-
bcis.
I he royal revenue, by the re.;.'!"iinipiii n of the antient
crown l.iiiiN, has rcieived it\ addition i.l upw.irds of 11
iiiiilio'i of I'lediiiontcfe livris. ,\ll I'uturo aliin iii.nij of
ihe doniiiiis are piohibitejj the hcl'.., as tn vtlc'ica'r, .irc
.illi) to bead.l'.-d to them, ai.d .lil iiirv ii.j:i'lVp-. to li , aii-
nulKd. Tl.e total of the revenue caniict, lu-j.vever, b'.;
luciilely d.teiinincd. Tne taxe, aic r,.i-cd without
farming, except th,.t of tolavco, but ar.; fcrcvve.l up to
th-j bignelf pi:ch, and Ic ied v. ito :,n inrux.bie fevjnty,
to the e.-itreiiie vex.iliun id" th.; ilillr^lVed Snvoyard,i ;
while theI'ie.lmo!Ue:e land.Tol.ier. i.ic confulerably eafed,
or do not feel the burtt.in lb fciilibly.
I he kin,;',s fubj.-^i-j in Savoy, I'it.l.-iv.int, .nnd other
paits of the con'.ineiit, a;e faiu 1.0 ar.iouni to above tv/j
iiiill'ons.
The kin:;'; milirary forces in 17:1) cnnliftcd of be-
tween twenty and t-A'cnty-tsvo thoui'..iid regular troops,
belides the horfe-guards, the ni.iri.iircs, and I: I teen re-^i-
ments of niiliii.i, which ni.ike about lix thouf„nd men,
and are trained up in tiic niil;t..rv exen ile.. lii.e t'.ic ,-e(;u-
lar troops. In the year l-.j-i, the army, ini.!uJin;i t.ho
inditia, amounted to about lorty thoufaiid ; but in tinm
of peace the king Commonly keeps noiiioie than fifteen
tiioulaiid.
The high court of jiillic'-, wliidi is Imc called the
Paiii.iii:eiit. fits at Ch.iniberry. As the kin^ is, on ac-
count of S.'.vov, a numbei of liie antienl' kingdon-i of
\rle;,aiida v.iir.il ol the cippiie, he lias a fe.it and voice
*M'' ■ ■'I
r
r "1
:,.}
I
The diicliy of S.ivoy is divukd into ;lx provinces ;
I thcfe are, Cliablais, I-'aui igiiy, the (.ienevo'is, Proper
S.ivny, the TaiaiilaiCe, and the county of .Mauiienue :
1 the pnncip.il places in which aie the following :
j Cii.iiiibi.r.y, the c.ipital oi all S ivoy, is cillcd in aii-
j tieiit records Canil-icriaeum, and Chamarium. It is (itu-
' ated in a pLafaiU vallei', on the river I.eife, in the forty- /,/.•/,/>.
fifth degree loity minutes north Kititudo, and in the filth g-^S ■
degree foitv-live minutes cali !ongi:ude. The lliccts
are mortly ffraigiit and clean, the to-.vii being walhed by
fevcral branches of the Alb:.n, and many fprin.^s that
fl nv down from St. Martin's Hill, it is well built, and
has leveral fquarcs, and many (lately ediliecs, though not
in the modern flile ; and is of a middling liie, itschiel'
tlrength Cviufilling in it.s w.il!s. It is the feat of the
hi^helt court, 01 parliament of S.uoy, and tlie refidenci-
of many of the nobility. It bclcngs to the diocele of
(ircnobie. The collegi.ue church of the fii.ly Chapel
was founded by duke Ani.ideus, and the head ot the chap-
ter is lliled dean of Savoy. It h.is often been t.akeu and
retaken; and in the year 17 51, w.is abnoll entirely de-
ifroyed by fire.
Aix, in Latin .Aqu:? C3rati.inx, or S.ibaudica;, is, as
well as the lornier, lituated 111 >'.ivoy I'lopcr, near the
lake of liourgct, eight nille.s 10 the iioilh of Chaiiiherry,
and is cel-,bi:iteil tor its hot baihs, the life of whch is
free to t-very one, on giving a tride to the riibbeis. 'Ihe
lower lloivs from a very llroiig I'piiii,;, and. has x fulp.huie-
ous talle ; but tlic other is quite iidipul.
t
, I
i
1
; |;
*
.
' \
A \
I ' u
' m
i'he \yatcr is
clcir.
J .,v>-i
ii'-
n^>
A SYSTEM UK G M O Ci Ii A 1' II V.
(.lo.ir, and of .1 green colour j hut iin fifli or any other 'btr over lu.ipj nf h-\: ; .ii"l
if.r.noNr.
«ic.iiui(; will live III It, litre jrc the ruins oin kumaii i arc to yah one iilnlit .11 UjltiiiMin iln- niouni mm" I '^''
enmn|ih;ilarch. are not well i-iuVhl.il vmiIi ,hh»I « mvuiii..,' ,)'JV 'r'
I,.mi.ii)oiirt;n .1 larnrvilljc-. In the county of Mjnii- extiiinelv Iroiii il.e hull. Mwiiiit I'llo, wh Ui i ','
rnne, Ic-atcd at the lunt of Mount C'lnis, which lies Co r„ ih;. („„i|i ,,) ih,' v,,lli y ,,| |,ue,m, is U4 1 '"■
iirariton the foiith aiidcilf, tli.it, from Ihr end ofNo-ioMOof rhr iiii.ll |..|iv in l,uio|)i', and ii luu loii) ," i^''
veniher to t^he i;ih of January, the inhalmants iu-\rr Ire ; thai our which liaiouh.d made Ins nicni.iul,;!. pij'i;, " '^
'"'' "^ '" -' - ' .... - . . 1 he I.I.I h;wn ihioiigli iIk- lotlt itim^j^jj'"'
tiir fun, which on that day make; its (ii(l appearance on
liic tojis of the iiioiintaino.
SECT. III.
Tht Priiuifaliif o/" Piedmont.
//) Silualicn, lixttrt, nn.l Prjilim; pnrtituLirh "f its /.";>'
T'uHin, and its Sili. (J/'i'r Af.uiUiiin tiii.l I'liHu, cj
I'ieament, ami the .Animals on ti'.ic .Vliuntiii'ii, pailiiuI'V-
h wliiH Hiirft, lf<f Chiim:ii, ih- Ihifjii ti'i, nii.l ti't iti
tollaiv. ^ -. — »,v. u
two hours itaviliiiij. .nid is c|niK- Jarlt. '""
I hcvallies o( l'i.,lmont lie- I'llhe wtllward, conti-.
ous 111 l>aii('hiiie in I'laiin; : lia.e aie tin; valavot [
cern, that ol I'croule, and that ol oi Mailiii. Ihc '"i
j.sli.Nicen Pie.linoniirc niil.;s m liiiyih, hutviri luir ""
'I'llo lower parts ab.,un.l in wine and other iruii "jr'
niiildic in choimits, and the un(ier in tjiicpalluic, 'lh°
vai;.y is ilic llioivi't loit.|ii.-d of any j foi hifiji-, ||'!
prodigious nimintains, coveied at k.ill e j.ht or t. n iii„|,|i''
111 ih'jvcar with fiio*, and uin!i'(|iieiitly iiiipj||;,i,|p. ;, ,^
ruir \ with a imcife /laoiml of tht Ifatdenfts. Vfllf i'-'cflible only hy i \ciy narrow cavity laliel ilic '|\,jj,,!
Rivers of Pitilmonl. 'the Periotti, Aliinihis, R(lii'i;n, Uiidj^c, and r.o hio.ider lii.iii rh.: i.']jij ruer, or rjik '
a'l.iTia.tr rfthe l'inlimnti-[f. j4 paiti^nli/r I^Jcriptiiii r,J' ' ' ' ' ' - ■ '■
r'» City cf Turin, ;in.i olhtr remarkable Plmes.
PIEDMONT, a put of thr anticnt f.onibardy, u i
hoiMnkd (ni the noith by .Savoy and Italy j on the
Mill by France ; on the Imith hy the Meditcrr.incan .niul
the repiihlie ot (icnoa ;
.Mcntlerrat and .Milan
an.l ;'.l'[y miles from r.or'h to foufh, but much Ids from
taft to wed It i.- called Pifdmont, and in Latin Pud-
numliimi, from its lituation at the loot of the mmintains,
or Alps wl'.ich I'-jMrate Kr;'.ncc from Italy. This coun-
try is in famcp.iits mountainou?, but is every where vriv
brook, o( tieiii.aiKlnuc, runniiiL' lh.ou^;h it, overwhiih
is a lofty hiiJ-c, whi.h.on biiii^ biokt do'.Mi, {g „ |,^
poflible tociiKi ihevallcy. On lii'-' Al| ;■ which fiiiroun,|
it are liven tine lal.ci, on the fiJe uf ih.; vjllsy ',
l-uccnie. '' ^'
111 the abme vVilevf, cfiviially taat of St. M.;i:,|,
iind on the eaft by the duchies of j ""'i'-; 'I'e hi-liell ot tlie in.niiit.iina an i ini;iaii.,Wt: f,,'.;^
; extending .ihout one hundred | "re laig" wooOs and thicketj, aiiounjing in white huiI-.'
which retain ih.it c.ilnur all the year loiiii.l • b,.|; '
fruitful. 'I he pl.iins produce fine corn, ami .MonKeir it
:>iid the MilaiRle \ Icld great ip.iantitie;. of Turky whe.it,
which comaionly lerves for bre.id, and uirli which peo-
ple of the inuldle rank mi.\ rvc ; the pods arc ufcd l.ir
lutl, and the (t.ilks, being thick, ferve to mend the
rnaJj. The hilfs produce plenty of wine, whi.h, lil.:c
the Italian wine;, is very Itilcions when new; dpecially :
the white. Theie is alio a taiiilh ud wine, called vino |
brul'co, (aid to be very wholefonie for fat people, and, on i
tiie other hand, the (vvcet wine is recommended as a llo-
niachie. 'I'he ncii^hbourhood of Tuiin is lamoiis for its
fine fruits, and many lona; walks of chcfnut and mul- I
berry trees, whitli produce both pleafurc and jirolit. j
Maii'iis, or lar^c chtfniits, are a (avouritc dainty amonc i
tlic c<immon people : tlicfe arc put into an ocen, am! i
wlun thoiuu^'.hly hoi, and couled in red wiiu", are
I'hele thickets .ire .1
of bears and wolves.
a (econd time in the oven, and afttrwards cittii cold.
Trutnes gmw herein fucli ak'amlance, that I'iedmont has
i.bt.iiiud the n..me of the '['ru.llc Country, .'^o.tic are
black, others whi;c marbled with red, and the l.irper j larger ami lets /iiaj:j;y
thcv are the (iearer. Sometimer. they are found ol-' twelve I '^i"^> which, on ace
tir fdiiitten pounds wciyht ; and many count, y people
cam from fray to fevcnty dollars ;: year only by dig'-nv
tor them.
retain ID. it c.iliiur aa me year loiiii.l • bfjij
hi.xts, large phc.d.mis, .md blown an! white paitriJ i.,
llo lemaik.ihle lor b.'ii,^ t:ic liji,,,.'
On the hi.ilicfi pan of t:,c .\l , '
aiiii ill open place , wieie only a li;tle herl,.i -e (;r,iv '
ale found ihe niaii.,e'.tc a kind of loek rat, a ciea j'e
loinewhat 1.;ii;'.t ' li .11 i rabbit, ai,d in foh.ur uf a mix;!
brin'M and red, 'I he liidi, wliieh is Citen, lijs niu.\
the t. lite of pork, Tiils .oiIm.iI lias a veiv iliii;| i;,,.
an I palieii eight or ia.;e moil'lis nl ihc veai, i;..i; [<, „i.'I
the mouiitaiiib ait covered witn fnow, m a p.-o,'ouiij
deep.
The chamois is a kind of wild co.it, but much (Irnnjt;
they i;eneially keep on ihc mouir.ains i Inn are u'ry il ".'
lieu:' to be caught, bec.iufe they place ccnlrie.i un i;i
hills about them, ,ind on the a.ijacciit einiiu-nu-,
wliich, upon any appearance e>f d,in;;ei, give llrj rcl] 1' '
alaiin by a ceitain noife j upon wiiicli .iit 'vholelici,!
I'inil.iwn the next lleep decliiili'-s, vvhiili lluyfcc;,,
' '.iJe by nature til * limb up .111. 1 dovwi v/ith luipnlj,,.
dexienty and Iwiltiiefs. 'Ifteii hoiiis aie lliou, cii)iili.,i;^
an. I fiiioiiih ; their dilli is Very good, an. I ul ilaii ^^,;.,'
l^ m..de the true cli.i.iioy leathei,
I he boii(|iietin is another kind of wild ;^oal, biii nui'i
lU coi)(l,ii.t ah.'de i>i;n ihi'inoun.
luiit of then height, a;\: coiiui.,^
ally eovcred with limw. It ^enel.illy llie,rS on the iti
is much iieeter than ti.e chaiiiois, mIuI tiic co.;.n-.(,ii pai.
pie reckon the lU'lh. very ilrciigtheidng. \. 'hen a p.;
'I he trade in cattle is faid to bring into Piedmo-it no j isdepiived ot the iile ot Ins lonbs by col,;, (<
Icfs than tluee millions of bvies jK-r .iiiniim. ' ' e cul
tivation of filk isalloa profi.able artitle, the Piedinuiitei'e
filk beiiii;, on arcoiint of i:- fincnefs and (Irein^'h, clliem-
rd the belt in Italy, Ma'.iy pealanis annually fell tour or
five riibbs of filk, r,ich \«eii;hinj; twenty-li\e pounds h;'-
forc it is wound off from the coeiins, at twenty. tive lids
the pound. The tine filk fells lor rthoot a I.ouis d'C )r per
pound. The I'udinntjfe (gentry breed valt numbeis of
lilk-wornis iiiuKr the care of their tenanis, who h.ive
the cyj's and mulberry-leaves delivered to them, and in
rciiirn they give halt the iilk to their mailers.
The mount.iins Contain mineraN. Rochemel.m, v/hich
lies eatlward, bciwecn Ferliereand Novarele, is elteemed
the highcft of all the lialiai. Alp'., and it is a day's jour-
i:ey to afcend to the top, wieie, in clear weathe.-, it at"-
fords a m'.lt beautiful prolj.cct over all the Mil.inele,
Trevi^o, Venice, 'cc. 'I he tvptofion of a imilkrt ish.'ie
only heard as the crafhinj; of a li.ek when bioken. ( )n
lliis iiiouiu .ill is laid to have for'iierly flood a llatiie of fu-
piter, but it was made to give\iMy loan iiiia^eof the V ir-
yin Mary, before which an at'.nual mafs is read on the 5th
of Au^oitf, to a val^ concoiirle of people, liven at tnat
time of the year, they arc oblige.!, in I'oir.c place>-, tycl.im-
e ilrt'i;,
of t:ii.s creatine's blood are admlii;lt:itd in vv.i.-.Mvi.'..
or bioih, which, upon the patient bein^ pir. to be),
ihrovvs him into a great Iweat, ai'ier whic.T h.' lecovci..
It i.s alio ul'ed in pituiilic dii'orders, and In fi;JJi:i
fri;;lits : and as tiic fieih bleiod eaiinoi always he ha.',
they dry it, and le.iu^e it to powder, h is f.iij liij:
thel,' eieaturi s defen.! ihemfelvci with ti-ielr horn:, wl;: '1
aie two or three leet loi'f;, and liiick in propoilioii ; ;::.!
th.ii when cl il. ly puil'ued they will throw thc.nl.li.:
down luLjh precipice.-, ami break their tall by ilie \vSif 0:'
their Inn IIS, li> as 10 iiceive no hint.
Amoii^ ihe lame be.ills are live tiim.ir, w'.lcli, \);
HukhiiiH; lay, i> ol two Cuis, one eiigenJcied In .i
bull and ,1 maie, an. I ihe other bv a bull .uid aTi.'-
af. ; in'-- latter fp-. e.-, lays he, i;, loiifi.leraMy fin.il'e-
than the tiilt, and |> called the b.f , thel'ormir, call-..!
bat, has the ufiper nnndible (lioiter than tlr- lo.vcr, a.ii;
bdtli aliiiolt leKnilde ihofe ol I'wine; yet the iiKi,'(i:,
teeth 111 the uppei jaw aie an in. ii ot two ni.iie back-
ward than in i:ie luAii, and are ali'j much lun;>er, hi-
thoi'e iif hares and rabbits. ihe hea.l and tad of bot:i
rcfemble tli.iie- ol an ox ; hut the loiinci, iiiltead ol iioni;,
has O'lly ivDu'oii in all olher refp- ,'.> tliev a:-; (h-ip;\t
Clt!i-{
fi
'^ll.l.llo.\,'
"■■..llull, llicy
nt.iin, II liny
i'< *li'-y full; I
WllCll ll,,||,|,
is Ijid til Li:
ii|Ji».K\l lu 1,^
ibit|),illji;cii,.
'aril, conii-:
vality ot Lu-
till, riie Li-
lt V(i\ luirtw.
itliii Iruil, tic
).i;luic.. Ihii
I'ui lufiJiiilu.
1 '>r ti 11 iiKinihj
niluir.iMc, it:.i
lid llio TuwiT
lycr, 01- rjthcr
it, uviT whiili
^I'.vn, it !s iiii
vviruhliMrounil
the Vjilcy ul'
St. M.;rtii,, a.
i[i.iii.,!ili' roi.-;, ,
ii\ white hjiCj
icKiiiJ J brfij.,
line iMitriJci,
-II..; CIO luiiii;,
in ui tl.e Alp,,
hcrb.i-c- gruv,-,,
. t.il, J cia a.i:
iluur uf a inlx;i
aicii, lus m.i.'i
n'ly lliiill ciy,
al, tf.j; is,\vti ^
, ill a prolouiU
t nuith ftrnngc:,
;ii Mc M'lyil,.'.
i.i.iitiK;i on tli,
111 lillilK-IIU),
vc l!ic reft liu'
iiu "vliole lii;;,l
villi Cuipiillii^
■ lliiiil, ciDnk'.'i!,
1)1 ll'itii fr.,!,!
Dal, till niu'.'i
.111 lilt iiioun-
,v:: con;. Ml
s (M the it'.,
1. ..iv.i.n \Kii.
\ .'hen a p'.;l..ii
,:, fii.-.ic lirrpi
in w,.;.:! \vi;'.-
■ ; .!•. tn be!,
,1 u: tccGVCi-.
;iiul ill I'uJii:!
iKv.iys lie hai,
hi-, I'.iii thr.
r horn?, ivl'.i h
iioiMiiticin ; j:'1
)\.v thc:iii.I\ •
'oy lliL' h-lj) < ■
.ir, vv'.lcli, Dr
tii.kMed In J
Ull .iiiJ a C.\:-
Icra'.ilv fin.i'.'f
fuHTHI, cj'.l. ;
tir.; U;.vcr, a.^.
tt the in i.';i;.
i..o ni )ie back-
■h lun;_;;r, 1;^'
nJ t:iil of but;!
iilltfaJoflioni:.
;;.;V a:; ni.ip'.l
eilir-t
PlIDMONT.
I*. U K () P E.
337
ihrr liki' •' '"'I''" "'' ^" ■''''• '"'"iiirI' lift '" '•'!>;'-' •■" -I
' I,, ihcy :iic (iK'nrpnlirif: ftrciipth, iMt little, aic very
(witi'i't locii, an I irct 'iiillfiit IkmIK tor travelling.
j'hele v.illi'y" li.iv always bcliiMt'i-cl to I'lcdinont Tlic
Wjlileiilfs uf Vallll^l^, if.rir iiih.ibitaiits, have render-
1 ilKndelvfa fiinoiis in lultury tor thrir diU'enting Iroin
,', 1,1,1 , (if the Iviiinifli ( liiirch a Ion;; time before
ihc birth <il l.ulhcr .mil Calvin, and lur the pLrlccutioiib
,|,,y h ,vc Ciirtircd pn th.it account: hut lincc tlic year
,1 (iiry have not been openly iniileded lor their reli-
, ,„i • but, in order to Cuppiel, them by degree*, a I'o-
II 111 church has been built in every panfli. I be iiucn-
Lj 1,1 pr.ijile in Ihrii' valleyn Icaree at prelent cxeeed-.
..,n i:i<"'l''i"'i "' wlii'b one thoufaiiil arc catholics.
I'he 1 iiiel rivrr of I'iedniont is the I'o, which flow;
fill 1.1 Mount Vil'o. I he river Silni,thc Dori.i, liilf.a,
ihc Jiitici't Dili' i'> the 'I'cn.iro, and Ifvrr.il others run
into it. The Var, aniieiiiiy called the Varus, riles in
ihecocuiy of Nice, .ind, alter watering it, empties it-
fdf into the Mediterranean.
The i'ledmnntefe arc elleemcj lively, artful, and
willV.the inhabitants of the mountain of Aolla excepted,
win arc lailhcr (lifliii!',.iilli. I by l.irue wens, as aie even
■htir horlis, lU^s, and oih' r animals, if the I'iedmon-
,jf{W<re allowed to uivi' lull li npe to their L-ciiius, which
jidmlile.i by the Koinilh reliL-K.n and their niaiiner of
..onriiii" I'ti '-'"'''t liter.iry advancements mnjht he feen
am""}; ''"■'" • '"" ''^'^ introduciiu; of any books that dif
fct 111 ihi-' l^'''^ '■'""' '*"-' l^oinifh tenets, is (evercly pro-
hi'.iital. 1 inin has an uiiiveility, which is well founded
j„j fe^ulated after ihe Romifli manner ; but neither the
Iciuil! nor my other re^ulais are allowed opriily to keep
Ithools. 'I'll' was ordered by king Viiilor Amadem II.
who not on!y new-modelled the univerfity, but publillicd
J rule for the uniform education of youth throughout the
country.
Thclani^uat^eofihc I'iedmontefc is a mi.vturc of t'lench
and Italian. In this country arc about hfiy c,iildom«,
lillicn niarquilatef, a multitude of lorJfliips, and twenty
abbcvs. '1 hough the country be eiuiiely popifli, except
Ionic v.illcys inhabited by the Waldenles, the kin^ re-
lent! to himfelf the gieatcll part of that power in church
iK'nrs, which in many other places is given up to the
nop-', iiM.l the confl.liilitn iinr^rnilus is here uiiiverl'illy op-
mili'.l. In the v.illcys of Lucerne, IVyroul'e, and St.
Martin bordering on Daiiphiiie, as hath been already
intim.ia'.l, li*<; the celebrated VValdcnIes, a n.imc
which they derive from th'ir liviiv^ in the valleys, the
'" ' L-fi, that i?, people of the
them W-
Italians callin;^
villev!.
i'ii; chief trade (,f 'hi
{■''( ; and ihou-h mi-ll k
maJeat Turin, and as t"
jie dear, the Piedmoiuere
lid expert than thole c,l i
tude is of no great '.onkip
y cnnfilh in hemp and
I (ilk commo. lines arc
111 other pl.iccs, yet tlicy
workmen beiir.'; lefs tpiicic
iher places ; and indeed this
•nee, both on account of the
hlghiiiitv and the Ian. I cmria!;'' on mnl'-s.
The principal city of I'iedmont is Turin, or Turino,
.inlicntiv Augulla Taurinoiuiii, the capital of all the
kui" of .S irdiiiia'.s dominions. It is feat'd in flu- fortv-
'djnh (livrie filty-ll.x minutes north latitude, and in
' liic fevcntb degree rixteen minutes cafl longitude, at the
confluence of the Poaiid Doria, in a very pleafant coun-
■.'V, that aft'ords a molt delightful profpei>, the neigh-
|■ourin^ hills being covered with villas, convents, and
other building:. The city is pretty large, the circle of
the ramparts being about four miles and a half. The
fortifications arc remarkable for their ftrcngth, and par-
licul.irlv the fubterraneoiis works, which cannot be I'ecn
without pcrmiflion from the governor. The citadel is a
rt'ular pentagon, with a vaulted deep well in every
Mion, fu that the garrifon cannot be deprived of wa-
l.r; and, confidering the number and extent of the fuh-
t.rraiieoiis works, the whole city may be almoft faid to
fund in the air. The ground on which it is erefled he-
rn; a littli; railed above the adjacent country, no v\'ater
cia be conveyed into the ditches, which is here of ad-
unt.ige, as the mines wmild in a great meafure be ren-
Cfred unfcrviceable, could they b.: overflowed. Both
He ciiy and the citadel mutually add to each other's
Eren^lh.
72
rrom the city lide you pafj over lovcral bridges and
ditches tluoiii'h an enlranee, which leads to a kind ot
dungeon, or a large round tower, with aflat roof. Tins
IS a magar.ine lor proviliuns an I part ol the military
llore^. It is homb-prr f ; the French, in the fie;'e of
17^6, having thrown fcveral hundred boiiibs u|) in it,
but to no trt'eiK This tower has alio its fubtcrraneous
pillages, or ,'^illrries, towards the other badioni ; fo that
il the enemy fliould become mailers of the latter, the
dungeon ».ldne would cafily hold out fourteen dijs bc-
lorc It wOLitd be obliged to capitulate. Here is kept the
niiin guard. On the left band towards the area of the
citidel IS the comin.itidant''! lioule, and on tlic right that
of the governor ; both thel'e lonu an cleg.iiu aniphithc-
itte lacing the area, on tlv: left hand of which are the
b.,rrjekj, from which one is led by torch-liglit into the
foiiterr.iincs, which indeed an; furprifing. At the cn-
tr.mce are vaulted flables for filly horfes : a hundred and
thirty p.ices behind thele, and forty or fifty more under
the main ditch, you conT- undrr the counter-guard,
where are other llables for fifty horfes more. Here ihf
fubterraneoiis paflagcs extend in two branches, the one
to thi' p.), the other to the dilt.'iicc ot iwo oi three
I'icdinontel'e miles, not fo much for the lake of an out-
let, as to lead to the vail niiniber of mines, which take
up every part of the groiiii,!.
Ill luie of the!': galleiic; i: (licwn the place where
Micha, the brave pionrer, di:votid his life lor the good
of Ills country. I'hc Kren.h were, however, greatly
milhken in thinking thcniCelves lure of being mailers of
the citadel by mean", of thi'j large gallery, which is
broad enough for a carriage to turn about in ; for the
i'mall gallery ii over the larger, and ha. fever.l trenches
from whence they may hrc upon the enemy ; and, in c.id.-
of nicefliry, iron portculliees m.iy be let down, and
..uantdoe;, bomb:), and other inlt;umcius of dtUi uv lion
thrown into it, tluoiiL'h loop-hdcs pinvi.led for f.ich
extremities. H. lides, this large gallery is fonified at the
end of every thirty (laces, and there arc many mines un-
derneath it.
Indeed there are properly four galleries over one ano-
ther, the lowermoll of which is a; the depth of a hun-
dred and fevcnteen feet under ground. Into thele nons
but Ciermins ate admitted, as b'. iiig eonH..nt fir.nds to
the houl'e of S.ivoy, and therefore the officer who attmd?
foreigners here alw.iys enquires tlicir country. The
mines, counter-mine, an. I otiicr fubterr.ineous works,
are vciy furprifing. In the lowell gallery tlier-; are fpira-
cles to let in the air and keep it dry. From the fub-
tcrrancous wcirks of the one bullion an i.lci mav be form-
ed of til? other four. Melides all thele conveniences,
every one is provided with an oven, a well, and a ma-
gazine lor pr.)vifion«.
The walls and b.ifhons are all lined with frec-llon?,
and take up an hour and a h.ilf in walking round the
foriiricatioiis. The walks fliadcd with oaks on the ram
p.irti. appear very ileli ;htful at adilVaiice, and thofc who
walk there have i: moll agreeable profpeiit of beautiful
villas and gardens, and on one fide of the mountain^,
which, during the greateft part of the year, are covered
with Inow. If Turin continues to incicaf.' in fize and
magnificence, as it has lately done, it will have the
noblcll Itrects of any city in Europe, they being at pre-
fent exceeded by none in (icrinany, Holland, France,
or Italy. But ibis is true only with relpetl t(i the New
City, in which arc the royal palace, New-ltrcet, and Po-
(Ircet, which are all remarkably fine. From the donr of
the king's palace is a view which extends I'eventecn
hundred paces over the palace court, and St. Chiirlcs's-
fqiiare^ along the New- It reet to the New (j:ite. The iioufes
in St. Charles's-fquare arc very magnili.-ent, and have
all arched piazzas, fo that in the heavicll r.tiiis one may
walk dry under fhelter. Ncw-llrcct is ughtecn paces
broad, the houl'es four (lories high, and ei.r • lioufe ex-
adlly refembles that oppofite to it on the other lide of
the (freer, and is at leaft a hundred paces in fri.u't. There
are but three buildings on each fide from the area before
the palace, to the entrance into St. Chailes's-fquarc,
where the New-ftrcet begins, which extends a h.indred
and twenty-three paces in frbnt. The inner court of tnc
4 ^ P^l«"
?^wl<
1^
. I
'4
3 1 '
fl
■ 1
'V
I v
i i.
t i'
*: 1 1
vP
A S V S T F M C) (• G I O vt K A I' 11 i,
1
I'ki
jLiljce !• ,1 lii.iUluJ 4iii| (Vitly-rour [um lung ; tin
I'aljic ilu t'haU'.ui i» i. huiiilrtJ .iiiJ luiii-tv-Uv' ii : tlu
l(Ki.t lutwcoii tliU tijiMtt' anJ lli.it pI St, C1uiiI>'» fmir
tiuruir.d .mil ivvtiiiy-lhrti: : tlic (i|uiri' nl St. L'li.wlc-.
tivo hiiiiJd'il .i.ij tij'.liiy-litur . tlic K.irilnT-llr it Unv
liiiiiilri(l .111,1 liliv-ri-viii I uikI the u|i<.n |i)turc b^ioc iIk
i\Mf a litiiiiiri'J pjL<.<. I'ctiiiiii, (hu ci.li.lu.i:i'>l julii-
U'(ft, it r.i 1 t<i hrfvi; ptifcrrcJ tlii* llrtct to .ijiy hi ll.ily i
yet tlif (trtct til the i'n rrciiu ('u|uriiir to ii > iliat Itn.u
iH eleven hull. Ill il coiriii.iii pat..* in Inijitii, an I tlu
higlri i.iily thii" l!.)ri.i l)i-;li. The rj.i'iipiis uiiJ lolty
ii:.l/.f js of till" Caill'.' fijuJi^' aic C'H.tinuwil in a iIki:1
line f II b' fh i;jvi ut' thv llri-et, iiiiJ tlu liuul.',. wiiliui
thr j: itf ((..ni .1 Qm aniphitli'Mtttf.
1 \r- limifci aio nit-lily i>l luiclc, overLud with philler
''rl',iris, wli.eli wliiJ- new li.is a g'loil ctKct ) ami, wli.it
i> not r',>:iimoii'v I'v n, tney li,i\i; a i.tiir'C ut Ha!ir)nii.s tu
vviry ilury : but tlu' lioiifej .tic Jislii^uitJ by tlie gie.il
liu'ii'.';- oi' p.^iir wiiuluw..
I'll': Kr-j'ts .lie Isipt ele.ni I y i vciy inp'MiiiiUJ toiitri
vaiiev Jictwtn tiie cit.nlil ami the I'ort He Siil't tlif
v.-atrr ii broii-lr in liy :i e.iii.il uiit of I'.ie )Ji)ri.i, .uul
tivr-ci! eoiuey.-l lliioii|.',h .tn .ii|iic.liii;t uver tlic town-
i'.<"-h into ti.o city, wnere it i, iiillnl'ut:il al pl-Mluie
throiujh ali the '.h.-eti, niij curies oi>' ail the lilih -nui
I'ril. *'I'hi.. C!^iitris:ilice ii!f>) Cerves to clear ilie (t.-ttt^ol
the I'liow i:i tlie winter, iinlelj it he orilereil tole.r.e it M\
ih'j pniuiid Inr the il.v.'.-fion i.f the p;liiee, \v;un)t'tiii
fiJes tip'jn the lanw in a ll.il|;-. 'I'h.: rity i'l ali<-'
iijiu.d bv laiithorns huii'^ up la the llrecti and croli
L.'nev
The m (I rpl.ndid (Irii.;1iirc h the front of the palace
wiicrc ih? Uiij: lelidi'S, which is built of liec fluiu', and
l^ip.thlv I'e <ir.ted with cnlunuis and llatu'.-i, and has a
nnvnihC'.iit Itau-cil-, where iKind. 4 l)r.r/,.ii lt,.tue ol
\ .■.ti.r Amadous on a lii.nc (.f wh.te marble. I'h.- hall
h:'.'bre th; kinc's ap.itiiient, an I the utlur ihanibcu, .iie
hun^ with tap' itiy repreleiitin^^ the lite of Cvnis. Tnele
h '.ii.vius w.ie a piULiit iMini the empeiur Charle? V. to
thr iiou'lV of S;vov ; a'vJ hr.th for their bi'.uitv, antii|'iity,
and the Kjnih.m' p e.-e^ of w.iich the whole ft eonlilts,
are extreir.' ly v.iiuible. J ne kin;;'s apartinent is very
well furniiiu'.l, and i:i his bedchamber is a'n a liiiii,iliie
ple.C of tap'lirv, reprvientnig a battle in wliicii the 1,(ji-
laincrs were nititely dceated.
i)n the l.ft hand of the late queen's apnitnients, in
whi:h are foine good pxliires of the royal family, i:; a
!;.i'lery in which are three huivJrcd marble (l.itues, nxjil
..f tli'.ni antique?, p'accd on caeh fi ie of the j^alkry. It
'.v.is on th;:. l1 jor, but fronting; the court, mat the late
'<in" rtfided. i'hc clofet where he conferred with his
mlniflers is near theaiuhence-chamher. 'J'his ap.irtment
iveiH into a fin." pa'lery of p.iintings, in which tlu-
i.ir :.ll .iiid tineit pieces are by I'.iul V'eronele. 'I'lic
li^fco piiiuin:; on the w.ill, and pariiciilarly that on the
ti'-liii-.', is admirable, and done by the chevalier Darnel,
a ' rernian.
Upon the left hand, on the fecond floor of the wing of
the pilace which looks into the gaiden, is the chapil of
the Holy Sudary, which, that it ini:;ht be adapted to the
..■a.'lcl relic prifcived there, is built cntitely of a dark
"jey i:,.arhic. The liieel, as the c'er-y here pretend, in
which Ci.rifl w.ii wr.ipped after hi:, crucifixion, has im-
printed on both lidrs the bloo.lv ti:;ure of a ni.in, and is
kept in tiic nudilie of the chapel in a taheriucle, within
.Ml in-.lof'irc of iron work. It is publicly fliewn on great
f.)lciniiii.;es, a; the marriage of the hereditary prince, 5cc.
it ou"'it nut, ho.,vi.vcr, to be omitteil, that the pretend-
ed fu."!ary is aif) fiie-.vn at l.iil)i)n, Mentz, and in above
twelve Uoiniili churches befides.
Tin- red. oi this ptlace is old and of brick, as is alfo
ano'.iier pd.icc. The royal library is worth notice. A-
mon • o:iier fpacious buil lings conti[;uous to the palace
1. the kin.','s theatre, which is reck.)ncd a malfer-piece
in its kind ; it bavin;; iive galleries, one above another,
linelv dec(.rated with Iculpture and gildini;. Clapping,
iii.T;:!::, or otlicr noifv iiiJicatiuns of applaufe or ihilikc,
aie forbi -den, when .my of the royal family arc prefent :
a decorum tii.it mull be veiy agrce.ihle to a curious Ipec-
rator. The other buildings contiguous to the palace are
tbc record. office i tlie new royal printing-houlc, which
h.i:i tw.lvr priir.Mi and Ih.' adunt, whith ii t)uit.r|.,,.
an. I a well cnntnvtd lliiu'.hiic. ' ' '
In the old city the llnvt* urc crno'trd and niifou
thoii|^li hcie and theie arc loine gcio.l h.iuln, | 1,^. ,. ,'
vulily, which wai founded in 1415, in ;, |jr.i:,|,','|"
.h.iiil'le, an>l isellceni.d .1 fine buildiiip;. Inih'ciiii
colui^ .1 double low of pii/.A.ii ovei ..aeli oihtr I jh
ihcunivufily libi.nv, huide. twenty Ih.uifau.l ,,r,|„'i
volmii-,.*, Iu< a virv valu.ihlc colkw'tion ol aniuiit i^
niiliiipt.i, wliith coiitilt ol iir.iindred .in I lixty-ninc. ||!'
brew, three h-iiidrcd and fi.\ty iiini Cliei k,'a th;rii:j!i
an] ei|.,hiy Imir Litiit, .wo hun.licd and ten lialuu "L\
.1 hiin iriM aiiu leventy-two i'reiHli, '
Wi.h re., aid 10 the ficlefiallieal biiildirrL's in thi< cit.
they .ir.' vtry antiuit, and in tlie (Jotiiic iuiic. 'I'l,^,,',
aic foity-eight ch.irrhes and ronvuit.*, .in,| fcvdi:i'"t!'
more mav h: fc;ii in thj nui-h!iourhood truiniheinl'
parts. i'ht: cliapcl of .St. /..nnvnce iicii the p«;,.ii:i,V.
fin. 11 in the city, and is, tilebt.iti d lor its U v lal iriirh'.
Ilatu.jaii.l ir.|o!ty roof. Tii" t.ibcrnacic on th.' ... '!
altir <Mi>lills of h"aiiiiH'| r.ii.ill piil.nsoi Onini.ij fn;i''ii.
.01,1 the pi.\ in which the holl is kept 11 inaOu oj |\,''
l.i/uli. "■' '
riic chapri of the Holy Trinity ii rm.iller, biif 1, ,
niinv nia,'iiificcnt deji.raiioni : it his a ioity rg..y;,
liipiib aliaii, and (iiiioiis \»orl>s in ni.nblcol ai.cu.'uu. '
Uae il alio a rich fcMiiiil.iiion for pil|iini«.
The vJoijjm Chnlli chiip. I in the ;..;rirn-mai'<"i i.: ,,.
inaikal le for a iniiacle i.ii.l in have hren wioii,;;it ti.t,,'
It l^ nreiendcd that in 14s .; the .Sivoy.irds ii.ivm; •lill.i., in^
Kxdlts, a conl'ect.itid in.lf wa, btoii^lit ali.r...v,vit;i'iV,, *
booiv 10 I'lirin, p.ickul I'p with I'onie oduT 1, .111.;, ,,., ,|^,j
,111 .il.> ( hut Vidien ih.' l-ea!l cinie 10 this 'pot, li'' iic,i!u../ ,J
I. kiie 1 d, ,111.1 lonld not li • n-adc to llir a Itvp fj,i|„J '
.Me.iii wnile the box witli winch K was loa.lcd Ikwowp
and tlie w..ftr (hot up into the air, wluic it inat.iiu'!
hovetin,; in the dclit of the peo;d.: t.ll the biniup nrr.v'.
id, intowhoie l.,cn.,l h.m.l it .■cntly deftcnJid, ai.J *,■.,
by lum carried into this cnapel.
Due of the finell chtirchcj in 'i'urin, n.imcd h Con-
file, has a niir.iculiitis im,.-c of the Viijsn .Mary, w:.,n
brin..':i nuny picunijry ot;ermi;s j .iml the l-r.imii, ,.,
church in .St. Charles's fipiare u. beauliti.-d un the oalliJc
with line llatiies and pyiiiiidi.
'I he Jel'uits church, tlioii;;h fomewhat dark, is cuin;.
led by few churches in tlic city f ir tine paintinnii in fn-'ci,.,
and marble decorations. Adjacent to it is a c llf—
• wh:ch is lo lar^;e as conveniently to lodjje the filty ijthiA
■ of wiiich th..t li.cicty tnnlil!!;.
Among the laudable l'ound.t;i,-,ns :it Turin, the (-m
hoipiial^ fi.r tlic poor, fuk, and dil.d.lcd, may Iv reel:,
one,] the mrdt ul'efi.l. 'Ihe laiio-ll and linelf ol'thiinof.
|iit:(N is that (it St. John, lor lyings in wonn-n and th;ir
cbildr.,!!, loundliiu'.s, and th" lick. Such lin-'Jc worn::)
as are With chi.d;\re adiiii'.icd li.'iv, ar. ai,' ;dfo thnll-vhn
are ni„rrie,l. I'liis holpitd co.itains about tw;mvi'j;:i
p.itienti, lufi.les f.-.ur hundred foundliiurs and orpii.ir.,
one hun.lred iiicurahlcs, an, I two hiindicd p..iients Hh'i
aie judge,! ciirahle. 'I'he chil.lrcn are employed in ipai-
ning ol filk, and in ether works, tdl they are ft ti Le
t.uight fome mechanic trade. ']>,(■ ground. II. or 1; i„r
the male paiienis, and the iippi r liory f(;r the ifin.i'(^ ;
both are lb loliv as to br- ccpi.d in f eight to tliu'e orti.
nary ihiries. 'Ihe beds are pi ced at adillaiite from
each oth.r, and in the center is an altar which in.;v be
fecii by all the patients, who may hear inafs withiu:
gating out of their beds. 'I'he front is a hui^circj ;„il
eighty common pac's in length, and appeals fo n;j::!,ii';.
cent th.U it lelemliles a rov.d palace. The 3n;v,i..l i.vj.
nuc geneially anuniiitsto ab'.r.it thntv ihoufajiJ cr.w.T.
Another laudable toundaiion in this rity ii llihj I.1
Chariic, or the liol'pltal lor t.-ie poor, which tjltrsu;.!
gte.it part of tiie llreet of tiie Po, and has a conriJci,,bls
revenue aiding trom nius .md the annual lublciintior.s
of the citi/eiis. The king ;^ives eveiv \ear to tins holf;-
tal three hundred lacks ol eorn, three ol wdiich ?ic com-
puted to make a fufHcient quantity id" brj;id to feivccn:
perlon a whole year. This houie generally cf rr..'ins:wii
' lulaiid, and often thr.'e ihcufand poor people, pi.-kd
out of the llrcets, and cmploye.l in levcral forts ofm::-
nufai^ures. Here the young ra-dold gf both fexcs ,i";
4 prefer,, j
I 1 1 iiyii , II ,..
I .iii'l ti4iruu,
'*' I lie 111,1.
• ■• !<",;<: i|i,i.
Iiiilii! nil,.,
oh .i!l\(r, j|,j
niluiul |it,h|,,l
I't .inti.iu rn,,.
iWty-iiini- lie
Ill li.iluii, ^nl
•L"' in tli'n ciiv
■ IJIU'. 'I'lk-'.
an. I Ci-Vdr.U',
tr<iin the 111,,
l<v Kil mini;.
C Kll lili' f., ,,
'riini.'l in;, )'.
iiiiii:i.' ui I. ii
n.ilicr, but ii,,
,\ lliltv rg,nil|^
lit ol iti, Ciivii:.,
n-mntlc-l H p-.
I ".'VHV inll;; \nti
t .lU.!'.' ,v,t;, i,.,„^
lur i.ni;.. , 'i^.^is/f^
'imt, li' ik..iui.i,,|
ir 11 lli.p l.rilii,.
o,i.lcil Hv'.vopiti,
I.'IC It l.wllMlu-ii
.lie biOii'ii nr',',.
LinJiJ, aiJ «..<
, ivimci !i Cnn.
• ■M Mjiv, w:,,ci
tlic hr,iniii.,n
cil on tlic uailiiie
t il.irk, iicqiij;.
uliii'iiln fit'cc,
A c lie-,
lie t'.lty taihm
Till ill, ih.,' \M
may Iv nxU
.11 ol'ihili; hof.
vmii'ii ami th;ir
I'liV'.Ic woiri.i
.ilUi lh.ii;«h'i
lit t>vi iitv .V,:\
aiij crjili.ir.,
i)..lii n:s wti
iiliiyC'l inlpiii-
I V MC. fit Im i.c
i..l.fl. 01 !.:„:
,1 tlic icmalc- ;
in thu'i; oil.!-
r\ iJiU.iii-i' frm
ir which II ..V Ir
miili witl.cf.
;i hupiircJ ;-.:il
|lCMn fo IIM".!.;!
.'Iv; :i;i-r.i..l i.v;-
it.'.iUiiJ criAvii'.
r iiy i'. iV.liJ 1.1
'.liiull tjl:rs ur, I
Tib a curifiilcL.t;',-
lual iutiiitij-'tici.i
c.ir ty tli.s ho!',':-
\»'hicli Jiu cii:ii-
rj.iJ to K'lvirdi.-
.illy c':r..'.ns:\vii
)r puoplc, pi.'kd
.•ral forts ot'm:;-
if both Uxcf .1":
I'lUlM-
|-, I) U () I' Iv
iyj
ifftrvrJ from ullcnri"!', «i.H I'toviilul wiili inf.u, ilniik,
'liiitlni »"'' .utiiiJ.iii" 1 w'"" 'i'l*! or I'liiwii (U'lfiini
I'li'iv liililii'i'> 111 lii'if, vMili ml biiilr
[*' ^I'l'c iLiily JiljHilrJ uboiit ihi.' iity Id t.iki' up iill
.' ,i'„, .iii,| ».M',rjiit» 'I lii'lw wl") Jii- l<iKi;ii"U lire
' "ihf.l ih« III), ill"! ''"■ ii'ii»ct l>ripii|(lil !'• iiu' liofiii-
' I'lu' MUM) ''inl'liii;! luiililU 1)1 Iwii i{ii.i<li.ui.!,li>,
'■"Ijl, gillirii-. muiiil ihiiii.im' l.i (hi iihh, .iml lln-ntlirr
dr tiiii *nfii''ii. 'I'liP irmri h i> wnrtli Uun> mi .kumhii
iil.'iiw''. (Ill whiih Ihf Aicciifiiii .i( Iiu- Vn in M.iry
"" .V' I'J ... .... .L. I....I ... .1.. I,
pjlij^cii''"'.'!;
d-ri"i>r ,irc iHl hiill> nt llic biiicl.ii
, . 11-..
\»itft i'"iHC» I" ilic u'lurnitiriit i.f tlir cify, iho klnu
Ilk I i'ii'>-' '" '" '■XiT^Hy iiilnriiii .1 in wh.it i.i.uiikt ihi-
ijjvi are e>i'iii-''« -'n I tiJi hnii liTimrly kiiu.vn in i'd
1,^ li'iiil'li " "''*^' I u|' • I i» c!f).ik, ilul \w iniv.l.l witli lit»
\,.ifii (jffiii; iiic It.u.- ami i.Miii iciiitnc nt ihi- city.
111 on'ff til yt vent thu iN.iclhitii if ihi- |v.ilaiili in
i,j,;„,tnc (inii; ol *(icjJ dit ii' wintiT, th';a- are lour
ijrrt itiiic II. uii» of wriiMl .in I lu.ils ; aiul whin tiie;va-
iiiiti iiiJ.'ivKiir !> taki! advmi.iiii: nl' the weather, I'nl
, llilj at ilii' niu'-J*'"" ■" * "'■■I'mi'h''' r.ito.
I'uMii, hiiWi'vir, l.iliiiiiri till It fi'vrr; 1 iucdnvcnii'ii
ff,. I'lK ihitk t'),;H, *; ioh In aiimmn .mil winlor rmi-
tiiiiull/ rni.' li"'" ""-■ i''>anJ oihi-r watti's ffiiil^r (he air
l.iick nil' iiwil^i *""' K'lil'e'l i''inly uiihi.iltny. Tlnd;
i.,„4|jliiiii., aic of (iicat (III I 'v.ifit.ijo to thecty, wll rn i^
ofviii invoWil III l(ii« an. I t."n, while Rivoli, a inwn at
ID imii-' '"•'" •'"'"''■ h"'^ii<-" ill'', nice, cnJK) J ilic kiciitll
fn; .rul hrijjhti'lt f'ln-lhiiK',
A!i>lher (if thf nidlt i .i .fiJi r.iMe i1if.»ilvantiigts th.it
I'ti'iiJ ilii< <■■!!)' i'' 'h'' !"nl ■!. .!.;•;, nu.ir in mm of tlK-
„rii., wiiich ,i chii-fly nwnm '" ''"^ li' 'jliience of thf
naiiili-' in "ut kic]"MH them I. net ..nJ ik-all. di .1.1 ('o^s,
cjti, aiiJ oihtr hllh, bciii^ litH'iLiuly diiown intu
liicin.
Belili'i. ihi! iniH rrq •! \' j;r..i; r.-;'iilatiiins, to p-rccii"
luiL'lL'is hull!; ini|'olcj i:,.uii ; for thci'L- is not i |)!a' c m
j,llt<ly when- the ("nicrlainnicnt is fo bail, imilidciing the
ptict. I he iiumiry proJiiccs [il.iity of ^ood wiiii', yit
noneof It can be (.b;.iini;J wii:iinit paym;^ txtiav;ii;,iiiiiy
(ot It, ih.1t ii;'u,illv lul.l a* ihc i.ais hoiin' tli.- moll cxc
cuMi; Ibitf imj.;iiut.li;. On nn-a^rc .fiys tir.' I'.iplli
farecxtieinily ill; f.ir though iho I'd aHiniN varii.tvof
fine li(h, as [ili', carp, pcrrr., iM'.it, ami (luri^enn,
iioiii eii;htv to an htiiiorrd ponn.U wcli/lit i ill.; ivati'i-
ous laiidlorJn w il nut p. it tULinfclvr; tu di. iwp'.-ncc ot
fre(h fidi, luit ihiir rurlh ault take up either with falt-
f.l'n, Of an ainuifti..-
Thu manii'.r ol Imryin;; ihc <!.ai! i ..'i of the mofl
liifigrccjhio tirciinilhiiices tl-r.t .itici,>1 : thisiity. lb'.'
Cor|ii'c n cariiiii in pioccllimi :n thf p.iavr, where it is
fut in the ^louii I withcmt any r.lliii. I'hii is not only
•.xtrc.r.cly ihotkini: when ih- ilc"-,:.i;'-J happens tndi'/ ol
iht fmali-pox, nu-.illcs, aiij I'li'.ii ror.t.l^iiuis ilillenijKTS ;
but .-nay have a veiv tin.Tappy i iRct oti pic. iiant wonicii,
inJiitLtr pi-rfoii? liable- to catch the iiiteclion. 'I'lic
m.ifnt.l Iratcrnitics who fiequ'-'iiiK' attend at funeral;,
.'iiJ cl whom not i!n_; can bu- icin but the eyes, make in-
ilcciliiot onlv a ilriMilliil h.it a Ih.ihby procenion. it ii
il;i) cxtreiiiily di'.ai'icc.ibjp, that even when there is a
contapjoas dillcnipcr in the eitv, three nr four dead
boiiiij ate fiiifcred to In.' a whole i! ly in ihe churches iin-
cnvercl. I'ctloii. of rank h.in' fiiniiy vaults in the
churrhi's ■ind chapdi ; but p-i^ple in interior circuiii-
ifmcfs arc thriilt into a vault h. longing to their pariUi-
church, hfty or a hundred to^'cther, witliout .my coflin.
liiJccii thcie receptacles are verv iiccv, an. I have levcral
doors, ttie palhige leadini; tn t.'ieni bciiij; vaulted, Miit
this ciiimot picvcnt thj cadaverous fniell and noxious
t;iluvia fiom p"neiraiinj; into thi: churches.
In the neignbourhood of I'lirin are the follnwing pi-
iiCci : the molt trc(picnted by the- loyai taiiuly is tn.it
tilled la Vcneric, where the court ;:enerally coiitinui-s
I om Sjjfin^ to Deeii-.iher. It Hands r.bout a le i^uc iVom
Turin, the road leadins; to it i-i w.ll pave.l, and the
griMtelt part of it planted on each fi.lc with tr. is, it run-
ning a little winding between lino meadow?, lield.s, and
• ineyaidi'.
Ilrfiirr il)u palace it i Arert uf hnufri buiU of tlonf iwu
llorii t hi^'h, and 111 a di.e:! line, bvlungiiij; tu prival*
perfont. In two ch ini'irrt londguoui (u iho kin^'t
apairmeiit arc the piiliiies of thiily of hi» ni.ijilly'i ai)-
iillon, wiih I.atiii iiii> iipiion^ c)ipM(Tiii|; ilmr null fa -
moui achicvenieiiti. Iti voiiJ ihcfe is .1 eluii.b'.r of pic-
lurcK (if the inij ctors of licim.)iiy, aiioi.i.i with tholdof
the kiiiys of Fiance, and a thirl ol the kuigiof Hn'land',
ill as lii^ a> the lile. The ijllery ii « huiidnd iini
twenty-live p.icej In i.ii.;|h, (wmty-lwo bio.id, and
very lolly At each dmir daiij^ two I .r^;C twilled pll-
Ills III led .111.1 whitj m.ithU', an I tl.o pa>cinciit coniilU
of fipiare pieici of grceil and v. hi'c miiblc. This cdilke,
whK h IS exlrenvly almir.d, uaj de(i"iied by Filippo.
The royal chapel was alto .h lijnrd by trie f.iine ar.hiiv(^l.
Ihe cupola is of .1 |;iaciliil !Ki,-,lit : within il are (li«
(taiirs of St. .Anibrol'e, St. Ciirvioll j.n, St. Aufull.ne,
111 I St. Jcroiii, ll.Tndiilj; on pc,:el(i!j of led, ^jtreii, and
yellow inaible Ihe lla'ius, whah aic cf a ^.i^antic
li/e, are ot wb'ie matbU-, aiil w re hint, tut htlur troiri
R.iirie. I he hij^h alti'r is e.^trein- !y tiuiiilul, an.] there
i< fcar.e any kind of marble ^!iuh i> nut tei be Icen,
either in the pilLiisor nbar:. o' Miii thin.-l. The tlabki
are two Mindud and lliitiy ,< 'tei in Icinr/.h, and witniit
them are above two hnn 1".J und twenty liotfc.. On
enteiiii;; thriTi it ii »n cllaLllh.-d ciftjin tint a Itr-r.^e:
mull I'elivcr lip one i)l h'-i ujovi ., v.liikh iiiul'. bt; i.--
.leeni' d with a piece of money.
In- tiM I 1(1 the palaee ut Klvo'i riri« in .i d!r?n lir.'
throu.;h lieldi, meid.iws, and vineyard., and periiapa
has lilt Its eiiual. It was planted rime tl e I .•.e if
Tun, ui 17U, til'.- i'leiK'h, amu'i^ othei dev.ill.itioits,
h.'vin,; ro'.t. d up cverv lue In t.'.c country. This walk
alFiirds .1 very beautiful profjiclt ; at oiij en. I ol the v\i}:<.
Ilaiul. the palari' ol Rivoli iipi;n an cunneiie, .in.l at thn
iilhcr the ( lie of I'unil , and ab. nit two lea;;ue» beyond
that II .1 llrai':"ht line the ina;;niii. cm chtirc.i ot I'uper;'!.
Rividi, bel'ide-! bavin;; the belt ."piitir.inl- , lu> t!ie I n.lt
|i.uatini;s, and the r.>\ .d t.iiiiily ate' mu. Ii better lodged
tnrre tiian at la Vinericoi in riiiin.
Near the 1 iiy Ihnds a villa of liieprinrcls of I'iedinon*,
very agrei.-.bly liiuatid upcn an cir.inence. The build-
ing il not latj^e, but regular, .iiid the ^aiden i> in tlm
tiuin of an aiiiphiiheatre.
Mcntc.illler IS a fpacunn caflU- fituated upon .i hill cti
the other lidc of the Po, at about the dil!.>nce of a le.ijjut-
from Turin. Tins is a ipiadrangtila: buildin,;, witn it
lar.;c U|uari' tower. Tiie hill, as well ai the nei^hhour-
int; country towards AleHandria, is ve-y deli.;htfully va-
lie^.ited with viiuv.irls, corn-lulds, villas, and gar.lei ;
but IS at prel'ent never honour. d with tt'.c pretence of tta-
roy.il tami!y.
It will be pr.iper lure fo tike noiie-e of the chii'ch of
Siiper^ra, which was built be the late kiili; i;i purfuanc-
of a vow he maile at the bill lieije of luiin. It ll.'.njs
upon the hi:;hc(l m.iuntiins in the n.i^'hbaurhood of fln-
Litv, at an hour and a half's ride 0:1 hi;ri';b;-.ek. Atcaei-
end of the chureh Hand tw.) e!e:>.'nt tjwers ; aiij the
cupol.i i'.; fapported by eight !:ir:;e Cori;ithi..ii coiuilins 01
dark i^reen in.ivble. The hafL:s ot t.ne.c C(;lu 11ns are b-
twrcii live aii.l fix feet hi.:h, llreakcd with white, and
their fronts I'.i curioudy inlaid with Lircie pieces of whiti
.ind red marbl.-, that they relemble aj-;a-.c. Within the
dome is ajjullerv that his ci^^ht win iowi in th; circutn-
Icrence, and is a hundred paces roun,!. Within the
dome ar; three riHiries, one abi-v.' itttrthc,- ; the tw »
lowelf have (line balurtradcs, and the i.-ppjr iron work.
The prol'pecf Ir un this j;allery is mo:.- b..-.vjtiful thin caii
he iina"iiiod : from tb'.'iice ttiav be ll-en Rivoli, wit'i it.
lon!^ terrace planted v^'ith trees ; the valley towar.ls Sjfj,'
its mountains covered with iV.ow; the me.indets of the
fo, the IJoria, and the Stura j wi'h fh; line plains a-
lon;; thofe liver?, whichcxtcnd a; far as theeyc car. rcieb ;
the valleys an 1 plains beyond \!ontc:;I!i,T ; as like-
wile the delightl'ul cm.ncnces in th" nei_l:b.iiirho;)d, co-
vered with vineyirds, iiardens, an.l tine I'e.it.i 1 and lalliv
I'urin itfclf. Oonti^;uous to the church is a l.Tije fi^uan:
biiildinir, tor the occalional devout rctiremJtit of r.nv
of the royal family, where his l.ttc mij.'l'y h.^.s fe'vc.-aH
timei fpent fomr weeks in Lent.
The
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340
i '(Ml
[11 ;] ^;!- '•
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A 1' I! Y
The oilier p'-icf; worthy of notice in llcilmoiU arc
Fort liruiicltii wliicli h.is luit its equal in the worlJ,
anil 11 a very itronn fortrefs lormeil (o puaril ai'.iinit
the French Iron icr tort of l!ji,in(,-()n, a few miles iliitaiit.
It confills of ei^ht baltions, which, toj;ithcr with all the
out-works, arc hewn out of a rock. The ballions ami
rithcr works have a coniiminiration by lubterraMeous
pallagcs uniler the rucks, \\i large tliat cairiaj^ts ami
heavy cannon, with feveral hoifes, ni.iv conveniently go
from one place to another. In the whole fortrels not
a lingle building is to be fecn, an.i ol the i;arrjlon onlv
(ome centiiKN Battciici and mines would here be of no
pffect, and two thoufand men, with fufHciciit provifions
and animuni'ion, might ealilv hold out againll a nume-
rous aiiny. I'his forin fs eoninianJs two valleys.
Sufa, formerly Segulium, a city on the Doria, and
the capital of a marnuifate of the lajnc name, is I'eatcd at
a fmall Ji.'ancc from the above fort, and is an inconfi-
ilcrahle place ; but though it is only defcnJed by a wall,
it has nlwavs a ftrong garrifon. Here is a marble trium-
phal arch credltd by kin^ Cottius, in honour of Au-
guftus.
Nice, the capital of a county of the fame name, which
anciently belonged to Provence, is fituated in the fortv-
third degree, forty iniiuues latitude, aiul in the levci.tli
degree twenty-five minutes call longitude, and is a (i:d-
port at the mouth of the river I'aulon ; but its harbour
is onlv convenient for fmall vcflels, though conriderable
fums have been lately expended in improvinir it, and
{;rcat encouragcinent civen to tr.iders by declaring it
a free port, it has feveral tcmaiii.i of Roman anti-
quities. In 1601 it was taken by the French, and in
1696 reftorcd to Savoy, in 17C6 it was again takci by
the French, who dcmoliflied part of its tbrtihcations,
and in 1708 totally dellrovcd them. In this principality
arc feveral other divifions beiides thofe .ilready men-
tioned, as the dutchy of Aolla, the lordlliip of V'ereelli,
the marquifates of Saluz/.a, Ivrea, Suligiu and Clevj,
and the county of AlH.
S F C T. IV.
f)/ ihf illji-r Tar:t:ru'i fu'^jd"! lo thi King of S,;i,lini,i, as
th Dutchy of Mdntfenul, jime other Dijhkl, ihut for-
irurh lieloiigetl lo Aliliin, nth! the Ijlaiid of Stirdliua. The
Si'lii.itir, Extent, Fiiie rij the Cjuntiy, iiii.t Proi/uee of
thiit Ifuiii.i : Its Ilijiory, the .lAmnen uid (^u,'/:mi ef ti.e
/uhiiliitjnts, nilh a Defriptiin c/CtigUmi, its priiuipal
City.
THF dutchy of Montferrat, ftilcd in Latin Mons
Ferratus and Mons Kcrraiius, probablv Irom the
fcitllity of its foil, is bounded on the eiil by .\li!a:i, on
the fouth by the re|niblie ot Ciciioa, and on the welt anJ
north by Piedmont ; it is lomputed to be fixty-two nuies
in length, aijd forty-eight in breadth.
'I'his country, though very hilly, is plcafant .oid fer-
tile, and abounds in com, a variety of truit, and txctl-
leiit niufcadinc wine ; it alio affords a great quantity and
variety of game, efpejially of phcafams and partridges;
it contains about two hundred cities, towns, and c.iities.
In ^67, the cmpn ir Otho I. is laid to have raifed thi.i
country to a marquilatc, in lavour of Aldian piincc of
Saxony, and upon the death ot the laft male heir of this
houfe in 1 jOj, the marcpiifatc came to his litter V'iolen-
<la, the wife of the Greek empernr An Ironicus Palxo-
lo'Mis, whole family enjoyed it till the year 15^2, when
the lovereignty was cxtinguiflied. In 15J6, the empiror
Charles V. adjudged it to ttie duke of Modcna, whole
■wife was of the Pa'a;ologan family ; and in 157.'., Maxi-
milian II. raifed it to a dutchv. In 16 ji, fcvent^-five
places in thedutchy of Montferrat were transferred to the
•jukcof Savoy, in lieu of a ye irly income of ftltecn thou-
land crowns, due to him from the duke of Mantua ; and
in 1703, the emperor alfo gave to the duke of Savoy that
pait of Montferrat which the dukes of Mantua had held
as a fief from the empire and emperor, to be held by him
by the fame tenure.
Ciflai, the capital of the dutihy, is plcafantiy fitua ed
•II the I'oj in a delightful plain, in the forty-hlth dtgrce
fix minutes north latitude, and in the ei^jhth de->r-
thirty minutes call longituile, forty-two miles t(,',i, ^^ '
eait of Turin. The town was once (o well r,,.;,!] ,,
and it! citadel Oi iiiong, that it was reckoned i.no , ,'
the moll defcni'ible places in all It.dv. it was furrdiuij.i
with very flroni'; rj.nparts, a l.irge ditch, with biili;.,,^
ravelins, and other woik~, to whicli the dii.;c of .M '
dena added .1 very noble citadel which had (\\ IuUk,,,
'I'his city has a bilhop, who is fiillVanan to tlie aich-V
(bop of Milan, aiul is t'amous for its many fu 'cs.
Merc are alfo Crcfceiuino, a lorlitied town and mir
quifate, and alfo the marqiiifatc of Poniaro; witli tn"
towns of I'lino, V'eriia, St. S.ilvitore, and foine other.
The king of Sardinia polUlles levcral dilliioU ^^,|,| '
formerly belonged to tlie dutcliv of Milan ; ihcfe are <'■
territories of Al'.ll.indriiio, Lomelin.i, \ i,;evenaees tv
Novarefc, the i'oiiunele, Aiighicra, St. Fedtle,' .i;,j
liobio.
Oneof the moft coiifu'erable cities in thefo diftricl; n
Aleliaiidiia, in the tcintorv of Alellandiino, wnicli;,.
Its n.ime tiom pope Aiexaiuier HI. who hudt it 111 n,,
and is luniamed Delia Paj-'ia, fiom tlv; inluiiitant'. ji'
want of wood ufmg liuhble to heat (heir oven, lor b.i'k
ing hread. It is leatcd in a niarlhy country on the rlv,-
I'enaio, which divides it into two parts, tlxu at.- j,ii,|,j
by a wooden biidne 40O feet in length, covered nii'i-,,,,
the top. It is a (troiig tOAii with an cxiellent cu.;,i;i .
the hoiifes are of Hone ; but it is neither la'^e nur h.aiii'
fome, though it is I'.iidlohaxe I 2,000 iiili ih,t,.ii;>. ;[
is the lee o( a billiop, fuli'ragan to the archbu'hu;) oi M.
Ian, and is endowed with loine confui. rable ptiiiL>.e,
the Jtw . In paiticular, are permitted to live herc,"a:i|
carry 1 . a fmall trade. Fhey have a fi-paiate iia.irt.T
allotted tiiem, where they live among themleln, and
when thcv go abroad, both men and women arc ulilmi-,!
to appear with foine m.irk of dilthietion: the fiuiier
wear grey hats and lung beards; the married, .1 .r.f,.
tefque kind of hc.id-drefs, and the maids go haie-hciljej
\Vhcn th'; city and its territories were ceded t.uhe
duke of Savoy, in the late wars that prince ordacj a
fort to he built on the other fide .-)f the Tenr.in, unj ai,.
other in the fuburbs of the city ; but the eriipcior t.ikiiir
ottcnceat thefc innov.itions, it was alledged, by thecoui:
of I'urin, that fuch fortifications had been bjilt in ihoi ■
places many \eais before, and ih.it no more was me.int
than to repair them. If Aleilaiidiia is not covce I Iv;
them, the leil of the ceded country is at leall, \n lin-
meafure, fecured. Indeeil, the king of Sardinia's d . -
minions are greatly expoled on the Milanefe fule. in tHe
cathedral of this city are lome good fiuipturcs in marb!;'
and paintings in liefco. Upon the paicmcnt ofa chapei i,
an humble epitaph, which informs us that " I'lnlip M.i.
" ria i\ella, the lealt of bidiops, and the grcielt u;
" fiiiners, tecommeiids himfelt to the pravtrs of tii-
" reader," In another ch.ipil, a fqiiare lime over the
entrance of a vault has the fidlowing cxtraori'.univ in-
fer ipt on : — " For the benclit of the pious woifliip|ici-
" ol the virgin mother of tiod, who expire. I while lit:
" Ion hiina on the crof*, the governors of this ciiaptl
•' canled this vujlt to be dug in vir:;in ground, that lii.-
" dead, as well as the liviii:', may fvci the inilueiitu ,„
" the mother of mcrey."
We now lome to that part ot the king ot Sar.'iiila'.i,'iv.
minions, troiii whence he obtains the titles o: rovdty,
Sardini.i is htu.ited in the Mtditenancan ; and, on tli?
northward, is divided Irom the illand of Cnrfica bv tin-
itrerghts of Bonrtacio, it being lituated betvv.'eri the
thirty-eighth degree forty-live; mimiles .mil, the kirty- yJ
hrft degiee twenty minutes north latitude, and berwcca ;.f
the eighth degree thirty minutes, and the teiitli di-.^rrc <
twenty-five minutes call longitude. This ifljiiJ, iic.it .■-) ^\
Sicily, is the largclt and moll lertile iflaiid in the iMc- ''' '
diterranean ; it extending a hundicd and fevci'.tv miles
in length froin north to leiiith, a hundred in breadth fnim
call to weft, and aboui levcn huiulred in circuit, cemi-
prehending the turnings ami windings of the coall.
The morafl'cs, and the liigh mountains on the nivlh
fide of this illand, ob(tru..'lrnn the wind, render the ,iir
very wholcfomc, upon which aceount the ancient Ro-
mans made it a place of banithment. lln' countrv i<,
howcnT, cxticmcly lertile, it producing all .''oris of cern
8 a.ii
Tne inhabitants h
V.
Sardinia.
' miles to tdc f I
wlU I'liriifK,!^
-ikoiicil 1,110 ,i|
w.is lurrcMiiulc'l
v-'itli b.i|t;.,n,,
'lii'o; of Mu!
l<i fix ludldiis.
"_' il'.f aiciK-i.
y rH':;cs.
town and ni;ir-
"iiii> i With tne
ul Iniiu- OLlll't-.
ilillii:U will,:,
1 ; ihclc arc 1 ,
^;cvcn,ire<, tr.o
St. Fcltk-, .,;;,!
liffo Jirttids, K
.11", WMIch tou^
buiU it ill iii,}^
illlullit.lIU'. JT
1 ovi-n> lor kik.
itry an the riwr
, ll»it ar.;j.iiiuil
COVilcl OUT (.11
KllUcMt cilJ.Itl ;
U"li: nur li.inj.
iiili.li.t..iU'.. It
■chb.ihvij, 01 M.
r.iblj ptink'^i-s
o live licrc, .1:1 1
l'i-|iaratt; na.irtor
: ilK-nirclvi'>, and
inu'ii arc olilijii-j
ion : tlu' loiiiicr
niairicd, .1 nin.
s ;.ni bare-l;ra.lc,!,
vcri^ ceded to ilu'
prince ordtrtd a
■l'ciir.io, ;in,l an-
[c cinpcior takm.,
cl, by thi:t(m;:
;n bjilt in tliui.-
Mc was mcint
not cover" ! bv
M UmII, III 1(11 '■
Sardinia's (ii-
icl'c fide. In the
tiirc> in marb!',
Mitol'a chapci !.
■ l'liilii> M.1-
thc '.;rtatell 0;
prayers of tli/
lime over the
•\traotduniv in-
■ WOlfl>ip,lfl'
■,>iu,l wbile lie:
(I this ciu;n.'i
;;round, that in;-
ihc inilu^'ntii «,
of Snr.'inia'. J.v.
leso: tin dty,
;an ; and, on tli;
)( Corfica by the
1(1 bctw.fii the
and, the lorty- .?y|
dc, and between -iT
he tenth df.rrcc
is ifland, next M ' ]
land ill the iMc- "
lid (L'vci'.ty nalcs
I in bicadth tnim
ill circuit, com-
tho coall.
iins on tbc norih
Id, render the air
Itbe ancient Ro-
Ilic counlrv IS
I" all forts of cc.ni
a.-:l
an
r. u R o i'
11..
b'4I
n.
1 iiit. In ^"^' P^^'' °^ '' "''^ woods of five or lix
. ''n 'len.;iii "' oiaii.;L- and citron trees ; and as lor
* '" pcaiSi clicrrie<:, and cllefmitr, llu-y
lliat tbi-y hardly yic.d
any pruc
niiieb.i' leii,
oi;i«, n'""'-"',^.,,.^,
?r''''x'"rriKTe'''allo' bred valV herds of'lar^c andVmall
'"V'' (,, that til' illii"! Iiiiiiillie'. Italy witliwoo!, Indi ..,
' '^' ' ■ fmt (d ciR-(.ff. Kew tonntries all'urd a j^icatcr
lUilV of game of all forts i thi; niofl (ui litablc of
''a'chto tlMMiihabiiants Is that of tlieir biilfaloes, wild-
? and varions kinds of deer, foine of wliieli arc fo
flv n'laike I, that their (kins mi-ht be taken for thole
1 .!• rs lb'" riJt^'s "' '"*-' "'"""'ains on the 11 >it!iern
fl'trc no lefs rich within than b.itren witbuiit, th' v
'ill' C'-at iiuantities (d' nictals and nimcr. Is. Koiiml
defiin either of the ciowti of Spain formerly, or of Sa-
voy (iiicc, to remedy any of llufe evils, iiiul put ihc
condiiiiin ■■•' it nii^ht foon
ly the cntoura^cnieiil of a^niciilture and
cili
j„a a line
if-:'2-
,,,i,.^ j^, .... ., — ----
, -,,11 are many Ka-ports, Ipacious an.l diep ciiou;;.i
yul.
lul
"uive-ive a conliderable number of the lar^ell (hip
I-jsniaiiy inleii.'r ( nes for f.naller velli Is.
Tli;s iliail-l li'" undergone many cbani;,e5 wllli rcfpicl
il, miverniiient : it was once lubjecl to thi:_ C.irtii.i-
'," i'n, • the Romans held it next, an 1 kept poli'eliioii o!
5" 'i'l JiJj ilcclme of their eiiipuo, win 11, in the ninth
''n'l'urv it tell int.! the hands of the Sar.itens, wlio were
''tot.var'ds cxpelle.l by the CJenoefe and Tilans ; from
tm'h time the inliabitants wdv goveined by p.'tty
,|,.-,s (if tlieir own. It fullered i;ic.itly duriUjj the
'.■>b. iweeii the Piiaiir. and Cjenoeic, as well as atter-
. .J Juriii-; tholo beiweeii the emperors ol (lerniany
I tlie jii'l'e-. lionif.cc VIII. at I. ill gr.inted it, in t)ie
Vi rlZoS, to kiii^ Junes of Air.'m'ii, wliofc Ion, AI-
'«■ ,iilu> iV. after much oppofu.oii, iiiadc bmillil mailer
i'li ill 1 U+. I'ri'ili thi. time it cnliiuied under the
dj.niiii'in "I .'ipaiii, and wa-. poveined by a vieeroy, till
.,, . ^,|- i-cS, wl-.en the ]inf;lilli m.ikmg a compiell of
■(Mr kill;; ^^b'lf'e's' '"• al'tirwar.ls enipeior, by me title i tiid.-, and
7
i-. di'. i.'.,! into b';',h
i;.;her app.-.'.rs ih ■ I'.'tely cit'udral
over with maihlc, and aJoi.i^.i boili wiiliout
illiiid in Inch a ll aiiill'.inj
b- r.iifid to. bv the
COinilKK
Cagii.iii, the capit.il of tli? idand, and the fe;U of tl,o
vleei.iy, ol ail ai(.libi(hopiie, and an iimveility, isle '.ed
oiial.ii:;.- bay of the f.nrie name, 0:1 tlie fomli part of ,
the ill.iiui, In latitude thirty- nine d-,',n.ca tivinty live fij^ij,
mimiies, .nid in lli^le dcijices i;f;y tl.iee niiiiiit.s rail'
lon_Miu.!e. It has .1 fecuie liarb.^ur, capabl- t-f rrcciv-
I;;:' a great number of fliips of b:iui,cn, and, bof'dcs
i't..i.r woik:;, is defended bv a c.ifile. 'I'l.e city bein!.!:
1 fuiu^cJ on the dei.livlty o: a
i^lid lo.v. On the l.i
coi-^re.i ai'
I and vviihinvvith the (iiiell arebit. tliir , !•. n.pniv, p..;nt-
I inj;s, and cviry thlnj, tbu is ri h and beautiiui. I'lio
whole iipp,i.r town is firioundcd wit'., a t'ood w..l:, and
i.. haiidloineand well built ; but thu lowi r, wliieh itands
near the lea-llioie, biiuj; fe.iicdjul'c liiid.r the otlur, and
receiving .-.11 the llhh wlii.li '..'\\i down iip'-:i it, is jrenc-
rally duty ai.d iinwhidefoiiic, tliy.'ii..!ly in win'e;-, and
Is hut poorly Inii.i'-.ited. 'rheie aie in t':c wh(de bivt
lour pai lilies, meludinr, the c.it'r.cdrals, tv.eiry-two mo-
nalleiii.s, .ind tlino lubiobs.
I'liere are many (null ifi.;;u!s rour.il Sirdini.i, the
largelt of whiih arc Afin.iiia, 'I'avi 1 ra, Anticca, and
Pierio 'I'he rnoft confiderabie of tl'.Ue lil.ind
.Alinaiia, wli.eh is .dviul t^'-. ii'V-iive
Cape Doria, and w.i^ iii!-d bv the
;(1 uid vi llci^-iilcs. It i' :i'>.
f\'\
(ll C larlcs V 1
Viicci-.t
it was conliimed to' him by the tie.ity o(
I- it was retovcre.l by the Spaniaids,
It lor Sk ily
li'..flion of it
s til at of
mi:. d.ll-.i'.L ,,.-.n
>v the an;i, nts the v.rc.ic
ab'Hit twcn", -eigf.t mil's in
compnfs, and is (eatcd in t'nc liiny-liiil decree north lati-
icc lortv tac niiiiutei; caft
/.i:<^
ill the eighth de
^■A5.
2iiJ the next year the emperor exchang
, who wa'; put in p
w.'.n t!ie duke ot S
i.i^i-vear 173.0. ^ ^ . , ,•
rn;< kiii:;dom 1 1 of more importance to tiie liouie c'
^loiv as a miMiarehy than on account of its revenues;
1 r the rhari',es of the army an.l civil ofiicirs belli.', de-
liA.' tlie remaind.r dors not much exec. d a bundled
l-f, il'.aid livres. It is ;.;overned by a viceioy.
Tnc whole idand Is divided into two p.ut.s; Cip.) di j
l\~i[m loiiiis the north part of the illiiul, and Capo
uiiuri t.'r; luutb. It has three .irchbilliopii. s, .ind
l,ii,rl-;fi'..iprieK, which, as well as the levcral collegiate
c-.,rhcs in thi illand, are Imincnfely rieli; and both the
c:.;v,aiil monks have fuch vail piivilc^es and immuiii-
1: rt:iat cverv family Ifrivcs to have one or inoicof th.ir
c';,.;ircii of t!ia! number : hence they fvvarm every whcie,
tun: no fiiiall detiimeiit .iuA oppreinon of the iiKrcan-
t;;,-an.l working part of tlic inhabitant.s, who arc lorded
!3
li'irof.i.ie.
lla\ ill; I13-.V conJudcd
of the lioul'e of .S..r.iinia.
Audiia in Uii;>er Italy.
our a count of liie domin;o;i2
wc Hull piocLcd 10 li'.jfc of
SEC T. v.
(.1/ ll.i DulJy ;/■ Ml I. A-
\ ,
*
7/'--; SiUual'icn, ExUm, m: t Pi'J.-nc cf :!;.• A'j'i!,,,,,f- ; ■xlht!,,:
'rr<iM; J\.,vci,iits, fi,!ccs, Maritcis, ai„! iJ..//'^>,,s cf thi
liihtilitnnls. .1 jHiiiiiiiiiir JKJ.rifticii of tl / Li.kc \,:iiid
L~<:_:i .J/,.,.:;'/.'.', iulh ii. iH-t hc<u.tif!.l iju.'iAi IfJa ^IJuJie
,.!:'i lj,!.i J>,i,\;, i.lia ij the C::y :■/' Al,i.:i.
TIIK Aulhian doniinlons in Upper Italy at prc'ent
conlill of the moll coiifidciali.e p.irr ol'the duiciiv
. 1 \ t.i ... ■ . \ . ir. _ 1) ■ / ■ J . . '
and the
t-.it Ih
I "
I poi-S
I n.- i"f|ile iiidi.'.ent : but their l:;noiaiicc, poverty, an
I iin!"i'. lice, an- probably owlnj; to tbc tyranny and op-
Ificfli'M iif their liovernirs and of their over|irowii clergy
|iM nobilitv, both which enjoy (uch cxoibitant privi-
fc;,sai mull necell'ariiy cramp the indullry of the ir.id-
IdNii^lnrt of people. As for the nobility and gentiy,
Ithtv h.ivc always taken care to extort (ui li piiviicge ; iVimi
luiriiiw mailer;, that they arc not (.iily ixcnip: irorn
llV luviiieiit ol taxes, but fioni being tired lor any
Itiinu, even that of trealon, by any but a council of
Jfctii of their peers, who uphold each other in ..!l tliclb
Iti.i-i 1(1 that the viceroys can (eldoin punilh the mod
■ EJiliv (if them, by having the maioiity of votes on his
1:.-:;', :ind even then it only ends in fomc fine, or at mod
li:i'.inirtiment. 'I'his ni.ikcs every one that can allorj
Ilk price puichal'e iiobiliiv (Voni th.ile govciiiois at any
Inici by which means they are grown lo niinierous and
: ;;iiit, th..t the whole butthi 11 of the public taxes, as
Ibiulready been intimated, fall on the people of the
|ioAcr rank. Indeed it does nut fccm (o have ban the
72
" t: ■
^j' 1
here is llarce a country in J3uropc more fertile In a
variety of excellent produclioiis. It is every where vva-
rercd either by liviilcts or canals, and, alter tlie hiirvcll-
ot the ul'ual kinds of main, the people fow Tuiky wl'ct
chiel! -- -• ■■- ■ '- -'-■ ' • '■
g
liellyoii account of their poultry, which they have in
eat plenty, and cxccedln.^ good. 'J'he pallii'e; an;
v^y riili, tfpecially in the dillrii^ of Loili,
famous for the breeding of cattle. The cher'
the country, and liirpioperly called l'armcf.,n,
over Italy in the bell foups. Here are a
wine:, Mid all manner of vei;etahlcs and ftin's in perfcc-
togethcr with a confuler.ible lui
Ih- .'
which l.s
made in
uled all
> excellent
tion
. „ mber of mulberiy-
tiies for breeding the liik-worms. Ihc cbaims of thii
country aie alio heigbteiied by three large and be.uitiful
l.ik( i ■ thefe ,ire the i^ajio Ma-j^iorc, the I,
vvhicb is twenty I'.iiglilh miles in length, and the L.ioo
di Ciimo, which extend.^ from north l.' foui!
Italian mil
-Ug.llK),
1 tliirty-lix
The trade of the Milanele Is confideiab'e ; but die
grcatell pait of the commodities the countiy ah'oids is
+ '^ coniumci
34i
A S Y S T I', M O i'-
Cf)iifum:il by the lnh:ibiMnt5, tlicir experts gciicr.il ly
cnmiii^: far Ihort of their inipurts. 'I'hc-y, however, iii.i-
nul.K-liire gre.it qii.iiuilici o< woollen aiiil linen cloths j
iilk is alio h.re in great pleiitv, hut it i.s not (o tine a:,
the Pieiiniontele, and the Ihirfs made ot it are chicHy
for homeconriHiiption ; but tlie fine Iilk llocklriL'S, "loves,
and handkerehicl's made here are iifually expoited. Mi-
Ian is alio famous for its cuiious works in Heel, crv'Kil,
sgates, hyaeinths, and other gems ; and the tounrrv
every where aboumis with ingenious artificers.
From the cxtraoidinary feitility and rielimfs of thij
ccnintrv, it maybe fu|)|)oled to produce a conliderahl? re-
venue f;ir its loverei.Mi. Ii is laid to have hrouglit in to
the kings of Spain above two millions of dollars per an-
jlum ; and KcjlKr fiys that the Aulhi.in gemral-go-
vcrnor has an annual income of two luimlt^d thouland
florins.
The regular forces in the .lutchv amount to ci.;htc.'n
thouland men, ihe gieateltpart of whole cloathiUL', ::riiis,
and otlijr necellaiies, come from (lermanv, to th.- no
fhi.ill difconteiit of the Miianel'e, who think it hard that
as the nici'.ev for the payment of thefe troops is railed a-
mong them, it Ihould not be laid out and circulated in
their country.
The political vicilTitiides of the llate, from this coun-
try devolving from the I'rench to the Spaniard^, and
from thefe to the (icrnians, have occafioned the refort j
of troops iiito thij dut( by compofed of thefe ditferent in- i
tions; aiiJ thefe have introduced a mucn more Ibcial and ;
free wav of living than is found in the fouth parts cf !
Italy. To thefe the fertility of the country and the
wealth of the nobilitv do not a little contribute. The
ladies can hardly be under lefs rellraiiU even in France
than they aie heie ; for, during the carniva', the give
balls and maujiKraJcs by turns at the pub;!'; tavern^, in
o: '
G I". O G I'i .\ 1* ! 1 Y.
propoit'on.iblv in their cirruit as tii:y
top of the hill, where an oblon
llone, and liirroiin>k-,l v.'i'h a b.dultrade", air,,;
deligh'.fu! prii'pect. hi, in lengtii fioni
liftv comniun paces, and on
Ml
miible ihtiies
into ciilern
conv-ved in
life tow.irl, I',,
ri-s, paved wi-i, ,■'.
rils a ir, '
'"I '1 -five ,
i-very lide Ibinds a'r.iii,,.
fi/e. ■'"'
a gigantic li/e. The raiii-watfr
underne.itli, to which alio hIki «..,|,''
irj r to fuppiv the water-wo.ks. \t.'^' ",
every terrace u a pbalaiit walk, and at the |,„ir j,, '"
aie Luge ILitiies aiul pyramid i placed altern.udv. I
Walls hoin the Iv-ttoiii lo the top me covei.d with I
hedgis, and elpali.Tsof or,in;^e, Knuui, pcacli-trecs ■
I he laurels ll.md in the open air duriii;; the whiii.' ".'.
'er i but the bmon and iranje- trees are lluitiTi-l , , |
with a coveiiiig of boards, and' in (harp vveai.Vr'f, °/i''
ed with heat, From lius provided f,,r th:it piirp-,;:'.' ^ .'
gieat cxpenee. The annual char.vj of tiii-fe I'urum' '
liaiadiles amour.t to forty ihcu'and I'lediMontiiej; ■' '
liut to ralfe lb noble a fup'eillnicKire '''
■ "•t"''ihicli,iC,|,,,
tion, and tobrin;thele illands to their preleii; i.|..'„
parable beauty luul niagiii.'ic\ nee, leetns an um.'ui-;- V,
beyond even the revenue of a prince to acei ninhfii, i
ilola IJella was no longer ago than the middle ot'ii,.'
century Oiilv .ibairtn' ro. k, to which cv,-iv h-'i'iir
''""■ "'•■•i'have'b'.
gaikiy
lemon-
tJ'.Vf.-,
ta I-,;
'der to avoid the inconvenieiicies with wliich Inch en-
tertainments would be attei.dcd at their own houlls ;
while their hulbaiu's I'eeni peifec'lly eafy with regard t.i
thefe felliva's, citlicr from pui'iil iiiimitv or a confijeiiee
in the virtue and dil'crction of their ladies, and I'ome are
fo panionatclv fend of them as to gruilgc them nothing
that >..\\\ contribute to their pleafure. 'I'I'.e wenien of ilie
lower c'jfi imitate their fuperiors as much as p fTible,
and indulge theinf.lveb in liberties whicli in other parts
of Italy are denied them. Here, as in I'.iris, trade is tnoiflv
managed bv WJmen, who amul'c themfelves with Ib-.viiig
and cmbr^iidery, and tiie (hop,-, though they are quire
open wbi!-- the feafon permits, are places of rendezvous
for a great deal of company. Even in cenvein the au-
Itetitics cf the monallic live are lb far rfl.i>;ed, that a
traveller m.iy not only talk, rally, and laugh with the
nuns at the grate, but join in ,i concert witii them, .nul
JpemI whole af'.ernoonj in ihefe fam liaiities.
We have already mentioned the beautiful lakes in this
(lutchv, and it will be proper biOue we proceed to de-
scribe the principal cities, to give a defeiip'.ion of the
l.ago Maegiotc, or Lngo di I netriio, which i> the nioH
txtraordinaiy. It is fixty-f',- Italian miles in length, in
liiult places it is fix bioad, and its depth about the mid-
dle is eight f.ithoms. Towards SwilRilaml it terini-
iiatci in acan.il th.it is of valV advantage to coininerec.
The lake is every way environed with hills, covered with
viiKvarJsand fummer- houles, and above the viiieyar.ls
arc plantations of chefnut liecs, the fruit of which is con-
Cumed in fuch quantitiei, that when chefnuts are ingieat
jilcnty, the pi ice of tern tails, clpicijlly at (Jenoa. A
long the banks of the lake are fine rows of trees, mid
walks arehed with vine branches, cfpecially near the
town of Alcfco. This bcauiiful profpecH is farther
heightened by large natural cafcades lalling frcm the
mountains.
Two leagues from ."selii the lake begins to widen, end
on entering the bay appears the iwo celebrated ill..iu's
Ifola Madr'e and If. la liella ; the former hi longing to
count iidomco, and the latter to the emperor. I liele
two illands have been compared to two pvr.inuds rd' fvvte"-
meats, adorned with green fertoons and lloweis. At rrie
end of thcgaidcn ot the Ilola liella are ten terraces, the
perpendicular height of which, taken tog,eiher, fays Mr.
Kevller, ii lixty ells above the hei'jht ot the water, ca. h
ell confilling cf three fpaiis, 'i'h'.'l'e terraces c'ccreale
earth, and whaiev. r ii found t.'iere, nr.t
biouglit by water at a pro bgious cxpjiice.
The garden of Ifol I Delia has a Iburh .n'j) i),
I the two angles of i;s liont arc t.v.) ro'Uid t
; which are very hd'iy apafments, adorneil
! black marbl ■. ' Hi-i'e is alio a covered
j by (lone column-, and (liaded with
! the other li.le, th.it is tow.ir.l.i the ea'.f, is aj..i:-'-
j walk ot large orange-trees difpofcd in four or lin; i-",.,.
I At afnuil dill. nice is a tnic grtve of olives, w;i;,;'
j row walk;, and a ca'c.iJe tha: ^'.ills down abne fl, ■
lib'ps. Here i; alfu a plantation of large poiiieTji].'
j trees. The Like cur:y.-s up to dole bo,'i to t:r.> n/
i and gardens, as fe.ircely t.> li ave ib mi-'i drv ,:r lici
I to kt one's foot upon, ex.ept .i l.ii.iil ...vijj b..-.;. .
I north front of t!ie p.ilace, whieli In. a niie ;•:,)•.-• -
1 wards liella. (),, thecal! and w.-.l l"r les a:e Ijr^eviV-
upon which the e.irth haj been r.uied to th.- h^\'j^^
buve-nientioiied ; and tb.e whole m.iy be eoinpanj'i,;
hanging gardens of aiituiuity. Tneie vault, .ireivitt.'
a lojiicLition for the Ibil, but an orntrtient totlie^ji^;.
ail ot them feleuTbling lb many uirjtros. Ne.ir tiie |'_'.
aie ke|it in a (htd built tn piirpoie three I;i;l- . .ri;ai-
lor parlies of p!e..;;ire iip..':l live vv.'f. r.
In the p.-.lace .;:-■ a great number of fuie p.iiiii:" •
vali-s, hulls, and Mlur curiofiries. .Anu.r.g llie [.iJtr-.
the fiowcr-piice;, fome of which are done upon in, ;'■
cannot be lulficientlv enuiiidi aibnired ; lcvir.d i., ■
chambers arc hung with portraits of i!ie cauLnal, •...'■
were of the Borome.iri famdy. Tb.- vaubs en vviiibi:
palace '.lands are conii^uous to the lake, and li<e r, .;■
are a.lorne ! v, ith niutble and (In Ii-w(/rk. I'hc llJi..- ^
dirt of.Moi'aic ibrmed of I'mall llones, p'.i.-ed lb.iji,. .
prelVnt a variety of fi.;iires. lielidis tlii. all'. T.'ul.i;-.'
t'le beauties ol .irt and nature, the Like, with its ii'i.
l.iting waves, crurliniially wallies the entrance intnt''.'
gr'iitos i fo that a more deliijhttu! fummer rc:r:.t c;
hardly be imagined.
On goin:', from the lioufc towards the garden, thrfir:.
is iiiiiiiediatLly re'relhed with the mingled udouri 'it:::,
and flowers. 'I'he lirll contrc-clpalier, at'ter alccnJ;.,.-
tew lieps, confills of bcrgamot, lemon, and citrorii-.v
next to this appears a high range of oraii.;e.tre;s,h.'i -;
wiiieh you cviine to a lolty grotto adorned vviili vvii -
works arrd llatues. ()vcr its ctii'cr is an uiici;;! -.
ermriruuis fi/e, in .i Ipringing atiitude, with a Ciipj i i
his back, and on both tides is an alcent by llepstj; .
obloi'g are.i which leriinnates the ten terraces.
From Ilola lii Ha to llbia Madre is about half an hi'::-
fai'^ri'.', though their great lieight makes iln.ni a,:;-?.'
much nearer. lire litter has levcn ten ai cs, which v
hi.'h but fiopiiv, and a corriidirablc diliame from e. i
other, bv wruen means it appears to be l.iwer ilif.n !.< ■
Hil'a, though .iccorvlini; to the original pLm tlicvif
ol an equal height. Ihe greatell part of tiie cm ■;!' i
foiinJaiioii of Ifola Madre is a h'tih pfrpenbi'iLir r^l:,
pioj.xlin^ conlidLiably over the v,.i:er, !.■!•. at itdlM
r; . :
Milan.
V. U R O P
E.
343
■„'. rr.int (if the pilacr is i.iily compKtcd whicii looks to-
u .-.(111 .in.l the ali.ivc illami, aiiJ is ailorncd with
r»'iniiitin';,s of llowriv, por;r;iit<i, and l.iivjf.-iipi-s.
" I 111' I' itilVn nl this ill, Old alfo ahoiinds with luaiitics,
jitituli^r'y :i tine cl|\!licr of citron tries witii a low
contri.-clp.'li
of
L^e-trees, an arehed walic of
cc
l.irs ^ fmdlcr dpalur of jeiiamine, an crpdicr
of
■\ia, anJ anoth'.r of rofmiai v not lefs than ei'^ht feet
■ iiciaht. Here are alio fevcral (mall !;roves of laurel,
"it'h walks ciit thrtni;:ti them. Some oi thefe trees are
t-in iiiiconi^i"" ihiekiieis ; and one of thefe cfpalicrsot ,
'I'ui'cU is .il'ove eigh'.cin feet high : fuch a lied.-e, by
•neaiis ol the mikliicfs of the air, atul its biini: fenced
(■i-n th'.- n''r!h wind bv tiie nci.^hboiirin/ niountaiiis
liiodts up '" tliis beii^ht in iix or ievcn \ear3.
i'tie Ilil' Midre is a n-ciirc phfc for keeping; of
-'-■ifjnts, wliieh are cnfily confined here on accomit of
|'"r.Tr--at br adth of the lake: for when any of thi-m
avmit to flv "vcr it, th 'V foon (la-r and drop into the
iviT troni whieh they are immediately taken up by a
uittraiiin vvii'i puts olf lor that purpofe, and brouuht
Vk. This, hov.-ever, lei Inni happens ; for as tlrH ill ind
i "|jr"cr tiiaii ll'iia Uelli, and abounds with every ihin;^
pruper fi:r tnem, as well as places for (lKlt,;r, tliey fel-
iliini attrmpt to m:ike th-.-ir efeape, Thtre is a little
ii ufe h'ldt for the voun'^ pheafants, and near it a bcaii-
t, ;il irriive o: e'tty evpnis tries. 'I hisuppiar.-. to be the
find! O-rt of the in.ind, and rccals to one's i-.-.ind the
■jij.,],.„, dclVripti 'ns tliat have been ;';ivcn of enchanted
rrovps :i".l ifl-nds. Th- walks through this ctd.ir piaii-
tJtinn 1 ^ ' '''•' ^-'l°l''fiit to the liimmer-houfe near the lake.
Till- ih':-5 of '"'til idands arc fe: '■ uind with painted
flnvcr-'iots and when any fo:ci;:n prince coiv.cs in tlie
.,;,(;; (,r iniki.s lomc If'.y here, bo:h il!:iidsaro iliunii-
lutej vvitli lights of all colours, wiiicli exhibit a very
"1. timis Ipu't.u ic.
' lJi:t to ritur;', the dutthv in p;:n'-ral i ; uiuii.d iiittj
t'-f; Mil.in/l'c, prap'.-rlv 10 called, the earldom of Ani;-
hicr.i, thi' diitriiti of Co, no an 1 i,odii;iaiio, with a put
III' the Pavcfe and the Creiiionefe ; the two laflof which,
«rh their C.rpitab, vviU be defcrilied in a li p iialc ait cle,
Mil.in, in i/itin Midd.inuni, the c.ipltal ot thcdutchv,
l:''i '.sl'itaateJ ill tlie forly-fifth di-<ircc twenty-three niimitcs
■i ji.iicrth latitude, and in the ninth debtee tw. ity minutes
o.ilS K'lUtuJe, and is ten Italiin miles rounil ; but would
not, pcihaps, take up half the fpiro, wire it., many
MiJtns excluded. Its chief dt feme is a lined r.mipart.
J'he citaJ-'l iJands at fome dilljiico from the city, yet,
liciii;in the form of acrileeiit, tr.vircns a cciiu'id^iable
ant of It. Tais conlilli of Iix baltions, wliirh, with
:,ie morafs on th- l.iiul .1', fecuics it pictty wc!i from
hciri' appi'^J-l"-''^! wuli ticiKhcs or mines. Tow.irdsthc
i.it.' arc two turrets, the v\-a!ls of which are twelve cils
111 tiiiikncfs, and larcd with kiiiatc blocks of marble.
The city is provided with a I'oundery tor !;uns, and an
arkMi;il with arms for tu":nty thoufmd nun, .ind over
tlic ir-ite is an infciiption in honour of I'hilip II, kinj;
i.ilS'uin, which givi-s him the title of delciidcr of the
Ijith.
The city of Milan is not to b: compared for beauty
jivl convenience with Turin, moil ot the Ihcels bein;;
n.irrow and crooked. l'.'pcr windows are here alio moie
common than either at liirin orMorcnce, and have a
worfe appiarance; as even in the lioules ol noblemen,
i;lafs and paper are often feen in the (ame window, the
i,uter bciiij; lluck on to fupplv the pi, ice of abiokcn p,ine.
All the houiVs arc covered with p.intiles, and in many o(
thecrols Iheet, and at the llations wheie tlic public pro-
cciTmiis Itop, ti^urc'i are erected, lome ot niaibie ; but
mol'ofthem of brals. The inhabitants arc comiuited
at three huiulied ihoufand.
Here are twentv-two gates, two hundrcJ and thirty
churches, of wiiich ninciy-lix arc parochial, ninety con-
v.iits, a hundred religious fraiernities, and a bundled
Jill twcntv fih.iols. 'F'he archbiiliop's c.itheJral, dedi-
ciied to St, Maiia and Thccla, is tour huiulrtd ar.d
ciahty lect in length, and is built in the (j.ithic talle.
It excels in the number of its ornaments and Iculpturc,
with which it is entirely coveied both within and with-
out; and, tj fjim a true i.lea of thii cdilicc, it Is ne-
ccli.iry to conreivp a vrifl cnlloi^ltinn r.f rofc, trees ani-
mals, pyramids, f;rolefiiiies, Itatues :ind a lbou''ind o-
ther vanities, niin;j;led without talle or re;r,ularity. The
It.itiies arc done by i;ood hands, and fome of tiiem de-
(erve admiration, particularly one of St. IJ.irtholomew
jull fl.iycd, an, I his Ikin banking over his (lioulders ;
thoui;h lome oive the prclercnre to thole of Adam and
Kve over the main portal. The ijreat number of pillars
that liipport the roof, many of which ijii fcarce be fa-
thonieii by three men, arc ail of m iiblc, of which every
wh^'ic, both without and within the church, there is a
II prolulion. I'etween the pillars arc placed large
jiaintinjs reprefentini:; the life of St. Charles liuron.eo,
and aiiioni; other p.dliig^s his fellin;: the piin, ip.ilitv of
Dori.i, and in one day diltributing eighty tluuif.ind dol-
lars .imong tiie poor. Ke.ir thcie are diver voiivc nf-
teriiiis to the weight of fome thoul'.itids of ounces, re-
pieicnting heads, ears, and other parts of thebo,ly, which
liail been hurt or dife.ifcd, but fuppofed to have been re-
itored to prrltct foiindnrls by the interccfibm of St. Bo-
roinco. The rilverfmitlis cxpofe to fale furh votive pieces
ot ditterent li/.es reailv made, that a rccovend patient
m,,y inimcdi.itely piy his vow, kit his i^ratitude ihuuld
be cooled by delay.
The church is paved with Mofaic work, formed of
pieces of r.'d, black, and white marble, in'ald lo as to
reprcfent circles, toliage, lelloons, fiiiwer-, ;,\-. lo that
wlicn it is viewed Ironi tiie cupola, it reUmblcs a beau-
tiful carpet.
i he t ihirna'lc in the diolr, where the bnfl i> kept, is
fupportcd by four .uigels r)l biafs of the lizoofaman,
and at lome diitance on each lidc ll.iiids another an<fel.
1 he Italls of th'- prebciuls are made of w.ilnut-tree, on
wiiicii ail the remaikablc actions of the emperor Theo-
dolius and St. Anibro;o arc admirably execut.d in i'culp-
ture, andcvery action rcprcl'cntcd en a liiihnct compart-
iiu'iit. i'ht: c.inons .ire divided into three cialVes, thirty
ol which are nobles, and, lil-.'.' cardinals, wear a red vcft'-
nicnt. 'I'he I'ecoiid clafs cciiiilis ot wc.dthy ciii.v.Ms, vvho
are cloathed in green; and the relt wear the common
habit of the clergy.
I'hc two chancels facing ib.c entrance of the choir
arc cncomp.'.li'.d w:th fur-- brifs (latues, .md itj outiide
contains the hiltorv of the New Telt.mient, admirably
: exprelied in baH'o tel'evo upon whit,: marble, by An-
:drea liitfi ; but the bill of them is th.it of the blitii of
j Chrilt, winch is accounted a maftir-pi, ce.
The body of St. Ch iries lioroni'-o i-- place,! on the al-
j tar ot a fubtcrr.ti.cous chapel, diici^lly undei the principal
cupola ; it is nr;!T,-d in epii'cop.il rubes, and d< poiited in
a ciylt,.l iiirine « ithiii a cofiin mad,.' of wo;>d. 'Ilitic
. is but one key to it, wbicli is kept by the archbilliop,
without whole ordtr this relic is net to bo fcm. T'ce
: walls ofthechapil arc almoit every where lined with
filver; but the epitaph is on marble, Kvery lourtii of
' November this bo,lv is cxpofed with great folemnity and
, d.'votion. I he trc.dury is extremely rich, and conl;.ins a
! prodigious nmnher of gold and idvcr villds, bullos, ira-
j tues, oltenforia, rings, chalins, crutihxes, tC,-. of wnich
the niital is the Icit valuable p.irt. Among thefe is a
; filver image of St, lioromco, bigger than the life, with a
j diamond crucifix of imiTicnle value, hanging at his
brcait. The front of the mitre, which is always put
u|)on the deceafed archbilhop's head when his body is
cairicd in proecflioii, is entirely covered with pearls.
On the roof of the choir hangs one of the nails wiih
whiili it is pretended Chrilt w.is fallcncd to the ciol-. ;
it is cal'ed in crylt.,1, and near it is a machine bv which
iix perlons at once ni.iy be drawn up to it. On the
' third of .May, the filtival of the invention of the crols,
this iclic is rariiid about in a grand procellioii, the arcii-
I bitliop liolding It under a magiiilicent canopy, tlic whole
b.idy of the ckrgv, th; governor-gcmral, and tlie prin-
cipal perlims of the city aililting at the ceremony. /\mong
other curiolii.cs ihewn here, is a piece of Aaron's rod,
which, however, the church of St. Jo!in do Latcian ,it
Rome prctei.ds to have quite entire ; l.inie pieees of it
arc alfo ilicwii in the palace ciiurch at Hanover amon >■
t!',c relivS which Henry, lair.aincd the Lion, brought fioni
the llAy 1-aiid.
A marb.'e
Ft
ll
'nmm
4s*:c,urnm&i
'^^w.
'.■ '1
f '■% 1 i
Uil
^l'\
*
u
m.
ity
1' ^ ■ '4.
344
A S Y S T EM OF G E O G R A 1 11 Y,
<l
^
The Amlircfi.iii cc^llccci which fiands near the
a toiuul.itKin tor teaching the Ici- ,i
A marble {lair-c,;fe carried r.nmcl one nf the m .in pi'
lars, lea.ls up to tlie ht[\ diitwanl I'a'Jeiv. Here is a j of the city, is
mailiU- U.itue (jf iluke Jiil;n G.i! .i:'Z(> Vixonir, on the | hraiuhi-s of literature, wlu-ie youth are iiiiiruilej ;.' , .
top ol a pyr.imic!, with a fli;; in his liaivl. This duke | by fixteen prot. li'or.s. \Vh«t \i licre principally wi "l'
ill ijS*! laid the louiulatioi! of this cdilire. M.itiy ila- | a traveller's notice is the library, whieli, except i. va-,
tue.i of Iain's dukes, and otiier eminent perfonagcs, ] tion time, is open every nioriiini; from ten tu twelve ■-?"
I'.and round this rallerv. 'I'he roof nf this church will ; alfo two hoiiis in th; afternoon. It coiuaini fi
be eniirelv ccvcnai with ni-'rhle, part of it b''in!; fo al-
ready. The lar;;f fipiare blocks of ivaible iifed feir tliis
puipofe ;'.:c lo ciolely crn.eiUed to.viher with Itucco,
that no rain can penetr.il': through ti'c joints, Hence it
nny becalily conceived that tie pill,i|s and arches miiU
fuliain an iniinci:!'e weiijjt. U;ioii one lide of this iral-
lorivH,
ihoufind printed volumes i but thcfc, however, are fiu |
valii.iHIe '',\:v.\ its trealure of maiiufeiipts, which arc f I
to anio'int re tifleen ihoufand ; hut thouirl, ii,;, „... i'
: I. .1.1 „ ... 1 ;. a l.. _ i . ''■'I'
s piob.ibly nvich exatT;.;erated, it mull be acknuvvkj ,j
to contain I. ime ;;;ood pieces. 'I'hc molt curious in.ii'i.,
fcripts in the wh;i'e library are, a trjnilaiion of [,,(■-'
lery aie maiMe IdaliK's of all the ardhtci-ts who have ; phus's hil'oiv of the Irws bv Uullnus, it hcmg rcputcl
conduclid the biiildin;; of this clunxh. | to be above one thmif.md ihice hundred, or accorJin.'
On niountin.; nin'ty-one lleps higher, you C'^mc to a ' i thei'., one '-hou'and one hundred years ol.l, anj wr:t'vn
p.illery which leads rmind the in Tide, aiul at the height ai the hark of a tree ; a. id the wtnks <'f I,c<inardo d
of thirty or fortv iK'ps above this L'-il<rv, bang thite Vinci. Mr. .'Xdvlifon obferves, thnt in the Amlirofian li
l.ir^-e bells, one of wliich was conlecr.it. I hv St. Chailcs hrary is fhcwn the Italian genius ; for they have IW-nt
a view id', more money o;i p'ctures than on books ; hut amon- [i,,.
Uoromio; and here, through |an apir:ure, i.s a view id , more money on pciures man on books ; rut amon'- [!>
the infide t f the principal cnpol.', which is divided into a heads of l.'veral liamed men, there is no I'.nn'.flini, ii
j;reat number of fqu.ire ecnutartnients, and adium d with he nv t with except bilhop I'iflier, whom h'eniy V;;,'
ievtnly-llx Ihuues. Four (liiilits of He;;>-, and other cu- -•■'•'•'■•■ • .• -
rious wi;rks enriched with llaaics, bring you to the top
of the cu::o!j.
AViili refp.-tl to th- o.\;:",,le of this chiirc!i, tlie eiOein
part, <;r that btlongim^ to th..* choir, is coinpkr-il ; but
the part moil cxpofcl !o view, p.iitlci.holy tlie front (<■..
w.irds the jjrcat Iquare, i^ in a h.ul con !iii.Mi; probably
that perfcns of fortune and a liberal (l:'p .frioii may he
incited to contiibuic largely tosv.irds i . It ii alicady
four hundred an. I fifty vearsfinco tlie rl-,uie'.i ua» h'i;un,
TiMi the whole iquaie bciiinl it is HI'e.l with wo:k:'cn
employed in fawinu', cutting, and nohitiiij: the marble ;
and there is real'on to b'dievc tiiat fomethini' or otlicr
c ruled lo be bche:;.!cd for not owning his fupemacv
liooks ate in 1 ed the Icall part of the furniture wiiit'i
j'cople iifudly (!o to fee in an Italian libr.'v, for thci
are !;eiierally let oil', after the cxampl.: of the old vtrctks
nid Romans, wi;h piihircs, Ilaiucs, and other o:i.;a;i;,i;j
where they can aflv.rd them.
In an apartnvnt Ik hind tlic library arc f.vc-.i! r.iritics
ol'ten mention d hv travellers, as ' head of Tiii i.i by i,^,
own hantl, with the pictures ofperfons eminent :o; iacir
harninr, aniont; which are thole of Luiietia Corr, ir„
and Ifab. I'a de Rolalcs ; the foi iner of w ho;n was ii'.iilr.ij
iif fcven l.in!;iiages, and by her (kill in philofupliy, "hik-J
the apphiufc of the univeifity nf Padua.
In the Andnolian ctdlegc is all'o an ac.idcmv of p
at-
wiil always remain to be done, a ve.irlv income of
ci;htfen thotifand crowns being leviid tdl the church intx, where, in tlie fummer nMiith;, the artills bu'tli m
Di.iU be uuircly completed, it is pretended that two paintin;; and fculpturc frequently draw and make mo-
thcnifind flatucs are it;ii wan'ing for the front, and dJs from the lite.
th.it the other p.uts of the edifice require at leail live ; Some adjacent rooms fervc for a mul'.'um, whcr^, a-
thoufand. The nuii.bcr of ll.ilu'.s about the church fo ' mong other curiofities, is the Ikeletoii of a wuT.au nf
Ion; ago as the year I 7 14, amounted to four ihourmd ercat beauty, who dircclcd that her bones ftoeld be d.i-
four hundred ; and fonie atliin', that above lix hundred pofed of in this manner, that the living, by uewing tiij
of thofe alrculy fct up, are worth a tlioufand dollars each: 'dead, mi:»ht b- better able to reltorc liealth to the'fici;.
but it i.s nut improbable, thit in the(e computations, the I'herc is here alio an image which walks about iherooni.
word flame is a little ovcr.lr-iincd beyond its ufua! import, and pei forms tnanr gellures by clock-woik.
(.Jppulitc to the cathedr.d ItanJs tfie arehbifhop'-, ' '1 he church of St. Angcio, bcfidcs the flatties in the
pahiCc, a very fpacious building that has two courts, m ' tiont, has abund.incc of fine paintings and niaible fii.la.
one of wliich are the llaiues of St. Charles Horonieo, ' tines ; as hn.s ,ilfo the church of St. Antonio d;'l Fuoco,
ai'.d St. .'\mbrofe v the l.ittcr with an iron rod in his hand, I which, amon<T other paintings, has a fine piece by .An-
,a^ .m emblem of his heroic opnolition to the emperor nibal Carra ci, and is adorned with inl.iid work in the
Tiieoiiofius, Ttiis palace has a communication with the Florentine t.iftc, confilling of pieces of oriental miibie,
caih.dralby a fubterraneous pafllige. mother of pearl, and cems, in the foim of birds aaj
With rcfj-rcl to m.irble fculprures, pain'ings, gildint:, ilowers, and altar-pieces of the fincfl Florentine iiiarl.!-.-.
and ftucco-v.'ork, St. Alexander's church furpalles any in ' Before the main entrance of St. Cello's chii.\h are
Mil.-.n, except the cathedial. The hi'.;h altar of this two larr;e flatiies of Adatti and Eve; the latter is p.uti-
church, the chancel, and two conlellir.n. lis, arc cnriihed culailv elleemcd a mafter-piecc. In the front arc four
with' lapis lazuli, agate, jafper, and other gems. The fine (latucs of the Evanj,cli!ls, alio of white nia-'lo,
lii'e of this fuiat is painted on canvas in fevera! com- : with manv other llitues, whole pedcftals arc of '■■..<.
partmrn';;. j In the chur. h are fe\eral fine pi^urc, as allii the tomb
Tl;e chitrch of St. Anibrofe is divided between tb.c of Aniiihal Fontana, th.c famous fcilptor, with a paai-
B.-T:iardines and the c.nons regiila.''. The choir is com- ! poui inf.ription, in which it is faid that n.iture llood a-
ni.in between them, and is, as well as thec.ipoLi, adorned , mazed while he transformed marble into men.
with .\!ofa-c-work. 'I'he tabernacle for the boll fiands The church of St. Fraiii is is remaikable for the iiuf-
fcetwcen four pillars of porphyry. Near the chaiud is ' lucre of the innocents, painted in frefco over the gr^-..:
fliewn upon a mat Me pillar, a brazen ferpent, which the } altar, and the pi(f1urc of our Saviour's feeding five thoa-
viii gar believe to be the fame whicli .VIofes let up in the fand peop'e.
wildernefs, though others, more modell, judge it to be The church of St. Giovanni da Cafarotti is fm:.ll, bat
made only of foine fr.igments of the former ; while others | adorned with decorations in marble : it has a vault iur
azain imagine it to be a iVnihnluMl im igc of the god , the interment of executed criminals, and belongs to thj
/Efculapius. However, on Kafier 'I'uefday, a great num- ; fraternity of Cav.ilicii, v,'r,o wcai a fma'.l croL upon oas
bcr of hckly children are placed before it, from a fupcr- fliouldcr <>•) their upper garment, and arc of the belt U-
ftitio'i', expeiflati'ti of their being reftorcd to health. ' ....
'I'he body of St. Ambrofe is depolitcd near the high
altar. The gate:; rf the port.'l ne bv tradition (aid to be
the lam.-' which St. .'\n;bro(e (liiit azaiidl the emperor
Theodidius, till he had done penance tor his cruelly
niafi'icring the inhabitants of I'hefi'alonica on account of
a fedition. I'llgriins generally pick littl.- fjdintcrs out of
thefe gates, ami carry them a-.v.'v as f.icrcd relics.
milies in i'.Iilan. It is an indifpenfible duty incunihcnl:
on this order, that when a malefaclor is to be executed,
fome of the members vifit him the night bcf>)rc, iu or-
der to prepare him for the other woild. At the pl.ice
of execution, one of the nvdl eminent among them af-
ccnds a ladder up to the gallows, holiiing the cruiiiix
before the criminal, who goes up backwards, and ,it
pitting pronounces the benediction ; while the capu-
Uiins
,.uti:iner aiul
PV.lA.
P. U R c; V
3'1-
fc ufiiat office is here to att.'ml rriminals in
tlv If
who
lail ho'.irs, rcmiiiii
jJ.!'.T'
arc
l.iccil a;;.iin
ll the
cuiinncr ;nKi
.1 thu ciiniiiial.
Oil this OLfJlion two
jnllows, one lor the cx-
ul till.- (iihcr tor the cava-
^vh.> .itt^'i
■shim '
, th.-
Js mafKcJ, am
vvhf,' the cr
iiwn.
Orhtrs of the t'raterni;y
niin.il Is ilcaJ,
ain.t 111 talviiii.'
.id hoJy, ail
i carryi
to the chap'.l in o
rriiT
an I alio ahovc tiv? thiuraiul foiinc1lin.:;s, fn'f of whon
i ,
are !<•
pt 111 t.ie
'I'i.e boys arc broii.'ht up • i
aft trades aii'i ih"; '.'iris arc taiiqlit the iifc ol the
■d!'-: and ho^ilhoid bufiiiers. It has b:-L-ii loinetii
kiiDiVii, that perCu'is in iv'od tircum(t..iu-
;iiiinate cluKiren, or lu'ar rcUtions, hive
ii
t.ik
iviiij; iiij
en H cliild
,\)i iiiti-Trcii
The tV.iterniiv liave, however, l''W up-
riiiiiilii'''
. ,h- loldier
:)t per
fi)r;niiii
the
iible ol"i
Mi
arc
e.\eiii|it frmu the civil |iui!ilidiciii,
■ bun J'
trii'd bv marti
\\ \.\w ; and fueli ii the t'eriilitv
lo loil, an
bv bei;;;int:
J the ojnileiire ,,( tile p^iple, that even liio
find no difTiciilty in oblaininr; lullilt-
itbiiut taum^
lielide
the
1' ,
lli-lteis
i;CO
! faiKiiiary
to ilair'.i-rinis cniirles
'.'lamed to rluirchi.s and moiialkr.es
many trini_iiiai>
The chiu
the hands ol'iiiltire
lie
liiiil'i
rciiia
rtatuc I
hot St. I'aiilo, b.loilpiiiL^ tfi t.ie liernarline
kable liir it', liii.' I'loniilpiece, iipim whidi
,t" the Ma
di 1.
li.m 01
f St. I'aii!, ill b.-ilVo nli^vo, on a rinfle piece ot
(UetU), .nnd ilie con-
,sr.:-.c "
atble, in whuli
tlieeiForls ol the hnrle to recover
bis allonill-.nni
it are nioll admirably ex
idled.
V.'i.'Mi t
he chut' h the wh..
lil'e ol' that
ipoli;
leveral be.iiitiiul p
ictii:ts, by four
brolh.
11 line o
, r.niatk
f Cinil'i, vvlio are iiaiives
ot Vc
r ihe other p.iiiiting'i arc the dec
iin
(b • Uapiill, the Lord's Inppcr, and Chrilt c
,,-,j to ^t.
[■."le church
ver ol llie keys.
o'.it -if this liolpilal, and adop'ed ita'j their own. It.', an
neal ineijine liiiunint'j to ninety or one liundred thou-
('ind doluirs. Tile ii-'inifnion in this i ity tbirlly excr-
eifcs Its fevrilie.. on tlie f-w, lor none of iliat pcrfiia-
11(111 iiuift onnip within the city, v.'ithoiit fiift mlkill^; his
appearaiie.- before this t: i'.i',inal,aii'l at the IXimiiii; aiuoii-
vent in the I'nliiirbs of r!i;- Porta Vercelliiia. This eoiirt,
ellalHes, ronfiln of fixty noblemen, and one
* ' ■ '■ .'"■
vi '.til
heli.lc
luuidred and tlfiy rcpiilahlc
(.banli
It is fmpri/iii;', w'.iiit a number of mlfhap ti (iwarf^.
id people iilHi'ted wiih wens of a i
to be f.nin I in the ftreets of .Ml
II
ull "f th'j .Ml
iiiel'e inns
roiis li/,c, aii
a yniini ttavtllr i
S',''iu'rally alked whither he would have a letlo lorni:
which nie.ins a female hcdfeliow, v/ho i
t:'! fhc Cillers the hed-ch.miber. H'.-w da
never nil 11 1.1
to the m',)!a|s of
yoiin^ travellers
id to
Ikj
i^erou;. ij this
wb.at an ex-
truiie nf;|ue is their health evpofcil, while it depends
the choice of
a nieteenaiy l.incl
lloid !
I),- la
ail;
.illior.c IS one o
f the fiiuft cci
■,,1 biiildincjs in the city, parlicu
arlv
front, which
ll with cxeelh'iit Ita:
.-idwei
iiifii) rciievos.
, and Iciiptur
hilto
It be
nil.'
a very llan !y bu.ldiiiL',
to ttie canons regular, wlio
(iiciorv t
he I.o
flip I
ulj
idiaccnt to it.
n iheir
P'.T 15 execllenlly paintnl, ae-
"iiii to f.i.ii'.', by Cnnlioplier Cibo ; but others atlri-
• \r to (Jail lentio. Tlieir .;,iidcn is veiy lar^^e, wiih
iliirc-waid'
aiehe 1 over by vines, an
d a
•Joined uii both 1'..
very
liiu
ith lblu:s of tia.k and
wiixirari'le.
W'iiat appear
p.her churches
fiiiiliila
that both here ;
f the Mdanole, t!ie entrances are crow
ded
.1 wnien fp:r!nin'j, or culV about fonie (.ihrr em-
t. As taey
ivnifM
t t'l h.' a wor'A
:)t b
cy pr
bl
V fdnetue
if merit to fpaid tlie whole dav
In the n •iL;h!ioiirhon,l of the city arc
f''at<, anion'; which, th.it of the mar(|ii
villa, a fey.' i ""
able for its fi
minv bea'.iti
ful
from M
il.in, IS particiiiaily remark
rpriznif; tcno.
which ti.'wards t'.i
Irom two wiii^s of the biiilJiiu;, parallel to ca. li other.
and lla
it the diitaiiee of hlty-eiL'.lit c
without windows or d
omnion p icei^
illiiiolly reper
U the I'
■I
f a man's voice, but chiefly the bill fylhi
aid th
epurt
:fol
above l;x!
K C T. VI.
ih'i/iin I
rf th.' City ^f P '■■;.!, an.!'
:t mar
l.:.!t City
zv.th an .
foriv
■unt of t!:e
T
II Y. ;;re.^tea p.nt of the I'.ivefe, a;
ri .ulv intimated, bel'uws to the ki
»irc, 111
the houle ol Ciod.
d b.ith this diilii.-t and ili.it of C
lath been .•;!-
vi Sardinia ;
III nin
It eh 11 re
vnich
rtpil.irs ao
Air.ori:
l.tl','
nd a 1
iliere to
:.f .Mil.!
IS Irom tile
the Ambroflan ritual is in the dutibv of .Mi
reiiioiia .;rc inciuueJ
nulli only i
II fome lorni.s I I'.ivia, or Ticiiuirn, the ci'iltat of ihe Pavcfe, is fitu-
■W Ci'UI'.lnlv.ea ;
but liie c(
'r'enti ot ated in the t'orty-liltli dcji
the R
illl.
the chai liable foundations, the princip;
jt help
tal.
Idin,;
iided
duke
I Siorza.
The middle court of tliis llru.Miiie is
.uiidcd by a pia-/./.a, c.
ch lid
e conl'.Uiin; ot twenty
fii'vioited bv iiiarbl'.- pillais, .Old is two bundled
ai'.J hUy feet I'quaie, with tliiee ;,',allcries runiiini; i
..• buildmii.
tiV
liiulli'.'
liefides this lar^e court, tliere .iie ei;;lit
and tW! nty-lour wanis lor tlie In k and wouiidc
are dilliibu'.id aeconliiii; to iheir
Jill
cieiit dil-
The conlunip'ive paiiciiLs have ilieir paiticular
oiher is appi
ited fur levers, a third lor the Ihiall
luuilii for the veiiere.d dileafe,
Thcr
lemctiiiies
f'uir lumilred patients in the I'eyer war
rthicb
IS VCIV lOI'r
and in the form of a crols with
jllar 111 the cell
I'rciii
ter ; fo that
the patients inay
T'l
their beds. In the adminion <<t expolcd toiindlinu's,
uf the liik ■iiid wound
no dilt'erenec is made
nil
Kuntry
or religion. The prolelt.inrs li
iie wards with the o'her patients, but at the f.i
end : and while the
holb
IS elevateil or carriec
a curtain is drav.'ii hctween tneiii a
the
and th
latitude, and in t
ei>',liteeii minules north /,i' vt.
le ninth ilcL'rcc loily-four niimitcs call y'/i/i.
thj
It is a larfte, but old and d;;;ol
Teirii
lie city on
With very iiiditVercnt foui.'ications
.1 caliie and citad',1 in the old tafte. The ll
id It.
ai;/ht ; but the hciifes are
the city has no remains of its aneier.t f[
capital of tbe kin;; lorn of I, Ol
a like luiiiil er of convent*.
reels arc iii-
incan, and
ly,
Itl
iK'n.'or, whca
la: iiiiiechu.'-chc
ilh<
the cai,.e 1
old and of bri,
let
bu:
IS are molt of the pub-
edilues. In the area before it Hands a braf=
lit to be Ant '
Th.
iKituc calird Rc'.'if.jla, hy Igiiic ihoir.
I'ius, and by otiiers .Vl.ireus Aurclin
convent i';only reiiiaikable for tne noble ma rbK' eioii
in which are I'.ii 1 tobedcpolitedthe bones of St. An
its cniverfiiy, founded by Ciuileiiiagne and ree
elhiar
/Miculhne
unieiit
ii
I hy Charles IV. has ii:\(.\\
II
ere is a
■ coileqc ft unde I by pope I'lus \'. whole fla:
otbi
erected betoic it ; hut a niiii ll liner of the lanu
be leen in the ctdleje.
e miles from I'avia is a Carthnfiin mon
liibldli
ll'o ar
pope
lebrated for its mar^nif'ccnce.
ably (iipcib, th .• hont Iv
The
umcnt, cc-
is remaik-
hy a very coiiimcn
l.ibl
and humane im
ih'' adoration of the holt i, ibipeiiled with, and the con-
iiicncc freed Irom all r-Miipuirion ; nor are llran:;ers <:b-
l::;cJ toknccl on inectiii.', tbe b.ult, cither in tiic cliunbes
cr lliects.
The number of patients exceeds one tlioufand five
.hiidied, the fcmalcsbcing dillributed iiUMi'iie paiticiil.ir
d the officers anrl lervant
s ot all rallies ar'j
id to amount to five liund.c
;\t the expcncc id' the hofpital, but at an'ther pi
iitaiuej about three
idrtj idiotb .iiid K;
ornamented v^'ith Iculptuies
fecutc it Irom bcint; In
entirely ot white marble.
ind IS covered
la
:eil or ilamaijec
church is cu
nous iron-wo
rk.
with
^V'ithin the
a L-reat put of w hich is
L!ilt: It i-. fiid to have coft Oo.foo dollars. Here are
alio twiKe incomparable llatiics of Carrara marble, four
of which on the out tide r'-prefeiit tbe caidinal virtues ;
jther
which lland in the middle
ch, are the four evan-'.lills, with St. (ne
aile of the
A'liii
St. Ambrole,
III St. Jen
lie two larf.e bafons lor holy w.itc
'/'
bt.
iilhi
I're are like-
ot curious work-
LSehdeii the hi:;h .dtar, thcio aie fixtceii utlicts
^4S
';J
V','>
It
' i
. %■■
p : 4 - -v.
^!l
Nil
5K ' .
I* • ' •■ ft , « '
? 1 • 1'
A S Y S T E M O r G F, O G R A 1» M Y.
?n 3> nianv rlmpi'ls iluu Ihinil (liipi.il...' toc.ich oilur, (v-
rtftly .il ke, with rs'iMiii Id the n-,.iiiilc ci.liiiniu uiicl llii;
.irchiiivlurr, aii.l only iliHcrin^ in thi; pjiiiimp'. aiul or-
nnnieii!^ Inloie the .ili.irs The n^lnurs iiiul illlj.olition
oi' ihc alib.ilK'r, gr.:ii.itfs, ;mj ilitfcu nt kiinli nl iiiarhlr,
r.nr.iiot bf fi.tnritM\t'iy aJniiicd. Moll of ilit- ahais aiu
.ndoriieJ in the new l''loreiuiiie tai'le, with exi|iii(lcc iini-
rati n- (i( flowcr>, iVc. Iirnieil (if prte.ouj (Kmes iiilaiil
in m.iil.le. I'hc ;ireat altar is richly adnrned in this
beautiful manner, aiiJ before it l!.;;'.il (iveral bronze
pvianiiJs, ami it is orjianieiiteJ with a ch.'.nJelier of th'J
fame talle. liiilecd this altar j;li'tcri with a profuliun
of^eir^, and the tabern.'cie upon it lb lo ciiriuiilly in-
laid witli ony.\, lap:s iaiiili, ajjatc, ,^e. th.it it ij valmd
at tightv tho'iland dullais. 'I l\e K.if of the church is
blue, with (lar-. of ;;o!i', in imitation t.f the (ky fpangled
with ftars in a clear evening. In Ihirt, tiie Ipleador of
this I'upcib church i^ d.nly incr^afin;'-, foiiie liilliiiguifhed
aitifl!> bein^; contlantlv retained fur iinpro.iii', ,iiul ad-
ding new crnanicnis.
'f'hc library of the convent i-. far from b^i.i» anfwcr-
able to its outward m.uniheence. The bu;!dini; on the
light hand of the cntt:;iKe into the guat court tia.s very
fine ap3rtlnent^ in the fecund Hory, in which the pre-
fent tmpicl's was once tiiteitaincd. In a little fquare
garden a.ljoining to the convene are water-works, with
wiiieh the gr.ue tatlitrs take a great delight in putting
tucks upiin tithcr nu'j!k> of tlu ir oruei ; an 1 wiieiiever
the conduCior intends a peifon the favour of a deluge of
water, or a fliowtr, thcie is no efcipiiig it.
Th^re is, bilk\>, in the area of the bulli'ing a large
garden of a quadrangular form, with a very beautiful
walk covered over with an inti.rle.\ture of \inc3, live
hun.lred ci'inii:. n p.ici 5 in length, and adorned with
marble llatucs on each lide. Dppofite the wall of this
fp:;cir,ii5 fquare are the ceils of the ir.onks, built fepa-
r'.telv, with a little private garden behind every cell.
'I'he number of monks in tliis convent amount to be-
t'.vc; i; lifty and fi.ity.
We now come to the Cremon' fe, tlie laft diftri'n we
fli.iil dcfcribc in the diiehy of Mihin, which is c.xcecd-
ii-.:; fii.-itful, and, behde? deluious wine, produces great
quantities of honey and H.'.x.
C'temona is a w.dled city in the Crcmmcfe, fitiiated
ill the forty ni'th degree twenty minutes ninth latitude,
and in the fnth d;giec thiity-fi^ iniinitis e.iil longitud.-.
It ItanJs on the Po, which has a bridge over it gu.irded
by a fort : it i; alfo defended by a c.'.i'.ic, .'.nd i> t'ue Ita-
lian miles in compafs. Its fqiiaiLs aic fp.u'iou-, ;yid its
honf.r. handfome, with flr.ii, hi and bro.ui .tr.'Cl.;. The
ca;h-dral is a nrtim.'ei nt tirticlute, beliJ". ■ which there
sre fixtv-two chuiches, chiiptls, and coiivtnts.
The Dominican iluiicli is iidorned wiili fome good
paintinij", and a fupPib alt.r of l.ipis l.izuli, agate, and
beautiful inarble. 0:i the cieliiig is fcen the picture of
the virjin Mary, wh", in token of lur pcciniar protciition,
lays iitr rnaiuie over thric monks and as many nuns of
MantI'a,
g.iiilloii of fix tl'.oufand men. The French, in the fi f
tiaiilpoit of their rage ag.iinll t-'afoli, pulled down tli'
church of St. Maria Nuova to llie ground ; fn ([,,( ^
thing ol 11 \> now to he (ecu, Uut near the phico wK • ".
•'"■ church (loud, is (lievvn the fiibterianeous p.ifij,*!
thiough which the (lerni.nis entered th
now lecui d with a lliong iion grate.
*-")■> which L
the D'.m.inican i.rd'
in tlie .IK a before the church is
1 (latue of St. I) acinic, holding a crc.fs in his right
hand, and in his left a dog with a lighted torch in r.is
mouth. St. Pi tci's I hur: h, which bel^iigi to the canons
rc,:'.i!^r, is ii bvr.utifel fViuclure, adoriKd nith elegant
paintirt.'-. 1 i.e Anu-iiltincs have a gi.-od library, and
:i-.<, ir c);'irc'i al.'.nvhibits !'v\eral j^ood piete'i of painting.
Tb^ imiveility in U city ii now in little icpule.
C'lcmoni ov • a i.rt o( its rcpur.ition to the attempt
IT.:'.!.: ^>n th.U liy by p',r,.e liugeae in i;.:2. liy
me Ml': of a cortcfpoi'dcncc larried on between the Ini-
jr-iiniins and fome of tlie i.ti/.en-, .\>u\ particularly with
CaJoli, tl'.; cur.ue of 'St. M.nia Niio .'a, a cliurih that
flood near the rampar;-, he got piileilion of the I'.nta
Santa and town-b.ni';, where ma. !hal Villeroy rcfided,
and on the firll of Febmarv eniered the city by a cmal
r.r .iqi'cihiiT', thrcugli wliicli the French bad fomutiy
furprii'ed the place. -lut the troops wiiicli were to lirp-
por- iliN b.jid ' rill rpriii', having lofl tlieir way by the
darkntfs of the night and a fog, came up too late, and
;;ive the i'ench fme to recover from th-.n panic, Aiid
p'.! iht mfelves in a podure of defin-e ; fo that the Im-
ihemfeives
ront a
l* ' - HI* >li IV. . »<J ... — |.-...".- ....i- , ... v..™» .....
periol I's w.Tc ob'iged to rCiif.il, (oiuenling ihemi
will' tl~ Loii'jur o: c:,i:; in^ off Villcroy niiibuer ire
S K C r. VH.
Tk' Dutily of MANfii.'y.
Its Siiiialhit, F.rlfyt, Pr'J:r<, md h-atitiful Face j/",;,
Cawfy : In Mijl-i>y, and a Drjiiiftiin of ilt q'. '[.
Muntua. ' ^ '■)
TFIE dutchy of Mintin, alfo called the Mantuaii
is bounded on the e.ilt by the dutchy of Ktrrar'
and the Padov:in,on the iv.uth by Hrefci.ino and theV\.rn
I'.i'fe, on the will bv the .Mil.incfe, and on the fourh K-
Modena and .Mirandola, extending about liftv-!ix tnV
lifli miles ill length, and forrv in breadili. ' ^
Its piineip.d river is the I'o, bcfiilcs which it ii .ilf,
watered by tiic river: Oglio, .Memo, Secchia, and j'ui,,,;
others, all which difchirge themfclve, intoti.e IV.
Th? c'luntry abounds in corn, fruit, vCL'etabl.'s fn-
t! ''.itchen, witli fome wine, gnat qiiintities of (],^.'
and a confi ler.ible number of good hoifcs. In Mi,,t,.,^
after gre.ur.iins, the road between Cremona and .Mjrifji'
which are forty Italian miles dillant, i-; almoll inipaif,;!,'/
fiom the foftnefi and dipt!) of the foil : bui this iitoi,!
veniencc is fullv compenfited by the exuberant fertility of
the whole country ; and one cannot fi-'fTKieiuIv aJiiijf(.
the verdure of the hcldsaiul meadows, whidnire divided
by beautiful rows of tree-^, with abundance of viiu s twin-
ing round their trunks and fprcading ainoriL; ther
branches. 'I'he gre.it ir.imher of nighting.des iIku frc.
qucnt this traci: of land, bv their plaintive warhlinT;
render the cb.irming feme dill more delightful. liidJcJ
a perfon who makts any fl.iv in It.ily, is (b aceudunicj to
fine prolpec'^s and enchanting landfcapes, that thcv in
time grow fimiliar to his esc, an 1 are lefs rcgudej tim,
when they fiifl prefented thcmftkes to his view.
With refpccl to the hillorv of this country, [.cwii;
(jonznga, liavini: rxtirpatcd the Bonacolfi family, niat'.-
hirrfilf mnrtcr of Mantua in their room : he was nlCJfr-
ni'.ii defccnt, and took upon him the title of imperial
vicar ol Mantua, for which he apprir.s to have oht.i:ri'il
pcrmilfion from the nrprr.~ir f.ewis of flav.iria. though
the pope re fu fed to acknowledge him as fiich. l.'ewas
fucceeded by his ifl'iie both in the government of .Ihntua
and the imperial viearlhip. In \\\l John Ktancisob-
t.iined from the emperor Sigifmnnd the title of m^rniji
and Frederic II. who was created a dukr bv the emperor
Charles V. by marriage obtained .Montferrat, whirhwj!
artcrwards alfo raifed to ri dukedom. At length, o:i ihe
accefiinn of Phiiip duke of .'\niou to th • crown of Snain
the duke of Mantua, in conftdrra!i(,n of reccivinir iixtv
ihotifand pidoles, and a mnn'liiv fiibfidy of thiriyiix
thmifind dollars for miintainnvi a French '_*ar:irin ot
four thouf:\nd men, admitted the French troops into hi-
capital. France alfo cnL'as'ed to procure him the rt-ftitu-
tion of the podr liions that formerly bclorrted r.i the hnuft
of Cion7.:i'.!a in Italy, and to make good ilic d. majes he
fullered bv the approaching war. Hut this league witii
France proved his ruin ; he wai on thaiaccnint piit un-
der the ban <if the empire, and in 170^ the cinprror
transfernd to the duke of S.ivoy that part of tiie dutchy
of Month-riMt which the dukts of Mantua cniovcd i.s a
fief. Two vi":ii^ after the Impcrialids oycr-r;'n the v.hnlc
dutchy of Mantua, and in lycSdukc Charles IV'. dviiii^
under tire b.m of the empire, the houfe of Auliri.i hii
continued in podcirion of this dutchy, which is now ;in-
nexe.l to the irovernmenr of the Milanefe.
.Vlantua, the rapir.d of the dutchy, is firiiated in tie
forty-fifth dcLirce twelve minute'- north latitude, an I in >ij I
the elevcntii dei'f'e thirty-fuur minutes e.n'l h ivitiidf, //■'
and d.rn I'- on a lake, ci mor.ns, formed by ti.e ininida-
tio'v of 'i'e Minci'i, twenty Itniian nti'es in <;i.Mimf'-
rcnee. nnd tw.i br 'ad, 'Fhe fevcral p^rK <f this l.ikc
havi-
ing
d flTeiit ''amei.
the two ch.cf b-id '"s e\trni!-
city arc i'ontc di "vlyliiii, defen.le.l hv
Vl'a
i'
Manti'a,
> ii' il"- II: :1
d down the
I'" tluit 110-
pl-ii-'i-' ivh,.f,.
uou'i piflj.:^
ly> wliidi 1,
f the City ef
■'e Mnntuan,
IV "I I'crrar.!
and thcVfro-
the fuiKh bv
lil'tv-lix Ln"'..
bith it i> alf,
lu;i, and iomj
t'.c I'n,
ItitK-i (,f fiix,
5. In WPU.T,
land M.mvj],
lOll imr,;ili.:Me
nil [ills iixdii-
lant fmllity of
kiinily aJinirc
kli are dividtj
: ol'viius twin-
; ainop^ thc;r
i:;.ik's iluit iVe-
tiv wJihlinj;,
;htriil. lr,d..J
> accullunicd to
that tliLy 111
s rc!>irucJ than
view.
oiintrv, Lcwii
|fi tV.milv, made
he was fit (Jer-
litlc rit imperial
) have oht.iirai
.ivaria. though
fuch. Mcwas
lent cif Mantua
I'ln Kianiisob-
lle of m^.rr|iiis,
hv the emperor
rat, which WJ5
!cn:;th, on the
'•own "t Sp.'.in,
rcrcivinsT iixtv
V of thirty lilt
ch ••arrif'n ot
troops into hi'
him the rcilitit-
'cd I.) thi?hniifr
he (I. niiac'; he
iiii Icainie v.it:i
ccinnt pntun-
->, ttic emperor
t of the dntehy
la ciijnvcd ;.; a
r-i-'n the v.hnlc
ar'es IV. dviii?;
iif Aiiliria ha:
ich ib now an-
fitiiati'i! in the
.uit'ii'e, an I !ti <|j ]
- .lil h TVltUlil, "'
|hv t!''- innnd.'.-
itl lir-limf''-
Jt< . r thi' laU-
ll'.iJ '"s cvtrml-
|iii, ilcfcndd h-
1 ,'■■;;
MANTt'A. Y' U R
citadels, and Ponte di St. Giorgio, wii'i Cortitic.ations
ihoth cnd«. ThL- tlty ii diMileJ by the water into
• „ahin)lKi)'ial parts, that liavc acoiiimiinieation with
r'h other hy means of lix hiidj-es. In the n.at of liir.i
',?r wlien the laki; ib low ,ind itai-jiatcs, tin.- ,iir becomes
^noxious that the wealthy [uit of the inhabitants
'«e the city. The s^.ri-atell paitofthe fireets are Ion-,
1-eid and llral;;ht ;"aiid the city abounds with haiiJ-
' I'lonc houfes, fine fquarcs, and ni.'^'niliei.-iii
OPE.
i^7
|,i:l'.e
^ On the other fide of the lake arc three I'libni bs-, namely,
• , the north I'orto Kortc/za, to the north-calf tl I'lorjjjo
'st. tiioiL'O, ai'.d to the foiith U 'I'he. 'I'hc wahs,
''■hic'h in lonie plaees are fortified with baliioii-, ,.iid in
thai plaiii) are computed to be about four miles in cir-
. Hen: are ill ..11 tour eollcgiatc ehtirches, twcnly-
Wit th
,, narochial, r.iiirt.en otiier cliurehi.s and alnib-hoiiles,
'••v'li orati)ne'i, forty convents, ami without the city
t.vtc patift> churches, two other churches, ami feveii
'nvciits. The Jews, of vvhom theie are about four w
;,t. ihraifand, I've in .1 dilliiict quarter. The iiimiberof
.'uhitantb, exclufive of the garrifon, wui lormeily
"nnutcd at lilcy thoiifaiid : but in tliisctiitiry, liiije
r'oc.'urt has b' en kept there, the nnnibtr has foilccreaied,
tthc iiiha!-.iraiit-i i'carec exceed fixteai th.-tifiml.
Iiith; eatliedral, which is the work of Julio Romano,
jnJ i.ia magn.iicent Ifrn.'tire, are (em [lamtiiigs of the
ciort I sUbrated mailers, ai the calling of i'et:r ativlAn-
ir.ivliitl.c ap./tUlhip \ the luartyidomof aleinale f.iir,:,
who!'tbria:h are torn oftv/ith pincers : but the fin-. 11 of
-li s a nulit-picce of St. Antonio del Fiioco, by Paul
Vcioncfe and cannot be viewed without admiiitioii.
The cathedral is very fpacious, and divided liy rowb of
Tllarsiiitofiv^'ailcs. The church of ^it. Anthony is nv.nc
iifncus for relics than any other in Mantua, a conlli.'er-
«'i,:i]iiaiuity, as it is p'.etended, of the blosid (.1 Ciuiit
l,-,ii' ivept in a fubterraneoiis chapel with b.-acii alt.in,
jnli'iice every year (liewn to the pcoide. They al;i)
h.'iniettnd to have the blood of St. L/mginus. The
Frj,',cif-.m church has an ileoant infile, and fiich as
f.vel'the M'.ndieant order can (liew in Italy : it has aifo
of a '1'. Tiic Imperial fuldiers arc nnw qiiartcrc I on
the ground-rtoor, but more care is taken of the upper
apartments, on accouii: of tiic (\\\; p,;iii;injs in fiefeo.
Julio Roinatio drew the plan an 1 elesatiin of tiii-s palace ;
molt ot the piiturci were jiaiiited hem his defiiPs, and
not a few of them received the finidim.; (Irokes Irom his
pencil : the 'iitilt admired are the (all of I'hacton, aiiJ
Jupitei'b victory over the gh.iits.
At the dillancc of two Italian miles from Mantua is
the duke';, menagerie, cdled \'in;iliana, iVtjiii the ntotto
where Virgil is (.liil to have palled the iKj.linus hours of
yoiiili ; .iiul near it is I'i.-tola, antienily called Amies,
wli.cli was the birth place ul "» ir^il. !.>/,<• i,-mjf^rn fftii'
A .A. /•'/J. ar^rf ^if^ mf P>rr/K. /fr/rvm , >i.~r.- fir/u,f>. ntir/
S F. C T. VIII.
Oftl<cD:iti'}:,f r/"PAIlMA,i''LACENTI,\,(/«/cilA-.T,\lLA.
'Tl.hir Silti.i.'iiii, ExUi.i, Prjtlu.-r-, diui R'-J:'S, Ti'jeir Ilif-
tvy ; u.'th a DiJ.ii^'lun cj'lh,- Cius :f Fiinmi i;iii PU'
TUV. foil,:
.Mode
wing coimtr'es, including (iiiaflall.a ,inJ
\a, were, by ti-.e ire.ity of .Aix la Chapelh',
cedttl by the houfe of Aultria and itmg ot Sardinia to
the infant Don I'liilip, and from him were to d.fceiid to
his male n, irs i bin in cafe of his dynv', witlioul male
illuc, or that any of his del'ceiidanls ihould be featcd on
the inrone ol the Two Si..ili-s, or Spain, th."fe domiiil-
ot'.s were to revert to the former poll' (I'ors ; that is, to
the ho-.ife of Aullii a and the king of Sardinia,
The dutJiie-; ol Parma and I'h'.cntia have always bcctl
united. To tb.e northward and well ward they termi-
nate on the .Milanel'e j to the fouthward on the terri-
loiies of (.jenoa ; .md to the eallwad on the dutchy of
Milan i ex:eiiJing lifty-fix miles fioni i:.:^ tu wci, ani
furly-four from north to I'uuth.
fpecially In the produc-
gr, J library.
anil chclnuts. The
very fine, particularly
I
The foil IS extreni'-ly fertile, e
tion of olive-tiees, laroe trofHi
pattures and cattle are likewil'e
itboiit Plaecntia, where the meadows mav be laid undet
water from a fmatl river, which, from its filmy water,
fertilizes the ground. However, the ccl.btatcd Parmc-
fan cheele is no longer made in this country, but at Lodi
in the .Milaaeie, at 'l"rino, Uologna, arid tome other
places. Petroleum, or ro.k-oil, is ga'.hired in many
places, and (ome without any mixture of v/,iter, as at
but in other pai's it is found tloat-
ing on the furlace tU' the wafr. There arc here alio
I found fexani;u!arcryll,iis, and in the Apenninc moun-
tains, wliicn run along the f.nith fionuer> ol this coun-
try, are copper an. I iiuii mines.
The prineipal iiver, are the L?nza, which partly di-
vides the dutchy of I'anna tion Moden a ; tiie Taro,
which riles in the domini.-ns of Genoa, and is laiger
than the Lcir/ i ; both tlule, with tiic Nuia and Trebi.i,
Jifchargc thenilelves into the I'o.
I'he cities of Parma and Piaccntia were for aconfidcr-
able time lubjei^l ' , lin; I\..'ian empire j yet, like other
Italian Hates, liruwglcd fir liberty, but have leveral times
changed their inalters. They have been governed by
F*"ran e, and by the popes ; and at length pope P.uil 111.
in the year 1545, conferred them on his natural (bii
Peter Alvilius barncle. Many difputes have I'lnce arifeii
in relation to thcfe dutchies ; hut in the qu..druple alli-
ance of 1717 it was agreed, that on the deinife of the
duke of 'rmcany and Parma, Don Carlos, the infiiit of
However, a moll valuable 1 Spain, fhould fiucrcd to thcfe countiiesj but .Anthony,
the l.ilt duke of tiie Farmfc line, dyif.g in 17.3I) without
male ill'ae, the infant Don Carlos was invelted with the
poU'edion of thole dutchies ; but in 17^5, it was ftipu-
latci! in the pieliminary articles of peace, tliat Don Carlos
Ihould be king of the Two Sicilies, and that the emperor
fllould poll'cls the dntihiesof I'.ir.Tia and Piaccntia. 'thus
ttiev Continued in tlie lioole of .Auftria till the peace of
Aix la Ch.ipclle in 174H, when ihey were ceded to the
infmt Don I'liilip.
The priiuc's .intiual revenue is computed at between
five and fix hundred thoufanj Icudi.
Parma
"Fho building that was antiently the ducal pilace, is
fir Itoni heiti" a modern llruc'lurc, but is ver) large. The
duca! gallery and mnleum, whidi was once famous, v\a3
inthc'year 1630 pillaged by the Imperialills under gene-
[,i!Colaito, who took the city by (toriu ; and all the cu-
lol'ities, whic'o were worth fome millions, fell into the
h-aJiof the foldiers, by whom th.'y were partly deilroy- j .Miano and V i/.-zajie ;
tJiiiiJ partly dilfipatcd, or fold to perloni wlio knew
i:lt!c of their value. At that time a c'.>ni;:.<jn foldiet was
foliickv a' to get a booty of eighty duc.its j but was I'o
biJan a-cniiomi(l as to game it all av/ay in one night,
)n- which L'olalto caufed him to be hanged the next day.
Kon'ticr, fome apartments in the pal ice are v.'orth Lc-
in:, the cieling being painted by Julio Romano, and
tVycnntain f-V-ral t.;ble. "f Florentine waik inlaid wit.i
•cry beautiful pieces of lapis-liziili and ag.ite ; lomc
r.Jible li.itots and bufis ; a .M.ior's head on a pedeita
m' white m.tiblv, with a turban (o curiMufly inlaid, a.
!3 imitate very exactly a kind of Indian fiuii ; two large
pieces of painting by Palma, two others by Cotla, and
jitmale f.'.int in a chapel painted by Aniiibal Caracei.
H.rc arc all'o two galleries of portraits, and ihreo \\\-
lo'ns which arc fomcwbat daik, but well painted in
iVcl'co ; however, but little care is taken to prcfervc them.
I Thr belt thing here is the academy, whi^h indeed for the
;'t;o-work, pillars, fculptuic, galleries, and heigb.t,
j hii nat its equal of the kind
I trcirnre (if gold and filvci crowns, ft.'itu'.s, relics, ami
:'^er altar-furniture, (till remain in the palace church,
I whcreatelikewife feeii two capital piituicsof indliiiiable
liluf, 1 11c of the baptifin of Confiantinc the Great, atal
liKothtr of the martyrdom of St. Andrew, both by
1 1*,.
I'ft" filk t.iiJ other manufa.lnics, and t!ic general
Icmintr.-eol the city, were fimnerly extremely fiounniing,
lint ,at ii.i'.v very inconfiderahle.
'u the dirtance ot half .1 league from Mantua is the
Ipi.itc of The, i'o called frcn> its beiim Liiilt in the form
( ]
1:1
' ^
.1
1
\
i
- t,!
i
1
'Pi na-
'M
' ,1
14.
mi
llHNlH^!'
•>
3-\^
A S
Y S V E M O I- L, I. O C, K A I' 11 V
I'atmi is the f.iiiit;il of the ilufhy of thi.- f.irTii! ii.im",
an.| IS a l,\r;;c ami iH«piili)Ub tity, f'Mteil cii the river
I'.irin.i, whldi divklis it iiUo two piir'.s, ii\ th.- t'uity-
tmirth ilcgree fortylu'c iiiimites north hititiiile, ami in
thi- clcveiiti) ilogieo e.ill l.-ngitude. 'I'he itreefi are Ion ■;
an.l bro.iJ, and the hoiiCci are in general tolerahly ele-
gant. It is of a cireii'ar form, anil alimit three miles
ruunil. The fortitu.iiioiis are far fmni btinj; eonli!.-
rablc ; but on the tail lule ItanJj a flr.mp; citaJil. Ilie
ihical palace is f.n tl.c I'oiith fnle oT the nver, and ha, a
coniiiiiinicalioii with the citadel bv means of a bri.!:',e.
It c<infi(ls of three parts two of wlileh arc n-wly bml;-,
but tlie L'idlerv, which was formerly remarkable for its
in. llimahle colledioii of pamtiii^s, medals, antiquitie.,
and other curioliti.s, togcthtr with the libr.iry, was
(hipped by Don Cailos, who earned aw.iy with Imih
cvvry thill:! of value to Naph'S : fo tnit ihedocf thmg
remarkable in this city is, the laigc theatre built by du«e
K.:i.,tus I, in the year l6iS, in the form ol a Ro.iian
amphitheatre; the pi^ is fixty-t'ive roniinoii paec. in
lcni?th, and the (la^e fixly two. In the (or.iicr are
twdve rows oi' teats, riliiv; hLliiiul e.ieli oth. r, mv^ a
hove them two i;aIlerKa. Thue is alio a la:alkr tiKaiie
in an adjoinln.' h.ill.
I'arma lias feveral pompous ehurehrs, and its bifliop i,
futtV.n^^an to the arehbii'icp of HoloL'ii-i. The cath- dial
is a nohio cdilice, that his leveral rows of Coiintiii.m
columns on the ouillde, and the cupola is heautifnlly
j-ainted by Cnire^gio, and reprefents the airumption ol
the Vir;',lii Maiv- Ne.ir this llruiTur.' is the chiirrh
called 11 Battillerio, the outfidc of which is covereil with
marble. In this edifice, which is of great antiijuity, all
children born in the city, and witliin two miKs ■oiind,
rr.ull he baptized; and here, on Ealler eve, the provillon
of holy water is prepared tor the whcde ciiv.
Here is an uiiiverl'itv, whi.h was foiin.^cd in 15.-10 by
<!uke Rcnatii.s [. and aifo an academy inlfitutc.l (or the
luhiiity in 1601, bv the fame patron of the f.icnees.
1'. is under the direcliin of the Jefuits, and two hiin-
c'red ai'.d fifty n.iblemen arc admitted at once.
There are here nniivif.ictured great ijuaiitities of fiik
ftoekin','s, and indeed filk is the only commodity fo-
reiLjners take from h<.nce. This city and l'laceii*i,i
warmly uifpute th.e prccede;!.:c. In 1 734 the Trench an,!
Sardinian forces lurtihel thcmf-dves lo well in th-
nei^;hbourho()d of this citv, that being attarked bv liie
imperial general count Merci, he loit hi- life, and the
troops he had commanded were obliged t- '.etire.
'J heie are only a few incor-ifidcrable tO'.viib In this
duchy, befides the above cariital.
The citv of Tl.icentia, called by the natives Placcn/;',
i^ pretty large, and dcfetvedly obtained its name, which
ligii,li'-s plcalaiuinfs, fioni its fitii itioii in a moll: ;i-h
and delightful country, at a fmall diftar. -e from the !'.>
Jt is (eated in the forty-lifth digrcc north lalituiie, and
in th-j tenth degree twenty- (our minutes call l:;:i^itude.
Its fortifications are inconfiderablc, but the citadel is
preitv llrong. The llrects are (Iraight, and the |-rin-
cip.d Urcct, called Str.idone, the pl.ice of rcCort for tai.ing
the nir, is twonrv-five comnvn paces bioad, anil tiiree
tiiouf.md I'eet long, in a direct line, with i\s. h iiv.'rcd
llnie polls lor feparalinz the toot froir-i the carriau^e way,
and on both tides are eleven ipaciou-. convents. The
other buildin.:s of the city are notvery leinarkahlc, ihongli
it co.ntains t'orty-fivc churches, lv,'enty-eight con\eiit»,
imd two alms houlls.
The cathedral is pretty much in the (lothic talle ; but
the church of the .'Xiijullines is reckoned the moil bL-au-
titul, and cfttemed worthy of its architect, thecelebrated
ViL'noli. In its vcftry is a lingular curiofity reprel'cnt-
in:; the crucifixion, cut on a piece ot wood by an un-
known artill, who has taken pains to illullrate that great
event with a multipllciry of figures, (ome on horfehac k,
<;thcrs on toot, and ail inimitably (.xfcuted. .Sr. M ina
in C'ompaL'iia is alf.j a verv fine chur.- h, and St. Sixtus's
church has a moll beautiful monument of black and
white maib'e, with the flatue of .Vlargaret of Aullria,
coni'ort of .lukc OcKivius. The ducal pahice, though
larije, makes no great ap]iearance oil the outli.le ; but
Within an; lome good apuli-nents. In the area before
the town-ho'.if-.', Il ;nJ two admirable brals lUtiies of
i't'Rlv.
/Mexander and Renatu; IV. both ot the l.oui,- of 1',;.,, ,
and duke, ol I'.irma and I'larcmia
The billiop i> I'uHi.i 'an
I lere is alio an uiiiverhty.
/i'.iriilia, which t-xtuids
Adriatic.
This diirbv Ins ..ll'o no other tow;\ b-.fides lts(,l;^|.
worthy of n -.tice '
t > the archbiniop of i\M,,,,
At this city he-ms ,|,„ ^-'j
lar as Uiiiiiui oil ti;'
as
ik pnlli
he treat',
'hillp.
The princip il town of this duchy Is (Ju.-ift.dla, vy|,,- ■
is a Krong phue leaf-. I near the rivt-r I'o, on li;^. ^.^^^
fin:-s of the diieiiv of .Modcn.i, fifteen ii.ihs lo tile |,(, ,"
of keitoio, and is rem.l'kible hn a b.itile toiig.,; ^^/^
it betwe.-n the b'lench and liiipeii-ilill-, 111 l-j;, ,y j"
dit'aJvanlage ol the l..tu-r.
S K, C T. IX.
fli Sil-inliin, J-'.\l.-i:t, iii:.t Prr.iu .• ; u///, ,. /■) r, ;,,;.,
//.'.• Cily tf Mid.-mi, (ir.d //-.■ cl'-n- Pl.iui n:.;, ':':■,;
A'ctic. ' ' ■'
TU V. duchy of Modeiia is fiiirounded liy the d-irh;..,
of I'.irma hihI Maiitii.i, liie ecclcfi.dii-- d lliii-, li,,.
duehv of I'don-iire, and tlie ri public of Lucra ; ts.
lending fifty-lix miles from north t,i fout'i, and b'-i".-.. 1
twcnly-(our an 1 thirty-lix from call to w-'h
'This countiy abounds in corn, "ardrii-fru-r; f .
cdlent wine, and ( ther prodiu'lioos. Near St. !',;,'■, •
found an e.xcclk-nt alcaline earth, fomctimis as a ncwr.--'
but nwrc frequently ;-^ a moid nj-aj-inus to,i!iu^, wL .i
b.-ing pubcri/.id is bright, ("mou;:i, white, a'ld qui:;-!,-.,
lipid : it i.-; ule-l as an c-';cell-.-nt remedy ai^unfi p i,-.;.
fevers, dyfentciies, and hypochondriac diforleis. Ia;h'
mountain Calle'do di Moire Haron/onc, and. it Fia:-, •:■
are wells from forty to fixty feet d.-ep, and on ilic wj .r
floats a r.-ddilli p' troluum, wl.ieh aboumls moll in iV; .,,
.M-il autumn. 'ThtCe wells are iiicloCed, and evtrv i'o;°
i;i-,l't the oil is Ikimmed o!K the ("urfa.e. Ca!l:")u
.Monte (libbi.-i his wells of tlie fame nature, waic'i .r.;
not only perpjtual, b.it yiel.l a yellowilh od, ciL'cr,.!
til- belt in the country, an I i.; uie.l for entSilmiii.-, -,,. .
iiiJh ii'r, paintiiK^', and as an i.iijrcdien: ;:i foin-.- ra.-!:,-:.
nal preparations. At Sallb aii.TQuer.ida anibir i,.;-i-
out of a foil ii-np'e^nated with petri'l.".,:n.
'Two Italian iniiis tram S.'.lkiolo is .ui .ipcrtut:; i.-. :x-
earth, which tiequ-n'.le, but moll comuioiilv ia f|\'a-;
1 and autumn, emits fmoke, flames, aihe;, and Ilea;, a
I a (I'onu fulphurcoiis fmell, which it fiinu-tiitics ihrivi,
: fixtv or eighty feet high. Theie eruptions .ire ofrcn .-■
! tende>I with a very loud nolle 1 the hill up.-.ii whiv-li :
i this aperture is q-iite barren, an.l during tlie tiia," t!..;
j the iilhes an 1 tlon'-s are brlTKly t!ir.-)wn oaf, the pc-
; troleoiis wells of Safio and .Monte Clibbio are v.rv tarl;.'.
j I his hill alfoallords Ceveral kinds of petrifaction .
'The chief rivers ol' .Modena arc the Croltolo, tlic "':,-
chia, and the Tanaro.
'The duchy of .Mo.lena, prope.lv fo c.i'lcJ, hn ;-.
name from its capital, and, befides that, and the ;::.,
dependent on it, contains the provin:eof Fiigiuni, ••.-
vadey of Cartagnana, the diltrk'l of Sorag.iio, the ili:.'
ot Keggio, the prinrip dities of Correi>Ki, Carpi Ni ..!■
hra, the earldom of Rivolo, and the dutcliv of MtJii-
dol.i ; thepiincipil places in which are the (',ilIo-.v;r.;:
Modena, 111 Latin Mutina, the capir.il of the wh •'.'
country, and the uhial rdhlencc of the duke, i^ a ptii:-.
1 irg" and populous city j but the (heetsaie narro-.v, .; I
the liouics without lither beauty or iyiiinietry i; .■
I'e.itcd ill a fpaciius plain between the rivers I'anJra..' ;
.iee-hii, in the foity-fourth degree tliiity niiiiat;) '.i: ■
tuJe, and in tiieeljvcmh degree tweiuv-fi veil m'ai-
longitude, and is alni,)(l of a circular (ai'ui. it ,: ,•
,i..t b.-au'.iful at a d.lt.i
from th?
J\
I'l'P.IV.
'"'-■of rjri..i ,
(Imp nfMl,.,,,
'''•^"li the Vi4
<inuili IJll t;.^.
fllk'S ils l.l^i; 1
lis lU'cpIc mill tnwPr«, cfjiccially that of the rathcilr
which n vcrv liij;li anil lirgcj but neither tlie llrccis nor
re liaiullomc, nor the fortitications in ^odJ re-
EURO!' r..
34V
ral.
houk'S are
.r l,..'>r.l\
of ihi' R,'[\iiliHc \ ili OiJ,rs cf K'lightli'-s:!, Rtti^'nn, Ri-
vinius, iiii.l I'll in; mi// u puilnular Dtji/iplis'i d/ the
City ajTcnia.
mwm
^ f
Welvr HI.!., ;.,
(Vliuipi!,- tj,,_
I'll'jcd 111 (t,.
Jolipii M irij 1,1
y '"it Hi.luniij,
■<, Hl'r^nt.l nlv,
ic iiilant I),,;,
liiLiUJia, wf,;^-^
I'o, en il-.i- (,,,|_
.ill- In III,. |,„.jj^
tile f.
"'iS'it ivnr
I" ""Ui tut
lid «.'.,'i ;;;'!'' •;■
'Inl '»•; tli»ii'rii;<>)
rfi.il'u mI fliic, I'n,:
: of LuCiM; tx-
;>ut'), and b'-l'.vci
gar.li M-ft!!;!?, c
N>-:ir St. !'.„';:
;imii as a |i(iu'i!v,
nui to^ihuj, '.v:, . i
hi'.L', a'l.l quiv' i;'.
.■()',' aj^iinft p i:>;',
liiliTlois. lath-
0, ;invl .it Ki;ir. •: ,
, .in.l I'll ilic W; .
ciiis moll ill ij; ! .■
.1, mill cvcrv I'u:-
rli.e. C.i(!:".i.
II. .lure, w'.iicT .
.v;lh oil, c[lc(T,.;
tx er.;S,i!niin.;, ... ■
t .;i lim.' iv..'.:. ■
()!a anilur i; .. .^
.■•..::).
.<.:i .ipcrtiue ir. t'lo
ir.r.only ia fprir;
liL- , anj rtonei oi'
Iwimtiaics thro'i
)itioii> .irc offcii .'
|iiitl upmi whic'ii ;•
liiiiL; tiic lim.' il'i ■
.iwii 141', the fc-
no arc v.iv :^i'.. ■
potrifacliiii .
CrolloiO,tlii-?.:c-
fo ca'lcil, hn ;\
lh.it, aiiil the fi.. .
le of Fiiaiun.i, •'■■
lr)ra;.'ii), thcilr. '
^10, Carpi N...:-
: jutchv of \hin-
10 the f-illow:?-.: .
Iipiral of the '.vh ..■
V; Juke, i< a ptii;- |
lets are narrow,
|,r ryiiini.;try i
le rivers I'jiuro ;'■•■ |
liiiiy iiiiiiai;i '.i: ■
l<-my-f> veil muiiti
|i' lo'nn. It 3;\r.-
i'lCit r. I'll." ■
r)in^ the Sec, and tin Jif, rm O^'ees of Stale. Vlt An
73
^luucu uy A treaty in 130*- i-'uim^ lui^ waiuuke i lljc
Gradciiigo, in 1396, ordained that none but the nobi-
4. 'r Hty
i
'm
M
K
'ill
I
liH
1 i'
34!
A S Y S r r. M O I L, I: O C, li
I' 11 V
^I'Plv
I'.itm.i i? ilic cijiiLiI (if tlif ilufliy of tlio t'liiif
iH a l.ir ;c ;\ii
V
•(.f
;iiili)iia citVt f'^'tal cp|i tilt ri\ci
.inivi.
whiiii divklt-^ it iiitii twu parts, in tli ■ liiit\
/,4:/tS. luiirili ilcync fDrty-livi' minutes north l.ititiidt:
.1
/Mcx.iiiiliT anil Rciiatii' I v. IidiIi of tiic lii'i!.: of I'..,
<<n<l iliiki'> of iVirnia ;ni I I'Ku ciitia
I'll'.' I'ididn i. I'lilli.i vm t'l t\w iirchliifliop of Mi
IlTL' h alio ail iiiiiv. rlitv
.\r fhl« iitu li
Witiim ar>
lomo
the town
-h'.
iJ t
a|iartmvnl'-.
wu aJii:iral
In tlic area before I U-.) ntiiilc, and i^ aim.)!} of a ciriMl.ir (or.i
.-II vLMi mi;', l■^
br,!l"-
,! b.-,
JU'.iUil at J
d.llai:
Uu
The iita
I'lit I* uii a Icii
i;i,ill parts liaic
''il'-ofrari..i ,
Ivi'M-. th- V,',
V'tNic^:
r. ij R o I' r,.
34V
111 iK'opli:' anil |nwor«, cl'ijccxilly tlmt of the rathcdr.il,
which 11 virv hi;?ti aiul lir^i-j but iiiMlhci llic llrc^i nor
houU'S -ifc liJiullDinc, nor llie tortllic.itii)iis iii (;o...l i •
,ir 'I'hc iit.idil is, hiiwcvcr, a imioiI rci^ui ir tnitrd'i,
hit i* oil •' ''■'^^'' ^''"' ''''■" '"*" • '""' 'l'"'ii?'i 'lie lioiir")
pair.
inall pirts hwi: y^ ■>/.!■■■'<, they ate lioth low .ml J.irk,
jpil the rliurchfs in ^ciicr.ii .iic very little wurthv '>!
niiiicc, lli<iiii;li thiTc .irc Ionic tint- cincs. In :i tli.iniluT
,.,,,' I llu' lower 111 the citni-ilrai li luini; ii|) bv an iron
ir..iiii thi^ buikct ol u well, with iron lioop^ ; it was
ijktn in a pi-ttv wur Irnm the iiili.ihit.ints of I'olojjna,
iil'l IS lici'' [ircfcrvcil .is a mominu-iit of rriirji;c and
viclory. Till' haniUimult I hurchis ire tht.ll- ol the Ju-
lalti, of thi: III' atiiK's aiul of St. I)oininic'. The Jf-
H,,(j chiirch, 111 p.irticular, is extrcnitly beaiitiliil, anil
(he rout |i.niit'-''l I""" ^i il'-fi '." ot t;ither liiilli. 'I lie
jitjrs arc vciy tlcii;ant, aiiJ Dihiiul ihc hi:»h alt.ir i< th*
|,;j(.)ry (if St. U.iitluiloiiiLW, |)jintftl in fvi'iiil i '['ImI
v.jlurcs hv I'rocii'cuii. 1 lie hilliop is a fiilfrau.in to
t^i; archl'ilh'>p of llol'jgna. lit the collcij'' lojmleil by
Jt. llotoiiieiili'vcnty or eij;hty voiilij; no'.Unicii arc iiiHln-
lunt'Jaiil in(lrii:leJ. '1 lie iliii.jl p.il ice is iiuloul am
b,; anJ IjiU'ii III (iniiiljrt-, a'lj tlic i.^illcrv
jn;luJiiU tiic lobbv, condlh of fix P' ■
,,,j.ii vCii iii-r, !■!
|i' lorin. It .ii'ji ..■
pi^'liiri
iill filli-.l
will, I'l.-ltcl pieces ct the mull famous m.'lkia ; the moll
jjniia-l is Corrcgio's niirht-pieiT, n'prifintin;; llu birth
„l C'lirit, with the Vir^;in Maiy .in,l the llupluril;.
th: re'ii'n'-ii' e Irom the e'rlJ, who lies in his iiiothcr'b
l^^, in a ni' It be.uitiful nianncr (liincs on the l.ues of the
vii ■ II aiiJ the (hi phi r Is, an I ilinnin ites the whole piece.
'I'iie li.iiil".' t'f I'-lle has been in (loll'i-irion ol tills iluiiiy
(lif liiKC the year i.iSS.
I he city of Rc^ ,;ui, the rapit.il of a lUichy of the
fj!i.. lunti', was aiKienllv ".il il Ueiiuini I.epiili, aiiil is
liiiu'cil in a very fertile pl.iiii, in iIk' thiriv-i'i.;htn de-
orec twenly-eignt nnniites mut'i U'lliiic, aiiJ in the tif-
tci-mh decree lii'.y niinut. s ealt 1 inz/uiile. It is a fin.ill
bit v.ry h.inJl'inie an I It'oii.; city. I'he citaikl is faiil
til lijve bien built by Ch.itlcs the (ireat, who is aif>
|ii(i|ii.led to .'lave lebiiilt ihe city, and tn h.ive lurrmiiuled
i( *i h a itr.iiii; w ill, wliieh is Itill fo lirni that a can-
n 111 Hall c.in ni.ikebut little iiii.in Ifion upon it. In the
h-dft of ihe iit^ is a fqii re, a.; rued wi;h the llatii-.- of
Ihc l.iaioiis lireniiii's, a (i.uiiilh chief, which n hi.'hly
tllccm.J by tiic coiinoifl":uis, and the infctiptioiis round
tti! [ic>lf ft il are no bl's curious.
Ri'.:^io IS tiic fee of a bifliop fiifTragan to the arrh-
bllup iif liiilo^na, and its c.niiedial i» a larije buildin;^
ol the Gmhic ordrr, adoriicdon the iiifide with a ^reac
viiiciy of dailies an 1 piiiuin[;s by the bell mailers.
Tnc city of Mirandola is very lar;'^, (tron^, and
bfju'.ilul, and is laid to h.ive been built by Conftans the
foiuifConll.intine the Ciieat. It is litu.ited in the forty-
fourth divice fifty minutes latitude, and in the eleventh
degree fiirty-hve minutes call huij^itude, twcntv-lix miles
|j;ie fi)uth-calt of Mantua. It is furroundcd with (Irong
and hi^h ramparts, with leven ballions and other works,
and is defended by a good citadel. It is the fee of a billiop,
aiiJ, belides its cathedral, has lit'teen churches and con-
vtnls. In jyoz it was llrongly fortihcd by the Impc-
rialills, and ill 1705 taken by the I'rench ; hut in 1707
lurrcnpcrcd again. In 1734 and the followins; vt.ir
tht Imperialdts bravely defended it, and rcpulied the
tncmy.
We (lull next defcribe the four independent repub-
lici, Venice, Genoa, Lucca, and St. Marino, and (hill
begin with the former, with the dominions belon^'inir
loeach. f
s p: c T. X.
Of the RtfuUk c/ Venice.
Ti't Siluiilisn and Extent of its Tenitorict on the Continent
■ it Itii'y. AonciJeHi/hryoflhiuRtpuhlii. The Per [tins,
Oiiji, Munnen, Cujlomi, im^lDiiwrfiotis of the I'enetiain.
Tin liifertnt Rj):i, rf tlie MoLilily ; uil/j the ALnner cj
Wij.ng the Doge, his iiltie fawer, the Ceremmy of vuir-
f)'"i the Sea, and the Uijfirent Ojfiti of Slute. The Ai mi
73
cf the RfpuhiU \ iliOnhn cf K'nghthfoJ, Religion, Re-
iiniiii, iin/i fiiifi ; uiil> u fill liiulur Dijiriptiou ef the
City ofycmei,
THI'. dominions cf the republic of Venire on the
eoiuinent ol Italy exltii I call and well ho'ii the
riv/er Ad la, wiiuh Hows (loiii the l.iki; of Conio, and
le.ieli inline cimiiiiued line to the duteliy ofCirii.olj,
wiiere t!ie ciiivc they form aliii^ ti,: Adii.itic f.i iv
(omewh It inlerrupteil by tl.c Aiillrian dominions, after
which they exten.i liom iioiih to fiuth aloiit^ thj coiftof
the lame I'e.i, and teruiiii.ite at the province of Iltrij.
I'liiis the Venetian teiilroMci are bjiindvd tui the nortll
bv Trent, I'liol, and the country of thi.' (jrifons, ; on
the fall by Carniola and the yiilph of Venice; on the
fouth by the fame giilph, Romania, auJ the diitthy of
M.uitu 1 ; and ou llie well by the diitehy of Milan ; cx-
teiidiu.'; about .1 himJted and ei,;lf.v miles in len^jth,
and in I'omc parts an hunlied in breadth.
I'his is a iinc ehampaii^n eou.ntiy, with a fruitful foil,
producing rich fruits, corn, wine, and o I ; with plenty
ol lllk, rich pnilures, and all forts of cattle, 'I luii Pa-
ili.iii (li;ep n,ive very line wi'ol, anl th'- (^■.■fli oft'ieir
liojjs is much valued, llut we (b dl i;ive .1 nunc pariim-
l.ir .leeount of each of the cuuntiies indui'ed in Ihcfe
teiritorics, in treatin • of tnem feparaleiy, and /luil bc-
fjiii with the republic, wiiich is loiilined lo tlic city of
\ ,nue, the e.ipital of the whole.
With ret,, eel to i!ic 01 ii;in and advancement of this re-
public to the grandeur it tormerly tnjo\ed, and its pre-
leiii (late, it mull be obferved, i!i it on t le iiivalion of
It ly ill the tiiih eenluiy bv tin; lluns, under Atiila their
km:, when they fpre ul a /cneial defol.ition wherever
lliey came, L'te.-.i iiumluis of the people wh.i lived lirur
the Adiiatie (led to thi le illinds on which at picfent
(lands the celebr.ited c tv of Veni' e, which, about the
year 4.'. I, had in fome mealure been built upon by the
I'.iduans, lor the I'.Jvaiita^'C of commerce. IKre having
letiled ('mall llatcs, they were at (iril governed by con-
luls, alt' rward.s by tribunes, and formed a kind of re-
public, the council of which confilled of t'\, fc mas^if-
trates. 'riiele illands bec:'.mc be'Iter inhabited c\\ ihc
lucceeding inciiiliMit of the (lotlr. and Lmi 'obardi into
It.ily, when multitudes trom Rome and othei I.ir^ecities
repairing thither, tliii (fate (oon became able tj make
fome head aganill thefe bold invaders ; till at length the
chiefs of th.' illands coniin.; to an .igreement witfj
the Longobardi, were luiVcred to remaui unmolelled.
This was the eommenceineiu of the city and (late oC
Venice.
About the end of tlic (.vcnth or the beginninp^ of the
cightlt centurv the former goveinment of thefe illands
was aboliOicd, aiul an unliuiited power conferred on
I'aulucio Anafello, who obtained the title of doge, or
duke. Under tiiis foveici^jnty the (late greatly increafed,
till the people being oppreli'ed, became weary of the evib
of do.iiellic defpotifni ; and on their choolinn a new liuke,
in 1171, curtailed his power, by afligning him a council
of two hundred and forty perlons, coinpoied not only of
nobles, but of commons. At length duko Ziani liding
with pope .Mxandcr III. againll tne cuipcror Frederic,
obtained Inch a lignal vielorv over him at ica, that the
po|ie picfented him with a liiij;, which he was to drop
into the Adriatic, as a lign of his niarriaj^e with and |)er-
pctii.il lovcreigiuy over it.
The Veneti.ui:., who had already extended their domi-
nions into Loinb.irdv, Dalmalia, Ulria, byria, and other
places, made a very conliderable aci|uilition in the be-
ginning of the thirteenth century, by polVeirmg theni-
felves of the principal iflands in the .-Xichipehigo and
Mediterranean, particularly that of Cindia. From this
time they obtained immenle profit by trading in Enil
India goods, which they inipoited from Alex.m Iria in
Kgypt, to which they came by the way of the Red Sea.
Under duke Maiino Morolini was introduced the prcfent
form of eledllng the doge, and at thi> juncture jeal.nil'y
and envy occalioned the war with Genoa, which, after
continuing a hundred an.! thirty years, was at lail ccn-
iluded by a treaty in 1381. During this warduke Pet.T
Gradenigo, in 1396, ordained that none but the iiobi-
i * a- )i,,
t:i !
j
: ^ I
1
■ isrI' ^
'. ^
1 \
i
' i-
1
! ;:. ■ i jf
J 30
A S Y S T F. M OP G E O G R A F MV.
n ;•
li:y flloiilvl !),• r.i|i.ililc of h.ivin^ .1 lijl in the pranil
coiinil, jikI 'hu-. ilic (^ivrnmiiiit hi'i'ainc .iiiilm t.itit.il.
Ill the luiirtrcmi) .nil hl'-rirli i ciiiiirio liw Viiuti.iiin
rxtriiilcd Ihiir |U)lli(rii'ln hi L'lriib.irJ v, Jiiil, Ml 147 J,
the l.ill kii!^ o( I'vprin a()inilmc'l the ll,in' of Wiiue In.
heir, r()*,iril'j tlic tiul o. inc hllC' tun ceiiiury 11. c
fnniiii'rre .iinl pnwcr uC the \>iif!uii> litjjm to iIliIuu-,
llic l\.riu"ii( k having dirti.vfrcil a way hy ii a In I ic I'-.iit
IiuIks, whkn at kii^tli <i|itiifil the traJt to all ilic ma-
ritinie nations. In the lixtcenth century aK.iiii wriit
(III! Work-, fur the jjopc, the Pnipfior, I'rancr, ami Sp.mi
jiiininj; 111 a Itai^uc .u'auiH them, they were itrippeJ nl
all their einiiitiiei ami towns in the tcclifiallii.il ll.ite
and the Mil.iiirlc. lliey .illn rcccivtJ aiuit'ui feviir
blow (mm (lie Turks, who iliovc ttiem nut nl the kin^'-
ciooi "I Cyprus, In the ftvcntetnth century a Ihaip
liintcit arnfe helwceii the llate, tlu cl'.rj;Vi ami the p"|n-,
in which, howeur, iliry li.iJ ihr .nivania^e. I'hey
were alf(> Ion;' 1 ii'',i:.'i'il in irniibkfinu' wars wiih tlu
'I urki, lofiiit; C'.imlii, ami i'ainin^; p.irt ot D.ilin.itia ami
all th'- .Vlorca ; luit even llic litter, with other pla. cs an. I
diftncis, tlic'I'uikii rciovcreJ 111 the vvaii ol the prelcnt
century.
I hiis h.is llic repuhlic of Venice c<>ntiiui< J upwauls il
thirteen luiii IrcJ years, amidll ni.iiiy (oreif;ii w.irs .nul
intcltine com notions ; lis grandeur w.ischKlly owili;' lo
its trade, an^ Imre the decline of the lurmcr itj Kieiii^tli
and power h ive (uH'ered a confulerab'c diiiDiiiitiim.
With relpitt 10 the perfons of the Veiu'tiaiis, the
men aic handliimc .inJ well (hapcd, ami tlv.ir drrf-,
flpeually that ot the nohles, it ['rave, and yet becoiTiiiig
r..e wonien are very a;;iceahlc, luit their high-h.-ilej
lliofj lire ('aid to make them Imlibi.' in their gait ; hut
tiny feldoiii appear abroad, except iljiiiij (he carnival,
lit their fairs, atil fi)me other public oeearions, when
thev are allowed to go in dil/uilc, (o ihat they canivit
he known. At Venice is a kind of lu^np'nary c.uirt,
uhii h reiiubtci the drefj ol them n, wo iieii, and (ei-
vaiiti i an. I no Venetian, of wliatiiuility IcKver, ii al-
low d to wear either e.iibroidery, god or filvcr lace, or
Irin^e. Tne faine rcgul.;tioni are ni.iile with rcljieifl to
fiiii t'.'HiJolas i and as tor coaches they have very few,
or llic t.'.ey wtuM be (uhject to the fame law. Indeed
thole who h:\vc been anibad'adors have the privileje of
wearing a Hole of cloih of :;olJ, an. I j;o!-l bueicles in
their jirdlcs ; but they arc pencrally fiii>ticd witn wear-
in_j a little gold g.ili.<oii on thcii biaci: llrlv.i
A noble \'en-tun nfver appears in public but in his
robes, which reach to his heels, and are of bl.i.i. cloth,
li'Kil with gi-e)ini cli 'li 111 the fummer, .md with er-
mine in uiiiter ; thcle lobes aie fallcned with a belt of
thj (aiiv cloth, three inches hroid, and adorii'd wi'.h
filver buckles and plates. Inlleail of a h.it he wears a
Ion;; bl ick worlted cap, with a wotiled (riiijie, winch he
generally ca'iies in his hand, that he may not iiiconi-
mode his l-rje peruke. The phvficians, advocates, no-
taries, and 1.11 tiiofe called cittadiiii', wear the lame habits
as tne noble-:, and, like tnem, claim tiic title of e.\cel-
l.'iiey. i'he manner of falutuii; them is to ki(s tin ir
ilcc. e, which, about the elbow, is as wide as a mode-
rate fa.k, and fonictimcs fcrvcs, as do alio their caps, to
cany provilioiis in from ihe maiket j for many of them
arc much ledui ed, and are brought to fo low an ebb, as
even to go about beui^ing amoiii; the more opulent ta-
milies. This is friquently the confequence of i;aniiii!',
by which many houfcs that Ihll make a figure aie greatly
cinb.irradld. I'he procuiators of St. Mark, the coii-
fi_;lieii, and others of the roimcil, fometimes wear loii^
f il or purple robes. 'I hey are never (alutcd in the
Ihcets, except by thofe v*hij weai the lame robe. The
rank of nobillt , is not rcilrained to the eldell fms, an. I
t.'iey are not allowed to tralKe, much le(s to marry with
forci.'ners.
Tne converfaiion of the nobility is more defirahle out
ol t;ian wiihin tae eitv, thev being tlien no more than
nriv.i:e perfons I he bigh conceit of them.elees which
IS but too uliial in the city, would there be ridicuiou^,
and not home with.
The women of (oialitv do not even (hew their faci -n
the churches ; and tne ordinary women wear over ti;i ir
TtNK-...
heaJi ■ larijc fcarf, v,\,k\\ opcni a liiile about i|.
eyes.
(he teni.ilei arc educated in ronvrnti till the/ , ,
maiiicJ, wiihout bciiu allowed 111 (re their futiu ■ ;, '
bandi I whem.e ihe in-.ii lomiiionly leimdy Ihediii
ol tiiLii vim by keipiiii; niiHielks. M.iiij who ..rt',^,
a mure teiid> 1 (onli i. nee than others (atisy t(i itif I •
withliviiij Willi wonien whom thrydeligii toiii.inv ij!
the cireiiiony 1, firqiiiuslv delerrtd till a fc\v ,l,i, ' ,'
liouii, bvtoie the death ol one ol the p.iitiei, T,,'i nvm
geiieial iiieih.1,1 with iho e who .ire iinnunij, ,, |,
ketp tiieir imltirirei at ;v cert. nil allowance as |!mi i'
boih paiiirj ai'iee; tiu\ tlin u I'o tiei|'ieiitly pratl.uj'
tliat thole Who .ire un.ible t.i be at the i.\p nu' ol »!■,', .'
m^ luic woman, join witn tuoor tliric oilv. r ir.ui 1 ,
have lur bei,»een them, and VMthout tlif lull jtiiuui,
Hilt her by tuin<, I o p:i.ve'it yuun.; nobiciiieii ip,|
giiitltmen mariymi; too io'jn, or f.illin;', into v.-urlf J ■'.
alius, their II. others make no ftrupb; to bargain w.in
poor g -''s lather or mother to have her fur the m.. ,"
then I. .11, at a certain latc to be p.id in. 1, . I7 or UjiJi
as they can bell agrte. ' ■'
Tne tarii.v.il toinim iiccs here th-r frrnr.d hrji.'.iv 1„
Cliriltnias, when tiiey begin to wear mal'.s, .,|,J ^,,^,,
tne theaiui and gainni.j lioufes, 'J'he inakpifiade j'n ;
at Venice loiilill., if only a nighl-gown or a il.ulj, ...,,. ^'
a malk on the laee. In the liei'innin;; they a.'.l «iih hir.:
nij.leratioii, 1), It the marir iluy come towards ^liK.;
ruefilay, the moic their madiiels increafes. 'I'L 1.,..
tr.ivagaikes arc allowed by the feiiate ot Venice, tu li w
the people irom lecling the he.ivy biirtlieii o| tlan , .
veriinieiu, vshieh without (iieh aniulenieiiii Woulj^.;
intolei.i'.li'. JiefiJes, the vail iiiimbi r of Itiaiigers uii.)
come to W'niee (roni all paiis, to ko the divciuoih ;„
th.' carnival, brings great (inns ol money t.i thei.;.
" 1 w.e. credibly iniormcd, la^s Mr. Mill'm, tia'. Jurm-
" the lail carnival there were no lei's than leven (unit. .J
" princes, and thute thoulaiul other forei;.;iiers." I,,.;
generjl ule of mafk'. prevenis alliaiii'er from nukiiv.' jv;
.i:quaiiitance .it tins leafoii, and likewil'e fiom ktiii.] ,„. ,
curiohiies ; lor no peilon is permitted to go intu ac:luk:i
or convent ill any dilLruife.
I heir eunuchs makj a prcpoflcrous figure in ilvir
operas 1 for it appears very odd to fee one ot iliclc iiiij.
tilated lellows aiil the part ol .rbiiilv, and aiiu:h'.'r m;;.i
his withered v.rir.kled face reprcfentiiig a youiii: fjv.r ,
and in every opera a buH'oon intermixes his lo"!vn;
with the mort fu.ou. and tr.igical p.irts. Their co:ii".
dies are lo ridieuloiis, that in other pi. ices tii''v woiiM
fearcely pals for tolerable t.a\e* ; for Harl.ipiin hcem-
monly the head autor j and to make the I'peaator- ]..:k'-,
his grimaeis are backed with the coaifelt atid ir.i.lt \..
gar oblciiiitv.
I'he ali'eiiihlies where they play at ball' t arc ciiit:
Ridotlos. Ten or twelve loonijm.iy be fcen withg.im-
ing tables in each, crowded witli ladits 01' ipial.t;,
gimellers, and court(/..ins. 'I'hey have alio ccilini
rooms where lupiors and fwcctme.its are fi.l.i. l.vis-
perl'on thus matked, provided he be well drell'ed, lia- ii'
liherty of talking to the ladies of the higlu II (piality ; 11 .•
body, not even the hufband himl'ell, taking ntKi.i
what is fai.l to his wife, becaule the iiialk ii (aeic.l ; b,.-
this fometimes gives occafion to an intiigiie, in a pin-.-
where the fcarcity of opportunities enables them le .>
more exeeution with the wink of an eve, than in otli r
countiiej by a lon;.i courtlhip. The chief place el nui-
iliieradiiig is St. Alark's fi|uarc at Venice, where V! 1
m.iy allume what dil^'iiife you p'c.il'e, pnnideJ you h;;i-
port tlu-chaiailer. IIij llarleciuini liuieule one aiia'.li::
very handlomi ly, and thofe who perfoliate doiiors h'llj
learned dilpiites ; but fiich as have no ineliiutioa tu
venture upon tliele engagements, may appear in ti;e h..;;
of a nobleman, or in fonic foreign drcfs, and iie en y
fpeiHators ; but all the maimers mull be without l.vo;.'..
They ei'cour.igc here, likewil'", during the cariii'..;'.
and lairs, a fij of Uroliing gvidiv, who h.ive a ! ;;!-•
(lage, to which they draw the gazers to them by If.ti-
(hews and a ppeuliar elo(|ueiice ibey dilplav in t^vniir ■-!
their art in telling lortunes. They are fiiinidinl will' 1
kind of t::Le made of tin about f'li or twelve lect I 'i';.
I'. U \l O P F.'
.,,1 tin'i.! who h^ve a minJ to eopfult i!i-m, iicfil l)iit
*|.,'„iyiliem aliltiiii pi'nny pircf, aii<l tl;i|i their c4r In
,,,c tiul "• the tiibi', .mil immcdLitelv the K^ ply .it ih^;
[Her till whU'iicri l> tlltin iim) rrf'ilvc'i thur i|iirlti(irii.
To rjilt »hc htjhcr ilia "I ihrir .thiliin.% ihri ■ imiMll ti
Aicei'n thoir idtlo Itiprs (umc piltry ^UAn-., ami o'lv r
jllrniiomicJl iiiltnmunti.
It mull n9t l'<; oinitird that the cjrniv»l n not the only
iimiwhi;n m.ilkt jk in ta\\iit\ jt Vciiur, thire bcinj; no
lijft \vhcrc tHcy .iri' not iidJ inoie or Ul. : *^ al the-
amiidicn of aiiibilLuhiri i imi Alccnli'iii .l.iy, i*<i , .ill
WHICH .I'c very ptohul'lc lo the WiteiiiHii, wli.i, kivKV-
iitj:ill th.- tiinii anil hyc w.iyi, k^v[> .i ioinl|Hin.lviiic
^'h the WJitiii.v women, and for a [;■• ,,1 i.'.vji.I will
fiirnilh !> '•'■''I''' "' '■'^"' l'>f •'" iiiti''-'<"'i <'nei>r their ni.iin
l-u(i:i«ll" bcini! pini|)in;'. The Veiieti.iii ^on lol.is niiy
bchircJtithr 'lum pl.iec to pl.itf, by the hoiir, or hy
the div'i <!"' "''S "' *^^' *"•'' "' '*"'"' '"•'^' '"' '*■'' '"^
liuor lix diil'i".!' •■» 'l->v. ''hey are iirttlily rmitrivej,
ji,jvc,y h;li!. I'hey .ire c;cncr.illv tiurty or tiirty t.vo
l-t loiii:. 'mJ I'our or I'.ve bro,ul, 4iui i p.Mloii iii.iy lit in
iv.m iiu'i'i ^' his ejfe, vini^'r .i cover liLe th.it of .1 e i.ith,
with chiilei on buth ('niei. The bo.itinen arc vciy i!e\-
((rivii in th;ii bulinerj, anJ inaiu;j;e their oai . wi;h liir-
nr:M. ' I'.i'.ilifv. Il.iiuliii^ with their f.iee.i tiiwaiils the
fii.a- to whicii they arc (vmii,'. Ail the ;;on.lol.is m.id
b,! bl.iik, and even the little room i» (jenerjlly covikiI
\MiiiW.ick eloth or f rye 1 hut luiilgneib aic ii"t loiu'in-
vJ ti) thi» rule. I'lie guiiJolif, parlieuljr'y ut the am
lMlLii)is,.irei'Xliem'lv m-jinfuent.
Anv'ii4 the UVli.iI lli'uvj that are niinii.illv exhihiteil,
tl-.cre IS one pjiiorine.l on llnly 'I'liurliLiy, whiih ii
iieculi.ir to the VeiMnn.-.. A let of aili/iin, by the
IkIuoi feveral pilen l.ii.l .terof, e.kh oiiet's flioiiUkt?,
I'.u iJ tiieii">-'''-'> "1> olio a kiiiJ ol pyrami.l, lo lh.it th'ie
i, Iceii ipile of men in liie .nr ot lour or li\e loivs rilin;;
3ii,'.il).ive .iiMi.ier ; and yit the wiij.ht i^ li) eipially dil-
lriliuti-il, that tveiy ni..ii ii able to bcii hi'- part nf it,
Tiie llorrj, if they may be '.1 calLiI, p.ii.ain;; lels and
kl'i in projionion i- ttiev 'd'.inei; hijihei, till a litlle
b;n'r pr..tViits tne point ot the pyramid, who, alter (land-
in. thi,,, .1 111 irt time, Lapi with gre.it dexteiiiy into the
a.-.i's lit one wnn c.itehei liiniat tlic b<;tt<)m j an. I in tlie
UT.e nimiiet tnr whole t-Jiliee I, ills t'ljiiee-s. J his truk
\v.is n^nv.'ver, pr.ie'.iled hy tMt Romuii'.
Mr. Keyller obie've-, tiut if a traveller rinnni con •
irivc tu he .It Wnice in catnival-time, he wojIJ a Kile
liiiii 1.1 be ilicre about Holy rniiil.l.iy J or if one of the
l*u mud be oiiiiited, he l.ns it 111. mid be the e.irnivjl ;
lirihe kllival ol the Altcurnn aff'oids all the diverlions
oltiei.liniV.il, as ni.i''(| ie:aJcs, operas, i'^e. e.xrept tiie
I Juitoi and the ditlol.ite reveli. about the tlufe ut tlie
li t.r. Uu! to a p.rfon of any tall.' the IoIj of tiiofe e.<-
! ,H.if!int fellivilics IS liidieiently compcnIulcJ by the de-
li; .tiuliicis ol let- fcal'oii, the annual fair, and the lo-
li.i;i,;tv ot the iloj;e's mairi.ii;e wiih the lea. The aii-
nu-l la:r bepiin on the Sunday before Alecnfion-day,
.•rill l..l!' till Wli.tfund.iy. Dunn.; this fair St. .M.irk'.s
ii|ii.irc is lakeii up with b.iaths fo ai ranged as to toriii le-
kvjI Itieels. On Alei nlio.icve vifptrs arc perfornv.d
vii."! uo-at pomp and fplendur, and the pretenued niiia-
iiilnu.< blood ot Clir ll, with other reinaikable relies kept
1:1 St. Maik's trialuiv, are expofed topublit view in the
;':',.iuluiieh deditat' d to iliat faint.
Ill tiii< republic the pow^r is lodged in the hands of
til; noiiili" , who ate lai.i to amount to near two thou-
i.inl, iiuluiiinn ihofe v\hole pub'ic employments in the
prni 1 e.s oblige them to rcfidc out of Veil c. On the
biilh (if the foil ol a nobleman his name is entered in the
^iil.ien bcii.k, inhcrwifc he forfeits his nobility, hvcry
iiulile is a nunilicr of ihe feiuie, on which jceoimt it is
areetived maxim, tiut th.y are all of equal dij;nily ; yit
lli'.'ie IS a eiinlideiable dili'.rencc between the intticll and
iulhoiityof lamilies. To the firif elals belong the aii-
liciit houles whole a'Kifrors chole the full duke, and
(roni thence arc called /<■ i«/.' ,Ll!a;ili : thefe coiilill of
tJiclve laniilies, and < n them preierably to olhcri are cuii-
I'circdihc hijjher ollices. 'I here aie four other l.iniilics
wlia pretend to an eijualiiy with thefe, they being very
little inferior to them in point of antitpiitv. Next ti-l-
i^w eii^lit houlci lieaily of the lame aniiquily. Duke
35«
(ii.i.li'ni;{0 h.ivinij pilTtfJ t law that the eonnnl (houM
(or rver tonlill ol (lie (amiliis ol which it was thrn eom-
poh-d, and Ionic othi'ri whidi he cniiobli Ji lhi> prudiicrj
a I. c.iiid cl.lls of nobility, which coidilli ol iipwaid< ui
•uhiy lamili''>, and with Ihcf.- aiv ,illo iiii.Ui.lrj the de-
li ipnlanls of iliole who weie rilled 10 nobiliiy after lh«
( iciioile war, on account ol thnr \.\{fr coiitnbutioiis to-
ward! carryin;; it on with vii-iHir. The ilniJ and Lit
cl.lls i, ciimpoled ot the titi/.cni wllofr nobilily hii ben
|>iiri h.ili'd fur .1 himdrel ihoul md V'.iirii ni du.att ; a ir>
I'MiU'' which the republic ha. niale iil'e of n neiciruoiii
tones lnr t.iitiii" nionev. Cif.wii d lie 1. Is, with (iemi.ni
.Hid oiher pi nil 1, hive ihoii^tit :t 11 1 dcj^udatiuii to b«
made nohb s of Venice.
1 i>c iiiilnlity, as the counts an! matqiiift'i In the ler-
rifuu'i III tlh- irpuhlic, thoiij^n Ionic if then are of
very antieiit familie', aie noiv tinder nre.it ri.ttii.:lii)n»,
to prevent ihrir allrmptihi' anv thin/ to tie dcirinunt of
the ll.ite. Tli'.'y are cxclujcd all olR.cs, aid at \'cnic«
mull lliew a due delVrenc.' and prop.T felpcil for th«
mc.iiicll nohlrmtn, as one of their I'ovriei'ns.
Ill order as noiili ds poflihle to (t^v. nt all intii^'icj
in tlie eleclion of a do^e, tlic ccnmaiiy i> con.luwied in
the fi llowin; fii inner : L'pon the dccijfe ol id.i',e ilio
nobl-i above lliuiy years of a:;e meet in the pala.c of
St. M.iik, where a niiiiil'cr of balls njual to tliat of the
pcili'ii, pril"nt, are put iiiio an uni. Thirty of thek
aie .;ilt, and the oti.eis lilniid over, Kcery noble, ae-
eoriliii- to his I'e.'iiority, draws a ball ; mid t'.ty uhohavi:
diawii the thirty |m1i had, ir'ire into a p'iv.ite room to
coiuiii'ie the eleciiiiil i but in diawiii;' the )»ilt ball., hit
inoie ihan one p,cr|. n ot a family Jliould li ipiicn 10 be
.ip;v)in'cd electors, the rdiitions ol lum wlio diew a (jilt
ball ate obliged to viithdiaw, and the fair.c ninnber of
whiK; b.'lls arc t.ikcn out of thevtlKl. Alter this the
tiiiiiy tlecloij who h.iJ diawn the jjilt balls draw lioni
another uin in iv.iieh are twenty. one lilvircd .md nine
gilt balls : they who diaw the glided choi.fe hriy other
ehelors, all of difl'erent .'.uiiilics, bi.tare allowed ton.inii-
themlclves of the iiuniher j and each of the lour who drew
hill has a rij;ht of lu.mimitin^' hve th-ctc.i , ; but the hve
othus ca'i name only four each. Theic f. r:y electors
'vre a^aiii by bt leduced to twelve, who na::.e twenty-
luc ( the hrll iiDiiiinaiiii.^ three, and e.itn of theothir
two. I'hcre twcnty-lue draw lots a fecund time tu be
reduced to nine, and of the c nine cacii ilici'e live o-
thers i and from th..' total lorty-ruc, eleven are again
Upar.itcd by lot, who thoofe lotty-one other , who are
conrnimd by ihi' ^r.md t nincd, and beinj lockcj up i.i
ap.rticulai apaitmentof the ducal paiaic, theic remain
till they hive chofen a nr w doge. The r.tult of their
deteiniiiiaion is uenerallv known in UK or cinht hours,
and ail the lv;r,t;oiiig ccirmoiiics l'.iaum take up moi.-
than two d lys.
In order to render the tl.aionofa dope due and le^al,
it is neccd'aiy that out of the forty-one he (Imuld have
tweniylive vot.s. Hiselei'Hon is folluwcd by a kind of
coroii.iiion, the ducal cap being placed wiih cre.it cere-
mony in hi, head, on the upper Hep of the entrance into
St. Maik's church.
'I he il(j.._- of Wiiicc has little more than the fliadow
of greatnci ,, and has bcci Jiiftly defined to be in habit
and ll ue a l.iiij-.', in authority a counfillor, in the city a
priloiier, .Ti.d out of it a private pcrfon. He is not To
much as to llir friim the city without the council's pei-
niifli'in ; It is 11. •: in his power to pardon a criminal ; a!!
his coiiuleilris have a eondant eye over hi- aclions, an.i
may viht his clofetevery hour : he is as much i'ubjecl to the
laws as the meancll perfon,and when he dies there is no
public nioiirniiig.
Were it i.ot an cvi.lent truth that the huT.in heart i>-
apt to be loiiii of external fpUndor, it mu;ht he con-
cluded that the dignity ot a Venetian do;;e, under luch
diiaLiuealile tircuiiillaie/is, would be rather avoided than
e.igerly liiiij.dit .liter. 'I'he (late and itvenue of the do;:e
on all public occ.ifions is indeed very n.acniP.ccnt. He
is the puliilent of all councils ; and in the ureat council
has two voKs. Ail the courts il.ind up in his preience,
and pay tin ir (dHiLuKc to him. On ti.c other hand, he
iieveriili.s liom his feat, iiortakcs oft his cap, except at
ti.e cl.vkiiuii oi" the ho!!, before a prince of loyal blood,
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A S Y S T P: M OF G E O G R A I' n Y
pi]l'iu\ inniicv. All tlio
or a cardiiiiii, f(i wnom hi' aiii>|_;iv(
name iv .'.li'o il.mnuJ dii tim ic
trcikiiii.ils ol the rijuiMic's tniiiiitir< to foreign coiirn
arc ni.iiic out in liis iijiiu', ihoii^h iik'v arc riiithiT li Mi-
ni nor fialid liy liiiii. I lu- Iciteis ol tlu' ii pulilic'.s iiii-
iiiltcrs, ami olhir iiillriinuni> Imm r<iri'iu',ii pniKt-, .m'
(Itiicli J toliiin ; vet lit.' is nut to opi ii tliini, luii in tlic
(MTIfiirf cit liimc of tin- loiiiicil. He h.is tlu' ilil|>i-l il of
all piiiiTiiKnts in St. M.nk.'s rhiinh, otwlmli In- i in-
vilUd with the entire iniilUicliuM j an.i the kni^h'.> ol St.
M.irk arc cnateil hy hnn almie. He liki'wile tills up
'he lowi'r ofiices hrlciiii^iii!; to the palaee : an! lalllv,
hi., laniilv is not fubject to iiiiv liiniptii.iry laws. His
aniui.'.l inidiiie li twelve tliocLuul Veneti.in iliita; . : ol
this liMii liv mult (peml onc-h.ul' on the huir iji.iikl <'ii-
fe:t.iin!';ieiils he i? o',il!;;eJ to ;;ive even '\-,<r ; anil to live
lip to his (ii;;nity, lie mull alio I'pi lid tonfulei.ihly ol Ins
own torliine.
Amiiiii', the <itIi'T nlirii lions .,'■■ the I'.pllowiiii', : |)ur-
tlii; Ills lile none ot liis iliihlreii or liiotluiscan hoM .my
of the j.',riMt honoiJiy olHeev, nor he lent on cnih.ilfu s.
Hi' io not to niiiiy tne lilier or lelaiion of apriihe,
without tiie ccni.iit of the iii'ai ciniiicil ; U'jr can he
receive any prelent from a Ion i^^n pence. In ilaie .il-
f.iirs he i.iiinot tranf.iiit the le.ilt niatitr wiili^iit the
touiK'il ; imr eati hr re.'igil, tlioiigh he may he depokil.
In fTtmul his aiiliiority is no uie.iter than that ol a pri-
vat!.- pcrl(jn, except he has fuili ..biliti s as to infljeiuc
tlu- vvlioii.' c^iuiiiil i llun imi.ed his autlioiity b .irs the
IWay i biit liu II peifons are (eldo.n eliolVn (in his
ili'a;h a foim.il Chcjuiiy is made wh; ti.er he li.is abiiied
liis powir ; whi'liii' from a taie of Ins own coiKerns,
he lia^ iK;;lickd liiofe of thepiililic; whether he lived
a'rce.ihlv lo his ilit'ility, Jcc. Il loaiul guilty of the
things laid lo Ins ch.u;;/', his heiis ar,- lined iii propor-
tion lo the natini' ol the riinie. N. twitlillamling all
tllis, the lineal di,in'y is lolieit^d, and tl,e perloii lUily
tle'trj is not to i ■ilinc it.
On Afceiifion-da •, the dofrr, or in rafi' of his liln'I'i,
.:he vice iloLH', wli ) ..s al.vavs nne ol tlie li.\ conllj,lKri,
pc'forms the annual e.ieniony ot nuirrMiig the .'Xdriatx
Sea in a harae pnmp.iullv .'ili and carved. At about ten
in the mornmi,', the liiriLiI bcini: i;iven hy the firiii,; of
^rcat puns, and the rin^'ini; of hells, he ooes <ui ho.od
the hueemaiir, and aeeompanicd by leveral Ihoiif.iiid
barks and ;'ondolas, a ijreat imniher of ^allies hiiily or-
namented, and tlie fpleiidid yaelits of loiei;_Mi amlLilla-
»1 ir , is towed out to fea, about nvo hiiiulied paces to-
•.-..i.-ds the illands of St. Lido and St. Krafiiio. 'I'll' pa-
iriarch and dignifud cicrgv come on board the l.ueen-
taiir, and pielent the doj'e and fi.^noria, as they pal-,
with nol'it.vs <ir artificial flowers, which, at their re-
turn, they make piefiiils of to their aeiiuanuance. '['he
doge at his putting olr and retiitii is laluied hy the can-
non of a fort on the I.ido, and bv thole on the id.ai 1
Krulmo, and with liie fm.dl arm:, of the loldiers, who
are dra^vn up alon;r the l.i.lo (h<ire. 'I luie illands lie a-
bout two Itali.in miles trom the eitv ; mid an eminenre
(II ilic ill.ind of Lido attords a diliinct view of this pom-
pous pioei ifion, and ol the valf niimhir of boats, &c.
wliit h eovei the furf,;ce of the water, and m.ike a beau-
tiful appcaiaiKi". Li the meuii time f ver,.l hymns aie
performed on board ilie hueent.iur, by the band of mu-
iic belon:;iiig to St. .XLirk's church, and leveral pravcrs
appointed for the occalion are lead or fun;;, till the doge
has palled the tv*i> toils of laido and Si. Lr.ilmo j and
then he proceeds a litll.' farther towards the Lodo llioie,
the ilern of his barge bein^; tuiiied toward, tlic iiitm
lea.
Here the patilaich priirs into ihc f .1 fome holy w.ilcr,
which ii laid to have tnt virtue of preventing and .illayiiig
Itorms. After this tlie iloge, thro' .in apertuie near his U .it,
drop'j into the ka a gold ring of a few dollai. value, fay-
in.', in Latin, " We clpinife tliee, O lea. In tjken ot our
"• leal and perpetu.il liomini 111 over thee." Alier this
.,11 return, and the doge with t-.is companv is fet aflioie
near th'.' cluiicli of St. N' h das, in the illind ol Li.lo,
whore the pamarch in prrl'm celebntes ,1 lolcnin mafs
In the evening the principal nieinli.TS of the c ouiicil, and
ail who waited upon the do!>e in tin: bueciitaur, aie «ii-
(eitaintJ at tl.c ducal palate.
'I'lie bucint.iur is a kind of galieafs, a Iminlrcd IVet
length, and twenty hii/a.l. It nas loitv-two heiichis I
the rowers, which are concealed under the twDi.r.,
inliins, and on everv bench arc loin rowers, It is n
m.iinied with imHcv ll.ive-, but with men heloni'in.>
the arfenal, who on this occalion are allowed cxrr.i.irj
] 11.11 V p.iy. I he hiiccni.ur s n.vcr bioug t out of ||, .
rlcnal but for tliele eljiuuhl.
being there k,
I - - -ipiiuiii.j II iiein^ mere ki',.! j,..
under cover, lioni when e 11 is l.uincncd .ilioui c, ,1,'.
d.ivs heloie Afcenli.in-d.iy, and renia.ns on iiic vv.itcr a
b.iiii eight davs afertie n-rcmoiiy. Che feid|iiuie ,■,<
tllis velli'l repielin's the i'jgan (e.i-gods. uatei-im,,;,!,,
li.i-moMUcr-, (h. lis, &c. wiih the ll.ituii <i| |,ni;,,.'
Tnith, I'lJclliy, Vi I'.iiice, I'ea. e, l'leiit», Apnf;,,, j|.||'
the nine Mules, the twiKe monhs, ,oid Iceial chir
cmhleni.iiic.il figures. I lie i;ild ng .oil ten or tw !■,.»
tliouland filvcr dui.i;s. It is tun, tlic ! uceii aur, i;,.-,
.Mr. Kcifli-r, IS VI ly be.niiilul 11. Its kin !, v. 1 11 niici L
owned thai tlie kin ol Oreai IJina.n's ci. el y.uh' i:;..;;,.
,1 nuieh nioie Ipl. id ,1 and lu hie .ip|ic,n.niie, ltii,,,i; ,.
di., iioi c( It mar lo nn.>h as the loimer.
Ill the gr.ind co.nc.l all nob es of taeniv-fiv vc^r.wif
age ni.iy t ke ihcir plaie. it iifu.illy meets on Suiiiiavs
and hoiiil..ys in Hit laige rail of the ducal p. I..e.
The 'ena;e, i.r pre;:a.h, arc a eoniniit 11 ol ihr i-nnj
council, bv wl'oni ihey aie 1 hid'en, and h.ive i;h a;a.
i nagcmrni ol the n idt f-ciet and inipntiiit allairsuf
I ll.ite, as (he making of alliaiucs, ile. I.ning wai, cci,.
, rinding peace, coining nione\, impoling i.ixis, ^\(._
'i'hcy ci-niiit ol fi.My ordinaiy, aii'l .is nianv e\i,.i(irJ|.
: naiy inemher.s ; b. lides the nun pro' ina;ois of Si, iV1ji|(
thv ccl!i-.'ii:m, the doge's fix Ci'iinf llors, the // i;iV;,'//j ,;;
I iliiii, the cenfors, the judgts ilt'dii (/iintiiriin mmni.:,,
; aiivl other inhrior judges ; (o tiiat the wnol;' kiuie cin-
' hits ol about tiiiee luiiultcd perl. 'lis.
; Mr. Addilon oblcrves, th.it .niMig all the inlbiiccsof
their polities, iheie is none more admirable thui il,f
great lerrccy that reigns in their puMic (Oiiiuilj " jh;
" leiiate, f.iys he, is g.eiur.illy as iiiimcroiis as our luiuie
" of comnions, if we only reckon the fitting incmbirs
" and yet carries its refoluiioiis lo privately, tii.it t|„.u
" are (eldoni known till they dilirover tliemklves 111 n.^
" ' .\eiutioii. It IS not ni:iny vears lince tiicv lual tK.'.itc
" them a gieat dihate concerning the piinilhiiiei.t of i);;c
" ol th.ir admir.ds, whn h l.dtcd a month ti '.'riiicr, .ir.d
" condulcd ill his cuiiJ' ii;n.:t:on ; yet was there r.c:c
" of his tiicnd.s, nor ot iliofe who had rngagul wjni:''/
" in his dclcnce, that gave him the bait iiiiin\'ticiH'V
" what was pafiing agaiiilt him, till he vvai acij:. ly
"• leized, and in the hands of julHce,"
Tlie next council is the chi-riinn, in which all piillic
iiilliiimems diietled to the (l.i'e and done are re.al ; au-
diences given lo loreign nnnilleis, and otiur iii!|i')rUiit
.itt'.iirs tranlaClcd. It tonliiis of liie dog'', his hx inu:--
iVllors, the three prifi.ieiiis of the couit ol loriy, t!ic
llx cliief olhsirs ot itale, iVc.
Of thcfe three gre.it alli.'nil lie', the prtriJiiitniip ,,
lod:.'cd in iW/i^-nirm, or // i:'ij-jitit7, contpof'd ot t'.e
c.oge aii'l his lix counlcllors, who coiiiult on all niailt! ,
to be l,ii.l beloie the grand council ; open all furcion It-
tcrs dircdled to the doge and the republic ; receive pcu-
lions; and, in concert with the d.ig'', carry P'aiiv p.ir-
ticulais iiiU) execution. This rouiu il is annualiv c'uiii.;-
id, and when the doge is indifpofcd, one of thmi is al-
wavs vice-doge.
The proenralors of St. iVliik h.ive not only the in-
fpeillioii of the chiirib of Si, Maik, its libr.irv, and the
iccords ol the ie|>iililiCi hilt likewiie nun.igc .ill attain
relating to ihe poor ; logi th< r with wills, gii.irdi.\iilhij)s,
the redemption of ihe Cnrilti.ni Haws, ;ind briii.tiiig I'.vcr
ligid cre.lilois to a realonahle conip.'lition. 'I tieir num-
ber never exceeds nine ; thi y hold their ofTice diiruij
lite, anil out id them the doge is gineiallv tlin:en. The
titular procurators 0} St M.iik ,ire more niimcrdus, the
republic in a fiaicilyof money l.llii.g thefe liilcs.
The (onfi-lio ill ilirei is a high pt 11 il curt, which
confilt, ol ten counlcllors i ihe doge, who is pl< luVllt ;
and his lix conglieri. Kvery ijuarter of a year ihice prc-
li lenis of it are tlinfen. — Ihe iiMigm''nl of this court i'l
w thoui a;ipe.il, and it ii mui h die.ided for us (.vfiiiv.
Il is t!ic lliotij{ cement vsnith l.curev th'.' whole aollo-
.".iiJciitics of the
3 I ; '1 "I
indrcil feet in
> hL-iichi s I', r
he tV^I) i;-.;.[
r-. It is ,u,t
hclcin;;in.; t,,
t''! <-'xtr,i.,ril,.
t .)ut <,r ihc
icre ki|.t drv
I .llldllt ciglit
iiic w.itcr .1.
ll'lll|ltUIC HI,
':• <il .liill;(c,
ifMi.ll c'hir
till or tw !vc
inii\ .u;r, iiivs
\ I i{ niii;; i.(.
tl y.-.ill l;... Ill's
.u, itii,,^,!: It
'V-fii'' vc^rsuf
IS nil Suiiilavi
l,,.l..e. •
I (if till' franj
havf t:u' ii;a.
It. lilt iill'.un of
in,; w.ii, ccii-
iij; i;i\is, i\c.
nam ivti.iiirJi-
lis (if Si. Mjik,
lie (7 c.vjiiti'j i,i
tlrtui ii|//i.l;.,,,^
ulv liiuie ciii-
tlie iii(!aiic(s of
ir.ilili; til 111 ti,e
(iiiiu ili " 1 h;
HIS lis (lur iiiHile
ittin:; iiutr.bir..,
icly, tn.it thry
niiiUcs in ti.i;
t'liiv lir.il tii.:,itc
lllhllKT.t of Ol.C
li ti'i'oiiicr, .-iiij
w.v-, thcii; r.c; c
ir;a;'i(l wjrin:'/
A uitini.'iiciuir'
': V.'jj .ii.iu,.ly
I'liiih all piiWic
iiii; riMil ; au-
iih' r lili|i'irl.iiit
Ills lix loun-
It ot lurly, t'lic
llirtluK luniip , .
liiHicfd ol Ii;c
(ill all ni.imi.
il forciJii 1' !-
; receive pru-
ry n'aiiy f.ir-
liimiallv cluiiM-
of them is al-
Idt only tht in-
lihrary, aiul the
|il,ii;c ull i.ti.urs
tniarili.uilhijis,
|l tirin.riiig i.vrr
. 'Ilicir luiin-
fiffiii' (liiriiu'
Iv Clio en. 'I'liC
IllMTK rdUb, tli('
lie lilies.
C'-iirt, whicli
lui is pttiulent ,
1 year tliiec pri-
lof ibis cnitit !■••
If(>r Its f'Vtiilv,
I- wliolc .mllo-
Ven-ich.
F. U R O 1»
t.
^53
tracy, il '"^''i"' chiefly iiiHiliittcl for the nobility, and its
•Kiwir fxteiids'even lo the di.gc hiitifclf.
I he Ha[r-iii(|iiilitii'n conliltii ot three prefidcnts, who
keep a very w.iichful ryi; over the iatety of the repuhlic ;
jikI their l.ii!,.Kioiis and vigil.iiit .mention to eveiy tliiiii;
rel.umi' to tlie Itan' is (<> gii'-i'i tha' <» -'void the fulpi-
jioildt aiiv evil deh;^ii ag.iinlt the ijovernineiit, it is .ih-
fo'luli-lv iieieliary for every priidriit perlon to hn ex-
laiiiely eitciimlped, and to ol)f(rvc an ahnolt- flavidi
viutiiiM in ipeakiiii; and adin;;. 'rileCe iiuiuilitorb keep
L„ |^^.ys (if ehells pl.iccd in Ceveral pans of the du( al
oal.ice, and fliiit up within the open jaws of lions hc.ids
Lrrtd in the walls ; thr(iii^;h w.iich notes are conveyed
iiiio ilitni hy any one who pleafes : and thus nonce is
l«ri.tly i;iven to the repuhlic of whatever may concern
it t.) know. Siieli iiiforni.itions need ii.ii be lis^ned, and
are therefore generally anonymous j but il a reward is
expetlcd, the inlornicr ma;/ .u an\ tune make hiinlil'
kin)wni hy producing a piece ol paper torn Irom the
biiltt put into theic ,leiiuncic Juretlr, as they are called,
10 a.'. 10 tally with it. But what llicis is to be laid on
luchleiret informations, which pives luen Icope to ma-
lice and malevolence to fpit their venom, belongs to the
prudence of the inquilitors to determine.
As the iiin/ii;lio dicci is peculiarly creeled for the iiobili-
i;. Co the qutirantia criimmile, or the pen.il mfeiior
court, lakes eojtnizance of all other fubjeii-ls ot the Itate.
The holy im)uifitioii, falfely fo calle(J, and which is
(o formidable in other I'opifli couiiuies, is here conllned
by the republic within narrow bounds ; but of this court
MIC (hall lake farther notice, in treating of the icligion
ofthe Venetian.s.
There is a particular college, as hath been already in-
(laiaied, to whole care the regulation of drefs is commit-
tfj bv the republic. None arc exempted from the jii-
iildiciion of this college, but noblemen's wives for ilie
lirll two years alter their marriage, and itran[>crs. The
(otmcr are however no farlher indulged, than in wearing
J pearl necklace, and a irold fringe at the bottmn ol then
i;owns, and in giving their gondoliers ribbons to wear in
th'if caps. liut h^re alfo, as in other countries, th.-
women ate, in this rcfpeiff, connived at, particularly the
courtciaiis, v\'ho readily find pairons, under whole pro-
liilian they irelp lis ai;ainll this liimpluary law with iin-
rar.ity ; though there is lonietimes an inllance ot one
ortwoiicing hiied on that account. It is probably ow-
mMo the gieat number of pcrioiis who olfend againli:
mij law, mat it IS not Ihidly pit in execution.
The Imaller arms of the repiillic are aiiire, a winged
lion, or, wiih a b.iok opened, argent, on whiih are
;::ie ivurds, J-'ax lliM, Marct, evancfl.'sta MEUs,
initis,'' Heacc to thei , Mark, my cvangehll, " St. .Vl.irk
t;:!"; the paMLin ol Venice. I be fllield is furmounicd
■V lie 'ucal cap. Ihe large ,ind tompiete (hield i'
CL'aipuiid of the aims of the I'everal provinces and de-
fiiufcneie-. of ibc lepublic.
Tiie piineipal oilier ol knighthood is that of St. Mark ;
ibk' bail ;e oi winch is a lar^.e gold niidal pendent on
ihtbreall. t)n one tide is citii. i the naiiio of the leign-
ii!i duke, or his image, with Si. Mark, delivering a
llaiid.ii.i til him; on the other a winged lion, holding in
flic pav.' a naked Iwcid, and in the other a book with
iheahovc words.
The ii; Ur of the Conftantinc knights have a crofs
hinging Iriiin a gold chain. The relidence of the grand
Mlicr 1.1 at llriana near Venice.
Wiih tJpi'i^t to the Ihtc of leligioii, that cllabl idled
liy law is the Roman catholic ; but (jieeks, Aimemaiis,
inJ Jews aie allowed the public exercile of their wor-
lh:p in the countries of the republic, and I'loU llaiils ob-
faving piivacy remain unmoleilcd. The pope, after a
lonj (ippofition, has obtruded on ;be republic a court of
(fiintuil inipiifition, the memheis ol which are the pope's
lancin, the patriarch of Venice, an innuifitnr, and three
'iyaiTillants ; but the republic has lo curtailed its pow
tr, that nothing can be tranfailled without the alTiltants,
*ho lay before the republic every cafe of moment. Jews,
Greeks, cafes of blalphemy, luppoled magic and tor-
cay, ufury, and the cenlure of books, are not cogiii/a-
'''c by this court, but by the civil iiMgilUatc; and the
n
pope's bulls and briet's beioro the? are ni.tde public uii-
deigi) ail examination, ielt they lliould contain any
thiiiji, contrary to tlv: i.iws and liberties of the (late.
At the bead of the churcl: is the patiiaich of Venice,
will) is always a noble Veneti.iii, cbof.n by the fenate,
and though rontirmcd by the pope, i, iiidepciidciit of the
papal chair, lie is primate of Italmiiia, and ot Uiine pro-
vinces of the conilnent ; alio mcir.)poliiaii over the art h-
bithops 111 C'andu and L'orlu, and the hilliops ol CTiki/.-
za, I'oicello, and L'aorle • yet hi. power is vciy inmn-
liderable, he having only the dilpofal of two lieiiehccs
in the city of Venice, and being little regarded by the
deryy out of it, who depend immcdiat.ly on the fe-
nate.
The territories of the republic are under governors
chofen out of the nobility, who arc changed at the expi-
lation ol a certain term of years.
The animal revenue of the republic is computed at
eight millions two hundred thoufand Venetian ducats.
In war time botli the nobles and the other fubjecls, even
the doge bimlelf, contribute in proportion to their in-
comes towards defraying the expcnces of the ftate.
In the army the republic make little ufe of fuch of
their fubjciits as live under heavy opprefTions : the flower
of the infantry coiililts of thirteen regiments ol Ualma-
ti.ins, men of great re(oliili(Ui, but more cxpeit in the
exei I'cof the (word tlian rire-arms. The Swifs, on oc-
calion, fuiiulh fix thmiland men, paid by the republic.
If p iblie accounts may be relied on, the whi h army
coulid.of twcniv-kicht Ihout'and nine hundred feveiity-
fevcn men, ove; hicli i> a lieM-mailhal, oi commander
inibief, who is always (oiiie toreign general ofdiltin-
guillied reputa.ion ; b t with him are jiKiied two lena-
tois, without whole mnient lie can do nothing.
The naval loice of he republic is (aid lo coi'.fifl of
fourteen men o. wai, Iweii'v galleallL's, and tweniy-live
gillies, commanded bv a c.iptaiii-general, wlio is always
one of the pnnie iiol liity.
The dominions of Venice conlill of thofi in Italy, of ;i
eonfiderable part of Dannaiia, of (our towns in Greece,
.ind uf tile illands of C'orfu, I'achfu, Aniipachl'u,
S.iiita Maura, Curzolari, Val di Compaie, Cephaloniaj
and /.ante.
The Venciian territories in Italy cmtain the dutchy
ot Venice, the I'aduanefe, the peniiilul.i of Rnvigo, the
Vcronefe, the territories ol Vicen/i and Urcicia, thedif-
trids of Herg.mio, Cremal'co, and the Marca Trcvigi-
ana, with part of the couiitiy of riiiili. We (lull begin
with the dutchy ot Venice, the principal jilacc in which
is the city of the fame name.
Venice, in Italian Venezia, and in Latin Venciia, the
capital and feat of the republic, is (Ituated in latitude
(oriy-tive degrees lorty-("ix minutes, and in thirteen de-
grees ten minutes calf longitude, and makes a very iu;blc
appearance at a ditfanie, it teeming from its h^ing builc
on a muliitude of very fniall idaiuls, |r, float on the fea,
or rather, with its (lately buildings and llecplcs, to rife
out of it. The number of thele ill.uids (till icniaiiis un-
certain, I'ome reckoning lixty, others fevenly-two. and
others again maintaining that they amcunt to .me hun-
dred and thiit^ -eight ; hut the latter mull compiclienj
in the calculation all thole places ihat have been gra-
dually railed in the I,aguiia, by driving piles in the
ground, and building on them.
ihe Laguna, ormaidiy lake, which lies between the
city and the continent, is live Italian miles in breadth,
and too fliallmv tor large (hips ; bv ihcultiniioii ol there-
public it is pieveiited lioni becoming a pait ol the coiiti-
neiil, and fiom being ever fio/.cii lo as to bear an army )
hence tlie city is inaccelliblc on that (ide. I'liwards the
lea the accefs is .illo ditHcult ; but the (ale and naviga-
ble parts are pointed out by piles, which at me appioacli
of an enemy's fleet may be eafily cut away. Befides, as
a contidt rable number ol men of war and gallics may bo
expeditioufly fitted out for fe.i tiom the dock, wliicli
contains valt i)uantilics ol naval iloies, the city is fecurc
troin any attack cither by land or water, and is (krong e-
iiDugli without fortihcalions. The (ifli, which are caught
at the veiy doors of the hoiifes, may be c((ccined .i good
pielcivative againlt a lainiiie, and the leveral canals jcati-
if
A
\ ■■
';i
t' ■ ;'.
■'•' !
1/
:i-
Mi
I .|. sS
/? v/.
V- \
Wk
}!
u
., ■ i,
ing
t|'
•■i'
I i i!
' i
"I '
354
A SYSTEM O 1- G !■ U G J; A 1' 11
V.N
ICL
(hortcfi I'lJc iwjliuiu'.rrc! .uid turty iiacc . \',\\r, ■,„,! /•„,
luu lii(j;d, !r,);ii ihc micii |kiUic loiuhw.iiU of thu ca
JK-l!.i (Jiiidct-a. 'I'hi- liiii.Hit liJc runs In a dia.A ■"
(lom Ciill to Wilt licivn-rli the tluiiJiv;: of St. Mwk ""
Si. (icmiju.iiiii, ncjr iSo Ictt. Jn ilio iipiHr riarf
ilic tirll tluiiih, it is <iMc liiiriiliwl .u).l tueiiiv.fij
bio.ij on butli liilfs, ixcUiliK, <,l tin; jii.iz/as ; but in I,
lower pan, or at the ftcojul iluiich, only I'ii-luv n
1 hf cliK-.d p.il.ur, towards ilic w.itci-lidc/ i,;,! 's'''
Ma k'» p.dacf, an; ciiliul) (5otliic; l)ut on the f;,|c 'j
ihc finjM Canal ajul in tlii: court, of tolerable ^ood m'
dctn arcliit^ilurc, and is niollly of niarblc. This ||, °"
ture nut i>;ily Icrvcs for the riiidencc of the do:.? '"^'
ar,l
- or „r
v-fix pace.
corjl,
lie
ing to the city, between the fan J bank:: and nuiifliy
iballovss, are r.t a vail exptnec kept cKar (d tlie iiuid
ajHl llinie biou(rht with the Huod. The lutuniol tne da
is loiiaihin'i latir here ttian every fixth liour, ami it
gtneiully nfis between four and five feet, kecpin;! the
watir between ihc illands (d the < ity in continual nu)
tii-n ; but fonie of thefe c.Mials bcin;^ ver) nairow, the
mud is not lo elKctually laiiied uli' as to prcvciu ill
inieiU in hot weather.
Tnc great c.inal, which winds in a ferpentinc form
throiit;!! ilie i itv, dividin|\ it into two p.ais, i^ one ihou-
fand thr^e hundicd paces loiu',. The belt way of going
tip and down liie city is in "gondolas, wbicn glide Iwik
ly on Ilicf^' (..Olds: but Mr. Resllei rem.uks, tiial as
they are painied black, and lined wnh black cloth, or
ferge, they have a Llioniv appearance ; and the aunin_;
being (o lo.v thai i pcrfon cannot Itand upright in the goii
Hnia, wncn a Itranjer gi :s into one of ib.ni, it feeir.:, ..s
il he was crc .'p:ii:i inio a hc.irfe or ton.b hung with bi.>ck.
The kit fuie t, always in thefe vcljicles ..ccouiued tne
molt lionoiirable nnd cmiii.-nt, bccauf^; be who Iks on
tile iigr.t mull f.ice the rower, who intercepts the view,
and loiv.etimes unavoidably fplafhes him.
Over the I'everal canals aic laid four hundred and fifty,
and foiiie fay above Hvc huiidr.d brid;;c.s great ;.ikI
(inall, moll of them of ilone : the highclt and longcll is
the Ri, .to, whi^h in the niidll of me city crofles the
great canal at its narrowtll: part, wheic it is but fort)-
paces broad. Tnis bridge coniills of only one finglc j
arcli, whole foundation takes up ninety feet, relliiig
on twelve thoui.md elm piles. I; is every wlv.re meruit-
ed with niatble, and i* laid to havei'dl the lepubiic two
hundred and hity thoufand ducats. !n the upptr part it
js thirty- (even common jiaces bro.u!, with two ri'-.vs of I doee and the nobility m.iy make ule of t'l. m fur their
lliops, lorniing, as it were, tbut ttrcctr, of which that I deleiici ; for this pjipofe liie council tli.in.''er hjs a
in the middle is the widcll; and at each end is an afcent ; communicaticn thioii:;h a door with the iiiiroiirv, and
of fifty ll.x llcps. The city mav indeed be every where ! every three moiuhs iheic pieces are fnfli loadcil. ^mmi
traverled on li;ot, but the llrcets are lery narrow, and ! other ciiriolities in this aifcnal uro two Irtle lUtufs rj
thcpavi'incnt ol Irce-llonc very llipi)cry in v\et wcathei ; , Adam and I've, cut witit a knife in an umoinmon kinj
znd, at t!,c lame tme, the many Imali bridges with their | of wood, by .-Mbert Durer, during his conf.iKin.nt, for
iK'ps arc not a little troubiefome and dinge.oiis, very , which he was r; .vardeJ with his liberty. Here is alfo a
few of tlic bridges having any fence on enher lide. \ moll cuiious lanthorn of rock crvilal, for whi';h a i
The cuv (>f Venice is about li.x Iiab.m miles ill cir-
cumlerenc , and contains levcnty pariih churciies be-
fides other , fiity four convents of monks, twcnty-lix
iiunneiies, leventeen rich hofpitals, tighiciii oratories,
forty religious fraternities with thur chajiels, fifty-
three fquaie>, one hunilied and lixtv (i\c nuiible, and
twenty-three bi.ifs llatues. I he buildings are indeed all
cf ilone, but the greater |)art m.ike a very mean appear- '
ance ; lo that the citv, in point of bciuty and elegance, I I'rocuiniic, i, called the Hroulio. Here at a ccitaiii hou;
is inferior to many others. It is true bt. Mark's l(|uarc of the i.v/ the nobility w:dk, and no Vcnciian of aa «..
is xerv fine, as arc alio the levera! Ilati.lv marble palaces ferior rank mull be lecn there; thouidi a foreiL'iu-r, bo-
that border upon the (.real canal, thoug;i moll ol them ' ing fuppoled to b-- unacciuainteu with the eulloiii, is not
are of CJoihic architedlurc. In the churches and con- ' defired to quit the place That p.irt of St. .Mark's Iquare
vents the paintings aic mod admirable ; for in thefe \'c- i between the twoluil!ii.;.s and tiie piazza receive^ an jj.
nice fiirp.-.ilts even Rome itfclf. Here arc alio two aca- ditional oinaniint from two pillars of oiiental praiiate,
demies of p,uiit!ng 'i'he number of inhabitants h.^s ! on one of which ll.inds St. M.iik's lion in brifs, ai.iion
alio for ihe meeting of the council. The fincil pr'^"'
nii-iits ill I .e conned ihambi- and other a|)aitnicnt<
tiie painti.i.s of the rreat itialleis , p.irticul.ujv in tl"
nnddle ot tc.e ceiling i.; the c(uiiicil-c!:aniber, the renuh'
lie of Vtni.-c is reiiefntcd aiiovc the clouds, and i^r"
rounded wilh a multitude of gnJs wiiile the iritons
niieids, at .'vIcTcurrs comrti:.n I, biing (li.,]ls
pearls, &c. and pioient th ni to her, as tnc queen oi
lea. This is one ot I'lntoreito's bcfl pieces ; ^.tIu,,.,,
ol the ap:r:men's i, ano-'ier piece h, timfme in ilKr ' ..
which J,ip;-;-r, with fever.l other god.i, con 'u;l Vcmcp
in oidir to lay the loiindition of hi r power .inj cr.aiJcur'
ill lhe.\Hr:atic fea ; in wnicii the artill has iir.iu'cd the
ancient pagans, in giving the rod Inch a g'orv roiindh'
head, as is ufially pairilul round that cf o,:r Savior'
Jiut the fined pitcc among all the paintings in this il
lace, IS the :.-,k;'-g of the foitrefs of Zira."
In the pal.ut is alio a fni^li ailenal, wlierr. a coiifiJc'.
able number of loaded muf'r.cts are always k ; mi p,.;:
iiels, that in cafe ot an ini'urrcilion of the peopie the
ly penlion of lour hundred ducats was oraercdtothe
, inventor, and his hi. its to the fourth gene.'iui.in 0,i
the Heps in the court of the palace lland two in.'.rhlelh.
' tucs of Mars and Neptune. Towards St. Alarn'srhurch
i-i alio another uf Franeis Maria duke of Lirbiiio, and at
the church t\/o othcro of Adam I'.nd Eve.
The lower gillerv ol the palace on the fide nnioliie
St. Mark's iquaic, together witn the hall under in'eNci
been compu'e I
bitanis are the
t two hundied thoufand. Thefe inha- I the other a marble llatue cf St. Theodore. Hciwccn
bility and the titi/eiis, after whom may I thefe is the place icu the public execution of inalelaitor-,
be reckoned the lawyers, notaries,] hvficiaiis, wealthy m
chants, glafs-makcrs, and all handicr.illlnien, wnetlur
dwelling in tiic city or the moie diliaiU iP.ands, together
with the leafating people and the gondoliers.
This city, tiom the fertility of the country in its
neighbnurho.id, and the facility of carriage, enjoys a
conllant plenty of all kinds of |)rovifions. 'I'he fpring-
waler being very indifierent in moll places, almoll every
houfe has a cittern, into which the ram water is con-
veyed from the roof, and clarified by being filtrated
through fand. ^^■ater is alfo brought from the river
liienta, and prelcrvtd in the citterns.
From this ^eii. ral fkctch of the city,wc fliall now pro-
ceed to a paiticular defcription. It is divided into fix
large parts, ot which the three firtt lie on the e.itt and
north lide ; and tile three others to the well and loiith of
the great canal, which, as we b.iye already obfeived, di-
vides the city into two prim ipal part' ,
The firlt named Settieii.i St. .Mar.o, particularly con-
t.-«ins St. Mark'^ fquaie, with the ailjaceiit buiidiii;>s. j arc hoilUd
This Iquare, wloth is the piiJc cd' the i ity, ii on the
through wl'.ich rnnoblcmsn is fecn to pafs. A. al.^v coin-
pleatly rii';;eil and aimed lies dole to the Hro.din, fnr th:
defence ol the dueal p.il.irc, on any hidden enurceiicv.
Contiguous to the iioith part of rnc dogt's palace is St.
Mark's (.nureh, wiiich is alfo (filed the doge's cnapd.
Its maieiials julliy iiitiile it to be called magnificent, it
beini both on the out and iittide eoyered with line irur-
bic ; but the architiclure is entirely CJothic. The bfll
part of it are the Mofaie paintings, and the four horlo
of brafs, which were formerly gilt, llanding over the
great door, and faid to hive been bi ought from Cmllan-
tiiioplc. Thefe are univerf.illy allowed to be inJiler-
pieces. The treafurv of the church is very rich in gnlj
and jewel', and here is a lainous inaiiulcriui of me
(lofpel of St Mark ; but the dampiieli of the place has
(polled it lo filch a degree, that it is (o f.ir from bcmi
legible, that it is not certain wheilur it be Whltenii
l,4tin or ( irctk. Ueforc the chuu h are two l.ir e inalh
fixed on braf-' pcdi'tta!', on wh'ch in fi ilieali lilken Ikgs
O^pofi;:
Vjnicj.
Oppofitc ill
the frocuratii
St. .Mark's fqi
jnJniuleuin o
the co!k.;ii.'ii
bv cardiii.d Jii
fiilHcieiit.y aui
marble li.iiue::,
curatie Kouovt
the other lide c
iiiano'si-hurch.
from tne procu
ihein. Facing
(|an!s an iiifcil.i
ta-n leer high,
ni.iy faliiy lidi
the tup llaiiu.s .1
With gilt br.us.
Tiie piiiicipa
Moles and St. I
g.-cat canal, one
qjjritr lus a cc
5t. I'auulo over
huufe, ill vvliici
jijii) Lieiinany,
(crvicc.
'I'he next divi
ihenLigiiifieent c
PjoIu, with the
tcujla di St. .Ma
church, ''■ Gil
I'lttrodc cJalleik
fin;in.irv Here
v.ach IS two itai
SIM mua'id, wit
wit!im ti'.e Liiclof
ei'try thill , rtcjui;
ill rta.iuicis. I'r
ItMC iioLiics tor il
hiiiip, canvas, gi
houle, ninths or
bu..j.ng of (nips
war, lr,;.a:cs,gall
mtnLoniinonly i
conrtantly bye in
there.
The third divi
Cj.nale Kegio,
c( waich is tiie I',
lias a luperh froi:
anl tiaeculunin.-.,
jreaiiiwc.ajie to ,
wJls lielweui ill
arc of wiiite iiiai
with flowers,
columns of white
psvcmeiu b.'forc
rWcmble a beautil
lazuli. Among
which thi.s churcii
nurtyrdoin of St.
tilioii and alci nlici
Jc'iiii the liaptilf,
iiruiiig her coiiii;
'/'he veftry is tmin
In this divifion
liie the Jews, wt
.wJare diliinuuillic
cf red cloth en the
The lou:;h divi
niatkahle.
The fifth, cille.
Ihe exchange, the
Iplciidid cliai.el of
And the dun, n,
many nia.inhceiit
tilul fciilptiiic and
Round the city i
fmall iilands, liimc
Walks, and beautifi
Ihclcis b;. .Muran.
i
J two ni.'.rhle Ih.
Venich-
Oppolitc llif ili'ca' p.il.ico i; .i fine new luiiklln,";, cali'.d
the Hrocur.itif NoUinT, whi ii takes ii|) ;iii (.•iitiii; full- -jf
r '\jjfk';, I'nii.iri.'. Ill it may I'c i'-' n i''^ [mlilic Ijluary
an'j'niuli-'iiiii nt :iiui',]iiitii;s. I lu- fornifr is only |in/,i'd loi
,|.c co'.ltiti^'U (•! Ciicvlc numifiiipt) k-it to llu rcpulilK-
ly. cardiii.il i'''l 'f'"" ■ but ill llii; nuu'cuin diil- cjiiiiot
fu'l)icii.'iit.V auiiute till- muitiiiiJc of Ciicck ami koni.iii
niarbli; ''•■it"'' ' -i" lii-nly lii'i'luil. Ailjoiiiing llii' I'lo-
ruratic Kiiii"*''^ '=> 'l'*^ 1'. 01:111 at ;t: V'ttcliii.',\v:iich tatcbiij)
(he other iiJi; i.f St. M.iik.'. I'liii.i'c as lar a-. Si. (jtiiii-
jjno'jLhiirt'h. 'rhtlc biiiiiiiiii;s arc talleil prociiratic-:,
from tnc [•.iDCiirators of St. .Vlaik's cliurch r>fkllii^ in
them. F.iciii^ tlif aiii;'.t; roriin.\l by the New l'r;iciir.itij
ii„. Is an inliilated fqiure tower tr.ree I'.nndie.l aiiJ eigll-
ta'H leef ''ifc*^' ""■' ''''^ ii'^'i^i't within is fueh that one
m V laliiv lii'i^ tioth up ami iliwn. On the I'pirc at
the tup lli;!'^' •!" •ii'ii'-' ''' wood lixtccn feet high, covered
iviih -ill I- '1^-
Tiie nriKipal chiirebns in thisilivifion arc thofe of ?t.
Mafes aiui ^t. Miiia Zuhiii go. Ui' the palaces by tl>e
nrcat taiial, ont of tlie iiiult ll.it :\y is th:a o! I'el'aro. I'liis
cujritr lus a I'oinnuiiiuMiion by a i)riii;;c witli that of
St. I'aaulo over Hie lii.dto, .niJ iK-ar it is ih'- Geunaii-
houfc, ill wliieh are mercantile goods conligmd to or
lijj,, (Jeim.iiiy, and in it ilie froliltantb pei.orm divine
Iciviee. _ , ^^
I'he next liivifion, called Sclticre de C'aflcno, contains
|\,jni.i''mlii"ent ihiiiclies ot St. Xaccaii 1, Si. (iiovani.i c
Paolii, with tlic ;i! i.hhouiiiij; Doiiiinuaii convents, the |
tcujla di St. Marco, ilie hol,iital li M Uidicami witii its
church, '■ Giuiiiiii', St. I'r.neeko della vigna, St.
]i.^(r,i dc vjjllcilu, called the patiiaiehate, anil tliC ilucal
ltii;in»rv Hero is alio the celebrated aneiul, or dock,
w„icliis tAu Italian fiiilv:. and a naif in ciri.ut, waiUd
Sii.i moaMi, v.'itii t.VLl.c rowers aloi^ its wails, and
witiuii ti'.e eiiclolure a ijreatv .my ot bmldin,' ., in which
cvsryth'i:, reijiiii:.e 'or ,1 ^.iid 01 lea ai:Tiamcnt is kept
ill rcaiiii-ii. i'neie buildings coiifilt ot an armoury,
ibrc iioules for iroii-WMric, oars, coula^e, bullets, t.ir,
hemp, ca:u'as, guns, ^c. A lope-houle, a lalt pcirc
honk, iiiiilhs or>.,es, a ioundvry, bal'oiis, and Hips for
liUriJ.ng cf ihips and gallies. \\ itiun it lie the men of
Wit, Ir.^^at-S) gallies, galjialles, an I ;.alli(:ts. Thcwoik-
men commonly am juiit to upwards oi a t^ouOnd ; th.v
conlbntly iivc in the clock, and nijlf ol them were bum
there.
The third uivifion of the city is named the Sefticre di
Cj."i.iie R-J.io, and nas many churrlies, one ol the linetl
cl w.iich IS the I'adri Gicliti, or Jeiiiits. This (frucUire
lus a luperii front, adorned wiili a pioliifion of ftatiies
anl tiae columns, and the orn.iments within thio edilicc
ate aiinve.aaie to it., outward be.iutv and elegance. I'lie
wAls heiweui til ■ pill. irs, the great altar, and the pulpit,
are ef wiiite niaible iniaid wiih green, and c.iibillillicd
with flowers. i'ne gnat altar lias (ixtceeii twilled
columns of white and gteen marble. The Heps and the
pavcmeii; b.-fore it arc of yellow and gr.'eii maible, and
rcfcmble a beautiful carpet. I he tabeinacle 1- of lapis-
laziili. Among the multiiu Ic of other line pictures with '
which this chureli is luoriied, the molt adinir.d arc the I
nurtyrdoni of St. Lawrence, by Titian ; the c rcuiii-
(illoii aiul afetiilion. by I'intoretto ; the beheadiii;of
[uhii the liapiilf, by olJ I'aima ; and the Virgin .\lary
Mliting her coufin Eli/.abeth, by Andrea Sehiavoiie.
The vcftry is entirely painted by Palm.i.
Inthis divifion is alio the the.itre, and in this qu.irtor
liic the .Kws, who amount to about iifteeii hundred,
and are ilillinuuilhcJ by their being obliged to wear a bit
of red cloth en their hats. ;
The fourth divirron of the city contains nothini^ rc-
imrkalile.
The fifth, cilled the Scflierc di St. I'auolo, contains
the exchange, the bank, the Francifcan cliurch, the .
Ipleiidid chajjel of St. Aniliony, &c.
And the livtii, named the Sclliere di Dorlo diiro, li.tg ;
many ma nihcent churches, adorned with the molt beau- j
tiliil fculptiiic and painting".. I
Round the city of Venice arc a confulfr.iblo number of
fmall illandi, foiiic of which have handfomc gardens,
walks, and iH-atUifiil churclies. ( )ne of the principal of '
thcl'e is Si. .Muraiiu, a populous illaiid about a mile from I
I
li U R O P !■:
35;
\ enice, .mJ li.i .'!, own m.i.^Tftralc-, but, like tlie reft,
is under the juri:d.C;liiin of the city. In it arc fifteen
cliuici e.s, of which St. liter's, the principal, belongs
u> ilie ])oniinicaiis. In this iHand the famous large looii-
111;.; gl.ilies are made, and other cuiiyiis gl.il's-work per-
lormeil.
^V e have already mcMlioneJ many of the diverfions of
tlie city; rnd fliall lure ii.'d, tli.it among the moft rational
and agr, cable ,iie the excellent concerts performed week-
ly ill i lie churches of tiie hufpitals degl "Incurabili and
ileii.i I'leta, In the former they are chiefly vocal, ami
in tlie i.itt^r intlrumeiual ; and, what is moft extraordi-
ii.irv, !,.e pcrturmeis in b nh ure pi'or maider.s.
In.-t:ade ol Venice ii. cloih, cfpeeially Tarlct, fillc
iliiti , and looking-glalles, is (till very confiderablc.
Here are alfo iTi"...ufacturcd gold and lilvcr itufi's, for
v.'nicl'. ilic;,' have a good vent in tlie Levant ; and like-
wife !)ro-:,t.lir.j, a kind of Uut'r" like brocade, made of
coarfe !iik, and much ufeJ lor carpets.
Having given a very p^rti.uiar account of the repub-
lic, we fii, ill proceed to give a defciipiioii of tne levetal
couniiies I'uli.-cf to it.
r
S l". C T. XL
The
or ?^.n\•^>!.
Its Ritiioiion iiiul Extiiit, tvilli a pmlkuiar DcfulptUnoftht
Cily rj' l',i,lii.i, „ :,l ii in.iljc /i.icuiit ;f Abit'io ttnd llavigo,
T;iL I'aliian, or teriitory of Padun, is called by the
Italians I'.idu.ino, and is a part of Lombaidy ; it
is homided on the no. .h by 'I'leviiaiio, on the eait by the
Dog.ido, en tiie loutli t the I'olelino, and (ui the weft
by tnc Veronefe and \'i(.eiitino ; it e.\teiuliiig about toity
miles ill lcnj\th, and thiiiv-tive in breadth.
I his is one of the molt fertile Ipots in Italy ; and the
couiitiy is adorned with a great number of bcmtilul vil-
las and gaidciis : but it is fubjeit to ftorinj, partictl-
lariy thole that Cviiie liom the lea, wliicli are extremely
\iolc;'.;.
i'adua, in Latin I'atnvium, isan anticnt and latj^ccity
on t.-,e l!iciK:i, I'uuat.d in tiie forty-l'ilth degree thirty- /i^. ;?A^
l"ix minutes north l.it'.tude, and in tiie twelfth degree ] j. ''i.0-
twenty minutes ealt li':iL;itude. The inhabitants boaft
that t.ie republic of Venice owes its oiigin and rifeto
their city ; hut it is nov/ tome centuries fin c Padua has
b.en brought under tile 'i'cnetian yoke, which has occa-
lione! it Lrcatly to decline from its former fplendor ; Co
that at prelent it Icarcily coiiljins lorty thouf.md inhabi-
tants. The ffrci ts ate narrow, ill paved, and dirty ;
but aiinoil ;.lt the hoiifcs (tand upon porticos, under
whi.h one n.ay walk without being incomuioded cither
by the Itn or ram : this, however, renders the lower part
of' the buildings dark. The city contains twenty-fix
parilli-churcbts, tuxnty-thrce convents of monk.-'.citfh-
f.eii luinnciies, lour goo.l holpitals, and is a ijilhop'i
Ice.
The principal chitrc'i is tb.'.t of the Krancirc.ins,
iledicat.il to St. Anth.;r.y, on a:count of the cxceflhe
v. IV. r.-.tion paid bv the I'.iiu.ins t.i this fiippofed faim.
It IS built upon tne ruins of a tempi? of Juno, and is very
fpacioiis, full of gold, liUer, precious ilones, p'intings,
gi'.dm;.:.v. Iculpture,aiid eviry other kind of magnificence.
The pavement is of marble of various colours ; the choir
i:. adorned with white and led in.iiblc, and the benches,
which ate very line, are embcUiflKd over head with bat's
leliels in eighteen brafs paniu's, by Saii;oyiii, rcprcfent-
iiig leveral pall'iges of the lite of Chiilt, and are very
iiuich admired : but the richelt pait of this church is the
ch-.ipti, wf.ii htoiit.iins hi^ body, and isentiiely !ned with
while marble. " In the chapel ol this taint, :'a)s Key-
" lli-r, I fiW biirnii';' above fifty l.ir:;c filvcr lamps, and
" one of gold ; togetlier with two very large filver raiidle-
" itick-. Itandin.; on pedeltdls of white marble. St. An-
" thruiy's ci.lliii is of (tirpentine, and lies under the altar,
" which is adoirud Willi fi veii angtlsof bronze, and
" fome exipiifite Iculptiirc ; and, indeed, the chapel has
" in cvciy lelpe.l but K w cijimIs. On one fide of it arc
'■• fticwn two w.ix Ihnibe.'ux, eight or nine inches in
" diameter.
\ '■
Vi
.11
.1
■ i v.-
^ "
I i
ny : I
• ', %t I
J r'
'vnii^
:*o
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P 1 1 V.
" diamctc;, ar. i ti.-.cd \:\ irun-woik. Thefe are faid to P^t inus, Pctius A|H>nu?, mid P.iuliis P.it:ivini
" have bscr. oftVred hy a trcacheroim Turk, with adi-- the large hall jull meiitiontd is a ilonc, which has 1 1
" ftgn to blow u|i thi' chapel, hy nn-.'.ns of fire-works '"i'-"i>''"" ' -i- '■• ■ • J -> ■■ ' "'
concealed in them ; but it I'j 'ms St. Anthony prcvcnt-
" ed the calaniitv ; tor thcfc fl:iiiih";n.'!c bring lighted,
" he cried out .iloud tliric tuiv.-s irom his coiSn, that
•' they ftiould be put out, which orcafioiied a farther
" examination of the rtambi-anx. an.i thus the villainous
*' plot was dilcovcrcd. St. Anthony'? remains arc faid
" continu illy to emit a moft fragrant perfume, which
" is chief)) linc't at a crevice behind the altarj and it
" if faid ihit this perfume ii flrongcr in the tnornina;
" tli.Tn in .ne cvrning, whence foine have inferred that
" the civft is rubbed with perfumes twry morning, be-
" tore the people are pe:mit;ed to approach it. The
" taint's tongue is kept with great (letotron in a ijlnii
" vafe in the vethy, and v.ry lervent piayeis arc offend
" up to it."
The ihurch of St. Juftlna, dffigned by I'-dlaJio, be-
longs to the I'enedicline convent, whicn i> fad to be
poll fled of an annual income of a hmiili d thnufand
riurats, and is remarkable for bemg a h.uidf.ime, lumi-
nous, and liifencumbered building , a:id is elleemed by
many arrifts one ot the finefl worit-i in Italy. Theloii^
nne cuiiiifts of a row of five cupolas, and the ciofbuiie
'oHon-.itiv
inlcription, by wiii>h it is V:ui,ci the Hunc of i .
and bankruptcy. Kor fucli aa be< ,iiie b„iikruiH , ,
were unabieiu pay their debts bv fitiini' publiclv'th
times with tlieir bare polterioij on t lis (ton , arijVvc ■
ingthat it was not in their puwer to dikh.ir^'L- t.iclrdi-v'"
were cleared from aiiv f.u'her proiecution fuim jh.'.'
creditors : but this t.xtrjoidinary ceremony has been l7
continued tor upvards ■■' li.\ty ye.ns. "
Thepodclfa, or cbiet magilirate's palace, which h,;,,,
to the towii-huule, contains a meat numbir of buit
tUtues.aiid arms of Ibrmer podellas ; and in it isalfu",?'
city library. ""
The palla/.zo del Capitaneo (lands in a bcaiiti''.,!
cdled I'iazi.. de Nobili. It i. an eh-.mt buiidin'o ']
the lecond (lory is adorned wiih a salieiy, (uj-hoPcJ h
(event v-three colutnii» ol red m.nble. 'I he to'ver is ji/
a good piece ol architclturc, and has a clock which Ihtl"
botn the couileofthe fun and moon.
Theanticnt palace of the tyrant Acciolini is remnrkjM,
for Its lp.icious vaults, and at prelent I'erves bo-l, ,
an arlcnal and granary: it has two towers, on u,iCof
wnicn is a Latin inlcription to the lollowiiw yu^xik.
" Sliced teats of comp.i(rioii on this priion,' where thj
has on each fide a (inp;le cupola, deeir.-r and broader th.iii " blood oi yo.tr anceltoii w.is abundantly llitj- tor (h r
the others, f'hc martyrdom of St. JulHiia, done by P. ui J " vvricni 'he in.'.uman Acciolini thrutt down al ■•'
Veronefe, hangs over the altar The chief relics of this ' Wahiiut any diliinctiun of age, lex, rank ore ""'
" ^''i' !N m^o this ciiinge,in,perifticd with hunger, jrit'
church are the fuppofed bodies of St. Luke and St
Matthias.
The magnificence of the con\ cnt, which \s built of
large fquarc free-doiie, is anf ver^blc to the bi-aetv of
the church : it is av.ift labric tluit has fix cloilteis, feveral
courts, and many gardens. Tr.c ref.i'f 'ry i, ver,- fine,
extremely neat, and adorned with an ex'-cllent picture or
Jefus at Emmaus, by I'ilian : tn-,y aifo hig'ily v.-.lji a
(latueofthe Virgin .Vlary here, '.vhicii they fiy wms at
Conftantinoplc when the Tories made thcmlelvco 'iiaiters
of that city ; but was fo frightened by tholi: barbarians,
that (he flew dirciUy to Padua.
What they call the library is a very magnificent build-
ing, but very ill lurnifhed with books, the cellars being
much better Ifocked with hogfheads of wine. The Bene-
ano
•vh
elpa.r. After UK h numbers of inno^ciu vi^timV
wvre buried alive in th,sdrejdful fepiilchrc, kirl'
■ " at lilt the jult fat^- of the execrable tyiaiu himfdr!^^
;•' e\pi,e in it. Henc. yoii ough' to be lenhilc Um:
" preiw.i happinuf., in hivm, a .niiicewno, from btin;
''■ flije.'ts ol puy aiic compa.ri<m, las renoered you |5
" 'aujiy as to in- envied lui your pio jjcriry This i,,.
:" fciipiion was placed over this div i.:ful duivienn bv s'"-
;" oailiano (..Kani, a native ot Pa iua, lommillarvof
" Uic provilioiib ..,1.1 iiiil.taiy-lbjres lodged in this cjll'.'
. " in 'he yvai iOii-; " ' "'
j Ar.ioiig the I'liafure-gardens in Paduathatofd'Andf|,
I a iiohlc Venetian, is one of the bcft, it hem- ndorro I
I with gre.it numbers of (fatues ; but the Papatava gardens
diflincs of St. JulHna boaft ol having difcoveted in their 1 excecj it tor orange treis, cyprefs, and otiicr cwu'ir
... - - -I'Tccn'
which are dilpoleU ;nto tine w.alks, labyrinths, and beau-'
tiful hedges. (Jt tne latter lomc are oi box-trees t,'-,^-.
teen or lourteen fcer hi.;h.
Though the air of P.idua is efleemcd very healthv, yet
few cities have fo mnny apothecaries in proportidii totp-
iwmber ot the inhabitants ; but it mu(t be obferv^d, that
moft of thefe venders of medicines are alfo contcclioner'.
Great quantities of vipers are ciliedted here, lume of
which aic kept alive for various ufes, and others druJ
and m.idc into powder, which is fuppoled to be of great
efficacy in medicine.
canons, who mud be all of no le txtra;lion, witli fome | The Jews have their particular quarter allotted to
chaplain? and other officers. There aie here the tombs ; them at Padua, out of which they are not permitted
ofmanvgreit men, ?.nd the church is adorned with a to ftir.
great number of excellent paintings by the great maffcts. 'I'he plain about P.idua is a perfeft paradife, and t>e
Other handfome ciiurches arc thole of the Carmelites, nciiihbouriiig mountains yield excellent wine and i,i'
St. t'rancifco di Payla, the Theatines, and St. Maria | l"he p.iliage from Padua to Venice is very conveiiitn''
garden the coffin of Titus Lu ius, and that this convent
is built upon the ruins of an old temple of Concord,
fome fay of Jjpiier.
The ftpiaie near it is the laigeft in Padua, and was
antiently calk.i the Field of M <rs : its prelent name is
Prato delia Valle, and it fenes for the c,uality to walk
m. Tht-re is a (mall fpot in this fcjuare named Campo
Santo, or ti'c H,dy I'"ield, from fe great number of
Chriftians who t'oimrrlv I'ulf-red martyrdom there. The
cathedral is a very old ffruc^uti-, and has a revenue of a
hundred thoufand crowrs for n^'intauiiiig twentv-feven
della Ciratie.
The univerfity founded by the emperor Frederic II. was
formerly in great repu'e ; but has for many years been
(o decayed, that the ftudents now fcarce m.ike hve
hun 'red. No difficulty ;s made of burying a Proteftant
traveller in a church or convent, if before his death care
has been taken to have h's name entered in the matii-
cula of the univerfity. In tins ftnidfure are the ffatiies
and arms of a great number of liluftrious pcrfoiis who
were members of it. I'hc anatomical theatre being
fomcwhit dark, thedilTcclions arc generally performed by
candle-light
the pnyfic-g.irden, though not lart'c, is ingenioufly con
trived, .".11 1 was the fiilt of the kind belonging to any
univerfity in Furope.
The chief civil edifice is the town-hnufe ; but its large
hall is k'i)t i'l lo ilirty aco.idition, tint were it not lor
fome moiiumeii'.s it contain i it would not be worth (ee-
jng : on the outfide of the four i^ares arc the (fatues of
four celebrated Paduaiis, namely Titus Livius, Albcrtus
and in lair weather the light ot the many leats on boi.i
fides the river renders it very pleafaiit.
At the diliaiice of about four Italian miles frotr Pa-
dua is tiie village of Abano, which is much lrc"u("tti
in dimmer on account of the warm baths, which aej
bout hail a mile from it. In thefe baths are thie!- fj.-s
of Water of very diflerent qualities ; (bme ot thefe f-rin.'!
are impregnated with fulphur, and have particuLnr'ba;?-
ing-rooins, wheie, by means of (teps, one may di.:<ci:d
to any depth in the water: oihcrs are boilini^ hot, ;;rj
the water fprings up in (ui h (pi.uititics as todiivc a n:/i
riic library is a handfome building, and | at the diftaiice of about tweiiiy paces from the (bu'tt.
The wooden (lipes through which the wati r is cnvcM-d
to thefe baths are often encrutted with a wiiite Ibni.'y
(ubltaiice, not eafily Irparated from tne wood ; and the
exaa imprtlFioii ol i\ii- viiis and knots of the wood ca
this concretion make it pcifectly reiemble pettititd wood.
A fudatorium has allii been built here, the eflect ot whicfi
is caufed by the fljam of the water. Some of the fprings,
which arc tepid, aic (aid to be itiipregiiatcd with le.id,
2 -M
Pauuan.
l'.i':ivinus. J,,
ich has. I Lit,,
"c ot' i,;iioni,in
b.iukni|n, ai.j
: |iiibliclyth-, •
on , and'Cwcj;.
ir^^^i; t,-iciri!i;i,.(^
:ion liom tv,.]
vj lia. b'.-cn ,j f.
ce, vl>ith joliij
hyr (i| buitocs,
i ill it isall'u th;
a beautiful ar-j
itbuiuling, and
)■> Ui;'i-oiuJ by
lie tmvfr is jlf,;
)i.l4 which lht«i
ni isrninrkaHe
I'crvcs buih i^t
^<'p, on uric of
viii ' [luipolc.
moil, where the
y Ihco i tor ihofe
lit down ulnv
ranli, or con-
:h hunyiT, jri.i'
nnu^rnt \\i\m^
lepiilchrc, itwti
tyMiic himf.-li to
Icnfii lit of yoit
wno, from bun/
renoci'-'d you Ij
ii-'riiy This in-
JuMjieon bvi'.
., lonimiHaty of
;cU in this cJlV.c,
thatot'il'Aniifl..,
t heinu; adorm I
'apr.fava gardens
ithcr cvwi_;rccn=,
inths, aiij beau-
bi>x-trccs thi;-
fery healthv, y«
liroportKMi totr.'."
obft-rvd, ihjt
rontcclionet!.
here, lome of
ml others c!r:ij
to be iif j^:tit
ttcr allotted to
iiQt pctmittcd
jaradife, anJ |K;
wine and ii'.
very copveirtu',
ly lejts on bui:i
miie'; fiorti Pa-
uth trc';ut"tr]
s, whicn a-ca
are thier fjrs
01 thefe fi'riiijjs
larticuliu bj:r.-
..1
V'iROSESE-
U R O P
Zo7
* ■!!
lie may ue;ici'
oiluu^ fiot, :.\:\
to drive a n'.:'i
uni the lou'it.
ttr is ct'nvcved
a wiiitt (Inney
v/ooJ ; an.! the
(.if the wocil ta
pi'tritiid wui.d.
efi'cct ot which
c of the fpringj,
att.'(l wiih ImJ,
.ni
*''''' .J the pipes coiitrai I a ciull of whitif!) l.ilt. lierc
"'"ifu a'lmi'J-batli. wbei _• very obllinate ailhjiiic clifor-
" iiave b'.en cureil, by means of the waim imid.
'^The peiiiiitnii Rovigo, which is alfo lubject to Ve-
is very fertile, and environed by the river's Adigu,
l'^ Tatiar'i, and Cailagnaio ; and is imcrfcitcd by le-
,.'l canals. It contains Kovigo, a pretty large city
Tial oil 'be Adigc, wliieh runs tlirouj;h it. h'. loitifi-
. , „i,j art antieiit, belides which it lias a callio, and is
'"■ liji-iice of tlic bilhop of Adria. This dillr:ct, be-
.,i" the above city, only eontaiiii Adria, which is now
'" ir.conliderabic place, and iliicc 'itncr markct-tov.'iii.
SECT. XII.
The V E R o N- i; S E.
I't Situiiliiiif F.ittnt, an J Pici^uce ; villi a pat ikiitjr Di-
Joipti'^i' oj ll;e Cily r,j l'i,)\iiia.
T'
'HK X'crontfe, the next coniUry fiibjccl to Venice,
I IS buuii'ied uii tlie iionh by li^e couiitiy oi licnt,
oiiae tall '~') 'be I'.iduaii and Victntiiio, on the funtli
I. ir.e du'.chv of M.iiitua, and on the VNcli by Ur.lci.uu).
1 J ut.ii"!' '-■*"•'"' from luirtn to lou;h is about Ic.riy iiiiies,
J its bte.idlh from call to vvtif about thiity-..vo.
1 he Veroiiefe is a deligiiiful country, abounding in
fij.Iicnt peaches, melons, figs, llrawberiics, triillles,
v.;v l.i:.;e atikiiulti-S, chcliiuis, ap;iles, pears, phiius,
»';:ic, od» eorn, and other vegetables. It has goudniar-
(,£ a.id peirifacti -lis ol ievcral kinds. Among tiic nioun-
li.iii, tiut ot llaldo IS celL;'r.Ui.d tor its valuable plains.
Tli; Ukeof Cjjrda, in Laun liciucu-, Virgil reprelcnis
•i .try Itoiniy, c-miparing its wavei to thofc of the
(i.c.a : indeed it refeiiLlcs the fe.i, and his del'.ription
iirjt''-fy h)perboiital. It is upwards of twciity-cight
til idh nii.cs in length, and abounds in tilh, particu-
liif, large tine trouts. I'he dillrict ol Verona annually
drill's 111 to t:".e republic of Wiiicc upwnds oi live
taiijifd and fixty thoufand ducats. Tiic piincipal city
(jl ;his Uidrict is the following :
Vauna, the capital of the Vcronefe, is a very large
[;iy, lltu.ited in tlie forty fifth degree twenty- fix ini.uue.^
■ w;'.!i i-ii'iJ'-') and in the eleventh degree iiliceii minutes
i.,;i 1^11 'itude. It is fortilud in the antieiit manner,
ni.,1 !!itte callles, f.vo ot wtiich Hand on a hill, and
la; oiiier two in apUin, by the river Adigc, wnich runs
iji'.iii;h the citv, and over which are lout llone biidges,
eiieii thtiii tiiiee hundred and torty-eigiit Icet long.
This city malces a better appearance trom itsdelight-
fjioutlits, tiian wiieii one is witliin it; moil ot tiic
,;r.aj btin' narrow, crooked, and v'lrty, and thehoules
[jiriiean. 1 he innatiitants are computed to amount to
i.iii tiity ihoiifand, but they weretoimcrly mucli more
i/jncr-jus. The belf Itrcet in liie city is called II Curio,
uV.rcth-- divcriioiis of fie earniv.il conclude with loot-
ricci, Ale. Common ptollitutes were luriicily pcrniiitcd
ifiir.cr thelitis, an 1 to run tor the piiie ; but this rul-
"ni has been abolifhcd, and ahcred to a hoife-racc,
»?ich ii cxhiliited on Sniove-Suiid.iy, the lalt Sunday
rt;lic carnival. The prize is a piece of gold brocade, or
f'liiciither rich fhiH'. The larg. ll piaz/.a in this ciiy is
Lil'ia/./.a d'Armi, where the two ai.ijiial fairs in Iprnig
r.j autiinin are hJd, and in wiiuh llands a ni..rble
;utuc iCjirefenling the republic of Venice in a lemale
h;:i!, with a crown on her head. In the town-huule
4: '.iic Ifatues of live celebrated pcrfons who were na-
i.Cjcif Verona; thcl'e arc Catidlus, /tmilius Marcus,
(.'irneliiis Nepos, the elder I'liiiy, and \'itruvius ; be-
■ic- wnich, on a high arch, ilands the Itatue of Cjiero-
■no Fracaltori, a learned phyliciari, mathematician, and
• .illmt poet, who flouriihed in the lixteenth centurv.
ir,e rnnif valuable piece of antujuity here is the cck-
'::'.J Roman amphitheatre, which is fo pcrleit that the
:;:; on which the people fat are (till entire. Indeed but
:U' of it appears antient, it h.iving been caretully re-
lied from time to time at the city's cxpence. The
.ir.icJ count Malfei computed that it conveniently held
:t.i'.ty-tw'jthouland one huiidied and eighty-four fpcc-
7J
,J others, from uic!. ::'\\^\ fediment, and other fi:;ns, | tators, but t!ie outer wall and the upper (loiy at: want-
• r' to be chalybeate. In thofc where fiiljjliur predo- 1 iiig.
Ill the edifice where the learned Pbilariiionic Society
hold their meetings is a very larje hall, 111 which are the
portraits of thc/)u(/ij, or prefidents oftiji, aeadeniv, who
.ire alwa.s four in number ; and in an apartment on thi;
lelt hand are kept the old mufiral inftiunients with which
the luibiliiy of Verona ul'cd formerly to anuil'e themfelves-.
An apartment on tlie right hand is appoinicd for the pre-
iideiiisof the I'niloti, who ate inflituted tortile improve-
ment ot biidiiy cxereile.,, as riding, fencing, vaulting,
daiiein,;, v^c. There is alfo in this Imilding'a tine thea-
tre tor exhibiting operas and comedies, vviiicli has five
g ilieiici, and vv.,s buiit from a dellgn of the famous
I'raneefcii iirbiena, arcnitccl to the emperor, As the no-
bility ullenible lierc leverai times in a week to divert them-
lelves with cards, j'ce. this theatre may be conlidetcd as
a kind ot exchange tor the polite .nid the literati of
Verona. In one room ftands the ft.itiie of a female of
white marble. On tiie outlide of tins edifice are to be
feen agreac number ot inlcriitions an 1 other remains of
arit!i|iiuy, many of which were dui; up nb.iut Wrona ;
and tn.it they may n.it be cxpofed to any future ilaniags
fiom tlie injuries of ti.e v.'cather, they iire iiil'eited in"^a
long vvail t..cing the louili, the north wind being louiid
very detrimeiit.i! to (Imie-.. After thefe aie feveral an-
tieiit monunienis 111 bairu relievo, rrpiefeiuiii:', the gods,
lacnli-es, 5cc. In the proper .inaiigement cii thefe piece«
themari]uis Seipio .MiillVl was at no fmall expence, and
(pared no pains to incic.ili.- their niiiidv^r i on which account
the gentlemen belonging to this academy erected a inarbls
flatue of him over tlie entrance of r'.is building.
In Verona there areconvenis of Carmelite monk , both
barefooted and others. In the church <ifthe former are
three line altars, the tiill of which isadoined witii columns
of verde-antieo, t.'ic fecond with pillars of a red and white
veined marble, and the third witii columns of .1 vellovv
m.nble. J'he high .ilt.ir is alio of beautiful maible finely
executed, and adorned with a noble picture of the An-
nunJatioii.
In tne church belonging to the other Carmelite monks
is a beuutifjl ,dtar of tine marble, and in the veftry a fine
p ece ot painting by one of the difeipb s of the celebr.ited
Kaph.iel, rcjjrelenling our Saviour when a child playing
wr.ii John tlu; li.iiuilf, and the Virgin Mary looking
with great complacency on tlieir nuitual jondiiel's and
Ipurtive innocence.
AiiMiig the oilier churches, one of the fincfl is that of
St. (.i^oige, belonging to the iiriiedictinc monks. Over
tl'.. diior IS th.- bajjtiin of Clinl* :^iiiited by Tintoretto;
on the high altar is a pi -ce repref.;nting the mittvrdoin
of St. (.jeorgc, by Paul Vcronefe ; and on one tide near
i: our Savioi.r teeding live tliouland p. ople, bv I'aul f'.i-
1 raiiati, who was feventy-nine years of a^e when he
I painted this pi'-ce ; an.l on the other fide a very tine rc-
I prcl^ntation of the liiaelitcs gathering manna, 'i'liis piece
is twenty- tour !eet in 'eiiJth, and twenty-tnree broad.
between Veron.i and \ iccn/,a are found all kinds ct"
petrified filh, molt of which are of the I'alt-w.iter fpecies,
III A fort of w,.ite l.iam. Thele tithes are geiurally well
I prclerv I- ', th.ir bones being entire, and liequently even
ttic'.r Icales ; they chieHy conlill of pike, folcs, thorn-
backs, llyinjj-liih, petcn, and gudgeons.
S K C T. XI II.
7/(y TiM;V;rv 1/ VicENZA, or VicENTlNO.
Iti Sil'i.ilion, /■'xtnly ml Prirluci ; nitb a pnrtiiuLr De-
fer ijuhn of thi City oj I iifnz.i, mtJthe AJanneis of the In-
haiitiiiiti.
THE tcnitorv of Viccnza is alfo a part of Lonibardy,
and i.s boil, 1. lid oil the ninth by the teriitoiy of
I Ticnt, on the e.ilt by the I'revitano, on the fouth by
jtlie I'.idiian ; and on the will by the Veronete, e.vtciidiiig
I in len/.th liom n irih to loutb, about forty miles, and 111
jbrcadiiv about th:riy-thiee.
I Tile air is leiene and healthful, and the inhabitants
computed at a tumdred and til'ty or a hundred and lixiy
inuuiaii I tiHils. Thj country 1$ indeed fo fertile and de-
4 .\ ligbtful,
i -^ i
■ I
;•! I-
f|;
!^ >
ill i^
pi
•
•11
iili
ifi
1
rM
||li!:;
1 '
i
Ui
II
30^
\ S Y s r K M O 1-
Bri
IS''
1% ■ »5
Falladt''
Krhtful, that ii njiiy be caili-il Ik,'), iIk- (^ard.'ii ami ficfli-
m.iikit ot Viiiicc) It ;il () pnuliiccs gi"iJ wini'.
The linui|),il city in ilus tciiitoiv is \'iccn/.;i, or
'I'ici-mi.i, which is litii.itiil thirtv lt.ili.4ii mili'.i Cioni Vc-
ron.', ill ihc Idrtv-tiltti iii.i'ii.e thiiiy tour iniuuti.s iiDrth
. latitiiilf, aiicl in tiic twtllin Jc;trci.' tiltucii iiiiniitcs c.:(t
Innpituili-, aiul is w.itirLcl by tiic rivers liaclnglioiii and
Rfiunc, whitli here uniti.' their Iheains, aiul cujit.'ins
m.iny dcvjnt and hiauiitnl hiiildini.":, the tops o( Icicr.il
«it thun oin iininted with llaiucs, |).iiiiculatly the piaz/.i
bclorc (he ti>ii;i( il-honle. Thi* [ii.i//.i nial;es a graii.l
app-MiaiK-j, and ht-loic it (lands t»M) vi'ry lo.'ty colu.iins :
OH iho trj) ui'iine of thtni is St. Mark's A-in^^ed lion, the
:irin< ol \ enicc, and on the othir the inuge ol' our tia-
\ionr. 'I'hcre is in this city a hlerary I'.ieiay lliled t'r.e
( 'lyinpivi, whole defi^n is chiefly the iniprovcmtnt of
the It.ili.in language. I'hc academicians hold their mect-
i.ics in athcitie built by tlic cilebrated I'alladio, who
\vas a native of this city. Jt is but (eldoni uled as a
tiieatre, )ct the pcrCjicitivc of the liige is admirable, and
It IS .idoined wiih li.itues of the lionian cniperou an!
pii'liifojdurs. The pit \i likewile adorned wit'.l feveral
itaiues, and the feats arc dil'poled aftjr the manner oi
tiie an'.ient ampliithealres. In the Cainpu. AJartius,
without the city, is a triumphal areh buili from one cf
I'.dladioN deligns, in imitation of thj amieni llriicbiies
of that kind. Tiic Monte de'na I'ieta ia .ilf) a llatilv
(jDiie, ,'.nd has a vcrv fine library.
Ol tne cnurehes, wliieh arc lirtv-f,.\cn in nurr.b.r,
fourteen are parochial, andtwrntv n;ne c oavi.nti.al. A-
inon;; tiufe tiie ^r 'at altar ot the Do.niiiu.iii eauieh i. a
lup.-ib peee o' Paliadio's arel.itefture.
I'heeiuireh della Madoiia di Mon.e, en a mountain
without the tity, is much ftequcntcd by pilt;,rim':, and
bas a tine trootilpiece, with a convent built tlol'e bv it.
in the refectory of tins convent is a piit.ire paint;:' by
I'lul V'eioiie'e, rcprcRnting P'^pe (irc'^ory the (Jreat
i;t;mg wiih fevcral pil:;iims at t,dilo, uhire our S.wiour
i> alio prefent. Tlioiigh this piece be liiudy e.veciited,
tie delimit i- \'iy .ibiurd. I'iie pope l.ti at ih; upper end,
wiiriout hs triple crown ; and next to him Chrift is repie-
ienteii without any particular mark of diiliiiction ; the
next i> a cardinal, and on the other tide another caidi-
iial. wii!i a Urge por of fpecbu le,? on his nofc ; a page
I'reileJ in the .Spanifli manner w.iiis at tal)le, with a do.^
iilider his arm : undc-t the t.ibic aie reprelented a eat, a
monkey, k\c. 'I'he inounlain on which this church and
lonvent at' hulii \ culs a very agreeable profpeit, which
txicndj .Is I'.r as I'a lua. I'l^r the comeniencc of the
UMid proc flioiis, and of pilgrims, a large aicent by Heps
h.is been made up the acclivity of the mouniaiii. In t.';c
val\y at the beginning of the afetnt is a tnumpha! arch,
and on tlie leU hand of it is a itatue of the Virgin
Mary.
I he tine fi girden at V'iecnza is that of c itint \'a!-
matar, 1, whi.h for its fuuation, viffas, ai hours, and
ll
.lie
V 111 .1
lllllK.,
Tm.!
G E O G K A IMl V. ^'^%^^^
" modcfty and goo I breeding ai fufficicnt to cuard ih
" place (rom oulrajus." ° ""^
I he mli.diuants ol Vicciiza have thcchaMelgrof bir ,
more vindiiilive than tlie relt of the Italians; wiij ji^
eeitain that travellers, elpeci.dly thofe who are tii)- > i
il'iaiielloinc, flioui I be very carelul botli htre and iiiJi'"'!.
part ol Italy to avoid dilj u:cs, e peciailv with th; pi ip/
lions and other peifoiis ot the lower cl.ils ; fur t.icjt "
of revcr.ge is to prcdoininan:, th.it tlu y have bveii kiio'wn
!o follow a traveller (ixoreignt llagis to watch an (i.,.,,,,
lunity of gratifying their malice. " Open violence ";,,"
" Mr. Iveyll.'r, fiom whom we have borrowed the r '.
" marks, is liule to be apprehended from them,oii wimi,
" account the J.iraer is the greater; for tow.uJj
" alwa>s cruel. .\Iuider i., looked upon in li
" very dilleiciu light fiom what it is in other cou
" It a lobbery is committed in the ilrccts, or nurrt-
" pi. ice, in any of the towns of this coumrv and
" people arc called to flop the thief, there'i's alw.,;
" airillaiicj at hand to purluc the criminal ; but u "j,
" crying a!tjr a mardeier, nobody offers to ilir Jj , ,
•' the allaliin laves hiiiilelf by flying umnolclLd i ■
" church, lo.ivent, or other alylum, where, to •
•' great hoiiuar of the cleigy be it I'poken, the vilLim rj."
" iei»es all p, fii'.ilj alTiltance, that he may efc,;;,.; i ..
" hands of ir.e civil po*er, 1 remcmbera podilli',, ir'ii
" aho\e jiitiior add-, who once drove me, was Irij.iuf!!
•• oully llablied a: the p ill-houfe of I'iltoia ; ai;J ihy
'• t.ie ta.il Waj com.-iiitted in the prefence of more inan
" ten pel Jon:, n;t one of them ftirred a foot to fei/.i, ,,■
'• puiiue the murderei."
'I'he meancflcili/.eiisof'v'iceir/.i, iii rigiiiiiitcniura£ls c-
other I'ceds, add to their names the title of count i f
Vicen/.a \ an empty piece of ptide, which they aro p i
to derive fiom an anf.ver given by Chailes V. who wi,
ho W..S at \'jecn/.a, to get ride.' ilie importunate loiic,;^.
tions of levcr.d wealth) citizens to gran them tiic t.t ■■
of counts, faiJ i;i jelt, TW.-j i././ii, " i make you ill
" counts."
bea
itilul
taly.
may be elleemcd one of the iioblefl in
s i: c T. XIV.
Uf the TiiiihiiiS of Dtifiitini, or r>rrfi'ui, RLygum;, Cn-
Wuja, A/ill iii 'I revighiiia, FiiuH, imd Ijl>i,i: uith a
Difripiiin of the Cities ^f Brefia, Hit^aim, Cm:j,
"7'.
or Iievi
aiiit L line.
'"I~'nK territory of Ilrefi ia is alfo a part of I.onib:!-','
J. labjedl to thi; Venetians, and, though nioaiitii-
nous, abounds in wine, oil, wheat, and other gfJin ,
alio m lilvcr, copper, iron, and marble of all cuiaui:.
This territory is bounded on the talt by the Laji a
(iarda; on the weftwaid by the Lago d'lfeo, in L.ii;ii
Scvinus ; and on the fouthward by the (mall lake of Iciio.
The principal ciiy in this liiitiidl i:i the followii^g ;
Breleia, in L.iiin I'rixia, is a fortilied city on theiiti!;
river (lar/.a, in the forty-lifth degree twenty-feveii n„-
W.llK
A cov-rd waW of cedar and oranne-trecs, river Viar/.a, in the torty-lilth degree twenty-leveii n„- .;;|
pbinted alternatilv, and above two hun.ired paces in | nutcs north l.ititude, and in th; teo;h degree th;rty-iii!: /;
)■, n.'.th, is pariKulaily admired. Oiv one tide of it is a i miiuitcs calHongirude, and 15 defended bv a caiHe fcaicl
broad canal, wdl ilocked with large barbels and other I on a bill, liehdes the ea'Jicdral it has nineteen p.ii, iii-
h.Tl, wh.vh .It tne found of a pipe imtneiliatclv appear in I churches, Kuty-hve convent*, and lomc charitabl-' I'uu'i-
grcat n-jr.;b;rs on the furfacc, in ord'jr to be feci. Over jd.uions, with .'.general hofpital. Its biOiop is alufi'rjgii;
I ve cntiaL.e i:;to the garden is a Latin iiifciiption to the to the archbifnop of Milan ; he has large rcicr.ucs, a,;i
l.i'l).viiij- pur.iofc : bears the titles of duke, niaiquis, and count. Theci-
'' ll cor.-oding cares have hapiv followed thee thus far, | thci!ral is a tl itcly inoi'ern (liucfurc ; and the eilebr.ilij
'■ thon.^h they be loih to leave thee, dil'pcl and banilh bifhop cardi;ial C^iir.ni having greatly cuntrilra'.eJ ti-
" tht T, for this place is dedicated to genial n thand
" fclli'. i;.'. Whoever fliall damage thefe cedars, or crop
"• afi"w>r, let him be elk-emed t'a. nlegious, and be pu-
"' iiM'ic '. to appeafe Vcrtumnus and Pomona, to whom
" th v ..r.' coiilci rated.
" N.i.rivr, Iriend, or flran!;er, who dcfirefl to amufe
" thii'ci! wi:li tne rural charms of this place, thou mayelt
" lecurciv enter thefe gardens deligiud lor pleafineaiid
<4 rccre lion. Here ii no lieree dog, no liithtful dragon,
'" no il.'itv with threatening weapon ; but every thing
" is here lieelv, and without dan;;er, i.xiioled to thy
" VHv.'. Such IS the plealure of count Leonardo Val-
" nuiaiio, t!-.c o\/ncr of thefe gardens, who relics on thy
wards the building of it, an 1 made the city a pufi :it ui'
a library, the magillracy, in 1750, crcct-d two llifj.
of him, one in the churcn, and the other at the cr.'rniu;
of the library ; and alio caufcd a medal to be liruclc to
his honour. Among the rJics of this ciuircii is a;';
azure crofs, believed to b^: the fame which Cotillanlii.c
faw in the air. I he iniiabirants are cimiputed at net
(illy thoufand, and the r.obility live here in a very I'pliii-
did and gay nianncr. i he liie-aiins, fwords, aiidcut-
lery-wate of this city aie much efiecnu-d, as are its lincn-
inanufaclure, which, \M;h other tommodities, leiiJciit.
tiaJc very confid; rabic.
iiiii'.^roiuraflj
art of I.ombr'v
E U R O P
Ill ihi> icrritory arc fome other towns, and a confidcr-
jWrnunikT (if vill.igi's. , , , ,
The dillriil of Hcivanio is alio a part of I.oml.nrJy :
m ncis tlic iiorlh it ia mnuiuamoiis and reeky, but a-
iMl th'! capital very fruitful. Some valk-ys piodui'c
IncaiiJoil, wliili' others arc barren, liut alvnind in
* The only lonfidcralilc place in this liiftrict is
""BcrMin"- •' ""'" •'<"■■'*'•='' '"y "" '^■veral hills, at 'ho
bottoin of vvhirh arc I'omc hamlfoinc fiiliiirb'!. lii-twecn
, J. jj.y .inil a itroni; caftle which (lands on the hi-hdl
,K'aniaii'> is a comnninication under ground. In tin.- ca-
tlicJrjl, which is a handl'onic llructurc, arc fai.l lo h.'
'tfcrv'd and venerat.'d with crcat devntiyn the bodies
'•■\wui'ytive f.iints. The bilhop is liilfragan to the
' chbifhiip of Milan. This < iiy is fanud (mi its lewinj^
i'- .iiid has a fur on St. Bariholomew's dav, to which
.'r'rc i« ^ '''^"' relbrt of merchants and tradtlnien fioni
';',;v, (Irrriiany, and .Sicily.
' I'hc diflricl (if Cremafco, which is alfoapirt of F-om-
hrdv is very fruitful in corn, wine, and hemp, and
coiiwi'^' .
Crcm.i, a pretty (Irong city, fcatcd in a vcrv Iruitfiil
nliia, on the river Seri-.>, and defended by a calUe. The
birtu'li is (uhordinatc to the archbi(hnp o( ]!oloj.'na. The
houffs arc elii;antly built, and bedJcs the cathedral
(here ;:re thirty churches, convents, hofpitah, and cha-
riljldc foundations.
The .\larea 'I'revl^iana is one of the richelt and hrii
3.-^9
fpoii in all It.ily ; particularly the country between Ire
vifo .iiid Ca(ti.l Franco i^, as it Wi.,e, one continue.
,'n every where planttrd with rows of wild inulber-
which ferve as cfialiers for vines; and in tra-
to .Madlre in the dutchy of Veuici:,
:i(l charn'.inijly variegated with the hr;iu;i-
rdcns.
rv t'"
v'cliiiii; h(i'" ' reviio
tacii iidc is niol
ful vilLis and ^
The principal place in th's territory is I reviln, or
Trcvi 'in> a very (dd fortifud town, with a fort on the
tvtr Sdci into whicl , after dividing itielf into t-hiee
lir.iiiches, and watering iho town, ihc Piavclell.i dil-
chu.'OS ilfdf. Thi? plate is of a middling fi/.', vi'ith
niiiiv neat houfe.s, aihj ani'ii^ its inhahilanis are level. d
irilve f.imilies. Ini6.'-S, the academy I'erfeveranti w.is
I cctv'il here. It has alio the academy of SolKeiti. It
•i tiie rcfiJence of a bidiop, and became fubjeel to the
rcp';hii;- in 13S8.
I't.c fertile conntrv of Friuli anciently be'oiiji-d t'l
ihc patriaich of Aijuileia ; but in the (ifieenth century
brc.";me fu'ij.-iil to the republic of Venice. In the (Ix-
lociita ciU'Jry a p.irt of it devolved t" the houle of Au-
iiila.
The c.Tpital of the Venetian part is UJine, a city of
rr^iJJiiiiL' l;/.e, featcd on the river and canal of la Roia.
The patriarch, who foruKrly refuled at A(iuileia, fome
vcirs .igo took up his alvnlc here. The coniell bc-
(w.'cn the hoiife of Aullria ani the republic about tiie
pi;ri.irchate, was coniproniil'ed by the pope's luppreifin:;
ihc puriarchate, and eree'liii;' two archbilliopnes out of
it, one to he in the citv, and the other in th.it of (Jort/,
which bvlon^s to AuOiia. 'I'hc archbifhop of UJine is
nctropo'.itan of ail the lidiops in the Venetian terri'o-
rifs that were before under the patriarch. This city con-
tains fevcral churches, convents, anvl ho'"p!tals ; a col-
Icfc fur law, and an academy for martial exerciles.
Iftiia is a kind ^^ peiiinfula between two larj;e bays of
liic :ulpli of Venice, namely that of 'I'riede and tb it of
QiLunfr, and is about (ixty miles in len[;th, 1 ut not
ncir fT broad. It was a p.irt of the ancient lllyriciim ;
but hiin.; con(]ucred by the Rom;uis, between the lirlt
a'ld fcctmd I'unic war^, was annextd to lt..ly. in the
niiJJie a.;('s it belonged to the pitri.irchate of Aqiiileij,
who wa;- invclled wuh it as a marriuifate bv the emperor
Htiiry IV. In iigc^, nioH of the maritime part was
conquered by the republic of Venice, which they have
ever fmce enioyed, thoui;h not without (oine interrup-
iKin ("rom the Auflrians, It is (ruitful, cfpccially in
wine and (ul, but is hillv, and the air unhcaltliy, on
which account it is but thinly peopled.
Capo d'lilria, anciently JulHnopolis, the capital of
the territory, is a biniop's fee and a pretty (trong town,
fc.itcdon a (m.ri illaiid, fo near the continent that it is
joiiKii to it by a bridge. The cathedral is an old, but a
6
and diitchy of
ftattly biiilditig, and ha'! three ailcs fuppnilel by eigh-
tetn marble pillars. 'I'hc ciuirchea ol the S^.vita: and
I •oniinii aiv. are noble llruilures, as is alio that of tlio
Kraneikaiis, who hold the iiibunal of the int]ui(iti'.n.
The town-hdl is a very ancient editice, f'ippol'eil 10 have
been t'oiinerly a tenipk- dedie.ited to Rill.s ; and il i.i
t veil alKrnied, tliat the (tatuj of Ju(ticc, wliiih now
(lands in the (loat of the biiildiii'.', wai t'..at of the gui-
defs.
In this dillrici are fevcral fither towns ; but ihey aic
mod o( them (mall and iiK(inlider..li!e.
With tclpcct to the* other parts of the (j'uminion., of
Venice, we have already given an ace .unt of Venetian
Dalm.iiia in pa^^e 1361 .ml of lb.' idinds of Coilu,
.Sama Maura, Cephaluni i and Zantc, wliieh beUnig t(j
Venice, in tieaii.ij of 'i'uiky in Lurope, p.i^; 16, 27.
s K c r. XV.
Of ihc RcfubiU of Gl.NOA.
Ti.',' Silu..L',>i, I'xiciil, aiij Proivia- Kf (i,-i:::7. I s ALnu-
f, "litres, Ty,i li; I/i/t^rv, n'n! /'niii cf (i'iver):rK,i:l. 'Jl/t
i ii.'t- iiv.l Jinii cf the k'l^ihlii : In OJj:,f!, Cciuls, Re
T-.v/.v, I, A/iut,iry nil I Nciiuil I'ciiC ; urth ii fiDliiK.'ur
li.Ju i'lihn r,j' il ,■ City cf CcfMi, ami 'f ih; Jl-Liimer:
of its Inhibitaul!.
'" f"^ni'. independent republic of Ono.'., \ Hd'; beinrt
JL p'id'rd'd of a long tr.iill wiiich ertnidi ^loi:g the
co.dl of an cxteiifiv; gulph of the iMediterran: an, an-
( iemly calli.l .Ma'c I/i.'uliieum, ha-, alf) the li;ver.-i_,n-
ly (if the iflaiid (d' Cotlica. The ar.ove li:;.! extends a-
loi'.g tlij cn.ill t'rom ea(f to weft, about one luinJied cnid
fiitv-twu miles ■, but fior.i north to fouth it i> ver.' nar-
row in (nine places, it b.'iiu only eijlit, a. id in i.Kir
wid'.'ft not above tv.-enty nnles broa '. It i^ beund: 1 by
the prim ip iliiv of Piedmont, the dut.hics of .M, ;. tier-
rat, .Mil 1:1, I'lac.inia, a:' ,1 l^ainia, the
I'ufe.inv, and tl.c lepubiicof Lucca.
The mount.iins Like up a gieat p:rt of the country ;
fi.iT.' ol thefe arc covered willi woods ; fomv" aic iiuite
barren and rocky, and otiiers yie'd good palhire. Though
the Uenoefe, (rom their want of ar.ible l.ni..', are oblig-
ed t,i (urnidi tlieml'eKes wiih great (juantities (jf cor«
fiom I.omb.irdy, Sicily, N.iples, and other co.Jiiirivs,
vet fuih is their Ikill and indullry in improving a nioun-
taimus, roekv, and lleriie foil, that all the year ro'jnd
(lenoa is plentifully fuindlicd with pulfe ..ml vegetables
for the kit( 11. n in the higluit |xriection. The country
alio iiioduees both connnon and muK.idel win-, witil
plenty of excellent fruit, particularly in the well pare
are l.-mon', oranges, ponugr.inates, figs and almcnds ;
befules manv pl.intannns (d' nuilbciry-trees, thitlly in-
tended for ("lik-wo.-rns. 'I'he olives prineipallv gro.v a-
bout Spatia-ba'-. it wi'l ii'^t here be iiiipr( per to ob-
("erve, that the olive-tice very nearly r'femblcs a willow,
r.nJ makes b.i: a mean apper.ranec. Tli- bell oil is the
white Jiid tran("parcnt 1 for the deep yellow ii either
iViade I'rniv. uver-ripe r.livcs, or has been kept ten long.
The I'.ood 0,1 has no (mell nor any kin'! of v:fcid fatnels.
Virgin oil, by the ancients called gicn oil, is preU'ed
both from lipe and rnripe (jlives, and is ihe wlii.il!, the
moll palatable, and in cveiv re'pecl the bill. '1 lie in'.a-
bitants have alio fueh plenty of fait, that tliev can fpato
it for exportation, as they alio cm ftone and marble.
Thefe territories arc watered by many rivers ; but they
arc all of them fm.Tll and ineonliJerable.
The Inhabitants of IJenoa arc of the Roniira icllgion,
an. I the imiuifition, as in other parts of Italy, has been
introduced here. However, a great number of I'lotef-
tants live anion;; them without molell.itinn.
'I'he (jenoefe manufactures are lar from being fo nu-
merous as formerly, yet velvet, plufli, and fulliaii, arc
ftill made, together v.'x'M d.innlks, and oihcr fiik (luff's ;
for whieh coidideraMe ipiantilies ( f red (ilk aie imported
from MelTiha an 1 other ports of Sicily ; they alio make
L'old and I'.lver t;li'ues, laces, and gloves ; but thefe are
inferior to thole of rr.iiue and the Netheilands. 'lb" o-
thir tienoefe merehandi/cs coiidll of oil, fruit, I'ar-
mefan chcil'e, anchovies and dru
D '
which lall are
brouiilic
I ■■■m
|v|
1' I
* •
i 1
i
■1
jCu
A S Y S T E r4 OF G t O G K A 1' 11 Y.
Ge
NOA.
ill
i I
hi' 1 V
(.., *i
H H
./attr'"
bKniglu from tiK' Levant. A Inilk trade is carri'-il oil
will llicic [;iiinl.-, ilj^i-ki.illy lu SjMin, Sliijis ol midII
E iropcaii nitloii^, p.'.rticiil srly l'.ii^.lifll, l)iit(.li, uiul
I'r iicli, iiri' niiutaMily Ici'ii at G' nua, vviiuii is alio tlie
grat mart (or tliv traili; of l,t^ii!'arily. ImlictI ihc rc-
ve lurs piiiU'iu.lly atifc fruiii in.'iiiiiacturts and tiadc )
but the liuU' :.s i.ir irmn 111 'i.in-; Inu fi;;iirc it forimiiy
diJ, wliiih is c iily owing to the iiii|irovi.niciit of nia-
llufijluri's III >:;h'.r ti)uiun(.>, iIk' di..iiiKls ol the Ciuic-
ele ^ooils, an.i ilic danger ot tlit h.iibour. liidetd Gc-
rna was in 175 1 dcilared a fiec p(>rt ; liul tliis litcdnm is
UHilcr Inmc rillriclioiis not linowii at L-glmrii. In tiu'
put pioperly talk-J I'oriu I'l. ,111.0, any nr. rthant ni.iv
have a wareluuile, and both export and import j'oois
frvc fioni iliity ; but lucli as arc dil'poied ol in t;ic tiiy
or o,r tlic eoniiiKiit, pay very eonfidirably. The city ol
G'c iioa is l.;:iniii. tor li.iv n.; the riehell bankeis in I'.u-
lopi', and hence very pie-litable article ib itj dealing in
llll ■■ of eX' hall;.'!'.
(.jiii'i.i was !ii'.- capilal of aiv i^'iit Li^_';iiria ; it wa^ i!i'-
Rr lycl by Ma^o the Caitha;in:an, but rebuilt by the
Roil) n'', .iiul aittr ilieni (ell under the power o( the
C)ilior>i Ihs, out ol whole hands it was releued by the
great lieli jIius, and rendered lubjic^ to tile Ealiern em-
pire. In 0-0 It wa^ lacked by tiie i.ongobaidi ; but b.-
in;; afterwaio!) u built, eoiuiiiued under their doii.iiiun
ti!l tney weie expel. ed out of Italy by Cliarleliiaj;nc.
Fur livnc emtiiries Cieiioa w.is (ubjiCt to tile Koinan
raii'eror', but bv dei,retb erected iiklf into an iiuiepen-
(!'. n: (iaic ; and loon .iifer its power beeaiiit" fo inenaied
by it'- (1 'urillrn.; tiade, :hjt 111 the year Sc6 it teduee-i
tlie ill 11,1 ol Li'iiieaj and in the eleventh anJ twelltll
centuries the inhabitants dillin^iiinied tnenil'elves in the
tr^'il.iiles. Tne Cieiioele in the tweil.h eeiitury fubduid
iia.f of Saidin a, a;. J the eity of b\raeuf:: mbieily, and
cv 11 in ide tnnil'iKei nmliers of ail the poitj in the
m.nkSea, and feitled thenililves in Crimea. In tiie
tn:rtienth teinur) tiuy aidid to their conciuelts the
tovtnsol Alhenga, Savona, Vintiiiii^lia, and others in
then neighlnmiliuod, and en^agid in a long and exp.ii-
iV.e war wiili Wnue, w liieh l..lleil ■•;'! 'he year i.jbi,
and fo wcalit iieJ liieni, that they bec.mic uiiabic to main-
tain the poll, fli.in of Ciinica, fr;m which they were en-
tirely driven 111 1471- At length tins republic lulleied
rrany nule lli.icks irom the intei'ine dillenlioiis which
arole about tlie (b.m of goyernincnt, by which the fl.:te
was fo iltfi'.itJ^vil, tiiat the people were obliged to |nit
th: mlclees (o. nctiir.es under the pioiccDon o( the dultc o(
Milan, .Ml! I'liiatinr.s under th.itof thekings ol France ;
l-jt !he iaiicr treating til. in wiih iiroleiable rigour, the-;
Itiuuilied hard (or libiity, but v. itnout I'uecelb, till that
ji.-\.ii hero Andrew D 'na, in i5'2iS, releued his country
cut ot tlic hands of the French, and citabliflied us pie-
Cent 'o.m ol j;oveiniiient. (ienoa has trom tli.it tmie
generally fi'le ! wtii Spain, wine!) has frequently involv-
ed It in qiiair Is \»'itli l" laiiec, and it has always h.ul a
dangc'ous neighbour in the dul.e of Savoy. In 16,14,
tht capitil was bombarded by th-.. Fieneh, when the u-
juibli , 10 fa\e it Inim total diltruiiioii, was objij^d to
fubn.it to very hard terms ; two of which were, i'hat
the do:-c and Ir.ur counllllorb fll.iulJ ajipear in perlmi :'t
Wriaillcs, and all: pardon ; and that tne Itate iliould dif-
arm all their g-.hies, except ii.y, and lit out no more
witnout tne Frencii kiii^^'s conf'iit.
In the year 1 7 I j, Chailes VI. (ol.l the inarqulfate of
Final to the republic for a conlideiablj fum ot money;
and in 173c, the inhabitants of Corfica began their re-
volt, and will pinbaSly be never entirely reduced under
tacOmoefc fubje^tion. In 1743, thcquecn of Huii(;a-
rv having at the ir'aty of Woims, ceded to the king of
hiidinia all h'r ii^jlu to the town and ni iiquilate of Fi
II. d, a:id lie duii.inding that the (ienoeic (liiuld deliver
th m up, they entered into an alliance with France,
Spun, an, I Naples, and i.i I745, i:eclared war agiinit
the kinj of baidinia ; an uniortuiiate Ifep, lor which
th y wcrclcvciely chaflilVd 111 174O, by Cjieat liiit.iiii
and the qui en of Hungary. 'Fhe km;.; of Saidiiiia
ina.le iiimdli mailer of all trie Riviera di l^iiiente ; le-
Verai Geiioec poits were bomb.irded by the Fn.'lidi
fleet, and the Impel lalols even fel/ed on the ( i;y o( Ge-
noa i but after a terrible ilau^litei on buth ilJ a, were
7
driven out by the inhabitants, and in 1747, fsilcj j^
their attempt to recover it. However, the traiiquiliiyii
this republic w.is reltorcd by the ticaty of Aix.la.t_'t,j.
pelle III I74iJ.
Uelorc wc del'cribc the fii'ni of t'ovcrnmriit, it «.ji|
be proper to t;ive our reideis fume ide.i ot the iini>ilny
«hivh arc dilliiii'uilhid into ancient and ne*. 'I'i.e jn.
cient iiobiliiy condlls ol twaity eight funilics, whom
An.liew iJori.i, in the year 152IJ, deil.ued ah nc caiiahli:
of holding ilie dignity o( doge, and the otiicr ch!:t
otlices i all the oilier inhabitants being reduced by
him to the dafs c.l commoneis. However, th.ic arc
jo ned to tliilc other eminent and wealthy faiiulicsj l,i,(
tlicy are obliged iiille.id of their (ornier name to ailnit
one ol the twenty-eight ; fi.r in fublequent liims it «,',;,
iound ncieli'.iry, for the prelervati,,!! ot the public tr.m-
quiliiy, to pioeeed to a new creation of n.diles Thj
niw iiobiliiy conlilt of about tiie bundled lam lies.
Flic ai cient iiobilily think their.lelve,, iiuieh fiipeii„rto
tlic moilcrn, th-uigh both ..re now etpially can..b!j
ol public rn-.ployiiii iits. However, in order to lit
III the gre.it touiieil, it is iRMllary to ha\e been a
iiol.|im..ii four years, and lix to (it in iheUtlerj but »
pioeuiati.r or (in.ilor mult be a nobleman of ten ytais
ll.inding, aiiil 10 be iloge rei]uiies filteen. i he "teat f...
n.iliej ol l^iiiia and Spnuda have given over eoiiimtrcc,
i'ut the other nvbi'ity make no h. luple of liemg '.yhyli;.
I.ile merchants. 'I'hey are alio allowed to k.cp -.ilvct,
lllk, an, I cloth nianiilaLloits ; to farm the duns, ar.J
to have (Ii.ires in merehant-lhips ; but all other buliiicfi
and li..ndiciali einplo-.nieiits aie forbidden thciii. It ir.ay
be laid in general, that the lepuLli. is poor, and the nn-
b.lity rich, tlioii'^h not to fui h a ilegiee as is eon'.i.ain'y
fippoled. iJi . r.iili hill:', lays, he i., credi'ilv inldriri'.J,
ih.u not above h ur or live houlls are pollelllJ of thr^:
Hundred thoul.ind liri per annum, (each liri is woith :-
bout eight-pence three-farthings lieiliiig) tli:it there r.ie j'jj
many more lioni twenty to t.inty thoufiii.l ; but ti:c M
greatelt pait ol them have not above ten tlioulaiid.
'Fhe lorm of goveiniiieiit in this rc| ubiic is aii:liC'l-
tical i the chiet puloii is called the doiic, or dai.,-, ti
which dignity no perlnii is promoted till he is (iiy years
o( .ige. hivciy two years a new do^e is clu.leii, -an! tr.e
lori.ier is incapable iluring five years of hol.hii;; tiie Ijt.i:
polb again. However, he has .i procurator's ifliie .ifii.'a-
ed him, and a penfion of a hundred fcudi fur l.i'e, ejui
woith four fhillings .-.iid fix-pcncc. < '
On the eleclion-d.iy, which is ufuillv on thetliiiddt
J.iiuiary, the g:eat council meet in the ducal pa'.ic ,jr„l
li) diawing gilt b.dls out of a box, where aie aliu loir.c
(liver ones, lit'ty perfons are chofen out ot the blier couii-
eil, who wiite down the names of (uch as they ti.iniL
wort'.iy of being piomoted to ttie ducal office. Fiuiii
ih-.lelo nominaied, and alio from tlie tiily whii dre'.v
tne gilt balls, tiie gre.it council, by a iraj.uity of votes,
t'eieet hl'ieen 1 and of tliele ag.iin the lell'Lt lix, of Wiiita
each at lead mult have ihree-tiltns of the vote.s. It is out
i.f thcle lix tnat tiie gieat couiuil, by a ni.ii'Uity uf fj;-
1 rages, elect a doge.
t)n aeeouiUol tne kingdoin of Corfica acrown ispI.iccJ
on ihe di.ge's iuad, and a leeptie in his haiul ; .mj liut-
ing the two tiilt .lays alter hii election, he wears myil
robe> ; but afterwards only the leailet gown eoniinun tj
all t'.ic meinbeib of the eouiuil. He is (tiled his fircnitv,
but a.t the expiration of his govcrnnicnt he i> only (1,1. i
his exeellenee, like the re(l of the council. IieaiiJ!i;j
family live in the pal.ire, and have a boiiy-^iiard ol f.vo
hun.lred (iermans. Without his conlent ii,ith;n:'can !<
propo'cil, nor any relulution of the council beofluicc.
In all import. lilt .ill uis lie makes the ti.ll iiMtinii, i-ivn
audience to aniball.idors, and ail orders aie illued 111 h.s
ii.imc.
The title of the republic is, the mod fercne republic of
Cieiioa. Its arms are ar.'cnt, a crofs g'lles ; the helr7.it;(i
j nil mounted witn a regal < rown,to denote the fovere'gr.ty
' of the republic over the iiland ofCorlica. Itsrank is iiii-
nu.liately next to Wniee, and it rii|uires that Us niiiiif-
ter? at foreign courts (lioiild be tieated as thole of cruwn-
ed hea.ls.
File chief auiluuity, next to that of the doge, i~ lodg-
ed in the twu cuiieg,e;i ot the Govcinaiuii and i'lueuu-
(ori.
Genoa-
7, fsilcj in
l\lX-l.l.Cll,l.
iunt, it Will
the iinliiliiv,
V. 'l"l,c Jli-
iiilii.^, whom
ilini; cajialv.
otluT thl.I
riducal hf
M, ih.ic arc
anuiiv;, ; h\:i
lllK' ti) ailii;)(
t liiius it wj,
inibiic tr.iu-
ii'lili's The
lit J lam lies.
l1i fupi'iK.r to
iially cajub;^
(itiiir to lit
have been a
; IJlvr i but i
» ol till jcars
'riii: jjrcat I'..-
rir cimimcicc,
I' licili;; whole-
,n kap -.ilict,
Ik- du lis, ai'.J
I othiT buliiicl'i
thciii. It my
ir, aiiJ the no
,is IS ion'.r.,on'y
ili'olv iiildrm.o,
iill'dl'iai.t tiui:
iri IS Wdiih :-
) tlvit thircr.iej'jj
il'alKl i liu'. t'C ^
IIOuI.iIkI.
ilic is ailfl.ic-i-
»e, (ir ilu'rii', ti
iij is fnv yi'-i'i
clu-lin, anJ t«
olJiiii; thi-liT.o
r's I fiiu- alTi;:i-
lur l.i'c, iJili '
A
on ilic tMiJ M
Uii;ii pa'ac:,an.l
Ire aic iiliu iume
thi- h-liiv i-Miiii-
h ..' tiK'y thiiii
('lliii;. From
liiiV wh(i dre'A'
I'.uitv of vo;ti,
V :i,<, d'u.'.i.a
.. h ii nut
iiity ot U:-
Irrmvn is plucj
laii.l ; .mJ I'ur-
] 111- wears rnyal
jiwn common u
Jic.i liii lireiutv,
Ihc is onlv ii.l'-
1-il. He'aiiJh;!
llv-miarii ol two
|t'ii.)tl\;ii::can It
bf ol tJi ce-
ll Mintl'Ml, [^ivn
Ijii; illui'il 111 h.s
l-rene republic of
, thi- hiln-.a;(i
■ till' fovcri'gnty
Its rank is iin-
Is trut lis ininil-
1 tliolc uf crown-
le doge, i- loJg-
|ii aiiil I'rotuii-
toii,
OtNOA.
E U R o p r:.
161
■ vvliomay alfobe conrulcri'il ns iltr comuil appnint-
'". .' ,1^. ,loMf. Ihc fiiriiii'r rnnrills of twelve, ami the
rtier of ei'^ht, without iiuliiiliiij; thofc who haviii,:;
hcen <io!;e> "continue prociirafors all the rcniaioiii!^ part
I their lives. 'I'hefc iwiifFces are only hieiiiii.il. 'I'hn i
" ,ii,;,ton and two proeiiratori live in t!icpilace with
ihp duke i mit are th.in}.', (I every three months. 'I'hc
uvtrnatori, toi;iili"r w.th the ilogc, conHitiite the li;;-
rii or L'taiid coiiiuil of (late, who (lellberale on the
)li le,.ret .'Hairs, and atterwarils lay ,i'i-rs of iinpoit
nee hefo't" t.ic ,;reat Council, in order to their reieivin;;
ji„(.|„.i;,| appiobaiiiin ; they alio, in conjuiifjion with
,1,^ nrocu atoii, allill at any intirefli:!'^ coiil'iltati ins of
tifiireat coun> I. Without the privity and advice of
I r iir.iCiifatoii no affair of iniport.mee can Ivj dctirmin-
, ;iiul It u K> them that the direction of the ttealury
^r.'l piibli. r vco'ies belong.
I'lieiiriat co.mcil is coiTipnf,-d of four hiiiidre,!, and
the ii'de roiincil, wliich !■ is it were a coinm tiee of th"
tiitmcr, of one hundred. None but nobles, and fuch as
rdiJc at (ieiiot, can he admitte.l iiit' either. 'I'lie nirm-
heis are annu iilv ch oiged hy a new elecli in, which is
inrformed t lward^ the end of Deeenber, by tliirtypci-
foiii leU'^led for t'Mt p'.rpo'i- by the l.'fi' r council, out ol
,.|K' hundred pel loin pr .p'ifed by it. Both c il'i-^es de-
lihtratc with the two liii^he'' collides on the laws, cui-
(oms, taxes, and coiiiribuiions ; but war, peace, an 1
alliances, aiC'^nlv conlidrrerl an I iklen>iii)ed in the 1 Her
foinril. 1 he live fupienic Ini.'ieaiori, who are ij;ener.illv
rn:i-ii out nf ihf leller coun.il, rx.iinine the tondiul
oi t'lc du^e, tn'e govern.ifjrs, the proi ur.if.rs, and oilii r
cfficers.it tiie ccpiratioii ot thei; eniployn; nts. T'lii
coniniillerios of pcaee, who arc thiee in number, and
thole ol tne laws two, arc i i'lnged even two yeais. 'l"h.
iornicr, who are ciiivens, infprcl ir'o the n1atrin10ni.1l
jH.iirs of tlie ciii/ens, adjuit petty ilifpu:es, or in cile
ct .•I'lhiiaey lay them belore the rmnori.i. Tli y likc-
WM ulilt at the e.ci,tion of a doL;e, and of all ot'uT per-
fon> 111 a'itliority, efpeeially of the thirty directors for
eVctions, wiih r'-f[Kcl to wiiom th 'v ar" to cxiiiniiie
vihctiii'i ihcir proceedin;;? be legal, and whether in every
ciinr rifi'^il due obe-ji'Mcc be paid in the laws.
I'liiiillt'S amon;."; the citizens aredeeiibid hy the rota, a
couit ronlid ng ot hvc lore:;;n dnitors of civil and ciiion
hiv, who live in t.ic palace of the republi.-, and conti-
nu; two years in ottice. .'Xnother colle;;e of f veil 111-
t;ie docl-rs of law, whoaie iifuady i ringed every h.ilf
rcjr, appoint cuardi.ins, lee tli.it procelh ^ are not pro
tiaatd witiiout caul'e, :md that ea.e is t.iken of the po-
l,iv. There is .d.'o a p.iitu ul ir penal-court called 'iln
imjinlii, and nnoi:..r that dclerves tfiiiniundation,
ul-.iih manai^es the attaiis ot poor debtors, or oiliers i!c-
l.;:,-.cJ 111 prilon.
Inlhort, the five ceiifoi.s l.ike co.'-ni/anc.: of the manii-
ficlurcsaiid trade, thciiiiahty of proi ilions, wcijfht., .ind
iT.cilur, s, and of the he'iai ioiir of the .oi.fui.s and war-
dens nfcoinpanics. Befidestht! rhere arc feveralinfe-
luro'S.cs, which the freemen are ca;ijbleof e.-i'Tciliiig.
I lie oiJmarv revrnuc of tne li.itc is computed to a-
moint ;o about half a mliioii of liri ; it atiles 'rom the
dunts on imports and exports : the regalia at Saizana,
G.1U, .Si.voiia, Vinliniiglia, and othi r pl.ic.s ; the woods
j;;j firelfs ; tiie monop.nv of wine, with refj. .^t to vint-
li.r. and others, who keep cellars, and have no wine of
ihrir own i and of corn loKl to bakers ; toj.'ethfr with
tints, and the produce ot rdl the n ■ eniies ol Lorliia:
hitthele lad, even when that illand wa-. quiet, (. .nee
i.if.virril the ch.irge of the troops, ..iid ti'i ni iiiv civil
iiiiais kept there ; which moic p,-,,-iciilai ly fiiiic ihc
nlairi-ilion in that illand, mult have neen of gieat cx-
i';nec to t: e republic.
When tlic above revrniies f.ill flioi t of anlwcilng the
iitfdiaiv cxpences, the llaie borrow:, trom the nobles
siiitiiii I iri/.cii!. laigc funis, at a hi'h inter' (t on ccr-
i.i' pK'.^j^es, and even anignnients on braruhes of the
piibae riveniie, which in 1407 gave lile to tlie f;moii«
Iji'k ol Si. (leorge, Co cilled trom St. Cieorge's chuirh,
'.ih re the diieitors fiunierly held then lo'ietings. I'be
'■"iihiic-- and power of tins bank are > rv cxtraoniiiiarv,
1' lile town', manois, and territories bi longing to it ;
«„;cvfn ;■ 1 .it paitol the ill.ind of Coilica Anion;; other
7-f
important piivih'ges, it is invoKed with a |!aiticular iuiil'-
diCli'ii, and is d'pendent only im the doge and ll.iic.
I'his lonipany h.is not only advanced huge funis to the
republic, but alfo to forci;ir.rs, as mortsaycs on lands or
pu'die levenues in other ll.ites.
The republii , In time ol peace, nfually keep on font a
boclv of abi've ti'.e th'nil.ind rernla troops; n.onelv, lour
tlioul.iiid n.i'lvcs, the duke's lifc-guaid ol two hundred
(icrnians, liie hundred S.viK, three liundied Italians,
.ind one hiiiidru'. bumb..idi..rs. Ijifules thefe, there is
all" a niili'la, which, in i ife of neciflity. Is obliged tu
take the fuld. The cii'.nlry railed In ti.iie of w'ar only
amount to about fi\ hundred, who are but ol lillle (< rvicc,
on account ol the badnefs r.f the lioifcs in this country.
Iti the \\\\ war liie repu'-lie had in pay eighteen thoufand
men. Che fleet of this republic, antieiitly fo celebrated
tor its viitnr s over the Sar.icens, I'ifanefe, Venetiaiif,
SpiTi'ird-, and Tuik", and Inr continuing a confide rabl=
time mallei s of .''.i' iinia, Malta, M.ijorca, Minorca, C in-
dia, Cyprus, and many other illands and places in the
.Mcil fcrranein and An hipehgo, nud ev.-n of the lilack-
S,-.i. is now K'luced to fix g.. Ilic;, which only I'erve, ac-
cording to A.'dKoii and Kevller, to ln'p"rt corn and wine,
I'lid in luniinc r-time 10 j^ivc the principal ladies of Ge-
noa .""n airiiu.!.
'('he tciritoric'i nf flv republic on the continent arc,
Riviera dil,n:inte, Riviera Ji I'oncnte, a.id the niar-
(]uii.ite of Finale.
The city of (i •n'-.a, ".vhicli ftan.ls in tlie f;r(l of tlielc
dl(lri..ds, is tl-.e r-pital and feat of this republle. It is fi-
tu.ited in the rorty-foiirih <le;'. twenty-rve minutes north >^/( -2.1.
Ijtitiide, ,iiid ill the ei.'lith (leg. forty-one minutes calt i '('■
lon-.'.itudc. (icnoa is on" of 'b- mcft ineonv nient, vet,
at tt'.c fame time, oiv of t'le mcdl beautiful, cities in It.dy,
.ind i- .een to the gic.itelf adv.iiitage at the diltance of .1
qiiar'er of a leigiir at Tea, where its (late'y buiidings,
which have gained it the name of Superb', are kisn to
form a glorious r-mph'tb"ativ, gradu.iliy liiing t.iyi ths
fi'le of a bill. Thu; declivity, and the nariownci's of the
itrecti, exclude the ufe nf coaches in (i.iioa, every b' dy
bein,'. fatl.slie.l with going on foot, cx.-c|it the nrlnelpal
hidic^, w!io arc carried in (hairs and litter'. ; bu: the lof-
tine'sot tlieho'ifes and nairowncfs nf the ftr-eis abate the
cxicflivc hiais (.f rummer,hy iiiterc ptiiig the run-beams,
and thus tend to prcfervc the hcalthfuloelV of the city.
I h.- ifri'pts are exceedingly well paved, and in fimc p irts
wif.i free- (lone; brTides, the want of coaches an I other
e.'rri.iL;es greatly c 'iidiice to th ir cleanllnefs As the
bacrrnnefs of tiie nel.;hbourin; foil requires great quanti-
ties of manure, the dun. 01 luvfesand mules is vcryc.ire-
lully g.ithered up. This is chiefly obferved in the fub-
uibs of Pietro d'Arena, where the breadth of the Hrects
admits the ufc of all klmls of whcel-earriagcs.
Molt of the h"ufes are fl.it-ioofed, cr at leall have a
I'allery at top. The roofs are niollH' covered with la-
v.i^.'na, a fidiicth.it vciy much refenibles date, an ! in
the fli-K'ing f.tuition of the city th' le areas, which arc
planted w i'.ii oiange-trees, form a kind of p' nlile g.irden.s,
which, though they have nothing wonderful nor cxtra-
oidinary, h..vc a veiv agieeable effee't.
On the rocks pr.ijci'ling i.ito the lea have been built
f.''ver.'l badions, which, in li'inc pl.ices, (l.nid two or
three behind each o'her, and the length of thef? fortifi-
cations, with th' low ; town, is not lei's liiaii three It.i-
liaii i.iiles. Th number ol guns mounted upon all i; e
works lor the defi iirc of the city, is litle fiiort of fuc
bundled. Toward.s tlie hind the tity is furrouiulcd with
a douiile wall, and the outward, which is the newelt,
rxt' nds hcyon'! the bill, beginning at the fanal, nrll:>bt-
hi'ule, and terminating at the river Ijifagno. Tlie city
is ten miles in ciiciimlerence, and fu.:h is the iniqu.ility
of thi- country, that it takes up three hours to rid • round
it ; but this wall is of too great an cy.eiit to be of any
crnru'crable fi-ryice, iinhl", I'crh ip', in keeping out the
baiilltti. The welt fide if the cliy is watered by the ri-
ver Hoii/.evcra, and on the oppofite fide runs the lii-
layno.
riie harbour of (i'.noais I;u:'c, but nf't very f.ifc ;
iiowever, no care or cxpeiic" is oniit'cd In inipiovins it,
and It has now a mole which exteivis upwards of feveii
h'.inJicd p.'ces Into the lea, On the ri.:ht hand, near
4 V Ihc
't
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mm
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i 1
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i.iS
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.K-!
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A PHY.
f'EVO)
til'.' li^Iit houfi'i is iill'i n new mole, which priijc(n') fcven
liuiiJif.l ami (cviiity-riuir p.ic c^, ami i-. dcltmli.J by liii;;i.-
frai;mLnts (il'roi''.<. As the Ici is hcij very iltcp, thole
wiiikf mull have been very rxiunfive. In tlie iiiidille ot
the harbour, at a i'!aie e.illeil ih= Rny.il l!iiil;ie, i-, a
c<i;iiinoJI(iiis wateriii',;-|iUce tor ihi;'-, liie w.iier l)eiii|;
cimveyed hy jiijie-j In iii the iiiduiii iii". Witliin ths
harbour i;i th." WL't-di;ek ler t ic re, iiblieN pallies, the
laigtll ot' which carri.'j only from lixiy to one hiindncl
I'oldier , and tiucc luiildied and twenty loweis, live or
fix on ,\ bench.
The Darfeni, or wet-duck, abonnds wiih Tnrkifh
fave.^, who aie generally ol a f'uily lierce aliiei't, to
which their Ion:-; whifliers do not a litile contiibnte,
'I'hcy are dicdld 'ii acoarfc cloak, with a cowl to it like
that ol the Capuchins, la the Darlena they ate at IiIht-
fv ; but in the city (.no meets thein every where chained
ill coupks, ami trying; iheele, cotton, cloth, i?<c. 'I'hey
idl'o keep tippliiiy-lHiiiles, and pellyihops in the Uaile-
iia, tl'.eir ofHcer^ 'juiiij; them .ill po|iil)le enc(Uira|;ement,
advancing them linall funis, with which, in thi it liiiv. to
M.irRlllcs, Coiliea, and other place-., they buy all k.iid^
cf knitk-knaiks at a very cheap rate, and make a !;ood
r.;nrkct ol iheiii at Ciciioa, wheie every thing li cxtreinc-
Iv dear ; but the officers conic in lor a (hare ot' the pro-
Itv Some of tlufe ll.ive;; arc liiini(Iii.d with c.oujs to
trade with out of the republic's warehouse'-, p.irt lor
p.ady money, ';nd part on credit at a H.ittd price. At
ivi;ht none of them are to be ablcnt iioin ti;e Dailena ;
tur then they are nuillered and locked up.
The roivcrs on board the t;allies j'enerallv confift of
tb.ii'.' clali'is. The titll, indigent people, who iell tlum-
t.'ives for a certain term ot years. The lecoml, rriminaU,
who have been lenlcnccd to the oar lor a limited time,
cr during life ; and the third, 'I'uikilli or JJ.iibarv pri-
i'or^er', who, though they IhiniKI become tonicity to
Chriltianity, do not lecover their freedom; but their
rodfathers freiiuently put them in a better w.iv of livin_:.',
and, t;poii their t;ood behaviour, give th'.ni their libertv.
'I'he lii'ht-houfe is a tower whith is afccnded by one
hundred and llxty-lix iKps, and Hands v:\ the well lide
of the hatbour on a high rock, which .s aU'o loititied.
I'.vcry night, except about the lummcr folllice, a Ian-
thorn with thirty-lix lan;;.s '^ l>u"i' out at the top of it,
towards the fea ; and when a number of (liijis, or any
fleet, is known to be in ihele Teas, an addition is made to
the number of lamp', which, at a dill.incf, refemble a
fmnlellar. I'pon deferying a fliip ircm the li.'ht-hnufe
top^ a bullet is hung out, lor two (liips two bullets, .:iid
fo on till live. The llgnal to give iiotice that a fiju.'.Jion
ib in light, is one bullet and a llag.
The'onlv (Ir.iiglu and broad Ideas arc the New and
the IJdbi iireets. 'I'hefe entirely confill of magnilieent
p.daccs ; ill the former arc thole ol the families of Doria,
I'.ilavicini, l.cfLari, .niul Coirega, the lecond llory ol
wliieli opens into tine gardens and orangerus railed on
Inick-work. The HallM llicet is greatly orn.iincntcd by
the two palaces of the houfe of lialbi, the Jefuits college,
and the Oura.'zo p.ilacc, the hell feciilar building in the
whole cif. The houfe. of Cjviioaaie, in gi.iici.il, well
built, and painivd on llic out-lide with dilteient orders
of architeiRurc, and I'omeofthem with landfe.ipes. J''or
the better enjoyment of the coid lulliair, perlons of rank
lieipientK- live'in the thud llory.
The paiace in which the duke reridcs is almort i.n the
center of the city, and is an old large ('tone building, with
two llatiicsof white marble in the coiiit, erected in ho-
nour of Andrew and John Andrew Duria. 1 rom the
couit is an al'cent by a white ni.irble llaircafe, with very
low Heps, to the great hall, where the doge is elecled, and
foreign envoys have audiences, which is iixty-li.\ paces
in leii'th, and thirty bro.id. It is very lofty, but the
Jloor is made of pl.itlcr ; however, the cornices and ar-
chitraves arc finely carved and gilt, and the ducal throne
covered with iriml'on velvet, enriched with gold fringes
and talTels. In this ftately hall Hand lix white marble
ftatues of pcrfons hv whole liberality the public li.;s been
eminently hcnelitcd,and on the wall at the two ends, and
on thecieliiu', arc painted fix ot the lepublic's printipal
;itchievements.
'I'his hall opens into the I'uir.mcr council-chamber, in
which, among niany other painting?, i» .t noble pia,,,,
by Soliinuir, of the folcinii reception of .St. lulu, ,1 "
llaptitl's alius at (ienoi. Near the throne is alio ,^..„,
tented the difcovery of Ameiica by t-hrillnpluf (;,]["'
bus. Its private chapel is adorned with paiiitin!,"'","
Itel.oof.ill the taints and celebrated natives o! (•'^ '
among whom is alio ChtiUoplier Columbus, win, «.,'"'
native ofth.it city. '' '
Kroni the aii.lieiice h.ill a narrow palTai-e ItaJ, ,,, ,.^
arlenal, which ii alio in the pal.ice, and ii'iaid to cin'uj'
aims lor tliiily-lour thoinaiul men. Anion" thi- ,„, ^ '
weapons I. (li,-vvii a lint Id, containing one hiindrd i
twenty pilbd bairelj, which a peil'on named (uliui e"
tar Vacche is laid to have made, in nrdir to diiii.iitl, ,",,
weie, with one tliof, both the do'-.c and his coiinir'l '
whin allembled. Hut the moll \elebtated cun,li't'"'
thirty-three i n.its of mail belonging to fo many (n,-!,.''
heroines, whu are laid to h.ive performed .lerolfjJc t."i''
Holy Land, in the year 1 joi j but it is much ipidli',',,",
whether t.'ule coats of m.iil were ever uled by v,,,
riiiicc Dor:,,'-_ |>al.icc and gardens near the h'arboi'ii""'.
very line, and al't'ord a inotl dilighttui prol'pcdt. ""
In the whole city are reckoned ihitty-fcyrn p„;(i
churches, twenty collegiate, Icvcnlccn convents 1,1.
LirLC hofpiMls. ""iJf*o
'Ihe piincipal ruriafuy to be fccn in the catl, ' '
which i^ d'Jiiatid to St. Lawrence, i^ a difli ni.,,V " '
tingle emerald, laid to be one of the i|uceii of 'i|,j,'i, ,'
picl'ents to kin" Sob nion, and the veiy lame in v 1 1
Chritl aie of thi hifelial Lamb, at his lall lup.,,, ,'j.'',|'
his difciples. On the left hand of the entraine „(',i' '
catludral is a ehaiiel, where thirty lilver lamps an: ;, „.',
mi.dly burnir.g, and i.i vvhii h they |iietcnd to ktep ■',
extraordinary veneration, the boms of John the iLi-.i'
The altar is fuppoitcil by four columns of porphviv r i
over it isapictuie by Vandyke, and it is adonud k\''
white marble llanie of John the l!aptilt, " ''
St. Anibioic's chiircli belongs to the Jei'uits, arj ; ,
good Hruclure. ( )ver the great altar is an exrellem ■i't*
by Ruber-, lepreluitingthecircriiiKitiMi i,t C'|-,ri'l vi'h"-'
the emotions of tendernefs in a woman Itaiu'in ' bv "■','.
a'mirably expKlI'Ld. 'Ihe altar is adorned vvitli'i'J,,"
Irge coliiniii. (f black marble, and the ihtucs' r,; '!•
Peter and St. I'.uil of white marble, St. Ignalius'pu-
lorining a miracle by Rubens, on aiiothe, altar, anj'i'--
All'iimption of tiic V irein .Mary, give fenfible plcaliuc;,
the eonnoilieurs in painting.
The Jefuits college is a very fine buildinj;. Atthcfc--
of the Hail'., next the entrancc.are two large lionscoiai-!
atii, of white maible. 'I'he court is I ui rounded with m-,,
lofiy galleries, both I'upported by columns of (.'.!,- ..
ni.irble, ofwhiih there aic an hundred in number.
Near the Jefuits college is St. Ann's cluircli, br.v •
fullv decorated with tine Ihicco, l''lorcntine-wi>r.; .;■
marble lcul|!ture, ill all which, however, it is fura.iiic!
by the church ot St. Cvr.
In the way from the pia'/./a Sarfanoto the mn-rnifia-r;-
church ol St. .Maria Carignan, which Hands on^ainini-
iK-nce, is a Hone bridge, that joins tonether tw:> h):
feparattd by a deep valley. 'i'liL bridge confills ot in-
fm,ill, and three large, arches, and is between einhtv :,-,!
ninety feet high, fifteen common paces broa-J,'""-!!,) |-,!
tween one huruhed and I'lxty and one hunditd and l.v.ii-
ty in length. I'lider it are dwclling-houl'is Iroin fci;; i ,
lix Hories higli, and over then, is Hill an open fp..a' , ,
ten or twelve Icet. The diameter of one of the .irila> 11
the Hieet beneath is above thirty common paces ; but tli.'
extent of the middle arch is Hill wider, 'i'his bnd'ccan'-
not be ken without aHoiiifhinent. °
In the church of St. l'liili|)po Ncri, belonglni; tti il-.»
fathers ol the Oratory, are loine fine paintiii's and ai)mi-
rable fculptiiies in marble, and in many places it is l.i-.r,i
with a beaiitilul kind of marble, called Brorattlio u
Spagna. Every Sun lay evening, during the winter, . ii
oratorio, or religious opera, is [K'rformed in this ehiiiCii
louiided on fome I'ctipture hillorv, and is fuccocded by i
fermon near half an hour long, and then the fcrvictcn"
eludes with a piece of ehi.rch miilic : but in the I'.irnn- ■:
thel'e fathers Ipend every Sunday in the afternoon at rhi ;
garden without the city, in which is a beautiful cdi.'^-i,
where they have levcra! kinds of games, ;:, dranjlii-,
vIa!,,
Corsica.
chefs and billiar
It IS true, they d.
,,„•/,/''"''■''#"'
„p u( a i-ariy, 1
Virgin M I'y. ■'"
clurge them iim
^.^ In the even
iierformi
loriJ I''
.,„J this medley
i,i,„i piece of mi
5,. Srrph.'rt s <
j.j aJniirablc alt
j,^. I„li,) Romano
(,utl pcrleciiturs
,,i|„vi'd to be 01
jurvJIiiiecthcP
hi the year i";
lurv, and civil ai
l),; proteiitiim ot
,,!,.• poor of the c
411,1 at Pi-elent ah
,„clu.leJ, are nu
liwvvil'e, boys are
„-htii they h ivc g
li„.-ls, areallowe.
iaii:s. TiK'y an
the vvoo'.ieii ni.in
lippnrt I'lieli an lu
Lml,,. or ih.- b
I ..If blojiiiing ye
; .-is of a iii|riiur^
cJxi ill black i
«li,it colipiir. the]
iIh If marriage.
It kcins but 1:
rinJi'llv fl' t'lat I
ilabiiJioll in this
-joiitl.m.iii called
chjir ill the llrcetsv
l(iL' holy water tf
laili; arts of coni|
with one fucli o!
have their dillinct
ti)C< abroad i aiiot
he i::Jria;:einent o
I'piirlh is even ci
cf money. In-'
jri' coirimordy 1.
lines. Tliey
lilt lovers, and i
mil! imagine tii.
J.I tiivfe fainilia
liii's ill point
ihcii; iiitiniaci.
x-e i:.rilb^i to
0; jjallantiy conii
liiti advanced in
ihtir cizilbco.
JMr to the (jcii
v-Tv like it at
\\'ortley Montaj
:r;iitrary at (!eno
I'-rvc it, and it n
i.'clinc.
.-\t the funerals o
fj with all forts ol
coffin. When a
jioiis fraternities
ii'oJs drawn iiver
h.aiJs, which th
may earn a few
it jrnps otK. Tf
the niiiiiber of r.ig
cedioii, are no gri
The inns ot C
taiiinicnt, and ca
tor every thing bet
with wine from t
vet the wine is no
profit arifes from
aukc it up in oth
7
all
IL
t
nil
I
St
V
T"
COR'ICA'
EURO I' v..
.: iiiJ liilll.)rJ». but cards ami dice are not allowed.
I true they do not play Cor momy i but t./r //j< A/.i-
" Pal'i mjUri, ^nJ other prayers ; and at the brciltin ■,
'""'f a party, •'"-" lolers kncclliulurc an ima,',« ol ih ■
r "ii MirVi ni'J there, acconlinc to their lolin.;., ilil
/'"Vtlicm unto Ikt, or untoCiod, by I'ulir ir„liri,
T'^ In the cveniii ; tlicy leave olF pl.ivi";;, aiul an ora
•' 13 iierformed 1 next eoines a Ipiiitu.d txlioilalion,
""j",,,;, nicdley ol levity and religion doles witli a lo-
•"' iecerf nuific.
< St'"ib''n'' church is worth feein;', on acrount of
■, ajinir'aMc altar-piece of the Honing of St. Stephen,
''' ['ill, Kuniario, in which the rancour .iiid luiy of In.-,
l' ncrleciitori are inconipar.ddy exprcU'eil j and thii u
''T'ld 10 be one of the eonipletid pieces that has ap-
'urcjVuice the revival of paintin;;. _
'' 1,1 the vear 1751, a new academy of p.untm;', fcwlp-
;iiid civil arcliiteclure, was iiillituted here, no J r
'iTproteaion of the couneil. 'I'he ehief hofpit.il for
'iMioor of the city of Genua, itaiid:, 011 aw eininince,
''YVrreient above 2OCO peifons oflkers and feivant',
""•'li'ltd are niaintaiiied in it. On ihii fouiulaiioii,
|'"^infe'hoyj ate bton;;lu up to handirraft trades, and
•iicii they ''"vc gained lufheieiu expeiienee in their bu-
f ,,,, jre allowed to pi iiUu the woiKl to fiek t'leir for
3"J
'J'hcy are employed inweaving, ihoe- niiikui ■
Ic ttoo'.ien nianofaetory, and otiier trades leipnied to
!,Lort fiieh an hofpnal. . .
Little or the beauty of the fair (ex h dvn at dcnna.
If blojniini; yeais being inollly (pent in the terlufe-
■ 's of a ii'innery. The married laillcs arc gener.illy
: i'ltJ ill black I'lllc or velvet, the liberty of ehoolin;;
''■'lit coliiuri they pleafe expiiin^ with the firll year ut
(jiui inarii.i'-',e.
It kems hut little to acrec with thi' rcfervcdiufs and
mnJi-'ltv il' '''-'t ''•'''• 'hat moll of the niuned ladiei of
iiiihiii-lioi' in this city are cveiy where attenled by a
ocml.m.ui "lied a ci/ilbeo, wtio walks before their
chjit ill the llreet.;, and atcomin:; into the church, holds
ih' holy water to them, and, like a lover, docs all tht
Ittlc arts of compliifance. Some ladivs, irit faiisticd
vilh one fuch obfeciuious danL'ler, admit feveral, who
hvc their dillinct ofaees j one aitends the ladv when ih.-
toe- abro.id ; another provides for the table; another h.is
i",c iiianaitemciit of diverlions and 'Mrties of piv.ilure ; a
lourlh is even confulted about receipts and dilb irfeineiHa
(iVnioiicv. InJeed both the beauty and wit of the laly
an- ciiiiimnidv latcd acconlinr; to the nunbrr ot ihck'vo-
tiiici. I'hey all p.'.fs under the d miniiution ol I'lato-
iiitlnvcrs, and Indeed, f.iys Mr K-yder, one w;.)uld al
,,,,,|l jm.i!;ine that the hulbaiuls had iiothui » to fear from
J, 1 laefe familiarities ; for the (knoe(e bcin;; true Ita-
liji'i in point of jcaloulv, cannot be i,rnoi ant h ia' t.ir
ihi'l'e intimacies m.iy be cariied, as they, in their turn,
jte ei/.ilbci to other married ladies. Nor is this piece
0; ".dlantiy cnnlined to the young women only ; for la-
Jiii a^vaiieed in years pique theml'elvei nuich on havin_'
their ciziibsn. Strange as this cullom is, it is not pceu-
l;.ir to the (jcnoefe : we have given a:i acco;int of one
v;rv like it at Vienna, from the travels ot tr.c Lady
Wortley Montiguc. However, this cull im is nierily
:r;iitrary at (icnoa; cuftom does not olili^je them to ob-
LTve it, and it now feems to be in fume mcafurc on the
i:;'clinc.
At the funerals of I'lngle p"rfoiis a kind of iiarl.md, dick-
f J with all forts of white artificial llowers,is pKiced upon the
C'lffin. When a pcribn of ilillnielioii is buried, tlie leli-
tious fraternities walk in the pioceflion with their whiie
i-.'ods drawn over their faces, carryin;:; flimbeaux in their
li;.r.J-S which they hold hori/.ontaily, th.u poor boys
nijv earn a few pence by catchint; the wax on piper a^
i; jrmj otF. This intention is doubtlcis humane, but
the iiiunber of ragi;ed boys thus mingling vs'ilh the pro-
ceflion, are no great ornament to t!ic folemnitv.
The inns of Oenoa alForii but an indilicrent cnter-
niiinicnt, and care ought always to be taken to a-^^ree
for every thing before-hand. Their houlcs arc furniflud
with wine from the republic's vaults, in fLdbil b.iitles,
vet the wine Is none ot the bell ; and as all the landlord's
prnfit arifes from the empty bottles, be takes eare to
aiA: it up ill other articles. Belides this monopoly of
c
wine, wliiili all who have none of their own growth
mull buy ol the rcpublie, it is the Hate (udy that deal*
in corn, none beini; Ibid in any market, but all bakeu
mult apply f,>i u to the jjublie granaries.
S K C T. XVI,
I'l.'t IJland cf Corsica.
lis SllUiitkn, Extent, Pro'hite, Rivin, Jli/hry, anl luU.
I'lliiiin, with a tsmife Dr/crijlun nf tht Cil^ nf Bajlsj,
R S I C A 11^ s oppofite to the (lenocfe coaft, be-
,^^ twei n the gulf ot CJenoa and the illanil of Sard,- ,
nia i betwi'eii the forty-fiill and foitv-third degree ui /,l
north latitude, and the' eighth and tenth degree of c.ilt /-
longitude. Aenirding to iJellni, it extends eighty-ei_'ht
Knglidi miles in lengtli, and forty in breadth, 'rhe
ilhiid Iving f.ir the moll part miuiit unouj, has little
arable I ind, fo that the priiitipal tiunlul parts are the
plains and v.dlcys, which produce coin, wine, ti-s, and
other fiuit, with plenty of olive oil ,ind honev, wax,
and other neixll'iries ; but the honey \-> (aid to btb:tieii(h,
Irom the biei h.iunting the yew trees, great nuir.beis uf
whieh ai'j in the illaii I. Here is alio a conlidcr.ible
breed of catile, and among ihe^imiint lirn veiy furious
aiul uiuractable wild horle.-, I h .- county of oehio hai
alum and iron. Some of the deep vallrys between tin-
fiiminits of the mountain aie eoir.iiui.ill)- eovcred witii
(now, and yet in them aie (.uind fdi-vvoik', l'uI|>hur(ou.
hot baths, and beautiful rrvll.ds j and along the lliuio
towards the S.irdinian ti.le, is a very fmi,' corarfifluiy,
The cliitf rivLis arc the Guolo, or Gullo, the Tuvi"-
naiio, and the Tahuo.
The unvvholefomenels of the air is an invincible ob-
flacle to the popubuifnef. of the illanJ, as appears froiti
a calculation made in 17^6, by Ilaion Tlv.odore, ac-
cording to which the inhabitants amounted U, no more
than iio,oco. In lie beginning of the pref.nt centurv,
two Greeks flying out of the .Mnrea, on account of the
cx.ictioiis .uid rapine of the Turks, the republic granted
t.'iem all the country betw-eii the bav of Sagona and
Aj.iCfio, where they built h.'.ndlbme villages, ami dur-
ing the dilluibances in this illmd, have given proofs of a
firm atti-hment to the republic.
Corlica was anciently a I'mall kingdom inhabited by
the Saracen?, but in t!ie year S'o6 was conquered by the
Cieni'cif, who drove them out of it. In the eleventh
century the illand was taken fiom them by the Pifanefe,
but was aftewards recovired. In 1 + ^;, the revenues
and government of the ifl md were alfijiied to the bank
of St. Cieorge, the diiccbirs of v\'liich, in 1465, ceded
it to the duke of Milan ; but the Genoele being un-
willing to aiknowlcdgf: his fovereigntv, the illand again
fill to the bank of St. George, In 155J, the French
fci/.ed upon the gicatcil part of it, but live years alter
relloreil it to tlv' lepublic.
in 15'i.ithe Ciuficans revolted from tlio rrpuldic of
Genoa, and, though reduced to libedience in I5(>9, (lill
harbiuired in their bread an implacable rcfentnienc and
hatred ::'.;iiiil the {jenocfe, for their rigor.ms trcitnieni,
in divLili.ig their moll eminent families of the piiulctrcs
of nubility : excluding them from all ecclefiailical and
military employments, prohibitinp, the nativss iri i'tneial
all manner of trade, underrating the bid comniuditie?,
whiie they cxacled an exorbitant price for any neceda-
ries lold them ; in (horr, oppreding them with l-.'javy
taxes ; all thcl'e evils being aggiavatcd by tlie haiiL'htinels
and avarice of the republic's officers, the Genoele \oke
became iiifupportablc. Some I'ilhirb.inccs wdiich l/ruki;
out in i-;6, were foon <|ue!ljd ; but in 1 7?.Q, a n; '.v tax
being I lid on the Corl'icans, thev abfolutely refufed to pay,
recpiirin,'; the republic to permit them to make their ow'u
lalt, iiill.ad of buying it at Cicnoa at an exoibitant price.
Upon this, Pinello the governor not only r'-jcclcd their
petition, but had tecourl'c to violent meafu res for com-
pelling them to i)ay tiie tax. Tliis made them openly run
to arms in their own defence, but in 17-^1 and 1737. tran-
quility w.is rellored I'.y means id' a body of imperi..l auxi-
liaries, and the next year, by the cmpcroi's mediation, thj
republic
■ ^: A
■-X:
,3.
; iM
%'■
I I
'! 1
'til '•■■ \' m '
Jit If
3«4
A S Y S I r-: Nf O F G K O G R A F II Y.
Inc,.
rr|iiitilic tli.i'li fotiif .iliatrmint in their iK-maiuls nii the liutiJrcil niiil fifty vill.ip/i Ih'I'iiiimiii^ to it, nn" f,.
Ci'rlii .1111, lliiwinr, tiic imi'iti.il inuips hiul It.irce
(|iiitlt'tl the Uliiid, wh(|ilhf rctliriM.itKiH'' linlci. <uit v^mIii
111 17)5, ''"' "'•''' i"'"'^ loriiicil ,1 plan tor a new aii.l
ill'
at ii(i'vjrilMil dill' hiiiulrcd and iwimy ilimil.in.l, i,| i'l''''
iMtwi.n twenty jiiJ thiitytlUiUUiiilarc -ibli-, oii'„n.i ""'
til brar arms. '•
I
iiiilf|ii iitli'iii liMn <il' pdvrriiimnt, aiiil ilic ihm M ar ptii- 'I'lmiij'h thin country h mounfaiiioiii, it p„„|^
clainuJ Ivncn rhcoili.ic Van NriiluH, a n /.tiu'cil W ill ] plenty <>( alnmll every tliinn but toiii,<,| wlmli iii,, ',''
halia, who h . I hrcii^'ht them limic military llnrci, their , neriiriy nap only *■, mm h ,i» I'lrvei tlirin halt j , ■ '
ing, and hf el(ahl;(hi;d ccrtujit t'undamcntal la*J tor thii i and the rrll ihi'v have (nin abroad. 'Iju y li.i\c j'l'iji:'
new goviriinii ;it. <■'!' nt (pimtlty ol rue, imllr, lu ans, Inpmi, .aiO iim. /|' .'
'I'lic coiiination I r ih;- monarch wa> (i.Ttornii-d with i iiutj, which the loiiiii.im piupli' ii(c iiiiIimi; (,( |,,,. V
» laiiril rrown, on whi.'i o.carinii he c mli'd in.daU to i wiili a v.iriefv of ollur Iriiil*, and have |iliiity ul h/. '
be (liiirk, and on the lixuentli ol Septcndu r iiilliluled an thiy likiAile exceed .ill niher eoiintiiei in tlni, ^i /
order of kiii, luhnod, Iv the ; V of the oid.; ..I I!, luir- j •'"■I ('• • oil diawn lioni iheiti. All corn is engn,!! ,1 , '
ancc. On the foiiitefiiin ot N 'Viiiihrr he I. It C'orlica, i '"Id by the Hate, dilliil'iitin;i; it to the Ivikers, wlm |,j"'
in order to fnlirit torn:,!! aflillanie, and in f)H, utiirn- I to the public-: in (li.Tl, llicmdultiy of ilic I'eiMik- m" il'
td with three (hipi li:.l (It mili'.arv (hirtj i Init loon went : P'ovirj rury Ijiot ot ^'.roiind i» rc|iullv ( Miiifin,, j|,j
•i;.iin 1 1 lolieit mo.f allilt.iiK c. 'f'he lam.' viar .1 b ■ !y of Coniii:. tidable, und the inliabitants .ppi ar with in ,
auxibarii ■; bc'ni; leu; to the republic, in a rear nieaiiii>- "f clu a: lulneti and plenty, (eld^mi to l>c lniind a,^. '
quieted iho idaiid : but on their leavin;^ it in 1741, the tl-oie 01 the nei^iihounnn rountry. 1 he vu inty ,,|,^
nninioliiies a Mind the (ii tioell' !H';',aii aj;,aiii to liaw out, i g'and dnthy of 'I'ufiany keeps fh m roiiHmtly 1,1, ,),,'''
and in l"'4J W'eic h»L;'M'-n"d liy rheodorc"'; leei^tid return Knaril, in otder to prcleree tlu ir luidoin, on whiih i'
with alliiianfc from I- it '.land His Uav was then alio e>iunt the protei lion ot Imne (oreipn pow, f ij nblolur I
butfliott; h • '-'r i'orlua, and iiev '1 in )'e letiirtud. In metllary. In ('leli 1 litualion an UMi»erf.il jpnuit.l , 1
this and tile liilliwiti;; \ear there fTPi ' :in appearanee haimonv v 11 ..lone en ihic them to tranfnut to ii(,|[,.
of peace; and tii u.;h thi- l''n[;lifli fiiet h'lmb.ir Jed jLiltia ihe bliflinps ol their darling I. niER is , whole mmt in
in 1745, ait 1 the ni.iletiiiitenti ..ot pntlillioti of tlie city, hi ar i ti their anns, and whole inia(;e is not only in, '
yet itiev ( ioii liifl iiarrnin, an' h ueiMiv t 1 eoin. 11 1 Mth -' -■' ^ ' ' ■ '■ '
a body of tiefli (iieeouis wliieh th- fpMblu- h.n olit.iiiied
from I'raiKC. Ai to I heolce their mii^', af'cr comiiij;
to London to raile money an 1 fiieii Is fir luppoiiin.' his
claiiii, he WM leveral years conliind in the Kiolj/.s Uencli
pril'in for debt, where he at h ii(.>th ibeil, .ind .1 inoiuiriifnt
has been errcb d by foine '.;eiuleinen to the memory ot that ""I'l the iiih.ib't.uiis lorniid the project of iiuli- -injfj,''
Unhappv nijniiiiai inoM.i''ih. which iliev can icd mi piivalcly till the leignof (In- 0,^,1,,.'
In open i;roiiiid the (.'oific.ins arcfaid not to be a inateh rnr C'hailis IV. whtii lliey openly ilet-ciiid tlieii fcK j
for rciiiilar troops 1 but in the niountain'', whne tliev )ie- 'rom the cai|iiie, and ol'tained the proticlion ot .Siiam
llerally ki( p, ttiey li.iv the advaiit.ige, and Ironi time j 'I he prim 1,- d pei li^ii in the Hate is ti.e f;oiif,l,ii|„',„
" ■' ' .-.•■.■i- which I'mniiies a liand.ird-be irer, and was lorn' ' '
II',
ed on tl'.eir coin, but alto on the city .jatc., ai,d.l'l;|!
piiblii buildii'L -. " " '■ '
I 'ic iityoi l.ticca wati anciently a Roman cnldiy .
laliv,«aidi it >' .1- lompri/.id in tl
l""->-" "" oie- llOltliniUlls (,( ,(.j
l;iti;^5 of the rian'n', .ind liom them tlie enp
Ciermany il.iiineil its foveicij'iity. At the I
|H'r„r'; .,t
"":; iiilrtrcg.
title ol
ndie .d
totiine mike liiceefsful fillies.
Tht cleruv are very mmierons, and are laid to cncou-
ra;;ca Ipiiit of dileonteiu .■.mon!> the pco|'le ; a pt.eli 01
Itiink h.iviiiL,' ottt II brill fetn iinud at tie.- head 01 a bodv
of Corliean-. Ir is > onip'ited tiut the 1 i.ini deans, C'a-
piiehiiics, and Servies, have no Ids than lcveiitv-h\e
convents in the illand.
Corfiea is divided into two lar^epatt', the roiintry on
lhi^ fide the moiint.iiiis, on the iMiih ealt pail, to wiiirh expcnces are
btluiij.' thiiiv pievi, or diltiu-ts ; and the c.niiit:y bevond when they u'l
the inoiintaiiis, or the lou'h-w..ll part, winch lotitaiiis
onlv ei,',l'.t it.drict'!.
I-IaMii is the api: d r fthc whole illand, and is fr.ited in
the divilioii on this li.l'.' fh.' mountains, in the forty !e
conJde:;, twenty rr'niitrs f. irth I.itimde, and in iik i-inM
lie;', fcilv IV. :iutP'. caff HniTitude. It Is trie tee of a bi-
he foverei.;n-i ot I'loreme. He
V th:
I-" I" diellJ i„ J
rimioii >c!vit, with .i bonnet and (1,^|.., |||,
power lefi nibUs ih.il of the do,'0 of Venue .ind (ieii'i
bti: he l.^ Hilcdoidy Ins l.xcellency. With hnn are jiimj
nine toiiidi llor, t.ii.e I aiiziuni, or > Iders. 'rheil.' tin
perl'ons, uliub ar the titl ■ of txcellentiHiaii, whiicin ih:
adniinilfi..tion, liv ,n the republic's palace, whiTc !h.;J
l.fm ! at the chan!;e of the Ibtc ; but
ibloaJ on their own private concit;', , i;
nidi be inco'.'iilio, and in a ilole fedan, with the e;:,'t„::u
dr.iwn. 'I'h'.fe aie ihaniied eveiy two months, v.rmh
Mi Addi onohiervis, is trie greateft lecuriry to tii\.,r 1;.
blrt^, .11.1 in » liirjiifiinj in.innir contrihutes tu i\'
<j'i. k I. patch of all public aH'airs ; but in any tciii.in.
.il'le cxi^epcc ol Hate, he .idds, it certainly rcqinrt<,i
nut' M lonj'tr lime to
K'l any jjreat defi^'ii c.ilcii!,i
ilion, and tl'.e rci\U-nii: of Iti: (lenoefc nove.-.-nr. It lies
on I'le te.i, .inj In? a i»ood liarhour, defended by a cail'e. ! t'lT the I'ood of ti.e c inimoinve.dth, to its inaiiiniv .iiij
Tile malrontciits of Corfica have nu !r iVvcral i.'.temr.t.- ' j". riect on. The (.'ontalunn re and the nine aiv/.i.ini jie
on this cite, which i; .it prcle.nt dcfci\!eJ by a Fr'.-nc.i chofen out of the pri it counol, which i, compofej of
•jariil'cii. Ill thi.i city is an :riJcniy of Hue ..rf., In | two hundred and Imty nobles, one naif of wlinni fn,-mi
I 74 i;, as b.-.s h'.n .ilieady injniioiicd, i: was bombarded • the ordin.iry council, and th.- other the extr.iniilin.irv ■
by the Knglilh, an<l very much daina-ed, but after tahi:;:; ! but boili, once in two yejrs, are changed by a new elic-
it, it V.1-- I'lvento tlieCorficans ; yet they were a.:a!;i dii , lion.
» en out ot it, .Tnl, in 174(1, it \v»; bcfic.: d b'.- t.v: ,'Vu
Itiiins aiid I-'iedir.o;itelr, bur mil'; fuch a •. i_: )r„..3 ilt:-
fcnec, that the believers wcie obl.gcd todccuinp.
I The tltl-of the fl.ii' is the .loft Serene Republic of
I/Ueca. Its arms aie .i/urc, with the word l.lliiii 1 , or,
between two Ir. Its of 1 r.
S K C T. XVII,
Tm R.ful'^i. 3/Li.'tc.-\,
/;; Sitiiiitian, Exttnl, Pro'liici; ariit (Uvcn:)iKi:: ., -uil.h a par-
tuu'uir Dejlripi'nn r.f t'.t City ^/ L:h,a,
The ordinary levcnue ot tiie
republic is about four hundred thiuifaiul fcudi, or almut
ei'jht) tbnnCiiul p"iinds Herlin.^. It maintains a rL'>;iilar
bo,!), of live hiiiulM .,! li.en, an I fevcnty Swil.s a* a guaij
for the j;nnl.il jiiii'ie ao'l the nine recent couuKlliirs.
riieiilyid" I.ueia, liie reiideii' e id' the ;,',on riiiiifnt,
is fitu.ited in the T rtv third de;;. filly-two niiiiiito- noitli
l.iiitiide, and in tlie eleventh diy. rwcnrv-leven min'iti'S
i call b)n^iiiiJ'-, in a moll de!i;;hifiil plain of lillei'n or
T'lE territories of ihis fm..li republic lie on that part twmty iiiib.-- 111 i xt-iu, t-rmin.iliii'^ in imiiu nces, lii-
(d' liic M .''itttraneaii called the riil-.-.m i-a, and verlihul witii vill i;i -, leats, fummcr-houfcs, vineyjnls,
on ttic: land fide a. ecli'i lly bounded by ibc I'lifran doiiii- meadows, and lorn fields. T.vcry tliiii'; that can con-
iii'iii., a patt only itiminaiiiii; on tht duchy of Mojena ' tiibute to uic and ph .dure Is here in great plenty. The
'I his little couiitiy, which is unlv about thirty ii.dian city i'. lej^ularlv foititied with eleven biliions facid with
niiiei in circunilcrcnce, is excccdiilir friiitlul an I well lirick, and is about tliiee Itali.ui miles in toinp.rfs; the
cultivated ; for the fci iliiy ot 'he lod and the miidn-fi raiiip.irts are very wide, wdiere is a deli;',litful walk tor tlic
01 th,' ^,)v:--rn:iRilt have been lueli attrac'iv ■ inducements ' ■itizcns, under the trees (ilmled on tiiem. 1 lie inhj-
for Icllliuii ttierc,tu.U thi; innabiUlltsof the city, and tiie bitaiits aiiKjUiu to I'oiii'. vvh.il n.ore than loity tli'JiiliiiJ,
""». If proiir,,
'' wlml) ihry.,,.
Inn lull a ,,^',
n\ .MiU liin'iiici,
inlliMi: nl i,r,,„|,
I pknty ul Hiinl
1 iii tlii'ir uiivc
■Iii»in;.rull,lini
'•iliiT*. who 1.11,,
llic IHlvplc „,,„,.
lllv I llptllillrr j|,,l
i'l>'Ji- With j'n;,T
j'C li'uiul jin„„.
he vii.iniyolii,,
ilillmtly 1,1, ,h,,,
11. <'" whi.h t(.
<■>'*■■ -r is iihl„lu,o,
LTl.il »oiu()r,| j„i
iiifniittn poll.tj.y
wliiilc n jmc ilu'^
llol only iin|ir,,|'.
aic, .ir.J-il ;!:,,,
I Rrmnn cnlcny ,
lioilUIUOIb (;| ||-,(
II the in|icr.,r-, ,,i
ihi' 1(111;; iiitrrccg.
ol' iiuliviriilcnn
itignot'tlnf^pi!
l.'l.:CluJ tlU'lll'rK;,
iclimi 111 Sp;'.ii..
the t;oiir,l-iiin.,,.^
W.1S Idrnivilv t),.
(c IS ihcll>d ill i
t Jiiil flil", 111,
'I'liiii' ,n!i| (ivii"j,
'ith hiiii ari'jinK'J
lUi'i. Thii;- ten
iMiiii, wh:lcinih:
l.icc, where tli,;t
I he ihtc i but
n- ciinc(r.; , i(
ith the l'.:r;„;;ii
niDir.hs, v.hii!',
iri'v tti lin.r li.
trihutci til ih,'
in nny rciii.m-
liiily ri.(;ii,rt<,i
elii'ii calciilnoj
its inaiumv .mJ
II ni .iiv/.i.ini aie
i. cii'npdW of
dl u'huni fiirmi
I'xtr.ionhnjiv ;
by a new ilic-
:nr Urpuluc of
! iiiuK ; . or,
iivtiuic (I ihe
KiiJi, (ir all ,i,t
iiuair.'' i ri'.'iiljr
Swils .1^ a gujij
coiMiKlhirs.
tlu' ;',0K riimrnf, .
(> niiiiiitr- iii)!;h i,'
v-lcvfii min'iti'S "
.lin of hitern or
iniiiii nci.'!, (ii-
iil'cs, vilU'.JIlly,
; thiif Cull (on-
t plfiitv. The
iidiis l.iciil With
n t<)ii>|)<u5 ; ih-'
III! w.ill: lor ilie
11. 1 lie inha-
lijity tii'ji.'ljin.',
ailie;:;
ne whom Jrf prcat niiBihfrt of nii./iin -iiJ niami-
Mnit"' *h" f'lf'y '"• * •■'"'"•''■f»l'l<-' •'•"''•. pann 111 uly
'", J Jll pavni. Iiut nii.H 111 ih-m ii.ivular.
"q.L, jj,,f.|).,|.iic IS .1 Ijri'.e ImiMiiv, aiul iiuliil<'» ihr
fiul which ciiiil.iiiH .'Ml* liir fwiiitv IhiiiiiiiiiJ Mil II.
The CJ'hcHrjl IS a tiotliio Ihuoiiifc, wilitli h.n lumc
Jmiuhl- piiii'iiP'- ••"' '" '•'? '"■'*'^' •"■'•<■•'.'" ''i;V lil-
' ; bulla i"'' a J' 'lil'.ii riudhM nl niolJ t.M|Mililo wmk-
* ilhipi 'hi-"" i'>-ii'J '1" ''''" th.iii t«fM!> Iniii iiiMj-es
'^on It.' I bii crucilix ii l.iiil t" li.ivc ln'i n ph-i1jTi||v/
i: u K o V F.
null
JiJrFiiiins l''f iwcnty-ti'ur iIioiT.ukI liiiili, inr .i iiiiiin-'J
. but.i.lrti'y ililcirol rijc. 111111^' it nil the la(l il.iy,
J ihcn c.inic ton In i ihc nacc. <it I.iuca wire Omt
' iinll ihciii. 'hi; chi.'l' relit in this climch is thi> vul-
io ijiili'i * W'ooilcn cnicitix, which thiy hcliive w.U
iitil by ihe Jiluplc NifiHlrmm, .in.l in vciy ilillircn'
I nmihe others, ihi- IkkIv b n^ rcucrnl nihi'i wilh ituhr
I velvet or ili'ii ilk, embiiiiikieil witli . nM, ,iii.l ini ihc
'lljlJ^ |l,|>C.lJ (if -I wrc.llll iif lll.'iril", is :i ,;ii|,l(rn',Vll nlit-
,,,iii|i with jcweli. It h.is fiMral (liver linips innliiiii-
vbu.iiinu' bcliirc it, anJ ll.iiuls m a chapel iiihiMil
;ii ci.rjniii* lit piupiMV iiiil iiiarMi', when it il.iily re
c its the llll'lt pKllullllJ a.lliMllnll (it ihc piiipl.-, iill.l, ,is
jLiilhii mark ct tnc city's vtiicration, itic iiii,i.i.fli()ii of
,;;. liiii.k(.ii;h.ircoiii.
Ihc Uc ii; l.ii.cj, like I'.ime others ii mi'lcr l!ic ini-
i^jjjijtc jiirilJictioiU'f the piipe, which intiilei thehilhiip
lo "a n.illiiiiii JiiJ ciiils, line .111 .iichbifliiip, ..n Ion public
liljmnitic , the cjiicns art ilrcll'ed like carJin.ils.
On the huh .ill.ir ' i' ilie ihuicn of St .Marii C'c-tii
Ijndini, n the .liiumptn'ii of the \ iii'iii .Marv by (iiiiilo
r.hcni 1 on ench hilrarcfc nc nthcrpici c^ by ihe fanieh.iml.
Anullier altar txiibitsllic Vjryiii Maiy in the clouds, .imj
dr-icrronikii'i'liii!; beloii; licr, with a l,iiin iMlcriptiDn
toiliis purpoli', " May our fins be rovereil by her liiow-
I'iike iiiiii'ci'iHC." TTu rmif of ibis church is rovereil
n'l'.ii fine pill. (ill '. ill ficlio .mil inUliiii;, iind its atrars arc
aiirwJ with extilleiit pitccsol kiilpturc in marble.
;r. St. Aii;;iirt'tv;'s church i^ an linage of the V'ir;*in
Mjtv, with .111 iiit'.iiit Jelijs (111 her left-arm, iiiulcr which
ii;ninfcription in I.aun loi'.ic fullowiiii; purport:
"This iin.i;^c of the Moth.r ot (.iiul, vsliicli formcily
" ftsod to be aJort.l wi;ho it the church of St. Aiif^ul-
" tiac, be'iiii; (liiak with a lluiK? fiom the baiiJ ot an
•• impious gamcilcr, i-. I'.inioits Tot the w )iiJ''rful tiriifuin
" ol blooJ which folUnvi.l ; (he received the blow hcr-
•' fiifj anil, to fave her iinaiit ion, iiiiiaculunny tnnvnl
" l/n from the right to the left arm. It is l.k. wife itt-
" ri'nie for haviiiii caul'ed the cMr:h to op.-ii, lui.l thiiiiij;h
'• iKi- cbifm fciiiliiii! this iiniiiller i.f impiety tjiiii.1; into
'• hill. The molt illultrinn* and reverend caii«-.n> of
'■ ihc Vatican, as a token of tluir veiier.uinn tm' thi.
'• ihrec-fuUI mir.iclr, caiifed a golden crown iii h: pljced
'■ onthlfima !C in the year I (;.)")."
Without the chinch
:iiffl'ow wjs at pl.iy, an.l w.ierr the ima;;e «oo.! in the
church vv.ill ; but it u now placed in i particuhr chapel,
wV'ic is alio (Veil the il.me I'artciied to .\\\ iron li.'i.-, and
I'tcpcnlnj; of the earth, svhich the vulvar believe to he
!• ii'mlelj, and tn terinitintc pcrpendieularlv in hell,
Ml U too narrow to receive a man o." anv bii Ic : how
(,iT, it has an iron rover f.il'ened with tv.o iron bulls,
!:,Jncar the iR-.agc ii this inkription:
" To cft'ace his crime the \'irL:in pour.? forrh llrf-arns
'• oJ'Mood : but the impious wretch dies ignorai-.i of her
'• i^ortlncfs and clemency."
Ill the renter of one of the fquarcs of this city, is a
whiti! marble llatuc of the Virgin Mary upon a high
;;!l3r.
The (kill and induftry of the inhabitants in their filk
iml other maniifaiSturcs have i^ained this rity the honour-
2He I'urnamc of the Indiiftrious. Here are fecii mere
young women in the (Irect, (Imps, churches, and fchools,
nan in any ether part of Italy, '['he police is very com-
mcndahls, and great attention is flicwii to the lupprefii.-jn
of luxury, fupcrfluous magniticence, and fuch dilTipi-
lon!, as often prove dcltrudtive to families where no fuch
reilraints take place. At entering tjie city, travclleis
muft Jclivcr up their fire-arms; but on inlorming die
juirJatwhat gate they intrnJ to go oat, '.vhcn th:y
74
Ihewn both the jlicc where
'/i
leave tli^ lily, they irc dtteto fiitj them Jii're • they are
likewile iillowid to Wi .ii Ihi'ir Iwimls llirt'i d i) >, tut at-
tcrwari'^ mud have a |i.iiiicular licince, which i« erne,
(•illy ):i..ni< d only to p rliiiis ul liii;hiii>k, and to (he
knij hfs lit Maltl .'iij Si. Sirphcn No rimtrmner, tbu'
lie in one o* tin (>iiiiiiil, mull appear with t iwuid, and
iiti l.ildii r wiilioiit one,
T i.ivi 111 ti ,ire iilvs'iyi weleomrd h?re wii'i an evening
I n nade ; but this is acrompinied with an huinhle i(ii>>
inalioii mat llii v would he picai.d tu make tome (ctutn
lor the hoii'iui ilmic tluin.
.S F. C T. XVIII.
T'l' AV///W/f «/St, Marino.
Ill Siiiuiii'-.ii, J/ij}'!')t tiiiii Uovith.-ii.nl.
THIS (mall (liti' is inrlofed by Rntn.''pna and I.Mi-
no, iiikI coiilills of a very hi^h rra;j^y mouniali:,
vuth fiiiiie I mini ncr-, lyini; at ill foot. 'Ihe town, the
(lit I • this republic, is lealid on the lumiiiit •)( tin. lopy
nvnii'.a'ii, wivri' it is peneially hi. I .imon/, ti.e <.lo"d ,
and the Uriels are fonietimi s covered with Inow, when it
is clear .in.! w.irni wi.Tiher in all the country ,'.riii:n. I.
There is f.ii.l 'nbeiKiilur fprini; iiorrivul'f in the whclo
lominion ; but the people arc well prrvidcd with lirjc
cilteins mid rcfeivoir:. of run and (iiow water. The wine
that urow s on the (lies oi their niouniain u extremely
po'id, iMid much tetter th.iii any on the rold Itde of tlifi
App"nine", and thcircell.iri h.ive a nit'iral ,idvantajje that
renders them cNtremely cool m the hottcll (cafons ; for
they have peli'-rally in the fides ol (nein deep hul s that
run into the hollows of the hill, wheiiee tin re 'nlVTnf-
ly illues ,1 luiMthin!^ kind of i ipouri, lo very rhiiling in
ilie luiiinii'i lime, tli.il a m.iii can Icauc luli.r his hand
in the wind id thi ni.
T hi y have thiee rallies, five churches, and three
convents, and reckon ahout live thiuifiiid pru' ir. in their
coniiniin ty. lloili the iiilii'Liiiaiitsaiid ihe hil?ori..n3 who
menlii li liiis litlle republic, uivn the li/llowiot^ acco.ir.t
ol its ori'^in. St, Marno, by birth a Dalinali.in, and b^
trade a m. lion, was einpl.'jid above one thoiwiid three /y '
hundred \e us ago, in '.lu ri paiation of Unnini, an>l after
III had fiiiillied his w.'iik, ' tired lotnis I. diiary mountain,
as findinr; it very proper lor the life of a heiinir, which
he led III the greatcit rigours and aiilletitiei> of iclvion*
lie had not been here lonij hclorc he wroujlit a rvpuicj
niiiaele, which, j iiK'd witii his cxtr.iorJinary fanclity,
^aincd him I'uch elKeai, that the p:inc-fs of the country
nude him a prif.iit ol the mountain, to d.l'pole ol at his
own dilcrction. His r. piitation quieklv peopled it, and
five life t'l the r.'p'ihlic y.diichcall. iti'elf alter hi name;
111 tiiat tlie comm'iii«e.ilth of St. Maiinomav boall at
le.ilt a no'd. r ori ;in than that of Rome i the one hav-
• ' !S
hil
h\
ItfflP
111^ been at t'ult an alvluni lor robbers and mu.'dcrc::,
and the oth.r the rcf rt of pcrfons cmiri-r.t for their
piety. To thi:, I'.iint the bell of their ihurehes ij dedicat-
ed, and ih.-rc las allies .ire depofitcd. Hib Itatu. ibnds over
the hii;h al'.ar, holi!inj» in its hands a mountain cr.iwncd
witht.Tiec c.;ll!ei,«liich arc alio the jrmsof tliccomm i.i- A fill-
wealth. To his piotccli.in tiiey attribute tiie Ion.; dura-
tion of their li.ite, and cDiil'iJcr him ai the gr.-atell faint
ii!*xt th: M.lied Vir^jiii; an,i fo hii;h is their ven-^rat.cn
lor h;n:, that, by a law in their ftatute book, fuch as
(peak diircfpitUuily ol him ar.- to be piiiiiihrd in tne I'anic
manner .is thole who are coiivielcdcl blalphvmv.
This inronliderable republic has l.ifird one thoiifand
three hundred yc.u., in which time all the other Itatcs
of Italy b.ive fre(jueiiily cli.in.'c.l their mafters and !o:ms
ul guvernnuiit. I heir whole hillory is comprifcj intwo
puroh.ifis made of a neighbouring prince, and in a war,
1 ill which they alTilKd the pope againll the lord of Rimi-
jni. In the year i i.?o they b;'ut;ht a calllc i.t the iiei:h-
' bourhood, and aiiothc in the yeRr n;3 The papers of
I the condition'; arc preferycd in their arehivrs, and it is
1 very rcmnrkablc that the name of the agent fi.r the com-
'monwcalth, ofthc feller, of the notaiy an I the witnciVes,
arc the faxe in both the inftrumcnt;;, thnuKh drawn '..p ..t
("cyenty years diftance from cuch other, which car art
' proccd trom a nilliikc in the date, bccaufe the n.'mics of
4 Z thi
.1.
Iltvl
m
■■'.I'l
m
vt
•*:tl
I.'.
$66
A SYSTEM OF
the popes «nd emperors, with the year of their refpccRivc
reigtis.arcfet down in both.
•About two hundred and ninety years after this, thiy
afliOeJ pope Fius II. againll Malatella lord ulliiinini,
and having helped to conquer him, rcctived from ilic
pope, as a reward for their afliil.ince, four little ciillcs.
This they reprefent ss tlu- flourifhinp time of the tom-
monwcalth, when their dominions reached hjll-way up
a neighboutini; hill ; however, they arc now reduced to
their .intient limits : but were they to he au.icked, they
would probably fell their libcrtv as dear a:> pofliblc ; for
there is hut one road to -rtimb up to ihem, and they have
a very fevert l.iw ag.iinlt ani of their own people th.it en-
ters the town by another path, kit a m \'. one (houM be
worn out on the fides of their mouiit.iiu ; .ind nil who arc
capable of hearing arms are exercifed,aMd ready at a mo-
ment's call.
The government of this commonwealth wasorigin.illy
lodged in what they termed the arengo, a great council,
in which every houfe had its repicfentative ; but finding
great confufidn arife from fiwh a multitude of llaiefmen,
they devolved their whole authority into the hands of the
council of fixty. The arengo, however, is flill called to-
gether in cafes of extraordinary importJiice, and if, after
due fummotij, any member is'abfent, he is to be lined
to the value of about a penny KngliOi, which the ll.itute
fays he (lull pay without anv dimiiuitioii or favour. In
the ordinary courfe of government, the council of fixty,
which, notwithftanding the name, confilts but of lurty
pcrfons, has the admiiiiftratioii of alr.iirs. They arc
made up half out of the noble families, an.i h.ilfoutof
the commoners, but are not admitted till thcv .ire twcn
ty-five years of age. Thefe decide every thing by h.il-
iotting, and chufe the officers of the comnionweahh.
They thus far agree with the great council of Venice,
but enjoy a much more cxtcnfive power ; for no feiiteiice
can (land that is not confirmed by two-thirds ot thii coun-
cil, into which no perfon can be admitted during the life
of his father, nor two be in it of the fame family, nor
anyone enter but by eledlion.
The principal officers of the commor)weaIth are the
two capitancos, whofe power rcfinblcg that of the old I
G E O G R A P H y. T,,,^^,^
Roman conUiIs; but they arc chofen cverv fix nioitS
.Some hive ferved this office fi.x or (even times, but |, '
faille peifun never cnjovs it twice fuccellivelv, '
third officer is a comniidary, who 'iui!>
but as the manv j'lli
. .'^' ■■'■■" -.—--•■—-- T, """ judges ;n
civil and ciiminal artairs ; but as the many jlliiincc- '•
termarriaius, and friiiiJfhips, aiul alio pcriimal (iinl,' ' i
animofities, might, in fo (mall allate, obiima tlifc^,
ofiulhi.c, if liiis office was in the liaiidsof nnei '"'
own number, the conimillaiv is always a foicn;
is eliijftii lurtliMC years, andn
I m.tintained
and
■ "f tht;r
onto! tile
;i man ol ki;
PUilili.
llock. lie mull be a doclor of l.iw,
integrity; he is joined in conimifTuiii with the cinitaiv
and acts much in the lame manner as the reeordcr
London under the lord mayor.
The fourth man in the tlate is the phyficijii, u) „
ncnt for his hoiielly and piety, thai the coiinnun,.,.
may not be depopulated by lii:> lafhiicfs or igncr,.p'r
and that they may not fuft'er long under a bad ciioice ^
is ileii'ed only for three years. '
Another peifoii, w!:o in. ikes no ordinary (;:;ui(; jit,,,
fchool- mailer, and there are fcarcc any fCrlou, 'in th'
place who have not foine liiie'lure ot learr.iii'-.
The Hatiites of the republic are printed in one vclufi •
in folio, and in the chapter en the puhiie n-iiuitirs r
faid, that when an anibaifador i.i difp„t.-hid from'tV
republic to any forii-n fla'.e, he (hall he aliowed.cu; c^
the treafury, to the value of a IliilliiiL' a day.
In fhort, lavs Mr. Addifon, who took a 'ourm voncu-.
pole to vilit this little republic, and tnnn vi'luim we h.\-,
borrowed this account, tliele people are f (Iceiiied m'v hn.
nelt and ligorous in the execution of juiliee, ar.d lecm:)
eiij.iy more content and happlnels among their rocks j-,|
fnows, than the other hali.iiis in the plcaf.uited valiio,,
the world. Indeed iiothiu,; can be a gie.iur inltanccoi'
the natural love of ni.inltind for liberty, and ofihcira\i;-
fion to arbitrary government, than (uch a lavage m(ii.:;.
tain covered with people, whde, in the fame imintrv, iftc
Campania of Rome is almoll deitituic of inli,.bitaiits.
CHAP. XXIV.
t)t* the Middle Part of ITALY, contiiining the Cr.niul Duchy ci* Tusi any and ti ■
Dominions of the Pope.
SEC T. f.
0/ Tuscany in gtntral,
III !)it!ii7liin. Extent, Prciliuf, hit Spr'ngi, iind R'vrrs. /i,
ili/iiry, the Armi cf the Grtat Duke, hii Fcrces .iriJ
frituipal OJJiitn, with the Divifioni nf tie Cunlty.
IN the middle part of Italy is generally included the
little republic of St. Marino, and fo'ne authors alio
include in it the republic of Lucca; bul as wcchofe to
place all the four republics of Italy together, we haie
given thefe in the two concluding fciilions ot the l.ill
chapter, and fhall now, in this middle pait, confider
two grand divilions, which will contain abundant mat-
ter to gratify the curiofity of the lover of antiquities and
of the polite arts, the nobleif produftions ol (latuary,
painting, and architecture, both antient and modern.
But all the wealth of thefe countries is dcpolltcd in the
palaces of princes, and in churches and convenLS j while
the people are poor, fome of the riehelf lands in the world
uni ultivatrd, and trade in in.iny jjarts ncgkckd, lor
want ol the fpecie netellary to tivc life to commi.rce.
The grand duchy of I'ufcany borders on liio NL-;.
terrancan, which here leccives its name from tln.s diit! ,,
and \i tailed the I'ufenn Sea ; ii is .illo linunded i)vi>,'
KccIefialtic.ilState, theduehyof Modena,aii.l tlic n'lubl.
of Lucca, !^olne (mall detached parts of this due.iv.vj
lie among the tcriitories of Modcna, Luca, and (ii-
noa. Thcle lalt excepted, it extends from iiori;i!;,foiitli
one hundred and fixteen i.iiics, and from call to «(;i
eijjhty.
The great variety of hills and vallics, rifuig vmi!.-,
and plains, render the couniiy very pleafant. 1 he ii ,'.
whieh is extremely (eitile, abounds in corn, oranges, !.■-
mons, and all the other forts of fruit known in turopi',
bcfides oil .ind exeellfiit wine. The oil, hou'cver, bcir;
little propoitiun to the muliitude of olive-trees, whi.ii
are fubjecf fo a diltemptr, that fliews itielf in kmilsind
tubercles, occafioned by worms. Of the wines a kind oi
white, called la \'erdec, is pariicularly cdcenird, .ind ihr
grcatcff pait is faid to be fent to England, The partuic
here are alio very rich.
The air ol levrral places In this duchy is unhf.illliv,
on account u\ the manv Iciis and wild dcfait plaves. T'f
1 I'STANy,
vcrv fix month.-,
11 times, but,|.,.'
lively.
■ho iuiljcs in all
my alliauccsir.
r'liiii.il ti-u.l>ai,J
bill iia till' cni,r.f
Is of (IIH- (if l|.,,,(
a tnicii;ii(r, wiio
<mt (il tiic p.jliln
;i man ol ki;, .m
til lliCLaiiitaiiu,;.
the rcturilcr i-
.'ficiaii, \\) ,, [. ;i
It; public f.\(jci^i,
:" I'lClc, :inii (o n,.
If miil(bc.nln;l
l'.n'iiliy,aii(len,.
e coiiicnui.'.M'j;.
fs iir igncraii.c,
a bad choice, i.,-
nary r.u;urc, is t;i;
ly j->'r!on» in ih.-
:;iriiiiip.
:iJ 111 one vciua ■
ilii.' nMiui'nTs :■ :,
i.itohid tVoiii tn.
K- allo',vcii,(;u; c:
I ilav.
; 11 'oiirm V on pur-
lin wluim Wf \::,\:
flkcnicdM'v hp-
illiiu, ar.J ii'tm!)
11;; ihi-ir recks j:„|
Icilanttlt viliici,!
gicaur iiilljiiccof
, and ot'iheir avc-
;h a lavage moi.::-
fanic lountiy, ihc
>t inliabitants.
ANY and ti .'
Icrs on ilu' \\y:-
IVoni till.- (ii.i,: ,
lo !i"umiid ii\ I •
.i,an.l tl.c ii'iuiij,,
jfthis ilucnv j!;j
I,uC'a, anJ Ci'-
rom n(ir'iU;>foi!iii
from call to wet
riling Krounii
ifaiit. 1 hi Ifi'.
corn, oranges, \t-
kno'.vn in huropi',
■)il, however, bear;
)livc-trees, whi.a
itl'cif in knot! and
hr wines a kindoi
cltccniej, nnd thf
J. The paftuic
iirhv 11 unhealihv.
dtlait p'aa-s. 'I'"
I'l'SCANV.
(alt pi''* '^"^ '" * •'"''^'"S conilition, veins of fait run-
,i, • iiii'l'-f ''"-■ "'■•"•' "' iil-ibailer. Here are alfo found
1 iliiliur aiHlChaliidonv, anieiliyfls, fine jafpeis, beautiful
niible, and coiiKliai.s, lapis-lazuli, borax, and black
|i ' li.r taule>, cr)!Ul>, alum, iluiie, iron ore, quick-
liKci, all'' '" ^■'I'bria niaiina is (jathered from the a(h
|ji,ii. ic oc)/..s out on the taking olF the rind, and
iiimii'iintly ii" not a production of the air but of the tree.
I Hi; liet- ''-''■'■y "'^ •• grcit deal of it, the remainder is
.rinlitd 111 ultany to medicinal ufcs, and in France
■,i giving- • 's to cloth. ^
,u i.ic I" ' Mount St. Cjiuliano, on the borders of
llic urriioiy ^i 'vucca, are fcvcral hot fprings, which
liav J been iiieiu. ed by I'imy, and are ttill in high vogue,
, .uiiafiib'-'fi* 1. ■ .ig experienced their falubrious eft'eits.
1 luv aie not prc>|n.r,v fulphiiteous, and the tafte is plea-
fj:u, lii"-' S"'"' i|'i ",;-*''''-■'■• 'he degree of heat is not
[i.el.inie in all (he (pnngs; but at Acqua it is forty-nine
Jxrees by Fareiiluit's thermometer. Clofc by thefe
i.ii'iiics aie otheLs quite told. At Vicafcio the bath is
but i»il lune warm ; but that at Morha has a heat of one
liunJi'-'l •'"'' ''""■ 'lEgf«<'s by Farenheit's thermometer.
ri-,ol..'goniat.MoiUeCerboli have a vehement ebullition,
.,t;ciulca with a great noife, and contain fulphur, alum,
uini,!, and lalt: the heat much exceeds that of boiling
■.liter. Here is cryltillized fulphur, a new and uncom- <
i„nn iiiccits of cryltal. Another fpiin;; in this part of
the country has one hundred and lixty degrees of heat,
vnih a Kilphureoiis fmcll, and is ufcd to bathe in. In
tdcbaiiis de la (Jaleria are both cold and warm fulphure-
oiis lprin;;5, with petroleum Hoating on the lutfacc. Bc-
liiies thcic iherc are fevcral others.
llie principal river in this country is the Arno,
wli;cii riles in the Appennine mountains in the territory
il tloreiicc, and after receiving the Sieva, fed, and El-
la IjIIs below Pifa into tiie lea. ThcOmbronc has its
i,,jrcc ill the terriuries of Sienna, through which it runs
,111(1 !lie fea.
1 I'll, 3 country was called Etruria, or Tufcia, from
ili ancient inhabitants the Etrurii or Tufcani ; though
t:i; preleiit duchy docs not comprehend all the ancient
Ltruiia. In the ancient republic of Florence, the family
oi Mtdicis acquired by commercial arts the wealth anil
•ruiltiir ot princes, whence king Henry II. of France
tholt his conlort the Mmous Catharine out of this fa-
mi!,', I'he enqwror Charles V. in 1531, created Alex-
iiidcr iMediL is duke of Florence, and afterwards gave him
,M (j.iret hu natuial daughter in marriage. Cofnio 1. the
lurcclliir of Alexander, was, in 1569, declared great
luktol Florence, by pope I'lus V. which was ratified by
the emperor, on condition of his holding it as a fief of
tnc empire ; and in 1*399 the emperor conferred on the
?ieat duke the title of royal highncfs.
John Ciafton, the lall great duke, havin;; no heirs, it
iva. flipulated by the quadruple alliance m 1718, that
llicducny IhouUl for ever be acknowledged .1 ti'f of the
Roman empire, and that v^'ith the conl'ent n ihoOer-
iniiiic bodv, the emperor fllould confer it on i.u kin;; of
Spam's cKlell Ion by the lecoiid marriage, from him to
drviilve to his mile delcendaiits ; but that I.ei^horn was
jiwav! to remain a free port. I'his was contirmcd by
(ticral fuccecdiiig treaties ; but a war breaking out in
l-ji, in which the emperor loll the kingdoms of Na-
■iks and Sicily, Don Carlos, who had been brought up
« the gre.it duke's court, caufed himfelf to be proclaimed
km;, and at the peace of 1736 retained the poflcflion of
theic kingdoms. On the other hand it was ftipiilated,
that alter the demifc of the piefcnt polfellor, rufcany
w!5 to devolve to the houle of l..orrain in lieu of tli.it
duchy, which was to be religned to king Stanillaiis.
This took place in 173", and foon after the duke of
l.orrain an. I the great duke of Tul'cany made an agree-
ment with the piincels dowager Palatine, filK-r to the
hie great duke, concerning the moveable parts of the
fucceflion, by virtue of which f.ie transferred to the
duke the valt treafure of jewels, llatues, paintings, and
other curiofities, of which particular mention will be
made in treating of Florence.
'' The arms ol the great duke are, or, fix globes gulei,
with the lilies of France In the uppermoll. The Ihield
is luimuunted by a regal crown, in which is a full red
E U R O P fe'
3^7
lily. The helmet is alfo crowned, and the crcft h a bird
holding in liis right talons a ring, from which hangs a
label, whereon the word sf.mper is written.
There i.s here an order of knighthood called the order
of St. Stephen, inftituted by Cofino 1. in 155.1-. Its pri-
vileges are very like thofe of the order of Malta. J'hc
great duke i:; always grand mailer, and the chief icli-
dence of the knights is at Pifa, in treating of which city,
we fliall give a more particular account of that order.
I he ordinary revenue of the grand duke is computed
at about three millions of piaflres per annum. In 1753
the military force of this duchy was fettled at three regi-
ments of foot, and one of dragoons of 500 men ; but
in 1755, another regiment of dragoons was raifed, and
the iiiihtia was formed into regiments. However, this
duchy IS faid to be able, in cafe of ncrertity, to bring
into the field 30,000 men, and to (it out twenty fllipj of
war, twelve gallies, and fome gallealli;s.
The chief officer of this duchy is a governor ap-
pomtcd by the emperor as grand duke. He relides at
Florence, where is alfo a council of regency, the mili-
tarv board, and other ftatc offices.
The countries of which this great duchy is compofed,
are the following ; the territories of Florence, Pifa, and
Sienna, with the ftatcs of Prcfidii and Piombino.
SEC ,T. ir.
77je FloRENti.n'o, cr 'Tarltory cf Florence.
Its SilUiithn, ProfliKc, and the Mmner in ■tr/ :./< its and-
tut Juhul'itii'Hs Icjl thfir Lib/rl\ ; with a pjrticular Dc-
J.ripiicn of the City cf F/erfru, ii'iA tly Ahnmrs of the
Inhabitants.
THIS is the moft confiderable part of the duchy of
Tufcany, Ixnh for extent and opulence. It is
divided in the middle by the river Arno, .ind is bonndcl
on the north by the Rologiiefe and Romani 1, on the ead
by the Ecclefiallical State, on the I'outh I v the Sicnnefc,
and on the weff by Pifa and the republic of
Lucca.
The territory of Florence is well cultivated .md po-
pulous, and jiillly elleemed an excellent cmintry. The
environs of the city of Florence are particularly <lelii;l'.i -
ful, from the variety of the well cultivated hills anu
dales ; and in the ntighbouthnod of that citv is a kind of
white marble, and a fort of (lite, which, when p iliflied,
reprelents an infinite variety of brown and vJlow fi-
gures, and by a little help of the imaj;in.itinn, f:em^' tn
reprelent tiees, landfcapes, the ruins of calH.s, and fe-
vcral other agreeable objects.
Anciently the city of Floii'nrf, with its dillrirt,
formed a republic, for which the inhabitants obtained ,i
licence from the emperor RoJolphns for llxtv thouf.inJ
guilders ; but it> ariltocratical governiiK iit was filled witli
apprchenlions aiul jealoufies from the iiureafiiii; j;r:iiuleur
of the family of Medici?. In the war bctv^•een the em-
peror Charles V. and pope t'lement \T1. the i;.ncrn-
mcnt had the misfortune to o'l'iid the former, and ujxm
the conclufinn of the peace in 15 ^0, th- emperor niaichcd
his army into the city, and li.iving abolilhrd the repub-
lican conltifution, iiomiiiatcd Alexander do Mcdicis
duke, prefcribing him a model of govt rnnient, and par-
doning the city, on condiii.iii that, for the future, it
(hould pay obedience to the emperor, and the fuvereigns
appointed over it.
I'he princip;il city is Florence, in If.li.n F'ioren/.a,
the capital of the grand duchv, deliiilitfullv fitualed be-
tween mountains covered with olive trees, vines, farms,
leats, and villages, in the four hundred and thirty-ninth
degree lorty-tuo minutes north latitude, nnd in the
eleventh degree forty-feven minutes raft loni^itudc. It
is divided inid two unequal p.irts bv the Arno, which,
with its f.iur (tone bridges, adds to the b' uitil'iil app' ar-
ancc of the citv. W ith rcfpcft to ciin .filies worthy the
notice of n traveller, it is, next to I'.otne, the (lincipil
city in all Italy. fhe Florentines piu';e 'hemfelvis fo
much in its elegance, that they imagine nothing equals
it. The llfcets are indeed clean, and paved with vei v
broaJ
^pfH
mfM
"1
«'1
'■
, ' f'.
*
■ '1
*
-4
t ,
: f v^
i
: ¥ !
'•M
i<
•1
'
fc
*'
• ••: J I
f ■■
. 1
1^8
A SYSTEM Of GEOGRAPHY-,
Fl.CRE?
i
■'I I
! (
>\iVi]\
n V. f
;n.:i€
b'o.id (Tones, but moft of them are narrow and crnnki--i!,
i'lid m.my uf thciii h.ivc I'tarcc room Un a carriage to p.ifj.
'Ihe niMiibcr ot' houl'i'!; aniouiit to about (pno, and
among tlicm arc fume magnifici-Mit llonc building:; ; but
tncir pal K'cs a'O not fo numerous as to claim a l'iii>r-
lioriiy over thole of lurin, (icjioa, and Rome, 'i'he
|vi;>cr window^', whicn, afier the Italiin municr, arc
iM'ry whtrL- iVcn, arj no fm.ill diminution tothf beauty
of the city, whicii is j^i-nirallv nxkoncd to contain It-
vtnifi,n market places, levcii louiitaiiis, fix toluiiins, twti
pvramiJs, 162 public llatues, foily-l'our parilli (.liiirchc,
t;*'elvc prioii; , tiuv-f.mr convents, twenty-four eccMi-
allical fiatcinitKs, an.l thirty-fcven hofpitals and chari-
table fuundalior.s. 'Ihi; number of inhabii.uiti is com-
puted at -o,coo.
i'lie pronunciation of thi- Italian here, differs much
from that in other places, the 1: being thiui^id by them
into /' i for i'lfi.iiue, thev fiy /'rf<i, inilcad cif i-,i;; and
their accent is fo guttural, that ihey arc called the Italian
Swiis. H.iwcv.T, they write mutn better, having, tor
the improvement of the Tul'. an tongue, a celcbratrd fo-
cictv ot leariKd men, who Itile thcmfelvcs /t^n.lmui D.l'i
Ciuj'„\i, bince the year 1738, a riding academy was
crciilfd.and fmce 1753, an academy of agriculture,
confilliiij; of a huii.lii.d nu-inbers. The jjrcatcll tiadi-of
the eitv connit> in i's woollen and I'lllc ItulFs, and evn
the nobilitv not only tndi- as mcrclunts but ke^p Ihop'^.
A famt rn...ow ol the anc en; repuldic llill rein i;is
j.non'i the nobiiiiv, fonic o' whom arc are (liKd fi.-natu:',
l!'.Hi'^:i ihi-y III re.dity cjniiu.^te nolh;i!^ more than a
ni ;:.ltrH-y.
I'rcim i1i!s p;"nctal view of thr rlty, wc now come to
i;-> euiiotiiiii, of whicii wc fllall ticat in their proper
ordiT.
'I"i e (jrc.it dulvcs formerly refided at the P.ilaT.7.0 Vce-
i.hi ', or the Old P.due, which faoes a Lir^je inirkct
c.ill d ia i'i-.zza del Gran Ducj. At the entrance is a
in.iible lvalue ol H r^uKs kdlini; Cacus, both bijrgcr
tlian the life, by IJarcio Handinelli j (jppnfite to wineh.
by way of coi.tr^ll, is David tiiumpliiiig '^''' Cicdcah,
by Mi.had An,;elo. In the niiddic of the conic is a
porphyry fountain, with a boy [jrafpiiig a filh, in br(.n.'.e,
cnl an ;ther li.uuc of Hcrciil.s killing Cacus. 'I'hcie is
a hall in ti'.e pdacc on'J hundred and fevci'ly-two fed
lon^, and fcventv-i'ou; broad ; but it is toodaik ; how-
ever, on account of its rj:a:i,.'ufii-fs, it is ijfcd tor ho-
mage cercm iiiiis, and lur tiie dances on St. John's ilM',
which are annually pttitormed by a company of iL-.if.ints
of both fixes, when the ducal family are generally pre-
ji-'iit, and tne duke diilributes the appoir.ted prizes to
llie beil dancers. On the cicliiij; aiul walls of thi, room
arc painted i.i frefco, ihe mipli rein.iikable atchievemeiils
of the repu! lie of riorenec. A traveller ought not to
omit obleiviiig the niaible (tatues of i'evcr.d dukes, and
f.vo popes, who were ol the houle of iMedicis. Here is
l;kcwil'e a mofl adniirible (latue of V'i.tlory, with a pii-
lu-.'xr at her fe- 1, by .Michiel Angclj. Here are aU.i ll.\
excelitnt maibl ■ i;r.nips bv Vincenzio Rofli, reprclcnt-
ing fix ul lie v.*nio.t- of Hercules; h: dalhuig Anteus
.., -.'i iiig the Centaur, his ihrowii';;
1 I'., lies, liii carrying a terrible vvd 1
ii s i'iioulJcr.'., his helping Atlas to bc.u
US vxlory over the ijuec:! of the Ama-
a^ainll a r.
Diornedr-j t
boar a!
the Ikv
1 K
a.'. ..
up
Z.'UIS.
In t(ie 'Mi I'a'aec is the duke's w.ir.liube, in which
are ten or t.v.-lve Inge clolets full of pLre, great part of
wU eh IS t'lnely ch.iied an I fct with je.vcls. Here are
alfj ab in i 01 -e of 'I'urkdh arms an I bridl.s profuf.ly
enr.che I with j •wels, :ind in a p iriicul ir clofet is fhcAii
the rroAii w th which pope Pius V. in 1509, crowned
Cof.iio 1. a.> iu'.\ ^reat duke of Kloreiue. It is made of
poll, an I adorned with 1 gre.it nuiiber of j.wds. Bat
what is iltcemed iiioll v.daible, ii t!ie paliidto, or a'tar
cl.th, covcrcl with pearls, rubies, and other Hones;
amoOE t! c r.(t, t.so jicms called afjua niarinj, in fizc e-
c).i.il tv- a large walnut, arc (aid to be of invllim.ible va-
lue. CJn but'i fides thr arms of A iflna and I'loicnce
arc jo'n-j i<g! : ", anJ in the mid ilc of tic palliotto
Cofmo II. is !'■ :.:'jn!cd 1.1 an cmholT.d work of gems
;;nJ enamel, a.id iiu robe
IS richlv let wuh diamon I.,
On the altar or table before whicii he kneels, is a ctowr
entirely covered with dianion.ls.
Near the (^Id I'alace under the I-niroia, eommonlv
called de I.an/.i, aie three tine Itatues, the full nf \J.
dith with U, lofernes at Iicr feet, of bion/.c ; jiimhc,
of the fame metal, reprcfenting I'lrieus with McJuld'j
head: the tlurd piece, while admiration e,.a uevr Lt
latintitd, is a {',roop reprelenlino; a uniiii; warlike ki^.
ni.m carr) i.ig .>ft' a Sabine viigin ; be is traiilpoitej vviiii
joy on account of his bootv, while her failicr lies prof.
date on the ground, with looks full of the moft pairiCji.
ale grief and rage. The rape ot the Sahincs is exprnlij
in b.iilo relievo on the pedcl^al, ,ind the perfoiuungc cj
this piece does gre.it honour to Oiovaimi iioloi'.na,
In the lipiare belore the I'.ilazzo Vecchio, is a very
.trand tbunt.iin, adorned with fliells, eornucnpias, ttifon"
,i:;d fi'ur othiT ka-gods of br.Us, of a Vf ry lar^j f;zc -
iiid in the cmiei- is Ni-puine diawn in a lar.'c (hell t^'.
fenibling a tiiumiihal car, by four horles, two cf
which are of biafs, and the other two of white mar-
ble.
In this fi)uare is likevvife the K.ibilca dc;'}i L'iHci en
the ground-floor of which the principal nugiibatcs (,f
the eitv live lo^ether, for the beitir m.uni; nancj of thi
public tranquility, a-id the more I'pcedv dilpatch of i;j.
Iliieh. The full lb;iy is t'llkd with artills emplovej fur
tui. duke's wardrobe and gallery, particularlv in Klortu-
tine works, where nature and paintiiv' are lurpri|ia;|y
imitated by the pr.ipcr arrangcn'.cnt ot fparks of gcrii
and bits of the fiiKlf marble inlaid. T ho place ,s Jul
iiiiguilhed b/ the name of il Sciiitorio, and tliciunli ij,.
ai;iils chiefly work for the duke, yet the mofl iiiiluitiim,
find time to make toys to difpofe of to foreigncri, which
ate lidd at a gre.:t price.
The uppermi-lt llorv of this flru^Tiirc cnnta'iis ;hc fi.
nious gallery, in which perhaps are the noblell e>>"..itnj|,
of cuiioliiies that are to be met with in anv part of the
v»orld. In Its form it rel'emble) the Greek U ; tfic citi-
ing is covered Willi paintings reprcfenting the aiSi anJ
feiences, the moll eminent per!iinagi-s ot the city ef
I'loreiice, and hillorical pieces. 'Ihc w.dls I'U each fi;:e
are hung with portraits of the molt illuftrioui peilotisuf
the houle of Medicis, and over thef'e, on llic eiital'htutc
are finall portraits of generals, miiiillers of ll no, jy-d
piinecs ; and oppofitc to th«m the butts of baiiied men
among i.iiich ii that of the great .Sir If'aac Ncwtoii. I'kt:
vail number of llatucs is really amazing' anuiiiT -i,^,^. jj
Narcifl'us Hooping to view himlelf in ^ will of i'^riiii
inaible, an excellent perlormance ; H.uchus. w.ih aiicli.
let ill 111.-, left hand, leaning upon a Kauiius, who 1,
kneeling before him ; and ne.ir tliis antique llaiieis alijc-
ehus Kj{ Michjcl Angelo, being a copy of tiie lunrer.
liacchus iidiiig iipi.na tvger,both of broiiiusisjulllvrcck-
oned one of ilie moll remarkable | ieees he.e ; I'ut i!c
feet are w.iiiting. 'I'he pedeltal on wliich it flanil, is ihs
W'.ik of Guiberti, and on one fide of ic is reptcieiucd
ill baflo lelievo, the Hory of Ariadnf, and on another a
I'aciitice to liaechu'-. Morpheus is here reprelr-ntcl ia
ti.e fh.ipp ol .1 fleeping boy, in louchli.inc ; f.rub.ibi, the
blaekncfs ol tiiis ftone, which was always uled I'oi li,:;
llatucs of I'eep, as .Mr. Addit'on oblerves, alludes to tlie
daiknels of tin- nigiii, the pro|)cr fealon for reil. I'ar-
iher ill the gallery are to be feeii Mars and V'eiun, C:-
pid and I'slche, I'eveial Cj.iiiymi des, .\Iarl'va^, a pnilofe-
phct, a Venus lining and drawing a thoin out c.f fur
toot; Venus Uiiaiia; Venus perfuadmg iNLrs to ll.i/
•Aiih her, and Ap.dlowith Kaunus ; flora; a vrfLil, wiiii
the holy lire burning befoie lur, i?ve. Among the kits
or heads, the moll curious are tliofe of A'exaiiJcr the
(ire.it, thrie limes bigger ihan the lite, and Agrippj,
Caligula, and (Jlho ; the bul's of Antinour, Neiva,
.'Lliu, Vcrus, CaracalLi, I'eititiax, and I'evcral others, 111
line ahdialler. Amoni^ thefe pieces is alle) a bronzclicaj
of Miihael Angelo, done by himlelf.
Out of the g.iliery you enter I'everal cabinet) full of
curiolilies, which are well worth fcciii_'. In the lull
aie above an bundled and tw-nty portraits of celebrated
p 1111:1 rs, moll of them done by the peifons they arcilc-
ligned tor, and .ill in gilt frame-., with th- 11 imes ov;r
each ol them ; 401011^; tlicle is .■>..■ Godfrey Kiicller. In
the
rcilnii Ihail 1 1.1
'LCREMTIN(>,
c!s, is n crow:;
i.i, commonly
the fill! nf Ju.
iii'/t ; aiiiiilu:,
Willi MciluU'j
11 (.a.i ii'.vr Ir
i;; warlike ku-
■iiilimncd witii
ulicr Ik's prof.
ii; fTidft pairic;,.
lies is txprrircj
pcrloiinaiicetf
iiolo;^na,
■ch;o, is a vrr/
lCnpi;l3, tr.toi,.',
"■'Y l.ir;.- I'.jt.
Kir^e IIkH, ,,.
lories two if
n(' wliitc mat-
iic:'H I'tHci, en
1 nij;;!!^^^-, (,f
111' iiJiic: ol' ih;
liiipatch ol' bj.
lis citipl.ncj tut
:.irly lii l-'iorcu.
are lucpnilaily
Ipniks of gorrii
lu, place .sJii'
and iliougli ii,.
moll iinliilt;i.,i|,
iiti-ii;r-, wl-.ioh
cnnt.viis ;hc fi-
lob'clt toi:,aiuii
any part of ihc
;ik 11 i ihcciiv
:ing ilic ar.i anJ
ot the city of
alls on each fide
hioui pcilu:is(,f
llic cntal'Liutr,
rs of llil.;, antl
[if liaiiitd men,
Ntwtun. Ihi;
JIllOd'T •il,,; 15
well of i'arim
us. with ajiuh.
auiiiis, who I,
ic llaniis aijjc-
ot the forirtr.
■,:'j julllyieil;.
Ik'.c- ; I'ul ifc
h it (lands is ihc
r^ptcfciiu-J,
il on aiiiiiher a
nrprdr-iitcl i.i
ic ; f.robjbi, ti::
ays uk'J lor i,,.;
alludes 10 llio
loi rtlt. I'jr-
nJ V'eiuis Cii-
rlvas, a philofo-
101 11 out nf htr
Mars to 11,1/
a ; a vtll.il, Willi
iiionfr i!ie bultj
f A'cxaiiJcr the
c, and A^rippj,
iitiijou;, NKva,
L'vcral iiihcrs, in
I J a bronze lieail
cabinet! full of
,'. In the li;ll
Ills ot iclcbralcj
oiiS iliey arcde-
tli" n lines ovif
:y Kiicllcr. Ill
the
Vl.Or.ENTl NO. !'"• t^ l"^
. „ „„.i,ih of ilic (b.-.nibcr n..ii.Is the .1 tin; of C.n.lin.il
^.j„,uKl dc Medicu, ot \vl'.i;c ni.uxk-. ^ II- w.u a ;.'rt.ii
^iluia-cr of arts anJ IticnL-ci, paiticiiLuly of piuit-
' 'i'tio next cabiiu t romnins a noble collofllon of lar;:e
• ■ ■clain vales, ^'i.'- Tlure is aid) fii-wn in ti'.is apiil ;r . i.
i'r-c tai-le, on wliich is reprekiucl biuis, lluwei',
|.ii' '^mdf'.li HiliJ, ill excellent I''louiitine woik . twenty-
f' •ii.il' lis were enpUiye.i tliiiteeii yciis in p.iromiiii.;
f'', curious piece. I'lii; arufiei.il cuiiolili^s ul cljiiiiy
,,■ ui'ther cabinet ii llic iii irc cstiaordiiijiy, on an-oiiiii
.f'thcir vaiieiy of feiilplutc, it bciii,; extuiilely d.liKilt
iiMMtvc it wiib any dogicc nf nicety, on accoiir.t of it;
i.lit.iui;. 1 '"^ laii;ilt of tlule ebony Wjrks iepri'fent:,a
I'jlice witli fcveral i;;t.:s. The cliia SeriptiMe hillori...,
cMHiil'tely painted on genu by Iiiu,;.;,l. In the
i,rxt cliar»bcr is to be fceii the aiialtuiiy el .1 luim.iii
lu.i ill wax, ami alio the gradual prtiil'..^Sir.n of the
bcilv, till at Ull it terniiiialcs in a b,.re iki ie; ..i. Tliele
,^.^,e pu'uiined by a .Sicilian cceb lulH.-, ti.d .Mr. Kcv-
r.cr obl'-ivc^, that however dilagrccibl'- luch a Ipeitaele
•,1V be to timorous Itif lovr, ti:c execution is I'u ii.-.tur.il
•iJ iklicate, that a peifun is never tired with viewiii;;
il. The (a;iic adnuriblc ai till has in Ihc lame nianner
.■;'i:b;t;d li'.e various l!a^;l■s and lit'e.ls cf the plague.
in another chamber is a lar^'C colle>.'lioii of ni.itlu n i-
■ /:A iulirumeiits. Anion^ the optical rarities a:e Icieral
h'^i's and trophies el llaiidanis, colours, fpear-, I'^ic.
„ I .fd ,111 a table, which when \ icwed tllioi. eh a ;;lalV
uia tube, exliibit the picluie ol the pielcii: duke's j^iaiid-
!.;Vt.
OiKlitciiii'i the 'riibunn, thecye i.. imn-:cd;a:il,- llruck
v.i:!i fix niaibie (latiics llaiidin.; in the rciiler, an:citig
v;ii;cll is t'le Celebrated (lame called the Venus dc .Me-
tici!, which has been un..iiiini)u!ly tfleemed to furpafs
ii,)t ('n!v all tlie Aatucs in Kloiciice, but aiiv pie.e i f
lea ftureihrou -hojt tnr whole wtirl.!. The inleripitein on
l.,c l.«:c I'lieas It to b- tiie werk of Cleoiiieiies, an Alhe-
i.iaii, l..e fen of .'Vpellodorus. This i'li-omparable li,.-
ii;c Itaii.'.i betv.'een two oiIkts (jI the fame gi'ddei's,
•.viiicii in aiiv otiier p'ace wo'dd pMs f^T adiiiir.ihle
j'i CCS ; but here tiiey lervc r.ither a< toils to the \'enus
cfMcJi'.is, ohly iiitrearini; the a.lni'ration ;.f it, while
i:-,..f o-.vti e\eelleiie.-s are quite uiiuouecd. Tna: on he.
.•.'-.t iiar.J is twice as bi^r, linl'iir' the c-.ilJen apple,
:iid is tetiucd Venus Vi^irix ; the oilier, a noble ilatuc
tv If.tcu'es rcrraia, diitin^u lit. .1 1 \ the r.-mr of \ cius
IVjum. On one Ikle of iliis l..li iK.tu-' is a dan. ing
F-:::r.is, v.holc Cportivtiurs and ajihty aie iliuiy t.\.
n::.-j. Mieha-.l .Xhl'cIo is fii.l to liav.' a.lJeJ th.e head
'.:.'. Jims i iuit the pi^ce is (^r-j,'L.,ally alcribed to no lels
., jTrfon than TraMicIci. Next to tiiis is .Arret:."..-!, an
('J maiirJlin; upon one kiui, and whrf.inp; a broad
lr.;:f upuii a Itune, v>i;h his he.id cici\ iind, ..s it were,
'a.'i.ai.' With t,reat atieniion i but very (.aiKioas of be-
i'MiherveJ. The head and hair of th;.. piece are par-
:.iiljrly admired. The fixth ^^lece is a t'loup repreleiit-
"'■; l«o wicdler? ciii;ai;e.!, aii.ioneo! iheiii llirowin;;
!.., antai'-inili, whi , in ih'; (I'Ujj^lr, at the lame lime
lii-jliS his own aim. The head-,- in ibis j;roup are a'lo
cututcd Willi adm lable Ikiil. It is faid that this piece
1 j. du^ up at Rome.
1 he reiii..ik.4blc diarnoiiJ tlial ufed !•. \^ ■ fliewn li,'ic,
l..n been uniovcd Irom tlie Tiibuiia to the iluke's private
i«!<iiitt ; hut an cxail model, mide of ydlow.lli glal's,
il.* lupplici tliC place of it. 'I he ori^.jnal, acuiidin^
tj Tavermer, weighs 140 caial> and a half, an I was
■'•: I^rgcfl d.aiTloiid ill Kuiope, till ,\lr. i'ltl btoii^^nt
.'' .Ill the r..ift li.dies a dianiuiul that c\ceeded it, whuh
iv..i idld 1(1 lae Reeeiit of brjiice, and is the nioli colllv
,nd fiipcib jewel bclcm:;iiii; to that cmwii : the t;i''"at duke.
.4 laid to have bought his ol a JeUiit loi 75,000 Icudi,
about 10,750/. but the fatiier had a nvilt cxoibiiaiit
rroiit, hav.iii> given only a fiiiiile paolo, 01 about feveii-
,':ice (Uilii.j for it on the I i.sz.-adi Navoiia, wh--te it
» .> ofrrcj Id fale as a bit 'A en Hal.
Ill a p.iiticular clolet in the Tubijiu are kept fev^ial
nffs of iapls-lazuli, jalper, e.riuhan, a.; ate, &e. fome
lit in p'ld, i.iid tin,, h.d wi;h jewels ot .1 prodi^jous va-
'■■■>:. fleie is alio .1 luolt iiih and admiiahle cabinet,
«ilh t'uuitc-fH beaulilui ji'llai;, the Ihatts of which are
7+
O P K
■iCn
of l.ipis-l i-/iili J but the pedcftals and capitals of foIiJ
iridd eiirichei! with peail and tiiiciuoife. The iii'.erHicea
hitwecii the pillai.s are tilled with ballb relievos in i;old.
In the culler of the upper pait is a perl that has but
lew iiiuals, it btiii^ nearly of the fi/.c of a walnut ; but
the ai|ua marina in this [.:ece is fomething lai : 1 . It
h.i.s ailo a topaz of a proeiigious fi/.?. This niajjnilicenC
rabinet ferves (or kcepinj; int.ii;lio5 and camei, or i^ems
lilt in relievo. The he.idsof the kiri;^s and heroes make
(orty-two pieces. Here aic alio I'oriy inta^'lioi repre-
lentinc; pericns in nialks tweiity-ei[>ht philnlophers and
poet.s, and near ;in huniired pieces of pa.'an deities, all
ar.tiejucs. The hillorical and inythoh. (ieal intaglios a-
mount to a thoulaiid. Ilelides tin f ■, and m.iny others,
t!iere are thiec hundred and twelve m'dilliuns, on--
thoiifaiul fix huiulied gold medals, cij^ht hunilred filver,
and about two thoufand tvi-o biiiiJrcei of copper. The
:;old, filver, and copper medals, (Iruck in honour of ci-
ties and dates, amount to one thoufand (ive huiulrecl
pieces. In (lioit, the whole cillciflion is compiled of
loiirtcen thoufand aniiepie medals, and ciglit th.ejuf.*!!!!
modern.
The pilie- where the ^reat duke iifuillv rcfiJes, is
called the Falla/./o de I'itti, where Ihc b.ll front is next
thegirdcns; the columns of the hilt llory bcinj on
that Ii.!?, of the D.iric ord( r, thole of the middle Ionic,
and the ti'ird Corinthian 'I'he apaitmcnts are well fur-
ni(h-d, elpecially with line pielures, and the cieliti^s
beauiifui'v pa'iiteel bv the i;r. .it malleis. t''rom this p.i-
lace is a covered gallery for the jjicat duke to '<o to the:
I'.ila/./.o Veccliio, wher", through little private ap.utiires.
he niav hear and (cc what p.ill'.s in the fe.cr.il eourls cii'
judicature. This gallery is (ix huiulied paic- in length,
lix paces ill brealih, and ci'^ht in heiglit, anion the-
walls on both fides are fine hiltorical paintings.
I'he garden of lb' hill ineiitioiied palace is tlire: Ita-
lian miles ill circu .renic, and the highelf pair of ic
affords a noble profpe The iine f luntaiii wh.ili fionts
the p.ilacc has a noble appiMranee ; in the middle of the
balon is a Neptune, of maible, of a very large I'l/x, iu a
(hell of Egyptian granite, thirtvlix feet in circumfe-
rence. Tnrec other (latues of the (ianges, Nile, anJ
I'.'jphr.'.tes, are rrpreleiited in a fitting |)olhire, pounnu"
water into the fli.Il. In the grotteis and finintains of
this garden .ire to be feen, among feveral otlicrs, four
llatues by Michael Angelo. Nothing can be nioro de-
l;.;htl'ul tiian the alleys and covered w.ilks of launl aiiel
o'iier cver-g,ieens, and every part abounds with el'palieri;
of oraiig", lemon, jafinine, .uiJ pomegranate tres. C)ii
one (ide cf the gar leii is the duke's tnena" uie, wliere
.ire kept f'leigii fowls and vv.ld beads.
The piiii,. ip.d church is the cathciha', called St. Maria
ilel Kiorc, which is four hundred and ninety (eet loiii',
and three hundred and eighty Kiiglilh fei't to the toii of
the crofs. 'I'he cupola is oelangular, and the brea.hhof
each fid.e twenty-fivo feet ; the paintings in 1'.^ uppe-
part rcpiefentlng the nuiifioiv of blifs, and beluvv iliem
the place of torments. Under tlie cupola is ihe choir
the pillars of which are intermixed with t .c llatucj of
the twelve apollles 111 white mar! le. t.)ii the t-rct a'tar
Itand thice 11 arlile; flatiies of a I irge i\/c, one of
the Supreme Ciod and I'atl.ei fitting, the two others ro-
piehntin.; the ilcid body of Chrilt, luji|iur:e,l br an an-
gel, done I v liaiidincKi.
Near the church is a f]uare tower built of red, white
and bhuk iiiaible, on which are creclcil a great number
of fine Katuej. Opped'ite to the cathedral is the chiir,-K
ot St. John the Iiaptilt, fuppolcd to have b,en ancinilv
the temple of Mars. It is of an ovlfaiii'ular form, aiij
ll.is three brafs gates, lormcily gilt, on which liveral
hillories of the ()ld and New rellament are lo adii'ira-
bly cxprefl'cd ia b.i(Ii) relievo, that Mich.iel Aiu-elo, in
the cxtacy of hii, admiration, could not lorbear laying they
were worthy of being the gates of par.idire. Over the
ihief entrance are three marble ll.itues reprefenting
C'luill's baptifm, with tlir e bi.ifs (t.itues over ttie door of
ihe dee(dla!ion of John the Maptill. Over the third
door are three llatues in bronze, ot |ohii the IJaptill
dil'courling with a I'harilce and a Scribe. In the court
behire the middle gate, is a fine pillar of granate, which
was a prefeat fioiii the I'llaas to the city of Florence,
5 A ' Neat-
,
' m^%'
1 V k-
■%
A S Y S T R M OF GEO G R A 1' II Y.
Il I
J i Mi;
1 <
i>$
NcMr thfm fl.iiuls .liiotlur roUimn, croflcil in mcninry (if
a iii\t'-iuli>l iiii'.iclc vvrou;;lit by tlv.' hiu'.y ot St. /cnii-
liiu>, on h^ luing rcmoviil frnm St. I.;uir;':i(.-t's tn the
c;itluili.il iluiuli. when his hicr nci-iiicntailv Inucliiny;
the trunk of a (!ry dm, th it l.iy upon tlie '^rornil, tluy
pirtciiii tii.it it iir.nn-iiiJtjIy bccmii; Idinul .wiil ddithiJ
with the liviliill vcnhirc. In the chiirih arc fstL-tn
tai;;i' p'll.irs of oricnt.il pran.uo. The wh'I-.- cidini; is
of Mufil.' wc^rk, rcpri'lcntin^ eminent pnlcns, aiivl done
hy Apolloiiiiis, a fif.i'k, Aiulrca 'V.,lfi, G.iilJi, Jcc.
The li'iil i,s l:ii',7.'.', ami .vlninr.l with ((.■vcr.il hcuitifiil
nvirble frulpturis, partic.il iilv a ft.itu'; of John tlic llap-
tilt ll.indiii.; lu'foic it. Hi-rc all the chiUlrcn hnrn of
chri'ii.m pasents within the city of Floniicc, are haji-
ti/.'-'il. Tlv piVfnicnt of the chur. h is inlaid, ami on
one fivle of it are reprtf.nted the fun, aiu) t'le tw; Ke
(iiMis of the zodiac, with the f.iliowin^ inf.ription,
V'hi( h is the nioie rini ukable, as it injy be read back-
wards r.5 \seil as forwards :
Flor
EVTlNo,
' El! pro t:^ii fulcich!, tt rif:r inie.
" Behold the fun putfucs his oblique wav,
" And with his li/ry veitcx brii',;;s ti.e dav.''
V.n n-i llrnni'T day, at nnon, the fun i, faid to he di-
rict!v dicentric to a Adar dif; rut in a wii.Jow opjio-
!i:e 'o thi--^ reprefentation of that luniiiurv.
One of the principal relics of tl.is chiir. h i.^. the fin-
der with which It i> pret-nded John the IJaptift- pointed
To J.ius, when he f.iid, " Ikho'd the l.inili ui (lod,"
zwA w.-.;Ji the people woifhip with thv niofl zialou;
adoration.
In the ciuirch of the .•Xnnund.'.lien, the w.;!b anil
rielin-.','! arc luirg with votive ofTerings, it beinij famed
for a n;ir..iii!ous picliire of the Virgin M.iry, which in-
deed bliius a <:rcat deal of money to the d-rgv. The
ilory \i. Til it the Servite,-, to whom the eliurch .md ad-
jacmt convent helon:;, c t ployed a pointer to draw the
Annum. iaiion of iheVir^in in frcfco ; but vi hen only her
lice was w.iiuinp; to linilh the woik, the artill was ex-
tremely pe'pkxid how to (live it a fnitahle perfection,
and lallih.; aiJeep ui.der thi.s dilcjiiietude of mind, when
he awoke^hc hid the plealurc of leeini; the r.iiife of his
anxiety removed, aii.l the face completdv finillied. It is
III , qii'.ftioned tl'.at he iC'-e;vcd th:s aliilK.ncc fiiirn the
?n'.i;els, and the Finn mines, from the niai y miracUs
prrfi mud by it, v.-ondi.- how any one can h.ive the le.iR
doubt of it. Aniona other thint^s, it is fiid, that they
v.-iio look on thi.s picture will nevef be troubled with fore
or we:ik eyes. Mr. Keyflcr obfcrves, th.it another artill
iKobablv pl.ivtd the flee.inj painter a trick, which he
and the n.oiiks had thi- a.ldrefs oft irriiig to their advan-
t.r;e ; or the whole might be a contrivance of the painter
hiiiifelf, in mder to get a name by bcnr; on fuch gonj
•crniv w'tl. the angels. He adds that thii piece i. far
fioni be-iig an angelic work ; fer th nrjh the [.erfon an I
altitude of tie angel arc propel and graceful, and t!ic
paintin;; ol Maiv, at the fi^lit of t'lc heavenly niclTen.-e-,
happdv" defijiieil, \et .iie wonder-working lace is not to
be roni;iaied with fonie hundreds <.f pictures by haiuls
iner ly human. This piece is covere.l with tiirec cur-
tains, iinj placed in a chapel with a m ihituJe of filver
entive pi.-ces han;inj; about it. The chapel is riiiioufly
v.dorned wi:h m.nble, the p.nemrnt is of Kgyptian grn-
n.ite and porphyry, ami it is illuminated with above forty
(liver lamps and Ltanelics. IJefore the altar are two filvcr
ciiuilellaks of the height of a man, and upon thrm are
two h!r,;e lilver Ibtues, reprcfen'i'i'.; two angels. Every
'urt of the altar is covered Witii b.iilo relievos, and the
tabern.u Ic is extremely rich.
In St. l/aurcnce% church arc two pulpits, fupportcd hy
marble rolunms, and adorned « iiii bjilo relievos by Oo-
rKifello, and in the in w vediy aie/hewn the tombs of fonic
prince- of the hoiii'e of Medici«, done by Michael Ange-
h). Ihbind the hijh altar is the entrance into the rha-
ril defi'.:ncd for the burial-p'ace of the gie;it dukes of I'lo-
leiicej It has been begun cvei fincc the year 16^4, and
i', not mar hniflied, tliouidi the ducal finiily is extind.
it is of an odLmLoiI ir form, and the altar is richly adorned
with l.'pn-la/.uli, chalcedony, porphyry, and other valu- I
able Ikiics. indeed tiie whule eh.ip;I is, in a nnniier,
lined with thefe and other m.ifcrials equally cximf
'Ihe low. r part of the walls are every where c'irr„ri
with hue Sicilian jalper, with green and yellow veins '
abo\e this is a rid l-'iori ntii'ie m.iibh-, v,uic:-.i.,.(| 'J'-'i'
white Ipots. The infcnj-t.ons on tic tombs .uc'of ch'l
cedoiiv, inlaid with n d porphyry, and the (ni.'ll i;f,r ■■
not \si\iicr than thefe h iters, every one of wf.i.'h i-1
thrie Spanifli pillolri. The farcophagi on fom'e ifVe
monuments are of Egyptian L-r.inate, which is of a iu
red, and others are ol luiental gr.matc. Upon the fr- ''
ph.i.'i .irecuniions of red j.ifper, profufely enrich-jV'""
jewels; the expcn.-c of each cufliion is faid to be f;>".'^
thoufand feiidi, about twelve th'uif.ind fin; hunjrf)
pounds (lei ling. At each end of thefe eiiniio„s li,.,'j ,/
gal crown, elitteiing with pearls, diamonds, mid otho,
jewels of iiimrnfe value. I,a(!ly, the bionze Ihturs'-f
the gieat dukes, for whom the monuments irfc ereitd)
(Km, I in niches or t(Mieh-i;one, and ever) (iatuc is (e'
!e;t h'gh. The Maufolea arc fepar.itcd fioin e.ieh oih-r
with double rows of jafper columns, with ca;itds anj
coinires ol br.ifs gilt, and between thefe co'lu.-rns -.
plnccd I.ir^e urns of Coifica jafpcr, with green and v/l/'e
veins inlaii! with I'lon ntine work, 'i'he^ walls arc or'"
menfcd with the arms of the principal cities in the duk '■
dciiiiini.Tns, oi the fame woik.
We h-ve not room to defcribc the niiil-itii.'c c'"-
tu;s «rd pidurrs v irh which the other ( hvirebr , f.ft'!
city.ire ad.irn.d. Vr*'.viihfl.in. ling all this r:'ei;lor 'C
appei.;nee cf tl'.c city fiiftVrs confidci.ibly fic'm tV; .-'r' i
numb 1 of piper windows to be ki:(\ ••Te. Hint '
anirn : its orriaii-cnls i a'.. .11 Doiic column <.f oee n^'c-
of granate, wh'ih (lands before the church of St, '! rin/'
and llrve.s for a pedeft.il to a (lorphyiy ll.uvr of he" .
with hir balance, and a royal in.mtle if bronze. ' 'i'j'
granite colunin is laid to have been found at Rome, int'"-
emperor Antoninus's bath.
In ihe middle cf one of the flrccts is a fine flatiiec
riircules killing Nediis the centaur, cut out of a fiiit!»
bl ek of while u'aihle, by Ciioyanni liolo^na.
j In ihe Old M.irket, where provifions arc fold, the -oj.
I dif.i of I'lenty, done by Don.e.ciln, ihnds upon a ■ r,ur,tc
I pill.ir,
I he New Market is properly the exch.rire of FI%
reni e, where, about noon, the principal '^mcrch.inti
meet to do biifmcfs, many of whom arc of grct f.imilii
Some of the nobility deal in aielail way f'and a noil;
l'"l' re ntine often ceuulcfecnds to mcafuic out a varj c''
j A pc.rliriil.ir p.irt of the city, not-d for hesyfcs ofi:!
_ fame, was afligncd by Cid'mol. tothej-rws; aiij 3n in.
feription at the enr;ance of this (Ireet obfcrves Tli:: it
was thought more advifc.ihle to permit the Jews nrcnia;.-.
in the nei. hfcourhond of Chridiips, th-t,"by their ^.i^d
example, thf-y mifht he brought to fubmi't -.o th'.-V;
yrke of ChiilJ. than totally to i\pc! 'hem.
■ The Ht.Tentines .ittrihute the vivacity and pcietiTii'.'i
, by ■ hich they boall that their countrymen have iiinj-;
feperior in'piovemcnls in the polite arts', to the piitirysn!
filub'ity of the air ; and they never mention their cc!;-
. trymen .Michael Aiigelo, l)ante, I'etr.irch, and otlr:
great nifii, without ttanfports of admiration. 'I'heva:.
inimitable in making repartees, and telling (lories with.-
good grace ; hut arc lb infatiia'cd v.'ith thef.- tneinv.'-
ment', thnt the gnvein.mcnt of the ton-jur is bat li;:'.-
known ainoiigd them : but happy would it he lor tiiem,
if this vanity was all that could be I.ii I to tfrir charni-
for they arc, even to a proverb, a.ldidcil to that mnliiin-
natural vice which brought dejwn the Diiinc len^ciii;-:
on the ciries of Seldom and Cioniorrah.
At the (liffancc of an Ilali.in mile frnm the citv i-
Pog HO, or Villa Impciiale, a palace belongin-' tn t"-.-
Juke, with a very delightful range of trees leading; to i'
and both liJc-. bordered with vinrvard.5, convents, .ti1
villas. The apartments of the pal.ice arc very fine, jv'
the garden bel(in:'ing to it extremely delighilul.
Six It.ilian nnles from Florence towards Role;;;'
ftandi I'rat'.iino, another palace belonging to the i;ri i-
duke, '/'he apartments and halls are very rich, anj iV
paintings exquifite. 'f'h.' garden abounds with beauliiid
allies, covered walks, nia/es, grottos, ami water-we^rk'.
'Fhe roael from T'oicncc to Vienna is paved, and (1!;
exhib.:^
Florevtiso,
wlure ci\rii,|!,.|
i-'llow veins, aiij
v-uic;.,atcd wiih
nili^.\rc(ifch:i|.
^'li-'liii.'ll i'.orvli
cotwlii^h c'ulk
nil ffMiic (,f til;
'lich ijofa (icci
Ur"ii the iVio.
ly ciiricl',?J \v;iK
fjiil to llcflM,
III fuc hii:ii, ^
iflli'Mls ll(< ,, ,_.*
ond';, Slid other
nm/.Q Ihtucs f
tits :i?c irccttii
tr) Ihitiif is tcii
fnmi each oili;r
iili ca;it,is 3nj
icfi; Kj!u;r;n< ;r:
green and v.i.isc
c walls aic cri:;.
tics in the duki'i
thuri!>( , ,;f ,., .
;lii-. fr'-'i; lor,;hc
ly ficm t^■.■ '•'"-.
iinill I. folic p^K;
I'luif St. '! r:n;'
il..lvc cf ji;;l' ;
■■I" I'rnnze. 'j'),;
I at Rome, iut=,.-
is a fine fl:t!ic(;'
It out of a fuij^,:
locna.
'.re fulj, the -cj.
Is upon a -i.ii;.-.(c
xchnnre of F!>
:ipal m:rchanti
of ;^re„t f.iniilii .
y i and a mil:
re Out a virj of
frr houfcs cfi'.'.
ws ; ai:J an in-
■bfiTvci, 'I'h:; '.:
e Jews nrcmu;-
t, In' tiifir uKd
ilmiit :o the e:fv
ni.
and penetration
iT.cii have w.ii-:
to the purity an ;
ition their conn
rch, and olh-:
ilion. They at',
ntj llories v.'nh .■
!t thrfj tndnv.'-
• is- Ivit litt'-
i it bo lor liiem,
tn t! cir chari?!"
t(i that mnlhin-
)i'. iiic icii;'C3'i.':
rnm the city i
'I'liiging to t*-.'
C5 Icadiii'; to ''
roiivcnt-., .i'l I
c very fine, a':'
;Th!ful.
ward? llo!i';;.'
inc; 111 the l;'i ■
rv rich, an 1 I't
d^ with bca'itiiLi
1 water-work'.
■ [-i^cd, .mil (I '.'.
cnIi.I; :.
PlSANO.
u;i,itsnianv renin.iis nt tiic niiricni^ lav.;
/.hiiii of nill<. and thonuli the conn*
E U R O I'
1^. 37
-if the an:icnt\'iaCa(ria. It extends ^ found a conrnanJcrii.', which upm tlitir ilcalli reverts to
otcr a eh
ifiieiSls, it bciiii; every where planted with vineyards
ry 1. not fo fine ' tl\.- order, [n tlie fccoiid claf. Jie Ci Uhral.d p.iiiiters,
• Uj-iwctn KloreiK-eaiul Pila, it attords verv d>.li;.;ht- j and other eniiiietit ni.iiiers in the (dlitc art., on wlioiu
ful pro'l" ,
anJolivc-yjrds.
s r. c 1'. HI.
7/.V Piano, !!rTenlli'yofVi'^\.
u,S,mtm, /'«,/»■•., a,vl Extniti hi 11,/hn, ,vhh a
fjrt'uuLr Dfjoiptnn nf the Lilies oj I'lju ./m. L,-^hiin.
THE Pifann, a territcuy of Tnfcany, is lioonded on
the north I'y the territurv of Florence and the re-
.jblic of Lucca ; on the eail by the hicnncle ; and (m
f w 'It by the fea 1 extciidinu; about forty- f^-i en miles
• Icn 'ih, and twenty-five in breadth, an.l .ihounds in
rnm, w"l=' •''" '''"''^ "^ vci>ctables, fine rattu-, and every
liim'' rcqiiifi^e for the c:)info: table fubHrtence ol I'tuinan
I'fc.
The road from the city ofPifa to that of r,iicc;i, which
■•-only twelve miles dilhnt, is nioft deliglulul, cl;ieeial-
iivin dry weather, when, inliead of croflini; over Aloiint
St. iu'ii.in, one may keep alopg the plain. Tiie country
s'll'.iJed into Kjuate mclofuic';, and plat-.tcd with rowi:
(i'trLCs with vin:';uwinini: round them,wl',ich luxuriantly
i',t-r.iiin>;lc tluir branches at the top, and fonri bc.mti-
•'a!Vtrt<"iii5- In I'u'V.mer and autumn noihint; can ex-
ct'iJ this dcliu'htful tract of land, the moumaui whieli
■jni all llie* way on the rii;lu benvj; covered with olives
ai.il cv'irifs-trees ot an extranrdniaiy hei.;ht.
P;ir. formerly a republic of eonfider.diL iigure, rediic-
ri t'lc illandi if Sardinia and Cotfica, ciuuiuercd Car-
ih'T-, drove the Sarac ns out of the ciiy of l'a!ermo in
Slcdv, niaintained wi'h h.nn-ur a Ion;; war with (lenna.
j^jfiibJued the iiljiid of M.iiorca, though .-Mmeric kifi,'
('f Jerui ilem fi nt foitv (liips to its fuee.cnir. But in i ^o i
iiWJS deprived nf its hberiy hy J'>hi\ (Jalea/zo Vifeoiiti,
J'jteof Milan, and in i+' 5 by the l-'lurentines ; but, by
iV sililtancc of Charles V 1 1 1 . kin'^ of Fi aiicc, it recover-
rJ its lib rtv in the year 1404 ; however, bcinj; wp'.n xc-
(i;;:cd hy liic Florentines, \n l^'^f)-, it has ever lirice re-
rincd in a Itate of fiibj-etiiui. The priiicip il cities in
tbii lerri-ory are I'lfa and Leghorn; wc Oiall begin with
tnc fiirm-.'r.
\'i>\ i'! a fpacie.us city lVa*cd on the Arno, which lii-
vi'cs it l:i"o two parf^, in the forty-tifih dej;ree thirty fc
tht duke confers this hoiK.ur. Thefc twoclullia aic not.
obliged to make any vow.s J but tb.e full, who arc tlic
proper kiiuhli 1)1 ht. Stephen, fuiar nllegl.'.nec to thp
t;rand maiUr, wlio is always the gicat duke, atiJ tn ferVc
a'';aiiift inlldcls, Th.e pi oofs of noble deficnt mull be the
l.iir.c as thole rciiiiired by the order of iMalt.i. Their
vow of eh.iPiity does not CKcluJe inarrh.^e ; but thi: un-
married knit;l.ts have this advant.'.;;e, that thev
.■ in tha
pa'..:ce of the order, where they aie elegantly lodged ami
provi led with a Iplendid table gratis. The knl^lils h;;vj
the free dil'pof.il of theii fortunes an.! iiKomes, of which
a fourth p.Kt only devol\es to the order, on their Jeeeafe.
Oil the tellivals ofthc o.'-der, and other folemii oc,-.;fion:,
ih'.y v.'car on their bic.ilt an in.'l.inj;ular erois of ciimfoii
I'attin, embroidered with i.',old ; but on coiiin.ni ilayj,
vvlicii thev .:|ipear in public, iliey have only a plain white
crofs upon tlieir ilo.ik. Tlie name id' St. StepUi-'tl was
chok'n by Coliiio I. the founder of the order, from a fig-
111! vii-lory he obtained, which entirely ell, ibliflied the
j-ueriiment of the .\leJieis, on the lellival of that faint ;
whence St. Stephen's d.iy is kept as the chi.f feftiv.il ot
the order. Their church is then hung with I'eveial hun-
dre.l fl.ie', atid other trophic., taken from th.e infidels.
riie hi^ii altar is made ol t'me porphyry, and uier it is
a marble liatuc of pope Stephen.
The i(|u.iie betoic the ehurdi confiflsof fiately houlVs,
v.'iili the p.ilace of the order, iiumd which are the bulls of
the great t^ikes in white mar'.ilc, and in the .ront a tine
marble ll.itac of CoCmo the (iie.it.
The ducal palace h.is iioihnvj; in.i:;nilkent, cr f'.ii'.a'lj
to ih, It title. The market is o.namented with a white
marble rtatue of the godded id' I'letuy, Itandin ; up 'U :'.
I'illar, wliich I'ervts both tor a whippin^-poll a.iJ a pil-
liirv.
'I'he arciibifliop's palace is a mean eld buiMin.r, v.ltii
noihiOi; teinarkab'e but a founta-n in tl.e inner court, in
which is a whitJ marble Ita'.ue of .Mofes, placed there, a ■
an inlcripiion f.iys, eui accjuii! ol lii.. rifi'i:; fi.^n th- wa-
t r, an.l his rod having miraculoully forced cc:;..u.. ll. ear.-.s
fri.m a barren rock,
I:i the cathedral i', a pair of large foldin,M»ale.^ of
bral's Oil whiJi is repuC; iited in relievo the hic of Chu.l j
: i'Ut b.,th the woikni.in(lii[i and delif.n are veiy ind^lVer^nt.
I t )n the fide o! the chiirJi aie thiee entrances, with brai'j
. doors, on whir h are feveral liillorical piece:, of the Old
vcn mitiutcs nortn latitude, and in the eleventh degne and New I'ellanient in b.in'o rilicvo, much fuperier to
|"f c!-h:t:rn minute! cad longitude, twelve miles la the noiili tnat mi iitioned above. The door frames are.-.J-jrned with
of L'-Chorn. The Itreets are llr.iiglu, bro..d, and well j very curious fellouns, and figure 1 of anim.iiy, witli the
fivid, and the j'catelt part of the liouUs nuke atoler.i- ; arms of the houfe of .Medici, inter fpcifc.l in I'tver:;! places.
til? apnea r.tnre ; but the lii'e and fpiiit that formcily ani- | The middle portal is adorned v.'itli iv.'o colutiiiis of wliitj
rrrdi:.is city, namely, th.e multitude of its inhabitants, '; marble, embeliillied with admirable foliages, imd I'.iiJ Xj
1 far cxhaul'.ed, tnat the grals grows in leveral of the ' have belonged to Nero's '.latl
The I'luiuil'piece of th.e
I'he mot't we.'.ltiiy inhabi'.aius, fince the lof> of 1 catnedral is a (iothic woik, with inmimer.ible piil.irs
carved up to the very top. The number of pillais with-
in the dome aoiouiits to I'eventv-lix, each of wliich is cut
out of atln.jle block of white oriental granate. The pave-
ment before the liigh altar 13 of Molaie work, made >d
fmall g. Ill ., I'eprel'enlinj; a variety of figures. On each
fide of this alt.ir Hands an .iiigel ot brop-.-e, admiraVly ex-
ecuted bv IJonaniU) I'll'an . Fhe lla'uis of Adam and
iiie, on the altar of the Ili'ivSaerainent, are grcatlv ad-
iiiiitd. 'I he BaptilUry is a large circul.ir building with a
high cupida ; hut it has no laiithern, or anvoptning at
the top, and is bui!t all of white marble. The f,all Judg-
ment, teprelintcd inbdl'i rebevo 0:1 the pulpit by Nieho-
I;. I'ilano, cann.'t f.iil of plcafiiig a curious eye. There
are here light pillars of oriental maible, e.ul. cut out of
a fingle block. The large maihlefont isdividLd by foer
partition'., which (Views that lormcrlv baptii'.n was here
performed by immerlion, and in the middle llanJs a bronze
llatue of John the Itaptilt. The concavity of the cupol.i
\i difpol'ed ill fuih a mannci, that anv noil'e made below
its tr.-e.!(.m, hs 'e withdrawn themlelve'-, fom" of them to
("uii'ii, and there is little appearance ihat this lol's will
c»cr be repaired j ot ihough I'll'.i enjoys a healthful air,
cnoJ water, a convtnii-iit and di lightful fituation lor
iraje, and is cnconipali'.d by a fsrtile country, the inha-
titaii's now fcarce amount to fixtecii or feveiuceii thiiu-
I'aiiH, th High in the eleventh leiitury it is faid they
3T.'anti-d to oneluin Ircd and fifty thouiaiid ; but, in the
vf.ir 1!, I ?, thev were nduced to tilteen ihouland and fi.\-
tv, ;n:ludingeven the Florentine court. Tiie univetfitv,
which was founded in i 1, jo. may be fuppofed to partake
'I' the nt sfortunes ot the city J though it wants neither
o.'ile rs nor cn.lowmenis, nor able profeilor;., who are
(! liie great duke's nomination.
The exchange is a fiipeib llruchirc, built in 1605, but
i- no'.v i.lmolt delolate.
Some bufinefs, however, is (lill carried on in the citv,
on aeco'tnt of its being the pl.ice where the duke's rallies
nrc built •, and the (cw gallies of wiiich his naval force
cenfilis, generally lie here
j i-. fullowel by a veiy loud and long double eelu), wl.icli
Annthi'r circunillancc of foinc little benefit to the city, I even exceeds that of Simonelti near Milan ; but the repe-
ls its being the chief feat of the order of St. Stephen, | litimi is not lo cle.ir and I'.illinct, Two pel Ions alio,
Tlule knights are du idctf into Cavalieri della (iiullitia, whifper'ng, with their faces near the wall, oppolite to
litlla (jra/ia, and de Conunandeiie. 'The latl .ire thole e.n h other, may converfe together, without beini; ovei-
who, for the h-jiiuur of wearing the crols ot the order, heard by the company that Hand between thcin.
In
I I'i
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I s ';
I
I il
r I
a?
m.
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l.M,.
' ■iHBIi
( I
A S Y STEM OF G E O G R A 1' H V.
Ill tliC c.it'.ic.;r.;l dliircli-NMril, ti'.irilio choir, (l.uuls
Oi'- I'.inmii", K-.iiii'.;^ tower, di'LulaJ riiMii.inv otlu'ilniild-
ini! ; It i> rounil, ..n.l alceiiiii J liy tliri-e hiiiulrij atui filiy-
fiic tti[< to \hc liip, wl.nh lb iiu- odil will) .1 lm.Mll-
\n>pk,.iii.l IM It li;".i.gli-\ til lull*. It IS (.oiniiutiJ to be imc
IViii.liiil .irnir.t litvtij.'Mt livt lii(;ii, iiiul is divuLd into
i' -.'t I .iiti!;on-, :'T ItiHU"., t-aiii liirrdiindcj v.it.i a ci'li-
11.1. ii «l tlii.iv ciplit piH.lr^, wi.icli in ail the rows arc of
tile I'imc tS-.iLkiRls ; I'lit d;'iuarL- in l.iitlh in prtipnrtioii
js thcv liu' t.T«'.''iils the loji. Ihi' gniuiid-tloor is th
tmlv one « il!'i.:Lt an ociciiiiij.' bclwi '.'ii ihi." pillars ; but all
the (/.licr li'.iti.s I'mni i<> itiaiiv i;r.lleias round the town.
It ii rcni.iik.'.ble, tint a iiliininut let down iHipeii iciilar-
Iv nt^in tlic ti'j', loiulies the ^loiiiiH at the dill ante ol
iilicen I'cet In in the biiuo,'! of the t>nver. Its ihuj lean-
ing has railed the .idnuraiioii of traveller?, fiinie pietend-
in.'. that, by a jitruliar ^ t ut' the arrhitecl, itaj'jiears to
lean on all lides ih Hijih in realltv it imiines .'iily on
one, which is uciafiomd !>>■ nothing more than the linkiii;;
oft.'.? lo-.mdation : thi; is e\iilent from the ped.|l,il.s ol
the l.iwelt tow <.f pillars bcini' funk niuth d.epe,- in tin
vartiioii the fide ot the incliiiatioii than on tlie other.
The Catnpo S.iiito, or the tity hiirial-plate, is . 'i i^'.i-
long piece of gnu^nd, and as the earth w.is liro'.ii;l>t
fiom the nci^hboiiih.o.l ol jemlalein by hity PiLin y i'-
lics, it is walled nnind witli a building in the form of a
clovfier, with mail-le eoliimns .-'.nd poriitos, covered with
lead at the top, and is divided by low Itonewalls intu
three ccjual parts. In the ii,'pirnio!l lie the iioh.Iity, the
iiti/eiii ill the middle, .'.lid li.e pe.l.ints in the lowid
part. On the waIN of the claylier:, are Scripture hillorief,
painted by fcveral hands anuing whi'.h that of Job, in
eight pieces, by (jiotto, deferves paiticular notii c. Iheie
is here likcwi;e the life of the patri.neh Jofepli, in four
compaitnient'-, and a very hr^c reptclenlatioii of the
LjI* J.jdj.'m( lit, in the mid 'le ot which is Icen kin;^ So-
ioiroii hanging doWn li.s head, with all the ri.;lis of a
guilty conlciencc. On our Saviour's left hand hell li
rcpicfentcd, and on his ri^ht the nianlicns of bliis,
crowded with n-. i.ks and nuns : however, an angel is
fctn to take li.c frtedom ff dragcinj, away a monk by
the hair, as no: (juililicd to be in Inch good company.
.Si. .Matthiw's il-.'-jrch, which belongs to the Ijiiieilic-
tine nuns, is a fniall, but virv t levant, (iiuclure, re-
«r.aik_ble for the perf;".iflive paintings in treko on the
ni.'.f ; but the beholder nvi'l ll.ind on a particular Hone
iir.-.r the middle of the pa\enieiil, lor that is the point il
view from whence nil the figures, pillars, &c. of the pic-
ture arc d.:l:i.c!!y ficn in tl-.eir proper arr.ingcnicnt.
There belongs to this i ity a \trv large pn)iic-gardc;i,
vv;.!i '.'tocktd wiih all lorts of curious plants and watti-
work', and near it is a mulluin of natural cuiiolitiis.
Til'- < ;iv is rncomi.alUd hv a moat and w.ills ; it is alf.i
defiiuhd by an old caltic and large fort, but its citadel
is a modem lortiticiiion. Ketween this city and Leg-
horn is a can:.l, fixteen Italip.n miles in Itiigth, and tf |
gteat feruec tor the coiivtiiieiKC ol tiadc and draining
ihi mor.ilics.
W t lunv comi. to the cltv of Leghorn, by the Italians
'•)•«/. nd rthcr nations called Livorno, the antient Liburnus
P.-rtus i'c.-t...;, a hanJfon e, but not very laige, city, built in the
.iiodiui taftc, and v.i;h lu. h regularity, that both gates
sre Le:i liom :hc mafket-placc. It is Icated in latitude
lnrtv-thre;d?.rces thuts -three miiuites north, and in te„
dLgrtcs t\vcmv-h\e iii;iiut..s call luiinitude. In the north
p..rt are the hnelt h'iulrs, .nul loin its bLiiig interlectcd
v.::h canals it is called New \'eiiicc. Lcghoin w.is for
mcrly a plac; b.longing to the (jenoefe, and by thc:n
given to duke (Jofmu I. in exchange for the tov/n of
ilarzana. It was then an inconflderable place ; but
iiiicc that time it has put on a quae different afpecl. Thi;
canals Ci.t in I'cveral parts without the town, have ten-
dered the marftics tit t.ir cultu.t , .ind in Ionic mcafure dif-
lipated the noxious effluvia, though the air is not vet
tftccmcd pcrfcctlv he.ilihlul ; and frefli water is fofcarcc,
th-t thev arc obiiged to biing it troni I'ifa.
'i he cit.' is very well tortilied, having two forts to.
wards the (ea, bclides the cita-el. The ramparts afloid
a very a^'rcctblo profjr-.'l of the fea, and of manv vill.i. on
if thfiii of hraf. ; and the ;^arrif( n COlififl , of fix h
dred men. The harbour isdivid'd into the nutwjri'
inwaid, the lall of whith is call.d the Daif.i
• or Ij,i,.
leiia, and is only approprialeil to the great duke's - '"
i c>, which are „buut hve or (i<t in nuinber, aiid'^^'I
nieliiiies f; nt out upon a cruile againll the C
rii'.- outward nude has a ilrni|.. hairirr of |i
VuK h/e, upon which is a Itroii
or:..ir,,
ones, CI ^
_ paiemeiit, wllh a
parapet wall running along the middle of it, where ', .
one 11,1.; nr the other, a perloii may be :dwavs flv lt',r ,1
from tlic wind. Tlie length ot the mole is fix hu
dred conimon pares ; 'mt the breadth is laid to be \'
ticn hundred. On this mole the wealthy inha'uMni
t.:ke the air in their coa>h(s. (>nc grc.it deficl in'i;,!
:iaibour is, that in the middle it is too fh.illinv forljri..
(liips, winch on this account arc mcioicd to pilLuj .ni
i:-rgc iron rings on the fide of the nioL', hy whit,
me.ins thev arc falcr than in the harbour itr.lf. i,,'
road, (or an Itall.'n mile or two towards the lia, is n, .
i.'ood, though there is no (ecuiiiy ag.iin(l the winds J
C..il..i:b. I he bght-hcufc, where every night tiimy
huiii::.; l.imps are contained in one lanthern, Ifaiiuson'
liiijle loik 111 the fea ; and not lar Iroin it, on the nun
l.in.! ■ -' ' ■ -■- ■ ■
by
Lik
If t.--.
the laiiel fulc i the iiumher ol guns in the kvir.d (.uiili-
«at!oiij at prefcnt amount tu about liirec huiidrgd, iiiufl
1." the La/aretto, where qiiar..ntine is peiform.J
pcii.iits coming fiuni pl.ices fufpeded of in:^.
tion.
On a building niar the harbour, wbc,-c the "rcj.
duk( i l.nn-.i.ly refilled, is an infciiption to the lullurvin)
purport,
" I'lV h.thfr, yc merchants, with alacrity; this fjrrcd
" pl.ue bv i's heai.tv, C'.iiiniodiouli.cfs, Irctdiiin j, |
" pleiiry ot all the iieced'aiies of lif-, allur.-j v.iu : Cui'.
" mo Hi. the li\th great duke of Till, any, who icfiu'.;
** in this hou'r, lourteoully invite, vou j h.n i;. r i-,,.
" lar.'cd and fortified the city, he rebuilt this cjifKe
•' (irfl lailevi bv his grand-father Tredeiic I. and ni,iiliit
" more lup^ ib and niagnificent it; the ye.ir lOg;"
In the l.j.,aie before the D.irfcnri is a ll.itue of J.,;;.
Ferdinand, with four Turkfli llaves, ii bronze, of a;i.
gaiitir fi/e, in chains.
The number of inhabitants is romputcd .>t foiiv thou,
find, among whom arc twenty thoufand Jews, wnolivj
in a particui.ir quarter of the city, have a handiomc iv-
ingoguc, and, though fubj;',;t to very heavy impolls,a.T
in a thriving condition, the greatclt part of ihe cuiii-
nierce of this city going through iIut ban. Is. 'I'r.e ,•-_.
ner_litv of the tirciksaiid Armenians fettled her.-, lc-
knowle.lge the pope's fupremacy, and each li;\e trier
peculiar ihurch. The fiee lurks and the I arkiia
:!aves have a mofqiie, but the pre t.dants are not p.-.
mitted the public exercife of their rcligicn, the ! iiulilli
excepted, who being of all foreign nations the b.dcii'-
tomeis to Leghorn, are allowed to have a clia;iiaiii,
while the other protiltaiits make ule of the (hpljinso!
Ilirps. None ot the churches in Leghorn aH.ud ai.y
thing worih the cunofity of a iudrcious travellc.
As p.uticiilar i|ii,irtirs nl the city are alliti.e,.' to thf
Jews and Tuiks, lo the public prollituies have tlitu-alh.
conli/bng of two or three llreets, which los'iids ;:..it:
unhappy CR'atures are not to pah, witiiout pr. ^iciis hav:
irom their commilllirv, and paying a tiillin g (uin.
The port IS entirely free for coirimcrcc to all nat.on--,
and the duties on imported goods are li) eafy as nut to
caule the le ift(d)llnji);on lo commerce; ever/ bale, L:
the (i/c be what it wi I, pays only two piaflc.s, or nine
(hillings iK-rlin;' ; nor .xrv the contents examined, i'n
vellirs are not troubled at Lei>hoin al o it lV,.rcIiirii;
iluir baggage , they are only obliged to delucr tip thrir
pillol , and other fire arms, till ihcy obta.n an orjn
lioin the governor to have them reltore.l, wliuli is .dij
artriuled vt'ilh very little difticulty.
Leghorn, after all, is far fimn bcin;; a cheap place ii>
licC at; for thoUL'h Itiangers pay litile or n-j t.ixes, yc;
the provifions and other iieceflarKS, brought thirher by
l.in'l, ate fu'>iee'f to y.ry hi.;h dutie.; andtlur duke r.-
Ier\'s lo Inn. It If Ihc ironopoly of fe eral coini;' nl.tus
patthuliily brandy, tiha r,>, and fait; aiid.VIi. Ad.ii-
fon inl'tnis us, that ;n !. tin", the perfon who had t!re
monopoly ol (...llin:; . . n LcL'b. .rn, pai I ainual.'y J-
uiye one thoiifati.l poi' , ir;!';'' i- r liar piivih g., and
I'.ic tobacco-;ncrcii !• I ivn ihji.liiid pounds. All the
com-
:r.,r wirier his do^nini
"f fix hull-
nutwari! ,ii;,l
■', or l).,i.
iliiki's
tJ-
■i-T, am) ,■;-
:1a' l.'pr;..;,
Ildnus, ( 1 J
iL-iit, wi'.li a
:, wlitrc, '.I..
ays fiivkti; I
li fix hun-
liJ to bi.' (::■
1 illh.i'i||,i:it>
icfti;! ill tit-
low fill lar;^ '
i> l>ill.iii .'1,1
-', liy whic.i
itf.-lt. r,v:
t fi:i, is V(,i,-
thf wi nils 01
lii^lit tliitty
n, llamas on ,:
, (Ml the man
: is |H'ifotni'.J
ti-'d uf inlix-
icre the ';ru>t
I the lulluwili;
ly : t'.ils facrcd
r:i viiu : C'oi-
ly, who jcl'iiif?
ii i li.ni:i,' iMi.
ilt thb cjilitc,
I. anj maii it
>t lOq;"
1 It.itui; of iliike
Mui'.zc, of a^i.
il 3t forty thou.
Jews, who liv;
:i lumiuimc IV-
ivv im|'o!ls,ari'
rt of tin- CDin-
I'i.e !:••
itkij hu.', ic-
acli \\.\Q tni-'f
tiic lurkiih
. ;ui' not p>"-
1, the l-.iii;lil\\
is the h'. il cu'-
ic ;i ch.i;)iain,
pic I 11 -pi jins In
|rii attoid aiiv
afliniic! to t'-.f
uvt thi'U-alh.
1 Ul'lll-'s I'/.i:
pr- rfioiis Lav:
' kill).
,t,) all nat.on-,
lafv as nut to
vtrv lull", I.:
iftc.s, or nine
mined. Tri-
It ffjrcliiu!!
!ncr lip th;ir
t:i,n an i''dfi
wi'.ich is all'i
cheap p'.acc 'n
n-) t.'.xcs, yc:
;ht thi:her by
ilu: duke r>-
imni;' iihtiis
,ul M.. A.:.:.
Ill whii I. id tVe
aiiiiual'v •!•
livibus-""'
I thf
com-
S,HNvrsn. EUROPE-
oditiei that are fent tip into the country arc cloi;i;ed | the piircit dinlcT <,l the It
"''""in'ip"fiti>"'i as fooii ..s i.,.-v leave ;.ei;liurn ; and a" • • -
cils, and fu.^i liruuuht tiom the Iruittiil va
wi'.li 1;
f o'l' I'i'') I'l'"''-'"'^''' an I o; her pal ts (it Tufcaiiy, are
7i*..cd til pay feveral duue.s and taxes belure they can
" The "riikini Haves a' d o'her galley- rowers arc every
Mt ficiiied in a l.irje plaie liiirmiiuleil with a hii'.h
'''"i t.i'ilc.l the liajiii, 111 iiiiitatuiii nf the Mnnr.s vvlio
* '-'thi^ iia.iie to a ptifoii in which they keep the Chrif-
.niives. Ill 'he day-iiine they arc fei at liberty,
J nuv exer.-ife their iiuhilliy either in labour or trade j
'' null take care to letiiiii in dc time to the
here (iiij'ly in b'li!; bariaes, the beds
■■>\i: t
ran eapi
'..t tney
!!';"'■ '■''">' '"^ ■ • , , • . 11
• .., In five or lix mws over tai h othii, with rope lail-
;in
i!;;s to
:r;Mr f.veriiy
'.iv
la-li;, ai>J
aiciiid ti) them, and luithiiig is punifhed with
than when two are fnmul in one bed: (or
b.tti-r |)reventiir.5 all difordei^, lamps aie kept biirii-
*|.,1 a wateli is contimiallv w.ilkiii^ about the bar-
, "i " The three clalTes of rowers are llie Mdnnteers,
C'c;im:i'al-i' 2"^ ''"^ Turkifli ll.ives, who have each
'.'i,j j^mfcUve waids ; in other lefpiills no diilincliDn is
iiJ or.e fiek ward ami difpeiif.itory feives iiidiferi-
U:T them all. The number uf thefe gallcy-
.-vi-) i» 'i-r.erally about ta.i thiiul.ind, ami of thtfe the
luiki nial^e e!;;ht or nine li'Jiidicd.
S E C T. IV.
7 he S I F. N N F. S H .
I, SltMli:"-! £''"''» Pi'xiii^'^ Gozirnimftii, oi.iJ Ili/loiy \
" with (I Dffi'iptii'i of Sienna, an. I !,'>,■ Ciijt m; mil Al'in-
,ni ef '*' Inlnibilants. J i:iiiij'c Jicount if iLi SliiUs
t l':,f:.tli ..".' I''::mbiii3.
THE Sicnnefe is boiinJi.d on the north by the I''lo-
rciitino ; on the fouth by the Mediterranean fea
•-]thciiii'"h'/ of Callro ; ontheeaftby the I'eiu^ino and
(Vicr.ino ; and on the welt by the Fb^rentino and the
■fiilcin feJi it hein;; about fifty-live mika m length,
ar.J ns nni<h in breadth.
The fiiPtrv is pretty fertile, cfpecially in mulberry
irfs, wliieh feed a !;rcat number of filk-worms, and
I'-.matc fcvrral medicinal fprings.
The Sicnncfc (l.itier thcmfclves with rctaliiin:; a kind
(flihertv in the cletlion of the' r fenate, which eonliUs
i< nine perfons cilled £<V(-.y;, whofc pnlident is (liled
c.nMinot the peoplci but thi> is only <;ii external (hew,
iVIi-nate bcinj fo far under the check of tlic gre.it duk'^
ii i'lnrcnee, that no meafure of any cimfei)uentc mult
tcnkcn without hi-; knowled7,e and pnmiHiun.
Si.-nn.i was at the time of the long intcrrennuin a free
l::;-; but h.v. fince been thrown into freqmnt coiiviil-
liH-.bv the .imbition and inteltine broil.; of the priiitip.il
u.T.ilu-s, tfpecially the Malatcfta and l'ctru?/i. In
;i,'v.-;ir 1 554, the emperor Charles V. reJured them (ii-
::.!vuiiJLr Ins doTinion, and at his refien.ition in 1556,
;i; ibvcicijTUiy devolved to his fon Plulip II. kin^ of
:-;::. This piiiiec afterwards, in cmfider-.tion of a
.•_•; I'um of ready mon.'V, and a promife that they Ihould
■r. tjice p.'.rt with the French, ceded the country to
u;.;-.j I. duke of Florence j but referved to himfclf
i.:re nutitime towns, as Pio;nbino, Orbitell.i, Tda-
:--:?,Pi>rto llrrcole, I'orto .St Stefaiic, I'oito I.diiyone,
»i-!i thr illc ot Klva, which conllitutc what is called
^:;•oJ■.• (iH Prefidii, from the .Spaniards ke-ping garii-
;.: \ ill thole towni.
The principal city in this territnry 1. Sienna, which
:"•;!-..> ihirty-hx miles to the fouili of I lorence, and fif-
v,-n nc to the fnuth-rall of Lei-hnm. it Is pretty large,
:r,' jilcafantly (ituated on three hills, which render ihc
•:::\.' very uneven ; hut this i", comp' nfif-d by the
;:r ihKiiefs of the profpefV, and the exceedmi; health-
i.in'fi of the air. 'I"he houfes are ele.'ant, but thin of
::i3l:!.mt3, \\'ho fcarcc amount to I ventecn thoul.itid.
Thiv ate civil and of a chearfiil difpjfition ; thcv»'onieii
b- liieir Oiare of be.mty, and li.ive nine freeilom than
3 nuny other parts cf Italy, ^eveial of the nobility,
IW) at' divided into dalles called Ahmi, thoolc it tor
asiittfiJeiicc, and on this aceouut Sienna is faiium.. for
afeent. 'I'hr
linen II all J hiliy fitiiation uf thi* city. Near
I is the aiLiitiilliop'-, palace, iui.i opjicfitc to
37i
iari langu-age. it i.s the fee
an arehbidiop, and the cathcdial is incrultcd both on
the ouidde and within wi;h marble. The pavement is
almiralily iiil.il.l uitli marble and otlicr toi'.ly florie;,c(
|)eei„lly under the (^r.ir.d cupola, and before the gicil
altar, where many Iciiprure hill irM ■ ."tc rc-prefented in
this manner with all ti.c delicacy ol paiii'.inj; } but this
pait is covered with boards in r.riicr to prefcrve it, and a
ioioi ;ncr is only (hewn fome feet fijii.ire. In rhis church
arc the biiltsolone hundred and fevci'v popes, in plaltcrol
I'aris, fix of whom v/cre natives ot :5i.-i.ii3,and the twelve
apollks have mntldc llatiics. I iie roof of the whole
cliurcb 1. painted with a•^l!rc, and, as it were, llrewcd
wi'.h fioldcii n.ir ..
Through an aperture in the pavement of the choli
one may loipk down into "st. John's church, which lies
direilly under the rathedral, and there is an entrance to
it nt the foot of the afeent. T'his fin?ularity is occ.ifi-
oiied by ihi
the calhcdi
it a lar;;" and w'l md'iwed hofpital, feunded by a llioe-
maker, who lies Inii' J in a tliur..h belonjiing to it, and,
ill return for hi . hbi rably, wai eaiiu;:i.:cd, and haj a lla-
tue rredlcd fo hii ni' uioiy.
The jefuits church i , :.- ufiial, very fine, and adorned
with a i^reat many marble il.uii' ". 'Iliat of the AuniiC-
tines is worth feein'^ for the sdmirabic (eulptiie on the
hinh altar. On ca'h lid-.- of the tabernacl-j ilar.ds an
angel of white inat'.'ie, huldi;:;^ a ligh:ed taper in his
hand.
The head of St. C.thcrinc cf Sirnn.T, v.hich one of
her countrymen, ip-in her dyin;r at Rome, out of a pi-
ous '/eal, is fiid to have feveied Ironi lur body, :in.l
brought to .Sienna, i> kept in the church of the Domi-
nicans with the gre.it. It veneration, and is exhibited tti
view only tv/ice a ye.ir. (^n the high .I'.t.ir of tliis church
arc two ;idniir::ble lla'.uen of Mary .M.ii;,l.ilen and Cathe-
rine of Sienna, the latter of whom has a hue chapel
here, painted by Sodorno. The I)o.;::nirans here pre-
tend to niew the ring given her by Chnlt at the folemni-
zation cf his tfpiulals with h.r, which arc profanely
fail! to have lecn peifotnied with cel-.flial (plendor,
while king Havid '^laced the lolcninity v.'iih th-j mufic of
his harp. The hoiife in which they fay (he lived with
her parents is now an oratory, and her private cham-
ber is converted into a chapel, piofufely adorned with
Itucco-work, fjldin?, feulpture, and painting.
Nut far from the Dominic.iii church is a remarkable
briJ:;e, extendinp; fro'ii on.- hid :o anither acrofs a (Irect }
but ih'j inconfidrrahle height of this Iti.lgc docs not
admit of any buildings under ihe arches like that <f CJe-
nu.i. T'hij lity has an univerlity, louii.Ud by Charles
V. but it i^ 111 a deeiiniiig cunJiiion. The German ftu-
dcnls enjoy p.iitieuiar privileges, which they derive from
the fame emperoi ; but in the J-.;fuits College Is a confi-
derable niimlKr of fehulars. In the filteLiith tentury the
Acidemy of the Intronati was founded here.
The Scnatc-hoiile Is frarce worth feeing ; before it in-
deed is a large l(|iiaro calKd ihejiiaiida, rekmbling a
difli, or r.ilhcr (hell, which u i» pretended 111 cale cf fire,
or for a mock 1 a-fighf, mav be laid under water, by
means of the lity fountain. On one bde ol this fi^uarc
(lands a to*er called the Maiij'iana, remarkable for its
chimes, \\hich, ho-.vcver, never play but uii cxiraordi-
naiy occalions ; i: ckrivcf its name fiom a Itatuary, who
made fevcral Itatues erected upon it. Hefore the icnate-
houle is a line marble loiintaiii by Ciacorao dclla Quer-
ela, a fculptor of thi. city.
The arms of Sienna arc Romulus and Remus fucking Af/TS
a flic-wolf, and as luch they nrc to he {i:en in (Vvcral
parts of the city ; particularly on a pillar of ophir front-
ing the Scnate-houfc. Sienna, indeed, boafts of being
a Colony founded by thofe (chbratej brothers, but can-
not (upport its claim by any (atisfai.'1oiy proof.
The Siennele alfo contains a number of I'mall towns ;
and in the Turcan fea are the inaiids of Melora, CJorgo-
na, I'ianofa, l/C Fo;mi he. Mo itc Chrilt ), Gi^lio, and
(liaiiud ; all of which belong to the durhy of lufcany.
We now come to the fnull and inc<-!ifiderable (tatej
of I'relidli and I'ionibino, with which we (hall conclude
this lec'tion.
5 U The
1
IK'- BBg'^i ^'
\l
: -■'
•<■
i '
t'J
b
f
!> fjJ
' '11 i^ '
■ i:
>
El iiai ,lyk |! >
lis if Ill's JIM iK ^
i rlrlll i
; fi
A S Y S T r, M OF G 1', O G K A IM 1 Y. l\cLrMASTic/.i. Spati.
The I'ormcr of thcfc ft.\ic';, which lies ns it were fr.it
tercii nc ir the fiM, I'ormctly hilon'-eJ tci Si.'iiii.i ; bur
I'hilip li. king of S|i:iin, as vvf have alreaily iiitimauil,
oil tI;Ml^U•^rillp the diltrict of biinin to t'olmo 1. tx-
ceptcil tliis tract, vvhiiii thus contiiuicil aiwvxeil t'> the
crown of Spain, till in 1707, the gicated part of it,
with the kint'iloni of Nap'es, was comnicreil by the Im-
perialill:; ; biit in thcp.-.u-cof 1736, this trr.cl was yiel.ii.il
to Don Carlos, kini; of holli Sicilie.;.
The iKite ililla I'lefulii, or nf the ^ar'ifoiv-, fro in its
being j'arrifonctl by the troops of the kin;^ of the Two .Si
cilies, Kinraiiii the follnwuif^ i'I.h'i". (^rhitillo, 'I'll.i-
nione, Aifjentaro, I'orto Ileicolf, .Mciue I'liippo, ■M^^
Pol to St. .Ntef..iii).
Oi'iMtcllo, the c.ipitil, fliiuls near the 'T'lifean fl'.nre,
It the foot of M(Mint .Ar.'cntaro, on a lake fortntJ liy an
arm of the fea, v.'i.ieh iVrvcs for a yoo I harhnur, havin;;
a ntrrow entrance between two rapes. It is (Iroogboth
by art anil nature; beiii-; almolt furroiindfil by the l.ike,
tihiih is tleven or twelve miles in eonipaf, ami h.uiii"
no coniiTiiinicJtinn witli the continent, but by a narrow
raiifew.'.y that m:v,- be eafily broken ; an;! it is dcfen.lci!
be Inine "nod forts.
The oilier towns, jull mentioned, are only fnull for-
tified p! iee<^.
The principality of I'lombin.i is a fm.'.II territory Kin"
alone te.e feacoan-, between the Sicnncfe < n tfic ealt,
.inJ the Pifino on the wilK It w.is foin.e;!y p.".it o' :hc
i-'put'lie of Fifa, from which it paiiid ii.to ihe f.imilv of
.'\ppiaiii, who took the tiilc of pri.'ices of t'iiinibino :
but the laft in.ile heir dying without ni.-.!c idlie, t!tj cm-
;:ernr conferred it ."s a fief on other^.
'l"he town (^t I'ionibiiio (lands on a r"ek in tlic fi':;,
and is iliftnded by a citadel and raiHe ; it w:.s built cut
^••t ilie ruins of the ancient city of l'o,"uli)iiia, but ni.;';e3
no "rrat (ii^iire it prcfent.
Theie are fcver.il other finall towns in this difliict,
fomc of whith arc furlit'.cd ; niiJ oppofiti' to I'ionibino i.-
the illi'.n I of Hba, which ii fcparated from the ton-
tinent bv a chanrv.l ; it is fm.'.II, and with all the turnings
and windini;s of the flioic, which is very un'^vcn, is not
:.br,ve I'orty nubs in compafs. It is very nioumaiiiou^,
and affords iron, lead, ami fulphur, with q lani-s of
marble. It has two fortrtfiei, nurelv, Porto I-oni^one,
L-arriloned by the Spaniards, and I'orto Fcrrario, whith
belong; to the duke of Tiifeany.
s F c r. V.
Of t! e Keci.fsiAsTicAL St.ntt.
Ih Sllit!ili:n aid ll'xUnt. Th Rtafon of ihf P:virfj ivi.l
Jl'iint 'f Inhiihitants in ih Prpi's /)5h,;'»i;;;jj ; tl\- Pr.ro-
fiitivfi c/jt/'hl h the Pipe ; his Pnvcr tut ;!ci ivej fi:ni
'Sl. P,l r ; th Rife nf the Cixhiinh, ,::i:l ih:r Af^na
ef chf
fk;,'; th,- Ojjii < cf th (!:i\rr.„:,iit ,„;./
<.'.«' .-I 7 7" '''A niih the Revenues, Militiry ami Xu-
v.il I'ciW's if ihe Pope.
'~r^ \\ F K.-ch fiaflicnl State, or the territories cf the
Jt pipe, is bounded on the north by the dominions
of \'enice ; on the eiff by the Adriatic : on the fouth-
eaft an.l fouth bv the kingdom of NapK. and the M. Jl-
t./rr^o'-an ; and on the well by the yrand dudiy of Tuf-
cany and the teiritoiies of .MoJena ; extending fioni
■'outh to north two hundred and forty miles, and from
the fouth- we;f 10 the north-eaft, in fome parts, one hun-
dred .uid twenty, but in others fcarce twenty.
Mr. Adilifon, Dr. Hufehinp, and other authors o'.i-
fcrve, that on confideiing that the pope's dominions ge-
nerally confill of a very fertile and excellent foil ; th.it
his harbours, both on the Adriatic and the Mediterranean
feas, are verv advanta^jCoudy fituated for trade ; that he
receivts conridcra!)le fums out of Spain, (Jermany, and
other countries, that btloii;; to foreign princes, which
one would fancy mi^'ht be ro fniall e.ife to his fubjeiits ;
tiiat his country is viiited by numbers of forei<>ii.;ro, who
fpend a j-reat deal of money in it ; and that on account
of the luppofcd facrednefi of his perfon and charaifter,
his jrovernment fhould feeni niofl eligible and bull i .il-
suLtcd lor tl^e wellaic of fubjcils : en conlidciin;^
all thefe parllriilars, ami the Inii;^ peare that ha» rel-ncj
in Italv, in" woiill be apt to inuj.iiie that iliis tount,.,
could not fail of beim; exlicnuly Ho.irilhiir; j 1,^ „.,,•'
the flij>tue(l iiilpi'^tion the very reviife i.s inamKIt,
The toiintrv Is but ill cultivated, poor, and ihl^ of
inhahirants, the city of l«>'oi<iia aloih. t.\tipii.d. '.''uje
.ind m imi!n.''ures arc entirely llai'iiatod, jmd wtri; Jtnut
for Ihe bntinty of I'loiidiiice, whuli furn:(lKa tliu mha,
bifanta with itati'i, fi.-s, almonds, olives, ^mj „,||
fruit, which ;Tnvv Iponianeoii/ly, «nd Without lultiirr
their lloih w..(ild aboluldy llaive tliein. 'i'luif |,.,'
01 lin.ition and fpirit for work is the b.f wondviinl •.«
llicv are confcioiis that if thry have much, nejia will be
taken trom them. The tnaiiv holid.iys, which are anjm
pcliineiit to trade and bufinels, and the ^'r,;,,t nuinlvr
of yoijiij; Ihiidy bfg^ars, ilrolling about, uiuiir ihi- ti.
lie of pil;;rims, inllead of increafing the c..nmi„ii il,,^],
by their labour and ind^idry, lie as a dead wii-htcin
their fcllow-fiiHccls, and confiime the chirit" ilur
ought to fiipport the aged, the fick, and ih,; jj.
crepid.
'i'he multitude <.r convents, which arc I'ke fo many
nefls of dioncs, th.it hinder the incrcafe of iiJiii;i[;..;,\
the nrmy h( flit lis thit ccnlirm the p'.ople in iJkin,;i!
t!ic iiiennceivable wealth in thecliurihts and convcu-j*
which lie d.irmant, with lUt the leal! adva:ita:e tathc
public J ar ! t'. ■ in(;;o:itloii, w'.ich v.iUn.-'! p'.'fii-,ii (ij,
want (if inli.Vltant.s to be fupplicd by the,,; oi anciili.r
!■. li.;lori, are fonie ^if the ^'rc.it cau.'e.) of ti.i' wri.it;!.'J
iMiidition of the papal dominions; tliounh t.V-rcartc-
therr. atteiidej with il ill more fatal Coll.. i)ii' iKtj. ;,,,
chriilian jroviri'inent equals the papal in ri,",..;f^ .„^
leinpor;'! fword beint: not or.lv ufcd, but, on Uu'id oi.
rnnoni, the f|iiiti:al. Nothing is fo moiii.itus as th-
pafljon by which moil pope.^-, cardin.ds, :;!iJ c.;!:.;r \
jirilate*, have been carried away for ennehin;' and pm.
iiiotin,^ t'leir iicph' ws and rclati:'nf, and ni.:^.r,j ^ fj
vain as the ambition of y linin;; a ]_ieat i.a.-i.e ii; roaiai.
in.; churches ;iii 1 cot>\ents. The ie!.',ula;K vi- \vi:lu-i.i,i)
c>thii' in the nil iibir, fplcndor, and lieiies -A ihiir nii-
^Moiis houTs and (hutches; but it is from the bowciuii
tlie poor inhal'it.inis that the money is genrrallv e.xt.'J;:.
ed (or the fupport of ihiir liiiolous riv-dlliiu. ' 'I'h; \^.
gate', governors, and other indrior (.iuici.s in tla; p:o.
vinccs, knowing ih.it the time in which tliiy caiui:; ■,■
their polls is but llioit and iiiucrtaiii, fcruple r„) kiiiji;
rapacioul'iufs. On conlidcring tln-le vjiious cauic;, w;
fhall no longer be I'mpri/ed that in no pan. of Kuif e
there i.? a more wretched people than the popc'.i ltn;i>i,:.,l
(uhjce^ls.
According to the canon-law, the pope is tli.' f iprcn ,
iiniverfal, and indipendcnt head of the church, and ir-
VI (led with fovcrugnty over all ehriliian comiiiur.it.',
and every individual member. lie has a li htiJiiv-
feribc laws to the wl'.ole world. V\'hat he dees is JS .1
(loj hii'ifelf h.id don.' it, he hting god upj-n earth. .V.I
fovereijns muft pay homage to him. lie mjy ili;,\;;
both dil'obcdi nt .ind ill-governing prince.;, and yivcii.. ,
dominions to others. He has a a riflit to examir.c a; ,
perfon pron;ot;d to .a kingdom, and tr.ay reipiirc «i
oath of allegiance from him. On the vacancv Oi j
throne the government devolves to hint. He hJ,; he
right in all (late« to ul'e both the tcnipor..! and fpit t...,'
(word. If a prince be remii's in his governinciit, hen..
appoint him a colleague, or I'libilitutc another in hiili^.i
He can legitimate children born out of wedlock, ai;,ltlic:iliv I
make thrm cap-ahle of ("ucceeding to a thre-ne, .*cc. 1 ji 1 |
is a (hort ft;e:ch of the extravagancies o; tiiep.,!i;ie.il n.-
tem of the court ri Rome, which, notwithlLniJi;:i> 11-
impi.ty and abfurdity, has been an.bitioufw obliu'..!
on the world, and even was for fome ages tirann;e.;i!/j
put in pracSlicc. It is chiefly owing to the RL'iorniai.iii|
that thefe corrupt maxims are at prcleet, by t;
rational part of Clhrillendom, treated wi:h coiiti'i! :,j
and that the pope h.is loft a great part ot ti.e f irnv..
nower he has vainly and airogantly ailiimed, ni.i.il
luij reduced his power even ainong thole prnicci w
own hi . authority, and feveral ol them (.em to conii. .rl
him leli. as a (|)iiiiual (athcr than as a tsnipui.'
piince. Heine many of the abules with which llic l^^
toinicrs iulllv tliai;'i.d the court ol Home, liave bi^a
Ecclesiastic
'|ier(|uite ^ti all
fy. I'rinces, in
anathemas, are ;
fioii : the clergy
moderate, and t;
zrti for reduein{
ral they do not
formerly did, exc
the red i nor do
tfitii (uch uncha
tjiitJ, of all (ort
countries, and tl
iolary cuinmerce
ilie fricnllhip an
X)r. Hu(ehiiig
\u from being
jpulllc St. I'eter,
nion ui the chu
lirll biiliop of tha
iicxcd I" that (ee
ihit the cinperoi
j24. n''^'''-' •' K''"
city and St. I'etcr
wu (till mentioiK
nothing better tin
leniled indrumen
ill aclcai light the
iorgtrs and parti/
Rome gradu.illy
jw) l.inds, which
a very conliderabi
i.a; liie wnole cxa
Charles not only
ll'vcral additions t(
nine after this, c
Syl.cllcr. Rome
lof, the king of
veriignty i>.'' the
pOilti. ilut U'ldci
opportunities of ii
ta ihcmfe-lves the i
inga.'cs they took
aitonilhingand (01
dcinincnial b;>t'i
came- of relighm.
termoricj became
(hall hrrealtrr fhc
The pope li chi'
file we delcribe
piop'.'r to take Ion
was a name .incici
cons (ji great chi
ctntury the prefby
rtllraiiiisl the .ippe
fncre'aljd with tha
giaiiJeiir appeared
at tlic count il of
lloniface Vlll. ih(
title of liminemijjii
iufiiifjimi. Sixtus
numDer at (eventy
divided into three
namely, the bdho,
l.ie bdhifi of Opn
b"ia, I'alillrati, I-'
rics may he held m
7hc fecond clafs
tourtecn cardiiia
and deacons bear
Rome. The can
dcclors of the em|
footing as crowne
has no revenue
tcdion of Roman
bilhoprics, bifliop
IJcncHccs, enable
biy to the rank t
mean cxtradtion,
own.
'he conclave i
principally tiidcav
-7;flrF'
f^
fiVrf^
Ecclesiastical State. EUR
'her quite *"'' "'""''» "'' '""'"S"' *'"'• """fe "■'' ^"^ P"''"
I'riiices, inltMil of bfiii;.', trealnl with tlut-jts ami
'''',.l,..mi<. aro adiireileil witli (^rcat civility and IuImimI-
aiiJin^"'" » 111 111
' . .|jg ijtT'V and monks art htconic more IcarncU and
'"derate, and"thougl> they liavc h;ivc lolt uonu of their
"'•al for reducing prutt'll.iMts tolhcir tliiirch, yet in i;eiie-
'jlthcy do ""' "'*•■ *" "'"'-"'' vKjIcnte and crutity as tiuy
[ormcrly did, except ma lew countries niiire biL'otted than
. rcit ; '""■ '^" ''"•■^ "''■'•" '''"''■" ^^" i'''''^"' '""" '''•■'"
\iti) fuc'h uncharitable lanj»ua;.'c and virulence, i'mtef.
tjiitJ, lit ^" '""*' •"'•■ "'''' ""''' '""'^ liuinaiiity in llinle
O I' E.
ir-?
, ,1
countries
and the learned of all nlij(iuin hold .in cpll
Tlaryciiininerce with each other, with the utmclt (teni-
L Irieii Ifhip and candour.
I)f. liulehing oblerves, that the papal territories arc
(ir from being derived from the ptwr and dilinicrtlhd
jioltli-' ^'' l'>-''er, who, according to the irroundleis opi-
nion u( t'"^ church of Rome, m laid to h.ive b.;i.n tlie
iijll bilhi'P of that city ; but have been procured and an-
ncxivl to that fee much later. It is equally falle, he .id li,
ihit the emperor Cunllantiiie the iJrcat, in the yiar
ni n'.a'!e a grant to Sylveder bilhop of Ronie, ut thu
citv'anil St. IVtcr'.'! patrimony, aa it u called. Tins lable
wistiill mentioned by llidorus .Vkrc.itnr, anil is pn.bibly
r.othii) ' better than his own invention. I lowever, the pre-
ttnde.l inftruincnt of donation is alone funicient to place
inacltar liuht the ignorance and audacioufnel's bo;h ol it>
toers and parti/ani. C'eitain it is, that the bifhops ot
Rome irradu.illy procured for themfelves Ibvetal cllatcs
anJIinJs. which, particularly m the year 755, re^.ivcd
avery Cdiiliderable incrcaf.; ; I'cpiii king of trance (;iv-
in' tiic wiiulc' cx.irch.itc to the fee of Rome, an I his Ion
Chirli'S not only contirmiii;^ that i'ilt, but niakiii/ ihite
feveial additions to it. No ineiuiuii was made, till fome
lime alter this, of the fuppokd gm o( Con!*.ir.tine to
bylvclU'r. Rome w.is llill reputed lubject to the empe-
lOTi the kiii.^ of the Flanks letaiiiinu; the temporal lo-
ytfijjiuy o.' the plaees which had been grained to the
pojKi. Dut u'uler Chailes's fuccelfors the pnpes, (in lint;
opportuiiuics of increafinir iheir power, at fill arroj,a;.d
tolhcmlelves the difpof.il of the empire. In the lollow-
in'S-'es they took all mcafurcs for railing tlv ir fe to an
iltonilhin^^and formidable LTeatnels, which proved lii.'hiv
dtininciital b 't'l 10 the welfare of Europe, aii.l tlv
caulc 111 relii;ion. How the feveral parts of the papal
ttrnioricj beeami; annexed to the lee of Rome, we
llull hcreaftir (h"W in the Jcfcriptioii of thole jiarts.
The pope is chofen from anvinj the cardinals, and be-
fore we deleribe the manner of his el-dioii, it will be
ptop'-T to take fome notice of them. The word caidin.il
was a name .inciently common to the prelbyttrs and J-.'n-
cons ol K'eat churches in cities ; but in th ! eleventh
century the prefbytcrs and deacons ot the church if Rome
relhaiiie.l tlic appellation to themfelves, and their power
incrcalcd with that of the pope. The liitl dawn ol ihcii
gianJeiir appeared under pope Nicholas II. Innocent iV.
attliccounul of I/yons in 1243, gave them the red hat,
Boniface Vlll. the red veltmeiit-, and L'iban \TII. tlv
tide of Emineutijjimi, but before they were oiilv llif d II-
hpijjiiiii. Sixtus V. at the council of LSafil, fixed their
number at leveiity, which is feldom complete. They are
divided into three dalles : thcfe are fix cardinal biihops ;
namely, the bilhop of Oftia, dean of the larrcd college;
the birtvii) of Oporto, fub dean ; and the hilhops of Sa-
bina, I'alillrati, Frelcati, and Albano. '1 hele bi(hop-
rics mav be held with other biflioprics or archbilhopncs.
The Iccond clafs contills of litty cardinal prieils, and
fourteen cardinal deacons ; each of the cardinal priclb
and deacons bears the title of a church in the city of
Rome. The cardinals infill on precedency before the
electors of the empire, and of being treated on the fame
footing as crowned heads. Indeed the title of cardinal
has no revenue annexed to it ; but embaflies, the pro-
tcdion of Roman catholic nations, governments, arch-
biflioprics, biflioprics, prelacies, and other ecclclialtical
bcnchces, enable them to live in ftate, though not fiiita-
bly to the rank they alVumc, efpecially when, being of
mean cxtradtion, they have no fortune of their
own.
The conclave ij the theatre on which the cardinals
principally endeavour to give proofs of their genius and
addref,. T'hc decoafe of t!ie prppi' ii m ide kim • n to the
peopl; (li Rome, by t'lllm" the gri at bell of the rapitol,
tiring' the cannon of the ciillc ot St An|>ili), imd op;'n
ing the prilons ; and fnon alirt circular letters are fintto
foteii'ii taidinals bv the caulnuil canmr t'i:^_"jT to invite
them to the appioiching conclave. Mean while the
cammerliih^o ;i.:ts as rej;en', is attended by the pope's
life-i^uaid, and order, every t'ling n"C'.fl'iry lor openiii;^
the conclave, which i< held in the [':i!lerl.s and fniiie of
the ami-rh-inibcrs of l!ie V.i;:.,!n, an I con'ilh of 1 num-
ber ol Im ill foo'Vj feparatid by wooden p.nrtiiions, and
(iidfibuted by lot, b ^th ar.oi;.; the earljids then ill
Rome, ami thole tha: arc abfent. K.:.-h has iifi:. Ily twc«,
one lor himf.lf, -nd one for f.vo i'ttep ! nts called c.in-
clavilfs.
On the clevent'l day i>\cv thj p<p ''i demlf' all tlis
cardinals in the city met in the mori'i^! it St. IVter'i
chuieh, where th.; m.il-. Sai: f: Sp,i;-i!:i\s ci !•. l-r.itei ; and
afletai'Tinon on th.-dutie'. to be oblerve.l in the le.tiorx
of a popp, thev pioeeeil two by two Ir.to tf.e conclave,
wiiich IS ihen Ihiil up by the ('oveiii'ir an t inarl)i..l nj ths
. oncl.ivv, iifine beiiij; let out, iinlcis in rAl\: of illnfl:-,
nil a ni .V pope is clcvbd, and the- perl'. n f.i let out ia
not .dhiwcd to reinrn. 'fin; ■.■I'Vcrnor ot ilie conclave M
.ilwav. pri vmully cliofen oy tin; caidin.i's, and, toa. ther
with the marlli.il, rclides at the eniranfe of lb,; V'j'ican,
and wiihout their cxprels lifi-nce no pv;l'on is f.iil.red tu
go in or out.
Willi.' the rardinils fit in conclave, rcfreflimen!- -ire
brought ihem in b ifflets, or bo.xes, wliu h ari' fearchcd,
thoiii^h iMt w th mueh lliuin-fs. h!ai h caidlnul orders
his toiiilavilh to write down on a (1 p of paper, the
— *"•_ ■ • - - "■_• " ..|. -.,...,
name of the pcrfun to whr'in h" gives his fulh:ige. This
is thrown into a chalice on t!ie .ilrar of the ch;.Me! of the
concl.ivc, iind two canlinal'i appointed for tf.at porpofc
fiicceflivcly rciui aloud the no'e-i, maikini; tin- number
of votes lor every carJinr.l. He who has two-thirds is de-
clared pope i oti.erwi.e the ferutiny is repeated lill this
niiniher is complete. If thi> mmivr of elscthm docs
r.'t take pl.ice, lecuiirfe is haJ to another, cdled .'/.-cvV/Iir,
whereby the notes of the former fciutinv be!"g fit alide,
every cai 'in.il muff give in writing his vof to aiv ther,
.ind if by this wiy two-thiids do not app"ar, thrrr is ftill
. nother refoiitce cal'ej /;.';*'«.'.' j, in virni- of v.-h'ch,
iliofe ot the ca;.:ina!s wh > are uirinimou', crnv; o'at of
ilieir ci lis ..nil call aluud to e ich other, " Saeh a cr!3
" Ihill be p ;pe. Inch a one fliill be p p- ;" irp^n v.T.ich,
.•thers, to av.'i.l inrunii'g ih'.- dl'p! .iCere of th? new
elected p'liie. If. quer.tly j 'i:i in the cry, and thu-: the c-
lection IS fometiiius carried ; but if this al'o fiils, the
Icruimy begins a;.>ain, xr.A a conehve in tlii. ;;v;'.ner,
lomiimes proves a lor.j-wi.-de'd buli-ieis.
T'he er.ip.-rcr, with the k'li.'s of ['' in«; an 1 Spain,
arc ?llow.d t 1 ex. lade a peiloii piop.iUd lor tlie p^pe-
Jom ; but thi. ;-.Ktilt mull be ni de befi.re the complete
dcelaiation of ilie votes li;r (uch a peri.Mi. It is rcijiired
that the pope bean Itali.m, and at le.ill tifty-fi\c years
ot ^gl■, thou;;!i the jge m.illly inlilt..d upon is between
lixiy and leveiity. When ti.e ciccfion is eve:, and the
|X)pe cleil has declared wh it nan.c he will he.T for the
future, the chief of ihe car.iina! deacons piocLiims him
to ihc people. His coronation with a triple crown is I'c-
nerally pei formed eight liavs alter.
T'he i',ovcriior and in.ii^ilhates of the city of Rome
are, duiiniz
num.
the cuncl
vclT.-d v.'ith the
iiueirc'-
Tach pope may choofe hi'! arms. The p.ip-.l court is
numerous and fpUndid. The poiU of cammerlingo,
prinu' minilter, upper confilliir, ficret.iry of Hate, (\.i-
tary, and vice-chancellor of the holy church, are tilled
by cardin.ils. Some I'tFicers are lemoved e.t the pope's
deceafe, as the fecretary of li.ite, the upper confVlKir,
i^c. while others, as the cardinal ca;nm'erIint>o, vice-
chancellor, Jic. continue in office.
1 he pope's high council is t'ormcJ of the confilTiry of
cardinals, and its ordinary meeting is once a week in
the papal palace ; but the extraordinary incctiivs depLiid
on his hcdinel's's ple.ifure. Here are difciided all the
temporal and Ip'ntual affairs of the pip.d lee, as the
hlling up of vacant archbilhoprics, bilh(;piies, prelacies,
abb.icics, 5(c. Kvery naticni of the Ruinilh leligion has
ataidiiui
'1, :' i
Is .
■■>"'.•
mm
■1
■1
M;:f
I
'A
n
m
•>■ km
■ ',, if'.
I 1
i w
I .1 !]
376 A S Y S i- I. M O !• t5 I. U G U /\ 1' II V. i^LooN,,,
a '■nrJili.il for its protcclor. The iiil'L-riDr collctjcs arc fine woul I iniaL'iiic Ironi it', (i/c, mid in ni.iny p,,,
c;'IU'il Ciitu'ri-eitiorn ( aa the run; uyjiiiiii of the Luud (if it l|i.iikliii(; like tulc. Alter a hiivy rain hjj Wifli.i'
olH>c or iiu|wilitii)ii ; the coii.Mtj'^.tiiDii .A' /im/i.'i;''"'''/'/''! ''i^' eiinh Uowii Iroiii the iiioiiiiiiin'., it n ralily (iig,,,!
iin.l t idl' 1 I icli);iii;is ccrfniniiiin aiiil the t.iiiilul.itci twr liiinri- it i* |)ni|)eilv prip.incl it jp[>"ar» in the (i.ir|j )||,^
ecLUri-ilu.il beiuticci, 'Itic canlmiU pri.ri.lc in thilc^ aiiutln r llonr, hut, by .1 |i,irtiiiil;ir likiiritKm, u Hciiinfr
c inL'roi.M iniit. 'I iic let.i ku>i,iii„ ii w knul u\ lii[irciiie| llic loll.iwinn l>t"l>cil) • th^t altif Ipii;; in 0[ninl4y.|,„|,j
"1 iiatiuii lu> 01".' j it ahliilw In iiiuli luDiinoin li'lniddr as tu (hinc m'.,'
rnirt ot a.ipiMl, wli^re .iIIucvliv |h>|ii
(<r .wn aU'llur.i. flic (//;ii>/.; i> ili>: i liaiicciv, <imJ i
Id
.11 I 1.1 "" '" "!
«, l.ki' J ({liiwiii;^ to.il, lur tight, or even tilipoi, ^|.
illi-il from iIk' iiliul lii'.n.iiiiic, ll.ifwi Al.w.t «/'■.*/ .Viiii- | miiii, .iiij wluii the llone i.i \ery (-ood, itj jullic rtlem.
Inm /'i/'iiw:, iVc. wlicii iIk- |Hijie hvc in the V .iiii-.m : ■ hlcs that <il a ll.tiii!'ejii. The iiioon-lhine nukts nu
aiul /ijtu.t HiinH.iiii ALrmm AUjiiiiii, whin he rirnltsali the li-all iiniMcllicin dii it, and the tun bejtnj arc i),
the Q;iirinal J jtroii- \vr 11 l.y Likiiiiiij; it Icio iiiiilIi, fo as liiiruniMt
I he reviniii'' of tin- pope are very lar^p, ai thole ot ; it to p.mijer. It let.iins allii its luminous quility when
tho couiiine* •! whiih he is lovenii;!! a^ a teiupoial ; l.iiJ in w iii r j ami in j^ciKr.il it lalts three orlnuryn-!
pnnee .iic eonl'uhTaMe, No prrloii in Kuiiie mull lell : at the ctpii.itioM ot wliiili, 01 at any other tinn-, it mj'
;iiiv wine or liiiit till the pope jnl his luplicw-, with he tali iiieil anew to reeover its quality •, hut it litvcr tc-
thrii Jepinlaiits, hue ilirjioied ol' what i> mnlipiieil to euiiies Co luminous atterwarils.
them Iroiii ihi ir domains and ill.iies. Tlie aiiiiaK 1 of tlie| I hii eounnv (ormerly maintained Its Indi
i^re.'t eoiiullorial heiieliies, the p illia, and Invellituii s ol j a repulilic, under the pioteillion nt the eiTip'Ti,r ; but i
aiehbillioi s and hilliops, tliejiibilie yeai, in.lulgeiices, ilio year i^.rS, fubjected itl'elt m lome nuMrnrt tu par
'■l"-ni!,-ncy ai
tin
diipenriticns tanciii/atioiis, promotions ol cardinal , I Nieliolas li. In luiecedinij times it iindcrwert levirjl
lublidics 01 the eler'.;v, eonvtiit eolleiUmns, Jie. eoiiti- 1 revolutions, till pope (uluis II. on oer.ilinn ol Hic Vonc-
luiaily brill.' vail iMiin into the papal tiealury, liom alii tun war, annexed theeity ol Uoloirna, and all its ilepcn-
Ronian catholii countries. The annual income of the deiieie.s to ihe p.ip.il dnminiims in 151 j. 'I'he citvhiv.
I ope is i; n.r.'.llv cnnipiitcd at ei^lu millions levtn hull- in^^ fui'
This revenue m under the nu- vilejis
V lubmirti a to the Komiin chair, its varuus pn
nave ln.cn iirclerved. and it Itill
chamber, where the oftices ' lendiivr an envoy to the court ot Rime, ot hawiii'
il the principal are fold lor| lellui in ilie Rot.i, that no eilaJel mult be bull; at Ijninc
iliid thiiulapd leudi,
nagciiunt oi the npoflolic
lire 10 luirati.e, ihit lonie
ci.'hty or a huiu'rid thoel'and dollars j yet in the iia, and ih.it tlie ittVcts ot the citizens ftia
year 1 741 the apillulic trealuiy was indebted no Lis than. Irom (Ikiii, iiiioii any pretence whatloevcr. In mci
tlliv fix millions of fcitdi. Uf their loimer Hate the woui l.tiiritTAS is itampi
\'',:c piip;'s I'oldicrs are by no means defpicablc ; but . their c.iin.
iholo u!
1.' an ai.
";" lie faltcii
memory
plj (111
tiirv h-.\e ItlJoin good offiiers. 'I'hev are both well
kjjthcd and p.uJ, and aie aiii;mi:iued or nduced as
rirjarr.ft.'.nrcs 1 'quire. His hoily-j;uard conhlls of forty
.""Hifj, f.Mli'y-fne curaflUrs, and a^ many li(;ht-horfe ;
h'it hij ivillus, whi..h lie at Civita Vecchu, are of
i.v.all conitnueiite.
Ill t'u2 papal leitliorlos arc five Ujatioii, or principal
povcrniv.eiil.s llii.fi.ari. bologna, L'lluno, Ravenna, ler
I'he temporal povernnunt is under a car,lin.i| w>.>
has the title of Icj^ate a latire, an I has a pielatr, orvicc-
Icfjaie, under him. 'i he le;:,.ite himfelf iseithir chapjici
or CdiiliniiiJ every thiee years.
I'he piiinipal cily in this territory is Iioloj;n:i, ia I,a.
tin lioloiiia, anticntly fellina, which in, next in Romp ;
the bell ami riehclt city in all tlie Ecclcliaftieal Si.itc, It ''
il lituatej 111 forty-lour decrees thirty minutes iiurth l.i.
ara, an.! Av:u'noii. At the lalt place the legate never litiide, .ind in the eleventh degree torty minutes c.ilMnii
rchdcs in pulon ; but is repreU'iitid by a vice-legate
'i'he polk of IvizatL' is only trieiiin.i!. I'he othiT coun-
tries beloii:5ing to the pi ]!e are under eccleliallical jzo-
vcriinr., ; nd tne aJniinilliaiion is every wheic defpotic,
iifilogn.i i'l lie excepted.
We fiuU now procud to defitibe the llveial countries
fubiect t) the pope, with the pnncip.l places in each.
Tr.ele countiiis are the dutehies 01 ilulogria, Ferrara,
R iniEiia, and L'ibino, the nianpiil.ite ol Aneoiia, the
• -Mriis ol I'erugia and Orvieto, the duihicb ot Spo-
• 1 ml I. .illio, St. I'ctci's patiiinoiiy, and the Caai-
i-' ddi Roma, or teriitoty of Rome.
S K C T. \I.
77v r ■LOUNK?!-, or Dtu>: ■/ BoLOtiSA.
Ii> a.luatioii iii.,l Pnilucf, uUh a in'imat Aaonnt r.f the
I'.^mnuin ,V/i'i. ; In ll:jl;iy, iin<i 14 p.-rtLuUtr J),Jtnplisn
cf ih Cili if li.i-.pii, and if tlu J'nhU, Al.miun, an.l
Cii/iimioJ the Inhiibitanti,
TH K Kologncfe ii. bounded by the I".rrnrcfc on the
north ; by Romagiia on the call 1 by Tufcany on
the foiiih i and by .Modena cm the well ; and is watered
by a gu-it number of fmall rivers, which render the (bi!
cxtrer.iily rich anJ tcrtile ; hut it is far from being ci-
ther populous or well cultivated. The country abounds
i;i .\,\ kind, ol Iruit, cipe.ially quince-, olives, nnd grapes.
Tile qaiiices, in particular, are lemarkably large, and
cf an exipjilite flavour. The whole territory is faid to
ccir.'..'in liirie hundred and ei'-ht towns and villages, and
tl.ii c hen !ted ar.d right thoufand fouls.
/Vnujii.; the natural ciirmlitics of this country is the
famous Hoiionian (lone, found about the Atipennine
mountami, and in naount I'adi rin), lour Italian miles
fro 11 li ■l(i..;na ; alio in fcvernl other partj of Italy. Ir is
commonly of the h/e of a w liiiit, of a light-grey co-
lour, the furfaec uneven, impreunaied with fuljihnreous
[lailiclcs, and nut \cry cumpacl, thougli heavier than
gitude, two hundred miles to the north-well of Iconic
and is of coiiliderable e.\tent, it being five or fix ltali,in
nules in cirtumlerencc, and lb populous, that it^ inhabit-
ants amount to upwards of eighty thoufand. It is fiat-
id at tile loot ol the Appennine mountains, in a fcrtili.-
pl.iin, .ind enjoys a wholefume air. The river .Saion.i
run-, by ihe w.dls, and the Reno through the liiv, ,\mnni
the hdiik.-. me many tine buildini;s. In moll oi' thcprin"-
cipal lluets they have a kind ot portico, which lupports
the lecdiid (tory. Thele mull be allowed to be verv con-
venient ill windy or rainy weather, and in fliaJiii!; the
looms lidiii the (iin ; but they depnve them of the or-
naments tiny would receive from a fine front, and an
elegant entrance. As the pillars ol thofe porticoes arc ve-
ry irregular bifore (lillerent liotifes, fome being hinli,
oiliers lo*, (bine Iquare or ocl.mgular, oilurs rmin.l,
liime of Hone and others of woixl, they are of 110 !!tcai
oinamcnt. Thele porticoes, or gallenrs, Icrve onlv for
walking, and that part ol the (Ircet where the carnajes
paf, i> Kiiifiilerably lower, and, in flinrt, they rciVmlili'
tiiofi: of Cheller The roofs <d the hruiles, thou>'li ll,i>,
are coiered with tiles, with a kind of paraptt towan'-tlu
flreet.
The p.dace in which the vice-legate, the gonf.diniirr,
and other ofiicers of Hate have their ap.iilnients, ami liic
feveial boards and courts of judice are held, ll.inJs inllic
great niaiket-place, and the frcmt is two hundred an.l
eighteen lomnion paces in length. Over the cntr.ir.c ii
a brals (latue of pope (Jrcgory XIII. who was a iijiivc et
liologna ; it weighs eleven thoufand three hunJriJ
pounds, and the workmaiidiip does great honour to. Miii-
ganti, the ariill by whom it was made. On the I. ft hand
on entering the door is the llatue of pope lionilace \'lll.
Among the apartnienii (hewn .0 ilrangers is one callcil
il S.done d'Frcole, where may be feen a noble Ihitm of
Hid nil',, of an uncommon lizc: it is of terra cotla, by the
(liillul hmd of Lombardi. In another faloon is repre-
fei.l-d, in litliii, the moft coiiliderable ateliicvcmriils (if
the lioldgncle, inkiibed with l.alin veiles. Above this
apariiiu lit is the Sala l''arncl'c, to callid from a marble
7 Itaius
mrnts ivhicii are
IVll.df.M,;,
ni.ihy p„|,
l< llJ' Wifli -J
fJlilv liiuml.
the ,i.,rk |;|(„
"< II ■lCl|Iliti ,
K-iMlav-l _.|,.
Ihinc'in'iv:
•■II lillvcn mi-
lullic tflcin-
i<-' nulici iii.t
J"!' arc !.>,,
;i' 111 I runiSic
quality wlicii
or r<)\:r vt:ir
!■ ti^|^ lima;,
t it iitvcr be.
ilcprnd.-ncpi
V""" i but in
t.lllirc to pnni;
^rvvrnt li;vot',il
1 '>! Hie Vaic-
l_:i]l IK ilepcn-
'I'hc ciu'hw.
its vain.ui pn.
I'l'.jnv, tholJol
t haviiM! anal.
I'uil; at linln-;.
H tV't lie taken
'. Ill mcninry
is Itampid on
I cniJin.ll, w>t>
)icl;itr, or vice-
iCiilur (.hari'ci
lolo^n;i, m I,a-
IK'xt la Uoinf, .,,
(tn-al St.iic. It ' •
niitcs north l.i- ,1,
inutcs cAlt Inn- /'
-wc!t of Rome,
or fix itali.in
hat it^inha!llt-
ikI. It is fiat.
|ins, in a IWtili!
ic nvcr Savon.i
ic I itv. Amniij;
lull ot' ihcpriii-
which liipports
to lie vcrv coii-
11 iliaiiiiif; the
llu'iu ot the or-
Iroat, and an
(uiiicdcs arevc-
• lieing hi(:h,
otlurs roinul,
111 re uf 110 i!te.it
(erve tuilv for
c the ciiriiasci
thcv ii-ri-inhli-
\cs., thou 'h 111*.
Iptt tow.ui'- ll\,
lie I'.onfalcnifip,
fiiienK, ami li>e
ll,iiiJ< ill ill-
to huiiJicii ar.,1
I the cnii.iii.c i'
was a lutive c I
I three hunJriu
Ihoiioiir toMill•
l)ll thel ft h.inii
llioniLtie VI II.
Irs is one calkil
noble Itatiie of
[ta coti3,by the
lilomi is repic-
|i liicvi-nicnts of
Above thii
I iVym .1 niatble
lUluc
DoLOONis:
F, IJ R O 1' E.
877
n
I
iili I '^'
id
m ' -^i
jijdir (ifpopc I'.uil III. whiwa-: of ijipf.iinily of l''.iriicli'.
1 hci iiliii.; Ji"' WillU of tills .iivirtiiu'iil wiie |iaiilliil I'.' '
IK' belt mal'i-n i" HologiUi •'• iho cxiieiin' ot ijr«lir,.il
Janieff, anioiij; which i» the public iiiii)- ol I'^ul 111. in |
to iloloi;!!''' I
'I'll'; Alilrovan.li miifeiiin is kept in tli r, place wiili | w.n
fiic'i care, that it i^ n.vtt npiiieil tint in 'he pieluKc ot .1 rnom n .1 liiif puce nfp
IliiU"!. ail.! i"i''i''*« aiiioiij; other riiiKriLKSjOt (lie hull- Uiitiii^.St I'.irr oil lii>
^rc .1 aiiJ ci(;lilyli'veii folios, aiij .ibovr !«o liiijiJreJ
|i., iliill ill liiit;le leave'i, all wtitteii by the iiiclc'latij.'able
h.in>l "' Aliliiivaiiili. This collmlioii has been iiiiichni
•AitM the i.i'jiiiet ol the mar(|iiis Colpi, w:iii h loiitaiiis ,1
rrt.t iiiiiiil''-i of valuable nil il.i!.-.. In 1I1I1 pl.iie arc alio
liipt thi iiiiliiary llorc. an 1 aiiilluy, with aims lor fix
thiu,!.iii«l men. I he phyrn:-,Mrilcii in the eouit ij vtiy
Ini.ll, anil has iiothiiij; rimark.ibli'.
I ho area before the paLuc \» three liiiiHlreil ami fevcn-
IV fee: Ion;' aiul three huiu!nil bniail, in wim li is .1 foiiii-
lj,n th it IS irnieh aJiiiifiil '■ the lUtiir of Nepuiiic on the
tnp IS eleven feet hijvh. NViiliiii the bafon .ne a ^'tcat
iiunilierofilolphiiis cjeclin;.', Wiitei, ,inJ fuiir women with
\t\tn: llii.Hiis ill'uing out atiaeli bnMlt. The only ex'.-ep-
i!„p 10 tliii liipeib work is, that the jetteaiis ate in no pro-
.„,il,,in 10 llu' I'l/eof the rij;iire«.
.\ iiiniioilU'iii in painting will meet with a great deal of
tnliil'iiiiiieiit ill the pal.iei s of the city ; that which moll
. t.ilili'* a ti.i"cller's cuiiollty is the p ilaee of Capraia,
wlieic lie c.iniiot but aJniiie the double (l.iir-c.ile, the
lipcltrv h;iiij;iii;is, and the rleliiiefs nl the other furniture.
11 re .iV.' paitieiil.irlyni.iiiy frii.ill colf^Ts nf a(liiiir.iblc Flo-
ifnline vvurk, one that has fix large aiiJ as many Iniall
p.ll.ir- of lOik rr)llal, feveral curious woiks of ivory aiul
viooj. Ill ill- gallery arc loiiie line paiii!iii.:«, aiiioiij;
uhich h the death of liiagiJino, who was flayed by the
'Juilcs paiiilcd on wouJ.
t)ii tr.c cirlini^ of a fa!o(in of the pa!a/7o de Tavl arc
•hci.lveiituri' ,of Jafoii in cigli:ecii pieces by the two bro-
thtrs Aiiguliiii'Jand AiiiiibalCaraci i. In another apait-
iiiciit are painted on the fii/.e twelve palTj}.n« of the ,T.-
iicii! Ill IilIco, by Liii^i Caracci. 'I he red of the ad-
uli.tii 11 liciiitatcwi to St. I'.ier, and ha-, .i preat niimbirof
iiiuiiiiiiients. On iv.ili lu|r of the main ciilran.e is .t
lar(;e li..n com li.iiit of r^l maililc, on ea< h ol which ii
pl.uid a b.i (in (It holy water, t )ii the renter arrli, near
'ho rribiiii.i, 1, ,1 iii.u'.ilf Ihllueof pope (iri":;ory X\' , wdoi
I Mologiii. t)n tliecniinj of the rh ijiti'r-
cc iif paniiiii;; bv I,ui^;i L'araci 1, n pro-
kiKCj beli'ic ilic Vir;Mn .M.in :
lute IS iillii tlie AniuiiKialion, by llic fame luiid, svhuh
was the |j(l p . ee lie pnniicil.
St. At-ncs's iliureh is fin ly "ilt and painted, and n-
iiinir; the pictures r, the niartvi>!'>m ot ht. A^iir«, uver
the hij'h iili.ir, wlii' h is dpc of l.)oniiiiieliiiio\ piece?.
In St, Aiillioiiv'i cliiirtb, over the great altar, is an ad-
MilraMcpicio by I.iiijiiC iiaci 1, r ptcfviitiii;^ the preaching',
ol till' piiiiii'ne hetniiis. ( )ii anotlicr .iltar is .1 pii'lnri-
of the Virgin Miry and lier Divme In'aiit, with a i;roup
of aiVM !■ 1 iivrri;i;j okt her. In the oi.itory or finall cha-
pel ne.n ihischureh !■ a niofl b..iiitifiil piece reprefenting
the Aniiuiuir.tinii, hv 'riaiini.
Hcliirc St. 11,11 ih(donicw's churih flands a marble II 1-
t'lc of Sf. I'c!r.>niir, by Drunclli. This ihiirch is di-
vided into three ilb >, and that in the middle is of a re-
markable hri'dit. All the three m.ike a line appcaianee,
and are oudlently pinted, particularly that on the
fiiith li.le. .Aii^v'o Miihatl Colotiiia, a. is mentioned
in an iiifcription, fruni a motike of devotion, per-
lormed this i^r.iiid piece, and fume other'!, without i'lr,'
reward. The hi;.',h all.ir is of Ivaiililol ni'iblr, witli
(otne ti.'tir"-. iiilau!. The Anninuiauon by Albani is ac-
couiucil an infomprira'de piece, :muI iinthmg can furp.ifj
the exprcfUon of the Virgin's ndniiration. Two ot.'ipr
picrei repnlcnr 11'; the nitivity, .tiid the (li^Tit to F.gypt,
are ^ill',) by the f.irne mailer.
In the church of St. I'ctroiiius I'l- hi^gefl in the
whole citv, is to be fi eii the cilibiaicd mtiidim line rf.lA ■
Cainni, which cr:. fills of pieces of red and white niaibl" ''..•■,
iiil.iul, of a lian.rs bieaJih ; but thole pieces in which
the fi>itis of the /oiliae are cur, arc a font Iquarc.
This line is above half the length of the rhuicli, .ind at
'■':■ t
f
|l|!'i; '^^i
■ II I
'»' 1
us
MMturis of /l''iua.s arc piintcd in ten pieies by Albani, the beginnin;^ is a Latin infcripiion, which lays, that
iiiiJcr the (lire('lion of I, uigi Caracci, ;ind liij other difci- the whnle length of this line, whicla is laid to be one
flti have liiiilhej the remainder ; but the latter arc in a hundred leer, is the li\ humlrcJ fhoufaiidth part of thr
ililFcrcnt apariinent, and under every pivfure is a Latin , circumlerence of the terr;u]ueous globe. In the arched
virltoiitot the ,1'"ncid, explaining the fubjctl. Scvcr.d roof of the nave i; a hole dir(\llv over the noon point of
this line, throie.'h which ;i ray of the fun enteriiij^, marks
the folHircs and ('(juinoxes upon the liii". However,
the f.mie oprrati.-.n m ly without much difTicultv be pet-
forme. I in .my oilier convenient place j the whole mvlteiy
crl'.lillinp; onlv in mealiirin;' the deiMces on the line pro-
pprtioi-.-ibly to the height of the lidc tliroui;h which the
rav' enter,
other line pieces of painiing are likewile to be fceii in
this palace, and particularly fome very delicate drawings
ui;': ?. p"!!.
1 he piila//,o dc Monti fliews tlie (jcnius of tlic Italian
n^i'jili'v lor adorniii!! their palace;, with c(dlcc^ions of
r.i.nin:* and oiher curiofitics ; who often abridge them-
i;!\.sfpf inanv of the convcniencii's of life, in order to
|i;p'illi.llVd of I'oiiiethinj; that attrails the .idmiration of
othiT people, and cfpeciallv of I'oreiLiners. The firll
thnr of this grand edifice, coiililting ol above thirty apart-
ments, which are by far the bell, is never, or at leall vc-
rv fcldiiin, inhabited, and then only for the reception of
U'lue p.Tlon of dilUinTlioii ; their general life being only
tidifplayan ama'.'.ing colleclion of paintines and other
r iriofitles. Helidcs the many pieces bv Albani and the
C.ir.icci's, here is .n gallery painted by \ouiig Cijnani,
'.■;;ha lar.;c piece of painting reprefenting the railing of
'h','lie;;cof Turin, by AntonioCala. In another apart-
nriit is to be \'e>;n a wom.iii alb'ep, with a w.mton boy
!'.u:hing, whi'c he lets down a nioufe, hani'ing by a
thf.-aJ, upon her brcall. In this piece the cxpieirioii is
ic'v ftrnng, and the moufe is admii.ibly done.
I'he palace of Ranucci is built in a grand tafle, with
i im'ile llaircafe, and fp.icious lolty rooms. Here :s fome
'."auiifiil tapellry, made at the Ciobelins, and feveral clo-
kti full ot Florentine work, lilver vales, and other furni-
tiro, poriicuiarly a clock of railed inlaid work of gems,
(iiiagioiMidof lapis-l.r/.uli. The height ofthech.ipcl takes
iiji three ftoric", of the houle. ■'\iiiong the paintings in
t !!« pal.ire arc St. Jeioitie, and Joleph flying from I'o-
iiphar's wife, by Guido i the fall of Hanian, by Anto-
i.ai Gioiiima, where the bt autiful llgure of Kllher is par-
t;eul.ulv admired ; and the portraits of the great dukes
u; ill'' l.iiiiily of Mcdicis.
We (hall now take notice of fome of the ccclcfiaftical
baiUiiigs at Uoliigna, and (hall begin with the cathedral,
75
.Madonna dl St. I.ucn, on the Monte della (Juardia, is
11 Domini'.':'!! iiiiiMuiy about four Italian miles from Mo-
logiui, and is much reliuted to on account of a pi,Jliii{!
I of the N'irgin .Miry, preteiuled to have been painted by
the hand of St. Luke : on whiL-li aciount it is everv vear
brnupht into the litv in a lolenin proceflion, with more
than ordinary m i;'iiificenre, attended bv the tiring of
cannon, the liveral conipiinic of arti/aiis, the fraterni-
ties, monks, beads (if the pai idles, the magiflratcs, the
jjnnfalonier, and the legate himlelf. The pidurc is always
carried uiiilcr a rich canopy, the people upon their knees
(alutiiig it as it -"ires by, with the moll zealous ijarula-
tioiis that ( an be conceived. For the greater conveni-
ence of the pi'grini':, an arched colonnade has been built
from the city to ilie top of the mountain, which on ac-
count of its gre:it leni'ih niav be jiililv cftecmed the
m( ft remarkable building of liiat kind 111 Italy. In the
contribution of the neccllary fum for this colonnade, all
the hariditr.ift men, &c, teemed to vie with each other in
the eret'tion of a pcrpetuid monument ol their zeal for
thelilelled Virgin ; even the very lacqnies ot the city were
at the cxpencc of building liftien of the arches. On each
of the arches are the names and arms of the benefai!tors.
One tide of the arcade is waMed, but in that towards the
road, every arch refts upon its rclpiclivc pillars. Everv
arch i« five common paces, i,r iwi lie Icct wide, which is
alio the breadth of the w.ilk The hc'glit is about lix-
teiii Icet. This arcade does not run in .1 (Iralght line;
but its diici'lion I- iMw itjid then interrupted wiih liiiall
5 C windings.
1
■ 1
. ''li
1 1
1
i ' \
i
i
I »v;
♦ '.At.
Hi
') 'I
. .»
■' I
itt
\u '-n
575
A S Y S T K M c- I r. E O G R A !• I! V.
Boi-jcrcrt!,
'" 'n m.iliy i'-rt. thrri: itc vuy I iv- \ ifr,
, _. tlic -j-mIiJ |)iiiiii.i> iHjt ihc tit), (iorii
vvliith ('lie lu; 3 Vii'k^' (it' iiiiirty iti'i'i' -(Khci 111 .1 Jiu^t
Inc. wiiiwh till;' I! tai>.-iliit arc It-vcii huiuli..! jiiJ I'.itv
W.tKliIl^'
|i.iila.iiM
lIlK'l' II
I Miii'.i'ii pijiiN ill Kn.'iii. Tnirc ariMhiii . ..
(■t Itiiis ti akciij lilt" jctliviiy 11' the imjuiii. 1111 1 ituli
lU;htt cimfiA i,»' .1 l.-iv iK'j-i, aiiJ Jhc I|mc« b.uvciii i>
lc*tl a:;J p.n,.| Willi lilt llilicii.
A (Mniiiiiiil iiiiiil.itiui. rci^iu between the Kun>ifi.aii>
iind l)'iiiiiin.Mrn, ii'|ifciilly uc l^i!.i,'iu i ci.h i>l tiiiU
(lli.\';'< lll|\ill:^ In fu'|l..r> t',W <<!l!i.l ill tiUlltiill,^< .lllJ litlul
tstiMi.ii iiu^ii liii'iiii', ill (iiJir to ilKicik lluir tcviiuii;
:iiij .! I'.lidiiiy. The iJuiiKMK'aii'. hjvi- tin- a.lv.iii'..ij;e 111
ilic l',i.iiJor III' lluir llllirllu^ j but in \uiic ixlUu tlivy
h in; kdi hithcno i.mciJ'iI I'y tin' I r.iiml jII.. 'I'ik
cliurJi of the latter is tiJuri.ciJ v.a\\ iiuiiy liiiitily lin llud
Ji.eee. ot' jjuiiil 11-, .r.:il on i.nli liJi.' ul tin: imive u j:e
tine ari.!ieJ tlmlteis, '^n; uC whiili !■> ''lie huiiJie.l aiiJ
t:urty-il.ri.w', aiul tl.t- 1 thcr two hun 'ud tduimnii paai
in lni;fth. Ill til- lhe>.i bifure tit.- (ujueiit i» a (iillai.iui
tiK' ti () i.f wl.iili i< .1 bial'i iLlu-' uf the V ii^jiii M.n),
ll.ui.lin^ III a euiciilt.
Ill iliL lJ.jn!inic..ii iDiivcnt aro abcnt one hull licJ ami
l»ily iiiui ks, All aiiti-ei>.iinbor, diUiltd itttu tliiec idi.>,
k.iyi to tlie llbr.:iy, aiiJ cii each li.!e are ll.mi" » and
I'jiiuiiij-j ill liuiiiMir (if the I)i miiiicjn (.fiiir, auJ |1()|h
iVi> V, 1 ho b'Hik» aie v iv iuuikmu:., aii.t j'ji!i.:.ji;ilv
I'ifjii ilj. In the lower eldilf.r ot the cmr.eii! i> a f . ^il
1h.1j.11 1, r.iiii tu have ban the aparimeiit in whuh St. bo-
liiiliie, in t:'.c year i<i,i, depiiritd ttiu i.le. In ma (lien
0! p iiitiic 11 tliis eli.i| e! ii an aiit'.el ripreleiited ^cjiiij;
U| a laJdvi to heaven »ih St. Duniiiiic on h... lael; ; but
t!i-t tiic a:i^i.l ;iii I St. Diiiiiiiu may not h..v.- the ill
inaniiei] ol
no lib aM'uiil, I. dur saviour .mj the \'i:_'iii .M.iry Hand-
ing abov , holJiiig the ladder.
HL-re IS an miiverlity, in vsliieli ate pioVlIurs fur ora-
t('i\, |)iiilolii|)hy, jjciiitirvi alfroiioniv, aiutniny, divi-
Hit), ph) .le, the i/iiiita! lan^ua^es, the eivii and eaiion
law, civil and ceek-rulUi al hiliory, >'v.ii all cf tlieni have
haiiJl.iiie lal.iries. 'i'lie foreign liu.Ien:. .mount tu ul.oiit
lour hunJied. 'I lie publie eoll> g'- is two liiiiiJied aiul
thinein pace- in K-ij^tli. Near its entiaiice on the lif h:
hand 15 a yiand ll„ii-eafe, aduincd wiili luiiu ;•. od p .iiit-
iiiyi 111 titluo, repr-.fentiiig the noble aclioiis of St.
C^rlu Uiiiunien, and otii.r piece.s. Ihe aii..tonueJ
theatic Is adorned with wui<deii llalue> o( liu- ii:..ll eele-
bratcd aiiatotiiilU, and the ilour u boaidid With cy-
ll!!l:!i i^ til ir piilien..r4 tt.vvaiJ. the people,
!!ie laddir b.ukw.rds. Al< t:>>i > iti uiiili iiic
ej.
In the ye.ir 1717, Lnl.;! F.iJ nan 'n de M:irrij;li iiifti-
ftitiit'.'d at H'llojjru in aiadcniy of Iciene'.., f^,: the n:-
pnneiiieiil of iutur.il hilloiy, ni..tl.un..tu j, ii.;iuial phi-
ioiupliv, ehiniiiliy, aiLitoniy, ami ptiNfu. With ti.i>
the Cltiir iitiii.' aeadimy, foinulcj by pope C'leiiient
XI. lor ati.li!Hi-tii:e ai.d pamtlng, was iiu (-r|-.oral.d j uiiJ
I r til.; f.iriticr ad.aiirc.nent of tl.:> inltimtion, the
«..!V pureiiaied anl gave tiu- pi!.i/.7.4 L'wleli to the u^'iide-
iiiv, th. t the l.biai), the mule, 1,11, the oLieiiatoiy,
the (elio<;ls, and l..e apjrti.icntb of the proftliur.-,,
iiiii;lit lie under the lame rod. In aftcn.Ii:^.', lIi.' towi.i
I hitl eoiiie to the .'illronr.mii.al feiiool, viiieie n to be
riiep.i iiiin;;'' wiiImvIu Ii thit r.ioni U JecuriteH rr«r*
f'lit viUai.o , 1111 1 other niuiiiifiin'j u( a llnnilir 1', '
lity i |ji|:e iM n '•• «f hc, livipi.in in i),r ru'i'tih h,"
tr.e catatjfti tl the Ni'e, and tither puai iiv«ti. | '
.1 e...:et a.hoiiiiin; to tjnj ait.irtni.nt arc (eicral |..i'
Itor.: , .mioini v»iii.h ii iitiel'.a'tc (.» Urge ai an,.,,,
fill, tliat wci^hi only n tr itnKo without the tin ,!
lift, up two tuitidr. I .ii'llhiilv I liner,. Aliothei »,!,,,.
nieiit ixhitit. a vatiety 1 1 rtie l« and other fn.irin«n,o^
duv'tioiii. Ailioinii.', u) thi- I-, a ikif.'t luntainin-acuj.
lectioii of leiiii pillucid lUtirt, i... ii^atc, jafp'r, 1 .,'
iiuoiie, (hai.edony, onyx, and l.pii-latnli. ' 'f jie
lianljiiirnt Honcj .le lic;;t in another ilolet, w:!h the
mine alR.\cd to ea: h puce. 11 re a.-e alio mu.-.y hun.
died Ipni.:, ol iiiarM.-, .-.r,J rrhir ll.r.t:, in Ivjiar-Urc.'
|<'lituiii>, \\IikIi b'-inj well pt^hltied, ,;nd all i.in- j
ecord.ir; ft their .iift.'r.fit C(doiif., malt; a he.u-'t„|
ppe.u.ince. In aii'ithcr i./om are ki;it leveial kiit<is \f
lea-weejs, conil.., I'joii^c, I;.-, In another, .11 ;,:,,.)
of exotic ftuitu, w N, lt.,vfs i.t plaiiu, roots j,|j
taikiof trees, ^.iim, refills, with the leids of ull kmj,
"I ve^;vtab'.e'. One lai^e ro.iin roiilaiiii a varufv i.f j;|
kinds of animals, and aiioilur all l'oit» of wari.kw' ju.
itiuiiunt),
I he naintinj^ nrad-my ij on t!ip i-rinnj-floor, jn,' i;,,)
(idling bvaiitifiiMy paii'.ted. in witittr thofe who aicin.
itructed 111 j;..iiuin;; nr-ct in a p.irtuiil.ir room, l.uilt ,,
the lurniof ,.ii ..n:p,i;the:ifrr, and ivrll illiinim.ited mi||
amps, wtii re abov u hiiinlred ;in ! filty of tlicni nuy con-
veiiiem y Tit and ilmw from tiic I fc. In the aeaJrniy,,f
kulp lu- arc v.'vi'tn nio..Mi of the I'litient oliehHj y
korne, and in a pliee adjoining' to it are llatuus ;iij
icjjic, of the nititl t nil! in oiigiiuls in pUib'r. lothii
edihie is addvd aiiotilt printiiij'-houC.-, turi.ilhid ti.iti.i;,
with L.it'll, Ci'^e. k, ..iid llel'rcvv, but alio with .Ujs;'
an I otlrr «rieiital t\|Hs.
1 he Bolo^iKie ladi.s drcfs entirely in t'l; I'.-itich
fafhi-ii. The woinn o.' the r.-.id.lb; ehifs i'eiitrally ap.
pear III a bl.irk gown, v.-;;h a '-lack (ilk veil o'.er ihfir
iuaJs ; and the Kn;. I-.' lex in :-n»r:il enjoy a i;tiiitrfrc.
doiii h. re than In moll cities (if Italy. On- meets witi
many perlniis •.valknij; the ft'ccts with fp..i-t.ii h, „„, wii,j
are lo l..r fmm labourini; iitn.'er nny we.ikneliof llohi,i||.|
they c»lf tneii eye> a'.'out uii .•!! fides without once lo.t-
ing thruu^li the'ghiUcj. This fjniion isi.;' sSpai.ilh
vou
ij'.n a model of the Copcrnisan fvltcm. Here ib al.o a
perpendi uiar iiui.dun l.;,i, cut ihroii;;h a wall a hmi
thitk.
On cieh lidc
; tel.;!. iipes, (iiianr.iiit: , 6{e. lo
tiiat, anlhell.irs iioli the meridian, proper oiikivalioir
may be Convcniiiuly mad , for wliieh purpule all
tilt Ih'jitcrs in the aperture may be renioveil ..t plea,
fure.
Ili..;lier up the tjwi r Is the obfervatory, wl.ith on
«very lide lia^ lluiieib to be op'Mud or lliiit a required,
mill a gallery on the oiiiliJe. Iliij tow -r is alien, led by
two hull, li el .111.1 feventy ileps, and the to,) t.f it alio
ferve.s lor allionoi.iieal obli rvatioiis ; and tliro.i(>h an
«peitur; jull over the ir.iddle of the (piral lloi-iale, the
jli^ibiliiy be leea in the d.iv-lime, floin the vault under
ttie tower. The lihrai'y I eloiiiriiij; to the colli-.-e is ii<
t.ic keond ftory, and ehiifiy coiiliils ol liie- l-ool.s ol
touiit .M.iilinli, who loiinded the ae,ideniy, i-'od contains
Lvei.il I'urkilli, Arahie, and ot ler oriental ni.iMufeript.s.
In aiiylhet ajnrtniciit is taui^h: exj.etiuui.tJ p;..i fopliy.
lul, and ii hippoiid to ^iie an :;ir o( gravity, which hu
iccoinnunJeJ it to the geiiralify of the' monks anJ
e.eigy.
i lie B.ilo^nef." ar,- f.iimu:- f.ir tlicir vivaci'v and wit,
and p.irt:cu!.irlv ftjr their latiii.-.d jefls. However, j
.'lri:n^er no where me' i« with more civility than u
Ii.(l:i^':Ml b.:! their I'lTidiKius a,>pl:c.itioii ti) their fo.
ural tr«uei and maiial.ielures, is a niush more valuai.Ij
quality.
I he litll.' liver Ki no, a lir.mch of which run •hrmi-i'i
the city, turns ni.oiv liU-r.ol.s, 'Die L;olo.;ii.i daiiaik,,
Litiiiis, tafttti^^, i.ii.l ..:,it», .TIC in i;ic.it lepiitc. Ih.j
eity alfocarti , on .1 c(.i.r..Lr..ble tr.;c:e in l\i\ anl h.nip,
and alio iu,'plies the lui^hbi/U.'in^ provinces wi:h o.l
and Wine.
The w me male about I'olo^na is fo ftronsr, that cii ;■■,
hilt eoii.inj; from th- prefs it i> genrrally diluted V.,!.14
loutth p. lit of w.ite.' ; except that .ippointcd for tnc l.i.-rj-
DKiit, which 1^ without mixture : t;ie neat wine 1, t..!;.-
purchalid at the ..viivints. .Many in-enious woik, .:;c
heie made of w-a!iiut-tice ; for with thefe trees theei.aM-
Ity al'oiuid., aii.l the (;'iiii.e5 are here Ian;.-, and nf .1
e.xiiuilite fli.vour. ii. ugna is likrwife celehr.itcd li,r
elltaeci, miiia-vit.i-, lope, and fiiuH'; but more paitim-
laily lor its theriaea, which is pr, pired in the pr.'.c
i laboratory ; and a; l!(,.I.!.-:]a fj^k ii)Ital is wi0Uj;!it
into foii/r bo.\es, Lilrrs, 5ce.
Tlu nuns of the city aro very in;;rni >iu in making
moft beautiful arriiuiil flo.vers cif I'llvcr, filk, n u(I r,
' iiamel, and ifin^l.il... l'iu.:> (f all kind.s ate .llu
imitated in wax, I., as I'ca.ccly to be >i:!lin^iii!lied .n lirtf
li^ht lioni ti'ie proJiicts of r.'.tu."e. T'lis coiintrv iihlirj
.tliounds in hoiv-y and wax, itri-a; ij jantitics of uMsii
ale exported. All kin.ls ol prominns are h.-rr i);t;ei;iii ;
g'jod, and in j;iiai |di.ii;v. Fowls of all kinds an- in
thel'e i'.iKa viiy l.o-_^e, ..nd cf a f.ns fla-.'uur, efpjsMii.-
t..:
I,v.i: raiij^^e. of pillar j
kiii'ls .lie .!lo
.., V. tl R
I « TncB>>'.<>',n4err»tll»t, »>l oth.T C.iufj-.s
|i>'i'>''''V. ;,!.. |4in.>,i'., II 't iiiily Hir j.i '.IjDiii hur.i|ic,
r ";.M JM.l Will ln.la».
■ 'V'' iwriowii* in the Uolo^iiel* arc very rin*ll aji.l
SEC T. VII.
, f )» li't M<l01'< i" «''"'' »' *>>""l' Jllfi/.-t'l h ll'r
' • .. ' titl'll wnt'ifl !<t'il', 'I'll i> ('■trIiiUiiir Pijirifi-
' ''i't\rr*ri», llu Capilil •/ ll>i Uwiff.
, , ■ p^.ff.i'cf* '\i Hoiiii'IcJ on tli^ n I'tli I'y th ■ I'o-
I j JiiiiiJl Kivij'S "II I'lc w.l l>y 111.- .I.iteliy of
,* . unthcinu'li by the Holii^iiifli' and Uuii.i 'n.i
';' . 'jnj oil [Ik- I'-iik I'y iIk- \::i\[>i\ "I Viiiic-. It lii.l
' '.'v iti o'.vil i!iiV.es, whu hiUI i^.n I'n'iitry a-i .i hri
|'''.'kp4P|| ic". «i" '5i7< "'■"■■' I'^i'* *-''^'""^'" ^'"l'
' J ilic coimt'y t" <iie Kctkli iltic.il St itr \ lime that
' li'l,.' jln."'* imcultivatc J, iii.>ii(;ii it w.i-. on- ot th'-
i '. ' 'j,iii:rii' ill luiy. I'"'' •>" n uinviml' r.nne, on
'• ojftt tl '*'-' '"'■'^-•' '*'- in^-»i''t->i''» ■'•'"ij '"" thinly
f tfcJ tl) dull! thuin.
r •■"'■• -" »"■"■■"'' '•"■-'■i^"'l bciitiful city, not-
,Ji !,j;ni[ ii» hJin,' piior aiiJ lil p'.o;il'-il. It n. Icitfd
f* It V', I" *">•' turty-luurth tli-'."i« t!iirtv-li.t ininnt.-.
-i la;iiuJc, a.iJ in the twvlith il' -nc lourticn
iji -ris. it' liiftificjlion. aicot Ititlc value, except lii'-
f .itl if live whole, an I as m .ny hill Ivillions tnnit
t, L;..ntiit V'lll. ^Vltllln tu ii;y is a l.ir--; tjltic, 'ir
' /. larioundivl with hi^h w.ilN, t(iwiT>, ami nio.its
I ,1 iiiclliit ih: rdiilfMie <>l' the I /^atc a l.iteie over this
ujuiv. A' t*^*^ iniramc are two Ijr.ils Katucs of two
I (iii.r .'u'k''i>-""^ "I wliuiii is on IioiUIm:!;. I'lic ttreets
ittUni, bi>'''>'> ''fa"! -"iJ rcj^ular, wtili many liaiiJ-
l„mt huult* anJ pataccs.
Inc irihiiti'lurc ol tl-,e cathcilra! is in ihc CJ'ithic
tjltt >"'' "' '"'"'-'>' adorned with a multitude ol ni.irbic
■ ji. iiU I'll's rchcl'<. Its lar^e Iqiian; llctplc is alio
ciiii.clv i'Mr..iible. The prand ^ate is liipiioitcd wiili
Ij. jfjii, c.ot p:llar;,b:twt-n ivhii.n aie I'cvtr.l porticos,
J.. jjavc.iMutr.tT, and jnll almvc the entrancr is a lar^;!.'
•■;!i lla;uc ot tnc Virijin Mary. I ^e in .prls nt this
^...;'uic ate t'mi-ly criiamci.'.cJ wi:li Itiilpmitf and p.,int-
ibp^l'itt t*^-' cathedrnl are tivo f-nr bra""' ft.itucs ; the
OKI. f4uc!tiiaii, riprclrntinc Ni holas d'ElU-, ntiu)ui';
ctFe.rarj, svith an infcription, intmiatiir,', that hethncc
iritc:til ptaiL- to Italy l the otiv.r ii lif.iiij; bitwccn t^vo
!inli ti^iucs of bral's, upon a pilar ab.piit tivontv ftit
f-li, aiiJ rrprcUnts Koifo d'K'.!'.-, the liiit dukf ol' I'cr-
i;.i, oiv; ot t.ic niulk wrtiions nun in his ;:_"-■. Tliis is
uJ 1(1 have b-.in I'ormcrlv an .ih 1 im for trnniiialj, which
n".;vJi-J twcntv pace^ r^uii I the iht'.r.* ; tho' it has n.:,v
! :t ::■ P!0!tv;ins powir. But m-.xr tt is llill :i lantttiaiy ;
j«;y iiimlloni- pillar aiinrneJ wit i i'.ik branchi'H and
!■.'■.. S w.iich I'uppotts u i;;ilt llaturc ol pop.- Alcxan-
t..-Vll. w'lo is I'lttin;^ in atli.iir giving; iiis ikflin.'.
A: a r.nall Jitiancc is ai^othvr Kii.uc in wnich is the
(■.v!i hoiil.'i which it ad )rn-M on tvtty lidc- w:th niarhlc
••lii-.fifj and baiiillr-dcs, ti';',i.thcr with fcvcral ot'i' r line
iiracluif-. Th^fc two lipiarei, u itl. the ;ulj,'.t.cnl (liccls,
lit the M\ peopled parts ot the wh.dr city.
The church of the Carnieiitc^ is a very Ipacioiis (Iriir-
t.:f, li'a-1 with fii!'? paiiltn ■■■ ; the ni"ll v.i'iuable if
which are, a coiucrfion oi St, I'tul, to whom the chi'rih
ijrjicatid i (Ut niartyrdou <. flh.it jpclUc ; and the a-
D'ii.im of the ealteni majl, n!l in llie choir.
I he Bencvliotiiic convent is viv liiiej »nd iti cloiilcri
i'CcoinpiriLj ol in.i^iiih.ccnt porticos. At the foot ol the
i!«,r-cale that leaiii to the dormitory, is tlic ll.itne ol
(ill) lil. its foiin.ler. Its church is lari>e, and the ta-
Irnji :i' of the liiL^h altar much .ulniire.l f-r the beautv
oiihe woilimanftiip. It is adorned with very line llatiJ
I I'^mns, and the ('.:;urcs of Ic.einl f.'.inti nt the licne-
li .liiir- (loler. In tins church is the tomb ot the cel.--
iiJied .Xnulfo, the author of Orlando l•'ur:,^fo, and I.:-
ttiil (.•'.iiei pict;i hi^jiiiyvi^t. .!'.■; j. I'iiii tu:iiL> li ul icJ,
o p r..
I?9
whii , and bl:uk niuble, adntn'l ■.vnit rulumni axj
ilatiii". ill. bill! II til white niaible, and crowned wiili
bays.
The rhiirth of the Theatinei is larce, anJ their con-'
vnt nTv in.i;;iiiticciit. Its library is ulti emcJ oiio of the
bul in r>iraij, both lor punted luioki and manul'ct>|>li.
ITie C'harlreule ii alio woitliy of no;. ce, and i> atl irn-
cd With lery (iic p'liticoi. Its church it alar;.'e fnpcfb
buildiii ',, that font ilii I many ma^t ihcrnt rhuprN, all a-
dorned with cxcelb iit piilure;, I bole o^cr the hi^lt
altar, which irpi.fi at the alcfiifion ,ind ibe ]i\\ juU)5-
intiir, uie by llitiiaiiini Hhilippi, a native of Ktrriri i
but the maiiia^i: ol C in.i in the reiectMry of I'le run'
Vint, by Hoiior.i, who was born in the faitie city, is by
far the bell.
The iiniverfity of this city is Rons tr, deray, »nJ lia«
only one cii||e;'c, wbirli bclonpsto the JilMit>.
It mull not he oniittcd, that in 1' i'; |>o|>« Clement
III ruled the bifhoprie ol Kerraia to an ar:hbilho;-ric,
w'lich at one put an end to the loiii; Ji put<.< almul ju-
rifdiitun between this billiopnc and the arch nlhoptic
of Ravenna.
Kerrara wm very ri' h, and polTcfTcd a great traJ-,
while i/ovcriu I by its ovm prmi •«, elptii.l v its t^tcc
lalt dukrs, who I irtilied, embtllilhiJ, and eni ir ed it fa
much, that it contained iipwanls of a hundred ticuf.'nd
inh..bitanti ; but it is at prel'cfit vrrv .K-fol.'!'-, V ill num-
ber.s of the huiifcs being uiiiniulited, and faii ni ti>
ruin.
Ill this diitcby are alfo Comacchio, a biflinp'j fee, bm
3 fmall place, and two or three matl^et-towns.
S F. C T. VIII.
(Jf R (1 M A i; N A.
tts Siliiitiin, Prflii.f, nti'l Hijhry \ with n IXf.r'ijyUrn tj
Kiiv.rita, Iffrlriy Ftieni:i, Strvia, and /i.-ir.'j;.
Rf)MA(fN'A, in I-atin Rommdula, li hounded on
the norih by ihe I errurie ; on Ihu Inutii by I'uf-
caiiv .111 I the diitchv 111 Urbiiio ; on toe eiU by t.is j^u'pli
ol Venire 1 and on the well by the Midoj^nrf; .i.,d ii p. re
of I'lifeanv. I'he eoiintty prrHluces corn, wm- , oil,
aiul line fruits •, and ilpici.dly ult, fr.ini wha h .iiif;» its
principal reycmic. It b.i^ alio cxciili-nt pallurn, with
i 111.' mines iind niiiur.il waters i but 'he lounirv li'.-i
milerably uncultivated, except near the pnncip.il towns.
This cniiiitrv was a part of the aiiiit nt provnce of
Flaminia, wh ch m the fifth cmtuty he.ame fuijivl t'>
the Ollrnjoihs, whole king, named rhe.ijuric, having
ta'scii the liiy of Ravenna in 40}, ma.le it h.s uiual
place of rrliiliicc. In the lolKnviiu; century the ( loths
beinj driven out by Mtlllamis and Natfes, geiuraKof
thi- rmpciors o» the Kiill, Ravenna hicanic the r.l'.d.ncc
of the emperor's exarch, till th-- l.ongi bardi maje t.irni-
felve. mailers of it j but in 751; Pepin, kin^of the Franks,
haviiv; compell.d Ululphus, km;; ot the l.onji bir.ii, to
piivr up the wl.nl ■ exarch.it.-, conferred it on the fee of
kom-'. The liioll reiiiaikable places in thi> co'jntty a.'C
the lollowinj: :
Ravelin '., t!'.L> capital, svas firme-^ly a city of crc;t
fplendor, hut is now nie.in an.l iiKonii icrabi.-. The
houlcs are old and ruinous, the llrict; hltr.v, and all
parts have a nitbiicbolv appearance ; lor the number of
its inhabitants fence ainoiint to htts-en hundred. In the
time of the Konnns anl < iotlis it Hood on a bav fonv.ej
bv the Adiiatie, and had a celelir.ited harbour ; but at
prefent it is tbiee Italian miles from tlie fea, wbi.h i-;
owinn to the '.'reit oii.intities of mil I thiown up bv the
tide, and lime l.irined into a tra.'t of l.iiid wi.ich is
ciiitiv.ited. W'r.liout the ciiy is l^ I to be Iten a hi.di
brick tower, which formerly Hood at the harb.vi^r, and
one mile and a hill lariher a ruin ms old lijhthoiite.
The air is unwholel'omc, hut has been fomewhat im-
proved bv conye\ in^; aloni; the lide^ I'l the citv the tiicrs
.Mniitoiie an.i Rmi o, which laiiy ol; the (linking water
fr.'Oi the adjoinin'.' m.iillies.
The larf.'e tn.uktt- place of this city is adorned with
tuo lolty piiliis of ■'.r.inate, upon which llaiid at prefei.t
tlu' llauics of St. Vicl'ji aiii i'.. .'i.-'Llhaiuiis. in thii
1 »i.a
ti»
- i
,'
I
\>. ; ,
rill
M\
mm i m i
i'ii
" I
;*' •: ; ;i
';.-.-■ ••■'«
\'k<'.-'l.
i J li ; i
' i 'Mi
3^3
A SYSTEM or G I. O G li A J' H Y.
r
arm is alio cr.-cicd a brai's ll.if.ic n|" poii" A!cx,iiulcr \'I1,
("ittiiu;, which is the ul'u.il attitui'-' in luihlic nioiiunuiit-.
•■rcdiiil to the vic.irs o' C'hrill. Uink-r an arc.iil.- in the
mnrkct-pl.icc are eight liiiall iruii ;:at(S, whi^h arc I'au!
to he thole taken I'oni the litv ol I'avia, aiui let up as
trophies ot the valour ot the inhahitaius m Ravenna ;
but the cominoM people arc perlUaJed that thele gates
were liroiijrht troni tnc llolv I. ami, anil that they were
thole vvhicli Simpfon carrieti away ironi (ia/.a.
On thi' area helorc the catheilial tlanJs the flatuc ol'
the Virgin Marv, on the lop ol a pillar ereiteJ to her
in 1O59, beeaulf, acconhng to the inlcrip'.ion, Ihe pre-
Iciveil the eilv more than once troni the plague. I he
yieat door ol the church is made ol rough boards, with-
out any ornament ; hut what \j moll remarkable is, that
thile boanis aic lawed out ol vines, and loine ot them are
twelve lict long and two Ipans in bieadth. liitheia-
thedral are liity-two large marble pil'ars in tour rows,
and in the i hapil of the Holy Saciamint is a reprclcii-
faiii'M ol' the children ot' ll'rael giihcu.-ig manna in
the W'ildemcrs, with Ionic other painiings by tiuido
Khtni.
The church of St. Apollinaiis is worthy the lu.ticc of
a travcll-T. On c.ich lide ot it are twelve m.irble pi'lais,
and thecKJiiig is an old, but hcaulitui Molaic woik,rc-
prcfenting the thiee Eallirn kings woiliiipping the inlaiU
Jefu^, and fcveral Ijints with tneir names inicril>i.d over
them. In the center is the head of the emperor Julliniaii.
'Ihe ftulpture niul marble of the high altar are exceed-
ing bt.uititul. In St. Anthony's cliapel are I'evcral fine
niarhle llatues: the altar is ornamented with black mar-
ble pillar'i, and near the entrance arc two pillars of
i|uince-coloured alabalV.r. 'I'ne altar of the chapel dcila
Keluiuie is decorated with (our beautiful pillars of red
potphvry. All the other aitais in this church arc of
nvuhle, adorned with many excellent pieces of paintii..'.
(ircat devotion is paid to the body of St. Apollin;;)is,
and on his coffin are three lilver tablets, on which a;e
engraven a l(in_^ account of his life and martyrdom.
The pavement of St. X'ila'is's church is very beauti-
ful, aiui the Mofaic work in the choir is extreniclv
cuiious. Thecitlnig of the church is painted in fielco^
and on the walls are painted the niartvrdoin ot St. V'ltalis.
C)n the altar dclla Madonna iKind three beautilul white
marble llatues of the \'ir2in Mary, and two angels.
Over another altar, which 1; likewile of while niaible,
is an excellent I'icta, between two angels.
The church called the Rotjiida lies without the city,
and at prcknt iclemblcs a ruined cupola. Ito diameter
is about lixteen common paces, and its pavement, ex-
cept in the dry funimer months, is always under water.
It is liippid'ed to h.ive bLcn built in the year 52O by
Amalaliiii'.a, daughtu to Ineodoric, king of the (Jllro-
g(.ths. The molt icm likable part of it is the roof,
whuh is in the lorni of an inverted ddli, and coiifills ol
one fmgle Hone, which m.uiv years after this church
was built was fplit by lightning : it ia as hard as a flint,
-and, according to an account writ:en on vellum, and
kept on the altar of the chapd, was brought out of
Kgypt, The thickiuls of ihii Itone is tour geomttn-
cal tier, the ciri.umference a hundred and fourteen, and
the diameter thirty-one I'ect two inches. It is ditlicu't
to conctive, fays Mi. Keyller, in what manner, at a
lime when ttie modnn machines v^erc in a great mta-
liire unknown, thij huge mat's, the weight ot which
cannot be lei's than a hundred tons, was railed lo the top
of this cd lice. Round this iJoiie formerly Hood ti.e
ftatucs ct the twri.e apol(les,as appears from their names
dill to be teen on the pedeltals, which project a littlt:
wav Irom thi; lione loof, and in the center Itood a cofKn
of porphvry, in wi.ich was the body of Thcodoric, king
of the (Jllrogoths
( In a tountain in the area before the pope's palace is
an antient llatuc of Hercules, bearing on his (houlder
nil hemilphcro that I'.ives tor a I'un-dial. 'I'he club on
which he le.ms diliinj/uifhes him from At!a, (or whom
he might otheivvile ealily be taken.
fjood fpring water is extremely fcarcc at Ravenna;
and lecms to have been more lo in (he time of the Ho
mans \ for juvtiul ihui cumpUuis .
•'■■7,1
" l.v a Riv.Tnna vintner on, e l-rf--''
;' ■•;'> much f>r wine and water m,:;-',!! p3,-,| .
1 u: when I thnuL'nt the purrhas'd 1,,, , ,; '
" 1 he ra:cal tobb'd me olF with only wil^;"'"
After thus dcfcrihing the capita!, v.v fiu'] „,
fjme other places woriiiv ot notice. ""'
iinola, th,- antient Koriirn Cornclii, is a r,r ■
on an iH-ind formed bv the river Santcrno „ . '' ',''
the nirtli.wcll of K,'en/,.i. It has a wall "'''"■'
towers, with a iliong old caflle ; it is the I'd, I
bilhop, luliragan to the archbi(li,.p of Ravcnin"'"^? '
ta.u, liltvchuiclics, convents, and holpmls,''
I l-ani7.a, ;n i.atin Kavcntia, a town ih m. r
to Ihe lalf 1,1 l!,.l,.,.„. ;,. t 1 ... ., "'r'Oi.Trr
tiv?r Arr
to the ealt of liologna, is f.attd on the ti'v
loin v.liich a canal runs through the ritv •, , ■
Rioiit s 1 1
i ivardsialls into the river htlow it
ilone hi id
Over li,^. An
llone budge, with tow>-rs leading |„ a r.jburhT''"
lome tortiticatioiis, thougn, hko ihofe r,f ,1,^ ^1, ' '^■>
are ol no lonle.iucnc-. It i. a billio.,-, |-.,p •\' '■■•■
archbdhopol Ravaina, has a line maiV-.ni, " "''
;oodnels ot i,, „,.^.^;
lamous all o\er Italy fur ih
ware.
Seivi.i, a I'.nall new-built t:;'.v!i n-r -h- f-, I
handfonie luo, I (!.eet». It I'ormeriy Wn-,^. ^i^.^riT"' '
Ita.nnmde lariher fro-,, the fiiore ; hut W, °
h. therm the year 170,5,011 a::eouui 01 the ii.iu.h2''"'"
lie's of Ihe air. Its bi(h.>p is uifl'rag.v. to thca-ci-Vi^'"
ol Ravenna. Up the countrv is a Inv facUf ''^
about two Italian miles and m half in !",,".h f '^^""
lome parts neailv as broad, into which, c^ir,;];, luf" "^
mcr, ihel'ea-water is conveyed thiougha ^a-.v^tiA^J
canal. I he hrai of the fun prepares the Qa^^C-t
Ipacx'ji icfervoii t.,r nuking lalt, ol w.iuhtiic ■■ 1 '
chamb-.-.' have t!ic lupcrintendency, and |.|;,plv u','.!'^
vinccs ot Uihiiio, Kerrara, Con.i, 1! ,',
ina_-na.
£"■'1 inj i(o.
kiinini, a city on the river M..recc!;la. w'lich «■-,
foimerlv called .Arnninum, twenty mil.s to tiie |'a„.h.
e^lt ol Kavenna. It was once (ituatcj liv th; f^ ,.
appears Irom the remaining mole of the old harbour ,',-i
the city wails ; but now it is thirteen hundred J,
ilillJiit. the lea having thrown up alaigetr.id ufUnili'--
Ihas^lKcn improved lor idlage and gardmiim, anJ 1-
j har.j.iur is k. choaked up with land, as Icarce to aclm;t ol
Imall harks. Ravenna was aiuicntlv m a very floirift.
ling condition; but, among otiur' calamiiits, fufi't-'i
cxtienulv by an earthquake in the year 1^-1 -, buti-"
' Itill a bdh.pric fuli'ragan to Ravenna, and i, vumb''
lor many monuments of its aniient fplendor. ;\ ;,••■-
^ without the town towards Pcl'aro is a triiiinp'h.d' aiiT
on each front of which are tivo beautiful coluiiiii. a-i
two butlos. This was ended to the cm,) -or /vi.
gulhis. Here are alio the remains of an ain'-.hith'j':'
and fcveral antient inl'criptions. Anion- its'chun.li '
that of the 1 rancilcjns is the fined. In" ihelquarc ..'
lore thccouncil-houle is a beautiful fount.nin, on wn. i
^ iLinds a I'lnall bron/.c itatuc ot St. Paul. In ilu. niy
, alfo a large library, in a very elegant liruaan, for ;
I ule ol the public.
SECT. J\.
7'/r /).',•.';• c/'UlMliS-o.
//,5.'//,.I, ;.-'/, r.xur.l, Pinhc; fi,ft Hl/hry; r,/,;, „ /;,.
TIIK dutfhy of I'rhino is bounded on lIu- n-^nh in
the gulph of Vcn.ce; on the louth 1-v IVniiiiv.
and L nihria ; on the calf bv the inan|uiiate of Anei.n,i ;
land on the welt by Tulcany and Romagn.l i exieii.an ■
' about fifty, five mile, in length and fort)-hvc in kca.lta'.
It contains Iruit, great plenty ot game, as wc'l ,1. I'.i,
but the air i , not very wbolclonii-, nor ii the U ,', 1 '
markable for its fertility.
This dutchy had loimcilv its own dukes, of wh^T,
the lalt, Francis Maiia, of Rovete, dyin^ in I'.j,, t.c
papal tiialuiy look podcflion (d his icrrit,)fv, 'h.' fiiit
duke h,ivini< I'letore, by will, ■.onhim-il the p^pe'^ cLt'ir ,
ml
;\SCONA.
j,„,(l'ee'l.mde
.p,| places in ihi.
L'lhino. the ca
„,,u:uaiii between
„„U.st..'d.ehnU..
„.:,cicih'-J"'^^^ '
i=ihci^W^'''7"'
„, very well built
,vjro.u<; inadeue,
tiiic buildii'i;;
|'cl',iro, a fca-P'
Pl
[m- feiitihration
'.,;,».). 'li"-'f'-'
which, thou-h i-.s
,,mcni>-iit lor ih
:.ooat..iK-. Ii« »'
■jiiii'.""'-;--''''"' ■'
which ll'uu' W''"-'
In the great .n-u
tUtueii pu|ie L'll
c;tv contain' ni-"'y
aaJ the figs "f'li'^
Round I'etaro i.
dol'ures by rows
IV.i.i) Iinp-ii-
j.jii.Jm'Uibino,!
ji,,l„ adorned wr.
jf.iic uraiigcry.
Fano, a fea-poi
for laidl vclicli, i
cf Urtiiio, and
lemii'ic i.l r^'ituii''
nicniuraiicn of l"
j.,.;hil uii tl'^' i"''"'"
aflj.ciii the arm
which dip- 1"'''^''"
ciarrhes .ind ce.n\
ni.iiHe tiiuniph.-.l
"iiiius, which al
m: ull ll><: >"-'•"'
cinu'in, during t
nurlj' three gates
ccniiiig fri'm ^^^
rioni lut St. Mid
|,v a mean noule
c:i'v one open. I
r.::.aiilc painting
L.'i's lupper, am
':.:ii th? dilumi>ii
In tr.c 1 hap' I of
li.s of the uil'.iry
chiireh all'o d^le
jiiii painiings.
whit.- C.uraia m
i.iChidl deliveii
v.ith fcveral oihc
Tonln, has eiec
elc,-iiu theatre fu
is nMile ule ol i
Here aie alt.
SrpiiMi.o, et. [
iitlic Iceot abil
hi Sil:iauon, Pi
i'junt of ihe H
ithcr Kinils ej
the Ciuniiy, 1
Aiui'i'i tind 1
Ciij'i Haiilu.
TIIK mari)
and rait
diicliv of Urbi
ducliy of Spo
Abtuz/.o, ft urn
IS
■f ?.
Ancova. '
jiiioH'i.:! in:iJffovcr the cmiiitry (.i liiiii,
'"J li'-i'^^i's ill ih'i- 'liHhy ari.- tlic lollowina
cir
• U R
The prill-
Lihiio, tlic tai).t.il of tliL- country, U fc:.t^i on a
•11.1111 1'^-'^vccii ilic rivers Metro aiiJ I'uglia, tuxnty
""',',' (I, jiif I'liutii of Kiiniiii, jnJ i> .i h.iiidfunK' pl.icc,
"vlicri'thi'J"'^'-'-'' foimiilyrcfiJcJ ; ;iiiJ_, thougiiiiotLirgc,
|!'lhc rd'ulciKi; of a I-, . -• ,-
. „„v well built, aiia;;re.it <]u.iiititic, ot tiiic cartlifii-
' ' ' II 'i-i. I ..... ,.!■ :.
o r
IL-
31C
;.itc ami archbilhop. Tlif ho'.ll^.■
l ;;re.it <]u,in
.J,,. .„c ,nii\c larJ. Tii-- palact of it:. foniiLT duk'-'i ii a
.;;,£ huilJin;;! , r i. r <■ ■
I'tUr", a fea-port at tht: mouth of the l'o.:^..a, in a
I'llaiit louiitry, IS a haii^lfomc clean city, wImIi has
l",mc fonirirutions, aiiJ ii the fee of a biilijp fuffia-an to
' Viiw. Th'-'f'-' '^ bete » fountain (,f iiiiiicrjl water,
|,^li though itsjetd'eau is not i \traordinjry, is very
"iiu'iiii'iit "S)r the inhabitants, and is oniuin.ntej in a
,vj,iil talle. In its Ujiper b.ifoii, which is in the form ol
''jrini'ii''-;-s'''''» ''"^ Icvcral f..i--i)ildcn'<-'s and fca-horfcs,
■1'ii.li fpout water from abu;;t ihi;ty diiltrcnt apeitures.
Ja'thc great iiiaikei-placc is a h;;;iily fiiiiracd inarbic
l|'jtuet)f''pope Uiban V'lll. in a litting atliiu.lc. 'I'he
cin' coiitami manv li"'' churches, convLiits, and palace.^ ;
jiiJ ih'.- fi^s of ihij country arc reckoned the bdl in Italy.
RuuiiJ I'efaro i^ a line country, divided into lip:,ire iii-
tluiures by rows of trees, interwoven with lines.
)'(,.' yi> finp-riale is an airiiMit ple.ilure-bou.'e of the
JiA^'^ii' L'lbino, featedon a ijill abo.it a mile fron f'eiaro,
a„l li adorned with i'v.vx good i,.nn;iii^s by Clen^a, and
afnooran.^cry.
Fano, a lea-poit, pretty wrll foitir.d, vvi.h a haibo-.:r
•'or imiil veffeli, is feated about twenty miles to the call
fioiii a y.'i.'.-.vr;, or
33.-
fixt/
< xtcndin;; from c.A\ to weft about ei-Iity miles,
lioin nuiiii to loutli.
'I'he air is exiiemcly temperate, -.'.nd the foil fo fruit-
ful, tli.it it lias been Icrincrly ca!!:d the yardiii of Italy.
it produces a ^reat vaiiety of excellent trait, with ll.i.i
and bees wax.
This c;;imtry :,: watered by no lefs th.ui t-.velvc rivers ;
thcfe are ih' I'lumcfino, theAfpido, Mafoiie, I'otcntia,
r,.ifin(), Chniito, Tin^o, or Tenna, Leci- Vino, .-Xfuiie,
Toliiio, Kagnola, and IVonto.
This would be fiili .:n excellent fpot, and its inhaln-
t.tnts very rich, had they not the misfoitune to groan
under the tyranny of prieih'. On this account it is ;'.
dcUrt, if conip.ited to wf..'.t it was formerly j for I'liiiy
allures us. tli.it after a U1113 bloody war it fubmitted at
I.ut to the iioinan:, with upwards of four hundred thoa-
lai'l ii.h.ibitants.
I he ealtern p:i't of Italv is miirli mote pLafant and
fertile tlian moll p.:rt'i en tiie welt fide.
All alcn-; the cjall of Ancona, on the Adriatic lea.
fl.1r.J3 a r.;;ij;c of uiiers, at the dillance of iialf a iiiilc
.''rom each otDcr, defended by one or two pieces of can-
non, in order to hinder the landint; of pirates, or the
Col flits of li.iibarv.
in the lo.imy (liallnws iAo".-^ this fliorc, and efpeeijlly
nc.ir Monte Conieio, or Con.iio, ten miles lioin ihe ( uy
of Ancona, are found the b.illani, a loit of Ihelllifh,
which, wl'.eii ;'.!ne, harbour ma kin,! ol l.'.rue l'pori;.'y
llone, .md, being not unlike a ilate kernel, .'.re i.iUeJ
feadater. I'requentlv twentyor thirty of lliefe aic UmnJ
in one ilone. M.my of ll;efe llones have little oiiliee:, cp,
0! Urbiiio, and derives its name lioni a y.i.'.-.vr;, or their furtace ; but others have none at all, notwitb.llar.d-
tcmplc of I'ortune, which amiently (l.'od here. In com- iiij; v-hich ih' .*i(h live and grow up in them. At /Xn-
mcmer.uii-^n of thi , the ima^e of I'oitunc is not only cona thiy arc hrger than at Conaro ; but the lii;;(t do
trcit'id on the fount,iin in tlie market-place, but has alio , not mucli i.\cecd a linger in luigtli. When (h-.y I'.fh
j..;a,ciii the arms of the city. This is .1 biibop's fee, ' for ballani, \\\'f -'. h , .> Inch llunes ::. I::ive tluir li;rfji.^j
wiliciiiltp.nds immediately on the pope, and h.is loily-tuur , t'.ill of Intle hole,,, thele beint; a ceri.iin li^'ii ih.it ti'.e
ciiarihes.inJ convents. The ;;rt.i'.e(l curiofiiy here i-- a lidili.ive iniinuated thrmfelves inloiiiem : but lometiines
ni.iiHe tiiiimph.'.l arch i;i honour of the c,ii|)Lror Au- the upeiture thiou-li wIikIi the fp.iwii, or fm.ill fry tt
"iiliusi which after having wilhllood the injuries of the lilh, h.ne penetrated into the Ilone, happens to be
f.m-iiil the year L^-jH, vt-as tlu-n much d.>m.;gc.l by th-e aitetwaids Itoj-ped up fo as not to be difetrnihh,, and
Ci;:ii"ii, duriii" the liege of Kano. This arch had lor- )et they thrive very well. They have no mo:e , im
nr.rlv three gates i but the fnulleit on the lelt Hand, in than is juft necellary to open their Hull a little \\ ly,
cinini; from the town, has been pulled down to make • this haviiiLt been gradu.illy abraded by their n'otion, 11
I iom iur St. Miehjel's church, and the other is Hopped order to ni.ike roo.n for their growth. The only wai of
l',' a mean noufe i I'o :; at the middle gate is now the , getting them out, is by bie.ikin^ the Ilone; for thi;
iii'v one open. In the c.thedi.il of Fano are fume ad- ' paiiage thiough which tliey cr.tercd is much loo fm.ill
n:i.aiilc piuntiii!;'-, leprefeiitiniz the aiinun. iation, the, even lor the young fry to come out at. If two or more-
Le.'J's lupper, and tf.e gatheiing of manna, ''y (j^iercim ; '; ol tiiife null-hlli li.ipp.n by their ijrowlh to come intu
iiiid ttif dilumplion ot the\'ir^in M.uy, by Car.iccioli. ; contact with eaeh othir in the lame Ilone, only one liili
In tnchapil of the Vir.Mi .Marv are tlie hftccn nr.ft -'■,., , •,-, ■■ . .1 ., ,. ■
.Mary are tlie hftccn nr. He
ri.softhe lofiry, painted by Djiiienichino. St. I'etet's
cliuieh alio deleives noli e for its cupoU, fculpture,
anil paintings. On tlu high aliar arc tw) angels ol
white C.iir.iia maible, by an emin'-nt hand; the p:;lurc
1.1 Ciull delimm/ II. e keys to I'et-.r, by (juido Rheni ;
with kvcral other pii.es. A noiileman, by the name ol
Torilii, has eiccied 1:1 the inarkc'.-place at Kanoaveiy
depiuthe.itre lor exhibiting c< inedies and ojiera. , which
is n'.i.le ufe of in carnival nine.
lb found to be .ilive. 'l"hc inlide ol the Ihell is while, hut;
i the outlide of an afli colour When t.ik. n out of the
! Ilone a gut rcfembling awoim about the len;lh of ;i
'.man's linger, liangs to them. This is eiitnelv white,
and full of cl.ar water, which it finnris out wluu
pleafe.l. Such .'.■! find a paitn ular delicacy in the t.ilio
'. of thcfe fidi, fay, that they do not fcid on ihe proll.r
i parts of the lea- water, but as it were on the fiiluiledew
I which pen-etrates through the Hone, and ihiis undcr^'ocs
I a kin I of liliratioii. It is veiy lemaikatle, ih.it b. tli
Here lie iilfo Smigigla, I'olTnmbronc, Horgo St. 1 the fifli and the juices got fiom them aic fo luminous in
Sfpiibli.o, 1-t. Leo, Cagli, .!!;d (lubio, e.ich ot whuh , ' ' ' '
is the lee ot a bi(hop, with foine oincr Iniall places.
the dark, that one mi.'ht reid by thim; .md even thi:
I water into which this fifii has been lipiet/.ed, whin put
I in a glals, emits an cll'ulgence that lails between ten and
I twelve houi';. Great quantities < f thcfe liih are lent ti>
I Rome, where they .ire reckoned dainties.
] At Ancona is alio a kind of kw craw-fini, calKJ
I nocchia, that have fomc refcmblaiie-e to our lobllcrs,
but have a more delicate ll.ivoui. Their claws i-re Ids
In Silii.ili^n, Pihlncf, unit Rix'cn ; tlilh a itmrnkaMc J^- ' than thole of aiiaw-lilli, and the head and tail a e ol a
ijuut of the lltilliini, a ShJl /ij/i Irnhjul in Sijui-s, ibitl' very uneommon flmiie. The largcd or tliile fpccies i-i
ctLr K'lnik of Hen Jijh in the //Jiiiitii. : ti loniif,- lii/hry oj abrmt tour inches in length.
the Counny^witl) apttrticuliir Dijaiptim of thf Cities of \ Among other remarkable fea animals in the ha^bnur
'uJiii^ an auwiiti Awjunt of the oi \nQo\\.\ \i a fi(h called the lepi, wh ch i
s t: c r. .\.
Ti'C /Uitiinlfile if Ancona.
Aih:na tin J LsrettOy
Ciijii Santa.
lob.ibly a
wlutith lliell
I fpccies of the cuttle- lilh, and has a loni;
I on it< head.
Till'' marquifate of .\ncona is bounded on the north ' In the neighbourhood of Ancona arc dug out of the
and call by the .Adriatic fea j on the well by the gronii I amber, lulpbur, and Icvcral mineral relins. The
iluehv of Urbino; on the foulh by L'mbtia, or the fea near Ancona is oblervcd to ebb and llow about a fi>ot,
duchy of Spolettoj and on the call by the Farther tir a loot and a half ; but this tide gr.idually abiiics as the
Abruz/.o, fiom which it is ftparatcd by thw river TroiUo; Adriatic fea approaches to it.-; juncli'm with the Mediter-
75 5 I) raneaii.
1
\\
I
1
y
1
1
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J
"'it
.1
I' I i : '
1 . 1
H ^ air t r
iff
III
H
ill
■ f \ ; ,t .
if
i
. : <i
'l/nd/t'l
s .
382
A S V S T !• M O F G £•. O G R A P H \
rsntan, aiil iiicrrafc:. i.'i its :uiiiiitiii ji.Tt low. iJs the
city i)t Vciii. r.
riic iiili.ilntjiits "f Ancoiii, i-|'|r-(.i Illy the (citkiIi- I\\,
(o f.ir ixiil thdll- of ihi- i.ii.er [7.llt^ ut It.ily iii Ih.ijit.' .iiij
coiiijilixion, tli.it Ihcy li-tiii to he .1 liitfjrriu r.ici' el pcn-
I'lc. I'lu- lame iii.iy bt oblirvtJ ut t!iJ iiiliabitaiils iis
tar as Riniiiii.
W'itii rclji •■•> tn the hitl.irv of this cmintrv, it will hi:
fuffi iiiit to obfi-ivr, that civiT tlie i ity ot AiKniia .ind
it:, liilhi-t, i'iiii-iii!vialU\l I'l.i-jiuiii, was fornuriv pl-ico.l
u gi.viTiioi, who liaj thi- title ot m.irsttavi-, wlu'iicc is
ilfrivtd the .>(s[H'Mat;(i|i ol tht; ii'.:ichc or iii,iii)iiiiali.' of
Ancoui; hi I .iln.-rvv.ir.i> rtinvfrin^ its freedom, it con-
tinned iiulcpiii'Iciit lill the year 1532, at whieh linic
Lewis tii)n/i!M, gncral of pip.' (..lenient V'll. leii-
dcrrd it rit<ie,-t to the pope. L'lider ihf plaulibie pre-
t 'n;c of iIi'L lilting it .ii'iiiilt the meur lions ol the Tuik'.
an. I h.iiilitti, 'h> hidiop of Caria and the above I^ewis
lie l!oii/,.i;; I pievaile I oil the inhabitants to permit ttieni
to build a eitadel. As liion as trim was done, (lonzaga
having driA'n out all the yoiiPji men of the city, under
the pre'.tiiee of rxeicilin:: tncm in arms, the prrlidious
bifliop f,i!!icd out of the citadel with his ijarrifoii, c.iule.l
ti.e i;,ates to be (liit, iVi/.ed tin- inai;iltrate~, and obli;;ed
f:iem, with tfi- i.-IJ of the inh.sbitanis, tj talieanoatii
ct obfdieiiee :Mid fiibieclieii to the pope.
.\ii..oii.i. tiie capital of th-countrv, is fitiiatcd in the
('ort\ -third deuTer twenty niimitcs iv.rih l.iiiiud-, and m
the lift' tilth lie^rcc calt loniMtmle ; ..nd ll.:ii.ls on the lea
between two hiil-, on one ot whiih ithc eit.id.l, and
on the other the cathtdr.d. It cnnot be termed liiwill,
inj I'.jme parts arc not unhandfona'; but it is far fioni
biin.' (o pojiulous and wealthy as it niijht be, Iroin the
'"o:.x. nieiiev of its litiution an I the I'.oodne s ol it.
hati'oiir Tnii harbour was coHfiJeiablv ini|no"ed by
the eiriperot Tiajaii, and in 1 o'limeniora'.i'm thereot a
triiin ptijl iirch ot tine veined niaible was eic.;'ed to hini
on th'- ttitde wiiieh (till makes a he.iiit:liil apiie.:ran e,
it nivi'i.' eiLir.t tinted col iitins, wlikh are Itill tli'ne
and vcr. tl -.'.int. I'he extremity of this ii:o!e r. f. rti-
t^fd an I pl.int'tl witli ten or twelve picees ot cannon.
Villi li eonii ■hut': to I'erure the haroour. Uver one ot
i\\ .-.It's III 1,1'- riiv is J Latin iiM:ripti<in to this pur-
P'ii " I'.iir 1' oK.,v, whieh built tliii ci!v, delights to
" iil'.oi ; .r- vvi;h I'eaieon thii hippy fpot.''
'I Iv ctiiedi.ii Is in-rii(!ed with marble, and from its
fitiia;;i:n ait'ords a ueii;'.htful pro'pect ol t!r: town .'.r.\\
nlon.; ih ■ !■ i.ro..ll In tlie portieo before it .'.re two
f :!'.jilc iMe pill., s rtfliiu' on two marble lions. 'I'he
chi.:elws, convents, and nopit.il-, are forty-five in num-
bei, and the bilhop d> [unds ipinnediately on the p. pe.
'i'l.e e.sehanj;e witnin me city is a larj;c clei>ant buiUl-
ini;, and perl ins of all re!i^io!;s mjoy liberty of ton-
I'cietie ■,t''.oii.'h the I'lotellant^ .'le nut allowed any p!.ice
ot pii.'.ie woilhip ; the trade, Imwever, is but ineonli-
Cci..! .e, an,! lor the greater part kept up by the J.vvs,
wlio anioirit to about liie thonl'md, and live tOj^ether
m a pirtKu!;'.: nuarter, whire tliev have al'vnagogiie,
but aie diltin.-.:inied frnm the Chnllians by a hit ol red
clot;i ill thi-ir nits. The lar^'e la/.iretto for performing
qjarantiiie Ifan.ls partly on the tliore and partly on
the ii.a.
Lintt'i is a CmaH town very pl"al'intlv fitu.itcd on a
hJl, about liliecn miles to the louth of .'\ncon3. It is
txvo thoufand pices Ironi the lea, and with the moll de
li^:.tlul piolpe>-t on all fijes , <■, lurioiin led with deep
liio.its and lm.ill toiveis, wtiieli, however, would prove
but a iKnder delcnce in rale of an altai k. The Santa
Cal'a, or Holy-hiMle, whieh has rendered this place fo
famous throii.'hoiit all the catholic pirt ot ChiiHe.ulom,
is fjid to be the very l.ini': in which the Vir^ni Mary
livi.l wi'h J ifephat Narareth. According'; to the hilfoiy
of the advc Mtures of tiiis buildini;, it is ptetendeil ih.il
in .May i?()i it was traiifpoited by an tels through the
air tioni (i.ililec to Terfato, in Dalniatia, and tiiiee years
aiiil in I. .If alter into Italy ; where, on the tenth of [)c-
rem'* r, I .»tj4, about midnight, it was tiill piand in a
wo J I helon^ini to Rceaniti, a thoiil.ind pices diltant
fi I'll the ['{..I Kuht mouths afier it was .ig.iin removed
a t'l-u'jnd pices nearer to Kcluiuii i and at lalf, a, it
pre
r.-.
1>
were wiiii more mitiire (leliberali;in, de'iofitcd in •
fent plaei . Nothin;'; can be ir.ou .iiii.iziu,, t|,j,| ^j'' ''''
lilt (MVi n to lueh .in ahlurd . nd iidieuh.us tab! '''1'
wliieli all popilh counttie;, li ive been voluntarilv ,|'
t'lmak.' bunheiilomc cnntii'.nitii lis, it b.ini; nutu '" '
th.u with rclpecl to the leci ived chionoloi.y „f'",|l '
niirariiluis tiaiif.iiigration, the lacfed tioufe hill- '
pla.ed in It.ily, .ind its l.iiiic niiieh telebrated even 1^'"
belore Ionic popifli writers, as .St. Vincent anj mi""''
loii.rht tor it in Nazareth, and iiiaim..ined that 1 1 ,' '
it tiiero. '^ '-'»
The lacred honfe itfelf Is built of bricks ofun.
fi/,e. Tlie leni;th within is thiity-one feet nim- i. 1 *
the breadih thirteen feet and near tliree inches ^It.'
he;i.>ht eighteen feet nine inches at the (idts ■ l-i • '°
center of the roof is five palm- higher than tiu. ([j^-" "'
On l.ie tip of the Cafa Santa is a little tower vii,.|
the Roin.in Catholic.^ cannot deny to have been ;h ■ '
of Chiilli ins ; lince it is contrary to all probah.i;. ,''
imijinc, that the Vir.'in .Mary had fuch a tower t:i ",'
upon her me. in habitation. In v iolent fcnipr-ifs ,,| ,",]'
der and lightning they ring two lif.le bells w\ii.h ."
hung in this to*er, not doeht'n^ b.it that thm 1, '^]
will dilpeile any tenipcll, and ;-reveiit aii" dl I'V-Z
from it. " '"
I )ne part of the Cai.i Santa nin.v be conluli lel .u ,1
n.ilvot Holies, |[ l.iing fepara'ed from the oihtr c-i-
by a filver b.d.ilh ade, and a gate ot th: fanie metal |'
tl.-- I.iiger pan .tie tiiirty-leven |-lvcr l.imp.s, fonie iveiii,'
ing lilty, otlieis eighty, others a hiind.cl and Ijur ' i
t'oui of ihein weigh a hundred iiiJ t.yenty-eight -lour "
c.uh. 'I'his part IS aifo fepu.'-.it'.d t'ror.i the oih;?!;';^^
.i!;,ir, w licii Iviiig wiihi ut a back, alf'oids a vic-,v c'-
the ci-lib.at'-d im.i-;e. (n tlii.s lar-g.-r part is th-.- iT"'-'i
curi'ii'i'.y, that i^, the winJ.uv by which the ani_";| (J^^
biiil niti-re-l at the Annuii! i..ii--ri ; over whieh is i -.: .
turc ol the t.'-iieihxi ill, pr ■'ended to be broii'»ht i v'''i-«
ap.dUs iniij this houle, ."-.d to have bien duiiw b,- St"
I. .ike. 'J'hi- fira'l r (-.ot :.■-. the wall plated over -.i 'a'
lilver, and contaii., the hearth where the blilled V:: -,
ulid to drels bef viciuals, ,in.l over it {lands her i.-,.,°
which is live feit high, and is faul to be made of ceJ.t
by the li..nil ol St. Luke ; the iiiiaot on her ri:;!it .n jj
alio of (cilar ; it is not quite two palms i.ihei-iit; .:i-.,; |
her left hand ftie has a globe I he f.'crs of both iir ■ • i
li.ne been over-laid with a kind of liUer lacker, wh.-'i
In now become ijuite black witli the continual la;es-,,t
the lamp-j fo that the Vngin M ny wants or.-i i„ ^j
lips to make her a perfect .Negro. The 'nil.iiit j..--,, „
drelied in a flanie-co!oiired habit, and the Vir.;iii .M.i:-/
in an a/ure robe ; wuh which ftie is fo inodcHlv riivci J
th.lt no nait of the llatue is to be teen, but :',Waccj;iJ
toes, '["he mantle hanging. !o«n lui Ihoul.lers isofthj
fame colour, pow.lered with gold.-ii liars : her hair lu.i-i
on her (boulders and pait or hi.r back. On her iici i iJi
tuple crown ol gold, enriched with p.eails and diaiiioivl!,
and another is on that of the child Jel'us-, both i!;e ^if;
ot Lewis Xill. king ot Kiancc, and val.ied at feiia:..
live thouland crowns 'I'hc gold chains, rin"S, ai.,1
jewels, with which the image of the V'iri^in is biadtJ
arc fteijuently chinged, an. I her apparel lo lu.-t aiwns
the lanie i lor on the feveii d.iys o! I'aflion-weic (he ij
drelle,! in deep niourniny, an! h:.s daily a fielh lu't, I'hc
ir.clie ni which he ima:;e it.'.ndj, is ad.^rned wit.! f-.'.entv-
one iari>e Hoheniian topa-/.'-s. On the right tide o! liic
image is an angel of t.ilt go'd, prol'ufely eniiehej »i;i
di.irnonds and other gems, with liiie knee inclined, oi.
fetinir a golden heart embellillie-l with l.;r-e dia.iiniii!,
and termin iting in .1 flann ot mbies and pearli. Ih.i.
pir.-c is fai'l to hive 1 olt .'il'iy th'jufand dueats, an,! \v.n'
offered bv .Mnia H.-atr-x Kleanora, i|U!:eii to Janus II..'
<if I nglaiid, tliat by the iiite.c ilion of the V'lrjm, (he;i-:i
mi-'ht conceive a ton j and it is l.-id, that foon .iftcrPi,- ' ■
hiid tne loll who his miide lueh nolle under thr: name'''
ol llie I'leicndcr to the ii.itilii i own. On the left liJc'"
of the Vi.'inis alilvct aiigi-l, in the fame poiture it re-
vert lire, ortriin:: her a g.dlen tieart cr.iwned, and i-lit-
teiing with pcail., emei:ild«, an I diamo.ids, likcwife tfr-
miiKititi", in aflame: this w.is prefuited by the nu tlifr
of tht Utile ptiiucli. (.)ii the li^ht hand of li.e Wt^ux
t,
,,..•(1 wiiri tne 1.1
AscNA. 1'^ u '< " I' r,. ,^r^
filvcr aii!:«lj weighing tlirec Immlrcil niiJ filty-onc i The l,ir.;f cliurcli in w'liich tlie rr\lt' rf the lli!v
' I iili'nii" un a cuiliiu;i cil tlic f.irnc iiic-tiil ai\ in- ' lioiilc (I iihI.i, a;i it wen.' iiniiira tint, is limit i'! Illiiiii
' . • (il ni.illv r'lidt wi'ijMiiiip: tvvtiuy lour puimds. I'h;:. ' (tdix- ; but ill'.' Iri'm is ciiiiicly dl nurl.li. liin-ly cinln.1-
. ' ntc''"'>'' ^'V '''^^'V') Xlll. kiiif; ot I'r.iiuc, I'.ir the I liflicil with rciilpuirc, anJ ovct tho purul ii u ll.itui.- (.1
I 'ih of th. il.iiJtilii"i .ilivi w.ii'ils i-owis XiV. Seven I ii.c ll'ily Viium l,v l-i<ml),iroi. Tin; tlircc jjite'j on
^', ■ I „nns- .ire conttiiii liiv liumiii;.', bet'ore the imJ/c ( this tldv (il the liiiiicli :i'i' ul' lirafs, with licaiitilul
■^ . I wiiKh, pifl'iii'-'l Liy ''"^ rLjiimlir of Venice, wci j.hs h.ill'i reliems ri-i.nreniing 'iih'ennt liillDric. ol u.c Oil
"^ tiv-C^vcii p'^ni'ls ""J '' '■•'•''• l-MiJer this h.nigs an- IcHj^nrnt hy l-onibauli. Here are alvnit twenty alfirs
'.:/, ,;.'ilv ii't with lew;!.-. 'ihe linii) tli.u It.nui^ iii.l thapi'l,. in wlii(hull the tclehr^teJ arlills u-ive I'lie-
tniriy-i-"" I' .
rii'.ilv let with jew-;!.-. I oe linii) tli.u
rain'i lire, which is hiM hy thiee .'.n^irK,
IS irii': |).iuiih. ; anil aiiothei, whiih I'r^nci-. II.
JuVcol MU''^"-"' <'f'"'"'l to'ne Vii;;iii, iveif;hi eighteen
,.iv'> ami a hji". On hoih liJej ot the iiicne are eu|)
K jb nil'' ^"''•" "^'-' ''"''•■■"t oriUim 1 s of this llatue ;
I a little wi'.iJow in ;ii'. wi.ii an: (oinc earthen-
1.S fa.'! to be iileJ hy tiie Holy Family. Some ol
' ulli'ls have hiice be'.ii cii.iej with uolil.
I,., {.h:' whicli ihii laniiui-, image haii on when it wiit
^^^[ Ir.nn D.ilinati.i into U.ilv, is ot red eainblct, and
v'l.'iiia •.:lali Ihiiii''. I he il.fh out of wh\.h it i.-. pre-
iio-il 'n'. Vii'.'in anJ her liivine hiMiit nfeJ to eat, i.s
elin-'f
iir\! I'!
»'
po:
K).
an.:
lllfiS '
Th
Iri'ii;
.til like adiail.i'.v bowl, anJ of earlhen-warc ; but its
, .|ii,. isno'A' plated over with lilver. This luenlil is not
ly liilicJ, but rof.iries, nie.l.ils, J^nus Dti'i, fiu nixes,
,r„i|wn.i I'lps |""ii'-^'' Willi the linage of the M.ul'iiin.i
'^,|V[l() arc lubbeil a^aiiiU it, Ironi a tirni perlii.ihon |
,iij( l!)ty thus beeoine Mi inl i lible reinedy ai.'.aiiilt the
ac'li, ar.J other di((;iiler>. An ague is laij lo hive
I'.iilly eiiieJ only by linnking a little cnld w.itrr
licii.-
ten ;"•
, diih: even tiie oil and wax cii the I .inps aiil
iii.l thapeli. in whii b all the tclebrateJ artills gave Ipe-
ciiiiens of their Ikill. The great cupola is Uippoited by
ci'^ht large pilallers, and on the inlide is the alliiinpticii
.nil '.ilorilicali'.m of tnc V'irgiii M.ny, by Chriltiipli'..r
Kom'.dli.
The font, wh'ch (land..'! in a lip.iraie ch.ipcl, \<i of
broiv/.e, embeilidied with Le.iiniful hallu relievos, and
the b.ilon is liipported by iotir angels, over winch is
painted our S: v.oin's hapiilni.
I'oiincrly tlu ualls of the church of Lor-'to were
nveicd with niiil.iiudes of pi.fi'jre'; and votive piires,
fonie id' wood, others of wax or brai's ; but bebJtj the
coarienels of 'he p'.'rlor.n.iiKe and nKannel's ot many of
thini, tluy very much daikenid the chinch, and tiicic-
fore. 111 i6-!, the greaulf pait of t'l m were, uni m it
and tjic lil\.r and gold tablets cnp'oyjd f.) '..cur
ufe.s.
iNc.ir t'.'.i: C.if.i S:;ni:i in thi'i ch;irrl; 1. ihc pi.Tere < f .i
pricit of^eiins his entrails to the \'iri;in ^<arv, and u:i !tr
It is .iiivili ndiiiiloi', in!', riptioii to ih.i' foiio'.vi:." pui jmiIl :
th.it tlii.s pii.lt, v.ho W..S a D.iinia;i.ii., ai;d Lve.l i.i ihi;
beginning ol liit i.xieeiuh cciuiiiy, bting ,akcn pr.foi.cr
out ol nil
fi;i<!'i; binning belore tie image aie not without their by the Tuiks, and Ifronnly lolii.ited t jai^Mire thcChril-
ini'i'.i.r.ai ■•itiu.'s. tian relig'on, lo inccnfed ihein by hi3 cun:imi.ill) call-
in;^ upon Clirill and the \'ir,iii, and proniniiig a ,;.!-
'jiima'^e to l.oretto, that thev at l.dl lipped ojirn iiii
Iv.jt.viilill'inding the nie.m 3p(>ea'. .nice of the wails
K ;Sii', ill" »"'ii-'*-' t't lile Cal'a Sar.ta is molt elegantly
aJ, .ii'.'d wii:i tile l.iult inatble ; but i^ lo cinurivcd, th.it \ bnalt, and pulling his he.irt ..n.l enlr.uls into his hand-,
(H- ..-j'l'.It !l u_lnie fervcs "Illy as a caie hir it, leavin.; a ' laicallicallv bid him go and ptrlorm h.. proniil'e i on
w.Mcli he ft out for l.oretto, where having fliewed bis
empty brtall, .iiul oflcred his heart aiil eiitrails tn the
iina:!e of the Viii;in, lie related -lie whole .itr.ur, and
having riceived the faerinr. nt died in an e\t;cy ol joy.
rile nuinher ot pil.'tin:-. who annuallv viliied this
Illy as a caie lor it, leavin.; a
.puHnui.al he.wi.en it and liie bucl; walls of thcCala
S,,ilti. i his is pailly to '.le .lUiibutrd (o the veiiera-
,(.in cnterl.iili'.d tor mole lacred materials, and paiily
iri.a an a; piehenlion iliii lluv would not have luli^ered
ii;w ..lid u.ihallowed marble to be in contaill with
f
'"' •
fr the livts ol the workmen. Tiiii, it is pre-
11. licit h'lnierly 'lappencd to loiiie builders, who, Iroin
.'iiiiJilcmt /.eal. Here going to llieiiglliui tliele lacred
».ili> bv loinc new a.iJitions.
i'lic OLiibie cale was begun in the year I 514, and con-
fccriicJ 111 I 5 jS by I'anI 111. The expeiuc ol ii a; that
linii, Adiii lihour was cheap, ."iiHiuiited to twentv-two rally travil to l.or. tio in u carnage ; an I as largr coni-
inojiiii diicalj, exclufiveot tA^iily marble lla'iies, and ! p.inies olieii travel loociher, many dioll inii.linls h.ippen
|„iii lifafs doois ol curious workni.inlbip, tli.n nui'.t have ion the road. As Icion as they enter the luburbs they
coiiaii I iiim-nle fum, ( )ne of thele is, hoA'ever, a talfc fet up a lingin ■, which coniim;:s til! they reach the
duor, there being but thiee entrances cut throiigli the 'c'n'it'.ii. If the luiiiniiiy be too lav^e, the ccrcin";iv of
will. The molt celehi.. ted fculptors of that aijc feemel 1 goiiiu loiind the lala Santa on their knei s i, oniiUed,
tih.ne emulated each other In this noble Itruetiiie. It | and they are o'.liged lo e\prel's their cevoiion in limie o-
n , bill would Inwe ri.pilkd it with fiicli violence as 1 place loriiierly, miiouiiled lo two luindud thnul'and, but
the Reloiination has given a fcvere blow to indulgences,
and the /.e..l for tirclome |jilgr;niages is gieatly cooled ;
lo that at preleiit the nunih.r of pilgunis who ai'.mi.illy
lepair thither, lel.lom exceeds forty or buy thonland.
S'liiie come on loot, and others ri.le on liorfes or all'es.
The fcni.ile pilgriar;, who can atford the cxpence, genc-
l.or. tio in a carria!>e ; an 1 as lari'
I, about hity leet in len.i'th, tliiilv broa.l, and about the
Umc h. ;.it J and tbe two Ioniser lidcs are adorned wirn
tw.Ivc Cuiniihian columns, while the two other I'lJcs
tjiL'tiiiht. The inteivals lietween the columns arcfi'd-
tJwithliifl'o relievo.' i.nely i xeciited, repulentin_' the
nini ri'iiuikuble if'-. : icnts in the life ol the hUliedVir-
^.11, '1 here aic -,lo ten llatues of the Prophets, anJ a-
tovcthr;,! ;l,c ten Sib Is. Among tl*- i'lophcts on the
thcr manner. I he |ioorcr loit of p l^riins an- tcceive.l
into an holpital, where the; are pnnided witli beds, aivl
have bread jnd wine evciy nioining and eveni.ig for
: three tiays.
i l.oretto is generally without a gariifon, fo that it fcenis
j fofiiewhat (Irin^e the Turks have nt mad- '.;reater et-
I forts lot giitiiig into llieir h.in U tiie pieciuus bu.ny kept
I there, ih.ni they have liitiierio done. The Rouaii ca-
l.iiilh liJ.-, I.Vivid, "^ :h the head of (luliali at his f>et, 'thohcs indce 1 alfirni, that 111 all tne ..tle.npts which th.;
i>';rcjtly admired b.'au connoilfenrs : and on the nortii- 1 Tuiks h.iye hitlieiio made agaiiilt l.oretto, they have ei-
Ijt, ilia i'tiiiip' ., , .sfentiiig the elpoul.ils of the Virgin thcr been repelled by loine cxtraotdin.iry miracic, oriiiif-
.^'.J|^•, a boy plajing with a dog, whilil his mother, witii t.i tried by a (upcinatiir.il pjiiic. Hut all tlnfe pretend.td
ailiilj in lur arm':, looks athini with a couiiti nance lull miiacles have not produ.ed Inch co..h.!ence m the inha-
i)t nuttriial lendcrncCs and coniidaccncy, cannot he view- hil.ints as to put ilic allair upon fucli an ilVue ; tl;e tie.i-
li \i.,ihc)iit plealurc. lure being upon th- lealt ippearance ol daiigei (cm .iway
1:.' tic.d'aiy infinitely furpall's the Iloly-houfe in .to Ar.con.i, or fume other place id lecurity. lint tin:
l.i'.-.is. ll IS a fpacious hall wainl'cuttcd, and iheaiched ii.ifun why tlr.- Turks make no torin tl iittrmpt upon
roif is dividi.l by gilt comparriunt i, beautilied with ex- this place may piobably be owing to the Ihallownel's of
■ the Ailiiatic, v»'huii in th''le pans has not a liiflicient
ilcpih ol water tor larce fhips to appioa' h the ni.jtc ;
I be'.dei, a Tuiiiidi gariifon is no (ooncr known to be at
ie.i, thin a llroiig ijariilon is iiiimcdiatelv fent hi-
I thet.
i In goint^ out o( the church on the right band, is a
flame of Sixtiis V. (eatcd on a pedell.il decorated on
i cu'iy lidc With bi'Ho relievo* all of broir/'. In the g.icat
area
ct.lciu piituies. They wire fnrmeily gl.id lo keep 4
iiumhcr of woiks in filvcr in Urge prefl'es of folding doors,
bill that ineial is novV laid up ii iie.ips in priv.ite places,
aaJ|Hrl .ips for private iile.i -, an 1 they are now filled wiih
li'/dung l-iit pure gold, an ania/ing quantity of the
litjcll and ticliill jewels, and (\n h velleb and oriia-
niiiits as ait fupp'iltd lucxiccd tiie value 01 gold and
PI
¥»■
T
1
p
r
If
.11
1
■ H
n.
3S'4
A S Y S T E M OF G F. O G R A IMI Y.
I
•^"L'Cl.lo.
V^^
IT' 1 b.fore the cluirch is a hcaiitifiil mniMi.- fountain,
in^iU- .;t ihf t;xpcMci; of I'aiil V. to whom the city (Uvls
t(v.- liii'' water it receives l.v incaiis ot ;im .iqncdiat tiom
;i i..'i^hb()ii:iii; liili. In ilic palace wl-.icli it.iiuls in this
aie.i, 'Ji-' v!fr.;y, tho ofUcers i)t' tlic Huly honk', aiiJ the
govcriinr of the tin.n, hive apirliiunrs lielulrs thole
npnoiiUiii lor perfons of ililtiiitltioii who conu- luiliir up-
on pilgiiir..i'^e>. Here aie alio tl.f wine vaults hcliiii!tiii..>
to tile lloly-liuiifc, whiell ateoiic hiiiidreil aiul til'ty-cii^ht
».'r;!Miv:li paces in len;.'lh ; anil \v. tli'fe vaults are jjeiie-
r.iliy kejt one hiiiidrcii am! tortv lari'e calks of wine.
Over t:i" wine cllar are the kitehni, offices, and dif-
pen'..n ,'. In t'lo latter arc three lunuhed and lixty-eight
gallijot;, n..>li of thcni very large and with coiei.,
wliiih aiCcMienuly valued on neco'int id the paintlni's
on them, f. id to be the woik of the !;reat R.iphacI The
lul'icil i.fihec paintin^^ is a meilley of (lories taken
friMii the scriptures, the Roman hillory, and Ovid's Me-
taniorphofes.
The arf. nal is in one oi' the upper floties ; it is pretty
Will fnrn;lhed, and one clolit is full of prohibited wea-
pon'. w,i;ch h ive bien idlered to the X'irjin.
I he ii.idc earned on by the inli.ihitants of I.orettn,
belides wi at ll.cy get b\ eiUertainin;^ (lraiii;ers, confilts
in makiii ', and iVIf n:j medal?, crucilixe.-, images ol the
\ ir!;m Maiv, rol'.nies, painted paper cap.., iibbon-,
iV:c. wlilcli are beujiht bv tlif credulous l'.ipills as aiiiu-
kt-i.
'I'lie vail concouvfe of foreiL;ners occafion:. a ;.;re3tcon-
f,Mni)t;on of provilions in this citv, and tli? mn-kccpers
are lo; I iipoiln,- .is much as they can upon lirjn^iris ; but
the entertainment is ;;cnerally very good, and the inhabi-
tants behave with great civility. It Is ohferve.l, that the
lower dais of people are mueh more icafon I'le in their
demands from thofe tr.iveilets w!io return :ioin Rome,
than fr.ini uich as tr.ivil to that city ; lor thev conclude
that til.' latter arc llrangers to the cudoms of the road,
and think it ailuwable to take all advantages of the un-
c.vperieiiced.
The country about I.oretto, as well as the town itfclf,
f'.varma with bcL'iiirs ; with whom it is cultomarv in
Ij-ring to fl:cw Howcrs in the road, when UraUi^ers ap-
proach, who cannot fee fuch an honour paid them, with-
out giving a fmail gratuity in return for it.
'I'neie arc feveral otlitr towns in the inaniiiifjte pf
Ancoiia ; but as thcv contain nothing verv cxtraordi-
narv, we Ihall omit giving an account of them.
s r. t: r. M.
0/' /•'.• PliRfCIN.i, Okv il: r.iN 1, </«/ SpoLETTO.
'/',•.")■ Silu/iti-.K, r'.\t.-;t, and ^!:>u:t::! Cities,
Till-. iVnigino, or teiritjiy of Perufia, i.briinucd
on the well by TulVarn' ; on the north bv the
duchy of IMino ; on the calt by Spoletto j and m\ the
fouth h\ I >r\ ietano i extending about twenty-eigh'.
.Tiilcs f.om iijith to Ibutb, and about thirty Irom call to
wefK
The Tiber, which runs acrif. tli.- roiintry fiorji the
I'.orth-W'.l! towariis the louth, is the ptiiicipal river ; bc-
fidcs which there arefeveral Inialler. I'hiiterritorvcontains
a pretty l...gi: lake, ancicr.tiv called Thralinvne, but
at prefent the lake o( I'erugia. in wiiieli arc three iflands.
ISetween thij lake and a high mountain near Cortona, in
the donunioii) of I'lorence, ii a long v.illey with only
(IK narrow entrance, where Hannibal dtfcited i'lamini-
u ■ the Roman g' .ui.d.
■|'he air ol tin- territory is very pure, and the foil fer-
t't,' ill corn and wine; beiidts, the lake fupplies the coun-
try with plenty of bdi.
The priiKipal city in tl. s province is Peiugia, which
i, very ancient ; and like its citadel is going to dec.iy. It
j, advant:i''roully (iatc.l upon a bill f-veiity-five miles to
t;.e noitli .1 Ri.nie. It ij the fee <.f a billiop, and has an
linivcrlity tint ha. lhr<'i' confldeiable colleji-s ; befides
which It ha- two aeadeiuics, one of which was (ounded
fo litely a. the y .ir I 75;'.. This citv i' famous li;i the
icfiwCLLL 01 f'Veial pitlclij C't (jualiiy, mid for aveiy
agreeable fort of white wine, as clear as rock water w K
fomewhat of the flavour of mufcadinc. ' '
■/"here arc three or lour fmall towns in this tcrrilo
with fome villa!je.,. '•'
I he territory ol Orvieto is bounded on the north
e.ift by .Spideito, on the well by the .Siennel-j, ;,nj^
the fouth li,' the remaining part of St. I'eter's p'iliimtn"
and L'altro. In tins canton is tiic lake iioU'ena, fornirri!
Volcini. y
Orvieto, the capital uf this territory, is built on a hi^
and craf;gy rock near the confluence of the rivets ['J
and Chiuna, which fall into the river ryber a little b-''"*
It, twenty-lix miles to the fouth-eall of I'erugia. b"*
M\ cpilcopal lee, and has fix churches and convents, i't'
wal.s aie llroni'., though ancient, and both the catht'ril
and the other churches, as well as the vice-K'jau\ pj
lace, are very noble edifices, enriched with Mreat quami!
tics of marble, por|)hyry, Itately towers and lla" Ic'
and efpecially piiiitiiigs. The palace was built In p, v'
Urban Xlll.who alio adorned kveral of th; til,,,/,,!^'
ami public llriiclurc'. liut wliat is nudl hii-uLu in tt. '
cit-', is a well cut into tlv rock by order of pope L'l-.incr-
VII, to (upply it v.'iih Irtfli v.ater. Ibis will is twjhi.'i.
dred and tiliy cubits deep : one defcends into it hv a j™'
bic (tail cafe ol live huc.lrcd and titty lb p , eiiUnhtertJ
by livcnty windows cut through the riKk. 1 lie niu'a
which bring up the water upon their back?, go duivn
one (lair-cale and up \\\c other. 'I'he town iicithi. ci
nor needs any other Imtihcations than thi-k |„||j ,(,;|([
and precipices with which it is furroundcd, anj i-om
whicli (me can hardly look down without drea.!. '| ..5
h',:ght ol the city renders the air very lerciie aiul hcah,^-
except in autumn, when they ttcep their hemp m the
ver i'aglia, which caulcs a very otfenfue llench,
A:pia K-ndene, a pretty large city, but m.iiltacnt'v
peopled, ilan.ls on an eminence about twelve mil. hcmtci,
( )rvieto on the call, and Savona on the well, ne.ir rlic river
I'.igli.i, and was erected into a bilhupric by jmpe liimKtnt
.\'. Ill the year lOjO, or rather the lee was removed th«
ther Irom Calho, which city he caufed to be razij i^,
having munlend the bifliop.
I'hcrc are no other places in this territory worihv o'
notice.
Spoletto is bounded on the north bv the marqiiiutcof
Ancona and the duchy of Urbino ; on the eall bv the
Farther .'\bru//,o ; on the fouth bv Sabina and the patri-
mony ol St. I'etcr i and on the welt bv <.)ruetano .r.i
lVru:'inj; extending about forty-five miles in Icp'-h
and lorty in breadth, and abounding in corn, wi,"-; ci'
almonds, and other fiuit.
This diirhy, which is part of the nncii nt t itibria, en
the cxtinilion id the l.ongobarilian monarchv, bccamt
fubjecl to the Kianks, and was afterwards aiiacx.o 10 th;
papal territories.
The principal places in this duchy arc the 'mWow-
biiligno, or loligno, a fmall citv furrounJru byanoi]
wall with port-bole^, and almofl of a circular brm. It
is lituated iillten miles to the north of Spolettd, in s
plcifint plain, 1 ncompafi'ed at a diltance with a char: i>:
beautiful hills that extend lariher than the eve can reach,
and that form a v.ill amphitheatre, inierfperdd wim
towns, villages, and country feats, that may be d,.'-
ccrned thioiigh the lrec», winch aie ehiiflv pLmtfJ ir
(haight lines, and cover part of the pl.iin, while ih;
(paces between them are iaid out in coiii-hflils and vim-
yards. It is the (ec rd a bifliop appointed by the pop?.
'['he cathedral is dtslii .ited to St. Kelii Ian, fi.rrr.criy
biltiop of Fulignn, but has fcarce .iny thing HTUrksbK
except fome good paimiiigs in liiico, and lonie ina^raili-
cent tombs.
In the church of the nuns of St. Franciiis an altar-
piece bv Raphael Urbino, in which the Virgin Maiv ii
reprefinled in all her glorv, and bilow St John tht
liapiid, St. Krancis, and Canlinal t'onii, firll l.'ctcuu
to pope Ju'ius 11. wh.) ordered it to be painted, in th;
Fianeilcan church aie four bodii s ol faints in fhrincM
filver gilt, placed upon four dilFer"iit alt.ir. , but 'i.f I
moll honoiind of them is that nf St. Angel.i, a hJyUf
Hiialiiy in the ciiy of Fuligno, who nude a »ew ti
ciulhiVi I
p:tv afu't burying three hudanJs and fifteen thi
E U R O P
S^i
'"t li^no has fonic fine ftrccts, Init neither the fqu.ire,
V, •,AUi-houfr, the novernor's paUv.', nor th.it ol the
Hho? Jri-" wuith notice. The moft umaikable bmlJing
the whole town is the houfe of the niaKiuis Juiti,
", ( has ii pra"'! •'"'^ regular from , tin: inlidc ib Ipaci-
*." jiU the jpartmcnts well fumilht J.
'''' r,fj ,,,■ Ainfi'j, 15 feateJ on a lull ahoui twelve miles
fjii e'jft of I'erugia, anJ though it ii but fni.ill, is a
fc'lk"ie '!> 'he pope's noniina'inii. Here St. Francis
l^'-'jni anJ his remains arc depi)fiteJ ir\ a fniallvaiih
*'i- ilic hi'h altar ol the Krarrtrlcan church. 'I'hc li-
' I J th'^s convent is very fine : it is faid tcj be Iniilt
iiiiii I
F--
I.;.
T.
ti:
Thtaiii'^ of a temple dedieatrd to Jupiter I'jganieiis j
',■ ihc pones have granted fueh indulgences to this
''''. ,h that thole who enter it on the feall of St. I'ran-
' jic' abfu'ived f;oni all their fins. A great number of
[, lamps arc continually burning lound the pl.icc
. -t't his body is depolitcd. The monks, among their
. ■[ rcli.s. pictenJ to have a piece of our Saviour's
tciiib, and "' ''"■' P'"'"' "' ^^'hich he w.is fcouri;e.!, a
,.,-'out I'l his ciown, the poin' of one of the nails
iv- uiltiied him to the crofs i together with fome h.iir,
"";,.. ^irJlc and robe, of the Holy V'irgin. The church
^'ii. Clar.i is featcil at the cxtiemity of the city ; but
''.,,.„ nothing remarkable, except an ancient pielure
[•I c ctols, which it is pretended fpolce three times to
j;l,jncij.
The city cf Spolctto or Spoicto, the capital of the
; TV ol the fame name, is lituated in the loity-fecoiul
".,/; foity-oiie numites nor'.h latitude, and in the lil-
.['-nJccrce forty-levcn minutes call longitude, it ap-
1. •,,: ail. II.Mice like an imphitheatie that terminates the
plain of I'uligno, and is leated on the declivity
that renders the Itieets very iiiie.en. It is lur-
1 mtii<:i only by a fingic wall, with poit-hoick ; and its
(jiiit is a Got.iic Uruclure, that entirely eommaiuis the
jUi'. I 'lis city contains twenty-one parifh churches
(..j 1 like iniinber of convents, fnveritien herni'lapcs,
Uij:ir.iitttn religious fraternities. The fquare or 0|)o-
territory worthy of ^H iiM ■* >tiy '"lall, .nul the cathedral but :i mean (truc-
, ti.jiigh the pavement, whuh i.s coinpofeil of fniall
;< if marble, curioully arranged, is very beautilul.
;-,l!V'p's palace is alio ii mean building, and th- ugh
I :\ IS a I'lihopiic lurtVagan to the pope, an,! is tlie
::! ol a duehv, it makes but ..n indittereiit appear-
., ..lid is »erv poorly peopled.
\::xi'i the remaining antiijuilies of this city the moll
.j;ub!e are, a triumphal arch verv mm li decayed,
.-..tJeel, the ruins of a palace built by Theoiloric,
[Ir. It :!.e (.(hojiiths, .nnd thole c I an amphilluain .
J\\ :nr.;'pict to the aiiueduiS, it i^ Dill iiniie, and ron-
w-tcr into the city. It is faiil indeed to be of (Jo-
1 1,.: Mo:ic, hut it is lo maginlicent that it would i;e no
(„c:c-it te the ancient Komans, and h .s nut perhaps its
|mj. ill i.tirp[ie. It jcj.ns .Monte l.ugo to the hill on
:..cii SpiMctto is fealed, and conlills ol ttn f.ee-lionc
I itiCi btr.ween fuur and five lunniied feet in Ikil'Iu,
\i ~ the bi'itoni of the valley, and three hundred and
Jf::'. wt 111 length. What appear> %ery lingiilai, is their
iL.r.'cut a path beneath the- water i oiiife on the crown
Itlic arches, by wliicli means they i-.iii walk from one
(tjwiitiin to another. At the extremity ol the aiiuedudf
liu!i aii!ic]ae head of a lion, ol an I'xtraordiiurv niagni-
liaJ., winch liifcharnfs through its moiitli, with great
liijtncf, a prodigious quaniiiy of water into a bafon,
liii'T! whence it runs into two others much larger,
llli i! ihciicc conveyed to difinerit parts ol the vritv.
.Monte I. up/) is remaikahly ple.Uant, luritenioy; a
|p<rplual verdure, and is picntiliilly Itorked with truit-
li.'f- , and Ipi nigs of clear waier, on which account there
ll'ciaid to be heie above hitv beimitagv"!,
Sirni, the airieiit Narnia, is a |>oor town delii-ht-
Ifj.y lituatej on a hii'li rocky mountain, fortv-fix miles
l» thf iHiriii of Rome. I'his was the native plarc of
lAf firpcror Neiva, and is at piefent the lee of a biihop,
TOiriliateiy luborditute to the pope. Hero are fome
|(J fpiinj;s, a. id .1 iK.ldc aquedudi, by which the wa-
1 corivf\ed lo this place from the iMJ.incr of lilten
in mile.. Teiow the cty is a valley, through which
7'J
the river Nera palTes, \vlier« »'<; the ten-iam? of a gran )
ftone bridgi; over the river, built by AugiilUis, and con-*
trived in luch :; manner as to join two oppofi'.c mountain;)
on each iiilc of the river.
'I'he road from Naini to the citv of Terni, extendi
through a delightful valley planted with ro\.'s of trei ' ,
round the trunks of which tv\'ine verv thick and lar \c
vines, Tliii country alio abouiuls with In-t.^e. ari<t
olive yards. The turnips i; produce, which thrive I'lit
in a gravelly foil, arc f > l,ir;;c as fometimes to weigh b.'-
tween thirty and forty pounda. Melom, peacbev, l;g = ,
and other fruit, arc allu larger here than in other
parts.
The famous cataraft, commonly railed C.:f.a:,^ Jti
Afitnnore, from the mountain do.vn w hi h the VelciueJ
falls, being almoll wholly of marble, lies .nliout three
miles from J'erni, and the road to it, par; of vehich is
cut in the rock in the fule of the mountain, is without
rails, very flippety, and confequcritly very il.u'jirrous t ■>
men and horfe.i. The fpedlator is llruek vvith tcrr.jr oil
viewing the precipices, which are of a frightful height ;
but the traveller is fufliciently rewarded when, on reach-
ing the top of the mountain, he views the (lupendous c.i-
taiact formed by the river Vtlinj, rufhiiig from the
mountair!.
The river, after running fome miles with a gentle courfe,
reaches the declivity of its channel, which is fliadcd with
mi>riy thick tices, covei'd with perpetual verdure, as are
the mountains by which this is hirrounded. The water
no foonrr reaches this ileclivity than it proceeds with fn
ra|iid a courfe, that every wave feems to prefs forward t'j
overtake the former, trll they lufli at once with a liiiiuu"
nolle' down a Iteep rock, at ieall three hundred leet high,
falling on other rocks, agaiiill which tiiey dafh and
break, riling in mills, which, alter hovering fome time
in the air, far above th.' level of the catai..ct, and the
neighboii.ing fields, fall in a kind of peipelu.d rain iiitu
the adjacent valley. After this fall the waters rufli into
the cavities of the rocks, and then foaniin.?, burif tliro'
feveial openings ; and al^cr rolinrr for fume time down
other prccipiies, at lall teach the bed of the river at the
bottom.
Terni, an ancient city, has feveral remains of Urue-
tures built bv the liomans, but they arc chi'fly in ruins.
In the fijunre is a very line fountain cut out ol the rock,
on whicn Hands a pyramid j on the lidcs are two llatues,
reprelentiiig two Naiades, or river nymphs, with :i
large lion, which ap; .ars as if defirous of comiiiL; out of
i the hollow of a rock. 'I'crni is er.comp.ifiid only with
a lirigle wall, and is at prefciit fniallcr th.;n Spoletto,
though belter popled. Moll of the Itreets j're badly
pavej, and thole which run acro's tl'.c town ate not
p.ived at all, which ocr.-.lions their being very dirty. Ic
IS the fee ot a bifhtip luliVagan to the pojie. The c.*ihe-
dral is a modern fhiiilure, and there are fome coiuent5,
but they contain nothing .enutkable.
The irihabit.mts earrv on a pretty good trade in blac k
tafieties and olive oil. t'hcir wine is very good, ami their
pigeons excellent. Terni boiills of haviri; given birth
to Comelius 'raei?us,the celeln.ited hiltorian, and to the 7ti,v,'r/.c
two emperors laciliis and llori,inu».
IJetwe'en fix and leven Italian miles to the nrrth-well
of Terni, is nipunt Kolo, remaikable (or ils cool
hrceres, which, elpeeially ir fiimmer, illue Irom the
chafnis in the rocks of this .'nountain.
S F. C T. XII.
Sabisa, Castro, and St. i'EtKit's PATnntoNv.
Their Situuticn, L.xtnit, P'-oduce, am! frimi^al Piut:..
TH E province of Sabina derives ils name Irom the
Sahines, whole country ailo included a part of the
preient duchy of Spoletto. It is hounded on the nort.i
by L'mhiia ; on the eail bv the Farther Abnizzo j en :he
fouth bv the Campania of Rorr« ; and on the well by
St. Peter's F.itrimonv. It i; twenty-two miles in length,
and alinofl a( much in breadth. It aboun;!s in oil ami
winf, and is watered by feveral fmall livvis, whicii ren-
der it fertile.
5 E In
l'»
■ \
... f
It ja
A SYSTEM o I- G i: o G R A 1' n r.
386
In thii pf^'i'if^ ^"' "'> w'.illiil towns i its i)riiKi]vii
place i' M.ig!iaiu>, which is k'.\tiil (in ,1 iiiiniruiiii iimf
the river TiDiT, thuty miles ii> the loiith-wi'l ot ^\m>
Kttn. It ii a liTiall pluie, but is jiiclty |ii'iniUm> tim-
fidvriiijj its cxuiit.
Thi- dinhv ol' C.illr.i is boiiiulcJ on tlu' iiiir;h hy (': ■
victano ; on ihe i-ill by the rivii M.irt.i ; c n ihi- louth
bv the MfJiteir.iiRMii ; aiiJ oil the will by 1 ulciiiy i
aiij {^induces com >iii.l tiiiit i but \i iII-|ho|i1c>I, .iiid
Vorlc lultivatcil
The duchv ol' Cadro am! thr earldom of Roncij;lioni
was coMli-tied by pojie I'aiil III. 011 hib iiatura! (011 IVt' 1
AIoM.as ruiiclV, who allcrwaidi beea.ne dukf ol I'atnia
and Pla.ciitia His diO itidaiits held this coiilitrv as a
fief 111 the papal chair, till Adoird mortgaged il to the
A'onte di I'leta at Kom.' ; but payiii:; luiih-.r principal
nor intcrert, pope Urban V'lll. Itiiucllercd the land, and
t-^ok upon hiiiilcit the iKpiidaMon of the debt. Adoaui.
indeed, afteruar.ls found iiican.s to ni.ike hinilVif ag.iiii
malh'r <il the cc)M|i:ry ; tut it was taken from his foil bv
)iope Innocent XI. an. I the money lent not bein;; repaid
ai tic appointed time, hi.s duchy was, in 1661, a^;.!.!!
ai
k
II 1 IC rllMHitlULU lllMi, III.1 VlU^-tiy V» •' T , HI | V. ' l,' I , .tLl'lOl
uinexi'd to the papai iharnber. In 1664, Lewis Xi\'.
iinv" <>• France, pievailed on the pope to nll.jw a |.ir;hci
enn of ei^ht ve.os tor the rcileminion of thj land ; hut
even when that w.is expired, nothing; was ejected. ()ii
the other i.and, Don Carlos laying claim to it m 17J2,
offered to pnv the loan ; but the pope rtfulcd to ai^iee to
it, and it cc.ntinues uniied to the papal domiiiioiH.
Tn;; principal placci in lliis duchy are the follow-
ing, :
Caflfo, formeilv .1 gciitccl citv, and a bifliop', fie ;
but the inhabitants haviii',^ murdeied the hilhop lint tneni
bv po; e InniKeiit X. his holniefs, in 164'), lemoved
the bidiopri: to Aiiu.ipendeiite, and on cd the town to
be dcmn!:ilird.
In this duchy are alio Karncfe, Mvuualto, V.dcntano,
<- AV! l!0, i
poor, the intercft of which is anmialK
poor m brca I and checli .
Vitcrbn, ih-- lapital (d the country, is ntu^trl -.
•oriy-Ucoml iie;ie. twmtv iimihucs north latiijj,
•II tr.e tvvillth dci^iee ihiitynine minutes c.ilf "jo,,,!,', , 1
ind w,i- Piven to the pope bv the (mprefs Ma,,'','' '^
mem...y ol .vbich doiali-n an infcr:p:i„n on Hone'"'!
cd on the lown-lioufe. Tlii.s city lies in a bea ml '
fertile v.il'iy : it is lar.jr, the ihejis I. r tli? ■.ici'. !'','
are bioad .iiid well paved, and th.- liouiVs arc°haii'. '.
riie inhabitants, however, Icarcc amount t.) (m.^
ihouf.-.nd. though there arc ("my-nme chiircht/
vinti, and hofpitals. 'I be bilbop is immcdiatdv'.V
the pope. AiiMii^^ the fcveral fountains in thccit'^',
in St. Lucia'j fc)uarc is julllv adnrrcd as the mi'l'l , '
.:ant for the woiKinanfliip, and aH'ords the belt w.iia 1
:hc cathedral .iie the moiuinieius (-t lour p(,pci r
i''rancifcan niM^ pietend to (luw the boily ol St. l;, , ,'
V'itcrbo, which is iinco/iujited, and dried uti/'
mummy. At the dillaiue of an Itali.in mile I'r;,;^!., .
1 ity is a hnndfc-mc church dcilical'J to the \'iri;Hi ,."
the fumame i!.-/Li .';Vi<m, icfcrtcd to by a r.-.-'at i,!,.!,','''
ol pili-rirns ; and near it is a Dmnii.iean cu'ivcn;. '
lleie are two academies ,011c ihled d/; Ojl',,:.,;] or it.
Obltinate, whole emblem is a pyramid he.u on cvVvfJ," I
;.v the winds, and the motto mi.- ,fR.\ ; t!,i; ,„)|,. ,.,"'
Cli /fi,l,i:li, the l''iety, wiiofe en;blcM\ i; .,n m.^ut '„• ," , \
in a crucible over a furj,..cc, witn the muto d.\1
I'l-i'UM. The government ol this pbce is coirmo"'
i;iven to feme favouiite bifhop or carJuul wli,
■■b'liied to keep a noble houL- :ind equip.ige, anJi,),. I
icriain ;ill the tarJinali and men ol a publx cliajj-, ! !
ih.it lome hither. 'I'hc town is divi.ied into fx-'-
p.iiilll'-s. Some good hofpitals are likewile hetr.rl-iu '^
ihole lot oiphans and foundlings. ' '
At the dillanrc ol two or th:ee miles to the iiorih.c'p
.11 m it, iviMiiniu., • .luiii.wiu, of V'itcrbo, ll.inds a moi* deli^ihtlul Vila bcluii''i:i!/toi- I
and other fm.ill pl.ices. To this duchv likewife b long duke ot I, ami, which has this peculi.ir advjiitat>c i| ,.
the lfland^ of Hiientma and Maiitana, wh ch lie in the 'ol the ir.any d ikes wlio have fuccecde.l eachotlirt' p. |,
c -I yliiifi 1. . 111.) in ....* nt tl...... lf><t tlir Cn, > It 11 ,..lr...l ... ... .. .U _... ^ 1. ^
> i
■4
m
' - . I I ' ' ' ■' '" .' " "■'".l»
^'Jr/ffit. Sr. I'ctci's Patrimony, lormcilv called Ktruria Subnr- .wheie it i.s well ciiltivaied, produ,-i , gicit pl.nn i.lc;.-
bicaiia, was niveii to the lee ol Konic by the coiiiiit|> |Oll, fiuit, rice, and pulle ; iiotw it.Mtaiidmj wliiiii, ,,]
MaliMa. 'fn.s giant i.i laid to hive been made 111 the cept where there aic Ionic villas, it is a perlcct IoIpj .
vear 1 -•, under (/"pi. rv \'ll. and in 1 i, 2, icnewed • without hotilcs or inli.ibitanis, and the vitv rnij, io , |.'
to I'alVh.d II IJut jraiuiir; the liuih of tins account, it i liequciitcil, thut one may tide iiiaiiy 111;. es wuliout i' •.
is ( VI ieiu liii b alienations to He pu ud 11 oof the Roman ji":4 any Uoily.
tmpeior .-iiiil cmpiie wire not loiiiidfd 111 jullice. Civita Veichi.i, a fortified fei porr, ami ilic !h|1 ,
This roiintiy i'. b'umdid cm the north by Orvietar.o ; I 'I'e pap.il donnnions, i» le.ited in the loiiv-kconi ■
en thr rail bv Uiiibii.i and Sabina ; on the louth by the jg'ec ten minutes noith latitude, and in the tueiiih i-
C.mipania ol Rome; and on the welHiy the lea ; it be- :p<-'f ten minutes e.ill lon:;ituiK', .md i.btaiiiti) iu i.^^
ill'; about thify-*-ve miles in length, and thirty in
breadth.
'Ihe p.rir.cipal place? ••. this provinc- are the follow-
injT :
Br,!(l'na, al'inall town, mo|I delightfully litu ited near
the lake ot ti - lame name, which is thirty-hve it.ilian
miles in circuit. The mountains which environ it a.-e
coierrJ with oak', and afford the prnfpecl as it were of , _„.,
in auguli amphitheatre. Here is laid to have been to he regularly lortdicd, and belide.., it has a Itron.
-r/w
glee
111 th.- followiiiLr manner ; in ^l;.l, pope l.cn 1\'. buhal
new town, winch, Horn its own name, he called l.eo.
polls, and pioplcd it with the iiihahilans ol Cmiim.
ceil.i, which the .Moors hid facki-.l ; jfier f.mu- ti.npth:
iiiiiabit.ints iftuiiiing to thiir iormer plice of aboJt. •■,
paired it, and hence it was called Civita Vecchia, iii t^. .
Oid I'own. The remains ot Ix-opol s are ihll to h.' 1 n
at fix miles ilillance. I'ope Irb.iii \'ll
I. caulld thi.
uii v<ii'fit.i<)iiiv , .iiiu j^iMiu waiti vciv icarte; t)i:; inis iiiti
inconvenience has 111 lomc niealuic In en rentciliij hvl
1.11 ems nHa:is of a tan.il. Here arc fome food chuiclies aaJI
cut faid other edilicrs, and here cummonlv lie the pope's aallt.
rnis citv would greatly Icllin the trade ot l.eghurn, wj,|
wrought bv a boll the miracle which gave occifion to jcaitie, that fl.inds by itielf in the lea.
the inllitiition ot the lellival of 6sr/i/(i f.X>^/;. Keai this | 'l'"''- Ihelteicd from all winds, but has a Ipacioes Jirs I
place ate (cell, on an eminence, the ruined walls or' the j ''ir (liip?, and an artitieial mole, at the end it which ' il
Krriinati city v'olhniiim. (Uoni; high tower, which at once ilelcnJs the tirr,;: • j
Monte I'lafcone is leated upon a mountain ; but would into the port, and ietvcs as a li^ht-houle. The pli
be httie known, \^'cre it not on account of its white i in ,;;ood condition, but thinly inhabited, the iitlua'l
ii.ufradcl wine, which, however, (eldom comes to per- unwholelome, and good watir very Icarie ; bet Ihis liill
fcctii-n. Its bifhopric is incorporated with that of Cor- inconvenience has 111 li
licto, and immediately fubudf to the pppe. Near this nHa:is of a tan.d. Here arc fome food chuiches aajj
city, in tiie church of St. Flavian, is a monuiici
to be elected to the memory of a (iermaii, who unhap- '
pily was fo di-lightcd with the wine of this city, that he it declared a tree poit.
drank himlelf in o a fever, which loon carried him off; Civlia Callellana is a fmall towr:, of mean aripcamn.',
but has the
1
1 p'
t: honour of being buried belore the altiir, he fitiialed on a veiy hp-h und ifetp 11. .k, near ttii; cni.l!
f the Kri^'.lia and I evere. ( his was the anil-
Due n.lS Itie I1\JII'»U1 .'I I'VIII^ V'UIIVM WVI'^l.. lliv. .IH.JI, ill. Ililiu....l ...I " '''T .liyi .IHIJ
havin:; Icli fix hundred fcudi, or a hundred ind twenty- ence of ihc Kri^'.lia and le
fcven pounds ten (liillin^^s llcrlinjj, to tne chuith uni the l-alerm-, once the cipital ot
thrl-'ali'ci. Its billio-
Til C.\M1"AGN.'
fcni
iftnl)i:tc4 fj V
nil i-itifjjc, ,',]
'" (Ml Itoiiei.i'^
" lire hmiJi-T,:,
nioiillt t'J ii;-,.',
■• ilnucht5, c,.;l
iimciliatciv an''- I
s in thLOitv, 1'^,;
"S the tm4li,-!
ic he;! waiir, |,
)'ir ]i(,pci, |,;
"ly "' Si. Rpu:',
dricj up i;i(.. J
i.in mile Iriim:-;
the Virgin,, J
ly a LT.-at !ia:r;;,
11 ci):;vi'nt.
>/( O///);,;.-;, n, nj
tic.i! (in cvov fit
: tlie oihcr, i;,;,j
li iin mjot 1,' .;| 1
ihe mctto i),;s£|.
JCc is cotrition:) |
cirJuul, wl^, .
lip.igr, anJioci.
a |Vj1)Ii(- cliarj;.,.- I
'i.!c(l ihto h-,.^ I
iilc hcre,rl'pit:;;',
-. to the iior'.h.c;(i
.1 licl(jiU'i;i7ion; 1
,ir .ulvjiitaif, |ki> I
eaclioilirr in t!;i,
t:ne hjs ikx'^;t:J
ICC abiiuiiiii It, !;.. j
urniiiirc ; aiilfj.
iiin:uin.;, jrotte, |
!i ihi: rrarJfM.
li ;ir.>) K-riilf, jnj I
cut pUiit; ul ij;:p^ I
' II.' wliicli, ,j.
I'Cilc.-t loir'-:. I
rv roiJi Id ^.|. |
i wiihout r.u;:.
,in.l ill- H.I I
I'lMV-l.ronifi-
till' twi-iith ii:.j
I'tamtii i',.; r,-;ji; I
l.cilV.bj.hil
c, hi' called I.eo.
ti's "1 Ontim- 1
cr liinie iLne:;;
ue nt aboJc, r:.
\'ccohia, II! t'-.;
re III!) 10 W I; nl
caulV.i lhi,(;.-|
n.is a Itriiii.' 0,1 1
I he prrt 1, r
. a ( jaiio:.'! It
ikI oi' whxh ' i|
n.ls the cn'r.'.; •
;:. The p'.v . i
i, ihc 2ir biii,^'
tic ; t)i:t (hiilij j
I rciieili'.J hi
111 thiiiehes ;i::J|
he piipc'a ijall c .
ot l.cghotii, »■:,
mean nppcatjr',
tirar ilii.coi.l! .
was the aniir
Its billion If '
un'.,
Rome.
EURO V E.
3«,
niteil to that of C)r(a. Pope Clement XI, raufeJ a toiitribiitej to corrup' the iiir. /iftrr thi; wind haj hcci-
riJ.'c of an iiiKiiiiiniDn height to be built here, by ' ■« I'nin time in the nurih, ami fm'Jenly Ihili^ to the Inutb,
un
uihiih the rii' k on wliuh tin- i ity Han''., h.b a coniiiui-
nicatii'M wiib the nppndtc mount, nil ; (u that » pitlim
ni.iycriifs ilir-.' m< i\ wiihout goir^ Joivii into the val-
Uy, which ii ot 1 vHiliilerable dc|'th
Thcie arc leveral other towns in ihij dlftrii?), imiic of
whiih ileftrvc a paitii iil,ir ileftiiptinn.
The laiMoMi of Roiui.^lione, which Is entirely i"
eluded in St. IVter's I'atiimnny, biliiii;;s to the ilultc of ^ year
or when :i (tioii;_' loiiin winil blows, .itteinlcil with i loiidy
\vc:itticr, til I ,'.lnn ii very fii.lcly at Munic ; thi- i-, how
ever, an obli ivati.in not peculiar to Koine, but to all
Italy. 'I'h.t Kiiinc itl.Ii i:. not riiiiailcibly unhciilihru!,
may be coiKluded from the great iiumln.r of hb inhabi-
tants, who live to a ;,^tcat age ; aiiil even one third of the
cardinals ate tomputcd to arrive at their eightieth
m
Parma. Koliei.lione. thi piim ipal town, n but lni,ill j
,1 I, k'.ited at a liiiall dillime troin the I. ago di Vico,
miiienlly < ,111"! the like of Cvininus.
The pal ice 'I Caproml.i, wliich belongs to the duke
of I'anna, ll.inihat tlie dilLinc-, of ten Italian miles from
Viierl'O, in the way to Konic, biii mif of the poll rnad.
It was built in the fi,\tecntii teiituiy, by eaidiiKil Alex-
ander bar nefe ; its outwaul ti. ore IS a p; nt.i^oii, idem-
blin.' a citadel J but the inw.iril court, wliiJi has a
C.illcry round it, is tiuite circular, and vet the apart
ni'.'nts are (iiiiate and v.i II cmitiived, 'Iiic wimlc .iit of
this (iimulariv conl'ifls in the diftVrint tnickticls of the
wMU. "^1 he top ot this ifiiicliire affords a prof_iii.*t as
liraslheci'V of Koiiic, w,iii h may be pcrccivd, thi.iigli
at tweitty-n!;ht or thiuy niiUs di(l,iiiie. In '.iuv p,i|,ice
i, ,1 inull lupcib ll,ur-c,ilc, and it is likewifc lanunis lor
a n!iil|ierinL'-hall, in wliii li foiu pcrlons Ibin.liii^ dole
Id the wall, oppotite to each other, ni.iy ciuiverfe with
out hciiii'. hciiril tiy a h ili Ifan.iini; in tht center, A
ftjinp With the foot on ilie Hour <>l this hall, loiinds tn
thole who .ire without, likcihe icport of a piilol, .Seve
Rome I, a very ancient city, fituatcd in the forty- (irft y,»'
dej;iee foity-fiven minutes north laiitule, and In the 3'
thud ib-i;tce five niinutcs ea!t lonpitude, fcunteen niile^
from the I'ulcan fia. It was (orMieily tonlidered as the
cafiital of the whole World, .ind ic\cii(l as the refijcncc
ot its miijhty emperors. Indeed, it m,iy llill be laid to bn
the mo't remarkable city upon earth for pomp, noble
edifices, aniiqiilics, ruiiufilies, the coiillitutioii of its
court, and the iiiiporianee of its liiltoiv. In fliort, it is
the center ol all that is fine in fculpture, patntinp, and
arrliitcctuic.
I he oi!;>iii of Rome is dated 75^ years before Chrift,
at which time Romulus tirit bunt nil mount I'.d.itine.
Its I'unire and lituation liave been (cvLral times changed,
e(pM|„i;j, (nice the kveti principal liiges it fulbuned, in
whKh it was f,i. ked by the <.;au! , \'an,lals, Heru!Mn,s,
( >!liogoths, the Viligoths, iind tiic (iitinin armie.s, par-
ticula.ly III 15.'.;, under the comm.nd i.f Cnailcs of
Hiiurlhiii, At prefiT.t the Icvcli hills en which 11 WM
originally built aie f.-.irce ..utingmfhaiile, :: ti.indiiv; ra-
thi r on twelve, and bun;' enlari.'>-d on one li.!,-, whi
ral apirtmi nts have tiuir cielini;s an.) frii/.cs pa,:ui.d by j other paits lie in ruiii'. Indeed mo«crii Rome )land>
the two /uuaros, who, p.iticulaily in the caidin.irs 1 hi(;licr than the aiitictit, the prelciit citv llandiiw upon
bcd-chimber, havelluwed their admirable Ik, II aiiJ I the riiiis ot the V'rirv ; and theeaith beirii walhcd fiom
the hills, the verv c;:'iie that h,is railed the Ijw i^ioutius,
has 1 iintiibuteii to link ihofe -hit v.cie ;'i:'her.
jud:;meiit.
The eardci
fiL-ncd,
metiis.
of Capror.da are alfo tlef^.intlv de-
.;lid liiiely eii.hcbilhed witli piopcr cin.'.-
s r, c r.
TU CnMI'AOSA L'I
XIII.
Ku.M.\N A,
RoMH.
!'■ Campania cf
l:i$ilfi^ili''<t, l:.\if>it, i»\.l Joti't, Iml tlif)!atc jiil, -will' a
tdniiuhir Dii(iipli:» if r/v Cily 5/' kv/if, umi the AAtn-
i:,'S iiiiii Ci'jljiiis rj IOC Inhulit^iiiti.
THK Campania, or tcnitory of Rome, anciently
lalli'l I, Ilium, i- l-iiunded on thcno.th bv S..biiia j
on the call bv Ahrnz/.o ; on the foutii by rcrf.i di l,a-
voro i on the loiith-well by the Mediteriaiuaii ; .111 I un
the weit by ihi- Meditcii.nie.in and the Tyber ; extend-
in' lixiv lilies 111 leii^',ih on the Mcditeiraiiean, to the
ticiitiers (li N,iples.
It IS divided inio t-'anipania I'ropcr, which lies on the
liiirtli fide bet wren the livei Anio, an, I the rid.;e of iht
mountains of Signi, and is a very mountainous traiil,
and irto the fouthcMi or iiiaritune lide, ■ died la Manna j
ivlu.h (xteiids (rom caittowi.l, bciwcen iholc niuuii-
tiins and the lea-coal'.
Tile waters of this teiriiory aie j'^ii.erallv very good,
cfpctiallv ihole of the l\h ■. Ibie .ue all'.i two
other riveib, the Nuni^eo aid Ail.ira, .\uA IivcimI
lakes.
This country is b'l Hid with a very fertile foil, but
fr want of cultuatioii the inhabitants are wretchedly
pool-. It has delicious plains ol confiderable extent
with fcarcc fo much as a village, fo that the few inha-
bit.iiit. ate obli;;ed, in order to get in then b.uvelt, to
cniplov the peafantb ot Viterbo, I'erugia, and other
hiliy parts of St, Pctei's I'.itrinioiiy, It is, however, ob-
I'ervable, th,it, in general, the plains arc not the places
chiik'ii lor buiiding ; but latlier the bills, for the fake
of cofilnefs. 'l"hc air is here very unwholefomc, whuh
i> parily occafioned bv the lens and lakes, the indoleiuc
and lloth of the inhabitaiiis, who take no pains either ti
dram the maillies or to cultivate the drylands, whiih
are in a manner deferted, to which ni,iy be added, the
tii.inv towns and villages that lie in heap^ of ru'iliilli,
inJ harbour great quantuics of liiiijiiated wattr, whicli
It IS enviione.l witli a brick \va 1, whan pi.'3li„l;;v U
not III a more ancient date llian ilu- lime of Kdilaiius
and Is con.putedto be iibout ten ital an rnilcs in compafs ;
but not one half of this fpate is builr upon, t,,c placej
wliiih once boalkd the noblcif Itriictuies being now
walks, gardem, tields, meadows, anil vinevarils. The
grtatelt part of the ruins of ancient Rome is leen behind
iiie Capiioi, In the veari7l4 the number ol inha-
bitailt^, according to a lill taken by oniei of Clement XI.
w,is tound to be one hundred and forty-three thou-
laiid.
In the bi-autv and nuL'tiifircnce of the reli:>ious build-
ings and p.ilaces, inodeni Rome lar fuip,i(t'es the an; lent.
I'lic panih churches alone aniounr to ei.;hty. Molt of
ihe liijuks ate of biick ; but tbuleof the be'ter fort have
ibe d lots, windows, and lupporters of frce-ltonc. Up-
w,iuls ol two-tbiid, of the houfes are the pioptitv of the
1 liurches, conveius, and almshoule-, to wliich new
|iurcha(c5 are continualiy annexed. 'I he Ihects are Will
paved, and Ionic ot them with brick ; but tiiey are neither
kept clean nor illunjinatid.
No place in the world is fo well provided with fiun-
tains as this city, it having not only veiv e'ioj I'prinirs,
lull being lupplied wiih water by means ot i'ome lup,"rt>
,ind Itiijii lulous aijiii ducts, the piincipai of which at pre-
lint ,iri- thole of Aqua lelice ui.dAipii Paulina; the
lornier is conveyed llutlicr fioiii the difttict of Pa!el!iii,a,
at thedillance of twcntv-two Italian miles, and do, s ho-
nour to pope .Sixtiis V its founder. It difcharges itlTf
,it the Kontana di Teiniine, which was alfo built at the
ixp.nce of i)i\tus V. and confiUi of three arches, fup-
p iited by four Corinthian columns, and tb.e wat;:r ^ulhes
out ,it three apettuies. ( )ver the middle a: h liaiuls a beau-
titul Uatue of .M'-les fluking tlie lock with his tod ; over
anotticr arch is a ball'o relievo of Aaion leading the poi-.
pic to a miracuU us fpring in the wildcrnefs ■, anil the third
llicws (Jideon tiying t is loldiers by their drinkiri> at a
river. Round it arc four lions, two of which are orniar-
I'lc, by Vacca ; the other two of oiiental granate, and
aie faid to be brought hither from a temple ot Serapis ; all
tlie four lioi s eject water.
Ihi- Aipia P.iulina, fo called fioni its rcftorcr po|ie
I'aul V. is conveyed the dillance of thiuy miles, and di-
\ les itfelf into two main channels, which fupply ditt'c-
icnt parts of the city.
■i The
m
*,
\ . i
V
388
A SYSTEM OF G F. O G R A I' H \.
Tlifff pure ]ini|>ii! ill .'.ims arciif rmciilar bcni'lit olhc
citv, .ij llu- w.ilii III Ihc I'iImt is jjiii'Lilly 1.1 ilurK and
niiuliiv.lli.'.t iviii luMlis ;\u imt wjurnl :ii 11 ; but altci
tw.i iir ihii'c J,n!> Kaiiciiii;;, it works itl. It clear, aiul be
n>iiii;i tit fur ilrinkin.r. 'I'hc bid nl iliis nvcr biiiv' r.ultd
by t.'u' iiiiiiy ruins ni b.iulcs that have lalU'ii intii it, ami
ili nuniili much chiu'iccci up, it |j('k|iK'iilly ovciiluvvs, ci-
jKilally witii a llroiig liuth winil.
I he aeailcmies aiiJ Lain. J l.piietic> lor the promotion
of arts aiiil fcieiitc^ are lerv ininieriiiis, aii.i amiui ; them
arc the .uailemies i.t ('.I'Wiaphy, hillory in gentral, the
Kiunati hilliir\', t'hunh Inliory, Ri)niin aiitniiiitit., Ii
tui^ieal or iilil ect!ifial!ii..il riles aiui CdiiiKib', whith lour
laii were iiiliitutcj, or rather revived, by tlie late pnpr
Jieiiedicl Xl\ . all:> ac.'..leinies ol panning;, Icuipture, ar-
cliitcclure, i''v'c. limie ot v.'hith Iiave whimiieal titles, a ■, ,'i
J-'.i .,ii//iu, li Piirl'-tri.a, .V L)/iui, It Cji^re^.tli, I' liifaa'iJi,
tlie Arcadians, iVi-.
It would be liiilicult to rinimeratc all the convents,
Ro'ir,
and i, admired as th? m ilterpiecc c.f that .irtiH. (_'„j„
tins line if.'tue lies the laiul'. I.id\ in a lareopha'uj
eolliii, (ii uiienlal alilMllei ; and near the eliuieh-i;,j'j,"
a red pillar ol l-,-vptian nr.ilile, wiiha l.aiiii iuleii|)(,„i,
that to thij pillar M liil'iaii.i uas bjuiid, whui (lie („i'
kred martyrdom, btiiij whipped la Jeatii witli Hu
chaivred With le,:d.
lioii^,
St. Conllair/a tuori i!i Peria I'la ii of a rouiu! fii ij^.
an-l the rout i.s luppiuted !)y twcnty-lour piilai, yj u",|^.|jj
tal t;raiiite llaiidinj; in paiis. 'I lio- tielm- ij ui j,,,,. j^l
Mulaie woili, repielentii'.j birds, gi.ipe., and tli,! m; (."
liii;.^ or them, tioin whence 10, nc eunjcilurc lh.11 tj,,, ^ *
aiitieiitly a teiipii ( t iJacthui ; wliile (.thcr> iiiauitjin
tiat Coiillaiitine the (iieat ereded this lliu.;iiiie in mu!
t.ilion ot the I/atcian Hiptilluy, tor the foluimiiy ^f
b.iiiti/in^; the two L'oiili.uitia.s, Ins daughter and InUj
Hut wh.it IS moll reni.iiliahl here, is a lai(>e coffin of j
liligle piece of poipliyry, lour leet ill dcptM, ei^ht feet
iiiil an half in Iciijith, and above five bioad. (Jn ,1,.
cha;H!--, orafoiie-, holpilal^, feniinaiit"., t^c. in Rome, j lides arc carved wreath.4, ;'n lands, and bnys auii l.iini.1,^3
We fh.iii ihirrtoi'.'i'iilv nil ntioii tl.c principal. I ol grapes, which i> the more tuiious from the t'liEtnliu
St. Au(; illine's church is lir.all and dailc, but adorned | ot working porphyry, 0:1 account of its haidnefs. | ijj
' I lb .dill made of one piece, but dama'jed. Suinc think
With fonie ii:v paintings, anioin; which is a picture of
tlie proplut llai;'.h, by R 'ph.icl, u.d. h ii rxceediin:'y ad-
iniicd. In the I'amphiiii chapel is a il.ituc of St. 1 homas
of V lila Neva, in v.'hile inaibie, who is reprelcnieil yiv-
inp, alms to a pocr woman ficiiluij!; an intaiit : the dra-
pery is cllcenicl ir.iniitable, .is is alio the weman'i lace.
tills to have b.'cn the tomb of I'ulliol.i, Cictio's dau'h-
ter ; and others will have it to be that ot ruUia tiis
wile of ■I'atii'iiii the i'loud.
I'he Jelui'iS chiircli is one of thi* liiull in Romj; the
iVont is of a kind of Iree-ltone Imind near 1 ii./i j,
'I'he tabcrnacli on liie high ait ir is made of aincthylts, dorn.d with Ionic und Connihijii culumiis. It hj, d-.
ag.;te, iai'pcr, an 1 a variety of other j;cnis, with line pil M'crai ma^niUcent chapel:., tlw molt noble of win. his
' ' tii.it of bt. iL^natius Loyola. 'I'he pavement uhcui me
l.n'i di alab.iitir, beauiiiuile varicfialed with red .uid
white, ril'emblin,:; ilowets. C >n the hi,i;h allar is a .\la-
«]onn:i, I'aid to be der.c by .St. Juke ; liut .Mr. Kevller
(ibfi rves, that iie has leen In manv ol hi. pieces in d:t('e-
rcrit phue-, ti'.it it IS di:licult to conceive )iow th.it ev.in-
r,.''.iil could find time lor any tliiiii; ell'e, and adi's, that
llioiiL'h p:ople of a ccrlain devotional talle place an incf-
tiiv.able value on tiielc (purious pieces, In- never met with
a ciii-,noil!'eu:' whodid not gicatlv prefer tiioi'e ot Kapnael,
Jsubm-, and \'andy'i;e, to them. Keen the Mmoiis painter
Carlo Maratti, wiio w.-.'i a I'ound catiiolie, made no fcrii-
ple of dedarinp, mat had lie lived in St. I.ulee's imie, he
could have given him I'u.nie iieccll'ary
mcndi;:;: I'.is hand.
St. A.nei's church, within the city, on the Piazza
N..vona, though not very large, ia luperbly embtllilhed ;
;jii.l thcpil.ices on bolii hues b.in,' alike in hmmeiiv and
archite;tu:e, add greatly to its outward appearance. It
is of an oval figure, and within it are el
thian cobnnns, of red and white inaibl
ill's. Ol which thole over null of the ait lis are of one I riche.l with peails and diamond
hi. 11 k of in nble, ih.nrjh very l.ir';c. That i.n the high ' altar is a tine group of !h
ahai 1. a reprefciitalion of the birth of Jolui the Uaj)- prciei ts the Chiiliun tcii,.'ion deiiroyiiig idolatry, which
litl, and contains a groiij) of tweii'v liguies, twelve of ' i'' rcprefcntcd by a fcrpent bliii'd wuii iiuhtnuiL', aiij
whicli are m alto-relievo, rioin tiii.^ i hurih you dei'cend , near it is the king vi liai/o in Japan, lubmitting lo
Itar is ill!, lid with lelleieins and rtuwers ol tlie llntlt
gems ; the lleps areol porphyry and other culily niiilil,..
and the place where the piiell llandj befoie the altjr m
of inlaid woik of poiiihed i;eins, Lndei ihe table ni ijie
altar lies the body of St, Ignatiu;-, in a coffin <.if brali
gilt, an I by me ins of a l.imp burning behind it, tiic
n inie ol [l Ms ot inlanl crvital in the Iront eniils a ticit
lulfre. 'i'he f'ront of the ali.ir on leltivals is covtr.-J
with folid lilver, but has an apenure through nvIikIi the
cnirin and radiant name may h: Iceri. A little above the
t.ible are two gilded angels, Indding St. Ignatlus's iiiutro
inliruillions for ^i I in,ijir/m A ; ^!:ri.^f'i, that is, " fo the greater jlji,' of
" Ciod," ot lapis-lazuli. On the altar-piece a:e (juf
fl.'tcd column?, which, exclulivc of the pedellil> and
capitals, which ate of br.ifs gilt, are twcnty-ci,;i.t icct
in height, inlaid wilh lapis lazuli. Over the aiiai r, n
jiichire p.iinte.l on wood, -.vhirh may be loivered, anl
lit large Corin- ■ then exhibits afilvcr llatue ol St. I/natius Lo\ola, whkh
, many bals re- | Uands b; hind it, the dra|)cry eif wnich is gilt and en-
On each I'lJe ot the
fo the l.oci I'urpitudinis, as it is called, where St. Ag-
nes w.is in iJanger ot being ravillied by two loldicis,
when they were lellr.iiiied by a fudJen etl'ulgence of lighl,
.ind the hair of her Ilea i grew lo Inch a length as to
flirowd I'.tr wl'.ole ijei.ly and conceal her nakediic Is ; wliich
is reprci'cntcd in a marble balii> relicv ), at .ui altar /aid to
be erected on the Ip.at. In tlii,: piece the heaiity of the
m.ich heightened by her /ear and mo-
cupola of this church is finely painted ;
;'.it to be tuo much crowded with laints and
martyr s
elelfv. "\
but ii th
angi Is.
Ihe chcrehof St. .Andrfa iklla V'allc is faninus for its
frefcii p.iinti;ig, crpceially the cupola, by l.anlranco,
which reprci'-ius the Iciicity of the faints and the glory
of heaven, tind paiies for the nobiiil piece of the kinii
in the who'.'.' world. The tinell chapel in this church is
on the right hand, juft at the entrance. Ik-lide the rails
of the al'ar of red and yellow marble, one fees cvciy
V, here a pro;' ilion of vcide .md iiigro-antico, iai'per, .n^'ate,
an.l lapis-iazuli. The baiio relrevo".-, and fix marble tta-
lues rCf-r-fenlin'^ lo niaiiy virtues, are well worth
Iceiii". Some ol the otlier chapels are not iiif.;rior to
this.''
'Ihc f'''nt of St. Hibiana's church wis dcfignej by the
chcv:ilier H rivni, w:u) al o made the ineompai inle tnar-
kle: llatue ejf th.i faint, which llatiJi upon the liii;li altar.
, tlie Chriltian faith. In aiiinlicr group Religion is lecn
treading on a Kury and llerefy, who has a liiake in her
hand, and near her lie three booKs inaikcil with the
I following titles : Maitm Luther, John Calvin, Hul-
I derich /wingel.
I St.Pcter, 111 the Vatican, both for fizc and beauty, miy
be (■ died the mctropeditan i.hurch not ejiily of Rome anj
Italy, but of the whole worid. H.TC may be 'een to
wh.it an amazing pitch the Rnmilh church, which is
fo fond of external pomp and fplcndor, has witliin two
centuries carried its favourite le heme of cuptivating the
fenfes, and infpiring the mindsof the igiioiaiit with avk'
and fubmilliiin to the clergy. Funtana c .m|Hiu ; th t
in hi, lime it had coll above eighty iiiillic.is oi Rom a
I'cuili, about two nnllions llerling.
Nothing can be im.ig:i'.ed in'ire crand and fepc 'i>
than the area before the church. The oval colonni e
round it has four rows of columns, foiming three fipar. e
walks. This colonnade roniilts of three hundred a, <
twenty columns m nle of Tivoli frcc-(lone, la large th c
three men can fearcc gral'p them. On the root, whii 1
ii flat, li.ind eighty-fix Uatues o! (1) manv faint-, twice is
big as the lite, all d( ligiied by Herniiii. The aicau
adorned with two ihteiv fnuniains, and in the center
Hands the yall granite obelilk which furiiierly be-
lon;jeJ iv Ncru's Circiii, and 111 Caligula':, lim- wjs
I ' bio 1 1 .t
;oME.
li U R O r
^!u fioni
hiiM
J'i'vpt
(f) Rump, rnin;h it is f.iil
.1 n^'li'y
!rL' I ami iiiiU'ty-twD tii"iii.iii.l (Vvcii liuiiilrul
hi) -fix |i<iiinil^,
III I he luijlil 111 il i» i.i:;litv tul,
rxc
|„(,iiMif Ihi; I'll'', whiJi U Ihitiy (ivi-f). Vtm
.,0 111 ;•'!'
Kft hi,;ii.
,il tlifi-rt"
l-airiii;. I'V
p:(ilp-i'<y ''
t ihi.' iiliflilk .itc |il.i(i I im tlitpcilfll.il, an I
iVhriiii/o. rhi'iriili mi ill ■ Mp, which i> liviii
is iif 'ill br.ils, i'< l.iiil t>i li.ivc in ii a iiii.ii.-
fs on whKii
drill riift'iUili .111.1 wliiv;vir, in
I, l.iys a I'.iti I N'oIUt, .i:icI Ave Mjii.i, I'nr itn
if the fee iif Ronie.i-' ei'..jt!ei! t.) aiiindj'
I'J trn liniii. loriy il.i) ^
I.Joi'i'
ihef' llcp'
In,
.1 lip ii'
ll .11111
'I'he ll'pi troiii
the chill ill hav ;it tlv b'lttoni uii i .uii
tin- t'lii ot
if St. I'lUi- an. I •>!. I'.iiil. At
a [;r.iiiil p'irtieu twu liuiiJitil aiiJ (ixiei.i
!h, ami Imty n'
ih. Kl.ht
V ii I'f p-rufpiil hv tivr men, to'.;e
' .. .- "^ -l- :'..,. (I r ..'...
thi
viih f-
i.lllCI' "
(Me.tli
f lin
(I
f.i
It Ih ' aithiirave.
flije iif the five eiitraiicis iiitu the pciriiio llaiul
Iniiir coUiiniii (it pi.ijiie in.n
iMc
Ihe
!.■'■' 1'. r
•.!
the ImkII
(■lurti
le, anil the ti
."'r.Hilh''l wi'.li Ihicco-wiiik .i:iil (.•i'.''"B' On Hie li;!;
' ir.ar tic (lep^ is an rijii il.i.ni lljtiie of Cunll.iii.
thc'(iieat, vvhiile jny and fiir|i.-ize at the
appear-
. icfdl the iirulgciit criil< in ihe ll:y is aviiiiii.ilily c
riclil'il. ()pp"fue ti llii'. nil theiiUKi fiile i-. an eipief-
t, llatue "I Ch,irleiiia;'iie cut out nf a fmive lilni-li of
,., :i.l ■, Ki'"!! tic p' tlieo (our ilmiis iip'.'ii iiilj ihe
, M ■ .fwliirh the l.irilult on the rii;ht liarul is wall-
iBg
in. I in llie renter the Holy ("ihtjfi in th.' form of n Jnvci
Hi'loii- till, altar ll.'.iiiK u lar^ie himi/e l.ini|i rnaJe bv or-
iler ul CI' iiieiit XI, who ^luntej to nil tiie rrli^liiu.inr<
' rs the piivilef'.e iif h.r, In;^ the in i;; ■ of iheir iiniiiilfs
plaeeil
The I'.itiie of St. I).
iMi.nic \i ctit lint of A
liiiiili lii'ii Ic of niaihle, which, beloie it came Into the
liiilptor''. hinds cull nvii thoni.iii ; uowii.<
tenaiue ami attitiule tnj refs the nhe
lii.
ami
i.Ut
which inlliieiae lin. diftiples in the proetediii' . ofilie in ■
'piiliiion ) anil at liu Ultliile t-, a J
OL', wi
h .1 III
toreh, wliith is iht ..riTH ot that die.i'lliil iriliun.il. tip-
polite 111 II i, thi; (tit le 111 St. I'l. nun ; but the o- .er or-
ders h.ivc nut vet talioii advjiit.'
Ill till
|Hi|ie :
!r.'nt.
In fliori, till.- aliarn of this limuh amount t.i iwnty-
iiiiie. I he pavciiiLiit i> cr.uiilv of nuihle, and tncrc
.ire in thi:, church .I'.iout a hiiiidu.J and ei'.jhty Lui-e in ir-
hl.' pillars ; the fi(iiarc pilalleiH are inmlied wiih ted
inaililo, alomeil with while medallions aieJ Inilli ot the
popes, i.very tiling is k' pt wnh (m ti mariiels .ml orjtr,
tiiit it looks like a ni.-w-li'iill ihunli, and iiii.ii ihe leall
ai'iKMiaiieeof any iliilf on llic vv.ilL aii.l eieli
liawii up in niaeliine-, w.iu wip • il olt iih lin n i lot, s
I ', p'op'eare
Adioiniiii', to St. 1'i.ter.s church, on the
lid.
the fii'"...iis |).il.i<c of the Van an, in wliuh .re Inl to
he t.velve ihoal.iid live hiinlud .ind Iwiiite lour room.),
lint this palace havini> be. n hioli and eiil.o^cd ,it dil-
lereiit tniKs, tlieie IS not the L.ill fvnnnetrv oHi',rv>d n
Its (i ver.il pills, an. I, lo .Ui.il iluna.>n7_ tiie tine ir.M ol
1^
1 '
\
l*^
i
s-rrffTm
1
t 1 1 i !_"'
ft ft M ft^n
WR
i .'i'
I
n //
I
iM
I
.'(
: '
i >' ■ •
iS3
A SYSTEM OF G F. O G R A I* 1 1 ^'
Ro
Tliffc pure limpid (liojnn arc of linpulHr bcnrtit lothf
citv, .11 the w.iui 111 the Tjlirr it jjciicully In lliirk and
niiKJilv, lli.:i I veil litirlii lilt iitit vfjiiriil :il ii , but attii
two or thiic d-iys KaiiJin;;, it worlf) HI. It ilcar, aiul be
«()iius lit fur ilnnkiir.'. 'J'lie bi-d nl llii'. imcr hurv' raikj
hy tnc III my rums nl b.'U..'. tliai bavo lalicii into it, anil
it« muuili much ihiuL.-il up, it lirijiu'nlly ovcillows, cl-
jx'ti.illy witii a It.'ong l.iuib v\inil.
I hv .a.nlciiiics .iiiJ kaiiv J Imiftics lor the promotion
ol arts Jiul Irieiitci arc iirv iiiinuiniis, aii.l aiiii'H:; ibcm
arc tbc .uMilcniiis nl jiifi^iaphy, hillory in {j'-iiiral, the
Kuinaii h>ltor^ , iliurth liill<iry, Rnm in aiuu|iMtic., Ii
tiii);ical or oiti ccitifiallaal rilis aiiil riiiincili, whii li lour
lad were iiillitiiicil, or lailar nnn'il, by tlif lati- pope
Jl'iicilict ,\1\ . ahi) acJciiiitj ol piiiiliiii;, kiilpturi-,ar-
tbitciilurc, i^cc. lonv.' ol wliitb have wliimliial tiilc«, as '''
/i/. /,///;, /,//7V//'i«.4/, ii Lyieti, li Cjigre^ali, li Infuondi^
the ArcaJiaiH, \e.
I: wou'il be liiilicult to riiiimeratc ail tbc coiivtrls,
cb.ijHl", oralDiie^, holpilal., I'enimai lei, A;c. in Rome,
Wl' (liall ihirclot"- i.plv nil iitioii ti.e priiieipal.
St. Au(: illinc's eburih i> liiull an.i dailc, but adorned
With Ionic li;!'.- pjintii'i;s .imoiii! which is a picliirc ol
the prophet ll.iiib, by R iph.icl, Wu'u h ii exceedingly ail-
miicil. In til- l'aiTi|ihi;ii chapel is J tiatuc ol St. I hoinas
of V'lila Neva, ill v.iiiie m.iible, who i> reprelciilcd j;iv-
■•"•• iliiis III a ijucl woman ruckiiiik; an iiitaiit : the dia-
and i. admired at them.illor-piecr cf that artift. \Cni..
tins line Ifatiic liti thr l.iiui'.i b'ldy in a l.ircophai m „,
olliii, oi uiienial .il duller ; and mai the tliu(ch.ii,,jr ,,
a led pillar ol K;;\ ptian ni ulilc, with a I, aim iiileiipi,,,,,
that to thi^ pillar M liibiaiia \\as bjuid, whui llic (.n*
Med martyrdom, beiii ; whipped lu .leatii Willi i||y„ ,1
charged with led. ' ^
St. Conltan/.a tuoti di Porta Pia is of a roinni fii.ijrc
and the roof ii lupported by twcniy-lbnr piljai, of J||,.||'
tal tiianitc llandini; in pairs. 'III.; tielin^ is o| »,,[,, „j
Mi 'aic work, tepieleiitipy bird'., gi.ipe,, and tti. x f.
liii;^ (iltliem, lioiii « hence lo.iic conjecture tliattln, nJ
aiiiicntly a teiiipie of liaccliui ; while others inaiiiiji,,
t:iat (-'oiiltatitine the ( iieat ertcKd ihi. Ikuidliiie m mii!
tatioii ot the Lateian H iptilKry, lor the foluiiii.iu ,j(
bapti/.in;; the two Conlt.iiuias, hit daughter anj hlUi
lliit what IS moll remaikabl. here, is a laige coffin yf !
liiigle piece of porphyiy, lour lect in depth, ci^ht lett
.iiiil an hall in length, ami above fivrbioad. On \\^^
lides arc rarvid wreaths, ;."arlanJs,and boy, auIi luikhci
ol urapi's, wK ch u the more cuiious from the difficulty
of worLing porphyry, on account of itj haidiieli. \\\
lid IS .dfo made of one piete, but damaged. Jioinc think
this to have bjcn the tomb of I'ulliol.i, Circio'> dau'h-
ter ; and i.tlicr; will have it to be that oi rulha, uie
wile of Tarii'iin the I'loud.
'/"he Jefuiis church in one of thv' fintll in Roitie-, the
■■ • i« (if - '''•1.1 nf (i/r.llniii> l.iilllil liiai I Ivuh. ^
',. l![
' «.
KoMt. li I' H
„,„„.ht from Fn'P< '" '^'""'■> "'■"'o'' '• '■' ''•'''' '" **"''«''
'hiiiiilrfl »ntl niiicly-fwo tli'.ulaiul fcvcii luiiiilic I
■Tc It '";■'""' r""'"''< ■""' '*"•■ '"'«'" "' '' '' i''p'"y •"•»
"ijiiI^^. of the lul"'. whuh is thitly Icvcn. Four IIdiu
u'.ch lui'li"" '•i'-' "h'l'"' ■'"' I'l'X"! "I" lliept'ilrll.il, ;iii I
!^ . (it "lit liiiiir/.c. I hL' t rols nil ill'' li>[', which i> livi ii
j.f, hi II. »">! '' "f I'll' br.ili, i» (.11,1 I.I li.iVL- III It ii iinio
I, tliclrofson whiVii C'h-Ul Ciirtiu.l , .111. 1 wlui':nr, in
!,,r,| I I'V It, r.iy"< ;i i'ji' 1 N'llKr, .ni'l Ave Mjii.i, lor the
'''f,,"iit) III tlie ffc nf Rorm . i. i;r.'illi'J I.I an iii>liil,"'iiii-
j" ,^„ yi;ars .ilid ten tiilirb forty .l.ii , The i\'\u Irriui
■ , ,,|,-j III' li' the chiiuli li.iv ;it th" li'ittoni mi i.uli
I'vih'.' ll.itii' > "f ^t. !'• Ill- an. I M. I'liil. At il'i- i"]i (i(
i.i\rni H a pr.'inl pnttico t A'li liiinJicil .iiul (ixit'<.n
,„t 111 l.n^th, anil loity 111 lu.Mtlth. Ki^jht t'.lniniM
„.•:« iti lie grafpi'il hy Hvr I11CI1, IO!;cth( r with (cvur.il
'.,, <it' fine I'cvnl.no (l.nii-, ('.i)ii"ii t til ■ .iithiiMVi'.
.,,,c ch li'li' "t' 'he- fill- intMiui's iniu the pnrtni (IjiuI
i,,i Ionic I"'"'""' of pii'i'If ni'iiMi.'. 'I'ho portmi it
I , iM"^ "'' "'"' '*" ''1"^" 111 uI'Ip, ami thi' culm; \t
-Kll;(h ! wi'.ii ihiiTo-wdik .i:i(l p,i''''"B' C)ii iIr- ii,lu
M, ! iitar t ic (ll■p^ i'< I'M i-i|u lliian Itutnc of C'iiiIIjIi-
,;, thi- <iif'>'. wholo joy anil fiir|i.i/,'r at the appear
,,,t, „f thi-illuli-cnt iTol'^ In tlii: ll.y in ailmiialily cx-
rrtli'i'J ()i)p"(ii<' t'l tliii on tlieoilui i'uli- ii an iqiR-f-
I iilta'ui' "t Chitli ma;'!!!' cit out of ,1 rin|;I<.- Iiloek of
i, r'''..'. Ki.'ni tie p' rtiio four iloois (iprii into ibi.-
chilli '1. if winch iht f.irilud nil tiic riKht liand is wall-
iiju-.uu! oiiuiicd oiilyonc'.' in tweiin live yiais that \,
aitrx i'-i''''' an : liK'ii tlic c rc.ii'iiiy li pciforiiicil by
..jniipf hiiiii'.l' Willi a h.imii.r.
' I ni-iinoni,iaralilc chuiih i< limit in the form of a
litiicrnfs, and the proii.irtioti ii f(U'K;ii!lly olil'-ivcil in
lilt li'i' lib, height, ami lucailih, th.it the eye cannot
r.;ci -.eariV thi'n;^ rxtra .i.'inary l.irj ■ in any ol the iliitc
iiwr.lioiisi tliiiiiijh tlic wl.olc tnkMi t ./ether be of an
iincomnuKi bulk Jiul extent. rii.- brea-Itli of tile niiJ-
il'ciil , whii.li run-, the wli'ile leni;tli of ihe chureh, ii
(i.fcy-fix l-n^lilli feet i but the wliolo hreaibli of the
ttiirch, cxiliilue of the tliieknefi of tli ■ walli, ii tw.j
huniti! anl ninety nii'- IVet, lu length to t'lecroli ille
j, j;,ur fiiiii'IrcJ ami tirny-cifht feet, anJ tin bitaJtli
fivcntv t'lieo. The hei/ht of the iliureh, from the
piunie'iit to the toiif, isme hunilr' .1 and fnrtylour leit
lln univerl'allv agreed, th.U the eiipola is a wuik of .ido-
clh M.; 1" i'l'd -/'"ideiir. The lui.'ht from the pave
mnil 'lit the church to the top of the croU, Is four
'r.undn-J and tliiity two feet. The outward cirruiiife-
rcncc nf the dome ri (i\ huiulredand twenty I'eet, and the
|;:*,\iJ di.iii;eier a hull lied .Uid forty-tiree. This dome
wii built iindi r the pnntifie ite of Sixtus V. The li.iiiour
(ihhe uiiJeitakin;: aii.l the d'-'fia" is owiii^ to tli'.' ^reat
M.chail .\li;^ lo, who he.iriiii; lonie pei foils crying up
lh:Rot,iiKla .IS a woik of antiquity never to be par.dleied,
(i;J lie W'uKI not only build a dome e(]u.i'ly lait:e, but
^uil! It iii the air. (iii.loppe d'Arpino drew the dcl"ii;ns
I'orthe .\!ifiie (/rn;imenti lit the cup'.'la, among which
lit ftiur Kv.inccliil-, in four I.iipe oval coinp utnient-,
jrt (iiriiid.irly admired. This aii.a/.in;^ llruclure relh
on fiiur pillar*, each of which is adoioed with a white
matWe (l.itiie, over whi.h is a jjallery, from wheiue fe-
•I'.'.l time4 in th-' year the relics, which arc k^it in a
pir'icul.ir ch.ipel, .-.re cxpofed to public view.
To return 10 th^ entrance, at the two tirft pill irv,
wr.irh (land nppnfite each other, are two fticlls or bafons
ofvelld'.v marble tor holv water, held out by two angels
rf w'.-'-e n-.ublc. Thii work is Inr^e and beautiful,
"he hi.'h altai, at whi'.h the pope aljiie h to oifieiate,
I'jriils i;i the middle of 'he crols ifle, and diroelly under
tiC crr.ter of the cupola, and lird attracts the eye. Over
ir.is alt'.r is > canopy "f '.'ilt bmn/-, eiiib'-llilhed with
I'lir an/' Is and .1 cucifix, ;ind telling on fiui lai j'e twill-
tl brafs pillars'. There a:c a great iiiinibir of chapels
f'li-U' oin.inunted with luilptuie, painting, and the moll
bcatitihil .Molaic work
'I he fanner en.l of ihc ehureh i^ taken up with the
altar of St. Peter, vv'iero they pretend to have the woodui
fiilpit of that aiii'llle inelofeil 111 anotiier of gilt broii7c,
.11.1 I'lippoitdl by the it nnes of St. Chryloltom, St.
At'a.in.dius, St. Augull 11, and St. Ambrofe, all four voiy
hr/i' iitid of ;;i!t bron/c, (landing on four Itately marble
[cJcila!;. < h\r the piil^Mt 15 a <:^'>r: vi the i.mw nicul,
■f)
p r.
399
and in the renter the Holy GhoU In lit- I'orin nf n c!nve«
it. Idle till, altar llaiul, u lar^e bioi'./e laiiiji made by or-
der ot Clement XI. who )(riinted to <ll tne rrli)!liiui or-
ders the piivilei;r of having the in .,[ ■ iil their liiundc'i
placed here, I'he I'.iliie of St. |).iniiilic i" cut out ot a
lingk bio< k of iiiaible, which, betme it came into the
l< ulpiot's hind', Celt tsvii thoul.iii.l iiuwn.i Ills cDiin-
lenaiue and attitude ex; rels the vchemenic and ngout
wh'ch inllueiKc hm dilciples in the proeeediii'i of the in •
ipiirul'iii ; and at I111 lift fide is a doi(, with a f1amiil|{
tir.'h, which 13 the armt nt that dic.idliil iribiiiial. (>p-
pofite to It I, the (fit le o; St. I'lnii i> , but the m .cr or-
ders h..\i: not yet taiten advjiitige of tl.e |i<ipe's itrant.
Ill llioii, the altars ol this eiiureh amount to twnty-
niiie, I he paveiiiciit i, ct.'.iielv of nuible, and tliere
.ire in this ciiurch about a hun lied and eighty lari'P inir-
bl.- pillars ) the dpiare pilalleis are ineiuih'd with icd
inaible, alorned with white nud.illiniis and hulls ot tt.e
popes. I.very tiling is k'pt wi'h liiih n. urm-f'-. .ml order,
tli.it it looks like a ii>'W-h>iill ihiirih, and up'ii the le.ilt
ai'peitaiue of .my diitl on the walla an. I cieliii >, pre .pie are
iliawii up in m.ieliliie-, who Wip it oft' . iili Itn n elot. s.
Adjoining t'l St. I'etei's church, on llie not 11 fid. , is
the fpaciiius palaienf the Van an, in whn h re lu.f u
be twelve thoul.nd live hull liid and twt|it\' lour rooms.
Diit this palace liaung he. 11 built and eul.irged at di'-
Icreiit times, tluie is not the kafl iVitinn'trv ohirrvrd n
its fi'Veial pails, anil, to avoi.l d.iin4gri!» tne tine urea ot
St. Peter's ehur;h, it has not lomueh as aporiieo in liiint.
Over one ot the diors is a .M.il.iit work of the \'iigin
,Miry, with .St Peter and St I'.iil. Kiom lieiicc, by
alcei.ding a piir of llair<, which lead to the gr 111 1 apart-
nviits ot the p.dace, vou have a vh ,/ of thi.e imH. rici
over ea' Ii other, 111 wlin 11 K phael immoriab/el hit
name by his iiiiia/.in<; ikill. 1 he mid. lie ii.dley '..t.is
into an ip.irtment called Kaph.ul's Uible, fnni ilie hil'»
toti-^ lit the Old and New re;lameni, paiiif.d by that
jjrcat artid. I'llis g.dlery is diviiled into levetal vaulted
comparlnieiif, t.icli tilled with cxiiuilite punting in
Irefco. Among thefe pii ces the portrait of I v, by
K.ipha.l, is much adniiied. The Ju 'gnunt o| bolonioil
i-i a i,i|iital piece, as is alf.i the l,ot :> Supper.
Hut the pl.iie where Ripliaer.> Ikill llliii s in its great-
ell L'lory, is the Camera d' Ha Signitura, and the thiee
ailjoining roo.iii. The fiill of theie aiiartmeius ban
fiiiirlargeenihleniatic.il pieees. The tiift eonta'ns tlic
chief articles ol tuc Roiii (li faitli, the rtinitv, Tr.!!)-
fiibllantiation, 5.i'. the Ic.onJ the Siienees, wiih thii
pr.i'telsol tre human mind in p.iilolopUv, mathematics
anl altronomv, on whith account this p.eee is uiudly
ti'iim.ii'I'/.c Sil.'3'J ',f ,4thi-ii : ll.e th id is of poetry; a'lJ
the lourth of jiifliee, prudeiirr, and o'htr moral virtue..
()'. rr the door ot tne Sala \)\i de is an angel hold-
ing the keys, and aiiithir the pap.il crown. I:i this
a|iannient, vihich was ilelignej by Bernini, the pope on
.Maunday Thuild.iy walhes the ft'.t of thiiteen pi of
piiellsof dilterent nations. The lluc^o curtain, wliicli
leenis tied to thecielmg, ta fo happily executed, that it
has all t:-.e appearanc of white (ilk, cmbroilered .inJ
fringed with gold. Here the popealfo buld> conliltones,
and L'ives anlienec to the andLilladorii ot erov.neci heads.
The Sal.i Kegia opens into the chapel of Sixtus IV.
and In a Ipacious room, with a beautiful p.ivement of in-
laid maible. The hangings are veiy hue, and the pro-
phet.., Iil. lis, and other paintings in fiefcoon the cieling,
.ire bv i\licliael Angi lo ; but the piece moll admired ii
that of the lull judgment by that admir.ddc .trtift, who has
introJuced luch a multitude o( fi.;uiei, with their limbs
iind attitudes lo accui.itely delineated, that one would
imai!inc his chief iiui 111 ion was to dii|ilav his ex.iilt kiiow-
li'iliie in an.itoniy. Hut on this loiemn occafion he has
ruiieulouny introduced the heatiien tables of Charon and
.Mmos.
The fummcr apartmints of the pope are ul'ually hung
with crimlon (ilk damafk, and thole tor winter with
velvet. In moll ot the rooms aie to be (ecu leveral wooden
ch.iirs and bene lies painted green and varniOieil, which
uiidrr all ilie levolutions ot the fl.ite remain unaltered,
only on the acci fli.ni of a new pontitt'io the p.ip.d chair
the name and arms of the dece.iled pope aie t.iken away
to make room for tbote nt hi. (iiecefK'r. 1 he canlinalj
and ambali'a li.rs at an audiei.ee i,t on ehaii ,, i.iiil princeo
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, N.Y. 14580
(716) 872-4503
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on the like occifion fit upon three cufliiuns Inid upon one
another ; whilll pcifoiis of an ordinary ilafs kneel. In
the auilicncc-chanibcr on each fiJe ol the papal throne i»
a red llool lor kings ; but for ihcCe two lail centuries
crowned heads have nut been aiubitious ol that honour;
even the pretender to the Uritifll eruvvn never had any
other than private audiences of the pope, itnd then fits
in an arm-chair.
It i-i obfL-rvable, that fcvera! of' the rtair-cal'es of the
Vatican, il'thcy niav be fo called, arc either without or
v.'ith very low fteps j fo that v;.iod, water, and other
neccfl'arics may be carried up and down by alles.
The Vatican library is extremclv l-a;nous. It is not
indeed very rtn>aikaMc for piiined boolt^-, the who^e
number I'carce am<jijntin^ to moie than twenty tlioufand
volume:;; but in excellent mamileripts, of which it is
laid to contain above twenty- five ihinilaiid, it is elleem-
ed the moll valuable in all Ohiilleiidoni.
Directly under the library is the armoury, built by
I'rban VIII. and is faid to contain arms for I'oitv Vhoulaiul
men; but being chiefly fuch as were uled in antient
ti.mes, they are now of little ul'c.
In the middle of the palace is a fpaciou'. fqirnre fur-
rounded v.'ith orange trees and anticjuj llarues, the moll I
famous of which is that of Liocooii, which is faid to i
have been performed by thtife excellent .trtilh AtjCfandcr, i
Polyd'jrus, and Athcnodorus, natives of Rhodes. In
this ;i;FOup Laocoon is rcjirefented in the greateft .tgony j
»/i:h bis eves lifted up to heaven : near hin: are his two
fons, with ferpents twined about them, who are at fomc
diltance from their father, and c;;pirin'j; wlicn he conies '■
to their relief.
As the V'atican ]oir« on one file to St. Peter's church,
en the other a colcnnadr leads to the caltle of St. Angelo. ■
'l"his callle was formerly the burial-place of the Roman
eninLroii, and a large round tower in the center of the
ediJic.e was once adorned with a confiderable number of
nurblc columns and ilatues ; but molt of them were j
broken by the Roman:, who made ufe of them againil ,
tlic (Joth's, whe.'i they adaulted the city. V/hen Rome :
was v^llled wit!) the peftilencc hi the rei;;n of Gregory ,
(he G.-eat, in a general procefTion, where the piilures ,
of the \'ir.;in Mary, painted by St. Luke, were carried, ;
llie pope. It is pretended, law an angel directly over the '
caftle; who, upon the pope's luokuig up, flicatlicd his i
naming fword. 'J'liis Gregory fuppoicd to be align of |
the ceifation of the divine wr;th, and therefore built a I
chapel in honour of the anael, orderin:: the place iilelf
to be called Caftellum St. ~Ai'.ge!i, or t.^it C.ilHe of the
Holy .'\ngel. Rome bring without a citadel, or any re-
"ula'r fortification?, liiis ca<!re has been rendered a place i
of feeurity, mid lo.tified in tb; modern way, wiili five
regular baliioir., rampart;, nio.its, ^%c. 'I'he governor
is appointed by the pope, and iv generally a preLur, who i
Ciijovs other conliderable ollices i the garnlon ceiili.Hs of i
two hundred legularc, and fome hundieds ol citizens.
In this callle is a hr.nd:omc b;dl adorned with gildings,
fine paintings and Adrian's Itatue. The apaitment to
which Clement VII. witlidretv, amidll the dillurbanees
which he b;rd brought upon hiinfcif, by p-rovoking the
emperor Charles V. is at profcnt a Itate prifon for per- |
Cunsofrank, who, through a I'm.ill wmdow, may look |
into the chapel and hear ni.ils. (.)n the top of this Itrue- |
turc Itands an angel of white marble about twelve feet '
high. I
The church of St. John dc I.ateran is fo called from |
its chapel of St. John the Baptilf, and the Roman matter
INantius Laterantt-s put to death by i\'cro, who had a
garden in this place. It is of an odtangular figure, and
bears the title of the head and mother of all ctiurches j
and ao it is one of the four churches enjoined to be vilit-
cd every jubilee \-ear, it has a gate walled up, which at
the commencement of that year is opened by the cardinal
arch-iiri' ft On the feail ol St. Joiin tlie Liaptill here arc
plenary in<lul'^cnces for twenty-nin: thoul'and years. The
pavement of this church is of fine inlaid work, intcr-
iperfed with circular pieces of porphyry. Ho:h here and
at St. Peter's arc confelTionals for diffeient nations ; and,
bv proper infcriptions over them, every one may know
whcie to apply to a priell who underlfands his language.
'Ihe roof is very riclily ^'It, and tlie cupola h adorned
with eight pieces of painting, by And.-ea Saeclii, a."j.„.
painting, in frcfo in the churei: ny (,atlo .Maratti" r'
iiiigiiini, Camaiki, and Magtioiii. /Along the rr.'i''^
ifle ate twelve laige Ibitucs of the apoiUes, each cut ".'
of a lingle block o! white marble, and done by ii,c i.-l
matters. There are two pillara of \erdc antieo bttvv
every two of ihcle I'.atues. Ovti them are b.aljb rciiciv '
and above theft ate the pictures of as nuuy uf the nr '
,ifihets. ' ""
liefi re this church is a beautiTu[ fountain, and the
l.irgelf obelitk in Rome, it being, cxelulivc of the he,'.'
(lal and the iron crols on the top, a hundred and twt'"
feet in height, and two of the lidcs ten feet and ^ y^
and the other two eight feet in breadth near ilic ^2!
At firff it confilked of a fiiigle piece of tgypiian ■.ran,,.
and llood in the Circus Maxinius j but amidft tln.Mub'e'
quent wars and commotions it was broken into t'-ice
pieces, and l.iy on the ground till the year 15!;^, ^j.^..^
Si.xtus V. gave directions to his arcl-.itect I'oni.uiu •/>
n move it hither, and let it up again. 'J"he 11 'vp;,-.
hieroglyphics upon it have afforded the learned "a .;,..,,!
field for e.xerciling their ikill. The vcllry of the I..i:;;'.j
church leads to the doiltcis of the convent, which (,1
the fide towards the inward court, have an eli;;„nt ^ .
riety of fmall white rnaible pillars. Uoth h'jit .aid -,
the church arc a multitude of fictitious relics no: wciitv
Jcfcribing.
On the other fide of this piazza, or fquarc, is i)i<.
Lateral! hofpital, a handlbmc and v\-ell contiived buildiiii;
where fome hundreds of patients of both fe.\es arc eait-
fully attended, and commodioully lodged, in thisfqujrc
is alio to be leeii the Sailu Sjtiti;, or holy Itairs, faij |^^
be thofc of Pilate's lioufe, v.hich Chriil frequently afccnd-
ed, before h^ was led to tic crucified, v^hich nobcidv mc
permitted to afcend but on their keces : however, (here
are liairs on each fide, by which men arc allowed tj
walk up to the Saiiilum Sanilorum. or Koiy of fLliis
a fiiiall chapel at the top, in which arc abiinJa;:cc ui
reliques belonging to the J^ateran palace. The 111, ft n-.
markable of thcfe is a picture of Jcfus Chrift, be;>uii, as
it is pretended, by St. Luke, and finiflied by an an,.'Oj.
Any pcrfon fciiipling to pay the lequircd aJoratiLii ;,j
this picture, are not admitted to fee it ; nor ai'c wor.rn
ever admitted beyond t!;c gajc where i: is kept.
The I-anthcon, from its circular figure called th?
Rouinda, dedic:'.tcd by Boniface IV. to the Vngiiur.i
all the martyrs, and by another pope to all the funis „;
well as the martyrs, is c>ne of the nioit beautilul .ind en-
tire pieces of antiquity in Italy, and fever.il of iheiiichts
arc Hill leinaining that aiitiently contained the ll.uues ot
the gods. 'I'he outfide of the building i; of I'in.li iict-
ilr.ne, and within it is incruiled with marble. The roof
of the Pantheon is a round dome, without pillars, the
diameter of which h a hundred and forty-four feet ;
and though it has no windows, but only a rour.d aper-
ture in the center of the dome, it is very light in evciv
part. The pavement confilfs of large fquarc llonci unil
porphyry. Hoping round towards the center, where the
rain-water falling down through the aperture on the toji
of the dome, is conveyed away by a proper drain, covered
with a flonc full of holes. Light altars are placed round
this church, among which tbe tiigh altar is of porphyry.
The colonnade in the front, which confills of llxteen
columns olgianite, thitty-feyen •'cct high, cxcluliveot
the pedcltals and capitals, each cut out of a fingic block,
arc of the Corinthian order, and cannot be viewed with-
out afioniilinient. Theeiitr.ince of the church is adorn-
ed with lolumns forty feet high, and the architrave 1;
formed of a fingle piece of granite. On the left hand,
on entering the portico, is .1 laigc antique vafe of Naini-
dian marble ; and in the aic.i before the church a a
fountain, with .111 antique UjiCoii ol porphyry.
The Campidoglio is a fujierb ltiu,iturc, built on the
fp.ot where the .oitiont Capiiol (food, by the great ^'l-
chael .^nge!o. Tne Heps that form t.,e alceiit arc low
and of an extraordinary breadth, and at the bottom on
each file is a f|)h.ynx of Lg)(): n marble cjei'.iiig water.
CJn the top of the afecnt aie two large antique itatues 01
Caflor and Polliix (m horfeback, facing each other ; thei'c
are antu nt trophies, generally thought to lute been
railed for Ciius Maiiiis, fixed 0:1 new pedella'.;, I'arth.'i
I 0!i
W'
ROML.
.Ill aiUiclU
EUROPE.
59 »
I'll 1^
mile (loll?, anil oppof.tc to it, for th-:
(ikcotii:giil''fi'y, is .inotlitT aiitiipii; pillar, wich a glo-
1,'ilar tini on tliJ top, in which 'I r.ij in's aflics arc ("aid to
Invebccii ilcpol'itcd. In the niidJii; (il the art-a Paul III.
vcitil .III <-'q""-'" '■'■"' '^•""^ "* 'I"-' 'Ionian cinpcror Marcus
'iui'.-liiis AiUinius, wliich formerly (lood in the chiirili of
S.. jdhii L.iter.iii. The pedclt.il iavery j^rand, it beinj the
woii; of Michael Aiiij;clo. The owl on the horfe'b head
, -11 emblem of ilie emperor's wil'dom and vigilance, that
i„.J beiii" facicd- ,^ Minerva. Tlufe ftatues, with the
ivjii up tiic afcent, ;ill placed there by diHercnt popci,
.u'.'thi.. place a grand :!ppearance.
" 111 the place wnere the antieiu Capitol flood is a very
, i.iiihccnt palace, the rool of which is fiat, and a:loni-
,'j v.i'.h many fhitues of illullrioiis pjrfons among the
iionans. In the front of the bniUliny is a high tower,
wi'ii the llatue of Religion creeled on the top. The
loubl; llii;ht of ileps at the entrance of this palace is the
v,orlc of 'Michael Aiigcio ; who likcwife added to the
bfaiitvofthe front bv a fuperh fountain, adorn-d with
lu'o '.iatues, rcprcfentinc; the Nile and the Daiuilic in .•>
rccliiiiiig poi'Uirc,
In the center is a porphyry Itatue of
Rome, in the habit of Minerva, repicfented fitting. 'I'his
is s piece of great antiquity, and is univerfally admired
bv coniioilleurs. In the rooms are great numbers of
cjrious antiquities, with the nobleil antique llatiics, and
n.iint;nL;s by the greatell m.illers. In the main builJing
icfiJcs the fenator of Rome, who daily adminifters juf-
tice there ; and in the wings arc the apartments ot the
toiifervators of the city.
Astlie churches ol Rome are remarkable for their ar-
thitccluie, painting, and fculpture, tliefe alfo diftin-
■niilh ihe palaces of the princes and iiobilitv of this city j
for .111 li-'lian prince fetting little value on equipages,
liveries, entertainment i, and the liice, places his gran-
deur in adorning his palace with the mult noble decora-
tions.
I'he Barbarini palace is exceeded only by the Vatican,
jnJ contains four tlioufand rooms, adorned with an a-
mazingniimber of llatues and paintings, and among the
formtr is a remarkable ftatue of the coiiful Hrutus holding
in his hand the head of his fon, whom he had fentcnced
to die. Scverus Septimus in bronze is highly clleemed,
and a Narcid'us in marble is much admired.
At the palace JulHiiiani, the catalogue of the anti-
quities amount to eighteen hundred and fixty-f-ven pieces,
of which fix hundred and thirty-eight are curious piclurcs ;
tic moll excellent of them are, Nero's head, Minerva,
Venus coming out of a bath, and three little Cupids fleep-
i.:^', and leaning one upon another.
Cardinal Chigi's palace is fcarce inferior to any in
Rome. The gates are ctullcd over with old green mar-
ll'.-: the ftatues of the two Vcnufcs, of .Marfyas flayed,
ard the dying gladiator, arc admirable piccc.i.
The Kai nefian palace was begun bv Antonio de St,
Gal!o, and brought to perfection by Michael Angclo.
'l',".c front is a hundred and eighty (cct in brea Itii, and
iiir.ety feet high ; but all the principal ilonesofthis beau-
t.;jl ftructure were the fpoils taken Irom the Great Col-
hieeiii, which admirabK: monument of antiquity has aifo
farnifhcd materials, not only to the palace of the chan-
C'.ry, and St. Laurence's church, but alfo to fome part
oi'thceity walls. Thus Innocent Vlli. dcft-ovcd the
GorJian arch to build a church, and Alexander VI. that "
mod beautiful pyramid of Scipio, to pave the llreets with
Vii- Itones. The Hercules and bull in the rarncfian pa-
hcc are celebrated throughout the world, and the gal-
lery by Carachio, the hall by S,ibriati,and the Venus and
Adonis painted by Titian, are linely performed. Hut we
hj.c not rouin to mention the thoufandth partoftlie
t"aiitic3 of the many palaces of this city, and (hall there-
lore proceed to its celebrated aiuiqiiitits.
Three brick arches of e.\traordinaiy (ize are ilil! (land-
in^ of the temple of Peace, built by the cmp.-.-or Vefpa-
fiaii, which before it was Jcmoliflud was elteemed the
Ijfgcil anJ mod beautiful in Rome. Here the emperor
T itusdcpufitcd the utenfils he had taken out ot the tem-
ple of Jerufalcm after his conqueft of that city.
I he triumphal arch of w hito marble ercfled in honour
CI the (.'.me emperor, on account of bis fuccefs in the
Jewifli cxpcdii on, is indeed much damaged ; but the in-
fcription on one fuic is fliU entire, and on it arc reprc-
fented the golden candlellicks, with feven branches, two
jubilee trumpets, the table of (hcw-brcaJ, and otbc:
utenfils belonging to the temple of Jerufalcm.
The triumphal arch of the emperor Con(lar:tine tii?
Great of white marble is the bell prefaved of any from
the injuries of time.
'I'he columns of Trajan and Aiircliiis are magni
ficent monuments of antiquity, adormd with inoft c.x-
cellent ballo rclievu', afccnding in a fpira! line from thr
bafe to the capitals. Aurclius'a column is a hundred
and eighty feet high, and exhibits a great number of baih-
relievos, reprefenting the mod lemarkable aitioiis and
atchievements of Marcus Aurelius. Within this column
a ilair-cafe, confifting of a hundred and ninety-two ilep^,
winding in a fpiral line, leads to a Iquare galleiy fui-
rounded with an iron balullrade, Irom whence there is
a moll delightful profpedt. The light is admitted int.T
this pillar through t:lty-twofmall windows. About four-
teen feet higher th.-.n this gallery is a llatue of St. I'aul
of brafs gilt creeled by Sixtus V. who caufed the wholr
column to be repaired. The imagery in the upper pait
of the column is bigger than the lower ; and this is al-
inoll the only inllance of antiquity where the rules of pcr-
fpedlive, with which the antients were but little ac-
quainted, have been attended to. 'J'his pillar indeed is
falfcly called thcAntonine; for from the bafib relievos,
among which are intermixed fome circurtillances of the
Marcomanian v/ar, it is evident that this monument wa»
erected in honour of Marcus Aurelius, and not by him
to his father Antoninus I'ius. This error, however,
palled current, till the genuine pilli-r erciled to Anto-
ninus Rius was found in 1704, halt burled in rubbifli.
I'his laft is of a red oriental granite, forty-four fccC
three inches high, and five feet eight inches in diame-
ter. It is without ornaments ; but the pcdeftal, whicll
is of Parian marble, twelve feet long, and eleven broad,
is an cxquillte piece of work. On one fide is the infcrip-
tion, and on the other ballb relievos reprefenting the
apotheofis of Antoninus and his cmprefs i'auftina, and
likewife fome l.orfe-raccs.
Trajan's pillar is not only of a much larger fize, but
is adorned with bolder reliefs than that of Aurelius,
and makes a very fuperb appearance. The grandeur of
this column is Hill heightened by a noble pedcflal repre-
fenting a mafs of huge rocks' embellilhed with trophies
of coats of mail, (hields, lie. The balfo relievos arc
carried round, and (rom the bottom to the top form
twenty-three fpiral circumvolutions. The fubjedl is
Trajan's e-xpeditioii againd Deccbalus king of theDaci-
ans, and they contain near two thouland five hundred
figures, but with fo little regard to perfpedlivc, that thofs
in the rear of a corps appear as large, and as full in view
as thofe in the front. The dair-cafe within confUls of
one hundred and eightv-lour Ileps, a J is very light by
means of forty-three apertures or windows properly dif-
Ancicntly Hood either 'Trajan's datue, or an urn
pofed
with his afties on the top ; and " where, favb Mr. Addj-
" (on, could the afhcsof an emperor have been (o nobly
" lodged as in the midft of his metropolis, and 0:1 the
" top of fo exalted a monument, with the grcateft of
" his ac'lions underneath them ? or, as fome will have
it, his ftatue was on the top, his battles in the midl't,
and his urn at the foundation." However, whether
it was his urn or his llatue which was on the top, it his
been obliged to give place to a brafs gilt ftatue of St. Pe-
ter. This pillar is of marble, and the whole, iiicludiii'r
the pedellal, confifts of thirty- four pieces.
The amphitheatre of Titus, notwithftanding it has
greatly fuHered by the injuries of time, is not to be beheld
v\'ithout aftonifhoient. The whole edifice is of Travcr-
tina done, with four galleries over each other, adorntti
with columns of the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Com-
politc orders. This druflurc was one thouland fix hun-
dred and twelve geometrical feet in circumference, and
its external figure circular ; but the infide was oval, A
great quantity of done has been taken from this ancient
edifice, for building fevcral palaces i but fome fay that
only (uch fioncs were carried away as hail been thrown
down bv the weather or by earthquakes. However, luit
the Icaft cure is now taken to preferve thii njble (Iruc-
wurc,
1 n
ilWl
[fii!t!jl»niB«iii!
^ \1
m
A S Y S T E M or G E O G R A P M Y.
R
"Ml,
tiirc, aiul the area witliin it is overgrown with grals and
wecils. Acconliin; to the moll exact computation, this
aniphithcMtrc was capable of cuiitaiiiiiig thiity-tour thou-
faiiJ pcrl'oiis, ixd.ilivf of thole in the upper gallery ; and
according to Dion Calliu>, nine thoiifand wild beatls vv^rc
killed within it.1 area at its dedication.
On one lidc ol the I'oita Ollia is a pvraniid defipncd
for a monument of Caius Celhus, one o( the (even Kpn-
lones, or otHiers whole bufinels it was to tui ndh bar.
quet.s lor Jupiter and the red of the t;i)di. '1 nis (hue-
tiirc is built with bru k, and encrulled witli marble. It is
one hundred and ten leet high : each tide of the bale is
eighty one leet .iiid .in half Kjuare, and it has leveral
inicriptioii.s. At the entrance of this pyiamid are two
fine ni.iible pillars, and within it an aparinicnt witli a
V'ielcny painted at cich corner.
C)t the temple of Concord, eipht orient il pranite pil-
lars of the Ionic older are II 11 to be feeii bi:hind the Ca-
pitol towards Mount I'alaline, It was erected as a me-
moii.il of i'M reconcilement of the people and nubility at
Rome,
At a I'm. ill (lill.incc are to be feen three pillais, by fome
thoi.ght to be the remains of the teiiijile ol Jupiter I'o-
iians, or the Thundeier, and by others that of Julius
Cit:ar.
I'he temple of Minerva flood in Kcrva's Forum,
where the front, embellilhed with tine b.iflo niievos, islhll
lemaining. in one bals relief the goddels is herlclt re-
jiielemed
Among the other noble remains of anticjuitv, we ought
not to omit the temple of I'eace, of whrli tliree detaelied
parts that arc looKd arc Itill remaining. The roof is di-
vidi.d into a great number of ocl.nigular apaitments, for-
merly laid to have been plated witli gold. This temple
w.is lebuilt by Titus on the fiiccefsful cnnclulion of the
Jewilh war, and fplendidlv .uiorncd with tlie Ipoils brought
from Jerulaleni. Herodian gives an alionifliing account
of its riciies, and when in Comn odus"s time tliis temple
was burnt by ligiitiiing, the melted lilvtrand gold is faid to
have flowed out in a ifream two hundred feet broad, and
three hundred in leiv/tb. At prelent a market for cattle
being kept every Kriday at this place, ;his famous tem-
ple IS parted into leveral diviliuns, and let out by the
apollohc chamber to graziers, as an enclolurc lor their
bullocks, &c.
Tne catacombs of Rome arc not finiile vuilts, but ra-
ther whole hibierr.ineous cities, with turnings and wind-
ings like ilreetr, extending under all the luburbs. I'hcy
aie dug out from among the rocks, each paffage being
commonly tiriccn or eighteen feet wide, and between
twelve and hiieen feet high. The hollow nichcson both
fides of the walls are Ihaped like cherts of various iizcs,
placed in iow< one above another without any coffins,
and only coveted with flat (tones like tiles, cemented
with moitar. 'I'helc were the burying-places for Inch of
the Romans as could not afford the exptnce of burning ;
and the primitive Clnifliaiif, who never burned their
dead, made ul. of them for the lame pnrpofe.
It would make a volume latL-er than this is intended to
be, were we to deiciibe the antiquities and modern budd-
ings of this city. We (hail therefore leave this l"ubje;t,
and only take notice of loinc noble foundations, one of
the moll lingular of which is the \lonte della Hieta, which
ib intended to prevent excclhve ufurv, moncv being lent
on pledges at two-thiids of the value, and to the amount
of thirty feudi without any interell ; but larger (urns at
the moderate interell of two per cent.
Ti.e holpital tor poor children is fo large, that the
front lowards the Tyber is an huiidre.l paces long, and
four (lories high. This is a molt admirable foundation
for bringing up orphans, w ho are allowed to choofe their
tr.ide ; and when they are twenty years ol<l, and able to
mainta \ themlelvcs, they are difniined from the houl'e,
new cl ithcd Ironi head to foot, with twvntv crowns in
their pockets. Veiy good tapediy is made here, and Inch
boys as havcarcmarkabie geidiis, are innrudicd in drawing
for two or three years, and ipend about the fame time to
obtain a thorough knowledge in tapellry weaving, in
this bofpital are alio admitted (dd dn.ibb.d fervants and
otiier pel ions who by a^e and iiilirmitics arc rendered in-
2
capable of earning their brc.id. iJefiJes thcfe, tiierc ■
many other charitable foundations. ' ''"^
'I he court of juliice is one of the noblcrt buildini-s '
iiomc, and in the g.illcry of the fiilf floor lacin,,,|',"
couit IS .1 maible group ol a man Having one of his'V..-''
fpecics : whether this he Marlyas, Llys Mr. f^Ceuli'"
who was punidied for his pielumptioii by Apoin, .',';
whether it be an emblematical repnleniation of tin:',,,"'
leries of a cliuit in the hands of a rapaeious lawver .,nj
iiiKiuiunis judges, I (hall not pretend Kuleiermiu'e.
'Mie two cultom houl'es are alio (t.iicly huiidiiuN* thci:.
mod travellers .ue obliged to viht much againd iiiur c,*,'
inclination. The contraband goods forwiiieh the n;e.re'
leareli is made are tobacco, prohibited books, ,um n,'w
imen ; but a jiiece of money and a leailinels to oiiiiont'
baggHge fildom f.iil to make maltcis ealy.
I he i'Vench academy was founded liv Lewis \!\'. f,. .
twelve young gentlemen natives of Kr.iiiee, li\ ti {,',.
mltiiiiled in painting, four in fi ulpturc, and two in
ar'hitecture, wlio are m.iinlained at the e.xpence (fth..
(•reneh king; and wiicii they h.ive coiiipleled the. i fil^'
111 thel'e noble arts, return to their native cimntrv. Oii
iVlond.iy, 'I'ucfday, VVednefd.iy, ami 'Cluiilday in I'j,.
lion-week, a young fi How IS lallened nakiil to acrui>
who droops his hr.id, .,s if he w;is jull evpirin:', w^ih it-'
veral lamps placed round him, while the feliolais and o.
tlier ariilts are employed in cypying from the life; Mim
dehgniiig on pajier, others woiking in plaller, and ca--
prefling the attitude, muCeles, veins, •''cc. of the ohii,;^
bcloie them : but when a llranger g.oes .iway, this l(|.
lowtpiickly leaps down from the iiols, and ininoMinicj
him lor a piece of money. In this academy one hiis an
opportunity of viewing excellent copies ol the bidpiccr^
botn of atitient and modern artids. The datues anil
pieces of Iculpture arc moltly of plader ; and .-morr
thele aie the wild bo.ir in liie Florentine i-.dlcrv, the
wredler, and the Venus of Medici;, in llie Tribuna of
Motence; the hermaphrodite in the Villa liorghelcj :;-;
IJ.irbirini, Laocoon, Apollo, Antinous in the Helveceii;
a laun, a centaur, bulh, &c. without number ; \u;li
many fine pieces of painting.
Here is alio an Italian academy of paintin".
With reljiedt to the manners and culionis obfervcj in
this city, the people take great care to preltrve then,.
lelves Irom the heats, which are ulually in lumirrtr vny
troublefome ; lor which ptirnofe peilons of qu;di;v have'
low apartments, (haded from the ravs of the fiini p,ucj
with marble, and furnifiied with founi.dns and watti-
(pouts ; and belide-., the doors and windows are In con-
tiived, thai they are never without a kind of cool bre;zc.
1 he beds areencompadc-d at fomedidance with a curLiii:
ot gauze or tiffany, which is joined clofc to the boarjj
ot the floor and cielin,^, to prevent their beini; troubitj
with gnats. It is alio the cudom to fle^p i\vo hum?
mimediately at'ti r dinner; but ihev never lie dmvn, for
t.'icy have a fort of fcddlng chairs, which have back' that
rile and fall with a firing. The ufe of uml)ie!la> i,
common every where ■. the evening dew in the CainD.i;;ni
di Roma is cdcemed mortal, during three or four inonihj
111 the I'ummer, and great care is taken to avoid it ; lor
this purpofe travellers double their pare, to arrive .it
Kume in time, or day at the dldanc; of cighteui ot
twenty miles from it.
'I 'iie way of living at Rome w:<s never fo agreeable
as at prefent, not a day palling without ^'flcmhlics of
both (exes at the houfes of pition.^of quality ; uu[ un-
married women have not the lihc r;v of appearing in pub-
lic, they generally being confine I in a convent, till ihty
are either married or grown old.
The carnival at Rome atioids a more agrccahic enter-
tainment to peilont, of an tle^aiit tade th;in that oi Vc-
nitc; and flioulvl a proditute date to appear up' ii tlie
Corfo, her being dil'eovrred would expofc her to vei) le-
veie treatment. 'Ihe Corfo is a line drcer, which ex-
tends two thoufand feven hundred and twen'y rnmmnn
pares in length. People appear tbeie with or ivilhout a
mads, in a carriage or on foot, jiid js they pleale. I I'.e
eoaefi- follow each other two a-brealf, and the principal
nubility make their appearance in tiiumphal c.irs, whi.:h
add gicat fplendoi to the (pt(flai;lc. The fl.drri arepoll-
ROMC-
H U R O I'
3):
, pjndildwnto prevent ilidiiili.iiiccs mul tiK-ir r:'.ptj:ii
l' aboutl):iti'-li''.>Jcil,till ordiTS an' ohtalmJ lor hdrfi--
" allivcrlioii fiTii no-wlierc liiit in Italy ami the Uii-
"fli"inniinion5. Mod of the racers in Italy arc hroiight
(' ni iS.itl'^rv, whereas Enj'Jaml ;;lorics in the l|iirit anil
"our of thole of her own breeil. In Italy, inllead of
i|,^„„ iiiiJcr the management of their riders, they are
ir.uii'cJ lip w "in alone : on the iidcs and alon;^ the hack
thcv h.ive leathern (traps, (hick on with pitchy and under
ijicli' •"■'•' '"'" ''""'■'''» '"■■' ^"'' '^'■""S points like the
ncU of a ipiir, which continually prick the hoi fes while
thcv are '" niolioii; ami they have the cruelty lo (liik
oihcr of ihcfe fpiked halls under the horl'e'stall. 'I'he
|,ji.,jp,,. place is on the Iquare called l'ia/,7.a del I'opolo,
whori'thc hnrfes, bcinir generally t'rom five to cii;ht in
number) fliew the utmolt impatience for thclignal, which
i(oivcn by dropping a rope that runs a-crofs the couiic
. r ,,. them. Upon this they ftart, and fly along the
(jorlo with incredible fwiftnefs, the coaf hes being drawn
up cm each iV.le of the Hreet. The prize is generally a
■■cc of brocaJe, of the value of fcvcnty or eighty Roman
(•towns. The people are eiucrtuincd with I'ucli a race
cvervday during the carnival.
Xotwithllanding the fplendor of the buildings of this
ciu' the people have the difagrccable cultom of drying
linen out of the windows, and on ropco hung a-crols the
Hrfct'.
The fummcrs at Rome are very tedious, every body
Ittciin" dole at home the whole day. Hence it is here a
Kimmon laying, 'Ihat none but dogs, idiots, and French-
men, wjik the Iheets in the day-time. The heat of the
(limjicinikes the Romans extremely fond of fpring-wa-
ir iccJjnd cooling liquors I fo that great quantities are
confiimeJ of fnow and ice, which arc fctirhcd fvtn the
mountains, and prefcrvcd in ice-houfcs.
Ill autumn the vintage is a time of general feftivity,
when the common people give theml'elves up to all inan-
rrr of liccntioufiH'fs. The favourite winter divcrfions at
Same are plavs and operas, and, during the carnival, the
hticr arc aflid at three theatres. One of thcfe, called
Albirti, from the count of that name, its founder, has a
iiit which will contain nine hundred perfoiu, ajid is fur-
lounil-d with feven galleries over each other.
With refpeiit to the Roman cuiloms in other rcfpefls,
tvcrv prudent traveller (hould bo on his guard, and ra-
Ihci talk too little than too much ; for there are (everal
private channels of information for conveying to the go-
>;riimcnt's ear every thing that is faid or done in the city.
However, their conduct towards travellers is very pru-
ilent, from the confideration of their annually (pending
p'cit fiimi of nUiney in this city. At the meeting of
(lie .Holl, and other procelTions, the Proteftants need be
in no (car of thofc brutal infults which they fometimes
ntci with in other countries, from the bigotted pcrfe-
ci'ins fpiiit of the vulgar. Befidcs, in Lent, and on
itlier f.ill-dayj,thc Proteftants never fail of meeting witli
fltfli-meat at the inns and taverns, without being at the
trouble of procuring a licence for eating it.
Though public piollitutes are licenfed on paying a
imill tax to the papal trcafury, here arc fcvcral reguLiti-
ciis calculated to reclaim them: they are excluded from
communion, and if they die in that profeirion they arc
i'liid Chriftictn burial. In (ome parts of Italy they are
laigi'd feicral times in a year to alfcmble in a particular
church, where their vicious lives are painted in the black-
cll colours in a fermon preached before them ; and they
wliiK.re nioveii by the preacher's arguments, am! in token
cithL'ir repentance kifs a crucilix which is handed about,
ire coiidu,^teJ to a convent founded (or their rcccp-
;;on.
Tlic Pretender to the liritiOi crown is, bv order of
fie pDpe, filled Ming of Kn.;lan'l ; but this ij no more
Mill an empty title, which the Italians thcnilelvcs make
ai'.lhi;. Mr. Keyder obferves, be has an annual m-
I'nm..' of twelve thoiildml fcndi, or crowns, out of the
.pre's treal'ory, which is only three thoufand pounds
"lleiLngi and though 'he cljiideftlne remittances of his
i.'rkri.Mt< in l.nglaml mav amount to as much more, it
'..'i.^ vi-rv Ihort of what is required to k"'T' up the (tatc rr-
•pircd in a king. He generally appears abroad with
•iit'c coaches, and bis boudr.il'! confi.l': of fcrtv rjorfons ■
70
but at his c.)iiiiiig into an an"ci!il,lv, no I'.nt.-lifii Protclt-
ant riles up, and even the Roman Caihohcs pav t'.im their
complimeiu.s in a very (uperhcial inaiiner: fur his pufil-
lanimity, and the lieentioufncl!, of bis amours liavc Icf-
lened him in every body's ellceni. I lis l.uly feldom ftirs
abioad, except to \ ifit a er)nvent ; and (he allows her
lervants no -old or liher lace on their liverits.
SECT. XIV.
0/ the iihc
li'f ether P.',:i,-i worthy i/Xaiicein t/uCamfi.'.niti c/Rimi'i
uilb apintiiuLir DeJiiipti-.uafthcFitlu B:i^Lfe, fnjuiti,
the BiluitUrt, and I'lvo'.i.
THK country in the neighbourhood of Rome is pKa-
fant, but, like the rdl of the Eecldijllical State,
thin of inhabitants ; for along the delicious plains be-
tween Rome and Tivoli, Frelc.iti, Vcletri, :!xc. neither
town or vilLigL is to be feen ; lo that, in harvilt time, the
peafants of Viterbo, Perugia, and the mountainous p.irls
of St. Peter's Patrimony, refort thither to help the lew
wretched inhabitants to get in their corn.
In delcribing the principal places in the Campania, wc
(hall begin with the Villa Horghefe, which is fcated in
one of the (inert fpois in Italy, and may be faid to exceed
all other country feats in the world. It (tands at the
diitance of a quarter of a league from Rome, and was
built by cardinal Scipio Borghefe, nephew to Paul ill.
who has here allieniblcd every elegant and fplciidid object
ofcuriofity. In the gardens arc at Icalt twciiiy beautiful
walks, and all the vi(tas are terminated by (tatues, lanre
heads, or dragons ('ijouting water. Here are alfo fcveial
groves of oaks, limes, cyprcfs trees, p nes, and pomegra-
nate trees, 'i'hetfpaliets confift of n yrtle, jafminej'and
ornnge trees, &c. in other parts of tl e garden arc little
parks for deer and hares, and a warren for rabbits. Here
is alio a large canal Itocked with fwans, and all kinds of
water-fowl. In two large and lofty avi.irics, with foun-
tains playirrg in them, arc to be feen all of the known
leathered fpecies, and the flowcr-gardun exhibits the
moll beautiful flowers and remarkable vegetables. On
t the grand area before the palace arc twenty-lour ftont
pcdoKals, (inely carved, for flower- pots, with fix anti-
ent (tatues.
: The houfe confifts of a quadrangle, the four fides of
i which arc embelliihcd wiih (tatues and ba(io relievo::.
! 'i'hc double (light of ftcps leading to the (idl floor is
.adorned wirh two cornucopias, and vafds cmbcllinied with
; baflb relieve .s ; and in the (ir(t court are a conliderable
number o( antient marble ftatues and hiillos, with fevcral
: fiiic balii) relievos. The firft room one enters is adorned
I v\-ith twelve columns of porphyry, granite, and the moll
beautiful kinds of m.irble. (hi the walls on each fide arc
; fouitern marble bulls, which aie thofe of Scipio Africa-
nus, Hannibal, and the twelve Cicfars. A Itatuc of Hac-
chus lying in the polturc of a river god, is a maftcrly
i piece, as are the marble baflo relievos c'lver the fix door's
of the apartment, and the room is adorned with ii. ,nv cx-
! ccUent pictures. Inthenext roorn,amongotherfui.|>i'eccs,
1 is a celebrated antique (tatuc of Seneca expirin,^ in the
, b.ith, of black marble. Theexpreffioniscxc.xdins'nitural,
: and the colour of the marble gives it a more mel.iiichoU'
i appearance. The paintings both in this and '.n the other
I apartfiitnts are by the grcatcft mafters, and it i, impofli-
1 ble todefcribe the a(loni(liing number cf line (tatu.s that
I are to be found in esch of them.
I The avenues about the houl'e arc adorned witli the
1 (tatues of Augulius, CommoJus, Lucio-: \'cius, Galb.n,
■Claudius, Peri'eus, Marcilius, icveral tla'ialors, a i;rcat
number olbul!:, and feveral pyramids and obcl.fks of°gra-
■ nite, i^c.
; Krclcati ftjnds on a mountain about twelve liali.in
miles from Rome. In the way thither are to be feen the
ruins of the Claudian aquedudt b^ longing to the empi-
lors G.dlieniib's country feat, and the tomii of Alexnnder
I Sevcriis. Krcltrati is (ituated on or near the Ipot whcie
tiiC ancient Tiifculum (lo&d, and derives its ii.imc (roni
' the a I hours or tabernacles built by the iiihabit.mlsof l\if-
j cnlum, when their city was demoIKhoJ In 1191. Tliig
' ch3rrr:ir'g trtrrat is at p'efent the fummer rcfidencc of (e-
5 '■' vcral
m-.
i' i
I 1
w
I
SA
394
A SVSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Wu
' I:
vcral pcrfons of the firft rank^ who have here not only
l|ileiul:d palaces and gardens, but have taken the ailvan-
tJi;c (jl till} tavi)U[al)le lituation among hills for m.ikinir
very Krami water-wotks. indeed the feats of the Roman
nohiiitv at Frefcati have been fpokcn of by travellers with
a contempt which they little deferve.
Tlic villa AlJobrandini, or the lielvedere, ij remarka-
ble fur its tiin- waiir-vvorks They form a kind of theatre,
and a brals ^;lobc, fupported on the fhoulders of Atlas,
tiecis vv.itcr on .ill fid^'s. Near this Ifatiieaic a tyyer and
a lion fi^^hting, and tne water ifTuing from the mouth and
iiolfrili ot the former cxadiv imitates thefnarling ol that
animal when cnrajted. The column of water in the
tenter of tne fountain rifes feventy-four palms high, and
is attended with a noife l.ke the whi//.iiij; of fl:;. -toekct;..
yAmoiit; the ftatucs is a Faiinus playing on oik- of the an-
tieiit paltoral pipes, conlirtinj; of feveral unequal reeds,
and aCentaurblowing ahorn, which is faid to be heard four
Italian miles. The water which lupplies tht lei urious works
is brought )>ithertioma Iprinj; at (Ix miles dilfance. Heie
is a beautiful faloon paved with fine (mall Hones curioufly
arran_;ed lb as to reprelent flcmtrs, foliages, and biui.-. j
and in the center of the pavement is a hole, over which
a li^ht globe or ball is kept in a perfect equilibrium, at
the diftance of a fpan trom the floor, only by tlie impe-
tus of the air forced up by water through the hole. The
calcadc confiftb of fixty-fivc fteps, and on both fides are
tortoifes, dolphins, and other aquatic animals cut in Hone,
and fpouting water at each other. The cielings of
the apartments in the houfc are painted in freico by
d'Arpino.
The gardens and palaces of feveral other noblemen at
Frefcati are alfo extremely beautiful.
Tivoli is featcd on a hill, about eighteen Italian miles
from Rome ; but the road to it is entirely level. This
town, however, is a very mean place, except only the
villa Kftenzc. In this palace is to be fcen eight rooms
on the ground-floor beautifully painted in Irel'co. Here is
alfo a Imall marble i;roup of the Nile, and twelve boys
fporting about it. Formerly in the gardens were foun-
tains adorned with the ftatues of Lcda, Alfculapius, Are-
thufa. Pandora, Flora, Pomona, an! y\ntinous, with
the grotto of Venus, ice. but triey arc now in a ruinous
condition. However, moft of the water-works ar'- ki-pt
up ; for as they are calily fupplied from the Anin, ihi v
cannot be very expenfive, The large bafonjult btf.. re
the p.ilace, wiih a (latue of a horfe in the center, furnifhrs
a great quantity of water. Near this bafon is a long row
of fome hundreds of pyramids, vafeb, eajles, and other
figures, cut in (tone, and fixed on pedeUals, with ba/Fo
relievos of ftories taken from Ovid's Vletamorphofcs, and
the water is ejcdted from all of them. This row of figures,
being fomehundred paces in length, is a very elegant or-
nament, ?nd at the other end of it is a (liip, with its mads
and rigging, as it were engaged, and vigoroufly defending
itfelf by ejecffing water i'rcm all parts. The Girondola,
or Dragon fountain, throws up a vaft column of water.
The water-organ, over which is a beautiful (fructure,
adorned with ftatues and balTo relievos, is alfo a curious
work, and the IKep cafcadc where the water precipitates
itfelt from a conllderable height without ftcps, is alio in
a good taOe.
In the market place of Tivoli Hand two large Egyptian
idols of (Jrient.d ;',ranite, fuppofed to be images of Ifi.s,
which the Tiburtines brought as a monument of their
viilory over the inhabitantsof Norcia, though fome main-
tain that they were brought hither from Adrian's villa
within this town.
Tivou, &c,
Near the fall of the Tcveronc, arc the ruins of
pie of Vclla, or the liburiine Sybil, or accotdinj i^"''
thers of Hercules J round which was foriticrl- "
colonnade of lixtcen columns ; but now only tt,, j • ■*
maining. The bale of the portico has ban wc\\' "'
(erved, fo that the felloons and foliages on the ball''^'"
lievositill make a very beautiful appearance. The col "'^'^
are of marble ; but the woik within only of brick""'!"
the niches are (ome paintings in freico ; but as the V
Mary is to be fern here, it is evident that this build^'"
has been converted by the Chiillians into a church
'I his hill aft'ordj a delightlul piolped not only of ,1,
cataraa, but of the fpots whcie the feats of Hiitacc 1
Catullus are fuppafed co li.ive Hood. The violence oN
fall of the Tevcrone down the precipice turns tpe u, "
entirJy to fo.im, and has conlidciably excavated ilitri!t'
b.iK-jth. Tivoli has inall ages been celebrated for the .
jalubiity of its air, as appears trom anc;int autlio; , '"'^j
it alfo feems to have been a lavourite leti at ol 11,1/,
This city IS alfo famous for its contaimiig the n,,,/ ,
the Villas of the ancient Romaiib, and for itj (^uitu,:^ '!'
Hone, which have been frequently nicmiuiad uiiJe/,k!
iiaiiic of rraveniiui, or 'I'lvoli Hon.'.
Four Italian miles from Tivoli lies the lakcoflJolf
tara, in which are fixtcen floating illands, the LirteC I
which is not above fifty or fixty Ject in circumf(;r'n,ci;'',
fo that it is not difficult to piilh them from thr fhorc wnh
a pole. The water ot this lake, and the little iircam •
Solfatara, is impregnated with chalk and I'alphu, . ,„
that the grafs and other vegetables growing on itshj'ii,
are fpcckled with white intrullation ;, exactly refembim,
both in Ihape and colour, the comfits madcof corianj^f
anifecds, &c. hence they arc called I ivoli coinfiti. j'
wate^'f.if the lake and livulct has Hill the reputation of
curing the aHhma, and all cutaneous difealcs.
Piperno is a fmall lown, fcated on an cminrnce fr-v
miles to the louih -aft of Rome, and contains fomt n^'.
' " Its neighbourhood abounds with the cork-ti
icfftnblci
It lecuvcts Its
.... - , „ --trif,
which IS an ever-green ; tne leaves arc ftitf and harj
and not unlike thofe of the plum or pear tree, and
the liuit, which m^kes good mall lor hogs,
Imall ai urns. When the tree is Hripped,
coat in about two years.
Vektri, the antient Velletn, is a fmall city, pjcj,
I'antly lituated on a niil, twuniy-two miles to the fouth-
caH of Rome, in the great road to Naples. It is the fee
ot a b (liop, and has twenty-four churches and convents.
I'hconlv palace in this city belongs to prince Lancelutt'
and is a magnificent Hruil-ture. I he gre.it Hair caic i,
built with white ninible, and is fo majjnifirint and «til
contrived, that it palVes lor tlie tincH in ail Iti.y, In
the apartments are a great oumDct 1 f fiiu- Haiuts, biiKos,
balio relievos, and painting,>. The inoH leiiiar^iblc i-
mong the firH are, a Venus Aiih a Cupid. I'lie prj-
fpedl from the gaidens is extremely bcautifjl, and ili.v
are ornamented with fine pieces of fculpture.
In the market place, near the palace, is a fupsrli
bronze ftatue of Urban V] II. who is reprcfcnted inbi,
pontifical habit pronouncing the beiiedicLon. Ic wai
defigned by Bernini, and Hands on a marble pcdeltal.
The laii place we Ihall mention in the Campania i^
Albano, the antient Alba Longa, a well-biiilt town,
much celebrated for its antiquities, and fcrving as a lum
mcr rece/s for the Roman nobiliiy. It is one of the fix
biflioprics conferred on the olJeH cardinals. At theJii-
tance of a mile from it Hands Caltello GanJolio, tin; ii
vourite tcfidcnce of pope Clement XI.
C H .\ F
If
( 395 )
CHAP. XXV.
The Lower Part of ITALY, containing the Dominions of the King of tfic
TWO SICILIES.
mi
SECT. I.
0/lht Kiiigilmi o/Naples.
■ '■Itualict Extent, Climati, md Produce; uillh n partl-
"''^ ,^f P,fcript0n of Motnt I'efuvius, and of the mo/i re-
"Lrliahlt Ammdi of that Kingdom ; among which is given
n arcumjiantiut Aicouni of the Tarantula.
TIE kingdom of Naples is hounded on the north-
ejft by the Ecclclullical State; but on all other
15 by the Mediterranean ar. ' Adriatic. Its extent
^ * the fouth-eaft to the north weft is two hundred
"?ci'hty miles, and from the north-e.ift to the fouth-
'"ft iwm ninety-fix to a hundred and twenty miles.
■(■his country is extieniely hot, which fuhjcds fo-
,„ners, unlels they take great care of ihemfelves, to a
(Ju habit of body ; and particularly they mult forbear
'tiling in July. Aiiguft, and ScptAnber. In the lower
.„, of the kingdom little of winter is felt, and in the
oUips it is very extraordinary to fee ice or even fnow
The fnow that fometimes falls in the mountains is ^a
thered, and kept for cooling liquors in fummer inftead of
ice. Even fo early as April, the heat of the fun is very
ereat; but the nights are cold.
The fertility of the foil is very extraordinary, it pro-
ducing an exuberance of all kinds of giain, the (iiuft
ftuits and culinary vce;ctables, which may be raiied any
time of the year. Tiieir oil, wines, rice, and flax, are
inual to the fineft of other countries.
Calabria aftbrds »reat quantities of manna, and both
ihtre and in other parts of the kingdom faftVon grows,
and is efteemed as good as thi>t brought from the Eaft.
Here arc alfoallum, vitriol, fulphur, rock-cryftal, quar-
,icsof marble, and a variety ot minerals. The Neapo-
litan horfcs are much tfteemed. The wool of the fliccp
j, fine and goodj and great quantities of filk are ex-
po""'- .../■,. , r
Ofihc filament!, or a kind of hair or wool, of an
oli^c green, growing on feme (hell-filh, are made waift-
coits, caps, llockings, and gloves, much warmer than
wool i and though not fo fine and foft as filk, yet al-
ivavs retain a peculiar glofs. Thefe fliell-fifli are alfo
robe met with at Malta, Sardinia, Corfica, and in the
Ciiiph of Venice. Among the natural curiofities of this
riuntrv the Phrygian ftone may be claflcd. It has neither
ihehardiiefs of ftone, nor the properties of earth, but
conMlls (if an indurated tnixturc of earth, rotten beech
wood, and fibres of fcvcral plants. From this ftone, laid
ina(h.idy and damp place, grow in a few days, accord-
ini; to its bignefs, mufhrooms, each often weiuhing
twenty pounds. The feed lies in the fubftancc of the
|l(iiif, and is diftinguifhablc only by a good microfcope.
The growth of the mufhrooms is greatly forwarded by
Bourin" warm water on the ftone. Some other natural
lincularities will be take:i notice of in the defcription of
the fcvcral parts of this kinjidom.
1 he Appcnnine mountam.s extend the whole length of
the coiintrv, and terminate at the Strcights of Sicily.
Mount Vesuvius, fo famous foi its fiery eruptions, lies
five Italian miles from the city of Naples, but feparate
from the Appcnnine mountains.
The declivity towards the fea is every where planted
with vines and fiuit-trecs, and is equally fertile towards
the bottom. The circumjacent plain affords a delightful
profpiifl, and the a r is clear and wholefome. The wine
produced on this fide and tlie lower part is of three forts,
all very delicious. Two of them, which feem moft in
ifcufft, arc 'he Vino Grico, a yellow miifcadine, and a
ird wine inipioufly called laihryma: ChriJ/i, or the tears
a Chnll. Of the lattjr, the httle that is produced is ic-
fervcd for the celLirs of the king, who nukes prelentj
of it, though indeed a great deal of wine ii difpofed of
as the genuine lachrymic.
The fouth and weft fides of the mountain form avery
different view, being, like the top, covered with black
cinders and Itones. Mount Vefuvius, or Vefiivi v, as it
is called by the Neapolitans, like I'arnaH'us, confiftj
properly of two fummits, thoiijzh at prefent only that on
the right hand as yuu come from Naples emits fire and
tmoke. The valley between thrle hills is about a mile
long, and extremely fertile. The height of the burning
fummit is computed to be eleven hundred fathoms above
the furface of the fea. From Rilina, a village within
three miles of the city of Naples, the acclivity of the
mountain incrcalcs, yet one may ftill ride on horfebark.
Here are feveral large ffonea half calcined, fcattercd in
different plac cs, and l-^ft as me inorials of former devafta-
tions ( the grcat-ft part being uftd by the pcafants living
on the mountains tor inclofing their vineyards. It is
aftonifhiiig to think of the iinpetuiTity by which huge
mallcs of four or five hundred weight have been thrown
to the diftance of fcvcral Italian miles.
At laft the fterpnefs of the afccnt, efpecially as it is
all over covered with afhes and cindcis, will not admit
of riding, when the horfes are left tn betaken care of
by the fervants, and it is advifeable for the traveller here
to change his boots for fhoes. Hereabouts, fays Mr.
Kevfler, (one of the lateft authors who has given an ac-
count of this mountain, which he afccnded in 1*30) a
hermit has built a mean dwelling ; and fuch is his for-
titude, that Vefuvius muft rage with uncommon vehe-
mence before he removes his quarters. As travellers are
apt to be fatigued with climbing up this uncommon af-
cent, he Itands ready with ibme wine to refrefh them at
their return ; and as the rules of his order do not pro-
hibit his touching money, he thanklully receives any
little acknowledgment made for his fcafoiiablc civility.
At this hermitage the attendance of the pcafants, who
follow travellers from the neighbouring villages, become
neccH'ary ; but as they arc apt to quarrel with one another,
and are even trained to rob and murder, a traveller (houIJ
always carry fire-arms with him. All they do is to go
before with leathern belts round their waifts, by which
travellers hold, that they m.iy climb with the greater
eafe ; and if the two peafants that go before every travel-
ler are not fufficicnt, others help by {hoving him behind.
Thefe men, wlio are at bcft very troublefome by their
exaflions and their numbers, ftile themfelves Ciceroni,
the proper title of learned antiquarian, who fhew and
explain to foreigners the antiquities and curiolities of the
country.
The ;iflies giving way caufes a man to Aide fevcral
fteps downwards ; and in places free from the afhcs, the
ruggednefs of the melted matter puts yon to no left
trouble : for from this volcano too often ilfues a lava or
mixed floods of melted fulphur and metallic ore, to the
inexpreflible damage of the neighbouring country. The
fcoria of this cjctled matter (till lies Itratum upon ftra-
tum, with large Uones projeiling Irom them, which,
in their courfe along thefulphureous ftream, were flopped
by their inequalities, and fixed is the melted matter ff.a-
dually hardened. Hy chemical experiments it appears,
that the ftones ejefled by Vefuvius contain fulphur,
vitriol, allum, antimony, rr.ircafite, arlenic, andiron;
fmall quantities of gold, fiK"r, copper, tin, lead, and
other minerals, have alfu been exirafled from them,
whence the difference to be found in the colour and
fubftance of the fcotii are not a| all lurprifing.
" Near the fummit of the mountain, f.<ys .Mr Keyfler,
" we met with ftones at leaft of a hunJicJ weight
" glowing
Ik , I
;i'i
,.(
P
;i
39*
A SYSTEM O !• G E O G R A i' H Y.
m I
h'1
, /
I ' r ; 1,
iiiJ^i:.
' I*
" pli'wln^ hot, anJ, when biDkcn, cxaclly rifomliliiic;
" rtd hotirniii ami, If (jur yui.Ici in.iy bo relied on,
" tliiy Ii.iJ bi-.ii lint juft cjcilcil from the abyls. As
" wc dill iulvaiiccil, oiir cMi were I'r-.'iminlly adlinlttd
•' withahorrid iioilc, hkc that of the explofion oU whole
" battery of cannon ) and under our feet wc had a con-
•' tinnal nniff, not uiilikethe hoiling of a large cauldron.
*' I'pon nuking a hole with a Hick in the atlics but a
" few inches deep, a heat was immediately ftlr, which
" infonie places was hotter than our hands could bear, and
" we perceived the finoke to Hliic out, aj it were, In
♦' fcveral places through fmall filiiiris.
" At length, after nnny weary Heps, wt came to the
" place where formerly the largetl mouth of the moun-
" tain was ; but this has undergone futh changes, by
" the frequent eruptions, that at prefent it i:i not only
" choakcd up, but cnvercil by a round hill of alhcs and
*> cinders, in Adilifon's and Milion's time there was a
•• plain of near three hundred p.nes to crols before they
«' came to the fkirts of this round hill, or new mountain ;
•' but fuch great eruptions have fo enlarged the tircum-
•' fercnce of the hill, that here is in moil places no
" more than a kind of trench feven or eight feet deep,
" and about thirty paces wide. The lower, or old
" mountain, is of fuch a height, that at the foot of it
" the trench is not perceived from the bottom. Here
" we felt a very fenliblc increafc of heat i and cfpecially
" at every explofion of the mountain, which made the
" aflics fly againltour faces, fo that fomc of the company
" were oblised to cover their eyes. The ground alio
" was almoTl infuppoit.ibly hot under our feet; for the
•' enihirs, or (lag, burnt the very folcs of our (hoes.
" Merc indeed wc were not tcrritied with the horrid
*< noifes we had heard below; but every difchargc was at-
»' tended with a whiz/ing like that of a great number
•' of rockets flying up at once ; the multitude of lloncs
*« and other matter tjecled, together with the clouds of
" fmoakwith which the Iky is totally obfcurcd, tefembling
" the Ipringing of a mine. Moll of the Hones, cfpc-
" cially the largeft, returned perpendicularly intotheabyfs
*' from whence they were thrown up. Cireat quanti-
" ties, however, fall or> the fides of the hill, and the noifc
«' they make in rolling down is indeed fomcwhat tcrri-
" ble. As the wind generally drives the afliesj fmoke,
" &c. one way, it gives the fpe^ator an opportunity of
" choofing the mod favourable Ration ; yet if the erup-
" tions h.ippen to be violent, there is danger of approach-
" ing on any fide. It being a bright day, wc could
" perceive no flame at the mouth of the hill ; and the
" great increafe of the heat t'elt at every difcharge, might
nion leitiiiiy ,,j
th.- country about it, and the profufion of fmit !,„;.
age, &c. with which it is every where covered. ' Tiwfe
are obferved to be the moll fertile fpots wlieh abound lu
I'ulphur, falt-petre, &c. and iffuih igneous and inflanv.
niable fubllanccs were p;-nt up, their fermenution anJ
ebullition would be produdkivc of the nioft calamitoui
cH'ciSU i whereas they find a vent through ihcfe volcano'
Experience fhcws, that earthquakes, after ;.ny cominutj
eruptions of \'efuvius, are neither I'o frequem, nor nro-
diif <■ fuch fatal efFeiSs, as at other times. Htiitc the in-
habitants arc far from being alarmed at this moiintauu
vernal eruptions, when they are not violent j and thcjir
is fo far from being rendered unhcalihful by them, that
Karra, a village at the foot of Vefuvius, near the lea u
remarkable for its healthfulncfs.
In the fca near the foot of the monntain, is fomclimci
found petroleum, a very fragrant oil, which is fold at a
very high price, and makes a rich perfume. iJuriiin the
time that It rifes, thefurface of the fea is for a litiklpan
covered with its bubbles, which they fkim offimo their
boats, and afterwards fct & feparatiiig in pots anc jars •
but its fources are faid never to run but v\heii the wea-
ther is warm and calm. Perhaps ihey mav be hindered
from difcovering them by the agitations of the water.
Notwithftanding the advantages ariling from th;fc
vents given to the inflammable matter contained in tli«
bowels of the earth, earthquakes have been of no fm.iil
detriment to this kingdom, and are chiefly lult in ihe
lower parts, where are feen the ruins of many celebrated
cities, of which now fcarce the name is preferved.
proceed from the melted matter and ignited ftones Another inconvenience, but common to all ltalv,isttie
" thrown into the air, which in the night appear like j fwarms of li/ards, efpecially of thegreen kind. Infpriurr
" re('-hot bullets: but the phocnonicna exhibited by j hundreds of thefe liitle animals are fcen balking on the
" volcanos are not conilantly alike. | flat roofs, and as they crawl up and down the walls, if a
" W'e had ftill about eight hundred paces to afccnd ! window or door be left open, they make their way into
" among hot ftones and afhes ; but the eruptions fol- the houfes. 'l"he green lizards, which are very nimble,
" lowed fo thick upon one another, that before we could ' ' ''' ' " '" >-'i' i-
»' have reached the f'ummit, we mud have flood at lead
»' eight (hocks more j and as '.le danger every minute
♦' became manifeftly greater, and our faint-hearted guides
•' grew e.Ncefllvcly out of humour, wc all agreed to re-
«' turn."
Mr. Addifon afcended to the top when there vrcre no
eruptions, and thusdcfcribes the inward cavity, as it then
appeared. Having, with much difficulty, conquered the
lalt hill, he and his companions law in the midft of it
the mouth of Vefuvius, which went (lielving down on
all fides, till it reached above a hundred yards deep;
the mouth itfelf fecming perfectly round, and about three
or four hundred yards in diameter. This vaft hollow
■was generally nlled with fmokc, but having the advan-
tage of the wind, they had a very dilfinc^ f.j.;ht of it.
The fides fcemed a
io,-.;,cmount,-.iii,f,,
u!d'.,astheheatn.,ei„J
ncd,
'""elsofthf
'0 calc:
mouth
in any part, ran down the IicIl'S of t
five river.-, of liquid firo ; and
this matter mud have lublided within the 1
niouniain, and linking verv lei'iirely, had time
togethei, and toini the luittoiii whieh cnvets th.
of that dreadful vault thjt lies undrriK'ath it. ThVvvid'
tiiouutairi, fliaped hke a lii|;ar-loaf, has bjen formed '
(cveral tiine;i with a piodigioiis qiianlily of earth andc"
ders, that have bicn ihiown up out ot the mouth thlj
lies 111 the middle of it, and increal'f.i in bulk ^u ,.,
eruption, the afliei fllliiui down its fides liko ihe r"!
inanhour-glafs; i'» that in leii^^th of time it will, -our h'
whole plain, artd make one mountain evuli th.it nn ■''
top of which it is placed. ""^
Though mount Vefuvius, fays Mr. Kcyflcr, ni'ienir
the neigtibouring country with terror, yet as lew in, '
in nature are Co ahiohiirlv ni/Xious as not to •■
fome good j even this raL;,ing volcano, by its fulpLi
and nitrous manure, and the heat of its fubtcnantt
fires, contributes not a little to the uiicom
over daincd with mixtures of red.
Green, yellow, and white, with feveral rocks pru|Cding
out of them, like pure brimftone. The bottom was en-
tirely covered, and, though they looked very narrowly,
thcv could fee nothing like a hole in it, the (moak in
iTiauv places breaking through feveral impcrcepiihlt
cracks. In the late eruptions, this gentleman informs iis,
ihi.i vad hollow was like a prodigious cauldron filled with
melted and glowing matter, v/hich, on its bailing over
! have very beautiful eyes, a line gloH'y (kin, and are quite
harmlefs. About Fundi, Capua, and Gaeta, there is a
' noxious fpccics of li/.ards, improperly called Tarantula,
whofe bite is attended with danger: thcfe are brown
larger than the green fort, and, when the tail is cut oft,
relt-mble a toad.
The fcorpion, which is a much greater nuifance, not
only harbours in old buildings, and under large flonis,
but infcds the houfes in this country ) fo that it •.. not
unufual in lomt places to make the beddeads oi' polilW
iron, and to place them at fome diftancc from liie wall.-,
to prevent their getting into the beds. It is true, they
feldom hurt, ualel'sthey arc tirft adaultcd, or accidentally
injured, \\'hich may be eafily done by a man's turniiij;
hiir.f';lf, or rr.o-. ill^; .i leg or an arm in a bed where ibcle
noxious aniinaU liaibour. The fuied remedy againit the
ding of a fcarpion is to biuifi; that animal, and bind it
Uil on the wound. In tlie nortliern parts of Italy this
creature has little or nothing of that rage and venom
which appear in thofe of he'itei climates. Jicuipioib
yield a fait and oil, which are a part of the materia me-
dica. They are caupht in groat niinihers anion;; ruins,
or in ftoiiey places, and beiii;; taken hold of with a piiir
of pincers, arc dropped in iiariow-iici ked glafs velilL,
whkh are too llippcry fur '.lien to climb '.'u;.
Anothr:
m
IIMA
:ain, is fomctimcj
which is fuld at i
tie. Diirino; the
s foralittkipji,
^im oft' into their
in puis aiicjjtsj
It when the we,.
may be hii:(iercd
i of the water.
iling from tlide
contained in tlw
been of no fmall
chiefly folt in the
f many celebrated
prcferved.
toallltaly.isthe
n kind. Infpriiig
n balking on the
vn the wails, if a
:e their way into
are very nimble,
:in, and are quite
racta, there is a
railed 'I'arantula,
:hefe are brown,
lie tail is cut oft,
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Another pli;'"" •'''""'^ I'' ""•'' '° ''"^ kiii.'/Ium of
V, ,1,.,, t|',.ii-i.illy tlio I'mlhtrii i,',\ris, U th- t.ir iiitiila, ;i
■ jot'liii'li.. I"'""'''' If'ni th.ciiy of r'artiito, in t'lc
.",l)b.'iiili"'"l lit' wli;fn thry ..Ivmml, ;mJ .\x<: thu l;irc,dl
"iTmoll viii'iin( in. The (Krlon. hit hy this \nLi\ jre
■'", ^,,1 bv th.' Il.ili.ins 'r.'Mntiiiti I'cw of liic \\ ur.h.ip-
"'' ,l„„j cm hour tl.e light nf I>I;h1( nr bhic i hut iVriii
fl',l„tj wiih ri-il .mJ !',r^'''i <)bjf>its. ''hcv urc .illu
'^'/tJ with '111 iiviTti'iii iiif.itiiiR ttiiit cr .. -iMlilti. A
',Vinihnly lilcme .-.nJ a lixnl i.yi; aro the tiiil lyiTiptnni:!
"''whi<.-h 'he hilc ot tho i„rjiiii]i:i ilik-oviTs itltlf, am!
■|i.J ill to rmilc iI\ij n.iti' lit
!• U R O I' E.
,jvii,ltiit nuiti.Mi, .iiul by ili;it
H«r..
mi-aiii to promote per-
am! .1 ciipiiius IWfat, Hut neither the lain
• the I'liiie inllrunitMi', anfwtr this iinl with ti-
|i vcral trials are theiel'on
iiii.->li<'f .
,ij to ililKrent p;.tiu)i'i
. ij,^ ;inl rhitfly with the ^'[uitar, hautboy, truiMp»t,
'•i,i^ .111,1 Sieiliaii kettle lirtiin.
h'i'oiiie p.iits ol llie king'lnin of Naples, piirliculirly
\vulii, the venom ot the leorpions is jo (iiL'tile, that
i;r'lliiv' pmiliices the liki' i ttVcls as the bite of the ta
.iiiiuU i anil thoii,:li the fame times liuvi: a proper elFcot
'■\\\xk u.UKiits allOi yetth'.y letpiire fofter iiilhumenir.,
ih.' H'lfi '''^^"' aci'ompanicd by a hrifk beat ot th'' ilrmii
I i|C riiiiii'ry P>-"»|''''' ^*''''' *''' """■<^ "f l"-''^ Ikilleil ill .ill
,ij,|. Iiidnjnieli"), ciifiirec tlie operation of tlieir miilie
j,;th.'riin.K'e. .i;ul o.lJ i^eihetil.,tioii<. 'I'lie Tai i:f..,laii,
iitiuir fule, vi '.oroudy ctert tlu-inlelvej, regiil.itiiiy ihrir
nu'.iDi's aecoiduig to the murie, till tl'.c vtnotn ii quite
tjullcil i tins i-.\ef(iie aii.l cure foiiietiines takes up live
rr'lix il.iis i not tii.nt they are kept continually ilanunj;
I mat time, hut when nature lecms to be exluuftul,
ihc iniifu' is frpiiivltd, and the patient put to bed well
covtrJi ii"J * UiJoiific cordial ^ivcn him to piuniotr
p[.-lii;jtion. It i.i leni.iikatile that the patient on his re
ijv:;y r;nu"v.heis iiothiiij; of what palled durinp, his ilil-
DrJtti 3"' '''•" '* '''"' ''""' '"^ ""' P' '•'■'•^"y 'rteiiled, ami
lilt p'ii'baen;ire!vexpell d, the fame lymptom> return the
iutccfJiii' VL.ir, efpei laliy durinir the fummer heats; and
fomt liive l.ili "ired uii.ler tins terrible dil'order, at iiucr-
vJi, I'ur ten, twenty, or thutv ycsrs.
The bite of a tar.nrula at li:l^ occafinns only a fmall
rcJ tini'iur, like iliJt occalioned by the llin:j of a walp,
r.J tf.'ri.' ifi' -iboee ei^ht fpetie.s of them ilirt'ering in fi/-;',
c !o'jr, .inJ loini, but producing the i.\mc milehievous
(!i(cts hy their venom. The tarantula is moll dangerous
in thi' i'":! days, and durin.', the violent heats, crpccially
(inihfpl.iiiis i's if thev were Incited to greater raj>,e hy the
Inn; lortliole of Tullany never occalion luch dcplora-
Mc JiMr.iers a< the malijin.int kind found in .Apulia ; and
f\tii in thele, wlicn carried to the northern parts of tlie
|tn:iloai ot N.i|>les, or to Home, tlie \enoni is rendered
U) noxious, lo t.iat their bite is attended only with a flii^ht
luiilii.iry pain.
Pile uraritii'a'j chii-f haunts are holes in the cr.rth, old
otI.s, and iiolioiv ireci, and the cobweb it m.-.kcs is
iirniiw and coarfer than that of a common fpider. The
piil'jn is cont.iiiii'il in two I'mdl velkulcs within the
juais, near two fan^js, with which they art armed, belidcs
l.ii.rtetth.
S V. C T. II.
397
withoiu feeing that Infernal monfter. She is a little old
wiiniiin, (ays lie, who had entered into a kind of religi-
on i'.llrhiioJ, and on thi.« account, if nut a worfe, her
life hai hitherto b-en fpared. She is faid to have poifnnecl
fine hundreds of people, and was rcmaikabiy lihtial of
her drops, which (he pave by way of alms to wives, who^
trom leveral intimations, (he knew would not be incon-
fol.ible lor the de.ith of their hutliaiuls. I'lve or fix dropj
of tills l'(|ui I, It feenis, anfwer the horrid piirpofe, and
miy be lowered or tempered fo as to take ellVcl in any
dtlerniiiiat" time. This water even lUll toi.linues lo
be pnv.itely made at Naples.
I lie iiiliabitants of this kingdom have alv. lys been re-
maikAhlc for tlair voluptiioulnel's, and in no city in Ku-
lopi- arc prollitutcs fo numerous or lo aUmdoned : thele
an; laid to amount lo ei: hteen thoufaiid in the city ol Na- tfOC'
pits, and in one particular part nf it, is a receptacle for
two ilioufan i of litem ; and yet it Is no uncommon thini;
lor even cctle!,.illics to lodge in iHol'einl.imons pnrtsof ihi;
town. This has an unhappy effect, and the clergy be-
lli;^ exempt from the civil jurifdidion, and connived at by
ihtir lupirior>, let the worll c\am|)lc3 j and any com-
plaints ai^ainlk them from laymen are cjnfidered as tho
iieiT'lu of infulcnee.
Ciicat nuiiibers of the pcafants arc fo lloihful, as to
preirr l)e;;i;ing and robbing to l.ibour and induftry ; but
III tlio ciiyol .\apKs ihere'arc fcvcral floiirilhing maiiu-
tactiire?, and lomcthing of a fptrit of indulhy.
Among th(.ir public entertainments one of the mod
Ciiiaiidin.iiy is tlie proccllion with four triumphal cats,
on the lour Siind.iys immediately piecediiig l.mti the
hrit v/iih bicad, tlvj ftcond with flelh, the tuird with ve-
getables, and the fuur:h with tilh, 'rhel-- pro\ilions are
piled up veiy hij,li, with muluians placed at the top, and
guarded by aimed men, till they are );iven up to be pi),
iaged by the populace. But tli.it which draws the great-
elf coneourfe to Naples is the calUe built according to the
rules of tortilication, and faced all over with pieces of
beef, bacon, hams, geefe, turkeys, and other provifiuns.
This welcome Ipeclacle i> exhibited once a year, and on
each fide of the callle ii a fountain lunning with wine
during the whul ; day. A party of foldiers is polled tu
rtlhain the ardour uf the populai e till the viceroy appears
In his balcony, which is the lignal for the allault,
It is ufual for the Neapolitan nobility tu fpend foinc
years in a parfimonious retirement on their elfates in th':
country, that they may cut a figure for a while in the
city, by living in profufe magiiiliccnce ; thus they arc-
generally running into e.'dremes : their fortunes, how-
ever, are not very conliderable, which is a natural
confeiiucnce of there being a great difproporlion in their
number to the fniall cxten: of the country ; lor there are
in this kingdom a hundred and nineteen princes, a hun-
dred and hfty-li.x dukes, a hundred and feventy-three
mariiiiifes, fortylwo counts, and four hundred and'oity-
livc barons, all v. (I'.ls of the crown ; and as manv Ipois
of land that arc not worth above lifty dollars a year,
gi.e the owners the title of marejuis, they are confe-
eiuently very poor.
Religion, as we have already hinted, is on avcrybad
footing i and the bcif that can be faid of ihcecclefiillical
conltitution is, that ihe Neapolitans have always refo-
lutely oppofed the intreducing of the inquifition. The
%.
Vi M,r:>lcrs iiii.t (^ii/l-ms of ll e NenuUhim \ their piiblii
Enti-'.iiimneiili ; tlv Stii'e of RiH^i^ii ; u'i.'lj an A'Xoiwt
if On Pncrjfiiu of the pctHtent I'rollitutei. Tin Fo'in of
^mi'.m nt and }l'iji;ry of tht C-imtiy. fti Amiy; an
A:<-/.im of the Urdcr of St. 'Jurmtriui, ami its Fouti.
IT hi, t) en faid hy feme authors, that the worft crca-
tir.-i in this delightful country are the inhabitants
trenklves, who, heiides thi ir unnatural lulls, are of a
im.litive, treaeherous, and bloody dilpofuion. National
reidi'iT, indeed, generally imply ignorance, narrow-
irS m Idul, and wuit of charity ; but it mull b- con
WW that ttie hilliry of Naples abound'* in inllances
wlu'.h dilgraie human nature. Mr. Iveyfl.-r obferve^,
tr..t when ne was there, Tophani, the noted female
number of mon.illeries and convents is ailonifhing, and
the c'ergy are as remarkable for their wealth as the
Lilly fir their poverty. Such is the power and opulence
to which the clergy have arrived, that they have more
than once been ready to leize 'he civil power, and to ar-
rogate tothemlclves a decilive authority in matters quite
foreign to their paltoral care, nor can they bear the "eaft
controul or cenlure on this account. Some who ure
well acquainted with the (late of the kingdom aflirnij
that the clergy arc polleircd of near two-thirds of its
whole produce, without the people's having any hopes of
recovering the leall part, all alienatioi'.j being prohibited
by cxprcls laws. The laity have often, in the ftronged
manner, petitioned their fovereigns, that the cleigy
might be no longer allowed to purchafe lands and houles ;
but all endeavours were fruitlefs, till at length, in 1751,
mcafurcs were concerted, with the pope's conlent, for
j '\
1
f
. 1 li
M'
'™'lv
it
-
'.'•I
1'
f'lf.ir.ir, who hilt invented t\\i: ai/iai Tolihaiiia, was iliU
laiii^ in prifoii, and that few loreigners left Naples j leflcning the number of convents
77 5 H
The
^*N
!
ki
if
III Ml
■ 1 in 'i
' >' ^ >iK
398
A S Y S T t M OF G I, O G K A 1 1 1 Y
The ilvvotion of ihc II iiT.in catholics is not here, , d in-
was lichci.lcil i iiml itiir Chjjlvi wis f. .•„ 1
'"I'll ( „
h'lWi'vcr, 111 (lutr.i.'tMii', ,n in livcral [Mrtmit' (itrmany. ! '!.> iliiciu', In (.';■; (hii |iriiuc bjcjine km;„( 1 '"
At the cIcv^itK-ii lit Ihc hull in tiiu ihuiJiij, or wluii ii !•. , I ili'in, liui li.!l Suilyi l.ir the iiilubit.iiu,, t».,i|«,"|'j
c.iriii'J uloini: iiic llfdi'., nil ti.ivilki i> timipilltil tn . I'y ihc iiiii.li int ana tyt.iiiny ol I'.i.! I'uiicli, im'""
kiiitl I ami 111 liltlc- iliffiiulty i> nuilc ahmit Hr.in('i'rj iiiilik'tniin c,ill..J Juliii ilt I'un ul.i iitihoir hiMit.',,,, 1. '!!' *
,..: .-/L 1 . ...I :. I ... ......1. 1, ...... '.I,.. ..... ...1,^.. .1,.. I ..II . ..1 I. . >"'"..lUt!.
catnip', filh .iiid lowls in l.cnt. Hut ihf iiin-kn inn r.a- i J.iy, I jl;j, when thr li'lli rlnnu-.l (,,r viljiti,,
ilily pniudi.' I'l.i tnrni wh.iii vir ihi y I'li.ilc. Sinix- the
Hovcriiiiiilit ciiK' iiitii l(u' h.iii.li lit the- Aiillriati Iimc nt
tho hiiulf lit ll.i|'lbiiri', ilw iLitiii^ot .St. Ni|'i'iiiiili h.is
bcrli i-iicii-il (inlivii.il liiiili'.ii ; but trull, j „(i' luitviry
liunuTiiiii m thi- llmta ( imr |>iiIiIk- prmiili.niy, even in
the cii|iilal iilill. 111 Iti'ijutnt uj 111 iiiull oihcr iioiiidi
(itILI,
Ihc Mull lonimon priicilTuin, which Is cxliibiied al-
mull I'vcry (1.1), u Kl, intciukil In txcite divoiiun lli.in
to r.iiic.i liinti lui' |unilint |ir(iilitiiU«, whu hive qmtt'J
ihi'ir abjiiiliiMi'.l w.iy ol lik liii .1 cunvi'iit, IiuirJcr the
more cilcctu.illv i') muvc ih.' (jucLitur^ to tluiity, thf
loiingrll .iiul iii(il( bcaiitilul ol thilc |ii.'nitciits aie I.-
Itotid, who w.ilk b.iic-riniliil thrmigh the city two a-
brcalt : at patlit. iilir {ilaeet ihcv kiiiel ilnwn, aekimw-
IcJ^e their p.ill VMckiilial^, an.l I'ln,; pcniti ntial hyiiir..>,
while an eeelLliallic and a lay-.illiltant receive the eim ■
tribiitinn^ n! the people in a pii.le t.illened to the end of
iiiliik. 'I'heir h.ihii im thele m caruin.i is a vmltt cn-
lourcj gown, tied khiiuI the w.iill wilii a cord ol' the
lame colour. I heir heads arc ihaved, and lluy weir a
blue veil i but it is I'd thin a> to afford a li^ht id the
ch.irnii of y.uitli and U-auty, which arc found to be
powerful iiieeiuivis in a liberal conttibution.
The Ne.ipiilit.iiis are l.u lioni being deficient in their
inlellei;l> i luit, imtwithllaniling all their fehotil', nni-
verliciesi, and ae.ideniics their reli^'^inn is a perpetual bar
to the inipiDVeinent and inercale ol loliil literature.
Tnc lilk, woollen, and other nianufj.llures, tOjiethcr
with the iiiiproveiiKnt of the at.-, owe their fiill clt.ib-
liflinunt to I'erdinand ot Arragor, wiin patrcinizcd theni
in a very liberal ni.inner. Thele ni.'.iuilaehirc.i, joined
I ni.illacied all the l''rtnihiiieii in tlic illin.l " L'uiiii wl
IVlir lif Arra.'on w.i.» th. Icn kin;>, and hii def.nij"
'Ulc Jli,|
*lii
■•III,,, I
rep;ntd over Suily till the lie(;inii<n ■ ol i|,e hlieuntht
tiiry, will n it W.11 .i^ain uniti.d ti< Naples, At \r
I'li.lin.ind the Caili..ii>, kin^; ■./ .Spam, and I,v,.,i. v"
km; (I lianee, lei/ed th'- kiM(:lomi but i\r
niainlaiiiin,', 1 1, t the en'.ue kin-dorii beioii'ied tohr,,. i,
and making l-wid li.iilalinby force ol amis, N,!V.
' luniinued to lie governed by Spanidi i iecrovl tiij '.1''
! be^'innmi; ol the prelint ccn.iiry. Dunn;; ih^. |(,„,, J|'
bloody war (ur ihe fucee/lion, cmint IJjun, in j'.^!
coiujinri'd till. l:ini;doni f..r Charlet III. .ifterM-jrJ,', '
pen.r, by the title ofCluib.s VI, who in 17^0 slla-'!
i|Uired ill ily. In I7j+thc Spaniards in.iilr thciiilcl''
iiiallera ol both kin(;doitis lor the infant I>.iii (.',,, "
an.l ill I7j0 the enipeior, by .1 f.-rnwl nilliun.cr.t, cf't'
the kini;diiiiis of N.ipl.'s and Sitily to luiii uiij |i-, ,;J,"
and III delault of nine to hi-, yoiii^'ei broilurs anj (||jj.,"'
but Don Cailo-,, on the death of Ins lither, ' ' ' ''
"11 the tliione ot Sii.iiii, waa fueeceiUd by I'er
hi . ihird liin.
The arnia of the kiii;;diini of Naples are a Oil, I
intjripeiled with lilie. or, with a lomnanieiit ei,|
live lapels giilis.
Theic n> here .w order nl kiii 'htlioo I, wliiili i, (; „
of bt. Jaiui.irnis, inlliiuted by ly.m l.'.iilus, inthevii'
17 jS. Its hadi;e is the iinaj^e ol tlii> faint, a;ipend.iiv. t,
awatereil carnation riMmn, palling; from the iieat (h,,.,'
der to the lek (ide, and on the left bre.iU of ihc ant ,
hlver crofs. The principal odiees inuler the goveniniMr
aic the council of Hate, to wliii.li biluii^i; the ficrii.,;. |
ot llate, the kiinj'.s piivy-coiiiKil, the treifury, t,\.
IHIIl;. plj ,
cri;iii,.ii.i |\'
■'I It
to the pioducc ol tiic couiUiy, aic ihe I'ource ct Uicir I iiieily coiiutil, the trealury of I'alcitno, the council ,j
trad
In this kiiud.om arc only two flatcs, confitiing of
nobles and coninions, the clergy not making a diltiiiiik
clafs, but beinj iiitcrniinj;led with the other two : but
in the city of Napli..s ihctc ate feveial noble and illulhinus
families which make no part of either of the twollate.*,
but are In fomc Imfe conUdered as foieij;ncts. The ge-
neral aliemblv of the ftalcs is fuiiinioncd every two yearj
to meet at the capit.il, where the fefiions arc held in the
Minoiitc cc.nvciit near St. Laiirenee'd cliurch, wliere ilr.-ir
chief hufliiefs is to deliberate on the culloinary free gilt
to the king, which has often amounted to upwards of
one million live hundred thoiifand crowns.
The proviiiees of wlucli the kingdom of Naples con-
fillb weie fornieily a part of the dominions of tlic Roman
republic, and afterwards of the cmperor.s, In tlie tilth
century they were over-run by the V'ifi;;oths, Ollionoths,
and llcriilian*. Bilii'aiiiis, il;e (;eneral of jiidiniaii, em-
peror ot the Ealt, took Sitily and tlic provinees of the
preleiit kingdom 01 Naples ; but th'^fe provinces were
i'oon again difmembered, or.e part Itiil remaining under
the Grecian emperois, and the Longobardi rci/in;r on
the other. At lalt the Saracens took Sicily, andt're-
(juently committed great ravai^es in Itilv. After fevcral
revolutions it was coiupiiied bv the Normans, Conltan-
tia, the wife of the emperor Mmiy Vl. the lad of the
legitimate dclecndants of Rojer, the (irft king of the
Norman race, dying in 119S, ilie lacceflion devolved on
her Ion 1 redcric II. emperor of (Jermany; and thus the
kingdom fell to the houfc of Swal.ia. On the
his Ion Conrad IV. his natural Ion, Manl'rei:
made himl'elf mafcer of the kingdom, pop.- Urban IV'
,Tnd a'tcrwards Clement IV. being dreniioully bent on
the expulfion of the honle of Swabia, o.Tercd the king-
doms of Naples and Sicily to Charles of Anjou ; and, to
give the greater fandlion to the cntcrpn/.e, crowned
him king. .Manfred loll his life in an unfurecfiful bat-
tle, and Charles's feverily fo alienated his fuhjciits, that
Conradine of Swabia, the ("on of Conrad IV. the only
lawful heir to the kingdom, was invited to adi;rt his
claim to the hereditary dominions of his r.itlicr ; but this
young prince being (0 unfortunate as to be tikcn pri-
war, &c.
'i'hc dandlng f iCe, I'.i' j^'hout the kingdom Jj nut
exceed thirty tin ifand iiiii, of which theSwiliif.
ments are the bell.
The kingdom of Naples is divided into twelve iri.
vinccs: tneli; are Terra di l-.ivura, the Hither 1'iimii;u.
lity, the Farther Principality, the Hafilieate, Hither La-
Ubria, Farther Calabria, and Apulia, und.T which liltarj
included the territories ofOnanlo, IJarri, the CapiiinjM,
the .Molile, and the provmeci of Hither and t'jitiic-
Abruzzo.
S E C T. HI.
Of th,' Prmhh'i cf Snptfs cidicil Terra <li Liivim, ir /.'.
'Ttri ilory of Luv:rti \ /'.■i Sifjatioi:, Exti>:t, an,! iii:vj ,
uiil/> a piiriiiuLr Dcj-iiptim cf the C:ty of SupLs.
'eath of
having
Terr;
elleer
l-RRA di f.ivora, in Latin Terra f-abori., i.
icd the prim ipal dillriiit in this kingdom, en
arcount of the number ol its towns, the riehiiel's ui' iii
toil, and its containing the capital of the kiiijJoir. i:
comprehends a part of the anticnt Ca.mpania l''eli.\, :mJ
was lo calied on account of its ama/.:ng Icriihty, ami 111
the middle ages the Callellany of Capu.i ; but reccivij \;\
prelent a[ipellation in 1C91 from Richard II. prince cf
Capua, and the Normans, who in the beginning nt l!'.'
fimc year were driven by the Longobardiau inhabit ::>
out of the city of Capua, and indead of the priiicip..'iiv
ot Capua uled to term it Terra di I.avora, from the lit-
ncls of the foil for all manner of culture. Its coult ex-
tends along the Mediterranean about a huiidriJ ir.J
twenty miles, including the windings and creeks, anJ
it is about thirty-three in breadth, where broadellj hut
it.greated length, from the Ecclefiadieal State to ll.i
Hither Piincipality in a dircdt line, does not e.xcec.! 1^-
venty-four miles. It is bounded on the north by ll-.i:
i lither and Farther Abrii7zo, on the ead by ilieuiuiity
ot .\Iolifc and the Farther Piincipality, on the kiuth 1 .
the Hither Princijiality aini the gulpli ol Naples, ami ua
the wed by the C'aTip3:;ia of Home.
!^ll
li.iiiH'iit ccll.r (>
,1
i
1
1
! '■'
i
•iri
r
i
:!
)
1
'1
\'AI'I.2S'
i!
,i )
S',M'1.2 9-
I'. IJ R
c.
Ti'..' piii'.ni';'
line tcriitdrv arc the
I'lii', or Novi.'li.ino,
, 1,1,0, th:'aiui."U r.iris, th^- !
Voliiirii'S whicl) rci-ciVi-.stiK' S.ili.itd CiKi, ami l.imc
tliu Cl.iiiio, or l^^tria, ami tlic Saiiio, or Sral'ati.
lakes arc the Man; Murtd, or Dtail Sim,
la'tlnr a ijiilpli, tlic AvirjK), aiul tlic Collucia,
O F
fjinoii.i
F,.
m
■,,.■1111111' Aiiu'iiil'"^'-
'"'j-lij^jiy of Naples in Italian Napoli, tlic anticiit I'ar-
li-iniH', aftcruMrils Ncapclis flic capitil iif tlic kin.;-
', '.ji is'iVjtcd ill tlic liiity-liill: <li\^icc iwcnty one mi-
".fi miftii I'"i"i''ei •II"' '" tlic (uiiitccnt'.i ile,.>ri.e torty-
r^iiiiim'.es e.ilt l.niijitii Ic, fl;iMilin!'; partiv on a niouii-
'■■1 aiil p.irtlv tuvvarcl'i the Tea. Its wails, which are
,. i"'lv l.'.ccti with a IkU'I bl.ick llone callcJ piperno, arc
"iii; miles in circuit; Init iiulniliii;^ the lubiiihs the
,'„,;.( ciiin"l"''f<"ee cannot he lelV than eighteen or
vciily ll.li'"' niilcs. iMoll ol' the llrcct* arc adniirahly
■li ii.iveJ wicli free flone i but tlie fault is ihcy h.ive
,'"(,,,,_. or gutters to carry off' water. 'I'liat of the
.'■it.it Iriv'tli anil hrcailili is tallcil the Stra.la di Toledo,
'I'hichis ab.iiit twenty-three coninioii paces l.io.id
•:ur iiii :i "= "■• •' ''ireiil '
hundreds
lir!
and,
mc lil'tccn luindrtd paces, it is
.nii'iiiiicd I'oinc IninJreils more in an eal'y curve. 'I'liis
iidced ha.s not one cmiiuut palace; hut though
h.is not furh in.^gnificcnt lUuchircs as are to he
, ,', ji Ronii.' and Cicnoa, it has vcrv lew of thofe iiuaii
l„;i,jin.is which in other cities dil'eiacc tlieir Illicit Itrects.
•I'lu' liJules in general are lot'ty .ii.d of (luie, with paved
f,tr.).'ls, (uiiounded with ck'ir.iiit iialuilr.'.dcs : hut the
. 'c.iiiiiiiuhcr of If.ilLs on whicn eatables are expofcd to
I ;.■ and 1)1 b.ilconics with lattice windows, arc a great
iii'dimeiit to the ftrret^ apiicarin^ to advantage ; bj-
liJ;> lIu'V are left dcltitute of ilr; conveniciKC and or-
riniciit lit being illuminated at iii^;ht, and lew cities arc
niii;o Jair'.crous after it is dnk.
The h.irboiir is very fp.icious, and has a gr.iiid light-
hfluie, with a mole near live huiidicd paces in Icntith,
«liiih Icparatcs ihc main liarbour from the b.il'on. The
;,tar lii-s behind the Caftello N'anvo, and has generally
,11 it lour gallics, the crews of which, both rowers
j-,il fililii'is, aic obliged every Lent to conic to a formal
c'liiifiian, and to receive the I'jicrar.ient. The devotions
if ilit'tirll galley are followed by a day of reit, the fecond
r\ .ilike interval, and fo on. In the evening, at the
t ,.ll' of the proceflion nfaal on fuch folcmiiiiics, the
b ll ij txpol'ed, and all the gallics give it a falute.
The great number of fount.iiiis are very elegant orna-
ir.rnts of the citv, though in many of them the water
;. 'ij; iiiJiffercnt. The iinell of thefc f.iuntains is that
ti .Mi'Jim f.icing Cailtilo Nuovo, or the New Caltle :
;■.; upper bafcn is fiipportcd by the three Ciraces, and
i::;ih.'top liaiids a fuperb Neptune, attended by levcral
(ih.r luures, all cjccTing w.;ter, whicl> make a very
-Jiii iippe.irance. SeviTiilof the other fountains are of
i,cM!U architeclurc, adorned with good pi'.'ces ot Iculp-
iiiii'. Avery line acpieduit I'upplics the city with a vail
(jjjiuity of water from the foot of Alount Vcfuvius,
b< nicjiis of which Alphonfus 11. in 1^4?. made himfcif
n,:i!.T of the city. The place where lormerlv was the
ir;.i;cll refervoir of thefe waters is at prelcnt known by
^■.■n.ime of ocggio di Nido, or Nilo, whvre there is an
a.'itiqu'.' Ilatue of the river Kile, rcpreleiUed under the
ll;iireofan old man litling on a crocodile, with boys
ploiiiiL^ about him.
I he number of the inliibitaiits is at Icall three huii-
liiol tliniifand, and as the commerce ot the city occalions
".great bultle, Rome, in comparifon of this citv, has by
fmic travellers been looked upon as a kind of defart.
Here arc fwarms of princes, dukes, rnarquiles, and other
M'lliiliiy, to whom arc appointed five large fquarcs,
crillod Capuana, Nido, Montagna, I'orto, and I'orta
Nunvo, (lie commonalty have alio their peculiar dil-
irict. ['".ich of thefe fixdilhiits choofes its deputies, who
iii|i..riiuend the police of the city, and hold acouitlor
the examination of fuch public concerns as fall under
their coLini/ance. The nobility of the five piaz/a?, as
they -jre e died, alfo name their iVndics, who, in tiie par-
'irnicnts and other Iblemn aUcniblics, reprcfent. the citv,
jiiil the whole kingdom.
Ot all the p.ii.iccs that ol the king is the mod aiigull,
and of th'j tic.velt architedure. It was the work of the
oiit.in.i. The grc.1t /ii"Tj,',', which is divided in-
to two llights of llcps, is of white niaiblc, eleven com-
mon pac, s in bre.idth, and has a magniliccnt appe.irance.
,\t the loot of tiie Heps 01 each tide is the (latue of a
river, that on the right rcprcfciiiing '.ho Ebm, anl that
on the li^ll the Tagus : but '.ne eye of a coiiiioillair, oil
eiiteiiiig tile palace on this lid;', mult be oftcnded at the
dil|iropoiiiiiij.iie narrowncfs of the court, (n the audi-
<'iice-rooin aie liiicK painted the nvill reniirkable aiStions
of ihe Sp.uiiili nation, among which ii; placed ih;; cxpul-
lion ol the Jews out of Spain. The S a la Kegia, where
the carnival eiitcri.iinments are held, it hung with the
pictures of a 1 the viceroys at full length, and a parlicu-
l.ir gallery is taken up with the exploits of llie duke of
Alva. Ill anotlier laloon is ri-preleiucd the war cairieii
on by (Jh.iilcs V. with John brederic, 1 ledlor of Saxony.
Indeed all the ap.irtmeiits abound in fine paiiuiiigs and
beautiliil tapcltrv. In the palace chapel arc furprifing
iliiaiititlcs of (date, and behind the altar (lands a molt
.idm r.ibic white marble Itatuc of the Virgin Mary.
T Ik moiiailei ies and convents of both fcxes in this
city are computed at a hundreil and forty-nine ; bclides
wiiich aic thirty- lour honks for poor boys, girls, and
women ; eleven hiii'pitals, live feminaries for ceclefiadics,
lour cajiital cliiirciies, thirty-two paridi-churches, fe-
venty other churches and chajv-ds, and upwards of a
luimlred and tliiity oratories or chapels ot religious fra-
ternities. Molt of the churches are deficient in gooJ
p.iiiuiniis and a fine front, and their mrbic monuments
are not of ihoie maj,iiilicent large dimcniions th.it (Irkc
ihc eye witii fuch finpir/.e, as illc lar greater part do in
Rome ; but every thing elle, inb'-MUty and richnefs, fur-
palles all of the kind in other Catholic countries, the
value of the je« els and utenlils of the altars being alone
ellimatcd at icveral millions of dollars.
i'Or the defence of the city, and at the fame time to
keep it in tubieclion, are live calllcs, which, according
to the oid method, confill < hierty of very (Irung walls.
Tlic C.illelLi Niiovo has a communication by a overt-
way wiih the king's pala.e, and one fide is contiguous
to the lea. Its fuhterr.ineous works and mines are ad-
mirable. At its cntr.ince It.iiids a triumphal arch of very
curious fculpture. Near it is a braCs gate, decorated
with line hallo relievos, reprefenting fome of the atehicve-
ments of the kings of Arragon. The callle church is
handfomeiy decor.itcd with gilding and ftucco-work, and
a I'ieta, in a room adjoining to it, is greatly admired.
Kacing the armoury, which it is faid can complcatly fur-
nilh (illy thoufand men. Hands a maiblc antique itatue of
a yoimg foldier, or, according to fome, of the emperor
Nero.
'I'he CaftcIIo del Uovo, or Egg CaOlc, fo called from
its oval form, Itaiuls on a rock in the lea, which is join-
ed to the coiitiiient by a bridge two hundred and twenty
paces in length ; it is fupplied witii frelh water by means
of a llone conduit, cmhcllidicd with a variety of marble
figures of animals, and conveys the water fr.im the city
under the bridge to the caltle, where are two relervoirs.
The thiid check upon the city of Naples is the caltle
of St. Elmo, or St Eiamo, thus called from a church
dedicated to that faint, which formerly Itood on this fpot.
It is lituatcd on an eminence towards the well, and is in
the form of a (tar with l\x rays The fubterr.ineous
works are very Ipacious, and hewn out of the roi k to
fuch a depth as to be bomb-proof, on which account a
gre.it iiuintity of military liores are kept here. This
callle may be luppb''d with piovifioiis Iroin Caftello
Nuovo, by means of a fubterraneous communication.
In tile upper part of St. Elmo's 'allle are feveii cillcrn*
for water, and under the vaults and mines is a refervoir
large enough for two galleys to fail on. The water,
wliich is aUavs extremely cold, is drawn up by buckets.
The two other caftles are of little note.
The moll i.niaikable hoiifcs at Naples are thofe of
the prince di St. .^gata, the dukes of Gravina and Ma-
taloni, and a lew otlicrs.
The moll reiiiark.ible churches and convents in this
city are the following :
T'lie c ithcdral is iledicatcd to the AfTumption of the
\'iigin Mary, and, though a Ciofhic itriuflurc, is very
till-.-. On liic h'gn altar is the Afl'umption of the Virgin
Mary,
V
■i L
! I
^l
X . X ■' w^
I: !:
4C0
A SYSTEM OF
N.
f! »:
.1 I
^r I-
;
I >■
1 I !■ -m
•\ I
Mary, by P'ulro I'crug^iio, a p:'liitcr, who \vr,s U;i].liaer,s
maid r. Fainting lli..- alt.ir aie two pillars ot' rciljalpc-r,
twtlic (cct high, witliiiut till! [KiU'lKils, whiJi arc of
vciJc ainicci. Ill tliL: chnpi-l inulcr the high aliar arc (otiic
curiiiiis works iii iiiailik', as (cllndus, folia;".?, birjs,
chil.lri'ri, aiul aiVicls, wiiich arc by (oinc at;nbu;cil to
Miihajl An,-.'Ui, who alio <iit the traEirparcnt alabadiT
ItiUi'.c of carihnal dlivcrio (.'.iratl'a, the IouiuUt of this
i'ha|-cl, platcJ bihliul ihr altar. '1 hj pavcintjit i» inlaid
wi'.li vcrik- .iiitico, jafi'ir, i;:al!o antico, aii.l porphyry.
The remain", of St. Jaitu.iiiiis have been reniovetl lioin
the ehurch ileJitatcd to tiiat faint, without the walls, to
tliis fuhterraneous eliapcl. Tne latf emperor oIKered at
his fhtine twelve filv^r ca'^Ies, in the heads of whieh are
twelve lamps kept coruinii.illy burnin;.', and on.' liundred
Icui.'i a year ate appoiiued lor fnpplvhi.; them with oil.
The iiif,|} remaikaiile elu:pel in vhi:i cathedial is that
called il Teforo, on the ri^ht hand on entcriiii; the church,
the art liitcdurc of uiii'.'i. i-; e.vtremeiv bcau'.itiil. In it
aic t!ie ilatuvs of St, I'eter nnd .St. I'aal finely executed
by Fineili, and two pdiais ot bl.ii k nvnble moll; beauti-
fully fpottcd ; the door is of brail, curimilly wrought
with lellooiis and foliages. The chapel is of a roinul
figure, and contains ftven alcirs of the {inLJt marble, and
forty-two pillars of broccatello. Twenty-one lar;^c
b'oT/.e iinajies of faints, cath valued at four thoufand
leurii, fta;id round the urpir part of the wall, and under
thtni are lixty lllver bulls of lo many faints. 'I'h- cupola
was painted bv Lan'V.'ueo, I )omc.riibino, and Ferme-
giano i but their work has I'ujfetcd much by earthiiuakcs
that have damaged the cupola. Hehiii I the high altar,
which if detacheii from the v/all, andcjiurcly ol red por-
phyry, isibefliiine with I'llver doors, vv'nete they pie-
tend to keep .Sr. Januariu;-'she.id, with fonic of bis hlood,
contained iit two crylt.d pliiaN, aiifl laid to have been
gathered bv a woman at the time t.f his martyrdom. Be-
iidcs the three Kattd times in tlie year for expoling thele
relics to the public view, the ld;c is done with the deep-
elf humiliations on account of famine, peihience, earth-
iiuakcs, or any oib.r public calamity, whieh is (uppole-d
to require the int..Tpoiit:on of this taint. The pretended
liquct'acfion of the coagiilattd blood in the phials, when
pliced near the bead, is lcnov.'ii to all the v\'or!d. This
j'arte is acted the fitli Sunday in .May, and on thclueccfs i
or failure ol this miratle tiic pioi'pvrity or calamity ot the
fucceedinr^ year is fuppofed to depend. As the former
Occaiions jirv.'.t puljie njoieings, fo if the blood remains I
coagulated, recourfc is had to iiroccflions, public flagul-
latior.s, ^^\-. to avert the impending danger.
That accurate naturahif and pnilofopher Mr. Kcy-
li.-r obiVrves, that t>.c fuh'ianee in tne phial is of a
browiiilli red, and looks like halfam of Peru, which inay
be very e:ilily liijuehed. On tile d;!y when this miracle
is to be exhibited, the phial containing the fuppofed blood
ftands furroundcd by a great luiinberuf lights : it is about
three inches 'oni, and is appbed to the rr.outl-.s and f. irc-
heads of an inir.inicrable multitude of people who thr(>n.'
to part.ike i.f fuch a blelliiig, the prait all the while
turning it everv way ; fo t!ut by the continual agitation,
the warmth ot h:s hand, the heat from the lights, the
effluvia from fucb crowds, the fultrinel's o! the wca;!ter,
i5.re. it is not iinrc afonable in luppol..- a condenfed fluid
may be gradually rtlioied to its liquidity. At lengtii the
pricif cries out, Ihmre.ula t futn., " Ihe n^iracle is p r-
" formed," which is inuHediatcly anfweied by a Te
Daim, atnidll the actI..mations cf ti c people, and the
difcharge of cannon. This pien tided miracle is not how-
ever pecuMir to the blood of St. Januarius, for that of
St. John the fiiptill, St. Stephen, St. I'.intaleon, St. Vi-
tus, and St. Patricia, exhibit the like fpciffacle in olhi r
churches at Naples, wh.ie fucli wVta aie kept, and ge-
ner.'lly on the d.ivs dedic.ied to tiinfc f.iints
In the area hifoic the cathedral Ifands a fine maible o-
belilk, onwiiich is ere.l.'d a brafs ffatue fit St. Januarius,
with a f.atin inicription to the Icllowing piirpol'e :
" Kre.'led hy tlie city of Naples, out of gratitude to St.
'• J.inuarius the ever propitious and piiwerful protc'lor
" of his ii.i'.ivc city and the wholi- kingd.un " This
obelifl; i? annually i!luniin,;tei! on the iiinete-. nth of Sep-
teiiil'.:, with a r,''.enJor li;ird!y to be conceived, v.d'.ile a
sun..
G E O G R A F H Y.
APU,.
numerous b..nd of nuific play by it, and all the •<
the fevcral forts are fired (ui the oeealioti, '^^
The church of the Holy Apoftles is almofl
with gilding and painting ; but it wants a beautiful t'^"'^
Over the cntr.iiice is a piece of painting hy I ;i„r ',""'•
reprefentiiig the an';el defccnding to ifir the ».!,','"■'''
iKtlufda, an 1 he alfo painted the roof. Thcc' 'i'
is likewil'e fini'ly painted, and the tabernacle on the"'-" '
.dtar is a molt admirable piece, coiihifing of ci:.'fit'i,ifi'"''
and
ither decorations of amethyfls, emeralds 1 1„ ]
'.'.uli, agates of feveral colours, a topaz of tin., (j;.. ,
walnut, and other gems. On the altar piece is "j*J-.'
painting of Chti!l's head, with a crown of thuins 'I'l' "
.ilt.ir is of flowered nia; hie, and the baluKrade l-i-fo '"
ot red and wnitc niarhle. 'I'he other chapels o( ,h'
ehurch arc alfo e.xeeeding bcaiuiful, '''
In the convent belonging to this church arc thrpc o-i
leries, one over another ; but that on the ground. n, ,^
by much the lincft. 'I'hc ftair-cife runs in a fiiii.,1 i ,
and th-- lleps are very low, for the convenience uf fl'
c.irrying up corn to the granaries, 'l"he lihiaiy i^ ..i,
ganr, wtll furiiiflicJ with books, and affords a Jii,,,-.',
inl pro''pecl. "' ''
Near this ronvrnt is held a weekly mcctiiii- (,|' .i,„
h-aiK of a foeieti' conhlling of two hundred gl-in|-,..„ .,"
pi.^ir ,
or'th ' law, toe,\aniiiie the private grievances ol tht
and in cafe any paup-r is found to be opprell'ed, anj ■','
make good his comidaint, a member of this fiic.etv '
noir.inatcd to uiulert.ike his caul'e : but nei'her this ,J.
Ill- i_ , 'aini-
licr nor the loi lety iirc at any e.xpence, the lawchir- .
being defrayed hy the Theatine convent, whieh h.is ],'r,.
mJo.vments lor that particular purpol'c. '''
The Jifiiits colle,!-, as ufual, is one of the fmc,-'
ftiiurlures in tiic city: the refecfory, the libnirv ti;
gre.it ll.dr-caf-, the difpcnfitorv, and the church bclon -^
in.; to this colK'ge, will afford cntertainnr.'nt toatnuJ.
ler of taffe. The cupola, which is adniirihly pi;i,;f,i
by J.anfranco, was damaged by an earchquake in i{)Vij"
lo that the only remains of that eminent p/ncil ate i!--
Kvangeblbs, the rcif being painted by I'aulo d.- iMu;!;-:"
a Neapolitan. The altars are extremely rich, aiiJi:i("'
trcafury, befides .cveral Ifatucs and bulls, is St. Cyr ;■'
big as the life, of lilvcr, enriched with emeralds. Tl-t
Ji luits have alio feveral other churches in this city.
St. Dominico Maggiorc belongs to the DoiiHiiiojn
m.t.nks, and contiguous to it is a convent, where ti-u--
are generally a hundred and forty monks. This churt;-
w.is built by king Charles II. whole heart is kept lur"
enibalmrd in a fmall ivor\- urn. In the chapel of tli;
Holy Crucifix is the crucilix, which, it is prtt-jnitj
exprelVed its approbation of the writings of Ttiom:^ o'
Aquiiiis on the real prefcnce of the body I'nd lilucd (,i
Cliriif in the S:icrament, and on ctrtain days this cruci-
fix is annually r.\p:ifed to public view with tro.it p-.m,!-
but at all other times it is not to be leen. In thcC„,i(:il.i
di Stigii.ino is an cx()uiilte image of tl'.e Virrjn i\larv
aiid in the chapel of St. Jol'enh arc two fine picli:ri.-s h-,
fjui.hi. The veltry is Ve.-y lofty, and hnely pmit-cj |- ■
S dimene. In the gallery are (uvi:ii coffins, licb.ly cout-
ed, ill which are the remains of the kings and ipKoii^i,
.\aples, and other grrat pi-tlunages.
'i'hc church of St. Francifco di Paola, whieh faces t! :
viceroy's pal.ice, is remarkable for a be.uitiful p.iveiinn:.
a roof fimly c.irvcd and gilt, .ind levetal m.irble i rai-
ments, efpccially at the high alt;"-. 'I'lic tabi th.-ic'c ;,
cmbellilhed wiih i i-jjit incomparable pillais, tw.'> ei I.;nl..
lazuli, and the otlier fix of green ji'Tper. In the n;iJdi-.
of this altar is an excellent pit-ce ol perfp. Jtlve in eii.iTtI,
and it is profufely enriched with gems. The p.iiiriri'' a-
boiit the altar, and td' the whole choir, is by I.uca Giir-
deno. Among its relics are two hn.dl phials, which i!nv
pretend are full of the Virgin Mary's milk, that rifcniM..
v^hite terrx figillat.x-, but liquefiei on the Iclliv.ils uf the
Virgin. Among the lilyerornani; nls in the chapel, con-
tiguous to the difpcnfatory, is a It.ituc of St. Miia;n;l
ne.ir three feet bi.i;h, glittering with jewels, and \.,-
luid at twelve thoufand ilucats.
St. Maria Aiiiuiii/iata is one of tl.^ I'lnefl church^'s in
N.iples, for th • eye every where meets with nubli; p,„at-
iuL-s, (latues, moiiuiiu.u:., .ind ballb rtlicvos.
Th.
6
Ii, vvhkli f.icci tlic
fjAPt-ES-
EUROPE
401
The hofpital called la Cafj S,.nta, l.^lDiiging to this
L fch w.is once the beft endowed of any in the whole
'rid 'i''* an"""' income amounting, according to Come,
*" a million of fcudi, or about two hundred and fifty
'houfaiid pounds ftcrling. The children maintained
' are generally about two thoufand live hundred in
mbcr. 'J'*i'' ''"y^ •■"■= brought up to handicraft trades,
""a fomc even to the church. The girls, as they grow
'" according to their capacities, or inclinations, do ti.e
"'''rlc of the hofpital, arc employed in the inftrudtion of
upright, which does not look very like the pofture of an
expiring perfon. The pavement of the cloyfte', which
is a hundred paces fquare, is of marbk- inlaid in boughs
and fuch like ornaments, and the four |[;allerie9 are
fupported by fixty pillars, each of one entire piece
of the beft white marble of Carrara. Every fryar has
his own chamber, ( lofet, library, and little garden ;
and the prior's lodgings ate fit for the reception of a
prince.
From this afcent there is the moft delightful profpeft
h'chddren, entered into a convent, or married, and had j that can be well conceived j for at one view may be
t rmerly a portion of one or two hundred ducats The fien the fca and many id inds. and particularly that of
„ viomeii married from this houfe, in cafe they are | Caprea, and the famous feraglio of Tiberius ) as like-
1° Jjjovvs in iieceiritous circuuilhnces, or forlalieii by ; wiie tne whole city of Naples ; with a great number of
heir hulbands i or if the marriage, without any tault ot village:, lituattd alonu tne fea-fhore.
heirs proves unfortunate, are entitled to be re-admittcd, The univerlity of Naples was founded in 1224 by the
j'bavc a particular apartment allowed them. Ihean- emperor Frederic II. and the univerfity, or palace Dcgli
^ujlanii'iint ofthc dowiics to other wonien, with which Studii Publici, founded in the fcventecnth century, by
.hjshciule is charged by I'cveral antient legacies and foun- cRunt Leinos, would, if it w» finiflied, be the fineft
ditions, was at kalf cigniten thouland ducats j there fcnolaftic Itructure m Italy.
hill' iiijny noble families ^nofe daui;nters at ihcir mar- 1 'I'he fuburb ot Ciiaia, or Spiaggia, lies along the fea-
(jjuc' received tvso or three thouf .nd dollais from mi-. Iiof- (hore, and is one of the pleafanteft parts in the city, and
iial. 1 he phyficians, furgf ns, apothecaries, (ervants, on that account fome hundreds of coaches refort thither
(luod the houic annually in fourteen thouland in an evening.
^_j. I We cannot take leave of Naples without mentioning
To the Cafa Santa belong four other hofpitals, one of the catacombs, which the vulgar imagine were the work
P'
ducats
which is at Puzzuolo, and another at Tritoli, where
J, nunUKrs of p.itient3 are feiit ivciv fumnier to the
Lull lutns .111.1 fudatories, and there provided wiih food,
j„jj,,iiir, and ncctiiary attendance.
i'lib was the Ifate of the hofpital at the beginning of
((..piclent century, when it proved bankrupt fur above
hvc niil'iioii of ducats, on which account, till the debts
J.J, j;(ch.i!gcd, the revenue is afligncd over to the credi-
jors, allowing only forty-tAro thoufand ducats a year for
tne '.'uiiport of the hofpital, the church, and the convent.
Ifis has reduced the girls portions from two hundred
of the primitive Chriltians, and ferved as retreats in time
of perlcciition ; but ih.s opinion is confuted by their be-
ing hewn out of the foliJ rock, and its being impoffible
to accomplifh them claiideftmcly and without inimenfe
charges, and confequcntly they could never be the work
of the Chrirtians while the Hajans had the fuperiority.
The galleries, or paCiges, are here loftier and wider than
thofc of Rome ; they are generally arched, and fo broad
that fix perfons may walk a-breaft ; and here is one par-
ticular vault of fuch a height, that the roof cannot be
difcerned by the light of flambeaus carried into it. The
JacJii to titty, and the other expences have fufFered a c.atacombs muft have been extremely loathfome if, as fomc
have imagined, the dead bodies that lay in them were
left to rot in open niches ) but this was not the cafe.
They were dcpolited in cavities on both fides of the
vaults, four or five, one over another, and thele cavities
were clofed up with a marble flab or tile cemented
with mortar. St. Proculus's fepulchre appears to have
nropurtional dimitiution.
Ill the church of St. Maria della Sanito, which belongs
tit!ic Dominicans, are thirteen fmall cupolas over fo
iiuiiv altars, ail tinely ornamented with paintings. I he
ubfiiii le on the high altar has eight pillars of rock cry-
Ha!, each a foot high, cut out of a fingle piece. It is
jllb enriched with a great number of fapphires, and other had a kind of Mofaic work on its covering, for atone
Pteciou'' Hones. The pulpit is an cxquifitc inlaid work j end of it are feveral fmall pieces of marble ranged toge-
(il mat^ie and mother of pear
criicitix and feveral pyramids of cryftal ; fourteen fjver
fjnJlflluks, t.ich above lix feet hish ; a very fmall caf-
Icct in the lorm of an altar, on one tide of which is the
palfiin ot Chrilf, of fuch tine workmanfliip, that in the
hiiloni ot the Virgin Mary, which opens with two fold-
in.' clooFi, the crucifixion of our Saviour is to be feen
V th'ii the compafs of a filver two-pt ncc. In the cafket
i- alio kept another reprefcntation of the crucifixion,
ciimpofcJ of emeralds and other gems. On the Oltcii-
fTitiiTi where the conlecrated wafer lies, the fun is finely
reprcfciued, the r.idiancy of his beams being heightened
In the veftry are (hewn a ; ther after that manner ; and it is probable they were all
adorned, according to the quality of the dead. It is in-
deed furprixing to find fuch a multitude of niches un-
ftopped 1 but they were probably opened by thofe who
were in quell: of fomj fuppofed treafure.
It is proper to mention among the curiofities of
Naples, the manner of furnifliing that city with fnow,
which thfey there ufe inllead of ice, becaufe they
fuppofe it fooner cools any liquor. There is a great
quantity of it annually conlumed ; for they drink very
few liquors, and not even water without it : thus it
is ufed by every body from the higheft to the loweft,
bv the blai'j of diamonds, pearls, and rubies. The! fo that a Icarcity of fnow would occafion a mutiny, as
chiich and convent are built on an afcent i fo that a great ; much as a dearth of corn in any other country. To
Dirt of the former, and even fome pillars, are hewn out prevent this the king of Spain fold the monopoly of it to
olthe rock. The profpeif from thence towards the fea certain perlbns, who are obliged to furnilh the city with
anJ .Mount Vcfuvius is extremely beautiful, and before it all the year round at fo much the pound. For thit
tlie rcteitorv is an orangery in the open air, the trees of piirpole they make ufe of an high mountain at about
which are of an uncommon fi/.e. 1 eiijhtcen mi'cs diliance, in which they have feveral pits.
The Ipicious convent of St. Martino is every where | There they employ many poor people at the proper fea-
fiill of curious and magnificent pieces, and the church, j fon of the year to roll in vaft balls of fnow, which they
llimigh none of the largell, is a very fine one. The, ram together and cover from the fun-fliine. Outofthcic
monks boat! that under one priorate above five hundred 1 refervoirs of Inow they cut feveral lumps, as they have
ihoiifihil ducats were bellowed among them in filver plate, | occafion for them, and fend them on alles to the fea-fide,
Iciilpturc-, and pidliircs. The Nativity of Chrilf is a where they arc carried off in boats, and diftributed to fe-
malt txqtiiilte piece done by CJuido : the four piihturcs of vcral fhops at a fettled price, from which the whole city
iht l.altSipper are by the hands of Kfpagnolct, Hannibal I of Naples is fupplicd.
L'jracci, I'aiil Vcroiiefe, and MafTimo ; befidcs which, I While the banditti continued their diforders in this
there are nianv other pieces of great value, and in parti- kingdo'n, they frequently put the fnow merchants under
contribution, and threatened them, if they proved tardy
in their payments, to deftroy ttie magazines ; which, it
IS laid, they might eafily have done, by the infufion of
lume bairels of oil.
5 I SECT.
fular the tani'iu'i crucifix of Mich.iel Angelo, done, as
Kis laid, to the life, after a peatant, who tor that pur-
pule Wis niurdereil bv the painter : it is of wood, and not
ibovc halt a foot high. It is ohfervable, that the head is
77
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40 7.
A SYSTEM 01- G L O G R A I' II Y
N.,
Ij b
! i f 'r
;:h
'! ' ■ , ■
I'fiiil
S K C T. III.
Oftht natural ami mli/ijal Curiifilin, and print ipal PLucs
in the 7erra i/i Luv.rti ; particularly the Grolti r,f I'aii-
filipo, the Suilatories of St. Germano^ the Groin del Cani,
the remarkahle i'aiiey of Solfatara, the Citiei of J'uzzuolo
mill Capua ; nith fevemt reiiuirkable Lakes, Ls'e.
ON the ro.id from the Iwautifiil fuhurb of Chiaia is
the grotto of I'.iufilipo, which the common people
of NapKs believe to have been fornicii by magic, ami
that Virgil was the magician. To form ajiilt idea cjf
this place, lays Adilifon, the reader mull iiiugine a vail
rock undermined, wiih a palV.ii'e and highway throu^li
it, near as long and a-, broad as. the mall in St. James's
j.arlc; This fubierraneous p.ill'age is much improved linee
Jiencca gave fo b:'d a tharaeter of it. The cntr.ince at
both ends is hi,lier than the middle, and finks by de-
j^rces to throw in more light upon the tvi\, eich en-
trance being about eighty or a hundred feet high. To-
wards the middle arc tvco large funnels, bored through
tic roof <;l the cavern, to let in llghtand frefll air. 'J lie
bottom oi it is pave'J with broad ttoncs like the ilretts o(
Naples, and is cleantd fevcral times in a year, and then
it is prettv free from dull ; but as it is a road extremely
frequented, this cunvenii'ice is of no long duration. As
the breadtn is between tigiitern and iwcnty feet, (here is
i'atficient room for two cariia:es to avoid cacli other.
Near the middle of it i<anorat<iiy hewn out of ihe lock,
with a l.imp cuntinij.illy burning in it. This is ceit.iinly
a very anrient wfnk of art, yet there are no valt heaps of
Hones to be feen .cbout the mountain, though the 'j rear
quantities of t!i-in culd not certainly be concealed, had
they not been confunied in the nudes and buildiivs of
Naples. This coiiliimed me, f.ivs Mr. Addifi^n, in a
tonjcflurc v;hich I made at the firil fijlit of this fubtcr-
rancuus p..ira!.'e, that it was originailv not fo much de-
figned for a hii'liway, as for a quarry of (lone; but that
the inhabitants hnding a double ad»anta:;e by it, hew'd
It into the piefcnt form. The fame defijn was perhaps
the original of the Sybil's grotto, confidcring t'le pro-
digious multitude of palaces that (food in its neighbour-
hrjod. When [ was at Chatcaudun, in I'rance, the fame
gentleman adii-, I met with a very curious pcrfon, a
xntmbcr cf one of the uiiiverlliics of (lermanv, who had
flaid a day or two in the town longer than ordinary, to
t.ike the me.,fircs of fevcral empty fpaccs cut in the (ides
of a neighbouring n.ountain ; (ome of thrm were liip- .
ported with pJlars lormcd out <<( the rock ; fonie re-
frmbled galleries; and fome were not uilike aniphithca-'
tres. 'I he gemlemaii had formed fevcral in;;ei)ious hv-
(lothefcs relating to the ufc of thefe fubt^-rrantous .ipait- I
ments, and from ther.ce made fi-ver.il obfcrvation.s on the
magnificence and luxury of the antii'nt Ch^:te;uiJuiiois ;
but communicating his thoughts on this fubjcd to one i
of the molt le.iriied perfon:. of the place, he was not a i
little furpriztd to hear, that thcfe fhipendous works were '
only fo many quarries of frceflone wrou;;ht into difJer-
ent forms according as the veins of it direcled the work-
men.
On this mountain theyfhew a tomb of Virgil, though
it is well known that this celebrated poet w.is buried on
the other (ide of the city, towards Mount Paiifiliiio, it
being pleafamlv variigjted with churches, convents,
and vineyards that proiluce exrclleiit wine
Near this lake (land the fud.itories of St, (,\rn, ,
which conlilt of feveral apartments built Withllu"''
where th
the earth foon caufe a ptofufe fweat ; in lo
the wall is too hot for the hand to bear it
unc,
heat and fulphurcous vapours iliuui' |r,
iin/ places
beat is fupportable in the hottelt room, ( fpeci.il) /'ii J'"^
Hoop towards the ground. 'I'hc fame obfervatioii is Si'
onthebathsofTritoli. The patient* are put ,ii,„raj,'
ot dirterent degrees of heat, .accordmg to ,he nature of
their complaint i and in the ludat<iries of St. (ieinian,
which are i;.id to he very efficacious in the gout debili''
ties, inward heats, &t. th^y never flay above a'quartJ
ot an hour at a time.
U'ithin an hundred paces of thefe falubrio is fudatories
lb a Imall natuial cavern known by the n.m e of t,'.
Ciiotto del Cini, or the Dog's grotto, tn.it animal bvi,,'!
generally cholen to prove the furpiiziiig effect of th'^
vapour in thi, cavity. It is about twelve "leei n, K.„,.,|,'
hve broad and fix high, and is famous for the pui oi-,u'
(teams which rife above its furfjce. The fides of tne
grotto are marked with grscnas far as the vapour reaches
I he common experiments are holding the do:, wiih h,.'
nofe ill the vapour, by which means he f„„ii K,fes ajj
ligiuof life ; but on his being c.irried into the open y
or thrown into a neighbouiing lake, if he is n^t qi„'t!
dead, he immediately recovers. A torch dipt iiin' th-
vapour g/cs out in a moment, fiiuffand all; .uid vvi-hi'i
it a piibd cMiiiot trtkc tire. Mr. Addilon (pin a recJalij
laid a tr.i n cf gunpowder in the channel nf it; i),,,,
placing one rn I of thv reed above the vapour, aiiJ the
other at th.- bottom, found that the vapour cuuij iiotm.
teiecpt tlij tiain, nor hinder it from runnini; tu itii- very
end ; and, by repejting the experiment, lo far diilipattdtnc
vapour, th.it he conld eafily let oft' a pill(d in i;. A viper
being put in it bore the vapour nine minutes and the
lecoii.l time ten ; but on its being brought out attrrthe
lirll trial, it took fuch a vaft c[uantity of air iiiiu its
lungs, that it ("welled nearly twice as big as before, aiU
Ujion this (txtraordin.iry iloek of air i" perhaps li.tj'ii
minute longer than before. Dr. Connor attributes the
extindtion of lights and the death of animals in thu crotio
to the great rarefaiilion of the air, caufed be the hc.it auj
eruption of the fleams. " The heat is, I'uiwever, mv
" incoufiderabie ; but to fatisfy myfelt, fays .Addilon, i
" placed a thin vial, well (bip'])ed with wax, withmthe
" (moke of the vapour, winch certaiidy wi)uij h«ie
" burll in an air fo ranfi'd as to kill a dog or qncnui
" * toreh ; but nothing followed upon it. Howinr
" to remove all (arilier doubt, I borrowed a wcatlici-
" glals, and hxcd it in the grot > in fuch a manner that
" the Ihignum was eniiiely covered with tb.e v.ipour;
•' but after half an hour's (landing in it, 1 could not
" perceive that the quick-liUcr funk. It is gi-ncrallv
" luppo(\d tli.it this vapour is fulphureou<, but 1 coulj
" fee iio reafon for fuch a (uppofitioii : upon my dipping
" my hand into it, it lelt no fmell upon it ; and tliou:;rt
" 1 put a whole bundle of lighted br.niltonc inatciKS
" i.ito the (moke, they all inltantly went our, as li
" immerled in water. Wlutever be the compoiitioiiDt'
" the vapour, let it have Init one quality of lieing very
" vifcous or gluey, and I believe it will mechaiiicilly
" folve all tliele phxnm.ena. Its unifluoufinfs will
" render It heavy, aiul uniit fcr mounting, unlc'stii;
" beat of the earth was much greater than it i>, tn rj-
" rifyand feattcr it. It will be too thick and pr,|. ;.i
" keep the lungs in play for any time, fo that .in .v.
will die liioncr or later, in proportion as th;ir WooJ
u.
On leaving the grotto of Paiifilipo, you turn of^' on " "-'irculates (lower or fafjcr. Fire is as loon extingulh-
the right hand into a very pleal.'ut road, whi< h runiiins
between fine vineyards, leads to the lake of Aunano
which is almod a pcrfedl circle about an Italian mile in
circumference. At high water in (ome parts of it i, f,.fn
a llrong ebullition. On approaching near it oni- is fcn-
(ible of the motion of the water, which poflibly proceeds
from the afcent of ihe effluvia. The tenclie'- and eels
in this lake have in winter a very good fl.ivonr; but in
(ummer are not eatable, which is in fome meafure im-
puted to the great quantities of flax and hemp brought
iliithcr from all the neighbouring parts, and put in the
Water to be mellowed.
■• td in It as in water, from its wrapping itiijif in th;
" fame manner about tfe flame, and hinderin-, by it.;
" conliniiity, anv q-iaiitity of air and nitre from a;i-
" proachiiig it; Imt us its fpaiks are no lefs cunipjCt
" than tbofe of liqy.irs, tluy are not fo tenacious .is to
" intercept the file iliai lias once caught a train of gun-
" powder, on whieli .i count they may b.- quite biukcn
" and difperfi-d I'y repe.iting this expvrinieiu."
Soilatara is a little valley, which, fi^ether with th;
neighbouring mountains, is of a yellmvifh colour, wini
Iniuke ifluniL; from k-veral parts. Upon widening.' tl e
holes ftoni wiirnce it
, and diit'.'iiiL' !u lumt Ut-ptn,
-^ th.
>SArLES.
3 IS fiii'.atorits,
n.iii e uf >,n:
I animal btinj;
cltcct ol' tile
ltd 111 kMi::ih,
the poi.oii'ius
le IkIcs 111 tne
/apour reaches,
e iliv." Willi his
ioDii loles ail
D tlic I'peii a:r,
lie i') not quitv!
li dii't iini ihi'
III! J .nul wi'.hm
Iplit .i reeJaiiJ
nel I't it i ihcn
apour, aiiJ the
ur cuuiJ nut in-
ning to ttle very
itarcliHipa'.eJtnc
il in i'.. A viper
linuics aiiJ the
gilt out atter tho
I of air into its
lig as tuture, aui
■ perhaps liveJ a
lur atirihiiics tlie
nals in this crotio
fil bv the heat aiiil
however, veiy
fays Addiloii, I
wax, wiihiii the
ily wiHilJ h.\e
liog or qiiciua
it. Hovviur,
owe.l a weatha-
h ;v niaiiiicr that
th ilic vapour;
ill It, 1 euulJ not
It is g.Mierallv
,reou>, hut 1 coulJ
upon my ilippinj
,11 it ; anJ thoiijli
nilloiie niatchts
went out, as li
the compolitioiiot
Jity ol' hem.', very
will mechanically
unfluoufiKls will
unting. iiiiK^'St'"^
than it is, to ri-
thick anil i:r.>t-tj
c. To that aa i.v.t.
tion as thsir hlooi
IS loon eMingu.lb-
ppiiig itlclt in til.-
hinilcrin;', hy i:i
id ntrc tromap-
re no lefs conipait
, tenacious as to
ir'.it a train ol i;un-
ay b; quite binken
rinient.
together with ll'^
nviiii colour, wra
p(„i wiJcnins n '
,,„,„.olumeUfp"'.
"^ th'.'
EURO P !•.
40j
heat foon bccotncs fo exceflivc, that there ij no ap- i altar the beheading of St. Jaiiuarius ii extremely well
,'„hin2 them, The ftones that lie rounJ fuch open- Pointed.
city values ilfelf on its liavini? hcjn hnnouml
r'" are in a continual anitation, and npon throwing; to
'P.ri'U"'' =• handful of fmall pieces of money, lome
toll'ed eiihtor ten feet high in the air. Even in foinc
T-'s the nieie exhalations without fmokc continually
tww "1"'"-' ''^"''' =""' ^""P it '■"'■P'-""'^'-'''- '"husthis
iicy niay l"-' deemed the miniature ot V'efuviusj and
""^ h that mountain is upwards of ei;jht miles dillmt,
to he a fubterraneous communication bc-
t" and this valley, it being obfervcd, the thiclcer
ke is here, the more quiet Vefuvius is ; and the
,t violent the eruptions of the latter, the lefs fmoke is
'"I'TVcd to proceed from Solfatara. The ground is al-
'moli every where hollow ; for if a Hone be thrown upon
,' 3 |on<' fubterraneous echo enfues ; but if a lar^e (fonc
i,'. ciH into one of the holes that have ber n dug, the noifc
,' .V„(,H as great as that of thunder, lien- are prepared
f Vhiir, vitriol of a fapphirc colour, (ileemcd better
/^'ii that of Rome, and likcwife alum to the greatell
-if.clion. The large leaden kettles iiled in this op.ra
^' '^are not heated by any lire of wood or coal-, but
' " . .1 I ' . /i 1. 1... :. . .1. I
n,re appears
t*e 11
the fiwi
J.' by the natural heat of holes in the ground over
ch t;iey ••••'e pla.-cd. 'I"hc people in p,eiior.tl believe
c^ere
hire is ^
ir.cipa
i:.'ii
oalv
l-it thcfe apertures are fiiiracles, if not of hell, at leaft
ff nurgatory i and it is pretended that gliolts often appear
;, ,'.,|,fj. parts, making dreadful lamentations ; and thefe
'i}.e notions are very carefully promoted by the monks ol
acjpacl'i" convent in the mignbourhood, to render the
-onle more tradable.
' Ihe church of the above convent Is built on the fpM
St fanuarius is faid to have hcen beheaded ; and
always a great heat felt in the church, wh:ch is
v emitted from fume holes near the high altar.
■\ Tcat quantiiv of falt-pctic is to be fecn <m the walls
ri I'iie vcllry. That the monks may be provided with
ciifil and •.vliolclWine water, their rcfervoir ft.inds upon a
iJir inelof d with a wall, out of the reach of the warm
',,; fjlphureous exhalations.
!a the neighbouliaod of this valley arc a great number
;■ ijl'tcrranean pall'aees that have a communicaticn with
c.;a ( ther, and (Vein to have been fo many rcfervoirs nf
Kite; lor the old city of Puteoli, vi'hich extended to this
\\.ll'.v as appears from an ainphithcatre in this neighbour-
koii, that aniiemly flood in the niidft of that city.
I'ortici, a \illaL;e near Vefuvius, and between fevcn
aJcieht miles from Naples, v^here a royal palace was
;,.llt l)v the prefent king of Spain, when king of the
Tn'o Sicilies, with a valuable niufetim of antiquities.
.■\t a fmall dilfanco from I'ortici, anciently Hood the
Uityol Heraclia or Kcrculaiuum, which in the reign of
Ntmwas lor the better part delfroycd by an earthquake,
i;;J al'leruMids, in the tirll year of the ici^n of Titus,
(urwhelined by a (Ireani of the lava of Vefuvluu. In
Mcviars i6Si^ and 1711, upon digging into thefe parts,
'vmcwhat i^f this unfortunate city w,-is difcovered ; hut
Mccihc \ear 175S, farther leaichcs having been made
jj confiderable ixpcnce, ftately buildings made their
);xiraner, and from among the rubbilh were taken a
iTuhiplicily of invaluable antiquities, as paintings, ffa-
lao, builocs, books, furniture, and various utenfils,
33.1 ihc feareh is Hill continued.
.ii the didanct of eight miles from Naples is Piiz^.uolo,
ir.c jiiciint Putenli, which in the time of the Romans
m< a confiderable city, but at prefent is only a fmall
town on a bay, where the great quantity of beautiful
linis and :';tnis call up by the fea, aH'ord a fufTicient
proof of its former fplcndor and ma 'nificence. The
srcitcll part of thefe Itones are of a blue or red cad,
.?,i there aic frequently found among them pieces of
iitJc antico and porphyry, which feem to have been
ill in Mof:ic work ; likevvifc agate, roriielian, ame-
;f.',i',s, jafper, onyx, beryl, and lapis-la/uli. T he old
ti'.i has I ceil entirely dellioyed by the ravages of war,
iiiiindations, and earthquakes.
Tlie ca'.liedral is built with large b'ncks of marble,
I'iivjs cornertcd from a pagan temple into .-» Chiif-
;,.n church, dedieatcd to St. I'roculus and St. Januarius,
•n>k Italues of marble Hand in the middle of the church.
anhe entrance on the left hand is a beautiful altar of
tj.ii woik, vvi.h a veiy coHly tabernacle. On the high
■J-hi
with the fiiH CI-.iiHian comnmnily in Italy, St. Paul
in his join ney to Rome having f lund brcthien til. r.'.
In tne fquare of Toledo is a fountain adorned with a
fine Hatiic of St. Jiiiyirius, and an anciir.t Rom in l\i-
tlie of line niaible dug up without the city. Tne har-
bour of Pu7./,uolo is very commodious, and is formed by
fouriecn piers, or pilaltcr.^, rifiiig above the (urface of the
water, which were anciently joined together by arches,
and on the flies of thefe pilalters are vaH ftones with
holes in them for f.illeniiig fliipa, &c. Formerly there
were twenty- five of thee pilalkrs ; but fome of tiicin
have been totally dcinulifhed, and others do not rife fo
high as the furlace.
The fea about this city abounds in fidi, cfpccLdly of
thettHiceous kind. Here is a fmall fifli not quite aa
inch in 1 ngth, called urj.il/o marli,;, or fea horfe, and is
gener.illy dried for kiepiiig : the head very nuieh re-
fembles that of a horfe. It is often bruifed with vinegar
and honey, and applied by vi-ay of plaller to the part
bitten by a mad dog, and the women cat them to pio-
cure a good brcaHof milk.
The Liicrine lake, famous among the Romans for its
fine oyll.rs, and great abundance of other fifli, lies near
the (hore, and at prefent is very fmall, it having been for
'he moH part d i' d up by a new mountain vvhich rofu
iiiHan'aneoi.-fiy in the 11: Jit, between the ninetecnih and
twentieth of Siptuti'.-er l5;jH, during an earthquake
whiih caufed a tenilde dev.iHation in ihL- neighbour-
hood. Til! fubteiraiifous fire, after making a wide
rhafm, ejected fu(h a quantity of Hones, aHies, fulphur,
and land, ..s within twenty-four hours formed this moun-
tain i the prpcndiuil.r height of which is not lefs than
four huiidrid rods, and the circumference three Italian
null s.
The lake of Averno lies in a narrow valley, and is
nearly of the dn'.e fi/e as the lake of Agnano ; but ita
water fas- not the quality afcribed to it by Virgil, and
other authors, who repnfir.t its poifonous exhalations as
almoH inltantancoully l:ill;iig the birds that attempted to
fly over it. At pfefent fowls are obfcrved not only to
haiboiir abour, but even to fwim upon it; it is P.otkcd
wi-h tifli, and the land all round produces fine fiuit and
cxcel-ent wine : for AuguHus having caufed the woods
about it to be cut down, the country became more
healthy, and the lake was no longer formidable.
'I'liis lake is in fome places an hundred and eighty feet
deep ; and fome old wall. Handing near it, arc fuppofeil
to be the remains of a temple of Apollo.
In the fame valley is ihe entrance into the crotto of the ■'
fibyl Cumana, which is hewn in the roek, and after
one enters. Hooping very low, is found to be about ten
feet in bicadth, twelve in height, and feveral hiindird
paces in biMtth. The Hoty of a fibyl's refiJing here is
unqucH ona'ily fabulous.
'I"he Hiore c.f the bay v/lure anciently Hood the city
of liaia, was once covered with magnificent edifices, as
appears from the ruins of the emperor Nero's palace at
this place, and par:icul::rly by the remains of the warm
baths at Triioli, the rel..rvoiis of which are cut in a
rock after a very furprifing manner. The Heam of thu
water is of fuch intcnie heat, that no pcrfon can proceed
beyond twenty paces into the paHagc leading to it.
Thele baths are at prefent ufed for the fame diforders
as the fudatory of St. Germano. At the foot of the hill
are feveral other batiis, and particularly one called
St. George, in which the water is only luke-warm. On
the fhore are the remains of a palace of Julius Ca:far,
and of the temples of Diana and Venus.
CalVrta is a fmall town, the fee of a bifliop, and the
capital of a fmall principality. Heiir is a royal palace
which has been lately built, and is f.iid to have coft an
immenle fum.
Capua is now a fmall town on the river Vulturnn,
.|lir!"r
mf^
4
■It- :ui i
■fili
yftf/Ciima-
fiftcen miles to the north tail of Naples j it has fome in-
confiderable fortifications, and fevtral fine houlcs and
churches. Tiic pn lent town was built in the year 856,
and in 869 was made the firll archbifliopric in the kiiiii-
dom of N.iples. The ancient cUbratcd city uf Capua,
which
''/"■'
404
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPflY.
K'
Ani.Es.
■< -'•''
whi<'li viid ill miijnifirence with Rome .inJ Carthage,
iiiiol two Inilim mil.'! from the modern, and out of its
riling w.l^ ImmIi ihi- m.irlcet tnvvii of St. Maria, in the en-
virons nl wli.' Ii .110 (lill licM the remains of p.ilaccs, tem-
|)Ils and oihir Iniildiiigs, pirtuul.irly a biautifiil am-
phiiheatrc o} fi.e il.nr. The neij;hbouring country
prmlucis grr.it plenty of the fimd fruits and wine.
There are ftveral other fmall cities and towm in the
'l\rr,i di [.;ivor,i ; hut :k tney cont.iin very little that is
wtiithv the nniire of the curious, we (hall proceed to
deltribe fome ill.inds on thi coal! of that territory.
S E C T. IV.
Of %'e IjtimiU n the Cm/1 of the Terra ili Lavora, purti-
iulariy (\^rea, Niji'ia, I'roci:a, and Ifchia.
IN defcrihinn the idand" on the coaft of the country
lalf dcPcriheJ, we (hall begin with Capri, the ancient
Capre;i, to which Angulhis Cicfar often came for his
htiiJlh and iccreaiion, and Tiberius made it a fcene of
the moll iiil.imoiis pleafiU's. 'This ifland lies three
Italian miles from that put of the main land that pro-
jci'ts farfhert into the lea. It extends four miles in
length from e*(f to weft, nnil about one in breadth. The
weliern part is, for about two miles, a continued rock,
valUy high and inaccllihle 'ii'xt the I'eaj yet Alio C.ipri,
the largell town of the ifland, is fiin.itcd here; and in
tnis purt are fevcral plarcs covered witn a very Iruitful
foil. 'I'he ealK'rii md of the idand alio rifes nj> in pre-
cipices that ar^ nearly as high, though not qiiitj fo long,
as the weit^un. Mctween the rocky mountains at each
tnd, is a ilipof lower uround that runs acrofs the ifiand,
ami is one of the pleafantsii' fpots innaginable ; it is co-
vered with myrtles, ohves, almonds, oranges, hgs, vine-
yards, and cirn-fields, which look extremely frcfli and
beautiful, and alford a mod delightful little laiidfcape,
when viewed from the tops of the neighbouring moun-
tains. Here is lituated the town of Caprea, two or
three convents, and t*-- hifliop's palace, in the midfl of
this fertile trart rifes a hill, which in the reign of Tibe-
rius was probably covered with buildings, the remains
ot which arc IHll to be fcen. But the moll confiderable
ruins are thole at the very extremity of the eaftern pro-
montorv, where there arc ftill fome apartments that aie
very hi'.;h and arched at the top : thelii; appear to have
been either hatnin^ places, or rclervoirs of water. From
this place there is a very noble p.'vifpect ; on one fide of
it the ki extends farther than the eye can reach j jult
oppofite is the green promontory of Sarentum, and on
the other fule the bav of Naples. What recommended
this ill md to 'Tiberius was its wholefome air, which is
eonl in fiimnier and warm in winter, and its inacceffible
coal's, which might be dLknded by a handful of men
.iL;ainlt a powerful army. The whole ifland was jiro-
bahlv cut into feveral eafy afcents adorned with a variety
of palac e.«, and planted with as great a num'jer of groves
and liardeii! as the fituation of the place would allow ;
vrt the works under ground were more extraordinary thin
iliofc on Its finlace ; for the rocks are undermined with
grottos, galirrie<, bagnios, and other fubterrancous re-
tirements, that fuited the voluptuous life of the emperor.
It would appear furprizing that fo few remains of thofe
many works of art are now to be feen, were we not in-
(ornied, that alter 'I'iberius's death, the Romans fent
thither an army of pioneers in order to deface the beau-
ties of the ilhtul.
Ill lading round Caprea, fays Mr. Addifon, I was en-
tertained wiih many rude prol'pects of rocks and preci-
pios. that in I'evcial places rife half a mile in perpendi-
cular hriL'ht, and at the bottom are caves and grottos
formed by the continual breaking of the wave» upon
them. In entering one, called by the inhabitants Grot-
to (Ifciiro, after the lii;ht was a little worn oft' my eyes,
1 ( .mill d.ilinctly Ice all the parts of it, by a glimuit-ring
iifli-ction that played upon them from the furface of
I le water. The mouth is low and narrow, but after
fi3i iiig entered pretty far in, the cavern opens on both
(iji s Ki .111 oi'al tiiure of a hundred yard' from one ex-
tunn; to ilie other. The roof is vaulted, and diltils
frelh water from every part, which fell as faft a, the M
droppings of a fhowcr. Thofe of the inhabitants and
Neapolitans who have heard of Tiberius's grottos, main
tain that this was one of them ; but many nafo'is (hew
it to be natural, for befides the little ufe of fuch a dark
cavern of fait waters, it has no marks of thechill'el. Tli
fides are td' a foft mouldering ftone, and there are fee;,
many of the like hollow fpaccs worn in the bottoms of
the rocks, as they are more or lefs able to refiH the force
of the water that beats againft them.
The ifland of Nifida is feated at a fmall diftance from
the main land, and is a kind of large garden laid out in
beautiful flopes and terraces, adorned with a variclv ot
plantations, rifing above each other. It is faid to btin»
its proprietor a yearly income of eight thoufaiid ducats"
Towards the Couth it has a fmall harbour, called Purto
I'avone, and on a neighbourii-.g rock (lands a lazaretto
where fliips bound for Naples are obliged to perfurni
quarantine.
The ifle of Procita, which belongs to the martpiis nf
V'.ifto, though not above fix miles in circuit, has ab.iut
tour thoufand inhabitants, and produces uhundance ui
good fruit and wine. A littlo town of the laiiie name
llands on its fouth peak, and on the (hore oppofite the
main land is a market town.
'The ifland of Ifchia, which ftands farther out into the
fea, at two miles diltance. from Procita, was hy the an.
cient poets called Inarime. Thefe reprefent Typhreiis as
lying under it, on account of its fiery eruptions; h\x
thire have been none of thefe for near ihr^e hiin''rfd'
years : the lad was very terrible, and deftrnvcj a wh -ie
city ; but at prelent there are fcarce any m.irk; of a luj.
terraneous fire : there are indeed feveral cracks throiiph
which a fmc^ke conftantly ill'ues j but it prrbu'olv :i;:\'i
only from the warm fprings that feed ilu many baths
and dry fudatories with which this illaiid is pLr.titliJv
llored i for about one of thefe breathing p::ll,iri', a r:\n.
ber of myrtles flourifh within the (Icani Of' the vjiour.'
and have a continual moillure hanginc uprn [I cm. Ihis
ifland, including the projection of its fmall j„oiio.ntn:ics
is ten miles in circumference, and is very r:(nintainni..>,
but produces great (lore of fruit, good wine, and i-- a;.
The little town and caftle of Ifchia, on the nottn jnd
of the ifland, ftands upon a very high rock, diviJcii bv
the fea from the ifland, but jeined" to it by a brid;e.
This ifland is the fee of a bilhop.
SECT. V.
'tf the other PrrvincfS of Naples, called the Principali Ci-
I'll and Ultra, or the Hither and Farther Prindpulity, am
the BnfilUata or Bafituate ; their Situation, Exttiil, ar.n
principal Cities.
rH E province called the Princioato Citra, or the
Hither Principality, had its name from the fol-
lowing circumihince : in the time of Arcchis, duke of
lieiievento, this country, together with the Principato
Ultra, formed only one principality ; but RaJalchis and
Siconolf, having divided it between them, that part ly-
ing on this fide the Appennine mountains received the
name of the Hither Principality, and that on the other
fide the Farther Principality.
The Hither Principality is bounded on the north br
the Farther Principality, and part of Campania Felix :
on the fouth and welt by the Tufcan fea j and on the
.'outh-caft by the bafilicate ; extending in its greateft
I' ngth from the north-well to the fouth-ealt about fixly
niiles, and in its greateft breadth from north to fouth
about thirty. 'The foil produces corn, wine, oil, and
laftV<m, and they have a great deal of filk.
'The principal towns in this province are the follow-
ing-
Salerno, ii\ Latin Salernum, the capital of the pro- j
vince, is lituated near the fea, in the fortieth decree for- i
ty-fix minutes north latitude, and in the fifteenth degree I
twenty-fix minutes longitude, and ftands in a plain fur-
rounded with fertile and delightful hills ; it has a pr.tty
good harbour, though it is little frequented, yet is for-
tilied and defended by a caftle. It became an ardiepif- '•
N,U'l.i:"i>
copal fee !■' e:irl;
mttly Ml great n
Siiacuii i-fortiii
princes of the I,
Lints It.irntd phil
|4nlie, lor whid
hr.itcd. '1 his fcl
Sjjtnii) h.is no
ihaiial, fome eon
i, ill molt ancient
.leiiii'ad but tw
jiJ aie tudlld on
.Scjva, a final 1
I'llhop iiniliediatel
111 ihe iKirth-eaft
lour miles !rom th
,\ni,illi is a fm
nvchc miles to tl
(i;pal lee, and \i h
It w.n built in the
licraiile and power
l:c which iii.iintain
IS pretended that
iirjtdiitijvered in t
vest ijco.
Tliae are a conf
(iiltlld, iiHilt of w
iwincoiiliderable t
Tlie I'rmcipato
lii'.ed in the niiddK
mtrtc niirlh by tl
fjllbv the Capital!;
foulh'by tl;e Hith
jicati i and on the
(Xiciit from north
f:om caft to weft ab
iJcnevcnto, the c
linill'oaic city, and
K ik forty-firit degri
■ ikc fifteenth degree I
fsi milts to the no
C~M. It has fulfe
I.'.v ill i68'8, whc
jn'.'irdiif XIII. was
l„; when he was ad
t:tcity, which is
Iti:ti! in a delight f
icceof the rivers S.i'
There are in th
cf liiiall cities, w
;f J biiliop, and m
l.he Ijaiilieata,
lKt.d.,0 of the Apf
cofj, in this piovi
both of which exte
.V.nid the laigeft a
i.iil though very moi
ufroii, cotton, hjni
on the north by the
cl Tarcnio, aud pa
fouih by Hither Ca'
?:mcipaiities jurt dcfc
I he princijial plac
;\cereii7.a, the anc
lie ti'.I; (if a diikcdor-
cicli, and was former
1 Knliated to Matera
libtcd on the river
ffnmnes ; but is a fn
nii:i:iag to decay, as
liCiie.
I (;• t!:l Provinces cf C
-ri Farther Calabria
^'fd Chics.
If^lLAIIRIA Citr.i,
It" 1 ailed the Valley
|i:tir.Tcia Magna. Ca
n
or
;ni
N'aples.
faft as the firft
iihabitantj ami
grottos, main-
ly rtafoin (hew
: of fuch a darlc
he chilly. The
there are fccn
the bottoms of
) refill the force
ill diftance from
irden laid out in
Mth a variety of
is faid to btin"
;houfand ducats.
ur, called Porto
inds a laz,irctio,
ligcd to pcrfutm
> the marquis nf
rcuit, has ahout
:s ;.bund.ince oi
the fame name
here oppofite the
rthcr out into the
was by tlic an.
fcnt Typboeus as
eruptions ; but
•ar ihrie hun''rfJ'
IfllrnvcJ a wh.ie
/ mark.i of a liij-
al cracks thtoiieh
it prtb-iilv :i;;';i
:d the many ba:hi
llaiul is pLr.lituilv
g p"H.i2C5 a nun-
ni c)(' the vdjour;,
up'.n ll ciii. This
r.all [..onontnric!,
very nountainous,
^1 wine, and gvnc.
m the ncittn ond
rock, diviJci'i by
it by abridge.
to
tin: Primipali C'l-
r Piincipiilily, mi
uatim, EKtiiit, ar.i
ato Citra, or the
amc from the fol-
F Arechis, duke of
th the Principato
but RaJalchis and
hem, that part ly-
itaiiis received the
that oil the other
led on the north by
f Catnpania Felix :
an fea ; and on the
ing in its greatcft
uth-euil about fixty
om north to fouth
rn, wine, oil, and
filk.
nee are the follow-
capital of the pro-
fortieth decree for- 1
(he fifteenth degree |
lands in a plain fur-
liUs i it has a protty I
)ucnted, yet is fo'-
became an archepif-
(;nnal '
copil lee f.. early as tir; yr^t o;4. It; Ichool w
SiWCeli-i
EUROPE.
405
fnr-
ptintts ot
I Ml .rr,-at rciiuell, nil .ictuuiit of the Aiobuns or
ulurtiiii; til It 111 great nufnbcrs, under tlu-
the l-ijiii'.obiidi, .Hid liiiii tluin the iiihabi-
.mlTleariKd pbiloluphy, and efpeLially tlic prailicc ol
I fic lor whiih Itic Ai.ibMiis were then liiL;lily tek-
k'lcj' I his fchiiid was at lall i.iilid to an univerfity.
sai'tiiii) has no buildings woith notice, except the ca-
hiJial, f""!'-" convents, and ilu- town-hail. 'I'lie Urccts,
l.'i'iir.i'dl ancient cities, arc narrow and uiicmii , there
ieiiiiieid but two piiiKi|ial Iturts; thele run paralltl,
'.,iaaiecn'll''-d on both lidis b\ all the others.
' Sc'jva, a I'inall but wcli iiiii.ibiteil city, is th:- fci- of a
l.,|llop iiiiiiiediately lubieCl to the pcpc, and i,-. lituated
n ihe north-call co.iil o.' the i;ulpli of >S.ilcinii, about
lour niile^ from that city.
\ni.illi is ■> f"'-'" '^"^' "" ''"'^ ''•'>' "' ^■ilcrno, about
(w'cKc mil'^s to the well ot that city : it is an archiL-pif-
. ,..j| fee and n hononted with the litle of a principality.
ir'was bui't i" '1'^ y'''"' *'^°' ■""' ^^'"^ formerly a cunfi-
oetaijle and powerful place, it beiiiC!; the feat of a repub-
Ic which in.iintaiiu.d its freedom till the year IC75. It
K nrciciided that the ul'e ol the mariner's tornpals was
'rltdiicovercd in this city by Flavus iilondus, about the
vest ijco-
• There are a confiderable number of fmall towns in this
liiftiict ino'l of which arc the fee of a billiop, but aic
IjOMicoididerablc to defervc notice.
Tlie I'rnicipato Ultra, or the Farther Principality, is
va'.cd in the niiddk of the Appcniiincs, and is bounded
intneiwrth by the Molife and the Capitanata ; on the
tilibv the Capitanata and thv province of liarri ; on the
fouth by tl'.e Hither Principality, and part of the iSafi-
liCJta ■ and on the well by the Terra di Lavora. Its
txicnt from north to fouth is about thirty miles, and
f:omciftto weft about forty- eight.
Bcncvento, the capital ot the province, is a larae and
handlomc city, and the fee of an archbilhop, iituated in
the iVirty-firlf degree filteen minutes latitude, and in
ibefiltcenth degree thirty minutes call longitude ; thirty.
frji i:iiles to tbe north-call of Naples, and tiftccn from
I'jjaJ. It has fuffered greatly by earthquakes, particu.
liriv in ibSB, when the archbilhop, afterwards pope
i;„iediil Xlll. was dug out alive from among the ruiir. ;
b,.Mvhcn he was advanced to the papal chair he rebuilt
lie city, which is at prefent fubjeft to the pope, and is
Id'.ti! in a delightful and fertile valley near the conllu-
tnKof the rivers Saboro and Calorc.
There are in this principality a confidcrable number
ci irnil cities, which have the honour of being the fee
cfibilliop, and many fm.ill market towns.
ThcBalilicata, or Ualilicatc, is partly furronndcd by
ihcnJ e of the Appeiininc mountains, which itear Ve-
iiii, ill tliis piovince, is divided into two branches ;
boiauf whicli extend to the fea. It formerly comprc-
h'.iiiieJ the laigell and bell part of the ancient Lucania,
i,iil ihou'jh very mountainous, produces corn, wine, oil,
(Jron, cotton, haney, wax, and I'ruit. It is bounded
en the north by the Capitanata ; on the caft by the gulf
cl Tarcnto, and part of the territory of Barri ; on the
tah by Hither Calabria ; and on the well by the two
;i: nci|iaiities juft defcribed.
The principal places in this province are,
Aterenza, the ancient Acherontia, a fmall town with
ivtr... (if a dukedom belonging to the houfc of Carac-
lioli, and was formerly an archiepifcopal fee, whicli was
t^r.iiited to Matera, in the territory of Otranto. It
isiritedon the river Brandano, at the foot of the Ap-
I ftnnines ; but is a fmall town poorly peopled, and daily
luir.iiig to decay, as arc moft of the cities in the Bafi-
Mcr.e.
S E C T. VI.
I (;■ ill Pr:vina! cf Culdi i<i, Citra and Ultra, cr Hither
■■^d Farther Calabria : Their Situatisn, Proiiuu, tintiprin-
ifal Cities.
IpALARRIA Citra, or Hither Calabria, was formerly
lv> (ailed the Valley of Crate, and was eftcemed a part
lo'Uri'cia Magna. Calabria in ceneral received its name
77 '
from the lafl (5roek emperors, and i; fiounded oi the
north by the Uafilicatt ; en the c.ilt tiy the guiph i.i
1 arento, and tne Ionian fea ; and on the fuuth .uiil wctf
by the Mediterranean,
T'hi;. coiiiitty produces abundance ol fruit, corn, wine,
oil, fla.x, hemp, lu'ar, i;ce, fatfion, hoiiev, cotton, and
filk.
As manna is cliiell',' produced in C'alabiia, it will be
proper here to take notice of that excellent drug, which
cxiudes from a kind of afli-tree very cominoii in tliii
country lor in the heat of fummer it flows from it, in a
white fwcctini juice or gum. There are three kinds of
this Cal.ibrian rnanii.i ; uno c.illed miiiiun <ti ioi po, which
is the finell, and is fponiaiieoully difchurgid from thi-
trunk and l.iri^c br.anches of the tree, in the form of a
cr)llalliiie liquor, which hardens into grains of differ-
ent fi/.es, and is carefully gathered tnc lucceeding day.
The fccond fpecies, called by the Italians manna forzata.,
or forzutilla, is obtained by making incifions in the bark
in the month ol Aiij^ull, after the natural difcharacs
ccafe. From thcfe incifions the manna flows copioufly
from noon till towards midnight, and is the next day
expoled to the fun in order to be dried i but this fort is
lels clleemed, on acount of its impurity and yellow
colour. The third fpecies, called manna di Fronui,
ifl'ucs (pontancoufly, like a kii.d of fwc:.t, from the leaves,
on which the drops are indurated by the fun into grain-,
about the- bignefs of wheat ; but this laft fort is not con-
flantly gathered on account of the difficulty of feparat-
ing it from the leaves. That manna is reckoned belt
which is white and n "w, the dark coloured and brown
being old and dec.iyed.
This country is ikid to have alfo mines of gold, filver,
and iron ; together with fulphur, alabafter, and rocc
cryflal.
The princip.il cities of Hither Calabria arc :
Conlen/.a, the anticnt Confcntia, the capital of the
province, and the feat of the tribunals of juflice. It is
Iituated in the thirty-ninth dcj^ree twenty-live minutes 3$: :s.
latitude, and in the fixteenth degree thirty-nine minutes ti''3'J.
longitude, on the river GratI, n.'ar the place where the
Vafento falls into it, and at the foot of a hill opening
into a moll dcliohtful and Ipacious plain. It is the fee
of an arebbifhop, who has a cunfiderable revenue, tho'
he has only one fuftVagan, the bilhop of ALirtorano.
Rollimo, a fmall city, with the title of a dukedom,
a hundred and forty miles to the fouth call of Naples, is
fituatcd on a hill almoll entirely furrounded with hii'h
rocks, and upon a fmall river that falls a little below it in-
to the Salano : it is alfo the refidencc of an archblfliop \
but he has no bifhop under him.
I'aola, or Paula, a well built little city at a fmall dif-
tance tiom the fea, Hands thirty miles wefl by fouth of
Rofl'ano, and belongs to the houfe of Spinelli. The in-
habitants boaft of its being the birth-place of St. Fran-
cis, the founder of the order of Minims. Here are con-
vents of Jefuits, Auguflines, Francifcans, Capuchins,
and Dominicans ; but the convent of Minims of the
order of St. Francis of Paola, is iituated a mile from
the city, and has a fine church. At a little diftance from
the town is the palace of prince Francavilla, fituated be-
tween two hills. This province has alfo feveral other
little cities and fmall towns.
Calabria Ultra, or the F'arther Calabria, antientty call-
ed Terra Jordana, is the fartheft province of Italy, and
is furrounded by the li;j, except where it joins to Hither
Calabria, It has but few towns of any note ; but the
moft confidcrable of them are the following ;
Reggio, diilinguiflied by the appellation di Calabria,
is a fmall town fituatcd oppofite the illand of Sicily. Tho'
it is feated near the fea, its port is only fit for very fmall
veffels, which lie expoled to all winds ; and though it is
an archiepifcopal fee, it is neither large, rich, nor well
peopled. It has two convents, or colleges, one of Je-
fuits and the other of Dominicans, and in both are taught
humanity, philofophy, and theology. The ftreets arc
narrow, and the buildings mean and in thcoldtafte;
but though the cathedral is fmall, it is neat, and has a
noble chapel, in which is a llatcly cupola, and is adorned
with porphyry, different kinds of marble, fculpture, and
painting
5 K In
r i
I
;!' I";
S,l
'i'
My'M
4o()
^
Y s r E M o r
■I '.' ' !
[i t
mm
iviHf 'i
III thin city i^i .i fiiij;i.lar Itimi (if iii iiiur.i'turi' u( wh.it I
they call filli- w(ii>l. 't i^ uimx limn .1 (litll-IWh that re- |
Cfmbli's a l.ir;;c mill ., hut ii hi rv ; ''iiil this h.iir, whith 1
is linirrr or (l uti'i '.cocM'iin^ "> iIk' l.ir^iiul's or am." d'
the tilh, luiiip; wcil fc.ik' I 111 in 111 water aiul wilhcil,
h cit'lfil, I'lniii, ;j!itl Iciiit iiitii w.iilUii.its, Itockiiiiis,
};!rve5, p'.'t'ieojt:., lapv, »Vc. aiil tiiongh lighter th.iii
loiioii or Itix, IS Ic) warm thut the winds in tnc (i;n-r(ll
W'litcrs iMiiiiit piiictr.itt' thriiiu'h it. hiich (inantities of
this Wirk ail.' lahiiiMicil here and 111 the iieii;lilMurh(iiid,
liiut It Is hnught vu)- chi- 1)) ; liiit wli'ii the traders carry
it to the ^reat cities nf Italy, lluy railc the piice to an
cxtrav.ipaiit ilcprce.
I'lopei, a city liiiiatcJ in a fni all plain on the tnp of
a hi:;h rnui, that ali.Tds a fine prolp it of tnc fertile
ii -Ms of Calaliria, and on the other lidc of the fca. It
Hands abi i.r thirtv-nine miles to the north of Re-.-'io,
and the .ileeiit to the city i.i hy a Ipai iims llrectadiumd
with {;arJcns hc'orc the hoiiles 011 each tide, and bein;;
continued in the fa.ue line within the [.Mtes, divides the
city into iv 1 p.irls. The rett ol the llreets ar? narrow,
and ih' caihe ir.:l is a plain aiititnt llriiv:tiire ; f. r ill/ citv
has been an epifeop .1 fee under the archhiihopric of
Kciigiii, ever fincc the ei4h:h century. At funie cliltaine
without i!ic eiry arc feveial liiiall rocks, on uliieh are
built liulc fi^its.
s r. c r. vii.
OflniU D':;h-il -f A''.'/i/-'j t,-ym:d A^uHii, hlduMn^ the tl.'ire
Prov:ih:s cf ii..- C.ipitii'i.il.i, Il.ini, unit 'Jlnfito: ihrir
SiiHulicn, Pr;.!iii., iim/ piimipitl (r.lin; with 11 istuift
A.rmntofthi IJl.nuU JiiUiitidon ihi'CoiJl, undoj th/ Pro-
■J.u^Cs ':f llhher iVit I'arthci Ahruzzo.
r'^'Vin.
A
Pl\iLIA, or Apulia, includes the three territories
of the Capi' iiiat.i, Bani, and (Jtranto ; but it is
only in a more oacndcd fcnfe that the tirll can be laid
to belong to it. It i.i lltii.ued between the Appenninc
niountaii.i, which boiin! it to tiie foutli, and the Adria-
tic l.M, it. northcni bouiularv.
Apulia, tfpecially the two firft territories incluiied in
it, bein;; a level country, with tew or no hill>, is in
f'lich want of fprinji and rivers, that the inhabitants
li '.vc no other water for drinking than the rain faved in
lillerns, eitll' r in their houfei, or bult at the public ex-
pence in th^; open market-places. The cattle drink alfo
rain-water out of refervoirs formed by nature among the
rocks. 'I'hcdewin this hot country, from the proximity
of the fea, is very copious, and lerves to retredi the
corn-land, and vineya^d^ inlleaJ of rain : but, during the
c.'iccllivc hvats, the t;arden-uroiiiuh arc watered day and
night from the wells, which vield only a brackifh letid
water. H;>uxvcr, in the parts from Manfrcdonia, as far
as Moui:t Gargano, are fprings of fine iWcet water. The
loafV bet We. n the town of iVIanfiediinia and Uarletta is
one continued heap of find, whieh ii is proliabiy Ijtvn lor
fome cci.tuiei thrown up by the la, where it forms a
kind 01 bay. in fonieplai.es the (and lies feveral fathoms
high, and has nothing growing upon it but nnrtic,
rnriibs, and heibs, with deep loois that (hoot down to-
wards the waier : yet thia place, though naiurallv fo
wild and def.irt, produces feveral advantages. In the
.id';;.ecnt fca, which is Ihallow, the htll.Mnien, dtiriirr the
nioiithb or Apiil and May, make confiderable profit
by catching a kind of cu;tle-ti!h. For tins purpolc
tlic (■.(hirnien throw into the lea fomc bun.Jles of
myrtle, and tlie filh coming to them to fpawn, are
C3u?,ht in net!.
The onlv fuel the fidicrmen have to boil their fifli
with is the dried dung of btitialocs, which they gather
aloin' the coall, no inhabited plai .■ being near at hand
where they cm provi ie thcmfelve^ with necefjariis. 'I'o
ihibCcill herds ot buffaloes rcl'ort, and during the heat of
the Jay lie in the water, the wav. s at flood beating over
ti'.e.^l. In this fandy fpot, particularly towards Bailttta,
are planted cardens and vineyards ; the beds of the gar-
ilens arc I'.cre covered with br.inclics of myrtles, that the
winds may not diforder tlicm by tearing up the fand, and
the pliiits receive their chief iiourilhmcnt from the fea-
G E O G R A I' 1 1 Y. V
water inibibid hv their r.iols ; for th: ftc.vk- nf il -
vines arc let fo deep in ihe linds, that tt-.c lea pcnctr'i '
to them i and the like is oldi ivcd with rtfpe.-t i„ jj '
lent |)lan[~, as niclon«, potnpiou,, and cm iiml c |[ '■""
the wine pioduccd heie has a f.illilji t,,||t, \^^ ,;,',. ,^,',"
melons aie ineoiiiparable, ;,i:d .iie Cent even to \ ""'
being re|uiti,l a moll debgi.ihil r; If Jhiiiciit in 'ih'i'-''
lumnier niontns. On the b.:y of I .ncntuni a- I
wile bioaJ, waltc, an. I uiiinhaii.ted tia.:ts, conli't j, ,'*''
tirely ot land hiU.s wliicli only pu'duce jiniii'i.rj" ''
led l>crries, and a tew otiier (liriibs and pLnts. '
'I'lieotiitr part of the couiiiiv 11 nimli nirjr'e f..,. ■
Apulia pio.ucing great i|uan!uies of coin 1 but ihc ! '
beiii^ iv.ellively lio:, it 1, in lome yeai, all Iv,,,,; '
Tnc Jeluit> arc the p-oprietors of hall this piovni.V ''.
are laid to treat theii te;ian!. wiiii ttic lame rmuu. 1'," '
Ne.ipolitaii loids frciiucntly cxcreiU lo.vaiiU ttiiir't'.'
ineis ; fo that iJuniet lays, they liiinctnnts Jic tj j,,,,,'!
even in the molt plentitui ye.irs, Irum thetiuJm,.,
of exporting tlieir corn.
We (hall now give an accnimt of the three
included under tne n.iiiie ol .Apulia,
'I'hc country ol Otranto, which was a part of il--
tient Cabbti.i, is bounded on the north by tlietiir"''
ot Jlarri, and by tin- gicpa of Veni.;c ; on ih;-e,a'„'.
the lame gulph i and on tne louth and welt |,v ani '.
bay, which is between that province and the I'iJi;"- ,',"."
Wiihin land it is very mountainous, dry, laiiiiy, j,,,! "
limie p.irts barren; but in molt places abound; Mm,,',"
olives, hgs, and other fruit, liut the count;'/ i^ ., .'
t|ucntly inkllcd with loculls, which at certain Ic'if/',
come III laeh Iwarms, as liiieat-ii the delbuctimioi '"
the produce of the earth ; but Providence !us iciiii-,!,,,!
this evil by lending at the fame time birds which iien. \
them. This province is alio inlelted vviili lar.iiuul,,
efpecially in the difhict of 'I'arento. It is likwiij i^.!
i]uently vilited by Algerine pirates, who not oua ,jv.|.,
the country, but cairy all the people that fall iiitu i|,;"'
hi.nds into llavery. To prevent this th' y have buiit" ■
great number of forts all along the coalt, inwlh.hji
garrifons.
Notwithlhindiiig tliefe difu!vantng?s, the province 1,;
Otranto has a conliderable luimher of cities and i<mii
four of which aie arcbiepifcopal ; thefe are Oirajn.'
Tarcnto, llrindifi, and Matera ; i;nd t.-n Cjiilco|),i|.
Otranto, tlie capit.il of the piovince, is liiualej ii;:h'
fortieth degree five minutes iioith latitude, anJ 111 11 .
nineteenth degree twelve minutes ealt loni'itiule, on tfi 1
mouth of the Adii.itie, on the ealtern co.iU c/fltalv, 1(
is feated on a rocky ifland, joined by abiijnc tu.moii i
illaiid, which alio by a bridge has a comiiiiii'iicalioii \\X\
the continent. It lias a good harbour and a confid'.i.i;'-
trade, and is defended by walls, baltion-, ami a(.itj,!.:i.
'I'arento, the antient 'I'ait ntinn, is a fmall c.tvl.,
cd on a pcniiiful.i that projce'ts into a h.iy of thj ij~;
name, and had once a fine hai'iour ; but it ij iiiviv |.
(hallow as to admit only fitliing-boats. It has a prciiv
Itroiig fort, and the bay Is famous for fr[.(h watei f|i:iii.,
at ti""; bottom. It has (till feveral monunuius of it> t-
tient grandeur, as the ruins of a llately the.ure ami otn'r
public buiidiims ; but though it was once tin- hciJr.fi
republic, which even made war on that of Rciiie, i: i, I
now fmall and chiifly inlKihitcd by (ifhein-en. Thii c:
gave name to the fpiders called tai.m'.ulas, Lir.'jdv o;
leiibed.
iirindifi, the antient IJrundulliim, is fituatcJ 1 :i •}.,•.
Adriatic coaft, thirty-two miles to the eaW 01 Tar , ■:!,..
and had oiue a ronvcnient harbour, whith h.'.s ;, ;i
fpoiled by thcPhoenicians j and fince it has had tli.ji.,
It lias inu<.h declined, and is now no'h.n.' near fo i;v:
as It was formeily.
(lalllpoli is l^-atcd on a high and crai:,:v rock in \:,'\
giilph of Tareiito, and ihougli fmall is very (Iroi,:
well inhabited. It is f.irroun.led by the fe.i, ha.i:
cominirnic.ition with the continent bv a l-riJitc deti.;,JiJ|
by a good to.t, iind has a nrettv good trale.
Matera is an inland city<in the wcilein fide of the j-.:
villi e, an.l is feated in a valley bv the ri\ /r Cira;;
niiirty-fivc miles to the: nnrth-weft of Ocmii''). 1;
pretty large, and is computed to contain abuut ihrc?!
thoufaiid families.
r-J
Napi t..
ft'!:k-. nf thr,
■ I'd pcnctnui i
f Cp'''! M elo'-
lul till' HMli-,.
VCO lo N,
ip,e.
NaI'I.E'.
I'.ciit in ihc ;
■mini art: Ikj.
, conl'i;l;n^,.;..
pldiiis.
ill iiii.r." f;r!,l,_
"1 i but tlie j;,
in ;ill lll4,|it y,,
li>' piOVIIKi-, ;i'j
iiic rijjuur J, i,<
I'.vauls thiirt.ir
It's lliC ul dull' ;
lllc 1.1 UtI lUiii,
: lliru pH'vliiv/
a part of tl:; .n
n by l!ic tiir:;H-
• 1 ■'» Ill-.'lMi tly
.1 welt liy a gu.;
iiiJ tlic liJliicii,'.
Iry, i.iii.iy, aiij „
abiilUlJs Ml»i;v,
e councy i.. tr
it ctrtain Ic.il,-:,
lii-lliuctifirKit ,1:
iicc lias K'imvli;,!
lirJs uliicli dtni.t
d with tai.umiic,
It is likwilj Ik-.
ho nut ijii'.i rjvj.'v
that tall mt'i ili[,
th' y have l.u;it 2
roail, ill whi;h a:^
•s, ihc province i„
f citii-s and ln*n ,
hcfe are Oirjui.,
t-'ii cpikopal.
is lituanJ ir. ;h'
aiitiiil;-, aiiil 111 ;i '
Uiiij'it'.Kle, on ih 'I
coalt i,f iulv. it
a briJgc to.moii r
iim^iiiirucatiuii v.w
,iiij a conrpkia.';
n ■, aiij a titj.!;;.
a rinali c.rv!...--
1 1. ,y of the Ij;:.::
but it ii ilrt* li I
. It ha--, a prtttv
frcfh watci Iptiii..
OllUllK'iU': of il« T-
ly thc.ilrc ami otntt
once til'-' hciJcfi
h It of Kcait, i: 1. 1
v/:n. 'Ihiic.;,
.m'.ulas, ^!r.'3:iv C:
th.
■; fituatcJ I'll
call: ot Tar-nto,
wliiih his i.
: !ias hid tli.s '.
11 11.' a-ar ful;'
ciaj!^:y rnrk in ti:|
II IS very i'foi^-
thc fu-'.s hav.i.; il
I'V abriJicdtt.;:.'!!
r^^■:. "
fik-mfnicoft^cfio-p
the ri\cr Cara.rn.r
V of Otun'.o. 1: ill
contain abnut &.■'■>
T'-J
I". IJ R O I' E.
40/
•("lie i-.iun.ry of H 1111,'ir Ilari, isliiiin leil on tlv 11 irtli
anJi''" l^)" ih'-Ailriiiu- k.\; nii tin- well by the Cipita-
i,,iia, tumi ivlmn it is ilivii'.eil by llie river Ortaiita; ami
nil the h'lilh bv t!ie Jialilna;.'. It is > lltemed one of the
'iiiDlUVnilf aiiJ belt cultu.i..l prnviiiKs m tM'.- kiii--
||, 11 iif Naples, tfpccially tnwanls the AilnalK (e.i, aloiii;
wliili it ha., its i.',reatell extent. ItJ piiiieipal lines ate
tlij Ijllowiiii!; ;
liiiri, iir Uaii, flii; capital of the country, (lanJ. on
lli; Ailtiat.c l'i..,in the loitiethile tic tiirty iMimtis noiih
lil'ila.le, aii'l in the l.'Vtnt'.'iiitn ileinee luity iiiimiteseall
loiv'iiiiilei •'"" is me fee titan arthbifh'p. Itispntiy
litie .iliil well iiliiabiieil, an. I h.iil foinieily a gootl liavin,
tiJMt was Ipuiie.l by the Vim tiaiis,
Trani, in l..itui < raniiiin, is Icaltil in a fni'tfiil plain
^ln t'w lualt ••* 'f't-' Atlriatic, about twenty miles to the
tttiliif iiairi. I lif inh.ibit.iiiis lay it was biiili by I ra-
■jh, :iiti ifi'in hiiii was antiemly c.illetl Tr.ijaniini. It
Hjs been iiei'letl iiiio ,h\ arthbidiopric ever lince the
ninth or t.mh ttniniy. 'I lie city is h.inJIoim, well
bmlr, aiiJ is ilelemleil by a e.iltic ; but is liiiall, Ihmr^h
tliccjail' III jiiilicatiire for this pruviiiie arc helj lliire.
Thi; CapilJiiat.i, or Capitaiiate, the iintient Apulia
|).iiiiiia, is boumleil on the iiiiith ami ealt by the Atiria-
lic; oil the nnrtti-wtll bv the Molifc ; on the louili by
tlie I'artlier I'rincipatc, the ll.ililicate, and li.iin. Its
loilisli.i!i;rally ili/aiul laiiily, the yrals iliort, but l*cet,
3H>| |c;t!o a ijreat number of cattle, wnieh an diiven
thither tuini ;lio Abrii/./o.
'I'liere are h.u.ily any womis in this country 1 but there
ar; level al l.ikes and foine rmili.ler.ible livers. The
laincip.il ol the Utter aic the I Jrt'.iiita, Carapella, Cer-
uro, Ciiidelare, Kortore, and tiie 'I'lierno. 'riiconly
innuntaiii of note in this province u called tiarijaiui, or
Monte Saiit Anj,elo, and r,\;ends itielf through a gre.it
part of the pioviiKc. l)n the top of it is a convent,
v»hcrc paiti.ular devotion is paid to Michael the arth-
an"cl. U.i iliJ lame mountain is fituatcd a town called
Monte Sane Angelo, whien is the fee of i bifhop.
M.infiedoiii.i, the capital ot the prmince, was built
nut of the ruins of the aiment S:pontiini, and is iituatcd
itihefootof Monte St. Anu;elii, upon which it has a
callie, and bcfoie it a (lort on the Adii.itie. It hid it.';
name from Mantled, n.itiiral Ion to th'' emperor iTede-
ncli. wii.) rebuilt it in the year 1256; but has been in
a very ! iw coiuliiion ever fince thi: year \hzo, when it
was fur|i;i/.ed an.l taken by the Turks, who carried olt'
,:llits tjijion, hells, iice. and fet it on lire. The city
i.filiall and thinlv inh.ibiteil, and the haven being cboak-
ol up, 15 only ii: tor (mall vJlels. It is, however, an
jiciiicpi'copal lee.
Mull tjf tlu' ot!icr towns of this province arc very in-
c.MiiiJcrabie, we Ihall therefore leave ihcin to take notice
of tome ill. Ill Is, Iituatcd oiF the lo.iif of this province in
luC AJr.atic lea. Thefe are the 'I'remiti, which conlill.s
nfSr. N'icolo, or I reiiiiti, St. Domino, and la L'api.iria;
the ptineipjl ol which is St. Nieolo, which is inhabited
hy a fet o! monks, who iiave funounded it with high
walls lla.-.kcd with towtrs, to which are added four flrong
baltions. Near the Ihorc is lik. wile built a fm.iil aifenai
tor the iigj;iiig ot Ihips. The moiialfery, which is a
Ipjfio'js and ma^;nificcnt edifnc, lias a large cillern in
tae center of the eloiller, lor the ufe of the monks, be-
liJcs ten or a dcv/.en nioie lor that of the other inhabi-
tants. 'I'iie church, which has a hi_.;h roof, and three
flat ly ifle.s, is a hundre.l and leventy feet lonj, and
feveiity broad. The choir ami p.'.veiiient are very bcau-
tilul, as is alio a chapel enriched witn otferini^s of im-
nienfc value, in which 'hey pretend to have a niiracu-
Kmi« inia_>e of the Virgin, and a miraculous crucilix, liie
ifi.inJ is of an tiblong irregular fi.nire, and in the middle
aimolf '.livided by a narrow illhmus.
St. Dumino is the next in bignel's ; it is about ten miles
I'.llaat, and is very roc<y and cra:;;;v, as are the otiier
t.vdillands, which may be rather termed huge rocks, and
.lie not worth defcribiiig.
Abru7/.o Ultra, or .'\bni7/.o beyond the river I'efcara,
is bounded on the north-.-all by the AJiiatic lea ; on the
fiuth-iall by the lliiber Abrii/zo ; on the fouth-weltby
S.ihiiM, and the Caoip.iiiia of Rome; and on the iiurth-
vii'ff by the ni.-.rtniifale of Ancjiu, This country is cold
Appennines
and mountainou'. It bcin(» eroded bv l'
but li leitiie, and proilucet corn, liuit, .w t l.illron. It
IS lie.iltiy, plealant, and well inhabited ; an I the people,
who an toler,.bly iiidulfriou?, have fume m.imilaiilures.
.'\tiuila, till c.ipilal ol the province, i) Iituatcd on a
little hill, at the loot of which runs the river Alterno,
ami has an anticnt talllr. It w i.s oiiee a handloine cityj
but, on the (ecoiul of February, 170 j, w.is almolt de-
Itroyed by a dre.idtul eartlu|uake. I iij liill llioik was
10 terrible, tiiat tiie liiiiabiiants ab.mdoncd ibe tity ; but
11 till iiiiiij; to hear vefpers, it being Caiulieni.i, -day, the
lliock letiiined, and tv/o tlioiilanJ lour hundred people lAfiC
penlh.tl, eight hundred wcie dellroyed in one liiigic
cimrch, and the j/icatell part ol the city, with its w lb,
were thruwii down,
I'lie oilier towns ill this province are very inconfi-
der.ible,
Abrii/./o Citra, (o called from its bting on this fide
the river I'efcara, is bounded on the north-ealf by the
/\d,-iatic i on the Ibutb and foii'li-ealt by the territory of
Molile i and on the Ibinh well by that ol Lavi ra. It
has not only the Appeiiiiinti running through it, but
Ionic other conliderable niouniains, paiticul.irly the Ma-
jella and Civ.illo, the former of winch is covertd with
peipiiii.il liiow.
The couniiy produces plenty of com, rice, IVuit, and
latlroii ; here aie alio many 1 irge wood::, which llulter .1
gieat iiuiiiber ot wolves, bcirs, and other wild creatures,
which render it neteirary to go always in troop, and well
aimed.
Cnieli, tl-iC antient Theate, and the capital of the pro- TAtn/r.
viiicc, is iituatcd in the forty dcond degree thirty two
minutes north latitude, and in the lourteenth degree t'orty-
eight minutes ealt longitude, and Itands on a hill near
the river l'elcar.i,(^:i the conlincs of the Karther Abruzzo.
It is a preity large, well built, and populous city, the
Ice of an arihbilhop, who has only one lutlragan, name-
ly, the bilh.i|) ol Urtoiia ; mid here the couits of judica-
ture tor the |irovince aie held. This city gave name to
the order ol riieatines, which was inltituted in 1524 by
John I'eter CaralF.i, who, bt lore his exaltation to the
poiitilicatr by the ii.iine of I'.iul IV. had been aichbiihop
of this city.
l.anciano, the antient AnA-anum, is fituated feveiuecn -A /«*/'«<■'
miles to the ealt ol Chieti, and is the fee of an arch-
bilhop, but without fulFragan.. A little river, to which
it gives name, ililVbargis itlclf into the Adriatic, and
forins a kind ot harbour. The city is well inhabited,
and famous for its fairs, to which the merchants rep.iii
from both fides of the Adri.itic.
Sulmomi, the antient Sulmo, is fituatcd twenty-two tJ/«'^*^.
mdes to the fouth-welt of Chieti, and Itands in a plain
furroundid by iiiountains, between two rivulets that dc-
Iceiid Irom the Appennines, befides the .Sora, which runs
by It, It is pretty well built, and lull of inhabitants.
This city has the title of a priii ipahty l-elonging t>lh;;
lioufe of ljorL;liel'e, and is the tee ot a jilhop. It is fa-
mous in hiltoiy tor being the birth-place of Uvid.
hli
I
- \
s p: c t.
Of the Ijlmd cf
VIII.
Sicily
&' 1
In XiVtws^ a (O)uife Drji-iplioii of the Slreigl.t cf Mfjft'tc
iiii.l ,f }),■)!.', I (iiiil CAti'ybJn. Ti.i Sil!uili:ii ami Extent oj
tilt Ijiri.l : its Climate, Rrjers, rt.i.V Pr:iluce. .{ Defcrip-
tion rf Miiint ,Eti>,i, its Uriipti'.is, ti::,i the drcidful liiirtli-
qiiakii that hiwe laid ivn/le tiie Ijland. 77v Number of tiit
Nibility, and tht Giwrnmeitt and Anni of tbi Ifiand.
\
SICIf-Y is by far the moft conf.dcrablc idand in the
Mediterranean, both with refpcct to its fize and
fertility. It was anciently caiied Trinaciia and Trique-
tra, from its triangular form, and Slcania, from the Si-
caiiii, its inhabitants ; but tlie Siculi afterwards makiiit;
theml'elvis mailers of the greattit p.irt of the illand, oave
it the nunc ol .Sjcilia. In fuccetdin^ as»c;, ll'me Gre-
cian colonies lettling lieie, (pread over a great part of
the country, and their l.mgua.ie bcc.irru; the vcinacular
diilect, till the illand at latt fell under the dominion of
the Romans. As to its modern hillory, it has been
toucheti
■ s '.'■■
v^
.Ifcfv, p
: S . Hl.f
4o8
A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A I' M Y
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tiiiidicd upon ill our account of tlif kingJom of Na-
yUt.
Both itio nncliiits aiv.l iinvltrin luve maiiit.iijic.! that
Sicily was oii.^in.illy ioiiicd to the toiitinciit ot Italy,
Init j'.radiially Icpaianil trom it liy the encroathiiuiits ol
'his lea and the Ihixk ol carlhiiuakcs, fo as to bcconif a
pcrlrcl ill iiul.
The (Ircipht between Sicily and Calabria, which is at
moll but ihici: Italian mill's broad, is called the I'aio, or
Phari), (it Aliirina, fiom its lato, or light-houfi.-, on
the nairoweit pait, and Mcrtina, its capit.il, whuh is
lituatid near it. Opiiolltc the tape of laro, on winch
the liglu-houi'e (lands, ii the rmky promontoiy of Sii
gli", llic aiuiint Stylla, wlun- the chb and flood in
thi- (liL'ii^lii aie iciy iric^'iilar and llion|;, and, where it
js iiarrowirt, exireniely iinpetiions ; (ii that there is no
flcininin:7 the tides, even in a (frong foiitherly wind, on
which account it is ulu.d to have the vcH'cl hauliij up by
oxen idiMig the coall of Calabria.
irytiMs. The laiu.ius \vhirlpo(d Chaivhdis, in this fticlght, lies
on the outlide nt the harbour ol .\ltllina, and w.is no lefs
tcrriblj than Scylla to the ancients. It ii, prob.ible th.it
this (lanf;crous vortex i. occafioncd bv the currents of
the (e,i, which here run counter. The innfc riunes for
which this place was foruierly lendcred dreadtui, aie now
fcldoni lir.nd of ; and in a caltp, cipccially when the
fouth wind does not blow, the pl.ice is {o fniooth that a
.» / liiiall boat may lately p.ils over it.
Sicily extends Irom the thiitvlixih degree thirty mi-
nutes to (liL- thiity-elghth degice twenty niiiiutts north
latitude, and from the twelllh dcj^rec twenty iniiiutis to
the lixteciith deprce twenty-live minutes caff lon!Mtiid<',
VV'e have already oblcrved that it is ot a tri.in^ulai turin,
and its utinoll Icnirth from calf to well, that is fioni
Cape Faro to that of l!oeo, is couiputiu at lumewhat
moie than two hundred and ten miles ; its bnadih from
north to fouth, from Cape Faro to that of I'allaro, is a
hundred and fifty miles, and its whole circuit about fix
hundred,
1 h; climate of this ifland is lii hot, that even in the
beginning of Jaiuiarv the fhade is reficlhing, and chil-
ling winds are only felt a few days in March, and then a
fmall (ire is I'ufficient to banifh the cold. 'I'he only ap-
pearance of winter is I'ound towards the Cumniit of mount
•Tina, where fnow falls, and is prcl'erved by the inha-
bitants m the follinvni/, manner. 'I hey dig pits in the
open air, and in them lay the I'nnw, with flraw or Ihib-
bie, and (alt, ;!ri-lum fiipcr Jholiim^ and then cover the
]i!ace with earth. In fummci, when fnow is wanted to cool
Uvii liquors, one of thele pits is opened, and the quan-
tii ,• of fnow required being taken out, the hole is im-
ni''diatclv clofed.
In this ifl.md are found gems and valuable (lones, as
agate, j ifper, porphyry, lapis-lazuli, marble, and ala-
bafter ; and it is equally rich in netals and minerals, as
l^old, lilv.T, and copper, tin, le.id, iron, and alum :
It has abb a variety of hot h.iths of very falubrious qua-
lities, bclides other medicinal waters.
The principal rivers of this country arc Cantera, for-
merly the Taurominius i thejeiretta, the ancient Sy-
n-.cthus i the .Salfo, the Belicis, and the rermini.
Though tlic illind appears as one entire rock, the foil
IS cxceedui'j; fertile ; it was anciently (tiled the granary of
Rome, ami at prcfent has not only (ufHcient plenty of
corn iur home confumptioii, but exports great quaii-
; :tiis to the kingdom ol Naples, which would otherwife
lie dilireflbd. It is however far from being fo well cul-
tiV.ited ;is lurnierly, feveral ttaiils lyin;r walle, e(pecially
III the wellern part. Its wine is excellent, as are alio
mud kinds of fruit, in which it abounds, together with
oil, fugar, honey, faliVon, and fait ; the fugar is chiefly
produced in the neighbourhood of mount iTltna.
The cattle arc very fine, and all forts of game are in
conliderable plenty. All ;he coaft afFords good fifhcries,
particularlv for tunnies; and at Trapani is a confidcrable
Miice.i boideiingoii Italy. In (linrl, wlialo\cr Ccm
qudite in point of necellitv, delight, or <.iiiamrnr\h''
country aftords in hich proluhcui, thit the inlnl,,,
iiotwitlilfanding llie txicliiuis with »< hich they h n'""i'
ways been burtheiied by their foveiei-ns and In, m
gates, lUe at ihcir cale, and |Mow tichr ' '"
As yV.tiia is the hi-heil mountain in Sicily it i, ,
hrft dileovcred at a dillame by (ailurs, to wh!,„i it
(cuts the view of a prodigimis c'himnrv, or a virv 1*"^
rugged pillar. '1 he iidiabitaiits call '.t Mimie (JiM?'
or Mongibillo, that is Mount of nmuiits. 'I '
to it I'roni Catane i ii tlurty tiioulaiul
the fide near Kond.i/vo, onl
Hands (I'par.ite (lum
le ..ictii-
IMi^i'lii^h; but,,,,
y twenty thoiifiiij, I
other mountains i n^ ti;,,,,
circular, and it terminates in a cone : it, litcumlen. '
at bottom IS no leb than a hundred thouland Laces V-
lower parts of it are very (luitful in corn.,iid fu'^ar-cinc'.'
the middle abiunds with woiuls, olive-tut^, Ind v',, '"
and the upper part M, almoll the whole yjar, cou',?/
with (now i yet within it is a continual hre, which h'
Its freiiuem and violent trii|itioiis, |:;,s hIw.,,, ' *
dcred it very famous. Many o! th.fe dreadhil eiupt,'!'
are recorded in hilfory ; but we ftiall uo nu farther 1.^')'
than the year iLOi;, ot which we tin J an ai count",
the }'lnloluphieal Tranlaefions. It then broke uut ■,
the eleventh of M.irch, tivo hours before iii.ht, c,, ,' .,
fouth-eall (iJeof the mountain, about iweniv'inilci i J.„
the old mouth, and ten from the city ol Cataiu.,
The iiiule uf the eruption was heard an huiulidl mj^!,'
to which dittance the allies were alfo cariiej. li,!
matter thrown out was, like that of Veliivius, a (hn^'j
of metals anil minerals, rendered liquid by the licrcintK
of the Hie, which boiled up at its mouth, till it flowcil
over, and having run a little way, the extremity bettjn
to crutt, and turning into large porous lioiies, rcc'm.
bling large cakes of burning fea-coal, came rolling aii.l
tumbling (me over another, bearing down any eiaiiniou
building by their weight, and burning whatever was
combultiblc. The progrefs of the inundation w.is at
firfl, tor feveral days, at the rate of three miles in twen-
ty-four hours i but afterwards it fcarce advanced a fur-
long in a day, and llius continued for filtcen or iwcntv
d.iys t0j,cthcr, running into the fea dole by the ualls of
Catanca. At length it made its way over the walls into
the city J but there did no coiifideiable d. image, except
to a convent of licncdidtincs. In its coinfe it over-
whelmed fourteen towns and villages, containin;; thre;?-
or four thouland inhabitants ; and it is remarkable, that
during the whole time of this eruption, which iadd
fifty-four days, neither fun nor ftars appe.ircd.
ffut though Catanca then cfcapcd tiie thrc.itencd c'e-
ftruiftion, it was almoll totally ruined in lt)f)j, bv oiu
of the molt terrible earthquakes mentioned in hilh^n.
It was not only felt all over Sicily, but at Napl'js aiiil
Malta ; and the (hock was to violent, that people could
not Itand upon their lejjs, and thole who lay upon the
ground were tolled from tide to fide, as if upon the roil-
ing billows. The earth opened in feveral places, thrmv-
ing up large quantities of water j and urcat number:
perifhed in their lumfes by the fall of rocks that were
loofcned and rent from the mountains. Tiie fea wjj
violently agitated, and roared drcadl'ully ; m^juiit jT,tii.i
threw lip valt fpires of flame, and the (hock, were .it-
tended with a nolle that exceeded the loudeil claps u'.
thunder.
Fifteen or fixteen towns, and eighteen mannrj, with
the inhabitants and cattle, were entirely fwallmved up,
feveral other towns and villages were laid in ruins, arii
ninety-three thoafand people lolt their live;, of whom ^J
eighteen thouland were inhabitants of Catanca, very few
efcaping the general and fuddcn dcrtruiSlion of that citv.
The number of churches and convents involved in this
drcadl'ul calamity was i.o iefs than nine huiidrcil ,ind le- ^jl
venty-two. Since that time rherc have been two re-
markable eruptions of Mount i'litiia, one in lysi, anil
the other in I7^!;, and at the la(t time it ragcil vvithex-
'/•>j>
coral liihery. Great profits arc made of filk, the cuiti
• ation of which was firft introduced in the year 1130, ccffive fury.
by carl Riv^er, who returning from an expedition into the I Though the country has not for a
ni!' timc'bcen fut-
Holy Land, brought back with him fome pcrfons well ! ticiently inhabited, vet its nobility arc very numerous,
verfed in the manasement of filk ; hence it loon fprcad | they being computed to amount to fixty dukes, filty-fix
into Naphs, the Milancfe, Spain, and the French pro- ' marqiiilTcs, above an hundred carls, and a griat number
8 of
SiCILV.
ol li.iroii'. Th
li^Muu) tuundaih
jie handlome, a
Here is a love
Ml alldil'putes ai
rJ. It was oriy
th; preliJeiit, wl
.Sully, claims ili
i'nc court lit R(
pmvcr of this t
llruiuoudv oppo
Rumc. I'lipe U
hi) fucceduis the
klngconli.lers hr
ii.'.iy ill temporal
1, governed by .1
p.iiej gules, and
I'ne kiii,;'s reveii
\(\) toiilidetablc
O'l'/lh:,' Divij,
i.ii< i ivilh il III:
Mtj'ma miJ Put
THK kingdor
viiices, whi
i\ Ueminii, or D
the third Val di A
\ ^ di Demiiio,
frum Cape Faro ti
pl«es 111 this provi
.Meliiiia, antieii
1. a pretty large an
eighth decree clevi
fixtecnth dcjjrce fn
i.i(; partly m a pi
iiliiij grounds. Ii,
a'citadel, of live
rei.'hbouring einin
Reaic, Porta l^ea.
I.ifHi, are all dc
a;ehand|ome an
iiinant, efpecially
t.llwp. its churcl
jenetally elcg.mt (|
aiiJ the .iifen_; is
i.iJ anmuiiirioii
1 lie cathedra
aniicnt. It is richl
|jdy the hi-h altar
f-iy'i lliroiie, wh,
enanalccnt of ti
iiieral niagni|i<,-i,t
to the Virgin, Mar,
bt'.nncJ magnitic
'J ''/the irihabitan
"'■Ml a letter, whic
;;J once a year ca
i TP- The Jefui,
r_..iles. The arch b
"'"P^'ieral holpit
»lU.e,Miiifulp„l,|i,
J''''>' i> a large and
■i;-. lunatics, the I,
'P' 111 va!l numb
^'■'j^ limibaid-h.jute
The city extends
'i'rc With fome dee
™ running paralK
IJfnithed with wate
hi'h all kinds of pro
">■
7hc
ptrr IS 01 ani
I "tighty guns may
ppleto go in .indl
wjrJstheFaro, or,,
J "i ""k of land, „„
I e;I (lands the ciradj
I tilled it. Salvaduie,
J'
r ^'
Si
iin.
:vcr foeitu if.
rnamoni, th.,
I.' inliiliiiaiii,^
1 llicy h.ivt al.
uild liii (Ilk.
itily, it ij thf
1 whiiii it pre-
r 11 virv I41..1:
.luiitf (iihclio,
I. 'llic dlWiit
I lii;jli ; but uu
tliiiuUiid, |>
5 ; lu h;;iirc i,,
, utiunilerciiLC
iiul puces. 'I he
lut fii';3r-cinc< ,
c yc;ii , covcK-,1
fin-, whiili, hy
IS iilw:iy« nii-
caJliil citipliiii.i
110 f.irlln.T I'.ul
un ;u;.uuin 1;
:) broke uut c n
re iiiL;ht, (■II 1!:!
vrntv inilf.'. l;um
ty (il CataiKJ.
M Imiklrul iniicN
.) ciiriii;J. 'I'lic
.■I'livius, a rticani
by till- ratcint!,
;h, till it fl()W((l
: cxtrcmiiy bi\'jii
IS tunics, tccm-
camc rollin;^ aiiJ
,)wn any common
iiJ whatever wa;
Kiiulatloii w?.; at
rcf miles in twcn-
:c .ulv.incfil a lur-
fil'icen (ir twenty
le by the wills of
(■ the wjUs intu
rimaj;!.', except
coiirfe it (ivcr-
containins tlirt';^'
reiiiai liable, llm
iuM, winch lafttJ
.'.red.
the thrci'.tencd ce-
ll ibf)3, by on:
ioncd in hillon.
..t at Na;ilcs ami
that people could
■no lay vyon ir.c
it upiin the roii-
al places, throw-
,d (ireat number^
rocks that were
. Tiie fea waa
1 iri'iuiit Euu
(hock- were at-
Umdeft claps 0!
teen manor?, wiih
:!y iWallowe.l up,
laid in tuins, ai'd ,
. hvcH ot whom ^|
Catanea, very tew
iflion of that C'tv-
involved ill this
; huiidrca .md le- ^)l
;\vc betn two le-
(,ne ill f/S?. and
■ ra^ed withex-
,n..^ time-bcjnfuf-
Ire very numerous,
Ity dukes, fifcy-r'"
I'd a fc-r^at number
of
SlClLV.
F. U R O I' E.
400
I b.iron'. The number of chiirchci, cnnvcnti, aii'l ro-
"nmiituundationsnallDL-xrcediiig ^r<:M 1 the buildin-i
..'chaiidfjme, and the revenues tonlidor.ihle.
' Here is ;i lovcrii(jii i-cileHaKical tribunal, which jud;','?^
11, jlldiriiutes and .itl'.iirs In which the clcrpy ,ue r.un eiii-
(j It was iiri|;inal!y inllitutc.l bv th^ y^\'.t\ court, and
th' nrefideiit, vv'ho is called the jud;;- o. the kingdom ut
<, lie claims the refpi-a iifiMliy |iiiil In a le;; itc a latere.
I'nc court ot Rome has cndeavoi.
Duwcr ()l this tribun.il ; but in
llrniuuuflv oppobd, and forbid the clerj;y to appe
Riiinc. I'ope Urban 11. h.ivinj; ^'ranted c.irl R
d to cirtunilVribe the
the king has always
to
er and
bbfucccdorj the tith' ol Ins iiituc legates in Sicily, the
kingconliders himlell ai an li\il''pi'ndcnt fnyerei-ii, not
o.ilv Ml temporal, bu' in I'piriiii.il nllaiis. 'I'he kin ',loni
I,' io'.eriied bv a viceroy. Its arms are .1 f.iltire wuh fix
n.i'its gules, and lor fiippniters .1 trowmd cai;!!- (iblc.
rnekiiij^'s revenues ariliiig troni this liuilful illaiid aie
uiy tjiihdcuble.
SECT, IX.
Qill/iha Dirijhnl of i\hi!y, mid the p'huynl PL...-i ii
'(m!i; iutth It nine pmtiiuliir Dtfcripliin of iht Ciua of
Mtfmu im.t Ptiliimo.
THE kingdom of Sicily is divided into three pro-
viiiccj, which are called valleys. The Cult is Val
111 Ucniinii, or Uenion.i ; the fecoiid Val di Noto ; and
ihi- third Val ill Ma/ara.
V.ldi Demiiii), which is the ncarell to Italy, extends
fro;" Cape I'aro to the river Termini. The principal
pUfCs ill this province aa' the following ;
.Mertiiia, aiitieiuly Z.incle, and afterward'-. MefTana,
;. aijreity large and well built citv, litiMled in the thirty-
crhth Jcj^rcc eleven mimiies north latitude, and in tlie
fifteenth degree fourteen minutes eaft longitude, lland-
r i'li; p^'t'y '" '^ p'"'" '''^•"' '''^' '^'''' ^'"' i'-"t'y °" f"""'
liliiij grounds. Helides an iricnnl.ir fortification, it has
a'cilJilel, of live lar^e and regular ballions, and the
neighbouring eminences, namely Cartel (lonja-a, C illel
Reaie, Porta Realc, Conl'a-ra, IVIattagrifone, and Callel
I.jfKi, ate all defended by forts. The piivate houl'cs
aiehaiiJlome aiul well built, and the public edifices mag-
niiiwnt, efpeci.dly the palaces of the viceroy and arch-
b;iho|). Its churches and tonvents are numerous, and
jeii'.rally elegant lltuclures with confiderabic revenues,
anJ the ail'en^i is well HorcJ with all kinds of arms
sjj anir.unirion.
I lie cathedral is a large fparious flriifturc, but very
intii'iit. It is richly orn.uncnted im the inlide, particu-
Ulythchi-h altar, by the tide of which i'l the vicc-
riy'i throhu, which Is liktwifc very rich, and elevated
taanalcciit of tm or twelve biuad (Icps. It has alii)
i;\cral magnificent chapels, paiticularly one dedicated
t.nlic Virgin Mary, enriched with every thing that can
kr.rmcd magnificent and eoillv, and is much reforted
tjbyihe inhabitants, who pretend that the Virgin lent
tKni a letter, which is here prclVrved as a choice relic,
ar.Jonce a year carried about in proceffion with great
pimp. The Jefuits have a college and three other
houfes. The archhifliop's palace is large and well built.
Th'cfciicral holpital, called the Loggia, is one of the
molt lie.iiitiful public buildings in the citv ; bcfidcs which
lUrc is a l.irge and lich hofpital for old people, found-
nn;s, lunatics, ihe lame, blind, he. which arc here well
kept in vail numbers ; and near it is a fpacious well
ttilt Kinibaid-lv)u(e, under good regulations.
The city extends itfelfon a lifing ground along the
fcirc \v:th fome declivity. 'I'he thief ftrcets .ire large,
i.ie ruiuiiiig parallel with the port, and Meflina is well
faiiiilhrd with water by fubterrancous aiiueducta, and
ti'itti all kinds of provilions.
The port is oi m\ oval form, and fo deep that fliips
cftijjhty guns may come near enough to the quay, for
people to go in and out by the help of a plank. To-
aatJs llie I'aro, or light-houfe, it is mclofed by a crook-
xi neck of land, on the broadefl part of which to the
t;li Hands the cit.idel, and towards its weft end a fort
tilled it. Salvadure, which ilefsuds the narrow entrance
78
to tb" harbour, Kcar \\\U neck of l.iiul i« the lazaretto^
built 00 a t k proj'ifting out of ih'- fe.l.
The trade ol this city, though greatly d^jclincil, il
dill confidcr.ible, rljiccially fin 'c thi- year 172S, \vhcn
t.i' hiiboui WIS declared a free pnit. All anil. lal fair is
heiil lure ill Augult, at which (treat quiniuies of fo-
rei^n goods arc expoicd to file. Th's ciiydiiiis the
prerogative cif being llil.l the capital of the kiiijjilom j
but I'.ilermodilputes this point of precedency.
Catanca, the ainient Cataii.?, Itaivls by the fa, ne.ir
the foot ol mount .T.tn.i, and ha^ betn fui|iiently al-
inoft dillMycil by the eruptions of th ir mountain an I by
earthi|ijakes. It is plcaCuitly lltuate.l u;ion the river
Indiccllo, ei'hty-'our niiks to the welt ot .Meflina, and
was aiit ently one id' 'ho richcll and moll p.iwtrliil cities
ill SieiK j and pirth ularlv I'ainou;. lor a ni .j,nificcnt tem-
ple dedi. .itid to Ceres. The cathedral wa . i noble build- •
ing, (iippoitrd by columns of tine black inaililiji but in
the diea^lliil earlh(|iuke befoic ni' iitioiied in 1693, eleven
hundred propl',' who had fliehtrcd tbcmfelves in thii
lltuiilurc, wlieic the irlics c\' St. Aijatha their j/eat pa-
troncfj were kept, wcie buried under its ruins, and the
city in a manner dellroyed r yet the fertility of the adja-
cent country h.is induced the people to rctuiii by de-
grees who have fincc rebuilt a part of it. It is a biftiop'l
fee, under the aichbifliop of Mont Real.
Ihcie aic a confidcrable number of final! towns in
this diltilct,
Val .11 Nnto cx!ciub fron the river Jarrcta to the fouth
•oalt of the id ind, and alio reaches to the river Sallo. It
contains feveral cities, and above forty towns. Tho
principal places in thii diltrid aie the following :
At the dift.inco of feventy-two miles to the fouth by-
Welt of .Nlcffina, is Si raiule, antieiitlv tr.c capital of all
Sicily, and a very flourilliing icp'ililic,iind wis twenty-two
miles ill compals ; but ;:t piefent is extremely reduecd by
a ferics of calamities cipecially by the tarthquake in
1693 ; yet its inhaliiiaiHs are now f.dd to amount to
fourteen thoiifin !, and it llill continues one of the moft
conliderable liti". in the iflaiid, on accouiu of its advan-
tageous fitii.ilion, the commodioiifnefj of its port, anJ
the height and (lieni^th of its walls, wliich aie wafhed on
every fide by the fca ; for it now contains only one of the
nvc part- into which it wa: ant!enlly divided, and ex-
tends no farther than the divilion kunierly called the
Inl'ul.i.
At the entrance of the port is a flrcng but regular
caflh', which has a communication v^ith the city by a
wooden bridge. In this cattle is the f.imoiis fpi in,; called
by the antients the fountain of Arethuf.i, which fupplics
it with plenty '"f water. The poit is of a roundifli
figure, and though not every where of cijiial depth, has
room fuflicient to receive the largcfl veli'elc,- or even ,\
confidcrable fleet ; its only fault is its not having fal'c
anchoring ground, cfpc-ciaily when the wind blows hard
from the ca(t and north-caff.
C.'dio Giovanni, the antient Enna, a city much cc- Envci
lebratid by the poets, who rcprcfcnt Profcrpine as beiu'r
carried off' from the fields in it.; neighbourhood. It is
fituated near the heart of Sicily, foity-fiyc miles to the
liuith-wcll of Catanea, upon a hill to the north-welt of
the lake of Pergus, and has a fpacioiis plain adorned with
flowcis and rivulets, near which is a cavern, whence
Pluto is fjid to have come with his car, and to have car-
ried off that t'oddel's. This city is now fmall, but well
built, aiul defended by an old caftlc.
The pr.ivince termed Val di Mazara lies on the weflern
fide of the ifland, having Val di Dcmino on the caft,
Irom which it is divided by the l-'iume Grondc, or Great
river, and the Val di Nolo on the call-fonth-ealf, from
which it is parted by the river Safo, and is on the other
fides cncompafl'cd by the fea. It is very mountainous,
but fertile and well watered, it having near a dozai con-
fidcrable rivers, and many lelTer ones. The principal
towns in this province are,
Palermo, tho antient Panermiis, the molf confiJ-eiablc
city in the province, .ind even tho capital of the ifl.ind.
It is fitualcd at the bottom of agulph on the noitl coaft,
in a delightful and extrnfivc plain termiii.ued by high and
fertile hills, which almolt lurround it on the land fide, ^
in the thirtytighth degice (en minutes latiiude, and the i!i-f'~.
5 L " '■ lihirtecnth /S'^"-
n
m
-. I
11
■:[
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4«o
A S Y S T E M OF G F. O G H A i> 1 1 V.
^I| . )
/ ii
< !■': '
N ■' 1
i' III
I M W
/ire/i"
! . ».
W]
thirirciuh ilffrte forty-two itiiMiite* InnRitmle. It li.n
licvii iitciilv ini'iitiiiiu'J in Irr.ititi)', ot Melliiu, licit I'a-
IcriMu ilii|iuti's with lh.it iitv itv hoiioui ol Iv m^ th^■
C«|)it..l ci| i:\i.' ill.iiul 1 ■iiid iiulvol It huithu hmiU^iil ,i
priMt mimlicr i.t the nolnlity aiul ^viiliy, I H.1.1I hi\f
|)iiblii huililiii ">, .tii'l ihf (tri.t'. .iro i(r.ii('n , lir;;-, .mil
rr;^ul.ir, |aiiiiiil.iilv .1 hiuuliltil ,%nd fp.u 10111 uiii' 1 >licd
Caliarci, lh.it rxliiiU Ihinii^h llic uholc city, and lus .1
vicffioy'' p.il.iu' .itiinceml, .Hid the l< .i-duircuii the other,
to whicli It (Ji'rci.'iid> by a ^'ciitl. '.iliMty.
Tht viccrui . |).il;u:t 11 not only a ni.i^nilicciil llriic-
turr, ;idiirnid with tint luilpt'iri.'., |uiiiliii|^^s mid j'.ir-
diiif, hut.iirok';, % iiilK'.id >>l .1 t.iilli', it i-onini.iiKliiii^
the < iiy hy ii> liniaii 'm, jiid biiiiR (Imilti-d ly lugh uivas
anil mhci work'', Ihv |>i.i//..i tuli.ic it ii nuliU-, and a-
doriH.: with utc D.iiiic oi I'hihp IV. ol .S|).iiii, ll.iiidli j{
cin a |n.H , il inr.v h' d wiin ti. phir. in h.ill^i iilicvo, .ind
with the llritiicj ul till.' luiir cuidiiul \iitut':i on the tour
fides.
On 111'' lij- . r iht pil nc in the crcit hDlpil.il ol the
Holy (.l holt, Anl on the othi-r tlic tatiudial, an aniiint
IIiikIiii'c, with iiiir lar.c towci'i, uiul riihly .idoiti>.l
wiiian. 'IhiD > i'.y h i.iiJ to 1. iiii.iiii iipw.iid:> lit .1 luin-
drol nnd twenty thuurind inhalnt.nit^ ) it i.s an art.hi(.'pir-
Cop.il li'i', h.ii ,111 iinuciliti , liuy-t.vo nionaltcrioi .iiul
twcncy-two iiiinnciiis. h lias Icural line ihiirihis,
partKui.uly th.it ol St M.ittluw, iDnwiionly lalUd lic
rAiiiiiij, wliiihjj mill h a>liiiiud lor its arthitiLtuic,
btaiitirul ni.iiidi.-, piiaiiii^s, .uid lUti.lv p'Ttivo. Among
thcothii piihl >.' Iniildiiii;> !:> the cuiiitol ju'iicaiure, whicn
h eiiiially ilUum.d for its Lirt- -'ch, the niaginhnnce ol
its archittcliMi', ll. p.uniingi, and other omaiiKiits. l!e-
tiMc II is a fiiirirb t'oimt.iiii, whiih is iltcimi^d the ni.ll
be.iuiil'ul in .ill It.ilv, l«.ih Ironi the luiiiiber and elegaiicu
ol the b.ilon', wliiih ll.iiid one ovi r .mother, and from the
crcat v.uiety of fi ;iire-. whi' h throw water into tluni.
I'hc city cnnt.iini ni.iny other fine lountains and m.^g-
liifKTnt IhiiiJings liatticularly the city gate, wli.tli is 10
\vide and luliy liiat it rtlcnibles a niagnitieeat triumphal
arch, adoincd with .1 (;rcat nunib.'rof marble Hgures and
other oriianients ; It liaiids .it or.e end of the loiij; and
noble (trcet of Callaro, as the viei Toy's palate docs at
the other ; l\> that Iroin the pal.iee throiijih the waole
length of (he itreet you have a prolpcct ol the lea, which
through thi^ llately gate relemblei a beautiiul taiul of ,1
ftupcndous extent.
'I'l'.e ijuay, which runs the whole lcn('th of the city,
frnm which it is divided by a Itioii^ wall, is wide, beau-
tiful, comniodious, and one ol the limit walks and places
of relbrt about trie city. I'he gn an li p.irt of thecpiav is
planted with trees ; lb that one may walk under tl.im
(litllered Irom the fun and ram, withti.e port, the moic,
the lott-^, and the open fi-a lull in view. The port is
vciy convenient for Oiippini; ; the '011^; mole extends .i-
bout two hiiiulied f.ithonis towards the fouth, and about
four luin.lied '.uw.irds the welt, in the form ol a rectaii^'le:
at the end of it are two batterie-, ol cannon, and a hi^h
tower 01 liyht-bijufe. in the ninf lie of the mole is a Iniall
fort, and at the other end, n- xt the land fide, is a lor-
trefs, with four baltioir; ; v^'ith thearfenal for the ^allies,
the nia:;a/.incs, and other Iton-noufes. The port is fate
and commodious every where, except on the touih-
weft fide, which i^ lull of rocks, that rife no higher than
the furl'acc of the water, on which account Ihips enter
it, near the bead of the mole jull oppofite the city,
where they have fiom cijjhtccn to twenty-two fathoms
water.
>i</m. Trapani, th ■ aiuicnt Drcpanum, flands on a peninfula
on the weftcoalf of the illand ol Sicily, about forty miles
to the fiuth-well of I'alerrno, and is It ill famous for its
trade; for the number of nobles and ;»entry who jive in
the city and its n"ighbourliood j for the many tradin:
velfels that fail to and from it ; for its fait fprings and
works, and its having a good coral filliery. It is lituit-
cd on apcninful.i, forty-live inilea to the fouili-welt of
Palermo, and is defended by a ti|U.ire c.iftle. Its haven
is large ; but too much expofed to the tbuth winds. At
its entrance is the above cattle featcd on a lock, and
which is furrounded with oiher works and batteries, and
alfoby the fe.i The town is encoinpatied by a plain wall.
The liiil at the foot of which it ftands was antiently
emu i,.i,|
called I"ry»(, «nd on the top wui a temple of Ve
the loiiib ul Aiuhiles,
(Jergrnii w.i> ant.enllv the prcatrU and 'Icktft tj,,,
the whole ilhnd : it llandi iibuut loiif nt'tk, i,.,,m '
lea, nil ihe foillh-W' ll ii...lt, lixy.jlx ni|le» ti, ,1^. ,„'
ol I'jleniui. It role out of ihc riiiiii ol t'l, ,,„'"
A;;ii..entuni, thoui'li 11 .1,1, ii„t Hand .liiuiU , '"
lame Ipot. it n inuatid at the mouth ol ihciiurs
HIalio, upon a lull, aii.l iiilclendul by a i, IJl,. (^ n *'
byil.ituie. that Iheie it lioaeicl.. to 11 but aHiiiehl"'"'
, It is the lee ot ,1 bdhop, an.l ii tanl 1,1 h,n i- I., ,'ii '
1 liently im mile, in conip.il., and is |.inioii. I„r 11,.,,,''.
I'halari-, who ufed lo |..iii.|e thole who ii „| .l,, ',
j hnil III Ins bra-,;i n bull i but I'erillu-, the attill w'.i'o'i!' 1
, the eiuelty to invent it, wa , (m hi' riWinl, i.i.n (i,.„',
to have thcfirli
A.uUis, till
xpeiiineni in\d upon hnni' If. 1 j,^. ,
jitent t.riit.,ry i, r.eli, and proJiice» ({rwt i|ii.i,iii(it '
corn, of which it carries nn aK.nfi.lcij'de tr. le i,.,,,^' !'
ol the river aiiJ it» pert, w.'iitli lu. ..ijoui 11^.. L '"
the wttlw.ud. •""-.!,<
S K C T. X.
0/l/jt Ijiamli roiinl Smly ; Kith a piirt'uiikr AO/W,;,, r
A/iiilu, iinj tht Kui^hlt cf thiit ljlt<!4, " ■'
THF. principal idaiids round .Siilly are, fml |1..
I.ipare.ir. nl.inds, laile.l by the .intients /i:„i.j j.]
Villi am. e; lliele he towards the n.'lth ofSieih, aiiJth.
ntarell is about haty miles dillant. The vulcanmith •
were in limie ot them, and llill p.irt!y remain, hiic \'\
wa)s coniii:utcd to the violent winds wlii.h comji,,,,,.!
reign in thele paitbi whence tne aiilimt] fji,|, ,1,',
god III the win Is, relidcd hcie, aii,| arcni,;.
; iligly called them by Ins name j an.l Vul.an Ivm,, ,.
(tutelary gnd ol Inch volcano,, they were alfu cailcj'i ,.;[
can's itlandj. 1 he molt renurk.i'ble aie the IuIIuiviht.
I.ipail, or l.ipaia, the lar_T|l and moll pr.|iiilou°,,:
till ill, is computed to be about eighteen miles iiicir.ait
in; luding its capes and the wiiulings of the coart, for •
is of a veiy irregular figure. The climate is h' iM;',/'
the air lirrciK, uid the loii ueh an.l leitile. Hclilfs,,,r/
wine, and liuit, which gr.iw in great plenty, ili.- ml,.,!
bitants t'enJ gieat quantities of tigs ..nd r.ulnis iiiKi nn.f,
p.iits ot iaiiojie. It likewifc p.oibiees . buii.l..ncc i.| ii.,.
phur, alluin, .iiid n.iphtlie ; an.! has fivernl warm l-aihi,
lurmerlv mutli rclbrteil to I he coalfs i ield grrjt plci,tv
and variety of line iUh. In tru., ili.ind were lnrr.i iff
pits emitting fnioke and fi'e; but at pre:enl they h..,'.
entirely cealed. In l-ipari lt..iiili a town of tlic lun,:
name, built on a tlcep ro; k, with a call.'e, auJ i, th:
lee (f a bifliop.
Volcano, in r,atin Vulcaria, antiently .ilfo Thcmirj,
Thcrafi.i, and Iliera, or tm, lluiv, is part..- 1 '^nni l.ijvi;
by a narrow channel, and ihoujh not to l.t-;;,, n.i,
much higher. On the north ciall is a inou-.j.iLi wh.':';
top continually emits flames or I'moke ; but in.i:.- <x-
rioiifly at IbiiK times than others.
Stromboli, air.iently Strongy''', is of a riainJ I'.rir,
and lituatecl on the north eait coalt of Lipari, alnjut ihir;i
miles Irom that illand. It Is computed to iig ab'<ii;
twelve miles rounJ, but is wIm liv uninhabite,', bcii"
properly nothing more than a burnii!.; mountain ol J 1
extraordinary height, that contiuuiliy c irts Lnih ht
and I'moke, which are teen at a !;reat dittinec Jt icj.
Another (lulter of I'mall illands, n.rned the .'i!.;.!:,',
or yi'.gades, lie on the weft coall of Sicily; tiele
Leven/.o, the antient liuccini.or I'horbantia ; F,i,ai;mi-', I
the antient Capraria, or /F .nifa, winch is LXtrenu'.v |
fruitful ; and .M iretaino, t'^ic .intient .Maritinia. The;';
are very inconriJerable, we {hall therefore piocccJtol
one of inuch greater coiiletjucnce.
The illand if Malta, the antient MelitJ, is f.-ip.tai mJ
the thirty tixth degree of north l.ititud.!, and I'Ctnaaj
the lourtetiuh and tilieenrh of call lon;-i;ude, I'lviy Ki:.:-
Ii(h miles to the fouth ol the ill .nd of Sicily, Jiilii
commonly tieited of under Italy, on acemiiit ofiu
greater proximiy to it, tli.ui to the cult of .Aiiica. 1;
was here th.it St. Paul was bit by a uper, .iitcr bci:;;
wrecked on the coad, This illand is computeii t-i iel
8 tivcinyr
tiuil ol thufe deltru
Malta
,«(«(» milci In li^^n:',tli, twelve in l-rcj.lth, iin.l ncjr
* ,n lir'nml' r.'ii.';. It w.n .mnunly li'ik- inun
lull i I'-i'f^'i' ''"'''> '"" ^''^ qii.'iuitii-.t.( Ini' li.ivc hcirii
.,^,„. 1,(11,, II Siuly, ih.i: it i^ ii'ju- biumir .ilutili id.iii.l,
ilwu'^h It I mill.. ^ 11.1 iii'iii; frii iiin !■. hm-ly luiriciuit
ti)iiiiiiil.ii»il>'-' inli.il'il.inii lix mmiiln in thr yi.ir, rfii.l
iHitdt ihcy iiiiHlulir iiii'Aii in Suily. Thf wiiu' pm-
Jlllnl III''"'' ''''"' i» •'''" '' •' I'lflilil-lll (<<l II^ liilllllllip-
1,,11, -till K 1' ''!"'*"'•' 'I'll'""' ill Wllllll. Hut, III! ilic
„tlit'i h4i' 'i It li.u |.l.iity 1)1 li,r., m>li.ii», ami otii-r tiiic
iiuiti wi'" h'""*'» •' f"'*' '''■'' "' '■""""» •'"'"' P'"""' «
^,,i,iijci,.lili.- lilli'Tu-.., U-a i..lt, ami a pr lit.ililf uirjl
lilbiry I Imt lii>-' '"■" I' '■•i>"lliv'' I'l'l'i 'I'V •'"*' iiip'*''' •""'
(iicy liini aiiicat mmilKtol |;ii.iii, w.in.li .irc lliu pl.i,;'"^
(iikviiuiiiiy.
III! .iiiiui.ll rovftiiiei nl till', iiiiiiil are coinputcj at
(j„i,iy.(ix thmi .iiiJ (iii'li, .in.l (111- iiuinbtT 111 i ' >-
tiui,i. Jiiiiiiiiin t.T .ilioiii liMy tluiiilaiiil. 'riiccuiiii.
pt pi: Ipi-ik Atabic i liui tlioic in i^tnn.ci .'iicunilkancc.
in,- li.ili.iii.
Ilic im.jl illUU'tlt iull.il'itinls (it' M.ilt.l ot wl. ' I Wo
lijvi Jiiy .iccouni, wcri; tiic l'hii:.iii.iiis *'"' ^'"^ i!i: •• i'
Ciiiuy ilii: I'litciikian-., as ihiy wuc liy the (Jrciks. h
(f.iiii .illtiwjr.l> to ri.ivc l>ccii iiml'-r the iloniiiiiiui ufllif
C.iMiu;iiii.in-i Iti'in wlium it w.is i.ilcfii by the Rdiii.uiv
Lp'ii incilcilL'nl'i.Mi (it iho Uniii.in cinpiu', it w.i. iiill
I: u R o I' c.
4»i
ptiory nf Dfnmaili, Swcilrn, ifid f?unR>ry. f.jtii of
thi-fc iii'iriiiii.H hai C'liitiiliiilcl ii i.lic a.iv4iiioin<'iit i)(
the or.kr, ci'pcdally liaiue, theic li.inn three huiliircii
iiiiniiiaiiiluu I ill lli.it kini^^lnnit whit.li, il° adled luthofc
<ii DtliiT CMuntriii, llic wniil'- iiiuiihi r o( knij'hti tmy
111' ''oniputcJ t(i ani'iiint to llir c ihuulanil ■ yt ihi ir
lulHi h,' w.ir, .mJ mute priiciilaily I'y tlie Ki hiiniati'in,
h.ivc been veiv iiiiiliilcrahlc. the order h'-in;; now dclli-
t'lie ot the Ivn^lilli, Danilh, Swedilli, ^uid Miiinjaruii
prii.rie^i anil Ih'y h.ive .illo lii.'Vucd (Me.i'ly in Ciiiiiiaiiy
an. I rlie Nrilicrlandi.
The kiii»(lit!i niiilf lit* :\\\ ii'ibUnirn, and prodiirr
pr(i(ir.Mi( an illiiltrimn anedlryt Ijch .i^ h.ive done thii
aie lliled i,i.j/ii'i,ii ,li JH/hzii, in idnlradil^in.'lion to the
inv.ilitri ill i;riiiiii, uhoianiKit liiHitienlly .irvertiin their
ilcli '-iir, yet ari- made kni(!;ht« on accmint of their poilo-
nalnui, Aeeordiiiij to the Ititutcs, n.i natural chil-
dren, e.\ccpt thole ot primei, ivir perCoin under cinh-
U.fl years of a^e, nre admitted into the order. They
CMgane ti» be Et eoniiiiMil war with the M.ilujmetam
and all coif.iif: fit t'lat leliniuii i and, aa tiny have a^
doptcd St. Au^'udiiii's (il'e, are .n a relii;ioiii urdcr fub-
jei:t to the p'lpc. The |;i .ml i.ulKr is Idled by fo-
reiiTM princes MolJ l.iiiinent Hithnels, and is under thu
jiirililiclmn of no t' niporal power i but in wli.it re.atts
lo the Older he is .iiv iiiiiiable to hu e.nin- il md cli.ipliT'.
laiiJiitil by (he li..ihs, ilun by iheS.ir.uens from whom 1 thoii;.>li with rifpeit lo lln' ifl.iiid .iiid mhabit.ints, he is
iu»'*i:lled by the Noiiii.iiu in iJ(;o, after wlikh it . (■niin.ly abdiluie. Ills fiibjixti llile nini ,\l"ll Serena
hiu lilt; Mine iii.iller^ as Si
Il,tknii;W> (d' St. John ol
IV, till Charles V.
> rul.iU in.
ilkie kni;;ht!i arole in (lie followin;; nianmr :^Seve-
rJ Ilium ' ptuple of Ani.ilfi, in lli'- kingdom of Naple-,
hid In tli.ir ir.ide to iiigmi.itnl theinlVlvcH with th
SllJ.tii piinco, lh.it Ihey weie permitted to build a ]
(huttliaij luiaiem, which w.i i linillierl in 124S, and
CjiitJSt, .M.iri.i .lella l.atiiii. As there was a great le-
(otltM til'.' Holy .ie|iiiKlire, the .ibove nicich iiits bniU .111
bofpiul ami o-atory lui the an .immnlatii.n of pil.;iinis
wr„tlui.cydi.Jieateil to St. John the H.iplilt, and a;. point-
(J ccrt.iiii mmiks to attiiui on the pihirirns, who liom
their otlice w..re lliled llolpil.illiis, ,iiid fiom the chun h
cfSl. jiiliii, Jiihannites. At liill they piocurd neeillaries
ffom Ainalh, but alter the com|'iell of I'.ilelline, the
fruit el thufe dellruiilive eroil.i.lcs which def.dated Ku-
(j|H', (iodlrey of Uiiiiillon endowed them with leveial
li.iJj i and his luetLlliir Ualdwin having ptii tliem in
[»'lliirioii i)f loine ealiles and towns, ihey tieid a grneral
(lij:lir, and elected Raymnii.l di I'odio thiir m.iller,
who inltituted an order out of t.'ie brutherhond, aii.l made
tiitm take the vows o( ehaltity, poverty, and obedience ;
gjv.' thun the oclaii^^ul.ir tr.ifs, and a black cloak, a'.
lh,''uJgeand habit of their order, an. I divided them
in;o ihu-e dalV.s, kni;:hts, CajitlLms, and biruniti
iiAtrai. This h.ippenoil towards the cloCeof the levciith
ci,.'.ury. The order w.is conllnmd by the (iiipc, and,
nowith.'bn.lini; their vow 01 poverty, they obtained con-
f:;er..ble wealtn. They nuiintained their ground in
Syri.i and :he Holy Land, ajainlt the continual alV.uilts
ol ihc I'urks for two hundred years, till lolliiii Acra,
ih; 1jI> place they poflWled, in 1191 they removed to
the 111. iiJ of Cyprus, and in 1308 took the ifle of
RhoJ'.-s and the neighbouring iflaiids, which thev held
10: ilic fpace of two tiundred and thinecn years, during
wiiicli they were lliled knights of Rhodes ; but Solyman
ll.li.uing diliHifledld them in 152S, after they had made
jUgaiul biave refiliancc, they lirll: went to Candia,
in.i.i.'!trwaids Icparating, fome went to Venice, aii.l
c;^t^l to VitLfbo and oiher places in Italv, cfpecially to
Nici in Savoy. 15ut Ciuirles V. appu.hending that Sn-
Iv3ijn would on their aciouiit make a defcent into Italy,
ftntthcin to Syracule in Siei'y ; and, in I5?.(), conferred
0.1 llum the illaiuls of Malta and Cio/o, and allocom-
niiHcd to th-m the defence of I'lipidi, which was then
in hij p.-illelfi m. From this period they obtained the
Lir-.^cf knights of Malta.
TliJ order confills of eight tongues, or nationr;, the
friiKiinl of which are tlie Krench, Italian, S|ianilli,
tn^iilh, and German. In l'"raiu'c are three tongues,
nimtly, thole of IVovence, Auvergne, and France pe-
I uliarly fo called. Spain is divided into thole of Ar-
i:;oii und Caltile, and with the Gciinaii arc united the
ive 11 to 1 I'.mJiicnic i the knights and o'heri only I'.miiiirnci
I When at h.im.', lie ufiiaily wears ,1 It'iig lilaik |;,owii,
I made after a pirticul.ir falliron, with a l.irt-e golden key
I of the Ifily SipuUhic hanging by hi» lide j but on .1
! jouini.y he ilnHes like a l.iyniin, and wears a fwoid.
I'lioiics of the order dre elldildlicd throughout all the
popidi coiintrii > in Fiirope, i.l which the groat piioiy
I ol Cr imany.ellablinicd .n lleitrilli im in liril'',aw, holds
j the full place. Its adiiiiiulli it.ir bas the dignity 'd ^l
prince ol the empire, with a feat .ind voice in tlic diet
, .imoiig the priiRi ly abbots ; and he mull annually remit
to th": grand m.Ulei, whofj vicar he is repuied t.i be, the
, iiecelliirv loniribiitions for acling ag.iinll the .Mahome-
tans, and tlie ufual alleflinciit payable by every coin-
inandery.
I lint to return to tlie in.ind : the principal city i i that
of Valeita, lo c.illed Iroiii Jolin de Valctta, the grand
mailer, who laid the .'iill Hone, in the year Ijf)'), on ;i
hill which extends into the lea ; and it has been linro
lo llrongly loriilied, that lew places exce.'.l it in (lunrrth.
Its walls are ol large l,pi,ire lloiirri, fomc du,'; out ot the
rock, and [dantcd with levcral bat'erics. On the point
tow.irds the lea Ihiiidr, ihc callie of St. Klino, which iu
lortilied in the modern talle, and defends both harbours ;
one of which, called Maria iMufcietto, lies at the en-
trance from the I'la to the light of the tov.'n, and inclofej
a linall illaiid, on which it and both a fort and a l.T.-arctto.
The other harbour on ihe left fule is I'lmply called Marfa,
or the (iitat H irhour, being the largilt, I'alVft, and molt
commodious in the ill.ind. Its entrance, beli.lcs the caftic
of St. I'.lmo, is guarde.l by lort Kicaloli. I'rom the port
there is an alcent to tlie town, which is but final', tho*
very beautiful. It has but two gates, one of wliicli leads
to the port, .ind the other to the country.
There are here leveial churches, among which that of
St. John the liaptill is the principal. On one fide of it
Is a line fL)uare, with a to'jntain at each corner. It in
.-» latge bud. ling paved with beautiful marble, .md with-
in it are hung up a great number of flags taken f.'oni
the Tuiks. riieyallo pretend to have here many relics,
and in paiticular St. John the Haptitl's right-haml.
Among the fcveral noble biiilJings in the city, is ths
palace of the grand mailer, in which is a maga/ineorarnis
for thiity-livc or forty thoufand men, whicli are kept
very clean and in great order. liefoie tliis palace is .1
large hjiiare, in the midd of whi*"h is a noble fountain, •
that throws up great quantities of water to a conlidtrakli;
height, and even lupplus the whole town. The palsces
ot the conlervatory and trealuiy arc alio line buildings,
as are alio the inns. The hofpital is likewil'e well built,
and the hall for the fnk knights is hung with tapil'ry,
where thev arc attended by knights, and fervcd in plate.
They are all under a vow of celibacy ; and yet thry ,-.,akc
no
'till ■ " ....
||!' t m
I , I
- [
I 1
f ■ '?
41*
A S Y S T i: M OF GEOGRAPHY.
no fcniplc of taking Grecian women for miflrcHl-s. P"jr | fiJc a broaJ natural canal runs up into the
SP/iIK.
no Icrupic ol talcuig Grecian women lor miltrciies. i'" jr ; 11 Jc a broad natural canal runs up into the land a 1
traviT.iis find cnttrtainnicnt lierc, till ihcy can get a | routuliiig the town, (onus a line (larliuur. q " ' '"■'■
pail'.i^i- til liie place to wi.irh they are bound, and then rock is (he Itrong callle of St. Angcio, whi'thh '■' ^^'^^
thev .'le furniflied with ptovifions, anJ llitir charges paid municution with the town by abridge -i, '^ '"'"'"-
throuc;li their voya^'i'. I ....... , . 1 _ , . .. . >
The Jeluits have a well built college ; and ihcrc arc
alfo fevera! convents ;uid minneiies. V.ven the imaiKlt
a coin,
iiihibi-
houfes make a good (hew, they beinj; all flat-roofed, and
built ol large fquaie whiti- (lone, which r : its colour
lonif, and Urms always new. The flrcets, . iwevei, are
ineun.iiifidii'us, from their being always up and down
hill, but they arc wide and ftraight. The handfomell of
thcle leaches liom the callle of Si. Elmo to the Royal
Gate, which is ainioft a nrile ia lengtli.
'I'hr adjacent country is full ol garden';, and very a-
prceable places of plcalure. Al. ■"' twelve miles from
the city the grand mailer has a palace built in the form
of ac.r.lle, 1.. halls of which are ajotned wi'h excellent
painiiiii;',. ! h.ia very neat gardens filled with orange,
citron, and t)li>" trees, with level al beautiful fouiU.iiiis ;
and at a linall diiiance is agiove (locked with game for
his diverlion.
Cirta Vittotiofa, or 11 Borg, a fortified town, (lands
en a narrow neck of land to the left of Valetta : on each
tants anioiiiit to about three thoufaiul, 'and form,<ri l'
grand mailer relidc d here. "J-he palace ol the i„ 1
and the avlenal are reckoned among the pri.rcipa' bu,'";.
I Alalia, Medina, or Citta Vecchia, th.it is the Oil
J own, are dillereiit names for a fortilied town th it II
on a h.U in the middle oftheifland, and was loriWl ''1
bove twice as laige as it is at prefcnt. It is the rd'H
of the bifliop of mis illand, and has feveral cl,urch« '.n'i
convents. ■""■
I''ive miles fiom Malta is the idand of Go/o wliTh
twelve in.les in length, and fix in breadth, l-'c,,;,; '"'
very vvli>,lcl>m,e air, and, though mountainous" JllJ
all cultivated ; lor the inhabitants delight mmc in till
the laii.l lor corn, than in any other lurt of hufoaiidr'!-
thou-h It has m„ny places well w.itcied, and (it lor,™'
den.iig and palhirc. It has lome good liarbr, ns, i,(^„i
ed by three forts, and the inhabitants amount to ihJ,
three thoul.iiid. "
!■ .'!
CHAP. xxvr.
Of tlie Kingdom o( S PAIN.
:!> !r
SECT. I.
Ill Kamcs, Silucili:):, Exltnl, Clima:e, n»il apartliuLir Ac-
count of ihi Pyrtr.:an imil other A/cnuliilm ; with thi: Ali-
itfriils llhy csntain. 'I he Riven, I'l^etabUs, aud Jnimuli
tj the Country.
THIS country was formcily known by the name of
Ibeiia and Herpeiia, which, like that of Spain, is
thou:',ht to be derived lioni three of its antient kings ; but
it has never vet been proved that thcfe kings evcrexifted.
It is not improbable, that the hrft people who came into
this country feeing nothing beyond the ocean, which en-
vironed Spain on three fiJes, imagined ihemfelves at the
end of the woHd, and therefore afi'umcd the name of
Ibeiians, fioni n I'lurnician word of that import ; calling
the country itlelf Iberia, and giving tb.e name of Iberus to
the laigell liver they met with. The (ireeks called this
coiintrv Ilefpcria, from its weltcrn filuation ; and to dif-
tingiiirti it troni Italy, which had the lame name, called
it the farther Ilel'ptria. It was ufiui'ly called by th'i
Romans liilpania; but this is now altered bv the inha-
bitants to Elpana, which fome deiive from the Phoeni-
cian word Sepan, orSepnna, a rabbit, this country be-
ing lurmerly over-run wiih thefe animals. The Fieneh
call this country Klpagne, and we by contraflion Spain.
This toiintrv, including Portugal, is the mod weliern
p.Tt of .11 the continent of Europe, and is a large pe-
ninlula encon'pr.lled on every fide by the (ca, except on
tli.it part whith joins to Krance, from v\hich it is Itpaiatcd
bv acontinucd range of mountains called the Pyrenees;
cm the caft and foiith it is bounded by the Mediterranean,
the fireights of Ciibralt.'r, and the Atlantic ocean ; on
ihe will by tliat ocean, and by Portugal, which cx-
tci'.ds alongthc coail acoidiJetablcdiilance ; onthenotth
by that part of tlie Atlantic ocean called the Hay ol Uif-
c.iy, and .alfoby tiie l'yrer;ean mountains ; extending be-
Jwctn th • thiity-fixth and loriv-lourth degrees of iiorih
latitude, ami between the tenth degree well aiul the third
d'.''ree call longitude, that is, thirteen degrees liom ead
to wed, and eighteen from north to Couth. The whole
circuit of Spain, in a continued dirertion from town to
tuwn, and from port to port, cxcluCivc of the windings
of the creeks and bays, amounts to about fix huiidrf j
leagues, or eighteen hundred miles, including I'ortucjl
which was aiitiently a part of Spain.
In mod of the provinces the air is pure and dry, but in
June, July, and Augud, the days are ixirciikly hot,
eljxcially in the middle of the country, yet in the iil»lit
a traveller drivers with cold. Towards the north, aiiJ
in the mountainous parts, the air is, as iifual, cooler
than in the fuuth, and near the fea contrails a iiioillurv.
It feldom r.'.ins, and the winter (rods are never lo Itvcro
as to bind up the ground. The want of temperature ii\
the heat, and the coolnefs of the night, is the leafm thit
feed lies a longtime in the giound before it (huols U|)i
fometimes indeed a cool breeze, by the Spaiiiards callej
a gallcgo, ili'iies from the mountains of C-ilicia ; aii.i
this, without great precaution, occali-uis viuleiit, and
fometimts fatal colds.
-Among the many mountains in Spain, the Pyrcncf.
..re the mod remarkable. Thefc feinirate Sp.iiii from
f'rancc, and extend from the Meditetranean to the At-
lantic ocean, which is about two hundred and twelve
miles, and in fome places arc above an huiid:eJ miles in
breadth. They begin at Vcndres, a fea-pnrt in the
province of Uoiirillon in France, and extend to Kuni-
tarabia, but un.ler did'ercnt names. Near KoufiiliT.
they divide ihenilelvcs into two branches; tli.it which
feparatcs the country from Languedoc is calle.l Aiitipy-
renee ; the other, between it and Catalonia, is termed
Col de Pirtiii»: between Gafeor>v and Ama/on lie ihc
mountains of Jaca and St. Chrilline, and the |jm(.;,.
Pic dc Midi, which vefenibles a fugar-loaf (taiiJin(;o:'.
•a t.i'olc, and is of a proiligious height. In Navarre, be-
tween Pampclona and St. Jean de Pie de I'urt, arc the
mountains of Adiila and Roncevaux. Over iheic mouii- 1
tains there arc only five pall'ages out of Spain into !• ranee, j
and even thefe are narrow; one of them UaJs frirr. [
St. Sebadian's in CJuipufcoa, to St. Jean de Li:/. ; i''.e|
(i-coir! from Maya in N.ivarre to Annwa ; the tinul "'"..
TarafFa in Nav.nie to i'ie dt I'urt ; the louilh thicujh
the cciiinty o( Comminges in A'lagon ; -nd the 111:'
leads fiom Catalonia to I, aligned )C.
The very valleys between the moun'sins arecovcreJI
with thick and lolty wuoils. The mlier inouiitaii|s oil
Spjia]
n tAjJl'ULU I
h-hh lieiiii; nia
L'atalonij, .md
■■"■ A prod I I
Ifi'tn Sjuin.
in this coiinfr
I!!"';', part ol wl
•~' ill hiniiiiei
'■•uai thcle aie pr
wys kept in one
"f'ain hiis been co
«'ool is that of O'
inneneral, cxtrcr:
jjltiiria ,ire pLutir
There are here al
fee nuiles, Come
«aJ carry V cry hea
78
SPAIK.
he land, and, fur.
"J^ir. On a hi-h
whah hw a coin-
!!;'-•• '• he inhibi-
aiid formerly the
ol the inqui'lition
!v i)riiiciiul buiU.
Hut is the Olii
d town that iiands
ul was lornurlya.
It is the iifidtncc
vcral clmrtln's and
of (lo/o, which i;
■idtll. It CJljdvi i
nlainous, is almoU
ght nioic in tillin.>
mU of liufiiaiidry'i
L-d, and tit lotgir-
1 lKiilifMis,dtlcnJ.
J amount to abuut
i!'
} al>out fix hundrci
inciudinj, Portugal,
i pure and dry, but in
are ixTcmtly hot,
try, yi-t in tlie iiijht
ards the north, .mJ
i.i, as ufual, coolvt
contrails a moiftutf.
are nc\er to tcvcrc
nit of temperature ii\
lit, is the rcat'.in that
before it ihuoti uii;
the Spaniards tallcj
ns of C-.ilicia; auJ
atl'Jiis violent, and
Spain, the I'yrcncf-
feparate Sii.ilii from
itrraneaii to the At-
hnndrtd and twtl.c
an hundied nines w.
a lea-port m the
md extend lo F'JUi-
ts. Near Kouf;di;i-,
.anrhesi iImi ''^'^^
.■doc is called AiUipy-
Catalonia, is tcrnicL
and Amazon lie ihc
,ux, and the lJni(.;.
Iu:',,u-Uuf Itaridiiifo:'. I
lu". In Navarre, be-
I'if de I'l-rt, atcthe
;. Over ihele moun-
of Spain into trance,!
(,f them leads frin'.
it. fcande Li;7. it-el
iinwa 1 the third !.'."
. the touiih tbicu;hl
'aaoni i:ud iliew;.:
roun'sins are tovc''.'- 1
c other niountaiiii oil
Spirit I
fra-falt hiir!^ niadc in the maritime parts of Andalufia,
Calalonij, and Valciuia, where the I'lrri lerves iiiitead of
■:::. A prodigious ipiantity ol pot-a(h is alto exported
Irem Sjiain.
In ttiis country arc alio innumerable (locks of firu'
l!:eep, part of which, during winter, feed in the plains
."J in luninier arc driven up inm the niO'jri(ain> ; and
l.'gni thele are produced the belt wool; others arc al
ways kept in cne place, The number of (In phrrds in
S^aln has been coii'inrted at Ibtty thoufaiiJ. The bell
wool is that of Old C.idile, though the Spanifli wool is,
in general, cxtrenicK line and variable. Andalulia and
Alturia are particularly latnous for their tine liorfes.
There are here alio a great number ot larjie and luuid-
fumc mules, fornc of whi^h are feventceri bands hit;.h,
wJ carry very heavy burdens ; but Spain has (c\v honied
78
.....vu i,>.,.,^, o .vniuy ami inirty mrliioiij of pefipir,^
and might yet he \ery powerful, 11 it bad no jiolli. (lions
in Ameiica; but now it is thinly inhabited The uliial
rea'oii ailigned lor this is, firlt, the expulfion of tho
Moors ; for whi n Ferdinaird the I'ioiis took Seville Iroru
them, in 1248, the Ceveral dillridls of this kir'L-doin lon-
tained ahuruired thonrand popirlous; towns an.t viila^'cs}
and when Ferdinand the Catholic rediiccil tlie kin.;dom
of (irinada, it coiitilled of (iltv loirilied towns, beli;li:, ,.11
iniinite number of liTialler places, the greaiell part of
which were aficrwardii deniolifhid. Another ; randcaute
(jftlie- want ot irilubitants is the ilrc. y of ans and manu-
factures vvhich fninicrly (loirrillied iieii, and the l..-avy
t.ixcs by vvhich the people arc opprctled. IJutpwhaps
;iic prcatetl enemy to lire popuiuul'ncfs of the toiiniry
arc the convent', by which no lefs than two hiindrcil
thtul'antl pcrlons arc rtltraiutd from proparjating their
I 5 M (petics :
-..-/
i. \
y^.
A*
' T \ >'<>»'*■'•• ■*!ji J' " • ''^.ur„.i,ita \ .-''■^'"'" X -"',**"':i^'*,' i2!jV"!r-? ^^I.rrfi-'.'y
HtrJm
''*'r^2f;"J'^^''"''!Wi»
'-tS
rllVlt ,. _ .
lutimip" l.;il,li,lM JI^M j IBi
fJ'.Ui'ifunMi -*•
U T T^ G ALf
(he SieurKoberli 1
A r L AS.
./ ^
'■y'^'^/^^^h^.
T Urrnr " laiif iiu _ niBimf jaiiim ^ "i''it"r Mwimp ■ ilJW^".'." 7ii|ilTr ~ niif^if ■ iHnilflT ' TCnC^TJ
w%
■ V
i : 1.
V
■'1
'1*
•1 .J
' ' :' ,1 1 ■ ■ ^
;■ 'H'^ <
^ !l.i
■ ■ ■
!'■
■ i
1 ;
' *■' it
; 1' ■ .ji
>.'W if
Ij
lllji
11
pa
^6 -iM
call this cmiiitry Elpagnc, anu .>v .., --.•- , ,
'n„s coun.rv, including PortuLMJ, is the mott wcflcrn
,riof all the continent of Kuropt, and li a large pc-
;; lla cnco,rp.ilcc) on every Me by the <ca, except on
n-rt wh^ 1 ,oin. to France, from which it is kparatcd
b, continued ,inge of mountains called the Pyrenees;
i, . the caft and fouth .t is bounded by the Mediterranean,
->.cilreightnof Gibraltar, and the Atlantic ocean ; on
ih.wdl bv that ocean, and by Portugal, which cx-
luis alcn^thc eoatt aconftJe.able dij aiue ; or, thenoith
bv that paVt of th.e Atlantic ocean called the Hay ol Bif-
<, V, and alio by the Pyrenean moi.ntauis ; extending be-
,.sVn th-th,itv-f>xth and lortv-luurth degrees of north
latitude, and betwc n the tenth degree vveit and the third
,1, ..rec e.rt loneitude, that is, thirteen degree^ Horn eart
to wel>, andeii^hleen from no.th to fouth. I he whole
c" uit cf Spain, in a continued diieaion tiom town to
uwr. ^.nd llom port to port, e.xclufivc ol ihe wmdinas
fepirates the country trom Languodoc is c.ilIeJ Amipy-
C the other, beiween it and Catalonia, ,s term
Col de PcrtuU: between Gifconv and Aina7x>n he the |
mountains of l.iea and St. Chriltir.e, ^nJ '^c amo. i
?ic de Midi, which tefembles a fugar- oanh.nd.iigca
■1 table, and is of a. prodigious height. In ^/;'«";' ^J
tween Pampelona and St. Jean dc Pie de 1" .'•'^^^
mountains of Ad.i.la and Roncevaux. Over hderaoun-l
UmsT;: are only five palVages out of Spain i.uo ra. J
and even thefe are "^""^ ^ ""-"• °' f'''^,"^, ? , 7j
St Seballian's in Guipulcoa, to St. Jean c.e Li.z.tMl
f.;'r from Mava in Navarre to Annua ; the tlt-d from
'MmNav,u,etoPiedePMt;,helou,i.ht.g
the c.uritv ol Comminges in Airagon ; ^.<i>^ 'li= "'"I
Ua.N f.om Cat.ilonia to 1 , n-gnedoc. .
'I'he vciv valleys bttween tiie inountr.ins arc eovccai
wu'.threk'a-idlo,tyw«o-U. The other tnounuinjjj
1': ^: "■.
*. ;;i
10- ."? .
call this coiiniiy r.ij/.igiit, .iciu .-...^ . ...
This countrv, iiicliiJiiig Portugal, is the moft wcftcrn
p.\rt of all the continent ot Kuropc, and is a large pe-
iiinfula enconip.-,ilat on every fide by the fea, except on
that p;irt wliii h joins to France, (roin whith it is I'lparatcd
bv a continued range of mountains called the Pyrenees;
iin the caft and ft.uth it is bounded by the Mediterranean,
the (Ireighf. of Gibralti'r, and the Atlantic ocean ; on
the wtft by that (>ce<.ii, and by Portugal, which cx-
' tciuib along the coalt a cotifiJerable diHaruc ; on the nortli
by \':.:<\ part of the Atlantic ocean called the liay of Bif-
ca", and aUbby the Pyrer.can mountains ; extending be-
tween th.' ihuty-fixth and lorty-fourth degrees of north
latitude, and betwetn the tenth degree wclFaml the third
il'.grtc eail longitude, that is, tliiitcen degrees from call (
to weft, and eighteen from north to 'jutli. The whole
circuit cf Spain, in a continued dirciflion from town to
fawn, ;ind from pert tuport, exclufive of the windings
Spa IK.
Spain are Sierra
iium cxtcnJuig
feparates the country (rom bangucdoc is c illeJ Awipy-
renec ; the other, between it and Catalonia, is termed
Col de Pirtuia : between Gafcony anJ Amazon lie the [
mountains of Jaca and St. Chriltine, and the laim;
Pic de Midi, which vefembles a fugar-loaf (tanLiijior. I
a table, and is of a prodigious height. In Navarre, be-
tween Pampclona and St. Jean de Pie de Purt, ar;the|
mountains of Adula and Roiicevaux. Over thel<;_nioijn-
tains there are only five pallages out of Spain intoirance, I
and even thcfe are narrow ; one of them leaJs frrir. f
St. Sehallian's in Guipufcoa, to St. Jean de Li;7. ; ihel
fccon.! Irom Maya in Navarre to Annta ; the third :.'
TarafFa in Navarre to i'ic de Port j the louitli thrcUi:h|
the cr.unly of Comnilnges in Arragon ; -nd the tilt^
leads fioni Cat.donia to I.angiicdoc.
The very valleys between the mountains are covcrd
witli thick and lolly woods. The otlier inountauij c:
Sp..-.
le.;innmg
it fur
to »tlt, aslar a:
iiioimt Cayo, a
grailiially, and i
name of Sierra A'
l,ir ihat of bi rra
IK-ie the chain
iht '.in. !i>m of C
I,. ti,hr.iltar.
AiCu.-iliiU to
are very rich in p
rjiiivr to import I
ill; trouble ul fea
bat tiie iron mil
iipiin has al'o o
(jj:c.<lilver, ah:n
jiiii iikewifc ciyfi;
'i'iic ureal and
1 1 a:i hundred .in
;..;nl:o, whirii i:!
i:, fourcc in Old <
liulieJa; tlie'l\i;j
lhc('u.iJiana alio
fjunc ffor.i foiii
wjith it tikes i
jiid thus concent
ft'.ws ilftif a^aiii
3^.!in "in.ilil iced;
clion to till' ni
Ti.c (JiMd.'lqiiivc
iii.AnJ.'.luni, whei
mount -Vi;uia iiiiit
flow-. Kiom CiTi
lir.li orafi ; hut fr.
vi^..t)lc by (hips ol
couat of its many
moiniairs ... S.ir
/pniigs, aii.-i receii
couric, beL()inin_ i
tioii, tioWvVir, is I
rocks : at Kii^tli i
into the iMcdiieriai;
iHind of Ali'act|!
Til.' couniiv ii;
of corn, which i
;^ricultiirc ; for
ircmcly dry, and
the d.;v- time by
cold of the ni-lus
Spain ft inn I !y i.i)jc;
sbcmius in ir.e
o.'Jiigcs, lemons,
monJs, chefnuts,
»ery grod f.ifiVon.
fick, are eagirly
lie value of 'ihe wi
<if the coi/rtry ahc
Inn ami in half of
iJife ftilliiigs and
Seven!! p.iits of i
(•pain likcwii'e enj(
'■■'i fiik in abiiiiJaii
'■'> exported in con
li^a-lalt biii)g made
L'ataloiiij, and \'al
•^■'^. A proJigiousI
"cm Sj'ain.
In this country
""■Ci'; part of whic
•■:J Ml (■inmitT ai(
I'uni thcle aic pro.
J'^P kept ill one |,l
^'fSin has been con
;™ol is that of Old
"general, extreme
n'I'irii arc particiil
'here are here alfo|
denudes, fom,
'■'liMrryieiyheavJ
78
.z.™-^
A*^
d ^
CE
• /
r'^ J
V'
'-^1^
Spain'.
EURO
P E,
413
S ain arc Sierra d'Occa, or mount IdiihcJ.i, \v'ni( li is a
Lin cxtcfuluii; fiuiii the 1';, icnn's to 'I'ortof.i. At ttr
1, liniiini: it I'-^riiis an arm tia\i.T<iii,i; iill S,i.iin tVom call
wtUi "s '•"■ ^^ ^-'l"-' ■l''"'"^'"'-'' '"" ''"■' '"I't'ii bcliivv
'khiiU 'Cjy'>, ain)tl;cr br.iiirh, called OrDlpi-'Ja, n\cs
"tjchiallvi •■>'>J "*■■■" ''"■■ *""f<^<= "* ''^'^ 'l"a;;»s takc-^ the
'iimc'ot Sierra M'. Ilia, wiiicli, faithcr Umili, it tluiigcs
I' I'that ol S, rra o'Alcaraz. ^ . ^ ,, .
Here the iliaiu lurns oil tn the foiith-uclt, Uparatiiig
,),( ..111 ioiii of Granada, and fxtcndir.g to tiic Striij^hti
ciU.bfalt''r- , . . fc •
kcurdiiu to anticr.t writer';, the momuains ot spam
re very ti^h in P"' ' •^■"' filvcr; liiittlic bpaniaidj ciiouCt
I'litt to impiirt thcfc metals from America than 10 have
ill's trouble of fearthing for them ni their own country ;
I ' [nj IfDU mints arc worked here with great fkill.
L ;„ has al'o other minerals, as lead, tin, cinnabar,
.jicsldver, ali:m, vitriol, copperas, lapis calaminaris,
^idiikewifecryiial, amethyfts, and other gems.
The treat and Ini.dl rivers in Spain arc faid to amount
1, 21 hiiiLlrcd and lifty ; tlie principd of thefe arc the
■iii;u whirii ti!e, in CJallitia ; the Di.uro, which has
i'-ilource ill Old Cadile, in a pait of the mountains of
I'jiibeJai ihe'r.i:ius lifts in a nmuntain in Nf.v t'artile;
iheC-u.iili.wa al:<) ifidCE from New Caflile, derivin-; its
fourtc fri'iii f"'"'- '■'kes, at a fmall dillaiu-- from
wjicli it tikes its ci.iirfe bctv,-een high mountains,
in J thus conce.'li itivlf for near three miles, till it
(httt-s ilfelf a^;ain in ("ome fens, Vut foon hides itfelf
j-iin r.in.dli leeds and rocks which probaldy gave cc-
cJioii to tlio niillake of lofing itfelf undcr-i^round.
'I'lic (niad.dtitiivtr, or (iifat Riter, receives its courfc
i;i AaJ.'.l'jfi'i where fcveial fmall flrcaiiis illuiii,; from
mount S.'.'.tiia uiiiie in a lake, fiom whence this river
flow*. Iroin (Ji'rduba to Seville, it is padahle only by
fir.ll ^raft ; but fri^ni the lad city to its month it is na
v;'..blf bv Ihips of burthen, though ilangv'rous on ac-
couat of its many fand-banks. The Ebro tiCes in the
mointiiirs '■. Santillaiif, in OIJ Cailil.', ''rom two
fpria'5, and receives upwards of thirty brooks in its
tourif, becoming, navigable near Tuueia: its naviga-
tiuii, iiow^vtr, is dangerous, on account of its many
rocks: at leii'^th it difcharges itfelf with great rapidiiy
ialo the Mt\!ueriar.can, and its mou;h fuims tlie little
iHiiitl of A'iiJct;".
Tliv' couiiiiy in general labours tinder a great fcarcity
cfcorn, which is printipally owing to the neglect of
i^ricultdrc ; for though the foil be in many places ex-
iremcly dry, and tb.e growth of vegetables obliructed in
lL'i!.iy-iiriie by the cNcifTivc heats, and by the intcnfe
ccld of the nights, yet it appears fro.n liillory, that
Spain ftrnieily tnjoved grtat plenty of corn. It however
stoup.tls in ti.c nioit dilieious fruits, as iijs, gr.ipcs,
oranjcs, lemons, pomegranates, pears, ptaihes, al-
moiiils, cl.efnuts, common nuts, &c. and alfo produces
very gtod fafi"ron. The Spanifli wines, particularly
fjck, are eagtrly bought up by fcireign nations; and
ihc value of the wines aiul raifins annually exported out
(if the country about Malaga alone, aniouiits to a mil-
Inn ami in half of piadrcs, an imaginary coin of about
l.iicc (hillings and leven pence value.
Scvcrid parts of the country alfo produce fiigar canes.
?pain llkewii'e enjoys gr;at plenty of e:i.;«ifiie honey,
j;iJ fi!k ill abuiidaiue ; but little flax and ix'iiip. S.ilt
:> exported in confidernble t]u.in:ities, a great de.d of
fti-falt being made in the maritime parts of Andalufia,
Cilalonij, and Valencia, where the I'lin ferves indead of
lire. A prodigious iiuantity of pot-alh is alfo exported
ficm Spain.
in this country are alfo innumerable flocks of fine
Ciecp, part of which, during winter, fectl in the plains,
•"d ill I'lninier aie diivcn up into the mountain^ ; and
l.u.ii thcle aie produced the bed tvool : others are al
v.ays kept in one place. The number of flxpherds in
^■i-ain has been conipiited at forty thoufand. The bed
■vool is that of Old Cadile, though ihe Siianifli won] is,
in general, extremely .Ine and va:uable. Andalufia and
Alb.uia are particularly famous for their fine ho''es.
Tiicre are here alfo a great number of large and hand-
lumc nuilcs, fomc of whi. h are feventeen hands high,
saJ c.irry \eiy heavy burdens ; but Spain has few horned
78
cattle. In Andalufia arc caught the wild hulls for tho
bull-hght^.
'I he ni.iritiire parts of the country, parti' u'.i.ly t'lofa
of (j.illuia and Andalufia, abouml in tilh, an.', air.. 11.^
others, in flurccon, tunny, falmon, l.add.-ti.;, lani-
pieys, tVc. but for want of a proper iiriprov niem of
the fifhtry, Spain, according to Udariz, aniuilly piir-
chal'es falt-hfli from foreignera to the amount ot above
three iiiiilions of ^-iadres.
SEC T. ir.
T!ie Mmnc-! ai:-! Cii/hms cf 1! t- Spnuinrds, the Ri-nf-.n why
Spain is thinly iiih.ijntcl, cr.tl rf tl-cir Fni-rty, ii'.l'.citli-
Jti.i;,rn:g the linmi-nfe ^lan'itv of GohVnnd ^ihcr fc.t j'r'.iii
America. 'Iheir Liiiigiiage, Reii^iui, a::d the lt:c:nvt-
tiieiuei j'uffci ed l>y Travclln s.
THE Spaniards are grave and folcmn in their be-
haviour, and arc not always drcliVd in a iliort clor.k
ami coat, nor do they alw.'.ys .ppear abro.ul witn a hng
fwoid, culled whi'keis, an J a p.'.ir oTfpeilacles on the noie.
They are u maikiible for i'rug.ditv, love ol pon'p, l-deliry,
valour, iniiepidiiy, and abhorrence of druiikennels ; ihcy
arc very jealous of their honour, when once enf .::v"d j
,ind the b.'.ron de .Moiueft|;.ieu obl'crves, in his Siiitu of
Lnw.s, that " I'he Spaniards have been in all a./", f.i-
" nious for their hoiu dy. Juitinian mentitins their lide-
" lily in keeping what: ver was entrufUd to tb.i ir care ;
" they have frequently fiiftcred death i:iiher tli.tn reveal
" a (ccret. They have dill the fame f.t'tlity for which
" they were formerly didinguiflied. All the nations
" who tradj to Cadr/. truft their fortunes to the Spa-
" niards, uni have never yet repented it."
On t'>e other hand, th:y arc nniverfally too nuicii
given to women, and their jealnufy, where cither their
wife, daughter, filler, or even niidrcl's, is concerned,
fcldom fails to end in hloodfhed j for they think no
means too cruel, bale, or unjud, to wipe, off ::ny flaiii
that is c.ifl upon their honour, or to gratify their re-
venge. I'lide of birth is no where earned to a greater
height J and the infinuation that a man is defee-'dej from
the Moors, is fuflicieiu to make him dab the fl.in'.lerer,
or procui.: his being piivately aiTaffniated. In fliort,
they have a mixture of the mod amiable virtues and the
molt fhockir.g vices ; and while they alKil a haughty air
to thole with whom they are unactjuaintcd, no people 111
the world aic more courteous to thole with whom they
are intimate.
As to their fiod, they arc vrrv moderat;- in their
catinT, and can maUe a meal of olives, a fallad, a little
g.irlic, or a few roots ; but perfons of fortune have fevc-
ral cxpcnfive didies. The men dine by themfclves, anJ
their wives and children eat together.
The women arc generally very lean, and very ainorous ;
they have black eyes, flat bofoms, fmall feet, and lon:^
garment?. They fit crofs-legccd on caipet:, a ciidoiii
which they derived from the Moors. 'I'hey e much
addicted to painting, though thev arc kept vei ,.iuch at
home bv the jcaluufv of their hulbands.
The kingdom r.f .^.p.iin is f.iid to contain ::l f.'vcn
millions anil a half of inhabitants ; but it w J fiippovt
mere than twice that number, was itp.-opcilv cultivated.
It is laid, in th ■ times of the Goths and the Moois, it
ccntiiineJ betwern twenty and thirty millions of people,
and migb.t yet be wry powerful, it it had no iKilltdions
in America ; but now it is thinly inhabited, 'iheufual
rcalon alTigncd for this is, fird, the expulfion of the
Moors ; tor whin Ferdinand the Pious took Seville from
them, in 1248, the feveral didiit'b of this kifgdom eon-
tained ahuiuired thoufand populiuis towns and viiLigcs}
and when Ferdinand the Catholic reduced the kiiigdem
of Granada, it conhltcd of fifty fouified towns, befiiUs ..ii
iiifiime number of fmaller places, the greatell part of
which were afterwardi; dcmo'iflied. Ani^thcr j. i.uid c.iiife
0/ the want of inhabitants is the dec, y of arts and nianu-
faclurcs which fumeily floiirinied here, aiul the l.-avy
taxes by which the people arc opprellld. I!utp;ihaps
'.lie greatert cneiny to the po])u!u'ilnels ot the toiiniry
I arc the convent', by width no Icfs than two hundred
thoufand perfons arc rcfttaincd from propagating their
[ 5 M Ipeelt. :
.'■'r:.'!l
;N|:
-.. f
i ..
i';*
m
';'ll
i U^-.
■:.:a
;.|J
; . a::
••^•^ -■ , lin
§■ I'll
!• !
IS J
yif
i
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
i ;i I
41 +
fpecies ; for if a family Invc more than one or two fons,
ilic clilcll mull at any nue be gL-ntl^'men, anJ the reft
monks. The w.iy i4 linnj; amoiif; iht SpanrarJs, par-
ticulaily in their eating and drinking, alio contributes
to remlk-'r thcin unfruitlul ; for in the ufc ot fpicts, par-
ticularly of pepper, thry know no bounds. TlKir wines
are aHo ilrong and inflammatory ; and yet, aflcr a meal,
they add to thefe a very (icry iort of brandy, On tlie
ctliei band, they arc no Ids immoderate in the nl'c of
cooling foods and drinks, and the runflicf ot fuch ilifcor-
Uant qualities mull necefl.irily produce geat dilurden in
the body. I.cannels is here (o general, that a fleHiy
corpulent man is hardly to be nut with ; and there aie
few or no countries where lof^, of fight is fo common.
Small as the number of inhabitants are, yet their po-
verty is remarkable, tho' they not only live in a country
capable of fiipporiing many millions more than they, in
the greatcft plenty, and liave prodigious fums poured in
from America. Savala computes that, from the year 1492,
when America was difcovered, to 1751, above fix thou-
fiiid millions of pieces of eight in regillcred gold and
iilver have been imported into Spain, exelulive of far
j;teater fumsunrcgilt.'red, befides thofe received by foreign
merchants from the Spanilli doniinior-.s rn America, h
even appears that, one year with another, Spain receives
from her American colonies above twenty-frx millions
of pczos, or pieces of eight : yet L'ftari/. cumputes, that
all the coined and wrought gold and filver in Spain, in-
cluding that belonging to churches and private perlbns,
fcarcclv amounts to one bundled millions ol piadns.
The two principal caulcs of this poverty are the want
of in.i'jihy in the Spaniards in agricultirre, handicrafts,
and ir.anul'aclures, which occafion the co\intiy to be an-
nually drained of many millions for corn and foreign
goods. The fecond is, the infatiable avarice of the
clergy, who praiilifc a thoufand arts to obtain the podef-
fion of the wealth of the country. To them nn: only
belon;;; mo!l of the towns and tftates, and thefe like their
perfons arc exempt from all public taxes, but they alfo
t irn both the living and the dead to their profit ; while
the laity of all ranks implicitly comply with all tiair lur-
did views. The Mendicant friars, who have divided all
families among themfelvis, tax every one according to
their condition ; and when they knock at a door there is
iio teuilin' them, tliough they fearce condefeend to re-
turn thanks for what they receive. All wills are drawn
up by them, and that commonly when the telhtor is near
the lalt u'afp, by which means they often inipovcrilh
widows and chddren, by aiTigning in the will the right-
ful ir;hcri:jnce to what they unjuflly call pious ufes.
Few marriages arc made without tiieir negotiation ; and
as by this means they become father confclLrs, they are
the defpotic lords of the \7h0le family ; the cafn, th.-
manner of living, tho equipage, children, and fervanf,
are all fubjeit to their controul. Their commerce, which
is free fiom iill duties and payments, and cairied on
partly by privilege and partly clandedinely, is likewife
a rich fund to them, efpecially if confidered with refpeil
to their allonifliing failures, v.itliout paying a fliilling,
and their felling the fanclion of their names to cover th'.
merchandize of others ; an abufc which the goveriiinent
has in vain endeavonred to fupprels.
The lanL;uaj,e ufed in moll of the provinces is that
which they call Calfellano, and Efpannol, or Spanifli,
which has the neareft affinity to tne Latin, both in the
words and compofition, of any language in Europe : but
in Catalonia and \'alentia the common people ufe a dia-
lect of the old Krcnch, or rather Gafcon ; but fo mixed
and c .rrupt, that it ii not underftood by any other pro-
vinces.
The popifh religion is pra£tifed in Spain with the
'ireatcft fcrupulofiiy and pomp. In no country is there
iiiore praying and ceremony, and lefs real chriflianity.
The Vir.'in M iry is more rcfpciSed and adored among the
Spaniards than (jod Iiiinfelf, as appears even from their
compliment: : the expreffion of God be with you, the
lifual compliment at parting, does not convey the fame
inarkof alFeelion as thatof the Virgin be with )0u, which
they imagine expiefi'es a much warmer cordiality. Thus
^wearing by the Supreme Being is cllcemed a trifle, but
by the X'irgin is confidered as the height of impiety, Tlie
Spai.v,
Spaniards arc indeed mere flave.i to <hc clergy, who f
artfully hoodwink them that they do not p'crccivc th
chains of tlieir flavery, or if they perceive tlicm bcjrthe
willingly J and, when they gall them, daie i,ot fo muc^t
as vent a li-h alter fieedoni. Under any di::ipp,-,j„(n, '"
either of views ot avarice or ambition, the eleri'v ha '
their dreadful inquifiiion at hand, which (eizcs both o7
honour and lile; lb that pei fons of the moft 1 '
innocence efUem it
a particular favour to come off on|„
with the lots at their fortunes. In ordilr to be taken u
lor a Jew or Mahrmeian, and confcquently to I'c l\,\ '*
|ied not only ot all one has, but to he burnt alive itl'
luirieient for a peifon not to love poik, and not lo'have
woikedon Friday or Saturday, though the inlormcrht
only Come menial fervant, nudt of whiim are (pits ^ ,|,
inquilition, and betrayers of the families in which tht»
live, '
The court of inqiiifition was fiifl introduced in la-e
by king Fcrdinaml the Catholic, and queen llabdla „'
the fug:;Lllions of John de Toiqin inada, a Dominia,,
who was the full iiumif.tor. At Madrid it conlillsota,j
inquifitor i;eiural and fix counfcilori', one ot whom li
always a Dominican, two judges, one filcal, au'l k\xiA
other oflicers and aflilKints. I'he number 01 the faiiii;,,'
who are diiptrfed all over Spain, as fpics and inlotmcri
arc computed at about twenty tho'.f.nd. Under -h's
fuprcme court arr oihers in t.'ie principal ciiici in d,.
kingdom, and even in the Canary idaiiiis, Me.xien Ca''.
thagena, and Lima. Jiut the Rev. Mr. Ciarkedbl'cric'
that the power of this Iribun.d is now deelmuij vtie
vifibly, and feems haftei ing to its tall ; (or the liicfmc
king of .^paln has taken a bolder Hep to Inirnble liic „,,
ipiiiition than any of ihe Philips or Ch.irleli.s who wti,;
beloie him. 'I'lie inquifitor-geiieral liaving thuujlit pro-
per to publidi a liturgy winch the kiig hidliccnfcj
W'tluHit conlulting his majerty, the king, widi inij
pioper ipiiit, put the inquiliior under an aireli, anJ iu,.
mediately lent him guarded with a hie of grenaultfs inio
exile in a convent at a great dilbmce from M.idriJ. ,S.,
ilerermincd and refolute a mealure as this uhirnud the
whole body of the clergy ; they moved he.iven uii.l c;r:li
to obtain the inqiiifitor's recall; but for fome (imc i.^';
king remained inflexible. The common penplc wcf;
now taught by Ihe priefts to lay that his cathuiic im-
jetty was no good catludic in his heart. At length, hjiv-
ever, the king rcKored the inquiiiior to hislilie.tn but
in fuch a manner, as that prelate had no reafoii lu in-
umph; for at the time of relcaling him his niajefty pub-
I ilhed a very fpii ited edicf, which was dalcil on the twtii:i -
feventh of November, 1761, by which he greatly limiicj
their pov/er.
Ainidlt the great dccreafe of the inhabitants in Spain,
the body of the clergy have fuftered no diniinuiinn; but
has rather been gradually increaling, inloinae'i ilut
Uftariz computes the number of eccieliaitics an I liitir
fervants at two hundred and titty thoiilaiid. 'I'lie Inn;
nominates all biftiopsand archbithops, whoare afttnvjtJs
confir.med by the pope. In 1753 an agreement was in-
tcred into between the king and the pope, «herun il.,-
latter ceded to the former the nomination to all rm.ll
benefices ; which has not only conliderably flrcngihcnci
the king's power over tho clergy, but alio keeps tNue
vaft fum:- of money in the couniry, which ufcJ to I;
expended in journies to Rome, for the Iblicitini; of b.'-
ncfices. The king can alio tax the ecclelialtical pofiel'-
fions according to his plealurc. However, the poncr
of the pope and his nuncio is (till very extcnfivc here,
though no bull can be publiflied without a written per-
miflion from the king.
One of the grcateit inconveniences 3 granger finds ia
this country is, the milcrable accommodatiuns to be met
with on the public roads. The Rev. Mr. Clarke lays,
you mult ablolutely carry your provifions and bcJding
along with you, and even then, t-nlefs you can bear fa-
tigue v\'ell, lie down in /ii! ■ Ijaths, eat eggs, onions,
and cheefe ; unlefs yon ■ .■• flecp whilft your mules icll,
rife the moment you arc called, and Ut out early in
the morning before the heat comes on, you will far; ill
as a traveller. It is a good method to cany dried torgiics
with yirfU, hard eggs, fo:nc portable foup, tea, fugar, knJ
Ipirituous lijuors, not for_;ettingcven pepper and lalt; anJ
^•hercver
'|,M »
m
H
iijl
1
fll 1
)nio:i people wcr;
It his cathuiic m;-
At k-n;^iii, how-
to his libcty i but
J no rcafoii lu lu-
ll his majilly pub-
alcdori lliciwtn:'.
h lii-L^aatly limiicj
iM
a ftranjcr finds in
lodations to be met
. Mr. Clarke fays,
ifuins and bcJJmj
I you can bear fa-
cat eggs, onions,
\n your mules icll,
d fit out early in
1, you will fai: iil
:.irry dried tor guts
lup, lea, fugar, iiiJ
iep;ier and lalt j ajiJ
whencytf
M.
[-
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: m>
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■ '' ' ■ ■ 'I
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S t
i.
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I ■■ !■
t '
11.
,,. ill' 11
■ .iia !>i
41+
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Si'AIV
fnctics . I'cr if a family Invc more t1ian one or two fons,
the tliMl mull ,il any raie be gciuKnieii, aiul the rtlt
moiiki. I lie vv.iy lit' luiiij; .iiimin; the S().iM!.irils, p.ir-
ticul.iily ill their ejtiiiji iiiid diiiikiin;, ;ilio coiurihiites
to ffiiiler thi-iii uiirriiitliil \ tor in tlie ule ot l|iicts, p;ir-
ticularly ol pepiH-r, they know no liounils. 'I luir wines
are alln ihoni; .uul iiiH.iniin.itdi v i ami yet, alter a meal,
they aJJ Id thel'c a very liery lort ot bramly. Oiitlu-
otli.-r liaiul, they arc lit) lels niimoJcrate in tlie iile n(
coolin'^t'iKiJb anil driiilci, ami the eoiiHict ot (iieli ilil'coi-
daiit (fualuics iiiiill neeefiatily produee i;eat iliiorJeii in
the biiJv. Leaiinels is here li) genei.il, that 'i lUlliv
corpn'.int man is hardly to be nut with ; and tlnie aie
tew or no eountries where Nil'-, nl I'lj^ht is lo eonininn.
Small Mi the number iif inhabitants are, yet their po-
verty is remarkable, t'lu.' thiy not only live 111 a eouiiiiy
capable ol I'liiiporiing nuinv millions more than they, in
the ifreati.ll pkntv, and have prodigious liinis poured in
iVoio Amu iea. Savala eumpute^ th ii, Iroin the year I4()2»
Spaniards arc indeed mere flavci 10 ilie ilergy, who f
artliilly hoodwink them that they do nut pcictivc ik
ili.iiiis oltln-ir flavery, or if iliey ptt(i.ive tiieiii bear then
willm^lly i and, when they y,all them, daie not Ij mud,
a'l vent a li^;h alter t'leedom. I'luler any dir.ip'ioiiitnicM,
either ot views ot .naricc or ambition, the elefv hav'
llieir dreadful iiuiuiiition at hand, whicli leixca lioth -
honour and liie 1 lo thatpeifoiis of the iiidlt uiilpottij
innocciue eCticm it a partieular favour to rome olf un\ ■
with the lot's ottluir t'urtiiiies. In or, 'er lu be taken in
lor a jew or M.dunv.-tan, and eonfe()ii'.'iuly to lell,,,'
ped not only ot all one has, bin to he hu;iit alive it';
lullii ient tor a perfoii not to love poik, and nut to ha\ ■
woikidon I'riday or Saturday, thoiiidi the iiiloimrrbr
only f'ome menial I'ervant, nuilKit whom are Ipjis tu the
inipiiliiion, and bctr.;yers ot' the I'amilie'i m vvli;i,h ihcy
live. '
'I'hc court of iiupiifition Wi.3 I'lifl intuidiiced in | i-i
by kin,; I'erdinand the Catholic, and ipiecii llabtila at
■' '■ ' "ions ol ' • • <■ ■ - . .'
-M. 4k-A.".4itr-:i-A.
W
;//, /v'.VA'
which they' tall CalKllann, and ll-lpannol, or apanilll,
^vhich has tlie nearill afiinity to tne Latin, both in the
words and compofition, of any language in Kuropc : but
in Catalonia and \'alentia the common people ufe a dia-
lect of the old French, or rathtr (Jalcon; but I'o mixed
and c rrupt, that it is not underflood by any other pro-
viiue
'J he popifh rtli
icn IS
pra^ifed in Spain with the
.rreatcft fcrupulolity and pomp. In no country is there
more praying and ccicmony, and Icfs real chriftianiiy.
Tlie Vir;'iii M iiy is more reVpeiled and ad'.Tcd among the
Spaniards' tlian Cjod himlell, as appears even from their
compliment;: the expiiirum of God be with jou, the
til'ual compliment at parting:, does not conv. v the lame
mark of alRiflion as that of the Virgin be with ; ou, which
they ima;;inc exprcfies a much vvaimer cordiality. Tlius
fwcatin-liv the Supreme Iniiig is ellecmed a trii1e,_ but
by tlie Virgin ii toufidereJ as the height of impiety. 'l"I;e
expended m jouriiies to Kome, tor the lolieitinij ol Ik-
netiees. The kini; can alio tax the ecele;i,.llical pollcr-
fions accordiiij; to his plealure, Howjvcr, the po.tti
of the pope and his nuncio is Itill very citcnlive hen;,
though no bull can be publidicd v^ithout a v^■iiltcn pc:
inifiion Irom the kinir.
One of the grcatelr inconveniences a (!.-an:^cr find) ia
this country is, the miler.tble accominodatijiis to be met
with on the public roads. The Rev. Mr. Cljtkc fays,
you mud ablolutely carry your provifions and bcJdmj
.dong with you, and even then, unlefj you can bear fa-
tigue v^'cU, lie down in your cloaths, eat CL'p/, onions,
and cheefe ; unlels you can flcep wliillt your mules icll,
rife the monunt you are called, and let out early in
the morning before the beat comes on, you will fjic ill
as a traveller. It is a good mcthoil to ciny dried tonj^ini
with you, hard eggs, lo'iic port.ible fiiup, tea, I'ugir, oii.l
Ipirituous li |ii'jrj,i;ot lorjettinjjcvei) pepper .ind f,ilt ; ana
Vk'hniever
-• lolic.itiiis; ol li.--
ctlclLillical polll-l-
wjvcr, the po«r
ry (.•xtcnlivL- hen-,
ui:t a Wiiitcn pc:
H/ y ' -'■' " j ' ^yysy " ' ^ p^^jt-y-y-y y yy i vY / ; s^^E.
> ^//r If'/'
(>-/>.! - /' /: -
) ■^'
'//, '/')■(• c, ' iii'ii i>/ ///(■' ///,////. i/'/o'ii /rj//ii /'///■/// //i^ I'^Jii /■(//,/:,
r
■i
<
-.. )'
■•*i
1 ''1
!
■ t
I'
A ■
ii
i^!
I li
ii
Spain.
;,henrver yo'J mr<
„„!<;, .tlw.iy» t"l
,„„, becmlr yog
J„«. A knil^. 10
f„r you will •";['
fimlTfrs.' <■■"'>' 'I
.j,c mud I'l; l''l^'
for ihi'.y ari: >"""•
iinutihcffi/.'iif <
WF, flull br;^
paliiiiuj".
,;,. Ijull-tCilli t-xl"-
^!,,„i,urcili'iii of
'llull nive Ir.iMi til
i',;rlci.'. 'I In; I'M'
, pic, aiul Ml tn
;,; iiicJ lilk , !iii'
ivlviuli's ; lii'-' a
biicoiiies, aii.l a
f,.,T,a.rn pcopi-',
I'irit cinK- tl-iC
1..;^ ol a fuigiilai
niiitC C'pCIl a' 'h<-'
iloorsol their co,^
p.-nplj in t!ic l),ilr
...nJ were accmiip
OiruiiJ, li.Hios, ,
tLival laniily cimt
I'ovcnorcijjlit ot t
ll.tc, which was
wmcnts, anJ be.
cca.ii with Come
,V king anJ que
tfiin all the oin.i
fhct.ip : the trai
uitliUrgc white
(oachfs III' the pri
Don Lew':, witl
Thiir m.ij. Ilic
cony of the Kiigl
ihor, in a gilt ba
i.jrlct ajil t,<ild.
1 nv i.erc place
i:ic Iclt thegcnth
(itdllvl ii! a vei)
cmbrciJcrcd with
the Icing's balcon;
and forming then
ways, cleared thi
ih: I'caffolds crci
diers I'oriTied the
liiidcr the king's 1
drclTeJ in an iini
came with buck(
the llaje as they
ihc fix chief al;
(ion tine horfes,
ihc old Spanifli 1
white flowing w
coloured feathers
under wliidi the)
receive his order;
way by the bull;
At length the I
the i!agc in lour
liveriei, richly ai
embroidery : thel
then went in proi
elegant fingularit
CKtrcmdy beautif
5p*in.
EUROPE.
415
with
ij Ijrcail, miat, fuwli, ami
w.iiu tlii'in iir
wlitncvcr you m.-t-t
I bci-.uii' you kiiiiw ri'>t what ininntriiw m.iy y<>-
','"'. y^ linilL-, lorlt, uii.l 111 Hill, arc .iMolutcly lu-cdl iry.
f.ir yoi *'
(imi iinii" I nor lliouKI you omit a pur i>t
f. urfVrs a c.iiiillilli>'i •'"'l '"I'"-' "'•'« tanillis ; hut |(r.:at
' . mud I"-' taken to carry lu-itli'.r tobai-co ii-ir nun,
" ihc/ arc Kiiitral'inJ, aii.l may 'iccafinii ih -'Iciciuion,
the fti/.'iic lit yoiirlUfi/.a;'!!. ^'oii (hnul.l .illo li >vc
W
ii nut
ill iIk- ol.l S;viiiifh ihfd, with plumJi in tli:ir h if,
iii'Miiiicil (111 (iiw horfi's : rai h hulJ in hii hand :i llciiiK'r
laiKtr, aiul wai attrnled by two mi'ii (in loot il.rir'il 111
lii^ht fiilt ol ilic colour (i( Iii9 liviry, Wrili clnilji iit thi:
fame J tlicf:: iii'vcr lurlakc hii fulc, .in:l arc liii princi-
pal ilctVncc. Ihu cavalicn then ililpulc thpnililn'i tor
thconroutiter, the- Hr(l plaiinjf hiiiikll oppnlih- tii lli!
door ot the place where the l)ull< arc kept, anJ tiic otiicf
at lomc dilKiiicc lichin I liiin.
At a fi;^nal given by th'j king tlie ilonrn opone.l, an.l
the lull! appeared, to the ('oiiiid ot' nuiiial itiiilii-, ind Ih?
loud actlaniaiioiH ol' the people, wh'Ni I'ci iii;' mi • ot' Ihi!
attend lilts (if the tirll cav.-.lier f.iieadiii'; hi, iloak hefou
him, he aimed dircill'y at liiii) ; but the nisn «alily n-
voided him, and pa\c lii- m, lier an oiiportiiiiity ol l)uMk-
111^' hi5 ('pear 111 the bull's ii.ek. In the lame m imii-r tlv:
bull w.i, tempt! d to cngagi! the oilier cavaliei^, and al-
wa\s with the I'amfr fuccd's, till luvini: received tllR
F. (hill bcin our aeroiint with the divcrfions ;".nd I wound, with their lances, he was fiicoihircred by thn
pattniv. ". of tliL- Spaniard'., with a dilcriptiim of | other men on foot, who, after pl.i) iiij; w. in him with In •
iVvvtjAk as piiinble, fur tile im|iiilitioll will I'ei/e
;5cin.
S K C I". III.
'ji'lhi D'.V'>'f»l' 1/ l>>t Sfnniardi ; purlicutarly tf thik Bull-
Fidjii, I'hp, and other /lmiif> mint t.
\f
ibited Ml
liii eathi
the I'laij'a Mayor .it Madrii
majelly's public entry Into
we
Mr.
,1,. Oull-fealk ex
,',oiiurcili"ii of 111-, eatliolic maielty s piiliiie entry
III, tipitjl, on the til'ttenth of July, I 760, which
I'ljll liivs ff'"" ''"-' aeeouiit publiflied by the Rev.
,' ,,1(1,., 'I'lie fipi.iie, whieh is larL;e, was thioii/rd with
, .)|c and all tiie li.ileonies ornamented willi difl'i.reiU
Ij'iireJ iilk , ^'iid crowdo.l from the top to the boil. mi of
iVli'iuf'^' J th- avrnuts to the I'lpiarc were built up into
bilcuiiii;*, and a ll ipinj.', fc.ilF.dd placed rovind for the
,.i.i,n,;ii peopl.', and railed about ciijht orniiic feet from
(licgrnunJ.
I'lid came tlic ccirhes of th^' cav.iliers, four in num-
u,. of afuiL'ular make, with |>l.iire.s at the ends, and
quite epen at the fides : the cavaliers were placed M the
doors t-f their coachc, from whence they bowed to the
r;iirl.' in the b.deonics ai they palled round t'le fipiarc,
.mi were accompanied by their fponl'ors, the du<es ot
Oiruna, liaiKis, Arcos, and Medina Cs^li. Hefore the
loval family came a company of halberdiers, I'ullmved by
l';vciiorci.;ht of the kiiu's coaches, preceding !iis coach ot
l'.,:e, which was extremely ri..h.. with red an J gold or-
rjmciits, and bcautilul p.iiiUed panncli. I"heii came a
(ca.'li with fome cl the gre.ic olTiccri ; and next cim::
iV kill'' and queen in a very fjinpiuous coach ol blue,
\uiii all tli= nniamcnts of malTive filv.r, and a crown at
:hc t.ip : the trappini;;-, of the licrfes were likewil'e lilver,
inth Urjc white plumes. Thcfe were followed by the
rojchcs 111 the prince of Afturias, the two iiifaiitai, and
!)(inl.i.w ', with their attendanis.
TlvJir ni.ii'llics feat.d tliemfrlves oppofuc to the bat-
convrf the Kiif^lilh ambafl'ador, in which was our au-
thor, in a gilt balcony, with a canopy and ciitains of
:;arltt ml t,o!d. On the ri;j!.t hand of the king's bal-
i nv \.ere placed the rJt ot the royal familv, and on
thilclt tlie gentlemen of the bed chamber in a row, a"
crcililile a;;ility as long as they t.'iuii[;ht proper; ea'i'y put
an tii.l to him by tluudiiiir a (word citlier iiiio his hhIl
or lide, which brin{;s him to the ground, an.l t!iMi tli.:y
tinifh him at oive, by llrikin;.!: a dap_',er, or fwor.', be-
hind hii horns into the (pine, wliieh is .dwriys imnii' li.it r
death. After tnis the bull h hurried olF by iiiuki tiiiely
adorned with tiappin:;s.
Alter the knights were fufiiciently tired with lh;le ex-
ploits, the kiii^:; gave them leave to leiiie j bulls wer."
then let (lit, one at a time, I'rorn another do- ir ; tticl-
Were of a moie furious nature, and wer-- eiicouiiteied en-
tirely by im-ii on foot, who weie lo far Irom Ic.irmn tli- ir
rage, that tliey llrovc to increafe if, by darting .it iheir
necks, and other parts, little barbed darts ornameiilect
with buiu-hes of paper, (o.\ie of whii h were lilled with
gun-powdiT, and were no Cooiicr falfened to t'nc bull
than they went olf like a ferpeiu. Nothing can be ima-
gined more tormenting than thcfe darts, but the aiiia/itlg
dexterity with which they ar.- thrc.vn, taites 1 iV the at-
t.'iitinn fro.n its cruelly. ' 'I'hry alio drel's up %<.\\)i Ikiiis,
blown up with wind, and incre.ife tiie fury of the bu I b/
placing tlrni before hini, whiih makes a very lihculuuf
part ol tile entertainment. Many of the bMl!-,, however,
would not attack th;m i and one of tiie moil luiious ihac
did, (hewed more fear than in cnrounteriiii hisuvll Itiir-
dy antajoniiK 'I'hcv all'o baited one bull wiih dogs,
wliicli /li:;wed as niUwli courage as ;:ny ol the bull-dogs in
Kngland.
I My ■ippreh-nilons, fays our r.t't'ior, were ;!t ('ill priii-
cip.illy exciteil lor the men on foot ; but ihe knights .ire
ill much more danger, their horl'es bein; too full ol Hiu
to be exadlly governed ; they cannot ihirelose Co well a-
voiil llic aim, and are liable to be every moment ovcr-
t irown with their hor(es, if their attendants by their (ide
do not aflill them. Two beautiful horl'es were ncver-
rdl'ivl in a very line uniform of blue and reil, richly thelel's gored ; one of which v\'as overthrorvn with his
tmbtciutrcd with gold, 'I he halberdiers marched from rider, but tortiinately tin: man efeaped any niiiciiicl frum
ihe king's balcony, whieh was in the center of one fide, bis l.ill. The coirage of thel'e hutl';s is I'o threat, that
smlfoiining the.m'elves into two lines fronting different they have been often known to advance towar is the bull,
wavs, cleared the fi]ua:e of the crowd, who leiircd into when thfir bowels were trailin:i; on the ;;rouiid.
:(i: fcart'olds credtcd for them ; after whirh the halber- | This Ip.ctade, he adds, ii one of the iinell in i!i»
iJicrs formed themfelves into a line before the fc.dFold ; world, whether it be conlidcred merely with refp^v't to
under the king's balcony. Then two companies ol boys, [ the Iplendor of the light, or ai an cxertioti of the -.xnM'.i-t
drcffed in an uniform, v.'iili caps and red tatfety j i' ki ts, j ing agilitv and dexterity of the jierl'orniers. The Spi-
fame with buckets of water in the.r hands and v.iteied niards are Co devoted to i>, that even tiie 'vomen would
the Itage as they eroded over it to ih.; oppolite lide :' piwn their lall rag to fee it. Nothing can be iinajinej
the fix chief alguazils of the city now came mount- | more crowded than the houl'es even to the tops ot the
I'j on line horfes, covered with trapping', and dicU'ed in tiles, and dearly enough do they p.iy for their picafure,
the old Spanifli habit, black, with fl.ifhed fleev.s, arcat pent together in the hofclf fun, and y;iili the ni'dt I'uf-
wtiite flowing wigs, and hais with plumes of dilFerent locating hc.it that can be endured. This is certainly a
coloured feathers, advanced towaids the kin;'/s baleonv, renin iiit of Moorifh, and perhaps R.jmaii barbarity, and
iiniicr w.iith they were obliged to (lay the whole time to will not bear the I'peeuiations ot the clofet, or tne com-
t:ceive his orders, except when they were fiightened a- 1 paflioiiate feelings of the tender heart; but, on the other
way by the bulls. , h.nid, it has all tne good ettecfs ol chiv.ilry, in excitinii in
At length the troops belonging to the cavalier 3 afeended the mind.; of the fpedators a difpofition to hardy anions,
the fiage in four large cimpani'.-s drt 111 d in (ilk .Moorifh without the horror that prevailed in former lim.-s, of
lneries, richly and eirgamly ornamented with lace and diliingui/hing .bravery tothe preju, lice of our own fp'xies.
embroidery: thefe (irft bowed to the king's balcony, and It teaehes to d-fpife danger, and that the furetf way to
then went in proceiTi m lound the fquare; and from the overco:i>c it is to look it calmly and Ihdf.iUly in tlie tacc,
elegant fingulatity and variety of their uiiifornis appeared and to afford a laitiiful and generous aliiUarice to thofe
Extremely beautiful. After then came the fo'jr knights cn^.i^;;! with us iiicn'.erprires of dilTKulty.
' " The
I:
111
, < I'l,
-f
4:«
A S Y S T I. M O I (i K O (i U A P 11 Y.
iJ!
I i'.
s I
^1;
Ir
'['hi' ImiII ffift in ihr I'll),'! Miycir i» never cxIiiUitcil
hill upiiii I. line rxtr^oiiliii.iiv ihc.ilinn, ai thr JctciiUiil •»
ni»rii.i^»- lit thtir kiin;», ji\J ii .uiciultJ with viry j!ri.ii
tX|H'iKi, bill ii to hii majclty .mU the city. Hut Hun'
U ii iIk'iiii'IiiiiIi witlioul titc walU, '.vlutc Ihcic au' liiill-
fculls ivtrv luiiiii^lu, winch lii coniiuiSiiurs iic t',iv4ii)
pri'l'trjlilo In the olhcri, iho bulU lu'iiii; iimif luiicH'.
aiul lliv i|jii7,tr iicalir lo iholo who linhi iiit.ii \ |iul then.
i> liii'i- iliiii'i 11' I III ihi'ii ni.iniu'r «>l i'ii.',.i'.',>ir| iikdi,
W'c ll).iil iiuw ^ivi' I'lijic i>Ua oI ihv S,Miiiih ihiMtii'i
which iiir.iiilhii viiiti'>l.it ihi'lcifiii lor.iiiitlli.; ih - .lunm,
orpl.iu, ill lii|i|)(iri ul° ilic taHmiic l.iiih Thi' ih' .iii.'
iiu.lc ,1 i;iiii.l .i|i|K'uraiiie u iili u Ijit-cl to iti iV/c .iiul IImjii' ,
but \N^> i.iJiL'i dirty 'inJ ill li^liii J, :imiI, wh.it was woilr,
h.iil ..n ('i|'i,il n\ixtiMi' III ibv'li^hl .iiiil c.iiullii. Tin:
proniptu 5 hc.id a|)|iiMriJ throii.h a litde tr.ij) ilcHir, a-
liovc ihe Itvi-i lit ihi; H.i^c ; aiij he rcjJ the pliy louil
enoii^'h Id he h'-.iril hv the p.nplc in tl.c |ioxi.». 'I hr
pit MuiJe ,1 mntltv jppi jruiKe, mjiiy iLiiilin^ in ihtii
ntijhl c |is ,iml tiuuk-. j while otliLcri aii.l luijitis wire
iiiiirl|ieiii.il aniimji the Jiiiiell nioh. 'i'lic li>le .iiul trout
lioxet vvcic hllel hv prrluii* will JrvlUJ, .iiid lliat wliiih
* ilwiit'il III uur twii lliillini; ^^ill.'iv W'>^ liiUJ with wn-
nicii, all in the l.iniu iiiiirnrni, .1 ilaik pilticd.ii, . ii<l a
white wiHilU'ii veil. I'he uiUns wcte ilrelVcil m ricln'r
cluat.-t lli.iii thoic in Lii<;ljnJ, iiid thile they are per
pctuaily c:i.iiuMii;Zi in oriler tiilliew live cxpcnhvc variety
0( then v/aiJruhe,
AiUT lume ttdious am! infipiJ (cents, came on an in-
terlude . f huiimur. (Jiic iiF till- cometli.uij aildreii-d a
>I'A(N,
" hmil'e, were Iriily iiuonceivaWe 1 thou-h | 1, T.
" our iieij;hbourj in ihc next box iJiuutlu Ve I ' "i!"'
'• .11 the ivil jiid hiMiioiin t llie nuthit. |t wj^ T'
" that liii;,'4r. all p,.ir.lil.' daiii(,l|n,i, ;.„J j ,1 , ''^"'■'
" thiatu III Kuiiipu, but that u( MaJtiJ. to ,„,vi'"'
" n ch ..ii.itiirr." ''*''"«
Will II tUi» iiiicrliide w.ii fui;fticj,thir« fuccciJi-Jf
uih'. rcn I !.eiwcen the km,;, «|uecn, ctu iiauir!!), """l
til ' red .1 ilitf livluri. I'iicdf ht of thciti i,||'j,*,ll
hew ihi'ir fwor.N up..n ibc i lKh.'.iitreJ\, wi.,,, .''''']
ih.-m wil.l hrr wami, .mil, ti> thuf (-leat am.i.''
iTtir^d iiii:i:iit ihi.i n.r nil. At 'ithu't.nm tU^iu T"'
tu.. IcilirJ wit.i aliii.k.aiiJmloitJ !ul;!cwili; *]{,''"
111 111 irt, 4l'.vr jeverjl li lieuUiiu inuilcnn, th wKh""'
l..'H ieiimin.-e» the dcv.l and jll h..w..ik:., 111111,!""
cuiitluruiii i.iihram Ihccalh'die l.uUi, aml'du lap 1 il '
w,;i adlu'ie t.) that al me. Ij„i it ,.,n lij,d|y bj , 'J"'
th.it tllel; aliliird ilr..injtie piem are ch ■ 1k1!oI tat, , I
and iiiJctJ they arc laid lu have 1,v.k liut atee«cJic" '
.^11 th'ife 1,1 I,„p./. de \ej;.i, whicii con.e iicarc!' lu ol;
ah Ik Ip arc. '
Thr I., lie lor (-.ilUniry anJ ilancini? ptcvjiij i,, j^;
unuer(.illy, .mil Iney are the twu riiliiij |..iiri;in. cf'ih
eiiuiitry. 'I'he latter ii fo n.uth their (avour,(e cmt,'
taiiinieiit, ihit llieir yreatcll ni.t.-iMU mveriliink !;,(.,„"
lelvejCM.'ui.'ed hy a-e fium t.'ii^ divetfi„n j anJ vmir, ;
lee the '^mh Iniother, m' thcr, anddaUj,i;tr, j|| j.,i,||'|;.
in the Lhrcdaiiee. 'I'h': two niolf lavoutiti- aniiiuva'*
fal Spjiiidi daiKCi are the y; .,',,/,//«/ an | tiie /„',„;,,i'.',
the hili ii (omethiii^ like our A./y ; the Ceioiii ij'j'i'' •
lady whn fun ■: vciy prettily, and olt'ered her a puile i.l , aiitiLiit dantc, and though oii-inilly Kmiiaii, yK
— •■■ :.. .1.". ... 1-1' 1 1.. :.. .1 1... I hpaiiiardj have mixed li<iiicwh.it »,f i/ic .Moui ili a|,
with It : ill y iiic cxcefli'.ely l.md id' it, .mj il ,, a..,.
by the -' ■' ' '■-
'I'l
mtiniv : in the inian while a man htoueht in three bar-
bcr'.s bliiiki whiih he placed iipi.n the iti'.'e, whiih he
tirit itielled in nieni clojthi ) hut then uiidrdliiij tliciii,
tltcflid ihem ill womcni app.ircl, alter v.'liieh eatiic in
three nil 11 tvhi' had a tanty to tempt lliefe three ladies j
hut tiicv well' iiill'.xiblv eny, and it was not lon^ hel'oie
their jiall.ints dilmvered iheir millakc. At l.n^tli, alter
f.iinc loii^ lircliiine uiiiiilereHiiif; I.enes full of I'ulHan and
bumlult, an aehir, drilled in a li.ii;; purple robe, in the i came liuy win a.i utatrs.
cliaraeler ol L'miil, preaehcd to the four i|uarteii of the ' •'■■ *e call it, tiie ace 01
woild ill ilieii |)rop.'r drcHi-ii Kurope and /\miriea he^rd
hiin alaillv, hut Alia and Africa remained ineorri^iblc.
Our Saiioiir wns fuon alter bliiiJ-folded, b.iHeted, fpit
upon, Ixuiiid, feour;,;ed, crowned with thnnisand com-
pelled 10 bear his crofs ; when he kneeled down and
cried, I'uJic m: ! Pii.tri- mi! " F.ither, father, why hall
" thou fiiiLikeii me?" Aficrtliis the i'eilow pl.iced hiin-
felf a^iaiiill the wall, with lii.< hands extenJcd, as if
he liill nobility, aj w.ll ;., ny the cumnuii i);,"n;c "
he miiiiaiy turn of the .Sp.in.atdi appvji, n, nu,;^ j
.'Tim.
then- diveili ills, and ev.-n in the very tcrnu ami
they ule at t.irds : hmLrt i.i .);;,.mlli li^m.'",. , a ,;,.i,f, 4,,^
trom theme we dviive oar -juil- at oinhre . inc'iiuv
pnneip.ii c.irus are c.ij.ed nun^iiti, or niii;,'.7(.i,, b.-
.V;..,'r'.Vj i, the li.ik l*ar'j,vr,
U..J.S i lor/,V,.', ,11 J,^,„„|),^
I lijSmlKS a l.s.id, aliJ liiey are fo paiiiad v.ii ttivij
caid.H.
It is uiual with the .S.-.tnijrdj bilh to br...k!a:l anj
fup in bed i ih'.u brcjKt.'ll is ufaady of Ll.uiiilaiij, to,,
belli;; Icldoiii d'aiiU by tiiaii. '1'Iru dim-.cr i-. uei; rjii'y
a/>4W'.'j, or biel, v al, mut'.on, poik, ba.uii aiiJ -r.'i-ii.,
&c all boiled together. If it be a iie.icr o.- moti.i.\ucn.
hie niixture of iiKals and delic.icies, it ii then lermcil
the crof>, and there imitated the expiring ajjonirs of ihc an s//./ /-Wr/,/,/, or what we call an o//'j. I'lu'y aroluij
blclled .S.uiour i alter whiih one of the ak'trclli j unbound
him, look olV hi. crown and (earlet lubej, and lie havini;
put on hi,' wig and coat, juined the lell of the a£lors in
:i dance. .Mter this one of the a^itrelles, in a very lon^
fpcech, explained the nature, end, and deli;;n of the fa-
cramcnt, ; and the play was concluded by Cliiilt appear-
ing in a (hip liiiimph.mt.
Soon .iliir our author went to fee a reuular comedy,
and thfK were two other tii:;li(h t'entlemeii in the lame 1 each their piul'.li'ed lover, jull as the kalian Ijdies hi.
bo.\ willi him. They unleiHood very little of the dcfiijii their i'uijiit.
of the (irit a^t i they ("aw a king, a ijueeii, an enehaii-
olgaine ; and 11 is a prov.rb einoiig ihc.ri, lliat olivti,
la.iad, and ra,..llico, are food fur g.ntleiiKn.
I he Sp.iiiiaiJs generally deep alter dinner.
'I nouj^h tiieniiii and women all wejr th: fame ilrcf,
in the Itreet and at inah, yet the ladies in their pti,4i,:
viliis wcjt .IS j;ieat av.iiiety of drefs, and of a mmli
richer ioit ihaii thole in Kn^land. The I'pirit o;'j.'al,,uiv
is fo far worn out, that the married l.,dii,s of .MaJtiJ hiiv
trels, and many other pretty deli^'litlul (i.'htsi but the
interlude vvi h which it wa.s conclmied w..s extrcmciv
low. Th. f ene was inteni'.-d for the iidiiJe of a Spanilh
inn, duriui; T'r liiglit : ihtn' were three feather-beds,
and .iS m i:i' Maiikets brought upon the (lagc j the queen
and her m. 'ds ot honour perfonatcd the milb efs of tlio
inn .ind hei ipaids ; and accordingly fell to making the
hcA'. Afieriliis fix men can'.e in to iie there, and one
of them 1 . iiig a niifir had rolled up his monev in tivcntv
or Irtitty jiives of paper'. They then undreU'eil belore the
ladirj by pullin;; olFfix or (awn pair of brcechc^, and as
v.iany coaii and wailfcoats, and got into bed two by two :
I'luir evening's ailing is to the lad degree iiillpid : you
fee nothing but a lliing of coaches follmviii;; un.-ini.
ther, hlled with people ot fafluon ; h -re a duke a'lJ h,,
coirlellbr ; there a couph-" of fm..rt \i)ur»(; a'.'bes 1 ii;: ■
a whole family grouped togi'tlicr, hufoand, wifi, an;
children. Wiien they take th.ir airing on gaia.o; c.iiii
days, all tlieir fiDtmeri are JreliLd in laeed liverie,-, ',vi;!'
plumes of leathers in ih'.ir ha.'i.
1 he number of (erv:.nti kept bv the prar.Jcrs, si: 1
people of the hrft faOiion, ij im-;i.>,'ei.'.!.c. Sj.-.ie ol tli.i:.
have three or four hundred ilomcilas, anj tire L:!_!ill'
amb.ilLdor, in comp!'iance with the tille of th." Oiu.:;),
keeps near a iitindred. As th.-ir co:!eh'.-j arc i.;u.,.i,'
when bchiMd, the jel! conlilKd 111 feeing them kick the i drove with four mi:le.s, they have two pu;l.ii..'iii ; v.'i'ii
generally tour and f'jiii.liines (ix footmen behind t'l.-.i
coaches. In the hot weather they tak: r.ut the iid^;. ;■.!..
backs of the!.- coaches, fur the lake uf the .lir.
'I'hey (el.i 1.11 ufe ,'e Lif,-; ; and wiien th.y do, they I'Jt"
always two foot r.en w:io go on each I'lde the liir.,!iii.:'.
chaiimin, in order ."'J li'.rii r.;m iij', Ivil: h. fliouij I' 11 :
tl..:e
fioatiis i.!t t<nz another, and then fight, as the fpeclator
ij to fup;)ol ', in the dark. " The abfuidity of thi.s
" fcoi'-, and the incomprehcnfiblc ridiculoulnefs of it,
" made us, lavs our author, laugh immoderately. 'I'he
" ii.-ht of the fiaiher-beds, the men kicking and fprawl-
" ing, the peils of applaufe that echoed throuijh the
SfA'^'
F. U R O 1» E.
•t'?
iVrc "' '**'""' '"''' "''' "'' •''« '''■'l'"> arvl Iw.i wlii
f,|l()W l"-hiii'' wli I.iiiiIkjiii-., ihdui'li ii li. m llif ninMIc
'1 ,1,5 J4y. I liiH th'v li,i»c K'"i''i'lly "'"'' li'Viim
^„)l .iciiirh, 4iiJ (I'll Willi a iLJaii, LlIiJci thulc wli»
^t^ bcfor*.
s V. c r. IV.
Of il'i Ctipo'' I dnilGtrim tf thi X/iniiifir/ii \ ihi t)l'/iiH--
/,;rii /; Lt'l'iliifU unit ill', r Skill III DiuiiilV, lll'h']/,
Plu/ii, ii'i'l P'i'lii, Ti'fir l> fi.iiniiin iminu.il A/j. 'H't
Sill' nf ll'ir Jtrtifn 'liiiiL-, with ,i fartuulili Ailimt
,fiU Sii.iiijl/ Cuiii, U'ci^l'K, ami MtiijuKi,
T\\\', S|Mni'irJ» arc far from briM{»waruin;; iiir.i(i.iri»v
l,ir ilic riiiiircs yi r link* (irti.irt 1. cm be cxpci'tnl
r,ini iliiiii wliiti- tliiy .If; ilih.i'n-cj the iiu of th, ii ii.i-
njul tjliiin. The rli:r(;y not bciiii', viry kMriicil iluin-
lilit*. it !■• •' P'"ii' "f I'lilicy with ihfiii to (iipiircls .ill
l.niiiiiii.iil l'i"'*'''''o'' •iiii'i'in (!"' l-iity i niiH ill iir,!i;r to
J ^piluMii 111 i !Mor.iiKU ;iiii| (ul'ji'CliDii, itii'v lnjiul all
liciitv riU-.iii h .1 wiih tiie name of htrtl'v. Hiiin', ihn'
yivnh.K iioUl* thin Iwenlytwo iinivfilitiif, aii.i livc-
j,'!4caJt'niii»» •"""";; wli'kh h oiu: at \'.ill.idoli.l I'lr i-iv).
,,,.,hi j yet arc lliiy nmlir (m li nllriclioni, th.it thnic
.(■tiiitii'iiil ihtiii (Mil iKVct m.ike .my ti'.'iiro in litciatnrLv
|., .liji,l(|Vllri ill S|',iiii Iwiudy U.iie to keep a v.ilii iblo
n.n;4 ill ihcir Oii'i'., on liny iiiii iik.ihle nnil iiittrtltini»
1,1 \fi\ ; iho imiuirition beiir^ iMn-iiuly vi:;il.int in lup-
.,. Iiii', thini, .iii'l ioikimI'ih; rroiii the piiliji;- wh.it.'vtr
mvl'.iiJ'o cpen their eyes, 'i'hey havi' pn iciices al-
,. ,U fi.lv fur fu/.iiiL^ fureluM hooks, thoii(;h ilu-y h.ivc
|. I lb'.' I'mII rilarion to religion. InJecil, iiioit of the
t,i,ks pi.Millieil in the Spanidl lilMMia!,'.' .iie piintcJ nut
111 Siiiilli I'-W I" '""":?■ ''""''"' belli.', lo he le. II iheie, and
liic I'lr j;r;a!C'lt part of their paper i) iiiipnrled lioiii
I •■■0,1.
IV'ith rcfpcil to the prcfent ftalc of divlni(\', it con-
f;',;i, milJi .1. it (ornKrlv ilid, in the lliidv of (he father*.
C,)iiiicil« and d'Citcn of the popes and (hen (.iiioiis, and
ialvltc'ius of I honi.illk- and Aiii'iilliiio theology. Tih-
knowli'il.;e of the learned l,in;.;u.i ;e4, and explication of
ihcti-xt iiftl'.e facrcd wiitnii;*, h.ivelitde (odn with it.
In this trait of riitiiilrn (liey au- ainioll titter lliaiii;eii,
I'wh (hey aie well veil'd in laluilliy, wlneli niaki-i .i
t.'nltant part of the Ihidie, pr^. paia'ory to the palloral
'■■■■"■
l:lhifto^vth.'i^pani.^rJihavc hid many valuable writcr.-i ;
bjtit ib dan.'eruiis to dcleeiid too near to the pnl'i'iK timr;
bil'.Jc!, his prcleiit majellv has .iMoIutele hubid any of lli^
|j.'ic;ls lo wiite the liill...v of Chatles V.
1 1 |)hvfic and liiri;ery, Mr. Clarke lays, they arc at lead
"'.'ucntjiies hihiiid tin- Kiinlilll ; but where thi; propir
Jic jicifuidrd that fainis, iniiaele.s, and charni^ ean lir
f;j:iirc,l to cure the molt iiivt terate difeafes, (hire mull
K'httI; inclili.itioii to have lecourfe to ait. However,
l'.,vftill praLtifi' copious Lletdillj; ill moll dil'iak'S, .nid
■,;!any m much iludied.
In [kxtrv thry have many wiileri!, befidcs the c, li.hrat.
f.l l..(i|it /. de Ve^a, who wiote the fcriij.iUm i:i'i'iiii//.i •',!,
K'l^cJii.;, comedies, ^e. TlKir foiini have awuiuhilul
.1 ut Imipllcily, and in lomei^fihcm aie nvicii luitimi nt
^•. well as dignity : thole upon love arc extremely ehalic j
ai,llomo have a pleafm.', air ol ronianre ; hut inoial,
favr, rraicllie, penlive, like the people tlKiiili.Kes.
I'h.' m.ilf ccKhidted wiitii.s ot huin<.iir in piolc .nre
I'av.iiilcs and (iinvara ; the moll lamou, work ol the
!.t!i.risthe El Diahh Cexuds, which la Sa^^e modernised
inio a romance, known in l.niilifh by the title of Ihe
lAiil on two Sli, ks.
I'hcre is here a want even of ihc moft necclTarv trades ;
iiij ot the few they havi, the f;reatclt pait are In tlu-
hjiiJi of the French, who .-re very nuni'ro'a.. in this
country; fur the natives, belides their aveifun to work,
Jiidjin to (loop to laborious einployments. 'I'luv an-
i,ot, however, entofly without manul'aiturcs, tl'pixially
vllilk and wool ; but thefe fall far Ihurt of that (loiiiiih-
'iig condition to wnich tiny mi^ht bebrouL^ht: and as
trjiicliiien and merchants arc looked upon with contempt,
ikcvhaitiio fooner amatlcj a competent fotlune, than
78
ihry le.ivc nil' traj', profiire i> title, ill,! fi-t op fn per-
Ions ol ipi.ility, 'I'lic I'U'it iliilici likcwile on bpiiiilh
Hull', render them dc.ncr thin llic forei;^n, i'liiis tliu
.'ipaii'ards p.irt with (he proiliictt 1 f (lli ir uwil Coiiiitiy,
and with III,: ire.iluies o| Aiiieiici, t it'iu'njii 1 , jlho lup-
plythein wiihbiead, and way llin ' that cm i mitiijutit
to convcniciiiT and iplciidor. It hi. inJeed h'.'ii f.ii.l,
ih.it ol I ite the Sp.indli maniifa^tu es iirv in ,1 tliiiviii|{
way, and that they itiakeviry riH'.- cloths, hi liilca L'ohl
in.l lilvcr i hut ihi. will not probi'ily \w lillio , , all. ilk
It will be .1 |,in|{ nine befoie iluy aio able to fappl/ Ihit
want:! ol tliur own cuiiniry, lo ,)« to CAi lildc lorei^n
maniil.icliiu's,
Spain 19 I'xtr'.'iiicly well I'ltnateil for tra I: *n\ iiavi,i(4-
lion : theyminlitbe their own carnrr'i ; but tin, advan-
tage thiy ne^rlLLl, and Icive it to oiIki maiitiine nations,
who turn it to .1 very goo,| ai.o'int. The Sp..ni luli in-
deed deny them .ill a.tels to th' ir polllliions iiiAmeiicj,
iiid are lojealoir, ol havnii; that ti.id.' coin'iiiei only to
the;iiiiKes, that im Ion i oi Jliipi mull evi n ipproaeti
tneir coalt : yetol ilii. loiiiinerLc, whi.ii 11 c.nii.il on 111
their own lliip., iliey hive the I'-alt pr ilii, tli-'y te.ii^
little miue than ra.;lors |,ir tiie I'liiich, Knj'lilli, D.ilcli,
and Italians, uhn ho I ihcir i;ood.i lo .Air. ri.a hy then,
an, I h.iv; ihri;i'alill lliucin their rctuilis ot noU, lilv.r,
aii'l other coinmodilii'',
i'h ' fa le to AnieriiM v, is foriiurly ( .'.rlid r^w b .■ I'lj
(loM and i^.lleoni. The llot.i, or I'l if.' tl.'i, cnnnilH of
a certain number of fliipi, lome bilon'^in.', tii t^ie kiiifr,
ind oiiuis to ineit'..iiiis ' tnele 11' 'J to lit f.iil from
l.'ali/ to .\'c.\ico about .'Xii;;!!!!, iinl.uiiii^ ui Wia Cru/,,
.111.1 uturnii::; to .Span in ci .htecn or iiiiKtccn months,
I 111 (..i.huin well' two m 11 of w.ir, . .Hid Cipiiaiu
iiid A'o.i.aoti, wh'kh leivid as convoy for eii'l.t or
twelve Hops til. II \iil to lea from Cadi/, every .March or
,\pril. Ili.'rh,.k port was <-'.i't',.i;',ena i fioin tlienrr,
hv w.iy of th'.' Ilavannah, they r.'t'irned to Spain, Hut
lince ilie ycirs 17:5 and 1/(7, llie ilu:a and '^alLons
have been dilcontiiui il, and ihetr,dj to .-X'lieiica carricj
on ill ir 'liter Ihip , which any merchants my lend, en
ohraiiiini peririllioii Irmn th.' conned o| tiio In.lics.
I'li'.le I 111 Irom Cadi/ dnc.tly to Lima, 1uk;i'ij ,'\yre5,
,Maracailv), Cartliagena, llonduus, Campethe, and
Vera Crii7,
in 1 7 J.H ,-111 exclafivc charter was prant'.il to .1 rompany
for tradin_' to the Ciraccas, a pi^rmilfi m to the inhahi-
tanis ol the Canary ill .11 Is only cxsepie 1, who were sl-
owed to fend thither annually one re;; ll-'r (hip, wholi:
cargo was cntirily to tonfll^ of the prolu e ol thill-
ill .lids. In 175') .mother company was eie.'Kd lot tradiiijj
111 llilpaiuola .iiiil I'orto Kica, and lending anmi,.',ly tin
le.Jillcr lliips to the bay ol lloiidur.i.., and the poi tj of
the pioviiue of ' iiiatimala,
Tlie Si.,uilards alio c.irrv on a very confidcrabl-.' tradi'
tothi'coalli on the Souili Sea, b.t.M.n th-- t ivvn of
M.inila, in the id.in.l ol Lnconn, and the h.t'liriir of
Ac.ipulco on the coalf of iMexico ; but .d this tia L- v,'j
li.ive ..'ivcn a particular account in tieatinir of ,M i.iila,
Vol. I. page icz, \o\.
\Viih rel'p.'i't to the .Spanini money, it is not cafllv nii-
derftood i h>r iHe Suaniards makeup ni:ill of i....ir ac-
c'lmpts, and form their c.iK tilaiion, clii^.llv in tliciv tv<'ci
Ipecies, the real d.; vellon, :uid the ni,iuvedi. '\'\vi
l.itier IS the low'd of the dcnoininatioiH ol' tluir copper
money, and in this the kiiip's aeconipts ai; kept ; con-
It ipieiuly the revenues of.Sp.iin, and the vyeal'.h brniitht:
from I'ern and .Mexico, are aiinu.illy conipiite.l tiy in in-
teger of copper that is thice times Icfs than oui lar-
thing.
The real dc vcllon is thcfmallefl pleccof th; ir filver mo-
ney, and equals our two-pence hall-penny, ;'nd two thirds
uf a farthiiij;. Hut tliouyh i; Le the nmll iifiial way in
Spain 10 compute by the r.aravcli and the real devillon,
^et there arc leveral othi r methods of cils illation (till in
force, 'I'hiis, pir.fion! from the court, p.iynieiits of the
army, n.ivy, &c. arc f'..t down in the regillcr of the Spa-
nilli finances in efcu Jos and ducados, o,'' copper crowim
and ducr.ts. Some accompts of mer^'hants and private
perlons are llkevvife kept in this way ; but fi. w liiinirs are
bought and fold hut by the former comp'.it..tiu!i of nia-
ravcdis and reab,
j N In
«l
$
' III] I !'ii I
It i ;
;i
i! V
418
A SYSTEM O 1' G r. O G U A P 11 Y,
Sr/
9
•4
'4
In thco(Ticc pf (iccimal rcrifi, or tythcs iKloii^ini: to
the ;iichl)illioi) ofTuludii, iiccomiits ;irc kept in tlic oh-
ibli'ti' iKiuiniin.ition of ilincios, ten of whali iii.ikc a
mnnivc'li. ' I' In. re nix- no leh llian lilty ikrks ni tlius
ofticf J ;\nil luiw xohiniinoiis nnill their acKjinpts be lor
above ihiity thoiil.inJ puiuuis a year, that are kci>t in a
tleniiniinaiKPM, llic v.iliie oi which is above thirty tiincs
Icis than an Kn^liHi tarthlng !
The 1111, ill .lenon'.MKition^ bv whieli thi; S|viiiiaril- hwc
to coiiipiite, rciiilers their ..erompti', like llunili Ive.'-,
(low, tiilious, ami elaborate ; but then they have thi»
aJv.iiit.,ge, that they make tiuir actoiiiptaiits nioll nii-
niitcly exae'!.
I!i;t our l^nglini n'crchanls traffic chiefly in pica's nt
ci.'lu, ami eonipute uhially by the pia!hr, or ol.KliliileJ
pieei^ olei-ht, eonfilliiij; of lilieiii leals am! two niara-
vcdis: or il they reckon'by pillules, they niLan the pif-
tole of fixty reals, whieh is iIk' roiiinioii pillule, ami not
the go K! oi)c of feveiitv-fivc ami tea ni.iraveJis, olher-
wife callcJ the „';.',/;« itl'e<'!ii ' 'U ore.
Tonivc a more perfei't idea of the Spanifii coin, the
following ii reduced to tlie tn^'Jilli wcigiits and value :
I-
ThcoldSpanifh piftolc, 4 pen. \vt. S ^-r. o
The new Ke\ illc piftole, 4 pen. \vt. 8 t;r.
'!"hc old double doubloon, 17 pen. wt. 8 gr. }
'l"hc old double piltidc, S pen. wt. Idj^r. 1
Thencwiieviiledoublepilldle, iSpen.wt. 16 ;r. i
The h.ilf .'.nd quarter ol' thele in proporiion.
The piaftre of Spain, or Seville pieces of eight o 4 6
The new Seville piece of eight — — '^ .i '
The .Mixieo piece of eight — o 4 5
The pdlar piece ol eight — — — 045
The iial, or bit — — — 007
The Spanifli weights arc the arrobc, which Is exaifllv
twcnty-Hve pounds Englilh weight, four of u-hich make
a quintal or hundred : but yet tiie arrcbe is iijt the fame
throughout all Spain ; for the pound of Cadi/, and Seville,
and confcquently the arrobe, arc much larger tlian tliofe
of L'allile.
In Spain alnioft every thing, whether dry or liquid,
is fold by the avcrdupuis pound of fiMeen ounce.s, and
tonlequentiv bv the airobe : thus wine, oil, wood, coals,
corn, bread, lalt, &c. are lold by the pound, and in
lari^e quantities bv the arrobe,
'i"he t!,old and lilver-fnnths weights arc.
The quilaic, or carrat, is four grains,
A tomin, ci;u;<I to three carrats, twelve !\rains.
AcalHIIan, eiiuai to eight tcjnuns.
The ounce, equal to fix caitillans and two tomins.
The mark is equal to eight ounces.
The liquid mcafure^ are,
Dos aeuaibies, or a gallon.
An aeunihrc, two quarts.
Half an ncumbre, one quart.
.'\ qujrtillo, one pint.
MM
lie afeeiulcd [be throne, and to liim U gcncr.illy a-i '
buted, lays liuli.li;iig, the overthrow of the GmIvc Ij."'
doni in Spain, thou'gli hi., i.ipe on the l..dy, or d iv't',',^'
of count Julian, who is laid, out of refeiiiinent, n'/L'''
inllig.it.a lb.; .Moors to iiiv-ide Spain, has never b,..'
Uilheiemly pioved. It i£, hjwevcr, ctitain, th.,t S-
v.'asd'.hvei. d up 10 the Moors by the craft and tre,ilh''i'.l
ot coiMit j.ihan, and (.)ppi, arcnbilliop o( Sev:llL'.\A'
not only ijvnted up the pec-le cLiiulelliiKlv to r'f .\
biitat tne blocdy b.itile of Xeies even (huited tu't;.!
^^JlUs, uhich tuiiitd the fc.lc ag.iii-,;! the Vifi-,.;,'"
Thus ihe.M.'ois, who wciC alf.i c..ri.d /U-.b': " ' '"
lis ainl ;■„.
^ '11'' -voiii.
number of
Tii^i e'taiiicila
S K C T. V.
j1 iomife Hij/ory 0/ Spain ; ihc Tit In t:?!.! Jims of ike Kin? \
cf tije XcH'ily, Old the UnUrs cf Kmghtl)o:il. Ijftlie
ii:(i!i^,u'ali:yi cf tic Kl^i'^, his Jlzcnil Ccmnils ami duili
cf'Jiij/iii; l.ii R.,iinuts tiiul Fcnts.
WITH rcfpcil to the hiftory of Spain, it will be pro-
per to obkMvc, tliat the fouthern coalt was aii-
tienlly frcqucntid by the I'htrniiians for the fake of cinn-
nieit'. ; I'.fier them the C.iiihagii;ians came in a hof;ilc
manner an,! rcdueeil the country ; but were in ih. ir turn
difpo'i'.-lUd by tlie Romans. 'I'ovv.uds the bcgimiing ot
the fiftii cent irv it was over-run bv the Swabians, Afuis,
.nr.d Vandals ; bi;t thvfe were loon fubdued by tiie V'ili-
EOth'i, wii') entered Spi'in under the romrn.iiul of their
king Aio';'I'.u.., or Adolpbus. W'ltifa, one of tin li kiiu'.s,
dyinr^ in thc^■.^r7II, the kingdom was dividd into
factions, and t'/ public revenues j'lcally diminillied by
the wealth whi.h the 1 ifliops and clergy had accumulat-
ed. Such \\A^ the llale ol the nation when k:iig Rude-
raceii<, hecuine ni.lljrs ol t'lc kingdom,
tion h.ipp.jKd in liie ye.n 7.,;.
Kl.igiu:., a prince of the \ ui_.;..ll.: , v/itli a trre.:! !,■■.
bir of tlie (.iothie riobdry, hi., k.lbuvers, witaiiieVii'ta
Ci.dicia, liifcay, and t.,c nioiiniains ot Alluri i : otiin-
bodies ut the fame nation diqieikd thtinlUves miuN.,
varre,^ Airagon, and the I'ueiuMii mmiinains ; ti;us
the Gothic empire became divi.kd into
P''tty ll..tvS ; tor reiagiu.s hav.ng
victory oier the .Moot', the r. nunnng Goths lnukt.^j.j
lino mcoticeivable miimolitiis, and leparate!;' laij th,:
foundations ol' the kingilonis of Lein, I;,.v,.rrc .-W.
ragon, an 1 Sobiarbieii ; .md of the earldoms of (..l;i',;|.
liarcdo;:.', ,.\c. I line fiii.dl dates were n.'t <.r.b a].i!
liiiuallyat war \v,th the Mi ors, but wit.i i-.,c.. 0; J,
Heiite t:.'. if ficquem. qu.irrels and allianc s nud.! -x]
hilloiy vejy imiicate. 'iir; l<iii;'dom of C.ilSiie ,:i..: i^.
tiigon at iLigt'n b.xair.e fup , 'or to ih ■ rell ; 1 ut ihyu' ;,
they wcie il.rice united by ma,,. .-.•, ',.y fui.u ui-.j;-;"]
ag.iii i l;ll, in 1472, aptrpetud 11:1:011 t ■ Ic piju-, i^
means ol the n:,'iiiage of leid;n,md, l,.ii..:iijrv iirini';:
of Arragcn, to llabella, I'.eircfs of L'alii'e, who, in j.,-.
became kiiij; and (ju-en ol Calli! • j a;id, on tiie liut'ij
l-'erdin:ind'3 lath. . ;ii 1479, of Arra^on aiuj. To Caf.
lib; at tliat time buong,e,I n t o.ilv buth the Ca!t:i':s :i;:i
t.ilr.iinadiira, bat Andalnlia, .M'ureia, J,. ,11:, jij , ]
Aliuiias i Navait'^, 'Jifcay, Cjidpul.o,:, :\\m.-^ ];, '
and (jalicia ; Air«goii iii>ludid .Vir..iuiii, l..,.t.i;.;;;i
Ro-.;iillon, Valencia, and t;.e idaiuis ol Maiorea, .\I,.
noiva, nvA \ v.. 1.
I''erdin:ind, on bis full obtair.i.i 1 this g e,it !.!:'.■ .i.,:-n
iiimcdialely ereckd the eourt ot inqu;:r.:o:i ; aaJ, ::i
1491, by tiie cotiqueit of the city 01 t.i;aiia.l„, pn; .;,
tnd to the do:iv,!ni.'ii ol the Moius in Spain, 011 v,,;;iii
a,-count tlie pope gave him tiie title ol ti.e .Mel; C.:-
tnolic king
Uy the articles of capitulation on vvbieli Gr,.ii.-\.la fii:.
rendered, Jjoabdil, the .Mooiilh king, wna l-^i, lusji;;;
I lubmitted to do l:oiiiage to IVr.iinand and l:'ab:hj, i;:i
j condition of retaining tlie pr.lkiUon ot tluir kiii.;deni a;i,i
I tiieir laws, witil the lice c.wrci.e of their rehtti.ui. .'lu;
, tins capitulatioti was fooii viol.ited, and it being rcfuiuj
to put all to death who retukd lo be b.iptiz.cd, I'cvord
hundred thoufands <d' them fled toAfiita; and th-.;r
Jewifh (u' 'tits, who weie very iiumetous, v.ere b.a!i:li.:J
to I'ortiiga!.
Ifabella, the conloitof l\rdinan,), now enab'cii :!:.■
jullly celtbiated C'olunib'.i:i to undertake ti,,' dilcin :v
of new roiintries bevnn 1 the /\:lantie Oe.an, ;.ii.l ,ii
1492 he failed to the Weil Ii.diis.
In 151^4 king I'Vidinaii'! acquiicd, by (:i.'.:.i,icm, iV?
whole kingdom of Na)'les. In I5G9, he c<.::i;iervii (),-,; 1
on the coail of Al'iiea, -md in 1512 n'ade h:::,lelf n:;!!!:r
of the kingdom of Navarre ; by which the llvcral It.::.,
of Spain were united into one body, in 14.^(7 a faarr,:.':
was concluded between I'hilip ol .Aultria and Jolia:;i.i,
d.iugbter to Kerdinan>l, which fooii aker caii.idtv-
Aullii.in dominions to be u:ii!cd to tlic Sp.iirllii !. r
Cli,ulesV'. giand-fo;i to lerdinanil, in 1 5;.>, Kiairi
both king ol Spain .nd cn.peror id Gernuiiv ; bat :i
1556 religiivd the empire ii; favour of his brotiicr i vi-
dimmd.
Mis km and fiicctlliir lo l!u" throne rf .'i.Min wis
I'liihp II. who alio pollell'.d Milm, with the iiveiircca
provinces of the N .'iieiluid.-, and ib.e comity ol iiin-
gundy 1 and in 15S1 fi,b;lued I'ortugal. Hut ::itcnipliii;
to uoverii as atbitraiily in the Is'i llKrlam's, a., his lather
had done in S;)aiii, md at the fame time itiirrduciiii: i
kind of inquiruioii lor the tuppreliioii of ibj 1 .'jtcllaiit',
is gcncMlIv atiii.
il tlic (Juihic la,,,.,
- ■■•■ly, or d,iu.;i,(Jf
llcililUCIlt, Kl'njv;
n, Ills never bccii
it-it.iin, ih.,t ip,;,||
tr.Utaiiil trtMchci ■
.'I' I'fSa-illl.-; wl,j
ulilliiulv tu rc\,.l|
».ji (Uu;!(.d tu i^_.
iiii-.;! tl.c Vili-.iti.i",
il Ar.;b-;.n3 uu'l ;'..!
uni. 1 111', :^ju\\:~
with a inc.;; i,,'-,.
■trs, wit.uiicw l:;ii,
•i I'l Attiiti. : oiiitr
htilll'Llvi.-.< lllto\,;.
1 l)iiilllU.lills ; ;;.,.jj
iiiti) a luini'-cr ct'
in 716, ('uiiicj^
li.', Golllj lllukf CWI
li-paratcly laij tho
,cMi, I>i..v..ric, ;\r.
LMrKliiiMs ()! t..-.;,;,.
wcic not i.nlj ^i|.,.
Jt wit.i iMt.i oi'tr.
Si'.UV.
E u i; O P E.
4.9
illiaiu
i\ll
iJ.r
,1 III ^-.ll;i;c 111..; .'.r-
11- kII i lut llvi,, ,1
'i.y Imii lVr.ji-a",l
;i:(iii t . k |iji.c, liv
il, i,ui..;,ijrv |iii,ii,:
alii';!.-, who, 111 14- j,
aiiJ., uM liiv ika::iut
,1^011 ail.). To Cal-
.x.th ill-.- C.i!t;ivs .m.!
tij, I.vDi;, ji:J ,-..■
il.o.!, Ai.iv.,, Ri j ,
\ir..aoii, (...i.C.\-u,
:s i>l .u.iiur-..
a;.-
ih;> ? c.;t ;.!:■;. :.o,
iiqu;;'..;o;i ; aa.', :a
01 (.iiana.l.., [>'.i: .a
ill Sjuin, (111 v.'.iirli
lie ol ts.c .Niul; C.;-
whic'.i Gr. ii:'..la fu:-
, witii hii liibii.,"?,
.1 auJ l'.;b.!la, i.a
ili.ir kiiijJi'm i;:,:
their leligMii. i;,,:
nJ it bcini! rcl'u!\'.J
be li.ii;;i;,r.!, tcv.r.l
/\trka ; aiiJ th;.r
,is, were baaJi.'.J
no'.v rnab'cii '}.:
ert.:kc t'r." ililem -iv
itic Oecan, aiiJ ui
by (:i.-.;.i^cm, i'l.'
lie c(;-i| lervilOr.'. 1
irn !e h:r..rell n::il!'.:
h the :aer..I It.:'...
ill 147'' a ir.arr.!.';
viihia r.iul J')l',a:a,a,
:i al'icr caa.tJ f.e
I tllC t!|V.I!l:l!l ; I'T
, 111 15:,?, baair^-
Cierni.:iiy ; l':it a
ol lr.ib:ot:icr i'.i-
rone ft '■
with the
,i.!;n 1V15
Icvciiicca
i!\i; cfaiiity ol Hia-
!. l<wt ::itcni|)t»i^'
latuis, «.. bis lather
ti.iic iniirciuciiif a
.lu-'fih:; 1 :..U'ii.iM',
occafionccl an alnioft
bct'.m to bf vfry nuniPrrtur,,
aiul a civil w.ir C(inmiciici:cl, in
to-
turtureil
bly of the flat.-?, or the noniin.itlon of a '.int?, they take
pl.icc of all tcnipoial lonls, the roiil!a''k' aiul aniirant of
(.'altiltTcxtcptcd. They ciiiny all the |H;viIegis of a'l.ke,
though noiliikes by l.Je. When the Uiii,; i.ikes the air
on hoilebaek, they riJc ne.vt to his perfon, the m.ilKrof
;;u; horfe only cxcrptcel, who by viitin; of his olVu e mle'i
by the king's fule. 'I'hc kin;; in wiilii'^ (jr fjicakilii;
(tiles tlicni [irinee or coiilin-geiman. Ai .in aihlieiue of
the pope they are piMinitteil to (it, aiu! hc' gives them t'lo
title ot Sriiiiiiiia. K'o gran;'ce can be taken in'.o cultoJy
lor any offence, unlel's by cxprefs orJer of the kir.',' ; and
it nniU be bii;li ticafon, or ionie other heiii'.iis ciiinc a-
l^aiiUf the il.it.', that ran oic.ilion tho obtainiiv.; of liicli
an order. 'I hey and their elvletf funs are li.le.l I'.xcel-
leiicy, and they even clleeni theinlelves Kpial to thi;
princes of the empire and of lt..ly.
I'he princ ipd Older of knii;hlbood in Spain is til .t of
theCiolJenl'liece, which received its ori'.v'i lioni tbeiJur-
LMiiidian dominion::, and at prefeiit beioivi': be.th to the
kings of Spain and the hoiil'o of Auil.ia. 'I'hc collar of
the order coiifills of an aliornate rail"/' o! 'joUtn !'in;s
and (teds, wi'h I'parks of lire on all l:d..s, .n.d a golden
Ib.e.e pfiulaiit fioni it, willi this motto, At^iRr n'a, li.M.
Charles V. peimitte.l the kn j;hts, iiillcad of this i.,,lar,
to wear only a Uarlet libl-oii.
The three orders projc:Iy Spanifl), and wb.ch h.n-e a
revenue annexed to them, are,
'I'heorder of St.Jagodi Compoftclla, inri:ii!eil in 1175,
by Kerdiiiand il. king of 1. eon, and h,.s fur its badge a
red imiloi.ii crols, divided into twelve depaitmeiits.
1 bis older has fuiir convents who an- b:othcr:i of the
H.lll _ .
^dicral inlmreclioii, , , . ,
„.-hthediil.eof Aha, the km>; ol Sp.nn s "cneral, ex-
^' iltd '-rea: criieliic Tli. v were then aHilK-d by Fdi-
'"ili-'i'li '"iMieeii ol Kngland, an. I bv l'"raiKC. LIpon which
I'li'i! in fitted out tUeniod tormid.ibU: lleet that ever (ailed
riii'the ocean ; this w.is bis b:i.illed invincible armada,
"'lili which he attemptc.l to invade Iviiglaiid ; b'lt it was
•'' J -rear nieadiie di-lf roved by the llotius ol lie.iven and
I'l'.bavcrvofthe Kn,il.(h.
|)j,;;i , 111, weak:'in;d bin country by expelling a mil-
i:;.|, niore of the Moors, and the new convtrls that
ij'iaie.l behind were perpetually p tL-cuied an..
h; tt.e iiuiuiiilioii.
L'mUr I'hilip 1\'. Portugal flinok oft the SpaniMiyokc,
a'll iVver.d other countries revolted. In iC:4S ih.it piiiiec
•v's i.blii;ed t') ai knowledge tif I 'iiitcd I'rovinees a tree
,',j:peii.lent Hate ; and in' 1059 he loit all the county ot
li.ialilb'ii. Ch.irles II. w.is dilpod'elled of a great part ot
\vlut lie' eiijoved in other parts of the Netherl.inds,as like-
vi.e of I'laiiciie (.'oniptc, and by I'.ij deal.i m 17CJ his
l.iiiiv became exiinct.
I'liilip, duki; (pf Anjoii, graiid-fon to I.e'.vi, XIV. of
I'ljnce, by Chailes':; will, afceiuled the throne of. Spain ;
i.a: lids oe'C.ilioiie.l thirteen ye.irs war betwe. 11 I'Vance
a:'ij tlie hoiile o, A;;ltiii, tdl, by the peace of Utieeht,
|'.,ill>'s poll. 'lion wa^ confirmed by ceding Gibr,:ii.ii an I
'.liiiJica to bin '1.111,1, and Sicily to the duke ot Savoy ■,
t.iecnipcror Cli.iiies VT. being only able to obt.iin the
Xcdicilands and certain domini.iiis in It.ily.
la I'l7 l''>dip took Sicily and h.irilinia from the cm-
ii.rjr i but ill l/iO acceded to the (|iiadrii|iie alliaiice,
i.,.1 reiiouiiced all claim to France, the Sjiamlli Neth^r-
hiiJs, li.dVj Sicily, and Sardinia, which v.'as conlirined
la r:.) by the peace ol Vienna, ia wdiicli Charles VI. re-
Iii.quilhed ail pret( nlions to tho crown of Sp.'.in ; but ill
i-'.ho piocuied liis foil Don Callus to bo invell.d with
I >* . .'■ 1
Is.iples aiiu oiciiy.
Ill 1730 -I ^'''i" broke out between I'.nglaiul and Spain,
ni'icr wiiich kin; I'erdinand VI. at the treaty of Aix la
l.'iiapclle, found ine.ins to procure for hi. half-brother,
Doa I'l.i.i!', the three duel, les of l'..rma, I'lacentia, and
(Juall.illa. J'tidiiiand die.l in 1 751:1, when bis br.i'.her
]),in Carlos, king of the I uoSicilieb,afceiidcd the tlirone.
The titles of the king of Sji.iiii run thus : Charles III.
fv il-.c ".race of Ciod king of Callile, Leoii, .\rragon,
lac Two Sicilies, Jeiufakm, Navarre, (iraiiad.i,'r(dedo,
V.il'^ieia, Ciaiieia, M.ijorca, Seville, Cerdaia, Cordo. a,
C.ilKa, Murei.i, Jacii, the .'Mgarves, of Alge/.ira, Gibral-
l.a, the Canary 111 iiuU, th.' i'.alf and Weil liulie?, the
liLuidsand Continent of tiie Ocean ; archduke of Aullria;
duke of liurguiidy, IJr di.int, and .Milan, of Hiplburg,
flaiuieis ' "■"'1 ""'' I'ar-elona ; loid of liil.-.iy and
.\ljliiia, »-:c. He alio enjoys tlu- title of .Moll Calbolic
kirii;, and lince the yrvir 1 ^'.S the hereditary piiiice is
l'ui\l prince of theAlhniaj. The other rowil children
ar;- called ini'antas.
The .iriin of Spain are a fliii-IJ divided into four quar-
ters, o' which the upiiermoll on the right hmd ,iii.J the
|,,well on the Icit co.:'ain a callle or, with ihrce towers
lorCiililc ; and in the rippcrmoll on the left an.l the
in'ji'ilt on the right are ilirce lions f;,ules, lor I. eon ; with
three lilies in the center lor .Arijnti.
The inferior nobility iliie themfelvcs (aval'nz! and
IlL'r^n; but enjoy no privileges above the burgliers.
H.ivvevtr, tho higher iiobilitv, iiuKulin .', the duke:, tiiar-
qiiiii.s, and counts, who .no llded tiio :ilnl.s,i)T t::ii:\i.iji;
and paiticularly the grandees, whot.ike pr-cedence next
the kiic and th: princes of ihc blood, enjoy great privi-
Ici'es. 'I'hey aie di\ ided into three dalles, but coiifuler
tlieiufelves as being all upon an cipiility: yet when the
king noniin.ites a grandee, if be be of the lirll clafs, he
kili'.s the king's liaiid, and returns bis ni.ijelly thanks j folute ; the whole governmriit being in the hands of the
order, levcn religious ones, one C(jllei;,c, live hei.fpitals,
and lix lurmltagis.
Tho Older of Cal.itrava, iiiflilutcd by Sancbo III. of
Callile, has for its badge a red crols, divided into five
(lepaitments. To this order bcIon2 one convent cf re-
ligious, and one college.
T'he order of Alcantara, the badge of which is a li'y
placed crofs-wife, was inftituted by Fcrdin:in.l 11. king
of Leon, and w..s at firll called St. Jnli.in do Percgio.
1 his Older is aifo divided into five I'eparimLiils, and tu
it bell ng three convents of rcligicns, and on; college.
The king i;. grand mailer of tliefe irder:.
Bolides thefe, th.- ptcfent king of Spain has no'.v in-
troduced the Neapiiitan order 01 St. Jainiariu : ; ami Ins
oidcred it to be worn in ';;is court ..bovc the l'"rc;r;h orucr
of the Holy CJlioif, or that of the Gulden Meece.
Spain, fioni the Gothic times to t!'..it if Pel.igiii:-, was
an elective kingd. ,n i and for two cviiuirl^s atterwarJ.i
the throne was lille.l by the liiliragcs of the I'.ates, who,
howeicr, in no inllance depirted from the ro)al family.
At prcleiit the crown of couifo devolves, without any
form or cercnionv, to the iicarell in blood, and fcnial'.s
are cnp:iblc of iuheiiting ; but it is onlv on the failure
ol the male line, if the next heir be incap.ible of I'overn-
mnit, tfp.ecially wlien on the decoale o: the former king
alfairs are in confufion, the dates arc impo-.vered to
(hoole five- pcrfons to take the adniinilhatiDn upi.n them,
among whom the ijiiccn-mothei is to h:dd tlic ciiicf place.
On the inauguration of a i.ew nioiiarcli, lu is pro-
claimed ill the ehuich of the Jeromitrs at liueii Retiro,
and receives homage fiom the ilaics ; but he is neither
anrnnteil nor crowneil ; lor ihcfo ceremonies have been
difufed lor fume centuries.
The anciert Spanifli cortrs rcfcrrib'cd our parlia-
ment, it conlilling of tho clergy, the ..ricierit nobiiuy,
and the deputies uf the towns ; and the Icgidative autho-
rity was fo blended in that of the king and the iKues,
that no laws could bo made, repealed, or lufpoiidod,
nor any money railed upon the (ubjeds, but with their
common conlent. LUa now this cortes is l.\iil afide ;
; Spam is no Itrngr r a mixed monarchy, but cntrrtlv ab-
cenered i if of the fecond, he does not cover himldftiii
alter the compliment ; and 11 of tae third, he does not
put on Ills hat till lie has killed his hand, and returned
luiii. place among the gr.iii.l. es who are preieiu.
i'he pre-eminence of a grandee does not loldv corif.ll
of hi., bcin.-; co\ered in the king's prdmcc ; thi. b::iiig
cmiuivin tioth-TS, as cardinals, nuncios, ..rehbilliop^,
■ii\i the amball'adoni uf cto iViicd iKiids j fur at aij all'em'-
king and bis iiiinillers, and the council, which arc al-
ways at his devoli.iii. This ch:ingo liom mixed to ab-
f ilute mmiarchv, was occaiioircd by the timi.lity of the
commons ot Callile, who having, ill their lalt lliugglcs
lor cNpiririg Ireedom, fupported (orfomc time a war againit
the crown, on a lingle dc.'eat, in the moll abjec.t maiiiit r
delerted tlie noble I au(e of liberty. This war began in
the ycai i^'io, and UlUd ynly tvs'o years j at whidi
time
ptii^lilii'
I-.
*■■■.
■iL
*
-i
1,-
4ZO
A SYSTEM OF
^^i l^illf ^
lllf
i '1 I
M i
G E O G R A P H X.
inJu
Sp
AIV
lu-
timc Charles V. Cirricd his point with a hi;!h h.uiJ, anJ
toKl the ciirtcs he would aUv.iys have the I'upplit:; giaiueJ
firll, anil then would pal's the h'.ils tlicy pctitioiu-d lor,
and not bcforo, to which they timidly l'uh:niucd. Since
the time of Philiji ill. in the he;ji[inin,j ot" the feven
teenth century, the rortes have been dilcontiniied, and
there have been no other allanMy than conventioni ot
iho deputies or ajenis of the towns, among whom are
i'etiKd the ncciflary ta.xes.
The laws of Spain arc chiefly compounded of the Ro-
man civil law, the rnval edicts, and probably certain
provincial ctillnms. 'Where (hey thought the Roman
law was not liiiTiciently cxtenfive, thev have made \.<i^y
additions ot their o.vn ; thefe aie calKd tiie Lcyrs ,ic P.' -
tiilm, and at prefent form a fyltein of modern Spanifli
law, and have been publilhed ill fix volumes octavo.
The name PiirliJui comes fiom their being divided into
chapters.
The mod weighty affairs of ftatc arc difcufl'.d in the
council of llato, which confilts of a prtlident, three other
coiinfcllcrs, a Iccretary of (late, and two other I'ccre-
tniirs.
The fuprcmc royal council, or royal council of Ca-
ftile, is the highell court of judicature, and is divided
into five inferior courts or chambers, viz. the full and
terond halls of ^'overnment, which are frequently ;;!"-
fcinblcd as one, to determine appeals made from the
chanceries of Valladolid and Granada. 'I'he hall of the
jT/,7^i^/..''«;V);.',-.i, fo callid b<caufethe parties muillirit de-
pofitc hftcen hundred doVdas, about two hundred and
twrnty-three pounds, before the appe.il can be lodged :
this is nothinj moie than a committee of ihc fuprtme
councd. I'hc hall of JiiHice, which is a court for nut-
ters purely litigious ; and the h dl cf the Prov.i-.ce,
which is a court for matters chiefly relating to the po-
lice ; the provinces being dillribuied amoi-.T the fevcn
counfcllors of the full hall of guieriimcnt.
The chamber of the alcaldes of the court and houfe- ' 'He Diiijiovi of Spur, ni,/j a Dr/liifilloii cf tie iiim.l^n
hold, which may alfo be clafled with the great councils,! c Pio^imr (,/ (j.itiiim'iu , cin!ni):i>i^ its Shuniiin^ lix.
conurts of a governor or prefident, twelve judges, and a '
tifcal. _ !
Tl'.e fuprcmc council of war is at prefent compof. d of
four counfellors, one of wliom is fecietary, one hfcal,
.nid three aflcllijrs, who are members of the royal coun-
cil of Caftilc. This council detrmines all caufes le-
lating to the army, except what belongs to thcfolljwin.'
council.
'["he fuprcmc royal council of the Indies contills of a
governor, twenty-two counfellors, four fecrctaries, two | Navarre; the latter includes oidy Arr.T.v.n, C.italunij,
tor I'eru and two I'or New Sjiain, one accomptant pene- \ and V'.ileiuia, with the iflaiids in the .Meiiitcrranean.
ral, and other officers. 'I'tiis tribunal dcuJcs without j VWfliall begin wirh Catalonia, which i; bouiiJtj on
•appeal in aft'.iirs relating to the Spanifh feas and pof- ' the weilby Ariagon and \'aUncia ; on the fouth ai.d ciU
fefiions ;n America. ; by t'lie Mediterranean; and on the noun i,. I'lparatiJ
gences ; licences for cat'n^ biitici', cho fe, n,i]|,
and ei;as, in Lent ; the lui-lidies and tithes of 'rj,,,, '
and ahbcy-laiiJ', ; the money p .i ! by thi.fe orrlcis in u,,'
of the lances and galleys tiiey were bcinid to lur'nij], '
the taxes on down", couuuons, and oilu-r palluies' ih!
Madrid i-xife; the ihiri's, tenths, and p itrinuinuj i, „,''
ol Catalonia, Aira,.on, Valencia, and M.ii/.ria ; t'ne e ■
ckTi.dtu.il payiiunts for tlie niiiit;iry hol'nita!s • il."
t|iiukldv'r, and oiher Ainnivaii rewiiues; the W'tft"
India trade; tae coinai^e, ^vc. all w;iich together a'
mount at piefcnt to aboi.t three nnlhon three hum'-il
f. ventv-three t.ouL.nd two hundred eiduv-eiiht o-juml-
Iteiling
'Ihe Spanilii land f.rvfs loiil'in of ninety-fi.-; thouf.jni
live hundnd and niiuty-t veil me;i. 'I he kingdom i-
alto well defended on aii liili^ : towar.L l'"i,ince jt |,
leeure fence in tc.e I'yrciK an niounl.dns ; and the
coalls ar, line.l with redoubt-., I'o'ts, and lowers; and un
the country the .iriny of an in inv Wculd be put to verv
great ineonveinences, particularly the herle, lur want J"
to rage.
I he n.ival forces of Spam coiifnr :it prcli'nt cf fc:*v-
li.-ven fliip; of the line, twenty-one tru-ates, t'ouritcn.
xebecs, tour paci;ct-l()tts, and I'eveineen b..mb-Mfi'il, .
tlic complcnuiit of all which .nnount to foity-Jive thou-
I'and nine hiindied iixtvmcn.
The foreign polli;llion» of the crown ct Sn^in in
Africa, arc the tonn. of C'eiita, Oran, and .\lafa|.
quiver, <n the coalt of IS.iibary ; in y\fia, the ifaiul. of
St. Lazarus, the Pliiiippiii'"., and Ladronts ; the <;i..M{elfc
part ol tlie n-,ain land of South-Amcica ; and in Nciiti.
America,
of Cuba,
.Ic.xico, i\
..rt o; llilp
cw i'-Ie.\'eo, Ciiiuriiia, the jiUnJ
'.nio!:;, Poit>j Ki,
-U, CvC.
SECT. VL
tftit, kii'iis, PmluiC, and p i'uipul C.tiis, f'.niuuLij
'iiit.j,!, 1 tntii^t.iui't BdycchKii, A'5/ii, tit.J Ciiaui,
Til I- kingdom of Spain confill-i of main l.nid and
id 01 Is. The nia:n IjiuI is divided into liniriii-i
provinec, lome of wnicli are rci koiicd to bcloni; t.i tho
crown of Callile, ami olheis to Arr.igon : the lym.T
are Old and 'ncw Callile, iiiicae, Leon, Alhiri.i, (Jj.
licia, Lllieinadura, An.lalulla, Cjianada, .Miircia, unj
The counci
bcrs, or hall;.
The great court of the civ
of the finance^ is divided into four cham-
;!ivided into the tv
chambers of V.dladolid and CJranada, which include
the whole kingdom : but though Arragon, V'aleiuia,
and Catalonia, loll: their old privileges, yet they Hill le-
taln a court of chancery among thenifelves, in audiciw es
held in the capit.d of each kingdom, wdiofe deteimina-
tions are only fubjec't to the fupreme council of C.tliile.
Jf it be a cafe of property, the fuit is conmienced in that
chancery to which the pl.iinnlf belongs, and then the I f>atin Sicoiis, the largcit ot ail the luer
affair is referred to the fupieme royal council, at which | It has its I'ource in Ceidagne, and teceiv.
the king may oidcr all the deputy councils to alliff. All | the Noguci
other caufes go before the rcl'pective courts to wdiich 1 the Cervera.
from I'lance by the l'yrcnc:.n mountains. Its gitanli
extent from call to welt is a hundred and twelve hngiiih
miles, and from north to foulh a hundred fiirty-ti-l;.
It was formcily larger than a: prefuu ; hut Fiance r.as,
atdifierent times, curtailed it of tiie counties of RouIi'Imi
and Conflans, a good part ofCerdagne, and longfiiicecf
Foix.
'I'his fine country is watered by Icvcral tiiers, fjmcof
which intermix, wdiile others liiicharge llicmlelvts fe[i:-
ratcly into the fea. t)f the lirlt tort is the Scjrc, in
of Catalor. -,
in i! 1 p.ili ;•:
,1 I'all.ircfa, the Noguera Ribagor/ana,
It afterwards unites with the Cinca,
vJ
thi'v belong.
'i'hc revenue of the king arifes principally from the
tenth of every thing fold, to which may be added the
tithes and fourths of a hundred ; the excifc on wine,
oil, t.dlow, io.ip, paper, lalt-filh, c'ic. the ufual aid of
four hundred and foriv-onc thoufand one luin died and
(evcnty- fix crowns, paid by all under the rank of nobi-
lity ; the wine gauge money ; the llamp duties and the
halt aniiate.i ; the duties on provifions, wdnch is four
at lall lol'es itftif in the I'.bro. Of the (econd kind, ht-
(ides the l.irge river Lbro, which pafIVs thiough oniv a
linall part of Catalonia, is the Franeoli, \,liiili falls iiuii
the fea at 'Farragona ; the Llob;eg:^t, ancivntiy cili. I
the Rubricatus, which receives us fouris in tne mo . 1-
t.dn of I'cndis, and dilchjr.-e-. itielf into the lea bt!ii.v
Uarcelona; the Hclos, or IJeudus. which alio join., i!";
(u.i not l.ir from IJarcelona ; the 'I'er, I'hicis, or 1 l;i-
ceris, wdiich ilVucs between the mountains, and dif. Umzh
liver Fi'.nia,
and anu'hcr
teen p-T cent, thofe on fait, tobacco, the poft-oiSce, the : itf it into the fea below 'i'oriilla; the
regulations of the ciowii of Arragon, and the bull of|whi h falls into the fea near tmpuii
the ciulado, by virtue of which the clerjy and laity |)ay j
a contribution to'vards carrying on a war with the in-
fidels, c\eii whether thcr; l)e .wy luch war or not j'
Llohtegar, the mouth of which is near Roles.
'l'hou'.;ii C.italonia does not produce fugar cincs, l.ko
iht; rill <ji the puvitKCs ul up .in, y;t 1'. er.j jys a very
7
,iml ccnvciits ; t
Sl'Alf-
E U R O F fi.
42 i
1 (uji^ witli .1 pine and wholofomc air. The winters
f ,(,c nortlicni p.irts contijiiions to ilic Pyrenees, are
" .nleJ with lomi: fioll anil liiow ; hut in the fDUtticrn,
•"" ,,||.irlv alona 'he lea coall, that Ifjlbn is very mild.
?''. '-i~o(( cniircly mountainous, a few places excepted,
,tend themfelves into moll delightful plains ;
p.,rucui.
1; is almoti
which cxie
but thel'c mou
ntains are fo far from being barren, that
thfV ar
„,[• covered with wood and fruit trees. The coun-
'VcUls plenty of wine, corn, oil, puHe, and fruit.s,
',' a .-.11'" pro'li'^'s a gre.it quantity of flax and hemp,
•|"l,e'ilelh meat of this country, and in general all pro-
vilir>ns aie excellent.
\Vi;h refpcdt to minerals, marble, cryftal, alabaftcr,
iaipcr, anicthyrts, &c. are found here ; likewife gold,
•V I- 'tin, lead, iron, alum, vitriol, and fair, and the
'.,,( 'has Icvcral coral fifhcrics. In fiiort, this province
!'"onc of the moft populous in all Spain, and contams an
aichbiftoprick, fcveii bifhopricks, tweniy-eight large ab-
■ ,c one principality, two duchies, five rnarquilateu,
(■.■viitecn earldoms, lourteen vifcouiits, and a niuliitude
f,; baronies.
«c>Tie rconraphcrs divide this principality into Old and
\ v; Catalonia, iiicUidinL; in the former the country cx-
,.p,i,ii' callward from the Pyreiiean mountains along the
- cr l.lobrcgat to the RltHliterranean ; and, in the latter,
|'.£V comprehend that traift to the weft, which extend.!
irom the Llobieuat to the confines of Valencia and Ar-
- -on. riii'' country is ufually divided into filtcen jiiiif-
ii'lions, fix of wliich liealong the coall ; thefe are thole
f/Tottof,i, .Vlonblane, 'I'arragona, Villa l'"ranca, de
|i, ujjrs, Barcelona, and (jcrora. Along the Pyrencaii
■■■■uiitauis are the two jurildiftions of C'ampredon and
I'liicrJ.i, wiiii the earldom of CerJagne. Tiie twoju-
,,lJ;Ctisns of BL'Iagui-r and Leridajoin to the trontiersof
AriJ^'Jii i and witjiin the country are thofe of Agramoiit,
[j.fjja, Covera, Mannla, andVique: but as it is iin-
"Sible to liilHiiguiili wiih any certainly the pl.icts ht-
TOirin" to e.'ich jiiiifdiclion, we fliall iiileit the moft re-
maritai'l ■, witaout (hicl'iy attending to thefe minute
cilililJllS.
Tottof.! is an anticnt, large, and fortified city, on the
n-ro, over which it has a brulgc of boats. It lies partly
i-ii a level, .in.l partiv on a hill, eighty miles to the vvelt-
IvKmth of Biircelona, and a hundred and eighty-five to
'.ncealt of Mailrid. It is divided into the Old and New
Tcwn, of whiih the foiniet is the largelt. The avenue
;o it is dcfi'iuled by two b.Utioiis and other out-works,
2;:J the antient fliong callle, which is built in the form
cMcitailel, ii.inds on an eminence between the two
K'Tiis. H'-'re are five gates, feventy-cight iheets, with
a:p;;cious fijuarc or market-place, and many churches
am! convents ; the bifliop, who is fulfrag.in to the arch-
|-i(:!i)p of Saragollii, has an annual venue of fiiieen
thoufaiul ducais. Its univerlity is iiuoniiderable ; but
the adjacent conutry abounds in corn and fruit, oil and
filk, aiiJ with (]uarries and minev ; for there are thofe
cffilvcr and iron, alabatter, very fine jafper of various
ro'curs, and Hones with veins of gold. 'I'hey alfo m.ikc
I'tre fine potters-ware, which refemble porcelain.
Tarra^'ons, an antient and (Iroiig city, is fituatcd on
::; caiiiuiice near the mouth of the little river I'lancoli,
f'i!tv-five miles to the north-call of 'I'ortol'.i, and almit
;iio iaiiie diliance to the well of Harcclona. It is neither
1" larpr nor Ha populous as it was formerly ; for though
therein room for two thoufaiul houfes within the v.alls,
ti-crc are nor above five hundred, which are all built of
l.!r;:c fipiare Ifones ; but it is (fill the fee of an arch -
liilhn|i, who enjoys a revenue of twenty thoufand ducats
a year. It has an univerfity founded in the year 1512.
I:s harbour, on account of its many rocks, will not ad-
mit of lliips of burthen ; but it has a pretty good iradr*.
Ii'.e neighbouring country produces corn, oil, flax, and
vorv goiul wine j and both within and without the city
are to he fecn the ruins of magnificent buildings, and
mhcr ornament.! of antiquity.
Ill this city are a multitude of Roman infcriptions, and
nor lar from thence, in the road to li.ircclona, you pafs
unJcr a very h.mdfome triumphal arch, crcfted by the
faiiii'v of the Licinii, adorned with fluted Corinthian
((liutnii';, and a pediment with dcntiles, like the Ionic
Older. A little way on ciic liJc the road, fomewbat
79
farther on, is the tomb of the Scipios ; it teing the bale
of:;;; „b:'..;l;, or pyramid, ereitcd to their memory, with
a figure on each fide in the Roman habit ; thefe are by
lonie thought to be dcfigncd for the two Sci|>ios, but
others (uppofe them to rcprcfcnt weeping flavis.
Barcelona, or Barcino, the capital of Catalonia, is a
large and well fortified Tea port, (bated at the foot of
Montjoui, in the forty firfl degree twenty minutes lati- 'il'^J^.
tude, and in the lecond degree five minutes eafl longitude, ^•'•'■■f-
It opens to the fea in a beautiful femicircle, between ihi;
rivers Llobrcgat and Befes. It i^ a large and well forti-
fied place, divided into the Old and New Town, which
are (eparated .m each other by a wall and ditch. Moll
of the (Irects .,;e broad, well paved, and clean. U has
nuny beautiful (Iruftures, a large and fuperb cathedral,
witli fome other beautiful churcius and convent.s, and
ieveral handlome fquares. At the chiir(h of Capiulel-
mona, or the Alrns-taker, clofi: by the cathedr.d, three-
hundred poor[ico;)le are daily fed. The number of houles
in Barcelona is computed at about fiftijen thouf.ind. lis
hifhopio fulVragan to the metropolitan cf Tarragona, anj
liis annual revenue is computed at ten th.oufand ducats.
Here is alio an univerfity, an academy of the fine arts
ereded in 1752, a court of iiiquifiti.m, and a ri)\,d au-
dience of Catalonia, in which, next to the governor and
captain-general, fits the legent. I'he other members
here are ten coiinfellors, five criminal, or iuHici:iry,
oHicers, and two fifcals. On the coalt olB.irclona is a
fule road, 'i he city carries on a eoou trade, and has a
large, deep, and fecurc harbour, defended on one fidu
by a l.irge mole, at the cxtieiiitiy ol' which is a lijht-
j hoiile, with a little fort, and a garrifon for tnc defcnec
I of fmall vefieb, thole of lar|;:.r burtivjiij lying out in the
; road. On the the other fide the caiile of Montjoui crjvers
i the h;irbour, between whicli and the city \t. a line of
; communication, and upon this is a fort, whereby iho cn-
j trance of tne harbour is flanked and eommaitdcd.
Barcelona had its own counts till the year 1 162, when
I it was united to Arragon. In jO.fO the inhabitants rc-
1 volted, and put themlelves into the hands of the French ;
, but in 1O52 the city was reduced by the Spaniards. In
I 1691 and lb')- it was befiegcd and taken by the French,
I under the duke of Vendofine ; but the l.ime year was re-
I liiired to the Spaniards by the treaty of Ryfwic. The
French pollcfling themfelvoa of this city and the refl: of
the Spanilh monarchy in i-fo, kingCharles III. after-
wards emperor of (iermany, by the title of Charles VI.
took it on the fourth of October, 1705, f*ord in hand,
after a fiegc of only three weeks, with a handful of men,
not much more numerous than the garrifon which de-
fended the place. In April 1706, Philip, duke of An-
jou, and m.irfhal Tefi'e, invellcd it with a large train of
brals artillery, and a numerous army ; but the citv, ani-
mated by the prefence of kin:r Charles, held outthirtv-
five days, till relieved by lord Peterborough and Sir Jotiti
Leake, who coming up with the Knglifh fleet, the
French and Spaniards raifed the (lege witn great precipi-
tation, leaving behind them all their cannon, amniunt-
tion, tents, baggage, and wounded men. 'Fhccitv re-
mained ill the pofleflion of Chaih.s ill. till the year 171^,
when his brother Jofeph dyinr, he became emperor ; and
the citizens erecFing themlelves into a I'ort or common-
we.ilth, let up for an independent ft.ite ; but in 1714,
alter liidding out a long fiege againll the duke of Ber-
wick, the inhabitants were obliged to fubmit to Philip
V. .ind Itill coniinue in fiibjeclion to the ciown of Spain.
The neighbouring country abuuiids with wheat and
other grain, oil, rich wines, fiuit of all forts, wood,
cattle, fowl, plenty of wild .riine, and honey. It is well
watered, and tiiick frt with villages, 'I'hey b.ive filii.
and woollen manufac'turei, and excel in iron and ileel
works.
Rofas, or Role^, a to.vn of Catalonia, confiderabic
for ii3 tlrength, trade, and tommudious harbour, is fi-
tuated on a bay of the I'.uv.e name on the Meiliterranean,
;ibout fixty two miles to the north-eall of Barcelona, it
was in a declining ccindition till Charles V. rebuilt, for-
tified, and peopled it; lince which time it has flouiifticd
very much, elpecially under the French, who, from its
vicinity to them, have often mule ihemlelves mailers of
it i but have always been oidiged to give it up at the
5 lonclufion
i^^^r
;. liN|f|. \f:.
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.-, i
1 1 t!f
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n
fif^i 1
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1
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II ^
s
423
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
condiifion of a ptarc. This was tlic only plan- in all , rayon liavin.',
Catal.'iiia iliat Ik-KI out for kin^; I'liilij) V. ilurin^ iiiu'tn arclul
Si^Arx.
Anne's war^, wliilc all the ri.-ll of tlic provimi- iiati fub-
initlcl ID Ciiarlcs 111.
Gcrona, anticntly Cr>Tunila, is an oKl fijrilficil city,
llaiuiin;i on an acclivity ailjoiiiini; to the Oniiar, whiiii
at a fniall ililiance falls into iiif 'I'cr. It is an e.irlJoni,
and a place of coiitidcalile trade ; yit the rcvcniK' of lis ,
bifhop, who is fii-lfraii^Mi to the arelih.lhop of i'arr.^^ina, j
is only three thoiifand ducats a year, ami its uiiivnl-.f,' I
makes no great tij^uic. I'he large jurildiclion, of wii.h i
this is the ej;inal, is reckoned tin; n'.off fertii;' t act in ;
all Catalonia. In iO;).|. ihiscity was taken by the I'len^i. ; j
in 169,- by the Sjianiards ; in 1705 by t'.e f>ireei of I
Chailes III. and in tlie yc»r 1711 wms .n-ain taken by the
I'leiich.
S E C r. VII.
Of li\' K'-nc-Jsm cr Proviict of Jirtigon ; ili S'ltuatl^i:, Ex-
tiM, Ri:;:i, PrsJthi; Hifiory, iin.l p' i>i^ij>iil Cilia \ vjilh
ii :'sirc pnili.iiiar Dijcrtption 'if S.n ,ij iji!.
havin.', ill ih ■ year iGc;, efpor.fej the niriv m
ukeCharies 111. I'liilip \ . amiidled .,11 il,,,,, .'':'■'
' Pr.ii,
iI,,
Ul.l
T, __,_ ,.,,
oni.i ; on the fouth by Valencia ; and on the wtit by | ^nd bio.ulell is the Ca!!e Saiit.i, or Calle Je Co!lj ^.J'"'
<avjr!C and Callilc. Its ixteiit Ironi north to fuiith is i^ the iiliial airin^-placc of the i;u.i',i.v. I: lias a'luuh"
HE kiiijdomof .\rrag(;n !•. bounded on the north
by the I'vrcnean mountains ; on the eait iiy Cata
leges, and rendered them fuljeC:! to tlie hiws of c'l'V
hy wiiichthc revenues of tlieuowii fri.iii that km' 1
were confiderably enereakd. -^'
'J'he naiives ot Arragoii areirmcr.illy courtcoii. v ■■
i'red, iiii'enious, generous, w^ll verfed ,11 ii.ililii'v ^^jj''!""
.our.i,eo;is, lliii't obfeivcrsof tiieir laws; but 'hi.",!',.' 1
in religion, and |iofiiive in their opinioiij. -Ht.J
Arragon is divi>lcu into f vcn dioccfei, namtlv -,„ ... ,
bidiupr.e and fix epifcopal ces. Jt has ten cit.es' t^
mous i:nivcr!i:i-.s feveral coi>h.lera!)li; abbies ' u''"'
iiion.a'..iics, iuiinv..ries, hi>(V,it,-d-, ;,-;. "' '''■^'
Sar.i.o/..i, 1,1- Saiagolla, the tapn.d of this ro,,,-,,.
ItanJs 111 a\(ry leriilc plain on the f.bio, by wiK.f- jj ' ■,'
ings the njijrhliouiingtountry is ren l.-rcd fofenie i','"
pri.duce., a vaiKiy of fruits in. Teat .djund.niee. Ic' '"'"
rounded With walls, wliien.'ilioug 1 aiuuiue, are ii,,!ni
.^iid bc.iutilul, being .idorned wit,. Itvcral ilateiy i,,^-. *"
and four noble g.ites f.iciiig the four cardinal poims "V
is laul U) I'.ave bc-.n built'bv the famous kin/ J ,i,j .\
iifterwa:ds beaurifu'd by Augiilluj, while he w.i/cj f .
on the war againti tl-.e Ca:u.b::ans. It is of an , bU,^
liguie, and has two llrong and llafjy bii.lgcs „vcr i|i'^
Ehio. i'heeitv is large and han Jfonie, the llree:s Im'^J
and broad, but ill paved and very dirty. I'ne h.uiJiyi ~
upwards of a hundred and <i,\ty miles, and from lall to
Wilt above a hundred and fou.'-. The 1 ivcr Ehio crolles
the country from the north- weft to the louth-ealt, divid-
ing it into f.vM almoft cijual parts. Into it the fulli>vving
rivers dilc'.i.nge themlelves ; on the north lide the rapid
Cinga, orCinca, which lil'es in theniountains of liielia ;
the C.ilhgo, the amicnt Gallicus which ili'u.s Iroiii
Mount Cjavas ; the Ifiicla; and feveral other fmaller
ftrcams. From the fouth it receives th.c X.iion, or ^ialo,
which comes from New Callile. and the Itill I'malier
Iheami ot Giiadalaviar and A!iiambra,all ot them having
pientvofgood fi(l>. 'I'he Toiio, or 'I'urio, lertlli/cs a
gri.it part of the country by its llow and gentle cuurfe,
which gives the hiilliandmen and gardener.'- an oji(iortii-
iiitv of cutting channels fiom it to water their giounds,
wiiieh are mu'.h admired for their continual verdure and
feitiliiy. in ihort, Arragon, both on thcl'e accouins
and the ferenitv of its air, has been compaied to Egypt ;
luit this account of its fertility, given by foine autnors,
I'ecms c.xaagera'cd, for it is only iiue of psirticular Ipois ;
and Dr. liufeiiing obl'trvcs, that, with all thcl'e livers,
the gicatcli part of Arragon is drv and bairen, and fume
placca even uninh.ibitcd : the foi-l is for the nuill part
landy, mountainous, and ftonv ; fo th.it where theriveis
rio not come, or where water is not conveyed by art, it
produces nothing. In thofe p.;rts, however, which are
tude (,f niagniliecnt buildings, ^s eiiur,.h'w, ii,!a,c
kpi.ires, market-places, and hofpitais. ' ' ''
1 he iKimher of inh.-.bitants au.oums to fifieen tli"'!
fand families, many of them of ijunlit.', i;i iu.L-J jvifv'
louiteui large pariliies, and three orlaij tli.iv ^-c fniji;!^,'
Here aie alio twcnty-tiuee monaik-nes, f^n:.- of []|V
'arge and magnmcent, thirteen nunncrie.'-, .-ii-.J a nob;,
holjiit.d en.luwed with a revenue fu.'Hci.i.t to ,
:Jc. two
'eiglu bundled lick pein)ns, !
! pii.ms, fome fmaller for decayed people,
one at a Ini.dl uiii.ince from the titv.
I,
niamijai
otiiirs for er-
id aury inij.j
l-re i., alio .j,;
uiiiverlity, which wasfo'indcd in I.}-.;.
The catliedr.,1 is :i rich and (i.itv ly 'cjdicc, in whic. 2rj
twelve dignitancs, twcr.ty four cmons, thiity-nirx iii,.'.',r
canon.-., .lud fcventy beneficed pritds. i'.ie a.u.uj ,'c'.
vemie 01 ihe ar...Tbi'fr.)p ia .ibout forty-five tli,)ui,i.;.i .i^.
cats. 1 iic t.'.bcrnaclc, or repofitoii' of the pi:; u»e.- 1..^
higii abar, is a magimicent pieev t'f ar'.l.:n.c:arc, ;.l. ,'.|
nully lilver fiiuly wrougnt, anJ weig.ung lix i.uaJrj
and iwlIvc p.iun.ls.
■J'he collegiaic church of Our L.u'v of the Pdlar fj
called from a pieicnd.d niiraeiiloiii in'ige ol tne \\s\m
is likewife a tine lliuiltuie. I hi., iiii..,'e is very fui!, . !
hilt it., cio'wn and robea arcalmolt eiitnely covvKd w,,,,'
rich ornaiiKiits, and holds a liiile Jel'ii., in its arms. it
llands very h'gh cui a pillar of the"linv;! jafp.cr. \\'i;o.
watered are corn, wine, oil, Hax, fruit, and in lomc I '■'^''-'r attentively views the im.ige, finds his eyes dazzitj
with the multitude of iilver lamps and wax li:;h;s conn.
|nujlly burning in the chapel, mingled on afi iides wit],
jtne letiedtioii of the gildings, Jewcds, and golden caaii-
|delicrs. To this image a v'ad number 'of pilgtia,;
^ani.ually rci'ort, in oivilr to p.'.y their dcvoiiom tj t:i.
I Virgin.
I Among the civil buildings is the palace, where \\:
,cortcs mea, and the exchange, two very ma-nui,,:;;
|l(rui:iuu- ; the latter built in the year I 55 1, ;u)d il;-.; fu.--
mer mucti ca.lier; but gieatly beauliii.d liiice. Tin;
royal palace Itood at a fm.dl diltance fioni the ciiy, anJ
has been given to the fatliers ol the iiuiuiliiion.
'I'he city carries en a conl'iderablc commerce, and a
great luimbri of trades and maiiufu.;lurcs hvtd within ..ai
without the walls ; tor it has handfome fiiburhs and ni2,.v
fine buildings without the g.ites, as WwU as garden-, u:-
ciiards, and beautiful walks.
'I'eruel, or Tcrvcla, abwiit ciglit ir.ilc lo th- fout'u,,
-SaragolTa, lituated on die banks'of the 'I'lmo on a pl«-
laiit emiiieiuc, eneonip.ilied with fpaelous meadows in-
clufed and (lieliertd by high and lei tile mouiuams, m-
veied with vaiiety of liat< !y tices, odoriieioiis plnila, a:: i
fragrant flowers, which, witii a iiuiituude ofgarotn,,
orchards, and eorn-fuMs, ah'.ird a moit dehghtlul p.'^i-
fpecl. 'I'iu eir\' ij- walled, and inhahit; ci by t:...tec;ii,ei.-
places alio fatf'ron, vphich make up the whole riehej ot
the country.
Airagon had formerly its own laws and privilege ,
lonie of which wcie fo conliderable, that they had even
a I'uprcme magiltratc called the jullica, or mayor of Aira-
gon, whole office was to check the power of the (ov.-
leign ill behalf of the fubjciils ; (0 that appeals l.iy to
him from the other courts, aiidcicn fionithe kinghim-
t'cif. I.!nnicu', f'urnamed Aiilta, lioni his love of hght-
in.', who had Irttn tleclrd king of Navarre by the vole
uf me people, was the tiilt choleii into this olHcc. 'J'hev
had beiides by a fpei i.l contrai^t ni.ide with their hrll kin;;,
.ind Iwoin to by all his fuccellors, this failhcr privilege,
that if any of thofe monarchs (hould infringe their liber-
ties, they might lawfully take iiji arms agaiiilt them.
I'etcr, one of the kings of Arraion, was the tirlt who
picvailed on tluir rortes, or paihamnits, to aholilh this
piivile:'e, and accept of fome others. At length I'nilip
JI. of .Spain, the foil ni the emperor Charles V. being
enraged at the Ariagonians for defending Anthony
I'ei'z, his feiretary, lent an army againll them; ami
liavinj defeated ami deprived them ot all their ppiviKges
and liberties, reduceii them to the level of the meaneft
jiroviiicc. \i\ Bufching, however, gives a diti'ereiit ac-
count of tlu'.t afl'air, and f.iy--, tbat the inhabitant- of Ar-
•''H' p-irlvolii...
I ..11 die, |,r;/,;
ill tli.U km..^,,;
(•"urtcou-, wi;;
•s i but lii^ott.j
'•'"T-ly, ..n ardi-
L^f lliis ro'iiiciv
1 ("Itiiic,!;,.. ij
'■""•■'■■ it ,1 Mir-
ilil..uly i„n-,r;
JllUi (.IIIIUS ij
It is oraiu.blun!',
, the Urcc:s long
'i'nc h.'.iijrumtit
lie Colio, whiii,
i" I'-is a iiuil!,.
f r^l'iccntlicii.
5, Iciiu ui til,,,,
"■■S "I'.J aiiobii
i-i.t to iiiaintjui
o otiuis lore.-.
.1.1 J iiury lit'.:, J
IKic io alio ,:,i
ficc, in wnici. arc
llllly-lli!K-|i,,:,,,i.
J ...■• .I.ll.u,.i ic
;'.c ih.,;.l.i.;,; ,ij.
th'j pi:; ut'c; i„o
111^ liA i.u:i,;.',j
of the l'il!,ir, fj
_ ol ti!i: V irjn,
-• is ifry I'r.i.i. ;
i:i iti ariiii. It
! jarj-.t-r. \V;-,o.
Ilia l)L,i Ja/./.cJ
a-c li^ihts ciiiHi-
cii all ndci iniii
iiJ L'.olJc:! c:i;iii-
-i of pilgriuii
LVOlijlli to V)c
lace, where tho
:ry ina^iiiiic^iu
jl, ..lid tl-.i li)--
-J liiice. 'I'lK
111 tlu; (.liy, and
ilitioii.
:'r.iii.t.rcc, ar.j a
I'lli within ^n.,
nirh>,aiid na.,v
ai ^iiiii'i;., ii;
el t!r; !'oti:'a u,
iiiij (HI a ;'i!;j-
HH meaiiows iii-
r,; niiitai.'i.s, co
.oi;s I'liiil;., a:;.
..' (.t farotii',
■lif^hllul p.'u.
.ly t:..iti'Ciii.i.'i.
li;.. -
Sl'.UN'
1. U R O I'
41;?
, J ijniilie!, whn .irj iliviiloJ into eight parifhr^ ; be idiM
'^" h thiie arc Imir nion.iltcries, one niiiiiu'ry, ami .i
"- HiV liiilpit'il' It is the leu- of a billlop, wliuli' ruvc-
'''^ aiiiouiiis li> tiselvc thoiiraiul ducat,; the cillieJrai
!'■'' r,- .li.mitaiies, and roiimeii caiiuii'., belides iiuuiior
j.jS MX ^'v
l'"''J,',i[|-,,rtvrive miUs to the Couth-wed of S •ii',;olt:i
L'tavui' w'li'-''' '■* I""''"-''' "' 'he foot of a ple.ilaiit
I' .'I'j'ill 1,11 ilie hanks (if tne X.iloii. Its foil, litii.itioii,
'■'l ,ir arc inleiior to none in S|),iiii in tlieir feilility,
-iai'aimitlsi •""' '-''"hrity. 'I"hc walls are Ihonj;, and
'uiK-d v/iih iii.iiiylbtcly towers, and th-- citv iDpalou';,
'■; |i,„.|bout three thoufand families, divided latotliir-
.'.'iiwrilhes, with eleven iiionalleries, and four iiuniie-
r. The Rorn..MS, who ^avc it the name of Uilbiiis,
' iriicd it w't'' kveral m,i;,;iiilicent htiildiiigs, an I eii-
'■owd it «' til ni'ii')' privileges, it was particularly ce-
V>rJtcJ fft ^"^'"o '''^' Ijlrth-pl'iec of Martial loe lamed
j.„iitamin.uilt.
SEC 1'. vin.
: SitH^II
IO>K
F.:
(;:-t Kill :■!:!:! or Prr<.inic of I'liLiuhi \ l^i
CI.', Prc.liicc, <m;l Riven ; ivith n partuii! ir Dfju iptini
,..;(, Ciuti :/'l .li'-riia tuul .■Hiainl.
^'WiiSCW U bounded on the well by Murcia and
\ NewCailile; on the north by Arr.igon aii.iCata-
■, already del^ribed ; and on the call and f mth by
, \lfjiter;a:iean fca i e.Ktendiiii; abov.c ahaiulred and
In I'.tMM nule.i in lei;;;th, and lixty-two in breadth ;
j ij the inoll p,ipuloii,i and pleafaiu country in .Siiain i
iirn-ic they tiijoy an alnioll perpetu.il fpriii^^ I'lic
totatfv, belides its extraordinary (ertility iii wine and
(,,,,. \),oJuccs alio rice, llax, hemp, lilk, honey, and
(,,,[; and if the furfacc of its mountains is lei's liuitlul,
\y,t is well Ciimjieiii.ited by the minerals within.
.■\|1 its rivers run to the call or fouth-ealt into the Me-
i!i::ir3iieJ'i : thefe are the Seinira ; the Xucar ; the ( jua-
jjjviar, wiiich receis-es its loiircc in the toiihiui of Ar-
ij'oi! and New Callile J its banks arc ileliglitfuUy bor-
iliR-J with wouds and flower^, and it lofcs itielf in the lea
tt.o.v Valencia : the others arc the Morvicdro and tliB
.\!,!Urcs.
Valencia, tlie capital of the province, llaiids on the
f,uJv banks of the river Ciuadaluviar, over which it has
i; ihtcly bridge-, in the forty-llrll decree thirty-lix
is:,iuiOj l.titudc, and nciily under the r.ieriliaii ofLon-
fc:;. It feeins to have been originally built by the Ro-
ri2:;ji but was deltroyed by I'ompev, and a little after
.cjaiit fay t-;ef.ir, and cilled Cojonia Julia \'.ilencia. It
;:;,;ji oiipol'ite to the place where the famous city of
.^jjantu.n furmerly ftood, on the other fide of the river,
i; prcl'eiit form IS almoll circular; it is about fix tliou-
;j,iJ iour hundred ,ind (orty paces in circuit, and is lur-
u.aJeJ bv allroiig w.ill, which has many lofty towers,
;^i thirteen gates. Cjmo, its fea-port, wlii.h Itaiuls
intse .Mediterranean, fuiiiillieb it with every thing either
ir convenience or deligiit, particularly with a great va-
:,.tyot Icu-hlll, and its iieigiibouriiig lake of Albulera
»,in great abundance of waier- fowl and frefli-water-liih;
jjjoes the fertile country round it with com, wine,
<;!, fiuit, hc.3..;, and otlicr provifioiis. Mulberry trees
.; planted in rowo in all the iiclds,aiid fo imlulirious are
i.,c liihabitaiits in its neighbourhood, that the ground
n:vcr lies fdlow. The city is laid to contain liftcen
-'luii'anJ families, fourteen parilh-cliurches, forty-eight
n;uiiallcrics and nunneries, befidcs other foundations of
i.'i; military order, fix cli.ipels, lix hofpitals, .md twenty
u;:irnities, which every jcargivi- ;:.,.uons to a hundred
-rj thirty poor maidens on their marriage. Here is alio
J univcrl'ity, with live colleges.
Valencia is the fee of an archbifliop, whofc revenue
::^tunts to forty thoufmid ducats a year. The cathedral
hj> fcvcn dignitaries, twenty-four cinoiLi, beliilcs minor
c.ncn.sand other inferior priells. Among othcrvalu.iblo
:.\'ai'iircs in this itrudure is a chalio' of a riv li kind of
.;a;o, which they ridiculoully pretend to be the fame our
7
.Saviour uied at his la.l fuppcr. They alfo give ni.t, lli.it
they liave two (/the tliiity pieces wliidi Jiidis f.eeivtd
Iroiii the .Sanhedrim as the reward for b.tiayiir,; his Di-
vine Matter ; they arc ol lilvcr, and v.'.igh .ihuut fifteen-
pcncc of our money. Nothing cm be more miigniliecnt
than their grand proccllion on Corjuis Chinii day,
when thefe are carried with the utmoll pomp .uid df-
voti(ui.
llere i.'i alfo a fovercign couit of juJicanne, a court
of iiiiiuirition, and an exchange, 'i'he city i- plentilully
luiH bed with water, not only from the river, but fioin
a \all iniml.er oi deep wtlls dug almolt in cvciy luniie,
and fume compute thatthofe within and without tiie walli
amount to thirty thoufand. There is here alfo an ex-
traordinary (.omiiion fewer, faid to be a Uoman work,
by which t!ie loil of every houfc is carried otV under
ground. l.'|ion thele accounts it is reck' 'lied one oftbc
healthicll and molt pleafaiit places in turcpe.
The city is eiiiiclied by the vail mnnber of (]iial ly
and gentry wiio lelide in it, and its great luT.merc. ;
there is a variety cf m,inufaiSlurcs cairi-d on nere, cfjie-
tially the wooilMi, the cloth made in tiiis city b.in^ re-
puted the fuait n\ all Spain. Tne fillc manitia^tures likj-
wife fluurilli lur.-- the inhabitants alfj cxp(>rt iai^^eijiMii-
tities of wuie, oil, and fruit. In the maike;.^ u? V'.dtii-
cii, and all over Spain, they cut their poultry int.i piece-,
and fell them by ijuartcrs. Here they make Luge vclieis
of goats ll;ii:3, lor putting their oil and win ■ :,i:o.
The govenimeiit of tiie city is by I'lx jurats, or con-
luis ; theie is alfo a judge for ctimiii,il caules, witii-
an.idvocaie to .illilt him, and a lieutenant-criminal ; a
inull.ifa, who has the care of all priwilions, ccjrn,
weight,-, niealurcs, i\:c. and a judge for t,ivil c. uV.-.
^ In the year 1705, wiieii all Catalonia lud fubmitted to
Charles or .Aultria, the noniind k.ng ol .Spai,i, tliisciiv
iikewife opened h^r gates to the carl of Peteibjiougii and
the I'.nglilh torces. TluiUgh aftL-r tite unfortunate bat-
tle of Aim:\ii/a, in 1707, ihedukeof Orlcn , wiu) com-
manded the Spaiiiili tr.jop.i lor I'hiiip of Anion, recover-
ed it; alter whicii the inhabitants weie fcviiely puniihed
by that prince for their forwardnefs in rei.ikiuM, and
Itiipped of the gre.itefl part (.f their ar.iient'privi-
leges, which tbey had preferved with tiic m.iiuil br.l-
verv.
/\licant is fituated fixty miles to the fou:h of \'alenei.i,
and at the fame di.lar.vC north of Cartr.agcna, in tiio
thirty-eighth degree thirty-feven minutes north hititude,
and ill abcuit P.vc minutes well longitude : this is a tcle-
biattd city and fea-port on the Mediterr;':K.an, deli 'ht-
luliy fcated between two hills. It is well walled anifdc-
lended by acallle built on a high rock. (Jii the nei^h-
bouiing thore Hand fcveral wateli-towers, liom w:iicli
the velI:U of the Sallcc roveis are obfcrved. li ia ajilaci:
ol coiihdcrable trade, on account of its commodious liar-
bour, and is well k..iown to the Englidi, elpeeially for
Its wines and tru;t,whi. h they ufed to bring fr.jm thencc;
as well as from tluir landing fome of their fmces lure
in the III. n of queen Anne, when the fucccliion to tiic
Clown ol Spain was contcded between Charles of .'\ii!:;ia
and I'hiiip of Anjoii. The city tlien contained about
kventecn hundied f.imilics, two parifh-cf.iireiu ■;, one of
which is culh\;iate, with fix mon.iileric,-, two nuiuuries,
and three handfome market-places ; befides li.;.p:;aU-
ch.ipcls, &c. 'I'lie Knglilh made themfc,''. r . m.ifiers boM
ol the city and i.ililo in the year 1705, and held them ;i'l
tl-.c peace of Utreclu in 1 7 1 J, when tlKy rtiumed Ij
Philip of lioutbon, filled Philip V. of Spain.
About h.ilf a league from the city is a f.imoiis convent
of nuns, towhich there is a gieat r^fort of pi! .li'sis, jj,
order to pay their devotions to the imprenioii ni the holv
lace, faid 10 have been imprinted tlirice on a napkin
with which Veionica wiped the face of our Saviour,
ivhin he was going to his cruclfixiiji:. Amoiii; thele
votaries are ni.my le.imen, who on thi.ir icivin;; Alicint
ftc(iucnt'v make .1 vow of perlorniing their devotions
here tipon their Uw return, which they do bare-looted.
This picture ot our Saviour's face, f.iid to be rep-efented
info miraculous a manner on a piece of while linen, \Vi"
are toU i- a wretched [ijcce of dawbing.
i; I C T,
•U.i
■'■ I,.
V'
) i
\ ''i
• 1
,i
1
... 1
i
t '
iJni
5f'a*
f
-1f
h. '
■■;
t
.J-
*^1
' }._
S :%
I
it k
434
0/ the Kiiifrhmi
their Situation,
Cities.
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' H V.
Sp
SEC T. IX.
ir Pnviiic-s cf Afurdn /iiifi (itnii/i.h ;
Extent, Kivi-rt, PicJiur, anU [i> iiuil-al
1 . 1 1,.
THE kingdom or province of Miircia 1« hniini!cil on
the north bv New C.ilUle, on the i-.ill by ihc king-
dom of Valencia, on the uelthv AnJ.iliifia anJ (iianiula,
and on the fouth by (he Mediterranean lea, exleml-
ing about fixtytwi) miles in length, and filty-iight in
breadth.
The principal river is the Segiira, which receives its
fource in New Callilc, and rimning from well: to calt
tr.ivrrlVs this country and that or Valencia.
'I'hc air of this pio\incc is pure and healthy, am! the
country pjoduces corn ami wiiic, udiich are both t'ood ;
but as the country is very lUountaiiKnis and the foil dry,
(lom lis h.uing but little rain, its prodiids are but in
finall ciuaiuifies. It, liowcver, abclUlld^ in line fruit'!, .is
oran^ei aiu! U'mons, and alli) with liigar, honey, and lilk.
7'he prin':ip,d places in this province are,
Muriia, tlie capital of the kingdom, which is featcd
in a pk ilant plain on the liver Segura, in the iliiity-
eighth ilegnc twelve minutes north latitude, and in one
degree fourteen minutes well loniiiiud'-, and ij pietly
large and populous, with large handlume Oreets. It is
walled round, and has twelve gate<. It contains fix
parilh-rhurchcs, and a fuperh cathedral, which has a
iteeple lo contrived that a man m.iv ride ii|) to the top,
cither on horfeh.ick or in a coach. It is ilie fee of a
bifhop, who ha; a revenue of twenty thoufand ducits.
Round the city are fine gardens, which abound with ex-
cellent t'luit.
Carthagena, or Liitle Cartha;re, is a pretty good city,
ftanding on the fide of a h;ll, by a line bav of the Medi-
terranean, at the mouth of the river tiiiad.ilanlin, in the
thirty-levcnth degree torty minutes north latitude, and
in one degree five minutes well longitude. It ha:; one of
the bell harbours in the kingdom : the (mail illand Kfeom-
brada fo fhelters it from llorms, that vellels moor here in
the utmoil lafety ; it has plenty of Irilh-water, and a-
bouiids with mackarel. IMieair i^ here fo temjierate in
I'limnier, and mdd in winter, that the trees have le.ives,
bloHiims, and fruit at the fame tune; and even roles
blow here atChrillmas. The adjacent country produces
a gre.it ileal of ledge, and in tiie howiK of the i
found amethyfts, garnets, agates, and other gem
•<l\-.
thol> dried by the fun on the braiielus of i|n. j,j„„
others which are dipptd in the Ivc made ot iht ilJ,""'''.
ti.e burnt biam Iks, and afterwards diieJ in the luii Hi.r!
is alio great plenty of honey and w.ix. .Several
the mountains near Antecpi; ra mike filt, vvlia
prepares trom water lonvejed into puis
lion of lilk IS here alfo very conliiler.ilile. '\
Htrt
fl«es 1,1
lllh,-|,,;,
lounitv
likewile proiliices |)lentv ol ilales, ol which onip n
tagc IS made, and even ol the verv acorn., wuichaic I
to exceed the finell nuts ; and ol the galls, which "
lound in this count, y in vail (Uiaiitities, a dve .< ,„'"'
or leather. (ire;it ipiantities ot lumaeh, lor prep,,
go;it and chamois (kin., are liki-wiler'xpornii i',.,,,, f^^,|".'s
lielides good Itone lot UiidJing, tlu- eaiih atl',,!,!,' |/''
cinths, garnet;!, and other j'.enis. '■ ''
In the time of the .Moors, l.i:anada was the nu,i1 ni'
lous and belt cultivated province ;n Spun; but thro'"'
the Contempt which the .Span;:uds entertain lur ji;r,,;''i''
turc, thingsaie iinu h .ilt-ied; however, ^jjmhi |,j, ,"'"
any tia-l of l.md fo well iiihaluted as t:ie nijuntjii, '
1-is Alpuxarras, which, bchdes t.'ie niaiiv towns'
villages interlpeifed among them, are wuiiJcrh:!]"
proved by the in.Iulliy of the inliaisitaui.-,, hJij'
their vineyards ;(nd plantation, to a (eiy good .iciaur
1 he lea-coalt, lor its pioteclion agiiiilt'ihe Aliiciii tor"
(airs, is lined viith high towers, which cominaiij ;',n t^.
tcniive prolpeit over the Ira, t'lom the llitii'ht ol (iotji'
tar to the Ri ) b'ltyo. orlheCold Rivir.
1 his province bei ime
ti'cnth <ei. v, when the
aii.l
i::i-
*'lO tllfl,
a diliiniil kingdom in tlic ;
.Mooiiiii kiuu' .\l)eiiliu,i
reliih J at Cordova, loling his life and crown iii a b--'.
againll the Chrilti.ins in 12,^6, his fnl^'ecN and lullowc
bviook themleivcs to Granada, and iliofc a new kin .'
who made the city ol that naiirr bis capit.d aad r,h"!
ot lelidence. T'his kingdom, which was the bll of the
Moorilh, then coiuaiii'd tliiriy tv;o large tov.as anJ
nineiy-fevcn fmalki, and coiitinm-d from tiie ytai 12-!.,
to I4q.i., when Ferdinand the Cathoiio redueed it, n-j
annexed it to the crown of Callil,-.
The city of Ciranada, tlu- c.iiiital of ihL- i^roviin
Ihnds at the foot ol .1 mod noble ridge of bair.'iit
t.iins .ind rocks, which llietch round on each h,
lo embrace a I
mail II-
e iii!u:!i
I manner as lo einlirace a lovely plain, varied wiih .,:,„,.
rations, gardens, and villa"es. It is leated by the lucr
Xenil, into which the D.irio falls .liter wa:eiiii> ,1 ua[
ol the city, in thirtv-lcven degrees twenty-eiiht ininuLs ol
norih latitude, and in three degrees lilty-oiie mniurts
Well longitude. It is fortified witli walls anJ town.
r;h are , •""' 'S <he lee of an archbifhop, who has lorLy tiWuLii.J
'i'liis I ilncats a year. The city is divided into four w ,i>;i, [.,,.
Cjranada, lies
principal of which, called CJranada, lies in the p j,n,
and in the vallevs between 'wo mountain^ ; an! h,,v
the nobility, clergy, itierchaius, and moll weahiivcia-
•/.ens refide. Its public and private buddiii,;. aic lerv
handlome. In the cathedral lie burietl feveral kuioi, x,
Ferdinand the Catholic, and I'liilip 1. with ihtir quc:n,.
rhe king's tribunal is held in a lari;e and llatclv ed.tico,
and oppol'ite to it is the Alcaxcria, a vail iiui;J:n;, m
which the merchants have their ware-houles. l;i ilu
great Iqiiare are held the Iniil-li^hrs. The .niivcifuyhu.-
w.is founded in 15 {I, and the ei'.y has al.o uiuj:to;
miiuiiitioii.
The Moorifll p:ilace, called .Al-Hambn, is built crii
city IS the fee of a bilhop, who enjovs a revenue of
twentv-four thoufand doc lu, and is fulfrag:'.ii to the
:iri hbifliop ol Tol :do. It contains .liiout twcKe hundred
inhabitants, ar.d has four mon.illcries and a nunnery : it
lie: twenty-fix miles to the foutli of the city of Murcia.
The kinj lorn of (iranada, (■uneiimes called Upper
Andalufia, ij hounded on the eill by the kingdom of
Murcia, on the fouth by the Mediteriancaii fea, and on
the north and ,ind well bv Andalufia. It i. about a hun-
di.d and ftycmy five miles in length, and fcventy-fivc in
briadth.
The prin' ipai rivers are the Xenil, which rifcs near
the city of{ir,:nada, and palling through Andalufia, fall-.
into tlie Guadahiuivcr J and the Guad.iianlin, which alfo high hill that over-looks the ciiv and tae v.dley, wj
rifes in this province, md, after traverfing Murcia, runs ■ contains nianv grand apartments, all in the M.iordh It.c,
into the .Mcdiierranean. There are alfo a great number i with alcoves, domes, fountain,., Arabic, inicriptioi.s, X,
of fmaller livers. ; belides which there is a part built by Cnnlej V. butiw;
The country is very mountainous, particularly towards finidied. Tlie front is haiulfoinc, and th-.: apiitm.:n'i
the lea ; but is intcrfpcrfed with delightful valleys. The J built round a very beautiful circular court, wiiii tr.irt', -
Las Alpuxarras are mountains of a prodigious height, in- r two fine marble pillars below, and as many in aiMJl.rv
habited by a .Moorifh race who have embraced the Ro- ' above. Not far from it is .1 delicious g irdeii ot iro
inilh religion ; but Hill retain their n.itional culloms and 1 .VIoorilh kings, with all kiiids ol trees lluurilliin!; iijjoa
manner of living, and their language is a mixture of ! a deep hanging rock, .inJ as mil. h water as luji.'lit. i
Arabic and Spaniftl. They are divided into eleven number of jette d'e.ius and louiitains
diftrias.
The air in this country is temperate and healthy, and
in general it is very fruitful, and produces corn, wine,
cil, fugar, fiix, hemp, and fine fruit, as pomegranates, i either be bapti/.cd, or l>e put lo death. 'I'hc pielLiiiin.
citrons, or..n;es, lemons, olives, figs, gr.ipes, and al- ! habiiants confill ol the delcen lants of the anticnt A'boii,
Biunds. T.'.tre are prepared here two kinds of railiiif, \ and (4' old Spaiiifii Chnllians as they are termed.
.Mj!.; .
When Fcidiiiind the Catholic made hirtifelt' iiiiilcrui
this city, the (lioit method taken by caidinal Xiiiieiii'i,
for the converlion ot the iVbioi., wa', that thcv (hoiilJ
Spain.
' (if lIlC vill'JS, Jii.l
1.1^ til ilic :iI1ki,oi
J in llK' lull. Here
Sfvn,il i.lacfsm
'.lit, whlUl lh;l,,||
111*. 'I'lic cultiva-
>lc. 1 liu c<iuiittv
■■liich pnat .iJv.m'.
rnv, wtiitliatc Lij
• gilliS which ,il;;
tifs, a (lye IS lib,:;
.ii-h, tiir prcpjfi,,,,
iporicil I'nm lioiic'
fjllll atluuK i,\,,.
Sr.MV-
F. U li O P
IV .IS the iiuiS
I'opu.
pun i tint thruu..|,
tLTt.un liir atticul.
nr, bp.iiii h« iitt
s tiic injuiKjiii, ui
: many towin j|i,|
I* woiiJcjli:ilv i::i
liitdiil.-., who !,,ri,
■c:iy f;uUii .ictauiit.
ill till: Atiit.'.ii cor-
:li coiiim.iiiJ 111 t:,.
: Ihtiuhtoi (iibul.
VI r.
n^ilon) ill the tin. (j
:u.g AluMhuJ, who
III crown in .t ba:'l:
I'jccN anil lullowc;,
iJioCc a new kinj,
is c.ipinil and [,l,i,i;
1 w.is thi: lallctthi:
) lai:;c lov.r.s anj
from thf yrai liia
jlio icJuccJ i:, ,r„)
:al ot' the ;)ii:viM:',,
luc ot b.iir.iinijiiii-
I on each I'.Ji; in lurli
n, varicil with jiiin.
s IcMtcJ [yf C.K iiicr
tier wa'.ciin^ a [)i:t
jity-ci;iht minutoi .i>|
I'llty-uin; minutes ■'
walls an J towa>,
liab t'cf.y tiwulaiij
I tour w.als, tiic
lies in the p'a.n,
uiitain« ■, aiiJ h.-,v
molt wcahiiv citi-
lm!lJin'.;s aic lerv
c-.l i'cvcral Icmos, a,
with their qiic:n,.
anJ llaiclv cd.tici',
1 vail liuilJ 11.;, Ml
are-lioiilcs. In iX:
'ho iiiiivcili;vli(.h-
las alio u lUsitt C'l
I'lihri, ia built Gil I
ul t.ic N.'.iloy, iiii
UI thi: M.Hiril'h it.e,
ju: iiiioriplioni, {<i.
null's V. buti.ui
an. I th-; apiitiTK.Ti
ci'irt, wiiii tt.irty-
iiiany m arall-iy
lous iMfJoii Jl tru
tes tluiitilliiiv; ii|)oa
water as hip/liti i
Ic hirnlVlt" niiftctul'
cwJlnal Xiimiii:'!,
, that thcv (liouU
ih. 'I'hc piel.:iit HI-
the aiuicnt Mooii,
ate tcinied.
IISIV III
■ Mjla"i is 'f a"'''"' foriifi.il fiaport, in thiiiy-fix
I, , ' . .j'j;ftv-one iiiiiiiiti'i li'iiiii l.'tilii.lc, ailJ ili fmii i!e-
''',' l||[y.|i.< cnimi'es well l<>ii).iitii.le, twj huiiJri il aii.1
"'"'' lies to the loiith ol M. Irul, anJ fcv-.tiiy-(ive to
n'.i-ncll t)t Ciranaila. li ll.iiils at t:.c fciot iil' a
!i" , iiuiiiiit'iii'i •'"'' ''■''^ ""^' "^ ''''^ '"" ''"•"'* "" "" ""^
\'t wiili a liir- moat riiiiii:ii;; ii.toit live lii.iiJre,l aiil
":"^', p,^i;s ion:;, ami twenty liroail, v.'ith Ihiiis t'ir
'"■".ir wall'', aiui rcvet.il pillars of jal,i'.T to lall.-ll lllljis
''"'a'alli) ar'napel up.Jii it lor fea-fatini; people. I he
',' i', tiaiiJii>ni'-i.V built aiiJ populoii', it bein,; ilefcn.l.d
[.."'•vvocallles oi'ii; "n ''"-^ '•'.'> •'" ' ''''- "'I''-''' ^t ''i" ' 'Jf
',' tlie niouiitaiii. It is lari;e, aivl ot' a cireiil.ir form,
I*,.. aiidcJ with a double wall, Ihens^thcnnl by Ihtely
!!■"•.< anil has niiiej^ates. On one h !e the fea wallics
'. ,j ,;;, .!iul on the other ruMis the litile river Ouaila!-
■liiiiio, uv-T wliich tlurc is a liaiuii'onie briili^e. It is
"',.„.'„f a blfll:>p, wliol'e tcveinie anioiMits to twenty
"ajuiiil ilii'^'i's nyoar. 'I'lic i;rmiuJs all round being
umJ with vines and the (.-.rea-ei) varietv of liuit, it
:' 1, a very beautiful profpeel liutli I'loni tlie land and
i>j 'I'hcir wines, raifuis, oranges, lemon-, almonds-,
f,' aiiJ other fruit are well known, fiom the l.ii,;e
• •iiities iiiipoi'ted to F.nglaiid, befides thole lent into
'Vrpiits of I'.umpe ; fo that the duties paid to the king
'Jj'^.^,i„punJ to yield annually eight hundred thoiifand
I ijis place was in the polUflion of the Moors fe; en
huiv'ic^laiid feveiuy-tlii.e yi.ai.1, when king Kerdin.iiid
1. xil Ir'Hi ''"'"1 '" '4^r' •'''"■'' ■' bloody and ob!ti."..ite
lij-c of thne months. ( )tt' C.ipe .Mal.iga, near this c ity,
ii'tiid.di aii-l Uiiteii, under Sir ( Jeorge Rooke, obt.iiiicd
jfi'iiaUicI'My over the Kriiich fleet, commanded by the
co.nt Jc 'I'liouloufe, in Auguil, 1704. 'I'his defeat
v.iiiiJ i'Jve been more complete, had ntit the Englilh
Hltb-lore cx.-auded moft of their amniiiiution in ''le
1 i,ai' of Oibraliar, and the Ihiteli Cent part of their
I'jiJ^oli to convoy their nKreh.;nt,iien home.
SEC r. X.
(,/■('. Kir.^'im or ProviiLC cf X,-iv Ca/lilt ; //( Situiit'nii,
t-'l<iitt I'lilucr, (inJ pi i'uipii! Ji!::'! ; ivith a p^ulicuiur
l!. .■.■.'■tiji cf ALi.ii t't, tinilths Fjciriai.
^.^STlI.l" ij the prinripnl an I m'>it: opulent kingdorti
\j in Sjiaiii, i'"'d 1- generally divided into the Old an.l
S.vi'i the former being recovered fiom the .Moor.s fur.ie
t;nictcfore the latter. New Cal>ile, of which in rc^^ard
ijthto'der ot fituation we (liall lirif treat, is by Com j
Cii'fJalfo the kingdom of Toledo, it being the center of
ih; T.iaiarchy, and the lefiden^e of the king. It i.s di-
i.uJ 1)11 the iioith by a chain <.>f mountains from Old
C.;;!;!e, and a like chain alio dividca it to the ealtward
Isiin Arracon and Valencia, .ind this lidc alio borders
i;i:.M«reia ; to the I'outh it is likewife fcparated bv a
i-.,i:i of iiiountaiiis from And-dufia; a.id to the wclf-
v,.i:J is biHiiuKd by Kitrem.idura. Its grcatelt extent
'aim tall to weft is ahiiiidred and eighty-four miles, an.l
(;l-;i north to I'outh two hiiiuiied.
Tills Toviiiec has a good air, and is very fertile. Th:
l.i!) Ta:u9, Civiadiana, and Cjuadaliiuiver h.ivc tluir
liiuKes ill this province. The other inidl coiiliderable
iwrs are tl'.e Xiu ar, which luii^ through Valencia into
lit .\!c.literraneaii ; the Xaram 1, which lil'es in the
I rr.oiini liiis of .AtieiUjM, and, after receiving the lleiiares
ind i iiji.iia, unites with the Tagu!. The (lu.idarania
hi- its Ipiiiig head in the mountaiii.s of Toledo, and
mr.ini; tioni 1101 h to I'outh through the country falls into
tlicTaius a little below Toledo. The piiiieipal places
I imhi.s iiroviiiee aie the following :
.M...;riJ, the metropolis of all .Spain, and the refidenco
tfthtkaig, is fit dated in lorty degrees thirty minutes
I Irituile, and in four degrees fifteen minutes well longi-
I l,:i!c, and Itaiuls upon a chain of little hills tliat are in
I Lifdiier of a large plain, teimiiiatcd on all fides by lofty
IT untaiiis, whole fummits arc always covered with Inow.
I V.'ilt of the city, where it has neither walls nor moats,
■ watered by the iVlanzanarcs, which fwells in winter
I tyihe melting of the I'liuw i but for the |;rcatcll part uf
79
42^
the \car, particularly in fummcr, is naturally fli.dlow.
Kint; I'.iijp II. hinveier, en ,;tcd over it a ll.ucly Hi lie
hiidge eleven hundred paces in li ngth, an^l to the extent
of liven liundre.l it is tweiil\-tw 1 bio.id. On ihe Couth
Ci.le of th ■ eiiy i.i a much liner bridi;e ov r this little rivir
buili by I'iiiiip v. called tlie btilge of Toledo.
The city is lar,;e, an.l cont..i.ib lifteen ihoiifand inha-
blt.ini.s. It has tour hundred tlrecis, a Ica' of theui wide
and lliaight, but the rill long, narrow, and (o exctflive
dirty, that, aerordiiig to loniC aiilh -rs, the lleiich may
be fiiielt at above the diltniue ol a nile. The h'liifesarc
null of them lodv, tegiil.ir, and fpa' ioit<, but partake
in foii.c dcgrie ot the iiaufeoufiiefs of the-llreits; they
aie built of bri k, and the bell of them with lattice
windows, niollly of caiuas, or lome lligiit oil-i h.th.
The rich indeed have them gla,'.cd ; but take the l.ifhe.s
down during llie heat of fiimmer, and put up otliers in
th'. ir (ie..d, covered with g.iii/.e, or other thin Ihift', fi>
let in the air. They in general, hn'.vevir, I'lo's more
I like piil'ons than the habitations of people at liberty;
! the windows befides having a balcony, wJ.ieii fkr< o(f'
i much of their beaut), biiii ( giated with iion h.irs, par-
1 ticiilailv the lower range, and lon-.etinies all the r'.lt',
A bouie is generallv inhabited bv nianv f parate Cmilies,
. who are, notwiilillaiidiiig, tot the moll [-.at, llrangtrs to
earh other.
I I'he city bis fo'irtecn l'i|uares, among '.vhiihtiic largij
maik'.t |d.ic', e.-.Ked the Place Mayo:, w.>'. 1.1 b.' a very
line one were it kept cle.in, it being fo:ir hundred and
lliirty-l'ix feet one way, and three hiiiidi.e.l and thir.'e one
the other i but it is commonle til ed with fmall ifalU
: and provilions. As public lliews are exhibited hereon
I extraordinary oecalions, the hoiifes that I'urround it,
I whie'i aie exactly uiiilorm, and live Itoricj lii.'h, have
' b.ilcoiiies :irid g.dletiis to e.ich ili't'c, K.r th? convenience
, of the fpectators ; and, as they amount to the nimber of
a htindred and thlrty-fix, arc capable of containing Ctfty
thoufaiidpersplewitlie.il", theybcing tlusnighout Cup-
poited by an arched cloilier like that of Covint-Gardeii,
with open walks underneath for Ihelterinn the people
from the fun and rain. The hoiifes of the nobility
have no courts before them, but fland even with the
flreet J ihefe, with thole of the gcntrv, amount to twelve
thoufand, all of them fpacioiis and ii ■a'e.tiful ; thofe of
the grandees .ire gciieiuUv built with llone, and ndoriiej
within with cxiicnfive furniture.
' The other piineipal l'i|,iarcs in Maliii! are t'lj i^ipi-
market, dell.i S.iii.id.i, ar, 1 that of St. D j!:iii. ■ . Thi::
king's palace ftaiids on aa eminence on rhe •... i fi 'e of
the city, commanding a dtlightful p-ol'p. cl ot the river
MaiL-anai-es aiu! tiie country beyond iC; il was b.irnc
■ down ill 17J.), but has been iinee rebuilt wi'.b greate.-
ma;'.iiitiC''iRe.
I Among th'.- other buildings the imperial colh-ge of Je-
fiiits is a very noble lUu^lure. Some of the convents arc
tine, pailiciilarly that of Aiochc, or Our La 'y of t!i;
Hudi i in the chinch biloii^ilng to which ihey diig 'I'e
Deiim upon victories and otiur public occaCioiis. I'he
convent of the Salefas is likewile a new and noble
lliuiiture.
j 111 this city arc the colleges in which are man-i.-ed the
nflairs of the i^.ivirnnient, and alio the courts ot juiiicc.
rii.re are heie likewile three .icaueiiiic:, one inilitutcd
lor the improvement of eloipienee and the Spauifll toiii,'iic,
anotncr lor liiHorv, and aliiiid I'or phvlic.
I'lovilions of all kinds aie heie both excellent and rca-
Con.ible, and the reCulence of the court in this city caufes
a bulk trade and eiiculation of money : vet foreigners are
very much dilliellt'd for lodging at .\ladrid, theie being
(Uily one tolerable inn, which is the (Jolden l'"ou:itain; and
the Sp.uiiards are not fond of t.iking any flrangers into
thiir hollies, efpc-ially ifthey are not Citholics. There
is no Cuch thing as cither a tavern or cotiee-houfe in the
whole cit\', and they have only one news paper, which
is the Madrid (la-zetie. Their places of diveriiou are the
amphitheatre, built for the exhibit!. ui of the bull-feall,
as It is railed bv the Spaniards, which has been already
deletib-. d, M\d the two theitresof /.) Ctux and i'.c! Pm.ipt.
j The iioife by the itinerant bodies of pl'alm lingers in the
' evening is very difagree.ible ; the trequent proceffions,
I particuiaily thofc of the hoft,ate troublcl'ome ; cfpeciailv
5 1' it
i^Ct'rtttkir
FU!
' "\\t
ilf
^
1 ■■; '
i
,1 .
1.
S
V
t
426
A S Y S T F, M O F G E O C, R A P H Y.
Si'AlX.
I' I
'Mi -'WU
:,/.
at I! liii-r, when ilic fij>ut of thol'j blooJy <iiu-',.'iiMiits,
II' • r'lj^' ll^'iiii-s, in r.Micmcly lhoi.li.iiiy. In (lu.ii, tlu'ic
is iin |).iiTiiil; Mic Itu'tti 1)1 MiiiriJ coniiiuxlkiiilly without
.1 vchklcj lor .1. ilicy pr.i^iilV, l.iys Mr. Clarki-, the
lul.iibiirL'h culloin of iiuiuiiiii^; ihc ltrtci> liy luiiht, they
w.;ii!J 1)0 too (illlnlnf to yoiM Ictt, as well as your iiulc,
wi'.'ujut aihariot hvil.iy.
iVlaJiiJ is j^oviuiij by a principal olliccr cailcil the
corrt;;iilor, who ij lotncihinf^ like our luril niayor, tho'
he is iU)telv..rL-n by the city, but by the kill";, and is not
a mcicli.int or tiaJcfimin, hut a giiulciiiaii well veil'.:J in
the l.nv. lIi:adVs iis a lu|Hiior jiuIl".-, and has uiid.r him
toMv-on; regiJors, not unlike oural.lennen, who com pole
h.s eouneil, aolin;,; .is inlur.r ni.i^'illrati-s un.ler hmi.
At the enJ of the eitv is a I'.moiis place- for airin;; and
rcere.itir'ii, ea'lcd the Pr.nlo or Pardo de St. Mieroinnio,
ii dili-:,i;'i:l pl.aii fll...'ed by rows of poplar-trees, and a-
ilorne.l with twenty- three louiii.iins, from whiili it is
I'prinitKi! every cveiiinj; whui the nobility and jjeiitry re-
pair thuiur ill tho;r eo.iches, or on hoifeback.
At the extremity of the Prado is the palaee called \\x\n\
Rctiru, or the Cio.id Retreat. J'hi», Mr. Clarke ob-
fervcs, is a very in.liHcriiit quadrangle, ,ind is xiot fo
g'Hid a royal inanfion as St. J.inie:.'s. It was defu'iied as
a p!.i,e of retie.it for the king, from the hurry of the comt
and town. It, howev^-r, coMl.iiiis a great lunnlKT ut
(lately rooms and noble apartments, adoniid with the
molt eoui\' lurnitute a.;d paintings, executid by tiio
grcatell miiieis ; but it is only built of briek. The q;ar-
Ucns are l.n I to he a peifeiit paLidile, and .ihound with
the mulf delit^iufiil fli.i.ly walks, watei-woiks, .mJ the
moll curioas produ>.".ioas of art and n.uiire ; aino:ij the
foiMur is an eii'ieilri.iii llatue of kiny I'l.ilip l\'. very
fimW executed in bronze, Itanding on a m.irble pede!(al.
On the can.ils a:e pleafiire boats .Tiul fome Uinimer-
houl-s, in wlii.h the nuiheians play, while the kiiu; a-
iiiuhs hinif.lf on tlie water. At the- eniranec of the
oiitei-couit ate the king's il.ible.s, in which are a great
luir.-.ber of horl'ts and niules. Contiguous to tliclc is the
aiiiMiirv, a Ip.ieious h.'.nJiJiTie room tilled with curi ais
iiiits of arnunir formerly woin by the kings of Spain.
The outer-court of the pal.iee jult mentioned is a large
fqiiare, with cloillers on both fides, the llables and .ir-
nioury fionting the palace.
Cai I del Caiilpo is a royal le:it (landing on the other
fiile of the river, to the well ot the city, directly facing
tlv kiiiir\ to.vn-p.ilacc, and w.is a very delightful [dace
with aline park, but is now nut.li neglected. Florida
is aiiotlicr rcy.-l pleafure-houl'c, feated near the forme; in
an ench.-.ntin^ fitM.icidii.
The p.il.ice of Araijuez, about thirty miles from Ma-
c'lid, ha:, a fine fiont, an.l is agreeably (ituated in a plea-
Cmt vule at the confluence of twi' rivers, the Xarama
and the T.igu'!. Thoi.gh the gaidens .ue only a deaii
il.it, and the w.ilks plantations of trees m llraight rows ;
vet there is fomething chear ul and rcli-Jh;i\^ in this
cool and (h.idy l'p"t.
St. Udiphoi.fo is a pal.ice a'MUit fiMy miles from
Madiid, ill a d;!: 'Jitful lonely country ; part of it i.s alio
a convent. TtiC building la not g.rand, nor in a griod
talle; hut the g.iidens arc very tine, and the lountanu
the noblefl in l-.urope. The gaidcns are laid to h.ivetoft
five millions lieriing. Here king I'iiili/ V. ictiicd on
his reh:;n.ition of the crown in the- year 1724, an 1 cauled
the relRS of fome faints, whith were highly revered, to
be broui'.ht Irom the I'.ieuiial into this chj,Hd.
We now ccme to the palace, or convent, of the El'cii-
rial, Co c.dkd fi'iin the vi'.'age in which it (taiuls, win Ji
I:, htiiated leitn leagues to the north of M.!d:id. I'hil.p
11. the founder of this palace and the ccnvtiit belonging
10 It, maiie a vow at the battle ot St. (..^^i.ntin a/nnlt
the Irenc'n, on ll.e frontiers of Ficardy, to b.iild a con-
vent at the Efeuri.;! lor monks of the order of St. Jerom,
vviiieli he prelerred from his being oblig d fo caiionn.idc
a convent of Jeromites duiing the liege of St. Qiiintin.
Tlie battle being gainid on St. Laurence's dav, he called
iiic convent ar'tei toe narfic o. that f.iint ; .iiul as he w.is
burnt upon tf.-e gtidiion, this prince iininortaa/.ed tb.,'
very nunner of his nurtyrdoni ; for he not only ttuck
ijruiiron-, either of p.unt, v/o.:.!, metal, or llotie all over
th^' i:unien;, h'Jt I'vilt the \fry convent itl'elf in the iorm
ot a giiihton. That part of the hullJin'; whl,-h f »
tlie |p..lace is the h.indle of this gridiron, and the" p.!
bungdividid into a gitat number of l(|u.ire eourti .[',
buildings aie lo ranged as to form the li.les and 1, ."^^
Ihitin building this (trudlure he gave great ilif^ull toV'
Sp.iiidT) Curies : for Philip having alleiiibleJ thcii tn ''"'
luppbes toi eairying on tite waragainll Fiaticp, the || ,^
veiy freely voted a large fiibfidy of fome millions ; vvlii-h
the .irtfiil mon.irch, as foon as he had once fecuri'd
his own eoli'ers, applieil to the building of thisconnif'
I ills ii'if,. Implication of the public rivcnuts gave fi ■/
vexati.'ii Ivi the cortes, that they alt.rw.^rds affinibl. '
with more reliiJl.inee, being unwilling to be cajulcj ^ "
ot thetr money by the trick;, of deligning pruKcj.
This royal nionallcry of St. Laurence is built on th
declivity of a nioiint.iin, part of the S.gnvian ei.a '
which fep.iratis tin- two Calliles. It 1 ■ of a bcuii-jf 1
wliite (lone, veined with blue and bmwn, of ^ \
line polilli, and is furrounded with the molt dcli-hti'
profpecti. 'I'he length of the (ioiit from e,i!l to \vcit -
liNc hundred and eii'.hly feet, and at c;u h i.xtri.inity m
tworaii'es of buihlings that extend backward hii,t hmi
dnd <ind thirty feet, and then are again joined by i,;io
tiler front of the fame dimenfions as tile foinier ; (0 i],,.
It conlills of four fronts, and .it each nivie is an,.,!.
The pnneipal I'roiit bus thiee gat: s, of u hith that in •- '
middle Is Kipported by lour iJoric coliiniiii uri'r)tci;i,.'i
m.irblc on each tide, and (.ver them an- oilieis of tl'
Ionic order. Above the portal is a beatiti'iil llatucofir^
/.a'.ircn'c, of white maible, liltcen feel liigh, ditlltj , '
the hab't of a deacon, with a bo:'k in his left ham! ai;J
a large gridiron of bronze in his right, 'i'ho numhcu''
windows 111 this fiont is two hundred and loitv-fivcn.
After p.afing the principal gate you enter a portico that
extend.; Irom the college to the convent ; oicrit istd-
library ; and in the tront are three noble arches lc.:d-"
into a grand court, where the eye is (truck v.ith the n:;Z
nitieent froiitilpiece of St. Lauience's church, on each Ire
of which l.^ a lofty tower, and in the centre a dome. !•
has live gi.ind arches that form the entr.mce into trc
vellibulc, .i:id on the lower part of the portal a.'cti.x
large (laiues, placed on pedettals, of David, Solomon
Ue/ekijh, Joiiab, ManalV.ih, and Jehofaph.it wi:;i
crowns of ^ilt bronze on thtir heads, and Iccptrcs ,n
their hanils.
The whole ftniiflurc is fupported by four (Irong feu.ire
pillars round the centre of the church, forming faur 'rjii!
arches. Kvery pillar has two altars, and two nV;h;\
over them ; and in the niches of the pilailers abm-t [-.
w. ills, on both fides, are altars .in('werid)le to the 1 1:-, r-
litliiles ihefe, the whole eireuit of thechureh i- iiiii. j-i;.
ed with very elegant chapels, and over th.l'e are gilhrni
with br.ifs liaUilliades exten iiiig ([uite rnu.id. ri.eeii'iali
is encom]).-.(Kd by two ealLries, an.l i . jwnel «;;;•, ,
lantern, that has eight windows divided I y pilall:,-. "jj.
dii.illy diminiihing to the top, wliere tliero ii ain.t- r
fin.ill dome on the crown of the lanteini anlovcrthi
.1 fluted (tone obelilk, on the top of wlreh is a gloV' :'
gilt bral.-, with a ciols and vane. 'I'he do 'rs arc nine ::i
number, and over the arches of the principal of llij',-
and on th." great altar, are twelve crotles, oi'a very bcij-
tiful red jat'per. The altars amount to ferty, all ot
which are richly adorned with carved work, anJ in-
numerable p.iintings, many of them by the TMtc;'.
maflers.
'^'ou next view the great chapel, the afeent to w'r.iih
from the cliiiich is by twilve Heps of red jafper. The
pavement of this chapel conlills of Mofaic work of jt/p;!
and mail le of various colours, ranged in the moll btJu-
tiful coiiipartments. The altar-piece is adorned with ail
tne orde's ul an liitei.1urc, except the Tufean. ''I'ou f,;li
I'.e iix D'Tie columns, in the middle of which tin- talier-
nacb: is pl.iv.ed, and in the comparinienis of the other
colnnins are I'evcial paintings of facred liillory. Tht;r
bai'es and capit.ils, with thole of all the other rolui;;ni
..!i ! pilillers behind tliem, are of lir.ifs gilt, and th-
fh.d'ts are of jafper fluted and be.iutifully p.dllhed. .•\!
tb.e two extremes arc niches, cont.iinin,: the (laiucs of
four iloctors of the cliurch in gilt brafs, which has a !:«
I'.concof theN,
jjj.i wD^fliipr"'-
■ Hiefccoii'l laii
|, J with gieeiiin
,i„cK»liiiiii>i:>'i""
,h(||.ltlll.*0'' t-i'
i!j!fjaiy with t
\... ubcriiade rep
,,'|. |\:C^iiiioi am
, ur bound to th<
/j.-.i'"'
r.H.c third rang!
L'oriiilliiJi' "f'ler,
l,n/K I by two p>
;.),;ic brals llati
:„,i St. Aiuhew,
jridc mi.lJi'-: '■'-'Pi
,|.„,l,' on the Tides
ij; ll.dy CJhoH.
|"«o ci'hiinns 11
,j,,,^..c, which tci
.r-pc
The con
i'
;IL>:1, the jafper if the niches bein^
In the
ipac
1 , J * . 'SO - I --
I each (idc of the tabernacle are two pieces ol'paintin.',
li.;
^'.(■iM of brals
Mi.vaiiJ^t' Joh
j, pt-cr and ht.
„';j.,v height f.om
^,^..;L-ef the gra
:,... ;s, |";.rly-nine
.1.; ofjalper, V
,,t ltd .111.1 giee
"i.-,i;JirCorinihi!
!i^'; i.rali. The t
f. fuppiirts eight ^
,':.ti white. In tl;
„ ;.;, a-, many ll.it
j,,',.;cr bale, wit
jvn.a ot llatues
' ., tfhi.h is di'
,v;;h ij!|'-r. Aboi
noili.'r cuiiola, am
tht f.tinc m.tal as
pjtt arc two doors
tw:v, I'l'.' jambs
grreii i.il'pci'; ""'
iv'j.ir"> -nJ p.iiif!
n .li.riv.J with
v.;!,iy if llatues
r:,'oe!;i r ch;i;
fjpe-bchur.hare
c iuiins or jafper,
t.ual.ful painting
1.(11.
The convent c
triv .""I.' entered li(
li ..; l.ir;:e as the
a.;^!.'. tl tect I'loi
till f>;t f.om no
i :iv f.ct bro.i 1 ;
f'o.-.c, t.ich of one
Vj!X;i;.iii(hip. I
i:,;, t.xidliitin.j
ci'.'iii , and the V
el the iiKill eele'.;
In tho :■ illerv
pi'ii'ing! by Hal
mo ruitains ban
that ibe fpeelatoi.
th;feeui tains are
II. ..gjinll the M.
g:ie.n.:'.i, and t!i
t.xtremities are tv
Tcrrcr.i.
In tne fotith f
brought t'roni (i
infi.le i, adorned
The nevt is the .
fiJeJ, .iiid where
inJ tvails arc pl.ii
ftjtucs of faints, f
gill .Maiy, and 01
SrUN'.
E U U
(it'.iji of tlic Kafti-rn
o I' i:.
427
,„of.hcN..tivUV,an,I,
r •IccoiiJ raiuo (il iolii:nii> i.< ol the I'lnic: oikUt, in-
, ','(11 ,|i.tii inline ciiin|)jriiiRiit. ; iin.l in the ixircuic
'■ ''*';,i,iHiiati(>nsarc iiKhcsol yacii j.ifpw, cunuiniii.r
;K
,itli the (jnm-r. 'I'hc priiicipnl picture m
■ , I, .juiy witn tne IJniiei. i in- jii 1111.111.11 ()n.iiii^ viir
'! uH-rnJclc nprclent'. thi- nrirtyuluin of St. I,.iuri;pcc,
'"■' , ,"j,||jui ) .iiiJ ill ill" liili- i.-oiii|).irtniriits are iiiir S.i-
^lJ[mm\i to the p.ll.ir, and his cirrying ihc croU, hy
j-Vf t'lurJ r.mge confilU of only f inr coluniiis of th-
,■ n'liiJii orJir, the eNtr"mcs of the hiwcr r.in!. lii;iaL;
,' ' I [,y two pyi.iniicls nfgrecii j.ifper, lietWLcri win h
''''''Ji'ic br.UV lUuiies o( St. "jinies, thi- patioii ot Spain,
'! iSt. Aiv'ri-w. Ixiih l.ir^er tl-..iM thv \iU-. The liillory
"itic miJJi'-' '■'■■pi''^''"'^ 'he Alliiinption (n theViri;lii,
"ij- oil the lii!t's are tne rcfurtec'tion, anJ llic ilele.nt ot
',|.lil,ilv t''»'ft-
V»u ci'hiiii'i* of theConipofitc orilir fiipporl the Iron-
■,,,.. c whuli temiMi.ites in the c.rini-ip.ll iiieh ot the
"[■''oct.' "'^' eonipartnient is ^rcen j.ifpcr, in which is a
."cii'it of hral's gilt, with tlie It.itiii-s of the Virgin
V V Ji'.J ^'' I"'"' "-'I'I'I'l; '"1 'l^"^ '' '"• ■» •'"■! til"''- "I
i. Ptifr •11"' '^'' f'"il '"^ the extreme pi-.lcll. lis. Tile
■■ i.'l,(.;|rhif,c,iii the (H'l'.ill.il of the IXi.ic onlcr to the
'..!jof"ihe ura d I'r.li is iiiiKty-tliiLC fa", and th'.'
;'. i^t'i hTiv-nnic. The ahuve tabern.icle (i.md.'i on a
' i"i.; iif i.'ilper, wiihiii .in an I'eJ portal, whole [nl.ill.rs
Vul red aiul green jal',;-.T. Tne loin) is glohul.ir, an I
y.„,j,f Corinlliian. The initeri-ils arc .ill gems, anJ
'.'. iir.il). 11"-' 1^'"^ pe(lt:lt.il is ot jafper liiuly inlaii!.
f '• ,..„[(s eight jal'jicr Columns of a deep r.;j veined
:,«'jvhite. Ill "i<^ intvrc'.iluiiiniatioiri arc I'oiir nidies,
'.:";, js many if.itues of A;Hillle~. Over the c.irnice is
"■■•.; bat.', wi'.ii ei 'ht tndeitah fupiKiriin.' the lik^
.„.;,norot llacucs in gilt brafs : it alio fiilt.iiiis the cii-
.'. whi.h is divided into lotir co'iipartr.ienls inlaid
[■■hia'P''r. Above is a fin.dl l.interii crov, n.vi with a-
nailior cupola, and over all is an ima:;e of o'lr S.ivi'iurof
the l'.;mc mt't.il as thole of the Apofc:. In tne lo'.ver
n.rtare two doors of rock-cr)ll.il Ica.'iitg into the f.inc-
I3j:v, ''"•■ j.iiiihs an.l lint.l.iof w'liji arc of a heaiitif.il
(,(„ jjfpcr ; tne other p.iris ronliit of j.ifpirof k-VLr.il
".'jjr'^ .iiiJ i'liilhed hrafs. In (holt, tnis who'c tii.ip"!
,; ,|..tiv.d with th.e rich^il Mufiic wuik, and a great
\. .!v ( fll.itues and paiiuin;';.
!-,l;i:;', r ch;ipel.4 .iiid all the diitl-rent pnts^ftIli^
fupcbcher, h are adorned in the moll heautiiiil injiiin r,
c ;ur,n< of jafper, the riehill kiii.ls of nvirble, an.l moll
(, ..t.iul pjiiitingf iiiiJ llatiRb are every wlure to \k-
Hunt is a piill'igc to the queen';, which is of the fitnc
ciiiulinLlion. The monks here h.ive a higher opi-
ni 11 of I'hilip II. the lonmUr, than even ot St. Lau-
rence .iiid Si, Jeroni : this iiiih'cd i-. only a ile;ent pirc
ot cratitiide 1 tor as lie thoiivht th.it, by raifing this fu-
pirb lahTit hi- (lionld atone lor .ill his tins, to he fparcil
II.) cxpciice to nnder it complete, It cod during hia
rci,;n twenty-eight millions of ducats, which is about
three millions tnree hundred and lixty thonfand pounJi
lleilin;. U- lived here iliiifly during ihj lalt iiftecu
years of his iiie; and when he died, ordered himl'ell to be
hrouglit out in his bed to the loot ot the high alt.ir, that
he mightdie infi.;ht of it j and tliiis he expired. The
p'lre where his he, I was pl.iced is fince railed off, ai
lacred. However, tome are to fiiperllitioiis, lays Mr.
Ciaike as to believe that his iinquii.-t and perturbed
(pirit Hill nightly vifits his favourite nMiifion, an.l llalk.4
hoi rid round tlio long arcades and coriidores of the
Kleurial. " l*'or a certain princefs, to my knowledge,
" he adds, |:ave orders lall Oilober, that the guard lliould
" pinrole m the night roun.l tl-.e cloilk-rs, tu f^-e if I'liihp
" li':. gholt really walked there or not."
Theie are two libraries in the Kfcuiial, one upon the
firft fl lor, and tlic other upon the lei oiul : that upon tht;
'iril floor is a fine arched room a hundred and ninety-tive
eet long, thirty-two broad, and thiitylix in height j
-ind the pavement i. of blaek and white mirflein beau-
liliil kn.ts. The concave pait iif the cielini; is rinely
painted by Pelligrino, cxiuiiiting IJivinitc, i'hilofoplu ,
(Jr.u-.iiiMr, Logic, and all the o.lier iciiiiccs, furiound J
with proper groups ofiigures. 'I'lii.^ librai v contain, .d)
the printed books, c.\ccpt f.itric tiril e.itions which are
kept above, 'I'hc librarv above li.iir.s is (uppoled to li.:
one ol the noblelt colleclioiis of manufcripts in the world,
there being eighteen hundred and twcntv-lour volumes of
Ar.ibic manulcripts only; Cjicck maiiulciipts in pio-
tiilion, in folio and quarto, <jf very great antic|nity, yet
l.iiran.l legible. Hutullthii we.ilth is dtpolitid in the
fands ot a few illiterate Jeroniites, who ,iie asjealoub of
tliefe trcafure.-i as if th.y iin lerliood their true value.
1 he Lift part we fhall mention ot this fiipirb Itructure
is the I'antiieon cli.ipel, tlie fepulehre ot the prince
Spain. The portal ......
polite ord
of bl-ick
The coment connlls of live beautiful cloili t.j, an.l
IT IV l^c entered fiom the (luirca. The |)rinci;i.il cloili--:
i> ,.- l.irje as the other tour; it exteiuiing two hundn .1
i,;J:.'. n feet ftom cart to W; It, and two luinjred and
l;n fi.;t foim north to foutii. 'I'he giaiid l!aii-cafe i>
f, :iv I'.ct broad; the Heps are of the moft hcantllul
tec, t.ich of one piece, and the balultraihs of cxqnilite
v.jiktn.iidhip. I he arcaile above is adorned with paint-
i:r, t.xliibitiiig the found. r's moiives for creJlnig tlii-
ciVki, and the nh.ile ihuchiri- !.s ad.irnrd w.th the woik^
ottlieiiKiU celebrated Spanifn and Itall.'n pain'ir.;.
Ill the I'dlery of the royal ap.irtmerit. are e.^cc.'Ilcnt
pj:!i'.in:v'by liafan ; and along tl.e wail are feprefentcd
niaciiitiins hanging dnwii lro:n the hooks fonatuially,
that th'.- Ipeclators o!tcii ende.ivour to hit theni up. On
thelctui tains are painted the h.ittle fought by IJon John
11. .i^aiiill the M.iois of (Jraiiada, m the plains ofHi-
C'.i':.n..'.i, and the battle of St. Chiintin ; ^tul at the two
t.xtrcinities are two naval victories gained cfF the ifle of
Tcrrcra.
Ill 111'.' foiith filoon arc two doors of inlaid vvcuk
brought tVoni (jLtmanv, extremely beautiful, nnd the
infi.lc i> adorned with a number of cxquihte p.iiiuing-..
The nevt is the apartment in wliicli king I'hilip II. rc-
fiJeJ, and where he died : here th'.- tiirn.turc, cieliiigs,
iiiJ wails arc plain. It is, however, adorned with Iniall
llituts uf faints, I'oinc very beaulilul pictures of the Vir-
]jiii .Mary, and other religious pieces. From this apart-
■ 1 .." * — "• • ..^ I .,(,.., iiibiiiiii,|.> ,1
't bl.ick m.irble, regularly veined and Ipotted with whit
In tl:e lelier parts yems, gold, filver, ,•!: 1 bronze, iini
l...Kl..nr.. / ^.. It. . r. 1.. Ol... 'I
...V .v|... .^...^ .'■ li,.. Willi... es ot
ij one of the linelt pi'.ces, in the coin-
in the world. 'I"he priiu ipal members arc
te.
. -., ....ite
liieir lullre. On the fi.ics are two pillars in rela-vo, with
titeir bal'.'i and capitals, belides th'.' jiinhs and lintels,
lorincd out of one block of marble. Over this is the
lri-/.e, and figures to the numb.'r of ti 11, fnpporiing the
uo,vn. The pcddtds, capitals, 5ic. aic o; brafs gilr ;
and hi fore the door is a balufliade ofgilt brats, of inclt
iHaiititul workmanniip.
l-rom this pori.d vou defcend a rt.iir-calV omnofcd of
tiiertaell I ortola iilpers and Toledo marble, beautifully
varie atej, tinely pol (hcd, an I joined with Inch art as to
ppcar only <inc tingle piece, lixiv-lour tect in length
coiiliihng of lliiity-lour flep.i, divided into three fl; 'hts
ly the like number of landing-places. 'I'he balullrades
are of beautiful ja'per maroiietry, with marble niould-
ings. In the nddJle lungs a gilt lulhe wit:i fix cornu-
copias. At tlic thii'.l l.iiid.ng-piace is ih':; P.'nthcon
dojr, adora^J with four pil..Ilers, two of i ifner, and two
of ivonze. The pavement between the pilalters is of
poliihed jafpcr, and the ceiling rcprefents J.icob's lad-
der.
l.'poa entering this augull cometrv, ynn ,-.ro llruck with
til' beauty of its fcvei.il parts. The order of its archi-
tc.-ture is the compolite. Jfs circumference is one hun-
dred and thirteen feet, and the diameter from wall to
wall is f'omcthing tnorc than thittv-fix let ; the height
Irom the p.ucmeiit to the central ttone at the top is thir-
ty-eight I'.ct, an.l its figure is pcrtecllv circular. The
pavement rcprelcDts the figure of a Itar, the rays of
which arc toimcd of innumerable gems, jafpers and difFe-
icnt kind^ of ni.itble, with a flcuion in thecentci, njit-
tcring with gems, t he whole is furiounded with a beau-
tiful pcdelhil or bafc, on which (tands h.^teen fluted (."o-
nnthian pilaftcrs ofjafper, the bates and capitals of 'ilt
bronze. The larcoph»gi or coffins ate placed in niches
M
1^
I t
I
i«
trici)
f
m
V ;'
7T1
ifi
;ri^
» >'
42 »
A S Y S T r. M () !•
t: 'I
t ■ J
M,'
M.
S.^AlV.
nil louiiil the P.'.nthron i an! xh<: tratli!« (it'wliii-li lli.y
are ii.j.li', is rn!i.i kibli.' lor tlii' lintiurs nlthc ni.uii, the
bujiity ul' Che colour, aiul ilic (ita.iiiuiiti b.MovvcU uii
tlUMll.
TIk- ring in tl:e riclin ', in the miJiilt; nt' uliicli is ilic
ki v-tiimv, liiiii.' .1 liikiuliil fltiiton, i'i:;litvi'ii kit in ijr-
lunilVit-mc, .111.1 \i lit lit.il's imU, .ind tUv i!i.i';:ii aiul wi'rk-
in.uidii,! vi ry liiu-, l''u/i.i tiii'. H-iiron h.'-ii^.* a i.irm. i.'.Mi-
r.ul, til wliifli 11 laltt'iii'il a !,irt;i' (jilt iullrc of l).au;irul
\voi':ni.iiiflii|i. .\t the jnwii ill i .itc thi; iuur i-v.iii.jciilis
ill lifnii-n licvoj iivir ilulcatr lvvciiiy-l<iiir (•(irmuiipi.ts,
iiUin ' tlic iJ :cfi (if wlii-.-li arc iluriibiiii ; an I above trulu
• ij'hr an triM lniMiii:; (lanib'Mii^ i am! the uthL-r lyht au'
t\\..l to iiie hca 's o( a- iiiaiiv ftia(ih.s. it i< ivcrv vvlicic
ciiibiT..(lif.l with ti;il(i;iiis .J«:c. an.l fiirniiiiinlcil by a
f|.]tiulM en wu. When the tapers in thcli' ci.iiiiuiiiiias,
tlie n ni' canj lichl bv the aiij;el'i, ami ilie laiuliei mi tiie
allaran; ii'.' itti!, nti wor.!s c.i, exprcfi is piaiuleiir.
Oil the riklit-ii.iii.', p"ing oat "I the l\iiitlieoii, a liocir
opens into a vault vvineii may be calleil the feeonii.iiy
I'.i.'iOvi'ii, v.'here tht.fe of tin- roy.il faiiiilv who aic not
«mi,l',i lo .: jili'i' in ih^' pri.uip.il lhu:fuie iirc ini<rml-
On every li.lc are tlire* rows ol niches," to ih.e nu.iiber ol
filly one, for the eoirins^'tiJ "ii llie wail next the iloor is
an alt.ir pieee, in vihii.li it a i'ooj copv oi ChriK on tiie
crofi, Iron) I itiaii. I.tavuig this nionallery. we [.ro-
teul to
'I'cle.lo, an aneiint for-iliej ei'v, fi'ii.it il in the li.'iv-
ninlh il.-ane f.,rtyfix iiiiiuiiiii north latitmle, anJ in tae
fourth ill ;.:ree tuemy minutes w.H |i'n".ilnJe, ami li.,nils
on a iKep anil crn;;';v rock, encompaU'e.l hy the I'a ii-,
i.i the furill of a hori'j-flKie, over wliieh it has two U.ite-
Ir' briil^i-s. Thf' l.mi-llde is lortihcj hy a ihuihio wall,
111 vvliith arc one hundred an.l hliy towers anJ live l.iieo
(Ml;", befrle? pnlli.Tn'. It was lornierly tlftinad a pl.ite
fifllrenpth; but ol the l.ilr wars about the I'ueccfiion, it
alw.y-. lubinitte! to thofc who were nialkrs of the lielJ.
'I'lK [ihiin around thj city is fp.icioin-, tVrtiio, pl.-..rant,
aiul lo wi II wati-red by the Tagus, tha: it produces corn,
V.-',').-, oil, fiuit, and In iliort cvtrv tiling that can (oii-
tiihuie to the convenience and delij.'it of man, '] he air
is p.iriieularlv krcne and hr^lthy, and there is pleiuy of
proviliur:., whiih arc very thcip. Here rtfide manv no-
b'e f.iniilics bel'ides gtnirv, kamcd and religious pcr-
Irns, mrrchanis, traee.-p.oplr, and anilicers, eliKcially
G E O G U A I' n Y.
and the ntcnfils, are of the ilnhcfl matnl ,', i,„j e
woikinanlhiji. 'I'hr ini ige of di • Xir-Jn .M.'ry h-,7|,
.1 ■annent toveied with pearlj i and the p.m. tin ., ; \.
Ilriji.tuiu an; anfwer.ib'e to the tilt. i'lie' it I " '"'
the viltry is i ainttd by I.uea Gicrditin, and "'•"'
deed line jnJ well piefervej. I ho eullnjji •'.' ']'''
and piecious iLnie?, uie injonccivable, j.j \L']"'''
in Ihiiialle; a't.it, with Heps to ih*m of n,jfn,\ p'
vcr, gilti the lij;uris ol the four qii.ii'crs tt' '"
woild, each .idorned wiih tiie piceiuus iK.nci pecnl, ,''
lis own ipiarier, ami liilini; on irlobes of two fj ,.''''"
lattt r, iiic globe itilin- on .1 pedJital, an.l that oii a b7'
ihc tiL-iiie, t;l.,be, puUllal jiid li.ife, b.'inT all t„ , .' '
t.ii kct, .Hid laid to be all o'' ni.JTivc liKcr.'w-ert t-" '.'
of Cliarlci 11':, ijuecn. In (In. ft this is om. „c ,i,^. J"' • ;■
i.itlie»li,ils in the iinivtrfe, and the arclil dli pric K"k'''
uowci and revenue, ihe t'lcieil ne;u (,i tiia:vfK').° '
that ihi' late tiuecil of Sp.iin obtained it Ooi„ trie J,p,V"
one ol 11'. r I'iki-, ihoii;.li a minor. The !.,nd. for til''
pairs of the cliuith arc laid to brini; in ^.nnu.ilk ii ■""
ihoiiland ducats, and f.ir \\k diijnatories .au) .-...',... '.'"''
'le.
to Ihc c.ithcdr.djis laid to a:'...unt to '(u'^i,u^'^
."he uhoie i u
ii.i-.i
huiiJie.i tho-aland n
beloii.ir.
dred.^
The reirains of tlit alcafar, or palace V.i'lt hy Q\„ i.,
\'. or aeeuldini.; to oiher', !', il;e archdnki L'aarlc '.''
I ■ ar vu) liiulci but it w.is tniuu hv tiie allies aii'Vf"
t-i,in p...-.y in the pattitiui, ..r iuccnion war, Icrt'iiQ,^^']
I..
1 into i;,
•lluiei.
■hiuidsofl'hi:
uoaveryprea:cii:i,.:ity3t r„h Jo, which!-
an origin. il Hebrew tiirple, .-nl i:, a fi.ie p tee of ' '
ijtiily i hut the piety iif the .-iji.miirds i'l eonvertii
leiiipic Iroiil judaifm to Popriv, li.is t :!•;■.■ ii
;i.i(i.
",: t'ii
■'«■■!; niucli
ni.itter CI'.' -1 iinnieiit in lae ant iin.in.ins T'h- .,„
ei.iu divdion. have been ail taU-n J.nvn ; the hoh'jf
holies, and evi 11 the t.ibernacle iti.i:, h.iv,. h.; " ' "
ivi)m.ii
■111 I'll";'!-
mm • .uv.u . I he w.iils, it ha-, fiiiee he-.-ii toun-l, w r. (',;.
vered v.'.xU the l' .luis in iie'.-rcwchara.-teis ; hut i\ni'i
maids had /.ciloi.dy pliilered them over; h-,j: a 20^);."
111. ill of parts and h.-ariiiii;;. who is canon .md tri-afurr, of
the chur.h, has lately c.iufcd the plalter t . hu c.ireiul'-
removed. Tlure arc alio the rcinair.i ,,; a K,
t ireiis anl aaipl.itheatre.
The Calhlian ljii::na.;..- I.i f.-ik-'n here in
puri'.y. One of the (.'ret. Il inco iveiiion-c-; 0: lins f,.,,
i--, the inh.ibilants bavins; no water but what is hrmi^ht
from the Tagus, or f.ivcd from the eves of their ho'ii's
when if i.uiH. There is heic a lemarkalile coai.iunl
fewer, v.-hich is faid to run un.ler i-veiy lioiile, to canvol}'
all the hill into the river. Ikiid.-s tlie above llructurc.s
there is here an univeifitv knimled in the year i.pr jnj
a court of intiuifiiion. Tiie city is populous, an ! imuhs
on .1 great tiade in fine f.vord-bladei-, wnel, hli; aii-J
ftuits.
S F. C T. XI.
O/l/jf Ki>:::h/n nr P-cviiue efOU C:fli!c ; ils SiliMhn, Lx-
Irnl, JhV' . aii/l Ptitiiiic ; uithii f'lfiiipuon ef
<S.::
I\
in the filk and woollen niaiuiljclmes, which two bian
rhes alone aie laid to liave employed ten tliouland hands ;
but at prrlent they aie miicii detliiud.
Tiie city IS (livi.hd into tv.'eiuy three ward.s, and has
tweniy l.vin p.uilhrs, about twenty chapels, thirty-
iijht monalieries and nunnctie?, four grand lioul'cs of ic-
tiieiiient lor women, two larL:e eolieges, and twenty five
h"',>i[.d , one lit th.'ni for Inn uies.
The liietts arenari.i.v and deep ; but there are no icfs
th.in fevcn fi^uarcs or ni.irki.'i-pla'.cs. There is here a
iii.'igniliei nt an.l fj'acious old palace taken from the
iMoors, tlie It.iblcs of which can liold at leaftfue hun-
dred h(.r:i4,
I'he cathedr.il is a lar-re Gothic Ittucliirc, rich In carv-
ing, but the build. ng is iKithcr light, nor in 11 good
talle. It is three hiindiid and eighty-four feet long, one
hundred and n'liety une broad, and one hundred and I'e-
vcn hiiih, all of white lioiie. 'Ihe roof i> lupporfil by
cigli:y-ei.,ht lol'iv pillars, wiiieh divide it into live klli-r,
tiie middlcmolt id which is veiy handfome, it bcirt; di-
VI. led into iwo choirs neatly cave. I and inlaid. (Jiie of
llieiii is called tilt chapel of the Hlefl'ed Sacrament, and
is the hurvin--;-p!acc of many of the Spamfli nionaich'i.
It is eiiciofed wiih coilly iron grates on bales 01 jalper ;
and on c^ch Trie Hands a Irak pulpit on pillars ot the
fame metal. Tne other choir belongs to the canons,
clok-d in after the lame manner, and beautified with car-
vings in wood andialpei. All tlic ont.'ide of the two
chi irs IS adorned wiih liatnes in niches, and other fculp-
tute leiirefenting the hiltory of the Old and Nevv 1 elta-
mcnt. (here a;e in tins (triiifture thirty-four chapels,
and thi" ciitr.inee into it is bv 1 i;;ht laige br.ils j.ites.
With nrignihcent porticos ; and above is a lofty tovier
with a ring i-t bells ol a piodigious frzc. The irealury 1
is of an ineilimiblc value ; the veihiieiils for the prielis, formerlv only a couniry ("uhjcct to the kiiijs
-'.
OI.I) Caltile is bounded on tl..- north by tlie Ailiirijs
■.v.'.A ISiIciy ; on the call by Navarre and Airagim,
on the Unith bv New Callile; and en the well by Lt-nn.
Its figuie is very irregular, and confequently it-i Jiram-
fions exticniely diHV-rent; howevtr. Its gr:,itelt Itiiith
from Willadoad to larrai^ona, is about one hiiiij.'ej anJ
twelve linglilh miks, and its grcatcft breadth about oi.;
bundled and eighty.
Its piiiieipal rivers are the Duoro and Ebro, thefirffuf
which is joined by the .'\tayada, the Andaia, t!.e .-Vi'u.
riilo, and the I'ifuerg!, wiiich ail'o receives the Aikrca
and Ail-au;on. The fources ol all thele rivers are in tiiu
province, which is mountain-us and lefs l--:tik' (I1.111
Ne-.v C'adilc. The moll fruitful part is a tracl cdlcj i.i
rierrod'- Campos, which lies tri tl'.e north, nearAk-.iim
lie I'rio Seco. Tr.e wiiie produced here is exc-ii.m,
the plains are covered witii caitle, particu'jrly -.vii.i
fheep, which \ ield the bi (I wool in all Spa.n. I; w.ii
of Li.ill ;
but
T^" ' -^ \i
rhi an.ltr,c,M„.t;M,;»i„,;'
.. .i-.Uf i-|u:;„|„ '
.m-u OurJin... ,„j |,^
/cJ. I no culln.!h, i-iv,.,
MKonccivaMc, J.J ,;,,| •
:cps to Ihfm nf nuirivj ,{'
I'ic li'iir ijii.u'crs (u ( "
^•p.cci„uilK,,u-.pccul.„;',
J c.ii !.I()!u-j „| two fc,., jj
'P>-;K'U, iii,.ltliati;nuh,,"
JiiJ I1.1I0, In-in-all I,,...,.,;
— n- It *■ > ''.1 r
ni.idivc liliir, Wen: uw , ..
'"■••' i'''^ ''"'"•"I'thcrH^ '(
in...... 'IhH.aiJ.for't,!,;'
to l-rin- in :,nnu.illy ihinj
;c:i,;nat..rr.-i,.,-.J,.,,„u„^ J^
hc»lioIc,.i„.l-,,T„fp„|-
ibl^tJ toa:;.,.uiutofuhun.
x.nrp:,!.,er!v,;!tbj.ei„,|.,
V il;e ;irclu!iiki C.iarlfs, -a
Iniini l'ytiK-;,lii(.san;Viii"
■,'uc-c.1i(.ii wjr, lcllit(i,u„ij
curi...1ty3t Tol. Jo, which ij
.-nil., a f.r.e p ece of anti-
.-ijuiinrJ^ ,■! .-.invertin-iiij
pr.y, li.is t ,k..-il aw,iy'^,..;c!l
1:10 .u>t ijii.iii.ins Ti,5 ..,'_
II f.il:ci) J.irtM i ilie huly'of
cIl-i:i.;:, Ii.;v.-. K.Jen liie,;!],.
1 liMc..!x-;n!.).,n.|,vv,,J.
-icwcliara.-irisiliutihcSpj.
.1 tlicmoviT; l-.j. agci.iie.
lid is canon .in,l troafmrr of
d tlif plalKT t . bj cjrciullv
llic rcin.ii:-,i >,; a Kom.;il
r,.nk.-n hiT'.- in iti »;r.a},
inco ivcnicn"^-' o: tins f,;;.
I water Liiit wliat is liDnht
im tlic t'vis lit' ihoir turZ-
icic a iciTi ark able cimi.in'ii
.lor i-vi ry lioiili.-, to cirrvuft'
MiJ.-s tbe above ihiiotiito,
in.lcl in the year I4;5, a„J
Lity IS p'ljniUnisanlaints
<ra-blaile.^, WulI, lii^, an.J
XI.
;j.
n ti.. nnrtli by tbe Afliirij!
by Nai-arre anJ Airag,)'] ,
anJ (11 ibc we!t by iAna.
iJ confequciitly irs Ji;-,H!!-
)Wevir, us grutcll bii^th
is about one hiinJ.'cJ ,InJ
greatcft brtaJtIi abou; ei.J
)uoro anil Kbro, the (irftot
a, the Andaia, tl'.e Arr'ia-
alio receives the Ati irTl
)t all ihel'e river.'! are in thi*
i|. us anJ lefs |.-:tile than
III part is a tract r.;llcj I.1
t ) tl'.'.' north, near M,- inn
iiiii'.-cJ here is exc- il.n: ,
tattle, partieu'arly wiui
r}ol in all Spa.n. !> w,ii
t to the kiiijii of Li.ni i
6 but
,„ was crc/ltil inlt •■> kln;»Jom. The moll re-
»i"",I, lic^., in ihii ptoviiue are the loilowinn
:f;;or'Avil..J^'ll^'-7- f"^'y ">'!'•' t "'' ,.
is an aiuii lit 'I'yi ff>>"^^'' "'" •' '""•" P''"" '""•
»'"•/' „h mountains and prodmin;; exeellent i^rapM
' hft tin- tniitsi it li riirniiindej with a wall, (.;i
Mv lix towers, and ten <^\v
fc
F. U R O P F.
4«f
rait of Sa-
lt has nine
ciclin;,' i th;n you fnter a magnificent room, ralkJ ilic
Hall of the Kiii^s it roniainin(j the wooden or waxen
iina^is of nineteen kinirj of C'lllile, (ix of I, eon, two ot
the Aliuiias, ami (ixtcenof Oviedo, all pl.ucd over your
h'ad, ahcit the niidillc of thi' will, round the ruom,
with th.'t ipi'ens, and four counts, or dukes, pl.irej un-
der them. Round all the rooms ar': inlVripiions con-
t.iiiiing prayers and pious fentcncesi in old Crothic cha-
raclrrs,
I'liis is the famoui tower or caftle of Segovia, fo ceb?-
br.ited in ("nl Hlas and other rominc's, the ancient re-
cepia' le of Ihtc prifoners. There is Miother lar^je pri-
fon 111 th? middle of the city \ but th is only for com-
mon felons.
The Plaea Mayor is a very tolerable irrci;ularrquare, but
and handfomc. It has excellent , thebmMiiiiis are in tin- old Spanilli (lyle ; and tlio' wood
is fi arcc, and era. ks with the fun, the fronts of moll of
ri,hufch",'->5 many moiialtenes, fevm nunneius,
r chain's **" '■""^'n^'S' """-' holpit.ils, anl an
""'"haritjMe donation of ten tliouland ducats imv.ii
Pi""''. (yr niaiiitaiiiing poor orphans and other
'''*" 'fons. ' l^"^ "'V''' '^•''"'' '*•""'* "" *■ '"'^''> '"'^ '■'
"^'I'j with .1 ^arrifon and artillery.
;i«"j";„ofS''govia is of great aiitiipiiiv, and Kill a
.jblepiace. It Itaiids hinli between two hill-.
bri-f populous, and handlomc. It has excellent
r'".Vturn "tcloth and pa/.cr, :.nd alio exports a very
J M of wool. 'I"l"= number of families ill this city,
^ 10 « li'''*^ '"'"' ''■"'"'•'"''• '' *" '■' twenty-foven
""ftchurchi-s, ihiitien moiialleries, eight nunneiies,
hifpitals, iluee rhipels, fevcn (quires, and fort«,-
Lftsof thelirft rank, bcfide a ;;re.it niiniburof lan-.s.
' ciithcilral is a noble liruiture, in the Citiiic
' ' thoiis, as it were fur-
Tl;c
( .;chi!i.'ctiife, and has two thoiis, as it were lur-
,in!bv a moll ample balilica, wbieh is liii'-d on the.
I'*''",- V with avail varieryof line altars, and rich ftirims.
IlLvnird !:'•'''' i'* g'XHU'-"''' gi"": ■•> '!i'^ reli-ioui li^ht.
m-li.'tifty 11 •' fii'^' f"""!. ""I c'ont.iins fime paintings.
k!,( ii jii oil cloy'.tcr .uljoinin.: to the cithedral, in
kVhJfC 1^""- "I' '^"'"" h'liidre.ls of v.lhnciit., the
iu!((of fuinaiiv unhappy J.:ws who h.id the niisf.ir-
:J;"inK' burnt', beeaul'; ihey did not bcli.'vc all that
S iiviuili'or did. The inquilrion, or the h'dy ofTi e,
u:!jd, was the;i at ,i'.govi.», but b.is be. u (in.'L.-
In this eathe.lr.d is a grant of queen Uiuic.i,
ilaee ; and, ao-
them arcof di.il, and moll iiiiler.ible huil.linjjs.
This city has a tanioiis univtrl'ily : it is the fee of 4
bifhop, who has an annual revenue of twenty-lour thoc-
land ducats.
The town-hoiife ii a good modern Itrui5lure i but tbe
city, upon the whole, has a llran;;e apjiear.ince : the build-
in^i look wilil and o Id, fomctinies bein^ railed upon the
Uneven aiul craggy pai;s id the rock, and c nlilliiig
of all the (lyles ol arcliiteiture, Roman, Gothic, Muoiilh,
Sa.xon, and Spanifh.
lint wh.it is moft worthy of notice aiiiniir> the build-
ings of this citv, is the .Sejovian aqueduct, which e\ieni!»
to a fuiall liver, caile.l Rio 1'; io, which tile., in trie lkir;sof
a pal's in the mountains, and take., from it as niu.li wat.-r
as would fill a A\\i\ tb.it would contain a hum. in body. It
\\ received into .\\\ areh ol llone, live bundled p. ices from
iMf city i and iVoiii thence b.-^;ins to run 111 the channel
of ihi- aquediiit, which dois not require more ilevatiun
than I'eventcen feet. Ity littb- and little, tb.,- heijrht in-
creaies as it comes to deeper ground, Ivit vs'ithout req'iir-
in r more than one ranje of arches, till the w iter lias p ill'-
1 d over lixtv-live arches, where the nrcliCi have a b i:',ht
of thir'y-nine let, dole to a Kr.in.'ilc.in convent. 'I'neri;
they begin to windliom call to well, rcipiirinj two r.m-
i;es of aichcs, one arch beini; put upon t.ie oth." ; that
being; the lowtll part of the v.iiley, which is the little
fijuare, now callid A7.0 "ucjo. in that part the aque-
diiifl is one bundled and two feet hi.'h ; the enae.nel cn-
terin';by the batrl. ments of tbe wd>, wiUi an extreme
elevation from the !;ro.,ind to the 'up id' ;iie areh. 'PhiJ
Vh mfiviniis the Alca/.u, or royal |
I ,'i;|,.totii" K^v. Mr. CL.rke, is concluded in the bd-
ir,^,"i,„.,ioiis minner : " Whofocvci (hall vmlate t.^is
I,.', ict tb' i;-. '■'■■ ever baiitfh-d fiom (lod's thref-
I.WJ. 3:1'. ''-■ •'-•■i"y ■onncnted with D.uhan and
bWj'TI. ^vbc Ul ti'. : 'Mitli fw.ilbn.Vf I ; be d.iiiin' d with
III lit ir.;:'" J 'l.'.'f •"' ' I' '}' ■* thoul'.uiJ pounds of un
"irvril'^nl.i I" 'li'' hiO'"P'"
•fs ic ,-.ie lew.'ral line churchf-s b-fi.les th? c;ithedr.d ;
|ij. ,. .[ Milan is veiy rd.l. The arches of this church
|,..'ii; round and lar^o ; and the pillars, which arc lofty,
111! '3'"'1 '"■'i''' •'■'< cont.-.ininu; many figures b,)ih of j elevation trom the groanJ to the 'up ot ;>ie are
iBinarJ .laiinals; finie with h^Miitd'ul fidi.ige : tbe ftial'ts aqueduct go..s thtough the middle 01 the ci y, from ealt
■' ' ■ ' ■'■ ' ' lir."
iTi.'jnl Jn.l plain, placeil up.in fqiiare bales extremely i to weft, with an arched dii t fi large, tint ani'iimay
Irt. A' th'- entrance i- a fort of alcade, with beautd'ul j walk in it : and from thence duidino;, it exiends to tho
(iiUi'laiiiis ol black marble, aihl the pillars joined to 1 pablie fountains, and the cillerns ot c.-.iiveirs .nul pii-
tr(i!i'i.''fr by a fort of I'piral line. { vatc ho il'es. Tnis (Iructiire coiiiill* of one bund'ed and
Thtchurchof St. John the n.iptid is faiil tub? tbe id- fixty on-.' arches, of hewn lloncj of a bludh granite,
(dt;!'.!t-.o ciiy, it b'Tii-.i; built in 9? 5. It confills nf three placed one upon another. This was doubilels built by
ni'.. ,i'l round arches of the old (lolliic, and here | the .mcieiit Romans, and fome attribu'c it to Trajan.
In two n:i h.-^ on the bigheft part was formerly llatti s of
Hercules, wlii li are now changed for ihol'e of our Lady
of St. Sebaltian.
In this city is fixed the princip.il mint of all Spiin,
hicli, when at work, can coin tliirty thoufind ducais in
llSt achivcs of tbe city are kept in a ban-lfome rl-.rll,
Ilk; cornice is comnol'ed of the heads of animals, the ca-
Ipiilinf the pillars carve. I with animals and human ti-
|rjr«, ami the will lows arc fniall, long, 2nd narro'.v.
Thi' Al a/.ar, or royal p.il ire, is fiippoC-d by ,\Ir,
C!iii;c to have been built in lb" eighth century. The a day. Mere they make good pijicr ; but th'.; w.-i.dl.'n
Ifcnt I! about fifty feet long t there are two conic tiir-
llt!! It o.uh wing ; and the f.i^-.i.le is adorned v, ith love
liildiminutivc turrets in the fame ftyle ; above the (kil-
llinjor I'panroof of the tirfl front, th'?rr ribs another
|4l!'inj-roof a.'oriicd with turrets in the fame (lyle j and
licwecn the wings in the middle riUs a lofty Iqu.in
Ibck tower, fiirroundcd with Imall circilar turrets end-
lEg in a roiifole. Along tbe front ol the t;r(t buildiiiii
Ibis a neat, finall, open gallery, juft under the cornice.
iTlt whole of the fabric appears to be in tbe old Moorifli
IS\!e, and is extremely pretty and light. You go to it
Itouih a f lit of a court, over a I'nudl brblgc ; it being
Imoiie part encompalled by a deep (ofs, and on the other
liJ;! by Ik'ep precipices, it Handing on a rock. Having
llifnl ihr bridge, you enter a clovller, where there is a
|(.!urt within and » fount.itn, and having palfed through
lilargehall, enter into a (late-room, w;.h a rich rieling,
It.rHiig of ibicco upon the wall.,, and Dutch tiling round
manufacluie of this city is th.'belt and moil conii,i.T.:'ili
in all Sp.iin ; t.ie blankets of Segovia aie, perhaps 'hj
fir.ell ill tbe world ; for they have a vail cpian'ityof the
liiicll wool, produced from 'he numberb'U (locks bred in
the neighbouring plains. Here are alio I'everal otiierma-
lUifailiires, partioulaily of linen, which is c.irried on
with great fuecef-.
V'all.idolid, anciently called I'iiidia, is a l.ircc, beauti-
ful, and populous city, eiihty-fix miles to the north-well
of Madri'.l. It is fituated in a Inacious and delightful
plain, watered by the Piluerga, over whch it has u
(lately bridge : befides which, it has about nineteen
fmall ones over the tfqiicra, a I'm ill river that run', thro'
feveral of the (Ireets, and thence tlirougli a delightful
landfcape of gardens, orchard'., ineido.vs, and tielJs,
which it waters in its courl'e. The city is walled round j
but is a place of no great ftrength, and has li.x gates. It b.i»
lonv; bro.id llrc'ts, with large and lofty hoiiles, ('jdciulid
iht.'ooin at the bottom. This brings you to a Cecond ! pal.iccs, fpacious and elegant I'quares, and fountains; Ic
|ifi;initiit in much the fame taile, but a much richer
79
veiity convents, amon^ which the Dominican convent
5 0. 'f
^
• 1 *-
1
1
f
i i.
„ rmi
v-f
I f
liii
'in-.
4 so
A SYSTEM () »• L. I. O G H A i 1 1 Y,
of Sf, I'aiil haJ a m.iiinilirci\t clmicli, .\iiil tliL culli^c i>f
Sf Circfnrv, .\iiJthat«>l tlic Jduilsarv ii.ulii.ul.irly wur-
tl'V I'l (li.tn-l'
1 111- pi'At lijujri.', or |m.i/v.i, in built ulur llic muJ:!
fil' llt.it .It Mj.lrul, 4II1I iniililh of li.c liiimln.i ahhlii
with ,;ile h lUdnii'.. thuv iiuiiiI.imiI wlllJllvv^ ..11 in vuw,
Jiid thri\' liiiii.lrfd jikl tlunv ([.i"'i ur ilonri. It i» in
tilCUl levfii hiiii.lrr.l (1.11 es, ami i* cipil'lc ol' idiit.iiii-
in^ liiiiry lli'iul.iiul |iiiKi:r.. Ni' c i>ik' li.Ii' cit til;* lt|iiart
i< ,1 l.ir.»i. v/i II built tirect, cliutly iiilubucd by jjulJ aiiJ
lilv('iliiiith:<.
H.i>' I' .1 ro'.il |i;il.iii', lie If tin- noniiiii''Ji> ooiivciit i
an iiiilveili:v,liiiiii.ii.l in 1 (vu i .i ^tn^riipliitjl acilciny,
lately iTcclcil 1 .iiniittui iiu| nl'itiuii , .imi .1 tiili.m.il ut
iuttiii', ci-nipul' J (i( one (iriliiK-iit, huctil ruuiilclliin,
tour ciiiiiiii.il iu.!^''<, oiu' (iiiuiini' )inli;c Im UiluiVi I'lur
judi'ci lit' nubility, t^vo liV.iN, .in. I .m .il/,ii.i/.il iiiiyor i
yet ilitf r..»viui'.' lit us bidi'ip, vvliu ii lutt'i.i /, m tu thf
arLhtiinvip lit Toledo, Joei nut c.\ti:cil twelve tiKiul.m.)
(Juk'.itu pir Jiimini.
Tt-.o iiihiihiLintK of Valliiloliil arc a,i polite iui.l wvW-
bred in .mv people in Sp.iin. Il'ey nut only e.irry on
a ciinlikT iM.^ tia ;c .iiiro.i.l, hut eiilliv.ia' Itvei il in.niii-
i'actniis at hi'iiic, in whuli tii y ..le very exptil anl in-
genious,
Iliii^i..., therap:talof 01.1 C^dili', (1 nnls on a liili be-
twcrii til.' riviT- .\l.ii'./.i ;in 1 .\i'.:m/..i, .ui.l i^ eiKoin
, pjfl'J \v:t!\ nviiint.iiiis. It ij liiiiJli'd in loriy-two ile-
ii. ■.<.'. grt'.-s tliinv miiiiiies litilmle, and in (.air d.j'.r.cs live
' '■*' ininiiXH wilt liiiiijitudi', one hull li id m.l ten niiU*» to
til', linnli 1.1 Madi'd, It has old Init llioii].!: wal'-, fevcn
pate , ml! h.i.'t a [jiiod hridi^e over tile Arlania, an.l on
the norm liJe is a callle ictrd on a Itei'p roi k. I iie
air is hue I'.i dil.i^iecab'e, tlut the Sp.iniaiils have a
proverb, llat Hir.i.)i lu> nine months of winter, an I
the other three il hell ; the tormer imMiiiii^ r.iin/ aii.i
lold we.ituir, and the litter excellivehe.it. This city
is i ir;.;i', hut irn ;riilar, and niclt ol its Itreeis are nano.v
and eiooked. It his, hiuv.ver, many tine liiuaies, puh-
lie hull iiiv's, aiiJ nobleiiicii's lioufis. 'I his city his
ti'tccM parillt ihurchis, with live hol'pital.i, fix chaiiels, a
colle^' ', till moiialhiie., and Muie luiniv.'ties, one ol
which is the toyal I'ounl ition ot' Hueli;.n, ot' the oidtr
ol' St. Hi-rnaid ; its lady ahhels is a worn 111 ol the liill
ij'ialitv, .ind next in rank to the royal family 1 (lie haviii;;
levcntien monalK ric, ll';ii en towns, .^\\^ tiliy villapes
luliiei.t toiler. In tins abhey are one htiiidnd and li:ty
nuns •' ! genth woni-n 1 an I its revenue anion m-- to eijihty
thou; . lid ducati a year. Tin- toiiveiit ol St. Aiuultiiie
his wiat they te;iTi a mir.icilous crui.iti<, which they
I'ri ii rd was ni.ido hv Nic.uli ir.us.
Til" ciiheJr.il, whch is oii.- oi'ihc iidhlLfl and riihift
111 Sji.iiii, has tivc larje choral cliapels, with an organ in
each, )et To in. lolV.I ami n.iiu te, as njt to dilhirh cacli
other. I'n: ar l.billiop ha-, a revenue of I'orly thou-
faiid iluca'.s a \e.ir. I!ij',ai ""^ "^ ''* luhulb;, txiicds it
in CI :ueiits and holpitals. The inh:.hitants of both
lexvs aie h' r.: luori- iiidiillrioiis, and c.irry on a gre.iter
number of tr 1 h.s and inanul'aclurcs th;;n is cammon in
tCe laige cities of c>pa;n.
S F. C T. XI[.
()-'t'^f Kiiyhm'^ i>r Pr-Ayixcn rj' N(n"irr' finrl Iii/'iiy ; tl'fir
Situ iti'.n, /•'.v.Vi/,', /'rmlua; uil.l Jiiu.rs ; i/j:i'r Jlifhri,
ii<:it Pliiuip.:iCiti(l.
I».^.^VARKK, whi h fo dlllln^iiifli it from the
_, % cniiiit:y <f tlic r:!iu- n.i.iic belongiiii; to th;-
French, is called l.'ppir N.ivaire, is bowiuicd on'the weft
hi Od C'alfilc and llilVay; on the fuurh bv Ariapon ;
and 0:1 t! c rait hv Aiiajoii .ui.l the I'yicncan inoiin!
tai:!'. which divide it from Ireiuh N..varre ; and alio by
the \'.K\\K n-ioiintains t^iwards the north. It is an hun-
di-'d miles in Iciijih, an I about lixtv in hrcailth ; it is
r oiinMinoiis and Co! 'cr than th.' relJ of Spain ; and as
tht ;'reatrft part of the pr'nince Ii. s among the Pyrenean
nio.iiit.ins, iis chief w.Mlth conlifts in Tatile. Ilvnce
it iirojiices vrrv li:tl;-corn, wine, or fruit; hut has ahun-
nioiintaini alio abound in ;;am; of a|| jj,
H.iis, ro... bulks wild-r wl', kt. lt.>w4,f,jiL i|
livei, ill iif vvhi.h (all into Hit Kbr.ij thee afjj^u '',' 'I
the I..M, and the Airi^un, whicij iliu;. i.um ih'. t ''I
iloin ol the rimen.inie. ',1
Ihc km; of Spam rec-ivci no ttveiiiic f, \
coiiiiiry, ail the impoHi an. I duties biin... by ,„,!'," ' ''
be employed in the public feaicev n!,./,,,, i'"ii^
yi ar 7i« to I 51 J, h 1.1 li , pfruli.tr kin-i ..f difttii,."'
niilicii but ill tlij l.ilk mciitiiiiicd ye.iri wu teJ
i.t|
hit-til i,
kiii^ FiiduMiid the Caihoiic, uiid' t the d] . „, ''I'
that Ji.hn D'Aili.il, its km,;, by beii|... ^n ally ,,, '1 '" '
.Ml. ol Fiaiur, wiih whom pipe Juliu, li n^, ,"*'
ii j....j..i.i.a V. 1 V u.u. vij.ii, H :iii, or iruit ; init lias alnin-
Jance of excellent timber, and fomc i.'oii mines. The
i)i\
' »>.''irr,J
.ime, h.id been dii land an Uieny to the ihuti
cxeomiiiuiiirated bv liiep<i|v.'
I'ampilcii.i, am i-iitly I'ompeiopti;:, , r p„^,,5- ,
lli bcm^ buiit by ''oiiip'-y "le (in it, i, ht c',.,'"]
Nav.irie 1 and is (rated 1 11 .1 | I.im iter the IVrir.-
the iiv.r Ar.ra, one Ir.'ndrc.l imd lixry dve,, „,.!,;"•
north-call ol Mali id. It ii a pl.ici- of tolerable r,..
iiiid h.n two calfk;, o.... within ihu i 'ty, and the '
withoiir, on a totk. lis l"i|uiitt^ are handiume, an
id with lliops full I f run nietihrindi/e. Its i,,|),
liihircl to tiic auhbiinop of Hurj;o^, a;;J ),j, j„ .' "'
r '. emir of iweiity-tivf tho'jf.nd dual,. U hai '
univ. ifity, lir.indrd in the )ear l6c S, and is tie rjiil • '
of ihi viiuov of Navarte. ' "'
I he pit vuice of liilcay is boimded to the vtftlir.J
Alliiiiasj to the noithwanl bytheli.i, which ijjuT J
. d the Hay of liif. av i to the . all by X.ivarre ; anj i,^, J
linilh by t )l.l Caltile, Its lAieiit from nnrili in ., „, .
netween ci.'hi^eii and I'.vcnty-titc mi'c., aah • '
to Will OIK' bundled and eiv-Iit.
The air he^e is mill and ti-mprrate ; lut th- f
(loiiy .md uneven. In t.T.t in lome places h.irill.' L
tliliiir i^rows ; but in othcis they have a litlle wini-'ci"i!j
cd chacoino, Wi.iih is plcafint, and drai.k as 1'-'
heer. They have coin fuflicitnt for the ulenf thti^!
bitants and have ipib:. ill preat plentv, of wliich . ;."
make exieilflit c)der, which in tome n taiurf fvj!;
the want oi wine. I he coall alf'i abounds v,\<M nij'.!,
•iiid lem('n'i,whirh thi y leil \erv cheap, and in 1,10 f|,[J.3
is excellent timber lit I ir Ihip-biiildui.;, Tncnio'ii
tains viel I iiiinciol iron and lead ; v;hile the v.il!;r, •".
diicc fomc llax.
Its comituidioui filintion on the fca, m the mi • ,,„
hood of Fr..ncc, tendit- the trade very ftmiiiduna; ihj
particiilaily exjKitt ^ii.it <|iMiitiiii.. of iron-wii'i w"
all forts ol powder and fire arms, which arc urvr j'j
finifhtd, and a ^'icat dial of t«r. IKre the, (liioir '
t]iiaiititi.-s of will I, which is n.oltlv hriuil'lit lri;i
C..|l le : but their own pro.lucc in this l.ilf ariicif,,
neither In tine, nnr produced in fucli qiiantitin, trcl
manufjclure whollv .it liume. The lea alfj turn,'
this province with a'.l kli.-is of rxctlUnt f.fh.
'I'hc natives of i;,,..iy arc of Celtic i.\:r.jicr, .
like their |iro;iri,itois, g-ncrous, brave, hardy, iln'i,
active, and of few words. They are alio rtckoKj
belt folditrs and failors iu Spain, and er.joy maiiv pmJ
leges, of which they arc i xtiemily iialous. 'Ihivh^J
.1 particular Ian :uajc of their mm, i.'.iid the Bjuu-., r,
Bifcayan, that his rio affinity wiih the itherKu 4.J
tongues, and there arc few w!io do not I'pc.k it re.u'.ii|
h.iving prefervtd tliis, with their peiiius, anei-.nt I
yovernmint, .iiid manners, with.iut innoiatiju.
Till the year 859 the I!:f ayaiis were guvirri J ijJ
counts, or coecrnors, frnt iluni bv the kings (•! {)i;J
an.! Leon ; but under the lai;er thty recoiled, aiij tn.j|
themlVUes a chief, whuh they ict.iined till tin,
fuhdued by fcter the Cruel, wlio, t.ider the till.
lordfliip, united IJifcay toCallile.
This province contains the three folhiwinij f;:'
lions liif. ay Proper, (niipufeoa, and Alaba ;'th:
cipal placis in which arc the lollowin;; :
Uilboa is a corruption of Bdlo liado, and (irni.'i^
fine ford, one lyin^; near it. It is tile capita! nf the prs
vine-, and i^ fcatid in a pi In i;u ironed !'y hi.;'i m
tains, fix miles from the fca, in lalitiiJe fony-'thrcc i:i
grees thirty niiniit' s and in tnri:c C'^jriei ten iiiiiiuJ
welHongitiide. The tide whit h fi.iws up hcrci.itulj
river Ybaii^abal, the antient Ncrvius, forms a Iccuij
harbuu.', which i:> very much refortcdto; fm«ll '
6 ciQ.a
Sl'AlN.
ihc c .ircih .\,
^•> iiuin ih« t',,
rtvirniic fr,„„ ,
••m'by,n,r.,,,;j
';i' "f iliHVi,,,: ,
U W.14 IClllKcJ I-,
^ «i-o :,IL. ,,„..;(i
M lhi:thur>.;., ;|'||
> < r I'limiic;.), f, ,„l
'> '* ''« cip.i ; J
'.T the r',rir;c., '
y Kvii nrK,to|,j|
of lollTjble rx;(|.,
■'•tv, and the i),i-'|
n.liomi', an.! aj n
li/.e. Ill InOi,,
U!;J hjj in 4! , .,
It". It ha\ ,; J
I aiiJ is tl.c itilj,;,
J ti) tlip ■veil l,--,, I
J, whlchifhiT:
N.ujtroianaMi;':!
iin iii>rih til Mu;;
nii'f., ;i:vl ri..,;:.,i.i|
■Jt<- i '.-lit iho fj,
IJ |)ljCl'i h.'.;i!lv.;i/|
VC4 littli- willed c;i
;i:i:i Ji,\:,k ^, i,-.;
r the iil'cni th: ,n
ilciity, olwb:th!,.,j
)mf r ciluri; fvij].;
jhcuivii wi'.hoM:^
.ip, .iiiJ in 1 1.; fl;,:;3
ii!Jin^. 'I'ncnis.sH
while thcv.il!:):i
in the luiri':-;,:
P.Diiiir.ima: i: ,
I ircn-Wd!,, \.
.i.'h art \(Tvr..;.l
.• •.hi'vfliipin!.:.
' i;ni;!n t'l m I
isl.ilf .nit!c,'.
di iinainilk*, :
k':i .;ll-j tu:n,i',:
lit liftl.
:ic cxtr.:3ioii, .k
c, hariiy, tS<.\
f ■.:]{<) rtctoi;!^
ir.jijy mjiiv fiuJ
u.ili'Us. Itaylijvl
,!i.\l the Bi'ijut, c
the (■ihfrEu:up;jJ
!')t ipclc it rcio.ij-l
nius, uncuiU liiif
inM<iv;uiuii.
wef niivirn J iJ
the ktf.p rl Ui.J
y KvoltcJ, aiiil ci
aitU'J till till, WifJ
ndcr liii; I:'"- 1
:c folliiwiri!; L['i.r§
iiiJ AU'ua ; th; j
liiido, nnJ fifniiiosl
li'j capital ot' ihi- rra
roilifd '7 hi^'i m L'l^
tiiJi- for;y-tl':li:c
lic-rrcci tfii niinu'.il
/Wj up here iiitiibl
fius, forms ■i feu^
iricJ to j fmall <■" "
E U
ilo thrifc ihjt are Urncr
I' r.
4"
„„ur w «o tl>e mole, wliilo thr.fc ihjt are Urner Ii--
Z m.. iitthe r..aJ. Tl.r .r.,.lclUx|v,rl ..f li>.^ pl-eo
?. < r.«fv»...d unJ exi client .nm, itH.lt -I the l.iti.r
;,;.,.. tlu.u.h :,o,t .p-.n.ituM of It ..:.wi.u.lit mio
„„.l. fire-iini-, and oihrr niilitarv iiiipl''m.Mif. i the,'
r' ;'t falfViin Ululnn.H. Th,» uty ,u la ,e .ind
Sc h'lndu-d Itmiles hvc paiilh chi.r.lu,, the like
!imhtr..lmnn..lt.nes and lev. n nuniieiics. It has t
1 ..r and IS liiir..iiii.'ed bv a Iniitlul toulliry. w hence
Lwilioiis are pi. ntiliil and « heap.
P,,!..... .. allii in tins pn vinee Ordnnna, a le.i port
hy hi h iiKPiin*
Thrre 11
,,„ latcd in 11 ph ilani valley tnmied
C"'* . 1. I ill.. l.l.lll.LUI
twcntv hve Hide, to the loulh-wtlt ol liilhua, .uid
,wo other fniall towns,
' (. ,i,„(uia,tlie leeonillubdivinnn of Illleay, inns along
I .„,|| ,1 tlu- north bay, .ind is bounded to the well-
'■' ,j liy Hikav I'ropir, and part ol Alaba ; to the loiitli-
,, IbvNav.ui" 1 ^nid to ihe e.llwaid hy Navaneand
e,„„e It ahoun's in nudi thiiiL's, except wheat. 1 he
„,lriiralpl'Crs It contains are the lollovs 111;-.
■^ St Seb'dtian, iicilv of conlideiable li/r, l.mand in
f r'ty'-thrie ih'.rm thitty-Uven minutes l.ititude, -ii^'i in
.^..[(•■ti'e lilty-li" ""1""^"' w'f loiuimde, has 4 Iteure
harbour at the' mouth of the little nver (juiiiniea, and m
f itfJ at tie too' of :i itiountain, wiiieh lervei as a dc-
L.-f to it .i:ainlt tini tempeltnoii^ lea. 'ihj h iibour n
(■(riiirdbv tv/o moles, bctweii wlinli only one (hip can
r
The proviiirc of Alab», liic lad of thr thrre tlividniij 01
Ilifca.', 1 . boiirdnl on the north by (Jiiipif pa nnJ tJifcay
l'ro|pir, on the calf be No irrc, on the I .nth by OKI
C'.llile, ..mlonthe w((f by Hi(<-ay I'ropc; an.l Old C.flile.
It is preiiv l.itile in rvr, biihy, nnd Ce'T.!! kiiuli ol
Iruit, and lun alio tolerable wine. It ha likcAilc very
rich niinrs of iron.
The ( .ipiial iif ih's lilt's «fiftri.'> ii the rity of Viltori.l,
which Ik, ahimt thirty mibi to th.' louth ol IJilboi, i«
fiaiel CM an eininencr, at the rn.l of .1 plMlant \all -n,
and is ciuirniicil with double walli. In the priiui,).!
hpiire are the t 'wii-houf.', Iwoetmventj, iVvrral well
luiilc hoiiI'M, ;tnd in the middle i. a fine lonni.iin. The
lari;e (heets arc bordeied with tree, which are a g.ioj
dclinee agiinll iheheit o('thc I'liii. The mnmlleiies an-
ma^iiifuint, and th • 1 (invent of St. KriuKi. in in paili-
ciilar very la'ite. Tl,.-ie .iie here h.iue li, h nnh h.iiiti,
who LMiry on a ,;ieat trade In iruitaiid llcel, fwoid-blad»>,
WocI, and wine.
S E C T. Xill.
'■'/ /'/ Pr'indl'iiHi) if th .Iflurkm In Ultn/iil^n, Exl.'ot,
I'li.lui,; Hijli>}, iiiJ _'iinill>.il Cilia,
, at atime. Near its entr.inre \% alio a loit del.iul
Till
hv .1 I'ar'ilon. ' "i' '"*" '^ (urioondcd bv walls (!,■-
fem'lcd with b.iflions and halt-moons and on f^u- mouii-
,1(1 under which it lies, i:, a citadel. The llreets are
!„„, hrn.'d, llraighr, ,ii„| dean ; they beiir! pived with
whi^tc flat: ilones. The houfes arc pretty handh.nic, the
churches VI ry ne.it, an-l the enviroiifi e.xirenu ly plealaiit i
MV.-lide alFordiiv apiolpect of the fea, and tiie other a
il liant view of the I'yrenean minint.iin.s.
.A ronhdcrable tr.ide 1 carrie.l on herein iron .Till
ftcci, whuh fonic lake to v iiic bell in Kuroiu-, and alTn
in wool. This town WIS t.iken by the [•niieli in tht:
vear riO. ''' ''"'• "' ^^'^^ ^^■'•'' '*"■" '•"-ii"' ''"•'"' •'"■'
inanv pnvateerj heie, andihe pri/.es aie (^incial y brouiiht
,„t('thi.s harbour. ,..,.,
lontarabia, or l-uentarabia, is a little neat town, kat-
riim apcniniula on the I'e.i-ftiorc, t»entv-two mi'.cs to
thcl'nulli-wll I'f H.iyonne. It is fonilii.d both by ni-
""r^MK principality of the
X ii.rih by the bay of
Adiiiia- \i b.jundeil on the
Hif, ay, on tlie call by th«
pi.vinceol Itilcay, on tlie louth by Old Callile and
i.e. in, and on the w.lf by (iiili.ii ; an.l t.ikes its nam:
iV'iin the Alhiiians, a Celtic iiaiion, who came hither I roiu
(taul, and wliife valour rendere.l all att.n'p-. • by other
na'ioiu aboriive. Itn greatell extent i; about fiiiv-
fi;;ht miles from fuiith to nottli, and about a bnndicJ
liiiiii call to well. 'I'he air ii t'lU table 1 but tberouiitry
iMi'ven, ru_";ed, and thinly peopled j jet the foil pro-
duces a pretty deal of yrain, fruit, and wine. Its horCen
were antiently very famous, and muili (oii^ht after on
account of tiiiir ('p:iit and (.'oodiief'.
The nobiliiy (f this province \.iluj tbenifelves on be-
in ! deiiende.l fr.MU the (i.itlis, and on their bluud not
bt ill ! adulteialed by a mixture wiili tint of th- Jcwi
and .Moors. I'.r after the unl'oifunate bittlc which tlie
Oriths, conimin led by kiii;; Rnderie, fou^^ijit with ib.u-
Mdiirs near Xcres, I'elagius, the tiolhie prince, retieat-
ed with a eonriderible number of the nobility into ihj
turf .ind art, an.l haj a p etty ?ood h.iibour, though it I moiintaini of the Alluri.is, where be alluiiMed a linail
IS div at low water. I his town is built in the form of
311 amp'ii-.heatre, on the ileclivity of a hill, and on the
bnJfule i-. riirioiindtd by tiie lofty I'yreiuan moiin-
t;ip(. his a very important place, it beinj accounted
the key of Spiiii on tb.it fid,-.
The voiin:! iieiitlewonien <.f tbii cilV h:;ve I'omctbin^
particular in "their ilrcfs 1 for their braided hair falls on
ft,i)ulders, aid on their heaih. tli:'v wear a Imall
ihtir . . , , ■ ,
niiillinveil, which llutter-. .ibout their ii'.cks, round vil.iOi
tiicy havi.' invklaccs of coial : their garment is a wa;IV-
cnat with loole fleeves, and ihey aie very ahrt and ac-
tiv: ; but this is chiefly to be undeillood of thole who
inh.ibitthc adjacent vilia:;es.
In I'jjS this pli.e held out a fici;;' againft the Kiench,
forwh.eh it wa-. honoured bv tlie kinj; with the tiile of
aci;v; but in 1710 was taken by them. Near th,- city
runs the river I'lid.dloa, ot N'ld.illii, which is here veiy
bread, and is the boundary between Sj)ain and France.
Phear.uit illand, which is f.unicd by the river Uidallba,
>nd Upatates Fiance from Spain, is woitby of notice,
both on account id' the peace ot the Pyrenees, whic.'i
was coneluded in 1655, and hu the treaty of marriaLie
tniilaJied thcie between Lewis XIV. ami Maiy Therela,
tncinfantaof .Spain, in 172^ were e.\chargc.l at this
place the infanta Maria Anna V ictoria, and .Mademoifelle
lie MdiitpLnfier, d.iUKhter to the duke ot Orleans, regent
of France. It is called by the F'rcnch ff/L- tie la Conference,
mil /y/Vi/i' Pitix.
Tulofa, the capital of (Jiiipufcoa, is featcd between
twi) mountains in a delighlful valley, a: the confluence
of the Araxasand Otia, over which there arc two hand-
fiiue biiiljes, and at a finall diltance levcral tine natu-
ral eaieades. It iu not large, but iniiabitcd by a great
number of peil'on!> employetl in making fwurd-bUdes.
army , but bein^ unable to faci the en. my in the fKul,
retired with a thoufand brave (lotl.s t" a lari'c cave in
the moiiiit.iin of Auan.1, and upon tl'.e appro.ieh of th;
.Moors failed out and eniirely defiMtcl them. Tlic
bol.l ll.md nia.le by tlie ( ioths is fiill io celebrated in
.Sp.iiii, that all the inhabitants of this mountain iiijny
par;iculir privileyci ; and thoUj;h tluy are but peilant..,
and n;o in loeat numbers fromtlii; mountain to ("nk for
work in tin- oilur pro\ inces of opain, bo'li ^leat .mJ
I'm ill give tlieinI'Llves the appellation orilluCrious Ciuths,
or illullri.ius n-.ouiitalnecrs ; and, amidK their poverty,
think it a dilgrace lor them to marry with the great and
rirh families of any otIi'T race. Indeed they ate f.j
hit;hlv ci!.em''d, that other f.nniiies ftei]uent!y (;ivc ron-
lider.ible films tu marry among them. Tliis diilii.il be-
longs to the hereditary prince of Spain, whj takes hi.<
title from it. Itisdiiided into tivo unequal p.irls, an.l
hence aril'es the ii.ime of the .Xlluiias in the plural
number.
Thefe divifions arc called .Alhiria d'Oviedo and Alluri.i
S.-.ntellana : the former lies to the weltwar.l, and is the
lar;',clt: divilion ; and the latter to the ea(lv\'ard.
t)vicdi), the antient Brigetum, the capital of all Afturia,
and the only place that bears the name of a city, \i
feated on a plain, in a kind ofcleLUion between the little
rivers Ovc and Deva, iifty Inik.^ to the north-well of
Leon. The bifllop of this place, who enjoys an annual
revenue of twelve thoufand ducats, is immediately I'ub-
je^'l to the pope, 'fhe cathedral boalls ofpoliefling a vaft
number of relics that were brought hither I'lom ad parts
of Spain, in order to fecure them fiom being taken
by the Moors ; and here is an uiiivctiity, creeled in
15S0.
Villa
911
Ii
■' I
n t,
'^ \!*
f
; 't
'i:
■><!^_ _^
J
i
4.i,i
A SYSTEM OF
I'
\'ill.i V'icior.i, a town CcJtcil twenty-t«'o mris tn tl\c
11.11 th-c.ill (it Ovii.lci, ami hjb a goiid li.irbmir <iii tlic bay
ol lii:' .IV, into which me nvct .Mia ililVhaij^f. itlLlC.
S.iiucll.iM.i, ill f.aiiii I'aii'im SaiKl.f Jiih.iiis:, the ca-
lii.il (if the othci I'lvifmii, Mch iiiiu-tv-loiir mil., la the
l>'
■II III' Iiilho.i. it II Irnall, has a hjihiiur im the h.iy o\
G E O G R A F H Y
" in (iKirl, the wh.ile (>
was Idinu'ily the capit.!) ul the Alhirias;" Init
t (inly [!ives the title ol inanniis to
ir Ul,
The city (il SalaiiiaiuM i.s fitiialcd in f(irty-(inc
Hiliay, Will' a ciil'cj!,i,itv churih,
mari)iii,s tii the Jiikr ul liitmtaiiu.
1 licic
till V aif .
ml (;ives the \itU' o!
.Hi' livei.il (itlici timii^; in tins piovince ; but
,11 of thtm very iiicunhJciahle places.
s I f r
.\iv.
nn';
Pi ^r'liue r.f l,i:n
I', Kiviii, lin.l p'li
ill Sittiiillmi, ExUkI,
I
ul! h'
P
IF, k n 'clnm (if [,ciiii i.s bmm.leJ on the c.irt by
Ol 1 CaHiU-, (in the I'ciuth hv lulrcniailiira, on the
Criiuia .111.1 I'ortmal, aiul ku\ the ninth by the
Alt. nil-. lis extent tiom north to loiith ii ahiiiit a liiin-
I'.ed aiiil I'lXty-rtve miles, aiul l'ro:Ti irall to well liitw'-cn
I'wtv-ieven aiul iiinetv-three The foil in loine plaeea
pio.liites nil the iieccliiiiics (.4' life, an.l p.iiticiilaily Vi.ry
fo;i(l w ni'. In tiii-s proviiK-j aie likcwile mints of tiii-
(I'uiifi- i but a ;;ri'.it p.irt of I'lC couiuiy i^ a nakeil, ilrc.iil-
tiil, barren ro k, except where it is eovcreil with a few
ti.'il firs or (hrnbs. " I tiirneil roiuiJ, lavs .Mr.
I'l.irke, t.i take a view of Leon from one of the Ingiiell
" iii.mntaiii.s r.n.l was almort Irighteneil at the liijlit ;
" a'.'iii'.vii h.irror, as Mr. Pope cxprellVs it, was Ipread
" mrr the whole i f.mJs, r.nks, ami cr.ig-^y prei. ipues
" lorme.l as lava!;e a profp'-iit as can be ini.ij^inej."
The principal ruers of (,.on are the Pii'iicr:',a aiul the
t'arrioii, winch rile in ()!J Callile ; the 1m1 i ami Or-
b"L'o, both which hue thcii Ibnrces near tlir city of
I.L.m ; the Tort i a-ul Ten, whi h run into the ( )ihet;o;
an 1 I'driiH's, or Rio He S.il im.iiua, whicli, on the Iron-
turs of I'ortiiiial, falls into the Dour.i.
■|'he iiiol! rcmaikabx- places in this province arc the
following:
I.con, the caplt.il of il" province, wis bui't by the
Rom.'.iii in the ri i;j;n of ih ■ emp.ror (i.ilba, aiul caile.l
I,e:;io Sc|iiiiii:i (ieimaiii..!, from w!u-iue it (KnvcJthe
name of I-eon. It is leat-J in the tortytiiirj dCjjree
ten minutes north I ititir.le, an.l in the fixtli iles;ux' twenly
iirniites well l.ingitmie, between both the fpriii:;s of t.ie
river Kfli, and at the end ol a large plain boiindid by the
mountains of the Aflnrias, t'lfty mi!i.s to the foiith-e.ill oi
Ovi.-lo, ThcbifVlop, whole annual revenue is twelve
thoufai' 1 diieais. Is oimivJiaf.lv I'iibje6t to the po,ie.
■| he c.ithedr.'l is famous not only lor its beauty, but for
i'.s hi iiij the burial pl.ica of feveial l.i iits, thirty-feven
kin'sot hpiin, and mie einceror. llii. city was foi-
nierly bnt'i l.irger, richer, and more populous than at
prcl'ii!. Il w 5 indccl the fi.-ll citv of any coiii'ule.ati.iii
th it was ret.ilen f'otn the Moors ; I'elagius m.ikini; hini-
(el!inaft»rof it in the v"ar 722, when he to;t,t'ud it,
and it coniiiv.!-,! a loyal ftat till IcH), It cohtaiiis
tl<irteen p^iriflu- , f:x •iv.iinneiics, fiyc luinnirlcs, liftecn
( ha:r;! , ;'".l f".ir ho'pr.il;
The city of Anor.;a, in I. ilin .Mlurica Auyufla, is
fi:uat..d in a wide plain on the river .\lhna, in Toiio,
in tlie f..rty-fecon I (|c;;ice north bilitude, and in the
lix'li d''_'i .'C twenty minufes wed lon/icnJc, and is well
I rti'ie.i li'ith by n ture and ait ; but ir.'l'hcr huge nor
I opuloiis. Its Mlli'ip is fuffiai-an to the aichbifliop of St.
Ii'_"., ,1'ii has .in annu.il revenue "f ten thoul.ind ibirats.
Tlir ca'liedra! is a iiohl : (lotiiic buil.lin,!, and has a
ImI'i il a, confitliii:; of li.x iiointed arches, fiipported by
mil, li,;h!, neat |iil!ar.s in a i^ood talle. I'bere aie iuie
fevcn'.r eijilit tine alt.ifi, an I the hii;li altar is cxcei-dini;
ina:rnirici nt : it lonlifts ol tivcniy compartments of mar-
ble Iculpliire III ,ilio relievo, the lijuns as laige as the
life ; the fubjecl i-. the hiilorv of our Saviour ; aiul on the
turn rit IS ' lo.i the Kather cr.nvnini; the Virgin Mary.
I'hf I'lory is well 1 xprell'- 1 ; for lining : it tbroiijijh the
I'nm ■, .ind 1 liyht pl.iceil Ivhiiul it, tlie !;;;h-. (ii 'vvs the
nyi. " We Inppeiv.l, Ins Mr. Cl.irke, to attend at
' t.i- v"fpc s i the mulie of the iiri;an was fine; the
' iriUib.'r of ill: tapci:, the nchnefj yf the altars, and.
Spain
I fliott, the whole IVenc was (hiking." ThU rj.
• it at pre-
lent only jiives the title ol mai(iuis to the family ot
Olorio. '
live minute
fgrccs
latitude, and in fix degrees fixtecn minutes
w.'ll longitude : it isofachcular loiin, built on ilnc,.
hills ami two valleys, and on every lide linroiimkd with
pioipei<s of line boiilei, noble feats, gardens, orchard,
luld-, and (lillant vill.iges ; and Is antient, lar.'e, rich'
and populous. Its walls are lix thoufaiul three huiiilril
.ind li.xtv paces \n circuit, and adorned with thirtt,.,.
handloine gates and llately towers. Within the city n -
a hundred and lixty-two llrccts, five tuufnid houi, .
many of which are magmlicent huiKliii.;s, I'evcimi.i',
fipiaris, twenty- five par ifli- churches, twenty nionaHcrit
clcyen miniieries, two hoiilis of retiiemiiit tor voijn!
women to le.iJ a penitent lile, li.xteen chapels, fij, |||,i'
pitals, and twenty- live colleges. I'hc river Tonnes
which runs by it, lertili/es the ncighboiiriiii; cniinnv'
.'he iiniverliiy, whidi in 1 .1 {ij was leinoved hnher Iriiin
I'.iK'iicia, is the moll; t.iinous in all Spain. The univc.
Iiiv-college is a veiy Ip.icMus llriiilure, and ncr in
ll.itcly entrance is an intirin.iiy fur lick poor (cliol.irs
it cdiit.iins twenty-four otiur collei.es, in each of wiiich
live tliirty tfiidcnts ; and among tlief.: the four moll i,.,,
li.'cr.ible are teimed the gre.it colleges, and .ippropi 1,1^,1
to pel foils of r. ink. Moll ot tile colieijes aie noble ihj,-.
tun/s .ind well endowed, .iiul the gie.it public fi hniiK
.mil other buildings, are extiaoulin.uy m.ign.liceiit I',,,.
Sp.iiiiaid.s term tins city tiie mother of virtue.., ku'iict,
.ind .irts.
Moileiigo, an cpil'copal city, which, after its bcinp
iiiiiicd by the (ioilis, was, in 1102, rebuilt hy Don R,,'.'
derigo Cion/.ales (.iiioii, and Irom hnn received its name.
It was afierwarils' dellioycd ill tile wais, and rebuilt by
I'l rdiii.iml II. in order to be a cluck upon Ponug.il ; u
hung only .ihout twelve miles Irom the trontiers ol ih.it
kiiigJom. It ll.inds on the little river Agneda, or A^ti-
J.ir, twelve miles tiom the frontiers of I'oitugal, and h.vi
good lliong walls, nine g.itcs, three lipiares, hl'iy-lour
llieds, two thouland houles, eight paiilhes, two mn-
ii.illciies, two nunneries, ten chapels, and three holpi-
lals. The bifliop is luttVagan to the archhdhop ot ;•!.
Jago, and has an annual revenue of ten thouland ducats.
This citv is one of the thiee places of rendezvous for th.;
Spaniiids, when tiny are at war with 1'ortuji.il.
The citv of/.inioia is litu.ited on the Douro, nvcr
which it has a tim- bri.lge, and ll.imis in a ferti'ecounirv,
thirty-loiir miles t.i the noith cf h.ilamanca. The .Moon
gave it the 11 ime of /aniora, or Mediii.Tlo /aninrali,
whiih figiiiliis the rovvn ot riir(|uoiles, moll ot tin lockj
111 its luigiihoiiihood contaiiiiiig that kind ol gems. The
bifllop of this place his .111 annual ineome ol twenty
thouland ducats, and is liittiauan to the archh.llu |i of
Toledo. In this citv is kept the body of St. liJetuula,
lotmerly billiop of Tid-.-do.
S l'-, C
XV.
1' .\
Of tl:t Pr;vhut' nf Ciilicid \ ili Si'iintion^ fixUnl, K:
Pi o.hi../, anil fiiint.pii/ Cnio.
Till'
A
province of (i.ilicia is bounled on the c.ift Ly
■\lliiiia and l.eon, 1.11 the north and well bv the
ki, anl on the louth by I'oitugal. It receives its n inie
fiom the antient (i.illavi, the 11, oil powerful and niiiin-
rous of the leveral nati ir.s who inhabi'ed it. Its extent
Irom north to louth is .ib. ut a hiiiulred and tweiity-ff^en
miles, and from well to call about .1 bundled and twelve.
This is the moll niariiimc ol all the Spaiiilh pruviii-
crs, and accoidiiii;ly eniovs the grcatcll luinibcr of I'l.i-
poits; among whicli Coiunna anil I'errol aie the inull
contiderable. C.ipe F inillcrre, one of its proiiioiit mics,
IS Itated on the well, and is well known to all iiavKM
tors.
The coalls rnjoy a temperate air ; but in the iiil.in.l
paits. It is lomewhat colder, and veiy d.imp. I'liisuiuii
try IS to mount.iiiious, us to admit ol kvv pl.iins, and
the fca-coalt excepted, is but thinly iiihabilcd ; it lui
Si'.vr-'-
U R () I' I"..
43J
Spain
TIiIh rily
it at ptc-
t'.miily ol
nc degrees ,; ,v
'II imiuilcs (. /[
lit en ilircc
muled Willi
', (irthanl-,
■If;;'', rich,
IT humlrcj
ith tlurttc'ii
thf lity aic
ami himlcj,
, lev I' II! IT 1 1
nionaftofitc^
X tor voiiru;
els, fix liDl-
ftr 'I'oinK^,
inj; iniimiv.
.1 I'lilur Iniin
1 he ur.iwr-
aiul nc.T itj
(lOr leliiilars :
.icli <it whicli
Mir nioll ei>ii-
I apprdpii.ite.l
I'll .lilt; til, ir-
iililie UhniiU,
ii.lieeiu. r„c
lie.., kii'iicij,
aCier it<i liciiif
It liy Diiii R.)'^
eivej its name,
ami lebui'l iiy
II l\)rtug.il J IS
rontiers ot th.it
'iieila, or A.;!i-
[tUi;al, anJ has
lares, lit'iv-lour
K's, two mn-
tluee hiil'pi-
v,lUop lit ;t.
houlaiulilncatv
/vims lor the
m1.
Doiiro, over
rti'ecoiimrv,
I he Moct!
atii /aniiirati,
ll 111 l\\i roeki
litems. I he
)nie ol twmiv
archil. Illip 111
St. IKletyiil'ci,
rxUnl, Ri
(in the e.ill ' y
ml well liy tho
ceivcs its n;mic
rt'ul aiiJ niinie-
Jit. Its extent
t'i tweiitv-IVveii
icj anil tweUe.
|Sp.tiiill> proviii-
liiumber ot ki-
iirc the iii'ift
prtiiui'iit "■"^^'
1 t.) all iiavi^i-
in iliR iiiliii'l
liip. rhis>."uii-
Ikw pliiiis> •""'
IhahitcJ i It •'"
110
f, Ids than livcniv rivers and fr.i.iUer ftrcams, the priii-
" ,1 ol wimh .UK-', the Miiihii, the Ulla, the Tamht.!,
jiiil 1- e Mall.l'^.
I his piiiviii e pi(i,liR-cs little corn ; but has plenty of
will,-, himms ami 11 ix i it ha- .i!l'.> very tine- palturcs.
lis iJr.lK alVoiil iiinhcr lit I'nr Ihi.i-bnil iiiu-;, ami the lea
.,., ,„i,'|s ill excellent lilll. Uiit the uiiivalal poverty of
i:,, iiihahtints ill 'uics iiianv i>l' th' ill to f.ek a living in
,y. i„i..l.boiMiiiij provinces wheie thev pertorin the inuft
Ajilc aiiJ lahivtimiseiiipliiyniciits. Yet lor this humble
in'.liilli'.', I'lcv aie ilelpile.l liv tiieolher Spani.irels.
I his pmviiiK' coiUains li.sty-loiir cities ami towns,
[,„• few "1 the latter .ire any way eiiiili.lerahlc.
•iauin.i, a linall tmvn on a bay, whieh forms a conve-
n\at hariioui'. I h.- lea in thi. place .iboiimls with lilh,
Si the liliriet of laiul hc'icin;a,im; to the town with tine
Irut. At thi- entianee ol the hiv lies c'rt.iin illamls, lur-
i,iP,;yca'.le,l the ill.imis of the Cj.uls.
Ilie e.ty of Coniniia, loiimioiily callcil the Groyne,
(hii.ls on a -fiiLill hay aiiJ p. ninlnla, in the forty-tliiiJ
x.,ieeiwenty-eij;htminiitcs laiitu.le, .iml in the ninth de-
i' tuT t«ii"y I"''""''' ^^'''' lonf;i'viile, iLSleeii miles to the
\.„xn ivcll ol leiiol. 'I'ilc haibuiir prekiits ymi with a
jiiic ,,riilpcil as you fail into ii •, on your li.'ht aie thf
,„j,,Vt,l llciciiles, the fort ami the t'own i before you
I'ufliipp'i'".' terminatCil by an a;;iecible view ot the
uuinuv ; on vour lelt, \oii fee cape I'lior, the entrance
oll'iu'l, an.! a riJ-e of baiioii mount. uns. with a large
inri i..iini"g between them. 'l"i>e city is ilicicleit into the
l -KT ami l.ower 1 own ; the former is il.lemleil by the
i-iil III ^'' l^^'-'U", the latter ftaml. on a neck ot lami,
luii.iaiule.i vMtii water on three tiiles. Thus the city is
i,l„:iii of a ha:f-moon, with acalUc at each point. This
^ ■ ,. the feat of the loval audience ol Clalici.i, and here
,; ajlilh packet-bo.it.s ufually come It has a colle-
cluirch, ami in it.. neij;libournnod is atjuariyof
111 fliort, C'liiinna Is will lunlt and populous j
1,, ,M;c iii'iltothertipanifll towns, has an ott'enlive I'mell.
'lii,; inetlio I ot keeping the tiles tall on the roof of
h,.i' , IS ly laying loole ftiMies upon the.Ti.
1 ■ pooler lort, both ol men and women at Corunna,
uijr cither Ihoes nor U(ickiii:.'s ; but thole in better cir-
cua'.! iiccs have a great M.ipped hat, a cloak reaching
lii.ivn u) their tcet, and geiieially carry a Iword under
ITii ,i,ii ; the women wear a lliort j.ickct of one colour,
. .■,;.iciatofanotliei,.md cither a white or black woollen
u':l.
V ;>, a town lealej on a finall bay, one hundred ami
fvu miles to the north-vvel! of Madri.l, is furroiiiuleil
bi'iiwar that has fome balHons, and ileteiuh.d by an old
Ca.!le.iiul a toit which Hands on an cininrnce, but is iii-
cipabh ill making a loiu iclillaiicc. 'I'his haibour is
rfiul.ral ''"UMis by a I'ea-liyht in 1707, between Sir
II I :gv Konkc, commander of the KiiL'lifh and Dutch
• I, .in>l a lipi.idr. 11 of I'reiieh men ol war, with thir-
II a ^.'.iriilh s>..ileons under their convoy ; when, alter
),lnii.ii H.iplon had broice through the bo.ini laid acrol's
!'■ mint ol til-; harbour, the Knglilh took four gal-
1 .ml live men ol War, and the Dutch tiye galleons
;; Vie lar u' ni.iii of war. b'our galleons and lourteen
;uilw.ir we dellrojed, with a great i|iiantityof plate
iith I leii ctFeds. I|r>we\cr, a great deal of lilver
. t.iii , , though a confiderable (UMiitity was c.iriied
i Inline 111 'ore the ciig igeim lit. While tliis was doiii:,^,
I 'ilk' ' Hinoiid, Willi a lar^e body ot land lurces,
n i!; , innards Irom the callles which detended the
'di.r. In the yar tyi'), the inglilli again got pol-
..Ii.'.mI this pl.ice, but reluupiilhed it altir railing ton-
I ir 1 s.
S:. I "1 de Conipollell I, the capital of the whole pro-
Tc, i.u.iicd 111 lor:y-two degiees lilty minutes north
■ '..lie, and in eight deguv-s twenty minutes well longi-
|i,.., hei-.veeii t ,e rivers Tambraand Ull.i, in a moll Ici-
iliiii, furrou'ideii vtiih lulls ol a inodriate hcighi,
Ik ill Ih Iter it Irom the nipping win Is which blow lioni
Ir. miiiiiiiains I'lie puhiic lipiares aiiil (he churches
ll'. lev iii.ignificent •, it lias alio a great number ol mo
Ii. ! no liir holh I 'xes, and ahout two thmiland li"iil'es.
e i.ul;ei!ral is piiticul.iily worthy of notice, and 111 it
. I'l ihe pnteiiiled ho.lv ii| the apolll" James the vonil-
, llieiiiulir laii'.i ^<^^ pitioMol a'l S|ii:ii ; v,h;;!i to-
wards the clole of the niiilh century, tluy fay, was dif-
coyeicd by adivine revelation. 1 liisdi.iv.'i .1 gicat num-
ber of pilgrims thither, who walk 111 procellioii to the
church to adore his wooden imag,e, which Hands in the
great altar and is Illuminated witu lorty or fifty wax can-
dles. They kifs it three times with a very rcipecllul de-
votion, and then put their hat; on its heail. In the
church are thirty lilver lamps always burning, and ri>.
chandelicis of lilver tiye feet hi ;li. I'hole pilgrims who
arc poor, arc admitted into ,\u hofpit.il that (land, iiar
the church, and h.is galleries of Irec-ltone, luppoited by
large pillars. The archbilhop is on'.- of the iichell pie-
lates 111 Spain, his annual revenue amounting to lixty
thouland ducats, and that of the cathedral to no lets i
but out of this fum he pays the king; eighteen thouland
diieals a year. I'he older of St. Jago takes its name
tmm this city, which alio niainiains a ceitain number of
kill ;lits. 'I'lie univetliiy was erected in i5Jit, and thcii:
i> here alio a tribunal of the impnlition.
C)rcnfe, a city leatcd lortv-leven miles to the foiith-
calt ot St, Jago de Compidtclla, in a delightful coun-
try on the banks ol the Miiiho, and abounding in excel-
lent wine and line fruit. One part of it Hands .it the
foot of a mountain, in vN-hiili is kit aibaip cold that is
of long continuame j while the other put of thccitv,
which lies on the fide of the pl.iiii,ciiii)ys ,ill the plealures
of fpriiig ami the li nits of .lutunin. This is laid to be in
fome nualiire owing, to the Ipiings, which warm the air
with their exhalations. Some ot thele .iic fo moderately
warm, that a pel Ion may b.ithe in them ; while the wa-
fer ol others, on the contrary. Is lo hot that eggs may
be diclled in them ; but they arc both lalutary in le-
veral dillempcrs. Its bilhop, who has an annual revenue
of ten thouland ducats, is fuHfagaa to the archbifhop of
St,J.iao.
SEC T. XVI.
(.)fl,'u- Prjviihf of F/li,miJur,l ; ili Situ.-itlon, F.xtiiit, Cli-
j mule, froiluif. Risers, and Pnnapul Cilhi.
Ij^STUKMADL'RA is bounded on the north by
^ 1,(011 i on the call by New Callile; on the lonth
by .Xod.ilulia i and on the Well by Portugal. Its extent
liom iioitli to loutli is pretty nearly one hun.lred and
I twelve miles, and Irom call to welt between lixty and
one bundled.
j The inhabilanls are inured to the air ; but the fummer
heats are intolerable to the foreigners who travel there.
j I'hole who live at the foot of the mountains have good
water 1 but the iiihahitants in the plains arc obliged to
' put up with what is taken out of pits dug in the ground.
I'hc toil abounds witheoiii, wine, and Iruit ; and its
I palluies arc lo good, that great numbeis of cattle aio
brought hither trom other provinces to fatten. 'I'lic
rivirs I'agus and Ciuadianarun ipme through thecouiitrv
of Portugal, and in many places are j. lined by le\er.il
ilieams.
I'he dilhie'l of Vera de Pla/.encia, or the Oichard of
Pla?.encia, confining of alternate mount.uns and valleys,
is exticmely delightUil, and, next to Andaliili.i, the molt
leitile III all Spain. The hnell and molt delicious trui.-i
and vegetables, with wholelome and odoriferous pl.ints,
gro'.v here ill the grcatell abundance. Here is alio ex-
cellent wine, tine Ipriiigs, and ple.ilant biooks that a-
b.iiin.l with trout. In lliort, cveiy thing in this dillrict
wears a Imiling alpeCl.
The ciiy ot I'lazcncia, or Placcntin, from which the
dillriiit takes its name, is a beautiliil well-built tity,
lixty leveii miles to the loutli-wcll of .Madrid : it is le.it-
ed on an eminence between iiiountains, on the little river
Xerte, and is del' iidcd by a good cattle Its bilhop, wli »
has a levenue ot tilty thuiil.ind due. its per an, 111111, is luh-
je.'t to the bilhop ot St. Jago, and uiiJct lis juiildiclioii
aie two fmall towns.
Akantara, a loitihed town a hundred and fcventy-tw,,>
milea to the noith-well-by-welt ot Seville, is feated on
the I'.igin ina ll iiittiilconniry, ne.ir the trontiers ut Por-
iid takes iis iiamv', which li,;niii'-s a Ibiiie but.'
tiom
i',n .intient flatclv 0111., built
5K
I V r 111 the
lei.'ii
f >
.. i
m 'ill
411
A i> Y
T E M OF G t O G R A P H Y,
J' tlif '
rr.ii.ui, ic h ■li-.tr twn hundrcJ feet
high, iix hunilitil .iivJ fcientr Inir.
broad. It w.i5t.'.kc)i hy thr ivrl oi C:
let ilctii liy the i'leiich the fdire ycir,
111 tweiity-eialit
Iway
ay in 1706, and
iia
toun a;;aiiill i oilu
the
(I
linl of Klhc:iia;li!rj, and a fro
ft:-.iid
(iuith fiii
>i the Ouadi.ma, and is
s U|;un :in eniinente on tiu-
idtd into the Li
I,
It
};fi,d hiiule*, prcliy broad flnets, fi
IS not a hirjjc piaee,
Init has
chin
<iinvcnls, and ajeluits to
The bill.'
chcs, lonie
vvlio has
an at;jiiial tevcinii: nt fixtrcn ihoufand ducal.-, ii fulfia-
Tlic cathedral is .1 fine (inthic ll
^i'-\:\
'ncUrc, raifed
(lointed arches, and adoiiied v.'i;h "i.oj
wnrJows. It coiifills of liv
Ip.
ed h
the
lb
III of t
naves ; l)ut the
r-i'iited ,
"" 110-
Mew ot a ni.iLinihcent all
ic tlioir, wnicn i:
td
, anil a prelenjed
■'■"rtcpti ;!.
vii-in at ihee.ul end. lie. ore tliat al
I liiver.
;h
in which licb the body of 1-
tar Is a f,
iniraeii|.,,ji
ico:):,,,,,,
hue is iiuieh plate belonging to th
ally one whole altar and frontilpiece of
'■ "-'I iiaiido b.i
ij church
nioll beautiful ii
dr.d, which is aljo'.it I
altodic
Th
plite
r--
(;an lo the auhbdhnp ol St. Ja
lis (
antiiiue, but it has (o;iie wooulii out-\v
uriiUeatio
I''
.v.tions are j ol a hundred and thi
e tower cf t,
r.Md
acallle (ortdied in tiiC modern ta.'le, calLd >a. Aliehail
id.;:ly i '" the year icou, vMlh turret:
orty-foiir feet linia
ty lecthi^n, was budthy^ncAI
i^iiJ a
"ec.tae-
"p-v.i;<ij
aiided by the Chrilliaiis, whii
and on the fartlier U^lu of the ru'ir the calHeof it Clirif- ! hundred (eci lo tne t -p ot il-.c ini.i:»e
and
maki
cjpoia has
s it
which covers an old Roman br
upon t!;e di
rrJ::
ir th;
I Itoiie l!ut 1 aiieiu ol tne lower iilo laly, that a i.u:lb
•^iit tijrcj
ilooic, il,..
id IS fevtn hundred ptces Ijii^ i the lop, tneiu hein^
IK) U
Th
cc:iapt r-tu
-y i-fcci, i I
id louricen bread. On tl.is bridjc the I'uitu-^uefe v. ere "in: ov„i i^^;ii, .-ind in ihis lliueture ai
atc-d by Diui John of Aullni in iC'Jl,
liMd
trie citv w,.s bill; ^ed bv the ,<V,
but
lli'l ta'^en.
I.'
I tiiai)elj.
Int
ir.ariy
1 this city arc reck'
ir. ijhbouiiii'; cuuiitiv is exirenuly fruiilui, and its flucki i '""' tonv^iu^ lur mui
one! t'.venty-nine cluw;he=, f,,,
and th
.Ai
OJ
le.p proi ace vei^ Jiiie wuji
s r. c r,
; " /tiiilj!:i!,i!
..fS,
Liru:j,t, nii.
• MiiJf, an
D.:
ipr
'■/■
Kt'ient Ki
aic ri.ii and will-built, t
11 ty iiuiiueries, ad 1
many diuarcs. Of iheco,
niagiiihc.iit are thole of the !•
, twenty-lour hulp:t,
the moll
^'11.1
reir,.uk.:,b;c.,.J
.01 a de la .\Ierrcd,
lid the Domii
rancilcans, NuctJ.
•//,
was lounJed
tae king's p.i
! nUeeiuh cen;
'I'li
•'' (( ;/;'/;■<■
/- I '^'■iii;
u y, an J
1504.
5t. Th
the J.
c great collfVL- f
'■i UUivctli;
oiiias b college waa !■„
uiils coi.e
"tiiitr,
(./ Liuudli!!'.
1 .le roy.d palate, called Al-rp.jw, ftarij
r
:)f Ar
eh th
iiiidalj
h.ibuation of the V'and.:
.'d from
and fii
s promire owes lo
aiuUuniiau-
or tin
.d alh
over the kinj
lut"
of(
Thi
i.-anai!,!, then called L'p.cr Anda-
iso'.jiurv is bounded on the no
by l:ilre-
niadiira and Niw Laltile, fioni -.vhiJi it is d:vid;d by a
tcjii.'e of ninuntains, called the Sierra .Morena ; on tiie
tiled; al
and
d is very fpacious : it was
J ne:r the c>.
lias Lieencoii!
ah!
i«t me new vvorks are
y
iinei ,or to i:;
;-'d by the
iui;t i>v tile
ot till.
lire are vcr
lid, b.,
t'ln archill
alllrua
ven.encies of mod
I iie e.\eh,m^;e, winch ftands beliini!
i large buildiii;;. To the fu:,jibs of I'l
over the mcr, I
, 1-y a it.onv
bi
of bo
c.il by Cr.-ap.ala aii.l Muicia ; on the fomh p i.ly by ihe , cuit 01 the city, includiii;; the luhurlj,
^Jediter^ancan, and partly by the lii.i^hts ol Cjiiiraltar ; i "'•"■ lour:>.en n.ilcs; but tlut of the Wi.ils
11 the Well by ih;' l\itu.;ucfe liilincis ot Akiucj.j : 'hey are pietly (Irong, and have fifteen
;:t t..
: catl-r.!:.,!.
1" tr-U ei,-.-.:.
I A I
;arif, txtcii..ii;^ tiom calS to Wv
and t"
fi.-rent,
id will
iity-hv.:
but its bicadih is very
i.iniit two huii-
dii-
liot aDove one
ired and
T
le rivrr viua
1.1
and Tarttli'u
tr.nci
--, hy th.
thi who
(.' antients calle
Ic COUlltl-
1 llreti^
and tae
huiul
coininoiiioij
ana li.\ty-lix toweu. (^jii:
e .11. ,11
quays
lie wit.i i.^fny; and mar tii'.- \..itcr-ii
which cc
1
'in(.ie liver, tir
and lu
ne ar^.u.nnop ot bei
A
ana Icpir.ites -x to u.i
garv
Of
in tile 1 orlu:;uvl.-
; hundi.-ii iho.iiaii
(and
! dii
litre are levtiui
ouu ot laqinntaon.
tVa, a;, the i )C
the o^••.cr bn.ill iiv.rs Ijinc run iiuo the
lis ciiy was on e
waer of which caniiot be
Ti O litl ; the Tiiiio, or A.'cene, the . 'jcluie.- ; but ill Je ,
allK'Uj lor 1!
I'lurr.ii.T.: mini.
to |-,rrbs
and I
iin;; ncxious cvrn
laii.
a.lMicei.s in woo
and n:;;.
li I h
icai
h.
fs- anv I. villi' cr-.atiie in it; and the (jii.t.'.iUte
iher f'ih ' '"•'■'i"i i»t pr.fent. The
.--•fM
1 1.-..
I.uit
(.f Oiilivlo::. ( 'th.is f..ll iruo t
Willi, an.l til.- i iu :. i.iti.ir,
Atldilufi i 1.. eliii'iH'd ihc bill
it ahoiindinii i!i iX'.uiii fni.t ol .
heC
I Kent country a ii,
,ieat injaiilitie^ ol'
.piivei, as me ' parlicnl.irly made litre. \v :-.hoiit tiie cI
Sji:
li
tiaveiicr.
,.:Jucl
, worthy m.- notice of the cjr.i
S n iiev, c.xiei-
•nt wi:v
I iiitairi 'pecii
lU'Vir, li
ii'i.ii-. tons nttc^ of "' •'" cando.ii
ueiio dc Santa Maria,
\:.,
; to the di
tiT :
h,n!
Ke ol .vLiiiiia C.
;ir
an
d a , le.ited at the :nout!i 01 the river Ciadalet.-
i|irklii;lV
biit I .c
d lo;l...v
;ir.H i.i f.i.'nnier i-. po.ite to Ca
11 - .:,. .;eii;r.:i
t,;<-!r I ther i.-;
.ht.
Ti
h ,.-.■
d.-
.oyn.cii
lire
, and exceeds that city in
hi.
1 I I
L ii';doiii.^, w li.cll, in tl.
ometiHies leticir.ci; wi;:i
. c is pi in^ fly cntr.jHifi.,,
lo broader and better pa/ed, a:i!ta:li
ULlunie, tnouj^h it containi icar^e eight th iju;-
and has a littl;
II oiii' r i.r!t.-..i3 hatjitants. It is only walled rou
• i.ri: lie, ,: >.
' thr: c ..i.tii, t
1 t:.c II
of fill. ill lorce. Here ar^
i Ih, Dutch, Gcnoefe
1. 11
e great nunijer
Mon iianie-
tiie the kin
'donis
teii-d by 1.1
jevdfk, CV
'.d othi
a rtourifliinir trade ; and here
:)f V,
Sc.iile, the aiuie.it il.l
i:dj i-i.
t:' es ot f.iit.
Ir
.T nlcrcharu^, w
aifo are in.id ■ v.i
tch made theinfeivcs nia;l
year 1702
eis o; tins
v.i.is, t.ie ca.ntal ot
.''■/ ■'.-•. d in of the fa.r.e
iijr.ic, ii :-■.;
1,1 the tii:i:e-l'
cu _ice hllLeii iinnui'.j
u : : r. e livf niinuie; \
!hL
uh
ell
Mouth-wcllol Mad. id, ill a lai
nd III t'.e Itxth
;u..'e, IV. o luin..'ied milts
oppolitioil.
pia
by the
trail 1 111: cit
pi '.in on
the Cj:iadali;uiver. It is aiinolt round and
hanks
conli-
d et.it LtMctit, but not propiriion.ib!- tn tho number of it
1:1 .al'itantj
th: Or
ts are narmv.-, but the I
10 ii-
lti'iu__ch in liic .\Ii.oriih talic ; thfy .iic ch-.i
a lij iir; coiiit, with (.'reci latti.e,-, and fli,
I-
line,
round
>v a vaiiv.is e.vtcnuiii ' liuiii • . top ul lii; lioulis
a.r^'l, ms cjurt.
the Romans called G.tdes, a
Itanils on an illati.i in the thutv
j;ree thirty minutes litituJe. and in the fivtm
y-!i;a.'i
mintitfs wefl longitude, on the n' .th-wcit cnd'il'a
reck of land, that c.vuiids fro n the l^.uth-rali ta
north-welt, and is alio joined to tht
C'liituien;,
I'hich it is divided by a n.irrow llu i^rht, hy mt.ri
the bi
af Suaco, boll
.of which arei
red.iubt., and I'omc other railed works of earth.
ilia
Fort S^. Catailiui to tJic iil.ind ot .St.I't'
IS about ciilit/'cii niile^
nd f
loin tlie fuiila
,';iMlN'.
mt ihe iil'i,"'
triJgc of i'l'
liltif g"i"' ''
ilierc. -'tha^
lii'bour is ni:i
conli i<-'rable (
l,..rc cQinmonl
nil iVct 111 len
The city of
,),f ivhole nccl
|5,]iitbuilt upi
lu!, l)-'ns ^1'"
j;a:? alp:Ctou
commoi': JUS fo
j!\.'ti ai^' "••"
f.,.; uf thctii an
|iii:.s arc ^; -nc
ffi.V.'.ti are hi
|,,;ii!;on3 are 1
jicnntains .ah'ji
,r!;i':^e of the J
(,,. mily n'lc jiu
H..;;!:!i I iiin.ii
'i'|i:fc:l!ifp of tl
,<cv:!if> aad has
t',w;s. Here i
iv';i.:!i ill 1717 w
;ltr,c .-."neft re
r!!o;:d to it agai
llaic traii^rht b.ic
j:,ivJ of the Spi
hTroivdeJ with !
,.^1 rifir; hithe
(;,:r,-„i;J,tiary cire
ft ttic whole An
},-™ch, Dutch, a
B';iJi are fliipp
,i"criia, by Spa
iJ;s thcfe nation
I:::: by fca, have :
.•;:fir?, in this ci
ir;kc a errat (igur
liolh th..- hatbou
hv", t!ie cntrar
V :.'!". covers the
r T.;;, v/hirh II
i.,\!c of 'and on
ciTimonly call hi
'■-•.^ the harbour,
l;:ir!riJ fithoni". 1
":rt(^l the h.irh.',;;
.-.'rr. Cadiz is I
l.tni, nnd on the
ri account of tli
9.t tiic accel's is
!nJrcr!:s thar lie 1
will indeed adni;
,v. Catalina. ()•
III rocks, part of \v
l.icoiJtermnflof til
a:;:a.'il and li'Iit-i
iS+iHian.
No pctiplo are
fv tiicy feldoni 1,
:.::! enrich tlicinf: !
i.cciii J loth.it let 1
liiititmijft bv fii,;
; llifd in areiiMi'i
.r.-;Tity of tliiir
•'^iiitcoiihdenec.l
'..■■J.<.
la Ki/llivs I :tl
.'!li ; hilt W.1S ;':'.i:
•'il'-nfililh made
i....vr,,
Al'.'fziras is nt 1
" I Mas a ilcrayi i\
/■'''i-s. The 'w
'';'!. and the hm
' .eiUMlled lii (|
h-.' l.iatri-ojit ii> ■
E U K () P E.
uj iitiiiJ of St. PcJro to the noithcrn one ncnrtlnr
""'f' (if Su.uo about fcvcii in bread ili. It prndcitos
■",-^%,i,/ but fomc of the bed wiiic in Sp.mi i
■i^:
ItlKi
; alio foine pafturc , ami on the l:.!.' m
ma lie
y.'. the
,,,,,^,t is niiilc large quantitie
-, of ialt. It ha< a!fo a
'■'flwable filhery, particularly of tiiiuiics which arc
r't cnmin""'y between fix and eight, and (ometimc!.
u:l
Icct ui Iciij^th
The city of'Cidiz is of pretty l.irgc circumfi-rcncr, yet
hilcna-kof laud which extends fron the iflaiu!
''"'"built upoMi the weft h!., whiJi i. very deli..ht-
'■";"l,-n' al.nolt u:iinhabitcJ, the oiily buil.iings upon
'!'','. alvcious hofpi'-.il and two chapi!-., it leing lei;.
''v.in'cV' '"■^ fof fiiipP'^S '*^^" ■'"■ '•■•''^ '"'■''■'• "^'"'^ "' ''''
'''".'-! aic narrow, crooked, ili paved, an.) dir;y j but a
f'".'u[ thcai arc broad, Uraight, and wtl! ;"."ed. 'I'he
'■■'',. ^' 3-2 ^7ner\llv three or four fhirics hiji, .ind many
"ly'm'arc handfome buildings; but houl.' rent and
"■vi'ons are dear, and good frelh water very fcarce.
fconuins about tliirtcjn conventj, am^ng which the
ii-cof the Jefuiis is the h.-eil in all Andahili.i ; but
r n'nlv "''c i''"'''^ church, wliich is the cathcdr,.!, iho'
k.'tttic-l iiui.ib.taiits are ccmpurcd at foity ihnuCand.
■•■K-bdhcp "' ''i'"* '">' '' fit'f'i^'i' to the arehlidhop of
i i;» and has an annual revenue of twelve tiioufand
■,'!j;'s.' "i-Ifre is eltablilh d tlir- W'rft India con.pr.ny,
'i'i-h'iii fiy wai rcmovr.l li ther fr.i.n Seville. Indeed
! ,•" c.-'iV'^i^ rcqn.fl of tii - lall-iiieiitioned city, it wa;
'',!,',''.j.;-, it again in 17.';,; but in 1 -26 was a fecond
'■«!:Va!trht back to Cadj/,. IJoih betorc and after the
'•livj ofihe Sp'.tvili American ilvet, this city i:. laid to
I. "owd^J w;lh flrangers to the number of lilty th, inland,
!•■;, r:f>r; hither on account of tr.ide, whinh cauf.s an
.r„i;-u;iry circulation of money. Cadi/, is the center
J-','j|,. whole American trade, to v.'hich the Knglidi,
} 'ncli, I^utch. and Italian inerchants fend tl'.eir goods,
„l J, 'are fliippcd off hcic in yp..nifli bottoms to
.\ '"Ka, by Spanifli faflors in their own n.unes. l>e-
i'.j;s thcl'e nations, all others who carry on any traffic
Pibvle.', have alio their agents, correfpondeiits, and
,; tjrf in this city ; and the confuls of thole nations
'ii":kc a src-it %">■<••• ^ .
iiothth; liaibour and bay of Cadiz are fpicums and
f -.j:c, the entr3r..:e being defended by I'ort iMat.igot.la,
vich covers the harbour and bay of Cadiz, and by Kort
P"r;!, v/hich (lands ppp.-ifitc to it, on a point of that
i-.rof land nn which Ca.iv. is built, '/be .Spaniar.ls
(■riimonly call bo-h thefe Los Puniales. 'I"he cntiancc
;-,;i the h ubaur, between i-.eic points, is fiid to b- live
brlrtd fithoms wide. Inuring me time ot chh a ^o ,d
■■;r;efthe h.irbr.ur, which is ten miles in circunii'eicnce,
|.jrv. Cadii is forfihed with walls and irreg'i.ar baf-
li-l, 3pd on the fcnth fide there is n > appro.u'hin;^; it,
n accniint of the high and Itcep ili^re ; on the nortn
!;it tiie accefs is dangerous from tl'.J inany land-baiiK-
wi rccl-.s that lie under the water. 'I'he fouth-wci^ li.le
Kiii indeed adni;t of landing; but is defended b\ >ort
,-:. Dtalina. On tiie f )Utii'-fouth welf point is a ridge
i.imcks, part of which it full lea is covered with water ;
he o.:iermt)ft of thcf; forms a fniail dland, on which is
3;::a:il ar.d li-ht-lioufe, with two ch.'pels, and Kort St.
!^v!-illi;in.
Xi people are happier thm the i;"T,~hants of Cadiz ;
rr tiicv felJiMii lifk any thing up.:n ih.'ir ov^'ii account,
.•vlfirich themfelves at the coil ol : . 'I'e who fend them
■^.ah i lo th it let things go as they wd!, they are no lofers.
Mititmiift be faid to their honour, that mty arc dillin-
: llitd in a remitkable niann -r, by the flriet lionclly and
,rr-r:tv of tliiir dealings ; wlienco Ir.reigner-, wiih tin-
.niil^contidtnce, trull their ctiecls and lurtunes in tliiir
yuU.
U\ I ;r/i th'S citv w.is plundered and burnt by the Kng-
i!h ; l>iit W.15 I'g.iiii rebuilt by the Spaniards. In 17' .:
■t; Knulilh made another attempt upon it, but vvithi u:
1„ Tl^."
Ali-ryiras i< Jt prefcnt a poor old town in the Strelghis
■"I lias ailecavid harbour, wiih onlv a lew (h.itt ud
I 'i'ls. '! he w>,;d Alt'c/ira, in Arabic, fignif.cs an
1' 1:.!, and the hattjpur being (ormcd by t*o ifl.ind^, it
... ' .ciic.illed Ki th' ;dni.i| i;uniber Alg'/iras. litre ll'.'
r.lid liild the pl.ice almoft (even ]
Moors firff landed
drtd years.
Il'jtween the mountain and promontory, nc:ir Af;' /.irasj
and the mountain o'l which (jdiralt.ir ihindi, i. .1 b.iv.
The lalt-mi iiticinvd mouirain is a high and (Kepiotk,
joiir d to the coniiifnt by a low ncik i;f land .ibont I'o'ir
hundred yards br"»', bounded to tlie wclf by the ab-.vc
bay, and to the e.ill by the iMediterrantan, wdiere 'his
rod; is of an uncommon height, and almoli pcrp-nlicu-
l..r ; V'tlowardi th:' biy, or on t'l- wi It fide, th; ;:f.en?
is not (o diiTieijit. It divides iiflf into fcveral piris, be-
tween which tee fe.i (lo'.vs, and its capes are defer.d.-d
by walls bidn-arks, and towirs. This lo.-k ab.iunis
with very wholefome herb', anion;' v/liieh is the r.iiiun-
culus. I'lie mountain lormcilv known bv tb.e name of
Celpc, according to Iniloiiing, lis iluC'Ctlv oppe.fite to
Cauta, in Al'iiva, and is alfo ciilled Si ■:ra Ximieia
.ind Sierra de las Mona, or the Afus Mill ; but w.'s
i<;rnierly n:iined Alnla. Tlufe two nMuntaiiis an;
generally allowed to be the celebrated pdiars of Hrr-
»
ly aiiow
cules.
To the wenv.Mri:
I
it the foot of th? lii;' mo'intiin to-
w;>rdsthc bav, lies (jihraltar, called bv the rvlo;)ts Ci.be!- tnlir,-ihiir.
Tarif, or Tarie, that is Mount I'aril, or Taiic, triiin
t!i- name of a Monrifli gener.d, who, at the be 'innii; ; xy;, j>j.>.
c.fthe cight'.i century, brinjin'; the aux lliaries of i!;r<c
|Mo3;i!h pii:'e;s to 'Spain, landed at the fo it of this
j mountain, t 1 v.di'cii he gave his name, an.l the tov.ii
I altenvar.is bud'- 'apoti it was fo called fro'n him ; (jih-
1 riltar being evidently an abbreviation of t Jib 1- I .ird', or
i i'aiic. It is not fo co-^ftdcrable eitii r t(r its extent or
i beauty, as f(^r its ftrcng'h and fitua'ion, wii( li imdLrs
I it one of the keys to Spain ; and, what is lliil •■! moii;
j confciMience, the key to the Medit Tr.'ne.in and L.nwnt.
; It is accordingly provided with all the arrilleiv, If-ies,
i jnd forces iieecllarv for its defence. I's'ilulive of I'.ino-
' peins of ni'dt nat'on , here are jew=, Turks, and Moii,-.;,
who are all p'. rmitttd 10 enjoy a free trade. Tlieliai-
bonr is formed by a mole, which is lu. II fnrtilied and
planted with guns It is accellibie oidy on the land lide
by a narrow palliije bef.vc.'.'i ilie i" irks .11^ I the f.a, but
; that \\ ailed and loiii'icd both In .'rt and nature, biinrj
' there lo inclolc'd by high lleep bills, as to be alniolt iii-
. .icceriible tliit w ly. It Ims but two gates on that fide,
and as many towards the fea. Aeiilsthis illhnui; the
.'^panl.irds have drawn a fortilicd Iilie, dii dy with a view
to hinder the -.arrifon of (libraUar lio.ii li.u ing aiiv :ii-
! terctmrfe with the counliy benini! t'.em. 'I Fi. ife \yh.>
■ have the c-i-ii.ije to climb lo the top of the rod; will find
it a plain, ihat aHlirds a profpeCI of the lea on e.:eh lid,:
, tl.i; ilrei.,ht, and of the kinL'.di'ms of IJarbarv, Fez, and
; .Morocco ; bchdes the cities (d Seville and tirar..;da, iii
Spain : for tiie llreight is here only fifteen miles in
' lue.idth ; and twcntv-hur in len_.;th. There is aiwiys a
Itrong current umning throug'i it from the occii intu
; tile Mediterr.'nean. The garrifun of (ii'^raltar is, how-
ever, conhned within very narro^f lliiiirs ; a!:d as tii?
'■ ground produces Ir.irdly any thing, ail tlieir pr.)Vi!!'.'r;y
j iire brought tn-,in either iVom Kn .| m J nr froin Ceat.i en
j the coall of liarbaiy.
'I'his city W.1-- tiltrn in i",iiii two I'.iv; bv a coin-
I b'ncd fleet of I-inglllh and Dutrh fhips uu.ler the cam-
I ni.-.nd of Sir (i-oigc Rooke : but the laiii? year t!i.- .>;•.!-
ni.irds atteiiiptLd iis recovery, at whii'h time 't llouii luf
a memorable liege, in which bctvfc'n lour and five hun-
1 liiid «f the enemy h.iving crept up the loei: that cover*
the town, were t'u- next niorr.ing driven downbcaj.
' loii'Z '■ after which it was cc'ed In t.ae Lnj-Iifli by the tiei-
tv of L'trccht, in 1713. The Spaniard, aganmaiea.i
• arteir.pt, in the 'cir 17^7, with a p iWerful arniv ; bu:
' y..;"r at lail cbligcd lo lade the fie^'C, ai't.jr Ivn:; * .•tort
i: fevcr.'.l nt'inths, end even endeavouring to blow iipt.ie
t(-ck, wl'ich f.ey f'.und to be lmpr.i.-hc..ide ; it iheie'o: :
tlill bciongs to tile crown r-f Grc.it ihit> n. Since the a-
I . ve frge this furtrefs has been mote ll;.inglv lortifte,',
ii.'w works and improvements being d.'.i'y a '.iKi : it is
Kiiuorcd im|>rr7,nab e by any otb.er n c.ti' th n trculuvy
or lurp'iZ", for it cntnot be ftsrved winic our th.t c::i
bun.'; liipphco.
' "^ V" .
• .y,
I ir
.(ill
1,
n\
t, '
^ I
I
i!
■iSlI). '^f
' 1 |i:;*i!ts
|'"f
vril
! f Ilia
4.?^'
A SYSTEM OF GEOGKAl'HY.
Vt
fi f
w
W'e now come to CorJovii, the iioxt kiiiijiloin iiiclud- | inngin; ; but the Moors Cuoii rccovcrcj thtm a»j'
cd 111 ttic provjiitc 111' Aiidahifi.i, whkh, though much i had their p.irticular kiii;.^ over them. Nu " '"'
f Stvilif, \i equal to it in t'trtility.
Spaix,
Imallei than that or »evi
1 ne city of Cordova, antieiuly called Corduba and
Colonia I'aiiieia, is large, beautiful, and hnely (ituated
ill a widj plain, (iii the baiiits of the Ciuadajtiuiver, at
o . the foot ot a nd^e of mountains that are a branch ol the
3"/ ^.Sierra Morena, in thirty-feven degrees Hfty niinutes
/,.'».• no: th latitude, and in four degrees lifty-thrtc minutes
velf longitude. Within its circuit it contains fcveial
j^aiden, and viiie)ards ; but its ftrcets are narrow, and it
is not very populous in proportion to its extent, lis hue
(uburbs haie 'he appeaiancc of fo many towr.s. The
bifliop, who IS furtragan to the archbifhop of I'l/ledo,
hai .111 annual revenue of forty thoufand ducats, 'i'he
cathedral is a large ai-.tiqiic and magmticent fquarc build-
ing, lis loul being fii|)ported bv three hundred and I'lxty-
iiw <lati.ly pillars of alaballer, jalper, and black marble ;
and Was built bv the .Moors for amofquc. It has ninc-
ic'.'ii navts luninng from north to louth, feparated by
inull bcauiilul pillars, (oiiie with fine Corinthian capitals
taken out of the olJ tJ.nple of Janus .-Xugullus, as appears
Jiy an iiiltiiption on a pillar of green marble, which in
M.;ri.ina's t:ine lloud in the Fraiicifcan convent in this
city. Thi-fc pillars would h.\ve a beautiful eH'ed, were
not the view of them interrupted with crofs walls, altars,
the choir, and th: piclbytery, which is built in the mid-
dle. The cpili.op.ll palace is a large itruiSture. The in-
quirnion (lands by the river lide, and the king's palace,
which is at the wtif end of the city, is very fpacioui. In
1586 Cordova fullered very much bv an earthquake.
J'he adjacent mountains are covered with delightful
}!arikr.s and plant.itions of olives, oranges, leiiioiu, and
ligv. They are ailo inicrfperl'ed with pleal.int valleys,
refreihed by fprings of good water. W'hen the above-
tnenuoned tites arc in bloHbm, they dirtufc a fragrancy
all o\er (he country. Ijel'idesthe excellence of the wine,
and the pLiuv of fruits and vegetables, this country
breeds i)-.e linell Soanilh horfes. I
and
- , mieious u-..
weic cariic. on between chem and the Cat.Uunu,,
various luecefs, till lowaids the cuntlulion of tl/ ""'"
1229, James 1. king of Arr.igon, dilpollL-ircd them 1/''''
the illand o( .M.ijoica: in 1232 he alio reduced Vlii ^"
and 111 1234 Ivica; and thui the whole king.ioi'.iup)'''
jorca bec:iine annexed to the crown ot Arragon. "
I'hcie four illands, with tlic Imaller ones |yln„
them, weie by the antients divided into the Haltaricai jT
thyulx-. The formerare.M.ijorcaand Almorca, which " '
fonic Imaller iflands, were "lernicd by the Latins Ba|i.*"'^
and by the Cjiecks Haleaiidcs, which lignify tht in'"'i'
ot Slinger-, the iiiliMhiiants excelling in Tiie dcxtcro ^"'"
ol the lling, as the .Minore.ins do to this day. '^^'
Malloica, or, as it is pronounced by forci'incr; \'
jorca, is fuuatcd about eighty mile.s louth of thclina'd
coaif, and is the largeft of thefe illands, it bein:. jlj'
fixty miles ill leiigtii, and lotty-fivc in bicadth." li 1""
four chief capes which lie to the four cardinal" poi,,.''''
thele are Pt-dra on the call, Palermo on the welt s" '
nas on the fouih, and i'ormcntella, or St. Viiicuu ""
thenoith. Tliis liland i;. divided into two parts th"'
towards the north and well Is mountainous, but nJt b "
rcn 1 and the other, which lies to the louth and cj(( '""
level and laid out ill corn-lields, vineyards, 01 ch.irds a"i
paUures. 'I'he air is temperate and wholefomc ; bu tii
e.\ceHi\ cheat and diouglit frequently uccalion.' a' ftarcii''
though the illand in general is well I'upplied with watt'-'
and naturally aboiiiids in corn, wine, oil, honey, |'a,fjg„'
large and I'mall eatile, wool, chcele, rabbcis, partridiic'
deer, wild fowl, hlh, and horles, without any ravciK,u'
wild bcalts. 'I'he whole illand is eiicompaircd with ftron-
towers, from wlncn an cnciiiy may be obferved at adiu
tancc, and it lias iLvcial good hai hours and aiichorin:>.
places. ^"
'i he inhabitants in their manners and culloms rcfem.
ble the Spaniards, and particularly the Cataloniaiis. V~^.
pic ot talhiuii fpeak the Spanidt tongue, but the laiijuap"
.,*■ ^l,r. 1... :„ .. .-..11^.. ..f c :n. r .':&'■
Aiidiijar, or Anduxar, an anticnt and pretty large city, of the commonalty is a medley of Spanifli, Latin, jj^j
hirty-lKo miles to the call of Cordova, is fituatcd on I '■■'"•"l"i> which is a corrupt kind of trench, Urcck and
he river (juadalquiver, over which it has a ifatcly Arabic. The illand maintains twenty companies ut fou;
thi
t
bridge, and is dclended by a Iftong calHe. It contains
three thoufand families, has five pariilies, fix monallerics,
three nunneries, and two liofpiuls ; betides other ilatcly
and haiidlbmc buildings. It vends great quantities of
lilk. The neigb.Douring country abounds in corn, wine,
oil, honey, and all forts of fruit ; and likcwife yields ex-
cellent game.
The Kingdom of Jean is thefmallcft of the three com-
prehended 111 the piovinee of Andalutia.
The principal city it contains is Jaen, which (lands at
the toot of a mountain, and is dclended by a calUe. It
is populous, and has fome line churches and monaderics ;
but the griatcll devotion is paid here to St. Veronica. Its
biftiop, who is undir the archhilhop of Toledo, has a
yearlv income of twenty thoufand ducats. It was once
thccapit.d of a Mioiilh kingdom; and the country, be-
lules produiing great plenty of corn, wine, oil, and
flait, particularly abounds in filic.
SECT. XVIII.
Of the Bt}!f::y'u IJJ.inh, AI^j',>\-a, Afinsriu, laiin, and Fcr-
nier.UKi. 'Ihiir Hijhry, ^iluulisr, txttnt, i'mlmi, Iii-
hiibiiiir.li, and prinapal Tciois,
THE lour iflands of Majorca, Minorca, Ivica, and
i-'oinieiitera, torincrly < ompofed the kingdom of
M.ijorca. Thefe illands arc lituated to the well of Spain ;
yet It 1., not known by whom they were oriiiinally inha-
bited : but Sirabo mentions a colony of Greeks, who
litt.'cd therefrom the ille of Rhodes. Afterwards the
Cai tnagini.im became maflcrs of them, but were fub-
du(d bv the Romans. In the fifth century ihe Vandals
pollllled themlelves of thefe ftveral illands, and towards
the uil ol the eighth and beginning of the ninth ceiuuiy
ilicle \\eie dillodged by the .Moors, who, after a much
Oiorte; pulliflioii were e.xpell'.-d by the iinperor Cliarlj-
hve troops of horle-, and two companies of matrelR^
lor the delence of me capital ; befides four rcgimcmi lia.
tioned in other parts of the illand.
M.ijorca, the aiitient Palma, is the capital, a.^J ;■ ,•
lc'.ited on a bay between two capes, in thirty- iiinc ot-
grecs lorty minutes latitude, and in two degree, thiny- ;
lix minutes ealt long,itudc, on the well fide of the iilanj.
It is loitihed in the inoJcrn t.ille; is laige, and has btjjj
lircets, Ipacious fquares, llately Hone houfes,and twtii;,.
two churches, befides chapels and oratories. The lar-tit
fquarc is that of Horn, which is encompafled on evt.v
tide with grand buildings., from whence ihe priiicijial in.
habitants view the bull-lights and other fliows. 'Inc
carhedral is a large and magnilicent llrudure, and t.-c
bilhop IS futi'ragaii to the archbifliop of Valciuij. l.i
the city arc lix holpitals, and three other foundations tjr
women. It has a loyal audience, in which the governor
prelides, an univeility, and a court o' :;;,j„„'",iiuii. Tho
inhabitants are conqniied at ab^'jt ten thoufand. 1 >.:..
city was taken by the Engl ilh in 1706, and retaken;:'.
1715.
I here arc feveral fmall towns in the ifland bcfiJci tho
capital, and round it are a conlidcrable number o! mi..;i
illands, the piincipal ot which are,
Cabrera, which is lo called from the multitude of zoK,
lound there. It is all over mountainous, and uninhabit-
ed, except its Ipacious and Iccure harbour, the iiUraiKv
into which fronts Majorca, and is defended by a calCi,
in which IS always kept a fmall garrifuii. This illand 1.
a place tor exiles.
Las Bledes is of fome confideration ; it was formerly very
popubnis.andis Hill diltinguilhed by having a good quarry
of niaible.
Dragoneia is about a thoufand pares in length, niii.;
hundred broad, and twelve hundred from iVlaiorta. k
IS uninhabited, and only produces an edible bird 0! ptcv
called a Spaniard. I: has, h'. w^.cr, a fortre*: on a lii.l
called Muun: Popia.
\V>
(
Spain.
!■: U R O P E.
•137
U'e now come to Minorc, .i confiJcrablc ifl:\nd fifty
,., the norih-i.ill of .hr. in.m.l of Majorca. It is
.ut thirty mil" i" 1^'"^<'>. tvv.lv'; i" ln.:akh ami .,■,
L valued for its cxc-dlent harboui of I'urt Mahdii.
r'r Ijuth "'""-' "'' ■'"''■■ ''^•""' '■' '""""''' *"" toward-, the
ih vtrv riiL;i;ed ; and may in gciirr.il he confiJi-red as
'"',„,;„ous "country, with fjniefruitf.il vallleys. 'I'he
' hM f" withdr.iwn from this iflaiul, th.it near the har-
["".ra'tc fcvoi.ll new flats, which .ue tunud int.i gaidcii-
,,ji The air is moill ; the heat in Faienlu'it's ther-
^'"Ltcr pLiced in the fun riles only to a hundred and
"'!" ijiTces, and is confcqucntly not tery intenl'.- : n ir
'*"'.'uiiicklilver known to fink' very olttn under forty-
'■ ' 'wf.ich is (hort of the frccziiii; point. The foil can-
'"I'l,,' extolled for its fertility ; bclides, the water bein;^
" V'ntphritic difordcrs arc common Iv.rc. 'I"!"-' hed^c-
I^.. ', in this illand citeemed a venomous animal, it he-
;"l,„,polcd to corrupt the water, particularly in rutiin;^-
";" . Ill the fpring. One of the molt lunlitahle conimo-
i"."s of thccouiury is fait, which the fun prepares in i i-
^ ■ .', between the rocks. Some of the wine is excellLiit,
'id'the inhabitants are faiJ to f II to the KimIiAi as
' 'h of itasaniviun'.s rmnually to twenty fcvcii tliou'.md
!;'j,,"n,]< iKTlinu'. 1 1-rc is great plenty of tilli, particularly
',„,;ks which are of great Icrvice to the coinmona'ty
liiit, Kabhcts arc to be met with here in j.';reat
.' ,,Jv ; here are alio wool, honi'v, wa>:, and capers,
Iriidiirow upon the walls; but theh', as vvi-ll as olives
j-icotton, arc alio cultivated in [il.mtjtinns. Thepalm-
1 viherc bear no fruit. The opumia ii vc.y commofi,
-ij pltntifiilly eaten, as r.re alio the acorns ; and the myr-
J . which abound here, arc of great advantage to tan-
f'.,'. Tac inhabitants, however, arc nbliiied to have
,i',. chief necclTarics, as corn, beef, brandy, tobacco,
' 4n, It^'i^s books, relics, .Ajrnus Deis, from abro.id ;
ani i thele to'icthcr ar-; (aid to Itanl them in no lels
r;ervycar than feventy-one thoufand two hundred pounds
ii'rrlai
Ti;c n.iti\Tj live nil
dlly
v^iictabler, love Jancin^r,
3-1 have fuch a turn for poetry, th.it the very pcafains
ti.;',.,n'c each other to iii.il.-t of their pnjf.c i;cnius.
Titv arevcry dexterous witii their llinjs, and with tlu'in
(>r„ii:uid their cattle; but as they arc far from bnw^
i;iJ.iuii:'Us, they neglcd many advantages they might
enjoy by hiifliandry and trade. The houfes on the ifland
arc computed at about three thnufand and eighty-nine,
thou-h the inhabitants arc laid to amount to twenty-fevea
thoufand.
'I'iic Kngiifli took this idand from the Spaniards in
l-c.H, after which it was ccnlirmcd to them bv the treaty
of Utrctht ; but it was invaded by the t'leiich in 175O,
when, alter avirv brave refillance under general BL.Ue-
ney, the garrifon was obli;4cd to furrender, the I'ren^K
h.iving invelb-d Kort St. Philip with an army of lifteeii
thoufand men, well provided with all military Itores ; but
it was again reltorcd to the Englilh by the late treaty of
peace. ' I'he principal places in the illand are the lol-
iowing :
Port .\Jahon is defended by the caftk- of St. Plubp,
and works of great ilrenglh cut in the loA, on account m
its bcin ' ertccmed oneof the molft<immoJiou~ h.irl'i'Uis id
Ktirope. Its entrance is indeed fomewliatihtlicuii, tioin
the Itvcral rocks within it ; but on the iiilide it ij bind-
locked, and perfeftly lecurc Irom tempells. N'e.ir it li'^a
the little trading town of M.ihon, from vvhcnet it t.ik.s
its name.
Citadclla, the capital of the whole illand, and the leaf
of the governor, is fortified, and ciuihlls of aboui !'i-\ hun-
Jrcd boiifcs,
'I'he illand of Ivica, or Yvii a, the aniient F.hnfu , lie ; F.iiu'i:'--
ri>V-fix miles to the f.iuth-weit of the illand of .Majorca,
and IS about live miles in len;th and four broad. I'lii!
foil is not unfruitful; but is little cultivated, moll ot
the inhabitants heiiii tikeii up with the I. .It-trade, as be-
ing moll profitable. It is verv mountainous, yet, bclides
pines, proj.uccs fiuit-trccs of vari 'Us kind-. Ivica, the
capital, is fortified in the modern manner; but ii iniieh
dwindled from what it was in the times of the Carthagi-
nians and Romans. It is the reli lencc of the j'.overnoi,
from whom there li.s an appeal to the rojal au.lie-nee at
.M liorca. . ,
Kormentera, the antient (Xi'iinfaand Cillibari.i, oi /yin/.^n
the Adder Illand, was foinieriy veil inhahite.l, lut at;
pre'ent is forlaken and deiarr, which is ov.in;i to the
African corfairs, whoarc contiiiiially Iwarm'ng :;liont it.
'i'h? if!and eont.iins fome harbouis, and gojd air.hoiin.;-
placei ; but all that is to be lecn there is a kind of
wild al's.
.. \
CHAP, xxvir.
Of the Kingdom of
S K C T. I.
HilUitlim, ExI.nt, Climate, SjH, Proiluii
R.
IVil i.
THIS country was fornicrlv called I.ufitania ; but
II- hcundaries were then different from thole it has
r: irc'eiit. I he n.ime of Portu^.d is bv fomc thought to
: i;.' Irciin I'ortus tiallus or Portus ( lallorum, from the
ru'iitiide of French which came to thecitv of Porto, on
t^i river Douro in order to aililf the Chrilfians ai;ain(f
!'!'■ Mdor!. liiit the more general opinion is, that it is
i:'-;\'.i\ from a town on the river f)ouro, bv theanticnts
ii''-:i Cale ; but by the moderns changed to Gaya : op-
r ::\- to this place a new town, with a harbour, was
h. !; In' the inhabitants, who g ;ve it the name of I'ortii-
(.!c, or the Port of Cale, whi. h, by its uninternipted
ri'i'pritv, proved the origin ot the prelVnt floui idling
('.■\ lit Pirto , and the whole country from hence received
I.''.'' na'ie r\ Portugal.
111:? kiiii;ilom, wliirh is the moll wellern in Furopc,
l^l'lUll.!cd on the north by the Spanilh p'ovince of (i.i-
i^i-; ; on the eafl by the piovin^i . ot i.eon, I'.lftemad.ira,
i.iij;\ii.!.ibilia ; and on tiie louih and well by the i\;l.iii-
PORTUGAL.
tic ocean ; extending from the thirtv-fi.vth degree f[(v/;it:/.o-4lc<:
minutes to the forty-l'econd de_;ree three minutes norttl „ ,
latitude, and bewern the fcvcnth and tenth deiirce of wefV '/ — "
longitude Irom London. Its k'n.',th from \ .ilenca, the
molt northern town in it, to Sabres, the molt fouthcrn,
near Cape St. Vincent, is about three hundred and ten
miles; and its L'reatelt breadth, from Penichc, al'eapnrt
in F'.lremadura, to Salvaterra, on the frontiers of Spain,
is a hundred and twelve.
The climate is much more temperate than in Spain,
thouL'h it is a li'tlc ditlcrcnt in the fevcral prov.inces.
I'he northern parts feci a kind of painful cold in winter,
thou:;h this is chiefly owinj to the rains which fall ar
that I'ealon, and in the fouthcrn the fummer heats are
verv great. However, both winter and luinmcr arc very
fupportablc ; lor cooling fea-brctzes, during the latter,
relrefh the country, and the fcafon of Ipring is extremely
debiihtt'ul.
The country is in many parts mountainous, and thcfe
mountains contain the ores of liher, copper, tin, and
inui : but the Portuguefc being I'upplied with metals from
their poll" llions in other parts of the globe, and particu-
larlv with abundance of gold from America, 110 mines arc
Worked in their own counliy. Ijenis ot all kinds, m
5 S turipiois
rum
45^^
A S Y S T r. M OF G E O G R A r n Y.
t'U
:i {'
h I
;irlHI^^
!! *
IV
'i'^nl
tiii{|>uir- ami liv.ii iiith', aii; iiilb found in the mountains ;
ami p.iiiii iihirly a l)i.'.-.iitilul \ a:icj;ati'il iii.irblc, with iii;iny
oiln-i lutious I'cjilils of the hipiilary kiiul, <il «liKii kve-
ril lolt^ otwmk arcm.i.li; ; \wi\: arc alio \LTy l;'kiJ miU-
lUiiic-, ai.d cMi the hill of Ah aiitara, not tai fioin Lif-
hon, is a ii'inaikablc mine of l.ilt petic.
'I"h(ni!!,li tho lull is viiy Iriiiilul, agriculture is I'ci much
n'.';'lei!Kil, that abnvu lulf the country lies walle, ;Mid
the Inhiliiiants are I'upplieil with a j^reatp-irt of tlKircorii
by the r.n'^lifh anj JJutcli, ami have Indian torn from
Africa. I'oriUfjal, however, abounds in excellent wine
and oil ; the greatell part of ih,' latter is made in the pro-
vince ot Alcntijo, for the olivc-trces thrive bctti.T here,
near the fc.:, than up in the country, llcrc are alio a-
hundaiKe of oran(;es, lemons, rig's, pomegranates, railins,
a'inonds, ehefnuts, and other Iruit. It produce:; |;reat
plenty of line honey, and eonfcqucntlv of wax. 1 lie
hell honey found in the ticldi isalmolt of a white colour,
and of a molt atrrceablc flavour ; and the wood-honey is
more agreeable to the talk- than in other countries.
As I'orturral has fome excellent palturcs, particularly
in the country about Moiucltrclla and near Ouiiipie,
the ^rrazing i.. in fonic places very confiderablo, and tli re
are feen an unconiiunn nunlier of horned cattle and
liiecp ; but in molt jil.iccs it is at fo low an ebb, tliat
the greati.ll part of their oxen come from S|)ain. I he
horles are not large, but very fleet ; and they have iii.e
mules, which fell for a great price. The I'oriuaueie
breed inoie allis than horles, the latter being clandtl-
tinelv iin])orted from Spain.
Krcm the niDuntains ill'ijc feveral flroams and Imall
rivers, which lertili/.c the valleys andhrl,!,, and cither
join til-.- gTL. It livers in their courfe, or difcharge thein-
(elvis fepaiately into the fea : but all the great rivers ot
Portugal have their lources in Spain. 1 ne principal ot
thL'fe arc •'■e Miiiho, the Lima, or Lethe, the Douro,
the T.jo. or T.ii'Us, the largell river in the kiiigdoiii,
and the (luadiana, with the (Javado ; which l.ill riles in
the moiiiuains of Trazos, and diichargcs itltlf into the
Tea be!(iw Bartclos.
All ti.cl'e rivers abound in fifli ; and the three princi-
pal, nanielv the Douro, the J'agus, and Guudiana,
divide the kingdom into three parts.
SECT. H.
T!j( Mumcrs, C:/j!om!, Pof-i'u, Drefs, Ihtijii, Fiinniwr,
EMANUET^ de Earca, a Portuguefe writer, dcfciib-
in.: his conntrvmen, l.ivs, " The nobdity tniiik
" thcmlel'.es gods, and rrcjuire a fort of adoration; ttie
" gentry af.Mre to equal them ; and the comin .n people
" dildain to be thought inferior to either." Ihispiide
is the charaelrrillic both of the Spaniards and I'uituguefe;
and here the grandees and their ladies carry their li.iughty
fpirit to fuch an extravagant height, that they Hand upon
the nicef} puneliiios with rcfpeiit to rank and titles. 'I'he
Jadies of cjuality are ferved by their maids and llaves on
tne knee ; and indeed the women ol quality willfi;.iric
he fpoken to by mean people in any other pilture : a
<iet;ree of haughtinefs practil'cd in no other Chnlliaii
country, and which they probably received from the
Moors. But this is far fiom being the woilf part of their
character j for it is become a proverb, that a .Spani.ird
Itript of all his good qualities niakes a perfect Purtu-
guel'e. Indeed they are gtntrally < haraclerivi d, as being
cru-l, treacherous, maiicious, and revengeful, buth to
one another and to rtrangcrs j cratty in their dealings,
and the meaner fort addicted to thieving. Jiut to this ge.
nerd character there are m.iny noble exceptions.
'Ihe F'.ortuguefe ladies are fmall of ilaturc, with their
complcxian pretty much upon the olive ; their featuies
delii ate ; but their vifage thin ; their hair is black and
fhin .If", and their eyes Iparkling j nor do tlicy want a
good fiiare of wit. In fliort, tiny arc for the moll part
generous, charitable, and modelt. 'J'hcy wear hoop-,
and feveral gowns, one over an itbrr, of rich llulFs trim-
med with gold and filver lace ; but the uppcrmnit is faid
to be uf cuarfc black itutF, and fo lon^ that it trail} upon
the gruuiid. Tlicir flioes are of black Sp.w^lh Utk
lir..ight as a glove, and wilh.iut heels ; wiicncc w ,r '
d,>ors they (cc.ii to Hide along rather than to walk \Vh
thy go ..htoad ihey have pattens, which aru'a kind "f
hlklandals taltenid to rin^s or plates th.it nif ih
hall aluot fioiii the gioum!, and make them w I'k /'"
aukwardly ; but m the houfe they neither wear' h,,
nor p.utens. The ll.iys, in which they have but liiT
bone, aie high befnu-, but fcurce reach half w.iy up thcr
b.uks behind, and confcqucmly would cxpofe the tawn
complexion of tiitir (kins, if their fliouldcrs were nl
covered with paint. 'I'heir hands and feet are fni.il| a,!i
well proportioned, and their wide lleevcs, with hroiJ
ruffles, buttoned at the wrills, make their hands apnea,
lefs than tluy aie. The people of quality wear vc-,
hnelinin, and as this is Icarcc and dear, the meaner f„.
have noiKs for rather than wear coarfj liiun, they w,')
go wiiliout. 'i'he ladies wear about their necks a broad
laced tucker, and inllead of a girdle tie a (Irini; of mcdalj
or lelics, or perhaps the cord of fome rcligioiVs order a
bout their waiit, the ends of \\-hich reach down t^/thc
ground. Aerols the top of their (lays they have- a k^j
ol bie.ill plate of diamonds, from whence there han.jj
rh..iii of pearls, or ten or twelve little knots of diamond-
I hey have hkewifj br.uelets, rings, and pend.inti in j!
Innid.inee i but no mcklaces. In their hair they wear
a variety of precious (tones, fomctimes in the form ofar-
tilicial butter-llies, or other infetts ; fomciimcs they a-
dorntlieir hair with ribbons and feathers o( various colour'
When tluy go abroad they throw a veil over all, and wo-
men who .ire advanced in years wear a tine coil over thtic
hair ; but many of the young ladies have none.
'I'he Portuguefe gentlemen commonly we.ir blic«-
and thole of the court Ircqucntly follow the Frtncli
lafhions.
With rcfptcl to their houfes and furniture, thcv h:ve
ulu.illy a great many rooms en a floor. The (luar> ar.d
ceilings are fornud of a plain white plaller, that looks
like poliihed marble. Tliey chang-e thiir fiiriiJtiircai)J
apartments according to the feafon ot the year ; and ir^MX
the lower floors of their fummcr apaitmeiits they ufuai;™
throw water every morning, which Coon diics up, ar.d
leaves a relrefhing coolnels. Upon thefc floors t.icy
Iptead tine mats, and cover the walls with ihcm chair-
high ; above thel'e are hung piihires and looking-gLill'.-j,
and j'l round the rooms of ihc ladies apartmcr.tsciilliions
ol lilk or V civet aic laid upon the mats, which they lit ui-
on crols-legged, as hath been already obfervcd vvitli rc-
Iptct to the Spani(h ladies. Hetween thefe cufhionsars
hue t..bles and cabinets, and, at certain di(t.ir..ei, vafci
ol lilier, in which are orange or jcllamine tite-:, and ia
their windows they nave frames of (Iraw-woik, to li«j)
out tl.e liorching be.misof the fun.
In the upper apartments the hanging9, cabinets look-
ing glalles, paintings, and plate, are cxtremelv ricli, j-d
the floors arc Ireiiuently covered with Tiirky carpet!,
Ill winter their beds and hangings are of velvet, trimm-;!
wiih gold or (liver lace ; but in fummer they ufe no cur-
tains, except very thin ones, made of gauze, or loms
other flight flutf to keep out the gnats.
Vcdels ol co|iper, tin, or pewter, arc faid to be never
Iceii in the hoiiles of pel Ions of quality, where thcvoiiiy
ule lilver, or eaithcn-warc, and b.ive many dozen'. i<
filver plates, and a gre it number of difhes of the lim:
metal, with other utenl. Is in pioportion. I!ut amidlUil
this wealth, the bad oeconomy of the grandees is fciroc
eicdible, and reduces them to a ncceilitous tonditiun,
(ven while they make tnis glitterin:; appearance. Mof;
of them pals thiir lives in or near tlie c.ipital, without ever
viliting their cllatcs, unlel's they happen to be dii.-MceJ
at ciiurt - they leave every thing to their (tcwai.!,:iMj Jie
above inlprcting his accouni'-. I'hcir tradcfmeii dtiiVC;
their goods upon truft, and let down their own prir; ,
being pretty well allured their bills will not undergo a
(tiict examination. It is beneath a pcrl'on ot quality lo
endeavour to beat dov.'ii the price of a piece of lilk, or
other gfjods, or even to t.ike t iJiig'r of a (liopkecpet out
of a piece of gold ; and as the tradefman tteqiientiy ^a.i
f. ven or eight years credit, he is obliged to ft down .imi-
ble the price the goods might be boug,ht tor with tcjdv
money. They fcldom, however, lofc their dvbti, b
I '•"■'
mt !
Pop.TlCAI,.
51>.ini(h leather,
vvhtiicc within
jwallt. When
:h arc a kind „f
th.it raill- thun
ttum w.i'.k vii»
llui wear hooju
huvc but liitl-;
naif way up their
xpofe the tawny
ulJcrs were nut
ect are (mall and
eves, with broad
tieir hands appear
juality wear very
, thi- nn'ancr fw;
: liiKii, they will
tir necks a broad
a llriii;^ of medals
rcli|;iui;s order, a-
reach down to the
i they have a kind
ncc there han'^j i
:noti of Jiamoiid-,,
nJ pciiJ.uiti ilia-
cir hair they wear
, in the form of ar-
fomciimcs they a.
sol various colour;,
il over all, and wo-
1 tine coil over ihcit
ivc none,
nonly wear bhc«-,
follow the Frtiiclj
rurniture, they havt
lor. 'r he floors jud
tc plaller, that losts
; thiir fornitiircaiij
the year ; anJ u;ioa
iitmcnts they ul'ual'.y
p foon Jiics up, and
L thelc floors tacy
' ith tticm chaii-
loi)kin.;-gliir.-,
ipartrnti.ti luthior.s
which they lit uj-
obl'ervcii ivitii tc-
thtlV cuiiiiunsaic
n clitf:r.-i.=, vifcs
ine trei-S an<l iii
Itraw-wuik, to keep
an
a
;s
;n
;rtair
la mi
Pout I- 11 A L
„ c ,3,11(1) and Portupiicfc quality are mm of fuch ho
!• U R O I' E.
4i?
liV
nil.'
r
iigs, cabinets, look-
extremely rich, and
..th Turky carpw.
X of velvet, trimniol
imcr they ufenoc.r-
e of gauze, or loM
s.
arc faiJ "' l"^ """'
lity, where they oii.y
.ivc many do/.Mis i>t
,f aifhcs of the tiir.:
,tion. liut ''"i''"' -''
,he crran Jccs is fcatct
nccdlitoiis conditiun,
T appearance. Mjk
capital, with'.acvc;
;ppfn to bcdii,-i«d
their lbw.>u!,niJ^"'
cir traJcfmcii dcuvc;
,wn their own pn«-.
v.ill not undt;-oi
a pirlonof iiualiiyt')
J a p.cce of tilk, ct
,. „f afhopkeepetou:
Jfman freev-ienliy p'^'
lliecd to frt down Jou-
' ,oU!;ht tor with ready
lofe tlie'.r debts, r:^
I
The beinir an aniient Chiiftiaii, or in other words of
an niuidit Chrilli.in lace, is cllcenied In Poitu|,'al aveiy
hinli deiiree iil prc-eiiiineiicf, and far fup.ii ir to what
they rail a ih w tiinvertid C'hiillian, or a half newc-ii-
verted Chr;!;ian ; by which lad thty mean thufe whole
new convened anctilura have married the anticnl Cliiif-
tians'.
The number of convents in Portugal is f.iid to amount
to nine hnndnd, and tiiolt of thcni are very rich ; but
the Jel'uits, who in niultituile and opulence lurpailed all
the other orders, hue l.itely been baiiKhed.
With rcfjicdt to the cctMiartics, there is a patriarch of
lyilli Ml, who mull always be a cardinal, and of the roval
lamily. Next to him arc three archbifliops, who rank
with marquiU'es, and the firft of them the archbifliop of
Uraga, who i< primate of the kingdom, and lord (piritual
and temporal of Ills city and the neighbourin;; country.
The bifhops hold the rank of counts, liefides thofe in
Kurope, the l'ortu'j;iiere have archbifhoprics and bifliop-
rics in the other three .larts of the world.
The king of Portugal, belides the nomination of all
bifhops, receives a (uurth of their revenue. The pope
tonlirms the biflio]is, publilhes his bulls in the kingdom
C)vcr thcfe they had formerly the power of life I without the king's previous confent, and, by his legate,
''Tiicath ; but at prefent the government will not per- i governs the clergy, who with refped to taxes and con-
'" tldHir killiiu; them. Where two (laves marry, their, tributions depend on him. He hiio alfo the gilt of many
jl-aii are fl.ives i but if a freeman marries a (lave, the fmall prebends. The pope's nuncios have h- re (blucras
ll'ij,.,, are free. Thel'e Haves are their beft fervants, tive a poft, that they never fail of raifing valt fortunes
fJrtU- others will fometimes pride themfelves on having before they return to Rome.
,, ;,;,'„a blood as their maileis, 1 he very beggars rather i
ihat th V readily alTi:;!! a part of their rents for the
„.,,I,t'ot their debts, when prellid lor money, by iheii
"'nr houfcs of the nobility arc crowded with donuC-
;,s. but th.it w.i;!e:, are very low, they having only
" ht P' ncc or ten-pence per d.iv to puichal'ediel,cloaths,
""ae'ietv thin;: tl'i-' < =>'."' •' i;':'"''-"'-"' belonging to a
",'".. I -c has only about filiCL-n crown.s a month, though
f.^ j o'lliccd to drefs in velvet in winter, and lilk in luni-
jf' liiJeed the lirvants lay out the greatefl part of
"h-Tf.ilar''^* iiitlo.iths, living upon onions, peale, hean<.,
i itlie-r pidfe, C^ne realon ol the Portuguefe nobility
Jiin-T fueh a mimber of fervants is a euilom which pre-
„, Jinoi'!; tl'e-'i "I keeping ail m their pav who h.ivc
f'-uj'their'ancellors ; lb that foiiic of the grandees have
I'^r or live bundled of both lexes, the greatell p.irt of
v,iom arc merely for (how, and Icldom appear but on
j^.; i,t ceremony.
Ine i|ualitv, befidcs their ordinary fervants, retam a-
.nl,' lee of dvvarls of both fexes, who arc drelled
i , |.-n_e 01 uvvaiis ui uum i^.w..-., ...iv, «,.. vi.vi.w.
,, poilible ; they have alio a pretty many (laves who ai
Moi.is, and iirc valued at four or tive hundred crowns
line
re
a
leinanil th'"' lup|lieate an alms, alledginc^ their bein;; i
(iileciiued lioin old Chrillians; and if you give thtni no
ronev.mull be difmified with aconiplimcnt, upon which |
ir.cv i'li awav c.-iitcnteil, i
' j;,"e loe.!'of the Portuguefe is nearly the fame with |
,■.,. [the ipaiii.irds, and they are cipialiy lober and ab- ,
lliiiv
SECT. iir.
Ti.t Slule '/ '.r.viiiii^ anil Arts ; ziilh ;/,• CMmerce, Mea*
jiiit-i, H'lii^hls, (i/hl Coin c/Pirlu^ti!.
WITH relpefl to the (l.ue of lear"in:' in Portugal, it
is at as low an ebb as pi.fTiWc, Indeed there are
iiniveifiiies at Ce.ittibra and Kvora. At Lifboii is .i royal
academy lor the Portuguefe liillory ; at Santarene is an
academy of hilforv, antiquities, and languages ; and at
thud of traVLlling here is much tne lame as m c;t. ■I'lmnias an acidemy of feienees, on the fame footing
n. except their having fewer coaches, and travelling as that of Paris : but wdiilc bigotry continues here at its
r ,.bv water than the Spaniards, trom their country prefent enormoui height, it is impoirible for feience to
l.i;!;; along th'.' fea-coall, and its being crollUl by many (lourifli. An Italian Capuchin, in 174b, publiflied a
£ij! rivers that rife in Spain. The mule or the litter . work in the Portucucfe tongue on the true method of
' "^ ' ' " "y, in four voluni'.'s quarto, which he dedicated to the
I nc men mix water with their wine, and the
n.iiieii '.;e'iiera;!y drink only w.iter, It is cullomary with
lln I'll tuivi'-''^' to betake themfelves to lleep about noon,
ci ,c.- lUht nt the heat, and to traiifact iiuill of their bufi-
t.i ai liie i-.i.irning and evening, or even at night.
"•|
c- .
ch are
i't ccnerally uled on a journey ; their horles, wMicr
brijhtlv and well made, fcrve indeed for ihort vilits, to '
f'snicat a procelTion, or before the windows of their;
m.lbeir. .- ; but the mules being Ihongcr and furcr-footed,
a:. i:t.lt to climb their mountains ; but have only a How
Their language is a compound of the Spanifli, Latin,
Uni.nfli, and 1' rench.
ftud
king of Portugal, and there all'crts, that the fehools of
this country are places of retreat for thofe errors which
by Newton and Des Cartes were driven out of the other
parts of Europe ; and according to him CJalilio, Dcs
Cartes, Newton, and Gallendi are confidered in Portu-
gal as atheills and heretics, not to be mentioned but with
lome marks of execration. D'Olivcira, a Portuguefe,
With reipeiit to the religion of the Portuguefe, they fays, in the preface to the firfl volume of Memoirs, " In
are the- mod bigotted Papills ; but though the cxercife of
the' Jewifh religion be prohibited by the fundamental
kftsol the kingdom, yet all authors agree, that great
ran,'. Lis of fccret Jews fliU remain among the Portu-
gu'k', i'.iid thifc too among the nobility, billiops, pie-
Uces monks, nuns, and the very iiiquihtors themfelves;
Li.J when unable to conceal tbemfeKes, el'cape to Eng-
l.r.j ft liollanJ, and there ojienly profi fs Judaifm. The
i:,(:.;i,itiiin, which was introduced by king John III. and
tiJi lincc been let up in all the Poitiiguele dominion.;,
tNC'.pt liM'/.il, is very adlive in detecting them, and thofe
I'.f'. lall heretics, and nt> lefs rigorous in puiiillung them.
il ions cruel, and inhuman as this tribunal is, yet its
Iciiivais or lolenin burnings, called isuf> da fi\ or theaiit
eil.u'.h, afford the highell delight to the inlern.il bigots,
tv'", while their fellow-creatures, the lujipofed heretics,
j;ei)uri;iiig in the flames, try almid, " IJh, what great
foodncfs ! Piaifed be the holy office." King John 1\'.
I i:i lim.e meafure, however, curtailed the power of the
iuiuihhon, commanding th.it all its lentcnces (liould be
l;ij before the parliament, and that the atcufed fhould be
I il;ii*e,l council for making their deUnce j and tnacieJ,
1 tUt only blal'phcmy, fodoniy, herefy, forcery, pa 'an
Iculloms, and the convrilion of the Jews, fliculd co.iie
I iinJet their cogni'^ance.
our country we live in ignorance, without knowing it }
" but on leaving Portugal our eyes feem fuddenly to open,
•' anil we inimeiliately fee that ignorance in which we
" were Involved. Foreigners allow us undcrfi.inding,
»' docility, morals, difcernment, and a genius for com-
" preheiuiing -..'hat is commendable and good ; but our
" conceit, our gravity, our confined manner of life,
" which deprive us of all frceilom of thought, cxpofe us
" to jull eenlures, and give rile to thole hateful opinions
" other nations entertain of us. The main fmircr <. four
" ignorance, and the miferabic caufe of otF.-nee to all
" nations, is the eiillnni in Portugal of publilliing fueh
" a niuliitude ol books, &c."
The Portugu- I'e not only ncglciSf agiiciiltiirc, but all
arts and manula. lures, though the country has the limit
materials ; ''.e greatell part of thefe are dilpofed of un-
wrought to foreigner?, and when worked up are purthaf-
ed again at a high price. The Portugiiell- iiideeJ n .ikc
a latleliiien, a vaueiy of (Ir.iw-work, and candy llmal
kinds of fruit, pariii.u!arly oranges. I hey have likewiic
fome coarfc filk au'l woollen inanufai^lures ; but thefe ..re
trilling articles that lupport only a vcpy linall part ot li.e
natiim.
'I"he Portugucf', however, carry on a very cxtenlive
traelc i but fromthii they reap little profit, btinii obliged
I to
il II
I '
M !
-V.
1 \
1
... \
\ '■
m
X
V
1 V'
i
' i
%
il.i
if
i! :»
li'! ''
m
tl
r'i
k Mil
I i i: '
fi '. . (•■
;!' 'N-
r< i^
440
A S Y S r K M !• C, I'. O G R A 1' r I Y.
^'"Rirr..[,_
tl) vcml iKit only llulr own |ii(k1iico, liiit .ill O.w iiicr-
chaiuiuc niul iicIk's bruuglit Ijuii ilicir kllU iiK'iii:i in
other pirts of the j^lolic ; aiiJ i-!|icvi.i;iy rmm Aukik.i lo
the Kiiriipcaiis, p.iiliiiilarly tlic Kni;lilii, in iXLh.in^c
for ciirn ajul ni.uiii(ailliir(.il gonJs ol' all kijuls, with
vliich lla'y I'ljpiilv lioth Portugal aiul its |u;lUllii)ii5 a
I'road. 'IlitilHil tciiiimo.litiii Df tin; I'lJitnuin Ic tun-
ill! uf iinpoits rriim tluir own colonics, particiilaily tioni
Ura/.il, as tobacco, cacao-nuts, laj^ars, I'pi.cs, iiru:;>,
ivory, cbonv, bra/.il-wooil, hide, gulJ, jicarls, ilia-
munds, anil other valuable gems, in 1-5^ a new trail-
nvj; conipmv toCirol'pan auj M iia.;nan wa'. cllablillicil
Iv.t-, anil lorcinn nlcrchanI^ aJ;n.iicJ to (liaics.
'I'ii'j I'ortiii^ucrc (hips Icl^lom trcipiciit the other coun-
fric) ol Kurope or the Levant, thi ir voyi^es lathcr 'vmj
to the coalls of Africa, particularly the (iolj Coal;,
whence they cany negroes to Dia/.il, .mil aid) purelule
To in e mild and iiory. 'I'liey likeivife trade to their Kalt
India colonics of (iua, ])in, and Macao; but tl'.is traffic,
thiHi::h oncL very in)portant, is now grcullv declined.
]Jra/il, however, is (lill a plentiful trealury to i'oilug.d,
and lori i..'n 'rs are cntinly ixchuKd Ironi all comnieice
With mat crvintry. IIo\ •'■ici, the I'oriujiucfe carry on a
tonlidaai'Ii il. iidclline traffic v.'ilh tl'c .''paniards «liich
chiefly con(il^^ in the exchange of j.i.!d and filvcr. I'r.m)
Hra7.1l the J'oriu,'.ucl'e brioj; ilot only liigar and ti'b.icco,
hut a gruat qiianiiiv ol 'M and ili'monds. The lleet
th
leUcs in.ilteis ot this country. In tile 1 1 .luh ti,,,,,
e Swabians and the Vifij^oihs, furccfTivtly ni;,dt ih,
<in.
'"■y -t
'"" :t.uIxi:Iv
liuigiindy diltiiu;uilliiMi; himfelf b) his (nun. i,, (", *■' "'
ai;.iinll the Moms, Aiphnnlo VI. kii"^ i,| l.'j|(,|j.'' ',' ' '
nun nis dauuhier Therifa in in.iiii.ijic ; tnatcill ' ^''*'
was (iver-iuii by the Moors and S.ujtcns
wrclled from tlu ni by the Chiilh.ui'
ol i'urtiig.d, and in 1 1 it', lelt hiin ni.i'i kiii.jil',,,,.
'ii.
iniii.' J
whic!
1 annualiy
iiili to i!i,i/.il l;o^ s ai.d returns in fi veil or
eight niontbs, and when buujcwaid luiiiid is convi )td by
ti'ine men of war which are fcni to meet it. I'heirlhip.-
trom Afiica or the Eail Indie.; alio reiuiii iKnie in com-
p.mv.
i he long meifare ur.dbyllic PortiiguelV confnls of
barros aii.l c.ividos ; a bundled b.irros miko i^ne hundred
<ind I'lxy-four c.i\idu.>, or one hundred ninety-rue and a
half llanbuitji ells; but an hundred cavicun aic only
equal to lixtv one barros, or about one hunditd and
lKni'tci.n li.Kiibur;;h ells.
Of the I'ortugiiefe weights, wc HliII only mention the
arrobas and ipnntals. In l'(ittu_;al, an arioba is tl.iity-
two piuinds, and a quintal is four arrr.bas.
,\ll funis of money arc reckoned in I'ortiigal bv reis
and cruladocs, which arc not real, but only lm.i,;inary
coins. '1 he cold coins of Portugal are the double moi-
das of one p-./md feveii fllillings value, the ([uarter of
which i^ ca'.icJ. a milltei, or a thoufand nis, and has
therefore the number one thoul.ind marked upon it ;
and the John?, worth thiee pound tivdve Ihdllngs,
which are fiibdivided into half.>, quarters, cigli' , and
(ixtcenths. 'I'hc liber co'.ni ar< tlie vintain <.f iiienty
rcis ; the half icelloii of lifty i and tlu whole Ic. lion of otic
hun-red.
S E C T. IV.
0/ lie Xiin:l/r 'ftl.u- Citi.-i, Towm, miJ /'.h! il.ii:ts; iiit.'j
II co'iiil- ht:!:>y r^f Porlug.il, th,- pirjint .\\/i:li!y, thi- 'i i:!<-i
r,r tl'c Kih:, ih ()i\/,-rs cf A'»;.y'/'''5;./, lie Ci^'nnnu:!!,
l<uiiH Offuii, Coitrti of yiijiiic, RtVinni: u/hl Force!.
W I THIN the kingdom of Portugal arc nineteen
cities, and five hundred and twenty- Itvcii \il-
la"es, or finaller towns. J'he nmiber of the inli.i.i-
tants may be pretty nearly computed, as lilfs of all the
paridies in the towns and villages throughuut the wh.do
kiiv'dom, and of the fouls in every paiifli, have bun
made ; and according to one of thele lilts in the veaj-
17T2, there is in the whole kingdom, three thouland
three hundred and lorty four pariibes, and one million
fcveii hundred and forty-two thoufaiul two hundred ai.,1
thirty fouls. Kilt this lill is faid not to include the
ecclefiaftics, m.onks, and nuns, who amount to about
three hunJred thoulanJ ; fo that in all Portugal, th;ie
were above two millions of people. I'hc foreign m.r-
chaiits and colonies greatly diniiiiifli the niiniberof iiru-
bitants, and the nuil.itude of comenii muit hinder t.^.r
increafe.
Portugal palled from the Pharnicians and Cartha:Miii,ins
into the hands of the P.oman', and by the emper.ir Au-
'"dfus was made a Koman province. Towards tut- be-
• liiijng of the fifth century the Alans, and afterwards
|)hoiilo Hcnriques, his (on and luccelKir, obt
ligiial victory 111 1 1 jij mer the Mnoi-, vva.^ ircitid
by the people ; and in 1 iSi, at an alfmibly ,,f nn- j." '■'
tiie luieeliioii of the trown w.is hitled. AhiLnnro' hV
idded Algaive to tlie cio« n ot l'oiiu.-.)l. lu 1 .«)' , .
legiinn.ite iii.ile line of this family beioinini; tMiJiV",'
the petlon ot Fe.dinand. John 1. bi, n.itur.il f.iiV''
two yc.irs after admitted to the crown, and m |,i, , ■ i"
llie Portuguele made (ettlenunis in Aliic.i, and ' ' '"'
the ilLuiilb of .-Xvioics. In I4'(>i, hi
lillCoHTij
r 1 11 1 , 1 ,',"■,,' ^''^''•' "'•'iidfuii
Jolin II. leceued the Jews who h.itl been e.\|.,..K,| |-„
.■ipaiii, and gave great encouragement (o iiivr^.u,,,,, yn'.
uilcoverics. Afterwards, in ir.e rei-ii xi kii|V~i.:,„^|p|^ ,
\ .x'.^^ de(jama dilcineicd the wwv to liie j.alt |ru|i,,'
by doubling tiie Cape of Good liopc. In ly.-.^ \i^^h
was dilciiviicd by Don I'edro /Vbare/., aiij tlu ,S ,.,11;^,
made numerous dilcovciies in the Ealt InJie,', v,.'in.',!
they U;on elected forts, fubdu.-d the neigiibii,]rin\ i«hr!!
bit.ints, a:iJ caincd on a blocdy w.ir in Alrie.'.' ( .
poA'cr ol Pi:ttiigal V.MS tiien .it lis iiugln , nut in ir),,
Oil the dcieale uf Henry tne Caidinal, tiie m..le line '(}
tne royal iamily became cMiiict, ami the Imcer-dn.ti yi,,
tne kuudum became united lo Sp.un. 'J'in I'.im"]",.',, .
now loll moll of the advantages thev had obtaimd u,,,./,
tneir o.vn inoii.irelr. ; their polieiiious in tne Kilt lii.ii
in liia/il, and tiie coill of Airica, were iiciik.;|t.! ,, |
many ot tiiem wielleJ fioiu thciii bv tic ijuteli, n.,
weie at war with Jlpaiii, and by tiie otiicr narlrir, •
powers, v\ bile at home ;l;e i'oitiiHinfe were iihilIi o'l.
pi I Hid i but in l(.'4'>, l"'.V fiook olt' tne S^iiiiii'n yiil,'...
by clciling Juldi dn'^e ot )>ra:an/a for tiicirkini', '{'r.;,
priiite, w.-.o ali.inr.d the title ol j'din IV. dime tin- Dumi
out ot Br.r/.il, aii.l tioiii hull .nl the fuett.diii^ kin. sol
Poitugal have been delieiukd. Aiphonfo Vl. wasili-
throned by his biuth' r Pi tir, whom it!.:(, coi;c!a.l,',|
a tiiaiy with ."^paiii, by uhic;i Portugal \v;:s declar Jan
inib pi ndcnt kn_vl..iii. iJ.'ii jo!'.|-n, the pr.fent kin:
al>inde.i the thioiie in i 7 v 1 ! but his ie;g!i has bim
'hll'd with a v.r.i'.ty <.t c-iaiii;t:er, wliiiii li.ive Jiolv
I altLCJcd the kingdom in general, and p. r:ieida'!v Lfimi:
: an cirthquake, a (ire, (amine, an a(tJliiii.iii.,n plot j.
' gaiiilt tile lovcicijn, executions ujion cxeciuioiii., tiia
' ic.ifi'd.ls and wheeib !or tortiiie icekiiig with ilie nol.!.,t
I b.liiod ; icprifciurent aiti r iiiiprniir.ir.' 1 I i f the oitjiiit
an I iiMlf driiiiunflied perrinages, wiiicn pridiictJ t,.e
cxj-ullion ol tiie Jei'iiiLS, who are faid to li.ue liccn
IcDiKcined in the lioriid Ichemeof miirdeiiii; their kiiij.
! I'he inv.ifion of liie kingdom by a (iroiijer and moii;
powerliil nation ; the nuiiieious troops of the ciicfr.v
laying wade the country wi.h (ire and fwnrd, .iiid ro,.
1 ling like diihint thunder towar.ls the c.initji. " Ttis
" bp.iiiilli minillry, fays .\Ii. Clarke, had already dccr:d
" the il.jo.n of P.-.r'U.'; il, and notriiii.; was to be h;i'j
" at th= ticuri. I, but V-'arihage i.s fallen. Cirthajii;:;:;,
" peiliaps, or jcAiih Ifo.-y, mav pollibly ali'oid a ic.r;
" lumetr.in^ :ike this, 1 u; for the (hortiiels ut the ■;.:■
" riod, not fo lug witii events, iho' in their tiiul lic-
" lliuction lup-Tior. Fiom that, indeed, under tr.c
" band of I'rm 1 'e;i.e, tiie naliond humanity and gcii'-n.-
1" litv of Circa; int. 1111 has pri f 1 ved the Poriu^ueie : .iiiJ
i" It remain? in v to be (ee:i, in future treaties, how tlut
" people Wiil e.\prefs their gratitude."
I I he iiobiliiv at ■ extiemeiy ivjuierous j m.iny of l''i'i
are ot the lovai blood, and di fieiuled Irom the niiiii.i
fens of the roeal lamili'. Pue nobility are dividtd ii.'n
fir: high .iii.i ii".v : tne highe.', hiled titicd nubility, 0.11-
lilt of duke-, matquiiii.1, counts, vii'.oiints, and b.iiim-.
Thol'j WHO .."-• j'and.es, and tilled dons, are, like tl:u:.-
ot .'^p.iin, dui.l.d into three clalies, and receive liui
the r'.val lie.ilury a penfion fuiiicieiit to liipport tiiiirr.-
(|.iciive dk'iiltKs. 'I'he f'oiis of a duke arealf) i;:ani:c.:,
and his d.iujiitci-, h dd ihe 1. \\: t,\ m itcliioiielles, I .r
iiif.rior iiobilit; , or i'o.r). aie icriiied liJalys, ""J
ii % I
ivdy made tliftn.
n,;liili tiiiiury it
115, but yrailua;iv
"-my liukc „i
» imiiuiit (iivi I,
! "I l-'all.lc, ,.,,,
1 uiati'il i,,in ijii
.It kin;;il,,m, ,\,.
■ liiM-, <il)[.,iniii.' J
w.H irtMti-,1 ^,. ,
iiil'ly "t' tiic luii'l
^l. A!i.l,(Milu III
'"'• .'" 'j^J. '.;.:
i.iitiiiu; txiiiict III
> ii.itur.il I'nii ,V4,
1, an J III l.i, r,;,,|
ic.l, :|IkI llllClVHij
lis >.,IV.!t ..r,in,l|u|,
IUMI l'Xl)i',|,,| I ,
t to n.in-.\!i.maiia
1 1)1 kiiij; ivii.ipjul,
to tiiv i'.all Iruii.,^
•• 1" 15'". l!r«il
. Jill 'li S,'.n,an:s
t.;ilt liidi.',, wiiiic
iici^iilmiiiin^ inha.
ir ill Aliic. 'I'l-.e
Liijhi 1 hut in i^br,
,il, llie ni„lc line i;f
lllc liu ci'fdii.g yc,i[
I. 'I'llt l'ort"l;;.|i-.c
hail t>l)t:rinid iiiiijcr
s ill till.' Kilt lii4i- ,
A'crc i\Ci!k\;',t.'., .imI
,iy tie liutoli, w,,)
ttv-' ritiicr narin:,.;
irfc \sii\: riv.iLli (i;.
t" tiiv S;iiniin yl./,
or tiitir kin;;, '!>.;>
IV. iliuvi; tiK Dunn
: (iKttniiii^ kin.sui
|ilii)iiU) Vl. was li;
II ifcL'f, cor,c!;i.l>l
Ui;il '.v:i5 ilcdar J an
II, the pr.i'tnt iii.i.:,
iiii iL:mi lias bua
W ili.il lllVt Jlcjllv
I riK'iil.i'Iv L fiiiii:
iili, irm.iO'Ui plot 1-
1011 i'>.i.i:iition>, In
witli the noli ,t
l'.. I I if tl-if r^uakli
icii [iMiliiccJ tiiC
(';il-l to liave been
iii'liiinj; lluir kinj.
Iliuii_'i.r aiiJ inoio
j's III' tlio enemy
11.1 IworJ, .'.lul rii,-
LMjiital. " Thi
h.iil .iltLady dccrrei
II t vvai to be ii;i.-a
L-n. Car;ha:i;'.ii^
lUhly all'oi J a tc.r,:
(iiortilds ol th; ;i;-
ili thoir liiul Je-
idceil, uiiJcr the
i,ii.iMity aiil gcii"'"-
ic l\>rlu^utiL' : .laJ
r tre-atics, haw ll:-'.
•cms ; m.iiiy of '"' "'
..J Ironi tlu- mu.:,.:
• iitv an- diviiliJ i:.' '
,1 tit'cd nubility, Kill-
II .uunts, and b.miii-
duns, art, like I'l'i'.-
an J rcctivi.' r i
It to liipport tii-.ic r.-
I ICC arcall'i) urani'.i.-;"-,
III itliionvlU's. 1 at \
ikJ tiJaltiis, a-J
I''. LI
the title of lion, unleh
R
tliej
,,^, i„c,ip,il.le of hm
I t'le km.', s peiniiln 11.
"tiiks inn tlius, Jofiph hy the I'.racc (il
ami ol the Alj'arvis on tliii
: III tiK' lea of Africa ; lord nl (iiiine.i,
id navigation in /i,tli;o|iM, Ai.i-
.indiii 1740, I'op l'..iMii.l .XIV.
o I' r;.
44<
lie.
I I" iL-viii aniicnt i .iltli-^.
orkr ol kni_;iihiioil is that ol I'hiill,
Di.nni'^, fooii .liter the ahulinoii ol llie
luiaili
Thckini;:;
(,,j kMi.ol 'xrti-
j,|,ht other lide
iillK'Coiupiid, ira
I'cili.i, lii'li'ii — , ■ ■■
' iiitial I'll liii" ''"■ "''*■■ "' ''^'"'^ Kaithliil .\i.iniiy._
""c'tif .»i"i "' l'"!'"'!'''' •"■'■■ ' 'liitlJ arj;ciit, with five
" (hiilds a/.iiie, pl.ieej cndlwile, on eaih cit vvhieli
'"'"I ^ |||j,r pieces 111 tiie loriii ol a St. Andiew's iruli..
1 lii.' ImiJer nt the (llield are the arm;, ot .vh;aive,
»fluli i-niilill''
lu piinei|i.a
.i|I,il.-Jbv kin..;
! ', I i I t'lii''-'!'' ' '"■■y 'lave lour hniiilied .mil lilty
"lin.iiiJi'ii''!-, and wear fjr a badt^e of liie oider, a ted
"' .wiihiiia white mic.
'rh- Older III St. laiiiei, has tortylevon fiii.ill Iowik,
one hund.red ami filty I'oiiini.uidenei, iHrulc the
,V,iJii| convent of Santos o Novo, a liule to the well
''.■ I it'onii- 1 he bad^e of thi.soidir is a led I'word, in
"•fcjpe'of a tlo^^, the hilts releniblin;.; ih.ofe of .inei-
. >. (■,i,'r.U.
Tk- Older of Avic/. has forty-nine cpmiTunilerie~,
[lieb.idie hclongiiij; to it, is a ^reen ciois in the
'^liifa lily, 'liii-le three orders, ate all telijjioiis ;
littlie kninhi-* have leave to marry, and the kin;;s of
".(■gul aic perpetual grand inalieri. 'I'he knii;his ol
c aifo twenty thiee coiiiniaiidcriei here.
xili the yovcrnm. nt of I'ortniial, the kiii:'
:ls an iinlimite.l nioiiarLh ; but on the
taxe.i, the fct;l;;.v.ent of the I'lictelli 111,
the eoiifent of the cortes,
Ji.aa iu>
Vuilirei'i
;..im.iny relpeC
:c,-ufi',i<)ii "I "^ w
i-Jiiilict important eoncerns,
•"lii:i.>', which eonlil( of the clergy, tnc hi^ii nobility,
•litheeonmioni'i i* neeelVary. 'Ihc cler;;y are here re-
■r.\l by the aieh'.'illioii.s and hilhops, the hi.-h no'ii-
as hath betii already laid, the duke^, ni.irquillei,
iii>, and the reprelentatives of
„. - towns. Anionj;
ilfn reckoned the lower nohility, and the ni.,1-
order of kiii_nhtli.)od. I'his air.iiiL.'y
[..::■>, v.lcounts and bai,...., ...... .... .
,y commoib are chofeii by the cities .ind
IC _....1 1 .1... I,,,..,.,- ...l.lKr
j;,.n :rc all
;:;liliri> of ''"-' -•- -
tc.er ircets hut by the kinji's proclamation, and thon^^n
-.: cro'.vii is hcrediiaiv, yet the confcnt of the feveral
ii,:ui> ncc;,ilaiy to the lueeeiu'iiof a brollier':. children.
1;: ciov.'ii too devolves to the female line ; but this
i-'itij I'orleited, if they marry out of the kiin;.loni.
i'hc hii;beil offue is the couiall of ll.itc, in which
jl'he mat aff.iiis of the kini'.dom are tranfu'Kd, with
licJi'pjfal uf all eccleliallical aiidtempoi.il ollkcs, a.-,
l',;,:iai»iatiiin of all ar<.hbiilioi>, .nid bilhops, vlc-.ioys,
[j,,ain.j:neials, governors of t'le provinces, with c-
i;i, '.lii'i,; relating to pe.ice and war, einbafli.-i, aill.ineej,
t'. In "the year l'i~t inis cuun.il coniilled d! live
i...:i.lti:s, and an eiiual number of cfli.erii, with the
I., .■„;iy 111 itate.
,/euiiiicil ot war re^'ilates ail '.Military al!ai:\, and
; ti.iii; relatini; to th' in
,;e e-oiiiieil ol tile palace is th
lUMii'es may he hroujjlit from interior coiiit:, by .ip-
I je.. ; It nutniiiates to all ollices lieloncjiig to the law,
;.;.iisilii|"ilcs of jmifdiclriii, haweeii the l.iy and Ipi-
ri;:.lcouits i ex imine., the brieK ot the I'ope-'s nuncios;
..-.;, Dtfidij il variety of other bufincfs ; draws up all
b;, orders, cdicls, piivilej'.es, and grants. This court
.r.iifti of a prelident and feveral counfellors,
h
are lin.illy determined in this court, which COiinAi of
tweiity-thric oflici.rs.
i he irealury court is divided into three o/Tices, one
ol whcli (upeiintends the finances ot the kin^'doni i
the other thole of Aitiea ; and the third, thole of the
Indies, the mag i/,iiies, an.l armaments.
I'or the inlvrior adminillration ol jiillice, rach of the
fix piovmces of the kingdom have inlnior courts.
The klnt;\ revenue iiril>s full, Irom the hcredit.iry c-
(l.ites of the rosal hoiiie ol lir.igan/.a, to which beluiit;
lilty villas. Secondly, Irom the loyal domains. Thiid-
ly, Irom l.ie ci'ltoms, of which tluife of LiIImii arc tiioll
coiili.lerable. Fourthly, liom the ta.ves. I'llthly, hum
the e.tcile, which is very high, and paid even hy the
derpy. Sixthly, Iroin the monopoly of Hra/.i! liiiilf,
whieli, in 175^, was f.irnuJ lor three millioin of ciu-
la.loes. Seventhly, from the coinage. Kiijluhly, Irom
the lale <il iiidult;encies, which the I'opc renews to the
kin;; every three yciri by u fpccial bull. Ninthly, hum
the .•ran I malltrfliips ol the order of kninhthoud, uhicli
the kiiii hnlils in his own hands. Tcnthlv, hom the
ecekllaltical tithes in loieign countries. Kleventiily,
fioni the duty of the lilili part of all !>,i.Id hroujju from
llia/il, which annually amounts to three huiidied thou-
land poumls Herlini;; and lailly, fioin the farm ol thi;
liia/il diamonds,
■J he n.ilitaiy forces in time of p.cncc, when complete,
amount, according to iJr. liiilehing, to no more
than loiirteen thonland men, and the lame author
ohfeives, that the rortugiiefe navy in 175.)., conhtleJ
only of twelve fliips of war, and tiiele but wcklv
nniined.
'1 lie PortUKuefe forei;;n dominions, wiiich were for-
merly extremely conlideraMe, are now f;re;ttly diminllh-
ed. — I'luy at prefent polVefs in the Atlantic ocean, the
Cape de V'eul ifl iniK, St. Iliomc, Ci'e. In Al'rica, foit
.MaL;a.'..in on the toall of Morocco, Caclieo on the
Ne|.;ro co.ili ; feveral forts in the kingdom of Congo,
l.oangu, Angola, anj Monomotapa ; a lor: in .Mono-
emugi ; the town of Mulambiiiue in the kingdom of
that r.aine, and the town of Sofala. In .'Mi.i, the towns
of Din, (Joa, Ol. or, Macao, iiV. In America, Ijr.uil,
parr of (.juiatra, and I'araguay.
The provinces of l'oitu.:al beginning at the foutii
call, are the following, Kllrenuduia, lieir.i, Ah.;arvi-,
Aleiitijo, f.tlieinadura, IJeira, Trav-os Monti. s ..n.l l-,inre
Ouro c Miiiho. \Ve Ihall begin with t!;e lormu, and
treat of them 111 this crder.
SEC T. V.
hi.;heft tribunal, to
Of de
,• of A{:mv.; or y/Zc-jj-f.-j ; In Shuntlcn,
>!t, Pi:itiicc, and primifal Tsivr.s.
whole
Triher is not limited ; live feereiaries, each of whom
Ell his particular department. And under this tribunal
I :. ;.,e chancery, which conlilh of a chancellor, a trea-
. , an 1 ottier olKccrs.
\KCuia(tuSiil<piUiifai, is the firft and higheft tribu-
:.. ufjmiice, and without appeal in civil and criminal
...1. To its ordinary iurifdiiflion heiong the provinces
: i IrcniaJura, Alent.-jo, and Algaivc; and to it lie
I :,-..! ippeals Irom the following court.
i i.e fecund hi;',h court of app al, has its feat at I'orto,
I 111 mils ordinary juriflictioii belong the provinces of
I tv.tc Duro e Miniu), 'I'ra/.os Mor.tis and Heii.i. All
.ellls not exceeding twenty-live th'iuf.ind reis in
liwcablcs, and tluee hundted ihouf.iiiJ in immoveables
8a
Till", kingdom of Algarve, or .Mgsrva, is the mod
fciiitherii province ol Portugal, and is bounded on
the north by the piovince of Aleiitejo, from which it is
fepar.itcd by the mountains called C.ildeirao and Mona- '
chicpie. On the call it borders em the Spanilli pinince
of Andalufia ; .md on the (outh and well on the lea. Its
length from iioith to I'outli is cumputcd at about eiLihtv-
hiur miles, and from call to well at about twcnrv.riour.
As palm-trees abound in Algarve, the poor people em-
ploy themfelves in working up the leaves into a variety
of forms. Uut this province, nntwithllanding its nia-
rifinie fituation, commodious harbours, .md inland fer-
tility, iVcms to have been treated hy the kings (>f rortu-
gal rather as a cor..iucrcd country, than a province of
the kingdom.
Alg..rve anciently comprehended a much iarrrr trail
than It does at prefent ; (or it extended, not only beyond
the whole coaft of Cape St. X'incciit, ai far as tlic town
of Almeria, in the kingdom of CSranada, hut along the
oppolite coall of .'\fiica; hence the kini^s of I'oitugal
lUle theniielves kings of Algarve, both on this and the
other fulc of the lea, in Aliica ; they having formerly
made themlelves m.illers of 'J'an^jiers, Ceutn, and fe-
ver.d other parts of the Afiicau coafl ia the Mcdi-
terianeaii.
5 1' The
:. ,'
■i»ii!t
11
I
- i
■
I !
i
t'' '
i
1/
■Mil ' ;■
m-vm
i-l:
!"
I i I :
?fi
; f
ii
412
A SYSTEM O F
;*
Thi' fjcc of tlif crninfrv ii pencrally mountnlnom ;
but aitiit.li pl.'iity ot' wiik-, li'.s, r.iiliri"!, oil, ami .ilmoiidt,
ul'.iiM ;iro ho'.vcvcr it.tVMir tii thcile ot" S(i;iiii i ainl a
lilicwifi.- nlidinliU in ilaic. , Imt they h;ivi; not alw.i) >
corn liiflicK-nt lot t'lcir own u'.c.
Iti-om.iii lui'r riiic;!, tivtivi- iivvm, ami fixty vllln^^rs
funic of wimhartv.'iy p(i|ni!i)iii ; wjili lixiy-fi'vi.ii |m-
ndies, -.KiJ lixtv tl>fi.iiati(l fix hiiiulic.l .mJ iightv-ii,>lu
ilillabita;itt. I lin [Movinci; jsil.vulctl into three jurifili;-
tions, the priiiC.p.Tl (lans ;ii h hich are
I.ngi. ., .1 lity ill a tiiu' bay, navij;,il>le lor the larg;;!! fliips
'i/. it is fcatci! in latituils tliirty-fiMltj'iecs lilty-<>iK' riiiniiii",
:'Ji iinj III nine iJ'.''.Tr?s thirty hx niiiuitci wtlf juiv^itiulr,
ii'.ii,;i; live lejl'ii;-. to the ealUvani of Capr St. V iin cut.
Jts tituarinn \v:ll ri.)t admit of a re;.^iii.ir tortilii; itioii ;
but the city is walliil, niul the h.nhour well fecured by
tiv.i for!,!, Th'.' :r!h,ihit.iius aiiuium to a''oiit two ihcni-
I'.inJ fi.'i huii.hc'.l i It contains two parilhc, and lour
convtiit-, foinc ehapels, an houf:; of niercv, ami i.', the
r.-li \:\KS of the governur and captain-gcneial of Al:r.irvc,
of .1 correjidor, aal other otTK-cis. Here the Kn .h(li
ri'.-:t', boui.d to the btieights, uliially t.ikc in l.fl.'j
water.
Ta-'i'l is .T citv pliMiamly f.'.itcd on a bay, which has
n h.'.riHuir dcfvndi*! bv f.\o inrts, and lie-, twenty-rive
mills to ti'.e eall o! l-'.iio. The litib- river Supia, which
tiiii.s into tile bav, divides it into tlie ealt and u'cd-touii,
liefiJ;-; its walls', and the above ports, the toivii is de-
fm led by a calUe, and contaiiH above fo ir thoufind
fevtn bun In d inii.ibitanis, two panlh ihurehe^ one
houf'c ot iv.rvv, onehofpit.it, and live convent.^.
I'.irois a eo'nfider.ible port, ftronyly litiiated on the
, , ocean, in a Icvd country, in the tinrty-iixtb decree
^t. forty-ii.'iu minutes noiih Utitude, and in the iiinili de-
'*• grce twelve tninut'.i welHonj;iiude, twenty-four miles to
the c.ifr of I.iuos an t is defended by a goo I modern
fortitication, with a cd'.lc and omer woiks. It contains
f.iur ihoafuui five hui.drcd inhab't..ius, and is the f c of
a biihcpi but has n:;!v a cath,dr.d, one church, a iunife
of UK rev, an hofpital, and four convents. The town
is fubiecl ta the i[\ieen:> of Portugal. The {i:.\ in its
nei;hb( urhcod produces abundance of pood lifh, and
liioit of Hie inhabitants .uo employed in '.he tifhery,
G E O G K A 1' n Y
tants .imonnt to about twelve iboufuul
Po
RTl'C,
I,
nni-churches, includiiij; the ratliedral, one lu/i,'''"
merey, one royal aii'l f^veral other holniMl, an i ' ' '''
■ 1 ■ . I 1 . ' • "I'll WK IM,
Its circuit and neighbourhooi! arc twentv-one c >.
.Uld colletu's. It has been l.itely fortified wnl, ',",H '
wlioleand demi-badions, and on ihe ii,,ri|| fijc i,,;'f ','
ed by aipi.idr.nvjular fort, with lour baltioir, .iikj' ?•
iiiiinber of r.ivelins. It was .iniienilv only ,, [,,(), ?
but 111 in n;.)0 was railed to an areli!i;lli<ipnp,,|||,i^j
r W'hi
itistiucipiijiu,,;
"c
r.ll:
CftI; F,:v}
SECT. VI.
• :/".!.' u.'rh ; ili SIt:i,il!:'t,
ai.l pii'iiipiii CiiitS.
E.di'il, Prsiuii-,
TUF. province of .\lentcjo, which is one of the
l.^rc'-lt in the kingdom, i» bounded on the north by
K:lieniad'ira and Helia, on the call by Andahilia and
Spaniih I'.ilremaduia, on the fouth by Al^^arve, and on
the welt bv the Atlantic ocean ; cxtendin;^ from iioith
to fouth about a hundred and tweiuy-feven miles, and
iieaily as niuth in bieadth. It is called Alcntejo, hum
ilj bein:; lititUed beyond the 'I'ljo, or 'I^e^us.
Its piincipjl livers are the T.i jus ami (Suadiana; a.ul
tnoif'b it cont.'.iii'i foine mountains, it is for the moll part
Kvel and very proper for tillaire. Iti principal pro.luct::
are whe.it and barley ; it alio produces excellent wine
and admirable fruit ; the befl: fwcet or China oranges
tonic ;'iom hence, and they have abundance of game and
bfli. Their mutton and beef are ^'ond, and they make
better clicefe th.ni in any other pr(jvinee. Here arc alio
(■- eial l\n la of niaible,'and in fonic pans arc found va-
II. HIS g;in-. The leitibty of this province lias freijuent-
Iv I'.nacred it llio thcitre of war; and on this account
the liin,; of I'orlugal has here fevcral ^,'joA fortifications.
'J'l.'j w'h.-le proimce contiins four cities, eighty-eight
tv'..ii-, three hundred and liliy-li\ paiiflies, and about
t.vo liundrcd and fixty-eii;lit ihoufaiid and eighty fouls ;
Alii is divided into cig'it dilliic'h, tiic principal places in
w!.)ch arc the following :
Jiivora, a city I'lxty eij^ht miles to the fouth cad: of
lyifo .11, i- fe.itcd on a hill, which is at fome diltancc al-
ir.oU furroundid wan mount.iins : on the north and cad
tland.s .Mount Oli'a ; to the fouth, the mountains of I'urt.il
ruid Viaii.1 ; anJ to tbc weft, .Muntcmaro. 1 he inh.ibi-
are the hifli'psof ^dvas and I'.iro
province, and h.is an iinivcrfuv.
Kdrenios is a city which d.imh fix or fevcn Ica^u^,,
the north- wi llof Livora, on a hill whuh it eiitirelv c,v '
and is divided into the lligher and l/nver Town, r'
lioufes (if people of condition make a hjiidlui^s •'•'
pearance, being built wiib white marble, whuh [T
Hml iie,ir the city. It cont.iiiis tlire^ p-irilli-church"! n'!
houfeof mere) , one hofpital, ;-nd fix cunventj, wj,], '"
hove fix thoul.ind live hundred inhabitaius. \\'iihf,'!
the town i.- fi l.ir:"' a fp'in;;, that it turns fovc.Ml ,„'
near its lource, It was (Iroiigly fortilicd when I'v,.,,,,"
Ihook ort" the Spaniih yoke, it being not f r tronii'.
frontiers of Aiidalulia, 'I'hey make hi're a vcn finc.^i
e.iiti.en.ware, great ipi mti'.ies of which were ijmi ",
c.\|inrted to Kngland .nil other part) of Kur-'ic,
Villa Vici'ifi, or the IJeli.Jiiful I'own, Kami, i^
mod fertile pleafant rouniry betw.-m l-'lvai aiij I;.,
mus, and is .-dli) defended by a caU'e which romm
the pla-rc. It is particul.irly remaik.ible fir fni,,, .
Iai.;e and beiutiliil p.ilaee, with an jJj"iniiii; park iii'i,,.
le.iguos in circumference, 'i'he city cont.ii.'is ciiil" u
paiilhcs, fix monadenc', three nunneries, a hmiij ol
iiicrey, and an ho'pit,il, with about three ihmifand laen
hundre.l inh.ibitants. In the fuSurbs is an olj ten-;.
lornierly deili-Mtcd to ProlVrjiine, and now to St, Ja.Ti',,
.Many iiiferipiions have been found here in honnur if
that p.igan deity.
'1 he city of Kleai dands abniit tweiuv-four mik'; ;i
the cadw.nrd of Kdremos, and fix from t'le froniim ot
S^ianilli Mlheni.idura ; it is feated on a hill, dofcne'cJ b,
aeaille, and (Irongly fortified ; the works beii ;;u(hc*ii'.
done. It contains three paridi-churehcs, bcliJcs ihecr.
tbc Iral, one bou!c of mercy, one hofpital, and leicn
convents. The inhabitants of thr; pla.e and itsdiKnl
which confilts of ten par'flios, amount to ;.lK)ii!nve:i:
thoufand four hundred perfons. One of its prn ipj
curiolitics is a very large refervoir, or cidcrn, in (paa:.:^
th.it It is fudtohold water cnougii for the iniu!)itjn:, iw
fix months. The water is conveyed into ii tiiro'.i'i 3.1
aqufdih'.l ahnut four miles in length, fupjiortej in iI.t;
places by three arches one over the other.
(Jlivenza is feated in a large plain on the eaftfHjo'
the river (luadiana, fifteen miles to the fouth of tlvj^;
and as the Spaiiidi Kd.emadiira lies near it, i: i: for:?,r,l
after the modern way, havin'.i: nine ballioiis right n.;.]
lins, with a cadlc, and other works; it h.n .ilio tw) I
parilh-chiirchcs, one hoiifc of merry, a mon,iftery, f.V) |
nunneries, and an hofpital ; and, including its Jiiirci,
in which arc four paridies, contains about five thou.aj |
three hundred fouls.
Canipo .Mayor is a modern fortification, in which are
four whole and live deii-i bjde.iiis, which lieabautth:
didancc of a mufket-fliot from the town. It is fta:sJ;i j
a wide plain, ten miles to the ivirih of Mlvas ; and thou;!' I
It contains only one parini-church, two convent;, cnc I
houfe of mercy, and an hofpital, has no itfs tlunf.'el
thoulan 1 three hundred iiih..liitants.
Portale^re is a fine citv, litinted at the foot of a loft? I
mountain in an agreeable country, ninety mil.s tothe I
callwaid of l.ilbon, and near the frontiers of Spain. I
is fortified after tb.c antique ta!*.', with walls and tower:
and Contains about liv-.,- thtufan I lix hundred iiihab.tr.ti.j
It has a cathedral, four parifli churches, five convcntsj
a houfe of merry, atid an hofpital. In the year itpl
it was creeled into the fee of a bilhop, in \vhLif;diocw|
are torty one pirifne',.
Htja dands c.-i an eminence in the midft of ikr.ul
plain, niivty mil'; to the fiuth-calt of Lilbiu, and nin;!
to the wedward of the Ciuadiaiia, It w.is fornurly u!''i|
I'ax Julia, and alfo Pax Augufta. It is ut a rnuidl
toini,!
iicra hills. Th
m
>l"'iul : ith«fivcp,.
ifilr:il, one lu„,|-.. ,,,
h-lpiril., and wiil|.,
twi'iuy-onccoiivtii-'s
liirtilial Willi t«,^|j,j
I- ii"riliri,!ci,,kfciij.
:rli;iltmii>, .iiuj j|i.,
Ivdiily.ibiftiip', I-,','
'i(li'ii'nc,im,li.rwh.i,'
It iMliii.M'iiuUit.;^
Ix or ft veil Ica^s ti
ikh it t'litirt'lv "ccvcr.
L'lWiT 'I'ow'ii, I;,.
,ike a haniil'oms -[J,
ni;ul<li', which i.^n
' p.irilh-<.lnirch-!i,n:;,.
I'lx iimvuit), with ;.
lll.lliit.llUl. \Vuh' :•
it turns I'cvor.il m:.,
)rtilicil wIh'h IVriue;i
ing iv)t I'r Ironif;- ]
•.• Iicrc avrn fi|,t,,,j i
which wcri; Ijim..!,'
tl nt Eiir-'IK,
il TinvM, Ibndi in x
•111 l-lv.ii anJ t;tr;.
\\h' which ronini;r,i|; j
iil-.ihio f,r I'niii; 1
I Jiljiiiiiin^ park ihi,,:
ity i:uiit.iiii> only j,ij
iinii';ni;s, .1 hmiie ot
t thicc ihoufanJ icvcu
ir'.is \i a;i o!J t.T-i'c
i!ul MOW to St. Ja.Ti',,,
11 J hero in hoiinai ii'
twenty-four mile; n \
t'rom the iVoniitri ot
,)a a hill, dcfcmii-J Ji; |
works hcii\:;ij!hcwi).
iirchcs-, biliJcs thccj.
c liofpit.il, and Iren
lil,r:c aiiil itsdiilri'!,
tint to lilxiiit twcii
Oiii; of its prn ipil |
r cidcni, In fpacie
for the in:i:ihitjnt> li,r I
il into il I'lro'igi n \
h, fupporttJ ill Itx;
other.
ijii on the eaftfAo*'
o the fouth of hlvi-;
lu' \r it, it is far::'.;J ]
hailionv, eight Uif-
r.rks J it h.'.s .di'o tw) I
V, a monaftcry, t.v) I
iiicludiii;.; its iliilrd, I
ns about five thou;a:J j
fieatinn, in which ate
,, which lie abiutth:
tiiwii. It is fca:eJ ;i ]
of lOlvas ; and thou;'' [
h, two convent:, ok
has no !;fs than ii'.e I
at the foot of a lot't?
, iiiiKty mil s to t"-; I
Vonticrs nf Spam. !"
vith walls and tnvvt: ,
hiindre.l inhab.ti-:/.
ur..hc<!, five cdiv.xrt ,
1. In the year ijo
lliop, m whof.- dioc.:;
v.: mi. Id of afir;i.J
It ni Liili'ii, and ii";|
If vv.is fi.rnicrly ii'''-J
,a, It i> ut a I'lui'-I)
I'JRTUCAI..
EURO I' n.
443
W.li ■
ICll
vii
(iitf^y
S-r
,i;hii-'
a ItM^ii
f rm an 1 'l''f''H'' ' ' "^y ^" antique wall anltow-ri. It
' antiently a ■o'n.iii cnloiiv, ami thr 'e of the prcf^'iit
, s are f.iJ I" 'e "f Rn.ii.ii arthiiejliiie. I'tij. city
"lain'' h\ th'ii'.iiui two '..inlred inh.ihitaiit', and l< di-
'■'I-J into h" ' p.i'''"''i I'-vc" I'oiivi-ii.s, one houle ol
*' " and 111 Ivlpii d,
S rpi i^ lit 1. 'e.l on a ro-ky ind iiniveii rmincnce,
liree mil ^ "> tlie funtn-eall of l.iilioii, and about
• lo the e.illA'.ir 1 ul the tl'i.idiana ; it lotit.iiiii
«.„ iiirillie", a niiiiialleiy, .iiul a iioufe of nierev, witli
-Iviil lo'ir ihmii.iii I ill labituitt. The adjatem fliKK are
'xtteinely a^iceablc, btiiij; plaiiteJ with proves ol olive
luJ tia-tt<;«"
SEC T. \ 11.
Ofitit Pyov'we nf I'JlrfmiKlum \ in SitimlliH, Exitnt, Pro-
i'lc ()»//"■""'/'"' Citii'i i with (ipiirtuular Dijlription
tjiliCliiifLUhw.
ESI'RKMAni'RA, or Kxircmadiira, i; bounded on
ih.- iiottli by the rivci Moiidcgo, which fepnrates
y , II viiiee from U.iri ; on the call by the fame pio-
.'iccnl B ira, and that of Alum jo ; on the Imith by an
ctlii't pari of Al nt.jo ; and iiy the ocean on the \eclt ;
txttn!;" ' about .in hundred Eiiglidi miles in lin^th, and
iVrtvllve tioin 'all to well
l-ubuiiieJ it:* luiiie trom a culloni obferve! by the
V"ip$ of Li>o;i, daring the doiiiinion of the .Moors in
Sp-.a, of noinin.:t;ng their Ci.nquelK, of whi.h the pre-
liiU kingdom of I'ortogal was apart, by th. ir fitu.ition
v.ith rcliiecl to the Doiiro, all the countries beyond tiu:
tiv-cr bei'n;; i ailed Klhcnia Ourii.
The foil is Llleem d the moll fruitfiil in Portii^vil, it
rroJueinj collei^livelv what is found only ftparately in
,,,o;hcr provinces 1 particularly corn, wiiK, oil, millet,
n'ulle, and liuit of all kinds. The ccuntry that lie, h.-
Iivccn I/lbon and Ahrantes is a mo(i dcli;;htlul plain,
thick fct with olives and other fruit-tree. 'I lii> provinei-
ilfi products and exports great rinantities of le.i fait.
Tlirouoh it runs the large river Tagus, which, after
formi"< •! fp.teious and fecurc harbour at 1...'joii, lofes
jtitlf in the lea.
Ilfhe.niaJuraat prcfent contains three cities, an huiilred
inJcleven town-., and three hoiidred .iiul lifteeii panflus,
(ihicii in l/ji were computed to contain two hundied
snJiiiiie y-thrce tb./ufand five hundred and iilnety-i .glit
fo;l<, excUilive of the inhabitants of the parilh-s of the
cillrait of I.ilboii, which are not brouijht inio the ac-
ceunt i and the province is divided into ti.^iu jtiiifdic-
lijii--, the principal places in wlucb arc the fodowinj; :
Lifom, the metropolis of the kio;;di)ni, is liliiated in
! t'|.;t'nirty-eii;hth dej;ree forty minutes twenty-rue fecoiids
lurtli latituii., and in the tifih debtee thirty-. even minutes
f/t.-en feconds w^fl !on.;lliide. It extends from caft to
wtlt'dongthe north fi.ieofihc river TaiTiis, an I refem-
bl;saa amphi'heatre, eont.uning witiiin its tiieuit (even
Scci hilN. The len};th of the whole city is near two
iT,.Ici ; but its breadth is inconfidera'.-le. The valleys ol
ih.fe hills form (Irects above a nii.e in len:;th ; but moll
..It... Ill are very narrow, ill paved, and dirty. 'I'liole
!!•< cts 'hit have a difcent, and are Wiflied clean by tiie
r.ai, .;;e much the fweeted ; for the rell are {'j full of
j!I iii.uiner of lillh thrown out of the luuifes, that it is
n, t .■..!•.' to pafs the ii. Tlie houfes of the citizens are
C .■,L:..lly old ill contrived buildings, with lattice wiii-
i:,., , which arc no feat ornament; but thofe of the
r.,' .',ty arc very haiidfoine flruMurcs, built with hewn-
l:..;;r, and h.'.vc both vards and gardens that take up a
p: t deal of ground i but few of them have courts be-
I 1- thein. This city contained, before the late earth-
ane
i,j)ce, forty parini-chuiches, b Tides the cathcdr
.. alt as many monafleries of both fexes. 'I'hc fmeft
|,-;iarc is th.it before ilie royal palace, which forms one
lij; m it, anotlur fide runs along the river, and on the
... pr.fite fide is a ran;'c of fine buildings. This fijuare,
1 .fore the peiiod jull mentioned, was extremely delight-
i.ii; I'.a here weie the nioft elegant buildings in the city :
Uie they ttlcbiate their bul!-fiu,lits ; and here they mure
barbaroufly burn fhofe* iinh-ippy p-'ftpl- whi) have tlu- mif-
fiirtiine to be condenine I by the ini|iiifition. N ar thi)
IS aiioili. r li|u.ue on the li.ink oi tlie river, where the
prim ip.d m.iik''t il h' Id i but ih. largcll is lh.it called
the Riieio, wh re the fever.d liils ahout it forma kind
ol impiitlRMtn-, and it is adorned witli Icveral ma -iiili-
cciit liotili.1 of the nobility.
The kiii"'s palace is the mofl remark, ib!.' building, anj
makes a v. r) Ipleiidid appearanc. The .i)).Ttmeiits arc
grand, very eommodiou--, and il.-ldy fiiiiiinied in winter ;
but in (utninir they ti'kcd wsn the hangings ard cuil.iins,
and there only irmun the baie w.iUs, v.liich are, how-
ever, adorned wi;h pictuus. In it are two gaileiies a-
bout a hundred paji . in len.'th, in the hill and f.coiij
Hones, with b.ilconies in ih ■ windows. In the third
(lory is the rnyal library, which contains a grct number
of valuable books ill pielles. Within tiie palate are allb
feveral lar^rc looms where the corns, or (late;, theeounti!
o( war, .Old the coin's of jiillice aileubl.'. The king'n
chapel i^ an clr;.Mnt biiildiii ',, richly ail.jrncd, and (hill-
ing with gold and .i.Miie, the very (ilvcr aluiie being va-
lued at about a million if' rling. Adjoining to the palacu
is a Iquare court liirrounded with a pi r/./.a, wlierc thj
merchants meet, and expofe their goods to (ale.
Hincu the creC;tion of the roy.il chap' I into a patri-
arch. ite, the city, witii refpeiit to its teelefiattical juri(-
diction, is divid.d info two dioctlcs : \\.\\\ Lifbon, wdiicli
is liibjc't to the archludiop, and cont.iins fixicen paiilhcs ;
,in.l Well Lillion, uii 'er ih" p.ilriarih, coiitaii.j twenty-
one p.iri'hes. Th- pom|) all.inud by t- e patiiarch on
fellivals is (aid to fiirpals even that of the pope.
The churches of l.ill.'oii are very line, but the cathe-
dral is a very he.ivy budding, tho'.igh it is handfnnic and
richly ornamented within j ai indc-d are I'lod of tl'.eir
churches, with apioftilion of piiiuings, images, erotics,
pixes, &c. colHy vellmeiits for the piiills, and dreii's
for the faints ; iiianv of them enriched with diamond?,
and other precious I'oncs ; with avail (|uantity of fili'er
candlellicks and other ornaments. The convents .ind
colleges amount to thirty two (or the muiiks, and eigh-
teen for niiiii ; (c.itic ofthefe h.ive m-dl magnificent
churches, paiticul.iilv that of llic Domimcin-, in which
are three chapels (hilling with gold (rom the pavcmen;
to the rnrd' ; this (tnicliire is veiy lari>e, and on the day
of an Auto da le is the rendtzveus of the procefiiuii ; and
in it the Icnteiice of the uiih.ippy fuR'ereis is pubiirly
read. In the iluirch of the .Vumiilines, called Our
l.ady of (irace, is a crofs of gold aJorr.e 1 wi:li I'rccious
(loiies, which is valued at a hunlred thoul.ind crowns,
and carrieil in pioccllion at their grand iVilivals. The
mod remaikable ui the other convents are, that of St.
Hento, belonging to the lieiudielines ; St. Domingo
Cifa^a, wiiere the Augulline hermit; rcfide, which, bj-
fides a delightful prolpect, refembles a (l.itely palace.
Among the ni.iiiy noble liofpital! in tlii.s city is tiie ce-
lebr.ited houfe of mercy, which is under the dirccli.in of
a foriety compofed of pcrlons of the higheil ran!: in the
kingdom, the king and princes of the blood toeing fre-
(piertly members of it. They not only breed up fi.xty
bo\s, and give portions to a hundred and f'orteen mai-
I dens, but d llribute an incredible number ef other cha-
! rities, as relieving prifoncrs iox debt, maintaining dc-
! cayed perfoiis tl.ul carnot beg, and afTirtiiig families that
arc adiamcd to let their wants be- publicly Icriown.
The great hi.fpital is obliged to rece-.c all pcrfims of
. wh.ifevcr nation or rcli;;ion ; nor is this charity confined
' to the fick, or to fiich as nieet with cafual misfortunes,
I as broken limbs, blindefs, 5sC. but extends to idcots,
I lunatics, and foundlings.
j The inhabitants of the city do not at moll exceed
a hundred and fifty thoul'and. The government o'' J,if-
I bon is lodged in a council, which coiifids of a pref..|ei!t,
' who is always aperlini ot the firll rank, (ix counfe.lors,
I and feveral other inferior oflieers.
j The trade of this pl.i.e, and tlie navigation to .-.nd
, trom it, is lb very confiderable, that the cudom-houle,
I which lies on the Tagiis, is the principal I'ouice of the
I king's European r< venues ; and this is the grand ni.ig.i-
i /,ine of all the goods which the Portuguefe fetch fr.jm
I their (oreign colonies. The harbour is \eiy large, deep,
' Lcuic, and convenient ; and has tw'j cntianccs, that on
th«
IJI
\ V
■IM
Vs
.ti !■ ! \
-I
k
i!i''
r
' f
r Mi-
\
Ml ■ • Bi' ^
A S Y S T F, M OF G I . O C. H A 1' 11 Y.
*nAt
4. '4
thr nnnh, r.\\'M the Corrnl.ir, liv.. tirtw>-cn thr fanil-
h.iiik, tiK- iikIc (if Cucliiipo , .iimI I'oit Si. jiiluii , ilic
I'oiiili. Ill I'lili.tiu't.', M'lii< It i unit h tiiii.i>lir :iiul very (<<m
Vviii.iil, i^lu^l•.■ltil CuHi>(i(< .ind liic loit ul St. Lui-
ici'ic I'lii- ntv ii w.itli'il loiniil, li.iviiij; li tciity-t^ v. ii
tuwcit on tlic w ilU| iiiiil lliiiiv-lix ;;jlt . I( I1.I' l» iii-
rriMlliI li/ ill, r.i«, |Mrfiiiil.iiiy tow.inl ilir wi!!, lh.it tilt.'
I Kl w.ilU iiii\i' tiivide iliv twu ilnKikii. In the i>.iitirt>t
ihr .i'.y, till oiif ot' ilic lull., ll.ni.U iirlt.i.i^l lltu ititii-
ni.^ll.i< tiic MJii'lc |il.ii'.', .tiul li < tavt'iii< Ml II, hiwhiih
f.'ii' ri;:iiiiiiu» lit r..(it iiri: cdiid.intlv iiii.incriil. Cl'ilo
bv Cm- W-.i, at tht.- ilill.iiu'c el .tbnut ttti llli^'^ IrntTi lliv
lit',', t<(ith thi' imi.iiK'cs t.i ilii; h.iili.iiir >iri' tkli.'iuli.J by
i\\n rt>rt> ; ihit on the iitirtli ll.iiuli mi a ruck In tiic lla,
util i< ('•llt'tl .St. Jiili.m } the utlur m the Itnith is hiiilt
«in pi'is I'll .1 r.'iul-h.iiik, iiii.l is ii.inu'd .St. Laiiuiicf, but
i* nil r'ct>iiiiii'iiily i.'..rci.il llii 'in. 'I'wii I'cttiigin Ic mile
tiDiii St, jnll..ii, .iiul iiiic litini Lillvin, lt.uitl!i the lurtut
hele 11, wlii.h CMiiini iiil» tie inti.iiicc intu th-- ritv,
wheie the tiul'.eis of .ill fllip-. r.niiiiijr uji th,- 'r'.i.^Ub
li'.ult biin^ 10, aiiJ n'lVi: .111 aeitiuiit nl thi.ni(i.!wH ; aiitl
diitiiUv opii.ihtc til li I'll the liiulli I'lJe i» the Itiit ot St.
Scliiilluii, tomnioiile calleil the DM Fort, vvhkli (l.mds
on tl'.e .ir.j'.Ie of .1 rmnint.iiii, .'.'(in,; whit h a litt'e w.iy on
the other liJe nl ti.e ri,y the ii.ifl.ij;e is ilifmilcd finm the
be.i''iilM); of tht: h.iibdiir by .ich.iin i! twelve forts.
II «i- I, ike .ivievv of I.illvm friiin tlie ruer, or from
the opjvifiK' fli.ire, it .ifluidf .in a.!ni:r.ihle prof|iei:t i t^ r
the CUV btini; Inii'l in the foini of a crefeuit, and the
(lai.ice,' iIhiuIk:, c.iiuent-!, ami oth^ r buil.lin);^ rillii.',
j^r.iJu.iUy fri m the tU.roiic ahin\- .iiuitlier, we colli-
inaliil the wh:jle city .11 mice. ( )ii the other li.iiiJ, the
view of the r.ii^iis, fioni tliofe win, lows of llur town
which tonmi.iiul i', i* teiii.irk.ibabU iileafin;; : the Imall
bi].it> vvhicn fjil \\'lth any wind or ti.:. , and arc enitiiui-
a'ly p.ifiii.; •, th'" titer cio.edcd with fliips of ah 11a-
tioii,-' ; the cuniiii;; ill of a Halii.» or l!r. /il flett; tlic
I'lnning of the rivir towards the bar, with the caiHe of
licit 111 on the ri|.',ht, the king's palac-, and the eallle of
St. JiiiianS on the Klti ail to^etlier fuiiii a hue and a-
(jiecible view.
III or.'cr to ronvcy a'. diftinJl aa i lea as pi.fliblc of
llie prcfeiit con.litioii of this city, and what it hjs fiif-
. ftr-d by the late dn.iJlul e.iithtjii. ike, which happened
on the hiil uf Novcniher, 17155, we (hall };ivc the oble,--
vations of ihe Rev. Mr. CKuko, who was there in the
l.itttr end of the year 1761. '* Alier landing, fays he,
*■ wep.i(l'tl tlirinij,h fume llrects, near a mile in len^jth,
" whue the hiiilcs wtie a',1 fallen on each fidf, and lay
" in that iiiiJi!tni;;uil'Kd luap of ruin, into which tluy
" fuiik at tiiC ill It coa\Uilue <b.lck^ Not that the re.i-
" der i-i to iitvi-iiie, th.it the gre.ittll pait of that iine
" city f^ll on that lata! ninrnlng j fo far from it, tliat, 1
" believe, not above one-It. iirth part of it wa^ dcll.oy-
" fd ; for it prtvaile.l nioie in one particular iiu.uter ihan
" the rtll; and thcic ihe deful.ition w...^ aliii.ill uiiivcrfal,
" fc.irce .inhuufeor builtling that wa . not throwii tlowii.
" In the oilur p lit . oi the city, f.-nic rinL!,lf ill-con-
•♦ ditionid, or iiiinoiu buildings fell, but the red Hood.
*' And there is fcarce ,1 llreet but you will fee fliorcs, and
" props fi.\ed to the buildings on tat h fide, to prevent
" their falling >.:in now ; they having fii(]"cied fo much
" from the fliocks they bad received, C'onfideriii:^ how
" much time h.... elapfcd liiice the tarth(|ii.ike, little has
" bvcn lehui't in proportion. — They have built a cuf-
" lom-houfe, an arfenal, a theatre, and foine few ether
" buiidiiiiis. .Ml a.'rce, that the tire occafioned infinite-
" Iv more bat'ick th.:ii the earthquake. 'I'houlands of
" the inhi'.bit. m«, uiib.ip;iily, in the fir(t lonfiifion of
" their tear, taking the ill-judged lb p of thronging in-
" lothjchuuhes ; the liours of which being fomeiiines
" Oiiit by the violence of the ciowd, and Ibmctimts
" locked by mi(l.ike, when the fire (ei/ed the ioo,''s of
♦' thole buildini'S, tliefe unhappy fiilTercrs were moll of
♦' thcr.i dellrovid 1 f.,mc bv llieets of lead, tiiat poured
•< like a molten cJelng'' upon their heads ; othi rs mafli-
«' eil bv th': fall of the roofs, and the reft burnt alive.
«' One's ima .'illation can fcaice form a fcene of confu-
" fiiin, horror, anl death, mote dreadlul th.ii this,
" Alter the fliotki -.vere over, the fire continued burning
** lor many wccksj and it i;> thought, was one principal
POR
TlCw..
'• caufe of their efuping the |.l.ipu«, nt the pm,|..-ja
" of the bodit* wa» by ih.ii incii.. inuiK hi,, ' "■"
" lie calculation id the iiumlnr lh„| p rin,,.j
" they kept no re-i(lei^, mull be in L-fcjt n,e4fi,ri. ,' "
•' jit-tuiaj i but lint ihoulandi i.nd ten II ou'anJ, J ".
•' tlcllroMil, ihfie i. no doubt. The Mioriiui. ,„\ '^.i^"
•' It b.ipp"iied Wf. moll icm»rkably lerciie ai'ij nivar ' '
" partitul.iily almut ten o'clotk, and in one (i,"! ?'''
" nmrr, all wis iiind>td in ihu du,id(ul fieiic ol ic/"
" and iUI'mk!i..ii, As ihi.ckcnt pt.ducid in.iMyihaiii; "
" thofe anions the coniincicul pan, of the titv «• '
" not the U..ft lenurk.blc. One, who veltcrdav w'*
'• at ihe eve rl bankruptcy, found hiirl.lf tu d.iy ^ , '
" his b "'kl il.aud; and bundled., who liv.Jia. •!
" and alllutiicc, as f.ion a^ they hati iccovercd fr.;nj ih^"
" hid p.inie and difniay, faw want and p'jvtriy |! "^
" them in the lacr. ' ' ' '"
The fame author obfervfs, that f.imc of their chiin'u.
I the arfenat, th* ih' aire, which i, an cK.|;,int Su,;,|',|.'
I and abr-ve all tiie ,t|iiedua iil Lillon, dritivr the ,,.( '
I tioii of eveiy travilitr ; the center arch fur in hri .hi
I iiig one of the noMcft pcrh.ipj ui l.urtipe. Unc i],;, '
hetibfcrvei, i< rtiiiarkahli', i.iat duriiij! the c.itihi|i|',j^!
this biiiidin;; llood, thoujjM inauv of tin- key. Hon .(.j'l
fcvcr.il inches, and hang, only hciaule a fiiul'j f.ariofii;,.
key d'Jlie w is ratt licd by tlie cent, rs dofii.. 3 jj,,
li-.Iern, ,ihnut 4 mile from l,i,'>.oii, i,, a'l,i ..|| towr
where liaiuls .1 port altcadv mentioned, and an,.iM.| , "
In loiijjiii;; to the monies of St. Jeioni. founded In Id, ,
J'.niaiiuil. I>.|ar!?e .iiul m.i;'ipihciiit i hun h, wlii. ii (, "
tietlieated to our I idy of Jiidah, whence the p..|.i oil.
t.iimd the name of liilcin, or llcthl'.heni, w.is luul ^^.|,|i
j.ifper and the fiiicll inaihles from lop tn boiioin, j^j
lure were interred feveiai kin:s and iiucens of Port'.. .',| .
but ill the year 1)56, thi> iliuciurc Uiddcniy funkintJ
the eaith.
Mafta, a fm ill town, containing about on-- tlioif 1,1
and forty iiihalnlant., near winch king John V, cr..,' ]
a biiihling of extraordinary magnificence, in a fun''
barren fpot. This was done in purfuance of a vow ni '-
in a dangerous fit of ilhiefs, when l.e proniilcil tu Urj:]
a convent for the pooicll fri.iry in the kingiiom. 1'.,^,
ciitiuiiy, tlie iiooicit convent appeared to b'.- .it MjlV:!
while twelve l'"rancife.iiu lived together in a hut. I,',
accomplilh tl.is vow, the king procured from Rome th
draught of a building th.;t wa-, gicatly to ixc-.cd the k!
; fcurial. This he creclcJ ; in the cert, r i1.;nd', a tuir)',-
I built cnlirily of marble, and behind the choir is 1 hr.u;';
, endowid \v);.l a large revenue for two hundred C. puchl:; '
who officiate ill thib | ompous church as ch.iplain^. 'f J
the right of this buildiiijj; is a fuperb and fp.iCinus p.nhcc
for tlie king, the royal family, and the chitf nfliccrs ct
the court. On the left is another palace, t sjual in nrj; .
deur to the former, for the p itriarch and t',vcnty-i'i.,;r
canons, who have the jrivilcge of wcarini iv,i!u,.
TweUc thouLnd pe;i(.lc were employed in raiilnT th-;
ftructurc:, and, by certain compiitatiin it rr.it th:io
. fourths of the royal tc.ifure, and of the gold of t^.-
I Kra/il fl.et',. At the diltance of a m le iioin thi' chjuli
, Hands an elegant boiife, with a fmiil wood, whiJi hi,
a beautiful etLct in thi, f.indy walle, 'llu- pd.rcit
iMafra looks tuwaids the fea, and ferv far a laiiJ-
maik.
I Torr'a Vedras ii featcd in a low plare amon;; the
iiiount.iiiis, and in its iRighbouthuoJ «u ■^^ kiiiJ) et
I'niit. It IS one of t; e ni'iit ancient towns inthekiiu-
j doiii : to thcnoitii it is wa/hedby the little rivir Sigantlw;
, it contains about two thoufanJ two hui.J:.d and (i:!v
: inhabitants, four churches, three convents ,.nd acall;,-,
' with one houfe of mercy, :;;id an hofpit.l.
The mountain of Cintra confiff, of In 'c rocks of
flint, foiiie of which arc ten feet in di.uiicter, and lie 011
one another without any connection. It is alfu scv
rich ill ore, and produces a great nuiiib- r of rcmarkjli .:
pl,iii;>, anil alfo a vein of bjadltonc. Near the fummii
are the ruins of an old .Moor, Hi town and f rlrcfs, vviili
a rcf^rvcir which contains ve,-y fin'j water, to the dfpli
of tin feet. Among the wafies ami rt.ik- InttviTii ilij
mountain of Cintra, and the top of C.l' > I'.i Rora, is
a triiCI tin niilci in Lngtb, v.liich abounds in wolvs and
a fprcics of Wild ijoats. At the loot of the nioiintain
PonrtcAi,.
III.,
'« 1' ridij, J,
if lli''4llltl' (,,|,.
tl "u'aiuli wiio
nun,', (.11 whi,i,
", <"i«: ilM.iriit
I iVi-iie (il tcti„[
liii.mychaiij.,,^
t' the tity wwe
J VCtUT',l.iy w.,i
vlf to il.ly xvil 1
ho liv.J 111 lii'r
viTi-il fmni l!,- r
id p'JVtrcy II.
r their rhiircSt!,
U'tfani huilj 11 <,
rlcn'C the rtH ,,.
fur in liil.ji'l,:.
pc. Due tlui ,-^
the t.iiiluiu.i.lj
IP kiyilon .hW
I I'mall |;iTi<ifihj
IkI'iII^' ,1 j:h.
ii a (,\ ..II tiiwi',
I iillii .ln..i|i(|;,i;
fi.undcil liv l(in
luril), whidi «,\
ri- llic p.il.M' i,|..
11, tt.is liiul vixh
jl tn b'lllOltl, 2|;,i
ii'in i.l l\)rtj;,i| ;
iJiiciiiy funk ima
out 01!" lllO.lf. 11,1
t; Jo)m V. cvw.i
;i)tc. III ,1 I'aiiJv,
iici; 1)1 .1 vow 111 [-
(irniiiiliil tu t'ou:;!
kiii^iium, l'|v,;i
[1 to b'.' at Mjlt,i,
ill .1 hut. 'I'll
I'n.in Rfimc ih,
1 ixtvcJ the K-
i!..n(!', a tiiiiji.,'
■ tli'Kr ill a ht.ui;
iiJrtil Cpuchir,:,
. ch.iphiiis. Tu
r;vxioin p.i.lacc
chr.i' officcn ct
-;|ual ingra;-.
and twcnty-lVur
wcaiinj l•.•.:!I;^,
ill fjilln:; th-:
1) It ci.it th:(c
the ^n\i of t^i'
.111 th'.' ih'j,-ch
v.i.oJ, wlii.h h.ii
'I he- [Lilarc It
Liv lor a land-
pl.ir: rimon;; tht
mr . I kiiiJ) ill
lis :ll till- kill|i-
r.v^r >i^4nJwi
liui .:..i! aiiJ li ly
i-iii- , ..iiJ acallic,
it.l.
uf ! ii 'C roiks of
■ur, and lie on
Ir is ulfj \cr/
111 rcinarkjli'.i
■S'.at the fummit
nii.l frtrcfs, with
i;,;-, ;.i the depth
', . K-tniTii ihj
C.-i > I'.i Rocj, ii
lll.'> ill \vi>lv?s UllJ
<jf tlic ii;oiiiilain
ut
!^'
isii
( Cintn» 13 * ''"^''' ^''^ '''" '^""'" """"'i ^vlli'"ll milt 1.11'
"^iKutci"-' tlioufuiid Mini; liunilrcil iiiluhil.iius with l<iiii
^.ieht<i ••"•' '• •''•''■'"d'-il hy .III (lijtjlllc hiiilt in th'
M utiih 1.1. II'. I '"^ •'" ''^'"^ '■■ 'h"n;;ht in lie (hi- h m
', jil roiui-.il. It t'lij.iyinn u pU'.iliiiif, iodIikIi, wliili
'LhtJlt'l l.ubon !■• I'Mti'ihcly liiliry.
Thii.ii''fi •' '"*" '"'''' '" •' I'b.t(.«nt plriiii mai rlur
.„, 1,1 the (lid iity oi N.ib.niii.i, Ik.mi whuli it r.
TutJlcd to ihe north l>y the iivir N.ib.i.. I hr iiih.i-
k'uiiti i": "'"'"' three tluiuland fix luin.lir.l, an.l b.li.U..
,' (^uihiiuht.i, <iiie oi wliieli II colli iM.ile, it ci'ni.iiils
.,{ hcule ot iiiercv, <■"« holpiial, ami limr cunvuU'i,
'lioiii: w'li'k^h '" ''•''' "' ''"' f*''':;i ""• '"''I'l "I Ciiiiit,
I'lluttJ •'« a '1''' '" ''"■' ^*'''" "* ""^ ii'wn. I hi. i^ liu
iiiicipsl pLice bcliiiiL'iii.; to the order, ainl the fnpeiinr
'itactiiiiviiit beari lai: li'.le of pri. r .iiul ^■,t'Il(:^lll ct the
'i^ijolCnult. Ill lii-', the kiii^loiiiid..l an audeniy
Yl/icnccH hetc on llie lame lootinj; ai that ol Tain, and
ut'oiily alfi 'iii-'d ■i libeial incnnie lor its f ippoil, but dc-
'■j,jj|,iinli.ll prefideiit. '1 his place lo.meily belonged
10 ihc krii,;h'< lenipUri, iiiid on tlu-n InppnUi'iii, the
,;.[ „| Liiii;t liieteeile.l to then polltilfili.-., and lu the
' crniiii'i' ol 'rnoiuar.
54iiMr..ni, a town on the Ta^us, about twelve or
,151-11 II, lies t.) tlie liorih ealt of Lilbjii, is le.util on
htiul plain, environed witli mount. nns I'l'.iiitihilly
,.. u'ctc ' with valie\s. ill iu Icuni it icleiiibles an hall
n!*ii and !• lUlciuii'.i by a citadel eiciiful in the inoib ;n
.,|j_ It eiint.iins lliiitem churi-lies, ileveii nionattern.s,
,jju,i, iiiiliiuriej. I 'lie o( Us cbinclies Is tolle.^iatc,
„ ■ , I II •:, to the or.ltr uf Avi/. ; it has alli .ni ai a.liiny
Jl liii;,,ii, "litKp.itli'-S "I'd language.., touiided 111 1747 ,
i-,chu:'l<; "f nietcv, one roy..l bolpiml, and twooilieib
Vm".'!. '7 ">*-''l^"''" '"id l^ii^lnh t..l!'-'.l St. Ulies,
iiilhoi" '"wn, U'.iteil about twi-iiiy-tw.. miles to the
l...j;i el I'lfj""! 1*' •' fniall bay, into wliieh the li^er
j^',';,,, i;i„|i.ii|ies null i .md lias a liai hniir i apable ol
KCtvin ' Ihil • ill any lunthen. Itefult.s if, ohi walls and
,j«ii?, n Is llrenytli.iied with eleven wliule, and two
iimi-bulliiiiis, witn liveral mlicr mit works. It has
lic*;li'allioiig tit.d'.l called St. I'liinp's, in which is .1
MH'Olexeeilenl waf-r ; witli the lort ot Dutao luar the
n'.'tiiiii, which alio (etves lor a lij:,ht-lHiii(e ; and two
iliiief lulls. Ill it .lie lour churches, one li .iile ot mercy,
or.rM'i'il'i'i''^" convents, ami an academia proble'iaiiea
iwnJt'il hvJo,,n V. The town is undei the jmildictlun
tiitcoidei ul bt. Jjiuej,
SEC T. VIII.
C'l/'v /''■::.'i'V.' c/' licirii; id Siltuitiin, aii.l Estnit ; witli
'ifdrluiiliir .-hcMiit if the Ahur.l.iin 0/ Ejhetui, the Pri-
iiii t] t'.c C^nnliy, tiiiii ill pi iiuii'til I uu, fis.
V. V k I' E.
44j
\\\
1
rw
Mi
»
r-
,B
V.IR.A is one of the lar;',! ft provinces of Portiitjnl, it
bciii':biMiiided on the north by the provinces ol Jmi-
Duuru e .Miiiho an.l liazos Moiites ; on the call
h' Lliii'iiiadiira and Aleiinjo; .iiid on the well by the
fci, Its extent from e.ill to weit is about one hundred
i"J Iwomilcs, mil at out Ihc fame fr.Hii noiih to louth.
1: ilividcd into L'pp.'r..nd Lower Dcira, the lotmer be-
ll; ll'.cnn'therii pait, an I lyini; on the fea-coalt, and the
li'.tii to'A'an!^ .^p.nn and Klhemaduia.
The' m.iuntain of KUrella, the Moni II ■rminius of the
Sinaiis, is very lemarkablc. The aleent liom \'iilabt.
Rj3i::i)at its fo'it, up to the fuiiimit, takes up two bonis
;fijahalf. In l.veral [daces It is found to be hollow,
ir.utlienoife of a rapid llreani runnin;; through it ia I'.il-
Ufll; heard. It h.13 alio a fine quairy of al.iballer, and
tnthc top the trait IUt is agreeably furpiiled to find ver-
eint piliures and rivulets of avcry cle.ir and plealant
Witci J but what is moU woitliy of attin'.ioii, is a lake
oimitd uiili high rocks, the w.^tcr of which illuesoiit
tilhe ^Kiiiiid, and i:, very clear and t'iv.d, with .1 kuul
MtreiiHilous motion in the middle ; and fioin the ttroii^
icriclion towards one certain place, it is conjeiturcd that
shas an .ipetture through which it runs olf again, and
Mhtfpriiig of another lake a little lower ; and liom thefe
j.^ formed a liver that takes its coiirfe to the loot of the
|l»uiiuiii. 'I'iie liiuw of a deep valley in one part of it
biriiiflii'i l,i;1i III tiic wlinie fummv., tliuii^'ii it .1
dill or !• lit a''ive lixtv leajjili'i.
I'hi, prunn, e pi,iilui'e» wheat, lye, an I rtiil.'tt ani
111 fs'.'Ml part, excrllent wine ami oil, in lu"*) pUit'y,
thai ('.mil, lei able qi|atilllu'< i.| va>ll aiut.xpoit .1.
I hr. proviii.i- coniains four mi ., t.vn hiiii 'le 1 a.J
thlitylonr town., a tho.iiaiiJ ant niftv-roin p..iilli.4.
and in I7JJ It had (lu Inindted an! !ifty-oii' th.unnl
I1.X hiiiiiluil .mil I : ihtV'lix inhabil nits. John V.io.'t-
e.l It mil) a prill, ijiilnv in Inno'iroi Im ^raiilf >n, ihj
I Mill Ion of the punc ' of l'i...-'l. Ihc pii.Kipd pU.'ul
in ihi, prrnime ai ' th'.' f .llownu '•
CoiiiiLi.i, a ii:y on tile nur Mondw':;.i, furti r-
Iv c.iUed ColniihrlJ, or Coniitilri a, loniiins ekv.'ii
llit'Ul.m.l iiiii' liundied iiih.ili.i.i'ils, a caihe.'r.il, iiiiij
I .mill eliiireli ', ei'ht convents, ii^htcen H'llig".'.. a-
moiig whkh Ihejeluiti colle^'C wa' ''Xireim ly I n e, an.]
ellee.nied the hll-ll idili;e in the pl.ice, I ii. le .10' .die)
one houie ot mirty, and an li(,f;iital. The i.it'i d.il
aiiH the roll of tlie ciiutelus and moiulUriei ate' hand-
fo '11' hiiildiiigs well .I'lormd -ind beautili.d i b.it tJ^.e
llic'eis and piiv.iii- houies have no gre.it el^':;.uu',' .u 'hv.-,
.Old, as the city llaiida on the lidc of a bill, ill v an 1 -
nerally iini'.en. Aniou; the other piiblie buil.lin s > ^r.r»v<*'J'
the bridge, whiih is a line llruetiiie built w,th lion.', /"a/. (i/. .
and eoiilifts of two rows of arches, "lie ab'iv.' tlu o'.he.-,
loriiiiiij; .1 coii'rid w.iy, through which p..'iipl.! pii's vui 1-
out benig expofed to the vsealiur, I he .uiueducl w.iie.T
brings water to th • city, is .ilfo admired.
'I lie bilhiip i, futfra.'.aii to th.: arclib (hop of Br.iitA t
but h.s under Inm no I. Is than thiee hunili'.'.l and torv-
tluei. paiillies. Here- is an univeility, wlii.li i» ami.'-
niliceiit l!iu.Mur'.', and has arect.r, a governir, a elian-
eellor, who ii always piior of tnc lOllunt ot SmiaCru/.
ill thii city, with other profelfirs and ofi-eets. 111!
number ol Itudenis is laid to be two thoufand. Here ii
all I a couil ol ini{iiirilioii.
The eouiiiry .m nit tnis city is extremely ple.ifaiit, aiul
Well planted with olives and vines.
Thecitvol I.'.iiifgois lituated near the riv.'r Oouro,
in a low countiy lurrounded with monnlam-^.anl coiit..ln!i
about four lluniiand four bundled inhabitants, twop.uilh-
churciies, including the cathidial. lour convenls, one
liouleof mrr, y, an,l mi liofpital, ".s bifhop is fuliVagin
to the patri.irch of Liftion.
Aveiro is leated on a linall bay in'o wh.eli T'p \'.)u;',a
difchaiges itl.ll, levcii leagues t.i the fnuth of Op.irtO,
.md 11. ne to the northward of Coimhri. It has a har-
bour l.t lor Ihips ol burthen, and is (Vparated troiii the
iVa by I'.'.iul-banks, with feveral l.ttic iilands in wiib li
f.ilt IS ni,i.ie. The town confuls of me w.irds, the fourt 1
ofwhiih is the moll aiuient, as v\ell as the piiiuipal,
and is walled in. The inhabit uits amount to ubniit
four tboufnul I'l.ir hundred, and th.' t'A'ii contains Imir
paiilb-i hurehc'., llx convents, a home of merry, and .in
hol.'ital
■M
' ' m
1
pii
4^~
, ■ '.:;
li Hi' '-
I'|f''
"I '
S F. C T. IX.
0/ //••■■ Pi'iTiiy,- -rT'iazes Moiita ; its Situatlcn, \',?me, I'x-
tint, r, ;il:i.(, Riviis, ti/ul priijliul Ciii.i.
T
IIK province of Tr.i'/os .Monies is bounded on the
Vi
n.iith by (ialieia, and on the calf by I. eon in Spain;
on ihe loiitiuvard a'.l'o by Leon, and the pioviiicc ot l!-ir.i
l.ill dtferibed ; and on the wellw.ird p.irtly bvthepio-
viiKC of Kiitre Douro e Minho, and partly by Heira. It
obtained its name from its lituation wiin rel'pr.;i to the
province ol I'.iitre Douro e Minho, it lying on th',' oih'.T
fide of ibe inounia.ii of .Mar.io. Its extent from n irth
to foiilh is about ninetv miles, and from call to well a-
bout lixty. It is for the moll part mountainous, will,
b3ricn,and thinly inhabited , bur li is feiiile and delight-
tulv..lle\f, th.it produce wheat, rice, fiuit, an.l win.'.
llefides the Ij.hiio, which diviiles the north e.ill part
from Leon, and then turning to the wrtlward divid. s it
.ilmull into two ei|ual parts, it has lie rivers rame.;a,
Corgo, Tuela, and Sobor ; all v. hieh tun into iii<:
Douio.
It contains two citie*:, fifiyfcven town?, five liundtcj
and furty-nine pirifhcs, 111 which weitf coinpu'el, in
* 5 l; 17^2.
■'I
|i
»•
4+6
A S Y S T i: M OK G I. O G K A i' 11 Y.
POR
-n ' \
1732, a IuiihIic.I .Aiul th-.rty fivj tlinulJiiil ei^;iit liiiii.irril
lilui l(:ur pcrlcMi.j iiiiJ ii diviil'il into twcmy-lout juril-
Jiiil'uiu, iIh- |iiiiici|mI |,l,ii.is ill whi^li an-,
Mii.ifui.i lU i."()ui:>, iruii liiiliil Irom ils (laiiiiiii^ 011
tn.trnu, 10 i;i|!iiriii(h 11 Imm Mii;uu!.i In l.'.utii'- : ii
i> It.iiiijly li;n i:ci! 'm a tdk, m a luiim iiiuiiiit,iinmi->-
niiiii::y, at ti:i.- ii;il:ii.iKu 11; the Douto an. I the link-
liver In i:ic, .;iii!, i'liiJ'.s its will k-:, is Jili'iiJcil by a
i.illc ..:; . 1,1. [J It tiviii:; a p'aco nl iiii|">rtaiiio, as it
optiis a p.ill.i^' iiiio (111.- piiniiRf of '.con, wliitli luatx-
pofiM 10 iii.uilM'iiMin tins lull-. It IS a u'y ami bilhop's
Ice, ilivugii O.i: (Illy ciiurth in the li'.y is iIk' iMtlicJial,
anil It ifnianii no mm- tii.iii about ri:\(ii liiimir ■■.! iiilia-
liii.in;--, a houll-ot" im-icy, an h ■Ipital, and one linimiry.
'Jo tlK liiilii^l III mis ..'itv h Ion,: twiniy -t'.vo p^iilh' ■..
l;i..'o:/a, (he aiiti -lit Hiivnuiun, li liati>l il.iiiy-
twi, iiiilis t ■ inc noiili-wtlt ol' MiMinta, in a fp.iLi.>ii--
pl.nniH.u tile iivr I'lervi nya. I: :> tiivJiil inlo ilu'
cily aiul ilictoHii-, lb, I'Unir l- rinlo'iu !evl willl w.i.I-
aii.-l lowits, an, I lias uiiniii ita;'0"il rii.ie; tii- l.iiiir ib
aJKj for:.ticiJ, ami has a I rt in n i imki' me win. !i ci At rs
llieiii b'jtii. Tne wliole ivinli.i . o! r\\<- (.;i;ilii., v.v.i
in ii..'Uias, a- many nun;"';ii-i, a hoiile ol mei' y, aiul
a;i !■• Ipii 1, iii,:^^iv/i 1, ilic c ipiial o: a ctiei'iauil
i!i:;i.,'i\ ii Ipii. iiij; to liu' po !i-nt kinr; "f i'.iiin;', il, wliuie
aiKi thus weft' ihikes ol iira^Jll/i, lii'' moii illulli ions
houlc amoiijj the nobilitv, they b in^ JiKeiiile.l tnaii
tlieir anlkiit kin-s. 'I'liu | hue h.is a v.irieiy ot liL ma-
milai'laics, a:iil is one- ol the moll anti.iit eilics in the
kiii.:iKiiii. 1 i.e ililtiicf otihi'; tnv iialmlcb no iili th.n
a biimlre'l .in I tv^eiuy thiec parilbcs,
Ciiavez, or Cliavi-, a pietty good fLirtii:-! town on
the river Tamf^n, twent) -leveii miles to me u;U ol
liraj;ai'/a, is lupnoled to have been biiiltby the enip-.ior
V'elp.il'Mii, wlio y.ue it the ii.inn- of A'pi.e I' lav i.i", ami
it h.is llill loiiie tiaecb ol' its antient evteiit ami i'.i..iuleur.
It isiitiiaied iwi) leagues from the lioiiticis ot (, i..l;cia,
and IS dekiuied by a double wall and two loits, uiic ot
wliicii has the appLaranee ot' a citadil, and toiitains a
convent whhin it. lietwcen the town an.l t;;e (ubarh
called .Magdaliiia is a Roman br;d,;e ol Hone ovei the
river 'laine^a, above nimty-two i-eoiiietii.al | icis in
length ; but not niuih above thiee in bnavltli. '/'I.e
town has one colleoatc i liureh, whuh iiallo the pirilli-
chiirch, two lonvrnfi, and two hilpit.ils.
\'ilia Re..l, the bell and lar.-iH town ol the province,
ii I'eatid litieen miles to the noithe.ill ot l,;!nir-'r,., be-
tween two rm.ill rivers \vi,!(.h diiehai.c then alves into
the Doiiro. 1 he ijrealill part of the houles ll.ind with-
out the walls, and the lew within tht-in are i.illed the
( )ld '{"own. It has two p.'iifli cluiiehes, thrie loiiveiits,
and uii hidpital,
S 1; C T. X.
0/"r/v Pi ■zir'.f rf i'.nir/ Dsuro I Minhi ; iti S^l'talioi, l'!x-
till, I'l -iiue, iin.l f'lrhif'ul 'J:iiin ; uitli it pirluuliir ^
Diji I iptr.i! rf tl'f (-il^ei cf I'ti ti tiii.l Ih uga.
I'^ili.'s puninre re.-civos irs mmc from its belli.;
fitu.ited between the IJouid and Miiiho ; it bciiu
ffparated t'y th'' riv. r Minho liom the Spandh province
of C I alula en th" 1101 th, and hv the liver Doiiro Iroiii the
province of lieira on the louth ; the provinee o! Ttaz-os
Klont.-^ boiiuls it on thecalt ; as does the Atlantic ocean
to the well. Its extent Iroin north to loulli is about
iixty-levcn mile^, .ind Iromrjll to will about loitv rue.
This province is naturally well defended, it biliiij: fc-
paratpd tiom .Spain on the north and ealt b\ livers and
ilmoft inaccilljblo mountains, and on the wi.ll wallitd
hv the ocean. '1 he iiihahitanf". enjoy a Iweet Lieiic air, ,
iiid 3H almolV pcrpeiu.d Ipiiii;; ; but they have little
grain, and that thieHy rye and ir.illet ; l,ow«vcr, the ,
country abounds In wim: .nid Iruit; and its tivcts, which ,
(lifchar -c thcml'elve, into the lea, with its pood haiboui^, ,
• irticiilaily tlule of I'orto and Viaiia, are lo eonveliient ,
lor tiadi', that in proportion to its extent it is the mod
populous ptovlncf: in the whole kingdom. The prin-
cipi'l places it contains are the lollovvin;- :
Ciuiniara.ns, a town whuh ov*'C' its oriyin to aeon- .
vent of BfllcJidlincs, built there in the year (j->;. It
walls are ei/Jiteen Iniiu'ied and fii'ty paces in <■■
It com. ins lo.irpaiidies, two of wli'ien .ve iiwl"""^;''
uils, hx convents, beluhs another a Utile 'v ' "''
ii:e town, thiee holpn.iis, i,ne home of m.
thi ur.,iid mnabiiants.
•^">y Mi,t ,
■■'''• JIlJ J;.
\'iaiia is fitiLiiid near the mou;h of i).,c ji^.-f
lieeii miles to the Will of 111.,.. I, ;,,,j j, ., i',
built, and (Iron
ity, defeiuieii b>
, . , . . tlie calileot St fi,
it contains leven tlioul'aiul hri. bit ,nt<, two r V'
elimches, leven lonv.nts, one hoi. Ie of i-ccv ■ n'l
holpit.d ; but Its h.iibour is only i',; |,,r (li,,,!! ^ !r "i '"
I'orto, Opoilo, or i'l' "
'I' ioit Hl'ort, is li!u..ted II, r;,.,",. .
yrec' hity-tli.-ee miiiur, s ' .:it,i.le,an I e! .'u dv.re s'l';' "
live minutes well Ifn, .t..„!e, ti.^ht mt s (.."hiir, ' '-■;
liiM.M, on the lidc .,; a rui^.e.! „, '|'^ '"'luief
vvliieh
ir.l. 3
... ".man, il.c f,
IS w.;!.i'.d by i.U' |j„uro, and is
v.'iilant from the mou;ii i.| th.u ilni
fMio.l harbour ; but It has a v. rv dijli
iid l'.,n '■, uiiich t'orii'i a bar
roi ks
'""t a Im ,„..
v.-;iK.lil.ercr„ri," \
lilt eiiiraiice, ,;,,.-,
, . ■' '• •" e.in cn!v '..
iV't over .11 hi 01 water, w't.i the al";il(:ui.e of ;, „, ,, ' "
,' iot. 'I"he liaibour is life auamil all wl'iJ, • t,i< ,, "'°
111-.- 1! >i.d. or Ir.C.s in l„e ri^er ...me down,',,,,',,, '''''
I an Hold, at which tim.s the flil,., aie lalLiK-,! i','"'"'
otner alonj; t:;e V..11,, 111 „uLr t.. av<.i,l ih.MiM). ['..'f"''
ot the i,,r ei::. liie itreeis .ire well pjvcd j h,t ^^.]. '''
Kpiai.ty <^l the ero-ir.d on whuh tl.e citv ;l.iiu'; n'l'"
It 1.0! very plcfii.t to w.ilk 1:1 then. A line r'uv'r "'*
along th. hank, of th-.- rivir, cicfe to v.hi.h tin.-!!"; .-'.!"
il-.-, ioth.it amereh.mt n 'y lee his '.r[..U uiil . J V-l' ''
his own windows. Ir 1. loititi.-d with an .'i.w'il' '
towels, and del.-nJ. I by a c..;t'e. In ,,■ „| |,^-,.. ' „,'.'''
iouliiei', bea-Jty, and lommeree, it is if,.- it it'(,'i''.''''
i.u- .Mnv.b.im to l.ili.Mi, and ha.s an arf.nal, diKic. ..'|
y lis, l..r b-jild-ng and I'min- 0-1: menofw.ir I't'l','
lour Inbmbs .■lul lev.,, p.ii lih-crurcl'.cs. iiidudln., ,]"'.
cathtdi..!. It In-mjilhr leeol a biihi'p, twelve ciiiu'i,-"
belKlc lour oilieis witli.nit the walls', (o.,n- luif •i;.,; ! '
houle ot metiV, and ab'ive twent, iln.ul'ui.J d-j J,, "|'| ,!,','";
inh.ibiianls. i'hc molt ilcam bui illng in "ivJi.-"'
the convent of the Aii|;iilline.s i" whicii is a br.j-:'.'l
galleiy id avail extent: ti.e church licloin;!,, . |'J','.'i.
of a circular loiin, and very richly adcrr.cd. Hae i, ,''ij
one ot the lover, ij^n counuls or courts of the kiii'J.,.,i
On the louth lide of the river oppolite to Porto :s V,:'j
Nova do Poit,i, a Inuill lovv'ii ii.ar the pl.iee wh.;: •'!•
old town of Cjaya loimeily II, .od, in lelpcct tn w'.i^'i ■
is called \'i!laNova. It eoniams only one pariihehm,
taie hoiile ol mercy, oiu- lio:,iii.il, .iiu'l one loiuiii', J; ,'
two otlieis iie.ir llie to'.vn, .iiid al-oiit t-.vo thouf.11:,! 1;, t
humluvl liihabit.iius.
lir.iga is an aiiir. iit arcl'.ifplfeopal city feated, accor;.
In.; 10 1'". C.i|'afli, in forty-one de:;ifes th',itv-tbu:
miiuites north latitude, and in ei^ht'degrees lo;iv-lo.,r
iiiinui'.-s Will lon::Kui!e, thirtv-lwo miles lu tia.- iierh.
well of I'orto, in ap:eal.int plain b-iweenthe livi-l'j.
v.ido and Dille, ami leciived its name frj.n ti.it i.| j
kind of aarnieiit woin hv its antient Inh.ibitaiUi. It n
I'.ud to have bei-n built by the (jre.-ks; but aiteiiva:J<
lell iiinler the power of the C'..rlha;-inlaiis, Riimar,-,
Sw.biaiu, (loths, Moors, an.l tlif kiii,;s ol Icmi. \\:t
Romans I'.ivc it the tiile of Au,'ulla, .iiid the Swa;. jii
' ings houoiiicd it vMth their relidencc. 'I he ctf o,ii-
t.iiiis four iiaiilh-chuichcs, befidcs its antient l.ir.:i:L.;:;'.
light lonvents, a leiiiinaiy, a houfc of in,. rev
di.J,
p;: ioiisot both lexes well-born who atccoinc todet.iv,.t
are lettled in it lor lile, or provided l,ir \»'uh v».in.:ir;„l
ptivaev, and .iiiliolpii.il, In inhabit.mts amount t,) a-
bout twelve ihouland three hundred. i he houie. arcef-
neially old lubllantial ilone bmldiims, but have ii,n;;ei!
elegan.e, any more th.iii the .uehbifhop's p il.uc a.-, 1 -ho
cathedial, which are moie ailmind lor tntir ar:ta;.i;-,,-
.iiid cxlenr, than (or ihi Ir beauty. 'Ih? archhilh..;! i
b 'Ih Iplriiual ami trnipor.,1 lord of the plaee, oiiwfc.cli
;;ccuuiit hehisafwoul, as weil as acroi>, cariiid bclo:r j
him. His revenue is forty ihouland ducats per .-niv.i;:-,
an, I he is pi iniatc of th.e kiii.ulom. In this c ty ;ire len;r
i1aV.lv remains of antnpie bu.Miiig', paitii-ii.arl'.- 'it .1:1 I
am|ihithc.itrc and an apieduit. 'I'he ccualrv jbciil
Hi.if.i pi '"luces ( oiii, wine, in, I fruit i and here i< a,;rci! |
deal ol palluie, oil whivli llry leeJ larjje flock* of 11k-c;i.
SKCT,
s In I'loiit, ,111 1
;i'i-' iii li,.- ,j\.
iltlc w:iv
iii.r
";•
•iiiJ i,,
Azores.
R U R c) F [•:.
'^i:
s K c r
Of !'•■ A/:'lt;
i:iu r;iiAr>
I'll; river I.li.u,
> a It.'i-, w.i;.
aliiecii bt. J.i^o.
115, two l'..ltllll.
f i-'Criy, ;i|-.J :•,
fuKlil \ -'.'.l,..
1..11.J in fi.':",^':.
Ht Jtjjrg.i, timty.
.3 111 tile fmiiiicf
la.n, ilic luo> ot'
IS .ihiHil a lv.!'u-;
•iiii-li I. etc lurii' I
It ClltMnCC, ,;(,-,
tl ;u cm cr!v bj
nut I'i' ;i v<i.li;i.,f
winJ. i Lu; \',:,]\
iKiwp, n^i .MVii^r
ic LilKneii I It. til
i.l t'.l': ll1HH,l'.>,ri;y
.ivci! ; but t''s i:,.
ity '.t.;ni!;, ui, l.n
A (m--- qi! jv r :ii(
IvllLh IIK l!.'l|',-i;|,
iiu un;...j..iL:;
II .ill r! I Will ;.i„i
III 1 ■ ulnci', p(,;vj.
is I'.u- 11. xt uty III
iiiuiul, il(n.ks ■'!'■!
,ii-;i ot w.\r. It lui
dies, iric'.iidlivi ih;
I, twelve Cum. lit,
foiiie lu>f|ii;,.l , III.;
iiif.inJ lesinl;i:;i.ii,;l
iling in ihc eitv ;i
.vliieii ii a bf;'.a;i;'jt
ll '•.cUiii^liU to i; ii
IcrneJ. lleic ii I'.io
ti ul the kiiv.'il'rn.
il'ue to Purlo s V.lli
the 1)1. lee wli.u' '.'..;
1 lelpect til w'.uh ,:
iiejMriihenuiih,
iiie loiiveiu, vii'i
L two thoulaiiJ ll::;l
cilv fiMti'il, scco:;.
•;.;ifes lliiily-tbi.; ,
Cj;rec5 lo:iy-!D-t
iiikb lu tlu- norh-
w.cii tlie ihi-Cj-
u;ie I'rjili ti.it "I i
in'.'.JbitaiUb. It .1
4 i but aiteuvaii<
.i.'iiii.iiis, Ronijii-,
:> ol I.C'iii. !;:«
, .'uJ the Swalijii
.c. 'I he titv cuii-
aiiticiit l.ir^ee.iir^-
hoiil'e of mercv If
tccoint ll) decay, jnJ
liir wuh wnn.ltrtui
bit.-nt^i timoiMitiu a-
'I'lie- houle. .iiej'-
, liut have nn \iiU
Ihiiji's pil.itc;>r.l'lic
I lor tiielr ;ir.i;i;j;'.v
'I'h- iirchhilh")! :i
f the pl.ico, oiiwh.c!i
.icriiW, tjriicilh'^l.i:;
nil lUicits per .'iiniiiv
111 thiscty ;;reliiv.; I
L-, p.uti. uLirly 'il I'l I
'I'lii- criintr'v aM
lit; tinai'ctcioircill
!j'l>efl'.".kiotlW
SkCT.
S.w:f
i'.;;..
Pn.tiL
!>■,
A
S t!)c
Aznro
flllMtC
(•, uuh (I
Atl.intii
i.li;,' ID I'ortiii.'.il, to whii ii tiu-y lithmL'
aiiJ j;f »'
ver MHlu
j.'i!
er tli? Amcriciiii ill iii'ls, \v^
cai
11 111'
where more prnpeily |
r.ie A
/.ores
csetir.is, oi
hue tlu-ni th.iii hi-ii .
■I -1111111 IlllS,!
•il thei
full 11.1111
e fumi the itreat imai.vr o
|- hi
nil! 1.1
i.u
,.i ih.MC
|.v Ih'
ortiiiiU'.'U- ;l!
their tiilldir.overv, !"<.■
fiCiill 1 1
jilJlhc Ihiiil Iri'iii
1 iTCi ir.i. till- name
tlie 1"
:it iliL- piiiifip.i
, whii
clubuut the l.iiii' liiii'-' -IS til • < ortii,-,!
ilLiiil
ilci-n-rcil ilieni
hirt.;
An-r,
ir.i is till' t'linl illinJ t'l \
.1 IK- 1.:
■II iliiles lull.;
r
■.vrrcl, nii.i
m.
hirl-
.nnir i.t
r.l, lis c.i)iit.ii, i-> nvo hiri tn-.l tin. I lorry. live |',
. "I
inilci ilill.iiil tr
I,
I ll-,.- ill.iml ii .Jind.:il
into t-A'.(iM|i'iiinlh;ps, w;'i..'li o.r.-iu iir; cicy.tv.-
.111.1 lev. r.il villn^i -..
n
it .\
ii;;r.i is ..tii.-te
th- ill.111'1. I's hjrliniir is I.;
i,..if.
V .1 I .
W'.'IM
p.
i^
■■ i
1::
m
• ♦■
' 4!'l
i- *>'
• "■■lit
'■ s:
i«5Vf
r •.
^ t '
■f ',■■'?"
■
h*
■i-;V
!>i.-lw.-i n tiV'i
.M
ripe
the
;r •%
lilt a ii'.i.iiti'r <.!
iiitii a. 1.1. It tivii.-v- I'ltit I
welt C.i.ii-
..lli>t<
)ii:):
in, i-.ill.-J til" M inn;
ll. I'ile ll irb r.ii is i'.
it i. CXpoleJ to fiC f)
ly. 111 vvliieh ;'IL- liri.t
■alliL-(lr
■lace linni I
illeili
On
I!.):-
ill.iniN tire fiiiMi. il t<
.. the ilurly li.^tb .nil Imf
I til il(-
k (if (,-nviii, be-
<il iiorlli 1 ti-
ll. itilc
iiU
,ie h
ih-
iiiiiM < ll! i;
tuJf.
J between the in-, iitv-litili anil tniily-thinl ilc-
i-etl lorr'.ituilc IrDin l.iiiiilni. They .irc niiip in
; biT, till
,1 an iMtjud Sttiiia .VLiii.i,
St. tjcor
W-, <-i
rai r.il.i.
!•
')•
Mij'u
11, I'lii
•I, 'll
.mil
j;utiri.m:
l.iiiiN eni'iy a vcrv dear and lereiie licv
s air i but uro L'xpolcil to vinKiit t.irthi|
lnim which Ihcy have lieij
-'..ibv the vifilciit a.jit.iti.;!!.
iKiiiiciitIv liili'ereil ;
ll the
the
in- which ih-,-
.. u-iuatiil
led. Tiicy
n.l a \
t;i, «-iiit-, a
eiMlltitics olc.ittlc.
■ety
hinvevcr, extieiiiily t -riili
;)t"t'.tiit; an I litcwitc bteeJ
h.tl, i M.Ul.i !.->
i,il;.iiiitle iiuio,
ilillant about two
11 ni!
red tiiiJ tilt
le.l;;^K-^, triim
Cai
vj bt.
Al-
I \'tllK) C.ibral.
and was liircovi-red in i {42 by li
lllTll.lt liillr !:• Ill r., !i
ity has til
piivil
titieir.bl
I n riii; a repr-i. iiiaiivc D iiic
St. Ci
V M 1:1
s I1O1II
hi ill n
,,i.-j^;l'i
or IV.
bi
plains liKcced i-.i.ii 1
ll 1 tlie iiioi'C
(•a. I . t.i - i-iii.iii IK
I i> clev. n n.l 1
a h.ill bio.i ', e.\clufivo ot" i's two
In
C) 1 ll:
I'outh It h.i, a liaibi
l.ir I'tiia
■|.
It 1,1.1
l)ji-ti .! I.
-.1 .111
■I the ill.iiiil i
a V, e.i tiiltu.
iliiee towns
inu-d Vela dc \/\
liiiir
titi: f.i
ehureli, one
ll inn.;
nc piiii. ip.il town,
I, an ; li.ia only one
111: lotr.ti
, <<i:il tiaj
1 t,;
coiivint, tin! tli.- abovi.
and is
bout lour miles Ion
brcLiJ, with a luriinm to the liuilh-wcll ileleiuleil
tatiT
tv itimcrcilniilits
•I'ne
piiiicipal I
il.ice in the illaiiii ii.
mall town named i'orto, beliiies winch there area tcw
St. .Mia"
the fiitl ol' the .\7.nrr illaiids in the p.il
(at fioni l.ilbon, and lies about two I
P.irni'tiiere miles fioiii C.ibn
1-;
larcd and twc
It
ehcl.
cJ 111 I
4.^4., on the lelli\.il ot the appe.itaiice o
t .■)(.
d Its 1
IClIll' CtlllCi
Miclia.!, which occ.iii.in.
Itistiitlitcen miles in length, an. I two i
t»'opriiici['
d by this name
breadth, ll'
l'.,nt,i l)elL>,.ida and \'ill.
Cir.ici.da licr, dircii
lilcs ill lent;th and 1,
iwiis i the iriiicni.tl 111 tlieCe is
atcd oil a bay that C.iinis a hurbi
ended by a iort.
lit ten V.
vtn la lirea.lt.i, .in. I
j1 tliele is S.inta Cr
'lis one cliiir
lOittaiiis twi
;-.'., which !■
vd Ca!.-;i-:a, de-
h, OIU hiii.fe o
Thi^ in.nul IS f.ii i to h;
e. ll itsnaim- Cr m its rem. rlt.ibi.- Iir.
"'a\al is nine I'ortii Miel'..- nines in b.
'iree VI.
ill Its gie:itell breadth. IIk- ('litf (i. c 111 liie ilt.irul is
Villa dc lliMt.i, fituaie; ..ti it, u.:!..-:i i-. .ill, wiii.ti has
an haiboiir laiid-loikcl oa all I't-ie., i.v....!t ti t:te CjII
an.l iiorth-eall ; and t. it. !'.tu'cd iv,l'.....il Iort-.
town cont.iiii!) one p.:' ilii , i.iiicli, and lii .. cunvciit
ll.i
lite ill. mil cont.i
franca, he on the foiuli fulc. Tl
Ui IS the
bell
ct all the A/,' 11'.' Itlinds, tlie iiihabit.aits beint;
pcopicit
laid li;
ro;i:i; to aliiivi- liriy-une thoulaiid live luindied, betide
ij.'ut t,".irtecn bundled and iniietv eceleli illics,
luoiilcs,
ely ciil-
livatrii, it is the molt liuiirul, particularly ineoin.ind
»!nr ; to that one year with .iiiother the whe.it amounts
ir.Jii'jnsj and thout;h it has not loti.; been entire
ib/cthourand bulluls, the millet to iie.ir
inch
ICO is lixtccii
ol.'i, r p.'.ti
a-'iile
ihe
. r.ti.i, tii'u
readt'i. 'I'liisi
Hand
vn
s vil'.bii- at a i:r.
.t lllll.!
count ot' the height of it:, mount.i.n, to vviiii
lich is laid 1.1 rile three mile
h it I
name, tiiiil
I'artace of the fe.i. 'I'his illiiKl is
i.ti tt.
■d fr
that ot .'sr. (i.-or..te, bi
lix, and in others twelve
lorili
lid to t.c wcli
tl/w
/I.
Kavil hv
.ilhe
el. It
\'i!la l),is I. i.'elis ; the le
. ne, is only lor linal: v
v.aicli 1, eat
til
i It,
..lid
cinio 0.1
a t'.reat trade in its c.\cell, iit win
mill III woa
norf, and its wine to about live tlioul'and pipes.
Tr,;) iRand contains one city, live towns, and twenty-
Iwo ii!|ji;rs.
Poiita Uclf^ada, the capital, is fcatcd in a 1< vi I loim-
<:'., onaii open h.irhour defended by a fort, ami con'.i'iu' limi re.l wood tli.'.t is hi
iboiit eighteen himdrcd and eighty hearths, three pnilli- | l-'lorcs, the iie.\t illind, n about thitty miles 1 ni!;, tinii VW .
ieh it alio tibounds, p.irticulatiy in lej.tr,
liiv iliier.l.-
cliurchc
niir, the ciilloin-houre
te.cii eonveiits, the palace ol the gover- , nine broad ; but has only two to»-ns, and .1 itumlier of
,ind
,ir-liiiulc.
Villa Kianca, the 111 .It aiitient town in tlte whoh-
iilanil, is In called lioni its bciiit; at tirit aliiepoit. An
iliiiiJ about a mile in cirtumleience lies bet'ore the hai-
bi;ut, and tow.itds the lea the town is ccieiided by a tort
l:,i!liime other works. It has eiL'hf.eii hundred an.l thn-
lages
'I'he
tittall, and cont.iiiis o
princijiil place is .Sant.i Cru/, whtc.i \i
IIIV .11
le church and i tonvmt.
ii-n hearths, two
pan
ni-ciiu
I he,.
lid t
WO convents
with nine ullages belonging to its ji ■ ifdi,Ji.iii.
■ yar 172 > a
little itlan.l
.! betv
en .St,
llijucl and rctceita, which ha« liiite j;iadu.illy vaiiilhed
CorM) lies to the noithw.iid, oti-.iDtite to the ilLn.l <
fPi.
1-1
ores, troni which it is divided bv :\ lliei ;ht about thr.c-
milcb in breadth
The
whole circuit of tiiis ill .nil \> bi.t
about ten miles, and the whole co.tll cenrals ot ac.iaii
of rocks. It lias two fniall barb
lie chinch.
an iiili '.nificaiu place called Nollii Seiihor.1 do R
which IS I'ubordinatc to [he church cf Ji.t.-r.a Cm
the iUaud ol'l'Igtci,
(.HA \\
'w m
;.^
IT:
;: Pit
r 1
'H
'• f
:'«
'^i\ S
1^ :
U
I': .nil
If' ",i. <.3
iS« =
f
( 44H )
C II A P. XXVI II.
Of the Kingdom of F R A N C E.
S E C T. I.
Its S'jme., Situnl'nn, Exl-nt, Ciimale, Miimliii'u, Alit'.c-
tj.'i, Fojfiii, KiJiis, Fiiiiti, /'i-!;(liil/la, end .Inini.ili.
FRAN'CK (ihtairicd its prcfcnt name from tl>e l'']:iiiks,
whu in the liltli cciitury pjlVcl out of Ciciiii.iiiy
lato (i.uil, aiiJ mailc thcmklvci mailers of the whole
coiintrv, from the {■ihiiic to the mouth of the Loire.
'I'his Iciiuilom is bouiiJcil by the IJritirtl channel, an.l
the Netherhinih, towards the I'orth ; on the call liy (ler-
iiiany, Swlfl'erhnnl, aiiJ Italy ; on the f<iuth by the
Mediterranean (ea, and Spain, froin which it is liparat-
cd hy the I'yrcncan moiintaiiis ; and on the well hy the
Atlantic ocean; txt,i;.!ing from tlvj forty-third to the
lifty-fir:l d ■ :rLC of north latitude, and from tlie fmith
degree well to tiie lucnth dei;ree eall lon^;itude. Did
not til'; province of liretagnc extend itielf above an hun-
dred miles farther int.i the ocean, thiiii any o:hcr part ct
the km^Jatn, it would be nearly of a lipiarj lor.ii, and
the breadth and lenj'.lh almolUtpial, that is, about live
l.undicd an.l f irty rnilej; but allowin.; for tl'.e bdh and
v.ilcys, w.ih the windin;^ of the roads, it woula iti a
trav.dler's account be above fix hundred miles over either
w.iy.
The air is mild and wholefome, particularly tlie in-
terior pans (if tlie l-.iiijjdom. 'I'he winters, however, in
the noit'ueia p.rovinccs arc cold, and hilt four or live
n'..)nths. indeed the cold is in that ftal'.m f;emrally
i.rach feveicr tncre than in I'ln-iLind ; lor we b;in:!,lur-
rt-unded by the fea arc lefs fubjccl to contin'ied trolls,
.md are bifuks better provided ai'.ainll the cold from our
beini; much better fiipplied with lirinf;. Tliey liave,
however, tlf advania:;c of clear fettled weather, and are
but little tioubled with fogs, which arc fo dila;^rtcable
in CJrcat IJiit-iin a;id other countries. The fununcrs in
I'lancearc hotter than with us.
France, with refpeil to its fituation, has the advanta^'C
of e\ery kingdom 111 Kurojc, the leas which border up-
on it ariordnii; the inhabitants an eafy coinmunicatioii
with tl-.f roll of the world ; the northern (horci bemj
Vraflicd by the Britiflj channel, the weHcrn coalt by the
Atlantic ocean, and the fouth by the iMeJiten.iiuan.
Mence no country can be better fit'uated lor the advance-
ment ot trade and navi;;,ition.
The chi'. f mountains of l"rance are the Alps towards
Italy, the I'uenecs, which border on Spain, .ind thole
of the Ceveiuics and Auvercne.
With rclp -ct to minerals, Lan,'iiedoc is laid to have
veins of gold and fiUer. In .-X I fa e thefe metals have
been fiuind in the land of the Rhine j and the mountain
ofVVafeau, in that province, yields a lilvcr ore, which
is worked, and farther difeoveries are makin;^ after it.
Plenty of iron ore is found in v.irious parts ot the king-
dom, and in All.ice are mines of lead. Pit coal is prin-
cipallv found in Henne:^aii, and all parts of the kingdom
ni.ikc fall-petre. Here is .illo no w.int of maible; f,jr
fiiicc Colbert's time, (piarriis, pirticularly in I.angiiedoc,
Provence, and I'iourbonoois, are kept continually open.
France, however, produces few gems ; but has ui I,an-
guedoc a mine of excellent luri|uoile.s.
The country i; extremely well watered with navij'able
livers, the thui of winch arc the I, one, tiie Khone, ,the
Cjaronne, andtheSeine. ( )fthtlethe Loire isthc lar 'c.-ll'. It
riles intheinouiuaiiisol thcCcvcnnf , and taking its courle
xiorth and lu.rth- will, runs to Uileaiis ; and tiom thence
direilly welt by I oors, AiU'cr., mid Naiit' s, lill-
iiil; into the Weflern ocean tony miles beloiv the l.dl
tity i having received u\ its courle the Alher, Cher,
li.Jra, Cieule, Vienna, .iiid the iVlaine ; and has .1 com-
aiuiiikiitiuii with the bciiie, by iitu^iis «1 (he cunali ul
Briarc and Orleans. Its wiiolc couili.-, v.itli all l-^ ». j
Ings, Is computed to be about hve huiidud n.;ic"
I'lu; Khoue riles in the mountain of I. a I'ujj \ . ■
the province of Uri in Swilleiland, and runninX.!.!^
waid thiougli the country of the Valais, p.nlts ,°^j,. T
the lake ot Ucneva , ami having ulit.d that city 11
fouth-we.lt to Lyons, wlieic it joins the Soan, ai'j ',|,'.*
runs loulli till It lalls by three ieveial cnaniids imn 1.
MeJiteir.iiiean. '^
Ihe Garonne receive, its courfe in the mouniairs „f
Auie, 111 the county ol (Jonunj;cs. It hecoii,cJ,u,,
gabie at .\lura, and, alter tenigjuined by Icvaain <-s
changes us li.uiij into the Gircmde ; and at Imnui'j!,'
charges itlelt by two oulL:, into tt.c Atlantic m,!",-"
This river li,.s a telebiaied en..!, by wtuch the VW;'"""
ocean is jooi.d to the .Miditeiiaiicai'i.
■]'ne benieiiitj near Dnon, in UnrgunJy, and j,,,,
ning to the north- we'l viilis I'royes, I'ari:, .;:-,l kc,^,'
i:i its way, ind at length ialis into il.c j,..iiih c.il.ii'i"^
near HaMC de Ciiace. """"'"'
The country ot France is in general Lrtik-, vet i'.-i
many barien tr.icls and mountains. In lomc 'mtCi-
(itoJuces plenty, and 1:1 ..11 oi them a luidueiir. J, \C.
necellaries ol nie. In plentiful je.irs it yuld, nirr.-'c,':':i
th.in is necella;y lor tiie fuijlilteiicc of tlie inh.i'.'i:.i;;'[7.
but abadhaivell is generally lujceeded by a iclic.iV
and in war-time there has iieen often .1 gieat dcdrtji u!
grain, which is the oiore felt in this country as brcjd li
tne principal loud of tf.e inhaiiitant.-..
1 neir roots ditf.r much Irom o.Oo j lor here arc no
round turnips ; theirs are long and Iniall but wedtalicd
and being not lo llrong as "ours, are more prni,,;i 1 j
tlieir loups. Tlicy have ttw potatoes; but plenty ^f
Jtrufalem arliclioaks. I'hty abound in ■•alUiuaiititus of
laige red onions .md garlic; and ,dlo in lluliuis, roiH-
ambole, and leeks. I'iiele iail aic linaller tiu.i„ii..-
but thiee tunes a. long 111 :hc white part. Lettuce, m
the great and univerlal lallad. In /.pril and .\Lv tnj
markets aic lerved with vatl nuantnn.s of wliitc ijccti.
Alpaiagus IS here very pleniilul; an.l tney aie f.j foiijoi'
loiitl, ih.it laige fields aic planted with it. 'I'hiy aru
alio particularly fond ot niullirooms, oi wliieii tlicy i.j,:
levcial diflcKiit kinds.
'I'liib kingdom enjoys great plenty of wine, wMch i,
produced 111 all its provinces. Among the Icveral ficiKi
wines that ol Lhanipagiie is leckoiied the bell, it liui:'
a good ItomaJuc, racy, and 111 talle and llavoar i.vii„'^
lite, with an agreeable tartncls. That ot l>ui_;aiidv, ,t.;
belt ol winch is jirodui ed about IJe.iuine, h.is"'a iian,i.
lour, and .1 plcil.mt t.ille. 'I'tie wines of Aii^'cis .,:i.l
Oilcans .ue alio delicate, but a little healy. lin'j..;tni
IS produced a white wine tli.it lefeinbles kncaifn. I lij
neighbourhood ol Ijourdeaux and tile lower parts of Ciu,-
cony pro, luce excellent wines. Pontac grows in (imeiaiL.
.\lulcadcl and iiontini.ic are the delicious proilucl, of
Laiigued> c. Between V.ileiuc and St. Vallierc, aloil^
the banks of tlie Rnone, ispioduced a v.iy agri. ■■!./!;.■, but
roughil.h red wine that has a taltc nut iiiilikl- t.lat ol ;:i:-
bcriies; it is named hermitage, and is elleciitj lur r..
wiioleloiiienels.
1 he teiritories for oil of olives are i'rovenceand Lar-
gucdoc. Thcle .md other provinces pioducc laiti .',
and the northern paits in paiiicular have large oicliai- ,
and m.ike gieat i|uantities ol cyder, winch is tIRie -.i.:
Common dunk oi the inha'jitants, Homdeaux i.\.' .:
great i|uintities of prunes, and capin aie piiii. .,ijhv
jiroduied in the CI uiitiy abiMit Fouhm. Fla.\ and i,.Mj
iliiae in levcr.il , aits of the kingd iin ; but liniceJ i.pij-
iluced only in th • noith. Molt of the piouiico a'a,)Jhi
in wool, an.l lilk is cultivat--d with gie.it nil iioy, clp'.--
cully 111 Laii^neiloe, Piovtn.e, Lijiiiuu, and IJaiiuhiiiu ;
7 ' anj,
I'i?
tic mountains of
EUROPE.
Fran'ce.
jiirin" ail the time in whidi the inhabitants attend
pulilic prayers are offered up for the
ul infcills.
roJiiccs horned cattle, (hecp, and hogs
449
' KraiKC alio p ■ ■ , ft
, iiicv arc neither lo numerous, nor in general fo tat
\ n ihy as tholl- of Circat Hrilain. Good horfcs arc
*!' f„j,,ccd hcu-, as well as alfes, and a great number
f mules. Ciami md wild fowl aicinthe grcateft plenty,
I .rr.iiiclv 'o-d. Thc Dconle On thciea-coait cm-
. , m.|,,f,lni m nihmg. 1 he Tyrencan mountanis
f "irlh limber lor lliip-buildiof!, great quantities of which
'!cJilo piiahafal ..ut of Allace, Burgundy, and Lor-
' ,. but iu tht- other provinces the fearcity of timber
' ,j wood lor fuel biguis to bo more and more felt. This
[., Jum ;'lfo products plenty of lea and i'pring-falt.
SECT. II.
n, P.rfons, Drrfi, FcoJ, Mannns, and Cujhms of the
have not a place ; and Indeed there is fcarce a confiJcrabls
family in (he kingdom that has not feme preferment in
the ctiurch, the army, or the court.
The nobility and gentry of France never apply them-
felvcs to trade i they fcem indeed naturally deflgned for the
court or the army ; and if they happen to be of a melan-
choly difpofition, here are always convents, and nume-
rous prelerments to be met with in thc church. As to
their military virtues, it muft be acknowledged that they
do not want bravery, and have brought the art of war
to great perfection, there being no people upon earth
who attack or defend a place better than they, or are bet-
ter fkilled in fortification. As to their exercifes, thTC
are few French gentlemen who do not learn to dance, to
fence, and to ride the great horfe. '1 he ufual diverfions
of the French are gaming, of which they are very fond,
walking, or taking the air in coaches, and attending
plays and operas.
Thc French tongue is formed out of that of thc Gauls,
Romans, and Franks, with the additions and refinements
mwio In it (V,,™ rim« fn time hv Dcrfons of geiiius. till it
i!
Tf OT|;'i;
f*
' J;rr:'
1
ifSPlI
I mm
,■£'■' *r '■
■n
a gicat ilcarih o;
juu-.ry as brcid is
-■ i
iii
r
i 1
• i
'4:
>. I
C II A P. XXVIII.
Of the KingJom of T R A N C E.
;^ E c r. I.
/;; ^ymf, Siluothn, Esttnt, Cimnt,; MinnliiitK, M',::-
r.i.'i, Fojfils, Rljiii, Fiiiili, rf^ctiioUi, t:nd .huiiulu
F RANCH oinairicd \u prcfcnt mime from tlif I'rai.ks,
whj m the lif.li century lulL'.l out ui Cciin.uiy
laio Cuil, and uKi.lc tlicmkhcs in.ilkis ot' llic wholL-
coiiritry, fi(jm tl.c Rhuic to ilm nioutli of tlic l.oiri;.
1 liis_ k;M.;il(.i)i Is bnuiiJt',! bv the lintilh ch.uincl, an.l
the Ncllarlaii.h, tow.li.l.s the rorth ; on th: c.i'i bv (lei -
many, Swifil-rland, and Italy ; on the f.iuth by the
Mediterranean lea. and Sjiii.i <■••"" —u -w ;. •- •-
B.urc and ()rl.ans. Its whole courle, v.ith all Itc „,• .
...g;, .. eon.iuued to b. about hve huudu!j „' -e" '"''^••
i he Khuue nies ,„ the n.oui.taui ct La l.;," ^ •
the provinee ol Uri ,n Sw.lieiland, and .umun '«"
wa.J ih,.,u£l, Uie country ot the Vala, IT '^ *'""
the ja^e o, u.neva . auu\,av,n, v . '.n*^ '"v""?^''
fouth-wcU >oI.y.„.„ w„e,e ■< J^u,. the 6 a , 'j 7'
MeJucMaiicii. '•'lui.ij „|,u ,1,^
.4ueatAlut.,a,:dra.erfe„.,[:"iedtt*:::irr
l.tti/mit-*/ ti-r^/u tu/u-rti/ ii,ir^iivt
.? U \t <[« /] i\ J I : t>\ -\ >i\ .'/\ /\'' /\/
( 448 )
C II A P
XXVIII.
Of the Kingdom of F R A N C E.
SEC T. I.
It! Kume, Sltu.'iirin, Extm, Climaie, Miimtmm, Mim-
r.di, Poj/iii, Kljin, Fiiiils, I'cgctablis, criil .inimah.
F RANCH (ilnaliicd ilj prcfcnt name from tin- Franks,
who ill the liltli century pjlllvl out of Cicun.iny
i.ito (i.uil, anJ iiia.lc thcniklvcs m.iftcrs of llic whuii-
coiiiitrs', fium the Rhine to tlie month of the Loire.
This kin.;il<iMi is bounJi-d by the IJritilh channel, an.l
the Netlurlaiiili, towards the i-orlh ; on the cail by Ger-
many, Swili'erhuid, and Italy \ on the foiith by the
Mediterranean fea, and Snun fr,.™ ...u:-l :. ■- i .
Biurc and Orleans. Its whole courfe, v.itli all [,. „.• .
ings, lb toni|>utcd to be about five liundurj n'i'c
Ihe Rhone rifes in the mountain ot U i'uiir i ,. ■
the province of Un in Swilleiland, and ruiinin.''u'.;''
waid ihiougl. the country of the Valais, paiii!, 'u,rr h'
the laU oHjcneva , am] havMiL; vifit.d th.it utv n"'
fouth-welt to I.yon,, wheie it joins the So.ii,, .'.J t!','
ru... Kiutn tii, rt iail. by thice .eve.al c,ia„i,j'. J '
iviL\im.ir.inejn. '"^
1 he Claroiwie rcctivo its courfe in the mouniai'
Auie, 111 the county ot Conuii.'ts it
,. .1.: \ i..^ . 1 . ^'
W of
'ecoiiicj nan.
yabie at Alur.t, and, ai;cr tein^ |.;iMcd bv U\lu\ r,
Pl''l :ii
fJ ;! r
-r,.
<X^
^
\[itrfth»^ '
V
V
J "^
Vlii;*-
fcmir
1*1 - .. -. ■ l__ / I '^
'-'ii-./,. ••'^'*^' ;»»•■'''
Cr ri. F o f
r
■JJITJiJy'^'
JufnfliAtia JCiuf /h'
fil/r^'"'^''
,.■ /I,'//,-
lefcrvc. The Fr
Ke prerogatives o
of i,tlleulc with rr
1 t.\i; moumains cf
France.
EUROPE.
449
I cliirifi!; a!l the time In which the inhabitants attend
'"tliclill'-W"''"'"' public prayers are otFcred up tor the
""ifiKrity cifibole ulfl'ul infects.
f '[.{jii^e all'" prciJutis horned cattle, (hecp, and hogs ;
i,, tiicv are neither to numerous, nor in general fo fat
,1 i1 Ihy as tboll- <it' Cireat Kritain. Good horfcs are
'?j,,r()Juced hcu', as well as aires, and a great number
"fniul"- tian-ic ind wiUl fowl ate in the grcateft plenty,
Lj extremely go .d. The people on the fca-coatt em-
■ iln.nilflvcs in fifhing. The I'yrenean mountains
(irJi timber lor Ihip-buiTding, great quantities of which
"callK pu'thafed ..ut of Alfacc, Burgundy, and Lor-
' ,- • but in the other provinces the fearcity of timber
.',; wood for fuel begins to bo more and more felt. This
l:n'Jom alio produces plenty of lea and Ipting-falt.
SECT. II.
have not a place ; and indeed there is rcarceaconfidcrable
family in the kingdom that has not fome preferment in
the cmirch, the army, or the court.
The nobility and gentry of France never apply them-
felvcs to trade ; they feem indeed naturally defigned for the
court or the army ; and if they happe;^ to be of a melan-
choly difpofition, here are always convents, and nume-
rous preferments to be met with in the church. As to
their military virtues, it muft be acknowledged that they
do not want bravery, and have brought the art of war
to great perfedlion, there being no people upon earth
who attack or defend a place better than they, or are bet-
ter fkilled in fortification. As to their exercifes, there
are few French gentlemen who do not learn to dance, to
fence, and to ride the great horfe. Ihe ufual divcrfions
of the French are gaming, of which they are very fond,
walking, or taking the air in coaches, and attending
plajs and operas.
French tongue is formed out of that of the Gauls,
ysa
Ihe
_ ,. r ; ,if , -.. / r. ii.^r «/•(',. 1 ne rrencn tongue IS tormeu out or mat ot tne Vjaus,
f, f,rjom, y >' ,. . ' ., ,,' ,.„, , -^ /•<„_,„',., 'Romans, and t ranks, with the additions and refinements
r „ ,'i 'Thar Kehsio'i, Aits, Miinujaclurn, Lamiiutu; i • ■. ,- ■ ■ l r c ■ m •
'•'"•''; ■"•'" •"•"i i 1 J > made in It (rom time to time by perfons of genius, till It
..^./tiO/". arrived at its nrefent ncrfei^Hon.
arrived at its prefent perfection.
The eltahliflicd religion in France, fince the repeal of
the edift of Nantes in 1685, is the Roman Catholic;
THE French are generally (lender, nimble, .lilive,
;,ihI well-proportioned ; their hair and eyes are for
•nemoll part black, their complexions brown, and the yet in Dauphine, Languedoc, and other provinces, there
jV J j^,i,j of giving a high colour to their cheeks. The are fuch a number of fecret Proteftants, that they have
' iiili; 111 g'^'"-f''' '"''■' 'Tierry, fprightly, and fcldom lay been computed to amount to no Icfs than three millions ;
n ihini; to heart ; they are familiar, and acquainted but thofe, on account of their religious allemblies, at
jiih 1 Ttranger at firft figlit ; but many are extremely which Ibmetimes great numbers have been prefent, have
, n and moll of them remarkably talkative. The been cruelly harralled and perfecutcd ; and in 1745 fome
onimoii people are in general extremely extravagant in Protefhnt preachers were hanged, laymen were fcnt to
iheir drc'S) though they live as meanly as poflible with the galleys, women to the convents, and children forced
r;ac:t to provifiiiiis. ! away from the arms of their parents. The French Pro-
I he French arc far from eating the fame quantity of teltants now perform their public worflilp with as much
ftfli that we do, nor do they ol'ten drels it in the fame fecrecy as if it were a crime to hear the Gofpel read, and
_.,,„ji- Iricailees, rnsouts, halhes and foups difgu! -d to offer up their devotions to their Maker ; for this pur-
r'^ onions, herbs, and Ipices, are preferred before joint i ' pofe they meet in private cellars and caverns remote l^rom
kill! urroalkcl^ and what they do boil or roaH has f'carce public view. The clergy are frequently very aitive in
liiopof iT.ivy left. They keep their meat before they | perO/cuting them ; but outward compulfion is lodged in
d'e'iit till it is very tender ; for as their meat is leaner, j the hands of the temporal magiftrates alone, who are
t-,cr and more. (Iringy than ours, their keeping it longer | feldom backward in lending their affiftance when it is re-
n'jt only inakes it lei's tough, but improves the talte ; quired by a prieft. In Alface, however, the Proteilants
ti eciallv as the drynefs of the air preferves it from that j are openly tolerated by virtue of a treaty, and in many
cS'T-eablc multinel's which flale meat acquires by the | places even the Jews.
campnefs of our moifter climate. But as the French cat 1 The privileges of the Galilean church, or the church
niiich lefi meat than we, and are exceflively fond of foup, j of France, are pretty confiderable. Ihe principal of
th^v ufiully cat twice the quantity of bread, which is thefc are the following :
■ 1 A .L _ _ ii^. J ii, j^-niporal affairs, and fuch as relate to govern-
ment, neither the fovereign, nor his officers, or magif-
gL.itrally exceeding light and good. As they are flran-
f.ritiithc fine fat firloin and rump of beef, and other
Lge joints which in Great Britain grace the tables of
people even in middling circiimffances, they are unac-
(jjunteJ with the many Englilli diflies tailed by the ge-
nciil mine of puddings. 'Vhe wealthy, however, fup-
n!f this deficiency with fwcetmcats, and a number of
hide delicacies ; but the poor mechanics, and all the la-
bouiing part of the nation, live almoft entirely on fbups
ind vegetables. In Lent the common people teed much
ciiwii°e kidney-beans, that is the feed boiled, and on
white lentils, a fort of pulfc not known in England ; and
tratcs, are fubjciS to any church-difciplinc, inflifted either
by the bifliops or even by the pope himfelf.
II. The pope has no other jurifdiiition in France than
what the kini"; is pleafed to grant him ; his nuncios and
legates a Ltcrc arc only confidercd as envoi's from the
court of Rome to that of France, and cannot in viiliie
of any papal mandate interfere in affairs of jullice, un-
Icfs luth mandate has previoufly received the king's lane-
tion, and has been formally regiftercd in parliament.
III. The calling and holding all ecclefiaifica! alTemWies,
jrictv of lallads, fome of which grow wild in almoft 1 with the confirmation of their decrees, depends on the
tvcry field. ! civil power, without requiring the knowledge and con-
Thc French are fo far from being addii5led to jealoufy, fent of the pope.
that it is good manners to commend the beauty ofi IV. The king is impowered to cna£l laws that merely
1 woman, and to extol her charms even before her 1 concern the ccclefiaffical conftitution, and to limit the
hulband's face. The women in general behave without exercife of the power of the clergy ; and without the
refcrvc. The French are much cominended for their , king's permillion and ratification, no law of the church,
obedience to their governors, and pride themfelves on either by the biffiops or the pope, can lubjedt any one
to outward penalties or punilhnient, or even tochurch-
difcipUne.
V. The pope can levy no money in France, on any pre-
tence whatever, except the lees and imports allowed hiin
own laws j but their privileges are fwallowed up by | by the concordat ; though the king can tax the cleruy
the prerogatives of the crown, and their parliaments are without (landing in need of a papal mandate, a privilcW
of l.ttleulc with rcfpeft to their legifiative capacity, except ! which other princes muft purchafe by paying a quota of
to rcgillcr the edidts of the fovereign, which they may 1 fuch tax to the fee of Rome. It is but lafly fince the
indeed rcmonftrate againll, and prefent their petitions to king enjoined the clergy to pay the twentieth penny,
have them rendered more favourable to the people ; but \ and for that purpofc to deliver in an inventory of their
it the king continues obllinate, they are at lalt obliged ' c(tatcs and incomes. This indeed occalioned a great
to fubniit. Their lands are fo highly taxed, that fniall . ferment, till in 1753 the clergy confcntcd to pay the kino-
dates will fcircc aiford the proprietors a fubfiftence, who the annual fum of twelve millions of livrts, under the
Si I 5 X name
their profound veoeratioii for their prince ; but while
the people had any thing to contend for, rebellions and
civil wars were as frequent in France as in any other
country. They had once the privilege of making their
;
i
^3<J
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Vr
ANCt.
I,
|.' 'I. > I
mi
h B
V
f lu
m t
inmc of a five gift, without bcinj; cxcmptnl from the
ufual free gitt which thty bring ti> the throiii: every
five years.
VI. No crclcfiailical foundations, nor any new order of
monks aiul iiiiii>, aic to hi: inirnducid without waii.iiil
from the kin/ ; ard the rules of fuch order are fuhject to
the cogni/.;iiice and amendment of thr civil poiver.
VII. I'hc king nominates all arrhti'lhops and hilhops,
abbot;; and priors, except with refpuiil to th • latiei, wheie
tile convent isinduli'.ed with tlie choice ol i!> lupeiiur.
VIII. The eccieliallical jiinldii'tion i-i lo far fubuidinate
to the civil power, that appeals ti<m\ the leniences of llie
It'clenallical Courts are recemd by the parli.'inent.
Ill the whole kingdom aie eighn.en arclibifhop'., a
hundred and tiiirtecn hilhops, twenty-two thoulaiid two
t-tyi- hull lied and ninety-one priells, fevci hundred and levcn
abbies for men, three hiin.lred and l.veiitecn abbies and
jiriorica for wonun, befidts a great nuinhir of other con-
vents, f.vMtlii-r with two bundled and liiiy cotninaiuh-
ries of the order of M ilta, among wlii.h are \\\ gi.uil
piiorien, and four principal coniniaiidciies. The annual
revenues of ilie arc libifliopb and bi(li..ps amount in liie
vhiile to lour millions tluechundi id and tiiiily-ieventhou-
faiid l.vrcs. Tiic number of monks .iiij nuns is comput-
ed In the whole at above a hundred .<nd nine'y thnuland,
whn'e iiKome i^ laid ijrcaily to cxiicd a hundred mil-
lions of livres. 'rhecccleri.illK.d ll ite i> compile. I ofeigli-
tJ 'n provinces, each of wMicli coiiiill; ol an aichhilhnpnc,
and ihe biflmps luhordinatc to it.
Tnc French h.i/^ ;'lu'ays diltinguifhcd tbcmfelvcs by
their (kill ill the arts and fcienccs. P.iiir.iiig was ("nil
brought to picat perihelion ainuiiL; tnem und.r Iraiics I.
when koux and I'MikiI'lo lifilogii ("e introJu.e.l all tlic
biMuty of thai art into Fiance i and liiice that lime ihis
kingdom has produced feveral eminent matiers. In 164S
was inllitiUcd at Paris the royal academy of painting
and I'culpture \ but it is laid that the ingenious art ul
painting is now on the decline in I'raiice, and is lupport-
, frivolous tallc, which is far from tcndin
phine, I.angiiedoc, and I'rovcnrc a!'u,e, annaally amount
cd to one million eight hundred ihnufaiiJ poundi wci .ht
However, the revocation of the cdidl of Nantes has b«ii
ollhe prcateft detriment to this trade, by loinpclliiiMl •
nianulaeturers to fly from Kr.iiice, to leclc that 1 " "'
ijoy that religious libirtv, which the
lowed to podefs at home. Hence the art <„ wci^i,,,,
JiiJ
yi.i
and to enjoy that t'elinious libirtv, which tluy wcrVn"t
,.,,., '•■'"■'-■ t*": ^ft <if wciv
lilk IS become aimed uiuverlally known, and Kn ,|j
has been enabled to furpals in the elegance aiij bairty",'
ihcir patterns the French thenifelve.s. Wiilnn ihifc l^'i
hundred yearj the French have coiiliderahiy iiti|ii,n.'.j
their woollen manulaiiiures, in winch they have K-t
ailillcd by the clandelline exportation of wool from (;,''( ?
Ifritain and Ireland. Hence the cloths and other woi.lio
IhilFsmadc at Abbeville, are little interior either in linciK'f!
or goodnefs lo the Knglilh. .'^evcral provinces :ili„u,|j „,
mmufaihires of linen, threarl, and fail-clmh ; ani at
Cambray is made the hnc and lieautilul linm cilaJCdm.
bray linen, or cambrick ; and St. (^liiitin excels in j|J
lawns. I'he glafs manufacture is alio of great .ilvm,.
lagc to France. In 1688 one Abraham I hcvirt conlrivcj
a method for raiting better and larger plaies of louliii,,
glafs than had been before known. Viiircniici has »|i;i
amanufaiilory of very handlonie porcelain,
'I'he tiadc ol F'rance is very conlidiraHc, thnipH if :,
nothing nearfogreit as it was lormerly : it coMiltiuf
1 i;-Kl an. I lilvcr brocades, gold and (liver einlirjidcn-
(ilk (lulls, Caitiiis, (ewuig hlk«, crapes, rambric, l,iw;i'
hne linen, laces, toy, and millinery ware, upelir,, , J
various kinds, line cloths, plufli, woollen (lii>tV, f;, '.
cloth, lookin^;-L'lall'. s, ili inking- glade?, papr.r, inrc'.
nienr, Ibpc, knives, and other hard- ware ; wnics r,f m
(bits, vinegar, brandy, c un, hemp, (1
wood, pol-alh, piten, turpentine, oil ol turpm.iir
linlecd (ul, and oil ot olives, almonds, ra'Tiiii, ch;
nuts, fi^s,
mules, c'ic
111:7
iln:il I, .J
piuncs, capers, nuts, honey, f.ilfron, !;1:
The navigable rivers arc of great advantage lo ihc in.
land trade, and thcic Have bcenjoini-d.it a vaft ctni-ac;
molt lamou-; i>; which 's thi- r. rv.il'eja.l
'I'ne coalt tiade 1.. very eonridiniW,-- foj
y this the maritime piovinc s re(ipiorj!;y I'upf iy eacli
own priKiiicc. ihe I. iiJ trade is car-
Jnd, by tlie waj' ol Lviwis
eidier »i;li llieir
lied on wilh .Swill'-iland, by tlie way ol l.jiwis j tu (Je;.
many, till. uif^h Mi,/. ...nd >tr..flsurg 1 to ilill.inJ, bvthc
cd by a frivolous tallc, which is far from tending to the
improvement of the liberal arts. Flngraving has been ; by can.ils, :he
br uh;lit to a p, rle>:tion yet unciiualled in any other pan i in Langucd
of F.iiropc. France has alio made great advances in
llituary. It h.is .dl'o been famous for iis architects ; .md
tile gf.-ai ("oi'.'.Tt, in 1671, founded a nyal academy of
aichitecture, who now hold their n.^-etiiigs in the f/ouvre.
The Flinch learn..d the ait of ih:p l'iiii(1;:ig from theLiig- i wjv of l.ilL- i i.iid 10 S;..iin, by the w.iy of I'tfii'iun
Mil. 'I'heir icpiit.irion in milit ty aichitecture is iv. II aiul Hayonnc Tr.i Ficnili p"rts on the Channel aiiJ
Jeiiown, and liiev alio excel moil iMiio'is in j^-unneiy and 1 tiie W'ciicrn iKcan arc In.iiuented by all tiic ti.iJin; u\-
lire-w.irks. At Paris, btlidcs the aiil.en: uiiivcil'iiy and tion:. ot Fiiirope. I he trmle with Fnglaml, the Unite I
royal college, aie four academic.-,, nameh' the i'uiich j i'lovinces, and It Iy, is of great advantage to Frar..f.
acadeniv, tlie academy o( iiilciiptiuic. .irid liclles IcMcs, ; However, but (cwFreneh l)iips are leeii in the port: if
ttiat of iurgery, an.l the academy of (cences, wiih tiiree | the iioitherji n.iiions. Thcii trade on the Mc.litcrra.iti.i
others lui the education of young nohlemen. liciides 1 wnli Afia and .All ica has for (bmc years b
theic there aie eiahtccn other univerUii^s in Fiance, and ] fi<!erahlr.
li;vcral academies lor the (ciencc-, am! thepdite .irt
en very ron-
;ind the far greatelt part of it is larritd on by
I the city of .Marieillts al v.r. l hey alio carry on a con-
I lidcL.bie traffic to (luiiiea for gold, ivory, and (l.ucsicr
, ih ir American colonits. The F!alt liidi.i tiadc is inilie
I hands of a company at Prut L'Oriciit, in llritt.iny.
Aecounts arc kept in France in livrei, (ous, anJ if-
' niers. One livrc coniaiiis twenty (ous, and one In
The IrciKl-. manufacturer and productions arc fupport
ed and improved with thcgrcatcit diligence. Jty the .id-
vicc of tne above-mentioned Colbert, tliat wile en-
courag'.T ol manufaiflure> and the liberal .irts, Lewis
XiV. creeled the maiiufa:'. ire o( the liohcliiis at P.ms,
which is lo called fro .1 two brother^, Cjiles and Jonii , twelve di iiicrs. The French livie is nearly of thevaljc
(i.)b.!in, who under Francis I. fuuiul ^i.it the inetii(;d | of ten-pern e, one (ou is veorth a half-penny, ar.. conff-
ol dying a mud heaatilul (carlet, which was afterwards 1 quenily the denier is the fixth part of a farthinj. Thm
called by tl'.cir nam.'. Fhc hoal'e of ihe Ciduliiis at ' deniers make a liard, which is alio a fmall piece i,:
Paris i:i full of the works of the moll excellent matters in copper
tape(!ry, till-gree, and leulpture ; and in the article of
tapeiiry alone no lei's than two bundled pc; (oils are con-
iianiiy cindoyid. There are alio conlidcrablc manufac-
ni:e.s of tapelt y in fcveral other parts of the kingdoin.
The F'leneh hillorv.ns iiilorm us, that l"i.k manuiactuies
were tirll: fet up in Fiance in the reiijn ot Lewis XI, yet
in the time of H.iiry II. (ilk wa.s (o Icarce, that the km;', |
w.isthehrit who h.id ever been (ecu wii!i a pair of lilk'
(i ;c!eiiigs on, which were a part ot nis dul's at the mar- i
rjagc ot his filler. I'hc lucceediiig kings made good re- [
gulalions with rcfpect to the culture of liik, and the |
p!ai!tiii_' of white mulberry-trees ; but it was not till the
tune -It Lewis XIV. that this was brought to any con- I
(iderable degree of piofperiiy 1 and under his government
the ijuaiitiiy of uw iilk produced in the province ufUau- ,
The French filver coin is the ecu. or crown, cau.il
to three livies ; lixty foli, or (even hundred and twci.;y
deniers, eejual to our half-crown. One louis blancii
five fliillings.
'I'he gold coin arc the louis d'or, of one pound vi-
lue; there aie alio double an. I half louis j and a pilli!.'
is eight fliilliiigs and four-pence.
SECT. in.
Aisnaft Uijhry cf Frame. The Titles "fthe King \ H. Sn-
Cijjiin to the Thionc : Ilis jiirni, Cvwulim, Enfrny
kc\:.lty ; ih: ihff\re)t O'dtn of the Koliiilj-, aiH •'
Knighthocd \ the Parliumtnti; tie guet OjJ-.nn eft"
Cryx-
'■■y, was t.iken pn.
k'i'iiiis, .Tiiii their t.
Ill 12K5, the kli
■' *ii tit Fi.ince,
Jill .jiieiii of iN'av
'■■•"'■ ll,c govern
Fkance.
Crni/n tii'l ef tht Il-iiftioU ; th grml CounJii t/St.ii.-,
t^RANCF, waj amicntly inlialiilcil by ihc Ci'Ii.t, on
t^ wiioiii till' Uiiiiuiii lirll coiilcrtLiI ilw ii.imc ul C!.uil»,
,i,j Julius Ci-(jr iiiliiccil ihc country into .1 Roiii.iii
nrovincc. I" ''"^ ft'''' century the Hmyumlians, Vili-
roihs, ;"»' i.ri'toiis, Ictlleil in Itvtral pans ul (laul.
Thtfc were liulowcJ by the Franks tioiii Cjcrni.my,
who under Mirovic anJ CliilJvric conijucrLd a [i.iit of
^jjjl^ and unJtr C'luvis txtvnd.J their duminidn Imni
lilt Khiiii; to the mimih ul ihc I^oirc ; for kinj; Cluvis,
^\\o wj:> bapti/x'J in ^i)b, (|U(llccl the Hui^iindian-,
\;|i"()ths, and inhabilants of Driltany.
X^iliiis time tlic kingdom of the Franks was divided
inij Aullrafia, or the calt p.irt, and Niullna, or the
»fil ) aiiJ on thedcceafe of C'iovi,, hii four lunidivid-
iJ ihtir father's km-Joiu amoMj; them.
1 he lands of Cjaiil were on thtir being conquered by
the Franks diltiibutcd among their offic.rs, and tiiile wnh
ihcckfy forniid the lirll great couiiiiU or parliaincntr..
Thus the ijovcrniiuiu .n);•■•,l:^ to have been a mixed nm-
nirchy, in w hith notlim^^; oi niunient wa:. tranfacled wiih-
ml lie gr.ind touni.il of the nation, coiiliilinjj; of tlie
priiicip.ilofliin*) who held theiriand, by nniiiai) tvir.irts:
^.jiilo ihe coiiqULied (laiiU were rtdiieeil tn a (Kite of
IcivituJc, and manured tlic lauds for the f 1 iiik>.
This was the conllitutioa of the govenniKiit, till
C'r.Jilcs Marcel in 73;., ubnped the fimii i_;niy. This
ribliraaii was maifhal of F ranee, or mayor ol i.ie paUee,
j;.,,i ii.iil long exertifed the fovercign power in lie name of
Chi:i."'. a weak and indolent prince. The Saiaeens,
vino nad made themfelves mailers of the foutli ol F'lanee,
f.iKirjtinj, into the heart of the kin;;doni, be enure-
;■ litftatcd' them, and driving them out, was confidcied
i,ibt.!tliverciol ChriHeiidom: he there became fopopular,
injt *iin tni- conlent ol the people, and even of tlie pope,
k;j!!uii;edthe dommion of F'rance ; and having a viclo-
ii-j>;arriy it his command, not only dcpoil'd the king,
tjtiuidt'Kd liimfell anabfolute prince, by depriwng the
nui.im and tUigy of their (hare in the govern, iient.
His Ion Pepin fuccecdcd him in the throne, but re-
HjreJtne privileges of the nobility and clergy, on their
F. U R O P E.
451
i^ifiin;;
til exclude the former r.ice of ki
Me alfo
JuiJid the provinces among his principal nubilily, al-
Uiug them to excrcife fovereign authority in thtir te-
f|XCt.»e governments; till at length aH'uming a kind of
iinitjKnJine;,, they only acknowludged the kmg ;!■. thiir
hcjd; and ihis gave lilc to the niimerous piineipalilics,
anJ their fivtral parlianuiit., every province retaining
I'll lame form of govcmment ihat iiaj been cxeieilcd in
ISC wnole; and nol:'.\v> wrrj made, or taxes railed, with-
tjlthi' concuueiue ot the nnb'lity imd clergy.
Cha:lcni.igne, or Charles the Gri.at, tne I in of Pepin,
C3ili|i:tred Italy, tjeri:iaiiy, and part of ^pain, and was
crowiuJ tmiitior of the Rimi.ul'-, i"y [-.ope I.eo, in the
)t'3r S:3, and liuin him u.i^ di.feendcd the race of kings,
ullcd t'.'.i. C'ailcningian line. About eighty yiars after
n-.df.ilh of Chirlemagiij, the empire was divided fiom
I . -nice, and that country fuft'ercd much from the invafion
c ihc Noiauni.
Tne C'ailoviii^ian r.icc of klnas continued fovcrel^ris
i'F:;ince nil ilie reign of Lewis V. when in 987, Hugh
Lj|ict, a popular nobknian, all'umcd the throiu, and be-
pii liicC.p'.tiiie line of moiiaichs. Crufadoe.s, or txpeui-
im' to tile Holy Land, for the rerov ry of Jerulalem
III 11 Ih" S.iraeeiis, being preached up by order of tlie
;i.l.i-, the ptinees of tvcrv kingdom in F'.urope en-
i.^'-il in thefe l-lfely called I loly v\ars, in which Cluif
ij.ly was to be propagated by tire and I'word ; and in
V, . ,n ffviral bundled thmifnid Chrilliaiis perilhcd : but
I j^^hiliiy at length took Aitioth, Jeiuf.ikm, and ll.e-
1.1 i.l!icr hiong places, they l.dt them all aga;ii within
'.ID hijiiiired years, Lewis IX. with mod of the noi.i-
' :y, was taktn priloners in L-ypt, in one of thefe cxpc-
i.* ii:is, .niid thtir tanfoins colt an imnienle I'um.
la 1285, the kingdnin of Naiarrc was .idded to t!u-
tr All ot Fiance, by the maniagc of I'hilip IV. wilh
j :\' oiii-Tii of Navaiic. Dnnng this reign the coiillitu-
i:..\,' i!.c ^.ovcmmcnt recei,i.d .1 ccnlidtiablc alteia-
tion; for the nobility .inJ clerpy rcfufi:i;; to grant the
king the I'lipplies he demanded, he luniiiioncd the depu-
ties or lepufeniatives of the enmniiins lu palliammr,
.iiid on thiir gianting liini what he wanted, conltilutej
them a ihiid It.ite.
In 1 j4.(, Flubcit count dauphin of Viriine transferrcj
his dnmiiiions III the ciown of France, on coiidiaon
that the king's cidell fon fliould ever after be Itiled
dauphin.
Kilward II[. king of Flngland, laying claim to the
crown of I'ranee, on account of his iv ng defeended in a
diiecl line liom I'bilip tV. inv.ided tha. kingdom) and in
I 546, obiaincd a complete victory at Crelly in I'icaidy,
and the next year took Calais. In IjjO, the French
were agiin defeated at I'oiiilieri, by Edward the Ulaelc
prince, the eldelt Ion of Ldward liL and king John and
his ion I'hilip (nought prifoner;. to Lngland.
At lengih the French king CharK s V I. being fcizeJ
with a kind of phrcnfy, and becoming unfit to govern,
the duke . of Iluigundy ,ind (Jrleans conti-iided for the ad-
miniilraiion, and the nuarrcl grew to that height, tiiat
the duke of Uuigundy caufcd the duke of Orleans to b«
aHafrinaltd in the ftreets of Paris, whitli laid the founda-
tion for a civil w.ir, /\bout the fame time Hcmy V.
king of Ln;;land, invading France, obtained a viiluiy at
Agineouit in 1415. The Fieneh now propofed a iteon-
lili.ition beiwte.i the duke of liurgundy and the family
of Dilf.iii-, J and a coirereiicc was held between the
young ibike of ()i kails .1:1.! the duke of Uuigundy, to.ie-
eouiinodaie matters; but at a fccoiid coiifeienee, the
dauphin and the dukeo; (.)ileans ci'.uled the Juke of Lur-
gunJy to be murdered. l'|ujn this llie ipieen and the
young duke of Hurgundy joined the Flr^l.lh, with whrif;
airill.iiice king Henry made an almoli tntiie con. pull of
F'r.mcc; and a pailiaiii>?iit being lield at Paris, iii'. kinj;
ol F.iipland was made ir-cnt ot Fr.iiice, iluring th-' lifj
of the Frenthking Chailes VL decl.<red fuecedur to thjt
crown; .ml at the Time time maincd ihc princcfs Catha-
rine, the I'rciich king's iiau,'htir. fCiiig H'.iiiy liy iiig,
and leaving an infant li'i'., th.it iiif.int was cicwneu king
ol France at P.iiis, in 14^1 ; but Ch..il< s tlie i'.ii;phin al-
io cauting himlelf to be pioclaimed kinj, recovered
all the countries tli.it had been taken by the F^ii^;-
\n the year 1498, died Charles V'lH. the lad of the
fi'll line of the lioufe ol V'alois, on which the crown Jc-
I'l ended to Lewis Xli. duke of C)rltaiis. 'Fhrec of his
foils fuiceeded him in or.ier. Under the firlf, namely
Francis II. the religious difpires began to break out lit
France, the Protellants were pei feruled, and under
Chailis IX. thefe difputcs occal'ioned two civil wurs ; af-
ter the eonelufion of which, on the i8th of Aiiguil 1572,
was perpetrated the barbarous mallacre of Pans, which
lelt an indelible (lain on the hllfoiy of Franee. Altcr-
vi'ards king Henry III. being thought to lav mr the Pro-
tellants, was allainnatcd by one Clements, a monk. His
legal fuiceiror was Henry I\'. king of Navarie, the fiifl
ol the boule of Bouibon, that fat i.n the tlirunc of
F"rani.e : but he being a Prottilinr, was i.blliiiatcly op-
poftd by the popifli party ; and though he cli.inocj his
religion in onler to plcale his fubjects, yet having p.,fllj
theedicl of Nantes, fur the toleration ot the Pi(Helbnis,
be v.'a, alVa(!l;iated in 1610, by one Kaviiliac, a monk, in
the llrcets of Pa; is.
Lewis XIIl. a minor of iiire yc.irs of age, furcccdine
to the throne, Mary ot' Medici.,, his mother, was de-
cl.ired regent. She continued lo invade the libcitics i.f
the fubjects, and revived the pcil'eeution agnnll tlie Pro-
tellant^, which oerafKiiud anotlur . ivil ivar. Cirdiiul
Richlieu, bei.ig about this time i.uroliiced into the nii-
iiiliiy, entirely lubdued ti-.e parliaiuiit of Paris, and put
a tinal period to the liberties of ti'e pcopl.'.
On the death of Lewis Xlil. .;iid that of caidinal
Richliea, which happened
lame time, his fon
Lewis XIV. liicciedcd 10 the throne, and in his loi'f
rei^n carried the power nf France to its grcatcf! hiiyht.
I'o his kingdom he added the piovinees of Alfa.e an-.l
Ruufillon, with a conlidcrable p.irt or" the NcthcilaiuN,
I'lanche Comtv, or the earldom of liuriniiidy, and the
principal city i>\ Orange. He alio onlari:-,! Iiis dominiona
in .\niviic.'. and .Ana, and placed Ins g.iiidloii rhilip of
Aiii.ia
I
1 7 n
b
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m
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illh ^rfl
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li
4ji
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
•1 ^^l^i
A rms-
<' ?!
If •;•'
\m
li .'
Anjt'u on tfic tiirone of Sp.iin, while navigation anJ ma-
liuljchiics wrrr imprnvcil tluMii';hiitit tlic Kingdom. Kiit
thcbruvcry nnii flvill of the (jrt t il.ikcut Matlbi)r,iii[;li let
bniinJ» to Ills cunqiieds, wliiili li id I'ccn CiirrnJ nn witli
thf utmollcriiilty i and mi p.nilml.ir on his iiivaJin;; t'.e
Pj'.uinali- uf the Khine in i6)i>), he hiirrit ajid dcltioycd
all the tine towns in that country. He alio ie|iealcd thi.
*J it ot Nantfs, and hegan a fc ere pirlecution aj^ainll
the I'rotel'inis, who (lid into I'nalind and uihcr coun-
tnci, wlicie tliey frt ii|) lilk nuiiutailhirc?.
Lewi. XIV. was (liteceded hv hi> great ':;rani!fiin
I/Cwij XV'. the pr>.rent klnir, on the lirlt of Se^teiiihcr
17 1 5, and i\' .s criiwried at Riiei ini on th.' 25th ot'Octolier
i;v.2. 15iit we fli.ill not here re.apitui ite the accouiit3
ol hi^ rei;;n, which are tulli in cvrrv one's memory.
'I'he title 111' the '<iii\g is Lewi, XV'. 'ly ih,r grace of
(ind kiiij; of France and Nav.iire. The title of fire or
loll], is given hmi 'v hi.> lulije^b, a> .1 maiL of his unli-
niited power; and toreiyiiers lf\le liini the nio!l Chrif-
tiin king, or hi» molt Chiilliaii nnjelh ; hut the kind's
fuhjciili arc not 10 make ule of it. .Siuee the year 1 ^4^,
when llub.rl ciuiit d.iuphiii of Vieniinls, a. hath been
already iiitiinited, united his eountry to the crown ot
Kr..ncc, the kinj;s eldcll Inn, and prefumptivc heir to
the crown, has luen Ityml daup'in,
Aecurliii .; to Ftcneh wi iti 1 ■- 'lu ir kin:; never dies, but
r.i fonn as \\\< eyes are cinlid, the m xt piin-e of ihi-
blood lu^cet'ls to the throne, and is inll.intly invelt. d
With the I'upr inc .uithotity 1 but wiiere the km;; is a
minor, tiiat is, before he has entered ilie fnurtetntii year
1,1 his age, the adiiiiiii(tr;iti( n of the inieernni' nt is eii-
tiiilledtoa regent, ulually the (pi'diinother, or a prince
of the hlooJ, accofdinp to the deternini.iiion of in. p.ir
lianunt at I'aris, in which the reft ol the kin doni g -
neially aviiuielcc. IJut if the deceafed kiny h.is ap-
loiiueda rejjent by his will, t:'.at is feldom di pited.
When a new king cnteis into his fmiueenth year, he
goes in j^;rc.:t ftate to the parliament of l^lrl^, attended
by the princes of the blood, the peers, and pcncr.d offi-
cers of (late. This alUnihly is generally called his bed
ofjullice, and here he is declared to be of age; yet the
rcneiit frciiuenily procures hiinfelf Ij be conllituted
prime miniltrr, and under tlia: title Hill continues to go-
vern the kingJoin till \\\i inajelty thinks tit to take the
reins of goicrnment into his own hands.
Ihe arms of Krance are three fleiirs de Ivs or, in a
ficId a/ure, lupporteJ by two jiil;' Is in the habit of \.t-
\ ites, each holding; in his hand a Kinner with the lame
armi : tne creil is an open crown : the whole under a
grand a/urc pavilion llrewcd with tleuis dc lys, or, and
CI mine, and over it a dole ground with a double fleur dc
Ivs or, on the (ides of which arc (lying fheamcrs, on
which are written the word^ ufed in battle, Mon joie s.
DLNMs,and above them on the royal banner or oriflaine,
LILIA No:r LARoRANf Ni.fM'E N I s f ; that is, the lily
neither labours nor I'pins j winch is fuppofed to be an
allufion to the Sal ijuc law that excludes females from the
fupremc command.
The coronation of the kin;; is performed whenever
the court thinks fit. He is ufuallv crowned at Rhciins,
hv the archbifhopof that city, adilk-d by live other cc-
ckliatlicai peers, and lix noblemen, who reprefent the
fix ancient lay peers of France. 'Ihe oil with which the
king IS anointed, according to a ridiculous tradition, was
tiroiuht from heavn by a dove, and is kept in a phial
called the Holy I'ottlc. The crown of Charlemagne is
firll placed upon the king's head ; but being very licavy,
It is exchanged for another. 'I'lie other enfigns of royal-
tv arc the fceptre, which he wields in his right hand,
;;nd the hand of jufticc, which he holds in the left j the
latter is a llaf} about two feet long, at the end of which
■•s an ivory hand : this is chiefly ufed at the coronation,
and the feeptre alone on other days of ceremony.
The niiaili'.y of liancc are diiided into four clafles :
the flirt includes onlv the princes of the blood, conlilf-
in J of the houle of Orleans, and the two branches of the
f.unily ol ikiuihon, thole of Conde and C<inti. Next to
thele inimeiii.itilv follow the king's natural children w'' ■
have been legitimated, nnd thefe precede all theiiobility 01
the kinL'Joi'i. 'l"o the feeond ciafs belong the high iiobi-
lii), a/t;ic liukvs and peers of the realm, of which there
arc foity-tive in all, including tht fix princes of the
blood, who are peers by birth. The pnticip.,! (i,,,,,,
and privileges .d the peers are, the giving then aimUnu-
at the anointing ol the king, their attending when ht
holds a bed ol jullice, and their enjoying a (eat in th
parliament of I'aris, which is from hence called the coi *"
of peers. 'lo this clafs alfo belong the other dukes, cuum''
iiid niari|uile3, the principal olRccrs of the court 'i
other deparimenti \ the knights of the Holy (Jhoft '',1!
governor,, ol provinces, lieutenant-general;, bailiff, V '
The thiiJ cl.ils iscoinpoled of the common aiieicnt'nob'^
lity, who in fomc provinces, particularly in Lanirucduc'
are Ihlid nobles ; but in molt of the others tcuvc *
I'hcfe aie divided intutiie noblcfi'e de race, and the n '
blelll- de
ilfancc
enaillance; the firll are thofe whole anccltoii
have been for a hu:idred years at Icart in poiriflioi, of em
pluymeiits which confer nobility; and the iccoiid ate
thole nobles whole anctltois weie created luch nnj (rn
whole patent it appears that thcv were commoners In
the fourth dais arc the new nobility, whom the kin^ has
cither railed by patent, or ennobled by their emjiloyniems ■
thus the officer, ot the crown, thi- kind's ficretaiui the
rouni Mors of the p.'rli.iment of Paii?, and of other'hieli
tribuiuls ill th.it city, aie clallLd under tl * rank. Th
etchevins, or chief magillratcs of the fevcral citii* arr al-
io ennobied. The military nobility are »l|o of thii cl if
Tnc nobles enjoy particular privileges, ihcybmit ex,'
einptd from paying the poll-tax, tiom tht quartumgoi
foliliers tiie duties of franc-titf, with other priviltjcs 01
IcK iiipoi lance,
Ihe highelt order of knighthood is th.it of the Hoi •
Ciholt, loundcLl III 1578 by king Henry HI. the 11. i,.,
of w.iieh are .1 gold erofs, with a while i!o\c en.iintllci
on one lid in the middle, and oii tiie otlier the nii rTtof
St. M.cli.iel, a|>pciidaiit to a blue ribbim, p.iiriii(; irnm
tiie right lide to the Iclt. The knights .ilfo wcjr on t.'ie
left brealf of their coats a lilvcr crofs, with adovcin,.
bi.iidered argent. The temporal knights jre a.lo kiii'hti
of the order of St. Michael, and the grcault pattofthem
likiwife of that ot St. Lewis,
The order of St. Lewis was inftitutcd in i6tu by
f.ewis XI V. Its enlign is a gold crofs enamelled ai'tnt
and adorneil wi'.h golden lilies. On one fiJe of it isj
coat of mail with this infcriprion, I.un. .\t,iNsrrr. 1607.
On the other is a drawn fword, with a wrciih of laurel
at its point, and the motto i!|.ll. vir i uri: PRvty.
Thofe called the ^rnwJr cro/.v, or great crodls, wear it on
a broad flame-coloured ribbon over the (lioulder, having
alfo a gold embroidered crofs on theirco.it. The com-
manders wear it in the fame manner, but vt'iihout th»
embroidered crofs. The other knights wear ihecrol)
appendant to a narrow flame coloured ribbon, lallcncJ
to a button-hole. Thofe knights of the Holy (iti.il!
who are at the fame time knighis of the order of St.
Lewis, wear the crofs of the latter, with a narrow red
ribbon near the crofs of the Holy Gi'otl. Of theten
gtuiuii croix, each has a penfion of fix ihoufand livtcs per
annum. Lach of the ten commanders has four thoufanJj
of nineteen others each three thoufand, thirtv knijhi;
have each two thoufand, thirty-two others have i icli
lilteen bundled, fixty-five others have each a thoufa.iJ,
and fifty-four others have e.ich eight hundred.
The order of St. Michael was inllituted in 1469 by
Lewis XI. and revived in 1665 by Lewis XIV. The
knights wear a gold chain of double fcalloped Ihell'., with
a medal reprefcnting a rock, on which is rcprcfentcd St.
Michael eiHOunteiiiig the dragon.
The religious order of St. Lazarus owes its oiiginto
the Holy Land, aftei the redudtion of which by the S.ira-
ecus the knights returned to France, where Lewis Vil,
in 1137, betfowcd feitlcments on tlicm at Doigiii, Or-
leans, and St. Lazarus at Paris, which grant was con-
firmed in 1165, hv St. Lewis. Thisoider is divided in-
to two grand malhrftiips, one of which rcftdcs in France,
and the other in S.uoy. The knights wear a temporal
habit, and are allowed to many. In 1607 Heniy IV.
inftitutcd the order of Our Lady of Mount Carmcl, and
united it with the order of St. Lazarus, which union wa<
confirmed by Lewis XIV. The iovcreign himlelt is grand
maftcr ot the three lirft oiJer> ; but he nominates one for
the fourth.
6 Formcil)'
F'
£ U R O P E.
45 i
,. j|.|y nothing of conffqiiPiice in relation to the
dicried or enai^-d without the coiifciit of the
trrc ft.it" "'' «'^'' •'inw'"'"' fonfillini;
' ,,,, '„( the cliTuy, the imbilitv, .mil t
'" , -.1' >U<* Lin<rtlr\m niiirilli iirr (jf (hc rfprcfcn
,„,,„ ,„v. ...,*;, thcrcnrffciit.iliviH
' ' -iiiifns i hut thefcadi-niMirj jrciMitirtly .iholKh'd,
"' , . p iitvrr bf<*ii convrnrii (incr tliL- yc.ir 1614. The
e
arc :
nimfly.
B.iuiJfJ""
cfihepni'""*
i.t ihf
It. The focretary of ftatc's office, in which, bcfidcj
the king, the dauphin, and piimc-miiiifJir, (it the chaii-
ci'llur, the prcl'idint of the council of tinanccs, the fmir
fccrtt.irics r)f IJatf, and the coniptrollcr-jjcncral of the
fuLinccs. Here all afJ'.urs of the provinces arc tranfacK-J (
LominilTioiH, Ictteri, and orders ftnt to the (iovcrnuri
and (.thcr ortiiers of the I'cveral pruvmte-i and cities. The
ficri-ranes of (late mike the motion, and every one ex-
pedites the rcfidu'.ion* taken on the articles of his depart-
ment ; the foninn and domeiUc alKairs of (taie bciiiij di-
viikil :»inoiij> the members.
III. The council of finances, befides the kinij and
chancellor, coillilK of a prelidcnt, one of the fix intenJ-
ams of the finances, a nicmbrr of the mwiKil ol Itate,
and the comptroller-general of the linances. This council
has the direction of the royal revenues.
IV. The privycuuncil is conveiud by the chancellor
on fiich days as he pleafes. In the kinj>'s abfence there
is always a chair ftt for him. Thl-. council at prefent
conlids of the chancellor, or keeper of the great leal,
twenty one ordinary cnunfillors of (late, the fccret iries
of (late, the comptro'lcrgeneral of the finances, the in--
tendants of the (inances, who an- all ordinary members,
lod, diikev, and peem of 1- r.mce, and twelve ll.ite counfellors, who o(ficiate only h.ilf vear-
1 ..." ,- 11 1.. -I'-- 1. /I ,-11 .^ . __ .' .1'
111 whi.h jiiltiie i» now iiludlv .idminiderei ,
sTihe paihinicnn, which are the lad refort when the'
rtJii" not infrpofe. Thrfc arc at pfelcnt twelve,
""' I thiifc of P.iris, Totiloule, Rouen, (Jrenoble,
•lux, Dijuo. '^'"1 K<'"nis, I'au, Mel/., Hefan-
nJ Douav. They prin( ipally coiifid of a certain
' ''i,i.,„f pri-lidcnis and inlenor judges, whopurchtfe
'' . ,,].n;ci eithir of the crown, or ot thofe who are in
' irtilinii of tlum : for all majiiliiate.s ,iiid olTuers of jiif
"■ 1.
>„nn,rnt m.ikes
|fH fiiii'V their polls for life, exce
^t'amfi""' f'"''' '* '''^' '"^''* '""'^derable m the king
^' fiirhith(r the king frii)uiMily tomes in pi-rfon, and
U'lhi' nival edk'l< are recorded and promult;ed j till
nthry ha\c ik t ih- force of I iw.s. It is compofcd
, ,1, |-'ranie openly purchale their pliee>, and the go-
'!..., ..nf ni.ikes a coiiflilerible levenue by thefe fales.
they hive been
In uf fume crime in the rxercife of ihtir (.(Bees. The
h!fui«'lhe ordinary judyes, an I t 'kes coyinr/aiKe of all h- Tnc ordinary (late counfellors have each a lalary of
ffenccs commaied by peeis, where the court does not . five ihoufjiul five hundred livres, th.- half yearly three
Lff.,e, ' thoiifind three hundred. In this council alio aflilt tweii-
'"•"i-hn iiirliam'-nt confift* of ten chief prefiilents. Tome ly-two mailers of reijuelh, who b.long alio to the
I '" I .. .1 r ,1 ,- . » ..1: I I... L .1- .... :^ ,r. . ...I.
parli.imcnt, and lay before it any all'airs committed by
them.
V. The grand council, which his the decifion of all
caufes relating to archbilhoprics, bdhopnrs, and abbies'i
and has alio the pow-.r of deiermininj; all difputes of the
other foverei!'n tribunils, in matters of juiildiclion and
other coiuells. The prefident is the eh.mcellor of
limit rcqiK'lls. liefid's ili'fecii;ht chambers there is ano- ; ''r^'nce, allilled by I'everal prefidents, counlellor.s, and
n-r rjllfd the IcunuHr, which takes coi'.nizanee of cri ■■•'■■— ■■'^
knnnrarv c"imli'llors, or jmlnes, four mail, rs ofthcre-
II, (if the h'ludiold, lwrn;y-one prefi.lenn a nnitin-,
Icillid li'im the form of th'"r 1 ajs, and of two bun-
,!((JiiiJ ihirtv-two other counfellors or judges ; an at-
loriitv "fnir.'') advocates, follicitors general, reijiders,
noliMCsi fecretaries, Aic. Thefe members arc dillributed
,,|j,(),( jrrand eh.imh(T, five en inibers of eiu|iiells, and
"inil nut'iT'i 10 which the nobility are not concerned j
forlticv are tried in the ijrand chamber. In ihe chamh'-rs
(ffnqiifft' d-pnfitions of witnrlli-s are t^ken, and the
-i.-rcdini;'-' are by way of hill and anfwcr, as in the
Jj;;!,!' cluncerv in Kiuil.ind ; and the chamber of re
ci'.lK tikes cognizance of caufes relaiing to privileged
mini. ^^1' davs of ceremony th • prrli lents or par'ia-
itrntwcara iVarht robe with a mantle lined wiin ermine,
inJabUrk velvet cip in the form of a mor'ar, bordered
f i:h ei'ld lace ; rliat of the chief prefidents being dillin-
fuilhtJ by a I'oiible gold lace. The honor.iry counlel-
loi, ihc mailers of recj.iell', the prefidenis of enquefts
ml rtqvi'l^s 'he atlomevs, m\\ follicitors-grneral have
friirt riibe% and caps liorilcred with ernvnes. The
fkiiirppifter for civil caufes has a icar.et robe and man-
ilflinfd with ermine?. The chief ic.'iiler tor criminal
tiufes, the four niiaries, ,ind the ilerk< or fefretaiies of
prliimcnt have alio fcarlet mbc'v, and caps linrd with
crmirrs Ihe advocites have Mack gowns and caps,
indill the red of theodiecrs haveorly blaek i;owns.
Tho ffre.it olVieers of the crown are the fh.ini'ellor, who
prtiiilrs in all coiiris and councils of Hate in the king's
aMcnre ; the keeper of the fea's, four fecretaries of date,
thrmardials of Kiance, the colonel-general of the horle,
ihtSTi-at mader of the attillerv, the admiral of l''rance,
1*0 vice-admirals, the gener.il of the galleys, the four
•rMt officers of the order of the Holy (iholl, namely
ihc chancellor, the mader of the ceremonies, the great
ItfjCurfr, and the fecretary ; the chief prefidents of the
\t:tn\ parliaments, with the governors and lieutenant-
gwfrals of the provinces.
The principal officers of the bnufhold are, the great
mftrrot the houfhold, the great mader of thehorfe, the
grnt almoner, the great ch«mberlain, the gentlemen of
tht bed-chamber, the great butler, the great huntfman,
the four captains of the guard du corps, and the great
portfr.
The great councils by which all adairs of (late are
governed are feven in number.
1. Thefupieme council of date, in which, befides the
Icing and prime-minider, when there is one, it is com-
pofcd of the three fecretaries of date, and the comptroller-
etneial of the finances.
81
otiier o(rii ers.
VI. I he high court of chancery coniids of the keeper
of the great (eil. who is freqiienlly the fame with the
ihamellor ol France ; uf four giaiul .ludiencicrs, who
penile paper.; fent from the (ecretaiy of date's office to
iv fea'ed, .nnd make report to the chance, lor ; of four
coiiiptiollers-general ol the audience, wh.. give the papers
allowed to be fealed to an officer called cnaulT-cire, or
chaff-wax, and receive them back from him ; and four
keepers of the rolls uf the offices of I'lancc, who keep
the regiders of all the officers that require the great feal,
with fevcral clerks and other officers.
VII. The council of commerce, the members of which,
befides the king and prime-minider, are the chancclloi,
two fecretaries of (late, and the comptroller-general of
the finances.
Judice is adminidered in the kingdom by inferior,
middle, an. I lupenor couit:;: to the interior courts be-
long theprevotis mayors, judicatures, chatellanies, and
other jurildidions dep.ndent on the crown, or particular
lor.ldiips. From thefe appeals lie to the bailiwics, or
preciniil courts, and from thefe again to the provincial
courts. The middle tribunals pronounce definitively in
certain fniall cafes both civil and criminal ; but the
more important cafes are cogniz.ible only by the parlia-
ment, which decides caufes in the lad refort.
With refpeft to the laws by which jutlicc is adminif-
tered, the civil law prevails in many of the provinces ;
while others have their own cudonury laws. Thofe of
principal note among the latter are about fixty ; but, in-
cluding the juridical culloms of fingle places, they make
about two hundred and eighty-five. IJelides theic, there
are ordinances, edicts, and declarations, which arc of
univerfal force. In 1666, under Lewis XIV. the civil
and criminal proccrt'es were amended, and reduced to a
general unitormity,
AdriiildilliniSfion is made in France between the cano-
nicil and papal ecclefiadical law ; and by the obligatorv
canons, or church ordinances, arc only undeidood thofe
canons of the fird ages of Chridianity, and the lecume-
nical councils, that have been confirmed by the confcnt
of the churches bound by them, which could not be
tranfaded without the approbation of the civil power.
Thus the interpolated decretals of the fee of Rome are
3 y abfolutdr
D'l
■ii
4:
'* , I
\ .1
t-
♦54
A SYSTEM O 1 G E O G R A I' II Y
:H\
n :>
''>'
i^t
. 1\H
fMl f
fc '"'
'000
abffiluttiv ftfliide.l. 'I lir kinj-N ordinanm ilTucJ (or
Ch' priitc^lif^ii n( tl-r lilirrlif. ol ilic (lulllcJii chiirili,
<<>nlli(iiic the mod conndcruLIc part of Ihc ecclclialticul
The revenues nf the king arc Hoth nrdimry and cxtr.i
ordin.irv. The ordinary rivt iiiK'» c(iMi|it(lu'i)d the do-
in.iiiii, which riiiilift in lanil', lordlhij'., •ind tortll:.
the .udj or duty on win", wliitli arc tlu- twentieth (i.irt
c>( the wine fold by wholrfali-, .ind tlic cinhtli or tenth »l
that retailed : the (;abtllc, or (,ilt duty, wliik:h is hctc tx-
trtnii'ly high. The province ot great laltiliity contJin.
the drpartincnts of Alcnijoii, Amiens Ancerv, noiir_r>,
Caen, Chaloiii, I.anjjrcs, Laval, M ms Al'iiitiii'i, Oi-
leaiis, I'aris, Rouen, bt. (Jiicntin, Soifl'ons and 'I'lmrs i
III all which (alt is Cold at a hi;;h rate. Tlie proviiii e nl
tile I'niall fair duty inclodn the i|i|'arimciitH ot' I<)oniioi-,
Daiiphinr, PiovfMve, F-aiiLluedoe, U'.iidillon, Roiiei ijiie,
iind Aiivcrgnr, in which (alt pays a inurh lower duty.
Thi' pifiviiirei where the lalldiity doi^ iwt takeplaie
»re I'oitdii, l.imoalni, (ruieniie, (ralinnv,aMd Diiliaiiy.
In tne thrtr bifti.ipras ot' Met/, Toiil, an. I \'erJviii, aiul
ill I'r'nr h t.'ompt'/, .he ['iicecC fait is ditt'iTent. Tin-
Other (liiiiit are the taille, or laml tax, the eapit nion,
or poll-tax ! the cuftotjia ol' all kinJ>, the diiiy on
ftariipid paper, 5<c.
With rclpect to tt»c rii(lo<r', win" licrnfc, fait and
ftanip-iliiiy, tobicro, | oiK, fit:, lliey aielainud out to
the tariiieis-u'ineral, wiio hav tlieir under faroieri aii.l
ricfivcr*. 'f"hc great i.M'-ier lor I'vyiii;; the tasej is the
Comj trollcr.;;eni r;d, who keep^i a iliipli; ate of all leciipts
»ii<l did hatjiis relative to the royal revtiuie.
The e <fraordinary iinfiontioii'- aic ol what nunihcr and
kind the kiii^ pliMl'es. Anioiii', tlu I'e ii the au^imiitaticMi
of the tax for tiie fiippor' of the arniy, thi' tail'on, the
tenth or t*entii tl) part of the revenue of the whole kill;; ■
d.-)iti in laiuhK houfes, offices, ^c. .iiiJ the tuction aiul
f.il- nf new o.liees.
'I he aniliition a.nd rrtrnfive views i>f \'t3\\c,-, with id
vtiioiis w;ir<, have ncceiruily hiirtheiiLd the I'ul'n .'Is wuh
eii'irnioi;'! taxe«.ind iinpolitions ; and ihel'e beiiii-a^'L.'r.iv.it-
eil hy the rapacity cf the t'lnaiu iers and farmers, tlu' peo-
ple have often been redimd to the lall extremity of
wrctchcdnrl'j, frum wliieli, without the many rcl'oinces
nature and iiiduf y have put into their hands, they toold
never have recovered.
'I'he number of pp()pie in p'ranrc in the rci;:n of f .ewii
XIV. were computed at twenty niillions ; but the perl'e-
cution and expiiHion of the I'ro^ llaiUs, witil the many
wars in which the I'rench have been eni^i_;ed, have prj-
bablv reduced the number to (iltein millions j f<'r the
tclibacy of the prielh, and the numerous convents, mull
ever prevent their incrcafe, I'd a> to lupply the dclicien-
cies made by the ravaj;cs of war,
Theordniary revenues (jf the crown, arilin? from tUs
above taxes, amount to about ten millians lleiliii^. An
ama/ine fum, confutcrinj; the I imls b longing to tiie
church, and what is payfd to fupport the i.lei^y ; and the
many thoutand drones who, fliut up in convents, are liip-
porteil t)v the labour of otiicrs.
The l.vr.il forces of I'rance amount oi time of peace to
about two hundred thoufaml men, among which area yrcat
number of Swifs, Cicrmans, and other foreigners ; ami
in time of war they ntc trecpiently augmented to lour
hundred thoul'and. The number of fortrelF.'S beloiiLUig
to the kiii'idoni isvervgieat, and exact plans oi them,
as alfo of the foreign fortrelUs, to the number of a hun-
dred and eiphtv.may be fecn in the gallery of the l.nuvre,
where there is a royat acidcmy for training up young
'.;' ntlemen in the leveral branclu's of the art of war. IJe-
iidui the nia;;iiiliceiit building of the invalids in the capi-
tal, where difable I (c.ime.1 are adiiiitteil, there arc in the
whole kingdom above (evcnty other military hofpitalj.
'Ihe navy of France is alio very confidcrable. Clalles
arc inllituted throughout all the maritime provinces,
where the fca-officttj and failors, ar>d others belunjjing
to the navy, rcfide. Kach dais fervcs three or four years
alternately, and thofc who arc not in aflual tlrviie cmi
board the king's ftiips, may enter on board thole of the
merchants. In the beginning of the late war. Fiance
had a hundred and eleven men of war. Hifides the fai-
lors, there arc three companies of itiarinc guards ftationtd
TltANCf.
,it Toulon. Hrci», anJ Rochi'.nt, cnnfidin,, „„;,,,„ ,
pcrfoni vcrlcd ill iuyi({aiion, aod the an .il'^^, J''
ihtr company hai been rnctcd under t!ie lulci f „
of the ,idmiral'illa.', who always attriiJ the ad,,,,', ,r '"■'
lerve only on board (lag (hipi. 'I hcf,. .„e ,.(,„|^,,; '" '''
Ihc maiine (juaidijulJ mentioned. The kiiirj||, ''
tains one liuiulred independent en pimrs for The fo '"'
c.uilKling of (o.ty-livc n en, under Ihe cummanj''! '
lieutenant of a man ot war. *
France ii now divided into thiitv-lix grnetjlliif,
general goKrnmciit>, in dilctibiii" H'lnth wj Hull h',"
at thcluuth-caft of thi» exlmfivc coumry. '•"
SEC T, IV.
0/ tl>t iilnalhii, Ejtl/Ht, Climnlr, firtiltnK ml P;„„ ,
tidtiuily -V-a, jIiIii, XLrJiH..t, 'l.uhn, li,, IjlJ^"',
I/ltiit, iiijil lljt Unit Sliilt ij /iii^iitn Jiitj.il I) t(('pl
PRf)VKNCE, which derives in name from ihii,,;
I'roriniia, i, boiindeil en lie north by D.mil !"
(Ui Ihe r.ill by the Alps .ii,d the river Var, wliKh •'
vide it liom Ihc teriitoiif > b-lonitinj; to the km,; yj ,; '"
dinia ; i ii the fouth by the .Me.iilertaiicjii ; aii'j i,„ ,„!
wtit . I'paratid !rom L-invuciloe bv the Rh,ip( i
iiiini.il I iii;th is about a hioitlred and (oiiy m,i|„ , '
Its liu.iu;h liom the ill'.sof Hicrci to the viiij-Loi'Sa ..
abi'iil mil' ty.
Upper I'rovcncc erjovs a pretty lernpera'e air, andhj,
;i j.rca; deal of nic.idow ground, w il (tiKK -d wJih cj,,ij
It alio products com, apple", and pears, though bin ij-.'
tie will'-. I'll Ihc contiaiv. Lower I'rowiue i, extrfmf,',
ho:, and near the feacoall v.'iiuld be nnnii morefo y.^,,
not the air refrtdiidby a brtc/r, which uiuailv l.iiK |„,,n
nine or ten in the nicrnini; till tviiinri. 11,^. iy„^.,^
well wind alio cools iheccjunirv, and f.im times, pj,,,]
cuUrly alter rains, blows ftcfh. Lower |'io»cino ilo,,
nut I'K'luco h.d: iurnen<iugli (or the ('u''>li|ii iicc of ii, ;„.
habitants ; but the d.i! being diy and lai.ly, oijive;
lemons, ponie'_'r.ina'es, ami olives', wiih n'l.illicli, %•
prcis pabn, .iiid the Aliitaii aeatia-iries, ihr.vc ij.
ticnulvj a.. J) .di'o llirub, of all kind-, f,i,:h a» brut,
which leleniblc, box, only the Iran- jo- lon-rr Jin!nioi«
pointed, btaiidr'aicd Iruit. wlutM contiira. , im ill i!if
vear rouii'', and by a (KOili.-i lingnlarity | tocciiijou' ii
the middle of the leaf, I he Ica-cheiry- ne has a !. i
like the. dkeiniis, an,! |;i (mit icfembl-s acluriy, I nt
wine in L> vc i'rovnii e is thick. lnlciou>, and hciJi;
but the f.it "i>.lt admired is miifcadil.
in this 1 art o( Fiance .ithe beciatigo, a finill ilrl'ciou)
bird, th It l.iji on!/ cui i;t '.iicj ,ind lus j and among ih:
fei-l'ifti licreij i rcmarl;..:)'e kind call.d the date, whuii
is fo n.iiiid Iron tnc rtiemHancc of its fhape u> th«
(fuir, .■:u\ is liiund wtth.n ho'l.iw Itoncs in the loj Jiij
harb.nir ot Toulon. In older to get them out, the ftoiic
nnilt be bioke ; lh:y alio a'ooinl al mg the ciaft ol'ii-,t
marcpiifate of Aiie.>na,on tiie Adriatic. In this province
,vrc lome cpi iriics cf black agate.
7 he rivet> here are incunrijerabl? ; thefe arc t!ie Du-
raiKC, tiic Source, the Largeiis, and the Var, whirh
ilividcs Kr.i.uK trom Italy. Along the roall ot the M;-
diterraiuaii are I'everjl cipcs, b.ys, and iur bouts ; tre
piinclpal of which is Toul.ui.
Authors have vaiioully Jividcii thi« province ; fomc
French gci I'tuphcrs divide it into two parts, I'ome mi'
three, and others into fixteen ; we (hall take that whet
is the moil natural and lerift liahle to perplex the rc;uli .
by divi'ilng it into Upp:r an>l Loiter I'roveiKe, anil Ifi-ii
beyin with the iaitcr, thcprincip.il plats in which aic
the fiillovvin.: ;
Aix, 111 Lain Aqu2 Scxli:c, called Aqui from il>
baths, and Se.\tirc from il» I i-oig enlrgcd aiiJ bcaunlieJ
by Sextu^ C.'aivinui. This citv, which is the capital i.'
I'rov lire, (fand^ in a valievof nxifiderablc cxtctu plint-
ed chiefly with olives, in thj iatilucleol forty-h.v .ii: ./fc- J^
fifty four minute,, and in I'lx cieurcts ten minutes wil
longitude, twei'ly miles to the n<>rthward of M iil'eillcs,
ami thirty five to the fotith-eaif of Aviniion. It is laiiici
upi
than
.ir^^e ; the (irccls ar.- well payud, aaJ in-'
• hjufi •
rilliiii^ •lilirvly .i|
""• ^>*f. An,
ate rholcci uuiu
'« !<>»;; ••Il'imiii,.
tifnriheliM.ij, I
lie ciiinmjiU ut 4
X RfMraliii,,, ,,
ill V.X Hull bt-in
uy. •
'"■',">«/ till,., p,i,.
ulin, ll; A'/.,,,,, ,f
lUlhtl lil((p,,/
mi- ftoni ihc I.j.ln
:r S'jr, wliKh i','.
» llic Ikin; ul iit.
ncJM i jiij ontnc
y ihv Rh.ine, i,^
J (dIIV llillf,, ,1,1
he ni.j^v oftau/e
pcra-e air, ami hai
liKk'.-il with cattle.
irs, th'iuth but !j:-
mi\rc i, ixitfm.,v
iiK.li tiU'ielo, ^^^,|,
ll uliullv IjiKih,,,
liii;'.. The iimtn.
rciiii'limci, pjii,.
iwfc i'lin Cliff do.,
ii'iiiK iH'ccI iiiin.
ml luL.iy, orjiij'c.,
Willi iii.iltuh, cy
i-tms tlu.vi; (J.
nJ~, f.n:!! ,i> brus
ii'-lMii'^cr iiii!m(H«
liir.i' » on nil ilic
V I riiccdiou' ij
I- fii- ha» i tr I
. a I lurry, I nt
i.liiii', Jiiil hciui i
f«Af«e»
koulM hJnJfoitif, mill niort of tlitm Imilt of free rt'tn-
nlie n •> Iti-Jiiiilul ((liclinn walk witliiii ihc ihv i.illnl
Otbitdlf. loiililliii;^ «>r three low. <>t li. . s .i niili' \w,-,
■ ttrfiw'^'' wii'i diiiiitaiii'') ami nil e.iih fi.li' aro ilr^iiil
'"iiiliiiiii buiMiniji ; thiiii tlic iiCu.il vv.ilk i>l the iiti/.iiv
r'hijiiiv i' '•'•^ ''^' "f *" sfhbilhcip, whii iMjovJ » ti'-
jdl iliiriv two ihoufanil livrr ,. i.ut nl whn h hr pivi
* iktcmiil "I Kiiif two ihiiiiran.l fivr hiiiulriJ fli)imv
1 ihc cathcilral ii a roiiricrati'.! I'llc nt iV'l'l. l*"-' jireliji'
oi rii"
i: i; R o i» E.
♦5.T
i Iimotrtit IV, 111 ((iiiiK RayMioii.l lliriiimr. In
ihiititV arealfii two colli'cci, with an iinniTlilv toiind-
J 111 ucji •"' "■■•"l''niy "f 'hi'politi' artn tri'.'lnl in i(j'>H,
'nibU lihrary in the town hiiiilV, li^^hicni i'lMivciiii, a
Vel'irnieilv the rtTi.ifnie ol the uiiinn nl I'mvuko,
LjViw ol the hij'h baililK. Hero i^ .lili a mint, ami
ivi cliy i» •'"•' fcit of a parliament, of aihimh-'r nl ac-
iiiiiili, a cmift "f tai'""! and many other piiMli otfiiis.
The iiobllity "f l*"'*""^"-' rcfiJc here, efpniilly in win-
,(, fdthat thii tlly ii faiil to have the null a;iL\M'L'
coiiipinv. »">' '" ''''f"' "f *">' P'"^' '" '':'' ^*''"'''' '^"''"
doTi In '" fuhurbj the warm minif/l fpiiiu, on.r (o
jltbnttJi wj'i found a Iccond time in 17 ;, I'li' n ; .111 •
n„t virtuci lie imioh dcinved. Tlie Cnuiitiy in I'l
i,,i,ihbourhi'i>l pioliicei cxc llent wine j Init ii : piimi
•jiitriJc conlilkj in its fine oil ; loinc ttulh arc alio made
,\i|ci, the antirtlf Arellis Arrl.it.i, »i'd Arel:itnni, i^i
ilirjcaiiil wi'll bniltcify, fe.ite I mi tin' imiI haiik of the
Ir Rhone, in ''''• forty-third ik'ti ihti'y two minute-.
. •lh!3titiid''t '1"' '" •'t^ foiinh di;rcf fiitv hvf mimiti-i
(■(( longitude, upon very uiicvi-n (;tiimid, and alimdt
fjToonilcd hy .i morafj, which riiidcrs tho air thick and
id-
t >
I 'he ca-
,a:nvill licl'iiou)
J and amuiig ilr:
ill'.' il,itc, WllUll
!' ftape to thit
s ill the 10..J an J
im nut, the Ibiie
the c laft of the
In tlui provinu
thcfe .ire tiie Du-
the Var, whiih
ciialf i.t the M';-
and iuiu.iaii ) Ut
province ; fomc
I parts, fomc ini.i
jU take that which
perplex the naili .
i'rovciKe, andlh.ll
la I'S in which an:
cd Aqux from ili
r?,cd anJ bcauiilitJ
ich i» the eapit^l <''■
erable extent pUnt-
,f fortv-h.v Jc,rec- J
ten minutes wil
ward of M wl'cill".
iiJiion. ItijtJilii.!
well payoi, anJ w-
hjai'. ■
jiScilihful. Over the Rhone it a wooden
rtriiTvc the ciiinimniic.ifiiin with I.an(;iirdoc,
ihtJtal i> a vail (roihic Itruchire, charf;i'd with an Iii-
lini'c number of fiijiires, and the hi;;h altar i'l adorii'.d
mih a iibcriiarle of lilvcr, an admirahb piece icprefciit-
Injtkc martyrdom of .St. .Stephen, to whom the rhiircli
v'jfjiciicd. Th'.' archhifllop (tyli'j himlilf piimeof
MontJtJgon, has a proviacr of fifty-one piiiflifi, .in I .iiy
jnnial revenue of thirty-three tlioul'aiid livtc', out ot
whicb his t.ixatlon to the court of Rome is two t'lou-
(i:iJ an I eight floriin. Helides the cathedral, it coiita ns
cut cfillciiiite, and feven p.irifh-churthe'., with .111 abbey,
futtien convents, an hofpit.il, and a myal ai .ulcmy ot
(c'-nrci fi'Uii'led in idSH. The tnwn-houlc is an tie-
put rei'ii'ar llruiihirc, finely fituated. It is of a fipiaic
f'tm, adoni'd with three orders of architeitiire, one a-
b(iie.".n(ither ) the portico is ma';nifio<'nt, and eiiibcllilh-
(Jwi'h the hulls of the counts of Provence, and the
10 ! fii|ipirtfd by twenty double columns.
Atlr« was anticnily the capital of the kingdom of Biir-
iunJv, which was alfo call^.l the kingdom of Aries,
wJ th'.'dillii.'.l beloniMir; to this city i> llill very exten-
',:,(, Scveial counciK have been held here, the moll an-
ient and ddliiit'.uifhed of which was in I J14.
Anici)^ tile nuiiieruus Roman antiquities to be found at
^:l^, ii a la-ge obelilk M porphyry, which was dug up
k-cinthe yiar 1675, .^nd iti if)-h fct up aj'^ain and de-
i!:;t;'d t.i Lcv.ii XIV. It is of one entire llonc, lifty-
V'.Mleci hi^li, and feveii fett indiamJtcr at thebaic. On
t-.iop is plared an a/.;irc pi. die, Krewcd with goMcii
I.lx;, and a t\in, which was tn it piince's device ; but
'• 'lew pl.iin ped.'ft.d of faiul-ftone ill agrees with the
I.' ible nioiiuincnt above.
Iherc are alio the ruin-, of an amphitheatre, fuppofr.l
'n luve been built by Julius Cstlar ; it is of an oval
• :m, and a hiiiidtcl and ninety-four f.ithom; in circuni-
I'rive, the longed diameter of the :Uca fevcnty one
titii.ims, ami the fliorti ll filfy twi. The p.irtiio-. aie
:•'."• llork'.'s hi.;h, biitlt of free llmie of a prodi^;ioiis li/o;
t-'i ibif. contains fixty aulu",, which dill remain, and
■'■■ Wills aie of a furprilini', tl-ickm fi, but vrry much dc-
u III. However, this fine mrnument of antu|uity i. .il-
I'l'l! rntlrelv concealed by the piivati; houfes built a-
N'li It. I'here is herr .dfo the fi.i;;mcnt of a 1 irciis,
cw.liftiiin ot a door, wiih two columns of marble ol th"
t'wiii!hian Older; Ihc rem.iius of a R iman cap tol
|.>I(J here, .iii'l al;;r-ec(dlrfli..n of Roman lipulclir.l
--lu'.cms, ur.ij, and the like, kept in the archblh .p'>
pjla. e i amon,", which ii irt urn of very ««eriorillniry
dmienlioiis. It roiiijinin^; «bovc l'*enty hiIIoih.
Near the city n what they call the Klyfun Fields, ami
fhiie till- Riimani ulid to bury the alhei of their .lead.
A \oidiii.'jy there are lure l.'en an iiitredible iiiiibcf of
Hone an. I marble laicipha;;!, lome llaii'in.; h.dt, «n<l
lonie Cjilirely out of the )(rouiid. I'hcfe field* alt.irw.udi
became a L'hrilli in cemctniy The (pot on whn h they
II and may be railed a n me of antupnti'-i
Ne.ir the city the Rhone iliviUi iifelf into twolirgc
brani hes, furmuv ''i'-' ill "id ol C'4m.irsvi"t e'l'cd m
Latin Cimaiii, whieh 11 ont ot the hell and moll Iruii-
lul irui^ts in thii cuuntry, it bcm^ interfectcd with kvci<kl
canals.
Marleilles, in Latin M.ifTilia.und M iffil a, ihi; fecofld
citv ol I'loviiitc, but the tiill in point oftr'dsis 1 irgc,
rich, and the inoK aniiei.t place in all t is province, i.\d
IS (aid to have been a town tive himdre.l years before th«
birth ol Ci.iill. It is fcateil at the (not nl .1 rocky moun- , ,
lain near the lea, in forty three dc^recj eighteen inmiiien //j /,v
ninth latitude, and in five dcj^rees fArenty feven ml- i, i'l-
niitcj longitude, twenty nnlei to the fouth ol Aix, and
tliirtv ti th.' north-Well ot I'oul.n. It 11 diviled inti*
the Old .III. I New I'owii : the fonier (lands on an emi-
nence, and ciiiiiills of narro-.v cio'ikcd llieets, with ii.ean
houles 1 but ill the latter the llrcets are ftrai'.jht and
btiLid, and aj.uned with handfome c lifii-.-s. The Walk
IS a very fin.- flttci, with Ivautiful hoiTson eich fide,
an. I 111 the mi.lH!" two rows of lolly tii e:, which toim a
I'M. villa ; ;in I there are here a nu iiher of ben hes lor
relling places. I'hij citv is the rcliden .e of a hi;^h bai-
lilV, and ha» 3 bifhop, lu(Frj,;.m to t'le archSilhop of
.'\iles, who has a diucefe co:it.iiniii(: ihiriv-l'u pirilhe',
v\-ith ,in annu.il r.vnueof thrf.' thoi.faiil Iivre , and hij
taxation at R.ime is Uvcn hu.';dredlloiin«. T his cityh<3
alio a mint, with four pjrilh clairches, iiii l.iiliji^ the ca-
thedral, which I. laid t'l have been a temple ol IJiani, anJ
the moll ancient in France, and two colb'^'ate ciicj,
with two abliics, an aeademy of the prdile arts, and aa
obfervatory. This city alio contains a I ir^e arlen.il,
well lloied with maietids for lilting out the kinj's pal-
lie<. The lar;',e armoury, which cnnfill:. rf fnur w.ilks
ciufswife, and is tlleemeil the fiiirll in the while knii*-
doin, Cimlains aims (or forty thnufind men. In the ar-
I'c-nal IS a doi k lor b.iildin^', tlu- p.allejs, which is lo.ifed
over, ai'd has a eorfmumlcaiion w lib the harbour, which
is in the form of a paralliUniiain, an'l ln« pu'dic aiiil
private buildings on the two Innir tides, and on one of
the (ll. liter The oth.'r, whieli opens into th'- .Mcliterra-
nejn, is defended on e.tch point by a fine (Iron;^ f<>rt.
I"he entrance into the harbour, on armunt of a nuky
eipe near it, is dillicul', and has not a depth of water fut-
hiient f.ir nie.n of w.-.r.
On the land-lide is one of the mofl b^i-jtiful phirt*
in the woild, in which there .ire laid to be no let's than
ti^ht hundred couinry-leats of the c.ti/.ens with their
gardens and vinesards, whither they retire liom tlie iioile
of the town, which is ver) d ('...'r; cable from thi; multi-
tude ol llave; in the (Ireets rattlmj; tlieir ch.iins, I'onir: of
whom fervc as porters, and others have litt!.; firjpj
and hills, where they are allowed to work at their
trades.
(lold and niver flulTs ar^- made here, rtr.il ahrpf^ all
the tr.ide ol Kran.c with Spsin and Italy ij carried 011 bv
Marfeilles, which is alio the center of the commerce of
the Levant. To Italv the inhsbitams exp ut rUiths^
(ergts, honey, figs, prunes, ol v.'S, cap-.-is, frefh eels,
a Ipecifs of fiiiall fardiiies, oil, Ciii-cloth, aqua vits?, cot-
tan wailkoats, It.ickings, Uc. and the lerurns are made
in filk, hemp, tulphur, mnnn.i. anife, corn, and rict.
I'd Spain thcv export all kinds of linen, I'l'k, wool, golJ
and lilv.r ll.ilTs, i;old, fiKer, .ind tlirra.l lace, with (cveral
home and Levant commodities ; and their trade in filk to
Conltintinople, Smyrna, Athens, Cmdia, the Arrhip'r-
lago, Tripoli, aiid.Alexaiidiia, is veiy conliderable In the
vc.ir 1720, this city was vil'itcd by a ir.oft dreadt'ul pdli-
leiic.-, which ri^ail till X~J2.
Tnnlori, a pretty l.irgecity, fcate.l in ab.ittom, almo(t
enrompand with lulls on the lan.l-lide, and 011 a bay of
the Mcdii<:rt.aicjn, which form; a fecjre *nd conim6-
'MU'
I
■ 1 ^7 ^1
. 1
t-'V'
45«
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAIMIT.
r»
ic-
A t -|. If
. ..^ .„, _.,, .. built iiiiiii.ly
I', IS t!X huiidaJ 411.1 lorty yarils iii kiii'th,
arcned walks, in which as tiiaiiy p.irtr ■> ol
i'j •''.•■ »lious harbour, in the latitude of forty-three degrees five
(•If . minutes, and in tlic lixth di'jjrcc two nimuics e.ift lun^;!-
tuJc ; near lour hundred nii.es fnutli < all ol I'aris It
is defended hy very llroiii; lortilications towards the 1 ilid-
iide, and the new pai: of the town is very handlonie.
'I'he liilhopof this city is Kibjeot to the aichbilli(>|> c)l
Aries, under whom h.- has a Jiocele ol twtniy-tive pa-
nllus, with an annu.il icviiiue oi hileeii ilioiiland livies,
out of which his ta\..tio!i at thccoiiit of Koine is four
hundred florins. lielMeb til ■ cathedral, it has nine con
vents, a Icminarv, .md a colltj;e, under the diiedioii ol
the (itncti of the Oiaiory, and the Jefnits h .d here a very
fine houfe. Tne old and nevvhaib.ur lie coiuigiioui,
and hy ineans ol a canal >ou pafs Iroiii one to t:ieo;hei,
both liavin.; an outlet into the I'pac-.ous outer harbour,
which IS (n: rounded with hiKs, and loiiiud by nature al
moft circular Its circuit is of very ;',ieat extent, and at
the tntraiict on both Itdci is defended by a fort witii
ftrong baitriies. 1 he new harbour, winch was made by
order of Lewis XIV. is alio wc'A dcleiided by batteues,
and round it llaiid> :rie arliual, wneie every in.iii ol war
has its own particulai It.irehouie ; but the <,;iins and cor-
dage are la ,! ..p kparatc. In it are alio Ipacious wmi^
houfcs for hlacltlniiths, Jdviuts, carpinteis, ioclc-fniii.is,
carveis, v"i;c 'i'he ro(;e-nou:e, which is
of fre..(!
with tliK
ropc-maccrs m.iv work at the lame time. The general
maM7..ji-, wnicli I'upplies whatever may be waiuiiii; ii;
the paiiicLi.r llorehoul'cs lor riii..le (hips, contains an mi-
iiienle (luantiiy ot ail kinds ol Itores, dil'pofed in the
j;reatc(t order. The cannon founJery is alio wtwth
vicwin:;.
In t!iJ yenr 1707, the duke of Savny laid fiege to this
city, but Without liKcefs J and in 1721, it luft'cred gieatly
by the pl.i,:;ut. I he iiihabitairs nuke a kind of coarlr
woollen cloth, and its neighbourhood .ibouiuls in ca-
peis.
Hiercs, the aneient Area;, a finall town, formerly itiu h
more conlidtrahle than at prel'cnt ; it having luice an
haihnur white pilgrims ul'td to eiiibaik lor the Holy
Land Thi! town nas a dillricl court, and leveral pub-
lic othccs ; It alio contains one collegiate, with two other
par.iii fhciiciies, and live munallciics and nunncritb.
The U<i\ lb excellent, and being iaid out in orchards, pro-
duces the nnelf truit in France. A gieat deal of fait is
made hen, both from tea- water and a large fait lake; but
the air w.is uiiwholelome, till tiiis incnnn-nieiice was re-
med:td by forming a canal, which exlcndj lioni the lake
to the fca.
This town gives name to the iflands of Hicres-, which
lie in the nrigtihouring lea, and m coiijuik'Iioii with the
continent, foiiii i fine road. 'Ihelc illands are three in
number. The piiiuipal, which lies luaielUhe to*n is i'. r-
qui roles, fo called Iroiii the great number ol wild hogs,
which Iwim over hither from the continent, for the lake
of the acorii-s abundantc (jI oaks growing here. It is
four French leagues in length, on.' in hreadih, and is de-
fended by an clvi t.lHo. 1 he lecoiul is Portccroz, that
being the name of the haibour where a fort is built.
The third Is called Titan, or Livaiit, from its fituation
»•> the ealKvari! of the former ; but though it is fiur
French leagues 111 length and one broad, it is uninha-
bited. On thele illaiids .ue laid to be lound the moll cu-
rious medicinal plants of all the Ipecies that grow in
Italy, Spain, (jiecce, and Egypt.
Fiejus, the an'-ieiit Forum Julii, ii a fortified city
fcated on the river Argent, at the di'lance of a mile and
a half fioni the lea, and thirty fix miles to the north-call
of Iduloii. It has acourtof admiraliy, and is the fee of
a billiop, fuftragan to the archbifhop of Aix, and has
within his diocele eighty-eight paiifhcs, with a ycaily
revenue of twer.tyeight thouland livres, out of which he
is taxed one thouland florins at the court of Rome, This
city contains four convents. Among the remains of Ro-
man antiquities, there are here an aquedudl of confider-
able length, and an amphitheatre.
The princi;jal place in Upper I'rovenro is Siftcron, a
lily that has a finall citadel, (eated at the loot of a rock
•ii the Uuiancc, thirty miles to the fouth weft of Em-
AKCJ
brun, and is the fee of a hiftop, fuiTragan to ih.- 1
biHiop of Aix, who ha.s fixty four p.iiilhcs, and' T''
> enue ol filiecii ihoufaiid livit-, |,ci ai.iiuni '.„[: ''''
atum at the court ot Komeis eight hiindfecl(l,„i,„ H
IS a lathedral and tivc convent-," and on the „;lu( '|;j ''""
tlie luer is a pretty large fubuib c.illid l.a l;.,uiie J,"'
eor.taiiis one parilli chinch, and cue convent. ' '" '
\ hough the Hate of Avig.uui belongs to ,hc r,„nc ,„
the giiatell pan is lurrouiuled by I'loveiice; and ,', , 1
iiatucs of Avignon enjoy the piivileges of n.^tux^ 'f
Fiance, it is pioper to give that couiiiry in tliiw,ij."
The country we aie now to deiciitie is very d^:l^|,'„•'l■
and particularly abouiuts in.oin, wine, and'faltVnn V'
isluhjic't to few taxes, and pavsuniv the tenth of its'„, '
to that the aniiu.il expeiice ol the vicr-U-i.,,|^^ ,
the inililia, exceed the iiieoine anting from n loj".
court of Rome. The Fieneii lamieis-'i'eneial hue |,"l
means ol a liim of money, obtained the iii.ir(,ij,,|^ „l'|j!
and tobacco in tins country, though that trade n ||il, /,.
ricd on in the pojie's name.
AMg.ion, in l-,.tin Avenis, is fiiuated on the ri -,
Rhone, about twenty nides to the noilhof Ail<s, ,ind ,
|jiro..niled with a wall of line tiec-llone; but has l,f|-
tr.ide, efpecialiy fince the m.inulacluie ol printed line'ii
which atforded a coinfort.ible tublilieiue to great mm-
hers of tlie inhabitants, was I'upprelie,! in i.n'^i,,. ^, ^j,'^
French Fall India company, who purclijfui tnis nmhi
bition ol the pope by paying him a eoiillderable I'um. Tlu-
vice-leg.ite, as goveinoi, ulually lelidesiii the n,ij).i| „».
lace, which IS a large thuCture of iree-lljii,., tiicjn.
palled with moats; but is far from being a re.:u!ar cii.
lice. The arlciial is a long lolty bniKiin.-, bu"t .vithli.f
.my other liie arms ■.lianwiiat arejull neceliary ta iiei'il"
ciiarged on public rejoicings. i he upper cojit of t|;-
vice-legate is c.dled tlie Rot.i, and h.is a li .(it of .n.-..'
to Rome. The cathedral, which ilandson the taiiuVnii^
neiKC with the pai.iee, is no' very large. Intwocri^
pels aic to be lien the moiuimciits of pop lleneJid X!!
and John XXU, and alio ilie cl.air or throne or' ihci,,.
eieiit popes, during tin ir relidence heie. In the- diuri;)
of the CMettin(>, .110 line paintin:'> of the prctrnde-J nii-
lacles peifuimed by c.irdinal I'eier ol ( uxcmliur:;, u
whom the church is d dic.iteil. In this church is aL i
Ipleiiilid cliapel, and .1 monument in it credlee' m hom,::
ol tome lliepiicids, who are laid to h.ive built the II nc-
bridge here over the R.u.iie. Jn ihcihureh nfthj Fii;,.
citcaiis. Is the tomb ct ihe hcatitiiul and learned l.j.uj
inimortaliled by the poetry and pablon of llie celebrj:ej
I'etrarch. In this town af t*o U-cieties ol Jcliiiis, la
one ol which belongs .1 line college, vtith an uii.vcili:,-
foundc.l in 1303. The popes iclided lieie Itum tht
year 1305 to 1377. In this city the Jews iiijuy thcirce
excicite of their leligioii.
S K t; T. V.
0/ihe Privinn of Diiuph'int; ill Siluathn, LxUnl, PyJ
ar.,1 .Singula' Itits ; ill MtiiuiiJ Sptiii^s, Kntn, uiu \
Priii^^pul Cillis, pditi^uljuy Circnshit, .jinliiwt, liim.:,
iDiii I iilenu,
TH E province of nauphinii is boiiiuleJ on the noiih |
by the country ot liuli'e .111. 1 the tivir Khoiic;oii
the eaft it is fep.u.Ued Ironi I'leJiiiont bv Ihe iVfS ni
Savoy i on the loutli it boideisoii I'lovcncej and on i.'i:
wcil on the Rhone. It is neatly of a trianguLcr lutT,
and eachlide of the triangle is about an hundred Kiigl>lli
miles in length.
Lower Dauphinc pioduces corn wine, olives, liiii,
hemp, fair, wood, vitriol, crytl. , iioii, copper, anj j
lead; but Upper Dauphine, -nd indeed above ■.v.^jllirj.
of the whole province, biing very inountaiiii>L.s arc in I
barren, that gicat lumbcis ot the natives feek lurij'j-
hlteiuc in other pans; )et the fe mouiitnins havf limel
uteful prtnlucts, and contain many ciiriofuics. Inlfio;.U
of Ambrun and Die, are tipund iiiarrafites. 1 henul.knj
mountain, as it is called, yields a Ipecics ol ciylial. >.'■
veral mountains are covered with larc h-tues, on thcncJj
of which is uathcied manna, bcniaitiin of a dclighiltlf
f;ajr.ir;:|
Pr.wce.
fi.i;r.incc, a
III dyes. ■/
found ill an;
nicii';, bear,
fctilieil, phf
Ancient I
jniiiijHius di
which foine 1
Ii ilie burinii
li'r. It is a
liiij; liiioke, i
I'lueieid in i
but h't thele t
iiiiirle to the
h:\ and is nr
11 r'lc !■ wcr
i;,.M.', i; bcin
il.-.i in it i but
l'< hvarm witli
.' c.lfible mou
iJ en a very
J/if. lint tho
I till' top of It. Hi
Ihceiiesol Sail
liciii a grotto .1
liv.jMOiile relat
t:,,-, liceoiiie lu
,.,o,f thele II,
".[J 0.- b.;d vvii
ii:.i (h.dl have :
; i ■.•eiitiiiies p.i
t. !.■.■> ol fonie
C/.-tolill the (I
Ta-ie are (c-v
il..ie, aiiiorig vv
jiiuiecavis, ane
l./,.->i but t'li
{■::.• ..id ruflics
£,;;;■ ol the wa:i
I'lij waters of
i:!ccmed, as a t
(I'K h, (luxes,
h tier than t'le w
ul.'ey about (iv e
I.VIVII Itvo ll'.;ll I
^J! tint of b.ii
fca.- are Wretch
1:1 n.Tv lefjiec
Mr,-, procee.lii
ii.i:', 1^ as it We
iiNir.;h rocks
! .t, IS ihe mil
I- 1 a lour, i.i
: -'• f,iriiit;, a
■r Ikep roc'.
'■''■■'en the p.n
'' trfcrc it is n
Ijl i::ile frcipi-
f ''!:.;^ in this p
I. 'icprinrip.il
' e, an I the i )r
' i.^'piirk-, am! |.
''■-i the inh.ihi;.]
' '.'i sn>l hkewi
' ■', with one 1 1
'.' 'I'e , ilirre bai
n.Jiy [livate lor.ll
r'l'ralof the pr
fli.c jjiivc ttie 1
I'.'.pnivin^c are
(
■'''""Ilie, in
r'"oi;e?, !■; p\c^\
'■' ■'■:• river \(a,
l^ili'ui-, iiiilf
'ia>e'iy h ,< ,i|(;
Jimrt „f t,xe.>,
I'.ie-iif France,
"^''^etller fortirrc:
l:..ff.!e. The
ip of Vrri
I'
ii
i
r%
ANcr
iMainiii
fnAJfCE.
L U R O P
n to tliL- irtli-
Ill's, ;mil a it-
•I, .illd Ills t.ix-
cdHuriii!. Ikir
lllti.llur I'lJt oi
..I l;..uiK', wliii'i
Kilt.
t(i llic pojic, vet
iicr ; and ai the
L's of natives uf
try Ml tills |)!acf.
s vtry dtliglul'ul,
.iiul IjIUuii, !•
i: It-mli ul its I'lo-
viti;-lc;;,itv, ,iik1
; lliini It Id tilt
I'llUMjl hui.-, tiy
' in"i'cii)uU III i.,jt
It traJc Is llil. ca:.
itcd oil Oie ri',;!
,li ul Aii<s, lUid ii
iiii; ; but li.is lif.lc
L' ol printed linen,
IKL- to pen mim-
il in t.uuur 01 iht
irLluUd tnis prnhi-
ifideuble I'lnii, Tlu-
dcs ill llic |i.i',>il p»-
irvL-lljn,-, t;ici.':ii-
iciiii; i rc^u'Mitii.
iUUii.;, but ,vlth H':
, nixcli'jiy to bci'ii
mHJcr tiiurt of ll."
i;is ii ii;ht of .!p;-;j'
ids en ll.c laiiK tnii-
l.ir(.'C. Intwocfi:-
ipop i'kt.lJki >;ii.
Ul tluonu of thciii-
loic. In ibc (liui<.;i
of the prctciKloJ mi-
r ul I iixcmliutu, U
this clvjicli is .il:'o i
It crtdltL' Ul liomii:
li.ivc built the lloiic-
iliurth nfth= r:.ir,-
I ,uul Ifariicd l.i;;a,
(III of tlic coli.bu:cJ
ititiii's of Jeluib, 1.1
, vulli an un.vcifr.y
lUdcd lu'ic Itiini tf:
c Jews injoyl^c Hit
L/i'i', Antbiwh '''"'■'■>
Ibinini'.oJ on l^n: """'» |
ilie tuir Rhi'iic,"ii
lioiit bv tbr Alfs .ra.l j
'luvciitCi aiidoiilti: |
,,t a tnaiiiJuLit lorv,
|nt an hundred Ki^Mli
n winr, obvc*, i;n,
, iion, copi;", ini
ub-cd above '.v.^lluJ.
niountaiiK'ts, 2": !" I
1,- u.iiivo l>t.-k lot'"
moiiiit:""^ havi-l'msj
|y cniiufuics. l"''i^''
l.irf alltcs. 1 be p- '"
hicncofctylW. >■•
uf i dcbuhlli'lr
fi'MHCC, anJ .i?^ii''> wliich li nfiil in iibyfu- aiiJ iVai-
1 I Jvi'S- ''"-l^' niouiit.iiii.s alKiiiid in bialls that .iie iMt
found in any olhir p.irt of Kraii. i-, pnlitnlaily the tiia-
ninis bc.ir, aiil niaimiit, wbiili have btcil alitaily dc-
fcrikd, plieil'anis hav^■ks, i-a-U". ;->:t-.
Ancient lullonai's iiml nioib.:iii jit-o^iaphrr
i,us ik-ftriptii)iis of
|1UI
t;jii.>r-l
11 (■
i:
h\ 111 It i
t'l hvariii
s -ivc v.Ty
tllC V^'Oll.KM.H 111 UaUpbilV.-,
whidi ll""'' fi|" '■'''■"' "^ ''■*'''" ■""' '>'!'' 1^ i"'"^'- ' !)'' '""
i, ihc burniii;; Ipniiur, on a bill iiino niik-s Iriiin (Trcno-
l;,. It is a I'lltL' buiok, which iliut-s ttum a liiil cmit-
,i'ii, fiiiokf, and rvcii fniall flanii-s h.ivc btcn fonutniit.-.
iHuciviil in it, wbi-h (oninuiiiicaii-.l lu it to tin watrr ;
liiii Icr ihi'lc two centuriis palf, this livnlct has altcuil its
luurf.' to the dill.uKC of twelve fixt lr..m thit i^ni-oiis
fol and is 11 '* :i^ '^"'-' •'' ro'Timon water. 'I'hi- lnoiul
1 I'hc tiiwcT vviilumt venom, about a k-a-uc from Ci:;--
■/!,. it bciiu prctviiJ.-'d that iiovciiDnioi'.s creature will
biit'this is-i iiofirious inill.il.i-, ii b ing knj.v;i
with •.'.Jdcrs and fpidcrs. 'I'he i!ii:d i3 inc i:i-
cJlfible mount.'.iM, which is a lleep ci.v'?,\- rock, liii!.;:-
' I J,j J very hi;;h moniitaiii, abont two Ic.tguci from
i)ie. l)"t tho ij-Ji it is txtrcmtlv iliiruull tn ilinib up lo
liictcpof It. tlii-.'ii.is been frequently done. I hi' fourill i.
thcc.ivi'sorSaH:iii.i,u', wliich arc .wo e;.cava!'.d jloncs, th.it
If ill a crotio above a village of that name. The couii
,'u-.„wle rebilc, th.it anniuilly on thv lixih of Janu.iry
I 'ulonie fiillof wat.T, ;:nU tli.'.t tne ii'iantity ol it ni
•' ,,f th'.!e llor.-.'s, foieicls vvi;iih'.-r i:;-. ■,• Ib.'.ll h.ive a
1 s.l 0.- b..d winter, ami the otiier pri.-'N. males w-bctliei
'll V ft>-'ll h.i^e •> K'" 'I '" ^'•'•' barveil ul ci.Tii. Kov lei-e-
. ; .•mturi'-s p.iil this Itoiy b.is been kept up by the ai-
. .") of loiiie if tlie iiinabtanis, wlii li.emlUves lake
\ ."til iV;! the (bines with w.itcr.
1,1. le are i'eveial oth,r lupiofe.! woni'.crs in tbs pro-
li.u-, aiiioiii; which is .i vv.iier kill iii_ a jr. mo ii -ar :li'e
yuu'cavis and llie Cuatiiu;; meado-.v in tiic la.;;' ol IM-
I ;„■-, ■ but thii luppoied meadow conlith incielv ol
,./,., I'l runic? cemented, ;is it wen, together, by the
r.,;;.!el the want.
r;ie w.itersiif La Motl'.i' -n this pvoviiiee, are liii;bly
litmcJ, ii5 a certain remedy a;j;aiiill all nil irderc of tne
!( iri h, flaxes, aiid even lamencl's, liny beiii^ mu. b
1- ti;r ib-m tlie water at Ai\, in Savoy. I. a Mutlie is a
ui:i;vjbout li\C kaiuKs from iJrcnnhIr, that r'..ii'. be- |
i.vuii tuo bi.;h mouiiiaiiis, and enjoys no oiber prol'peiit
K:;thituf bate and lb.ep rocks. Tl.e I'lilv dwellinsis
rr.-jrewrftebcd bills of liraw, lo that tr.e cuuiitry "•*
i;m,r'/ lelpeet dil.igreiable. Tne Drae, a vcr,- rapid
Mcr, prncee.liiig fniin the liijh put of tfe eiltiict ol
(1.,' n, .13 it weie, fqueezed in at La Motbe bitwieli
iMi'h'Mi rocks. On it.s fliore, at the lout of a very Iteep
: ,t, is ilie mincrsl IpriuL', which if the liver iifes but
i;'f a foot, i.< covered with its turbid water. To conic
:tl','-f'rinK, a pr-ifon nmlf climber h.:li a Krcnch leaj^ic
, , ■: ik'i"! roe!.' and dreadl'il preelpieis, winch I'lem to
i.a'i'cn the pall'en:',er with inimedi.'.tc (klliucliiiii ; and
I i-rforc it is no wonder that tliele ex.clkiii watcis are
I'jt i;;i!'j freipi' ntcd. 'Lherc aie lev. r.vl oilier iiiiueial
I ■•i;i, ill iliis province.
' The prlncip.i! livers are the Rhc r.r, the Uuranec, the
I'c, aiil tin Drome. In this pioviiice a;e two arih-
'■k; .ptick^, aiu! live bifhopnes. I he civil law takes pl.ice
I ..'i theinli.ibilants have .'.llo piitieular culkims ol '.heir
i va, Slid likewifr a parliam iit, vvhicii la alio a coiiit ol
I, •:, with oiieiTfiViiKJal court cf ju:>lee, leven prelec-
l.i.,i'f., tlirrt bailiwics, four toy..l jurildictions, .md as
r.jiv jiivate li'rdfhips. Tne governor and lieuten.int-
■mrjlof the provinc'.' fit in (he pailiament, aiiJ take
I'ho
lins to the court ff Rome. Tlie river Iivic divi.le. tlic
city into two iiiieiiual parts, the fm.il'.ii ol whieh i". call-
ed La i'eriicre, and conl.iiiii <inc parfli church, and ons
convent. The namecl the !.n;,',eit is Hi iiiic ; this is the
molf be.iutiful, it I" ui;; built with (frii-lit b.indlomr
(Ireets, .iivl coniaiiis (evei.ii m.i'Viirii mt public I iiiidin^",
as t.'ie bilhop's p.il.ue, the p.ila < in which aie hold ilie
courts of jultke, the cathcdijl, tbc aii'iul, and a ^eiis
ral hofpital.
The grand chartrciifc, the mufl celebrated of .ill \\\r.
ioiivent.s bcloiii'jiv.; to the oid.i ol Cailliiiliaiis, i- le.u; d
on the Alps, at tne dillanoe ol tiirce lea.'.ues liur.i tiie-
noble. 'I'bere are two w.iys lead in ; lo it, but both or
earned over llecp rocks an.l preciiiid sof a di< jdfjUiei.bl,
the terror ot winch is incrc.ikil by lb'.- iimiti;; of lb'- ri-
ver (juyer ia .\lort, duiiii ; its prccipii;.'c coinn. ainon^
liicni. I'iie convent, v\'linh ll uidi, un ,\\\ eminence le-
le.nblin;', a nKiidow, is environed wiili to. ks .ml nuMiii-
tains covered wiiii wood, tn.>t rife to anni. h gu-iitei
lici,!ht. Jills ciuivent lorms a ([-aciinis obl<iiu> Kpiaie
walled in, an.l without it are a few inns and It.nie.s. lit
the large hall of tins convent is ainrn'iv ti bJ th • .v neral
chapter ot the ■ r.ler of th* l.".uii.uii .ns. where t .e G'T-
•n.in prion take tne p,-eeeden.e oi a 1 o.h.'is ; an . at iln if
arrivil m.iy ride into tie ;oUit o! ;.ie eonvi nt, which
none of the rill jie p.rinitied to do; but, uk- 111 .ii;.ctrs,
I. lull all;. Ill .11 ilie jjue. Ill iV.e lall ..re hn. p.i:iitnir3, *
lepieiiiiim^ the life 111 St. Mmiii), and likcA'ile ths pi --'■'•
tun;. 01 tlu ,cnera'.< oi'ilic lirdiT V'... I.irm.'i .ire tc pi^s'*^'
ol i.ie admirjliit paiiiiini;s in the Char r- :U; at I'aiis. In
a I.T^e g.i"
convents
binds. The church is not lari'i, bin vciv m.i ii'lueiit i /".^^..-ir'"
mid .iiiinni; other relics it is laid :o contain tlie aim ot St. ,..)., .,r •■
{{iiino, his boi\ beiiu; interud in I i.ila'irid, Ine tiilt <,>, -/a <'
* m m
iHiilil
'^^'■' ■Jli
k 1
lery iniybe I' en views i.f :H '..-le t.ailhulian ,^; .y^;. -.■
in Cn:iltendom, nio.lly ca- u-.'il by emioenc/i,',.,'),,/,^ ,i/i
li tiienu lit ot iiiuno .ind hij oilcii les was h.ilf a lea-juc
" lo
Iioin this place, and it havin;; n:i piMicular name, w..s "'^, v,y.v,<
called (loin Cirtbieiile, a vill.i-e lit'.ir.tej near it in a /(,.,/>/•. /•■•
valley, niid wliicli is Hill in bei; i;. Vrom the kuchciw. ••../■, V
ot tills inonall-ery above a hundred pcilons are daily tcd,^'""* '"•'■•
and aiiioii;^ thini thirty iiuinks and toitv lay-bioibers ;
and all lliaiii;ers are eiilett.oiied hfic j;taiii. Ibewinc-
cellar conlilts of two lines lined with c..lT<s of an extra-
ordinary li/.e, and wtiich beiii;> ininKiviable, me lillcil
thrini;;h tne roof by nic.iiis of i^.ubcr pijKs. 'I'liis con-
vent IS tne he.id ot the order, .ind ehoole'j the gcncial,
who is ohli^eil to telidv hciedurin; he.
Rnaiiciin, ihe capit.doi a territurv c.illed Urianconoi',
is leaicd I'uity five iiiik> to tiie foutlicalt of ( jrt noble, on
the lideol a Itcep loile,oll the top ol wllicii !'. i:u!s ac;i(llc',
mai the town the two little liveis ot 1 )i; • .'.t,J Alice
unite tiuir fticams, and thus firm the river Durance.
.Ambiiiii, or Knibtiin, the i .'piial cf tli- teriiiury of
Ambnmiiis, i, lituat d on alteip ro k, at the foot of
which runs the iiver Duranc , .niid is abo'.it i;ve,it\' miles
to tne foiith ot Hii,;i!9oa. It is a (hi'ii.; pla e b.ith bv
art and nature, and is the I'e of an arciibi.'li >•, 'vvl-.o Itvlr's
himieif piiiiee .in I count ot .\itibrun, and baioii of (jiiil-
lellrciml H.aul n, wiio has .illo oii.-hjlt of the lorJfh^p
and jurif.iietion ot the city (lis aiinnil re cime a:noiiMtS
to twentv-t«o fioiiland livrc , and hi': t is iliuii : t the
I eoiirtof Uome is two thoiifjiul four hiiidreJ llorin-. Tha
I cpilcnpal p.ibice is the tinelt buildiiv; iti tlic city, wnicb,
j belides tbecatlicdral, contains live jMulh-cli'ircbe;, witli
a t'.ipuebin i oiiv! nt, ami h.id laleiv a collej- ot Jeliiils.
' \ ioiiiie, ill Latin Vienna .Mloi-.r.igum, tlw capital of
a dilfiiiM in l.iwer Dauphine called Vieiinnis, is .t vrtv
iiitiunt city ha'cj on the Klioiie, Icv.-iit.cn nnk's to the
lliic juivc tne ibief prelideiit. I'ho principal places in ' (oiith of L\ on-. It i< of prettv lari;e c.Meiit ; but the
ll.:-prir/in'C are tiie lollowinp,: j (Ircets are iiatiuw and ill paved. Thecarhrdial is a btaii-
(i.-i'iiobtc, in Latin ( jr.-.tianap.ills, tbc c.ipital of the j til'ul Itru.'tuic, and in it arc tiuee cliapt.rs. ilerc is ,il(n
f.'ivir.cf, IS pleafantly lear-d A tiic foot of a niountam
n r.e river llcre, near tbc nlaec where the rivir Diac
dlihir-'-s itfetf into if. Here the parliament meets.
Thhciiy his all'o an intriii'eney, .i chamberof accompt*,
) couti uf t ixes, a mi'it, and a court of the lor.l-trea-
lie-iif I'rance. It is a plcaCanl populous citv, ..lid he-
''miller forlirie3ti<in?, is de'ciukd by a citadel, callc.j
t r l;.,(ti!e. The bifliop ot'this place h fiitfiai>aii to the
.t.M.ifliiip of Virnn :', :in'l his .i uveir.ie of twenty eieht
!!..,j|j...i livres, out uf wbicii be p.iys one ttienilaii 1 llo
a priorv, nine convents, one lemm.ny, and there was till
lately a collrne of Jeluits. 'I'ncehurch of Nntte D.inie
de la \'ie is l.iid to have been a Roman pr.norium. 'Ine
archbifliop ot thi' pl.ire I'njoy. the li-'e o'' upper piimatC
of Ciiiil, .iiid bis .uiiuial icvenue aniLiii's to twentv-tivdi
thoulanJ livies, out of which he is i, md ei;iiieen huii-
d I'd and tiltvfonr lloiins .K the court if kmiic. In tnis
city arc made anchors and fv*'ordbla I, s, wnh orber nu-
niil.ieluies in iron .\\\\ llrrl, aiul a'fo p p r i nils.
Valence, in l.a'.in V^kniia, the c.pii.il of a dillne*^
5 i^ tailed
■ li
.iU^'
'it?^ i
Hi'
458
A SYSTEM OF GEOGliAPHY.
i-K
ANcr,
r;i'.KJ Valoiil'iltiis, is fcatcJ on the- Rhone, f.irty-clght
mils to tliJ loiitli of Lyons, anil is pretty well Suilt : it
is br^c, .inJ one ot ihj 'nulf anlicnt cities in li.imc, hav-
ing; Wm tiniiicil',' a Koinan colony. I lu' hillup ii
iuliJL>il to tin; arclibilhop of Vicii'K', ami has an anniial
revtiini; ot fixttt'n thoufaml lim-s, out of which his ta\a-
tion to tlic toiiit of Rome is two thoiilaml thru' hinulrod
ami ti};hty iioif llorins. The cpilcopal palace is a line
h'lil.lln,; ; he i.les the c.ithoilral, it cont.iiin one rh.iptir,
aiij lh:ee a'jjiejj with lix convents, .niJ an un.veili') .
S K C T. \I.
Of tit Situ:il!:n, Emi'iI, Pi ! line, and p' iiwi/mt Rivers nf
J'l-.v.Ji,' C:mte; it'/VA -i Dejoi^li^'i ff Ufjai:pii, Sudiits,
Dde, ,r:.iu!'iiy.
nn^azinc of fait, anJ where their courts of iuftico
helj, is a ina^nilicent huilJini;. The- to.vn is Jcfni i")
hy a wall, ami near it llamis Fort Hdin, which isf-,iel
on a hill, aiiJ cm another is l''oit llrceon, an-1 a ciil
It contanis live or fix thoufaml inhahitants, and ji,' '^-'.
ncit;hbouilio()il arc (iiuirics of jai'per, beautiful alabalk'"
ami bl.ielc ni.iibic, '
Uole, i town featcd on tlie river Doux, eighteen m;|-
to the fouth-welt of 15efan(;on, in a dillrii.1 uf the |j',„"!
name, which, fioni its beauty and f-ilility, is ||y|j.j y ,
d 'Amour-, or the V'aleof l.ovc, wis tmnivrl,', while \)t.
Iai:i;nii continued a free iiiipeiial city, the capital (,( .k"
coimtry, the I'eat of a paili tnanf, ol a ^huiihcr of a -
count, and of an univeifuv- On its beiiw i.ilceji |,y
Lewis XIV. in i6uS, he can fed the fort.iwa-'.iiiis t , |,j
demoldlv.d i it w is altcrwaidi t.iJccu by tlieS,4iiij,v
I who lortihcd it attain; but the IVcnvh retjKui' it",'
TilK caildom of lIiirL'tHidy, or Kr.inche Comte, is I if>74, it was a fecond time dilmantled, and the^irln.
bounded on liie noitli by Lorrain ; on the calt by I "lent and univcrfity afterwards removed tj ULfjin-nn .
the earldom of Mumpcl'aaid and SwillLiland ; and on i l^^it the chamber of accompts lliil remains here.
the fouth and welt by the fjovermiienL ot Uurgiindy
;in I Champagne. lis cxtci.t from fouih to north is about
ninety mil^.;, and frnm the fouih-eall to the north-welt
III
I IS
Ii;<i
.\lnu^;t rniJ-half of it is a level
I country abounding
in torn, v/in-.-, pjllurcs, hemp, <\c. and the otiier haif
is niouni.iiiioi: , but produces a good breed of cattle, and
feme corn and wine.
'[ iiis ci-uiitrv contains mipc« of copper, iron, lead,
and lilvci. Ncir the \ iilage of 'I'uuillon is a fprinj; that
run. and ccafos at Itatcd times, .md the town of 1) .lints
lias profuaide falt-i'ptin^s and ni.iilheh. In thr. diltrie't
are likewil'e qi!..iiics of alaballcr and maild.-; and jI'o
near the ri'.er Djux is alar Lie grotto m whuh nature has
fofincd pillar', and a lurprilin;; variety of figures j and
near Leu^te :s a natural tavern ol ice, which trcczes in
fummer ai,d th iws in winter.
riie ptinei;).d rlvcr^ of this province are the Saone, the
Oujnon, the Doiix, the Louve, and the IDaiii.
FtanchtVJ.imtc has a parliament ot its own ; it is fub-
iecl tc) a governor, lieuteiiant-jieneral, and fub-goveiiior ;
and is divided int'i four large dilliicl^, the principal places
in which are the following :
lirelan9on, in Latin V'efontii), and Belontium, the ca-
pita! of tne country, is a hundred and lixtv mdes to the
fouth-cait of i'aris and is the feat of an arclibilhopnc, a
parliament, 1:11 intendcncy, a bailiwic, a country and a
mint court, .'^t\ It .s divided by the river IJoux into tiie
Upper or (Jld Town, ai.d th-- Lower or N. w Town,
and isfuiroundcd by a wall and other lortifieations : it
is alio defended by a citadel that iLnid, on a (tecp lotk,
and is an oblong f(piare, flanked with four iire/ul..r
lialtions, the ground being too unei'cn to admit of re-
pular woiks. Tiil the peac-J of Weltphalia it was an
impciial cit\', but at that time was transtertcd to Spain :
it was aiterwaids taken by Franee, and its fortilication>
were grcitly Itren^thened by Lewis XIV. I'lie c.it.ie
dral, whuh ;. il.dicated to St. John. itanJs at the l,,ot
t.f .Mount St. h'i-phen ; and the arc ;.;'il)i-.p, who Idles
himlelf a prince of the empire, has three futt'ragans under
hiin, with a rcn line of thirty fix ihoufand livu-s, out of
which h-j pays a thoufand and twcnty-thri:e florins to liie
court of Rome. I he city .ilfo contain, two chapters,
tight p irilh chuichcs, two abbies of monk-;, and two of
nuiii, twelve convents, one univerlity, thi-c holpitals,
and had a college of Jefuiti. Che town hoiife, the go-
veinoi's palace, and that ot (ji..nville, are the moll re-
iriark.ible buildings in the pliue j llif lalt irl which isfur-
nilli J with a great variety of excellent (latues and pic-
ture^, and a library containing a great niiinh'-r of v.ilcuhle
looks and inaniilcripts. In tlir neighbouihood ol IJcr-
lanc;on aic the rums of an amphiliieatre, a hiindicd .uul
twenty tcet in dianicler, .\\v\ of lome pa^'Jii temidi..-., with
a triumphal arch dtdicate.l to the c-mpeioi Aut(,lian.
SaKiK--, in I-atin Sjiinx", fo called fiom an excellent
f..!t fprin; which yields the crown a gieat rcvemu-, ii
pleal'antly litudted on a livulet in a valley I'cfwecn two
mountain', tweiuv miles to the fouth ol Dcfini^on, and
tkV) hiinlred to the fouth-ealt cd I'aris It 13 a long
town, tiiitfly confining of one llicct, and has .'our chap-
ter'-, four parifh-thurches, ten c-oiivi iit-., oik- college,
at;J one lioipital. The hall, in vvhieh they have tliirr
a pretty town, ih-.- Itrects aie ip.icioiK, and t!,e honi;,
I tohr.ibly w.il built. The punlii k 'dilices niult «.,;[],(,
j of notice are the church of (jiir L idy, the ieiuiis tcjil.-n'
and the n.daco whc-re their parliani -nt w.i-,'ticld. It h"j,'
alio one chapter, eleven conveiirs of both fex' s, .mj .,
holpital. The inhabitants arc laid to amount to buwt-i
four ini.\ five thoufand. i^ere are fli!l tlv; renraiiis of " .
veral Roman aru tjuities, p.irticularly of two a'pavduct-
Ciriiy, in L.r.iii Uralicum, is a pietty irjdin;' tu,v!
leated on the Sacne, about ten milo to the nniui-.^^ii
of l!efan(,-on, and was well foi tilled, till tat.cn by Le-iij
XIV. in i6()8, who dernoiilhed the workj. It cwua;,,;
but om- parilh-cluirch, a ccdii-tiiate chuich, live t'..\-
vcnts, and had a college of Jciuits. The inh.i'.itiri:;
are computed to amount to alioiit four thoufand. \\;;.
they cnib.irk great quantities of corn, iron, and u!."!..
merchandize, which they tranfport to Lyons.
n
SEC I". VIL
Shiiat'r.n, Extent, Pr<i,/:i.e, aril M.u
iintiiins ef Alijii.
The ImmJuiiiiii c/' tie Koni!- ; u;i!> tin (.!M Dui .nl
Lciiltlijul Pelhlti fiiundlnt! At KitJir. Of tin- eiljt, /i';,,,.,,
ef Aijaic. The U umber oj its lr,h.Mtaiil> ; the .I/ji|..,r,i
wliiJ) tik.t C^MtrybecMne Julji.U 13 Fiaiae ; uiih a Oi-
f/ifliin '/ iiti\ijbur£, uiiU tht cil.tr frinc-pM Cxn ;;'
ALSACK terminates to the Tiuthward on SivrfTfilji;!
and trie 1-ianche Comte, to the eallwardun Orit-
nau and Hiifgau, to the noitliwaid on the l'..i.(tiiute,.;-,j
t;) the wellvvard ou I/Oirain, txicndiiig f.,..n iioitati
fouth .ibout eighty-five miles. I he touiitry in "ciitt 1
is very pk.il.int, and abounds in all kinds ot ■jr.iin, lu;,
elculeiit vc-jetables, fl.ix, lob.icco, and wood: iiswi.mj
very palatatde, and its palhiprs ate alio li.ii. Ihecuii-
try between liie livcrs III, the Haaidt, and the K'lin-, j;
narrow and hut inditr'creiitly (eitilei but has fomc imc.
yards and a lew pa'.luit. : liere lye, bailey, and cii , ai«
the only j am ; but that paitwhi. h lies bet'ive.n the mimn-
t.iiiis.the 1!!, and the plain tif Srults, in L ppcr Alfjcc,
to the diiljiice of lix miles beyond llagenau, yitljijri
exuberance of grain, wine, and pallures. The intria-
tains abound in wood, and, though iliey pl^)l!uce hut i.:-
lie coin, they feed large herds ol cattle. Tiic cumrtrv
from Mount Savcrne, and the levels about Stnillmr.; to
the Rhine, is incomparably ferti"- and delii;htfu!, it b;-
ing rich III all kinds of giain, tobacco, culiiiaiy \£^;-
tables, fattron, and hemp.
The chiet chain of mountains in this country is t .:
Waf.'au, in French the Volge. This chain bc-ijiiMi
the nei^'hhouthood ot Langrcs, and extending at f; '.
fiom well to ealt feparates the country of Burgundy 1 ^
Lotrain. Alter this, winding towards the north, it f'pi-
I rales Lorrain from Allace, and forms another earn ti-
I wards theeltdorate ot Friers. 'I'he fummiljand vul 1
ol thi!
chain, as Weil as ihc plains of .\llace, accorJ;^
: to Hulchiiij;, produce a hundred an I lilty kinds of trcn
i ,ind (iitiibs, and lilteen hundied and li.'ty fpcciis of hci!-',
! which all g'.i'W wild. Fhis chain has alio line cx-.d^it
j paduies, ,ifid the tinnieiice*, where th: Ijil isfavj.ii
7 s*.:!
fi'm'Q
I'll
ANCE.
F*A"'<^'^-
£ U R O P E.
^'9
is of jufticj arc
)'.vn \\ dcfnilti
, which IS I'.MtcJ
11, aivl a c.iiln;.
:.im3, and in .^^
julilul alubalk-r,
X, eighteen 111,1:,
rid uf the lani-
Illy, is llyU-aVal
r.rly, while IJc-
the c.ipitjl 1,1 the
v'.iamhcr nf a^-
btiii^ l.ilcen by
rt.:u:i;.')ns t) be
y the S,,aiiia:Jr,,
h retakiiij it i,i
, aiiJ the pirha-
.'d to Hifjiiriin ■
>,uii3 here. It 15
15, and tirehoilcj
lacs molt U(.iiliy
le Jeluitstoll.ic,
IM-. held. It b'j,
th fcX' s, anj ..:i
IU)U!U to b'.tWf.-;!
■.\v: remains of !>
'two a'iuv(iuct>.
.t;y ti-adin;; tu,v!i
to il\e nniiii-viii'.
1 ta'r.en by Lcau
jrlcj. It Cum.\|,ii
:hurc!i, five ci,;i-
l"he inh.i'iit.nv.
t'.i.i'.iuiid. He:;
, irun, and utb::
Lyoiis.
,!ii:lii:ns ef Aljj.t.
ill! (hU'Du:! .,il
lit J ; ihi Mmnr,)
\a)iic i v.uh n Ik-
priiicipM C';(.vj j;'
Mr J on SwilTi'iiir.i
e.illw.ir.i ua Oric-
tiic l'-i.itiiu!e, .;,J
liii^ I. 'n iioita!)
cuuiii') ill _:;tii:r I
iiiJ< of^r.ini, lia!,
I VVlKfd ; ill wl.lv !!
> li.il. I nt can-
I and ihe KMii^ ii
Vut lias Ionic vine-
.iiky, and lur ,ai«
l-.ci«vMithcnii)un-
, 111 L'piKT All'rc,
ll.i^cnau, yitlJin
lures. 'I'henKjun-
■,cy produce but i;;-
ittli:. 'rhccim'-irv
s aboLt S:i ih.r,- ;•)
id dclightlu!, It =.-
icco, tulinMy u^:-
ihii counliy ist..:
his chain l)cgiii> 1"
d extending at I'r:'-
■yuf Burgundy !:>:n
Is ihc north, itfpi-
s another curve i.)-
; fiininiitj Jnd vM'."i
111" AllU^e, JccotJ
1 liity kind, ot treci |
ti.'ty fpccicsofhc
asalfolcnecxaltatl
e th.-Wil IS favou:cl I
1 ^''^
.'hit
, ,-j|„ny fxpnfnre, produce very af^rcc.ilile red and
"'" winr, nf winch a 'ircat deal of Inandv, vinf;vir,
,jr i' made-. This ciiainofmonnt.iiMs li.isalli) Inr
,I'.vtr;il eeiitiiiies been t.imou.s fur its iiiincb ii( lil-
'".' !^„'v euhait, fulpinir, and oth.r mineral?. It is alf.i
'^'Malde, '''■" '^-"-' "'"""••''"'' ^'ethnic let with an
'''"mmo'i numl-.rof tluirchcs, convene, and ch.iiiels.
° T'lC Rh'.i'>-"« "''■''^■'' '^''^^ •''* "' ''''•'"'''y ■" ''•'* cunniry,
, futlvcniifes teinble dcv.ilt itions, nnt only in wintei,
'"','., the niidtl of fnnnncr, when the fnow inelis on
Its inundations then ruin the fields, I, y cover
iScAip'
',' 'n with faiid. 'r.ie viol-, nt torrents of the Rliine,
'1 c:icr.div happen cvirv year, frcqucnlly alter tlic
i. "1 n\ t.f il'^' ill'ii^* within it. ( )ne linuul.u itv o( th; j
'"'.■ that in i's faiul arc found paiticljs if [!uld,
; h the torrents in their fall walh from the Alps, and
".'"■, ,p,„ the Kbinc. Accordinjily it is only below
' V that tt.e I'.ind contains this pici irnis mixture, winch
" 'utuiii" anil winter, when the river is at tl;c lowelt,
'''^Vivnii't »•'''' ih'- land, and, after ralfin^.; through
■\'lwateis, the p,old is extracted. 'I'hc particles ul
'.*!,iieial .ire f. Idoni (o lart;.- .;. a I'.raiii of niilleC ; the
''.'is imleeJ vcr, line an.l heaut:tul ; but is I'u fcarce,
• I't'the city ot .Stralhur'^, whicii has the privilee-e of f;a-
ihrilij C"!'' ''"■ '''^" ''■" -■'" "' '"'"^ thoufand pact ., fence
jji ,f, live ounces in a year, 'riie Rhine alio cinit.iins
'""v rr-lt'ls, and p.'-rtieularly pehldos that receive a
f,''^.,,,i]'p,,li(|i, aiiil .ir; much ii:ed in Fiance under the
,:;Vof Kh^nc p.bb!cs.
' Tf i'ol!.i'.vi".'. river-. 'Muc tioin tlic above chain, anu
,,., iiitollie I...'.ver All.ic, the L"hcr, tne Cher, the
Aniiaii, the Kr^^ers, and the l>ic«IJi j thefc tliive l.ul
■|j,|.jthc III. The Serr, the Mottcr, the Scli/.b.icti,
r-.I,.a!i.r, .itid the (J|ieicli, wh.ch run into the Rliiiu.
hl-per AlWee the Ueirc and the III, w'liieh alio tun
-MiU-R-i'i-'-
1 ^-niin'.b'r of inh.ibitants in Alfacc is ccanputcd at
' • ha'.f a niillion. In Upper Alfaee and .'^und^MU are
t'v:v-twi)I.ir',e and I'niail towns. In I,owcr Alfaee thirty-
[iir and in bc-th are upwards of a tlioiif.nid Inial! towns
,rnlla"ef. The common langu.:ge of the inhahiianis
'i:'l;c(ie"rman, and they aie partly Lutherans and partly
fc:n.in catholics.
A.ucc has been fubjcdl to feveral German families,
j;,; jurticularly to the houfe of Anitria ; but at tlic peace
ot'.Muiil'er the eirperor cedcil to the crown id I'r.ince all
r.t to the town of lirific, the land^M.iv.ile of Upper
;";I,')'.vcr Alfacc, Sniul,',a\i, and the dill iio.l ol the ten
i-.;:fi iirpenal cities in AH'ace, with the whole loveicii;n-
I ;\i..i"iii; to them. On the other hand, l''r.iiuc eii-
'i-Jtbat the iiihaliilant. Illould continue unmolcltid in
;. ' rn'ivnv nt of their freedom; and prcnii'ed !<> be
Uhlicil with the powi r which the houfe of Aiittii.i hail
t!' '."I ever them, an 1 had tiansfcrrcd to I'laii. e by that
;• !v. Ill tne fuccccdiiu', wais I'rancr took the ten im-
j-.- ;I eiiit- in All ICC, and as by the peace of Ni.ne^ncii
iiL'i'.\-rtl- (iipiilaii. 11 w.s mule fur their rcllitution, the
li;,; ifcaled ilieni as a parted his aci|uifiti<ms, and vlircii-
fj a chainb r of appeals at Brifac, to which not only
i:Afe cities, but the nobility of the empire, and all otheis
liiilJini; imperial lands in A; .ic.e, were to hiiii;' their
iriiccfl'.', and not to the in^eiial chamber of the empire.
Atlhrpticeof Rvfwic, in if'ijT, tiie cmpe;"r and the
iTpiieei.led to h ranee the perp. . ill fovereieiuv ol tlic
(I, (.(Str.dburi;, and of ail i: piiidenciej on the left
f..?i f the Rhine.
Inc principal place in I ppcr Alfaee is Str-ifliurj;, in
Latin ArcentoratuiT), the c;'.piial of the whole coiintrv.
I; n a rti.al, Irec, imprnal city, and the feat td' a mint-
oiiirt. it flands in iortj'-Cight decrees thiit) lix inniules
le'iii latit'ide, and ill leveii degrees forty-one niiiiuics
wii liinjitiide, near two iiiilis diHant fri>m the Rliiiie,
jiK! IS furroiinded by the rivers III and lirei.lJi, which
jiiiisHi thri^ugh it ; belides whiih an arm of tlie Klnne
^^luiiuyed to thccitv. It is not very well foitilied, but
I'V means of a fluiec in the city may b- hid iind.-r wa-
tt:, i'he rampaiis arc txtrcnielv pii alant and planted
round with tteci, and towards the Rhine it has a regular
ciUiid.
The city is larc.c and populous, it cnnr.-ining about
lliittvtwo thoiil.ind houles, four tlioiil'ind titiee Hundred
families, and thuiy thoufand inhabitants I ne llrcufi
aie ill j-eneral n.irrow, two only excepttd, and am a-
clorncd wiili lew handiome houfcs. Tiic public build-
ings are tli'i towii-houle, the epifcop d p.d.i .e, tliat of
the iiitendant, tlieaifeii.il, and the pi ly-houle. In the
' ity hof|>iial is kept corn of a great age, an.l they arc
laid to have wine tliat is foine hundred ve.irs rdd. The
French hofpiial is a fine bu;luini>, it heiii;; ercLled by
Lev/is XiV . lor tiie leception of liis loldie.s.
The c.ithedi.il is a verv antient llructuie, it beinj
linillKd ill the year 1449, and confeqneiitly the I'rniell-.
ints are not chargeable wiih the fatyiiwal l.ulpt irej
wiiich a few years ago weic to be feeii on the coi iii\.e3 and
pedellaN, reprel^nting nionkies, aliits, ho^s, a:i 1 other
anim.ils, in monk dh liabits ; and among tne ttlt .1 monk
in an indecent p.ilturc with a iiuti. It is luppohd thac
thele were done by oider of tl.e fecalar cltr.iv, to b' re-
vcn;>ed on the monks tor the ill o!li.;es iluy were aiwayn
doiii;; th.ni. 1 lij It.epleof the cathedral 11 ;uli!y reck-
oned one of the hi^hett 1:1 Europe, it beiiij; hv.- imi.died />/t/J<'A
and feventy-fjiir feet in liei.;lu. The clock of tliii
Itruclure has been greatly admired j for it n.it only file as
tne hours id' the day, but the motion of the fun, moon,
.indltais: .im.iiig oth.r things llurc is an an il .einell
turns an liour-glals every hour, and the twcKe apoitlea
ptoclaim noon by each of them itnking a blow wi:li .1
lianniKr on a bell : ilicie ,.> Fkewilc a cock wlu.li Heps
on; and trow:. every luiur. Among th'.- cuii lilies w. th-
in tins church ate the furniture and orniinentj wliicli
Lewis XIV preleiued to it, an I are cxtieniely licll .iiul
iiiagmliccnt i Hlty pcrfuiis it i, laid wee clnployvj oil
tnein during eleven year-, and they eo;l that pri.ic.- fix
luindred tiioufand do.lars; tile piiiKipal ol tiicle is a I'pkii-
diil altar-cloth. There are here alio a triple fct of niilVal
veltmeiiis and altar furniture, lix largL- l;!e.:i cr.andeliers,
eacli lo h. .ivy that it icquires a Ittong ni '.ii to carry it,
and .1 ciucilix 01 doable tne weight. Thefe l.ven pieces
of plate put togetner weigh a thoulaii.1 and rixiy-h.'C
pounds tigiit ounces.
I'hcie .ire heie alio thice collegiate churches, two of
which aie paiii.hial, together with foui others felonginj;
to the Roinilh conimnnity ; but the Lutherans are 111
poliellioii of St. Tiicnias's clmreii, in which the i lallri-
oiis count Mauiiee of Sa.sony was iiiterrcil in the year
'75' > y-'' ''"•' I'loteltaius perform their public worlhi|i
at VV'oltillieini, and not in tlie city. The uiiimliiy and
gymnariuiii here are Lutherans ; and here .ire .lifj an .uia-
totiiiral tiiealre, a phylic gaidcn, a royal lo; letv loundij
in i;5.'.,and pamcuiarly inltitut.d toi tlieiiatuial hillory
ofAilace; there aic alio fix conv.nt-, and t:ll lately a
college id Jeluits.
Tne city council is haif Lutheran and half Rom in ca-
tholics j but mult ot the burgheis are jaitneians . ih-
college of mapilliatcs conlilts ol tiiree chainhets ; to the
lirlt belong tluittcii perlons, who pieli.le over matters of
judiic ; the fecond is coinpoled 1,1 tiiticn pel Ions, under
whofe c.ire are the rights and piiiileges ol the ci'v, tl.R
holpitals, police, and tinances ; the other chambei 1 coiii-
pided of iwinty-oiie, in whom is lodged the ur..iiiary
government ot tlie city. Over thefe is the grand council,
which conlills cf thirty members, ten ol whom are no-
blemen, and twenty burgiieis. It has alfo an mlerior
council, for the deicrniination of atfairs ol lets anpor-
tance. The fuprenie niagiltrate here, fince the uty lias
become liibjcct to Franc.-, is the royal prietor, who takes
care of the king's rights, and that nothing be done in tho
colle-e of magiltrate-s, contrary to his m.ijelly's pleafure.
The iiihab taiits, however, pay nothing to the king;
but all the niipolts levied here .ire expended in the fup-
port of the city.
To thij city belong five diltricls, or lordfhips. The
biflioinie of titralluirg alfo conipn bends a confiderabli;
traiil of territory, luhjcit to the billiop, as a temporal
lord. It lies fcaltetcil m Upper and Lower Ali'iC ■, and
on the other tide of the Rhine, wheie he hstwod.i-
tr:.ii;. Me titles himfell prince of the empire, and Imd-
grave of Alfaee ; and though at ptefent fubjeill to Francr,
vet, by virtue of the Jiltricl* en the inher fide of ih^-
Uhiue,
m
■' t n
\
- J
h4l.<'
\ !l
\ *
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A iMI Y.
'it
4iiO
Rhine, i'^ avViially n rtatc of the I'mpirc, aivl li;is .i Ccit
iiiul voice ill the diet : he h:is .illo iii.iny v.ill.il. iimJit
hint, anil among them alnioll .ill the nohiliiy in Lower
All.ice, toi^ether with a j;rr.u pait of ihofe in the Uj"|iei,
His revenue is I'aul lo amoiiiir annually "> two luini'ieil
anil til'ty ihoufanJ li\res, .in.l it w •. luimerlv ni'jch ni'ne
toiiliJiiahlc. As a biiliL,'i) he is fuhi/nliiiate to the ,iilIi-
bilh.i|i of Mentz.
i''orl Louis is a vcrv ftron'; ami haniironic f'ortifiearion,
upon an illaiij in the Rhine, f.veniy miles to the north
tall of Jitral!)iu/, It was creOleil in the \\:iv i6S6, and
conlilliot .1 Ijiacious ami re.Milar ipi iJijii'.'l'-, with four
l.irijc h.;ltioi!s, .111.1 the lanie iiiiinUcr of half iiioons. Ne.it
it is a I'niall town, torme.i of lliaight llreets, ami ilic
wh.ilc illaiul is fortified roiiivl.
Xihcrii, a fiiiall town fcMlril on ihc river Sor, niVin
liiiici to the n.ith- w^-ll of Str.illnir-. It was tile iilual
rclidcncc of thj bifllop i-f .St:alb ir.', till this pl.iee eni-
liraeed the I^utheran riliL'ion ; and his palace and ;',ar-
dei!:-. here arc d. i;j;htful. H.r.- is a eollr^-,a:e thurefi,oiie
hofpitd, and two convents ; but what is patjciilaily le
markaliie, is the beaten broad road, can led, b.hm ! the
<;i;Vi t" ih'.' lop of a lii^;h in niiiraiii, tli^ akeiit to which
is rLiid-.ie.l f'u e.ify by I'uch anuinfHTivt win lings, tliat a
pcifon may lillier afcer.d or defeeiul without the Lall
liifJiciiltv.
Colniar, the capit.^.l of l'p;i?r Allace, is I'ltuafd mar
the river 111, thiiti -:'■..■ ii:;l. ■■ (oiith l;y-wiil ..f Jitr.il-
burc, and h.:d tiroii.; v.-..:ls, vvliich Lewis XIV. c.uilld
to be deinolifhed in t:iJ ve.ir I'.TJ ; but alter the treaty
ol Kyl'w c he eiKompilied it with new walls. 'I'he iii-
habitjnts are faid to enjoy all their privileges, and, thu'
inoll of tiuni are I^utl.erans, h.ive liii' riy of eoiif, ien. <■.
Jt rout ins ali.iu! ei.;l.t li-inJied holll•.•^, .i:iJ leven tuou-
t.iiid one huiidrid and forty iiihal'itaius.
S K C T. Vlll.
Ot di Tytit:!:ri cf l.in.-iii and fl.ir ; tl,ir SiliMliift, f.\-
inti, I'fCihiu-, ami kncn ; tht M.;rm^rs <;.i / Li'i^iny
cf the liil:<t!>!tit'ils. 7'/<i' Mu'iuir .'r, ;e.'i;./!) thty l,\\iiiit J:("
led II tl-e pifjh-.t Dide rf L.rraiii ; his Til'ny nil,/ u Di
Joiftim rftht- [•riihipJCilifs in lh:j. Dutch:/ s.
TIIK dutchy of Lorrain derives Its name from f,o-
iharms II. prainlfoii to the emperor Lewis 1. and
w.ii fi Hiieily of nuicii gieaicr extent. It is a: preient
bounded on the e.ifl by the Lower I'al.'.iinate and .Ail'ace,
from the latter of which it is I'epiiaied by tiie \r;;eaii
mountain , <■" the fonlh by Lr.iii.he Coniii, on the
wcU by Cnanipaune, an.l on the in rth by Met/.. Its
greateli bioatUii ft om north to lout. i is .ibout a hundred
miles, and it !.• nearly as niiuh fioni tall lo well.
Jt ciijovs a very temperate climate, and lus .i fruitful
foil, which p..rtieularly abounds in fi .in, though it has
many woods .md mountains j but in thc'c aic ;;o'id
jjanu', ami -illo excellent p.iiliire. 'I"he coiinir» liaj alfo
ialt fprin '-. *'•'''' '"'""^ ir.incs of iron, copper, tin, and
liUer. Lithe mou.r i.,i. of \VaC;aii are toiiiul .'y.ite>,
ihalecdoniL^, and other gems. Its lalce^ too aboinid in
lift), parti. iilarly the lake of Liiulre, the prohts of vvhich
arc (aid to .imount to lixteen ihoul'.^nd livrcs per annum.
The principal rivers in t.-.is diitiiiv aie tlie .\laele, the
Mol'tl, an.l the Saar. Here are alio t!ie lni..ll riv,.is of
Voloy, Mortairc, an ' Meurte.
The inhabit-ius have always been reputed hrnvr f.d-
(liers, and their modern dukes have cuiiltanly kept on
foot ?. paiticiilar arniy, which have pcrtonnc.l li^^nal fer-
vicc. Hut the Kiciich have frei|uently h .d the p.ilicy to
tiiinll.c piv.er of Lorrain to their o.vn a Ivanta^jc, and
to the piejiilice of the duke. The Lorrain. rs arc alio
laborious ; but have little trade with llrar,:'eis, ih>-y \
hivinc no iiavij;alile rivers, and all jicctliaiies wi;hin '
thtnilUves ; but what little ttade they have c.^.nfiits ol ,
torn and linen. _ j
The lair^ua^e fpokcn here is French, cxc-pt in tlie
German diitiicis, where t'lit lani^M.'',e is Qnic, n. 'I'lie I
Komil'li r( lij'.ioti prevail', all over the . nunt.-y. .
Lothaiiuj, the younij't Ion of the c.np. tor of tin f<me j
lunie, may be conlidfred iu th- \\\i\ fi,iin.Ii.r ,,| .i ,
of Loilaiii, its name b'iil.; der.ved l.orii h'!, "■',
lountry, after his dece.il'.-, 'was divided .mioi;'!")',-, ''"' i
t:oiis,aiiil w.is alli-i wards lonie(i;iii., poiV.-lij,, (jj .J '^'•'\
niaiLs, and I'onietinns by the Fieiicn, and c„l,ti||^V"'
pules arcile bviwi:eii the euipeiois of (j.riiijuy !""''.'"
:;m;;s of i'ljii^t. At leii-th, in i;.;{, fi^,,"'^"'
polUlI'um of tnis dutciiy i and <ii me preliinma', ,'"' '
pe.ue 111 17 {5 It wji toncluded, tlut iioi only [\-^^^' '"
of H,,r, but likevviie that ol J,urraiii, the taiU,i,i„| " '
kenliein i.teepti.l, llioul.) be reJej to .'st :iiiillj„s, i, ' '
I'olaiiJ, and tatiiti-in law to Lewis Xv. and 'anV-
deceale bolh ilueiiies, totjether Viilii icn; a'tiiidu'- ' ' '
rciiMlty of tlleiii, Ihould lor evei iv.iuiij; to t'lf ci" ' '
braiiet. Uii tlic other hand, i.u: eiiveu.r einri"* i '
itu;aL',td ill rtluin to cede tiie j;iLjt Jut iiy 01 'J'". '
to nij Ion in-law 1 laiivi:. bn'ii.iiii, tlie Lie eiii|i;, "' •'
atone tor Ins luliiisj LoiiMiii. 1 U\i was icitkj i",".' '
and tlie followiiii; year b!aiiill..iis loulc ludjaj ,12'. '
ol the dutciii.s of Lorrain an.l IJ^r, aud i,,,; i.' ' '
Lorrain heca.ne pollelled of rutctiy. ''' ^''
'J'iic dukis of Lotrain bear t'l.- fn lowinni;; s • j; •
the grace oj (Jod duke of Lcrraiii an J Ai-.r.'ceu.- • ■• ■ „ "■
Jeruialcm and ALirchis i iluke ui Cai.ioiu Jj,r'"" '
Guelueib i niaigravc of i'ont a Mujlilm ..11..: ;\i,ir. "^
and count of I'rovence, Vaud-.inom, Uiainoiii /^u-'"' ','
Saarwcfd.ii, and iialcin. b'lom liuitc niay U lu'i. ,"*
ooly t'.e cojiitiijs the dukca^ lually pol:uii.5j butli r ..',?
tneir prel.;ili-,iis. 'J'he tlJell t.ui, i.uii.,.; lac iuc., ,!']'
of Ills fuller, IS ll.led count oi Vaii,.uiioiit, aii.l' "
writes miui'.l!, while unmarrie.!, iicrjrjvt; of 1',.'
Moul'.on; but after liij mariuTC nj ■iii.jii.i.i t.'ijn,!. "
dukj of iijr. Tir.- aniient ht;ul.; of i,>:'r.:.n, \:\ vif'j'"
a treaty concluded in lyjf), jcuMis ail tin; tiiUs aiV
i.iiJ piiviK_;es, wun tile lan.'t anu iju .i i,- et iuv>- '
piincts, wnitli it lor'ticrly eijj.)y..d,^ci >M'..ijutaii; i:. '
10 the ceded couiiliivs.
I'ric pinitipal plaeco in thrdut.i.y ofLoiraiii ait--'
foil 'wiiij ;
Naiuy, th.' capital of the dutrhy, .111 1 ihe ap.ilent r.
fideiiee ol the duke;:, is feated in i d.. i .tiui pi.i „ |.. .
the liver Meurie, lcventv-n»e mik-j to 1.
^'t o! 5[[j .
burj, and is ilu iJid into ihe (JId an 1 N - w I'ovm, '1 ,
luMiier i, b.jih iiie liii.idtit, .aid ni.iK-j ttie iiicjiicft ,i-.
p;arance, it Ikiii^ built witn iiarro.v I't-^ts j b„i m";
itaiids tlie pjlaee, which w.s be^^un by duke L.-o';i„j
Jofqili i yet only the main body is fiiiiin ..i. Ti.e 1 j.
cious lull; lipLiK-, or wuk ilreet bioie 11, lU! a l.;:.l .
pearance, in the julace aie n^.liteen very cMiuiitj ■{-' ,
of tapeiliy, rcpri.eniiiig tiic alchieviniiiis ii| v..-,i[.t,;;
duke ol Loiiaia. Hue are al.o lliiwn liie uitncj olivi
liut^uiidi.iils, who were killed vvim Cii..i.i.j i,,... Ijc, .
and iikertile lli.it duke'j iici.i.et, hue I wiiu (e.i vcji t
and a veiluw cielf on ihe top. Ttiis he'i.,1.1 uied to ;,:
carried every )e.ir in p.otellioii by the eapt.iin at t.u
hwifs, Willie two othei Svv.ls carrved Ine lamei. N; .
the paia. e is a beautiful garjtn upon one 01 t.ii;btli,i,:,.
from wliikh tiiere is a vciy hue prolpeCt. A 'i.;e.iit ti
this >;aiden Itailds the opcra-houie, win. Ii m,-. tiuiii ty
Uibic'na, an It.ili.ai .irctii;..e;, wlio alio built itie fn-^';:
at V'lei.na. I'lus houle is not renuikahlc l.jr its .r -
nels, but IS cMrtmtly well c. iitiued, .-.nJi on caen fi.J i'
It is A good tiibui.a, vviiirh 11 a great ornamcit to i;.
'J 'lie N .'.-,■ i own l.s larger, and contains bn,j;,ii
ftrai.',ht Itt.it.i, with levfral beutiiul houltsi '•■>>'■ ••' •
cording fo ine faihion of tins courtry, th"?ya;e ueiier 1 »
low. Jii tins titv are three pjirlh and tniee cvlie.uu
chjiche.s, with two abbies, feveiite«n convct.r,, <incc...-
lege, one hcil|iital, an academy of ii.iences, an ! one con--
mandery ct the kni^its of .NLdta. Anion.- ihst cuii.si..:.
chuiche.. IS the new Itattly c.uhedial, v.nicti is i.iict-
diately lubject to the pope. 'I'liis is.i ma-.',n:ticen: buil.:-
ing. It b:i.:^' adorned with two toWeis aiiu a cupola aitir
l.ie itaian talk". 1 he chapter lonii Us of a piiiii.ite;.i,ifn.
Irciica:> it s. i hedukeiionvinaies thepti'iLitewitiuiu^e,-.-
lultiii^' the (anon.. In thecolle:'! neehiircn ol .St.CiciKc
llanos not only tlie monuriiciii of Charles the !!iH.i, dun't
of liuri;iiiidy, vvlin Was ilaiil in 14'!), hut all.) t. <■ iiiili' ,
of ihe ,iiiiie..t ilukes of Lorra:n. 'I"h.' latl.'r .hikes ji-
iiilerr..J in tin: cliuich uf the C pueliinii. 1 he city w.i>
1 luriiiitl/
I'rtAKcir.l
'■'"II htm. I,:
lo>U,iu>r. ills,,.';
oiLiiu, by th, 0,;,
1 ■'I'll Ci.iitiiiu,;! J . ,
'jvi-inuiiy <„j , . j
7 i.<i 1'uiii.c tu,
"<^ priliiiiiiiatiii .
iiui only thcu,_ ^
the tjiLi,,],,,, . ■'
Si Ullll4ll^, ;.;,. '
XV . ami iiu,. ^'1
iiii; .ibiijiuu- 1,; '
»s t.it'i^cy^";;
'"^ ''/ "I 'I'uiu ;
v-i» ICUltJ 1., ,.
"Ic iltlual P'.J.';,.'^,!
forme'ly fortified, but hy the pracc of Ryfwlr \v:l^' ili(-
..(l.il iMily til'-' vvi'i':'- 'il tliJ ()M T'own (till i.iiiiinii!;^.
Luiwviil'i i" Latin l.iiiiiris Villi, a fin.ill, very aii-
.-iii anil 'iiKC lortili'.il town nil thi; livi r Vi-(i)ii/e,
II nils i" ■' Ii'WiTiiirlhyioiintry, twelve milc'. toilii; loiitli-
llofNmiv. It is.it [iruluit llic- c.ipit.il ot .1 pruvilt-
niji aii'l 111" ^ '""' |'-'''"'i i" wliirh not only i.il two
I 11 Julic5 <il I'orr.iiii 1 liii flv r.liilcil, hut w.is ilic r:-tiik'ii'-r
/ 1(1,1^ SLiiiinJiiH, till ill the year 1751;. wiicii tlRTi;;iit
wlii-nil till' p.ilK'C w.is t-ntiii'ly Imrnt iKuvii. In mis
Kmnis alio an alibi y, wnli .i (.oiiimniilciy nt tir.- ki'.iihts
oiMilta, .111.1 tlm:>: L'nnviiits. I'lii: gvmnallii- acaJciny
I ,l,j, iil.icc is alieiiil to a fniinilation loi la.i.ti, 011c-
|,j|l LiiiiaiiKTSi and till: other I'^ilis.
Ii IS tiiii likable th.iC at a uw miles ililtaiice from
I li.icvii'x'is l'-aii|'f>;, an alilicy ol I'rntilhint li'-iK-ilhtinus,
!.,)• : uy iiiil "V 111'" ^'I'l r.i..n iiil<' (>; .S:. li'jiir.! ^t. It ib
lijuJiil a lUlisllll'iil fiMiiitry, and has .ni aliimt, iiiiiv
nfiills, iiim-'ti'di rtli.Mous and twenty- tlirre I lybiotiiLis,
Lltii ycitly ii-'i line of ci.'lity ihonlaiid Loii.iin livrt;..
IheJuiliv of liar, or liiriois, w. s .ni'iiiitly .111 e.nl-
«jl fo ' ■"■ '^ T'liii ttic cattle ot l>ji , er ctiJ in liie year
(.51 bv Fr.iNae I. wlioni llie niip^ror Otlio cieated call
iilitar- i ''■-• piincn.'ai p! ite in t.iis dilfiicl ii
liar Ic Due, tlie e.ipit il of ilie eouiitry, feitcd on a
jjfiii, jrrminJ on tbi' bcink-i of the river Dinaiii, about j
fotIV niil>s t'l the ivi It nf N niey, an.l is a h.ni tloinc w; 11- I
built tity. wl' two liiaptcrs one paiilli ehuuli, one'
gri.iiv, I'veii cunvents, und an liofpitul. Here alio is a
oic.i palace.
s 1: C r. IX.
Q'' !■•;,]' jin^ 'r dn^i'^ymrnt 'if Alflz, ntiltli,' C,u<:'.':{S of \
' \'tt\wi aiil r^w'iii : ihu'r uiliiiilijn, PijiUui, liii\n, ii>ic/ .
•■r:itM Cilia.
TV.V, govcrnniirt of Met?, coiifidsof the countries of
.\1 iliii, I'ceiuh Uarrois L.i Saarr, and Fr'-ntli
1, Lu-niliurj',. 1'. principal riveis are the M.iLfe; the Mo-
f.ilf, whien rik^ in one of the \Vai'(;au nviuntains, and
i, tonftaiitly navigable Ir.iin .Met/, diicbar^Miif; itii-ll into
i,v Rmn.' i the .VKurte, which alio iifrs in the \V.ir.;au
i.-in, am! imis into the Mofille ; the Orney, or Oinain ; '
lh:Mare, wliicii runs into the Mo:elle; aiul ihe Saout,
5ihch!-ii' into tlie Ulione.
1 he Nleinn, or the country round tlie city of .Met?., 1
;. !miI iiid'l' n ntly f. rtilc, and produecb little whear. It
»j- .iiiliciiiU' a pait 111 thj knu'doni ot Auiti.ilia, of wiiicli
M.'7, was hir a long time the ca|iital, and the ufiial re-
!ijci:cc ol the kniij. When the children of vJn.ules the
J:i-,t and I..W!-. l!ic I'iou. divided the doniiiiion^ of that l
frown, the kinj; loin of I.i iraiii role out of the lemains ,
iithr.: of Aiillralia ; and toward, the end of the lecond '
Mvai lini- of l-'r.mce, Met/, I'onl, and Verdun, three
p.i;c:nal cities, (hook oil' the yoke, and, to fecur.- then ,
liic.loni, p'lt lhc:llf-lvcs under the proteclion ol t .c em- j
|K:..r The power was divided belween the bilhop and '
111-' ma'illratc. ; but the litter, by the .ill'iil.iiue of the 1
EUROPE.
iihtaiiiiii^' the fuptriority over the lonner, the
bilhiip had no otiier power in the city of Met/ and the
t .jiiiTV of .Viefiiii thill a (hare in the cleclioii of the
nij^iltiJti's, and in the a Iniiiiiitraiion of tiic oath ol ;
(llicc. The in.i^i'.trates enjoyed an iiiiliniitcd autlioiiiy '■
mtaccltv and in the country of Mi llin, and tlw blliip
m ;ic d iniains of his hilliopric on this lide the V is ;
in'ugh in iittain calc> appi'als lay to the iiiiptii..! eharii- ^
k', tthieii they acknowled};cd as the luprcine power ol 1
tic i':i;pire. In 1552 .Met/,, Verdun, and I'mil, put
t'"*n'lVUes under the proteellon of I'lance, which kept ,
p'.i.iii 111 of ihefe three cities under lli • name of the pio-
tfd?il dilhiiil, till the ve.:r |i4S, ulun, at the peace of
U'riljihalia, the thiee l)illM|irick) wcie abkilutely iiajif- ;
drill to I'laiue. |
Met/, ill Latin .\Lia' and .Meti;S the capital of the'
fiHintry, lies between the Mufelle and ieiile, v.' hie 1 lici.
uiii;; their llieams, and is fitii.ned iwen'.y-e!|.',ht n.di s to I
t-t north of Nancy. The Old Town is laige, but the I
'i.c.'ts ,nte narrow; and ihou^h the homes are built in
1". old talle, ihey ate handlonic lliu.iuies. The New
iiwii is hkewile lar;-, and much more Leant lul than I
:■«. I'crnier. HcliJcb the cathedral, this city coiiianis three
ch.ipteri, fixt'iii paiifti churches, Ci\ aldiin, and as tlKr*^
are here many Jews they have .1 lynagoj^ue. 1 here i*
here a parlianicnt, an iiHeiideney, achamb.r of accompt'
and impnits, a mint, a country .^l\^ Knell c.niri, bLtful.. i
other public olTiees. /\in"!i^ its foriilii.atioin arc thrcj
ciiadeli. I'he bilh >p, who itiks liiiiilelt a pruici ot tliu
Isiiniaii empire, ia (uiirai;,in to ih • arehblbop of Treves,
an J h.is adioccfe of li\ hundn I and tlurticn piriflies,
with a rt venue of a lii.ndrcl .nid twenty thoiiland livrcs,
out of wliich he annually pay^ tu (he coiiil ol Ruine lix
thoiiiaiiJ t1 jtitii.
Tne biniopiicfd' .Mel/ and its dilliiCl tiinil V.o dillin-'
^.TU'llied tKMii tne .'1 !• (Till, and is 1 loiia; but ine^ular iraJl
ol l.ind, the loid of w'lich is the bilhop , but lie has b.en
d'piived of liit. temp iial jurildi^'lion, whieii cSi.elly be-
longs to the duk: of I.,' rtain, partleul.nlv th.- Iilt-wirks,
in lieu ol wl'.iihtM,- bilh'p receives liiiit) th lui.iid hkic.,
and loiti liuiriiiil hullieh uf fait, whi, lithe duke, i,r ..C
prfi tit the I'leiii.h kni^', caufcs to be aiinu dly deUitted
into the hifliop's magazine.
Sare-I.oni; IS a new liivn and fo'tllie.T.lun be.;'iii !■/
I.ewi-, XIV. on tlie river Sare in ifcSS, and tintlhe ! a't'oet
lour or live years alt. r. It is litiiated a;!, et t:.irty-tw 1
miles t-i llic 11 rth-ialf of Met... Its il'e-.ti arc le^^ul.ir,
and tlie fort. heations form a regular In \.iu 11. It is 'he
fe.it of [he coui.ty court, and eonuiins one parifli church,
with f.yo c.invetits. This town, wliii a iLaii^l ;i. Inn;?;.
ii'K I'.) It, bus Ocen ceded by llie duke of l,oi.-..;ii to
Kr.m.e.
The country of Wrdnn e.xtciids ahui?; the .Ma fe ; has
inanv lar^e towns and ullages ; but has only one c::y,
whi. ii i> that of Viidun.
The city of Verdun, in L..t:;i \'erc!Li:iuin, or V'e: :Jii-
num, the capital of the lou.ttry, is litaated alni'it thir'y-
eight miles to the north-well o: iN.uiev j it is the fee of
a bilhop, and has a proi in ia! a:id a ni.inor court. It
roniilis of three parts, namely, the U;';er, l.mv.r, anl
N'c ,v I'liv/n ; and, beliJ.s its o'.her f.jrtiii.- itioii>, is de-
fende.l bv .1 (ire citadel. 'I'he billiop, bet'ore the city
- I dillricl were annexed to the ctownof r.,>iu:c, w.is a
[i.ince ot tliee::-.pite, an.l 11 11 IhUs hiiiilUf luch, as alfo
eouiu of Verdun, 'file arciihilhop ol I'leves hit. mc-
trupoiitan, Hudiocele coiililis of a huiidied and iiiiuty-
two paiiif'.cs, his revenue is lil'ty thour.n.i livre-;, and he
pays to ihe court of Rome four thoul'and lour h'.jndicJ
and I'lxty fi.\ florins. IJelidcs ilie cathedral, there arc ill
this i''y one co^iej^iate .nid ni'v [Miilli-churches, (\k ab-
bies, and a Colli je of Jcluifs. It was formeily .1 impe-
rial city, but in the year 1557 the inhabii.mts pitt them-
Ulvis uii.ler the prcteiiion of I'rancf, and in ic^S tiiev
fell abfokitclv u!i Itr the power ol the I'reneh ktiiL'.
'i lie c.irldoni of Toulo-s being fm.dl, is hein'i.ed in by
I.ornin; and, tu.:ether with the city ofToul, and the
other bill, 'pri s of .Met/ and \'erdu. , put it. elf in 15^2
under ill.- ptoiicli.iii of I'rance, which in 164S obtained
theiibhdu'e loveiti^jnty over them.
1 oiil, in Latin ruiluni, the principal citv ill th'< earl-
dom, and tlie kc of a bilhop, is feitdon the .M.idllc,
over which Is a line Ibuie bri !j;e, with a reiiul.i toitifi-
caiioii. Till, t' Avn, win n Itan Is ten miles 10 the veil
ot Nancy, has a piovincial and dillricl com', .mi //:\s
fijimeilyan iinpeiial city. Its biHiop was a prine.olthc
cnipite, which title, together with that of i ail of T'lilois,
hclhll aliiimes: he is fuft'ia;aii ti tne ar nbifiiopof I'lcies,
and his diocele Contains luurtecn hu.idi. I p.nilh, j ; \cl
his levenue is little more than fe\eue 11 ih..ul',,iij
livtes, and he pays at the court ot Rome two th. ul.inJ
live hundred ll.niiis. In this city is a hue eathedi.il, one
collcf^iate and tour paiiOi-churche,, ihicc abbies, two
prioiieti, I'even eoiniiits, two hofpitals, one coniiuandeiy
of the kiiMlii: ot .Malta, and one leminary.
s 1: c r. X.
Of FtDuh FiiUi'..:! \ Us &iti..il'nn, I'n.Lui, and ['rln.ipjl
DiuuYf Cumifii-t un.i Dur.kiii.
WE h.ivc aitca'y given a dcfcriptiou of Fland I'i in
general in p.ige 277, whcie we have dcfi iibed ih it
iiait bck'ii^.in^ to the i-oufe of Ai'llii.i, and with th.s we
tj A
have
■!'■.■
i
- 1
i \
VMW
P
iv
'V
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'i i
t ' t
i i'
3 !S '
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H.' i
P- ■(! . ■
' f -ii ii Iff
46a
A 3 Y S T i: M O !• G K O G R A P il Y.
Fr
h.ivi cnnrliided 0111 .iriomu of (iifiiuny, tn.it coiiiUrv
m. iking .1 |'.\iiol'[hc chcIl- of Itnrmiiidv. W'c i,.ivi- jiiviii
nuti'ii Kiaiuli. ■. un'.ir the m ctlon winch treats ot t ic
(>riRT.iliti '._iiJ», ill page ;..|7, iin Ur wliu h n.itm' tlic
Diitih .luludi mat m nuryi ai.d » ih.dl now give .ide-
fcri|)iiiiii «)l Kiciuh Kl.uider,, whiih is pmpcrl) i;iuited
here, as it >..i,il!itJtr:i a put m I'^anee, and is in no re
J'pi'cl a iVpii.ite country.
Kreneh I'l.indcrs e(int.iiii< .1 .Mrt (rf tlic aiiticiit earldom
of Flaiuii ..•, tiirCamlwefK, tlio loiimiy of llainault, and
.a iiii.dl ,iart »f iIk' railli.ni ol Nanun. I'lii> i.i>iint^y is
boiiiuiiJ on the nirtli by the Sein;' .nnl the (Kriiiin
ANCt.
(i;i the rati \r; the Aulti
>setlierl.iiuls, i.n
U t'vArtor, and nn the vvi.ll I , the Gciiii..n
OCtMl
the !
<ice. .'
K ..il' h KLnlcrs b-inj; a put of ilieea Ido.ii of Flinders
\.'iiiili Lewi.-- XI v. o.er-iun in Itib;, it then.e i.h:,iiii-
cd it.s name, (t Jih.nir.ds ii' rem and ei-.>riahles (;f all
kind', as alio in flax, it^ p.lluics .irr excellent, and
coiifeqiunily (lodnK tine cutr^ ; but f'^r w.int of wood,
or coal, tiie inhabitants arc obiij^ed lo iii.;iic iilc of turf
("or their fuel.
The p1ini.ip.1l pi lecs in I'rencli Kl.i::derb arc the fol-
lowini; :
Ciiavtliiic:, or C)i:uc'iii';<-n, .idiii'l b; 1 llrnn^ t.rwii
(rated luar the mouth ol the A.i, on ih- Kniililli cli iii-
nrj, tilieeii miles to ilie f.ialh-wtll of Dunkirk, mid,
bcfide? its other f.irtilie.itions, is difuided on the laiid-
i'.d: bv a j;ood cil.idel, and to the fca by a fort. It was
taken ami biiint by the Kni;';l!i in the year 13S3, but
afterwards rebuilt to better advan'."r;c, an.l walled round.
In 152S It was toitit'u'd by tin- rnipervx Cli.'.rlfs V. but
its wol^i^ have been (ince eoiifi.lciahly inipro\ed bym;'.r-
fha! de V'.iubaii, fi th.it i! i< no* a pretty ihonj- place.
Jii 164411 was taken by the p'reiuh, and in lii^l by the
archduke L.-opcdd. In it'-S it was aL^lill t;iken by the
I'rciuh, and was at lalt )iJded to them bv the treaty of
til" Pvrenre' ; but in 1694 was rntirelv laid in .dhes.
L'Ifie, l.ifie, ' r K\llel, the lapital 01 Ir'-ich Klandrrs,
.nnd of all th ■ l-'reneh coiiqueds in the Netheilands is
•ituated on thelJmle, thirty-It i en miles to the foii'li-
ca|} of Dunkirk, it is beaiitllnlly built, and is l.irge,
handfumc, and populous; it is the nlidenee of ihe (;o-
vcrnorvjciuial ; and has ,\\\ inteiuK iiey, a mint, a calUI-
lany, a badliwic, and forelt couit. It his a collcjiafc
church, and about thirt) i>;,-,er chuuhes, Itvcn of which
iifc parochial, a .rrat ninbuof convents, ,ind a noS'e
hofpital called AV ,>;>,.. (.'i/.-k^. Seveial of the build-
ings are very fine, particulailv the etchanu;e, which is a
fijuarr llruiluie, fuiiouiidcd with pi './/.as.
Tlii; city is iirunL'ly lortifitd, whali the Knjiili and
their alli'.'s expeti' need intherei^ii cfijiiern Ann;, when
prince Kiiycnc, after the battle ol ( )iidenaiile, having fat
down before it in 17C8 for neai three m.inths, took it at
lafl, thoiij^h with tl'.e lofsof a^:eit number of men ; but
it was rellorcd to the b'rench by the tieaty o( L'tretlu in
Both the .iiitlent and new fornheations arc verv nume-
rous ami ronlider.ibl'.', they h.uinu' been greatly imjir.'ved
by niailhal de V'aub.'.n. The cit.idel, whiih was the fid!
built bv that great engineer, is a pent.i.^on, ronipofeil ol
five le-.ular balli(Mis, defended by iVveral woiks, and fi :-
roundid v^iili adtcp ditch, a co>ert-w.iy,and ^dacis. To
this !brtrel\ are t>vo gates, one toward" the ciiy, and the
othcrtow.irds thccoanirv. 'r"heelp!an;ide,or Ip.ice between
the city and citadel, is planted w.lii lour lows of tuts,
which :orm very pkal.nit walks. The gcncr.d governor
flf French Kiander> is alfo f.overndr of this city, in whofe
abfenee his | l.iee is fupidied by the kii';','s liuitciunt.
The citadel has alfo a governor, and a lieatenant of the
king.
liic governor prcl'ides at the metling of the (late;,
which i^comttionly held ab'uit theclofe of the year. The
other members of this aHeuiidy are the magiltr.aes ot
I.'IHe, who have alwav, the firll rank, th'.- lords who
have fovcrci^n jurif liitioti,and the deputie, tiom Dou.iy
;;nd Orthis. Th; fum dcinan led by the king from the
ftates generally :imnints to tv.o bundled and hfty thou
tanil livrr., which is always granted and raifed from the
twentieth pr.rt of llie revenue of cltatci, and from duties
«r) taxe-. Befidcj wliitli the city of L'lflc sniiually pays
thirty. feven tliouland five hun.lrcd Ijvrcs toward th
p.urs of the loitilieaiions. The clei'v and ru,l,;i . ""'
no lubfi'ly, and do not allift at the neetin,. „f ,he (7 '"''
but three or four days afur thoy break iqs'i'hele arc "ii'i
together by t!..-- governor, icc. and a lum demanded ,n
the king s n.iine j and then thel'i tW) bodies cnmm
I grant a t Arniieth part and a h.lf of the income of ,"k '
eftates, J lie body of the ma.nlraey of fllle and „ J '-
triiit IS C'lmpoied o( a mayor, liylcd rnutrt, aridtw'
cchevins, all of whom are aiinu.iliy eh,iM'>id. Th . '!""
here conlidetabb; nunufaCliircs oi |i||c"^ c'lmbiic'V '^
linen, and other (lufls ; and their cainblets are hi IT
eltccnicd. 'I h- tr,ide of 1/ld.- through 1-" ranee bv | j*
c.irii,i-c, or by way of Uunkiik, is^muv tonfjcrabir"
I he moll prolit.ible eoninicrce is tli.it to S din and .
Weft Indies, citlier oij their own account' or k\, r^'''
111 (r.i.n. • ""'•
Oouay, a pretty 1 .rfrc ,nnd well fortified city, pt,
the river .Scai|ic, twelve miles to the call ot A'rr.!v "'I
is of ,111 oval foiin, larger than l,'ine,biit Ids popui,',,"" .
('lie thiid. It is defended by Fort Scarpe, wln.ji (j, '|*
aVoiit a mile below ilic city, and the whole <niiniry „,!,'
belaid umhrwatr by means ofduice;. liire 1, '
miiverfity f"Uiided in the year 1559, one coile-Mar'
church, and liven that are parucliial, .vitii a fan;,
Knglilh feminr.ry.
The pnntipal trade of this city confiils i:i thcmi'--
and lelling of worlKd camblcts, whicii .irc iKni^-htuni,.
all the neighbouring people, cfpeci.illy at the ai'inual Ij'i'r
kept here ui S pt' ini rr. 'I'hc magiilr.iey coiillitiot ;n.,.|..|.
ccheuns, the iliil of whom i.s liyle.l ilie >;hiel, liij-,'
the conledeiales !ii.i.lc theinfelvcs mailers ol the li,.' ■ j, ,.
loll it again in tin year 1712.
The Cambrcl'ii is about ten leagues in Icii'th a:i|
from live to lix bioad, though in Ionic plat is, nt.x 4[nj.,„
two or thiee. It ;s fmitl.il and p.'p'jious.
t'ambray, in Latin Camcracum, and Carnar.icjni iV
capital of the Camhi .lis, is lituated on tile S. hi-IJ, lim™
miles to the luuth-ealf of Uouay, and is a pretty J^ric
well fortified cily, dcleiidcd bv a citadel and lurt. 1; !■
the fee of an archbifliep, and, belidcs its cailici'Ml, eon-
t.iins two chapters ten p.irifli-chuiches, two abbie!,.,,^
two hofpit.ils. The archbifliop ftylcs himfelt prince 0:
the holy Roni.in empire, as indeed he former'', w.is :nd
count of Caniliii fi>. He is, however, lord of the city.
His dioccfc confilis of eight hundred p.'.nnies, and Mj
iwieniie I:, a hundred thoufand livrcs, out ot which he is
annually oblii>ed t.> pay fix thoufind florins to thee'ur;
of Rome. 'I his city is famous for its canibrie, w.ir'i
took its name from it. It h.is been fubjeiS to France cvr
fincc the year if;);;.
Chateau. l,'a:iibrelis, the capital of the cr.rlJom of
Cimbtelis lies thirte'-ii miles to the fouth-ealf of Cam-
brav, ami was once lortifud ; but at prelent lies cpcn,
and contains one abbey. The arehbiiliop, whuh'sr-n-
a very magnificent palace, and fine gardens, is lor.! ci
this pala.e.
In th'.' year 1559 the famous treaty of this namcviii
concluded here, between Henry !I. king of Fraiii:^, ami
1 I'liilip II, king of Spain, by which the I'rcncli gj'.'C up
n hmidied and ninety-eight towns for .St. (^liiitin.
French H.iinault is ii part of the earldom ol Hcnwaj,
an I its principal citv is the fidlov.iiig :
V'aleii.ien'.if>, a large and populous city, Tevenfttn
miles to the imrth-caii of Cambray, is feated on t'ncrii.r
.Stheld, wlmh not ('iily divides it into twj parts, but
almofl runs round it. 'I'lie lurtiticationi are a!;;r f:
manner of V'.'.iiban ; it has a good citadel on the Schti,:.
and verv iiiic fluites. That p.ot on the li 't.t of tnr,
river belongs to the iliocefe of Cambray, and h.^s once i-
lf:';iato thuicb, and one abbey ; theoibcr lide t'el'iiiast>
the dioiefe of Arras. The inhabitant, h.ivc n'j'iu'j ■
turcs of v.oclicn (tulFs, .uid veiy line linen. 'Il...e:t
was taken by tlie I'rencli in 1677.
'I'he '.overnment of Dunkirk contains only the tcm
of the fame n iiiu-, and lonie neighbour ng vili4"c.'.. '■.:
the peace of L'tiei lit, and all the other treaties that h^":
been concluded (ince, it was agreed, that tlw loitih.i-
tioiis and harboiii llunild be deimdilhed.
Dunkirk, called by the Fren.h DuniiiiCKpie, is da;-:
on the C'ylnc, which here falls into tli'.- Jjii. Ih ciiarii-',
# ,
lluicf, iir'nalcn, Ihould eu
K.MarJyke, or within tw
MI ti'.edrfiiolition of tlii/
riiiciy CDiiipleted : but ,
inthh Hdk, It was in 1-
2! .\ix la Chapelle. Afte
liiling thcl.- engiigemcn-.,
J'.if.rilh uinbr.igc to tne
•.iu'itain inieliigeiice iha
lliclanJ-li'le, the baton w
tnoJioas for the recepnon
Wbtcii, Tl^e Ficnch 1
iaJ no other view tli.m to
"talatioiis of the (t.ien.ii
«itv,'LisridicuIou.«, iinei
idvaiita-c ot this pb-ce dii
; '""didi'Mi ( i it, at lin agr<
tiiiupthe i>ar, whieh is'
"upon, as tiic Fienth
/
V
w
i
>
i
h
pmYi
'f!P?'-.:
■:^^
1 »
1 1
WiH
.VI
vi
ar.icjm, tV
Hi-lJ, liiticii
pretty Uvic
J lurt. Uij
!iCi''al, con-
) :ibbici, ini
felt ptm:c o;
was, :nd
t' the ciiv.
anj Hi;
hich he ;>
to thi' t.iur
W.iic'l
ranci: cvr
cr.rlilom of
c.ilt ot Cim-
lics cptii,
vhii h« r,-fc
is lord ci
Hi name vl^
i-iicli gave u;j
.iitin.
»•
-■ f ;.
(1 on the riv.:
J parts, but
arc alr.r ;■:
:he achilc.
• :,t of trir.
,1 li.'i imcc-i-
1. Th,>t.!r
;,!••■ .!k- t.TMl
,Ui,:; thath'":
ill.. lo:t;u..'-
HI U', i<f'»;='l 1
l(j i.l>ai-.li-'.
uuicf, or ^alc■n, Ihould rvcr bi- m.iJi' Lifhi-r .. ,'inkirk
cr.MarJykf, nr within two French Ipani;-.-. r<...r,c! , lu!
mat ti'.e dcnrolitioii of till- works of Dunki:.; I'i'uiKl l.e
riiicly cdinplctcil : but !• r nice- making: no ^ ri-.u li.iftc
in till \M> k, it was in 174S m..ie an article <■!' the peace
a'Aix la thapillf. AIht which Kraiirc, inltrail il ful-
liiiin; thcl.- cnjjagcmtrnt-, biuan fomi; pew works which
;,a'irilh uinhiage to (iic loijrt cf Kni'.l.iiul, whorfrciv-
iJ iCiUin intiliij;cnce that the city was ai^ain lortih'Hl on
ihclaiij-lulc, the bafon widi'n.i), ami rendered as com-
moJioiis for the reception ot (hips a.s ever the harbour
bidbceii. 1 he I'lCnch court rrplifd, that Ihel'e works
tiiJ no other vIlw tli.in to fte.- liic iiiiiabitants t'lom the
exhalations of the (Kii;i.atiii^ water, a pretence as falfi:
iiit v.as riiliculou.'*, linre the t'ii..-ich made the nrcaied
l(!vaii!3;;c ot this place during the !a;e w.o ; hut .:; the
I tondiifion ( f it, au lin agreed tjd"i;iolilh the work«, aiul
hi! up the bar, which IS th" more necefl'ary to be itilifl-
ftiiipon, as tlie trench have i;l' ether harbour in the
4Mi»'.'
, , ...». >.in. i.oiea rnc city, an J the other tlic
town, which is the more modern of the two; each of
ihcfc is lurrounJed with old wall, which have roui.d
I towers, built after the antieiu manner, l.ivI a gate, over
I which was in inft riptioii in riencli, " That when the
I " Krinch (hall t.ikc Arras, the mice (hall cat thccats," as
if that event wa . iiiipoflihie; but the event fiiewcd that
it was not, for the Fien^'h took it in 164.0.
Ihe 0' I walls were repaired by V'aiihan, who addej
1 I'-vcral bailions and a groat lumibcr of new works in the
I ditch, which is large and very deep, particularly lu-
netfs, hiiilt after V'auban's manner, and the tiril works
' of that kind which that excellent engineer pcrformej.
I 'l"hc ditch is furroundcd with a covcrt-w.iy, and a glacis
,ii ufual, beyond which iirc fevoral redoubts of a penta-
gonal figure, placed in the re-riilering angles, and card
h.^.s its patticiil •; ditch, covert-way, and glacis. The ci-
tadel is fumcwhat higher, towards the country ; it is not
very large, but is cflecmcd one of the llrongelf in the
kingdom i it bi.!!!^ an oblorg pentagon, tompuled of five
bailions
, 4\
I' I
'f'Ifl
Jive uv'Uiar ii i
roumli J wiili .
thia loitrih arc
othcrtow.iiils til'
the city -111(1 cit.i
whkiiVorni vci
fif F tenth Khui-
abCeiKi; his pla
The Cit^'.del U.1!
kinc;.
I'iic pcivoni
which !■• comni
other nicm!)<-r;
I.'lllc, who h.
liave t'ovcrei. n
:uid On his.
ftates wiiLTJi
Ir.inil livrr-., wi
twentieth put
#ntsxi-. Be
Hahltnaili'
<
■ '\^([ Til' N K m K \^J#n^7F
Viirtifii'd
-■ KrtVcrt
jr :HUljinJiulf:
hvc iP!'Uiar iMiiuiui, - - -
roumii J with .idcc;) ditth, a cokcit-w.iy, and glacis. I o
thio toitnls an- <.vci I'ates, oj'.c lowaiJ'. the tiiy, i'lul thu
other towards tilt roanirv. rhcclii!;tii;uk-,or I'lMcclictwi-i.
the city and citadi-l, is p'apt'd willi lour rows ol ticis,
whicliTorm very | kaUiit walks. The I'cnLT.il guvtuiur
flt Kreiith Fhindcr-. h alio ■.-.ovirnor ol this city, in wh^fr
abii-in.i: his (lace is fupidicd hy the king's liuitcnant.
The citJ'.dcl has alfo a [^'overncr, and a licBtcnant of the
'i'iic Rdvornor prefiJcs at tlu' mucting of the fJ.itc;,
which i- commonly held about ihc chifu ol thi year. The
other members of this allciaMy are the niagillratei ol
I.'Iflc, who have .^^vay-, the fiill rank-, the lords who
iiavi- fovcrci_LMi iutiflii^tioii, and the diputios from F)o\i,iy
;ind Orihis." 'flic fiim Ounan. led hy the king from the
ftatps "rneraiU' nmiiinl? to t.vo liundrL'd and hity tliou
hnd livrrs, which is alw.iys granted and rnifcd from the
twentieth put of tliL- icvcnuc of clhtc:, and from duties
#n laxe^. lididcs whiJi liic city uf L'lflc iiniiuilly pays
an I its printii'.l city i< the (ullowing :
Valent'.niifs, a large and populous city, TrvfiilKn
milcu to I ne north-ea(t of Camhray, is fcated on thcnvLr
Scheld, vlliih not only divides it into tvv.. oa-ts, bu:
almofl r' ns round it. Tlic lurtihratirn : .ne a::;r the
manner if V.\ulian ; it has a good citadel oi: :he Schi...',
and ver; fine fluiies. Ttiat patt on the li-:.; "1 thi:
river hel ngs to the diorefe of Canibrav, and h.\s diiecoi-
If'iatc t ui'cli, and one abbey ; theoliicr lid: i-ei'iissto
the diot fe of Arras. The inhabitant- have rnanutac-
tures of -.ixd'en llufTs, and very line linen. 'I^.^ciiT
was taken by tlie Irench in 1677.
The overnmentol Dunkirk contains onlv the to'.in
of the fame nime, and lonie neighbour ng viila^ej^A:
the peace of L'tie.ht, and all the other treaties that h^.t
been concluded linre, it was agrtcd, thit the loilifii:.'-
tion. anil harbour IhiMild be demi.lilhui.
Dunkirk, called bv the French Uunquerii le, is l.alM
on the C.jlne, which' here falls int.) the Uu Ih ciiJr.nii,
I: I'H
i: !
five If'.' Ill ar b.iitiinis, otmnn." ..;
round. a wall adtc;i ditch, a covert-way, and ylacis. ["o
this fortrifs are t.vo i-atcs oiic toward' the cliy, and the
othcrtowards thcroimtrv. Theeiplaii ide,()r l|).icrhttwtni
the city and citadel, is plantrd with lour rows of tieo,
which ':.irni very ikar.inl walks. The acner.d governor
flt French Flanders ii alio '.'.overnor ol this city, in whofe
abfeiKC his (luce is fiiiii-lied hy the king's luuteiiant.
The citadel has alfu a governor, and a licBicnant of thj
kii'.n;. , n
'i'iic poveriinr piciules at tlie nKdinj; ot the It.itcs,
which is commonly held about the chffc ol the year. The
(thei- members of this allriiiVdy are the ma-i(lr.a>". ot
I.'Ule, who have .-dvvay. the fiill ra;ik, the lords who
have fuvcrei-n jurildiftioii, and the depinie'. Iiom Do^i.iy
and Orchis." The I'lim demr.n led hy th'-- kin;i from the
dates t'cneraily niivuints to tv.o hundr^-d and hity thou-
iancl livrrs, which is al-.v lys granted ^nd raifed from the
twentieth (urt of llu rc.'cnue of cllatc-, .ind from duties
»n taxi--- Befidci whi.h the city c;f L'llle L'niiuiliy pays
an 1 iispi;ncipal city \i the folln-.vin;; :
Valenciennes a larjie and populous city. Tivinicn
miles to the nonh-eali of Caii.hray, is Icated on the nv.-
.Schild, whuh not only divides it into tw.. parts, but
aliiioff luns round it. ''I'hc Kirlitiraticiis aie ji:;r P:
manner of V'.'.uban i it has a ;_'ood citadel on the Scht..:,
and verv hue lluicc-.. That 'p-itt on the il'iu of tti.i;
river hclon.'S to the diorefe of Cambrav, and h '.5 mice l-
Ie"i.ite chui'ch, and one abbey ; itie other lido (Ti-iligst'i
the diocefe of Arris. 'I'he inhabit,.iii- hive rnj-iuii.-
tures of v.o(d'eii llulTs, and very line linen, 'l^.s^if
v^■a^ taken by liie French in 1O77.
Flu- {'occrnment (d Dunkirk contains only the*'<n
of the fame n ini--, and fomo neiidiboiir n.; viila'!cs. A:
the peace (.f L'tie. ht, and all the olher tr .itics tb.it lu.c
been concluded finre, it was agreed, that tho toitih^J
tioir. and h.irboiir Iboiild be d iM.lilhcd.
Dunkirk, called hy the Frenuli Uiinfiutrq le, is l^ait!
on the Lulne, which here falls into the Uik ih cl)jr.n..,
CO
KrtVcrt
rt UUno I
^y ^liJM^/u/tui/i
city. Ti-vvntL-n
i, liati-d on :hcr:v.-
into tw.. parti, but
rnticiri Ji« J't-''' 'f"
iiAiicl (II) ihc Scht'i^.
)ii ilie li'i'.t ot thr.
)rav,i'iirt h:i!"iKC'''-
o'liu li>!c bflMiigst-
liiiclim-n. 'l>-"'7
t.,i:is r.iilv the*)'>n
i.jiir 11^ villaTcs. A:
htTtr.Mticstl'''"''""'
,1. ilut l!i- l"''''*''^"
J.iiiilin:v'l''>'» '*
!/»:■.
liCiv-firft dciTPC two mliiutei north liiitu.io, ami
,iiiJ<li.'i»t<;i' t.vtiitv i^-vcii lauiuti'iiMll luiiidtuJf,
ihJ r.ilt ol C: il.Hi. Ii ilcrivi-. ill
biiilt iliLT. on nut Dun-. »' •'«•."'•
Ijiil, l>y St. F.lm, who 111 it
I ■, thr rii-min- '. S'Miic Imi.ii.i
■ , ^M>iu.iiiy "'.. . ..>-. !•'. •'" ■>» '" ''"1" " '"'♦-■ "'*"'
*' ILiMwin, cirl ofl lanJors in tli." icii'li • -m-irv,
ail.vlwirh uwj'ii , Jii'l itinioviii:: J ii.nl.uiii .uni-
l„r ti.ulc, liu .ii.i.|l>it.iiiti cil^jiccJ III >.>mnn-ii:.-,
,t gli* Ur-,<J *liil wrallllV, ..il.l had i^t-ll lunic
E L R O I' F.
bank.*. t"'-'''V
^„ch.>l Chnllumty
L„/raau..llylHii,n
It
a^ It y<
villi; I)
tncoitil'
ai.;Ji<ii'',
h* wliii''
the iiilnbi-
i!,niOlw..ri (ullLUintlHlwlltl. anutr/
' ' Ki.a out a fmall n.'it ai'iiiilt tlic Ni riiuii pvr.itfS
lorined f" 1> '-1111111111 leivicii, iM;'t I'mnp, <••"'
irrs, toni icJ liiinc coiiliilciaWc jirivil •^^■•i on
the tliiitccMili iiiitiny It wji liil'l Id the
the t')wii .iiiil iiii|iri
iiiii
aiiJ !»*'
ol FUii
iX t
4''j
'Jhaiiiiil, but thut rf St. Main's, wliith i ; only cap.iblj
of rcriivin;' (hip' ol betwctn thirty iiri loity yun'-.
M inlyiic 11 a vill.i(;c ahniit 1 .iir niilc* to the i-all of
MiiiifcitK', ami w^^ InrincrlycoiiliJiTahlc only on accuuiit
111 Its Imt, tiiiil- (in tin- li .1 flv.n', wtm li ha- often hi'i'ii
l'rliri;od .-inj Kkrn, an I w.11 at la!l il 'mdliflicd, M<r-
ilvko .it Kntjth hit.inv trlcbr itej for 11,1 tuiblc caii.i),
which /,cwiH XIV. i.uil (I to he liiruKl um!tt the iliicc-
1. 11 of I,e lllanc, 11 htin'^ three tlioiiliiij three huii'lieJ
ami lhirty-ei|',ht fatlwiiiis anil twii fj.i m Lii^th. It he-
r:aii at the c.inji of If-r.-en, near Dunkirk, and entui I-
ii'.j itU If, with the hrcaillh of bitaeiii tviiily-fi»e an J
thirty fathom., nn lr(i lli.Hi liftecn liini'luil Ikhii c.ill to
•v-.*H in length ; it thm iv.ii.Ird lioiii (iMith to nnrtli, and
three hiindri-d lathonij f.utlicr had ttii intoniji ir ible lluict;
with two baloin,(ine of wliliii u loriy-i.iur llet hri..il,
11 Iviii'^omrivcil fir thi- m.'e()i4"r> uf larj'.e vilieb; the
oth;r twenty-fix fiet in h;ea(M,, li.id iiiteii led f-^r tliul>?
thit wrrt- fniall. My ill lli-j above tre:iiiej linte th;it of
Utrecht, the French have iijrei-i! 10 dtllioy thi> canal, and
other World.
^,^„^ ,„,„.y^ ,- . lie
ilbilJii!' "■"' a -^leat (h.iie in the .lilluib.nices whi h
"init 111 t'"' Nitluil.m.U. Ill 164O and 1O5S it wai
ulcfiibv the Kreiiih, iind in th<? lalt- mentioned vcirnded
. iK Fii'lifti lor alVilliii,; !•' ranee againit ,S;).iii. In
'L'. C'h.i".le-i 11. kin- ol Kn;;laiid, fold the t..wn to
r'jiiccfor fivemillionsof livro, by whiih mean., Lewis
\|V aciiniied alfo M.itJyk;, and the otlicr villj_;cs
.l„ci. the l-.iiAl 'I' 1'^ I '""," ''^"•"' l>""l''rk.
U*ii iip<"> ''!•*""''•'*■■•' the City to b.- well tort.hed,
,.;ti-l a 111" citadel, .md biult Fiit Lewis, which
iuiiJs to ihe fouth on tlie canal of Utt^en, about a mile
',nl ,1 hall trom tlio WA-n. Ihe h.irbour wa> alio put
'ntiuciioft ixtcllent coiidiiion, t,vo moles of pih s lorm-
inJiunal in the lea, a thnuland fathom? in Kn;;iii, and
Sut I itty ill breadth, and at each end ol the nmles were
I'tchJ '.^vo h.'^tcries. Hd'ides thefe, on each fi.ieofthc
dike wa- a Inrt, to(;tther with the battery il R'vers ;
.,; ciftle of (laill.ird on thj c.ill, and a l;tilc fnther
jort Dlanr. Kitwe i\ all theft- forts fliips wen i>> pif.
Ill tiitir w.iy to the harbour, contiguous to whn.h wai
jilu a .ait',e' bafon.
This rity enjoyed .1 floiirilli.nR tr.al.-, ar.l in 1 706
coiumc.l limceii hnn.lred an 1 thirty nine homes, in
which wcfc loiirleen ih. iii.inil two hntulred and (cve;;ty-
tour inh.il)itants. '•"he Fiijilifli, lor tiie lecurity of their
(oma.cr;c, which h .d fultucd innrenie dam.ige irum the
-•vitecr<of Diinkiik, compelled Fr.4fiie to piomife at
.... .^1
r. K C T. XI.
0/ tht CetiKly if /fritii i il! S.'liintioH, pxhi.t. Pi ..hue,
(jov. iniMtnl, itn.l printtpa. Cil.ii.
TIIK coiitiiv of Artois, which forms a part of t!ic
Nethi-ilaipK, i^ boundtd on the north by Flanders,
on the cad by Haiii.uilr, and on the lonth nul weft by
I'icaidy. It i-. twiiitv-fix F'n nch l'..i,;ucs in Icn^jth, and
.ibniit half as much in breadth. This is one ol the belt
.'.nd linclt piovinces in the whole kingdom, and, bcfidcs
Its i^reat fertilitv, carries on a cont'iderable rule ;n flax,
nopi, wool, oil of turnip-feed, and has fcvjr-1 iiunu-
faL'tiiies n( linen.
Its prin.ip.il rivers .ire the .Se:'.rpc, the Aa, and the
Caiiehc.
'I'his country, together with i'icardy, U fiihjcil toonj
;overnor-gciU'tal, a lieuten.intgencral, nr.J two deputy-
Miveinors, one for Arras and Hapaunie, a.id tin- other
for Aire .md .St, UiiicrN. H re is a pioviiuial council,
wliich in civil .ttlairs is (uboiUinnte to liic pa.liamcnt of
I'ari". The raifiii!; of the royal rcvinu'-s 15 here admi-
nidend by coiil'i lu of the fi.iles, wliii li conlid: of tli?
cleri<,y, a j'.teat number of ablion, and the deputies from
every chapter : bclu'ej tb.fe there .ire the nubility, who
amount to about feveiiiy pi-rlons, and the commoners,
who conlid of the c'luiitil of Arras, .ind the deputies of
the ma;;idracy oftli'-eijht piincipal towns of the couii«
!iy. No cullom-f are paid here ; the frcj j^ift re(|Uired is
in fome inealure llttled at four hundred tl.niifaiid livrcs ;
but the cliarge-^ ol foraj.^c are more or lef. atcoidiii^ to the
»ouli i"= 111 danger ol bving ovcillowed. To remedy 1 mmiber of cavalry in the coiiiitu'.
1, ,inc-or.M-niencc feveial iVuitlvIs ne^otiaiior.s palled be- ; Tne principal placci in the county of Attois are tlic
nd Kn.;hnd, and in the inean while .-» ] ■.oliowiir,-
L-ixace of Utrecht to ddtrov tiic |cir:in..-atinn«, to fill
the harbour, t.> dem didi tiu- Jams and lliiice., an 1
iKVti to repair them. This was adluilly b- i'un •, t'ut it
iiajfoun>l, or at lead pretended, that I y filloi;; up the
tiibuur, the country ro-md, for about ten Frenrli le,ij.Miei,
in the inean while .-»
n- *r mnjl w.-is in.idc at Nlaiiiyke. liy the treatv conclud-
.latiheHauue between 1-r.ince, F.ngland, and Holland,
■.t-f, it was ai> reed, that tiie lari;r entrance of the
. r miice at Mard\ice, whi. h was foity-four leet broad,
'loulJ be entirely dcmoiilhtd ; and that 110 harbour,
ii'jicp, or balon, Ihrmld cvir be made either at Dunkirk
ir .\'.'.r-ivke, or within two French lea;:iie. rouiul ; ,ind
tint ll'.c drmiihtion of th'- works olDunkn'i; IhouM be
ntircly c.iinplcted : hu: France niakiii.- no f.'ri-i;t hade
inthi. woik, It was in 174S m.ide an aitiele of the peace ! " French (h
!t Aix la Chapille. Alter which France, indeail ( I ful- | if tiiat even;
liliinjthtl.- en(;aj;ement-, bei;an fume new works v.-hieh
;i\elrilh iinihr,ij>e to the court of Fnidaiul, whiueeeiv-
iJ icitain intelligence that tlie city was a;',ain lortii-.'d on
llicUiiJ-lide, the baton widen; d, and rendered as com
Arr.is, tlie C'ri^iacum of Ptolemy, and the AtrebatK
of Crfar, i^ liuiated in a dillic! if the faini.- name, and
ll.inds on the Scarpc, twelve miK-,: to the fiuith-wcd oi
IJouiv. It ii a very antien: and iar.^c pl.iee, divided in-
to twi< parts, the o.ie called the city, and the other the
town, whirh is the more modern of the nvo ; each of
thel'e IS lurroiinded with oKI wall-, which have round
towers, built after the antient manner, and a i;ate, over
which WIS .in infrription in French, " Fliat when the
11 t..ke .\rras,the mice (h.:ll cat thccatf," aa
wa^ mipoffible ; but the event Hie wed th.iC
it w.is not, tor the F'lench took it in ib.^o.
'Fhe oM walls were rcpiire.l by V'auS.m, who added
f.veral badions and a great number of new works in thu
liteh, which is large and very deep, partiriilarly lu-
muJious for the reception ol (hips a;, ever the harbour ] neti-s, built alter Vauban's manner, and the liilt works
he'liii.ltichjr.n..
hid been. Ihe F'lencb court replied, that thel'e works
hd i\i) orl.cr view th m to free tlf inhabitants fioin the
cshalations uf the ((.■.;ii..itini! water, .1 pretence as f.ilfe
ii it v;js ridiculous, liree tne Fu.-^rh ni.idu the jiieateil
advanta'C ol this p!.:re during- li-.e l.ue war ; but ,.t ttie
concUil-.m (if it, a. an agreed tod^r.uililh the work", and
f.il up the iiar, winch is the more ne.eliiiry t.i be inlill-
eiiupoii, .15 inc French have ik' ether harbour in the
of that kind which that excellent engineer performed.
'Fhe ditch is furrvjumled with a coiert-way, and a glacii
Uj ul'ual, beyond which tire feveral redoubts of a penta-
gonal tigui", placed in the re-tntering angles, and each
has its particular ditch, covert-way, and gh'cis. Fhe ci-
t.idel is fumewh.it higher, tov\'ards the country ; it is not
very large, but is cllecincd one of the dronged in the
k.in|^doiii i it bun;; an obloi'g pentagon, compoled of five
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. M580
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464
A SYSTEM OF G E O G K A 1' H Y.
I''i:.A\c?
h^i- III . ■ '
'.'!
,iil:.:1
,i ir |h i,. ,]V
b.iftionf, as mniiy half-niooiis, lour tenailk":, pliiccil ii)
t;ic ciut.ii.'i;., .Tiij a faullc briiy-', vvhicli ciivcr tlu- iViitit
iMi th ■ city-fiiU'. All t'lflc works arc furri>iiii>li-J with a
liiich, into ulii. ii'ti.c' Si.ai;K- runs, 01 at Icalt a cmal
ilr.uvn (roni that i ;i r.
This town has liaiiiHome broul llrccts, aiiJ is inha-
liitcd hv wc.ilthv tiaJcrs and ariilii'trs, who nrilcc I'ail-
cl'jlli ajiil tapi |[r\', cfpt'iially the latttrr, vvhiiii was iii-
vrr.tjJ here, aiul thi-rtlorc that ni.iiiiihiclurc <ihtaim.-ii
the I'.amc of Anas, which is iiuicctl very li..'aiitiliil, tlio'
interior to the t.iivMrv nia,!c at I'.iris, IJrulli-K, ami Ant-
werp. The lar;!,e maiket place lure is lurrounili-il with
f!:ic biiiltliiM.'s, amoii; which is the goveinoi's hoiile.
I'hctc arc eleven par:lh chiM'chcs, feveral convents, one
(Iniin.iry, aiv.l there was latelv a college ot' Jefiiits. I he
raliie.lial, which is deJicaieJ ti. the Virgin Mary, is a
iine llriii-l'irc, in which are prel'erveii r.inie t'anious lelics.
The ahluy of St. \'all has a magniiicent tliureh he-
longinq to it ; and a!iio!'.;i; the chapds lure, is ojie called
the chap-.'l of the Hoiy Candle, iji which was kept a can-
dle, which it is pretended wa^ given hy tlie Uleiled \'ir-
gin, to the inha' itant;, to cure them ot an inward heat,
whic!'. ':u-<.'.t and conliimed thein. Tlie biiliop is I'uMia-
;;an to the jn. hhidloj; oi' Cainbray, and has a dioeefe of
four hundred paridies, with a revenue of twentv-two
thou and livrc; a \Mr, and is :..\td at the court of Ri.me
four tioul;. nd (lo::ns. He is loid of the city, and prc-
lident in the air-mhly of the Rates.
Aire, in Latin Acii.i, and Alia, a confiderablc fi rtrf.;
on the r,.er Lys, near the cunl'ints of I-'l.mders, and a'jo it
ten ir.lks to the fouth-caft of St. Oiner's. Th.is is a
flron^ and w. 11 f iriilicd pl.ice, having, befules the walls,
ba'lioii3, half-ir.o.ins, horn-works, redoubts, counter-
fcarp":, ditchc-, and a niorafs, which cneonipalVes it on
three ftdcs. On that fide wl.ieli i> accelTible, at the dif-
tance of a cannon iliot from the city, and the river Lys,
lL;;:ds f.it St. Kiaiieis to which you go from tlie city by
a re;iular canal. This lort is a fmall, but regular pen-
tagon, conipofed of five baftion-, encompull'ed by a ditch,
a eov;rt-way, and glacis. Tlie L.ys divides tlie city into
tv.-o unequal p.irt3, which contain a collegiate church,
\vit!i feveral convents, and had, till lately, ,i colley^e of
lefuiis with two hofi)ital5, one of wiiich is inltituicd j
for f.ddiers. I
Notwithstanding the firength of this place, the I'lench ■
took it in 16^ I, and foon alter it was retaken hv the Spa-
niard?. In 1676, it was again taken by the Fiencii, |
and was conrirmed to tlicni at ihe peace of Nimegiien. '
In November 1710, it furrendered to the allies, altera ■
very vigorous fiege, and the trenches had been open for
ii\ weeks ; but b)' the treaty of Utrecht, it was rel'ored ;
again to tlie French. ;
I5etween Aire and St. Omer's, are the ruins of the
once coiifi lerable city of Terouenne, which alio flood
on the river [/. s. It was f.imou; on aeroent of its be-
in ;
livres, and its taxation to the couit c-f Rome 1« ., .1
i' in. ".iiv. 13 ,j tllni>,
(and florins. '
In this city are feveral fine flree's, and a lirgc f,,,,.--
with nianv hamliome hcules, anioni; which is the '
houfe. The o.ithedral dedicated to St. f)nuT, is a n'*".'
Ilruiiture, cincfly remarkable for its cliap' h,\v|,'jji,''"'7"
einbeliifhid wr.h fine iiiarbl" and beautiful uainti '■-'"
llcfidcs the cathedral, are (i.\ parilh chiircliis, ;ii,J ,, .,H'|
lich abbey of the order (d F'encdietines. On each f.l.'f
th.- poiti.o belonging to it ll.inds a laige f(p;are iCh'
of great lu-ght, wlure a conlfant watch is kci-i '','
give notice uii.ther there is ,111 enemy in the iitiilji.,' '
i-.oed of the city, the gates ol which ''re iuver"cm'||'pj
till it be i! ly-Iight, and the watch lins given neiicc U
liiiial, tiu\'. he has difcovered no dao'ier. IL-n- „„' ,.'
,.' 1 , , o ■ ^'■'C lUC all')
lever.il convents aiul niiniienes, two bofiitals d - mi'
dens, a general hchpital for the lick, an orphin hoHf"
for poor beys, anoth.ir for girls, and a houfe fur (I'v-iv'
poor old men, in niemorv of the twelve apoliles ■ l,.^
liJcs feveral other foundations, piiticulai'ly one I'r
anni'al'y giving a fum of nuuiev to poor giilj j^ „, .'
riage. Heie is ail'-i an En>li(h fcminar".
The ciiy Is populous an. I has loiiie trade, a natutrr,,-'
fmall veflels coiiiiiur up here iir.ni the lea bymcjn,.,f
the river /\.i. i'he government of St. O.i-.cr's is un(!ir ■
mayor, who is aniii' ]\\ chang'.d, and tv.'elvc ccticvi-f
and under i:s jurildiction ate .'.hove an hunJicJ vi '
I l.iges.
: I'd the north-call of St. Omer's are finati.'ij ifi,.,, 1
, that move iiackw.irds and forwaid--, :i;ei;rd;ii.' towiu'.
; ever motion is imparted to them. Upon tiicfj ifljiv:? a.,,,
i feen grafs alvvays '.trowinL-, and the pt-rpli: Jr,uv (i,.,,
! with ropes to the fliore in ord; r to drive their csilie h.i,,
! them : tiiey have alfo lome trers growing Ikic, but ilifii
they keep \eiy low, for fear the wind ib.ouid ha.c tuD
I nnieli hold ot them, and diive the illands with ttu much
tdence.
invclfed b) Henry V'lll. ki:ig of England, in perfon,
in the year 1503, afliftcd by the emperor Al.ixiiniiiati,
will) i.iii this occ.dlon wore a St. (.jcorge's crofs. At tli;s
fie_;e the French, attempting to throw provifions into f,c
town, wcredeliated by the Knglifli, with great (laugh-
ter, and tVom the hurry with v.-hich they fled, this .■ .i
cidled the M.utle of the Spurs, inti.nating that thefe were
the principal we.Tn.ms thty made me of to cfcapc in fafe-
tv. A fortnight after this battle, the city v.'as t.;ken,
but difmaiuled and quitted. The French afterwards re-
piiroi it, but the emperor Charles V. raking it in I55 ^,
levelled it with the ground, fine- which time it ha^ never
been r( built.
St. Omer's, the capital t.f a bailiwic, is called in I a-
tin .\n ioiiiLironolis, and was foimerly calli-d Sitliin, It
ts a ccnliderable riiv, feated (.n the Aa, ciglit miles nmth-
welt of Aire, partly on an eniirii nee, ami partly on a
moral's, and is one of the bell foitificatioiij in the Ne-
therlands ; it being defendcil lu.t only by a calllc, but hy
large baftions, between which a:e hall-moons, fuiiuund.
ed with l;u./' ditihes, which aie iiu'cid too lugh to have
anv water in them ; but aie fo deep, that it would be very
difi'tcult to rr.ount from th:m to the walls of the r..m-
pirts. It -s the fee of a bifliop, futfVagaii to the aith-
biftop ot Canibray, and ha. a revenue of forty lliculaiid
S E C T. xir.
Of the Pnv WiV cf Piciitly ; its Sitnatirn, r.r.'.-W, P-j.
<l'ii,-, Rhiis, (>j.',r!iera\ am! ^litid^M Cnii,, l^iniicuLrl}
A/i:ii:i:, .'!.-Ujil:, CiLli, a::.! L::d.^i.e.
PICARDY is bounded en the north by H.'innulr,
Artois, and the Streight.* of Cal lis ; on iheK.Jibv
Champagne ; on the foulii by the Ide of Fr.mce ; un.l nii
the welt by Normandy and the Foglifli Ciiumcl. '] Im
piovince is long and narrow, it being ufiiallv comparid ic
a bent arm, .uul in this figure i,, marly ( ne hur.drcd .mJ
fifty i^ lies in length, but not above tortv in bicuiih, and
in many places not above twentv. It is iieuer.illy n ril.iin
cnuntr\', and produces wine, fruit of a'l kind., |:l?aiyr,f
corn, and great quantities oi hay ; but wood be.i:,;fc,irrr,
moit of ti'.e inh.dutants burn turf; Ihev have, h .'.mc:,
' fc/me pit coal, but it is not lo good as that of i.ir'-
land.
Its principal rivers arc the Somme, the wh.'dc e.\t'Tf
of whicn is confined to Picardv i it hetotiifs n.iriL'Aie
at lira.y, and, af'.er rercivin;! feveral fni.dl ri\er', ei.MJts
, into twelve channels which are afterwar Is iniitej, alar
' which it fails into tlu; iiritilh Channel, The ( hfc has its
fourcc in I'icardViOn the ccnhnes of I'aiiuult, :;iiJ, after
receiving feveial rivers, becoir.es navigable at J..iKtri',
and falls into the Seine at Connan;. Tiie Cuitlit,
which falls into the !5ritifli Chann.:l hidow lilbiJIci.
'I'iie Lanthie, v.diieh alfo tails into the Channel. Thi
I.ys, which l.dls into the Scheld. The A.!, which
13 made navigable at St. Omer''., by incaiis of (luices, ar.J
at Lilt ilifch.ugcs itfelf into the Cliannel. The ScMr|)c,
which falls into the Seiicld, and the Deule, which w.M
formerly no l.irger than a brook, but now liy me.iiii el
cannals and (luices is become a confidcrabie r'lCr.
I 'I'he fiiuation of tliis province on the lea, its imi^y na-
' vig.dde livers and canals, with the indullry of the iiihj-
. bitantj, lender it the feat of a flouriflimg tr.iue. Ill it
aie made beautiful (ilk lluft's, woollen (tuffs, coarl'e linen,
lawn, and fopc ; it alio carries on a huge tr.ide in coin
! and pit-co.d. In the government of Calais and liuu-
lo^iie, are annually bought up five or fix ibuufanti colts,
I which
Franc?,
, niid a lirgc r,|uari.
'J whidi ii t|„. ,„^^,jj'_
St. On
chiirtlu
';"r. IS a r,;,i,!.
which .iri:
p:iuitin't
mcs. ( 'ii ejch n,!,. of
3 lati:e Cipinre l>ecp|e
It watch is kc|-i, to
.•my in ir.i: nri^l,'!,,,,,.
iich .ire lu vor^opiiif J
Ins given notice, by a
iMgei. IL-rc aie .if.,
vv>) liufpitjls frr rr.ji-
ck, an nrph-m hoiif-
nd a hoiifc ('iii- (.v;;vi;
twelve apofllcs; be.
railiciib.fly one Inr
:o P'lor girls in nia-
liliai;'.
Jie trr.ile, a n-.iiaVrr „i
the fca hy mcjn.uf
St. O.icr'.s is und-r.i
an J twelve cchcvi:^,
>ovc an hunJicJ vi;.
r's arc- fioau:;;; ifianj,
l=, accordiiij- towii.i;.
Upon tiull' illaii'is a.f
t!ic p?-"ple draw ih-n
drive tl.eir caitie iwn
mwiii.r livie, hut tlifi;
wind ihould hj.c till)
llUnds with too muvh
:ii.
S;V.v,;.'.'r;;, Ex!,!:!, ?•;■
t'.'.'ii/ (.';(/.■., Ai.j.'/i'ii
.n;
he north hy Hiinjiilr,
his ; on the K.ft I'v
Ifle ol France ; i:nJ oil
,"li(h(:ii;nncl. 'riiii
i:r Mluallv compariil tc
larlv ( ne hur.drcd.iriJ
Kirtv in hieadih, atiil
It is iicsu-raliy n pliin
[ol uM kind-, plnitycf
lit wood bc.n^fcarcc,
thev have, ht.'.vcvcr,
oud as that ol' i4i.!-
thi- wh;.lc c>;t"i'f
it I'ct (lilies n.ivipjble
[l Ini.dl riicr', i!iv.dts
leiwar Is iini'.ej, .ilar
The One has its
|)C I'aliiault, ::nJ, al'icr
|iavi;;ahle at I..1 Kirc,
Ian:. 'I'ne Ciiichi,
lin.:l below Klt.ii;ic;,
1) the. Clunnel. Thj
(l. The A,i, which
means of lluiccs, and
liannel. The Scar^'c,
lie Ueule, which \\y,
lliut now hy nie.ui-. et
lidcriible I'.cr.
the lea, its imnv r,i-
iiidullryofthc iiiha-
lutilhinif tr.iiie. lint
"n Huffs, coar'.c linen,
l;ir;^e trade in emu
I of OaLiis and liou-
yr fix ihoufaiiil colts,
whi.h
V^.r.rc.
ij R o I' )•:.
4(>3
which being aftervvards InrncJ l.iofe in the pafliircs of
Korni.iii'lyi ■"■<-• fold for Norman horfe,;. Tlie fiflurles
cii this tuaft are alio very •■.iv.,ntageoiis.
]ii I'icirdy arc four bilhoprics, two provincial cotirts,
nvii i;"verniiu'nts, five coiius of admiralty, four forell
nMiuirs, and lour lordlhips.
Picaidy is divided into Up. -r, Middle, and Lower
I'ic.irdv, and is ai;.iiii luhdivided inio four deputv f;o
vcriiiiients, the principal places in which are the follow-
Amiens, in Latin Amblanum, the capital of PiearJy,
ami of the earldom of .\mienois, is feated on the Sommo,
lixiv-fue miles to the foiith of Calais, and eii;hty
to t'^.o north of Paii.i. It appears very deli;.;htriil troiii
thch-rgencfs of its (Irects, the beauty of the lioiilcs, and
llw extent of the fqiiarcs, in two of which fevcn fine
flrccis meet. On the ranipaits arc planted twi rows of
tree.-, which forai a very agreeable walk. I'he river
Soiiiiiic enters this city in three ditf-'ieru thanncl'i, thro'
thc'aaie riu;-.ibcr of bridges; f> that after w.>teriiig feve-
ij1 parts of the town, thefe unite again at the other end
near St. Michael's bridge.
The cathedral, dedicated to tlie N'ir^in Mary, Is one
(ift!ie finclf and bell cmbelliflied in all France: the pil-
lar., choir, chapels, tombs, and paintings, arc particu-
ijriy adorned; and more efpecially the principal entrance,
v.l.ich PS flanked with two lofty towers, on which are
iiiiiccJ I'evcral lfatii"S. Amons; other relics ihcy pretend
io have here the heart of St. John the Haptifl. In this
citiii alfo a collcLj;i.ite church, a chapter of St. Nicho-
las, fourteen parilh churches, feveral ahbies and coii-
v.rits, and an academy of the Arts and Sciences, with le-
icul hofpitals. The bifliop is fuffragan to the areia-
lifliop of Rbeinis, ami within his diocefe, behdes the
jjuvc cathedral, arc twelve coller^iate churches, twenty-
fi.i alibic.-, fifty-five priories, leven hundred and iifiy
Kclciie', one iuindred and three chapels of cafe, and
forty-eigiu coniinunities His ar.iuial revenue is thir-
IV ih' uUnd livre.-., and his taxatitm to 'he toiirt ot Rome
iifrur tiioufaiid nine hundred florins. Here is the leat of
aprclidial court, an independent bailiwic and provoll-
Ciif, an office lor the finances, and a mint. In ttiis city
and the nciiibbmirinf; villages, the innabitants carry on a
manufacture of ferrets, and alfo make a conliderable
i:..ian'.ilv of black and fjecn foap.
Abbeville, that is, the .Abbot's Towni is the capital of
Ponthieu, a ddlricl of I'icardy, and is leated twenty miles
Inlhc north-wed of Amiens, and fifty-two to the fouth
(ii Calaii, in a very delightful plain on the Sommc, which
tiviiic^ itfelf into feveral branches, and parts the city in-
to two main divifions, the one towards the Low Coun-
liies, and the otlier towards Normandy. It is alfo wa-
itteJ by the rivulets of Seardon, Sotiins, and Corneiilc,
«r Fanieic. The tide liere flows up the ooniine, to the
height of about fi.\ feet, by which means, and its fitiia-
lion, it is rendered a commodious port ; it being but fif-
teen miles from the Kn;;'i(h Channel.
Abbeville was originally no more than a farm or manor
btlonging to the abbey of St. Recpiier, from which it had
its name; it afterwards became a borough, from the con-
cour.e of people who came and fettled in it. It is now
wii fortified, and cneompafll-d with w.iils, wnich are
fimkcd with baftions and large deep ditches. 'I'he houfes
Jicniolllyof timber, old and meanly bui.t ; it is lilce-
«:!-• extremely dirty, and next to Amiens is the moft po-
paloas town in ail Picardy. It contains a collegiate
church dedicated to St. Ullranc, which is a lolty itune
building, fourteen paiifli churches, fifteen convents, a
commandery of the order of Malta, and a college. It
lias a provincial court, with a baiiiage, a forclt court, a
court of commerce, a court of admiralty, and a fait of-
fce. As it is conveniently fituaied for commerce, it car-
ries on a gre.it trade in corn, oil, hemp, flax, cordage,
aad foap. The woollen manufaiifure cllablillied here in
1665, by Mr. Roberts; a Dutchman, has fucceedcd (o
wdl, that a' piefent its cloths are little inferior in fine-
Kls and goudnefs to thofe of England. In it are alio
made very beautiful barragons, together with mocades, a
liaJ of carpets, dimity, plnlh, cuaife iinmi, fpuii Wool,
aaj fire arms,
Hi
Calais, allrong fea port town, in the r.ify-firft dcgretf /; 1 :
two minutes north l.itilude, and in the third degree lif- S
teen minute;, well longitude, one liuudred and forty three
miles to the north ol Paris, in a marfhy plain, on the
n.irrrmcif part of the Puilifh Channel, which is here on-
ly about k-vi'i\ leagues broad; lieie the white chalky
elifl, of Dover may be feeii from the coaft ; and between
Dover and Calais, go two ;>acket-boats twice a we.-k.
I'he figuieof this city, Including, the citadel, is an oblong
fiiuare, the two long fides of which are each about two
hundred and twenty perches in length ; and the two
fhorlcfl about ninety. One of the larueft fides is to-
wards the fea, and v;ry well fortified ; the other is to-
wards the land, defended by baffions lined with (lone,
and covered with half-moons and deep ditches, nine or
ten perches broad, th.at can be filled either with fait or
Irefli water, as they pleafe. The fhort fide that lies op-
pofite to the fort of Nieulai, may be defended by being
laid under water, and the other fide, c.ill.d the Attack of
(iravelines, is (fill better lortilied. The wiiolc is en.om-
pafled by a covert-way, and fort Nieulai, jult mention-
ed, is fiid to be a perfeiSl piece of fortifieati.iii in its kini'. :
it has lour ball.ons, and from tlieiitc the whole C'nin.iy
about C.ilais may be laid under water in Id's than twen-
ty-four hours. The citadel has Itill its ancient circuit
and ditcheSj but the chevalier de Ville has fmrouiided it
with a n'?w cnclofure with three regiil..r baJlioiis ; r.nd it
is fo advaiitageoufly fituated, that it not onlv co.iirnands
the town and fort, but likev\ile all the nei dib )iiriiig
country. Ships enter the port bv a loni; canal, iiiatie by
order oi Lewis XIV. between two moles j at the head
of each is a horn-woik, defended by a haif-mton, and
eneompalled by a wall, a deep ditch, and covert-way.
This port is very happily fituated, br.t has f.veral iii-
convenieneies, for no vefl'el can enter it without running
a great rifcjue ; it being almort choatcd up, and there is
no road for (hips to ride at anchor. The cai.dl at Calaia
is, however, of great ufe to the inhabitants for inl.uid na-
vigation ; for by means of this canal one may eatily pals
hy water from Calais to St. Omer's, Gr.ivclines, Dun-
kirk, Bruges, and Yypres. However, notv/ithft.inding
the eonvenieiit lituation of Calais, with rel'pe.;t to Eng-
land and Holland, it is lefs populous than might be cx-
peded, it being fuppofcd to contain only five thoufanJ
inhabitants.
The ftrccts of Calais are ftraight, well paved, and
adorned with feveral houfes in the modern talfe. In the
city IS only one parifli church, which i> a fine building,
and has a very magnificent dome, and a very beautiful
altar of marble ; there is another church in the fuburbs
of St. Peter. It has fiiur convents, two communities ibr
the inftrudtion of youth, and two alms-houfes.
The inhabitants carry on agood trade in wine, brandy,
fait, fiax, horles, and butter. i'hey are exempt from all
taxes, but the afleflinents for the rcpaiis of the fortifica-
tions and canals run high. The city has a particular go-
vernor, a deputy-governor, and a mayor ; and to the go-
vernment of Calais belong twenty-four parillles.
Edward 111. king of England, took tiiccity after a me-
morable fiegc in the year I J47; and after the Ent;li(h had
it in their pofl'eflion about two hundred years, it was re-
taken by the duke of Guile in 153S. It was, however,
agreed by the treaty of Chaie.iu-Caiiibrefis, that Calais
fliould continue in the hands of the French during the
fpaee of eight yeais, after the cx|nraticii of wbii:h term
it was to be reftored to the Engliih. Q;ieen Ebzabetli
accoidingly demanded it, but the chancellor de L'Hopi-
tal rel'ufed to lellore it, under pretence that dating the
firft religious war in France, which b. gan three years af-
ter the above treaty of peace, the Englilh had feiz-ej
Havre de (jrace, and by this mciiis had violated the
treaty, and forfeited their right to Calais, which the
Krehch kept, though the Englilh did not keep Havre dc
Grace, it being retaken by tlie Irciich. Albert, ar.h-
dukc fif .Aullri.i, and s;overiior of the Low Countries,
made himfelf mailer of Calais in the w:ar 1596; hut it
was relfored two years alter 10 Henry IV. ol France, by
virtue of the treaty of Vervins. In fliort, this rity
VKa- boinbarJeJ b> the Englidi in the yeais i6y|, i6c)5,
and i'a.y>.
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llrulognc, the niicifiit Ccforiacum, or Cliibriacuni,
and liiicu Hoiumij, is tliL" capitjl ut a dilhict, c.i'.lcil the
lioiiloiiois, a p.irticiil.ir government entirely inilepcndent
of the gi)\crnor-i:ener.il <it' I'ie.irJv. riii> city IK.ndb
upon a hill, at the niouth of ihc litile livtr l,i.ine, lixtcen
miles to the I'outli-wtit of Calais. The harbour is very
inconnnodioiis, with a narrow ejitranrc, into which nier
ch.iju-fhips can onlv enter at timf uf flood ; and St. John':,
road before the city, for (liips of vv.!r can come no tarther,
is extremely bad, no vellels hein': .ible- [o weather it
there, nnltl's the wind blows from fonie point between
the north and fouth-ealf ; for with all oilier win.!.s the
(ea is extremely rou.;h and bodlerou.-i. Here formeily
(food a wMtcli-tower, called by the French l.,i Tcuf
fTOnlir, the 'I'owerof Oiders,aiid by the Kn.;;i(!i the
()\ii .Man, faid to h.ivc been fiilt binlt by Jiiiiiis C;efar,
and repaired by the tmpuor Cliatlcniagne ; but li..vin_;
been n'".;lccled, it fell down, and in the room of it w,::,
trecied a fmall foit, which ferveb for the delence of the
harbour.
'l"be city is divided into the Upper and f.owcr Town,
the foimer of which is well fortilicd with .1 flroni; citadel,
and in it are feveral publ.c (qiiares and beautifid foun-
tains, together with a p.ilace, where jullice i^ aJniinill vr-
ed. Here is alii) a cathedral d.'.!:cated to tlie V'ir^:i'i
Mary, more venerable for its antiquity than for any thin^;
tlfc J alio the parochial chirrcii of St. Jofeph ; an abbe)
of St. Vilemar ; belidcs fome monaftcries, a fcminary lor
the educatinn of fueh as defi^n to take h:.Iy orders, and
an hofpital bndt at the expence of the faaiily of Au- [
u;oM. The Lower Town, which is not inhabited by fo |
many perfons of quality as the other, is larger and more i
confiderabic for its trade, it being chiefly inhabited by
merchints and tiadefmcn, and extendi along the littie
port at the mouth of the river. The bidiop of thi;:
J lace is lulTr-igan to the archbifliop of Rheims, and lias
under his janfdivflion two hundred r.iid feventy-fbvcn
pariflics, with one hundred and furty-fcven chapels of
tale, and a revenue of twelve thoufand iivres, out of
which he p.iys til'tccn hundred florins to the col t of
Home.
In the year 1478, Lewis XI. ftirrcndcrcd this country
to the \'ii;;iii Mary, declaring that for the future he and
Y S T E M O F G r. O G R A IMl Y.
F
'11 tl;;3
,• ,, ■ ■• • . ' '^H't.'.l
toa'lt-coints, tWJ courts ot mnit.igv, and u gcucralit'-
rile mili;..ry government of this province is iJd-.l j,,'"
governor, tour gener.il-lieutenants, under whom ar.' f,,. .
h -re litary filb-governors. 'I'he principal ciiiv.
country are the lidlowing :
■Proyes, the ancient Augullomana, or Aujuflo'vi,]]
the capital of the province, is feated in Lo\v'.r ClLirri'
pagnc, on the river Seine, about fcvcnty milt 1 to"t|i-
louih-c.il!- of Paris, and is pretty l;,rg(>, but f.ir f,o„i
being fo fl.)uri(hiiig and poinrlous as formerly. It (jj,
fourteen parifh churches, inciaJmg the cathedr.d, an.ltwft
collegiate churches, witii four abbi^'c, ten ronvcrus oi";
college, one feminar;', and one holpiial. Tdc c.itlicJril'
whi.h is dedicated to St. Peter, is a very noble llniclurc'
its portico is in a fine tafte, but ;he towvr on the left-frij
of it li IS been left unfinifhed.
Tiie (ity is fiirrounded wit'i wall?, but they are no'
kept in good repair ; and formerly it had three cadi:,"
from which it is fuppofed to have obtained its prcl.i'
name ; but there are now few j-emains of th • •■ '.'It, ■|'|,,.'
billi'ip of iVoyjs is fulFragJii to the arch: illKn of S.r- •
his diocefe ci ntaii'.s three hundred and leventv tv.-,!
p.irifhes, ninvty-eight cljapels of cafe, with fcvc'!u;'.'a
abides; his yearly revenue is fourteen thnui'.-.nd liv-.j
and his taxation at the court of Rcme is cvo thou.Ciiij
florins. 'I"his city ftill carries on a tolerable iraJe, '"•.■..
cially in lin;Mi, flix, hemp, and cotton fuiHani, Cjiivj"
wax and t.illow-candles, needle?, fergcs, .,:i | tapeltry. " '
C'laioiis, a large city feated on the Alainc, in the'C!!'.
liuioi':, a fmall teiritor)', and ninetv-llva niiii, to tii; , ;t
of P.iris. In this city is a cathedral, two chapter, .ili...,
parifli-churches, three abbies, nine convents, and O.c.:
was till lately a college of Jefuits. 'I'he bilhop, v.-.j
is alfo a c;)unt and peer, is futfragan to the arci.bifhj) ,,•
Rheims, and in his diocefe are comprehended three hua-
dred and four parilhes, ninety-three chapels of eufe, wit.'j
nineteen abbies. His yearly revenue is twenty- t'ourtliou-
fand llvres, and his taxation at Rome three thoufmi
his fuccellois iliouid hold it from her immediately as her i florins. The inhabitants carry on a confiderable tr.iJc ia
vall'als, plying her tor bom;ige a golden heart at their i Ihalloon;, which t.'ok their name from this place, aad in
i'Ccrflion to the crown ; in purfn.Jlce of v.'hicb Lewis 1 other woollen fhitls
ANCe.
'mir
In t'lii country arc two arcbbiflinpijcs and
billiopries. It is governed by the p.irli .ui'.nt, the chjn.
ber of account:., and cxehcrpier ofl'aris, cvcrpt tin; ti.r"
ritory of Sedan, which belongs to the p.uliamtnt of
.Met?.. It has ten provinci:il and ditlricl coiirrs
XIV'. paid twelve thouland livre;. t'or himl'clf and his fa-
ther Lewis XIII.
lioulogne was taken by Henry VIH. king of England,
in the year 1544, and afterwards relfored to the French
kini'H'jiiry H. by a treaiv of peace in 155c, in confidc-
ratiun of his paying three hundred thoufand crowns.
SECT. XIII.
77'(r hitu;!ti'j>u F.xtiiit, Prciuct; Hi:::.', t^tu! G:virnnunt ;f
Champiignc and Uru ; u-ith a Defiilti:u cf the piiihlpul
Cities, as Trojes, Oh'hns, llheimi, .mJ San.
THE province of Champagne is bounded on tl-.c
north by Hainault and part of the bifliopric of
Liege; on the ealt by Luxemburg and Lorrain ; on the
f.jiiili byBurgirndy; and on the weft by the Ifle of
France and I'icardy ; it being one of the mofi: confidcr-
able provinces in the whide kingdom. This province
extends from the well to the fouth-cafl, or from LagUy to
Bourbon, forty fix le.'gues in length, and from fouth to
north, or from Ravieres to Rocrois, about fit"ty-.''our. It
derives its name from the large pLins in its center, but
its borders are full of forells hills, and mountains.
This countrv products plenty of grain, but is particu-
larly famous lor its wine, which is exported in great
(luantities ; and the natural commodities in which the in-
habitants trade, are corn, wine, iron, wood, and cattle,
with bav, woollen and filk fluffs, linen, ^c.
Its principal rivers are the Mcufe or Maefc, which re-
rcives its fource near the villajc of .Meiile ; the Seinr? ;
the Maine, which riles in Hafll-ny ; the Aubc, wliieli
haj its fuurce on the frontiers, and the Ailhe or Aine.
Rluims, th; anrient Durocortorum, and Civitas Rc-
morum, the capital of a difhict called the Rheimoi>, is
lituaied fixty-two miles to the north of 'f'royei, ar.J
ci.'hty-five to the north-cafl of Paris, and is one of th.-
moll anti.-nt and celebrated cities in the whole kingdom.
It is about four miles in circumference, and contains
feveral tine fqii.ires, l:irgc ffrccts, well built houft-,
and magnitictnt churches, .'\mong thefe is the citr.cJrjl
of Our Lady, which is a line ftru.:ture, though of Got:;;,-
architecture ; the principal door is remarkable for r.>
workmanfhip, and the great altar, at which the coiuii.i-
tion of the kings of France is performed, i., plated wi;i
gold. The treal'uryof this cathedral mull be very grcir,
as every king at his coronation makes an ofi'eriii'; h-re.
The book of the Ciofpel upon which the king t.!!;..:i:;
coronation oath, is faid to be written in the Scbvaiiic
tongue, and the cover is of gold fet with gems. Ti-.i.-
archbilhop of this place is the firii: duke .md p:;t oi
France, perpetual It gate of the fee of Rome, and pn-
inate of all Gallia Kelgic.i He alf'o crowns thckiiu;; lie
has an annual revenue of fifty thoufand livres, and hij
taxation at the court of Rome is four thoufand liver,
hundred and titty florins. Here are all'o three colle'i.itc
churches, five r.bbies, n'ne convents, a commiindery b--
longing to the order of St. Anthony, a com.manJcry tl'
the knights of Malti, and, till the Jefuits were cxpe IcJ,
they had here a large fcminary, and a fine college.
'I'he abbey of Menediilincs of St. Remy in tiiis city ii
one of the nobleft ht;longing to that order in all Fraii..';
and on the altar of its church is kept the holy pS j,
which at the baptifin of Clovis, in 49O, by bifhup Ro-
migius, they pretend was brought from heaven liy j
dove, at the prayer of that famt, the crowd hrin.; fi
i^rcjl that he w.is unable to get to the font with the ui'u.u
H
1-1 ANT n.
EUROPE.
•(■•■
I -piiij phi.il is of .1 (lirk rcJ glifs, about t'ric I.'ii2;th
*' 'v's little fill 'cr, aiul iK-.irly relernhli's iiifli.ipu afinal
M^ij.'jrv-witer Imiili.-. Ic h.l^ a j;r,,KJ ili)|)|)ir, aiiJ !•. Ii\-
1 in a ii/rror.m-' I IViuiri- iMlki.-t fall;'iivil on a lilvcr
rii'or, it liri"'4 ''•■■" ""'v throiigli aciylLil cover plac.d
,!,(. cilk'.t. 'The oil is I'ai,! CO be j;r(iwn dry, but on
((crv "i"^'i"" "^ ^ '''"^' "'^ '•""■'-■ =• '"'*" i|"'""''y"' "■
' ^i.j|| out, ami mixo I wilii the oil prepared lor the
, '11)11. Tbe univeil'iiy here was touiuleil in the year.i
M- anil 1549- Anion.; the oilier public buililiiij^ are
.r'ra' l-acious iiol'pitals. I'lie ciiv larrirs on a Conlider
Mt tritie in Wiiie, woollen aiiil lillc (hilFs, an I |;ini;ei
h-ii. '■■ ''''■'' lever.ll rer.i.ukahle remains oi Roman aii-
i'";i:ics, rariicul.irly three i;ates of the cit., wliieli to
,1- . 'av K-ar tiie names of lo many pai^iiu deities, namely.
Sens the A,_'eiulieum of tlie antients, the capital of
i,iiltii.;t cille.l tile Senonois, is Ic.ited on the "l oiim-, and
; ' r:"e but not very populou'i, though it is wi'l fituatej
irtruie. I his city is the fee of an arcliblfliop, whole
(Cftnu;- ;inioums to filty tlioii and livres, and iti taxation
Mtic c:iiirt of Rome is h\ thiiulaiid one hundred and
ixtv-llx lloriiis. ihe cathedral, whicli is dedicated to
J. Sifiiheii, is admired lor its llately front, it being a-
(loiiK'cl wiib various tv'iires and lofty towers ; as alio on
iccountofits rieli chapeh, aiitMnt tombs, and the niaj;-
liiticfiicc of the hi'.'h ali.:r, where is a table ot i^old eii-
iiilitil with precious Ibmes, ami on which is repfelented
n rciR'VO the four Kvan;;elill<, together with St. Ste-
iVn. There are ber^ alio lixteen paiifli churclies, live
i'.'K-, nine convent', and there w..s till lately a college
'■('lauit,-. ■
^on■^,d councils h.ive been held in this citv, one ol
ihcmolt famous of wbiib is tiiat in the year 7140. It
contJiiis a proiiiicial dilhiet, and forelt coiMt, tii^ethcr
„j:n a fait-oflit e.
Jlfjav, in I-a'ln Meldi, t!ie capital of a diflric} calle<l
Bm; Cnaiiipenoile, is le.ited on the river iM.irne, twenty-
jvcmil s to the niTtli-eatl of I'jris, and contains a pro-
uncial and diHi id court, afaltoffi.e, &c. it has alio a
ftneril-lieiiti'ii tilt, and a particular governor. The
l.h^t) i^ fulfragar! to the anhbilhop of I'aris : his dio-
Cfif is iliviJed by the river iVi.inie into two larL';e arch-
(itjconries to c.icb of whieii bc'oiv; three rur.d ileaiiries ;
unjcr b"th thcfe are ;iii;e abbius, fiveii cliapters, and
f.vuhi.ii.hed and f.vcnty-fevcii parifhts. The bilhop',^
aiiiual rrvi'nue amounts to twenty two thouf.md livus,
anil liis taxation at the court of Rome to two thoufaiid
ilonn!. Hefides the cuthedial tiierc arc in this city one
(h.iKcr, five abbies, fcveral convents, o.'ie alins-houle,
iiiJoiK hof;i;'.ul.
S V. C T. XI v.
Oflk Givcnmcnt of Burguiur; ; its Ntime, Siludtion, Ex-
Imt, Rivers, Govrrmml, fimi ti Dflcriptiiii nf t'lH prin-
iitat I'.itifS ; pnrlicularly Diivi, Jutiin, ii'id Trevoux, the
Ql':l:ii of t'li: Jininl frir.ap^d:!'/ rfDoml/fs.
BUi^OUNDY, called by the French Durgogno, de-
liics its 11 imc from the IJurgundiaiis, who, towards
the bc.;inniiii; of the tilth century, fettled In Swilieiland
snJ Kranche Com'e, whence fpreading themfeUes to-
war.'it.he rivers Soane and Rhone, they erected a king-
i!om nt their own, which was gradually reduced by the
kiiii;s (if the Franks. This country is boiiiulcd on the
.'lorth bv ('hampagne, on the call by Fraiirhc Comte, on
<'k foiith by Lyonnois, and on the welt by the Dour-
lKii;iiois and Niyernois. It cxtLiids from enit to welf a-
hovc thirty French leagues, and from north to loiith a-
tovc fortv-five.
It is very fertile in corn and fruit, producing in parti-
cular excellent wine.
Ihc rvers here are tbe Seine ; the Dibune, which
runs into the Soane ; the Krebince, or Buurbincc, wbicb
iluies out of tbe lake of I,oii'.:peiidii ; with the Ar-
mupcon, the (Jucbe, and Tille, with levcral mineral
fpriiigs.
In this rtovcrnmcnt are four bifliopricks. The diflrit'l
:i)J pruvinclal coun:i ate lubotdinute to the parliamviu of
Dijon, which was crciHed in 1476; cxcopt th- provincial
coiiitsof Maciui and Auxerre,and the dllnet ol i/ir-iur-
Seiiie. wnitii ari. lu'^ject to tlie parliain nt of Par; . The
Itjte. of the couiuiy, coiililling ot the (eprcfeiit.itiv' s ot
the nobiliiy, cki^y, and commons, meet legularly every
three years by writ liom tbe king. In ordLi to raife the I
lums rii'ii led of them.
Dij ui, in l/aliii Uivio, (be capital of the e .nmry , and
government ol lUirgiindv, is (itu.iti.d in the Dijonois, a-
bout a hundred an. I torty niiUs to the fout.i-e.ilt of
Paris, it is fortilie.i .ificr the antient manir r, and de •
fende I bv a callle flanked with great round tovi'rrs. Ic
is a prrliy lai'.e city ; the (Ireets ".e well paved, broad,
and lli.iight i the houfes aie baiidromc, ffiA the ciiuic'.iCLi
and fipiares beautiful. The iieijhbuuriiiT (ountiy in
Iruitfui, pleal'..iit, and watered by the rivers Su.'on anil
Oiiclie ; the fiilt of which is but a rivulc,', ■,u]-\, after
running through the city moat, palies through the cii/
Itlelf, vvhereit fallsintothe Dijnii.
Ill this city are feven pai.lb.-ehnrcbcs, Tiur abbios,
tllree l.irge b ifpitali, or alnis-hoiifes, iLveral convents,
with a chapel in which is kept a fuppofed miraculous
bolt ; and the Jefuits had here a m igniliceiu houfc.
There are in tiiis city likewife an acajeinv of fciciices,
aii.l in 1-2 { a college of law was alfo erect J licie.
The ivalks .before th.- city area cjuartcr of a league iit
K-ngtIi, planted with three rows of lin.kii trees, and
teriiiiiiaied by a delightful grove. i'his city is the re-,
fidi-n.e of the governor, t'.ie pailiamcnt, an intendancy,
a tailldgc-onicr, aprovintial, fuprcme, and particular
court, a fait office, ^c. 'Idle biibop is fulti.i ».iii to the
archbdhop of Lyons, and enjoys a revenue of eighteen
thoufand livr.s a year, out of wdiich he pays to tile court
of ]v.oR,c twelve hunilrel and thirrv-thtee !l nins.
Aiitun, tliC Augultoduiium of the anti^'nts, itands oiij4tft///j'/r'/"'''''
an eminence near three hills on the river An;;;, and is
.iboiit a mile in lenntb and as much in b.-eadth. Itcoii-
lills of the Upper citv, which is commanded by Mount
Cenis, and the Lower city, in which is rae citadel, and
where are licld the provincial tribun.d, a forelt court, a
f.ilt-oiTtcc, luid feyer.il other courts. I he billiop of this
phce is furtVagan to the archbilhop of Lyons, t lOtigb ha
I-. prelident of the all'cmbly of tlK- Itates of bliirgu ;d',', and
has a dincefo of fix hundred and eleven p.iriflies and four-
teen abbies under him. Hs revenue amounts to feven-
tcen thoufand livres, and his taxation at the court ot"
Rome is four thoufind and eighty llorin;. liitl.is city is
one cathedr.il, five abbies, two feiiiiiinries, two priories,
(uie collegiate and twelve pariOi-cluireliei, i'heic was
hero alfo a college of Jefuits, and there are at preftnt fix
convents, particularly a line cbarireu'.'e, lituited in the
fuburbs, in the ciiurch of wdiich lie the bill dukes of
IJur:;undy, and two hofpit.tls. In the niidil of the city
is an open place c.illcd Idle !''ield ot M.irs, and there .ire
llill tbe remains of three pa;.ran temples, one of them de-
dicated to Janus, and another to Diana. Here are like-
wiie twoantient g.ites ot excellent vvorkmanlhip, which
fome have taken for triumphal arches, with a cireui and
the remains of a pyramid ; whieh bit, to all appearance,
has been a tomb.
Auxerre, in Latin Antifliodorum, the capital of the
ciirldom of Auxerrois, is fituatcd on a hill near the river
Vonne, ninety-two miles to the fouth of Paris. It has a
provintial and forelt court, a eba.iibcr oftvthr,;, a f.ilt-
oflicc, ivc and is the fee of a biilie.p, liiifragan to the
archbilhop of Sens ; his diocele contains two hundred
and thirtv-cigbt parillu-s, and he has a yearly revenue of
thirtv-live thoufand livres, out of which he pays four
thoufand four hundred florins to the court of Rome. His
palace is a molt iiolde Itruiiture. In this cit/ arc alfo a
collegiate and eight parifli-cburchcs, live abbies, fix con-
vents, one commandery of the knights of .Malta ; and, till
the expulfion of the Jeluits, tb-,'y had a feminary and a
college in this city ; there are here likewife two hofpitals.
This place, by means ot the Yoniie, carries on a good
trade.
'IVevoux, tbe antient Tivurtium, the capital of thcTK't'/""'.
principality of Dombes and of the caltellany of Trevoux,
i^ fcated on e hill by the Saonc, a hundred and eiubty-
eiiiht miles to the louth-by-welt of I'aris, and is the rc-
fidcncc of a i^overiior, a parliaiiientj * dilliiit court, and
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A S Y S T E M OF G E O G R A P H y.
a iniiif. It U faiil to luvc ilciivc'il its name rmin if. fitii.i-
ti 111 cm one (if the lii^'Jiwav; which Ai;ri|i|i.i niaik- intu
(j.iii), nnl which here diviiics into three hr;nKlie-.. Jt
h.i"! one chapter, tliree tonvent:., and ;in holjntal.
Tliis '.ity, with the little principality of Jiimibcs, he-
Jnni's to tin- liiike ol" Maine, and was declared hv Lewis
XIV . anaiil'diite principality. Hence the print cot Dombcs
ha« lieie the pinver of life and death, can confer nohility,
roiM nioiu'v, and iir.pofe what taxes he plcafes on his
fiibjcifl'., ihou;;h he has his own parliament. His cert.iin
r' vrniie is .ihoiit a hiuidrcd and fifty thouland livres, and
this little principality is governed by a governor -general
in the prince's name.
SEC T. XV.
Of lie Sltimliiii, PioiUki; Gnmnmcnl, and principal Cit'iti
oft!),- Grutnimtnt of L'lor.no'n ; lu'tth u parlHuUir Dejirip-
tion of the Cily of Lyom.
LYONNOIS is bounded on the north by Burgundy,
nri the calt it is feparated by the ioane and Rhone
from Daiiphine, on the fouth it is bounded by Vivarais
and Vcl lis, and on the well by Auvcrgne. It conipre-
lu'rids the three fmall provinces of Lyonnois, Bcaujolois,
and I'"ore/, i and produces corn, wine, and t'luit, par-
ticularly .111 excellent kind of lar^e chelnuts called
mairons.
The principal rivers are trie Rhone, Soanc, and f-oirc ;
bclides i'cvcral I'mall one;, as the Kuraii, Azcique, Rhiii,
J>i;;non, .Vc. Here is alfo a mine of topper and vitriol,
with feveral mineral Iprings.
The couits of this novernment proceed according to
the ci\;l law, and appeals from them lie to the parlia-
ment of Haiis. licit Jes its governor an.l gencral-lieu-
teniiit, it has two fub-poveinurs, one over Lyonnois
imd HL.uirdois, the other over Forez.
AVe lliall begin with Lyonnois, which is about twelve
I'rcnch Icr^iu's in length, and (even in lireadth.
Lyons in Latin LuL;duiuim, the capital of the Lyon-
nois, and of th; whole government, itands fificen niihs
to the north of \'ienne, in Daujihinc, at the conflux of
the Soaiij and the Rhone ; the former runs through a part
of the city, and has two bridges of wood, and a narrow
one of flone ; but the Itonc bridge over the Rhone is a
noble llructurc. This city is about a fourth part as large
as Paris, and is very populous ; but molt of the llreets
arc narr.iw. The houies, which arc laid to amount to
four thoufand, arc generally high and well built, but
jlifgraced by the ragnedncl's and mean appearance of their
I'.ANcr,
iiu.ii.Mis ; for at every hour a cock at the tiv) dj-, i
win:;s ihiice, and crows twice, ..lie,- which' an aii'i
coming outt.l a door, lalutesihc Virgin Mary, aiija-n
l.inic t,:„, ihe liulv tlaoll dcfccnds, and an iin^e ,„ (I
the lather gives the benediilion. The minu e moi ,,
has an oval ciulc, and yet the hand always tiiiche, ih
ciKumleieivce. J^fidcs the cathedral, are 'three ehjmc,"'
or collegiate churches, thirteen pirilh church's u„d til
lately there were two colleges of jefuits, the lar-ft t
which was the iiijlf Ihtelv in all the kingdom Tl
Itrudurc is a rcgtii.ir <iuadrangle, curiouH/ pa'iiitcJn
treico, though fomething det.iced on the e.ill-|i(Ji. wh ,'
the winds liom the mountains beat upon it. ()verr),''
front-door, and over part of the church of that coll-/
is an olifervatory, one of the boldclt pieces of areliit-""'
turc in Kiirope. Their chapel has a fine altar-niccc'L"
lapi,.|a/.iili, and an excellent piece of painim.r l,,. ];.
chard. Their library is a fpacious and haiiJio,„e apj,;"
nieiit, in winch weie fome m.inulcripts of ilie Uiole h '
not vary ancient; but one of the molt valuable pieces wil
a manuleript ol I'iiny's Natural Hiltory, of conhJ„ji,if
aninniity.
\\itliout the gate of St. Juftus, is a large fubutb whe-
the bare-l(ioted Carmelites have a delightful conviir
with fpacious gardens, from which there is a t5nc n- '
lpc|il of the city . in their church is an altar of awte and
lapis-lazuli. The Capuchins have alfo tiie pretcndej
mnacles of their faint painted on the walls of their clo
ller,ainoiig which is one of his paying his apothecaryivrh
prayer,, inlte.id of money. '1 he nunnery of St. l\tcf j
a fine ltru>iture, and the parilli church of St, Nic..; ;.
adorned with levir.d line pieces of painting by Lelirun ^
In one ol tlic fijiiares Itands an ecjuellrian llatuc ol
brafs of Lewis XIV. La Hclle Coiir is a fp.ici,)us area
and mar it are a mall and a delightful w.ilk. 'J'he mo!
niinKiit ol the two Lovers Hands on the other lidcoftj;.!
Soane, and lecms to have been Ionic Koinaii buildin"
conllmcUd with very large ftone.s. The I'Vyars in LvgT
aie vMy impoitiinate beggars, coming into tiie tlijuibcrj
ol ftraiigcrs.
The arfcnal here is a fine building, well UorcJ v.i:h
military implements; here are alfo three f.'rts, but one
ol them is only gariifoiied, and that ferves for the nriloa
ol the city. In this city are here Hill to be fmi fome re-
mains of Roman aiititiuities, as b.uhs, aqueducts, and
part of an ainpiiitheatre.
This place is an archblfhopric, and has an intendancv
a mint, with a provincial and other courts. Its arcii!
biiliop is piini.itc over the archbiflmpiics of Rouen
'I'ours, Sens, and Paris ; fo that appeals lie from them
paper windows; and they arc faid to contain above to him. He has alfofix bilhops for his li.t"fiag.ins, withi
ninety thoufand fouls.
In L\oni are feveral fine fquarcs, in one of which is
the town-houfe, the molt el'.-gant in Europe, which was
liegun in 1647, and fir.iflied in 1655. it i, alarge build-
ing in the foim of an oblong fi|uare, and on each fide j
(if the fjont is a wiiig four hundred and twenty feet in '
length. \\\ the middle of the front is a tower, with a '■ gated wiih convents, feats, gaidens, and vinevards, form
cupol.i on the top, and in the angles projcift two large a very delightful profpcit.
s adorned witii two cidn
dioccleof fevcn hundred and fixty-four parilhcs, anJi
revenue of forty-eight thoufand livres, out of which lieii
taxeil by the court of Rome three thoufand florins, anj
bcfides the title of archbifhop, he has that of couiitiif
Lyons.
Round the city lie fome mountains which being varic-
pivdions. The great gate is aiiorneu wirii two columns
of the Ionic order, and leads into a large hall arched
over, where arc to be leen the bulls ol Piiilip the Fair,
diaries \'lll. and Henry IV. with the piiflures ol'all the
kings of France of the nan.e of Lewis ; the roof is alfo
finely painted. 'I'here arc here alio the confular cham-
ber, where the provolt and the fruir echevins uluallv lit j
the hill where the mcrch.ints hold their meetings ; an I
in anothvr hall arc the pictures of the echevir.s. Ijefore
the houfe is a hjindfom€ fquarc, in which is a large foun
tain.
The cathedial of Lyons is dedicated to St. John, and
the ch.ipter confills of gentlemen of the bell lamilies.
'I hey boall of their having formerly had (ever..i kin!,'s
tnd princes, \\ ho were members of it ; particul.irly in tlie
thirteenth century, when at one time they had the Ion
of .11 emperor, nine fens of kintis, lourtecn Ions of dukes,
thirty of counts, and twenty of barons. To this chap-
ter bel.ing not only the cathedral, but the churches of St.
Fhe cathedral is "
Moll of the iiihaliiiants are makers of filk, gold, anj
filvcr laces. Formerly the looms in and about this city
amounted to ei,;hteen thoufand ; but in 169H, this num-
ber was lound leduced to four thoufand. It is lull, how-
ever, in great repute for the aboi'c manufaclure":, parti-
cnl.iilyfor its botnb.ifines, which arc admired for their
beautitui lultre ; and its trade extends nut only over all
Frince, but even to Spain, Italy, Swilicrland, Germany,
and the Netlierlands.
Fore/,, tlie next divifion 01 this province, is equal in
ej.te.it to Lyonnois and lieaujolois put to>ctlKr, .ind h.i>
feveral fmall towns. Its capital is Montbrifoii, lituaicd
on the littl'j river Vezi/.a, (eventcen nides to the luuth-
»elt (.1 Lyon.-, and li.ts levcral courts of iullice and pub-
lic office 1 ; it h.is alio a collegiate church, with fomeothti
churches and convents.
Beaujolois i'. a diltriCt fin Frenrh leagues in length,
and eight In breadth. This is a very fruitful country.
Its capital IS Ville Franche, wiiidi is R'ated on the liitir
river .Morcon, near the Soai.e ; and has a collegiate
Stepli-'ii and the Holy Crols. The cathedral is indeed a
lar[;e ltru>.'lurc, particularly famous for iis tloik, wiii' h 1 church, and an academy of tii.- p.d t-: .'\rts, with feveral
Jiki) tiiatat Sl.afbur:;, is celebrated fur the variety of its ' public olRce..
» I C H K !'.
I'it
France.
K U R O r E.
4'"*
ANce.
.U tllP tu;) tUp, 1,,.
i>r wliicli an aiiwl
i;iii Mi\ry, aiiJa;uv:
iiiJ an image ol (i,i
I lie niiiuiic motion
alvv.iys t luchi's ihc
il, arc tha-i; chipau
Ih church:s, unj tiH
cfuits, the lai^.tftof
lie kingdom, 'n^,^
turiuiilly paimcj i.,
1 ihe e.'ll-liJe, whip.-
upon it. Over the
urch of that colji^r-t
il pieces of ari-liitci',
a tine altar-piece ot
of painungl.ylila,,.
ai)J hanJlonie apait-
pts of ilie UiDle, but
Itvaluahle pieces was
tory, of coiifiacrablc
a large fubuib v,-!i(,-;
. delightful conniit
I there i* a tine pro!
an altar of ajate anj
: alfo the pretended
\c walls of their cloi-
g hiH apothecary Witt,
iimiery uf St. l\tcr is
lurch of St. Nic-c i;
aiming hy LelJran.
I cquclhi.Mi itatue n|
ir is a Ipaci.iiis arcj,
iful walk. 'I'he mo-
II the other fiile (if the
lie Koiiiaii hiiilJuir,
'l"hc Fryar', in I-vrt.ii
ing 111:0 ihc chjiiibcrj
ing, wc'.l llorcJ v.iili
) three f'tts, but one
f. ferves for the prifo.i
II to be fee 11 fomcre-
ulis, aqueducts, anl
has an intcndancv,
courts. Its arcii-
ifliiipiics of Ruucn,
1!:. lie from them
IS li.ltiagans, withi
■ four pariilies, anJi
out of which lie i>
loufanil florins, and
las that of count of
I which being varic-
anJ vineyards, foiin
of filk, (lolJ, Slid
and about this city
in lOfjH, this num-
aiul. It is ftill, how-
laiiufa'Rurcs, paiti-
rc admired for tiieir
ds not onlv over all
iiierlanJ, Cieniiany,
irovinco, is equal in
lit togetha, and ha
Uontbtifon, fituatcd
miles to the luuth-
i uf iulliee and pul)-
rchj'with fomeothci
h leajues in length,
■ry fruitful coiintry.
fcated on the liitie
lid has a collcaiat^'
te .'\rts, with levctal
en Ai".
.s i: c T. XVI.
Anion.; the proiIu.T*. of tlu' f.iit m.iy W reckoned
vvoad, which paiii, iil.uly grimi in l'p| er Iv, n;;iieuoc.
I his plant has its root nl'u.illv an in. h iliKk, and a loot
OfLmiiUcUc; its mtiinlnn, r.\lmt, l.;im.ili\ i;m,iiMN- or a (i.dt and a h.df in lcii::tli, with five or fix Laves
"■■ '■ " '' l'"'"'-""' -....//».•-/....■■ ■,„.,.■.., 1 1,. ■.Kiwiii;., fioiii it, that ate "a toot long, and fix inch-s
hrd.ul. 'Iiie flow.r r;';T.-fni:r. a crols, and bejis an ob-
Icin/, lii-d, wivi:h i'l lometniie'. in a violet, and Innie-
liiiH--. ot a yellow ctiloiir j but tiic form 'r is the belf. It
i.^iilually fiwti ill February, and reiiuircs a goo i Iciil,
With great care after it b"gii.!. to iiio.it. Vv'iuii tlu
herb is ripe, it i.s cin otVclole to tlic ground, and iintnc-
diaiely pounded to a pilf", wilicn is made up iiitu
cakes, or b.ills ; .^n.l tlufe, wii-ii thornughly dried in
the lull, aro irdiicul to .1 powder, wiiieu-ivei a very
L.\M(l IM.'i-'v, IS noun. :ei' on me cm ny me r.noue, beautiful and lalliim blue,
winch liparaics il fioiii i'rovene aiiu l.).iu|iliine ; j 'Ihc fork-tiec i-. alfuoncof the ruriofities of thiscotin-
imilie iioith by l,)onMols, Auveigue, and CJuK nne ; j try, th. High it is alfo lonnd in ;ip-uii and Italy. 'I'hJ
,11 the well a p.irt uf it is divideJ by ihe Ciaioiiiie Ironi | item of tliYs tree is from two 10 lour f.et liiL-li, when if;
a|,,rt (it (iai ony ; and on the louili it leiiniiiites on j fartiier growth is generally checked. At t'lie top of iti
tae^.ioiUiie.-, of lioufiiilon and l''oi\, an I .df 1 on the ] iluii grow .iconfideiaMe numb, r.f ih. ig'.il (lioi-ts which
;d.',iiiLiiancaii. 1 lie ^aiteril i 0..1I trom Agde as (ar as 1 .ne lulierid to ulc five or li.x feet, and about the third
^tiiieucJci'i its SitiMlIm, l''\le)it, Clim:ilc„ rnmirhiilit-
If'iil'li, M:''i'''"l!j Al'Xinliliiii, niiU Pr./lmr ; wili'/ ■( Ih-
hiptiiil rfti'.- I'lirit I- ilLlll '-..id, iiil.l ti„- Fii ^-l'i,c. '!/.:■
S'^rin^s anil Kiveis '.f tl'is I'loviiuf, wi'.l) 11 l),jiii(iliM
c'l li'i ('■'"•'^ will. I' 1^' HI! (I Ctmiiiini^.ili II /v(;uv;; //.v
O.fjii ii'ii/ tht .ILJito-rmicin. Tlie Tr.uL: nn.l djun-
i:ii'il of llns Provnir; wnh mi /^.v./c;.' sf its prii.ipul
Citiii, 'Tmihiifi'y A'liihuw, Moiiiprihtr, N:/hi.:s, with iti
j',;, v/V.'Ci, !(•••' '' Dfjhifitiui of 1I.V. .■//iii.-liiJl uiL-.l
l'.:ll (ill <J 11(11 cl, i: I.
i;,i; Aiione ii reiii.okably iiicic.i'.d, the (ea having le-
liiej liotii it coiilider.ibly, as evidently appears on con
(■„l.iii" the a>couiit.s 01 aluient ^'-ogriipliers with reljiect
loili.- uluaiioli of level d of its niaiitime [dacc:> when
cuiiipaied A-ith the puluit. The figure of tbi.. country
j, y^iy ilic.ular i iia cMeiit, however, from call to welt
may de coiiip'-ittd at about liveiity Icagufs, but liom
norm 10 fouili ill liic luiruwclt part it is between ten lud
IBtl.Ci bat in the bioadelt wdlwardit is alniolt tliiity,
«iiJ ii) me c illwaid near tliirty-two.
ih.'V.iii-s in this country are very remark dile. A-
Idi' ilie fuuth-Tii Cd.dt, winch is piopetly a long valley,
cMcndin' lioni Tculonle to tlic lea, generally l)lows a
»,il »uiid, though it is fonictimcs nortli and Ibmetimes
li,ulli-wJl. This wind gradually iiicreafes, and being
cool telrcllies the couiuiy in lurniner. The inbahitams
tail it Cub, in conformity to its antient name Circius.
Oii'!oli:e to this blows another Iroin the eattoi fuiiib-eall,
»(i;ch l> calle.i .Autuii. 'I'liis is Jjrit peiceived litarNar-
bcniie, and at Caltchiaudari is very violent, il is hot,
c.ules head aclis, with lols of appetite, and leeiiis to fwell
iht whoie body. In the c.uteni part of l.ingiiedoc is
Jicqueiitlv feit a toKl and very Itroiig north wind, which
fod'jws tile conrfc of the Khonc in the valley thiough
Miacii it runs from north to loutli, and is called fiife, or
BUcit. Sometimes, in diicct up,x>Utioii to the lattei,
Ho'.vj a iea-wiiid, which is ufuaiiy accompanie.l with
J dri/.z.liiig rain; bill whn diy, iias ilie lame morbid
■iicd
year aro_ cut into the I'uiiii of three-pronged to:ks ; and
in llie fixth, feveiiih, and I' ii'i- iiily ml till t.c iriitti,
wlien they ha\o completed tlieir uiowtii, arc cirefiilly
cut oft" clofo to the Item, and unJergo a fecund tor:i:a-
lion in a hot oven.
_ '1 lieie are here feveral pcriodic.il and nvdiciiial I'pring'i.
I hs principal rivers aic the Riione ; the Ciaroniie, wliicll
illues Irom the I'yrenean niountains ; the Aude ; the
1 arne, which pru,;eeds Iroiii the tJevaiid.in ; ihe .Mlier,
which riles in the f.ime couiury; and tiie Loire, wiiich
ili'ues from the Vivaie/, an 1 bills into the Meditciranean.
1 he royal canal lormed in order to mace a communi-
cation between tlie Oi.ean and the Med'terraneaa f:Ti,
that veil'els might pafs from one lea into tile oliicr with-
out going round by Spain, is one of the noblell woikj
that any cotnitry has ever produced, and lliercicre dc-
lerves an ample defcription. Lniler l.,ewis Xl\'. Ri-
ipiet, dter employing tv/enf.- ycais in a nii:iuie confidcra-
iioii ol every paiticul.ir, duiiii;; which he bad po otliof
counleller ibaii ids gardi ner, comideied hi< hl.,ii, w'hieh
be executed between the yens KjdO nn.l loNo.
'I'his canal begins at the iiarboar ol C^.tte on ilic .Mc-
ditcrranean, ,niul traviifis the lake of Than, and a oiiar-
ter of a mile below Touloufe is convcyc! by three (luices
into the C!aroniu\ It is forty I'l-.iui'i le.rnics in leiu;ih
andcvciy wdicri liv feet deep; fi. that a ci'go of eiuhtc-eri
fiundred ipiint.ds may be forw.uded to any place upon ir.
I and Its breadth, Irom one bank 10 the other, is a hundred
efatsas me Autun 111 Upper Langucdoc: belides, in tiie | mid foityh.ur teet. In the whole canal are fixrv-four
belt of fuiiimer, from the coatl ol LeU' .ue to the Rhone, ; l.ngc ihiiccs, many of w hich coiifift ol two, three, and
fcj-hrce/.es coiiltaiiily let in, at nine or teiio'doeic in llic I lour fmaller ones, by means of which the water i.,'coii-
wo.-niii;;, and, to tiie gic.it reirelhment of the .,ir, iait fined in the liling grounds.
till about five ill the evening. J-ufUy, it is alfo dblervable, j A: St. Ferreol, a quartir of a mile bel.nv Revel lie-
that at the loot of the I'yiciiees, nc.ir the village of lllaud, 1 tweeii two rocky bills, that are in the form of ahi''
in a narrow valley vvliol'y environed Willi mountains,
except towards the north-wclf, and tiirough cerldii
openings two or tlu'c bun. 'red paces Wide, blows a
very coed weif or north-will gde, which chiefiy picvails
ill fumnicr, and then only in the night. In char and
w.nni weathci thit gde is much Uronger than in a thick
and cild air. In innimcr it c-ols the whole valley,
and in winter prcvenis while Irolts j an', a. it blows
onlv ill the ni';lu, the iubabilanu oi the village of IJlaud
can winnow their corn at no other time.
This province pro.luecs fomc very bca'itiful marble,
and ill feveral places in Lower f.angu.doc are loimd tur-
quoifes. There aic here alio lead and iron mines.
This coiintiy ij veiy mountainous, particularly the
Ccvennes, which aro of great height an.l very ileep ; yet
tbel'c being, as il Wvre, the he.id-iiiarters of the i'ro-
lell.'.iits, abound in people. It produces plenty of corn,
fruit, and i\n^ wine ; with large plaiuatiuas of olives
and iimlbcrry- trees, the latter for filk -worms and the lor-
mer lor oil, though this lall is infeiior to that of I'lo-
vcnce. They here tread out the corn in the nuniier
pradifed in the Ealf, by caiiiing a number of mules and
horlej to turn round a circle upon the grain, which is
lircwcd lUKkr them, and alterw.irds alfo ttead the itraw
into fiiiail pieces to lave the trouble of chopping it.
moon, IS a large ref.rvo r Kv.lve hundred fathoms in
Iciigili, five hundred in bre.idtb, ,iiid tweiiiy deep, th.:
w.iole fuiface being fix hundred and cightv-ieven thou-
fand four hundred and thirty-eigiil feet, iiito this balim
of waier the rivulet of Laudot, which runs down tile
hills, is received, and cmlofed by a wall two thouf.ind
tour hiindr- i feet Ion.,', ahundred and ihirty-two in hei'dit
and twenty-four feet thick, having a Itiong dam defend-
ed by a drongw.dl of free Ifon.-. ' Under ~tlic dam runs
an aiched pair..ge re.ichingto the main wall, where three
large cocks, of call brals, arc turned and (hut by means
of iron bars ; and thefe cocks uilch.ugc the water throuL'ii
mouths as large as a man's body intoYin arched aiiueducf,
where it runs through the outer wall, and when got be-
yond it goes on iiniicr the name of the river ',aii lo; con-
tinuing us coiirfe to the canal called Ri^ob. dela I'laine.
From thence it is conveyed to another fini icfervoir near
r^auroufc, two hundred fathoms in length, a hundred ani
fifty in bre.adth, with the depth of leven feet ; and out
of this balon it is conveyed by means of lluices, as well
to the Me.literrancan fea as to the ocean, aecordint- as
the canal wants it. Though the above cocks remain
open for fome mcntbs fucccliively, yet there is no vilibic
diminution of the water in tiie great rrftrvoir. Near
iiciicres are eight ftuiccs, which form a regiilar and
6 *- granj
■V;
* '.
;
y
x
\ i"
t ' ■■<■■
'iii
/ '
\'V}
< !
'¥ .
jlti^l
!^ hi
1ij'
: '.(
i !l
M
' •!
1 ' J' . ■
! . I
!:■ n
■l. ■(
•■ ' ( :
it-
A SYS T F, M O F G K O Ci II A 1' H Y.
I'
11 A •
:1M11.1 IM CI.
Illll'
htllK
rcil anil iMrf,
-r.x f.
ct lorn, nn.!
H<iv-li\ i.i;ii| I'V iiKMiii 1)1 ivlii.li vdlcl-i ni.iy (i.:(i.cn)l
liu- t!ver !J<li, .iii<l mniimiv llu'ir voy.i^o on tiic caiu
M
I'
ii'Vi' it, ti.t<tc.ii li.'/i^rL's aiil ( i.i|K'iiun, h f.ic
Ml
11, v,litiJ tl).' tMii.'.l i'> coiivi-y
,ir il.i
;tti of
'vile
;it till
iiMiiloul'i', l!ic c.irit.,! oT I,
If imili .iiK'iiiit cities in thf kimr'j,
.»r;in.'J.
•il in l.uiniili: lony-lli
Imii 'icj .iiiJ t.vi-'nt) t.itli.);ii.s iiridiT :i niniin'ain iiit int<
:i VI I'V i'lliv .iic.i'io, llic I'r.'attlt p.irt ot wli.ih ij luif.i
V. I It 111'
li.wn t;;
,1:
■111', ix.i.'|it tuw.uili the cnJ, w!i"ti It i.i only
1) tile ;Ovlc, wiiuh is ol a liil't liilphtiruoii'j
lu'iir.iiu-
At A^ili- IS .1 roil
n<) II. I
ill til
u:c open-
in:;
lhr« iiitl uii'
.UlJ till.- ^.ItCi ..
Mi.;v pal's [men ;
.'.II i.i.i-'ii'uiii wiiic'i ilriiL-Jc (lie u
.1 i.!;:;.i;mm. i'i.c Ullli tivn . an
(i'.'pilis ol ihc watir iiai'Uii;^ there
IIVl J, tluit Vl'llH
I.I lir'''iii(>ii
l.y
whiili tlic nialier pn-.iies ;
UiT.it V.iuli.in I'iiiikK with
I ltt>'ani>i ilui nii^'iit h.ivL'
lii
loiiy I'ecoiiJs, anJ ill oiii;
tii.l.', ill a ilillrii:t i-.itled tlic Toiiloiir
ilf;i;rei"i thirty til c
li.'hti'i
laid tu
III! pl.iiii on
Ihc Ci
am, in a mnil ,
: the
. ami, Mfvt to |>j
i;^clt city in all Kiaiuo. Ihc |(
nr.llly hro.ut, an I tlic lioullj built of hrlclc .
luiwcvci, viry popiilo;i<
itii tr.i.lc is iiu. Illll, lir.ililf.
anJ thi
'a:^h 1,1 til
ricti
It is r
Its pr;n.!|),il artu-lc lii
iiilli woul. 'Ihi,. IS cl.Kily iiiipuici! tl) the van
"y lituaicl
lu-
ll! . S
iiRrtliants, who no ('uoiK-r
.u-qnirc aiciiiliJu
'yiitti,
oil a Icat III [..
•I f,e laii.il have lieen eariieil umlcr it bv w.ilcr-
o.'w tiih ihcK aie lnriy-lour, ami iij,ht biiil^jcs.
I, 111 1 ci>:i ihirteen million', of" l.vie.^, part ot
i: u-
a-. rilllllllK
.i.'iior, 'i"i
the kill ', an,) iiait hv tl
tii.'.ii th'.y make it tiieir cni.t .liiti t,)i>!ii
<.itv t.iuniil, and to lay ..liJe all ei
J"liis city 1,., the leat or'an inunilcii y aiul rec,
f a I'.o'.irnor, a provincial conit, a loyal t
iniral
toiiU
loiiit, a mint, an. I ol
"iiul.
CCS J It IS .illo t.'ic iclldencc ol'an arihbifl
i\:.|ir-t, t!i. iia^Uor, and his ni
le I.. 114 I'CiK-i
hv.ii
:iully
all'thi
gran
olfi
k'.oiid I aili.iiijcnt oT tlie l<ing'!oiii
archbidi.-
'"■t publn
> 'I', ami the
lie dio.cu. II, ,1 ,
p C'litaiii. two linnd.'id and lil;y pardlii..
le imili,.- I rcvinia- aiiiouiit." to lixtv th,iii..iiii
lo'i aid iivi nui's
b.j.
id
1; t.i a, U> lli..t til;' crown; tax irioi) at the com t or Roi
'>'-'''i. aii.Jhi,
il live thi)iilaiid fi
l:n.
lilt I polli(lii«ii till tnv t.\tiii.:li, 111 of tli.it I he la'.hidral !• .111 anciuir handionic lime!
lii.14 on It li'r every iiuiidied wei^hr p.iy | co:i;,i;ns nothing' leiiiark.ihle : in liie (pa.ioiis ai
vveii the kin;; hinililf p.iys t.ic lame , " is a (oimiaiii, over wiiiili is an oliehfk
l"ll: b
y \v.iy
lit till
,il i I wr.iia-h:. In the clumh ol St. Ser
III lime 01 a In ilk trade, is ; 3"-' lai.' to lie tliirtv bodii's of' I
tiic ch.irL'cs atteiiiliiin it' levcii of the ApolUis, one of \vh
Illll, (
.liiiu, ,iiid anil
la l.ii(„^.
I'liriijiidy
■i.iturMiM.
..I ; lor tiu lalai
ica of llie Itveial
11 r..itlo I i>
lieite
ainonnt to one
i|ii thi
'"i:r ti;
I'm
ir.'.'S the I nun::
tlloii|;h .!t J 1
y l">-'ter.d r.) (,;
Co
eltiks, ami m .^p.iiii alii :... It , of bcini' pollellcd ol me hod
.lied tiiiiiirand
the i.itat t.\p.
,1 r.
II
1" ColliiH
i;ii .11.
■A cn.!a:i.sol :li- .iliove-nicn:liiili'd Ricjii..!,
..Ho <)• 1
J 11
ivh aie .Ir .
Ilai.ds
jf L
the
'■iiv (l.iiids a leeulari/.e.l
lh:i
Ji)bi
ip'.lii'
V "ft,
■>■• Tl
lut
t.il.cd from a j^ilJJ, t
:k ima'.'c of the V'ir.:iii M
j;ieat alt.ir, and in any lime of cal,
t
■"■yi wijici,
I or Holies ; an 1 tiio'i '.11 t.iere .!;. no pali" ii jei:-, ' '^ tli- cunll.;iit refii';i; ot ihe in!i .hit.iii
and come at )ta;ed lim s.
the II
liiarv was
I, like
I'h
whi.h heiiv; niaiked
iiri.
t ii.miL-
'y
r.:e
all of L
.iii.jiicloe IS i\.it',
Mi,
ih
e coiiiiiion
peo;
iile ini
i..'iiie tliat thii
>'ii th'j b.ii..
v.'.i::t of ijoid and leiure liarb.;iirs. With relpect to its wa.. carved by 6t. Luke, Mk' church of the L'aiine!
trade, the c.iy 01 .M.nitpcllier, by iiie.;i;s of the rivei Le/, 'I'es has a large and ni.M iiili- in chapel, thjt of the
J^omiiiK ,111^ is .lilo large an.! fnlendi.l. Under t.ne
ot the Iraiicifcaii cl;urcli is a lanlt, when buJn
an.l the
ar It, rarri.b on, at llie liarbour of C
thj createlt iiiaiilime tra.le in all tne province ; but the
w eh II,
wlioie Is not viiv ronli.iera
able
The
oiiiiiierce ot this
vvithont iiHiulJer
in.^ or piiir i.ui.iiii ; but b
:nee
princi.iallv confilh of nianiifaotiiies and other treniely light. The fociety i.l uu- lilue I'enil
gouds \.'iiic IS cxport;'d hence to the tualts of lt::ly ; tHy
ih
Swill'-ilaiid and Uerniaiiy j and, whin the liarvelt kui^doin, havi
e moll lenowne ! fiaternitics in ilie
eeoie ex-
mis iiuhij
111 its leai
lie
W.lolc
IS uiiconiiiiun
y t''
tu L
jts and i.i:|-.:is arc tent 10 I inn-, an
id .Sj.
I A I
dried bi'
.iiid eminent eci
'llie
elialtn
ii^ji, princes ol the
tli.lil t.) Srt.lle
iiui, Cjerni.iii
the Li
vcrfity of I oiiloule is reputed the feconj i
, and conlilts of I
'I'cvar.ls the middle of tiie luteenlh century
the Re
m;i:i''n nia i
dm.
ry pro
rcf. Ill this couiitr
the
evcral colic
iihiioio
'1
ilL III
iny, and
lib' lal aits, aie taught here. Here is alf
but was l.)Cin attendcj widi civil war.
id
the rige ' of polite li.eratuic, founded by roxal
f p.ifeculi..!!, which was carried on here with greater ; l*",).ti it is compoled of a chaiieellor.
payii^-, wii.i
i.in ae.i.lm.v
•lepicmbct
;.ir
tii.iii II
!'■
I if ]■
an.l h
and Lan
tiie leciie ol ci.iuinua
I i:
and cruelties lor abo'.c
)C was ', mendnrs or fellows, who employ theii talents ehiifi
an null'.
,ed M
jt- 1 but th lugh more blood wa'i flic.l he
loeti-/.
hi
and ll
lis lb III the room o
itv twj
'/ 1:1
than 111 tne whoie
kin^du
pro
oin bilides, there arc Itiil in this
P
the
III every year, on the iinr
y I,
I a loi ieiy I ailed the K|j:i|
■ y of .Ma
■d d.
iiir prizes, one
Id .Old tn
a iri;.it imiiiber ol lecut 1 roteltant
'ine 1^
we„hr.y.
the
1 cUrgy are here extremely nuiiieroiis imJ 1 llie Ixlt copy ot veries
flowei;, to thole who dilliiiguilh themielves by
in Langueiloc thn
Lhbifli.
a:id twenty lilliop
amouii: to f,. enty-f.v
an.l the wtiole ccclcli.iiticsl levcnues
ll.oijs forf,'-oiic inoufaiid ci"ht
•jndred and tifiy-twn livrcs per
annum, ft has all'o a
^rcat nnin-ier of iiiiciior couiis lubjei t to the fupmiie
es, wiii'.h are the parliament
if
the
The .ibove fociety meet in the town houfe,
fp.
buildi
ailed the Capito
pitoliuiii. III wliu h t;:
is a white marble Itatue of Cleincniia, uho is l,.ij u
Ulituted the abovc-mentioiud I'loral piizes
year IJ4'J
The h
jf this Itruclure is adorned \
c.iaiuuer ot acio iipi
idta
■ at Mont
Ttie
verm
irs of diltricts heie refemble the bailif]'.
111 the
rher
aim aie ciyat in
-..111.
number
LVi-rv CI
llriiit
)r royal co.iits. In it is
I to which III
h
.dli.
appi
Willi levcn I
I'.cnJcnt on it.
Tne
als from th': Vigiieries
lupcrior forcit court,
lilt, of
e piiliameiit con
the clerii'i', tlic lioliility, and tlie commons, wlaj are
ailed logeiher by thr k.ng cvay (Jcb
Undr
:.f Langucdoc are 'hi
[jener.il lieuteiian:
namelv, one ove
r Upper Lant'iiedoc, the fccond
.)wer Iv.iiigiicdoc,
lid ttic third over tlie diocelrj of
Nil
alio n
IliCS, .vl.ilS,
Me
ivieis, an
d Uie
Ilhi
llie iiilerior 'govciiioi., caci
live 01 iiaitiiient.
of which Imj h.
bulls of the illiilhiousand celebiated nal.vesof Ti
f two (loihic kini's. Come coiiiir. of Ti
iif;s, lome coil
and fceeral diltiii:.,iu(hed civilian'^. 'I'hi
lirved live lar.e p.irchiiu'nt f.dios, tii
late.l, bi
liHX to the prelciit ti
ere are lure pic-
iclv wniieii ar.J
ing the .iniials of the city troni liie yat
1!
eie IS alio an acidemy of the fciences and I
The lloiie bridge over the (
aid thirty- live laiiioiiis
■ OllL',
laronne, w
jiid iwc
hieh
leral art;
, hiiiidrd
broad, rclh
leveii i.iclicsof diffeienl ina;giiitu(les ; bur, except ih.'i
tons, wliicli are of llonv, is
1 wh'dly built of brii
carpi-ts, but of litlli
tO;.icther W'th foiiie lli'glit lilk andw'iolien Itulf's.
IS city are made IJcrganio
Na:b.
tbi
eiu Naibo, is a lo tilled ci
I'.ur miles 10 the well of iM(
li:
llier, IcJted on a ca
'ihc piiiR pal places in this province arc the fo'low- I winch palil-s throiij^h it, and joins the river Aud,-
_• : i.''.e relid'-'iic: (/f an jrilib't'li p, wh'jic ptovince r
If.i-vcr.
,l,.jiiJrd and
tLiaii* '" "''"■■
iV.li I"-' P-'V •»
, :,,.|,c.:lUd .It,
ji.,;,ic.wi-ans an
, .^.,| tne rainn
' , iii'ii:, and ot
,'a,.cniirehes,
;. ...notst. I'ai
(; ,|il.l.'l di'itr'ii'
f ,ila('. 'I ht
[ , ill licre con
ill :he w.ili
;cv.l
i-.ti
and ill liie
'"'
„,i;tl niJllle.
\liJiii|Kdier, il
,;■ i, t)i the fiver
I j^j.Kir.iK', and, in
||,'iii ,i!l Langi.i
,,J jCCJIlljl-, wil
, .iiiiiciil court I
jiiuourt, a 11
;,iil -Ji but I
;Jal Willi this
;. 111x11 a'Afiiin,
,0.1 may walk
;,, I'lic air hert
;„fMri'igii'.r',
I l.i.i.rf.r llie letoi
|.r.,jriiy iiiulir hi
L.;i;;'.tral lial-.l)
(tir-Jii'iiifS:. I'el
ciu.'tl, Hanked w
itj.iIj the town an
:;:jie cf Levis ih
,';;:p'talaiit walk
I l;:j;i llaluc of that
i-ajriyilii wliite 111
It.TdtJiii honour o,
lliji.ri' 11 built in t
h,lii",iif this pl.ici
iiiHK ; llisdiocelei
|r..>;r,'iiiue is thirty
liincioutt ol Rom
'I'iii; iiiiivirliiy h.
J It king fuiiii'hd b
(ul.l.'VMt ii,So.
..,,ii:ii wnieli al'
lii-iiiiirdig:!.!.:
JcciiuJillt.s having
|liiliiJtihcro!;e lun
ijiiiiliilillitute.
11.. i..;JlifK', aii.l 1 1:
[tlliclljjublie Kcluii.
ii. jiiiaiipally eiiip!
|i'.;>i:,'($, lllks, and
lar.blc trade in ui
linivint', aipiavii.f,
This cily form,:
|(i:lieir cautioiKiry
iiiTlu iIkiii this
:..!. illrom iheiii i
!.'catii;iiiai.-, or F
|..i; (if 'I'iiau, In
ii:i:|itl:ii.'r, is run
■, Hi jar-raiilns,
.'.■ I- cilled by tii
. , wiiich is all,:
ir.'- .i!;th, and li-pa
;t iif lall.l ; but
|«:::KliCi:ii!foiLvon
■Hi not its name fi
;..!.! great dillanc
'■•■M iiijrms lo Ir
|l'..:iicrrancan, and
III lilies IIS piey.
Niime-, or Nimcs
'. riyiniKs to the m
1 lii'juted, ic havii
1:1 , and on ihc ot
,■ 111 geii'.i.il n uri
I i>i
I of I..urv.K'l ic
thi; kiM;;,|.)m, i,
liny I'uc iiiiii,|.,, ^j..
miti's tall Ion .,. /.'ri
II, ill .1 miiil ,!,.
lli-'vt to I'ai,,, ,,
The Urn.-!i .ir;
brick i It U tiu-,
r.i tiiii'ly liliKilcl,
ir'.uie In in.; Spj.
till.' vaiiHyOlti.j
liJiialilo Ivj^tjiu,
t III! a (cat III t:;;
i'r>.i?. «
;iiul ri;c.'!vfrsi,f.
a i.iyal f.i'.unu!,
aiiil otiKf public
ohl)ifl\i)|), and tils
I'iic diOii iVoi til;
t'li'.y ijunlms, hi,
II a UMi', .111,1 hi,
llimilaiul fl niis,
mil.' lluiClU l', |);|t
iiuioiis au-.i liiitiiu
oliflilk ciiriuiiilj.
I, or .St. .Siturniii,
.iliJ .1111(111.; tntin
lu'y (ircti'iuf ■.') \,,;
'10 lie Cuiii(v,iK.|ij
)l tiic body ot' tlu;
iri/.c.l a»lK-y. Ti,,.
rum a s^ililj, b,.t
.•jii Mary, which
' tiiiii; ut tal.iinity
l"lie iLimui,!
UiklJ oil the b,ll;-,
lie tint this inn-'';
ircli 1)1' tli'j (.'.nine.
i.ipL'l . tlut ot the
, Uiulor int'ctinir
, wlicri lidJits iliy
; Init bico I c ex-
iu IViiiliiiis iiuh:i
niitics in ilic w.iuli:
princes ot ttio
uteil the ficond in
'i'iiL tii.ir laiiil-
aiui phy'.k', tti:.i
■, .iho.ui .ii'.Klemv
cut 111 ."iipicmbii
r, an, I lottv twj
t.iUnts ihicflv ifi
I aTk-J the Hjral
liiiit day ot' Mav,
il .iiiJ llirL-c I'llvc:
itKos by wraiii_^
n houll", wliicli it
11, 111 wluih thtij
1, uho lb l.iiJ tJ
loral p:i/is m t'lc
s ailiiriicd with the
it.vesot I'lHiluaS:,
111! . ot I OU.lMiC,
iKie arc hire p:e-
tiiiclv vviilieii ailJ
Lity I'loiii tlie yctf
cs anJ liberal irts.
which is a h'liiJrci
.'c liroad, rclU on
bur, exeept th--eaii-
l.yilt cifbnck. Ill
l-iit ot' little villa.-,
ieii ItiJlFs.
Iij tilicd city, fixty-
, leateJ oil 3 caiia!
c river Aude. It is
e i-iovinei; contains
' ahu-.J.l
I<: U R O I' K.
47'
■' v
,.i:' '"
.lili'-'P''VV
I ,j j„,| I'oity four par.fliC' , and its levemie a
" '' ii.r.etv th'iiil'iiid livrc pir ainiuin, out ol
.It koine nine tlmiil'.iiid lloriiit. 'I'liu ca
I ^.^i|(d ,,[. Iiilliis aiul St. I'allor, la reiiiaikable tor
;"' i",;,i,s,iiid ciiiioui paintiii:;, in vvliuh are lepie-
'''] ,„^.'rainnu' "'' i..;/-arui lioili llie ilc.ivl, the lall
'' .ii; and ot'licr piu-.3. I 'here arc .illii live oiliir
'•Vcnurehef, the pi.m ipal ol' which is the cidleioai.
"' i,, >)[, I'.iiil, wi'ii a coilce i>( ill.' r,ithtrn id the
liiiCtr'li'S iina leveral euiivelitt I'm peiloin ol
The reiliaili'* ot Ki'in in aiilii|iiitKH Itiil to
<
C'.l.'
[,:.:■
II:.
(.;; .'.iiJa
* ."lii here loniilt of Itoiies and iiiiiripti..iis chiUly
^','.'| ill '.he walls ul' tb ''oiirt of the .in nbdlriji's pa-
■"' iiiJ 111 ti'S ';aiil^.i '■• i' beautiful Kuiii.in lepuklue
';;.,l.Il llU'll-'v , . ,, ,, „• , ■ /■ . I
\;„ni'Kdier, m l-atin .^loiis IMl.il.iiiu-., i> Ic.ted on
, ' ijj'ihe river I.c/, lil'ty niiles to the n iith-ealt of
Mau'i'ii"'' II'-'-'*"' ' ouloui'e, h the mult coiil'idi-rabk'
jl! I.aiii'uedm'. It roiit.iins achaiiibirit taxe-,
ac'cuiiii''' '^i''' "" iiiStiiJ-'ii'-yi a tiealuiei's litlice, a
iiicul court of jiitlico, aflieiill's couit, an iiide-
ijiiuourt, a lorei! court, a mint, A;c, It li... many
' '.". lyii.e, i but tlie llrccts aic very narrow, wlu.'i is
'„'',. IcJ wiih tliei convcni.iue, liiat in hut weallier tlu/
■ I'.'iiiicii a'A'iinijb drawn over tueiii, un.Lr wiiieh a
-'oa iii-iy ^^'-''^ without bviiig incoiiiinudcd by the
[., I'lic air liL-rc i.; lu pleal'int .iii-l healtny, laat luini-
i,"' ,| l'iiri'ii;it'r*i -iH'' efpecially of the i'.in^lilh, rclbrt
ii.-ljr iIk K'^^u^''^'^' "f ''"■''■ bealth, panicul irly when I
.refill.; uiiJ'-r hiiitie diluid.rs. The city i:. adoiiied j
;,tral liately edifices, as the h,.ll ot jiillice, the |
.111) (if St. I'eier and tlic\'iri.',in M.iry, and allii-ir.; '
il Hanked with lour royal halliuii>, vvnich turn-
1., the town and the nei!;hb.<niiii;; country, in the
.■'jit of Lewis 'be liieat, which i^ without the citv,
''■jn;p'afant walk of iVyron, \., ■.•■•hicb Hands an ci|uel-
I- '■! itatue of that monarch in bronz.', upon a ptdeltal
i.avilli w'lite marble. TliLsthe llatcs ot Iian;^',iiedoc
,,_■„■,! ill honour of him. 'I'hc city ;";itc leailiii;; to this
Ij, ,;■ li built in the form of a triumphal arch. 'I'lie
kjii-'uftiiis place i'.' fubject to the ari.hlii(lu)p id' Nai-
li.piit I his dloccfe contains a hundred .iiul le\cii p.irilhis;
i,i:i:vuiue is thirty-two thoulaiid livr.s, and he is t.ixed
ilfic court c,f Rome four thoulaiid rioiiii:.
Tnc iiiiivctrny here is paiticiilarly lamous r.)r pliyl'ic,
il'tciii' Uaindid bv ph^.nei Ills who were c.\ pel led Spam
iiii.-.jVMr ii;io. J'lic etkbrated I'carlct i own ol kabo-
U-.aIJi wiiicli all doilois id'plnii, ate iiivelled at t.ik-
I, .|iniri!i ':cc), has Ion;; liiice cealed to bean oriyiiial,
irciiiiJilits bavin;;, Iromtiiiic to lime, cut otl little llip.,
luliiit the robe now uled is laid to be at leali the third or
ajiinhibllitute. In l7C0,a royal aca.h nu o. Ic;.-iice.was
1, i..;cJlitie, aii.i they li.ive an e.Nccluiir p.iylic y-rdeii, in
which|)ublieKcluieson botany are rfad. The inhabitants
ii.i);iiici|ully employed in mikiii!; verdl^iis, li'^ewile in
CiiMCi, lilks, and woollen Itult^; they ii.ive alto a con-
jjit-blc trade in wool hrouL^lu Irom ttie .Mediterran..aii,
imvaic, icpiavii.c, llu!ij;ary water, cinn.mu;n-wat.T, &c.
This ciiy formerly belonged to the piot.ltanls, as one
I'.'ntir cautionary towns ; and thou:;h lleiirv IV. made
ir.'rta them this and other places, his Ion l,cwis Xlll.
i.iiit Iroiii ihem at'tcra vir.orous difeiice in \()i}..
hoiitigiiiae, or Fronii.-Mian, a I'niall town le.ittd on tlie
,U: v( 'I'liau, I'evciitcen miles to the l'oiitli-W( It uf
.\;.:i!iicl'ii:r, is rcinaikable for its cxecriciu niiikadii,e
« ', its iar-r.iiiins, and its handl'ume tovvn-houle. This
«i:ic i'Cilled bv tiie Kiu.iilll Froiitniiac. I'iic above
'!;;;, which is alio called .Magulcone, is twelve leau;ues
|r, !n;th, and feparated trom the lea onlv bv a narrow
; 111' land ; but ill one place has a conimunicatioii
!«:;.i!liCi!ii:foll.\ons. which, according to Dr. iJul'ehln.,',
[.i;s not Us na.iic from the city of Lyons, which is feat-
|i;..; a great dillancc from the lea, but rather from the
siiit iiorms lu frequent in this (liallow part of the
i.jiicrrancan, and which deltroy the Ihips as a furious
nellies its picy.
Nii'me-, or Nimes, in I/aiin NcmauCus, a large cit",
f.ity itiiks to the north of Montpelli-.r, is very plealant-
lii'jateJ, it havinj; on one fide, hills coveted with
', and <'ii the other, a very tertile plain. l"he Itreets
ill "Cii-.i il narrow , but kept pretlv clean, and the
hoiil'is III 111, 111' li.indiomely built. One lIiiiJ of tin: in.
Iiabit.ints aie li'.ri t prot'llaiits Here is a colleclor's ot-
lice, all inlendeiicv, and a proviiK id coiiil of iulliec. Itt
billiop is lulli.i;i.m to the .iiciibithoj, of Naibunne, and
bis dioitle cont.nns two hundred and lilieen jatillies ;
he has an annual ituiiue id twenly-li\ ilioul.iiid Kvics,
out (d wliii.li Ins lax.ition .It the court of Kome istwiKa
liniidied tloiins, In this city are feteral convents, and it
had a jel'uii's cidii|'e i it has an acidemy ol polile liteia-
liire, loiinded in it)Hj. ; and isdefeinled l>v .1 citadel con -
lillinj; of lour h.illioiis, I'liere ,iie her.- lueh .1 niultitudi.'
ot inaiiiita:liiri rs, that its dolli .liid tilk tuuic alulieexi^eedit
that id the whide province,
III the my and its iiei; lihoiiiliood are fevcral illullrious
moiiiiii.eiils (d antiijiiity: our ol the priiKi|ial ot thele u
an .iiiiphitheaire, laid to be the Icall d.im.ieid of any in
h.uio| e. It i> Inidt of trcr-llonr, the outlide of which u
very entire, the llonis are in many pl.cesol an ama/iiijj
|i-njMh and tliickiii Is : it is two llori'.s hiL'h, and has lix-
ty art he. and ccdumns in each llory ; on tliele .iml their
coliiicts aielo be leen the Rom. m c.igles, with ti ;iires ot
koniiilus .ind Remus luekiii;; .1 Widt. The Heps or leata
are iiiiiKil, and the aiciii lilkd with lioiiles. C)\lr the
larje eniraiueaie two half bulls cut in Itoiic, alio a tiiplu
and wui'icd I'liapus, and the h:;uieol a woniaii holdiiii^
by a bridle.
I'lie other aiitiipiities arc an obloiii; tlruclure enilxl-
litlu'd with thiitv-two ciduniiis ol the Coiiiithiaii order,
luppokd to be a temple erected by the emperur Adrian in
honnur ol I'lotina, coiifoit to Ttajan. A temple ton-
lilliiii;!)! moll tieaiititiil Iree llviiie, above hall oi v.hich is
Hill Itandiii;', .mil is luppoied to have been dedic.ted to
Dian.ii ami ikde by it is the kuiiuain ofDi.ina mention-
ed bv Auloni'is, which tirll dilfuliiij; itielt into a deep and
wide pond, furiiillies water ciimi'j.h to lupiily all the ^'.ir-
ileiis ot the lity. I'roin (eveial remains, it appears that
this was a public bath. Here is alio an oclaiii;ular tower
lifteeii lathoms lii;;h, the wiiole being a lolid lliu.auti;
trom the hi ttoni to the top. It is remark. ible, that the-
heads of all the komaii ea:;les found here aio lliuck olF ;
wliiih isimput'd to the (ioths, who, on their rcduillion of
tins luuntii', are luppoied to li.ive done this byway ol
inliilt of tlie b.iui.'lltv eii'liiv lliev bad lubdued. ] he
efpl.inade or W.ilkiii;;-pla,e without the city, io extremely
d^lii.,litful.
At no great dilkiiicc from the city, and a niilo and a
half trom the market-town lif Ki-nioulms, is a biidi;c
called the I'ont du Ciuard, a mull valuable piece id' Hu-
man aiitiijiiitv, it belli;; pan of tlie ;;reat a'luuduet by
which the Iprin;; id Kmc was carried the lengiii of niir.; /,
hou-s diltance to Nilnics, and there diliiibuted in the O'
ampiiiib. .lire, public tou.itains, and private lioules. Ti.u -'^•' .s"^"
aboe bridge conrills of tllice laii^es ol arches, built one
upon another, over the river G.irdon, and thus coii-
nic.lin ; the hi.'h rocks on boili Tides theiiver, i'o as to
iltoiil a tree pall'a;.;e to the watir of tl.c fpiini; above-
mi iitiniiid fiom one nioiiniain lo theo'be'. I he lower
part coidilts of fix aichcs, four bundled .hirty-ci^lit
tect 111 length, and ci,',liiy-lhrce in liii.:
cimfdlsof eleven arches each, iiliy lix i
and lixtv feven in height ; and is ol luch
n.iry width, that, befides the pillars on which the upper
put or raiKM' ol arches reds, there is a hoi ie and loot-
way leadim; thioui^h it, fee u red by a bre.dt-wor'ic. The
thiid ranee, which rclls on the I'eeond, and is hve bun-
dled and eighty -live feet and a half in length, conliits of
thiity-hve arches, ear h of which is leveiiteeii feet in
diameter ; r.iid over this up.permoll range runs the aquc-
diiiJt, which is of Inch a height and breadth, that with
a little inclination ol the body a perloii may walk in it.
The whole is of a very hard and durable irce-ltone. I'rom
an eminence towards U/.ez, a I'mall cpikopal town near
the Ipring of Kure, are here and there I'ecn entiie ranges
of arches, all which belong to this v.d^ aijiieduit.
(^lili ic is a Imall place leated on the Vidourle, be-
tween w hich and the town of Sauvc, at tlie loot of a
■'louiitain near the nver, is a pciiodical fi)ring, which
runs and intermiis twice in iweniy-four hours. liie
tkiw lalls k-yen hours twenty- live niiiiuus, and theinter-
inilHon live hours. 'I'liis is luppoied to be iiccalioncd by
a cave or rcleivoii in the mountain, wbich being iillej
evc'i V
...
ii;.-ft
'•"'le feci.nj
1.1 danieter,
. n txtraordi-
';tii
■M'-J
''i
.kij
I ! ;i ; ,
ivM.
jfj
47»
A SYSTEM OF G E O G U A 1' H l'.
I t
'■ h
i •
51 '
Pf^t i
1(1 ^
€»ery fiv» hours, difchir^ei itfclt' throuch » c.iiul in tin
form of i fiphnn. Tlii. watiT i< drrinl: .it a iiiiiirral,
(nil whin hr.iicd is iilVd fur ba'hiny;. It cniitiiins .i cuii
fidcr.ibK i|U iiititv "' luljihur, ;m<J \^ ri'jiir.tj very guoil
fiir .ill ililorJtiH lit rhi- v\t-.
Ill l,.iiij',iir.l(.K IS itii; ijiihicl (if Allviii'ii'n, from wlun.'c
t/^iy* »//•,<•, the AliM,',oiili!i t.iici' llicir iKiiiio, trtiv IkiiI!', ,1 l>r.iv .iml
ilprij^li. p, opli', wim lo iMrly j', (he ilevrlilh icnuiry np-
piiliil [«)|ifi V. and ullurcd tn tl\i' di)Clliiiei of tlic liiif|iil,
.iiniJll tlie mili'iit |irim l^th>ll^ whii li tin ir intf^'.rii^ iltew
iipnii llimi. I'ln- tminiiv prrnliicH plfuly id' toi li, wine,
liiiit, ,uid f iliVnii i Init llic pmplc .ir<' [Kkh.
I'lr ciiiiital ot thi« comitiv i^ Al'iv, whi> li n.nvK nn
an rniirunci' tiijr the nvi-r I'.irn ; it is (lu- r^ fidcntc nl
an archSilhop, iind has a loyil inhiind, wiiii f vcijl
mil r cmirii. Iliii di(i:cfc coiit.i lis three hiindml and
twint) -liven parilh (.IihilIum, and tin: anmial irvinm:
o! t.ir arriihilli.-ip :\iiii;ijiiis Id iiim t\ -liv ■; thuiil'ir.d livrcs,
fiut of *hith he p.ns fivii thoiiUuid llmiiis tii tin I'ourt
or Riiirii'. Id' is liiul .ill'iiif iliucif,, th 'U'rli th • lii^di
and loiv jiirifdiiiinn, an I tlic hi{.''>i doni.'inis, <uc in tlir
kill;' li iiuls, 'I'hi' ciilifdul ii one of tiif nrlull and
linrli build ni"! in the kln.^doni: thi- >n\-liii'pilVup.d p.d.a':
IS ,ili'o \erv nuulo. 'I Iit vvnlk callnl I. a Liii-, t little
aliDvc the titv, is I'XIremily [di-alant, and ttu' litllc town
ol Lii.utMi'.Vifiix fonr^ a lMr..llo!iU' IiiImu'.i. At a rmin-
til held bile 111 1 1-0 th> du^'.ntics ol tiic .'\lbi,;tnL'i were
iinathemat;zvd.
Aliis or Aif7., a prctrv larrr popiiimn city feated nn
the river (jaidoii, thirtv-five niiit,, tiilicnurih ol M'uit-
pillicr. It is tne lu': or a 1 .fiiop luttiaiian to the- arch-
biljipp iif Niihiinne, whu has an annual icveimj of
lixtteii ihi)'j(..nd hues, out of vvliieh he r.a)S ti> tl'.- eonrt
of Rome luc hu!idud flurins. '1 his dn'eel,- cinli'ts ot
f i;^htv p.iriflus, and ih" hilhopric was fcuindc I fo lately as
the yc;ir 1691, in order to brini; over lo the cf.nreli of
Koine the- [!,icat miniher of Protellaiits in that put ol
the country, and ,1 eolle^'e of Jefiiits UJS added a^ auM-
li.iries to it. The ipiantity of nnwrought lilk. annu-
ally c.;iried out of this cH':, is faid to anuiunt lo at Italt
•lie million two hundred tlioufind pumuls wtiL;ht.
SECT. XVII.
Vf thi (icvirnments of Rcujftl'iin and I'iix ; ihrir Sitttnlien,
Exhul, Alciintaini., Pioilnct, Rivtn, a>i:i Tniiit i with
M Dij.iipii:}! ff the Ctty oj Pttju^ttiu,
TWV. eniiiitv of Rniiflillon is feparateil lo the north
lioiii l.;inj;iud(i;- by the Leil'er I') lenie^ , to the tall
it borders on the M«dit' rraneaii, and to tiie louih and
well is di.ided by the lar;.e Pyrcnem nioiintains from
Caialoiiia and Cerda.;ne. its b-ngih fiom call 10 well is
above fifiy iiiilis, and ir is twenty-live in breidth. lis
name of Rounillon is derived from Its ancient capital
Kuleino.
Airong the fcvcral mountains here, the highcll arc
t'',oli.- ol .Malljiie and CiniL'eiii ; the latter or whieb is
I iid to be fouitecn liundicci laihoms inhei^nt. 'J'liis
coiintrv is on all fides environed v*'ith numntains j and
tie fummer-hea:s are fo intenfe, that the iiiliabitants a;e
alinolt iiiiiveifaliy livartbv md nua^ne,
'J"ho (oil is very fmitlul in corn, wine, and lbra:;j ;
uiul ill fome parts fo uneommonly fertile, that, alter t!i-
coin harvelt is pot in, thry (ow millet, and thus procuie
two, and fomctinns three harvtils in a ye.ir. Mules are
here ulcd lor the plou'.;h. I he gieat wealth of tlic coun-
try coiihlis in oincs and oianijes, which are rilniolt as
common here as ap;dcs .nd peais in Normandy. Thiy
have very little svood, and that only of Ihrubi ; and
from their want ol na.'igablc rivers, the only way of be-
in^ fupphed with good* from other countries ij by iiicaui
of nuiL's.
The inhabitants have a conliderable number of ihccp,
»'hieh arc much clfcen.ed lor the uncommon delicacy of
their fltfli. Oxen are alio t'attencd here, for the f;ratilica-
tionof the wealthy j but ihe breeding ol cows is ne;:lecl-
ed, their milk brliiij bad ; however, the pigeons, quails,
and parliid<;,e.s of Roufliilon are excellent. The chief
branch of trade in lhi« pryvincs il oil, vy)iic,h they fclJ
I'R.nc.
to the annual aiiioiini of two hiindr. ,| ilr;ur.iiid I
ihey alio expoii cut, millet, and wi..,l, ' ""'^
'iiiinnr-l
I he I'et, IV.-, and /\.;lv, it, only iivni,ari-|i
than rapid br.M.k., whiJi dil.liar;.' theiiif.jvi., |,,
(a. Here aie alfi hit b.iths, and at Cai.iu't Jj "
like ot Si. Na/.airt tli' fea-watei is convevea nii,,*,
.iinl t'leie loiiveit.-'l mto lalt by the heat'ot the h,,' ''''''
Tnis county, v.liirh (orm-i'ly belon.-e.l to i',!''
of Aria;(.n, was take;i iiy /.••« 1. XIH. and by ttn,. , . '
ol the I'yriiiee. in lOOo wis ci h'd to l-'ran e', |,' ' '
tains but one liilhopric. At l'cr,ii"n:ui Is .1 f,, ij-s, J,'.'
or c-unil, to which lo appti.ls from aii' in,. ,„,".'
i-oiiM,. Ill it is ,ilfi aiiiiiu. I'M.' eimtriii'iii,,,,,.,',"'
by tnc inhabitanis uinliil of a jjoll-t.ix, wiiehp','
about li.iry tl.iriiand livres. This rouiniy, [,\|;}
::ovrnor, li.i, a licuten.mc-;' iiei.d, a. id ' li- ,,,,'!
i'erpignan, in I.at;n I'lrpi ■ : iciini, t'',e caiv
ccuiiurv, IS fr.i'e.l on iiie river rci.tiviv hv
nortli-e.iil of lloir b a ;X, pirilv in
I ,
Vj
''1 'h
'"dm,, ,5
• ""' ••■'• I'-irilv -u
a hill. It is fortilied with .1 hi \^ and ihirlv will,iti-|.i
ened v.'iih b..;lii'n. : it h.is alio a eii.id, ', v
Work, and tm luHnibi ate likrw'
It IS, however, a pla.:e of no pre.it ixtuii ; bai 1
popiiliiin, thtic bun;; here a Uipi'ri.ir rovd
lii.;li couit of jultice, an intiiKleney. j ,
(alt-iiiliee, and .1 nnnt. Its l.ill.ip r. 1.1.".,
archbiiluip of Narboiin.-, and ha^ a di
and ei;;lily p.iiillles. Ills 1
l-iiid livi' J, out of will: h
Rome lilieeii h indu ,1 II. u
has four paiiiii-chiirilKs,
and had ivvii eollei;es ol j-
verlity founded III Ij+e;,
o'hi
fell tt.
iiiheu',..,
'li'd liy ,1;..
' 1...
"■Ill.ii, c
■■'I'lU, ,1
vin II, •,..
■ ■"' •' llJi;:. I
u-jii cis .ibnu: ii';|!ii-oi,,^,
hi is ta:;i-.l by ,■■(. ^^|_,^,
ins. IliLde . ilic .,i|,.,:,.'j
a lemi.i.irv, taelvr (,;.,, .^
"'■;/' ''•^^'i^^-vii,;;^;,.
y-it,"! leveral Jlm-.hi,ul.s,, o I
ti:r
l-iiiis the
Kiiullillon, and on the well by Gjiom,,
/\u\ ieL';.- and the Riic. T ''
8
boijiiials. Anion,; Ihe o'her puMie budilin-s 1, j |j
c Union found 'ry. 'I'lie^r.-at'lt dil.i.lvanu ■■■■•■' ■ *'
la 111..' w.ilU ol geioil waiei til for diliik;!!!,'.
now C'line to t:ie goveinineiit ol toi.x, iv!',i^|, ._
Li and eouiKy oi l'oi.\, witn ihi- terrnQ,,;!
"t .\iidorre and Uuiiczaii, It is bounded 011 iliomj.,
and call by l.aiiguedoc, on thj fnith by t.ie l'v[t».'
mouniairis .iiu'
1 he principal rivrrs aieth
ciiiintry is a dependency of the parliament of luuinr-.
an,l coiiltitutes pait of the lands of the' llates, who i'-j
annually caileJ together by th.' k'lK;. It* tr.ijc i;,,;,i; .
of cattle, lailins, turpentine, pitch, cork, jaiptf ,,1
p.irii,-u!ar!y iron; and, belide-, the ^ovcriiur li.u alia,
tenant-jeneral.
Upper Foix lies anion;.; the mount.iins, aiiJ jllitjt,.g.
du.'t.are wood, iron, and iiiiiieral w.iteio, with Iq.;
pallii;es. In this countiy are iVveral c.iviriis, in ivtil;,!
aie- very fingular tii;ures formed by ihe pelrifyjnj; «,,.,.
Lower Fuix produces kmie j;i.uii and wi;ie-. I'lio,; ,..
in this government four principal towns j but Ilit,!- ,■;
very fmail, and too inconfuleiablc to icipiue cj ■■ ,
feiiption.
The little dillriil and foverci.'ntv of DoncAir }
mentioned, is nine miles in leii^'il,, ..nJ tr,,: ui,,, ,
hieadth; it is fcparated from the counly of I'mx i,.- i
chain of mount.;;r,s, and cmtams r-.me irirke;-,,,
and villages; and the tertiU)iy or v.diey of .■\iiJc:rj .,
alio feveiul viUatres.
S IC C T. XViil.
Of thi C:vti;ii/i;iit cf LnWif XifJiirrt a;;,', Biiirs ■
Hituutiiii, li.\:i-it, iHj/oy, Prsiiuif, and [<'i>u:'ui tn,,,
W\L h.ivc already defcnbcd tl-.at p.iif ci N'.,
which beloni^s to Spain, in tre.-itii;i;
that kill.
ijom, and now come to I'rench or Lower Kaiaiie, \(^
is united under the f.iiiie t;overnnunt v.ilhihe |irii.. ,.
lity of liearn. Thele two coii;ij;uouscouriirK-s arcb/.. ■ ■
ed on the north and call by Cj.ilei.ny, on the Im:!! ,
the Pyrenean mountains, .md on the well b\ aiu.ir,-.;
of (jafcoi'.y.
l/ower Navarre is one of the (I1 hailiwics which ■.,
merly compoled lln; kiiiiulom ol N.ivarie ; bet in j;::
Fc;dinand, kiin ui Arrajion and Caftih, having, i.i:.:,-|
.frivol;.
pjANCI.
frivnloui pri'tfnrci, pofTcili
N.ivaire, .ill ih.il C'atnarine
huliuiiil Jolin d'AII'iet, cm
llitiii wa» I Ins litil-' Ipot.
Hciriic. J'diii, their Ion,
putli'lli'd thi' fame countriei
^.ji tiiiiliiud to the I'cuiiiy
^,1, railed a kiii.'doni. Jul
niiriicd Anthony of llonbi
jbovi'meniioneil countries;
IV, arrived lo be king ot h'l
jcii Lewis Xlll. annexed I,
(,aiMWi' "I I' I ■'nee.
The kiii(!diiiii or provm
tr.Jy coiiliili le.), is boun le
1,11 till' call by a pai t ol ( i
l.alh It IS (epaiated hoiii
(Hi; I'yrerii an mountain. \ a
l,j;i,iard,a d.llticl ot G.ifioi
losr miles in leiij;i;i, .md til
I'll.' eoiinliy is mouiuain
i.ilubiiants Ijnak the iJalip
v'lih that of Hifeay. 'I'hi
Ihcie are the Nive, wliic.i
n',.)uiitains, an 1 the liidoiili
jii.l boih lall into the Adoii
In llie whole country o
ntiticr abbev. eollegi ite eh
cc.l.li.illii.d lui l.!in.;s remaii
priariis. Vn- Rvtormation
iii.'ii uf liny 11. kill;; of 1
w^s, at l.alt in appe..ranee,
milll churen, In Iteaine ;
ivliuie;;iivernilRiit is fubjecl
l.aiii.iu ot I'au . yet ho;h Li
I'jtis oi th'.ir own, taen p.ii
n ul'aiid eiji, .t bundled and
coniaigcnt, vvitii tivo thouf.
oiliU' troops. I'o the }>oVi
fjiiJ level! hundred and tony
lior iwo thmiland (even hum
Lower Navanc is divided 1
pljceiii which IS the tollowi
Si. y-in I'le de I'ort, or J
Gate, which IS fitu.ited .it t
Itadi thrimgli tlie I'yrene.in
llaiids on Ihe river Nive, i
(if lia'.unne, and has a cii
tii.ii euiiiiuaiiJs the above
111 Lower N.iv.irre are
towns, and fome fm.ill vill.i
I'ae piiiKi)ia!ity of lie. ill
itliiin.' about loriy-eij;lit 11
in breadth ; but is mountain
general y barien However
tain iiuiies ot copper, iroi
wiiii p.ii s (\\. for malls an
ryei.i|ir()dueed in this conn
maillue, which i,, a kind eif
but tn.; very icuks are pl.n
piaiestiie inii.ibiiants m.iki
Ihe priiieip.d cities in th
roll, and Navarieins.
IVui, in I, alio I'.riim, th
nunc, at the loot of whieh
Itij iiiiiety-feven miles to t
iNt.hefeat of .1 parliament an
in whieh king IKiiry IV. o
f,»e criiivrnts, two hofiiital
the Jefuits they had ,1 co,
p.'cttv town, and h.is nianiif
Oleron a fmall but popul
cftlie river Clave, which, f
Gave of Olcroii, ten miles
a baiiiwic court, and is tl
faliraian to tl.e aiehbilhoji i
ciiiuaiiiing two hundre^l and
a ytarly revenue ot thirteen t
he pay, (i.x hundred florins
tr.ule was formerly much m
flelent.
P'
II
lull.; l(Hie. I hey wcic all) |io|li ll>'
Juliii, lli'.ir 1(11), h.iil 1111 licttiT liuiil'i
I th. I.iir.t; louiitriis, hut ihc title nt I >n.iii
f,ANCI. r U U
\tvMn; .ill «'i" t'.iiii.>i'ii^> 'I'*-' '''Wl'il heiicli, .iiiJ hit
liuliuiiil lohii irMl'iit, tin.KI urciuiiv tn lie rJJ.n M to
iIkiii»'J» ''"''
Ht.itiie
roliclle , ,. ,. . ,
L, ciiiiliiiiil "I '!'<= liJii'y reitm.wit ol N.iv.irre, w;.r
„f.,!lal s kiii.'Jom. Jnh.mii.i, hi. <l.iu^hn r, m |i;Kt,
n tJ Aiitlii'hy "' Hoiil'Dii, til wliiim Ihe |ir<iii,',lit ciil
^"n'i'"nu-iiti.)i"'.l iiMMiui'.s.is ailowiy. Ihcir (mi liiiiry
IV, .inin'il t(i lie kiiij; <it I'r.iiice, ami lii> lim an.l luicil
|gr'l.cwi.i Xlll. ;iiiiiexiil l.uwcr Navarre ami 1-
llicii.iwn 111 I'laiice.
The ki"(;'l"i" "f priivinre
C) I' I'..
47J
.11 lie til
of lower N.ivarre, (Vi a-
ti!.iV cuiiliil' ie.!» is I'liiih ieJ iin tlu mirtli liy (JalLMiiy ;
oil tlic call In' a (lait nt (iarniiiy an I llcam.' •, im tlie
(i.utii It IS rejiaiaiiJ tiiim Upji r S|ianilli Navarre liv
I'hcl'vrehaii mnuiitain. ; aiul on tlie well l)iir!er;i o.i
LjaiiurJ,a il.itricl ot G.ili miy ; it extemlim; only tweiity-
loii'rii'.ili-. ill leii};i:i, .iml lii.e.ii in liu.iilti,
riu' toiiiitiy IS nuiumaiiuiiis, anil |)iiiiliKis little. The
i,vuliil.iiit.s {\h.\\i the bali|iie iliaUct, which b the lame
,vith that ot llil'tay. 'I'he piiiiri|ial riveis lire ini.ill ;
thcie are the Nive, wliitii h.i-. it. (mine in the .Sjiaiiilli
moiiiitaiii'-, iii'l 'I"-' I'i'lJiile, wliith lias itb loiirie heie,
ji',,1 iH'th tall into the A.I.Mir.
In the whole country ol Lower N.ivairic ihete is
ntiticr abl'iv. eollegi .te ehiireh, iioi coiiv. nt ; t.ieoiily
ct.l.rMllital liul.lin,;^ reni.iiniii.^ here heinglour |Mi'iehi,il
pn,irit3. 1 h- R^Kiriiiaiiiiii took place here iiiuler the
K.'iiolllny 11. king 1. 1' Navarre j but In i');>|, there
«■„',, .It kail in a|ipe..ranee, a ;;.iii ral return to ihe Ro-
m.lh chiiren. In Uiaiiie .ue t'.vo hilho|)iKl>. 'I'll..-
\vliu!f;;iivernmeiit is lubjict to the iurilJution ol llie par-
Liiium ol l'.iu . yet lio.h Lower Navarre ami Ue.ini have
lij'.is 01 tlmr ov\'ii, taen payiii;.; the km.; annually (our
ti iilailiJ eij, it hull. IhiI .111.1 lixly livres, as .in oulinary
contin'ciit, with two tlioulaiiJ iiioic to the maintenance
olliu- tioo|)s. I'd tlie noviTiior they allow levn thoii-
fjiiJ kvcii hiiiiilrej aiul tony, .uiJ to the ileputy-„over-
nor iwo thi.iil.inil leven hiiiiilieil ami loity.
Lowii Navarie isiliviile.l iiitorueililliicl., thepr.neipal
jilict'iii which IS the tollowint;;
Si. Ji'aii I'le lie Port, or bt. John at the Knot of the
Gate, which is fitintetl at the entrance ot the pals th.it
Itadi thriiui;!! the I'yrcneaii nioiiiita.ns into Sp.iiii. It
llamU on ihe river Nive, iweiity miles to the lo .tli-iail
ol' li.ivuiine, ami has a ciiailel placed on an eminence
lii.il tumiiiaii.ls the above p.ils.
Ill Luwer N.iv.irre are only tliiee or four other I'mall
towns an.l I'l'ine Imall vill.iges.
Till' piiiicipalily ot Ik.iiii IS ot' much irreater r.Mcnt,
it Km.' about lorty-ciiiht miles in leni'.th, an.l thirtvl'i.x
ill brciJth 1 hut is mountainous, ami, e.\cept in the plains,
fciKral y barien However, lome of the mountains coil-
1,1111 iiiines ot copper, iron, anJ lead, and are covered
Willi p. II s lU lor ni.ilts itnd planks ; very little wlie.if or
rveis pioduced III tiiis country ; but great ijuantities of
liiaill'ic, which i,. a kind of Ind.an corn, and alio flax :
bill 111'-' very toiks .ne pl.iiited with vines, and in lome
|)!,ue.the iiih.ibitants m.ike excellent wine.
I'lu- jiiiiicip.d cities in this principality arc I'au, Olc-
r, II, and N.ivarreins.
I'.Lii, ill l.aiin I'aiUin, the capital, ftands on an cmi-
ikiKC, at the loot of which runs the river Gave liernois.
Iti,- iiiiKty-l'cven miles to the f.nith of Buirdcaux, and
i^ the feat if a p.irliament and a bailiwic. Is has a cattle
ill which kills; ILnry IV. of Fr.ince was born. It has
live cniivdits, two hofpitals, and at the late expullion of
the Jcfiiits they had a colUi-e here It is a i'mall but
prctiv town, and h.is niamit'aiiturcs of cloth.
Oicrun afiiiall but populous city, feated on the banks
cftlie river Clave, wliieli, from this city, is called the
(iavc of Olcron, ten miles to the welt of I'au. It has
a b.iiiiwic court, and is the lee ot a bitliop, who is
l'iill'r.i^aii to tlie aichbifhop of Auch, and has a dioccie
cciiitaiiiini; two hundred and leventv-thrce parilhes, with
a yiarly revenue of thirteen thoufand livres, out of which
111' |i,ii'i fi.x hundred florins to the court of Rome. Its
ti.,.!c ujs tormerly much inure conltderabli; than it is at
i:;uUU.
Navarr 111% a town built by Henry d'Allircf, Icinj; of
Navaire, .ind piinceot He.iiiu', j,.ilfii (liua'ed tm tie
(jiv ot DIcion, (ixte.-n miles to ih" (oulh of il.iyonne.
It lliiid. Ill llie niiilll ot ,1 kriile pl.iin, and is ii I'lpi ire
iilv pretty well built. It i. the feat of a governor, .inJ
akin;;Micutiiiaiit. It i-- I'liiioiindil with wall, i bin it
not very Itiun^, it bciiiij tuiiimandcj by the iiJ^hbout-
111 ' hills,
SECT. XIX.
Ofihi'umif mill CJnjlin)/ \ I'.ii- Simitiin, r.\lt>it, Pndiu,;
RiViii, lli/hiy, liovt-rniiiiit, and fn)hil:iU'.ili,i ; p,t>.
liiii/.ir/)/ tl,ii>,l:,ill\; /'.v ;_%'./, /h,ii, M;,;U:,b,iil, Jmlt,
:in-
fmall
mountainj
iiiillU
THK [government of (iiiieiiiniani! (lal'coiiv h hminJ
id on tile ninth by Saiiitonije, An';ouiTioM, Linio!in,
and ;\iivt I lie j on the call by .\iivcr;-ii..' and Llii;riicd ic,
on the foiiih by the I'yrenean Tiioiiiil liii'^ i amroii the
well by the b.iv of llifeay. It. extent tiivn fnilli id
riorih i'l .iboiit cIl^Iuv le.yin's and from cil'- to well abjiit
iiinetv. Thucountry was lormerly apirt oi the aiulcnt
kiii'dom of AipiiLiin, and .diounds in com, wire, fiint.
heiii|i, and tob.i.co. Its tr.iil.' in wine in p.irticui.ir :.| lo
very conliderable, that the city of Itoiirde.uix iilime tx-
pons annuall/ a hiin.lrcd thoul.iiid tons. It alio pioduc "i
bran iy, priiiRs, and many other comnv.".lii:;-i. It ha;
liken lie mines of copper, and line niiairic-. uf marble of
all colour;.
It h.is feveral fjiriivs of niedii in:il waters, and it-,
ripal livers are the (.i.iroiine, which receivc-i m in.-
liiiaiiis, and th.' A. lour, which lilcs in tin.
ol Hi ',orre, and fills into the m can
Charlemagne cre.ited his ion Lewis king of Aipiitaiiie,
but loon aft.r this kin:.;'.lom was divided into the dii :hics
oi Aipniainiand (Jaleony, which, by the inarri,i;;e of
VVilliani IV. diikf of Aipiit 'inc, w'ith liiifce, heir °s to
CJ.ilcony, uere united, and lontimicd in that t.imily till
tlie year i i 5 ■, when, by tiie marria;;e of Kleinor with
Henry II. kinij; of Knijl.ind, this duchy fell to that
crown, and duiiii- almolt tune luin.lrLd yc.irs w.is hib-
jeil to the Lnglilh, whow.redil'pollWred ot it bvCliarlcj
Vll. in 145 {. Lewis XI. in 14(11;, conterred it on his
brother diaries, who was tae lalt duke of (J'.iicnne, it
beiii;; on liisdcceafe a;;ain annexed to tin crown of France,
However, in 1753 tlu- title of duke of Aipiiiaine was re-
vived in thcperlonol the O.iuphin's lecond Ion.
In this Kovernment is an arclibidiop, with nine I'uf-
tray;.ms. It alio cont.iins two generalities, niniely, th..;
ot iJourdeaux, which is iin.ler the |)iiliainent of ih;.t
city, and that of Alontauban under the parli.im-.'iit of
1 ouloiil'e. The former is compoled of nine, and the lat-
ter ot four large lencfchaUliip-,, or bailiv\ics. In each
IS alio a court of aids, un.ler the dire.;lion of the i';ovcr-
nor, whole lalary amounts to about ten thoiiliind I'lvres j
with two lieiitenant-;',ciierals, one for (luienne, and the
other lor (Jalcony and Higorre. Ijelides tlitle, there arc
thirteen other deputy-:;overnors.
liourdeaux, in Latin Uiirdi/al.i, the c.ipit;'.! of (juiciine, ,
IS leased on the Ci.ironne, in'the forty-fourth de.^iec titty .',,,
minutes north latitude, and in forty minutes well lom-i- (.0
tilde, two hundred and iixry miles to the foiith-wcirof
I'aris. it is pretty lar;;e and pojuilous, it haviii"- a preaC
number of ItatJy houles built of lloiv- ; but they arc'old,
and the (Ireets very narrow. The inhabitants' arc laid
to amount to fortr thoufand. The ncwcll and hand-
lomcll pait of the city is the Royal fipiare, ni ar the har-
bour, in which Hands a i^rand ni.ii^i/ine, with the ex-
change, and it is adorned with a iLitiie of Lewis XIV.
in brals. This city is a place of confulerable traffic, it
being retorted to by merchants from moll parts of Kurope.
Its haven, which is very capacious and I'al'e, is called
Le I'ort de la Lime, or the Tort of the Moon, from its
being in the form of a crcfccnt. The tide flows into it
very high, and carries ihips of large burthen up to the
iju.iy. The city itlelf ia in the form of a triangle, the
two (hort tides tow.nds the lea, and the largeK "towards
the river G.nonne. llie palace, the towii-houfe, the
handfome markets, the public fyuiitains, the quav, and
IJ ' thi:
Mm
\ I
t\\
r )
S.'iti''
4r-v
A SYSTEM OF
' MNtr
h!:!
1 ;
1
1
1 r
t 1
1
1
1
1
n
»; . 1:1
the cathi'Ji.il (JcdicattJ to S: Aiulrow, iiti- w.iriliy ili''
riiriofitv !>)' a tr.wellvr \ „■< it .iilii the c.UHo i ilU>l the
Clutc.iii- rr.iiiip(.'tti', wliKii li.iiiJi at iIk imr.iiiii: ol
111'' i]ii.iy, aiiil commaiiJi iho \v!t)Ii' hatliunr, llureij
silo .mother culHi- .it ihi' m itr mil of the ijiiiiy, i.ilUJ
I.c Ch iti.iii lie H.ta, whith n .illii viiy llrnmj ; in I'nth
th'-ll- lortriiUs t'urc ia .ii;.irriliiii cniill.intly krpt. Iliin:
it iillb a hirt ralliil St. Loii
. Crmx -, but ii it i>l
XiV
no LTc.it imii.in.iiKi'. iJuim^ ili.' ui 'ii i>i I, wm
Bourclc.iii\ vvaj loitil'ml in Ihi* iiUKltKl Mlh' by V.iiihaii i
but tJK' i.n!iivirf> .irc now (.lul t(j he r'liii ui'. At ilsf
mouth lit ihi- (i.irdiiiio, lis Kmhuii L^Iow ihiiity, ll.iiiih
nil a I'lii.ill ill.iiiil a iLittly w.ilvh-ii.wi.r, while tiny liu'lit
ILiiiiluaiix I'vciy iii^'lit lor tlic ilirictiiin an I it'ciirilv ol
liK'li vi'lUK as r.iil ii|) Ol ilo\v:i th.u livtr ; a picijaucoii
the inori' iii'illiuv, on ai..ouiit ol the iii.iiiy u>tk» aiiJ
ill> Ives which lii; i|| it.
'I'liii city ii thi: ilc nf an archhiniop, iho (cat of .i
pirlianiciit, a court ol' aiJ^, a IliilIi. lulling), a pnivinci.il
inlMiii.il, jn a.hiiiraliy, .iiul ol a triMlur..i's olHic. It
h .J allii an exchange .uul a mint. Ihi- ar. hlnlhop hj>
ninclurti.i^ans wnilcr him, with a proiiiicc ol hmi huii-
ilr.'.i ui.l liUv pariihcs, btliiici .iboiii lifty ihapiU ol c.ik.
Hi; rcvciui.' ii titiy-'ivc th.iiil'.iiKl li\rch per aiiiiimi, .iiiJ
his t.ix.iiju at the court ol Rome tour thoulaiul llorins.
The tathfiiral i» a l.ir-e Ciolli : llmclure, wniili con-
t. ins nothing remarkihli- but l!i • lilvcr fluiiie ol' iilus
on i:ic tie.it" ..Itar. 'I'he cliciv h anil coiiviiit of the l)i)
mlniv.ui^ .i:c new anJ ele-.uit ihucture-, hut llioie he-
longing to thi.' Cirthufuiis li.ive a fpleiiJor lildiiin I'eiii
in a^ny convents nfthat oriler. In thi;, riiv i> likewile an
abbey o:' lieiicdicbnes ot the onler ol St. M.iiir. The
jel'uits haJ, till their e.spuHiuii, a tine to1let;e here. 'I'he
univerfity was loiMiJcl in 1441, •iml in 171^ 'lie l:iii.K
erecleil here an n< : leiiiy of the Icienees aii.l pylite arts
tlie liln iiy to whieli does lujt contain a j;reat number of
biHi!;s luit confills entirely of I'eleit pieces, placed in a
moll ..lejv lit hall.
'1 l/.'.e are lliil here feme vifiblc remains nf Roman an-
tiipiitic-, particularly an amphitiicatre built by the eni-
pcror tjull.emis, whofc palace it is called ; only fonie
pans of ti'.e l":Jc walls are iLmdin^, with the twoirin-
cipa
The tr,
of this city is very confidcrable, and fur its
imprinenieiu a kind of toleration is granted to the Kn;,'-
lilh, Dutch, Danes, Hambarghers, and Lubeckers, and
even to the I'ortuguele Jews ; but thele lall have no
l'viia.>\i;ue, nor are any I'mtellants indulged in tne pub-
lic eN.-'rcil'e of their religious worfliip, only the Knglilli
arecuniiived a: and have a niinilUr in a l.iy habit, and
the other foreign I'roteflants aie not prohibited reading a
reniion privately to their families. The Scots, on ac-
ciuiiit of the fer\ires they formerly performed for the
French, have conliderablc privileges allowed them in
this cily,:ind a gate of Iknirdeaux bears the ciiligns of one
<(f the naiiie of Douglas ; even to this day Scottifli vell'eK
h.ive pcculi.ir immunities allowed them in trade, and
from this port thev gener.illy fhip their wines. In this
city Kdvv'.ird tlie lilack I'rince refiJed for fome years,
durini; which time his Ion, afterwards Richard 11. king
of Kn O-iiid, was born.
I'liigiieux, the capital of a very large diftriift named
Pcrigord, the fee of a bilhop and the feat of a bailiwic,
and a court of juHicc, is feated on the river Ifle, in a tine
counuy, fixty-fivc miles to the nt-rth-caft of liourde.mx ;
the bilhop is I'uborJinatc to the archbifhop of Dourdeaux,
and has a diocefe containing tour hundred and tilty pa-
liflies, with a revenue of twenty-four thouland livres,
out of which he is taxed two thouland five hundred
and ninety florins at the court of Rome. It has tour
convents, one hofpital,aiid hadacollege or Jefuits. The
ol.l town is called La Cite, and the new town, which is
about a hundred p.ices dilhiiit, is named La ViUc.
Agen, the capital of a diilricl called the Agennis, is
pretty huge and well inhabited. It is feated on the river
Cjaroime, feventy-five miles to the fouth caft of liour-
deaux. The bifliop ftyles himfelf count of Agen, but this
is only a titular honour : he is futiVagan to the arch-
liidiop of HourJeaux, under whom he has a diocefe of
three hundred and fcvcntv-thrcc parilhes, and one hun-
G E O G It A I' U Y
drid and ninety one ihapcli of enfe, wiih a yrirl
levenueof thirty live thiiul.ind livre<, out n| whiuihc ^
I lud by 111.- tniit ol Ruir.e, two llui'iland four hiiiiJr<,|'
nd liHlv florins. Then- i. here ucithidtal ttiilul„|'.
lei.iteiliuu h, iwa paiilli chiirchoi.with iViui.iKiiiivcn;,',
and ih.te w.is heie a C'dl ge ol jifuif. I'"is ri'v i* (i,,,.'
haihlfiimc tity, in the dilliict o| I,im'cr tj^urcy, I1 li.,.
* I on the liver ram, Iweiity Icv.ri mdi-'' to the ii.i ilio'i
r<'uloiil',', .irid i. the I e ol a biduip, wi':i l!w fi,it i,f ,
ii'iirl of.ii Is, aproviiui.ilciiur', and a 1 .liliwle. Itnr,,
P'lly coiilill. of ihiiT parij, iheOld and New 'lnni.
with the in.Mi of llinuhon, whj. h lie« oil the odi. r ,, !
ot ihe rivci, .lid Is .1 liibinb. 'I he bl(li<|> it (ulir "'
tolhi .irehl iltii.p ol Inulouli', anil hai adumfcol 1
IV li\ p.iiifliis. wiih a revinienl twen'v live then
livte . per .iiuiiini, out if whii h he
II lilii.ited tor trade, but m.ikis linlc alvaiita(>c (il it
Moniaubiti, III Latin .M< ns .Mbanus, u tv^.n.
li. (.
h
"iiitia
;"l
"iiif.
'"f..ii,!
. II ' a f'XottWMi),,
Imd live huiuliril fluiins to lbs court -if Ronif |„ .u,*
iit\ aretvv,, i ullegiate cliiirche«, aii.ie.i lemyof pnjiti |',,|*
r.it'iic, one lemiinrv, ti.'ht ronvenis, and a "nifr.l
pita! i it had ali'o till l.itilv a r. liege (if LAri..
pi ineip.il trade cnnlilK In wiiclli 11 Hull's.
In If'il, the inh.ibiMlils breame I'l i- I! snti, .iii,| fo.
lifml lb.- city in liiltnnig .1 m:'nncr, that tewj. X'I[] |. ,"
(k'^.A it in ifi.'i wiih'i't I'll cffs, jmd w.i unabli.' to (.]
'!uce it till the vear l()iO, when he caufej its |,,i[
liiiiis to hv r.i/i'd.
(I .lonv, lailid by the Kreneli (tafcopnc, cnnHitufi
the li'iith p.iit of the govrnir! .'n I'f f jui'Mine, anJ ;.".
chide, the country lyin ; between llii {|,..onnc, ti't
mean, and the Hyicni'.in moiintaiin. It rceeii', j,
iianir from tile Ciafeones and Valcon''3, bytheiinj i
ralliil lialipies or Vafini'i, a people who livi,| (:, .1,^
PvHiiean mountains in Spun, and towards the rlf,|',T,f
ibe lixth reiiMiiy fettled on the iiorth-luK of th- Pn,..
lu'i V, whrri thry defeiuUd tbinifelvcsagi'.iiilc thi I':.;,*,.
but were at bill oblige- tit fiihmit. It is b'lindeJ ( u (..j
north by (luiennei on ih;' welt by l..in;;uediic an.l the
county of I'dix j on ihe (outh by the I'yrenean irn!;-.
tains, which (Vparate it from Spain ; and on the wtli i-y
the fea of (Jafeonv. The inh.ibitanis are f.iid lo ha,;
i|i.ii k p.irls, but aie fo addicted to boafting, that the n:ir,c
of (Jafeonade h.is been given to all bragging lli.ric^. Th;
country is not very fertile, it prodiieiiig liitle curii, iho'
it has great plenty of Iriiif, and the mountaini ;in':i,-,|
timber fit for building of (liip*. The principal pljcci ia
this piovince arc the fidlmviiig.
Aiich, the aneii.nt I'.lul.iberrij, and afterward; .Vj-
giilbi, is the capital oftheiliitridl of Armagnar, and,,; a!l
(iafcoiiy. It (lands on the fide and top of a l.ill, ai ths
foot of which runs the river (ieti, thirty-fevcn niik-s jj
the weft ol Touloiife, an.l is diijded into the U, per aid
I.ower Town, between which there is a communieaiir.n
by means of two hundred Hone (leps. This place i> ilit
fee of an aichbifliop, and ha; an intcndency, a tte:ii'ii:;t';
ollice, a bailiwic, a prnvincial and royal court. The
l.irdlliipof the city is divided between the atehbilliopanj
the count of Armagii.ie. The diocefj conlilfs of thrit
hundred and fcvenly two p.irith churches, and two h.m-
died and feveiity-feven chapels of e.ife, and the nviTut
of the archbifhop is ninety tb.oiif.ind livres, out of wh.fh
he pay; to the court of Rome ten ihoul'.ind florin!. Th;
cathedral is one of the moll magnilic nt in the kiiuJu",;
the chapter is compofed of fifteen dignitaries, and twr:i-
ty-live canons; and among the latter there are five w[io
arc only honorary. I'he king himfelf \^ the tiilt 'l
them, as count of Armagnac ; the four others arc the
barons of Montfi|uieii, .M mtaut, I'^rdaillau, ani
L'llle.
Hayonnc, in I/itin Lapurdum, the capital of the dif-
trict of Labourd, is feated in the forty-tiiird degree tli;r-}jJ
ty minutes north latitude, and in one deiiree twenty '
minutes welt longitude, at ihc jiinillion of the .Aduur ar.i
Nive, near the mouth of the furiiier, and a little hi Kr.»
the city they difeharge themfelvcs into the bay of Hi!-
cay. It is ot pretty confiderable extent, and isthekv.;
a bifliop ; it has alfo a bailiwic court, an adniiraltv, .mi
a mint. The mime of Ba\onne is compounded of tui
IJal'quc words, Bala and Una, liijiiifying a jjood hatbeur,
ai'.l
I U R O !• E.
ilii Wkll JcfirveJtIiJltiilc I it i) aceorHiiinlyi'>'ich frc
'' iiiU'ili tliiMv'' •'"■■ 1''""*» niiJtr ilw mil uicii to it
I'miWh*' ililliiull.
Till' 1^ •'"-' ""'>' '''•"■'■' '" '''•■""^" '*"'' ''•" ' ' •>''v;>nt.i(^c
,v,jli.> riliiali'l nil uvo rivcrj.int I wlucli ' it inlo llowi t
'','.'^[\i: tuiii tlitinii^h It, iiii'l t'lc Ail'.iir clolo by iti
'.'jl'f |o,iii afiiT which ihi'v iiM;t'.', aiul iliviJi; tliu city
*'^^, thri'i; p.iits: tli.it c.illnl tlif Urcit lHwn, li ■« <>ii
1' t f,Jc nC li"-' Nivc I tlie lyitllo Tdwii i« l)i'l*i'Cii tlio
\„.. aliil tli; A<l '»r > "'"I til"; lulnirli ol St. Kipnt, in
I. ,.. .» (iimiii, r^ III' lru'^ riflilL*. Itti fill thu tllhci'
475
J;.H"l!CII 11": ""<- "1 •^l'"!!'
li.fiJcs Its catlK'ilr.il ami cell ■ ;i itc tliiin li, (lio fuliiiil'
j'/'ihJjaniitfHT iiillf/iatcirliurih i in this rily arr lilctwiie
■ ,,. ,f». :iii.l iiiu c<illi-i;o. lint luiihir llic catiif.
s i: c T. \x.
CjflUyilualiiiu F,\li>it, Pi':,/ii.y, (in.i Rivtii ff t"( Go-
^■triim:>tt if.iuvtiniie; Kith im Auiiiiit of in luiniijhil
ihii.
THK givernmrnt of Aiivcrgnc, which takes its name
I'runiits aiicii-'iit iiih.ihiiaiit- the Atvi'riii,is huunJ-
tJ (111 ill'.' ivirth by Hourboniiois j nii the L..II by I' on/.,
liirce dillriiil in the irovoriimciit of Limiiuiis ; tm the
(jiiili by (luicimc ami tiv-- Cc-Vfiinci ; an.l mi tlie wilt
h l.Miofiii, llie dilliiiil of (^icrcy in (iiiitiine, aiiJ l.a
jMaruiei aii'l is abcuit u hundred iiiiic) in Iuil^iIi, ami
I'litrty-ave in breadth,
1.01' ir Aiivcrjne ii a very plcafant fertile country, a-
bauiidiii!; in lorii, wine, fruit, fora;;e, ami h'.'inp ; it l.ir
txccis Upper Auvcrgne, which istnM, and Inll iif niuiin-
tjiiii, that are covered with liiow fcven or einht moiith'i
in the year, though iti pallures arc exeelluit, and the
inhabitants deal largely in cattle. 'I'he litu.itiuii of the
nimtains occafions the winds blowiir; in luch eddies,
ih.v. no wind mills fiiccced there.
The principal rivers are the Allier, whi;h riles in the
Gti'JuJan, and falls into t!ie 1,'iire ; the Ui)rdiii;ne,
which fprings from Mont d'Or, the hii;hclt mountain in
ihi' country ; the .-Mla^non, whirh rifes in .Vtnunt Can-
(il,:iiid after a r.ipid couife falls into therivir A.lier.
I he ni^helbniount.iins in this country are Lc I'ui dc
'Dome, the perp'.ndicular height of which is cijjht hun-
rt'rcJ .111,1 ten f.ithnins; the Cantal nine hundred and cigh
pi>l'jur; and Mont d'CJr one hundred and thirty ; the
two btter are no lefs famous lor the curious pl.ints that
jrjwoiithem. At I'ontjjibaud is a tilver mine, liut the
iM'.lucc not anfweiin.; the expencc, the worliing of it
r.. been difcontinued ; however, the coal mines in the
r.tijhbourhood of lirifac are very profitable.
livliJiS the corn, wine, cattle, cheeie, coals, and other
produfls of the earth, this country carries on many ma-
nufactures, as all kindsoffillc Ituffs, cloths, very beauti-
tiiiil laces, and paper, which is elbecnied the heft in all
turope. Every year lonie thoiifands of labourers go
frjTi hence to get in the harvelt in Spain, and return
with the heft part of their earnings.
The whole country is fubjcdt to the parliament of
Paris, but is governed by difb'erent laws ; Lower Aii-
I vcrgne havint; a particular code of its own, while in Up-
p;r Auvcigne the civil law takes pl.ic. This country is
I'lvidcJ into five large diftriifis, and tv.j bailiwics. L'n-
licrits governor arc two lieutcna;Us-gencral and two fub-
jovtrnors.
St. Fliiiir, ihi* fipilnl of Upp?r Auvcrgnf, (l.inJi on
a nirMint.iin of iliDitiili acccft It is the he id' .i b (lut^
wlioii' diocef ■ tonhlls of two hundred md I'cvi niy larillici i
he Ims .1 1 1' veil ui' ot ivvelve ihoiifiiid ';vh's, ^mi i |i.,\ - iilnu
luindird tloiini lo the court of UoiiiC, It lull k itt ca-
thedral, It ha.s H collegi.'te thiirch, and had a ridb'pc ot'
Jcfiiits. Till inhabit.ints carry on a I'oo.l trade in ^rain,
ihisiiiy bein^, as it were, ili,- fieiiral niir.i/iiic in ihu
mij^hbiMirimj country, which piolucci a cieit ilcil ol"
rye Iti clutii, carpcti, .iiid knivc*, arc alio gicatly d-
tcemi'd.
Aiiridaf, a town which difpu'is the title an I rank of
r.ipital Willi Si. Flour, is lcai< d m a v.dli y on ih' bniikj
ol llif river J.ril.iiH', two luindied and fuiy iiidi • lo tho
foiiih ol I'.iii.,, and thirty to the Inu'li-Wi II of Si. Flour,
It is ptttly well built mid populous ) it alio coiilcrs Iho
title ol louiit. Heie l> a dilliict .iiid iuillwii loiiiti it
his likcwile a calllc leatcd on a hr^h roi k, and .1 cidlc*
:ti.itc cliiiiili, which ;, properly a Inulaiuid abhe\ , th<j
abbot ol which is lord of lh<' town, and holds niniinli-
atily of the pope, Here is illo an aiib^v, and linn inn-
vciiis. The Jeluits h.i.l .illii hire a i..lb,;i'. In thii
town are loiiie niaiiuf.i.liiies of tip llrv .ii I lice.
Clei'inonl, the am iuit Aui'iilt uk'Hu [inn, alurw.irds
Aiivci(.'ne, the c.ipital of the whole coiiiitrv, ll.im's on .1
liiiall emimi'.ce in Lower Auvergiu, hi twei n the tiv ri
.\rticr and ilcd..t. It is the capit.il of ilie wlude luuil-
try, and is popu'om i but hai xery li.iiru.v itteels, .iiid
the houks aie d.irk. It ciuitains a t ix chani'cr, a bai-
iv\ie, and ,i county-court, 5cc. This wa:j formerly tlio
pi in ip.il plaie luloni^int; to the count', ol Auvc."(;ne, wlui
tiereloie lUled themklves counts of CUi;n^nt. I'hC
biliiop is hilt luiVr.i!.;in to the arclibilliop of llourgrst he
is .ilfo lor, I of the Imall towns of liillon ai; 1 Cr.'Upmt.s,
mid enjoyj adiocele of ei.'lit hundred pai lihc'., Witii .1 re-
vciiiie of lifVeeii ihouland livres, out of vmiicIi ne is tucil
at the court ot Rome four thouf.iml Hve hunJied an.i l.f-
ty ll'iilns. Uvlidtb Us lathedral, it li.'.s three cnllcjiiat*
churches, and three abbies ; in ili.it of St. Alliei te bodies
of levetal faints .ire laid to be deiioliled. In thi' chapel of
St, V'encr.ind, and in that of St. Andre, are the tomlis ot'
the old counts ol Clerniont, and the dauphmes ol Ail-
verj?.iic. It has likewile many coincn::., and l\,.d a col-
li jre td' Jeluils.
Ill the neii;h!iourhood o*' this ci'y are wtll; where any
ful liance laid m tlum liion coniracls a llo!iy crull. The
r.,i)tl icmaik.dilcof thvfe is ih.it in the I'ubuib of St, Ailnc,
which his foiincd a f.ar.ous llonebiidi;e mentioned Uy A /''^''■"y
n'...iiv hillori..ni. Tins biid|;e is a iood rock, compoled Z*'"'-^''-
ot leveral Krata I'ormed during the courle of ii.any years,
bv the running; of the petrilying w.iti rs of this Ipring.
It lias noc.iviiy or arches, till alter .ihove li.\n paces in
leiigio, where thg livulct of Tiictaiiie forces its way
through. This pctriiving Ipring, which l.ills on a much
higher ground than the bed of the rivulet, gradii.illv
leaves behind it loiue lapidcous nialtcr, and in pioccfs of
time has thus formed an arch, thnui';li ". hich the Fire-
taiiie has a lice pallage. The nec< llity v.:ii..h this petri-
fying matter iVeiii' d to be under of forming illelf into an
arch, could continue no longer thin the breadth of ihe
rivulet, after whith the w.iter of the fpriiK^ ran rei;ularly
under it, and there fiiimcd a new petiif.ictioii rcfeniblmg
a pillar. The inhabitants of thife parts, in order to
lengthen this wonderful bridge, have diverted the brock
out of its old channel, and made it pals dole by the pil-
lar, by which me.uis thev cauled the f,i;ing to form a I'c-
cond arch, and thus they might have produced as many
arches and pillars as they pleafed but the great n fort of
people to lee this natural curiofil/ becoming troublefome
to the lien dictincs of the abbey of St. Allire, vx'iihia
whole jiirildiclion the fpriiig lies; in order to lell(.'ii its
petrifying virtue, they divided the lire. mi into fever.il
branches, which has Co wjiI anl'wcrcd tneir intent, that
at prcfent it only covers vvilh a thincrult tb.ole bodies on
which it falls perpendicularly. Hut in thofe over which
it runs in its ordinary courfe, no traces of its petrifying
qualities arc any longer perceivable. It is the only wa-
ter uled for drinking in this fuburb, and no bad elfei'.t
is felt lium it.
SECT.
Nfl ii
I'i
I
V. ■';.r
>' .'
.i1i
is
.t'ik^i r
ilil
;■!
If %■
'f.
l']-;
■ t'
I ■■
. l>
.
-_,., ij-
-J-
'. :h
:'Ka
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¥.:>
t w
476 A S Y S 1 V. M O F
s r. c r. xxf.
Of Oh- iiv) C'.vmimrv.U rf Li":r'-i n::.l LaMmch:; thin
Silii:itiin, Exl,nt, Ciiiii.itc, ti:.iUiC, kii\rs,i:!\l I'niiJp.i!
Tawiii.
LI.MOSIN', <ir I/nuT.ifin, ilL-ilvi's its name frnm the
;!ni.itiu Lcmovic.'s, ami is bouiidcil on thccilHiy
Amci^iu' ; (Ml the loiitli bv (iiii^'niu' ; on thr wi'U by
I'ciij.oi'il ill (iiiiciiiii-, ;huI .\n;.nimuiis; .iihl on tlif iiufli
by 1,1 M.irih;; .uul i'oit.iii. It-; extent Uom nurth to Iniith
IS about twenty-tnc iMciich lc,':;iiis, aiul Ikmii call to
welt (oiiunvbat Ids,
I'pper l.inicfin is vcrv moiiiit.uiunr-, aiiil conreqiiciitly
Cold, but f,ovver Limoliii is mure teni|i,'rate. I'lic lor-
iiier pi'uhaes but little wine, anil th.it too but verv iiiilit-
lerent, but that of l.ower Liniolin is extreiiuly go "!. It
projiices t'uL'h luinibei-, of chrl'iuit-trers, tii.it the iiiha-
bit.mti il.-rivc their prineip.il iii.iintcn.ince lioni ih.ni.
'I'hegr.iin whirh i^row. here is rye, barley, ami I'lirkilh
corn. They have alio mines of copper, tin, iron, and
lea<l, iiiil in this country are fonie iron wiirlis.
Its chid rivers are tlie Vieiine, the fouiec of whifli
lii's ill the b"ri!ers of Lower l/ini ilin and L.i Mar.he ;
the Vi /rre, which iil'es 111 the l.inie country; tile Ciu-
rc/e. wiiich fids into lii^.' \'e7.ere ; and the l)oido;.;iie,
whieii dividch Liiiiolin from Auvcrgne, and thcdilliict ot
^<jn !■ y 111 (j'.:!eiiiic.
1 ''e country is (iibjecl to the parliament of ISourd. au\,
and b Tides its i', ivernor, h.is one lieutenant-general, .iiid
two I'jb-goveriiors. The principal places it contains
are;
Limoges, in Latin I/Cmovic.T, the capital o.'thc coun-
try, whieii IS lituated on the river Vieniie, partly on a bill
and partly in a valley, thirty leajnics to the welf of L ler-
niont. 'I'he town is about ,1 lea;;iie and a hail in circuin-
feicncc, but ill built, the houfes b<rin<: generally of wood,
(mall, and dark ; but the cathedral is a majnilicent llriir-
ture; bciides which it has a collegiate church, tnree ab-
bies, one convent, and. a college and feniiiiary, which
lat.dy b'.dniged to the Jeiuits. It contains a b.iiliwic, a
country and roval couir, with other public offices, .ind
alio a mint. Its bifhop is ruflVagaii to the archbidioi of
l)Oiir;;e<, ;iiid his dioeefe, which extends over L'pper and
part ol Lower Liniofiii, L.i NLirclie, and a part alio of
Angniimoi.s, contains nine hundred parKlies ; .\n\.\ his re-
venue mumnt, to tweiitv thonf.md livres, out of which
he pavs lix'een hundred florins to the court of Rome.
'I'liKc, properly Tuelle, i^ a town lituated in f.ower
Llmolin, near the coniluencc of the little rivers Courtze
and S(.l.'.iie, iifteen league^ to the fouth of Limoges, and
a mile and a half in circu:iiferenee. It contains about
twelve hundred houfes, and live thoufaiid people. Its
bifliop, who Is lord and vil'count ol the town, is fufi'iagan
to the ar.-hbilh'ip of Hourges ; and hisdiocefe, which
confilh 1. f fcVwUtv psriilies, brings him in a revenue of
twelve th luland livrc;, out of which he pays to the court
of Rome t.mrtcen hundred floiins It ha^ fix cunvents
and had a co'.'egc of Jeiuits.
Hrive la G..:.llarde is featcd near the confluence of
the Coure/.e and \'cgere, feventeen leagues to the fouth
of l.inio;:es, and live to the will of Tulle, in a valley
environed with little hills planted with vines and cheliiut-
trces ; tiie lituation being extremely beautiful. It is the
onlv fine town of the province : the houfes are elegantly
built, and the walls abiait it extremely plcafant. In this
little town are found all the plcalures and conveniences
of liiV. It contains about a thouland huules and five
thiuif.ind pcrfons.
The government of La .\Lirchc is bounded on the
north by I'erry ; on the call by Auvergne; on the fouth
bv Limofin ; and on the well by I'oitou ; it being about
twenty-two I'rencli leagues in length from noitli to
fouth, and ei'^ht in breadth from calf to welf.
Jt is, like Limorm, divided into Upper and Lower,
and the foil and climate arc both the l.inie. Its priiici
pal rivers are the Vienne ; the great and little Creule,
which dil'char:;e themfelves into theV'ienne; the Clu r,
und the Gartempe, tlic latter of which f,dlb into the
G F, O G R A P II Y. ' r. ,.
Creiife. 'I'lie upper p.ins of the dillrid arc p'cttv C
lul in corn. ' ^ ■"'-
Thi, province contains two bailiwics, and is gcvci' '
by its own laws. Siibcrdiii.it; to its governor'; '!'^'
lieutcnant-geinral, and two tub-governors. ' '"^'
(lUirct, the capital of the U)
Jpperaiid Lower M.,rc|,t^
is liatcd on the river (>artempe, ten
ot Limoges, and is the place „„^,v un;
ice are held ; but it has ,inly one paiifli church or
I-. le.iuu on me river »>ar[enipe, ten le.'gucs to iIk- nof.i,
e.ilt of Limoges, and is the place where the court-".
iult
collce, one priory, two ciuivents, an.l .111 hofpit.i|, '-jv,"
other pl.ices 111 this ^ovci anient arc equally incoiilij'crAi.'
S K C T. XXIL
Of the G'jvennmnt r.f Siiiiitvi-'i- .■ ,1 ,'ln:ciimiis; /.V/V J;,,
/;5v, J:\lriit, PmJui,; kivcn, aiul pruhilhd Cilia
SAINTOXCJL is bound. d bv Poitou andAuiiisn
the noith; by Angouinois and l'.'iii,'iird (^n .1,
e.ill ; by (iiiieiine .Hid the river Ciirondc on ilu i;,,,,,',
and by the I'.wol Uilcay on the welt ; extending tvoirv'
five leagues in Uii-mIi, .ind twelve in bre.idth ^ „'„'
its name lioiii the .Santom, the ancient inh.iUtains.
I'liis coiiiurv abound n corn, wine, and .i!l njii,;,ff
Iruit ; and tlu inh.ibit.int^, who are fiuiated iieir tiic loj
iiiake great ipi uilitiLs of exi<.llciit l.dt. lis horics .r'
alio much ellecmed. In 11., re lome miner.il fnriiMs. 1.^
piincipal rivers are the Cliaunte, wliicli abuuiii'sin Hi,',
it 111'.-, near (..'haiciinac, ..iid runs into u.r hi- j,,/
the liutoniie, which riles in I'oitou, and (alL imo j,^
Charente.
riiis country isdivided bv the Chtirciite into the f.v,,-'-
<ir Upper Sainionge, and into the north part, or Lowi-
.Saintonge. It is lubiect to the parliament of liiur,!o.;i;v
a few parifl;< s excepted, vvidvli are w. dun trie ju.'i ,: ..'
tion of Ang<niinois. The governor-general isaiiui..
puty-governor of ihis country. The piincipal iilactiin
Upper Sainiorge are,
Sainte.s, the c.ipital, which is fe.itcd on the CK.irciiic
lifiy-ei ilit miles to the norlhwardof liourdiaux, ar.Jt*,?-
ty to the e.dt of the Day of Hilcay. It is a iittie ili-bui!;
city ; but cont.iins a provincial ,- -d a bailiwic court, u.n
otlur public ofliiCh, and is the 1 ; of a bifiuip, fufr.'.j:^
to the arclib.lliop of DounlLau His dincefe con:;:-;
live hundred and lixty live p.iril. s and ch.ipil.-, .'.r.di i
revenue amounts to tivcnty tlioul 1 iivres, out ui i,' !.:i
his Roman t.ix i,-. two thoul.md fli is. 'I'lie (hct! .1:;
narrow and mean, but in the fubi s is an ablxv, ,::J
the Jeiuits h.id here a college. ionic ancient ru.is
difcover its antiquity, as a triumph irch fu g pole J to .■;
erei!ltd in the reign of Tiberius, ruins of an anij'.;;.
theatre, (d" feveral aipicilucls, and :ap'tul.
Pons, a han.llbnie town, llaif high on the lit;!:
river Scigne, over which it has li. d brid ••% ., ii::„, it
probably received its iiinie. It is .iucd into thilfxr
and Lower, and contains thus. irifii-churchib, tHio;
convents, three alms-houfes, ana • 'nmar.ue'y tf ih;
knights of I\l.,lta.
St. John d'Angcli, in f -.'.in Ang'l;..ciiin, (Limls ca
the liver liutmine, live le...;iii.s to the north caii ol S.ii;itc:,
and has 1 royal court of ju'.tice. While this pl.icc era-
tiiuicd in the poU'c'lion of the IVotellants, it wa.i popul.ti
and well fortified ; but being reduced in 16/1 by Lura
XIII. the loitific.itions v\'ere razed, and the city dipnid
of its privileges. It has an abbey and three convents, lis
biandy is much ellecmed, and the inhabitants alio m..iis
woollen IhiHV.
Angouinois is bounded by Poitou on the north, b'/
Limolin on the calf, by Perigoid on the fouth, and i-;
tiaintoiigc on the wed; it being between til:e. iianJ l'.\-
teen !•' tench leagues in length, and about lixiccn in
breadth.
The country is full of little hills, and has none cf any
conliderable fi/.e. It produces wheat, r\e, bariev, bfi-
iiilli corn, oaf, f.iU'ioii, vine, ami fruit: it alfn li.ui
lo.iie excelUin ininesol iron, and is patticul.ulv lani.iuj
for making ot paper. Its principal rivers are the Cli.aiiii:
and I'ouvre, the latter of whicli lifes here, and ii.:.>
into the former.
This country is rubJccH; to the p.iilijtnent of P-ris, .^i.:
FlUNCr.
EUROPE.
AT]
,.,tiiiis abniliwic aiul iciilloiial jurifdiiflion. In it are
[■' i.alowiM}; pl.uTs : ... ,
Aiiiroiililnu', tlie rapit.il olAngnumoi?, is Ic.Tcil on
,ii.i,.n()l' a liiil rurr(imKl..-J willi rocks, at the tout ol
uliiih runs ihc lii'iT Cli.nuitc, thirty niilo to tl.c c.ill-
, ,i-j (,r SaiiUcs. It lojih rs llic title of diikc, is ttic ll-c
. ; billi'ip- ii'i'l li-'s a bailiv.'ic, a country ami lortH
^j.'iit an oAicc- of the live j;ri-at farni.s, ^c. ajiil is l.iiil
i,.|,iit;iMi lii'ht th'iuf.uiil pcrCoji?. Its bidmp is futfra-
,,., 1(1 the anlihilhop of IJoinilcaux, and lias a dicjcffc ol
uvuhmidrcd p.niOif.s, wiiii a rinxr.iie of twenty tl.oiifmd
li\r(S out "f vvl'.irh he i.s ta.x.d liy the court of Rome a
I'loiil' nil (I'll ins. Here are twelve parilh-chiirehes, ami
nr-.'.Viiev <f '^t. Cilvnd, in which lie buried the old
,,,,,,(; of Ani'oinnois ; lo^'.cther with ten convents, a
^,;'..ic whiih l.\tv!y belon;;ed to the Jefuit-S and a re-
\ rhi'i'rii.ii.
^■i,iriiic, or Coi^nac,tlv." (econd town of tlic country,
i.in-s\viri lejuui^ -o the wclKvard of Aiu^oulefnic, in
j'riill delightful fituafion on the Charenl'. It has a
(:'ii.,iii wiiieli l''ranc.is 1. was born, and three convenls ;
(,,; It ij better known to us by its excellent wine and
lj;.lll.i)'-
S E C 1'. XXIII.
Tf'./v /.tj Q'jVcrntnitth of KherniU ai:,l BiturJionnoh ;
/ ,.. Siliiiitirii, l;.\lciit, Rii'cri, Pyaluic, Govci)ini:i:t,
Mfihii'ipal Toiui:s.
T'ii!". fn'ommcnt of Kivcrnoi? is bounded on the
noi\h by Ihirgundy and tiie (Ja'.inois, on the e.ill
|v !!m!;;iuu1v, on the loutli by liourhonnois, and on the
lultliv litrty'' Its fip;ine is pretty nearly cirouhir, an.l
•I lisbont twenty leagues over either way.
h p.' !u>-es corn, wine, ami fruit ; except inthedif-
Ck; ,4 .Mnrvant, which is a mountanious country, that
f-oJiicci finrce corn enough for the fubfiltenrc of the in-
liiHiants. It has larj'.e wood'--, fume pit-coal, and mines
ol lion. Among tlic many rivers which water Nivcrnois,
tiTiC of them are navi!';;.b!c ; ibel'o arc the Loire,
whithriiiis fri.in foiith to north alont; the wvllern bor-
(lersof this country; tiie Allicr, which runs into the
Loire i and the ^'onnc, wiiich rifes on the fouth-ead
|',itl of tiii'i province, and running northward fall.s into
ihe ff.i. The other flrcams ferve to render the counirv
fru'tfjl and pleafaiit ; there arc here nifo fonie nrineral
fjirin?/.
This co'.;ntry i" fnbieil to the parliament of Paris, .".nd
f.'.sitjown p.irticidar laws. Over it i.s a povernor, .t
li.i;tcr«nt-.t[eneral, and a diputy-f;ovcrnor. It is chvided
i:'toii,;ht (iillricl.s, thepiincip.d places in which arc the
N:\cr>, tilt ancient N'oviudununi, a.id afterwards Ni-
I'-ri.nn, is fitualed in the diHiiift called Lc V.cax dc
Ncu:s iiid i.s the capital of the country. It is built in
to I'l'.-rn of an amphiiheatre on the banks of the Lone,
ivh:i-|i is here join:nl by the little river Nievrc, thirty
l.'jeii's to the louth-e.ilt of Orleans. It has a handfonie
ii>,'.".cb!idj;c of twenty arches; but the ftreets are n.u'-
t:«-, ,!'-d the ground uneven. The cathedral, dedicated
i.iS'. C»r, is a tine Urudturc ; belides which there are
c'i'.n p.iiidi-churehes, two abhies, fcveral convents,
r.ritlic kiuits had here a collei^c. It is computed that
t:;c iahaliiunts amount to about cijlit ihoufand. A-
rvii^ the iiihcr buildinjTs is an old ca(Ue, which fronts
.■ I.r^c Iqinre that renliils of haiidliiine houfes uniformlv
Imi t. There are here .i forefl: and a bailiwic court, with
r. : :t-o!Kce. The biflio,) is fuft'ragan to the archbifli(ip
M cicri?, and his dioeefe confiils of two himdrcd and
fcvci'.ty one pariflies. His revenue amounts to twenty
t!:nrifand livrcs, and he pays twelve hi:ndred and
ff:v lloiiiis to the court of Rome. This place i.s ce-
Icliiritcil for its porcelain and glafs-lioufes, rnid fur its
wdiks In enamel. The inhabitants alio carry on a great
ImIl' in corn, hemp, wo -d, pit-coal, ir-- i, and (in-warcs.
The fluids about the town are extremely pleafant, parti-
nihdy the public walks in the adjuiniiin park.
Clameey, a town feated in a drlfriet calicd the \'ale
ofVonii', and upon the h.inks of that river, wdiich is
f^lf
hcrejoncdby the Buvron, and rendered navigable. In
It is a callelLiny, and a fait- office. I'antenoi, one of its
fuburbs. Hands on the other lidc r^f the Yorine, and in
the year i iHo was the relidcnce of the billiop of IJctble-
hcm, who had been compelled to leave Paleltine. The
bidlop of the city, who ilill dyles himlell bidlop of
Hethielr.m, is created by the count de Nevers, and en-
joys all the privileges of the other French bifiiops, though
h:s revenue amounts to no more than a ihoufand livres,
and this town is his whole diuecfe.
The government of I'ourbonnois Is bounded on the
north by Nivernois and li.iiy, on the call by the ducliy
ol liurgiindy, on the fouth by Auvcrgne, and on the
welt by Upjier .Vlarehc. It is about thirty Ficnch leagucj
in length, and twenty in breath.
It IS pretty fertile, particularly In ccrn, fii.it, .md
forage : it alio produces good wine, thoirgh not in .i
fiifiieient iiuanlily for cxpoitation. It lias likewn'eafcw
coal-piis, and a great number of mineral fprin^js and
warm baths. Its liwrs are the Loire, the Allire, the
C'her, with fome other frmdler ones. In July, when
the Inow melts on the mountains of ;\nvergr.e, gte.it
darnagcs are done by the inundations of the Aliiie.
This country is fubjedt to the parliament of Paris ;
t!iough the diiki; of llouibon, to whom it l.elongs, has the
nomination of all civil o.lieers, yet their proper mailer
is the king. Hefides the governor and lieutciir'nt ge-
neral, here are alio two lub-governors ; and in the
whole country are twenty-two finall towns, the princip.il
of which are,
Moulins, in Latin .Molin.T, the capita! of (he country,
is feated on the Allire, in a pleafant fertile plain, almolt
in the middle of France, thirty miles to tlie fouth of
Ncvcrs, and li fly- five to the north of Clermont. It ij
well built, and one of the moil agreeable places in thj
kingdom. It contains an intcndency, a chamlier of d-;-
mairis, acadellany, and fcveral courts. It has likewiU:
a collegiate church, live convents, an hofpital, and .i
college, which i.rtily belongej to the Jcfuits.
liourbon rAicharnbaud, a fmall town iiftcen miles to
the wed of Moulins, environed by four hills, on one of
which llands an old cadle that contains three cliapJs,
among which that called the Holy is vorv fplendid. In
this town are a royal cadellany, and a didricl court. There
are here alio one piridi and one coll.'gjatc church, a
priory, a convent, and two hofpitals. 'I'his town is fa-
mous for its hot baili, and cold mineral fprings.
S E C 'F. XXIV.
Of t' e Ccvrn:mc>its of Bnii t!,::l Tjurdhu- ; tht'n Silrinlivt,
ExitKt, I'rjJuic, Rijcn, Givonmail, and luinjjnil
TUV. country of Berri is bounded on the north by
the (.JileaiK.is, on the ea(t by the Nivcrnois, on
the loath by the Hourboiinois and La Marche, and on
the wed. bv La Marche and 'Fouraine. Its extent frvim
cad to wdt is between twenty- feven and tw.'nty-eighi:
French leagn.'s, and from north to fouih bcftween thirty-
five and thirty li.v.
'Fhe air here is temperate, and the foil pro luces wheat,
rye, and wine ; and in fomc places it is equal to that of
Hur gundy. Its other produifls arc alio good, p.irticularly
its lieir.p and flax, in which it abounds ; and its rich
padurcs feed great numbers of caf.lc, cfpeci.illy Ihcep,
which are valued for the iiiicncls of their wool. In one
place in this counliy is found okcr, which is feldom met
with in France.
'Fh- principal rivers here arc the Loire, th" Crcufe,
and the Cher ; the large and Icd'erSandro, the Neric, ami
the Indre ; tlitie two l.id have their f.'iirces in this coun-
try : the Orron, the Aurcttc, the Moul.ni, and ihc Evre.
In this countrv is alfi the lake of Villien-, which Is be-
twa-n (even and eight leagues in circuit.
Berry is under the jurifdiLtion of the parliament of
Paris, and is giivcrnod by laws of its own. .Subordinate
to tiie governor are crnr lieutenant gcnrr.il and two fub-
governois, and it is divided into Upper and Low'r Berry,
the princip.il places in which are the foUowirig :
d t Bourses,
if
It ,
* ^4
■li
,:Wi
r*<
4^5
A SYSTEM OF G E O G U A 1' II Y.
Pi'-^NCE. ■ France.
L i
1. 1
1 1
■•■I
ti* It:
l:M-
|P^
ri:i
•'; ■
H;')iir2C5, the capital of Upper l?crrv, ami of the whole
couiuiy, IS lituatcil on a liill lict*i'i'ii the livcr; Kvrc aiiJ
I'rron, to the hanks of which it prailually ilcfccnJs,
tliiitv-livi.- leagues to the foiith of Paris, ami fevenleen
ahn.jit (outh-ealt of C)rlcans. Tiufe two rivei:. enmni-
pils It on every fulc, except on that next the gate of
Bourhoiinoiix. It is a large fpacioiis citv, eontaininpa
c.irhedial, four coili-giaie churches, hefides two annexed
to the fcniMiary, four ahbits, and fixteen parilh-cluiiche>,
with a beautiful and large college, which lately belonged
to the Jeluits. '^du meet here v/ith many eeelefiafties,
gentlemen, and (cholars ; and it is computed that there
arc in this city about hfteen thoufand fouls ; but not
many ot them ate tradefinen ; the place having no other
trade than what is necellary lor the fubfillencc of the in-
h.ibitanis. It is the fee of an archbilhnp, and has an in-
tendency, a lalt-oliice, an independent roval tribunal,
and feveral other olBces and courts. The cathedral,
which is dedicated to St- Stephen, is a fine (iothic liruc-
ture (landing on the highelt part of the city : the arch-
bifliop, who is filled patri.irch and primate of Aqultaine,
has live fuHVagaiis, with a diocefe of nine hundred pa-
rllhcs, and a revenue of thirty thoufand livrcs, out of
which lie pays four thoufand and thirty-three florins to
the court of Rome.
The palace built by prince John of Franco, tlul;c of
15eriv, is a niagnilici.nt edilice, in one part of which,
called the king's apartment, the governor rcfidcs, and
the other fervcs for the courts of jullice ; the great hall
in the latter, which has no pillars to fupport it, is cftcemed
one of the hnell and largelf rooms in the kingdom. The
town-houfe, creeled by Jaquc Coeur, is one of the niult
cK'uant buildings ever erected by a private man, and was
putc.nafed by Colbert, prime-minilter of France, who
g.ivc it to the corporation of this city. 'l"hc Ujuarc ol
Jiomboii is the largcit in Uourgcs, and heie aiiticntlv
flood a Roman amphitheatre. 'Fhe public walks and the
malls are much admired, and the great number ol reli-
gious houfes are another confidcrable ornament to the
city. The univcriity of Bourgcs was either founded or
revived ill the year 146 j, and conlills <;f four facilities.
Ciclar tct'k Uourgts by florin ; and the inhabitants
haviii ', cxeicifed foine cruelties on the Roman foldiers
that had fallen into their hands, he glutted his revenge
by dellroying near forty thoufand of the natives. In the
J-fteinth century Chailes Vll. made this the place of his
rcfiJence, while the Fngiilli were mailers ofalmollall
the lell of the kingilom ; on which occalion the Fngiilh
called him, by way of deiilion, king of Herry.
I lllbudun, ill Latin Exolidununi, a large town, the
fccond in i.'iik in ilie province, ll.inds in a beautiful plain
leventcen miles to the fouth-we(t of liourges, and is the
piiiuipal place in Lower IScrry. It contains a falt-officc,
a n ai.or couit, and other public courts and offices, it
isduldi'd into the Upper and Lower Town, and has a
caflle, which commands the place : it has alio one abbey,
two collegiate and four parilh-churches, five convents,
anil nvo holfiitals.
'Fhe province of Touraine, which derives its name
from the Furones, is bounded on the north by the river
Maine, on the cafi bv the Orlc:'iiois, on the fouth by
IJeriy and I'oitou, and , n the welt by Anjou. Its great-
cll extent from call to well is twenty-two French leagues,
and from north to fouth twenty-fuur.
'Fhe air is temperate, and the country fo delightful,
that it is called the Garden ol France; but it is not every
where alike. 'Fhe trail called the Vatemies, which lies
along the Loire, has a fandy foil, which produces rye,
barky, millet, garden plants, and an herb which makes
a good yellow dye. 'Fhat calljd the Vcrron is richer,
:mu1 yields corn, wine, very fine fruit, and particularly
large plums. La Chan.pagnc is a fniall ftrip of land
between the rivers Cher and liidrc, abounding in grain,
and paiticulatly wheat. La Hieiine is a fwampy coun-
try : but the eminences along the l^oire and Cher arc
toverel vvlih vineyards. In (liort. La Galtine is a Illfl'
laiiil very difficult to [ilotigh ; and 'he country of Noyeri
is difliiigullhed by its having lome mines of iron, and one
uf coppir.
'Fhis country is governed by laws of its own ; but the
inhabitants have a right of appeal to the parli»inent of
Paris. It has a governor, a lieuVnant- general, anj
fub-governor. 'Iherc arc twenty-lcveii "towns 'or |, ^
roughs in the country i the piincipal places of which a'"
the (ollowiiig : '■
'Fours, tiie Ca:fdrodunum,or Turonl, of the ancient
and the ca|)ital of the country, lies in a plain cxieiiJi 'l
between til.' river Loiie and the Cher, and iitdtyV''
miles to tlie north-eail of I'oitieis, and .■ hiiuJicJ anj
tweiitj'-fevin to the fouth-welt of Paris. 'Fliecity is |;jr ,,
and well built, and the (Irects very clean, on account fi
leveral rivulets running through them from lix iml,]
fountains. In this city i.i a veiy line tnall ahuve a ihou'^
l.ind paces in length, and adorned on each hde with [«•'
rows of line elms. The inhabitants are fo fcrupijuj
that after it has rained no perfoii is fuHered to p!,,v, „''
even walk in it till it be dry, under a penalty ot ten liv.c!
Fhis city has a mint, a receivii'> office, and al.ih.oj|-,,.'
an intendencv, a provincial, b.iiliwic, and Inrcll amrt'
File cathedral is a tine llruclure, with two lolty 11;*^.,,'
acuiious clock, and a library, where are feeiiit-jt,.!
aiitient manulcripts fillened by chains upon dtlks. 'I'h
two moll valuable of thefc manufcilpis arc, oncof th.
Pentateuch, written in fmall capitals, which L leckjn-'
to be a tlioufmd years old ; and another of the lijur(;,'i'
pels, in Saxon cliaraiSers, which fome think to beoltuj
lame age as the Pentateuch, and others twelve hiin.vl;!
years old. 'Fhere are here alio live collegl.iic chur. he
three abbies, twelve convents, and the Jcliiiij hiJhirt
a college. Fhe city is the fee ot an aichhilli-H). uiiJer
wliom are eleven futi'iagans, fevciiteen a'.ibo, tnii;^
ci llegiate churches, ninety-eight prioiles, three hui„! ;J
paiilh.s, and a hundred and ninety one chapels. Hj;
revenue is t'orly thoufand livrcs, and he pus tu tl ;• roj-r
ol Rome nine thoufand five bundled ilorins. tl-cx ,■
alio a roval palace, and an acaJLiny of pulitj lltcr:i!,i'.
While the maiiu failures of gnl.l, lilver, and lilk ho.
cades were in a Ikiurilhing condltiiii, this ci y was ccrr.
puted to contain fixty thoul'aiid inluMtams, whiLii nj,,.
berls leduced to thirty thoufand. I'he city 1> guvcmcij
by .1 mayor and twelve echevins.
Amboile, in Latin Amb^'ci.i, or Amb.ifia, isfeaiejy
the confluence of the Loire and the Ainalle, tu-elv mi:i
to the eallward of 'Foiiis, and contains a fait ofiice, jij
a royal and forell couit. In it are two pai ilh-churclic.
lour convents, and one hofpital. Near the town 1.. j
large cattle (landing on a hig'i rock, in which a.-c I'l-
llatues of Charles V'lII. and his coiilort Anne; as alio
a Itag's head of very extraordinary dHiienlinr.s, it Kiw
ten leet high and eight feet broad, from the e.Mtcniiiy
of one hoiri to the other. 'Fhis was fuppuled u lica-
tural, till it was at lalt dlfcovered to be laclltioiis, ,ii:J
only male of wood. 'Fhere are here alfo feitral other
cutiolities. In this town Chailci VIII. was fi.iiii, luhtt
by running againtt a door, or, according to odicis, by
being (hot through the head. 'Fills was alfo tiic jiliis
where the civil war in 1561 fiift broke out, and wiicie
the name of Huguenot had its rife.
SECT. XXV.
Of the twi Governmenti af Po'itsu and Aunts ; theW Shuv.l.i,
Exte>:l, Product; Kivirs, and principal Ciiics ; i;.."' j
mire pill ticiiUir DtJcripti'Ai of Poitiers tiid R:J.ili!.
THF. province of Poitou is bounded on the north bv I
'I'ourainc and Anjou, on the ead by Lj Match;
and part of IJcrri, on the fouth by Angoumois and.Aun:.,
.-.lid on the well by the l!ay of IJlfcay. It extends from |
north to fouth twenty-two French leagues, nnJlio
cad to well lorty-eight. it received its name from t.'i! |
antlent Piitavi, or Pidoni.
'i'he countiy is diverlitied with champaign hwh,
woods, and palture grounds, with a few loreits, ihel
foil is varioi , according to the dift'ercnt paitsofthtl
countiy ; but it in general abounds in coin ami can!;.
'i'he piinclpal trade of the inhabit ui:s coiil'".i In exen,
mules, horfes, and woollen (tulfs.
'I'helargtd rlveis are the V'Kiine, whlih ilfis on tt( I
borders of Limohii, and being joined by the Crcufe'taia I
into the Loire} thu Sevtc Niortoifc, v\hichiiii.s in thii
ceiJiKir, I
f, :niry, anu,
j ;; into the fe
,;;.C;|jiii, whi
I'^.j, into the V
I'his provliii
|.:n.i,;iie. Fh'a
(., ;i;it It to 1
„- , j'l It coiitiii
,i, ■ .iirnrtun.iti
1-1 .,j(>. h"'-'*-'
^,1 ;,l ilie ClIiSVI
n,..n; of r.ais,
,,, ooseriinr 1
I n
.11. .,-111015
' 111.1 proi'lni
,v|ii h lonltite
].,r..u, more fi
LiMCi ; wr (li
p:;,i-.» in wliiJi
p,;lUll^, or I
luiitgenml, anj ^
even tiJwiH or b(j.
[il.i^is. ut wliith arc
II ;i plain extciuluK,
r, aiij is Clty-tHi',
Jii>l .1 luiiiJrcd aiU
is. TlK-ciiyiilar^.j
It-Mii, on accDuiit 01'
icin from fix public
If mail above aihuu-
n lacli lulo with iwu
i arc III I'crup'.iluj,
iiilt'crid to |)!.iv, ||,f
penalty ot' teiilivic;,
lice, and a lah-uiiici.
^ic, and lorell loijti.
'ith two lolty t(m\ir
here an: leen leur.l
ns npon dtlks. The
lipts arc, one of ihe
!s, which L icckjiicj
ther of the fuur(ii,f.
imc think to beol thj
;hcrs twelve hiin.'r.j
toUcgi.iic chur, he,
the Jcfuii, hiJlu.J
an archhirn-m. unJet
iitccn a'.ib e>, tutiv;
rioiies, thiee hui„! :\
ly one thaiiei;. Hu
d he pivs to il ;■ rcurt
lieJ llorms. tk;cii
y of pulitj iitcriii,!.';,
, filver, and lili: ho.
n, this ei y wai ccr?,.
jl.itaiils, vvlii,!] 11,1,.
The city ii jov.iu.J
Ambafia, is fea;e!;t
AmalVc, tvvi-lv ai,! i
tains a l.ill ofiice, jij
; two p.iiilh-clrjrt!,;;.
Near the town ;.■ i
ack, in which arci'i!
conl'ort Anne ; as alia
y dinienfnii'.s, it 1\::vj
.1, from the ewrcmiiir
vas fnppoled t) lie i.
to be fadilioiij, .iiij
lerc alfo lev lai nf.ir
VIII. wasn..i;:, c,-,;r
cordin;; to o;h;is, l-v
'his was alfu tin ihi:
broke out, and w;,;;e
/ Aunls ; tl.tir Shujti.n,
nuiipal Cilia ; ii;.'i J
litn and Rul.ila.
inc, which tifcs on tlit
iiird by the Creufe f,iNi
jifc, v\hich lilis in tH;i[
tOJIK^J'l I
EUR OPE.
France.
,,„ry, aiiJ, after receiving the Vcnotcc, difehargcs it-
fiiiit" the fea i thefc arc all navigable: here is alio
i.'cUi'ii which riles in the frontiers of Angouniois and
.■"l, Miio the Vieniic.
i-j,,; province wascrciSed into an earlJoni by Char-
1. iiMic. Eleanor, iiaiij;hii'.rto the laft >luke of A^piitaine,
lI . ,"i.it It to her fionfc Henry 11, kuij; of l^n-Lnid, i<>
,M) It continued fn',)je£l, with fome interrupt, ii.',, till
.;,, ",irnriun.iie reign of Henry V'l when it w.i', taken
.() Inicj which liili- it has been per|)etually .innex -
.' M^lic Clown of France. It ib fuhjccf to thepailia-
' ,„. ol r.iris, and has but one provincial court. Under
,' , overnor is a lieutenant general, and tAo dcputy-
.■i ..inois
" ' ;,],, iirovincf is divided intotwo parts. Upper I'oitou,
.,!„ h Kinliiiutes the callcrii part of the countiv, is
I HI, iiioic I'uitlul, pleafans and healthy, than the
I,i\ci ; »■ llial) bij.'iii with the former, the principal
'.,■,,, ui wliiJi i-re liie following :
I'.iiiKi'i or I'oictiers, ill Latm Auguftoritum, the ca
nitdof he iDuniry, is featcd upon a hill on the lift
L,i; of tne little river Clam, into which falls anot '.cr
muiet. It lies .ibo'at eighteen leagues to the ea!f of ihe
fra co.ili, and |i venty miles to the iioith-c.dl ofRochellc,
Were its circuit to he only coiifidered, it would, p rhaps,
I..- {iti-cm-d the (iift in the kiiudom, next to Paris j but
479
This little province dcpcnd.s on the parliament of
Paris, but is partly governed by its own common la>7,
founded on cultom. Under the governor is a lieutenant-
general and a di puty-goveriior.
Rocheforr, a new regular built town, featcd nn the ri-
ver Charente, twenty-toree miles to the fiiith of Roehelle j
it was formerly a fiiiall village belonging to a private fa-
mily, from \',iom Lcv^'is XIV. bought it in i60^, in order
to Iniild a city here ; for it h.iving been oblerveJ, that
from this place to the lea, which i.s about (our miles dif-
tant, the river was large enough to cairy the bigi',elt ihips,
the bottom excellent for anchoragj, and the b.inks ver/
even and folid ; it was rclulved to er.Cl this city, and this
tclolution was accordiii.'Jy executed. It has avcry com-
modious harbour, and is one of the (tations for the royal
navy of France ■, fo that here are all the neccllary maga-
zines for fliipping, and a fpacious and convenient dock.
Hue are alfo a victualling warehoufe, a f utub ly, ii
manufaiilory of fail-cloth, the Hotel calhu Ca'/.erncs,
I wliich was originally ufcd for the L\!ucatlon ol three hun-
dred gentlemen of nohle families, lUfu'iic.l to leivc in
; the navv, and who are taught at tlie king's expence;
I but it now fcrves to lodge the marines, and is an holpital
for fiek loMiers, Sec.
I The entrance of the river is well dtfciideil by fcvcr,.l
i forts, p.uticularl '- ■ "^ ■' ■'i"' 'Uc redoubt
f^
I- '» ; ■ I
i'.» !':
■i
.1 II
;f
H :
1
'""ilk 'M,
4^9
A SYSTEM OF G £ O G U A 1' H Y.
FnA>
N'CE,
I!;-)iir^':c'i, tlic capital (if U|ipcr Ik-rry, ;iiiJ oitln; whole
CdUMiry'i IS fuuatcil dii :i hill bct^i'i'ii the livfr. KvrcaiiJ
I'rroii, til the haiiKH iit' which it piaJually lickL'iiJ.s,
thiitv-tin.' leagues tothe loiiili dl' Pari'-, ami revcnti-en
alinolt li-iuthialt otOilcans. Tiurj two livtri, fiudiii-
pils It on every lide, except on that next tlic [;ate nl
BourboniiDiix. It is a lar:re fpacioii'i city, coMtainln>r a
c.irheiiial, t\mr coiUgiaie churches helules two aiiiiexed
tti the fcnmi.irv, I'mu- abbus, and lixleen pariih-cluuclK>,
With a beautilul and l.ure colleiu', whicll lati-ly bclungcd
to thf Jeliiiti. You inect here with ni my eecleliaftio,
gentlemen, and (cholars ; and it is cimiputed that there
arc in thii city abnnt lil'teen thoufand luul.-; ; but luit
many ot them ate tradtfinen ; the place havini; no other
trade than what is neccllary lor the rublillence ot the in-
habitants, it i:i thv Ice of an archbifhop, and h.;'. an in-
tcndency, a lalt-oliice, an independent roya! iribunal,
and fiveral other olliccs and courts. The cathedral,
which is dedicated to St. Ste|ihen, is a tine Cothic liruc-
ture ftandiiu; on the iiightlt pait of the city ; thearch-
bdliop, whcMS Piiled patriarch and primate of Aquitaine,
has live fuHVanans, with a diocele of nine hundred pa-
rilhcs, and a Revenue of thirty thoufand livrc^ out of
which I'.e (lays four tlicufand and thirty-thtce florins to
ibc court of Rome.
I'ans It has a governor, a lieu'cnantijcnrrai, and a
fub-;^.ivernor. 'I heic are tweiity-fcven t.jwin or b,,.
roaj;hs in the country ; the piincipal pLicis uf winch ue
the ( jllowiny :
'r)ur5, tiic Csefarodunum,or Tiironi, of the aiicitrits
and the capital of the country, lies in a plain cxtcnJin,',
bet , Veen ih" river I. oiie and the Chtr, and is hftv-twu
nvies to the north-call of I'oitieis, and .i lunijrcd anj
twenty-fevcn to the fouth-welf of Pans. The cuy ib lame
and well built, and the ilrcets veiy clean, on account of
leveral rivulets running throu:;h ilicin from fix public
fountain.s. In this city Is a veiy fine mall above :i thou,
land paces in length, and adorned on each lide wi:li ivj.u
rows of line elms. The inhihitaiUs are fo fcrupulouj
tliat after it has rained no perfin is luH'erid to pl.iv, naf
even walk in it till it be dry, unJcr a penally ol teu livres,
I'll::, city has a mint, a receivn'- nllice, and afih-oHijf
an inteudency, a provincial, b.iiliwic, and lorell court
i"lie c.ithedral is a line llniclure, with two lofty towers'
acuiious clock, ^in 1 a library, wliere a'e feen fevtt^j
aiuient inanulcripts l.ilfened by ch.iins upon dclks. Tiij
two moll valuable of thefe manufciipts are, one of the
I'ciit.itciich, written in fniall capitals, which ii reckoned
to be a tliuuf.ind \ears old ; and aiuither of the I'uurOof.
pels, in Saxon charadkr,-, which fonic tliink to beo/thc
I ..„,. .,.>o ^3 flip l'( n(aten.h. an,! others twelve hund-l
'! ,
tjt
4^5
A SYSTEM OF G E O G 11 A 1' H Y.
I f'j
I i
i i •'
ri-i Ifi
Frante,
Ii>ur^c5, ilic capital of Upper Hcrrv, and of the whale
couniry, is fitu.itcil on a hill between the ilvt'r. ^iv^L' anJ
Orron, tn the b.uiks of which it (>ra!ually iIlM'^cmJs,
thiitv-tive leagues to the fouth i^f Paris, aiidlevenieen
almoll foutli-ealt of Orleans. Tlitfc two r iverb cniuiii-
p lis it on every tide, exeept on that next the gate of
liourhouriDiix. It is a large I'pacioiK citv, ci'.ntaininp a
c.iiheiiral, four colltgiale cluirehes, liehdes two annexed
to the fcniinary, fmir ahhus, and (ixteen parilh-clunelits,
with a beaiitilul and l.irpe college, whicli lati-ly bLluiiged
to thp Jeluits. \oa meet here with many eccleliaftii ^,
gentlemen, and fch(djrs ; and it is computed that there
are in this city about fifteen thoufand fouls ; but not
many ot them aie tradcfmen ; the place having no other
trade than what is necellary lor the fubfillencc of the in-
habitants. It is th" fee of an archhifhop, and has an iii-
tendency, a lalt-otticc, an independent rov.il tribunal,
and feveral other otKces and courts. The cathedral,
which IS dedicated to St. Stephen, Is a fine (lothie Uruc-
lure Uandmg on the highelt part of the city: the arch-
bdhop, who is ftiled patriarch and primate of Atiuitaine,
lias live fuHVagans, uith a diocefe of nine hiiiidrtd pa-
rilhc?, and a icvenuc of thirty thoufand livrci, out of
which I'.c pays four thuufand and thirty-thtec florins to
the court of Rome.
'f'l- "-'••-■ '''■ ' ' ' ■ Trance, duke of
I'aiis. [t has a governor, a lieu'cnant- general, anj a
fuh-governor. '1 here are twenty-leven towns or h,,.
roughs in the coimtry ; the piincipal pl.iCLS ot which arc
the following :
'I'oiirj, tnu Cifarodunurn,or 'I'uroni, of the antitnt,
and the capital of the country, lic» in a plain ixiciiilin,!
between ill; river Loire and the L'htr, aiij is tiftv-tui'
miles to the north-ealt of I'oitiei.s, and .1 luuiJrtd 4„j
tu-eiity-fevcn to the fouth-welt of Paris. Thecny 11, |jr ..
and well built, and the (Ircets veiy clean, on aeciiuiitui
leveral rivulets running through them from lix public
fountains. In this city is a vtiy fine mall abuic a tirou.
I.iiid paces ill length, and adorned on each hde wi:h iw.j
rows of tine elms. The Inhibitaiits are fu fcruii'jliij,
that after it has rained no perfon is lutl'erid to pl.iv, ii,J
even walk in it till it be dry, un.lerapen.iliy ot tei, l.v.cs
This city has a mint, a reeeivLi\ otlice, and a fali-uihcf'
an iiitendencv, a proviiicial, b.iiiiwic, and lorclt Kvin'
The c.ithedral is a fine llmclurc, with two lolty tu ,,;'
a cuiious clock, anl a library, where are feeii .eurj
antient mamifcripts falk-ned by chains upon Jtlks. ('ne
two moll valuable of thefe mamifcripts arc, oiie of tht-
I'cnt.iteiich, written in fmall ca|)ita!s, whicli ia r^ekjiiij
to be a ihoufind years old ; and another of tne lourCiii'.
pels, in Saxon charadler.^, which fomc think tu be 01 1;,;
lame ape as the PuUaieiich. and otiicrs twelve luin,'-il
"jverrinr is
w-
If ' I'i
FPA\C£,
ii.ii\t-'j,cncr,>l, aiij^
cvfii towns or Ik,.
pl.Kti ol wlikh a:c
Dili, of the ancitnti,
11 a plain cxieiiJin,,
r, aiij IS lilty-two
aiul .1 liuiiJiiJ mij
lis. 'I'liccily liljrji;
Icin, (111 account ui
ifin Itom lix public
ic mall above atlnm.
each liiii.- wi:li uvo
arc lo krup'iliius,
liiH'crid to |)!,iv, II ,f
penally ot tci.l,v;c:.
I'uc, anil a lah-uilicf
(ic, ami lorcll lo'irt.
ith two lolty to .VIS,
Ik'Ic are lecn .I'uril
ns upon dtlks. Tne
lipts are, one of tbi:
Is, u-hicii ii tccltoiKd
thcr of tnc fourOof.
nic think to beol the
iicis twelve liun,'-il
■liV.
J-....
Si in'Kni>r
1^
i' y.
Fmnch- E U U
j;iirv, ail'!, after receiving the Vcnotcc, dllLhargcs ii-
1 ■ into the fca i tliofe are all navigalilc : here is alii
CliiiU which rilcb in the frontiers of Aiigmiiiioib and
l',i> iiiiothe Viennc.
Tni; province wasrrcilled into an carlJom by C'lar-
1 ni'iic. I'-k'aiivir, d lo;hierti) the hll dukeof A inii.ine,
\, Mt It to her fKiiife Henry 11, kin:^ of lin-l.irid, lo
„r 1 It contiiiu;-d kil^jcil, with foine intcrrupii.ui'j, till
., ill (iriunate reign of Henry VI when it was taken
|,i '0, lince which tiiii.- it ha>. been perpetually annex -
t' io III'' <-'i"Wi' I'f I'laii' •-'• It la fiibjcct to the pailia-
n-'iiiiil l^'l'i>> •""' "■'■'' but one provincial court. L'nder
.V . jveiiior is a lieutenant ;j;i:ncral, and t.vo d:.-paty-
P
479
..illlOI.S
■ ,ii. ,irovince is divided intotwo parts. Upper I'oitou,
nhi !i ionltiiute> the ealiern part of the couiitu, is
];.u, more luiiiful, pleafair, and healthy, than the
LiMii ; «•■ fliali be^'in with the former, the principal
p ;iM III vvlii^Ii are the lollowing :
j'„iiiii>, or Poiclicrs, ill L.itiii Augnftoritum, the ca
rit.'l of lie country, is featcd upon a hill on the left
Unkol tnc b'tle river Clam, into winch tall, aiiot ,cr
livciel. it lies .ibo'Jt eij;hteeii b.a^u'-s to the eaft of ihc
f;aco.il), and !■ vcntv miles to the noithe.dt ofRochellc,
Were lis circuit to be only co.ifidered, it would, p rhaps,
b; direnud the fiift in the kiiudoin, next to I'aris ; but
far fri'in i" iii^ peopled in proportion to its extent,
Ills 1
..•:,1|
This little province depends on the parilamrnt of
Paris, but is partly governed by its own common la"/,
fouii.led on cullom. Under the governor is a iieutenant-
j^eneral and a d: puty-govcrnor.
Rochefon, a new regular built town, featcd nn the ri-
ver Char'iite, twenty-three mil/s to the fiiitli of Roehelle ;
it ivas formerly a fmall vill.i;;e bilon^in^ to a private fa-
mily, fioiii w.ioin Lewis X. V. bou;jlii it in l6(j,^, in otdcr
to build a city here ; for it li iviii;; Iv'cn obl'erved, that
from this place to the lea, which is i.lxnit four miU-i dif-
tant, the river was lar.'e enough to cairy the bifi'jcit fhipi,
the bottom excellent for anchorarr-', and the baiikj very^
even and folid ; it was relulvcd to cnct this city, and lllil
rcio'.utioii w.is accordiiK'Jy executed. It has avcry com-
modious harbour, and is one of the flalioiis tor the royal
navy of I''raiicc ; fo that here arc all the iiecelV.uy ma^a-
7. lies for fliippin^, and a I'pacious and convenient dock.
H.re are ulfo a victualling warehoiife, a found ly, i>.
manufaiilory of fail-cloth, the H^til calUd Ca/,eriics,
vviiich was ori[;inally ufed for the cliication ol three hun-
dred ^I'litlemen of noble families, diUi'jie.l to iVive in
the iiavv, and who are taii;5ht at the king's expence ;
but it now fcrves to lodj^e the marini', and is an holpital
for fick fol.iiers, &e.
The entrance of the river is well difcnded by fevcr..I
forts, jiariieularlv one in the Ifle ol Aix, the redoubt
facin:; it called Aiguille, fort Foutax, de la I'oin'e, and
Vergcion ; and about a league below Roehefort, is a lon;^
(tore ido acrol's the liver. On the t.venty-rirll ot Sept.
1757, the Ide of Aix, with the fort upon it, was taken by
the hr .ve captain How, in the M i],naniinc, afiei about
I an hour's lefiftance, when the whole gairifon, vvhiLlicon-
lumdied men, were made prilbncrs of
lt>.
f-crcbcin.' lorii fields and m.ailows within tlic vv
fitlieciiy has been fi, reduced by the civil wars, that it
j; I'lr.nH become a dcfati, and is a mean fiiioky place.
j- 1,, ho.vevcr, a feat of a lencfchallhip, a prehdial court,
an r'(rKe of the fiiiaiucs, and a country court. It is
1-. Kf of a biibop, who is fufFragan to the arcli'-iihup of ' filled of near lix
!;",;rJ..uix, and has a dioceie of leven hundred and ' war.
;v. :itvt*o pariflies, with a revenue of twenty-two ■ RochelIc,inLatin RupeIle,thecapltaK<ftlieprovinceanJ ,^
•.-■i.;l'.iiii! livrc:, out of which he p.iys to the couit of ' government, in forty-lixdegrecsfixtecn minatesnorth lati- Al':ff-
Ronctvko tlioufaiid eight hundred florins. The cathe ' tude, and one degree ten minutes wcftlongitude, is (eated '
irJ i' "f 'in uncommon fi/.c, and built in the Gothic ] on the fca. It has a pood harbour, but is rather hai.dl'ome
f:,I ir. this tity are alfo four collegiate churches, fe j than large. '^I'he city has broad and llraight fireets, witfi
v.r.Mii ether paridi-ihiirchcs, four ald)Ks, twenty one [ neat honfes, fupported by piazzas and porticos, which
CLinvcnts, and two feminarics ; the jeiints had alio a | afford (lultcr both from the rain and fun. It is the fee
I 'i;'; here. An 1111 verlitv was founded in 1431, and of a bifliop, fuli'ragan to the arcnhifliop of Bourdeaux,
i!x;are likewile three holpita's. In |6H;- the inhabi I with a diocefe of one hunilrcd and eighty parilhes, and
ijii'' eriiled in the Royal lc|uare a pcdel'trian flatue of ; a revenue of fevcntccn thoufand livres, out of which he is
l:w.^ XIV. The inhabitants in this town are priiici- ■■ taxed by the court of Rome feven hundred and forty-two
•ii'.'vi Miipioyed in making gloves and tombs; they alfo floiins. Here is alfo an inteiidency, a provincial and a
i\|i''i woollen caps and It.-ickings. ; bailiwic couit, an admiralty, a chamber of commerce, and
i'iicre i,rc here fonie remains of Roman antiquities j a- ' a mint. The Jefuits had alfo a college here; and there
ni:i; ihefe is an aiiipliithcatre, which lies among gardens 1 is likewife a college of phvfic, anatomy, and botany, for
;.:.'. :ai.il' hnufes, a triumphal arch, or rather gate, eitct- [ the inftruttion ol \ ouiig furgeons and apothecaries.
t,'..;t'ii. beginning of a military way, of which nothing i Rochelle was th: principal feat of the reformed in
;,i I'lu'.nt remains but the arch, with the two pilh.rs ' France, whofe inhabitants embracing Calvinifm in the
1 lupport it. The palace and thick round tower fixtcenth century, (utKeicd extremely during the civil
wars, and having been fortified by them, was frequently
defended with the utmoft bravery. It was long poH'efTed
lii the iieigbbourhood of this city Edward the I'lack i by that body, till at length Lewis XIII. after a long and
Prince obtaimd a memorable victory over the Ficnch, in ! famous fiege, made himfelf maftcr of it in 1628, chiefly
thi'ier.r I ^56, at which he took John their king, with j for want of the promifed luccours from England, which
his on I'h dip, prifoners. did not arrive in time, and by means of an admirable
Kicrt is the bell trading town in the province ; it is ■ bank of earth that cardinal Richelieu caufed to he raifed
fciucj nn the river Soure, and has a bailiwic, a loyal ju- | againft it on the fide of the ocean, to prevent their rc-
lilJiclion, and a forcd court. It contains a caftle, two ■ ceiving fuccouis. Famine at length obliged them to ca-
pirilh churches, and nine convents, a general holpital, j pitulate, in conftqucnce ofv.hi.h their privileges were
ar.l has fome nianufadlurcs of wool. 1 taken from them, and the lonifi ations dcmoldhcd, ex-
Luroii, a city in Lower I'oitou, is feated in a niorafs ; ccpt onlv two towers that delend the port ; but his fon
Lewis XIV. caufed new and vciy (Irong lottifications to
be raifed lound it. The poit is almoll ot a circular
figure, and near hiteen hundred paces in circuit. One
of the above-mentioned towers defending the port, is a
hiinuicd and thirty pariflies, and he has a revenue of' prifon for (late criminals, and the other is calleil the
twenty thoufand livres, out of which he pays to the court Fowcr of the Chain. No veiii;! can enter into the har-
cfRnmc one thoufand flji ins. The air of this place is , hour without leave of the governor, or captain of this
unwholcfomc, and, bcfides the cathedral, it c/jiitains only , lall tower.
one parifli church, otie fcminary, and two convents. ' The principal maiuifaiElure carried on here is the re-
Thc government of Aunis is bounded on the north i fining of fugar ; and they have lately fct up a manufac-
Eiid welT by I'oitou ; on the fouth by Saintonge ; and on ' ture of eaithcn ware which fuccceds vcrv well. A con-
tiie vt'cll by the iJay of Ilifcay. It is watered by the Soaic, llderable trade is carried on heic to the iflands of Amcri-
wliich life, in I'oitou, and there are good harbours along ca, to which ;;11 the ncccfraries of life are fcnt, and from
the coafl. The country is fomewhat barren, but pro- ! thence the velFcls employed in it bring back the produce
duces fome corn, and a great deal of wine; the inatfhci of ihofo countries. The Lnglifli in time of peace, with
sford (rood jiallurage. ihe Dutch, Danes, and the Swedes, annusllv fend to
2 ' RoehcllB
■by it arc laid to be Roman works; but they carry
ii: ent traces of their being of (Sotbic ilructurc.
"I \
twenty-three leagu.s to the louth-well of I'oiticrs, and
cni'ivs the title of a barony. It is the fee of a bifhop, {
wha is lord and baron of the town, and fufFragan to '
Ini archbifhop of Bourdeaux. His diocefe conhfts cf two i
i I
i,
1
i
: '1 \
'i
i
\ >
,1*. .
I:
'-'\m'%'
4S0
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
'RAMct,
i M-
h'M'
lii^
i i
»L -
f :!'l
*■',/<
Rochel'tf a great number offlilp.-, in or.lcr to t.ikc wine,
bi.iiuly, ('.ill, p.i|vr, linen, c li)th, and riTi;ci,
'riic lilj <>f lie, in L.itin R "lis lii^ between two
an.l thici; riciKli U.ijjiiCii fioni i!ie Coiitinint, and is
lour niilei in kn!;lli, iind two in lirc.ullii. It proJiiris
[ilintv ol'winc, of whicii is ni^nli'a viiy fini.' (vtl of liraii-
<iy, ami is very poimldits. It li.i.i a littli; loitificd town,
ii.iinrd St M;iitin, wliiili li isi a lurbour and citJucI, and
is liki'tt'il'i' dct'tnilid liy t'lrcooilKT (iirii.
'I'lii' illc lit' (.)lotiin, in Latin Ulianis, Is al-oiit ilirec
Frc:ii.li lo^giK'. ilill.mt I'ln.n the mainland) it is fivi'
in lfn;.'tli, two in brc;ili!i, ami extremely friiitt';;!.
'I'lic mil iliilani:, here ha"in-: bun able and expert C.iilors
fiT thU'e li-; or I'lvcn hun^lii 1 ye.Ks part, h;ive drawn up
rules I'nr the maiine, caU:.l tlic L.uvs of Olcron, which
have feived as a model to ntlur niatitiiiic powers with re-
gard t'l Tea afF.ilrs. Thcfe illauJera have alvv'ys enjoyed
very Liiniidcrabh- piivilec;cs, both under the dukes of
Aijuitnine, and the kings nf I'rance, and had a gcncrnor
p;' iiliar to triemrelve-., who Iiad a very cxtenlive autho-
rity. This idaiul, tOLV'thcr with that of Re, wa; taken
in the fixteentli ceiitiirv by the riti/eus nf Ruihtlle; and
as ihele illan.iers were veiy well all'jelid to them, on ac-
count dl' the rd'ormcd leli^ion, which ninrt of them [irn-
(ell'.d, tiiey tuntinued marter.i c.f tlicl'e ifl;nJs till I'lc year
1025, ut which time Lcwij Xlll. took thcni a^ain.
tt has a flron|Tcaftlu built on a rork, andcnromiMfr.,
wilh ilitehescut into it, thoii;',h very (U-cp nii il,;.. ||j, ,
the river whieh runs at it; font. This radle is fl, u ,
ll.ifl. i;.u,-ril I ,,,.,..,..., .r, .,..,1 U.. .. LI.- " "'IIICOJ
no*
"'in
. 'e-icli here
and the lib-., I
G K C T. XX\ I.
Oft!.':: tx) Gn'inuiwnti cf Aiij'.u an.l Snir:rir ; t'.iir SitHil-
t/'vi iiH:l Extent \ tvitb a Difiii/ li:it of An^cn mid
Sauiiiui .
Ti'IC j;overnmcnt of Anjou, which received ifi! name
ffciiii the r ^cient And's, orAndegavi, is bnunJ-
f J i>:i the 1101 th i.y the river .Maine ; lai the eall by To.i-
laiiie; on the fouth by I'oitc.u ; and on the weft bv J'lit-
t..iiy. It, >.Mcatert leoLjih fioni oail to well is tvventy-fi.\
French leagues, and f;om north t) fuuih twent)- r'uur.
The country is a pleafant fucccflion of hills .ml val-
lics, p.-odutiii!^ com, wine, peafe, beans, fl ix, hemp, and
t'ruit-irces. Its fin.' pafturcs aH'o furnidi great herds of
catile. It haa likcwil'e mines of coal, iron, and falt-petre,
tO'',cthcr wilh quantities of marble, ftoii?, and date.
ill thio country arc reekoncd no Icfi than forty- nine
preat and rmall rivers ; but only fix ol'tliefearc naviga-
ble. Thcfe arc the Loire, the Vier.r.c, the Tone, the
Mar/^nne, the Loir, and the .Sartc. This country is
i.Mdir the parliament of Pari", but h is l.uvs of i;s own.
Siiliurdiiiaic to the governor, is one lieutenant-general,
ai:d tv.M fub-govcrnors. The piincipal city in this go-
vcrnmLiit is
Anger;, anciently Jilloniajus, and in Latin An-
dc:;avum, the capital ot ti-.e country, lies a little above
the place where the rivers l>oirc and Sarte fall into the
-Majenne, wliich divides the city into two cipial parts.
Tlie firft walls weic r.iifed by John, furnamed Lack-
l;'.nd, king of En:Jand and duke of Anjou ; but prince
Lew's, alt.rvvarda king Lewis V'lll. I'on of Philip Auguf-
tu.",>'auledthofe walls to be demolilhed ; however, St. Lewis
his foil and fucccfl'or rebuilt them as they now arc. This
is a large and populous city, containing nine thoufand
iu^ufes, and about thiity thouland inhabitants ; it has
lixtcen pariflies, twelve of which are within the town,
zind four in the fuljurbs. Here arc likewil'c eight colle-
j;ia;c cliurcli'.s, and a great number of convents both of
livri and women. This city is the fee of a bifliop, who
jb i'ufr'ragan loth'^ arehliifhop of Tours. His diocele con-
tains fix hundred aiiJ fixty eight pariflies; his revenue
EU'.ounts to twtnly-il\ thoufand livrcs, and his taxation
at t'.ic court of Rome is fcventteii hundred florins. The
cathedral is remarkable for three very high fteeples built
«in its portico, of which that in the middle rcfts upon the
fi)unJ.itions of the two ethers. Its r"of is very high,
large, and bold; it is not fupported by any pillais; and
the whole llruduic is in general elegant. Part of the
town (laiidi very low; lo that it is proverbially faid in i
the nei^lib. "'ring country, '' that Angers is a low town, '
" hai hi^li lieejJcs, lith ilrumpets, and poor fcliulars," ;
I
with levcral huge towers, and has a half mn„„ 3,',""
gate which leads to the fubuibs. It was buili
Lewis durinr; the wars with the En^lilh, .n,,)
(erves as apiil'on for Ihite ciiininals.
'I'he univerfity, which is one of the mud famnu,
France, was founiled by St, Lewi;. They 1
the civil and canon-law, divinity, phyfi;, :
art', A chair for a prolellbr of the inathemaiics lias b--
lately creiiled herein the college of the Citlurs of t'"
C)r.itorv. Lewis XIV, in 1615, cftabliihcd m this c v"
a royal academy, with the fame privileges as that ''i
Paris : it cenfilh of thirty-fix members, who niiiUall 1,
natives or inhabitants (dihe province. H.'re isa'.,r--
proecdioii annually cclibrated at a fc!l,val called la'i' ?!
du IDieu, whicli is on Corpus L'hrifti day, when all \^'.
pricits and monks, with the prin-'ipal inhabitants an'
numbers of Ifrangen, carry lighted trchci in their haiij.'
and reprei'ciitili-.ns of Si njiturc I illoriis en -rav;-,! ,'
atone for tire pretended crime of their arehdcaeou iJtt'cp!
gariui, svlrj oppjfed tranfubdantiation about the y-jr
1019, when that iioL^rinc was firft preiched here.
'i'his city is under the government o.' a mayor anj f^ ,
aldermen, annually choicn i twelve coanlellu;;, (.jti,.
alii ll'ir;, a city attorney, a commifl'ary, and a rccorj, r
Their jurililietion extends over the nianufailorits fct i.^
in the town, fiiburbs, and liberty. TluCe Mianuf.v.lurfj
. confift of line \v',o!len lliirA, flripcd with (ill; -"lil .,,j|^i
I Tliey alfj bleach wax and linen cloth. In th; [,',,,''j
arc likcwife Come fugar-bakers.
The Siunmroi I, <u- government of Saii.-rar, rontai.--
a part of Anjou and Upper Poitoii ; it is ululer the dirVc!
tie;n of a governor, a lieutcnai t-gener.il, ar.d a fi;!) „j.
v.rnor. The principal place it contains ii '^
Sauinur, in Latin Salmurus, the capital, and tiic feat
ofthepuhlie courts and offices, ftands tweiity-tvvrimil's
to the louth-c.ilt of Angers, and a hundred aii.l llxty 10
thcl'outh-we!! of Parii. It contains afinccalHc, li,.;,
parifh-churehes, nine convents, and one royal eoliti;i.',
Here is an important pallagc over the Loir, up)ii v^•(]i'(.|,
there is a famous bridge. This city was much more
opulent while in the polllflion of the Prot ll.-.ats ; but
has dill an univerfity. Near it is the magnific. nt abbcv
of the Benedlclines of the congregation of'St. .Miur.
SEC T. XXVII.
Of tin G'jvcrnmcnt ifOilfanoii ; iti Situntim, r..<U:it^
■z-ifji:!. Riven, Ciiiiih, uiul py'mcip.'il Lil':a.
T
HE government of Orloanois coiifiRs of fcvcral
Normandy and the lf!e of Franee ; on the e.ilbvili'e
Ide of France, Champa.-'ne, and Hurgunle; 1:1' the
fouth by Nivcrnois and herry ; and on the wi-ft liv Tou-
raine and Maine; including Oileanois Propc-, Snliunr,
Ucaud'e Proper, or Cl. .rtraine, Dupnis, Vemij'iiois,
lilaifois, the grea;ed j- t of Gatinois, an.i Perehcljouct.
The whole government extends about thirty-tv.'o loajuo
in length from cafl- to wcfl, and tw-nty-cight in triJth
from norih to fouth,
'Fhe rivers whieh run through tbi.s government, ot
have their fourcc in it, are the Loire; the Loirct, wliich
rifes .1 league from Oilcans, and falls into the Lr' ; the
Cher, which all'o runs into the Loire ; the Laroiiie,
wdiich rifes in the wood of Orleans, and lofes itfeh'ia
the fame river; the Aiglc, which rifes in this govern-
ment, .nnd all'o rninjles with the Loire ; the Hycre,
which lofes itfelf under ground, and, wli-n it afterwarJ;
appears agaui near Afont.gny, is called ie G melon, falb
into the fame river.
In this- didil't are likcwife fomc remarkable c.ina!;.
That of Briaie, whirh receives its name from a faiill
town, joins (lie river Lnirc to the f /oing, which fall : into
the Seine, and confeijucntly opens a commiinicali'in bc-
tw.ei the countries lying on the Loire and the city of
Paris. The canal of Orleans alio joins the above-nvi-
tiencJ
ili:lliiiv, a countr
•I'RAMcr,
^It, am!cncoTip.i(r;j
llccpnii thfliJoof
Ilis cilllc is (l.iiikca
.1 lull' innoii at tho
Jt wai built by Sr.
in^lilli, ami it nu^
the moll famous in
;. They tcjcli hcr<
lyfi.-, aiKl the lib:,„i
latlieinaiit'i lus bcci,
f tlij f.nthuri of tV-
abhlhcil ni tl,i, jj.,;
rivili-gcs as that of
;rs, who mull all 1 .-
cc. H:rc is a ■rc-r
::l.val calicil laK..
li il.iy, when all t!,"
).il iiihabit.inf;, ani
rchciinihcir h.uij.'
llori.s cn^rav,-,!, tu
r ariJulcaeoii litrcp,-
ion about the v;jr
iriMcbcj hLTc.
ol'.i iiiaym- anj foit
C COUMlcllulS, cinli;
ary, and a rccotl.f,
niaiiiil'a;l,ir:(.s C:t i.t
TIkIl' inanurv.lurrj
I u'iih lilk vv\ 7.1,1.
:luth, hi ihj t ;,',a
f S.iu.-nur, font.iln.i
it is iinclcr tlii.'dirtc-
v.-ml, :ii;d .1 fub jrj.
:aiiis i'i
capital, anil the feat
Ills tweiity-tvvnmiK'j
luiiJnd aivj lixty to
s a fine rait!:, iluc*
J oni; ruyal college.
le Loir, up)!i whrch
y was much more
he Trot iLiuts ; but
ic niai^iiificin; abbcv
on of St. M.iur.
II.
ittintinn, r.v.'.-,i/, D'-
bicipd CilLs.
•J liver'
EUROPE.
4B»
thi;
ronfilli of fcv;ral
111 on the ;i irih by
o;i tho c.ic by the
]?'.irguMly ; 'in the
n the '.vi'ft iiy Tou-
jis I'ropc, Solojno,
unoi?, Vcmio'iiois,
,anrl IVrche Goutt.
t thirty-two leagues
nty-cight ill br-;Jth
this j^ovcrnmcnt, or
; the l.oiict, which
into the L*" e ; the
,oiic ; the Laconic,
s, and Icfes ilfolfin
rifi;^ ill this govcrn-
Lnire ; the llycrc,
, wh-n it afterward;
led ic G iia-lon, falli
rcrnnrkable cana!-'.
name from a fiii ill
|)in", which fall; imo
ciiiiiiminicati'Jn bc-
,oire and the ciiy ot
oino the abov--m'i-
ticntii
aivil, which wa« begun in 1682, and
Uiilk'l '1' " ')^' '" '"-'"^ <.'ij5ht«cn lejjuis In length, and
"'.„,, ihii;y (liiicci.
"]iu' whole ^(jvenmient is fu'ijca to the pailiamcnt of
11, "jlidcolUaiii> lour laij;e and thrrc Ini.ill jurifdic-
' ' 'I'lie trade cairicd mi hen- by iniana of the Lo re
,, !,■ moll cxtiiilivr ill the whole kin vloni, conipre-
li '\m not only all that come-, from the foiithcni and
1' imports, hiu likewifefroin fi)reii;n eoiintrits. The
vpil dapic is at Orleans. Under the i^overnot are
' lieutcii3nt-(;ciierals, and three I'ub governors.
OrluiVMS Proper is one of the finill countries in
hriiKCi it hem;; fertile in corn, wine,.ind excellent fruit;
•Ijiauiiiliiig I" cattle, game, ami lifh. The principal
j.-ciiii this governniei.t are the lollowing ;
'"(lileaiis aiitieiitly Cienabum, or Cenabum, and after-
I ijs Auii.li'Uium and Aureliaiia, the capital of the t;o-
itinfflciit,
ili;« I
i-,lcated on the Loire, over which ithasahnc
ladiiiLT to a fuburb on the
iMcliriJ^v >>l lixteen arches,
uiifideol the river. On this bridge is to be fecn a
'■iuiiful moiuniKiit of cad brafs Handing on a llnne
K«iW< •''•" ''■''' ''^1^'-' ornaments in the Gothic talle.
hlhecciif-'r of the momiment is acriieihx, on the top
iwhich ftaiiJi a ptlican with its brood pecking its own
'Kill; before the cruiilix is the Virgin iNLiry fitting
^,;,ll;(; dead body of Chrill reclined on her lap. On
liciijhtlide is king Charles Vll. kneeling and (Iretchiiig
..iboth his hands towards the crofs, anil on the left fide
l": ijavjus maid of Orleans, alio reprel'cnted kneeling,
I.:, armed cap-a-pie with (words by their lides ; the king
hi. IK French coat of arm-., and wears a crown on his
Idniti. lint the helmet <)f the maid is placed by her : her
b.iitifd behind, and the red of it hangs loofe on her
k„k. Thcfe datucs are not fo big as the life. A Colemii
nt.cOion is annually obferved here on the twelfth of
j!;;, in commemoration of the deliverance of the city.
l;:;.iaJ» in a moll agreeable plain, and is built in the
tM of a bow; the Itreets in general are narrow, but
ioni; of them are broad and llraight. This city, which
ii.bout four miles in circuit, is but meanlv built, and,
iK-'ptafew of the tradel'men, the inhabitants are poor,
lli^tiicfec of a bifliop, and contains an iiucndaiuy, a
nlltlliiiy, a country court, a forelt court, a falt-offiee,
iiiuthcr courts and offices. It has a tine cathedral built
iiKiljot'iic llylc, an abbey, three collegiate churches,
i».n;v-fwopariih-churches,an univeility confiding only
Eiviiians, which was lormcrly very famous, though it
i,i:|irefent III no great repute, one leminary in which
iviai:vis taught, and a public library. Tlie Jefuits had
no a college here. Its bifhop, who is (ubordinate to
r.eirchbifllop of i'aris, lias a dioeefe of two hundred and
Inenti-twopanlhes, and a revenue of twenty- four thou-
fcllivrcs, out of which he pays two tlioufand florins
loik court of Rome. The public walk is properly a
piitofthecity ramparts, levelled and planted with beau-
liul rows of trees. The fuburb on the farther fide of
lie rivcrniakcs a tolerable appearance, and has a Car-
rtiSjn niuiudery. This city, on account of its fitua-
wnii the middle of the Loire, is the magazine of the
whole trade of the kingdom, efpecially in torn, wine,
ttimlv, and fpices : it alio carries on a confidcrable
lr!ii.-ialhecp-fkiiis, and likewile in dockings, uf which
•ffit quantities ate made here.
lathe year 1 34.+ it was railed to a dukedom and peer-
i;t,3iid Lewis XIV. gave it his brother Philip, in which
U!c it continues.
TMs city was befieged by the Lnglifh in 1428, and
f) Itraitened, that the inhabitants rei'ulved to futrender
i''.iiedukc of Burgundy, then in the Englifli army, and
fiirally. Hut the Englilh not being willing that the
ulliould be given up to him, he was difgurted at it,
••lijcan of Arc heading the foldiers, railed the fiege in
\i'"), from wliich (he obtained the name of the ALiid of
jtVlcain. The rrench language is fpokeii here in the
S'taiclt purity.
The tc.rell of Orleans lies to the north of the city
iiiofthe river Loire, and is the larged in the whole
lyJoin. It contains about fourteen thoufand acres
tjnteil with wood ; but is interfperled with feveral plains
inu llages, It is twenty leagues, or (Ixty miles, in length,
Min .nme pl.iccs fevtii or eight leagues, and in others
h
only two or three in brcidth. It contains high and lofty
trees, as oaks, elmv, tVc. In this forell they fdl limber
every year to tlie value of a hundred thmifmd livres, the
profits of which belong to the duke of Orle.nis.
Charties, the AiiirKUin of the antiems, is the capital
of the country of Chaitraiiij it is liiu.ited on the river
Lure, about lourteen leagues to the fnuili-wed of i'ari.,
and IS divided into two parts bv the above rivei, the
larijed of which tiamis on an emiiience. It is the lie of
a bifhop, and ha . a noble catluilral ■, but the city has
little beauty to uronmu-iid it, the llieit:, being narrow,
and the buildiiiL'Mild. It h.is three abbie-, one priory,
fix parKh-chuiches, without including thole in the I'uh-
utbs, nine convents, one leminary, and tv\'n hofpitals.
In the city are alio held a provincial and bailiwic court,
together with a fait ofHce. 'I'lie bifhop, who i;. fult'ra-
gm to the archbifhop of Paris, has a dioeefe of eight
hundred and ten pariihes ; his annual revenue amounts to
twenty-live thoufand livres, out of which he pays four
thoufand florins to the court ol Rome.
Illois, in Latin Hlefx, the capital of the ilidriiEl ol
Hlaifois, (taiuls partly on an eminence, and partly in .1
plain on the river Loire, over which it has a well-built
done bridge. It is lituatvd ten leagues to the foutli-
well of Orleans, in apuieair, and in the miJdofoiic
of the fined couiiirKs in France. It is a large handlome
city i but the greitilt beauty of it is the palace, or callle,
the relidencc of (everal of their kings, with gardens a-
dorned with fountains and other water-works, andapaik.
fuitable to the magniliccnce of the buildings. The Itaii -
lafe of the palace is iniicli admired, as well as the gal-
lery, which is (aid to be fix hundred feet loiu; ; and over
the great gate is a datue of Lewis XII. In the grand
court btfoie the palace dands one of the larged colle-
giate churches in France. It is remarkable that there is
an image of the Vngin over every gate of the city i thcfe
were fet up in if>ji, when, after liaving fudered much
by the plague, they imagined, on its ceafin;:, that they
were miracnioully delivered by the queen of heaven, as
tni-y dile her. 'Fhe parifli-church of St. Solenne, the
l.irgell 111 Blois, having been dedroyed by a temped, was
magnificently rebuilt by Lewis XlV. and converted in-
to a cathedial. I he Jeluits had alfo a beautiful college
here, the front of which is adorned with the Doric, the
Ionic, and the Corinthian orders of architciflure. The
other public edifices, as the town-hoiife, and the build-
ing where the courts of jullice are held, are well worth
viewing. Their fountains arc alio large, and well fup-
plicd by a noble aqueduit, I'uppol'cd to be the work of
the ancient Romans.
The bifhop, who is fulfragan to the archbifhop of Paris,
has in his dioeefe about two hundred paridies, and hi.i
revenue amounts annually to twenty thoufand livres, out
of which he is taxed two thoufand five hundred and thirty-
three florins at the court of Rome. There are here fe-
veral churches befides thofe we have mentioned, and
likewile a confidcrable number of convents.
The natives are repreftntcd as being remarkable for
their good fenfe and gentle behaviour, as well as their
fpeaking French in perfeilion, which is fuppoled to pro-
ceed from the freijueiit rcfidence of the court in this
city.
The principal trade here is in wine and brandy, which
are lent to Orleans, Paris, Tours, Laval, and even into
Holland ; and the city is alfo dllUnguilhed for making
the bell watches in the kingdom.
Chambord, a royal palace feated in a wood on the
river (-)odon, is a magnificent edifice of freeltone, built
by Francis 1. It is ("aid to exceed any (jothic edifice in
France, and to have fuch various beauties, that the great-
ell mailers may learn Ibmething from it. The body of
the building is compofed of (bur large pavilions, and the
whole is furrounded with a wall of hewn-ltone, flanked
with towers, which at a diltancc give it a magnifi-
cent appearance. The tower over the center looks very
grand, and the principal winding itair-cafe isnuuh ad-
mired. The halls, anti-chamber, chambers, wardrobes,
cabinets, and galleries, are ofcxiiuifite architecture, and
the "arden and park anfwerable to the beauty of the
building. In this pilace Stanillaus, the dethnncd king
ofPol.iiid, rcfided huie rears. It w.is altei w.iids con-
6 F ' leiica
f
n
I
I
4S2
A S V S 1 EM OF
1
I
'1
1
^J
IV.
,'>^
! i.
>
t -
1 .
I
'>tfl III
raf'fl
,'i
|fflnwi
r
i|jf|j| |H
|i
niM{
fjif.ffl
'
fcrrcil on the ccltlii ilij ;;i;iili.i1 i.n'iu ' l.iuiiif of Saxc,
who tiicil licrc ill tlic jc.ii I/50, wlnii 1..0 king gave it
iiii heir the count ik Friii, who ilicil livrc in the year
'755-
.M"nt.irgis, the c.i,>itul i.f ilu- ( i.uuioij Oili'inois, is
fltiutcil on the rivir J.nin :, mar llic pl.uo wlicrc the
can.il ol' Orleans t.ilU inti it, twenty-live Icajjiics to the
lyiilh ot I'aiij. rile town ii not l.irije j liiit having hccii
burnt iluvvn, ib hanJlbnieiv rebuilt, .ind h.ii ac.illlc plia-
fantiy litu.itcJ on a.'iil), that conini.nuls the town aiul liu'
liti.;hliouriiig country. Here is a li.iiliwic, a forelt, a
provincial court, aiul a lalt-olTice. IJilides the pirilh-
chnrch, there arc ten rh;i|K'iii louii.'ej liy iliu iiihabitaiitj,
witli a college, ami k\eral conveiU:>.
s r. c T. XXVIII.
Ofthi'GiViTKt'ia.lr'f A/iiiii,- (itiil Piii'''e ; tin SitUiit'nn nnd
Extent :( '''V'' PriViiiiti ; l/'iir Prci/uu; Rii'crs, tiiul
pri>n:pii! Touni.
THE ,'^overninciit wc .ire now going to cleltiihc com-
preiiiMuls the province nt M.ijnc, the earMoni of
Laviil, ami the gre.itell p.iit of the e.irKlom of I'erclif,
The county of .Maine is liouniUJ on the north hy
Korin.uuly, on thee. ill hy I'ui he, on the fnutli hy I'ou-
raiiie ainI Orlcanois, aiul on the vvell hy Anjou .mil Itrit-
tmy, cxttiulinj ci^htv-eight mile.', in len ;th from c.ilt to
welt, aii.l fifty 111 hie.iJili troin nortli to limth.
It has mines of iron, quarries of niiirhle, anil, heiiig
very Iruitful, abounds in corn, wine, (l.ix, ami e.ittlc :
their fiwlb arc particularly adniircJ, ami .ue well known
at I'.iiis. Its priiicipal rivers are the Madeline, or Maine ;
the lliiiliu', which rifrs in I'erchc, aiul runs into the
Saite; the Sartc, which .illii rife.s in I'erche, niul alter
recciviiic; the Ornc, the Huifne, tlie Knferne, and the
Little I, lire in itj pair.i;j;e, falli into the iM:'.yennc.
This country was tornicily an e.irldoni, but has betn
united to the crown ever finec the ye.ir 1 5.''4. It is go-
vcrned by its own laws j but is fubject to the parliament
of Paris, and has a particular fub- governor.
The principal places in this government arc tlie fol-
lowin:^ :
Mans, in Latin Ceiiomanum, the capital of the pro-
vince of .Maine, is fituated on a hill, at the foot of which
runs the river Sartc, which here unites its water with the
river llnifnc, thirteen leagues to the north- welt of lours.
G E O G R A P il V.
enjoy i it! nwil \.w;\
ri», ai
govern'": . Ihe whole country d
Fr
anceJ
his country enjoy i iti nwn latv» , i, f„l,|,ft , ,
parliament ot I'arin, and governed by a n,,, ., r' '^
governor. The whole country doe, Lt fc''' '"H
government, IVrche Com t benv, fubica t, ,,!,=;,„, '"I
leanois, and I imer.i,, to that ol the l!le of l\i.. i H
principal places in ti, . country are tli.; lulluw,,,"' '"1
_ iMortagne, the c.ipit.d of I'erche, is litim . r;. , 1
hvc' mile:, to the welt ol I'aris, and i, thg f'at'of ■''"
office, a vilcounty, .1 dillri.it court, a fureii eoun
It has on-' collegiate and three parifh-cluirclies f
vents, with one holpi!..|, ami h„j fame t ' ""'
nulicluies of coaife liiun
Ilellefm ■, .1 fiiiall town ten mile., to the f(
"""■JeMblcnJ
, .oiitliof >r I
t.i;',nc, and nmvly to the well-by-louth of IVi^ j;,' '"<
th
rank of c.ipital with .Morta^ne, .ind i:a|)„'
ofaroval viuount, a forelt com t, and
a nei^lib
leitl
bouring wood is tli
water of which i^ i;i iiiaii
lenine.ral fpiin; of ||..r|-. 'I
ycafeiveiy falat.i,;. ' ^*
s i: c T. xxix.
Of the Gavtrivnoil ^.f Paris \ tiiih ,1 purt'uular IVli!/,,:
I'.'.aC.l}, iiiut thcmighbiiirin^ Plaui,'
'"T^IIK boundai
belli;
beful
of this government are mt ,-,]<A
determmed, the I'rench gcogiapherj tlumk- '
not agreed aiiout them. It, howcvir, hul"
, the city, a part of the neighliuui iiu;
hehdes the governor, here are two lieuten.nu '.'m-
one ot whicli is appointed for the ritv, the uinu i^''
/>/..•■/, and k/.jw.'., through its utmoit extent. \v"
the bouiulaiies of this jurifdidion arc coiuJiii',1 :
others i thelearc the Louvre and the Tuilitiie-
ihofe of the IJailileand the royal hofpital of iii; J, 1.
four govcriu't , of which receive their orJen iniia-Ju.'.U
trom the king. "'' ' l"
I'aris, in Latin I.utetia, Parlllii, and Lutctii Paiij-,,
rum, the capital of France, is fea'cj m a larc-c ,"
on the river Seine, in the middle of the lllc oU'r, ,,
111 the forty-ei;' lull degree fifty minutes north latii'i jj
and in the fecdiul degiee twenty-five niimites call Ion iiJ
tude, two hundred .iiul twenty-five miles to the fu-jfj
call of London, feventy niiles to the luutli ol' RoiieJ
five hundred and li.'ty to the welt of Vienna, Itvcah
d red to the noith-well of Rome, and fix hunJrcil mJ
twenty-five to the noith-calt of Madrid. '1
This city is of a circular form, about (\x or fcvtn m:!:J
and thirty-two to the fouth-well of Pans, it is the fee | '" diameter, .-.nd, including the liiburbs, is tiihtccnoi
ofabilhoji, and h;is a falt-oiric!.', aprovinci.il and forelt -
court, kc. Its bifliop, who is fuilVagan to the archbifhop
of Tours, has a diocefe of fm hundred and ninety-fix
piriflies, and a revenue ol thirty-five thoufand livres, out
of which he pays two thoufiiid two hundred and lixteen
florins to the court of Konic. In this city, befides the
cathedral and tv/o collegiate i liurches, are four abbics,
thirteen parifh-churches, eight convents, one college,
and one I'emiiiary.
Laval, the capital of an carMoiii, is feated on the
Maine, tight leagues to the weltward of Mans, and is
cncompanid bv a wall and other fortifications in the an-
tiipie talle ; it has ailiian ancient calt!e of the fame kind ;
but incapable of making any great defence, fincc the
improvement of the art of war. It has a falt-o(Hce,
I twenty in circumterenee. Us llreets have been coniputJ
ed to amount to nine hundred and twelve, in whicnari
i about tv.'cnty thoufand houfes, fioiii four to levtii ll.j;;c
' high ; bclides churches, convents, chapels, collwiJ
I communities, an I warc-houles. «' The number ol^I|
I" inhabitants, fa)s Dr. IJufehing, cannot nuuluxccj
; " four hundred tliouland ; for liom the year i;;S ij
" 1736 the annual hills of mortality were at anv-lij
" leventccn thoufand tight hundred ; and itiscjlaii.
" cd, upon very proh.iMe computations, thatof t'.vcn;
" five pel fiiiis in this city, one dies yearly, whence:,'
" above number of deaths make the number of livir.J
" inhabitants four hundred and forty-live thoufinJ.'
I his great city contains forty-feven parifh-churclKiJ
bcfides twenty others ; three abbies and twelve p.iorn
country and forelt court, &c. and contains two collegiate | for men, fevcn abives and fix prioriss for women j ll
churches, two parilh-churchcs, one priory, and eight
convents. This town was taken by It'alade in 1446, by
the brave Talbot earl oi Shrcwfbury, general of the
Englifh.
Pcrche is bounded bv Normandy on the north, by the
I fie of I'rancc and Orleanois on the eaft, by the river
Maine on the fouth, and by Normandy on the weft ; it
not being above fifteen leagues in length, and twelve in
brcidth.
It is a hilly country, and the eminences produce only
grafs for ca'.tlf ; but the valleys and plains bear all kinds
of grain am! hemp ; they allii ahoiiiid in apples, of which
they make cyder, the ulual drink of the country : they
have indeed a few vineyards, but the wine Is Ii) poor,
that cyder is generally preferred before it. They have
here alii) fome iron mines, and mineral waters.
6
teen collegiate churches, thirteen of which have thdpieii
fifty convents and fraternities of ecclefiaflics and I
forty-three nunneries, and fourteen female commiii'.it;ei|
eleven fcminaries, twenty-fix hofpitals, and fiirtych.-.i-L-l
an univerlity, fix academics, befides three others whe.-J
young gentlemen arc taught bodily cxercifes ; fivcfubl
lie libraries, four royal palaces, tijur caliles, .ibo\i.' r
hundred hotels, Ionic of which arc Itately Itrudturei
feventy-thrce market-places, fixty fountains, tweivl
bridges over the Seine, ten of which arc cf Itoiu', j:!|
eleven gates.
Among the difadvantagcs of this city it muft k ;
l(:rvcd, that Paris affords no good water fit for driiu:
the inhabitants being obliged to ufe that of the S. '
which is fetid, and occafions dylenteries ; oranoth.;
of water that is tliil wurl'e, it bein^ produi^ive ei i
„f,ve| and n.
Sl.illtlls III til
,.|,".utniann
„filijllicfni
»iiilcitt' to ai
The new
f( lined by M
in a canal hi
l<,ut the fiinie
...(, of the
(;. j)t dean by
(liolar biiiUlu
|,Uil wi'li «■•'
hr.jd. In it i
bv four
jlirgcrcleivoi
niiii under gH
n.i.ral'le boie,
,':_■ above c:iii
i..nc.
Ilrrearcgo-
[•(liJeiit of If
|;,iliie, the hoi
,1 1'u' I'Voiieh
tu a hre Willi
will.idmit i I'll
lollieeaieol tt
i;i Inch occalio
1,,, IMit ol till
li) f.ivc a II
coiilills'ottlirei
t.V' r.ertli of ill
ib.it liver, and
1:, with twelve
tJ into twenty
Tlic city is
wcJtliy i i't cm
tnil. ar'^ the 1
jnJthclfle 1,01
only Itiirc-hou
lus a cnniniuii]
means 1
cnniniuni
i ot a wod
Theineo,
Iruin the c:i
.lie very llr.
commuiiieat
\vi;h tna: ol
l:]J^e to tiie
diili the par
1 he iiic n
f.ilvcoiilill
Ml which till
^Tcit pait 01
till] ef this i
churches, ili
God, wliiih
uarjs ti;." tii
(irict'oil..ne
ire iiihal-ited
Belides ilv
i(l.ind t.) that
\>iih iither pa:
bridges. Th
New Biid
fill of twelv
rceitoiiing th
thirty feet bro
Out the pile
iiieiits, in wh
ftopi; beloiigii
to obltrud
the bridge is a
larger than tl
en the lilies of
rcprcfcmiiig tl
hero. At tli
brafs, who trai
niimcnt is ine
meiit of the
three liories
fume part-, of t
llliiK'
rMNct. n u R
„ ,v,l iiiiil rt'^nt-. Tlie n.c-t'. :.'c i:;htcJ at ni,:ilit fix
■;' „'.|„ 1,1 !"C ytar 1 but tlin n piiloniicJ in a vay in-
'l',',,[|.t iiia"»''ii I'y h.iiii^iiii; up l;intcriii in ttic ii.lJJli.
',i';i, . (lii'tis uiiim ciinls, wliitli.irc put acrclV. ln.in oiu:
,,,i,nv to .mciilur.
I'hc new refill ituiiiH for keeping the ftrcctn cIl.im,
' ■riicil liy ^'' ' 'IT"'' |"<»i''t "' ''"' nicicli.mt , toiilill
',;icanal l.iic.l witli (ice-lion^', lix k.t bionJ, anJ .1-
1' '[ ihe <»n\c ilcpth, whii li rcccu ^s ;ill ihi' loil l>oni th(;li
"s of the c-ily thr.iii 'h which it rurn. 'ilii: caiiil is
[ !,. cicanby incin:; ot ;\ larjjc rcl'crvi;ii luiinccl in y pir-
I '";4r biiiWnii^ i'rL,:lcil I'lir that piirp.jli-, whn.!i 1 . Tup-
';'.,! with w.itiT Ironi all tlic ('prir..'i m the iir,;'htiuiit-
' Initnrcfix piiiiip^ woilccil bv a machiri'- k-pt
hv four hoiiVs, ami ihtCi; tlilrhai 'c the wati r into
' ii-'Tcrd'crvdir hkcwili: iincd wiih Irii-ituiic, whence it
' ,,/uiuli-r gi">:n'l thrmiijll two ian;;eh ot pijies ol a loii-
!',r.ibl^' '"'"•■' 'hlVharning iilclfwith I'teat viiikni.e into
■',"' ^iiuvc canal, aiul thu'. carries oil' all llic llltli iiU^ilu
* lie.
II, irarc po'xl rr'Milatidfii ill calc ol ("no, tuv the full
, il'ulciU "f the p.irliameiil, ami the lieutenant iil the
' ',',,x the horle and fodt patrolc, ami li.iiu; ccjinpaiiie!.
, I H' Kroiieh ami Swil,. loot yuaiil^, aie o'jiigi-.l to rtpaii
ti ,1 hre with "H the cxpt.litioii the dllt.ime id thepl.ue
ui'l .Jim' i '"" the actual extiiij^'iiidlin.' «l it l..coiiiiiiitled
lliitaie ul the nuink'<uf tiie luiir Memiii ant uiiltr:, who
„lii(|iorcalions nrolo expend, for the benelit nl the puh-
I t,,,itol the llotk ihey have aeipiiral by be^jiii^.
||, I'lvc a nuir^' pailiciilar delVnptinn ul thl) iity ; it
cmlilli ('I three parts nnmely, the I'owii, which lies on
,jjj |.,„ftli (if the iieine, the City, wliieh ii environed by
ill it river, and the Uiiivcrl'itv, which lies to the Inulli ot
!■' with twelve luhutbs. in 170?. itwaj alio hih-diviJ-
(j iir.o twenty (iiiaif. ri, or wards.
The city is ill the centre, and is the m(;fl clcjnlyand
weJtliy 1 it conliits of three ill. iiids formed by the Seine ;
tnil. are the llle l)ii l':ilai>, the Hie of Nutre JJaiiie,
anJthc Ille Louv.ers. The latf is liiiall, ami contains
(ii,;y K.irc-houlcs lor wood i it fronts iht aifenal, .ind
lias acdnmninieatioii with the quarter of Mt. I'.ml by
means of a wooden bridge.
Thelfleiif Notre IJaiiie, or Our I.ady, in fn called
from the cathedral of tliat name; the lireets of wliieli
.lit verv llr..mlif. by means of a itoiie bri.lge it has a
commuiiieatinn with the ipiarter oi St. I'aiil, by another
wuh tiia: of Maiibert, and it ii allii joined by a wooden
biiJuc to tiie Hie Ou Palais : it has alio lonie line hotels,
willuhe parilhcbuicli ol St. Lewis.
'1 he llle Dii I'alais, or the illand of the Palace, pro-
p.'ilvcoiilids of vIM I'aris, and is lo called fioiii the place
in which the pailiaiiient meets, aiul which takes up a
;;rMt part 01 it. Ilie mctri'politaii church Itands atone
liidcflhis iJaml, where are alio feveral little parilh-
dnitehcs, the hofpit .1 of I lotel Dieu, or the lloufe of
God, whuh extends to the other fide of the river to-
waiJi ti.- lo'Jth, and a vail number of linall crooked
(Inct'oi l,,ius,built with very high houles, molt of v\'hith
ire inhabited by lever.il families.
Belides the above \\oodeii bridge, which joins this
i(!.iiiJ t.) that of Notre Uame, it has a communication
«ilh other parts of the city by means of fcven Hone
lTiJ"es. 'l"he piincip.il of theic i.s tlie Pont Neuf, or
Nav liiitbe, which is the fmell bridge in Paris. It con-
l;;!j of twelve aiches, and is I'cvciity-two feet broad,
rcci;oning the parapets. The middle or carriage-way is
ihirtv feet broad, and on each lide is a foot-way railed.
Ovei' the piles on each fide arc alio femicirciiLir lodgc-
iiiuits, in which aic a huiulreii and feventy-cight fmall
fliops belonging to the king's footmen, which only ferve
tooblhuit a moll beautiful profpedl. In the center of
the bridge is a line eijiieUriaii Itatueof Henry IV. in bral's,
hr^er than the life, and Handing on a marble pcdellal,
enthe lides of which are balli) relievos, with infcriptions
rcprcfcntiiig the victories and principal adions of that
Ikto. y\t the four corners arc tied four flaves, alfo of
brafi, who trample upon antique arms. This liately mo-
iiiiment is incloled within iron rails. Another orna-
ment of the Pont Neuf is the Samaritaine, a building
tiirce liories high, in which is an engine that Cupplies
fume parts of the city with water. It is thui> named from
O V ]'..
49$
llicrc bein;., in ih; front a f,r.iupe of fi_:,t;rcj -eprtfcutinS
tlie Ihiry ot L'hrill and the Sa.-naritan viomaii.
Another bi id;i;e, calb'd the Pont au Chttiu;':, !a3 a r,.itiio
of /.I '.vii XIV. Ill br.il'. ; .iiiil both tins anJ the bridge ol
Noll.' I).iiiu', (III wiiicli jie alio waf' r-wink>, h.ive tacit
two row. of lioiif'» u;)<';i ihciii 1 thol'j ot l.ic lirli beiiiff
lour, .iiid (ifihe l.iil two I'.ories high.
In the above illind Hindi ili.- catHcdi il of Nctro
O.iiiic, wliieh is a lug' and Ci ittiic llrii..l'ir •, three hun-
d:,il „i,il niiieiy-lix feet bin.', a htinJrid .inJ fo.ty broad,
an, I a bundled and two in i.^ight : on the mli.'u arc four
lowwilpilluN, thirty m a r.nv, with f.)i:y-livc cluipelj,
built between the miieruiolf rows and th>; wall. Tbj
pillari ill the nave of the tbiiieh arc adouicil with l.iri',u
and beautiful pictured ; and the clinir was fplendidly re-
p.iiieil anJ be.;ut,lieil by Lewis \IV, It has ,1 fmall Ipir,)
in tile mi Idl •, and ac tha well end two Iquaie toweii
three h'.indr..'l i.iid ci;hty Ibp. hgh ; tlule iiie liatat tli'j
toji, with a b.iliillrade ot tr,c Ibuic, wliem e you have 11
luble pii'i'^ect ot Ihecilvaiid the iieighlu.uilng roimiry.
In one of thefe tow>.rs arc two larf;e bill., one of whieii
weighs loity thiiulaiid, and the other tlmty-uiie tliouland
pounds,
Near this (Irucliire (lands the paUco of thearchbiduip,
in one of the h.ills of which is the libiaiy of the advo-
ciie., founded bir 111- publie life. There .ire i.lfo in lliu
lil.iiu; a I'le.it nuinl..rol p nilh-churches.
r.< tlie iioith of tlieic illand. II.Mid. tli.it di,/lfion Called
l,e \ die, or ilie 1 own, whitli i. daily beautil'.ed by re-
hud, im._; the old hoiil, .. ( )ii the calk is the .1. : •■. 1 near
tlieiivir, which conlilt,, of leveral courts, » i h •• h au-
tilul walks in thogir.leu ne.ir the (itywall j aii.i .... ..r.U
the iiuith call is liio l!..lhle, aknid of fortrclo csnlillini;
of eight l.ir/e round tovvers, j mid together by other
llioiijr buildings, an I lurrounjed with uitclies and b;il-
tiiins. It is a priloii lor ihite crimiii ils, ..n 1 here tin- kiir^
keeps a governor, alieutcnaiu, aiio an indepeiiJeni eom-
p.iny ('( loMiers.
Among the moll coi,n.!...rablc pal.ieei in I'aiis, that of
the Louvre is .lleeined the prineipaloi iirnent ofihc city.
It is commonly ilivi I d into the (Jid and N. w. The olJ
part ol this royal |-,.il., e wa. begun to b,' built witli lloiio
by I'rancis 1. in 1528, and was liailhcd by Henry ll. it
i 154H. Succeciliiig kings liuprov'd and in'ar jej ii, till
• Lewis XI V. ordered it tob; rebuilt on a iiev/plaii, v. 'lieh,
! if completed, would luve lenJeied it a nv.^t m.iur.iilcenn
' lliiietine. Tne pl.n of the whole building loi'iis an
ei|ii;lateral quaJr, ingle, containing a court in tb.e cciiicr
I three hundred and fevcnty fix feet I'quare. The princi-
I pal of the four main wings was built by Lcwi.i XIV. as
alfo the greatelt part of tlic two others, which form tb.o
hdes, together with a new front n that part which lie-;
next the Seine. The four inner fronts, according to th3
plan, were tu have conlilled ofci';lit pavilions, and eight
itifs ,/>• /j-;//. 'I'he whole building is three lluiics high
in the new part ; the iirll of the Corinthi;'.n ordu', tl'.o
fecond of the Compolite, and the third of the Attic.
In the hall of the hundred Swil'. is a kind of gallery
fupported by four gigantic figures. In this hail greac
entert.iinmems were given, and i|iieeii Catharine of .\!e-
dieis cauled plays and intorluJcs to be exhibited there for
the aniuiement of the court. Henry IV. built a gallery
along the liver fide quite to the riiilleries, which is
reckoned the liiicll ill i'.uropc ; and under it id the rov..!
piiiiting-houfo.
At I'ome dillance behind the Lmivre Hands the palace
called the Tuilleries, built in i 56.). by order of ijueeii Ca-
tharine de .Mcdicis, in a place where they formerly made
tiles, in ]''rcnch /«/,.'<;, from which the palace takes its
name; and this (Irudlurc was alio impioved by Lewis
j XIV. It is one range of building, with a dome in the
I middle, and a pavilion at each end. Before it is a hand-
1 I'ome large I'pacc divided into three courts j the whole
! adorneil with columns, pilallcri:', and other ornanients.
Behind this palace are pleal'ant gardens adorned
with line walks, planted with evergreens and other
trees, with beautiful parterres, where may be leeii
all the year round every flower in feal'on. It has alfo
three beautiful fountains, and a large odlogonal canal.
'I'owaids the river is a fine terrace planted with three rows
of trees, above a huudrcd perches long and eighty-four
broad.
■«i
1 i|:
1 '
( !"*l
I p,
: t
Ci E O Ct K A I' H Y
mm
*i
I II
.M
1
^"4 A S Y S T L. M O I- VI t:. «^ VI i\ n r ti T i
I'roit, aiil I'liim tliii tcrr.iio U a moll hiMiitiCul pri)fpi\'l | thrrc yr.iri, Mjil.im l,i Valicti , nue <,f f.twl" tli,- Vu
iiiil»i'-ll'<;'. I'lii^'lti'thi' nidiicltrry (dun . liter htt'lu""
tic colli t.
l<
tiver the .ilj.uciit c<>iiiiiry. 'rhdi' ^auliiis .iiv luililic,
.mil uriMt iiiiiiilv'ii ol well ilri'lU'il piiiplc lit liiiiinici
I'vciiiiijji ri'l'irt thilhir. All wlm wi.ii .1 lij.u k h\\ ami
» iW'ii j nic pcrniittcii t» w.ilk Itcrc, ihuugli all iheit otiici
tlojlli itri: nut worth a rrowii.
On tliL-l).iiik ot tin- rivur lu'viiiiiJ the 'riilllfriciii ii ihc
pLuiM-alJiJ !• C'our*, coinpdlLiI ul lour ri>w> y|' tlnn,
iij>htcLii luiiiilri'il p.ici'M ill kiiLjlh, tiirniiii;; ihico Mvcnnei
ii;.it arc .ill t(i;itlic r .1 hiiii.licj .iiiJ twenty Icct in hrciiJlh)
that in the mulille 11 ihv lnoiilcll, nml hai ninm lor lix
co4chis to pall .i-liroad. In tho niidlJ ol the Ciiiirs is a
l.irgc tin;;, iiicomp illlil with trcis.it the fame ilillaiicc
Ironi each nlhir as in thi* other part's ol the w.ilks,
riic piljcc of r,ii\cnibiit ; wj. built hv ipitcii .Vlarv
lie NU'ilici^, on the ruins of the old hutcl ot l.nxcinbiii^,
wliich n line it ha) rvtauiej. It ii one ot the molt pel Icct
and regular pieces of arihitecture in all I ranee. Here
IS a gilleiy of line pamiini^;s done by the teKbiatcd
Riibiiu, who (pent two ve.in in th.it work. It con-
lilK of till hillorv of the life of M.iiy de .Mcdicis, repre-
Icntcd all' ;;oiii.illy in twenty-four large pictures, nine
(cct bro.id and ten feet high, placed in the piers littwecil • cd gowns, wiih large round velvet caiij wheiuhcv I
the windows. Ihe other ;ipartments are alio lichly fur- Imoe. :iii,l i.in ir.. <• ...^ ...k, i, 1.1.1 .■ , ' *•'""
iiiflieil, and .ulorncil with a tine collection or v.ilualile
piinting'-. The gardens of this p.il.icc arc elegantly laid
nut, and orn.inieiited with fountains. 'I'hey are daily
vifited in lummer-tiine by the nobility and others, like
thole of the ruilleiies ; but more efpecially on Sundays, and the faculty orcolligc of plulic
when lever.il tlioulands of all ranks make then appear- I'he coliei;e ot Sorli.innc was founded in xit^,. l
atice there. It is here the cuflom for the gentlemen and war very poor when < animal Kithelieii caiifed it t' 1"!
ma:>-
I nu'i-ein itriicuire, in winch arc apartments for thirtv
-Ills ahnidlomc aKeiit by (em*l n.^-
lbps, whnh IcaJ into 4 poriico 111 the (lont J
church. "^
In the cl-.iirt !i which lately belonged to the Uu.,
which ll.ir„;s ui.M Anthony'. i(, cct, tiuy h.vc thcV,
..( Lewis the thincentli iiicloled in a L'old cale, fuiinnr'!
by two angel, ol hlvei. Here 1. alio a hue altar with
veral bral:i (latiies, 4,„| ,hv moiiun cuts „f the |,i,i,t,
tlr'Su're.'"" '"""" '* -""' ""'' ''^o"" niu^em
•St. KulLite is a large and beautiful church.
'I'he rixMlme, have a large thuri li and cloilUr |u ih.
Iideol the river, Ionic dillaucc below the colkve ui ,1,
loui Nations. t-'ardinalMa/.aiinc kit a legacy loi Lu, 7
iiig ihi. convent. ' ""
Clermont collej.c ii a f.piarc and lolly biiildini., vvli.di
till lately, belonged to tile Jclults. who tauijiri hcK i,',
leveial Ichi.ol , alioiit two tlioul.uid bovs, many „( jv|,
were gentlciien's Ion. : thele boar.lcd' here, .md had ir'
veral halls to dine in. Many of the Icholarswear cojom"
-.-d gowns, with large round velvet cajij whenih.i 1,
ogic, and lipiire cms when they read philofo
The univulin ol j'arri is laid to be louiide.. „, ,.„„.
lcm.igne in ;i)i. In tin, uiiiverluv are upwards ol thin/
college,. the m.'lU-onli.lcrableot whiih ,ue lhcSiiil,ui,i,.'
the tolkge of Navarre, the college of tlie Kour Nuio,,''
ladies of the (irit quality, though richly drcll'ed, to lit i reuuilt 111 1(129, 1 be pn lent building is a very
down to dilcourle on the grafs. | nihccnt llriicture, in winch arc apartments fur thir '
The ro\al palace was built by cardinal Richelieu, who fix doi;tor.'., with a libr.uy .md hills fur iiiiblie Icct
made a pielent of it to Lewis XI H. It coiilills of feveral and ai^ls. To the th'ce profcliors chaiis ihccaril""i
iets ot buildings (eparated bv large courts, and is adorned added three others of a royal found ilion. I his is th 'h-
with tine gardens. Scvcr.il new ap.irtineiits have been to be the lliiitclt colIe;e 111 iMininc, the dcree of J ^1 ,
added to It iincethc cardinal's time, and here iiueeii Anne being only given to thole wiio hold the .Srirhoniiic '^ ■(
of Aullria, mother to Lewis XIV. refided during the whicli is to .inlwci all ililpuiants Irom fun rile lu f '^ '
minority of her foil. In this (IruCturc arc now held let; on which attount the titieof docl'ir of theSnrboii '
the couils of jullice, the molt cminenc of which is the is of great repuic. I he iloctors wear black •■dwns ■i'\
parliament. j whi-n exircilcs are perluinied have wliitc fur h ^'
The royal obfcrvatory is a very ffately edifice, built in acr-lstlie hreaft.
lfj()- upon thehightll ground in i'.iris, and as neither
iron nor timber has been cmploytd in its conllruction,
except for the Itaircale, It h.i:; coll great funis. Several
aUronomers, maintaiiwd by the king, have apartments in
that hoiile. The Irench make their full meridian pals
through this obfrrvatory, which is two degrees thnly
minutes more call th.ni London, .according to Street's
obl'crvations ; or, according to thole of Harris, two de-
grees twenty- five minutes tifty-onc fecoiuLs.
anting
The college of Navarre was founded by Jane, coniort
of I hilip the !• air, ciiieen ol Navarre, m 1 j.;5, f,,, Ita
■' Vli^iiiityj and in K'S ; three other chairs wtre ajj
iJelides the lelluwiliips for liudents In divimtv
n JanelouikKd alio iweiuy others lor lluJcnis 11!
mar ; lix I'ther Icllnwfliips have been founded here
n this college aic kejit il,c tccoid.. of tlie uiincr-
v.,,..^M..,...iy i and in K'S ; time oilier chairs wtre ajj
ed. iJelides the lellowlliips for liudents in divimtv
(|uecn Jane louikKd alio iweiuy others lor lluJcnis '
gramm.i
and 1
r.ty.
I he colleue ot the V,m\ Nations is the fincll i
ill the
TheCJobelins at Paris is a houle fo called from one univcility, and dcligned for the iceeption of the chililr
of genlleinen, or eminent citizens of |,iur ililiercm m-
tioiis, iwmely, liench, Italuii-, Sp.imards, and Gcr-
iiuiis. I here (hould be hxty fellows in this college, hy
vinueof Its oiigin.il loundation ; but they have hieii 1/.
duced to hall that number, it is alio called the collcc
ofMa/.arine, from the cardinal of that name, whci iiV
Cjobelin, a celebrated dyer, who removing Irom Kneims
to Pari* in the reign of Francis I. bmight that houle.
He had difi'overed the fecrct of dying the be.iutiful iVar-
Ict called from him the fca'Ict ot the Ciobelms, Lewis
XIV. houjht that and Come of the neighbouring houles,
where he elia'ilUhcd a manufactory of the liiieft tapeltries,
and alio fettled a great number of gold and lilvcr-lmiths, two millions of livrcs to it m his l.ilt will. Theuiuvii-
embroiderers, painters, carvers, and other artificers in fity adopted this college upon condition that neitlur
every branch lending to I'plcndor and magnificence. They divinity, law, r.orphylic, fliould be taiiL'ht in it ■ nor any
arc all under the diiciJlion of the fupenntendant of the academy .mnexed to it in which liudents Ihould be tau^lit
buildings, arts, and maiuifaclurcs of France. 'J'hcre to ride, fence, and dance, liefidcs the or.liiiary profelluts
have been abo; e eight hundred workmen employed here here is one for mathematics. 'I'hc JoClors of the Sorboniic
at a time ; and though their number be fiiice conliderably appoint the principal, who his the title ol ..reat mjll.r
dccrcaf'-'i, yet theieareli.il tube feeii many things of and is always one of their own body. The (elliuvlliip,!
tlie moft curious workmanlbip worthy the curiolity of a are at the king's difpolal, who gives' them to fuch as art
traveller. , preleiitcd to him by the fccretaiy of (|,,ie ol I'jris. 'I liis
With refpre'1 to the churches, the mnft remarkable, college has a Kately front, in the form of a iheatie faciii-
after that of Notre Dame, which has been already dcl'crib- 1 the Louvre, which is on the oppofite lii'e of the Suiie. "
ed, are the following : | 'I'he faculty of jihvlic has a college built in 11-7, in
The church and nunnery of Val de Or.icc was found- i which arc live piotellors, who are aniiiially chofen.' Th-
cd by tpieen Anne of Aultria, upon the fuppoled miracu- morning profeliors read lectures on phvfioloi'v botain"
lous birth of Lewis XIV. after fhe had been married and pharmacy ; and the evening proicll'ors <inpatholii'/
twenty-two years without having any offspring. Her j and furgcry. In this college is an amphitheatre, in wliith
heart and that of Henrietta Maria of Kngland, duchefs arc annually given comiikie courier of anatomy, lui >i.ry
of Orleans, lie entombed here. The altar and cupola pharmacy, anil chemiltry. Fvery Siturdav Us. ^\uiinn
are exceeding fiiK-. 'I'he nuns of this convent muli all , meet there in order to ex.iiinne lueli ol the xior ivhoare
be of noble extradliun, and choofc a lady abbel's once in , lick, and come to eoiiiult them ; and the batehclori of
' jihylic
F.i.»vci.
pin fie .trcobllj
iiiiiin of ihi' ph
I thc.lii.'bin aii.l
In the univrrlit
jnil a lenliir.
fole ri>[hl of p'
III/ ijthcr iiiin
he h<? phylii 1,111
firiifill"ir« in ill
n? 'I of tlie ci
iltnti.
Th" levrnl ii
I' neJ. Thcli' J
I'')), by 1 ar.lin
! ' iich l.iiu;iiatt(
mil 1)11 .\f iiula'
(If tlie (lid Loui
II. Th.-rntali
iih'liiiifcd for th'
tv, acadrmy anc
l.-jilaclioin of ih
Irrip'iiin., 5fc. Ii
if'.'ttt'rUe liniior.i
li\«(l')ciites an I
jr; "n W'rdiM^",'
111. Therojal
(ill ilio iti hoiu
.■111 lluilrnts.
I\'. I he rnyil
hiiiiile.l III i()4S.
|i slplurs .■idmitied
v; , .md m.iik'-'il
liic aic .illo the p
;mi'i!"i5, anil amoi
I Mill am i|iies.
V, I'he royal a.
ir\, but was not
vcir 1717, It is
lompoli-d of ten ar
mil the fivo.'ul ot f,
uhift poll, a': well
(■l)iij>ej to read pub]
ilav ill the hall of tl
I'hf mn'l rnnfiilt
that fnr rill ihlcd I'o
pil.il, ami the (icn':
dlla^l^■J |iiMr-ri m,
iKing up above
courti, all of thi
biiiiJings four 11
court, fiirger than
compill'ed with a
clhcr, forming v
vc.-v ''caatiliil, an I
m 'HILT, Thi, hoi
".''iicrs and fol liers
p^ nc obfcrved in i
111 a gdvrrii'ir, a
The Hotel Dcii
i^citnt and l.iigclt
pfcrloarc a.lmitti-d
for flioufand peril
«-:!li liie greaieft r.
fiflliif. who difeh
l:anoar of this hol'i'
rati"'J, with lilt re;
"I" i and no (eeiiritv
"'■'fith : nor .ire th
','iltafe ever difehar
ilrftts.
'nihc fnbiirbs of
li'liich alf, ,;ncs by
Fi'e having b, en li
I IfliinJaiinn "fcr the
I «'lioni are here provi
'm ot lixiy fi(f(..r,, f
'■■'neires, ;,|,J ,., p„„
Into this
ward :
place are re.
5'ins and
you
|r!-'atnuml,erofbad w
■'."li woollen : Cu^ij
I I' Asr.t,
li ■ XlVilw
till kjviiij
■■»i'nl lloi.f
luiit ui tr.(
J«ruit),)n|
ivo the liciii
I', luppoit J
kitir wiilMc-
(' |MIIICl'l ut
^.llll IllUlli-lll
li.
Iiiillcr by ih*
Me^iK (i| the
Ky loi liuilu-
IJing, which,
lUj^lll hcK II)
uiiy «t wh iiii
, JiiJ hjtl k-
s wcjr citlout-
hen they lt.iiii
Idliiphy.
iidiil by Chir-
wjriib ul ih)ii,'
thcSi/iUiuiK-,
Four Naiiuih,
in 1150; hii:
aiifcd II lu be
» u very nij;>-
ntJ liif thitty-
|iiiblic U'Cliirti
nil int: CirJiiul
I his is thuu^h-.
Ji|;rt:i: (jl'iluCtiT
SDrhonnic ii.\,
lun rile Ul fun-
ot the biirbuniit
uielc ^nwns, iui
ite lur hauling
I .me, coniort
I {,;5, I'lir Hu-
;hair3 were aJJ.
in diviiiitv,
Uir lliiJcnu III
IcmnJtJ here,
A ilie uiiivcr-
the fined in tht
ot the chWriii
ur liill'ercnt lu-
lU, anJ Ger-
thib college, by
y have been ic-
\UA the collcje
name, whu ittt
Theunivir-
II that iteither
ht in it i nor any
llicnilJ be tau;lit
Jiiiary prol'efl'ors,
or the SorboniK
III .j,rcat mjlt.r,
The lelliHvlliips
m ti) fuch as arc
; ol I'arii. 'lliis
a theatre, r,iciiii;
..■ 1)1 the Siiiie.
buill ill I477t in
lly chtileti. I'll:
lioloijy, botany,
[orb (in patholiij;/
ithealre, in whieh
natoinjsluiLi'.ry,
ulav Us. I'.ciiiliirs
thi' ;«iijr wl.o arc
the batehelor, of
p'.iylic
FtAVce.
F. V l\ O I' E.
iU
11 nt)
IN)' "y
rhyfie ■'"• "Mil' •'' '" l"»'n''.il> Oitirt tl) Vtl'te ih.' pi.T. r p-
{„ f thi- |'h»ri<im-. I'lie' I "I'-y it <Miri(.i(n! ,11 all
th ,lii.».ir» aii'l ln'•lln.lH•^ vvho h.n.' i.iken th' 'r eti^n'oi
inlheiiniverlity ul I'.ir. . : tli'V han- ail<aii nt iS-Mf Ium^!,
,1,1 a 4enliir. I'hfle '■• t i'» m^l lu'.rci.twn li.-.iri I't
I'lik ri;,Hi "•' p'.i'"*il"''', I "vli .^ I'a'is im phv'.' lao «(
I'liy iither iiniveiliiy l.einij ili'.e-ivi tii,ii»Oli e litre, 'Mih-d
fit l,r phyhi l.iii tt ihr k'l'i; or the rnyal l.inily. All li e
Mi>till''r> in ihi' Hiiiveiliiv luvf fenl'%1 ('liiici, anJ in
m It of tlie cull ii'» there arc (illu.eflii;' tor tlic lln
I'h« (evfral arivlrmic acfiT\e to or pafiinilarly m.n-
J, Thcli' iirf, I- The Ircn 11 .leail.in', , loiih.li f 111
arJiiul Kieiv'liiii, lor tin" iinprovt mil! nf llic
iich I ink'.iiattc, which iimlilh of torty nienibei-, wl.>
hihIoii \1>niU' ', I'hurf.lay., anil ."laiuida;. <, in a ll '"
^libtUhl l.cuvrc. I
II, Th.' royal acstJemy of in!i.Ti[)tioni ;niJ Ih''';-s Ifttrei,
inlhiutiil f'lr thr ailv.inc^nient ul jiurt'.' !iti-ratu?'--- In
tin acaJiniy ancient in.inuinenti arc explain- il, m,,' ■' e
tMifiitH>n< uf the km nlyni pTpi t'latej hy nieJ.iK, in
liripii'"'' '""■• If ci'i'hl''><'f l"i'i Inrti (if nicniber;. : thvlo
,,( twelve liniKirarv, aii'l twenty penCi'ituii, with iwenty-
|i\*ll'>>"""' •"' ' twrlee llmlen's. I'heu llieetlil^; Jayi
^j. '•n Wct'.n I'Viv anil Satimlays.
III. The roy.il a.adeniy <il Un rues inflitiitcj in l''6(>,
f,], il!ii iti honorary ineinber', penlioiKi., ailniatia,
,:ul lluilents.
IV. I he royni armlprtiy of painting' and fiiilptnrc wi.
Iniiiileil in Iti+S. 'I'he ni iller-pieceb (if file paiiiltrs .':i.l
(,-,,lniiits aJniitied into thi. .ir.ide;iiy are dii|;jl -d inthuo
!,,;< and ni.uked with tlu' names of the I 'voral ai!i!lj.
liorc are alio the piclure^ of a ]>riMf imnibii ol t 'thr.ued
niinti'i!, and among the Itatnej li eti.il of Clyjis taken
l:,,m antipiei.
V, The royal ac.idcniy of :irrhiteL'lurc wa 1 found.! in
ii-i, but was not .iir:hi)ii/cd by Icttcr.s piteiuhcl'ur the
vtir 1717. If is divided Into two rl.>li'e! ; the mil in
toninoli'd of ten architcfK-, a prnfeliiir, and aficietaryi
mil the fetiuu! of tw-lve other .irchitcd.i. TIil- proii llir,
wh'ifc port, ar well as th 't of the Itrretary, i-* for lile, i,
(,l)li|!cJ t'l read puhlii, lectures every Monday and Thuif-
Javiii thch;i',l of thf l.oMvrc.
I'hf mi'il confidtrablc of ihi* hofplr.ds In ti'Ii city arc,
that for Hiliblrd Ibldi.T-, the Ilor-I Uieii, Tiioityhof-
pil.il, and the Cicn'.Tat hofpital. The Royal holpa.il lor
(ll(a^l■.■J folb'Ti may be ronli'.lercd ai a larj;c p.ilaec, it
Ucing up above fevcnt.'cn acres. ITre acc fiuir l.nf;e
courts, all of the fame form, fnrrouiuled with rcjinlar
biinJinKS four llories hi;;h. In th-- middle is a fifth
court, larger than all the four taki'n h;;c'.Ikt. Ft is eii-
(omjulTed witli a double row of arclus, one above tlie
other, foriiiing v ry narrow ;,;alhr)e^. The ( hapcl i.'.
very !iiMutiliil, and iia aliir adorn(.d in ih" moll IplendiJ
Iti.iintr. Thi^ hofpital is f.ill of lame and fiiper.mnuated
oiHccrs and foil iers. The (jreit order and lliict difci-
fl:nc obferved in It cannot bo rufTri.'ntly adm.red. It
hi agovcrii"r, a lieutenant ot'th;- kini', and a ni.ijor.
The Hotel D.cu, or the HouIj of Ciod, ii the moll
incii'Rt and l.ir^'elt hofpital in Paris. As all poor I'uk
pci'pl; arc admitted into it, there liav.' been roiiietinK's
for iliouland pcrfon . 111 it atonic. They .iie aaended
\v;:li tiie greaieft care by the nuns of the 01 J; r of St. Au
tinr,
who dilcharce the otficc of iiuile
To thi
honour (if this hofpit il, all manner of patients are ad-
ritied, with Hit rc:;ard 10 their country, reli|;ion, ur dif-
r3l>; and no leeurity is r'. iiuircd for tlieir bun.il in cafe
el death ; nor arc thofe who I ibour under I'liv incurable
I'ifeafe ever difcharged, and fullered to p iifli in the
l::(ets.
In the fnburhs of St. Viwor 1; the (leiieral hofpil.il,
v.hich alf;) i^ncs by the name ol' I-a Silpeircria ; falt-
p:t'e havinj; ben furnn riy made here. In it is a noble
ImmiLition for the !'■ male lex, near feven thoufand of
wliom are here provided for, and live und-jr the infpec.
I i.onot hxty fillers, luhnrdinate to whom aic ei.',hty go-
'iftneir'-";, and a confr'erable lunibiT of maid iervants.
Into this place are revived f(iiui.l!in_\' , who take up one
ward: nrla and youii;; women, v.lio lew and knit: a
frcat numlier of bad women, who arc here compelled to
i^in woollen : fume hundreds of fcmalt idiots, who live
in lifile hoiifii hmlf in tliP form nf a ffr'cf : many oth'-r
)i lUr women, f ,ne of wauiit iio' kept hcrr gr iti., and
other I I' il liwiM matirr 1 «leliiii)uvnti who arc confin-
«dj hu* iioi . ut to work
I'l thi» udonr.iSK foundiliion ,ilfnhrtr)nr»it'iP call!'' of
I'itfuli ■, whiih H I'atid on an cniin' nee 4t 1 fmill dil
iin.t! Iinm the abov -nifniioiie,! hooli <, .mJ i* on all
lulr, di 'ended by .1 w ill, whith is ul very ciilidrrable
lunipaf?, tontJininij wiihin it many larjje biilldinjj;<, an. I
f.vrral open fpiarci. In thti caiHe are ncir four th ai-
land pel Ions of the other lex, parliciilirly poor men, wh»
arc rntritaincd here ^rati-, .ml lone '\li'> pav for thi ir
I'Ceptioii into til- hnilr. I'eifiiii dif rdered in thtir
Icni 1, whole ward rel''m''lri a villjjc, it bein:{ huilt m
ripulir (Irtcfs. I'wwiify live men and .is many won 'ii
affliiiled v'.'ifh the vcncrc.il difeafe, Conimoii priloilc.
'< pr here 10 1 particiil ir hoiife, w died in, aiiJivir/
. I J cell by hiinlcif : but the nioll rein.,.!^ ibic tldnp,
here M 11 ■ large well, whiib it a modern Woik ; il is o(
a circular fu/.n, ,ind ('■^"^^ top to l- 'i"'m lined \»iih ficc-
(line. To the fu;hi-w ,( ihe water it i, ahuii.licl and
i.y.tv -eight feet III depth, flu I twenty tn ue to the
botto.ii. Roand the well, at the \va: f'i dl"', is a na',
Icry to whieh a petfcn may, on oe. irioii, be let down.
I'he watei ii dr iwn up by means of an eneinc worked by
four liiiif",, whoai.- lelieved every three liouru t it is le-
ctived all d.iv lon;^; in' > huyc bui!..ts,euh of wliiin con-
taim, tweUe huiidre I p uinds wei,!lit ol water, whieh it
dilch in'cd out (d thele into a leaden bil'on, wlienee it
runs into aielervoir, and is ronvcyed by nieani of pipes
to ;>l| the p irri of thi 1 vail biiildniL'.
The hofpiial de 1 1 I'ietic, in Sf. ViJIoi's (Irett, con-
llilute» alf) a part of the (nnn.il liol'piial, and io t!u;
pLce where the governors ufually hold ih-ir mcjlin;;,
ril'fe three l.ill loiimlations, to'thii witli tli Il.'i.l
Dieu, have one common fund, amoimtin;; to full ist
millions of livre.ii.r annum. It j pteleiit (,'ovi 111 ir< are
twelve fubrtann.il e.ti/ens appointed by the provoll ol the
nierchants .ind by the cchevins ; but .ipprovel by llie
parliament, bt fore whom theyniuftbe (worn, '('lure ittc
alio I'cven honorary 1 lmiirirti..tors, or governors ; tl.cl'e are
th: arclibilhop of I'.iiis, the lint prelident of the p.'iHa-
inent, chamber of ••Krounls, and lourt of aid-, the at-
torn:-y-;.eneraI, the licutcn:mi|^ciu'ial of the policc,anJ
the piiivollof the merchants.
Tiiioty hdljltil was foun.'ej about the vcar iirzby
two fri.irs for the rece; tion of pn.) travellers : lia it 13
now ulcd for the inaiiii'-n.ineean I cJu- ation id piK.; chil-
dren of both fe^Cb hoin at Paris in lawful we.lloek. They
war hliie eowni, and here arc an hundred beds tor boys,
and thirtv-lix for :;irls, who have d.ll'etent aparimenls, in
each of whicn th-.re is an intirmarv. I'he youuj^ort aie
tau;:;'it to read and write 1 and when they arc fix or fevrii
I \earsold, are iiillruete-l in lomeir.ile wiihin the hnl-
pital. In order toer. ouraije mechiiuies to tome and cx-
crciletheir tra^l' ; here, and teach the chil hen, the [ ir-
lianicnt has declare.', tb.il Inch j uirniyinen as have
taught lliel'e childi..ii ;i .. years in this hofpii;il, ftiall have
the freedom of t ij eitv, without any expeiice; and that
fuch children a . Ihoiild be arrived at the age of twenty-
five, and (h luld have taught others iliirin|.t Iin years, after
ihjy V'Cre out of their appr' inuelliip, fhould :.ijuy the
f.\r\)C prieilege. Thib wife ell.i'dilhnient has procured the
rity a vad number of fkilful .u:ilieeis. This hofpiial is
adminillercd by five eiiiiiu'iit perfoiis rhoftn by the par-
l.imeiit, out of ten prefcatcd to them by the attorney -
-eiicral.
Among the Ajuares in Paris the mnft famoi:; is that
called La Place de Viftoires, or the .Square of Viiitories.
In it is a noble llatue of Lewis XIV. which is one of the
b( Il pieces of ftatuary in Kurope : it is of niafTv bral's
thirty feet high, clad in his robes, with Vieloiy bcniiid
him of the fame magnitude and metal, puttin.' a ciown
on his head, and polled with her foot cui a globe. Under
her is a three-headed Cerberus, to repttlent Lewis XIV.
triuinphing over the triple alliance, with thife words
under it, viRo iMMori ai.i, or the immortal man, al-
liidi:ig to his fame. Th.: whole piece was cart all at once,
and weighs above thirty thoufand pounds. The pedeftal
is twcntv-two feet high, and upon it are four (laves of
braCs, with ball'o relievos of the king's battles and con-
6 G cjucfts.
■*i
i !
^
p:i
^1
1 - i
^
^
m
iw I
'it-
■ •♦.!■■
1 ••
^■■-
„„ ■■■J ^
i ;
i • !
i:;',
l!:i'"
♦i
.'!■.: iA
48(i
A SYSTEM OF G I . O G R A I' 1 1 V.
1>.
*.N, i
•luclK-. UiuK-r ilie pcilcl'al is n p.ivcmciit of marble iii-
iloli'.i r.'illiiii l;aiijr,)mc iri.ll r.iils.
The tiluiUjih.il arch at Paris is f..iJ to cx>~i.id every
thin:; ol' tl-.t- kin.l in KiiropL-, vvlicther am'i.'iu or modern ;
this is at leall the opinion of tiic Freneh. Tnc llnic-
ture is iinl.ei.1 nohlc, it confilling or' two iace.s of an cx-
tr loiiiiiurv heij;ht, with three portals, alter the ni.inner
• •t tlio ancitntaiiil muikrii Romans. I he orJers ol the
loliiiiin.s are liiiely ilefi;MK\l, ami the eaptive^ anJ ..■
phics with uhiih this llmeturo is ailorned are executed im
the moll aJni.rable niaiiiier. On this areii i» placed the
king's {latiic on hnrfe-haek. 'I'he whole was dor.e Iroin
the ikfij;!! nt the famous I'trault.
'I'lie other gates of the city and triiimplia! arches nre
all pi.mpous pieces of architectme : that nf St. Oeni^j
leading to the ftpiarcof the fame ii.uiie, is M'^jW i^venty
teet In^h, and as many ov.T, adorned with coliniwls,
liaf-, reliefs and trojihies, with fome infciipiions reLiiinj;
to tlie pallaije of the I'lciieh over the Rhiiu, and thi ir
takin'4 of iVIaeltiicht. The p.ate of St. Maitin is lifty
feet lii^h and aj many wide, and has on caea fide an iii-
fcriplion relating to the actions of I. '.wis XIV. I h..-
iliiid gate i^ that of St. Anthonv, eucl.'d in the rei^tn of
Heiirv II. hilt repaired and embellilhcd hv the city, with
Ibme infcrip;ioiis in honour of Lewis XIV.
Anionj; the things worthv of obiervaiion at I'aris is
the fair ol St. Cicrmain, which begins on tlie third ot
Fel'inary, and holds all Lent. The pl.ice where it is
kept is a large fquarc buildin;:, whieli lias fix or fevcn
rows of fliops, wherein the ciiltoniers play at dice when
tiicy come to buy goods ; for they are liilt clieapeiud and
bmiglit, and then the people plav wh.ilhal! pay lor them.
The gieatell gaming is alter car.dle-Iij,bt, and foineiinies
tile km:; hiniltlf comes hither to play, lleiei, a cele-
brated picture of our Saviour's afcenlion, with St. I\ter,
St. I'aul, mid two .iiigels in the fame piece, the work of
.Antonio Moro : the Iranie, wliich is curijully eaived and
richly gilt, is valued at two hundred piHolcs.
On the river Seine aic a great number of pleafurc-
boats belonging to the king and perfoi-.j of quality, in
wliich they foinctimes take the amiifemciit of lailiih; on
llic water, for the fake of the air. Tnc water ot this
liver ';enerally looks green and dirtv, which is not to be
wondered at, as it i; commonlv hllcd with tovaed barjcs
full of waflici -women cleaning their linen ; yet it is car-
ried in pails t'.;.ough ni.my of the llreeis, and lold as
iiiilic is in Lominn. It is a cominon oblervation, that
the Kicneh women are the woill lauiuhellis in Europe :
thev waf!i their linen in cold water in the river, and as to
ironing and plaiting, ;hey have not th^ lealt notion of it.
'I'here ate here iiidtid lome Engl Ih women, who will
iinifh them pretty iie.itly, but nut fo white as m Eng-
land, whic!i ir. IV 111 a good mcafure be owing tome
wai^r.
At I'aris arc kvcral courts whofe jurifdiclion extends
very far. The principal of tl'.efc are the parliament,
which is the hill refort in all cauIVs where the crown does
not intcrpoie ; h general court ol tlie jiillices in tyre, a
court of the coiiltahles and m.irflials ot France; a court
of the admiralty ; the bailiwic of the palace ; the court
of the tbatclet, or the ordinary court of julHcc fur the
civil goveri'.ment of the city, of whiUi the provoll, or
nuyor, witii the four echcviiis, or aldermen, .ind tweiity-
fj.'C couiiftll'irs, arej:dges; an election, a fait ollice j a
court of the warren of the Louvre, ellablidud lor the
prefervation of the game fix leagues rouiul Paris, and to
pievent people trom hunting in thole limits without
leave ; the court of the Hotel de Ville, or tovvn-houle,
which takes an account of the city lents, and of the
taxes on all provilions brought intoP.iris; and the court
of thcconluL, which takes cogni/ance of every thing
relating to commerce.
The l-'iciuh condemn malcfaiTtors to the gillies, to the
gibbet, and to what is tailed being broke ali^c upon the
wheel : the laft isufed only in cafe of murder ; but if the
evidence leaves only fome room to doubt the guilt of the
Ijerf'in accufed, he is, as in many other countries, ciuclly
put to the torture to obtain a conleirion : and here it
inufl be oblervid, that milcfa(5lors in France receive their
fentcncc on their knees ; which is no fooner pronounced
Uiaa the hangman ties a rope about their net k=, and
c-onv. them to prilun, whence, aft.-r confuTmn ii,v
a:e g.i.eia.ly dr.igged nnnvdiateiv to the ,;all,)W5,' -I'l,.
common pl.iccof cx;:cution is the CJreve, the fciiMtcii'
winch (l.mds tiie town-houlc; and we (hail now uive tl '.
manner wretches are broki-, as it is called, on thewl-i''''
which wef]iall i..ke fuim Mi . Stephens's T'ravels iSik..',','
I'lance. " In the midille of the fquarc, (ays he, 1 j^"^'
" l.dd w.!S tr.etedi and at half an hour alter fmr't'-ie
" prifonir was brought to it in a cart, atteiidt-d by [,>
" city i-iiard, walking two and two, a priJt aicomn,,,,..
" iiig ttie I'yiiig man. (In the fcilVold \va» tiuud' i
" l.irge < idls, t \ ictiy in the form of that coinnidnlv „,'.
'• prtf.-iii.d lor.^t^ Andiew's. 'ilie executioner luul |,i^
'■ I'liill.iiit. plated the prifoiitr on It, in fgch a ii,,i„|,^!r
" th 11 I.I, aim, and h'j,, were exn-ndc.J agrecablv to t'le
" term of the cyoh, and lt(on>ily lied down. ' L'„i„
" t.ichaim, leg, .\,-. was tut a 'notch in th: wno,l,"j,
" a m.uk wlierc the executioner niiiht with the "rcjtir
" laciiity bieak tile lioiie. lie luKfin bis hand an ir':.,
" bar, not unlike an iron trow, and in the liiK plj^,
" bio»e his ,rn;s,th .11 in a mo;ntiit alu r bjth hisih-^s'
'■ It wa:, dieadlul to lee the ponr wretch writhe his U; '
" with I'gony, and to oM'erve the iliiUu lions of lii,fjti
'• It was a (oiilideiable tiiiK beSjiu he expired, aij „
" would b.ive bet 11 longer, had not the exccutioinr
" gi\cn him what li called the C'V^* ,/»j;i„vi.-, or nictc'.
" till Ih.'kr, on his lloniaj., which at once put ,;n c J
" to his nr.l.ry. 'I'lity Ihrn took the (h.id 1 u 'v i.',
" the crofs, and put it on a wheel, fixed to a lor^ ■,• '
" whtre he was expofed tor lome true ; :ind ti.;.'|.,ir- .i
" the CMemony ocealioiis i!;c common expiiljiuii ii [
" ingbioke upon the wiU'ei, though it is pe:lu;-, i. .
" acrob."
Tb.e tiade i>f Pills with the other parts of tli^k:;..
dom is very e^ieiiiive. 'I'heii commerce with Ion i..|i',
is alfo coiiliderable ; for it is obferved, tliat oiiciair;.
braiuh, that of the gold, i'.Iver, and filk Ihili'i innr.ulj,-.
tilled at I'aris, ij eijual to the wliolc trade carri;ii i:; ;•
Lyons. Thry haic here likewife maniifiet.iric • ; ; ;';'
other forts of liiill's, of lookiir^-glaHes, and aliiiull i... '
nccell'ary I'.ir th.- Iiipport and c;mvcnicnce of life
There aie in tins city iix principal cunip.mie' if
traJefmen, out of which the confuls, who have ii,c rc^
gulation of tiade, are ch.fen ; thefc arc the drapois, 1;.^.
grocers and apuiluc.nits, the mercers and jcwiliirs, ;;,.;
Ikinners, the batters and goldi'miths : befules wiiiih ;h,:u
are the booklellers, the vintners and wine-nuTtluat:,
the woid-nicrchanis and timber-merchants : but iliu;.;/i
thefc ari? elieemed int'criiir to the others, tlr y 1; ju ili;
fame |)rivih ges, and are capable of being electeJ coiiliii;.
Tf.c land in the neiglihourhood ot this tapil.ii im.,
general flat and even, iiiteriiii.\ed, howckcr, with a itv
uiiinences. TcnvarJs tie.- north of Paria the fuii ^ i,;,
and |iroduces a gre.it (juaiuiiv of very good cn.n. l.;,|
the other fide it is laiiilv, marlliy, and wet. Thj v.i; ,j
is, however, cultiv.iied with great care and indiiiir,-. .. '
the people li.ive cirried the .irt <.f gardening to fuel; . .-
fcdtion, that in the niiJii: of winter they "raife ,iii t ..;,■
lorts of kitchen thilF tint fe.'m to be the proJ.:,- ■:
furnn-.cr only. Withir: the cieclion of Pans they :: k;
one year with nnotiv. r about iixt-eii thoufaiid ho,.';:„.;j
of wine, wnich is ail drank at Paris, or in itsii.i '.
bourhood.
This tiry hai underron.-; the f.ilc ofmoll other- ; 1, ..
been fever. d tunes bvlieged, {\ijki- burnt, and oi.ccr'.
fider.ihly d..maged by an inundation of the beini-. \l\:
VI. king ot England, w.is crowned heic, and his ci..
was kept wiin great ilate and magnificence at tli; I.ri::.;,
in 1422. On tile twenty- fiiii: of Augnlf, 1572, ifv;.
Ill a molt dercil.ible manner (laincd with th; bi.'"iio!i'»
tlioul.ind pinicllaii!, ; tliHign.d for this mo:! Ii'in;-;
nialliicre bring given by the tolling of the gieat iii'.!,
which is llill to be feen in the tower of the palace viiurt 1
the pailianuiit lits. In the civil war Paris took partv,.,aj
the Icngiuis, and was bili.ged in the years 158;) a:i.l ij',.
in vain by king Henry 111. and IV. but in i5:)4. rtaj.:/ 1
opeiK'vl Its gates to the fitter, after his toron.il;riii.
In the neighbourhood of Paris arc fcveral paia.es .I'ij
little towns included unJer the fame go*ei:ni'.:i;t, ;:;;
piincip.il of whivb ate tlie foibiwing :
France.
! DfllitGnvtrnnifiitl
Ml, aiiil PioJii
Pakcis rifi',;j'ai
(iji, it. CJtiul,
Till'', goveriml
t'd on the iif
BiJiidy, on the fol
It
w. .
:oufaTioii, ii,,v
;:;iriows. I hi.-
c, the I'linrin- i»
.\'h now p\^• tiiv
il, on tlic whr,',^
Travils tliU'ujrt
jr atii'r imr the
amiiilfd l-v tbe
rult accompiny-
M \v.ik i-Kclid a
at coiiinuni'.v rr.
ccutionci- .iiiil i.;,
II fgch a lu.iiiikr,
, a,.',ri'cably Iti tlis
(1 ilown. l:n.!iT
!i ill lU: wool', n
; with the (.'icjtir
I liis ham! an itkh
in the tiiil pl.icj
ir I'Jth Iii5ih>j.'ii.
■h writhe his li«:.'
iilluiis of hi) fjti
]\r tjtpiril, sr.,1 ;■
It 'he cxcditiour
/<_:;i...i', nr mcrci-
;it once pi:i .'.11 c ,1
If (Ir.iil 1 u'v I'r, ;,;
ixcd to a h.ir;; ;;a'.,
ic ; iT.i! ti.;. (\:it ■■]
m oxiiKli'ioii ut 1 ..
i; i-, pc:luii:i-.' i.i
• parts fif t'ic k ;'..'.■
crce witli U'li i;,!. ii
I'cil, ih.U one i;i!"'.'
i"ilk llu'.i'. inrr, .;'..-
Ic tiaJc <arri;^ . :; :.
iiiaiiiilV.it iric'i :; ;'!
i:s, auil almoll f. .;y
icipal comp.'.nie' if
, wh" '^''^^ '"'■' "■■
arc thi; ili'.ipo:^, \'m
L-tb ami jcw^llir>, tl,-;
btliilci w'aiih th.'ii:
,1 wiiu--r,i„Tdi.;a'...
irc'.iaiUs : bit thi,i,;n
ithcrs, tli-y h3\.">;
nz cicdcJ confiili.
of tliis t.ipit.il bia
however, with a lev
I'aiii the i'l.il i^ i.'.,
■ry good co.ii. U.\
\vet. 'I'lKwi, .,j
■ .,nJ iiiiluilry . ..■ '
ilLiiir.j: to inti-.,.'
:r they railc jlit..:.'
h? 'tlic pro-i.::" !;;
of Fans they :".ic
n tlioul.mii ho,;:a..iJ'
lis, or in its ii-:y, ■
: o
r,v,-.an!hi!:^; ' . .■
burnt, ami <axcc
n of ti\c ieinc. \l::
.... heic, an.! h's ci;.
nifiecnrcatth.' \.n--.:
Aiii;'.!lh i.v'> '■■"■':
with th; li'i."Muii> ]
tor ibis nK>;'> li');i '.
ig of the i^ii-'at '^'
cr of the p.i!acc '*'.:^- I
ar I'arutofilpartv.,.-.
he years i 5S;) atul ij' '
V.'hiit in 15 H '""•■'I
rhis toroii.if.nii.
are fcveral paui.os r.;
fame (^oveimv.--"', ■ ■
Frascf.
The wood of Vinccnnes reaches aimofl to the pites of
n ml i< incIofcJ round with nwall. Wiibiiuhis
""a l.fhcaiHancc of tlnce miles toiheead otl'aris, is
,1 nil ice, or calHe. which was conli.U-.ably im-
"'"inJbeautihed by Francis (.Henry 11. I.ewi, XI II
■^ I ViV It is an oblong Kliiare buiMiiig, enroiiipalkil
' ,, 1 V ditches which arc lined anJ pietty deep. '1 lie
'''■'-• eoinpofd of feveral f.piare towers, t!ie bi^^nell
"f Ich is called the Donjon, and is lurroi.iuled wi.i, a
/dir ditch, over which there is a draw-bridue. 1 he
'' ') 'thon-'ii in the (iothie talk-, is not without beau-
"'""'i' l',nn" ailorned with feveral pyiaii.i Is and other or-
''" ,ts • "and tiie pictures on the win lows are lii,ililv
' flj 'I'he rooms within the palace ..re beautiful and
r,"lv' and the cielin- adorned wiili p.iiiitin;-;..
riic.i'etbroiiuh which yon enter the paik i.s a fine
■ corirchitecUire, in the form of a truiniphal auh,
', ,,fj with columns and llatnes, and Hands in the
ddlei'f a large coiiit, on each lido ol which
E IT R O P t.
■i^7
nil
a fine
,,,,,c of buildings, and an open gallery fuppoitcd by mi-
ne .irchcs.
Atth ■ ciitrnncs of the park is a place where they tiled
. ,,o-l- to keep wild bealls, a- lion-;, ty;.;ers, and leo-
"r' This park takes up fouiteeii hundr.d and lixry-
ri'.icrcs i'hi^ avenue leading 10 the pal ice has lour
' of elms planted on ;i fpot whi. h has been made lev> 1
r.'lut inirpole, they havin:; h-en obliged to lupi-ort ,1
,.'"nl dices by means of hit;h and thick w.dU. 1 l, = s
'^l. J caftle, has romctiincs (erve.l as a prilon b.i
'* „is of the hinhelt rank, and princes of the blood,
U,,„h.y have incurred the fovereii^n's dilph :duie.
.\b,ntthiee miles to the welt of Pans is the royal oa-
1,-0 ot Madrid, inthewood ofHoulofjie. This palare
.', builtbv Francis 1. in 1529, after the model ol the
Viu-c nf Madrid in Spain. It confilts of a luitcot build -
'„,<ti,u-elh)rieshigh, belides the !rround-floor,and round
',' I -.illery retching to the top of the hid floor, liip-
Litc/hv coupled cohinans. The arches have an orna-
Li,t of a lingular kind, they being incrulfed with a lort
nitilcs that glilKn very much when the fun (hiiies upon
•h-m The principal building is flanked on each fide by
mibrce pavilions, at the angles ol whith th.fe are
l;„ilcr ones. In the middle of the Ironts ot each of the
hM pavilions is a round tower, the top ot which is in
(h^form of a dome. 'I'hc whole is luri oundcd with a
;,arriiiv ditch. , r- - c t c
Rucl is a fmall town on the Seme, hvc miles from
!"■ lis, where is a very hai;dlbme chinch, and lome ele-
.ant'-cntlcmeii's houics; but it is principally noted lor
ilc/buiit by cuc'nal Richelieu, which, though not
rrnilitciit, 's admired 'or its neatncfs, and its being
lioriicd with very heautifui gardens in the Italian tallc,
aiiJ curious
water-works.
Jill! CUnoiiS w."^'-"---"»." . «r L- 1
ji Maur de Folic/., on the river Marne, over which
:; 'a',l"iie hridi-e, is about two leagu -s to the call of I'ans.
Here is an ancient abbey of St. Mau , which was fecu-
hrizcdii) I5i5, and afterwards chaniicd into a collegiate
(hutch of canons. Here is alio a very fine feat, with lu-au-
iifal '-arJens, belonging to the duke of Kourbon.
' Cinliaiis is a fine feat thus called, from its being near
ihccoiiflucnce of the Seine and the Marne. It owes its
liMu-y both to nature and the elegant t.;lle ot Francis dc
nil!.!-, aichbilhop of I'aris : it belongs to th..t nietropo-
l.nii'sfce, and is the country feat of th.- archbiOiops.
The rooms within are cxtreinclv m.ignlliceiit, elpecijlly
thccallcrv, which is adorned with pii;luie.., don>- by the
bill mailers. The gardens arc very beautifully laid out,
ini adorned with (latues, w.ilks, watcr-WOiks, tjroves;
«J other proper cmbellifhmcnts.
s r. c T. XXX.
\()ftkGsvirnmer!t of the Ijlc cf I'lami; iti Situatim, Fx-
Itnl, ml PioduiC \ with a [■m luular Dffaiplion of the
Pakcii of I't'yfMth-!, "Ir'uiiwn, Mirly, FititainbUM, Mu
i,ii, Sl.'Cliutl, and the prmaptd Cities.
THE government round the Ille of France Is bound-
ed on the north by Picardy, on the well by Nor-
luiiidv, on the louth by the Uileanois, and on the e;'(l
by that of Champagne, rxten ling about ninety miles i.i
length, and a> much in breadth.
I he air is temperate, and the foil f.-rtilc; it therefore
abounds in corn, wine, and (ruit, and is divided into
feveral fmal! dillric'h.
In ilrlciihiiig the places in this giwcrnmciu we fliall lu-
gin with the palaces, theCe hawiig a nearer rel.iiion to
the fiibjjct of the lalf lc.-|ioii.
'I he ]ialace of V'crlaillcs, which lies f.mr leagues to
the (oiitii-well of Pans:, (lands on a riling ground in ihi;
midlt cd a country tit tor huntin.;, and ab.mn ling with
g.iine. I.e.vis Xlll. bii-lt a cattle here, to (ervi- a. a
liuiiting-le.it , but Lewi-- XIV. beir.g mucii pleated with
the litiiation, converted the viH.i;;,- into a line town, an.!
the callle into the moif noble p.ilace in the world. The
liJe troiiiin; the flahles is not iiilwcrable in magnificence
to the rclt ; but that f.icing the gar. lens is extrem.-lv
beautil'iil. Its roof jilitteiing with gold, atl'ords a no!-'e
protpeit at a dillance, a.id tlic gardens, llatues, raiia]s,
groves, gro'tos, fountains, .md other water-works, f.ir
lurpals any thing of the kind to be feen in Italy ; *id its
riches .Old bcauiy within arc aUog'.'ther anfwcrable to its
outfide.
The avenue lea.-ling to the c.lllr divides the (own into
two parts ; that which llands on the left hand, in coming
tioni P.iii«, is called Old Veil'.niles, and that on the
right the New 'I'own. The palace, which is feated on
an ciiiinence in the midlt of a valh-v, is cncoiupalVcl
with hills. On the fide towards Pan.., u a fine avenue of
elms, the Villa in the mid. lie bcin-^ fixty tec: wi.le, an.l
thole on the l'\dci thiity eacli. Plie end of the gre.it
loy.d Iqilare is eneoinpaircd with reg-ahir pavilions bi:;.t
by the piiiicc:, and lords of the court : ih:-fe, with other
fine hollies, li'iii the new town. This fquare i-.as a
fountain in the middle of it, with waiiw Iik'.' tiiufe lead-
ing to it.
From th-nce you afcend the great couit of th.c palace,
wbicii is 4blo feet long, with four large pavilions at the
corners lor otficers lodgings. The gre.a court is inclofeJ
with an iron b.iiulfradr, and two large buildings, that
lorin the wings on each fide, having balconies fupported
by columns and adorned v\-itb tine llatues. Tliete wings,
together with the pavilions, feue for oniccs to the pa-
lace, and have courts with other buildings behind them.
There arc other double apaitments, which, joining tho'e
wings, lorm a communic-tion between the new and old
catHe, and contiaifling the upper part of the great courc
end gracetully at the iniall one.
( )ut of this court is an ai'cent of three marlilc (tops
into a l.irge landing place, and from thence by five nvirc,
into tilt little court paved with black and white marble.
In the iriiddle is a marble fountain and baton, with (la-
tues ot gilt Cupper. The I'.-ont and wiiigs are of brick
an.l trce-llcine, adorned with in.irble bulls an.i brackets,
lielorc this front is a balconv fiippoited by eight nia^ile
columiH of the Doric order, with red .ind white fput-;
like jafper, anil ;!■•••' hates and c.ip:t.ilj of white marble.
In me two angles of the wings in the front are hanging
pededab, which fiipport two tlofets encompan'ed with
gilt iron cafes ; and underneath are two bafons of white
marble in the form of (hells, where yniing Tritons I'pO'Jt
water. The middle buildine has three gilt iron doors in
the porch, with spartmcnts on the right and left.
In coming out of the great courc, and pafliiig through
an open porch, you .ifccml by .1 large (lair-cafe eighty-
one feet long, and thiity broad. Fiom this porch there
is an cntiaiicc into two painted halls. The cicliiig of
one id' ihein is liippoited by eight marble columns ot the
Doric order, that have red and while veins; the c.ipitals
.md bates aie of a gtecnilh 'colour, and the columns, be-
ing lour oil a lide, divide the hall into tl.ree parts On
the fides oppoliie to each column are pilaflen of the
fame marble, tl-.at fupport a co-nicc under the platform,
and tionling tlic wiiulmvs .ire 111; lies with flatuej.
Next to this is another li.ill fupported by twelve co-
lumns ot the Ionic or.ler, with marble pilallers behind
them, that have rrd, bl,.rk, violet, and vellnw veii.s ;
and th^ir cajiitaU anil bafcs arc of fine white marble.
Fioni this you cntci a;iollii.r hall 0/ tl'.e lame dimcnfions,
wiiote tiding is an oiitogon, with t-.vclve double p'-dcf-
tals by the winiloy.'s and joon, ot i;ne mirblr, on vrhich
*l
:!H-'"
ill
I <
;; r '• ■!;?
I
<
i
I l_
I *
I'*: !■');'
h !
lit
l'ia;:^fi- ill
4S8
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Kr
ance.
are pl.iccJ figures of tin.- tivclv.; months, reprcfL-nccil by
wingid ydunij mi. 11 in pih copp.r, 'I'h.' pieces ovlt tlic
doors and windows are of a wnite orfidni(-'-colouri;d mar-
ble. Upon one fiJe of tliis hali is the ch.imber and do
fet of the h.iths. All the parts th it are not hunt; with
tapcltry are lined with marble, and the ne.ircr you come
to the king's apartments, the more fumptuous are the mar-
bles, frtilpturcs, ajid p.iintings.
The like order is oblerved in the ii|ipcr apartments,
which arc eight on a floor, adnrnc i witn ditierent forts
of mirblc and curious paintings. The gii.ird hall is iir-
nanientcd with marble that has black and yellow veins, in
the other apartments is a marble with green veins, and
otiiers are Inicd with a fine marble called a;^ate, brought
from the Alps. On the fule t'iw.\rtls the gnen-hoiil'e are
other ludgin ^s in the fame order, with an apartiiien: fnr
the diup''.';;., under that of the queen, the cielin : of
which is curioufly adorntil. The queen's npardnents
are a fuite of rooms that have the fame diincnfions with
the king's ; but of dilFtrcnt worknianlliip y the p.iintings
on the cieliiigs reprefent the ailions ot tiie ancient hc-
loes.
Oppofitj to the fr.-int of the p:dacc is :: lar.;e plat in
the garden, one hun Jr^'d yards long, and twelve bro.ul ;
the principal front looks towards a piece of water, aiiti has
three balconies, fupported by four columns e.uli, and a
fijjure upon every crlumn repicfcntinj a mon'li of the
vcar, and thcfc balconies are richly adorned with ila-
tL:es.
It woulJ take up a volume to defciibe the vaft vniicty
of painti.^^s and iKitir.'s with which the apartments of
this ["iilacc are adoriieil, 'I'he royal cabinet lor medals,
Cwins, painlin^.;'', and the liice cuiiullties, h.id the choice
of all that Italy could afford. The knit's lodgings are
enriciied with utcnfils of mjfiy plate, even to the bed-
fleads, baluih.idt;, and rails. The galeiy towaid.i iheiide
of the garden is perhaps the noblell ever beheld, for iis de-
lightful profp.'cl i witli the line Itatucs and looki.i^ glall'es
placed between the panncls of the windows. I'he cha-
pel, built in i6o'i, is a iTioil linifheJ piece of areniteclure,
fculpturc, and painting, perfotmcd by the moll en)inent
mailers,
Every room has a particu! r narr.e ta'^?n from the
principal object painted on the ciciing ; for inftjnce, the
hallof f'U-nty, from Plenty anri Liherality being painted on
the ciclirig. Here are fevcral piflures of the Holy \'irgin ;
one on a eol.imn of iafper, hcddirig the infant jefus, and
furroundcl with fcveral pilgriius, done by I'oiijrm ; the
Virgin Mary and St. J'lfeph fi)liig into Kgvpt, by (Juido,
5;c. The fjloon of Venus h.is that goddel's painted on the
cieling, feated in a chariot drawn by doves, the gods and
heroes aJiuiiiMg her iiiiniij)'i. Here are pictures of Ne-
buchadnezzar, who gives orJcr> in relation to the gardens
of Babylon ; of Auguftus exhibiting a cli.jrrot race m
the circuj ; of Cyrus reviewing his army j and of Alex-
ander marrying Roxana.
The hall of war has the cieling adorned widi live
pictures, the largeft of which, in the middle, reprelents
France holding a thunder-boUin one hand, and a buckler
in the other ; t'-e four others are on the li.les of it ; the
tirft is IJ'.llona in a violent r.ige j the fecond reprefent,s
Germany in vain endeavouring to defend the Imperial
crown ; in the third Spair) f».eiiis to threaten France ;
but her foldlers .ire put to flight : the tcutth Iliews Hol-
land thrown bacic upon her lion. 1 his mom is aifo
adorned with fix heads of the Roman emperors in por-
phyry ; the drapcrv of the bulK is of gilt brals, and they
arc placed on pedcilals uf oriental alabailtr.
The king's bed chamber is mure niagnilkcnt than any
of the reft ; the carvings arc all gilt, on a v.hite ground.
The bed is placed in an alcove, where twc) lijuics of
Ffine, who arc rtprelerued fitting, f_eni to wate.T for the
prcfcrvation of the king. I he luriiiturc of the bed i:, of
crinifoii velvet, c,-i.bioidered with gold, and tlie tliamber
is adorned with fevtral fine piclures.
The gardens are no lefs m ignihe^'nt than the p.ilace.
In dcfcending Iromthe terrace you fee two bafons which
contain feveral water-fiuuts, anJ in the niidll of each, a
colledl'on of fpouts in the form of a wluat-fheaf, that
rifcs twenty nine feet high. The borders of tlieie ba-
fons arc e.;cli adorned with i;ig'iit groups of brazen figuies,
reprelenting river gods and nynipiij ; and r.,ur others of
the lame metal reprcfenting Cupids, l.iile i.yniphs ai
gen. I. In two angles of that parterre arc two oihc'r b
(ons of inaibir, where the water is thrown rrito iJ'
Ihicts, that have a fine elleet, and on the bonkrs of the
balons are groups of aniiii.il.-, in brals. Kior,, li,,, „,
terrc you fee in a kind of crcfeiiit v/hieh is btl ,v ii ii''
b.ifon of L.itona, round which are lepicfent.,; a crou''"
of three figuer-, I.atona, Ai olio, and Diana i ^t, ,' ";
here feems to toinplrfin to Jirpif.r of the cruelty ul t' !
peafant.-. of Lycia, who are rLprefeired as nu i.:„ J,'.''"
phofed into fro.rs, wiiich thiow a vad quantity ot vvji" "
upon the groupc. "
There aie Icveral other b.ifons with jets, and other cu-
r:ous water-works, a particular deuui.trjn i.f vvh
wouKI carry us too tar ; we (hall the iioie onlv nieiiii"
the fimoiH canal, at one end of whieh is a hdioii uf "
oclogo'iril ligure, lour liundicd and twenty lict „, ,jj^"
meter ; lourot its fides are circular, three in l.i.ii 'i;t line '
and the other joins the canal. In two of the aii-'f i
this baKiii is a ica-h.iriif with a Triton on his back? 'I> .
great can.il is ihirty-two l.ithonis broad, and ei' lit Jun'^
died long, iiieluduig the bafons at i ach eiid. b, ri,..
niid.lle it is crofi'e.i by another can d about five liuiiJt<,l
aiiii twiiity fathoms 111 length. Cpon tl.' fe cana'^ i,.
court fometlmes diveit tliLiiilelves in yachts and ra'
leys, ■= ''
The orangcTv, or green-houfc, is a ni; il.r-piuc in ji
kind. It has a foutl.cin expofiire, ai.J corit.in:. fitji
large gallery, four buiulre.l and tight feet loi;^', ^,,|,j^
twjie arched witrdows in thefiont; and on tmh i''.
are two others each three hundred and fi\-\ le.^t loi'T
Thefe i^allctie:, aie aderiud on the outfide iiitn lL.,e ttj,-
of columns. Hefoie tlii.'. preen-hoiifc is a be.iutihij n.r.
terrc, v.itli a fine b.ifon w the mid.lle, l'ro;,i \vlii/ii a
fpoutof water nfes forty feet high. It is cmkHillKj wii(,
four rows ol columns, of tiie Ciilcaii order, iiruiMw, .,
ilone fi^uies beautifully carved, vales, liatue iitwi.f
marble, 5ie. Ilh fiiiiinier this paiti nc kciiia a iurtrt u
orange and lemon tiecs, myiiUs, \c.
The labyiintli is a tine grove, the fevcral mmI1<s oj'
which are lo interwoven with eai h other, tlut it is leju
dilfieu't tor a perloii who enteis it without a gui.k ni,t
to lole hinifelf. At the cntiancc are two fiatii.^ ide
one of iTf'p, the other ot Cupid, holding a clue of
thread in his h.irid. At every turning of the ail.y;, you
mei t with a beautiful fountain, in a balbn 01 fin fiieli.
work, wliere one of /Elop's k.bles is verv iMiin. ;,y i,..
prefcnted ; the lubjtcl of wliich iscxprciilJ in f„ur lines
engraved in gold letters on a brafb plate with a 'olack
ground.
Here arc a great number of other groves, all beauti-
fully adorned, and at one end of the garden is the
place where they breed a variety of foreign bcalh and
buds.
In the park of Verfaiiles i^ another palarc, callei! Tna-
nni, fituated at one end ol t ic can.il winch (roiiis the
laige one. This is both genteel .md iiiairiiiHceiit; the
arc iiitcelure and orn.inieius are in an exquilite tailc, and
the front about llxtv-lour f.ithoms bro.id. The court
beli'te it is adorned with a fine perillile, fiippoitcj bv
maride columns and pilallers. The two wings arc iti-
ininatcd by two pavilions, and over the whole buildiii;;
is a balullrade a;!oined with iiatues, uins, &e. In ii.c
apaitiiiciits ar. fine pieiures, and the (urnitnrc is verv
luniptuous. The gardens .in here alfo embc llilhej v.itli
fine balirms, ralcudts, lUid groupes of ligurcs, t!une by
the belt mallcr.s.
In .. jark contiguous to Verfaiiles Is another royiilfc'at,
cailce .Marly, deliglnluily fituatcd in a iittle valiey, witii
a vciy fine prr fpecl ol the calile ot St. ''ieriii.iiii, aii'l t.f
the neighbouring country. On romliu; from tt. Gitr-
iiiain to this pal.ice, you enter hilt a roinui court, tiir';
hundred feet in di.iinrler, where Hands the guard looni,
and where ternuiiate tiie feveral courts lor tta:d...,ceath-
lioufes, iic 1 tie palace confills of a latui: pavillior,
ftanding detai In d tiom any other, as allij of twelve
fnialler ones, li.x on each lid,-: the outfi 'e of the tTt-a
one is adoined with paintingi in fteleo. The Heps ii:c
embellidied with figures of Iphmxis, groups cf eailJiCii,
vales, and the like.
In I
FltANCt.
In the gr
ghfles, and |
thole of the
jng, reprcfen
on ill pcrlon.
ther by arche
arbuur. In t
l(,ns of qualii
III the gaic
river falling
tcautifid Ihcc
bafons, aduri:
ot the partert
n.olteMenfive
vmidefecndto
iialon in the
fpouts, formin
bjibii furroinii
11:11 farther do
bcllifted with
marbl'.-. 'I'he
(••vera! (liccts,
oihcr pieces o
Ironi a Keep h
n-luch is a final
tens of the fan
The hydrau
IliriJs oil the
wheels turned
aaJ tweiity-hve
water into a toy
ijthoiTis from th
aqucJuifl three
jnl from then
eighteen inchc;
winch arc thrc;
tilde again fup
Verlaill's.
fontainebleau
licular I'ub-govei
It is thirty-five
Iblcly rcmarkab
}';ciich kings h:
timaicd tor a hut
fits of buildings
without any ord
lil'cd mafs of va
coiit'ulioii has a I
Its fituation is i
litgc forelt i bi
Willi tare rocks.
fiurt frequently
il
The largeft ro
iclej when the
tr,i:niiey built li)
l*ciity wide, at
lainrs of fpottcc
uliite marble.
tiDJc of black
lUuc of the lad
hllb relievos,
tSc other tlie fur.
He ft.iiuej, repr
each lide of tin
He theatre (or th
I he ru'iin in
nfiiic cielinj
J'
/emperaiiee,
other fiibjecls.
faiiitings.
The galleries
Among the reft
pjtticulaily woi
paintings of ill
lia.5i heads fet o
fee. Under eac
la what wood,
I Thus many of t
olilcly laying, I
I scat of takinii
i!4 ^
. H'RANCt.
r.i four others of
li!p i.yniphs, auj
arc two iithcr Lj.
thrown into two
.lie liordirs of the
. I'tcini riiis par-
ih is btl v ii, thi;
|)ii;ftnt'..l J crou; c
I Dijiiu Liti I,.
the cruel tv ul il.o
I'Oil lis niU,;iioi-
tliiantity ot vvjici
icts, and other cu.
liptioii (il which
Llcue only mciitK.n
L.li is a h.iu.ii uf ail
vciity IVi't ill di.i-
cc ill l.i.ii/i'.t lines,
,vo ol tht ;'.n|^',e.i ut
1 (111 liis b,ick. 'rhc
,id, and ci-lit him-
I .ich end. Ill thj
nbciit live htinJicil
ion til' il' canah liie
II yachts and g;il.
a nr. iLr-pinc in ii
nr.J com. in;, fitli i
ht ictt liji;.', \iuh
t ; iiiid (,11 caih iiJc
iuul ti\'\ u-jt loi.j.
iilfidi- ivitn line r(,ivs
I'r is a luMutiiul |,.ir.
id.llc, fri-i.i whun a
: i) LitilicilillKj wiih
;iu (.rJcr, :;ruin,c, .,i
lies, (iatic lit wiiite
.Tie It L 1113 i iutellol'
x.
the fcvcral walks of
other, th.it il IS \:!^
Aithout a (lui.li., nut
ari; two lhtii..s, the
holding a clue of
iiir (it the a'il:ys vou
baloii ol iin ftiell-
i vcr\' n r.in. - y le-
pr< li-i III fiiiii hues
■Uu wi;h a black
croves, all beauti-
the pardcn is the
L>f foreign bcal'o aid
palarc, called Tiia-
wiiich iroiiis the
,iiid rriairnihcent; the
cxqu'litc talte, and
bro.id. Tiie rou't
;Milhlc, I'lippoiti-J by
two wings are tci-
ihc whnle l-ul'idin;;
111 Hi, i>:i;. In 'i''^
the furniairc is very
alfociiib'.llilhcdv.ith
of il j'.ircs, (iuiic by
s if another royal feat,
11 a iiv.lc valley, w:!",
St. ''icrnuin, an'! '•
omiiu; from -:. Ger-
.1 io'.uut court, tiir-
rids the (luard loum,
urts for 0.a:;lv-,t()ae'"-
f a laiu': pavilliii".
r, as alio "I tivelvc
nutl'i ': of the ;'n:-t
f'Clco. The llffs '-'l
LS, groups of Ciiildit"'
I'll
FRANCt.
i'. I' R o i» r.
In the great hall arc fixtceii pilaflcrs, fine looklnj-
ladts and pn^turcs ; and in the Icing's apartment:., ami
''hole of t^''•■ '■"y^' family, arc beautilul pieecs of paiiit-
■ 5 reircfciitin!; the lie.^cs which Lewis XIV. carried
'""in iicrloii. 'i'lie fmall pavilions arc joined to each o-
Xr hy arches, thinui;h each of which you enter a iirtK;
arbiiur. I" thelc luiall pavilions arc aparlinento loi pcr-
li,ns of qualitv.
In the .;ardens is a large cafoade, which is properly a
tivcr tMnv^ from a very hi^h place, and fortjiiii;; very
bcautitui Ihccts of water. At the bottom are Icveral
bafons, adorned with proirpcs, Itatiics, ^*cc, 'I'he fide
ct the parterre, fronting the laige pavilion, prcfciits a
n.olt eMcu'i^c and beautiful prolpect. From this parterre
vmidtfcciidtoaiwther, adorned with marble Uatucs, and a
talon 1" 'he middle, which has a number of w.iter-
f<outs, formini; a wheat-fhcaf. Heyornl this is a large
balon furrounde.l with walks and t;;raf:,-pl;us. In !;oiiii;
llill farther down, you meet with two other bafons, cni-
bclliftcd with ihell-work and groujies of il-ures, in white
marble. The water falling out of thefc bafons, forms
(■•veral fliccis, and enters iinotlier below. Among the
other pieces of water, is another cafcade, which tails
Irom a lleep hill into a large bafoii, in the middle ot
«ii;ch is a fmall one of gilt brafs, fuppoited by three Tii-
icns of the fame metal.
The hydraulic engine of Marly for raifiiig of water,
ftanJs on the river beine, and is compofed ot tourteeii
nheels turned by the current, which let two huii.lred
j;iJ iwenty-hvc pumps going at once, throwing up the
water iiito'a tower at the dilfancc of fix hundieu and ten
lithoms from the river, 'rnence the water runs into an
aqucJuil three hundred and thirty fathoms in length,
anl from thence is conveyed through iron pipes ot
Cjih'.ecn inches bore into the relervoirs of Marly,
ulich arc thrca hundred and fifty fathoms farther, and
ihcle again fupply all the water-works of Marly and
Veiiailks.
fontaiiiehleauis but a mean town, though it has a par-
ticular lab-governor, a royal prevote, and a forelf court.
It IS thirty-five miles to the fouth-cjrt of Paris, and is
Igjcly remarkable for its royal palace, in which the
y.'cnch kings have taken great delight, it being well
aiuated for a hunting feat. Though it coiilllls of fevcral
fctsof buildings added to one another at different times,
without any order or fymmctry, which conititute a coll-
ided mafs of various kinds of architecture, yet this very
coniufwn has an air of grandeur, which Itrikes the eye.
h lltuation ij in a bottom, -and it is furr.juiided by a
jiiae Ibrelt ; but the neighbouring hills .ire eroAiied
wiin Urc rocks. As the loieif abounds wiih guiie, the
f%;t frequently takes the divcrlioii of hunting in
The largeft room of this palace is that where plays are
icleJ when the court is lice. In this room is a large
cniniiey built by Henry IV. twcnty-tl.rec Icct hi-li, and
twenty wide, adorned with four lofty Coiinthian co-
Ijrrns of fpottcd marble, with the bales aiul capitals of
white marble. In the midii of the chimney-piece is a
iJDle of black marble, on which Itaiids the eqiiellriaii
lijtucof the laft mentioned prince; uii.lerncatfi are tw.i
bill'o relievos, one reprel'enting the b.ittlc hi Ivty, and
ttic other the furrendcr of the city of M.iiue. Tw.. ni.ir-
blc lt,itucs, reprelenting Loyalty and Peace, l^iiid on
tjch iide of this figure, and facing the chimney is a no-
ble theatre for the ac'^ling of plays.
The ro'iiii in which the king dines in public has a ve-
nfiiie cieling, and noble pii^lures reprelenting I'ortitudc,
Teiiiperaiiie, Jufticc, and Prudence, with feveral
ether fubjeclb. The other rooms are alio adorned with
paintings.
The galleries of this palace arc likcwiie verv fine.
Among the rcll the It.ig-gallery, along the orangery, is
particulaily worthy of notice, it being adorned with
paintings of all the royal palaces, between which arc
lla^i hea.is let olf with branches of a very unconimon
he. Under each (tag's head is an inlcriptinn, fhewing
111 what wood, and bv what king the ttag was killed.
Thus many of theni are introduced (peaking, and lerv
politely laying, king Charles, or Lewis, did nic the ho-
nour of taking me. In the gallcrv of Uianj li the p..:-
tuie e.f Hei.-y the Ciicat u'.,a hunting-ilr fs; and the dil-
ferent kinds of hunting in which he delighted, arc re-
prefented in feveral paintings twelve leet high, .inJ
twenty b'oad.
Near this gallery is the aviary, which is cxtrrmeiy
large and beautiful, it being niriely feet in leiigtli, and
nine in breadth. In the middle is a large dome, under
which is an artifici 1 rock, made of fliell v.ork, from
which ill'iic fevcral I'priiigs, the water running through
many Wu'e channels made in the itoiie pavement along
the whole aviary.
'I'he gardens arc adorned w^:h ftatucs and rountains,
the largelt of which ihnds in the middle of the garden,
and is called the fountain of the Tiber, from that river
being rcprefented in br.ifs. lieyond it are a grotto and
calcades, and at the entrance of the paik is a line canal
lix hundred fathoms long, and twenty broad ; it is all
lined vv'iili itone, and has a fountain at each end. No-
thing can be more rui.il and delightful than the alleys of
this park, they being all of a vail length.
Miidoii, in Latin .Molduniim, a market town, fivo
miles to the fouth-ealt of Paiis, remarkable for the royal
palace creeled there, the favourite rclideiice of the only
Ion of Lewis XIV. It (lands in the middle of a forcit,
and has a noble avenue leading t.^ it, three quarters of u
mile ill length, on the right of which is a line convent
belonging to the Capuchins, and on the left the vine-
yards of Mudoii. At the entrance of the court of the
pal.ice is a large pile of buildings on the right, and an-
other on the left, which open in the form of a femicir-
cle i but are disjoined from the body of the houfe. In
the middle of the front is a lofty advanced building, en-
tered by three doors'. Above it runs an order of arehi-
teiture, confilling of arches and columns finely dcfigned.
Above them is another order accompanied with pilalters ;
over all is a fountain containing two llatucs in u cumhe.n-.
podure, admirably well finilhed. 'Jhe wings are not lo
nigh as the principal building, and each of them is termi-
nated by a fquarc pavilion.
Theinlideof tiiis palace was adorned with the richefl
furniture, and a tine colleclion of (latues, paintings, me-
dals, and other antiquities. The front towards the gar-
den alfoconlillsof a lofty advanced building, with wings
contiderably lower, which terminate on the right and left
in two pavilions of the fame hei-.'ht as the body of the;
building. The gardens are much admired for their fine
walks, parterres, and water- v.'o:ks, and adjoining to
them is a Ipacious park ciicomp.dled with a brick wajl,
and adorned with woods, bafons, and relervoirs of wa-
ter ; the woods being cut through, and divided by beau-
tiful avenues, among which is one dillinguiflied by the
name of the Dauphin, which leads to the cates ol'
Paris.
Near MuJon are fomc excellent ftonc quarries.
St. Cloud, a borough, feated four miles from Pari',
on an eminence near the Seine, and belonging to the
archbilhoi) of Paris. This place is a duchvaiid peerai;c,
the archbilhop bearing the title of duke and peer of St.
Cloud. Ill it is a collegiate church, one convent, and
a fine palace belonging to the duke of (Jrlean«, adorned
with verv beautiful galleries, containing fine paintings and
fculptvires, and the garden belonging to it abounds with
loiiiitaiiis, calcades, delightful parterres, with every
thing that can pleal'e the eye. This pKiei- ,, much re-
f.jrted to by the inhabitants of Paris, on ace, ant of its
extraordinary pleafantnel's. It has a nianuJaitii.ry of por-
celain, and a tine bridge of (tone over the Seine. Merc
Henry 111. was murdered in 1589.
Scnlis, a city feated on an eminence on the little river
Nonett, twciitv miles to the north-well of Paiis, in a
dillrift called Valois. It is the refidence of a governor,
a dillticl court, and a fait office. In this citv and its
three fuhurbs are fix parifli churches ; among which is
the cathedral, which has a (leeple t'-.at ij one of the
hinhcft ill France, and the figures wl-.ieh adorn the front
of the right wing of this church arc very curious. Here
are alii) a collegiate church, and a roval chapol. Its
bifhop IS fubjciil to the archbilhop of Rhiims, and has
withiiihisdiocelcone hundred and leventy. Seven pariflies,
leirty-four chapels of eale, three abbics, nine prioru«
with nineteen iiifirn.arKs, and his a^mual reveiuKj
li amgunCi
Pil
I
"f
!iw m
'hI
I
I !
t
''t
. .!;
•\i- • I; m
li!
' ; m
;?,■ iifl
'I w
'•I
^1 ,
Ill' y fl'.
490
A S y S r E M 1' G F. O G R A I' H Y.
I'«.ir,ct
amounts to tlgiitccn thoul'aiul livii"--, out of which he
pays to the toiirt of Komc 0:1c tiiouliiiid two hunJrctl
and hfiy-foiii liorins. Ihu cicy ii.i') it-i own law;.,
ami is il;lcniltJ liy .1 wall, .1 dry nio.it, and haltioiis.
Soilii.Mis, tlic cipital ot a dillnct called the Soili'oiiiiois,
and of tiie wliole govirnnii-'iu, is I'dtLd in a plcalant and
frui'.ful valley, on t.n; river Ai(iie, iisty miles to tlie
iiDrtii eait of I'.itis. It is a pretty lar^f Well hiiiit town,
and gives tlic tiile ol Count. It i^ ihc iclidence ut a
governor-ye.'ieral, and the leat of a ^ener.iliie, an inten-
dance, a hoard of tne hll.lnte^, a falt-olltce, acouit ol
judice, a fortlt court, l'cc. In this ciry, belide; the c.i-
thedral, which has one ol the moll conlileialile chapleis
in the kingdom, arc threeci)llii;iateclurrehe'.,one eoliegeot
the fathers of the Oratuiy, lix alih;es, leveral conveiU:i,a
French academy, and an ancient caille. lis billiop is
fuhjcct •') the arch!)iflKi[) ol Rheinis, in whole ableiue
he [icrlornis the ccieniony ot the king's coronation ; he
has three hundred and nin-.ty-feven pandtesjand twenty-
three abbics within his diactle, wliicli produces a reve-
nue of eiL'.T.oen thouland livres, out of which he pays
the court ol i\(>-. e's taxation of two thoul.ind four hun-
dred florins. Several councils have been heUI here.
St. Der.ib, a town li'atcd in a fruitful level coimtrv,
in the i!le of France Proper, five miles to the norlh-wcli
of Pans, owes its origin to a celebrated abbey of ijene-
dictines, founded there by king Clotaire, ii; honour ol St.
Denis, lo early as the year Ooc, but greatly improved
by Ins fon Dagobcrt. The abbey is now rebuilt with
the hnelt tree-ih.ne, and has a garlen laid out in a iik-I!
elegant t..lk-. The church, thoiigh Gothic, is a hand-
foiiie i'truclurc, and not only contains a very rich tiea-
lury, in wiiich are kept the rrown jewels j but is like-
wiic the place of intermciit for the kings of I'V.ince and
th.eir families ; but no tombs have been ciecle.l here, for
Henry IV. or any of the fuccced.'iig kings. i'iie famous
marihal de Turenne has a noble nioiiuiiient here erected
by tne king's order, in a marble chapel built on purpole,
where his eifigy lies at full length, lurrounded with lau-
rels and trophies, and a Roman ciiglc relreating b.i. k-
wards at the light ot fo forr.iidable .111 enemy, iniinor-
talitv, with a radiant crown on her head, holds in one
hand a crown of laurel, while fhe fupports wiih the other
tile dying hero. Wiidomand Valour are alio reprefcnted j
in their proper attitudes : the lormer teems allonilhed at
tne liroke which deprives France ot that great man, and j
the latler appears in coniteriiation. On the altar in
abbey is a crols, laid to be ot mafly gold, l\:vi:n
high, fet with diamonds and rich pearls, and by it a table
of gold ; the altar is plated over with lilver. The pre-
ieiit income of the abbey is iixty thuulaiid livres, to.ie-
ther with the lordfliip of the town, and appeals from his
court lie only 10 the parliament of Pans, l^efuhs this
i:hurch here arc thirteen others, among which is the col-
legiate church of St. Paul, and five convents.
Noyon, a very ancient, pretty laig<-, and well built
citv, in the ddliict called Noyonnoi,, on the lit:!c river
Vcrl'e, tweniy-two miles to the iiurth-vvclf ot Soitl'onj.
It is the rifidence of a governor, and has a fait otfice, a
tbrclt-court, &c. lichdes its cathedral and a roy..i cha-
pel. It has ten parilh churches, two abbies, two con-
vents, one community, one leminary, and twohofpita
his diorefe are three hundred paildic;, juj t
abbies. Ill
aDUies. Ills levenue aniuunis to ihiiiy thouiau) i "'"
out of which he pays four thmifand Hurins to tlic c(> '~'
Rome. I'hencigliboijringcountryproriurcsex.-c """'
Jieaiivais, a cay in tha diltri^t of lijauvail'is, u II-
lixtecn leaguJs to th- '' '^"'^'
"urt ijt
entwine.
on tne river I'eraine, „*...„ .cagues to the noi.|,„f u
us, and Is almoll linrouiided with hids. C e ar H
hefug>d and taken this town, is (aid to have gue,, ''•'"■■
name ot L'j.-laiomagnus. It is furtihed, but h nt'""
gieat lircngth, it hemg commanded hy the m> M„„ ""
moumaiiis. Its cithedial, dedicated to St. Peu-r i"^
mignihcent building j it has alio hx colleciaic diurVl* ^
thirteen parilh-chuiches, tbiee ahhies, a'V'neral I f
tal, and an alms-houfe. it has iikewife a inaimr c'"'"'
which, together with the forelf-court, are den, nd,,,'!""''
the bithop. it haj likcwifc a province-court n, I ■ 1"'
h.ihop, who is i\,ii:,.j .' ■""'•"■'It-
hoiife
jp.
•Phe
ot Khcmis, IS a count and peer ot l-ranc, and h-
diocelu confuting of twelve chapieis, fourteen abbl''
lorty-eight priories, lour hundred and forty-two dt n " '
and three hundred chapels, with an anpud rcicV'
amounting to fifty-tive thouland livres, out of which"|'!
mana-
i-
(lay., a taxaiion ot tour thouland lix hundred
tue court of lionie. in this city is a confidera
tacture ot tspeltry, and in it are alio iti^dc grcauiu'r-'
ties of ferge and wcxjllen cloth. ' '''
I'he Knglilh beueged this city in va^n in , ..■, j,,,
in I47Z it iiLide a brave detencc againit Cnailcs dj'kc f
IJurgundy, when the women figiiaii/ed their cour 7
uiida the conduct of a brave hcro:::e i.anied |oaiirl"°'i
diet, whole i.icturc they preferve in ti'.e town-l,o„|V ■ alj
in memory ot thi.s a.;:ion the women are allo'v'/lt
march liilt in a proceilion aiumally obfervcj on t!ie i-"nth
ot July, i'he aJiacent country abounds in corn, p.dlure
and liiiit, and aftcids fome of th- belt iimtton in Kran-.'
(iermuin en Lare, a well inht
along the Seine,
very g,)o,l
Its bilhop, who is alio tufFragan to the archhidiup of
Rhcims, is a count and a peer of France : his diocefe
conlids of four hundred and fifty p.^rifhes, and feventecii
abbies i and his revenue amounts to twenty-nve thouland
livres, out of which he pays three thouland florin: to the
court of Rome. The principal trade of this citv co:i-
'A./'./ffi/. iilis in corn. Here the celebrated C'.dvii: was born.
This city has been fcvcral times deli'.-iyed by tire.
Laoii, acity in thediltiidt called the Laonnois, {lands
on a Hecp eminence in the midll of a large plain twenty
niiles to ihe north-call of Soillons. it is well built, ami
has an old cattle, and beautilul ilrccts. It has a gover-
nor, a faltothce, a foteil-manor, and a court of jullice.
Iklides its cathedral, it has thiee collegiate churche?,
iivt alibiei., two convents, a college maintained at the
expellee of the city, one general holpiial, i,nd an alms-
houfe. lis bifliop, who IS luhjecl to iln- archbidiop of
Rhcims, Is the Iccoiid duke and peer of I'-aiite. Within
bt. Germain's, or S
bited town, ij leated on an eminence
ten mile, to the iiorth-wdi: ot i'ari. , and has
.ur and water, 'l-he Fnglifli .lellroved a nalacc whri,
Ihiodhcrein 1341;; but a new buiidmg benn'riifclbv
i'r.incisi. it akerwards received the name ot ihe Old
I'alace, to diltinguilh it from one built there by Henry
iV. which was called theNew. Lewis Xlll. .id.lcl lome
cciiderable embellilhmwiits to it, and Lewis X]V. m.
largcd it by the addition of five llatelv pavilions, wiiinc-'
though It IS no regular building, it' makes a gr.iii.i a,!
this i P^ai.nce. The New i'alace, as it is called, fr.ntsthe
feet i *r"^' •""' ''••"''s on the brow ot a hi|l, with agord.m.f
lix beds of earth fupported by arches Hoping into the \i|.
ley. J'his building is a true image of the tranliioriiieli
otall fuhliin:'ry things, the galleries in it bein:; turned
into granaries, and tlie paintings fcarce dillinjniflublt
for tilth. 'I'he very alcove in which Lewis XIV. wai
born is now a dull-hole, and the grand (lair-ca(c icaJm'
into the garden is wholly in ruins, while the archo to?
the beds in the g.irden are in many places funk iniothe
ground, i'he Old Palace was theVelidence of Ja'iiosll.A'
after his flight from Lngland, and here too he died. Tie
tlreets of tne town are well paved, the houfes arc liifty
and liandfome, with lome large ii]uaies and hotels, th'iugii
it has only one parilli-chuich, three convents, and an
hol|iiial.
St. Cyr, a convent of nuns (if tiie order of S*. Aa^^uf-
tine founded 111 it^SO bv mad..incde .Maintenon, mHi^^efc,
it not the fecret conlortof L-wis XiV. ot wliieii (he her-
lelf was .ibhel's till the liltcenth of .'\piil, lyir), whin
the died. It contains hl'iy ladies ot quality, tLirty-lix
lay-tillers, and two hundred and hlty pupils, who iiiuft
be betv.'cen the age of fevcii and twelve ; hut mult jirove
their nobility for tour generations, and have no Jilctl in
body or mind. Heie they conn luie till they are twent/
years ol age, when fuch of them as are difpoledtobe
nuns are dillribuied among the royal abbies, where they
are admilted giatis : the others are married to g'jiit'tmcn,
with a poition of tour hundred pilloies, beiides accrtainiy
ot pretetment to the bridegroom ; or elle they are lent
hack to their parents, On tne death of anv one of the
(ilty ladies, her place is filled up by eledlion trom amoai;
the youiii! ladies. I'he thirty-lix lay-|illers inltruit ihciii
111 every branch of education becoming their lex. Ihii
I lound.itioa
fUA.VCE.
founilatioM ha:
ihdufand livre
the extinction
its lands and ii
clou J and fpler
Oflht Cavtrnm.
lory, P>!lJllU\
Si. Mai}'i,
B.!;rlj?e.
THK provi
liretagiie
foulti and well
(he liriiilh ihari
mandy, Maine,
Ironi call to wtl
fwtylive, but ii
(Civtd its name
out uf liiitam at
the Angles and ;
and, ulier wandi
province, to wti
lacceeding tinic
the kings or the
here t" act ajjain
iiTs, Nudiciioiu,
k.! king 1 but III
tonlpiraiurs, wh
irr under the till
rtJiiceJ the coun
fo;a(!ion of it ; b
Ria.'ricu ihs only t
of/iiijou, the foi
iVormandy ; and
::in:ia nurrying 1
lam.iv of France,
iv;; iJicii t'overned
bv marry uig thci
tcca.ne united 1
1 hi, province
lias lew iiavigabi
Inecoiuurv is 1
uinous, partLul
runiach..!!! uf nn
iiitie curii and
lures tnabie the
iiibutitr. It alf
made great tpiant
IS a lead mine j
:ood as that of
Names alio yie
riur to ihe Kngl
n the trade of t|,i
lumbers of fardi,
The iiihahiiant
Iters, in Upper
Lower Biiitany
iMs country
arRcnncs ; as all
hticr of whi.h co
indpcafants, whc
}"rs. The govi
i "I under him are
'J! the fu;)ei inter
only cfihe e.irldo
fnt'k there are thri
liic dates, and
(d accordin"
all;
. '" It
11 Upper and four
»i:hthe I, incr
f;!lo«-ing ;
l^™ne>, the anc
•inee, is fe.itcd on
" the lion h Ward
fti't. .Malo's. It
"liich have a coi
l-ttty large, popu
Franct.,
ilhl twciity.fou,
tl-.oiilauJ ill re,
ill to the court (,|
cscxccllcntwinc.
lUV.lilis, IJ lo,,,,,!
the iioitli iif Pj.
. Cf ar haiin.r
I have yutii 1: if;^
il, but is of n„
the iifi. !ihouriiig
" St. PkUt, is J
'lU'giaic ihiitchc-
, .1 i;eiicral hol'f'.
lie a iiiaiKir-ciiuri
are ilepinilcnt cm
court, aii.l a i:,lt,
1 to the archl ilh,,|,
ran c, and has j.
, fourteen abbi-,
forty-two pur;fli..'
1 aiu'u.l revenue
;, out of which lit
riiinJred florins tj
ronfiJcrable manj-
no:; lie great qujn;i.
va'n in 1443, =:iJ
ill Cliarlcs djlccof
■/.^^ their cour^_>e
c i.anicJ Joaniirt-i^j,
,et;)Wii-!iijufe;ai,j'
len are allowij ij
lervcJ on t!ic i-mh
lis in torn, p.iHurc,
■ Mutton ill France.
Lare, a well inha-
:e along the Sdnc,
aiiJ h.i'i very goo.l
yej a palace which
liiw hiini; tiifcilby
p name of the OIJ
uilt there by Henry
■ Xlll.ad^icillome
l>ewis XIV. (n-
pavilions, whfnc?,
makes a |>raiui aj-
s talleJ, fri'tits the
, with a g.irilvniif
pinj; into the ul-
of the tranfiloriiiefi
ill it liein,; turned
arcc iliili:>uuifliab!e
Lewis XIV. wai
1 Uair-cafe loaJini
while the arches lor
ces funk iniotht
I'lilcnce ot Ja'Ticsli.,V.l
too he liicii. I ^e
the houfcs arc hi-f
s an J hotels, th'iugn
convents, and an
order of S'. Aajaf-
ilain'.enon, milbcif,
V. of wliichfli: her-
Apiil, 17 19, when
,)t quality, thirty-lix
ly [inpils, who muft
Ive ; hut mull provs
iihl liave noditeit in
li'rl tliey aie twcni/
as arc difpufcd tobt
I abb.es, where they
arried to g.-uulcmen,
es,btiides a certainty
or elle they arc lent
ilh of any one of the
eledtiuii Irom among
fillers iiitlruit then
llij; thcit fox. This
foundatiuu
f
France.
EUROPE.
4'J>
founiUtlon has an annual revenue of a hundred and eighty
ihoulaiiii livres, a liundred thoufand of which arifc from
J, fxtinition of tne abbey of St. Duiis, exclufivc of
,,s laniis and imnioveablcs. I'lic convent is a very fpa-
ciuu,
i and fplendid llruclure.
SECT. XXXI.
Qflhi Government ^f Ihiltmiy; its Slliiation, Exieitt, Hif-
ton, PioMia; ,inii primi["il Liti(S,nume,y Rmms, Nautx,
Si.' Mi>i3'i, aiidl'ifjl; Lvith a i.o>uiJi Dfjaiption 0]
THE province of Biittnny, called by the French
iiretagne, i.i a kind ul peiiinlula lurrouiidcd on the
foutn a'lJ *•■'' ^'X ""^ Atlantic oce..ii ; on the iiorih by
ihe liritilh ihannel ; but towards (he ealt it join-. Nor-
nianiiy. Maine, Anjou, and Hoitou. its griaielt leii;^th
ironieall to weft a lixty leagues, and its gnaiell brcidlh
fortyfve, but in many places 11 is veiy narrow. It re-
ceived its name from tiic old Uritons, who being driven
out ef Britain about tiie middle of tiic hltli century, by
llie Angles and Saxons, cridl'cd the Channel into Ciaul,
anJ .ilier wandering about lur foine tunc, lettled in tnis
province, to which iliey at length ga.e tiieir name. In
ijccteding limes ihe H itons were obliged to lubmit to
the tins;* o\ the Kraiilts, Charles the wreat had a licet
fiere triad ag;ainlt the Noimans, and under his luccef-
i;,[. Nuiimioiu.s, a duct of t .e iJritoiis, created him-
k.t kin-' ■ hut his fccdiid lu.-cc'li'or was taken off' by fonie
conlpiraturs,
who niaiic tncinlcivis mailers of the coun-
Iiv ujiJcr the title of counts. IIk Normans afterwards
KJuce>l I'l'' country, but Were unable to keep tne ijuict
rof.iflion of it i but at lengt 1 Conaii, count uf Unttaiiy,
rii.'ricJ lis only daughtc- Conllaiuia to Cjutttiicd, count
ui niijou, the foil ot iienry 11, of England, and duke of
Normaiidv ; .ind the daughter and hciiels of this Con-
itaniia m.irr)ing Peter of IJicux, liritiany lell to the royal
iarr...v of France, Peter being a prince ot the blood, ic
»•;; ;r.cn governed oy the dukes of lirittany, and at length,
binurrjuig their daughters to the kings of I'Vaiicc, it
beis.ne united to that crown in the year 15J2.
This province contains ibme very good liarbours, but
has lew iiavi.'able livers, except the Eoire and Villaiiic.
Tne country is in fume parts level, and in others moun-
uinaub, particul.irly in Upper Hrittany, through whic.'i
runsach.jn of mountains called iMont Acre. It produces
liuiecorn and wine, but its extcnhvc and fruitful paf-
iijre< enable the innabitants to carry on a prohiable trade
mbutltr. It alio pioduces iiemp and flax, ol which are
made great (juantitits of linen and fail cloth. AtCarnot
IS a lead mine J but the lead found in it is not near lb
:ooJ as that of Kiiglaiid. Some places m the dioccfe of
N'anlesal.o yield pit-coal ; but that alfo is much infe-
rior to the Eiigiifli. Horl'es likewii'e aic another branch
lithe trade ol this country. CJii the coaft are taken great
iiuTibers of fardines and other iilh.
The inhabitants on the fea-lhorc are excellent mari-
ners. In UppcT Hrittany they fpeak French ; but in
Loivcr Biittany \VeIili.
This coun'.ry ha.s its own parliament, which is held
1: Rcnnes ; as alfo it.s own lav\s and paiticular llates, the
Uicr of whi.h confil! of the clcrgv , nubility, burghers,
iaJptafants, who arc lunimoi.ed by the kiiij; eveiy two
icars. The governor is likewife admiral of lirittany,
:i.i under him are tv\o li'-uteiiant gener.ils, one ot whom
ias the lupeiintcndcncy of eight dioccie>, and the oihe:
only of the e.irldom and bilhopric of Nantes. iJelidcs
ihele there are three fub-governors. In the meeting ol
liieHates, and allcirments ol taxes, the country is ilivid-
td according to its nine bifhoprics, live of which belong
n Upper and four to Lower lirittany. We Ihall begin
v.i;h the h ner, the principal places in which are the
fcllowing :
Rcnne-, the ancient Condatc, the capital of the pio-
tmce, is feated on the river Villaiiic, about filty five mile:.
10 the northward of Name;., and forty-five to the fouth
c:St. M.ilo's, It is divided by the river into two parts,
which have a coniinunication by three L ridges. It is
jetty large, populous, and the I'cc cf a blfliup •. here is
alfo held the parliament of the whole country, an intend,
ancy, a country court, a foreft court, and a conlulatc.
It contains many well-built houfes ; but the llrects arc
narrow, dark, and dirty. Belides tli'j cathcdial, it has
eight parifli-churches, and feventeen convents ; the
Jeluits had here a fine college, and the ftatcs (f the
province have eredled in this city a noble ftatue of Lewisi
XV. The bifliop, who is fuflVagan to the archbidiop
of Tours, has a dioccfe conlilting of two hundred and
thirty-lix parilhes, with an income of fourteen thoufand
livres, out of which he pays a thoufand florins to the
court of Rome.
The bifliopric of Nantes, or Nantz, includes the earl-
dom of Nantois, which is divided by the l.oiie into two
parts. This country is fruiilui in wine, corn, g'lod paf-
tures, and cattle ; it likewife yielda fait and pit-coal, and
enjoys a flourilhiiig tiadc.
Nantes, or Nam/., the nncicnt Condlvioniim, is iii
rank ilie fecond city in lirittany. It is feaud on the
Loire, in the forty-lcvcnth dcgrcr twenty minutes north
latitude, and in the lirll degree thirtv-two niinuies welt
longiiude, thirty-two miles to the cad of the lea, and is
one of the greatcll trading cities in the kingdom, it be-
ing pretty large, populous, well fituatcd, and contain-
ing four fuburbs. It is furrouiuled wiih ramparts and
very deep ditches. Among its other luitilicaiioiis is an
old caflle, flanked with large round toweis towards the
city, pnd with feme hall-moons towards tne fiiburl s of
St. Clement. This war, formerly the Icat of the dukes
of Brittany, to whole elddt fun it gave the title of count.
It is the I'cc of a bifhop, who is futFragan to the arch-
bifhop of Tours, and by virtue of his dignity is a coun-
fellor in the parliament of Renncs. Here is alfo a cham-
ber of accounts, a board of Hr.ances, a niinto.'Sie, a
Country court, an admiralty, and a fored court. The
diocefe of the bilhou conlills of two hundrid and twelve
parillics, befides chapels of eal'e, and he cn';oys ,1 levenuc
of thirty thoufand livres, outofwliiih lie pavs two thou-
find florins to the court of Rome. The cathedral dedi-
cated to St. Peter is a lar^.e aiitiijuc llruiUuie, adoincd
wiih high towers. In it are the tombs of I'ever.d dukes
ot lirittanv : here is alfo a collegiate church of the Vir-
gin .Mary, with eleven pariih churches, fourteen con-
vents, a college, an univcility Ibundcd about the year
1460, and iwohoipitals. TTic tovvn-houle is built in tho
mo>lern t.ille.
Near thecity of Xant/. is a famous h..rnii.agc, in which
the hermits have hewn a handlomc chapel out of the
rock With their own hands, with cells for ihcir lodging,
and other conveniences, to which they have with great
labour added a pretty ga.'den ; from this retreat they have
a rine profpciSt of the city, the Loire, and the aeljacent
country.
The trade of this city to the French colonies in .Ame-
rica, and alfo to Spain and Portugal, is confiderahic,
without mentioning other European (hipping which I're-
qucnt its port ; though lliips of burthen can come in
tarther up the Loire than to Pairiboeul, a markct-toivi
vvheie the cargoes are put into (mailer vedels, and earn
upto Nantes. An excellent fort of brandy, com.iionly dil-
tiiiguidicd by the name of this city, is exported from
thence into foreign coiintiies. One o( the (uburbs call-
ed the Foli' lies near the harbour, and is inhabited bv
rich merchants. Here is a large ([uay, aU.ng which
(land vciy fine houles, and fjiacious ware lioufes.
In this citv is a very particular kind of locietv, which
has been cll.iblirtied a'cove a hundred yeais hetween ihe
nieichaiits of Nantes and thole ol liiiDoa in Spain. I his
(ociety i^ called the L ontraclation, and has in each of
thefe cities a reciprocal tribunal 111 the manner of acoii-
lular juiililu'lion . lo that a nieichaiit of Nantes, who
happens to be at liilboa, has a ligiit t.T lit and vote iu
that tribunal ; and the merchants ol Bilboa have the fame
privilege when they are .it Names. It is on account of
this ibcietv that Spanifii wool pays only a (mail duty at
Nantes ; and that, in return, the linens of Hrittany are
upon the lame looting at liilboa. T'liefc two cities had
even formerly fliips in common, which traded for the
profit of the parineilhip. T'hey have cliablilhed at Nantes
a manul'aifuie ol cottons, which fuccceJs as well as
•l.al which h*s been kng Tiiii.e let up a: Rouen, and
1 may
•■» '<l
-■ r .
I ■
rJ-
\m'i>'
' f.i
'iiu
ill
I it?
! i
JiV I
1- ' i, ■•
r M{
IM'<
5»M !■
W- iiM
[li^
Mi
J
f
If
11
W i 1
<r
^HUl,
♦ !/■
A .S V
1" v. M U 1-
may 111 iiiiiL" evtii c.\i.fiJ 't, fiu <• totroii aiiJ imJi;^'j ,iio
niui-li ciic.ipci liete ilijn \:\ t!v. ! a;iT city.
Here Htniy IV. AitMaiiKil llic Gujt, by the fi
ninus cdi.:l ill IjQS, coiimior)ly known by tlu* rdict ut
Nam/, giatitij the IIiiL;u-ii()t', <ir irloiiiiiJ ot ri.iini.',
tliL' public cxficifc of tl.cu rtli^iun lii.ouyhi ut tlit wlit/lc
kingdom ; ii:iil though it li;iJ been t^gilltriJ in tlic [ur-
Ii4iin.-in ut' I'.. lis, ;inj uli'u conli'tnLiii ..aj Iworn toby hij
i'lKCcllurs Lfwis XIII. and XIV. thf l.itti;i inoft peifuli-
ou.'ly rcvdkcd it in ifiijj, cliu-ll\ pcrlLCUting liib I'ro-
tL'K.int rubii.cl., and driwiig thcin out of the kingdom.
liut, notvv;t!i!faiiJii)4 ihijctucl .ind ininohlic l((.'p, thorj
arc I'.ill many rrotclt.int^, as hath been .ilrcudy (aid,
thoiigli thi-y kctp thcnif..lv!.ii da miKh tonccaL'd aj
poUiblf.
St. ,M.ifo, or St. Mall.':., in r,:itin Mi>.loviiim, and
C: E O C, i>.
with na'. il lloK'
r II V.
■•<ANc;.
I\'\ Wivh. Tin- harbour lii-s hctwcci,
the ciiv and the Uil.aib of Recouvrance, whicli i> hi\\
big as the city. 1 I.e rond is extremely fp.iciuus ml
might contain i'.vc hiindi\d men of war; but tli'f ^
ti.iiice to It on j'.-count of its narrowncis is e.vcccJiii ^
diHicult, and particularly from the blind rucks which !■'•
under water .ithiuh tide. 'I'ms port is rhc molt ftc.j,!
retreat fi.r the French {hips of war, and i., the hell pod'iilt,)
hv this nation on this lide tlu- ML-ditetrancn ; ivhcnt •
ih.-seity )■. tine of the L'r.ind iiuga/.iius ol the adaiiral-y
of France, the other bcin,' :'.t Touli'ii, in the MAtiti:'.
' lanean ; and thcrclorc m il'.ib harbour the grcatcit imm.'
I her of the I'Vcnch navy are lilted out. It is faid th;.t ;; !
I val-llorcs and luccll'arv primlions for fevcnty fail ul m"
I of war are conllantly laid up.it lirett, and Ihips ofciihVv
'or ninety guns are built luie, winch renders ih,' nh,'
..;..l, „...l ., 1 11....:. .1 .1 r'"*-
Maelopolis, is a fmall but populous city, featcd on a I rich and populous, licic r. always all
.» • little rocky lil.ind, formerly tailed St. Aaron in the Eng-
--f 8 "3^ Ii(h l.'han'K'l, in forty-eight dcgiees thirty minutes iiou.'i
Z " Iff. laiitiide, and in the fecoiul de^'ree fifteen minutes well
- . . '""•? ii^rti'.uii 1,1
the talUc, conun.indcd by llati'-oihcers. Ltwis Xiv'
c.iufcd an .iifeiial tube built here, and erected an iii....J,
(or the inauiie. Tiieie is lieie a couit of .idiiiul
longitude ; but is joined to the continent by .t long inole, i b.uliwic, with only two parilh-churehis, and a cui
cmy
!y Jiij
r.ot above thirtv fathoms broad, at the head ot wl.iJi is
a flrong talSle ff.uikcd with large towers. 'I'lie hailiuur
is fpacious, and one of the hell on the eoall, but of dil •
ficult entrance, it being furrouiiJcd with Icvcral loik?,
and at tide of ebb left aliiioU diy, fo that it will not ad-
mit large vell'-'N, though it is very ealy to build or retu
fuch fliips as can enter it. Oi\ the iKighbuuiiiig loika
are ten ditt'ercnt forts, and the town is furroundcd with
walls, deep ditches, and' always guardtd by .i I'ufficient
gnrrifon. As fooii as the gates are flint, they let loofe
upon the ramparts twelve or thirteen very lierce bull-
dog?, which would infallibly tear in pieces any pt-rfon
that ventured to come near them, whence it iscoinnion-
ly faid that St. .Malo is guarded by dogs, though tlide
i''Vcin.
'■ i-.ict,
are only defigncd to prevent the garrifoii Ironi beinjj; lur-
prized. This city is alio fecuied towards the fe:i by a
ihoal of fand that encompalTes it, and, bcfides the rocks,
by fmall iflands ; io that the haibour is elk-eiiicd one of
ihe keys of France.
This city is very confulerable, not only for its
firength, but alio for its trade. The inhabitants, who
are fca-faring people, are famous for their fkill in mari-
time afFairs, on which account a gicat number of priva-
teers are fitted out from hence in time of war, which
very much dilfurb the tr.ide of the Channel, and ac-
coriJingly made many Englifli captures during the reign
of k!ng\Villiam, v. hich brought a bombardment upon the
town, though it received but little damage.
But in 1758 a fckct body of above twenty thoufand
Brilifh troops under the command of the late duke of
Marlborough, and a powerful fquadron under commo-
c^orc Howe, having landed at Cancallc bay between the
iix;h and feveiuh of June, they burnt all the ihips in
The Jcfuit:, hifoie their beiii^ e.\pellcJ lioin I'l
had alio a U miliary hcie.
Iiithe ye.ir 1(11)4 the Kngliflj made an att'.mpt u;o:i
IJrcIt, but tlie dclign peifpiied ; fo that the avciiuv? te-
iilg .Ickndcd by a nuiiitrous tram of aili!!i;ry, aiij ,,1
army fuperioi to that of the invaders, I'.encrairaliiijil)
who coiiiinande.l the Fnglilh, was moit.dlv wouiiJa! m
making the defecnt, and the forces were obii.'ij ij ,,.
tiie with lofs.
lielleifk' is an idan.l about ilx leagues from the ci.i.ii'i.j
finttany, in the forty- filth degree twenty minutes nana
latitude, and in the third degree five minmes well l.,;..
gitude. 'i'hc ancients called itColonefus, or th; ijj.,...
the harbour .to the nun.bcr of a hiindrc
great and
fmall i after which, finding tlie town iniprailicable, they
re-emhaikcil, and arrived fuon after
little or no lofs.
This city is the fee of a bifhop futlVagan to the arch-
I'ifhop of Tours ; his dioccl'e conhlls ol a hundred and
i'l.xty pariflies ; he is ford of the city, and his income a-
mounts to thirty five thoufand liv res per annum, out fcf
■which he pavs a thoufand floiii;s to the court of Rome.
The cathedral of St. Vincent is one of the moll ancient
hi all France ; here are alfo iiveial Hr.e nionalU'ries, and
other confiJerabte public buildings.
Brefl, in Latin Brefcia, a tamoiu feaport in the
b. 'opric of St. Pol dc Leon, fituated on the north fide
ol . lari'e and commodious harbmir, which opens to the
jxean in the moll wellcrn part of the continent ol Fi.mce,
about filt.' miles to the iKirth-well of BelleifiC, iu the
forty-eighth degree twenty l:ve minutes north latitude,
and in the fourth degree thirty minutes weif longitude.
Ic is a fmall fortified city ; the ilreets are narrow, and it
is defended by a llrong callle which Hands on a rock,
very ftcep towards the fea , and likewile by a tower op-
pofite to the cadle, which puards the entrance into the
port on that fide. ' i'is cncoinpjilcd on the land-fide with
a broad ditch, and fome other works. It has a fpaciou.
fine road and harbour, the latter being furrounded with
»cr» rood iiuay;, ueoii whiih are buill warc-huulc. '.ill.d
titul llland, which is the (ignification of its prefeiit lu::..-.
It is about fix Ic.igucs long, two broad, and confers ihc
title of mari)uis. It is furrounded on all lides with lucl:;
and has only three landing-places, Palais, Sauzim, ,i.;j
Cjoullard ; every one of which labours under fomecapiul
deled, either in being c.\pofed, (hallow, or dangerui:, .it
the entrance. It contains ojily one little citv, cail^J
I'alais, three country towns, a hundred and three viil.i ,■;
and about five thouland inhabitants. Palais, the ciii-
tal, t.ikes its name from a callle in its neighbouihuoj
I belonging to the duke of lielleifle;, afterwards coiivcrtcd
1 into a citadel This fortilkation is llrong and rc^iii.r
it fronts the fca, and is compofed princip.dly oflior::.
' works, and provided with two dry ditches, theontr.c.v-.
I the counterlcarp, and the other lb contrived as tu lecurc
' the interior foitilicatio.is. The citadel is diuJeJ fiuni
the largcll p.irtof the town by an inlet of the lea, ovc;
', which is a bridge of communication.
' 111 the year i;i;o adiui'.al llawke, with a fr.uadron of
[ I'.nglilh lliips, oif the fi.uth coall of tliis illaiiJ, burn:,
. funk, and dellioycd moll of the Ficnch fleet from Bit'.t
under Confl.ins, who was himfelf either mortally woe.-„l-
Spiihcad, with ' ed, 01 loll in making his cllape in his boat tu Qiuic.
Fwuof the enemy's ihips funk ti> the bottom wi;h .;.!
the ni'.n, and the (hattcred remains of his fleet, tu tte
...umbtr of feven fail, ran up for flielter, after tluijwi.i.^
their guns over-board into the river V'llhune, in i'.:::\M.,
and there continued difabled on accoiuit of the Ih.illow-
lieis of the water. The KnglLfli indeed loll two jl tlicir
men of war by too eager a purfuit of the ckmuv ; but
though they luu aground, all the crcv/ were iavcd, and
their lofs \,as othcrwife inconfiderable.
In .'Xpril I 76 I, this ifland was uttackc.l hy an Kn^lllb
fleet under the cnmmand of commodoie Keppel, aiidtlic
land forces under general llodgfon. The KnglilK iltc:
after binding their troops and t.air cinnwi, wliich w?j
accomplilhed with the gieateft difTiculjy, by dra-gmj
them up tht: rock^, laid fiege to the city ^ .ind tl.e'^ar.
rifon, cwmmand'.'.l l.y the chevalier de ;... Croix, a bT.ac
and experienced ilHier, threatf ■:-•; ,1 . .ng and (.bllii-,.uc
defence. The enemy made foni.. '-iliies, which only .i-
nimated the F.nglifti troops by enc difH.-ulties v;.th whi' 11
tney had to coi,tc:nd ; but at length, a furious aitack i e-
ing made upon the enemy's lines w.'iicli coveiej ili.:
town, they were carried with no great lof, ; this \vi>
principally owing to the uncommmi intrepidity if i
body ot luw-rui'id niaiiucs. Nj .icliyiiuf '.'leate: liini
Iff
EUROPE.
iibour U.-S lictwci-t,
f, whicli ib hall a,
K-ly I'li.icious, aii.l
war; b'.it llicvii-
inJ njc'tus. which l:,-
Is the iiiult ftcu:::
i.-. the k-ll ii(jl!viit,l
ti:iraiic.n ; whcii..i.-
C5 ol tliu adniiialry
I, ill the Mj,littf
: the grc.itc:t imm-
It is r.lij itu.t ;...
I'cvi'iity l.'.il ul 111.-].
and Ihipb ol cphtv
h rcndtii th- place
a Ihuns^ a;atriloii la
rcrs. Lewis XlV.
erected an at.'.Jcmy '
it ot' aJiiiiialty ji,j
lis, and a eopivciu.
)elkJ liuiii Fi.act,
; an attempt u;o:i
:h;il the avcnu'.'s be-
jf ;uii!lery, aiiJ .n
, i;,eneial Tahiialli,
iioit.iUy WDuiiuiJ 1.1
were ulj:!._;ed u t«-
iies from the eaiC. of
venty nuivutes Jioiin
le minrnes wtit k;;-
incfub, or the ij.;.;'.i.
1 of itb prefent lur.;.-.
lad, and coiiK-rs the
1 all fides wiih lucks,
I'alais, Sauzoii, and
rs under fume capital
ow, or dangcryj'. at
c little city, called
ed and three iiil,i!;cs,
s. Palais, the caju-
n its neighbourhuoi
ifterwards coiivcrttii
II rung and teguLr ;
prineipiilly o! horn-
itches, the one no;-.
ontrived as tu lecurc
del i'i diiiJ:J hum
let ot the lea, over
with a fr.uadron o!'
f this illaiiJ, burn;,
iich fleet from ii;i!i
ler mortally wound-
n his boat tu (hore,
the bottom with ail
of hii fleet, to the
e-lter, after thruwir.g
^'illtuiie, in Hr;iuii;,,
oiuit of the Ci.iMow-
eed loil two j', llicir
of the eru'iny ; but
rev/ were laved, and
le.
ackc.l Sy an Kn;;l;lh
OH- Keppel, and tiie
The Kni^hlh !lcc:
t.innwi, winch wj,i
kuliy, by dra-gin^
city i. Slid ti.e gar-
de ;... Croix, a hiJvc
.1 i .l^g a. id cilirtiiuic
lilies, which only a-
iffi. nines w.lh whi.h
a fiirijus attack i:e-
wliicli coveied tlio
yriMt lofs ; this was
i>a intrepidity <f i
'Oil ot vieat'-T Ipnl
Fmnch
,1 Tallantry h^d been pfrformcd during the wholo w.ir
HrATiver, the I'nrrifun held out till the levciiih of Jniir,
i^fi, they tJpitnlatid, and marched out with the ho-
'„,„ of war. This idind was kejit hv the Knjjlilh till
45^
f:':'
„oiir« of war. I his ill.imi was Kijit nv ine r.i
the late P"tc, when it was rcltoicd tol'iancc.
SECT. XXXI!.
Of ik Ccvirmiwtt of Nonmin.ly ; Us i.iliMlnr, E\Unt,
Prcihce, ami Rivers. A co<uije Hi/lory sf'lhf Coiwtn,
^l ;f tlr firi'uiptil Tiwiii, a< Cau.Mw, DUppe., Kmiri,
Ijjytux, Cl.'iil/urg, and ILivu de Gran.
NOrmandy, which derives its i-ame finm the ancient
Normans, is hounded on the ca(t by I'leardy and
. ilk (if France ; on the linitli by lie.uifi'e, Perehe,
\ .Maine ; on the wed by IJritiany ; and on the ninth
kylhe Britilh Channel ; extending from cai! to well up-
wjrdi of fixty leagues, and Iron) nurtli to fouih
This is one of thcmort fruitful provinces -n the whole
Hn.'dom, and one of the molt profitable to the king.
liaVJiinds in eoin, flax, hemp, and ve;;etables for dye-
j,r but the little wine it produces is very inditterent ;
ilhowcver yields great qn.inlitics ot apples anil (
Lower Normandy ; .iiul each of tlit: fevcn p'c.it liirtrii.'^-.
into whu'li thr" country is divided has a dcpiiiy :;overiior
of its own. Under the archhilliop of Rouen .;te the fix
bi/liopiici, of Niirmandv, and thefe {nwn diocelis con-
tain eij;hty alihies and tour thoiifiiul two hiinlied .inJ
liinetyninr p.irifhe?. 'I'lie principal plaiesin ihi, |Mo.
viiKC are the (ollowin";, bciMnii.ii;; with L'ppei Nm-
niaiiily.
Caiide'iec, in I^aiiii C.ilidiim J'-rciim, tint is, the Hot
lice, is a fmall hui populous town, featcd on ilie river
Seine, into which, n ar this pl.iee, falls a rivulet vvhicli
runs thr<iir;li the town, and i;i\es name 'o it. It ii
tlofcly built, and has walls flanked with towers, aiicf
furronnded wiih decpditihes. It has three lubiiibs, and
the lin.ill river Caudebec bein.; divided into leveral ca-
nal; iil the towi', turns a eoiifiderable number of mills,
tlii't are very |i rviceable to the t.inncr<^ and Icaiherdrelleis
feitled here. In this towi' is ii fait and trealurer's ofiicc,
Willi a provincial, an admiralty, and a forefl court. It
contains two convent:, one paiifli-church, and .in hof-
pital. Amnn^; other manufaitures, the inhabit.Mits make
hats, which ^^ere formerly in great repute, on account
of their not letting in the r.iin; but thin branch, of tralc
has greatly declined. This place \'. a conliderahle tho-
roti!jh-fire for fueh ai yo from Kni'rn toHi'vrc dj CJrace,
-..a .,fi,„r ,v,rr.; ,.f ine country of Caiix, of which it u
% t'>r»*
I |.
! ■ , r-
I'MM
41/-
A h V f i\ M u !■ O h O (y J?
r ii v.
iii.iy 111 nine evtii cxtftJ .(, fii. r i.r,troii aijj iiiJi^^j .lu-
niuili clic.ipei here ilian i;: tlv. lawi city.
litre llcnry IV, fiiiiidim.il tlic GiiJt, by the /i
iiiiiuj ciikl ill 1 ji)j<, coitimoiily known by the I'du'^ of
N.iiit/, j^ruiitid the Uii_:;iMioi>, or ii(i..iiiiCLl of ri.urf,
the pul)lic Lxcitifc of tl.Ci, nti.Mon tli.oii^jhiut tlit v* lii/Ii.'
kiii,.;Joni i anil thoui;h it IiiiJ been rv:;i(lLM J in tlic ji.ir
li^iiiciit vl I'.nis, jiiJ jIiu i.-onhrini.'!! ..ad (Worn to by lii.
I'lKCeilurs J,cwis XIII. ami XIV. tlie l.itti.i moft ptifuli-
'■"1NC£,
oiidy revoked it in ifiSj, iriiilly pci Iteuting Ins
I'lO-
tc'ltint fcil'je\;l., and diiuii;^ them oiit of thj IcingJoni-
iltit, iiotvviiiiltaiulin^ thi^ cruel .ind inin.iliiic itep, thvMu
arc llill rnjiiy I'rutell.ints, iii luith liten .ilrtidy I'.iid,
thiiiigli they keep thenifelvej as niiKh concealed j,i
poUible.
St. M.ilo, or St. M.ili.':i, in I,.-itin Mi.lovimn, and
'M.iclivHilis, is a fiiiall but pfpiiloiis tity, featcd on u
■m • l:t?!e meky liliiid, formerly called , St Aurun in the Enj-
■ iS 3^ lilh t'h;ir;'!.I, in foiiy-eiLjht de:;ieei thirty iniiuites iionii
2 ■ i^. laiitiiJe, and in the fecoiid de^;ree iilteen niiauteb well
Joiigisude ; but is joined to the continent by a Ion;; mule,
i.ot above thirty faihcnis hioad, at the hc.id ot wh.^h ii
with n.n il lloK' of,
the cilv and the fn'
id-,. 'I i.e liatbour !
''!'"'"',V- "•'■ "^""'"f 'i''^- between
■ bot Kerouviance, which is hull,
bi;; as ihccity. J l.e ro:ul is extremely fp.icioy, j„i'
might contain I'l/c hniulivd men <jf war; but ti',;
tiiiiee to It (111 jveoiiiit of Its narrownels is excecd'^^""
d.iricuh, and partienlaily from (he nliiid iotk» which")''!
under water at hieh tide. Tnis port is ihc molt fccu''!
retieat for the French fhips of war, .uid l» the hell pollti]!!
hv this nation on this lide the .Meditiiirancn ; whcnr
ili;s City yi one of the L-r.iiid iiiai^jzines ol tliu ajj, ''"
of Fr.iiice, the oih'.T be in,- at Toulon, in the MjJuj.
lanean ; an>i therelorc in ilu-, harbour the "reatc " "
her of the French navy aie liited out. It is faiJ th..t n .
val-llores and necellarv inoulions tor feventy l.uloi'ni''
of war arc eonlt.nitly hod u;, ,ii Hielt, and Ihips ol eiihiv
are built heie- wlo, I. r..„.i l -I '
''iiinlrv
111 *
■ num.
: liron:^ ca!!le iT.inked wiih !ai..',e towers. 'Il'.c haihijiir
is fpacioa*, and one of tlie bell on the coall, but of dil •
fi.'uit cnir.'.nce, it hein^ fimouPAl'd with limal lo^kv, j 1
. - v\'iiieh rendeis th,' pjad-
rich and populous Ihie r, always a Hionj^ jjatnloii la
the (altle, eonnnanded by itatf olHceis. Lewis XlV
e.iufed ,111 .11 fenal to Ik built heie, and erected an ae.\Joijiv >
lor the in.iiine. Tiieie is heie a couit of ajiimaliy auj
b.uliwie, with only two paiilhchurehes, and aeurvcm
The Jtliiit-, hifuie tlieii hein^ expelled hum I'lincc
had alio a kiiiin.iiy heie. '
In the ye.ir jtu^thc Kiijlidi made an Jttempt u-ori
liefl. Lilt the deli';n pcil|iiied ■, loth.it the avciiuvsbc.
A .S V
f r. M U !■
[!''■
t:V I /
'I r ')
i :
y
" if'-
niay 111 nine evtii cxtcij it, fiii.r tottoii iiiJ uiJi^j mi"
niiiili cIiiMpoi lieie tliaii in tlv 1 airi city.
litre lltiiiy IV. futiiiiiiuJ lilt GuMt, by (lie fi
iNcius tJicl ill 150^1 toiiiiiior'y known by tlif cdic^ ut
N.iiit/, i^imitiJ ihc l(uL;u.in)t'<, (ir itlt'iriitil ol Fi.ii.'t,
ttif public txcuifc of tl.t.. nfijioii tli.ouylu ui lilt vvliole
kiii^^Juni ; .inil tl>oui;li it li.iJ bttii t.:;ilUriJ in llif |ijr ■
ti*iiii.'iit (it' I'.iiis, .iiij .iliij ciiiilnintil ..iiJ Ivvorii lo by jii^
iiitccl!Ijr» I.twis XIII, aiiJ XIV. tlit l.ittci inafl ptiriili-
iMidy rtVdkcJ it in iCjSs, tnitlly nciittutiiig luh i'lo-
ttlliiit lubiccl., and ilriuii^ thciii t it of tiK liiiiijilorn.
iiiit, iiotvsillillaiKliii^ tliij criiti .iiiJ imnoliiic Itcp, thv^ic
Ufo I'.ill iiiJiiy rtoitlt.ints, ai b.iih been .ilrtijy f'l^'i
though thty keep ihtniftlvci as niin.li toiictalvJ uj
poiliblt.
St. M.Jo, or St. M.iK.'i, in I^ntin Mi-lovumi, anJ
Matlojiotis li a liiiall but po|;iilou', tity, ll'atcJ 011 a
■m • lit'lt riitky ill.iirl, foniitrly talltil ,St, Aaron in the Eiig-
}S '3^ Iiiti (.'hari'!,!, in foity-ii^ht ittL^i ft b thirty niiiuitL's iioiili
2. ' '^. ijiitiiJe, aiiJ ill the ffcunil Jf^;rtt iittccn miimtti wtll
Kiiigiiudi; i h'.it is joiiifil to tht ciiiitiiitnt by a loii^ inule,
not above tliirtv (aihuiiis bioaJ, at the htati ot wl.i Ji ii>
a llrong ta!!le (t.iiikej wiih lai.v.- tuwera. The haihuiir
is Cpacioiii, and I'lic of llu' bell <iii the toalt, but ol dil •
fi.-ult cntr.ir.ce, it beiiv fimninnl.'.l -■••i- ' '
O 1- O C, J!
with n.i' 4I llcii;-
■'. i' il V.
■fall Viivli. Tiitf
Fj
iUVCI.
,,,,,„ " ''a'bour Ui-s bemcni
the CUV ,ind the In' nb ill lU'eoiivrancc, which is hah j
bij; as the tity. I l.e road !■■ r.\ttemely fp.iciuus, jui
niigl.t contain i.jc lunulr.ii men ul war; b.it tiio m.
ti iiiee to It on jicpuiit of Its n.irrownels ia exttcdiii •
dilHcjlt, ami particulaily trim the hliiiJ n.<;ks \vl;icli I*;
under w.iler athi.jh iiJe. 'I'm-, port 1,. the mull fcca.'.;
ntieat (nr the Freinh thijis of war, and i> the bell 1 oll'iiloi
liv this nation on llir, tide t!u' M.-iliti;i. men ; ivhen,,-
ih;s city ii one of the yr.iiid nugj/.inei 01 tin; aiaiiuU'i
of Fr.iiiee, the iitlivr bLiii^; ;it Toulon, in the M.Jua-
laiitan ; and thtttforc in iliiv harbour the yrcatclt imm-
bii ol tlie I'Veiich iiaiy are li ted out. It ii faul ili,.t tu-
vMl-lloris and lucellary prmilioni fot ftventy tail ui nicii
u( waraie tonll.intly laid up .it Urtlt, and lliip, ul ti 'htv
or ninety yuiij are built luie, wluJi rtiidtii th.' plat';
nth and populous. IKier. alw.iys a llioiia; ijuini^,,, |^
the lallle, eoniiii.-iiidi-d by lla.4' oilictrs. L-;vns XlV.
eaufed an .iilenal to be liuiit here, an] erected an at.ijemy '
lor tlie maiiiie. 'I'iieie 19 lieie a touit of adiii laliy j|,J
b,ul!wie, with only two paii/h-churehis, and atorvcut,
Thejifuit-, luluie iluii beiiij Cipelkd l.oin I'uaci:
had alio a kiniii.tiy heie.
In the year i(H).tihe Kn;,;lifl» made an att.mpt u:on
but the dtli'^ii pcil|)iied ; lo that tiej avciui -s be-
D I K P
New K>rtifi('
f/mf I
Projected'
t
Fiance.
E U R O P E.
45^
1,1 -illantry had licen ptrfcrmnl durin<^ the whole w.ir.
Idwcvtr, tlic !'•■'"''"" '"^''' '"" "" '*"' '''^■'■'"'' "' J""' '
vihfii they cjpitiil;iuJ, ami iii;irihrj out vvitli lli.' lui-
, of WJr. 'I'his ifliiul w.is ki|it l>v the Kiii^lilli (ill
ncjcc, wlicii il WJ5 icIIuilJ to 1''i;iiilc.
nont
ir.c \M
s F, c T. xxxi;.
P; /.'v Gsvinimtnt of \,nn,i>rl\ ; ill i.itmiti:'-, E\U-n\
ffjiui, aiiJ Rivf'i. /fiPici/e Hijhry/' ll"' Cstint'v,
j.i.l:f ihi' piiniipalTiiL/n, at Ctiii.lr/ii, i)hppty Kauri,
fi.ft.a.V) Chiibuig, (iikt / Ilium ilt (Jiaa.
N(irm.ini!y, which derives its I'nme frnm the Rnirirnt
N.iriiiaiis, ib liiiuiiilid <m the c.ift by I'lcurdy
'■ •■' i.'r .1.. -■! »'..• lii'.uli by '
lit l''r.ilKC
P''-:'
ami
1)11 tin; Ib'.itli by IJe.uilli-, IVrclu',
,.,J Miim.' 1 nil the well by lirit'any ; and on the iinilli
Ivilie Hntidi Chaniicl j <xti'nilin|i; lioni cai' to will up-
tjiiis of fixty leagues, and Iroin iiortli 'o I'juth
This i) one of the moll fruitful prnvi'iccs 'n the wh'i'e
IrJiiin, and one of the molt pKJtiuible to the IcMi;^.
li^oi'nj) in eoin, lliix, hemp, an I vegetables k)r dye-
iir Ivit tlie little wine it prudiKes is very indilfercnt ;
ilhowi'vcr yields great (iii.nuui.s ot apples and pears,
of wii;ch the natives iiial.e cy I't and peuy lur their uln.'d
ink. It 5 alfo a fine eounirv lor cattle, it bein •_ lull
cl excellent paftures. The tV.i li!p;die. it with plenty of
fllJi, anil from iis watenie rxtraited great qiiaiititiei ol
(Jl! 'Ihe many iron work , lie'e are ot no Iniall advan-
I;,. 10 the country; it Ir.'.s li^evife I'omc mines ol top-
, :inJ ii not without mineral water:.
The priii-ipal rivers in this province are ^hc Knre.thc
Jniillv, v.liieh rifes in this province, and falling into
iScS.iu', IS ol great advantage in conveying to Pans
too^f'r tiriiii^ ; theRilleor Rille, which rife'; here, and
illo fills i'lrothe Siine ■, the Dive, which ril'c'j here, and
liitr receiving ihe Vie, becomes' ti.ivi^rible, and dil-
(birif! itl'elf into the Britifh Channel ; the l.crrni wbieli
liM here, and being joined by the Orbiiiuet is atter-
witili called the 'I'omjucs, and beeoniint; navi;;abl'';
loksiifclf in the Channel ; the Carci'itone, which has alio
iiifi)uicc ill ihi^ province, fa'ls into tlic Rille : and the
l):nc, which riles here, and after reccivin|^ Icvetal
(nijllcr rivers, falls into the Hritilh Cn.innel.
The amicnt duke cf this p'ovince rofe tn [reat
p^.v, hoth here and in foreign ciniiitries, and Wilfiain,
intbe )'-Mr ic66, became king of Fn;^land. In iij,
tit male line of this kinj; became crtinct inthep.iion
ofritar;' I. and his daughter Matilda iiMrryinj; (iodliey,
tountof Anjnii, the fruit of liiis marrri^e was IKnry ii.
lirjof EiiL;lani', duke of Nonnan ly, lord of ('uitnne,
Poifou, and baintonge. lie leaving; three fi-ns, Ri, naid,
Godfrey, and John ; the tail of t.-uni fri/.ed on the do-
mininiis of hnth his brothers, and ri'eii canfed Arthur,
ttiel'oiiof (Jodfrev, to be taken off j lor which he was
Jtpnvcil of moll ot his territories in ''Vance, and in I20j
Normandy was annexed to that ciown. Henry III. of
England ceded to Lewis the Hioii:. and his fucreliots all
l:ul;iini to this province ; which alterward.-., to the end
«iihe Idiirteemh century, foine kings bcltovveil on their
(M lens, Willi tlie title of duk;.- of Normandy, till that
«i'Dauphiiie was inltituted. At len;.' h the animofitics
hmeen the honles of Orleans and Hurgundy atiiiriled
liicEnglifli an opporuiiiity of conqucrnit; not only Nor-
OinJv, but a :;'< at part of France. T'h'j province was
fejcdtc) En';hind about thirty yiarsjlil! at lait the I'wig-
liti were driven ou' by Charles \ U. duri;-^ tlie niinoriiy
cfihat unhappy pnnie Henry V'l.
This country it governed by its own l.;w, which is
railfd the Wile, oiul on this account Normandv i-:
iM Li Pith J,- !,i Siipi/'hi; that is, The Lu;id uf V\'if-
C;i!ii. Rou"Ji h.'.s a parliament, oiv which all the other
Kjrts of Oie province are ile| en.lent. With relnect to
i"' finances, it lias three ncneralities, nnmely, at Rouen,
C.-n, and Alercon, from which the kiiii; is laid to have
i i';.n twenty millions of livrcs a v;ar. II -nee the
f .iiii^i.-nt of Normandy is one of the riioit ronliiierablo
I ia iJii- v.'hole kin;^ilom. Und-.T the ^;uwiiior ,i:e two
iiciiitnant generals, one for I'ipcr und tl.t uih.r for
is
laiwer Normandy i .tml each of 1I.2 fevcn ;>rc;it dirtrii''i
into which th" couniry is diudcd his a dcjniiy ;',overnjf
of its own. Under the ari libilliop of Riuieii aie the fix
bilhiipiics (if Norni.iihlv, and thrfe (even diocelis con •
t nil eighty ahhies and tour thinifliid (uu hull lied am!
ninety-nine parifhcs. T'iie priiu ip d pfic es in ihi. pro-
viinc arc the followinp;, be;nnn 11^ with Upper Noi-
niniidy.
Camlchei , in I,ailn (.'.ilidiim I' fiim, tint is, the Hit
itie, is a Iniall bit populous town, leated on the river
Heine, into which, n ar this place, tails a rivulet which
rum through the town, ami pivcs raiiic 'o it. It 11
clol'cly built, and has wills Hanked vilh towers, .iiid
furrounded wiih deep ditches. It has three liibiiibs, ami
the Imill river Caudehec bein.; divided into levcral ca-
nal; 111 the town, turns a coiifiderable number of mills,
tlii't are very lerviceabic to the tanner'- anil leather dielllii
feitled herrr. In this town is ;• fait and trealiircr's ofiice.
Willi a provincial, an admiralty, and a lorelt couit. It
cont;iins two convent;, one parifh-clunrh, an I an hn'-
pil.il. Amon,; other manufactures, the iiihabit.ints make
liais, v/hich were formerly in great repute, on accomir
of their not letting 111 the r-iiii; but this branch of trale
h.is ^really declined. 'I'his place i" a conhderahle Iho-
roiii^h-fare for fuch as "/) (Voni R'ii';t tolli'vre d.- (Jrace,
ami other parts of the country of Cai'x, cf whl^h it u
the cipit-'l.
Diejipe, a fea port town on the fliore of the Britidj
Channel, oppofii. t) Rv'.', in l-n.^land, and much re-
futed to, piit;cilarly with vi lVei« from bc-lland. IC
Hands thirty miles to the n;rth ot K^uen, on a level l|Hst,
betwe'-n two rocks, or nimiiita;;!*, and the moiitii of the
river H' fine, called at this town the river of Ar(]iies,
which filling into the lea forms the liar'viur. Ii is lor-
tijied with b'llw.irks next the f.-a, with a I.Ttrel's at the
•I'l!
e, which, together with
tJOT' the fiiuih, r'.nilcr it a place of
tlio'ip'h its fof.iticatior.j are veiy
tiiral f^rcn^th induced Henrv ihct.ire.ft
by ih.-
a I'ooj
fuhuib called Pollet, and a
til.' cr I'^gy rocks that
coiifiderable l^rei'i'ih
iiregular. It
tochoofe :t for his lvMd-i|ii.'iter«, 'V.ien oppole.
League at his accrfiion to the thicii.'. It has
harbour, which is long, hut narrow, 'i>d on tins a.;-
count of (lilRi lilt acicl's. In r;iiieof n'o 't 1 ..mrally
a Ifation lor |jii\' it; cr- ; biit lus not a lullicient (]'ianti;y
of w;iter for larg'.- IIii|j.. The town !< pretty l.iige aiu!
well built ; and the piiilh chinch of .St. J.inies is a very
line lliiiilure, ,in ! b;is .1 t.uv^'r from which, in hne weather,
the coall of Knglaiid may be fcen. It contains two
luburbs, and ha; both a l.dt ofiice and a court of ad-
miralty. It's chie.Ty inbubiied by lea-faring iii'ii, wdio
are tl^eencd very expert in maritime afi-'aT,'?, as alfo by
mechanics \\h;) make curious work'' in iviiy, and by
mercha'it-- who ci-rry on a cor/iderahle trade to foreign
parts. The inhabit.ints were moltly I'lOlellants till thit
perl''Cution u'hith eiifucd npon the revocation of the cdic:
of Nantes.
This t.-nv"! hr.'s !i"cn ,'rcqiicntly taken and rc..;ken ir.
the w.irs betwceeii I'.iigland and France. In lfi94 it w:'4
almoit totally deliroyed hy bombs tired into it Mom the
F^nglifh f^ect •■f.mmandeJ by lord Berkeley ; anJ in thi-
w.irs of ijueen Anne it was alfo roughly treated, after
which the cout lent thirher an architect and en.;iru'er
who rebuilt it in a regular manner : this indeed gJM, ti,|i
town an e.".tcriial air of beauty, but is attended witli very
great incoLveni.ncc !<■ the inhabitants.
'Idle chief trade of Dieppe confills in herrings, with
which they fuinilh Paris .indtiie prov inte of N;jimandy ;
they alf'i lilh fcr w:iitin'_'S, mackerel, and oyllirs, wiiicn
they fell in the neichboiiring provin.es ; toge.h.-r with
thi'ir ivory works and larc» made here, i he (ea-tom-
p.ill'.s made in thi« town were fornierly much e!tee;r.ev; ;
but its trade is not fo conliderable as it was foimerJv.
Rouen, the R nhomagiis <■( the r.niients, altirwardi
called Roth-niuiii, ilie ciisit.il ol Norii,.lndy, is fcatcd in
a diilii'it called I.e Vesiiii Noriranu, and is environed on
three lide.s by high liills covered with trees, i.nd <'n the
fourth is fcated on the north bmk of the Seiiu-, in tii»
forty ninth degree thiity-lix miiuiles north lati.u.le, airf
in tile hill degree ten n. metis cart 1 ingitudc. It i-, h]\<
watered bv two hitlc iners cilled .-\ubt;t.' and Robec.
Tl.e tide flow; fu t'.igh up the beiiie, that vei'els of B'j;;k;
I ■
JO.
ta.
k
41+
A S Y S r I'. M O !• G li O G U A i' 11 Y
■I • r' i'
■ I' iiif II
two huiili. I toni liiirthcii iMii .(imL' lip hillicr, jn I I nl
■nil imiKm I .It a Ur'V nmy, w.ii li ii huilt uUiug l'\~- uiy
Ju lit'iitioii I, (o viry tumniOMM lur ir^Jc, that Kuiiin
I. iiiiillili.ic'1 Ji (lie iTiiitr «il II ill ilic iiDiih iit_ li.iiiet,.
It liiil Iniin'tly ,1 Itilily Ituric \i\\.\,\^'. i)vcr the Scm-, el'
lliiitnii uiclitM, tjiit It 11 now ruimili am! ihrrc i;. .iiri-
tlar III liu.it> III •) vuv .iiiil'.i-i^l IliuJiiri Iniili iicr il, anil
< Atcinliii;' iw.i luiii.lHil Hill li V niy puib in luii^thi it
Imk ,111 1 Mill witli ilic liilr, aiul i> P'lViil like ih ' Itrrcts.
I 111. I'lilj;^, howim, (iillt aniuit ilcti of nioiuy to
k.ipil iiiu-|niri aiiil lluy aic iUili,v'J m wiiitii' to lake
it ill pine, Kll till, itc lliiMiM ilaiiia^L' (ir carry imic pait
111 it .iw.iy, 'I'l'c lily hilt no iiiiur loititii-atiiiin hii a
Will, with riUM I uiwi;n iii iIk .iiiupic lalli', ami irrcgu-
1,11 liiilioin to ilclVml ilii: j^iti.-. uu the l.nul-ti.lc, ixiipt
nil oM I illk- which wii» lirjiiiii ill ih'.' yi h 141O1 •'■ '"""
ai ki'ij: lUiiiy V. of l,ii;j;laii.l hail ni!u.. Iiiiiilill mailer
111 ItuiiKii, iml liiiillii'il III tli>; rtinii of lluiiy VI. in
1 14 {. It i> an ,iii:upii; buiiJiii.; o: little Ihciigth, flaukcil
%viili live Ijtt'.crouii.) lower.-,, an. I li.iviiijt a Jraw-bii.ljjc,
l.w whulf li'.in,! iiKiimi allcJ wiih a wet ililch. In ilim
my ihac i., however, no gariiloii, though it has a par-
ticular i^uvirniir,
K.iiii n IS veiy populous, for it contains feveii llmiii-nl
I'A'o luiii.lieil li.niii ., Ill which ari' lixty ihiuil.iiiJ pirloiu i
but ii mil very Ipawiim, I'lie (licHiiii ['cneral arc veiy
ildlu ami n,iirii,v, .nul the hi'iiles inulHy of vvmul aiiJ
plallcr 1 II Mas, hnwevir, lix large fuhurbs, 111 which aie
live parillies, aiul tliiriy in t.ri'iiy : It h:i'. ;illo lifiy cmi-
vciit^i am! funr abhic* ; the (elu.i. luJ alio a t^lKgc here.
Its ai' hbilliiip II IS fix liiHrai/ai.i, aiul a prnvincc of thii -
teen iiiiiiili 'ill aiul eight , -ci(..;it par.lh cluin In 1, b«liihi>
chap-ls, aiiil lij ,inii'i,il levciiuu aiiuninl.. tiicij;liiy tiiuii-
i iiiil livies, oiii ui WHICH he p.iys twciv ■ thui'ianil ilnriiis
111 live 'iiitul liuine. He (lyirj liimulf priin.ite ol Noi-
inii'.ii., OK-'iiRh he h,is no arehlnliiop m ins pr.iviiKc
lull',a;;aii to liini ; but linni this title lie has no liipeiioi
III Ir.iiiee, anJ he ilcpcnJb mmKili.itely un the holy lee.
'I'he city H a lorncJ with many lt.it ly pin s ot buiUoir^,
anion.; vvliich lo the caiheJri'.l iliilicateil to the \'ir|;iii
Maty, tlie choir of which li IiimI round with ti'Pfi r. Il
has three very lol'iy towers, paiiiculaiiy tli.it ot the py.'a- 1
liiiJ, tiie Ipire of wliich i- iiiilv ni .Jc of wood aii.l cmeied
With leal yiit. h has !uo huiijuil lleps, and the whole
Cililiec upwards of fix liu:ulud lo lliC toj). In this catlie-
(Iral ,.re to be le^ii the niominionts of lever.ii kiiiL;s, lords,
and pii-iaies ; and likewiie the iiiomiiiieiit cil John duke ;
ot licdtord, who was le-eiuoi I'laiue under oiif lienry ,
VI. In the butler tower, as it is t.illed, which is th.it ,
jiiil nn-n'.ifin -d, a jjreat bell t- n feet in hci!',lit, the,
lame in diameter, .md wei.. hs thirlv-fix thuufaiui pound.s. '
Un the gieat ^ate is .1 tiiuiiiphal ..r.li in lioiiour of kiiij; |
Henry t.'.e Great, wiih cniblenii ot h:s coiu|ui.ll over tiic ^
holy Ka;:»e. The body of tlie chuicn is fujiportcJ by'
twenty pillars, and, upon the whole, this ihivrch ex-'
reeds in hi-.iiity and rciiiibrity thnt ol Notrr U.imc at
I'aris. 'Iheotiier ieman;able liruitures are tiie church
of St. Tom, a very lolty builJir.ir, chiilly fariious lor its '
i^reJt belli the c. invent of the Cordeliers; the church'
which l.ilely belonged to the Jctuiti 1 the eh irch and '
abbey of St. Owen; and the parii.iinciu-hinile ; which'
arc all b.autiful I'ructurc;. The archbidiop's p.ilace i,
aiib a t'.iie buiMing, adorned with elegant p.iiiU!n^s anJ ,
pleafant gardens. In the veal market (I.iikI.. t.'ic in.a;.^. ,
of the ce!eb:a!c.t maid of Orleans, wiio-ii liie Knalifhhad
the cruelty t.) burn a« a witch, and is rcprelciittd kncil- i
iiiu- bcf.,.re Cn.irl'".s V'il. And in the New m.itket is ihe |
ftanie of Lewi.. XV. ercdUd in i;ii j but this is a very ;
ordina:y piece of worknianfliip. |
The tr.idc c.iried on in the city and diflriifl o."" Rouen •
is very exicnfivc, coiifillin^ of wiiol.cn and linen cloths, '.
leath'^r, bats, p.iper, and many other mercluinJize;. 'I'll!- ,
\s-oolkii nianulai-fiires, which employ feveral thoufand [
workmen, are particularly advantaveoii5 to ti'.e whole '
piovuiee ; but tiicv are only In tar protirab.e to the iia- '
tion in general, a; they prevent the nvinf.y troiii b' inj^ fcnt |
abroal i but the linen inanufachircs of vaiioiis lori> ix- !
ported to Spain are highly beneficial, and the reiurns '
f;encrally made in cafh.
Rouen h.is undcri;one various caiamilies and vicifiitiides
of loilune ; it has been aliroil entirely buiiit Ihirtceu or
1
r.iirteiii ilillei.-iit tinioi. In 8.;i It wii ijkeii bi, ,1
.N.iiiiiJii'. 1 liif hnnlilh in.id.' iheinldu. ni.i(L,,„( ,,
l + i«, and 111 t.i,t i( v.a. Iiiiicidiicj to Cli.ul,, v/i"
the !■ uiuh kin,. Il was allciwaid. Il.unn-J j„.| , .^ , '
''^■'i' '■ '"-•'• l''""lt^"t "I '-t'kn.,,id;iX^^
in tsl.i nmKr I'lLirlis |.\. Amhuny ol llourll,,,, j, ,
ot .N.ivim-, niiivcd a in.irlal woiiml h, |„ri. „ . 1' /'-
'•■" lluiiy IV. took ic in ,,!,.. In ,h, ' nry ,,I"i
\\illuin I. km- 111 i;ii:.|and, ciimiunly |\„„,,.„'. ' ,^
l.iilii|in 101. '"
Caen, in l,,itiii Cadomun, l^ fiiuiied iii a ditlii,')of,i,
lame name, ihiity miles t.i ihc foulh nl liivu- ,|c (j, "
hxiy-tive to the welt by f„mh of R..u n, ami a hunJ,,!
and twenty- In c 10 the welt nl I'aiis. It (Ian.!, ,„ ;, vj|
ley iKiwctn I .vu large mculows, at the cimHueiue ,„ ,(,'
rivers Oine and Odin, by the iiintul llnam ol wimi,
II divided into the L'pper and Lower Towns, tnn h^L
a ci.mmunicaiiuii by Oieani of the briduei of it, Jjim.,
and .^t. I'eter, on ifie l.iltfr 01 which in crcCled a iiiu.u
I tiiwii-lioule, adorned with four Urge t.jwets, 'I'lK I
pi r I ,:vn IS .Iclendid by a cattle built uj'oii a m^ji ...'j
veiy Well follilied, ami the Lower is ciitmlv lutiouiidc.l
I wiih water. It r, a place of i:oik1 trade, vdKI, „l lui,,,
I hill then being able to come up Hum the lea to .St. J.ntn,,',
hndyr, and its iiihabilants are fuppoUd to atiiuijiit |„
: (oily tlioiil.ind fiuls. It is the lecoiid town In NuriwnJ,
I .Hid cniit,iiiii ,01 iiilcndaiuy, an adn.iialty, a )ii>,iiici,i
I and foielt couit, vviili a lalt-oiTKC. It has tivtU.' 'unni,
Icliurilies, one nilli;.i,ite church, t-.v,) arbies, iXiun
j convents, with a lioiile which till lately IhIimvjcJ ^ iho
I Ji lulls, and two horpit.ds. Kill;/ '-'I'lJ'iis Vll'. fininjjj
Ian univeiliiy here ali.mt ttic yeai 14-^.), and likcuic ,,
I mill!, .An ac demy of Iciiiiees and belies I, ttm «.,,',
; alio ellablillied III this city by Lewis XIV, and in i|i-
i Koy.il (ipiaie, which is both Ipacious and rci'tiLit, wiili
, hue lioules on thiec lido ol 1:, it.tmlt a nMiiilc cni.d.
tiiaii Ihitue of that piince, luiriunJul wim an iruii
' bjlullr.ale. 1 he prinupil ti ado of this town and in ui|.
tii,:t lonlilli iiieloih and line linen.
Iia;,eux, thi: Cipiial ol the coiintry o! Bcdin, is fctcj
im the river Anie, llluen miles to t'.eno.Ui-v^iii ulCni
an. I contains jn adniir.iUy, a lalt ollice, a fjtell anJ ili;.
trict court, &.C. It h.ti Icventcon parilli churctics, iw.e
convents, two liolpii.ils, and .1 college and feiniiuiy
wdm II lately belonged to the Jet'uits. The billiop, wiio
, IS full'r,i.;.in 10 the an hbdliop of Rouen, b.is a diucel'cof
fix hundred aii.l liliccn iMiilhcs, wilh a levenuc ol fixty
thoufand livres, out ol wllicii be pays four tliuufanJlout
hundred and ihirty-thiec florins 10 the court of Kuitii.
The Mthedral, dedicated to the Virgin .Mary, ij a very
(t.it'.-ly Itiudlure, beautitiul with a tower and iwu lolty
I'pires. Thecit) is divided into Upper and Lower, aiiJ
ni:iniifai5tures ol doth.s, fergcs, and IIik kings, were let up
here, which fiiccecded very well j but the i.i^h l.ixts in.-
pofed on them, which the merrhants were forciJ l.ipjy,
iibli;ii-d them not cm',y to abandon thule iiiaiiuljciuu),
but likewite to ijiiit tlie city.
Cherbiirg, in Latin CV-laris Ilur;.;ii'!, a fcj-port tonn
il! the l^iuj.ih Cnannel oppoliie to ilaiiiplbiie, h litu,.;'.J
lilty mile, to the notth-welt of Caen, in a duiiid cal.^d
the C(.iit..iuiii, and lies between Cape La llugiic ai.d
H.nfleur. It contains an admir.ilty, a hailiwic, and a
viicounty court : it has alio on; abbey, and a genaal
l.ofpiral. H'.-re they formerly ni.ide very line ^lal's, w'ma,
for clcarnef.. and beautv, even txcelled th.it ul Venice;
hut, lor certain politic.il reafons, the woik has been ic-
m.ived to Auxene, in liiirjoindy. It w.is a very lir.i.^
place, Iroin the lortilic.ition- that have been lately er.clJ
there, belore they were dtttroyed, together wilh the ij-
mous baliin, by tiic luij-Jlh in the year ijjl^. The |K,rt
is tmall but pretty good, tor velfels of three hundred toni
can come into it, and fjine merchant fliips are buiit
here.
Off tliij place the confederate fleet, under aJmir.;l
Riili'-I, obtained a lii;n.il vic.toryover that of the Frcricii, I
rommaiided by iM. de I'.iiirville, in l6.^i, .old atfcrwjrj)
burnt, took, or I'unk about twenty ot ih.'ir Ibipsot wir,
near Cape I.,u IIo!;iic ; ;'riv.ii(; which w.is le .Solcil Rovji, |
or the Rovil Sun, the i'reiich admiral's llii|j.
In the hit war the Britifti forces, under the conimJiidii' |
the late duke cl .MjilboioiMh aiid loul Cieo'ge ■■i.ii'l<iMf,
UIIJ.J I
t WIS likuii by tli«
lu» ni.ilUiM.I it III
t:il to Ch.iilii Vll.
» ll'iriiii'J jiiil tikiii
'^ 11 illlil jlluihlctj
IV "I l!iiiirl.iiM, kill,,
il 111 lore i( ; |,m f,,;
III tlln iity ,||,J
Tlnlily riiiiutii.J tli{
ry of Beflin, is feutcj
iCiioith-wdi otC.rii,
:U\-, .1 Liicll anJ 6;.
parilh churches, ii:ns
Dlli'y;c and fciniimy,
s. riic billiop, wlij
iiicn, li.is ;i uiuccl'eof
111) a icvtmic ul I'lMy
lys luur thuulaiiJ lout
llic (.oiirt (if Ruir'..
irgin Mary, ii avvi/
Uiwir aiul twu IqIi;
[)|)lt and l.uvvcr, uiij
liiKkings, were la ii;)
rjl Uic hi^h uxts lai-
if- were Uircivl to pay,
I tliulc inaiiuluiUuKi,
r'Ui'i, a I'ca-port towa
iiaiii|.lliiu', h lituatj
L'li, ill a dilliiil cjnd
Ca|».' I^a lluguc ai.i
ity, a liailiwic, aiiil i
alibcy, aiid a gcnaal
very line glaU, whiil',
celled that iil Vciuce;
the wdik has beoii ic-
(t wai a vcrylaMii;
a\c been lately er.cS.J
, together witii llic IJ-
year 1 7 5'.^. The |ut
s' of three hundred twii
;rchant fliips are bui.l
; fleet, under aJmir/,1
ver tl'.at of the frciirh, |
II l6>>i, Slid afterwarJ)
tv 111 ili''ii iliips of «:ir,
', 1 c l..:l L'„...:
i,A H o <; I 11 ,
Iiitt'iiclttl \\\\v\
'/v
*■.'' , y I'.' . .'. ■" ■" l;.v
■^-^
*"?%'
,:/. ill l'i"hitv-ci;^hth dei;ree thirty miiuites ; fo that, accord-
in: to th: peointtrital mcalure of Kiii^lifh Itatutc niilc5,
which IS lixtynine niilci and ei_i;ht huiulrcd and lixty-
f;ur feet to a decree, the true length of the illand, mea-
|j--:! in a Itrai^ht line, without attending to the hills
nn,! windinj; of (h" roads is five hundred and cighty-
fiivcn miles ; and the loli;;itude, placing the liril meridian
at 1 1 iierirfe, is f.in« liei/recs forty-five minute';, at the
Laiid's-end, in Cornwall, and at the South Korcland, in
Kent, feventeen degrees fifteen minutes, in all fevcn dc-
pries thirty minutes : the par.illcl theie giving thirty-
eight miles to a degree of lon;^ituile, the true dilfance
liom ealf to veil in a llraight line is two huudtcd and
leiuy five miles.
riie lea, which fiirroundr. it, is not only a fecuiity a-
piiill an enemy, but ai»ainlf the violent cold to which
tnt climate would othi-rwilc he ex poled ; for the tides
and eiiiiKaiit motion of t»e lea lend us a kindly vanoiir,
which l|llalifi'.^ the natural (harpnefs of the air, cvui to
f'jin a dei-iec, that in fome parts of Kiancc and Italy
riire I'vere Weather is fit in winter than in I'.ni.'Jand.
1 ii'' ( limate is indeed infinitely preferable to that of aiiv
r»ri of the continent in the I'dme latitude, the lummers
teing neither fo hot, nor the winters focold. 'I'lie liar-
.>j.ii^ imits uania^e me luiy .nut cuiii, j^^ ^vtn mvii. 11.1V13
their advantages, as they priuTally occaliun our haviiv
good paltures throughout the year.
The loil, indeed, in a great incafure owes it.fenility
to the mild vapour, jutl mentiiiued, which, by mollifving
the air, nounlh the vejutable woild, ami furnidi us witri
! gentle (howers in tlieir proper I'eafon. We have, indeed,
as well as other countries, (lorins of thunder, l,:;ht-
^ ning, and tempeds j bu they are lels Ireiiuent and much
lefs violent than in hott, ■ climates.
i That part of (ireat i;rltain which lies towards ihl
VV'citern ocean is mountainous, as Cornwall, VVaKs, and
many laigetrads ot ScotluiJ ; but the inner parts are
generally a plain thampai..'ii country, intermixed witll
I hills of eafy alcent and gi title acclivitler. The molt rc-
marttabic mountain, or i.uher chainof mountains, as it
may be termed, Is a tontinueil ridgc which extend^ Ir.itn
north to loiith, dividing as it were l.ie whole ifland into
tnc calf ;md well parts, and is by writers called th? Kiit.
Ii(h Appennines, The lonthcrn and ealtern part,, of the
country chicliy conhlf of liitle liuitli.l lulls and vailics,
cbainp.dgn fiilds, inclofed i^rounds of arable, paltu.e,
and meadow lands, agreeably intermixed with woods,
forclts, parks, and chaces. The highelt mountains in
taigl uid arc the VV'tekm in Slue-p/lnre, the I'linlimmon
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|;/. inlhclirtv-eighth decree thirty minutes ; fo that, accard-
injtothe ;j,tointtrir.il meal'ure of Eii;;hfh Itjtutc miles,
which is lixty- nine miles aiiJ eight hiinJrcd aiul iixty-
fjur ftct to ailcgree, the true length ot' the ifland, mea-
luTii in a Ur.ii::ht line, without attending to the hills
:nJ winding of th- iciad*, is live hundred and cighty-
I'evcn miles • and the longitude, placing the hrit meridian
at rrmiiitt'e, is nine dearies forty-five minutes, at the
LanJ's-end, in Cornwall, and at the South Foreland, in
Kent, feventecn d -grees fifteen minutes, in all feven de-
prfCb thirty minutes : the par.dlel there giving thirty-
ti;ht nnles to a degree of lo;igitude, the true diitancc
fromealt to >ve(l in a Ihaight line is two hundred and
eighty five miles.
i'he le.i, which fiirroiinds it, is not only a fecurity a-
pjlnll ;in eiuniv, hut airainll the violent cold to which
the climate would oth'-rwife he ex poled ; for the tides
and cnnllaiu inotitm of tiK- (a fend us a kindly vapour,
which i|iialilies the nitural (harpnefs of llie air, cunto
fucii a ('(•>;> I ee, that in fonie parts of Fiance and Italy
norc f-vere wearhi r i^ fit in winter than in I'lii'land.
The climate is indeed inlinitciv prclerable to that ol am
pun of the continent in llie fdiiie latitude, the (umiiicrs
being neither fo hot, nor the wiiitet:- fo cold. 1 iie luir-
ivjiii^Liiiie.s uamage me nay ailu (.Uiii, y*-t tv«.ii iiii-tc ii.ivii
their advantages, as they generally occafion oui having
good paltures throughout the year.
The (oil, indeed, in a great mcafurc owes it- fertility
to the mild vapour.i jult mentioned, which, hy mollifying
the air, nourdh the vegetable world, and lurnilli us witll
' gentle (howers in their proper feafon. We have, indeed,
as well as other countries, florins of thunder, ligiit-
' nina, and tempclts ; hut they arc lefs frequent and much
lefs violent than in hotter climates.
1 That part of Cireat liritain which lici towards iho
Weltern ocean is mountainous, as Cornwall, \V.dt s, ami
■ many huge tracts of ScotI md ; hut the inner pans arc
generally a plain champai.jn couiury, intcrmi.ve.l n iih
I hills ot ealv afccnt and gi title accluitie:. The molt re-
tnarkahie mountain, or lailu-r chainof mountains, as ic
may he termed, is a continued ridge whicti extend , trim
north to lunth, dividing; as it were t.ie whole ill.ind mtii
ttic ealt and well parts, and is hy writers called the Kng-
lifh Appennines. The louthem and eatlcrii part., of the
country chiellv confilt ot liitle fiuitlul lulls and vallics,
ch.unp.dgn fiilds, incUded grounds ot arable, paltu.e,
and meadow lands, agreeably intermixed wiih wo ids,
forcfts, parks, and ch.ires. I'he hi-jieit moiintahis in
t'.ngi md arc the W'lekin in Shrepllme, the riinl.mmoti
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111
V:\ni. 'I'lie otncr remarkable ftru(rturi.-s are tiie cluircn
ot St. Tuin, a very loky builJing, cliitfly famous lor its
(•rcjt b'.'ll ; the Ci:nvc]n of the Cordijiicri ; the church
which l.ilcly beluiigcd to the Jcfuitij the ch irch aiij
abbey of St. OkVcn ; and the parii.iincut-hoiifu ; which
arc all beautiful llrudturcs. The archbi(h(i|.'s palace i,
a:fo a tine builJiiig, aJiirntd with clej;aat paiiuiiiiis and
iilealant gardens. In thi; veal market (lands trie im.i -e
(if the celebiatcd maid of Orleans, whon the Knglifh had
the cruelty !■> hurn a« a witch, and is npreteiited knti I-
iiio- bcfure Cnarl'-s V'll. And in t!ie New market is the
ftu'tuc of Lewn XV. ercdled in i ;2i ; but this h a very
ordinal y piece (if workinanfiiip.
The trade crried on in tile (.ity and iliftii,rt of P.oucn
is very exicnfivc, confiftin;^ of woolen and linen cloths,
leather, hats, paper, and many oilier merchaiuli/.e:;. Tlie
woolluii maiiufaefiires, which employ fevcral thoufand
workmen, are particularly ailvanla^euus to the whole
province 1 but tiiey are only fo far prolirab.e v> the na-
tion in general, as they prevent the nv.ney troin bvin^i fent i
abroad ^ but the Imeii nunufacbne- of vaiious loin ix- I
port'.'d to Spain are highly beneficial, and the returns'
f^enerally made in cafli.
Rouen has undeinone various taiamilles and vieiiTituile- I
«f loilui.e: it has been almoft cnt.rely buiiit Ihiitcei) or
but iiKewne lo ijuu mi. mj.
Cherburg, in l^atin Cxfaris I)iir^:iis, a fcj-port to«
in the KiU'Jdh Ciiannel oppofuc to iianipdiiie, b li!ij«;cd
hfty mil... to the north-welt of L'aen, in a dillrict ci\,.i
the Cout.iiitiii, and lies between Cape I^a iloguc Jiii
H.irfleur. it contains an admiralty, a bailiwic, aiiii a I
vilcounty court : it has alio uie abbey, and a genera!
I.ofpiral. Here they formerly made very line glal's, whifl',
(or clcarnef.! and beautv, even excelled th.it ot Vciii«,|
but, (or certain politic.;! reafons, the woik has bciii :c
moved to Auxerie, in l)iir;',undy. It was a veiy i;i'i:ij [
[da^c, (roiii the (oriiiicaiion^ that have been lately er.cS.J |
there, belorc they were dillroyed, together witli the u-
m(>us bafun, by thcl'.'n;;lih in the year 1751^- 'l"he|);r,
is fmall but pictty gooti, for veifels of three hundred wi'i
can come into it, and lonie merchant iliips I'.re bu;.'.
here.
Off th'S pl.ice the conf(;dcratc fleet, under a-Jmi;..! I
Rulii-I, obtained a (ii;nal VK'.tofyover that of the Frciicii, I
commanded by M.de roiiiville, in ib^jl, .md afti'mi'.i) I
burnt, took, or funk about twenty ol iheii (hipsct w.;r,
near Cape l.,u Ho^ue ; anviiip which was K' Solcil Royji,l
or the Ko'.al Sun, the i rench aJniiral\ lhi|^.
In the ]4\: war the Britilh foices, uiuli r the conitnaiiiliij
the late duke ol MailbiMo'.i^h .oid li.>id CJto'ee SafVu'if,]
(jAi:ATBiurAi>f.
EURO P
f9:;
landed here ami took tlic to.vn, which they ciilrrcj with-
uut Uic i'a(t oppofuion in Aiipiilt, 175H, tuLii'thcr with
liiediips in tilt.- b:don ; ilemolilhfil llic fortifications, nnJ
ruini'd the other works, particularly the halon ami har-
liuur, wi:h the lluice, and all the forts, carting away
twiiity-one fine pieces of braCb cannon and two mortar'^,
whicli were brought to England.
'i'lic diliriit of ll.ivre de Ijracc conllitutos the wcffcrn
p;rt of thecoiiniry of the Caiix, in Upper Normundv,
and, tiuiiilih a particular militaiy government, is luhject
to the civil andetclethitical srovcrnmcnt of thii province.
The principal places it contains arc the followini; :
IL.vre Je Cirace, a ftrong lea-port at the inouth of the
liver S..'ine, forty- five nulcs to the vvcfl of Rouen, was
liiiilthy Francis I. who .-ilfo called it, alter his own name,
Ville Krancois, whence it has been alio called Francif-
(oiKilis i but this name is now luperfedcd by the other.
I'nii i^ the capital and feat of its liltle government, and
coiit'i'iis •! naval intendant, a vifcounty, an admiralty, a
toyai court ofjiiliice, and af.dt-ofTice ; with one parifh-
chiiich, one lemin.ry, and two convents. It has a good
barb'iur between the town and citadel, which is fmall
iiiitic-'iilariv fortilied, and an arfenal. It is a plcafant
(jtii built town, and a place of good trade, fevcral mer-
chant,-; rdi.lin^' her.-. In the reign of Charles IX. it was
kiv.cd by the I^rotcltants, who in 156?. d; livered it to
queen l'.li/,Hi]eth, in ciuifidcration of the afliftance th it
piineels had pjveii thciii ; but the follov/ini^ year it wa".
vigoioud) beli-jed by the French, ami with equal roti-
raj^e defended by the Kngiifli, under the earl ol War-
wick ; l)ut a |ielii!ence, which raged in the town, firced
tiicni 10 fiirrendcr in July, 1563. Afterwards, in i6c)4,
this city was almoll entirely dclhoycd by a bombaid-
lii'.nt from an Fji:;ii(h fleet.
Harflcur, a fea-port town, forty miK'S to the north-
welt of Rouen, and alio It hvc to the v,-cft of H.ivre dc
Cjrace, between two I , the one on the call-, and ilie
other on the weft. It ..>.iuains an admiralty court, ami
a lalt-oflice : it is alfo the feat of a royaljuftice, and has
a Iniall maii.azine ; but has only one paiilli church, and
one convent. It w.is former! v a conlidcrablo port; but
that of Havre being found more convenient, it has be^ n
neglecled, and is now only capable of lerciving liiKill
vcllljs. It was twice taken by the Englifli, iianulv,iii
the years 1415 and 1440.
VVe fliall treat of the illands on the coad of Norniandv,
as Aldcrncy, (luernley, and Jcrley, in defcnbing tl.O
oppolite cojfl of F^nglaiid.
C H A P. XXIX.
Of GREAT BRITAIN.
s E c T. r.
0/' (Ireat II iu TAIN' /'/; ^/nfxi!.
/;.;.'.■•,?;'!'<, Extent, (Uhna/:\ mid Fhcc 'jf i!;- C.'Aitiliy \ tin-
l^Unti, Fruits, }Jtii/li, Jiirtis, anil Minoaii.
GRllAT I'ritain is the h'.rgeft ifland in Europe, an.'
(iiu: (.f the moll populous, rich, and fruitlul. )t
ill. uJiS England and Scotland, which wen- united in
1-;-; only the latter relerved thfir peculiar laws. 'I'hc
U'llu ifl.ind is of a triangular f Mill, the I,jnd;-fii>l, tlie
D'.na-head, and Caithneis iTiootinij out into fo many
fioinontories, an<l Jorming the three corners. Tlie fea
ildiouiidarv lias fevcral ninies adapted to the feverai
ro..!h i on the north it is called the Northern fea; on tlic
cil' tlie German ocean ; on the fouth the liritidi < 'hanncl ;
aa! on the weit the Iiilh fea, or St. (Jeorge's --channel.
Its l.:titiide at the Lizard-point, in Cornwall, is acrord-
; iiu' ta .Moll, in the fiftieth degree north, and at the
liMiilaiid at C.iithnefs, or Dun^(l)yhead, in Scotland,
1. ill lii'jlirtv-eighth degree thirty niinuies ; fo that, accord-
in; to the geometrical mcafure of Englifh Itatute miles,
which IS fi.\ty-nine miles and eight hundred and fixty-
fjur feet to a degree, the true length of the iiland, mea-
lartJ in a lfrai:rht line, without attending to the hills
an,! winding of the roads is five hundred and eighty-
fsven miles ; and the longitude, placing the firit meridian
it liiicritre, is nine decrees forty-five minutes, at the
Lmi's-eiid, in Cornw.iil, and at the South Foreland, in
Ki'iit, feveiiteen degrees fifteen minutes, in all feven de-
fries thirty minutes : tiie parallel there giving thirty-
ii:ht n-iles to a degree of longitude, the true diifance
Iram ealt to veil in a llraight line is two hundred and
tigiity five miles.
riie lei, which furrounds it, is not only a fecurity a-
pnil sii eiicmv, but againlf the vicdent cold to wliich
tnc climate would othi rwile be ex poled ; for the tides
and cfiiiltaiit motion of the fea lend us a kindly vapour,
which ipialifies the nitural (harpnefs of tlie air, even to
fuui a ilcgiee, that in fome parts of France and Italy
r-iirc l-vcre weather is f It in winter than in England.
I II'' climate is indeed infinitdv pielerable to th.it of any
part of the contiiK'iil in the fame hititude, the fummers
being neither fo hot, nor the wmtets fo cold. Fiie har-
I hours in Holland, f u-rmany, and Denmark, arc oli'cked
I up with ice, while ouis which lie in the fame latitudt;
I are open. If we purlue this obfcrvaiion Ihll farther, ami
I conlider the fame latitudes in Americ, we (hal! find tliere
\ that in winter the very feas are coiifE.. .y frozen, and
; that even brandy itielt will freeze.
I Tne air is generally very good .md wholcfome, exrcot
I in the hundrc.ls of Eli'o; and K.ent, the f ;ns in Eincoln-
Ihire and Cambridgefliire., and fome other low mar'hcs
' near the (i:a. Though the winters are rainv and fubject
to thick fogs, and the weather to great variations, thefc
^ do not impair the hc.ilth of the inhabitants, who arc ac-
I c ultomed to them ; for they gcnci ally live as long as tholi;
' oi any other countries, and Ionic die every v^-ar at above
I a hundred years of age. We have inifances of fome liv-
' ing even to a much longer period ; thus Thomas Parr, of
Shropfliire, was a hundred and htty-two years of age
when he ilic;l, and Henry Jenkins, a Vorkfllireman, a
hundred and lixty eight. Though the fie(|uent lains
fometimes damage the hay and corn, yet even thcll- have
their advantages, as they generally occafion our havin"-
good paltures throughout the year.
The loil, indeed, in a great mcafure owes its fen ility
to the mild vapoui.i jult mentioneil, which, by mollifying
the air, nounlh the vegetable world, and furnilh us witii
I gentle (bowers in their proper feafon. W'e have, indeed,
as well as other countries, (iorms of thunder, liglit-
' ning, and tcmpefis ; but they are lels frequent and much
! lels violent than in hotter climates.
! That part of Cireat Hritain which lies towards the
i Weltern ocean is mountainous, as Cornwall, WaKs, and
' many iaige tracts of Scotluid ; hut the inner parts ,ire
I generally a plain champait'ii country, intermixed v.itli
; hills of caly afcent and gmtle acclivities. The molt re-
markable mountain, ot t.iiher chain of mountains, as ic
may be termed, is a coniinued ridge which extends Irom
north to fouth, dividing as it were t.ie whole iiland into
tneeafl and welt pans, and is by writers called theluig-
lilh Appennines. The fouthern and cillern part:, of (he
country chielly conlilt of liiile fiuitlul lulls and vallies,
champ.iign fields, incloled grounds of arable, paltu.e,
.iiid meadow lands, agreeably intermixed vviih vioods,
forelis, parks, and ch.ices. I'he highelt mountain^ in
Enghnd are the U'tekin in Shtepdiiic, the I'lnilimmoii
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A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
♦36
Slid Snowilfii in W.ilcE, the Cheviot hills on the borders
»>f Sc'dtldiid, ihdl'c (if the I'eiik in Dtrhvniire, the Hcndle,
i'oc. in L.incalliire, ilie U'dlJ . in Yirkfliire, Coilwidd in
Cilouccdeifliire, the Clulicrn in Jiucks, and Malvern in
WorctlKtlhirc.
'J hii gre.it ili.nid is fiirroundcd ijy nuiiy rmallcr ones,
as the ille of VVicht, tlie H!c ot Man, the clinler <it
illanuM called the Cainicndes, or Sriiiv illandi of Coin-
. wail, the C)rcidcs, the al'.ttland iflands, and r■Eblide^
iflanJM in Seoiland.
Great Ijiita 11 has on all fides very convenient har-
bours, and abundance of navi^iable river^i that tonvcy
the tithes of all the nations m the known world into
the v:ry heart of the kiiijidom ; th.e niotl toniidcrahlc ol
thtfe are thj ThanKi, the S'vtrn, and the I'rent, in
Kng'aiid ; tli'j Cjvde, the Foith, ttie 'lay, &e. in
Scotland.
Thecoimt-y is for the moll part level, and uiirom-
monlv fertile, f )i'.c favourable vear fur corn is fullicieiit
toliip'ply thice year^ of plenty to the inhahitants; and
even at Inch lin'.':i vvh' n the L.Jons prove unfavourable,
there is pereiailv a fn^.iency. for after imnioJeratv; rains
»lie coin fown on tlie l.ilU pioduce great abundance, and
in a lime tjfthe grC,;tiitd.ou;^lit the low and fenny p.m.-.
produce moft plentiful ciops. ilence iiothiiii; c.in pie-
veit th?" vKii'v which I'lovidmce has been gr.ieioully
difpofid to pour out on ilns liappv countiy, hut lliat ini-
iiioderate thiidof jiiin v/hlch ciciics the avaricious to
t.xport fo great a cjuamity of com aj to diititfs the inlia-
tifant?.
'/'his country likcwifc abounds in cfcu'ent vegetables
and fruits, bo'.h of which are excellent. Our kiiclun
gardens abound with colIy-flowcrs, artichokes, afpara-
gus, le;tiiccs of \aiiou3 forts, cabbasrcs, peas and b'^ans
of d'.ft'erent kinds, b;occoli, kidney-brunr, cicui^br "s,
fpinagc, and pot-herbs of all forts ; mulhrooir.s, cariots,
potatoes, turnips, onions, heels, &c.
Kent is famous for its crchtrds of cbe.T:c:anJ apples :
but none of the countries aftoid fuch plenty of apples tor
cyder as Hcrefordfhire tiul JJevonlhire. Hefides apples,
pears, ardchcriies, we have a great variety of excellent
fruit, as quinces, peaches, apr.cots, neiStarincs. plums,
grapes, ilravv'berries. rafbcrries, currants, goo(eberrits,
barberries, cranberries, bilbeiric, walii'its, hazk-nuts,
<Scc. but it mult be acknowledged, thai lonie of our fiuiis
have not that delicious flavour wdiich is only fo be found
in warnur clnnarcs. Great quantities of cyder and prrrv
ire made from tr.c applesand pears ot K.ngland. Among
its prodi'cis ar; excellent faif'ion, laid to be I'upenor 10
.my in the WO! Id, liquorice, woad, and great [ilaiitations
of hop-ij but it jirociutes little flax and hemp.
'['hiscoi.iury v.'a.; lorrneilypleniilullv provided w-th t'm-
fccr, and p.,f;icnl.t!ly with large ojk> fit tor fhip-buiUling ;
huttimbir now has hecoin; Icarce, and f.)r want or plant-
Avj in liinev.e arc obliged to ii^ fupplied with, gieat ijiian-
titii.'^ from abroad. Tne tin. bir growing in this illaiid,
htfidcs oak, ate afli, ei:n. and bcccn ; we have alio
j-eplar, ni..p'c, walnut-tree, fyrrmorcs, hornbeam, ar-
iiclfi, hav le, willow, fallow, and other fpecies ofw'ood
I'ot iiiili)ii»nilb.cd Wiih the name of tinibtr, but oriiamsr.-
tal .'iiid ixmding i.felul.
Tiie paltu.'ef ot hiigland arc excellent, and conlV-
ipiently the gra/inir of this country very conliderahle.
Here aie bred cxcelli-iit horned cattle i theoxiR are the
Urncll and belt that arc any wh( re to be met with, and
tl.t fiiialiei lurt bicd in W'ales ;'nJ the noith aie good
for piefent fpending. 'J he breeding of fbeep is a very
principal article ;■ it ij comjuited that there are no Id's
,tiian n.iKe iriillioiisof i'eects fllorn annually j ami tnat
lliL fine Kii"iiili wool, next to that ol Spam and Poiru^al,
i» tiie belt 111 ihc kncAvn vvoili ; which, with the working
GaeatBritalv.
remarkable for their fi/e, ftrcntrth, and fpirit ; an I th r
fordraught, cither for coaches 'or v^-aggons, can fcaree !!
be p.iralklcJ. 7
This kingdom alfo produces afTes, fome mules K '
ihefe laft are greatly inferior to thofe of Spam siul'l'',"'
tugal, goats, red and fallow deer, hares, rabbits d i''"
foxes, Iquiriels, ferrets, otters, badgers, weazels' cat'
pole-cats, moles, rats, mice, he. '' ' '
Our tame fowl are fwans, geefc, turkles, oearock'
common poultry, ducks, and time pigeons. The wi'J
arc woodcocks, phe,.tants,- partridges,' plover, wiVcon
t"il, wild-gecfe, wild-ducks, bultards, (bipes, wood-*
pireons, groule, quails, eagles, hawks of various kinds'
blackbirds, fliarlings, thruflles, nightingales, goldfinches*
bullfinches, linnets, larks, &c. '
lobllers, crabs, oyitcrs, mufcles, cockles, uirinipj
prawns, iScc. ' *
. With relpefl fo minerals, the copper-mines in Cum-
berland and Somerfetfhire, and thofe of iron in Suiltx
and Surry, are of no great importance ; but this is m^de
up by the vail tin and lead-mincs in Cornwall, Dcrbv-
fliire, and Wales, iVc. whofe metals arc (0 far from be-
ing furpall'ed, tr'.at they have not their equal in any o;Ur
country. The mountain! ;'.'.-c found to"toiituin ir.aib';
and near Plymouth there is marble that nearly rtlcniSe,
the Egyptian granite ; we have alfo alabafter, fire-lK,,.
cryftal, al'um, .Ind vitriol. Our fullers-earth is ot li,,,
gular ule in the cloathing trade. Among other mincralj
coals ought not to be oiintted, (ince the quantity proJursd
in this illand is greater than in any otlier country ^n t^.
rope, and the coals inucii better. Great Bri.au aI:o
produces very coiiliderablequaiilitics of fait, butn fruni
falt-fprin>^s and fca-watcr.
E C T. ir.
0/ lite Alannen nnii Di,fi/:li:ns of the EnaliiJy, Qr ,;,j
Englifiirmgue, wnl t:e Mai.i.a in u-hich i'l reclvid :::
vmi til C/i:i:gcs. till it (irrk)ciliit iti pfejhit i)eortt of P,r.
fiiion. Ol iii; Rtlig'r.m of the Inhahitanti ; nilh iipur-
tui.un Ji^vunt of tin Chunh of England; the Cmvtcutitn
ami the Li.Liif:ajiuai (.'curts.
THE number of inhabitant.') in G.-eat Britain was a
confiderable time ago computed at nine millioiu;
and if the great increale ot many of the cities and towns
in tills kingdom be confidcred, it can fcarccly be doubted
that the number at prclcnt exceeds ten millions, nfwliidi
it is faid there are near 'en thoiil'and Jews. Wi;h rt-
Ipei-l to the charailcr of the EngliOi, they havealwavs
been allowed to be brave and naturally jealous of their
liberties; they are induftrious, fitted lor labour, lovtrs
of the liberal arts, and capable of carryitrg them to the
gieatcfl pe-feclion. They are alfo generally humane
and (riendly ; but at the fame time blunt, artlcfs, and
not fond of cornpliment ; and particularly avcrle to llr-
vility and cringing. Their gcneiohty and humanity li^s
been frequently (hewn eVcn to their cminies, in Inch a
n>aiiner as to do honour even to human nature : the
greatett fanlt obfervable amongll them is, that tlie lo*!.r
lott of people particularly have too contemptihle an idea
of foreign nations, and arc apt to treat the Ifrangcrs who
vifit this countiy with rudcnefs. As the hnglilharea
mixture of various nations, there is not here that dull
uniformity of charafler that is to be found in other coun-
tries; but, on theconirary, the greateft diverfity app-.ars
nir.our.t.' to near one- f.fth of the revenues of the j in their dil'pofitions and manners, which fervcs 10 enliven
t.hcie CDuntrv. King Edv.ard IV. received a prcfent of
t.-.rerthr.ul'and flicep t;()iii tiic king of Spain, fome of the
' le.i of v.hic'.l are if ill in b.ing. Our iheep art indeed
» ,lind bom for their fleeces and their Helh ; thole of
Lini abiihiic a;e reniark.u ly large; but the flefli of the
Im.'.li down mution is no leb admired.
Tl.e horlfs for ihechatc and laddie are very beautiful,
iihl iiencruliy about lifteeii liaiids high, (wift, and ex-
tieintly well propoilioned. 'iholc o» our cavalry art
tonverlation, and to render it more aerceablc.
'] lie inhabitants of the fevcral pans are of a dilTerpnt
original. Thofe of Cornwall and Wales are in ;?eiicral
the pofterity of the ancient Britons, who, upon ^lie in-
vafion of the Picls and S.ixons, retired to thofe iiioun-
tainout borders in the waft of England, which they have
ever fincc retained. The Scots arc not without a mix-
ture of the Piils, particularly in the Lowlands whicii
thejr poil'efI"i;d befureihc tuinicr had totally fubduud then.
3 Jiu:
GjiatBritai!
E U R O P H.
(31'
3.1 the Highlands, particularly the wcftcrii, arc faid by
i-authiKS to l)f peopled tr(im Ircl.uid.
Tht aiicifiu language of (jrc.it Untaiii is fjcncrally
y^ii Id have hi-eii the fame with tlic (i mli-, tiie idiiid
..f urob.ibly firll peopled Cioin Gallia, ai both CxI.ir
.il'acitiiJ affirm, and .we by their religion, niaiiii.-ii,
, '^m< and the ncarnefb of their fituation ; but we
"'" jj^very finall rcmaiiisof the ancientlirililh tmigne.
flC'P' I"
Wales, Cornwai the iflaiids and lii^nl.uuls
;c.il.ind.
Some time before the birth of our S.iviou:
Cx'far made a defceiit upon ISiit.iin, though he
:,^ be la'J rather to have difcovtred than comjueied it j
"''j'.oat ih-- year of Chrid 45, in tiie rei^n of Clau
• Aul"'' I'lautiu? was fent over with fonic Roman
':''.■ bv whom Codigunus and the br.ive Caru'.tacus,
J^. BtitiHl kings, beiiw ovireonie in batlle, a Roiii.in
.'-'V wa* planted at Maiden, in I'llFex, and the fouihcrn
.'••.of the ifland reduced to the form ol a Rom in pro
',r;- afterwards the illmd was comiuiied ao far north
I liiVlitths of Dumbanoii and tdinburgh, by Agiicola,
• tJielime of Domitiaii ■, upon which a great number oi
!•• Britons retiiing Irom the conquered cuuniries to the
I !.-.-j;n> of Wales, carried their language with them.
T'Jstne orcatcll part of iJriiain l)cioiiiin;> .1 Roman
..- -;■■, the Roman legions who n fided here for above
; ..j,,jp;J years uinloubtedly dilicmmated the l,,itin
'■—y:- and t'le ,icople being governed by laws wriitm
I r Litin, niiilt nccell'irily introduce a mixture of lan-
L,-;!. The liritilh tongue thus continued rnunhd
e-'v with the provincial Latm, till the Rom.m leguin-.
liC-calleJ home, the Scots and l^i^ts fei/.ed that oppur-
p^v to attack and harrafs England ; upon which kin'
Vwcrn, ahnut the year 440, called the Saxons to liis
liitincf. who coming over, repulfed tlie Scots and
|?i; anJ were rewarded with the ifle of 'rhanet, ,in>i
iKwajic ciuntry of Kent ; but growing too ])owcrfiil,
I b;v difpolTvflcd the inhabitants of all the country to
Ittfo'Jt!! of the Severn, and thus the Britdli tongue was
Isiertil mcafure dcllroyed, and the Saxun introduced
■. fnc bcginnlnj of the ninth century thj Danes in
Iti:-.' Kiiiland, got a footiiii; in the northern and
I ui n p^rt' of the country, their power gradudly in-
Icv.xi. and, in about two hundred years, they bicanie
|fc.:n:ifters of it. By this means the ancient Hr.tifh ob-
Ii:.t; jlfo a tincture oftheOanilli language; but theii
Ipfrnmeiit was of no long continuann- ; lor ihev bein^
|(M;r. out, and the Saxons again poll'ening the throne,
I c: "ot make fo great an alteration in the AnL;lo-Sax'>ii
■.L- next revulution, when the whole illand, in tin
|rari:<i;,was fubdued by \Villiam the Coiup.ieror, dukr
li!N'"'iiaiiJy ; for the Normans endeavoured to niaki
livirUn'iuaue generally received. Thus was the ancii'iu
\k\h tongue in a manner extiip.ited by the Roman's
ISnor.i, Danes, and after that blended with the Norm.m
|F:;jch.
But a change in the language has alfo been cfFcffed by
lUiOtticr caufts . the firlf is that of commerce ; for as
Ic.'inr.abitanis of (Jreat Britain have long applied them-
!(;':« to trade, the names of offices, dignities, wares, and
Irr: of traffic, have been introduced and formed accord-
I the genius of our own tongue. The fecond is
Itjot'icatning, from which it has received no fnrailim-
emtnt; for as to the (.jreek and Latin, the learned
Ihit, together with the arts and kiences, introdu -ed
llTcllall the terms of art in the mathematics, plulofo-
Iti., phvlic, and anatomy ; and we have entertained
Inrv more from the French, &c. fo that at this dav
lc:tl;niuage, which about eighteen hundred years ign
|ir.nhc anticnt Hritifh, is now a mixture of Saxon, 'I'eu-
taic, Dutch, Danifh, Norman, and modern I'rench,
aWlilhcd with the Greek and Latin : yet this is un-
tjWIv fo far from being a difadvantage to the Knglifh
:''iie, as it is now fpoke, for all langua-Lcs have
it.liTjone changes, that it has fo enriched it, that it is
f become, perhaps, the mod copious, lignirtcant,fluent,
l.~mafcuine language in Europe.
T.e Rcfurmation in England, begun ir. the reign of
ttiry VIII. was greatly promoted under his fon Edward
it was, however, checked by queen Mary, but cnm-
Itttd by queen Elizabeth, her filter. Thin Rcforma-
' 3
tion being conJuitcJ !■/ the hiiliop', the cflrtbliniol
church of Eii.'land became epil'eopal. t'aiviii in, fed
ufed many eii'U.ivours to obtain a (hare in the adviiui;-
men' and iliitctiiui of tlrs ectlefi iMieal icformaiicui j but
bei, 1; defirous of •Icpriving ilie liifliops oi li'.tir tempfiral
giaiuKur, o! banilliiiig all external o iianienis ^ind \ .mp
iroin diviiic worlhip, ,>iiil iiiiuulucin-.; rhe Cleneva con-
ilitution, the biliiops decbncd hH olllis of aliilt.in;:'.'.
.M.my, ho'vcver, approving of Calvin's doctrine, form-
ed an ecciefiaitic.il <^inerniiu'nt on his plan. 'I'hefe vt'ere
atterw.i.d... Icruicd I'uiitans, lioni thur avowed dedrc of
fleeing tre cliuich fioin the impuiities tlill letained m it,
and Nonconformilli, from their not contorining t > the
luks of the ellabldlicd <liiltih. M.iny ol thefc inditut-
ed prefliyters without bidiops, from whenrethcy (.btain-
ed the name of I'rilbyterian^, inilitutnig .ilfo cnuich laws
among themlelvcs, and being iiovciiied by fynrjds com-
pofcd of the niii.iders of fc vera I iliifetent church, s. Dtliers
maintaining, that every Lhriltiaii con4ie;.'ati(Mi might to
be free, and fubjedt neitlier to biihops nor fyiiods, ihtle.
Were termed indeiie.ijents
Tlie Epifeopahans ain' I''' ">"teiians .ire the two prin-
cipal paities, and ditler the Ic-.iit fuMn each o'.hir ; thr-
fnlt funn the cllablilh .-.I religion id England :ind Leiand,
and ilie Litter ot ScoiIiikI The inolt iv.im.'rous of lb-',
oilier rili.'ious Iciils are tlie Mqunls, who do not believe
that inf.iiits are the pro) er fubpt's ol' JMptihii, and in the
Saptiim of adillli pr.ntife iininerlion. It is here proper to
oliLrve, that the En-glitli I'leHntcrians dilfVr alr-iolt a-,
mu h tiom the chuicli of Scoiliiiid, :t> fioni the chuicit
ol Eiigl.ind ; lynoils growing gradually out of ufe, each
feparate col.gtegation is become in .1 manner in h-p-.-ndent
ot the rell. Tlu-y have mult v( tlieni loii'.ikcn the opini-
ons ot C'alvin, and believing iinueilal ledcniption, main-
tain ihat the UniverlM I'arcnthis excluded none- of his
offspring Ironi apofTibihty of lalvalion ; wiiile ihc Inile-
pendcnts, iuul many cont'regations of the I) ipiiits, agree
with the cluircli of S.-totlaiul in tlie doilrines of particu-
lar election and reprobation. It mult alio be added, that
the I'refiiytcrians, with the church of It-Uiland, receive the
Sacraiir.'iit ol the Lord's Supper at noon, wiiile t e In-
dependents and Haptitls receive it after itie conclulion of
the afternoon fervice.
One ot tlie pilncipal of the other fe£ts is the Qi^ia-
kers, who profels to be guided by an interiud revelation
dictated by the Spirit of GoJ ; they have no regular
minilter.s, ani neither practife h.iptifm, nor commemorate
tne death of Chritt in the Lord's Supper.
The Methoditts have hitely aiifeii, and now form a
very numeious bjdy ; molt of them are alfo members of
the church ol l.nL'laiid, and prod's to adhere moreclofe-
ly than the other members of tli.it ihurc'ii to the ihirtv-
nine .irticles, and the grcatclt part of them are rigid
Calvinills.
The numb"r of Papitts here is alfo very rniifiderabU*,
and in Ireland it even greatly exceeds that of the I'ru-
tcttants.
Many autliors have exclaimed with great heat of the
many kih in England ; but let it be confidered, that
. ivil and icligii'us liberty are clofcly connected, and tliat
it docs not be, omc any church who makes no preteii-
linns to infallibility to let up the (tandard of peillcntion.
May the minds of liritons ever be free, and in affairs
which folely relate to anot,^er lite, may they be accouii-
lable only to their conlcience and their God f Mav can-
dor and chanty, a love of truth and of liberty, unit>:
thole who dill'cr in fentiment, and then nothing will re-
lult from diverlity of opinion but peace, order, and har-
mony.
But to rcturnt the church of England is under the go.
verninent of two archbidicrjis and twenty-tivc bifliops,
who are fubjeet to the king as lupreme tcni|)(iral head of
the church. !'hc archbilhop ot Canterbury is llyled the
lirlt peer and metropolitan of the kingdom; betakes
place immediately after the royal family, and conUqnently
prerrdes not only all dukes, but I ike wile the great olficcrs
of ftate. In aldrcfles to him he enjoy.-f the title of Youf
Grace, in common with dukes, and alio that of Molt
Reverend father in God. He h.is the power of hoMinc;
juridical courts in church aft'.urs, with many other pri-
vileg- s lelating to the in-antiin; of licctiiVs ,;tid cUfpeii-
ti k Uti,-ns,
i, »
mu:
■ i
498
A SYSTEM O !• G E O G R A P M Y.
Ci'.:at-Biut,
I:;.
fdtions, in all L^k^ ibnn.rlv i-i a I'-'f at tlic comt of
Home, wiKTc tlit-y ari; nul k;'U;;ii.iiii to ilic l.iw iil (JoJ,
<ir ihi; kijvi's i)R-iu,:.ituc. lU lia^. alio witliai In.-. |irii-
viin.-f, liy lumiiiuii l,i\v, liic pro'u.itc ol all wills, win-ii:
ilii' I'.iity ilyiii;; is wurtli up.vaij^ ol live pDiiiids. 11^;
has iiiiiiti liim iwi'Mly-oiii; l)iilioi).v, lidiJi's his nv.ii \\\{-
tji-iil.ir liidcirc i ilulc nu- lii.- billiop-. or l.umloii, Wui-
• licltor, lily, LuK-olii, RiKl.^llir, LlicliliiKI aiul Covtii-
tiy, llcTiloi.l, W'oKiKcr, liJth aiul Wells, Salifljury,
(.\LtL'r, CIiuIhIKt, Noiwi;I), Cji 'uclkr, OxturJ, I'l;-
tirlioioui^li, llriiiol i aiul 111 Walts, ^it. IJaviJ'j, LanJall,
^t. Al.ipii, aii>l Haii_;i)r.
I he aixlibilliopoi'Voik lil^cwill' takes the prcccilcncc
ol all ihiki.s who arc not of the blooj royal ; as alio ot
all the great oliicers of lUte, except 'h.- ior>l chaiieellor,
veho IS imtiKdiately next in rank to ihe arthhilliop 01
Cail'.eibury, In his Jiucel'e he is llyleJ I'rimatc of Imi;;-
land and .Mitiopohtan ; he alio enjoys the title of his
tiraee, and Moll Reverend lather in (!oJ. Lxclufivc
id Ills own Jio.cfe, mills piuunee aie l)uih.nn,Carliile,
Chellcr, and Sodor ami Man ; but the lali bilhop has no
leat in the houle of peers. In Noiihiunbeilaiid he has
ih.e power uf a palatine, and ji.iiilJ:>;t!oii 111 all eimiinal
jiroeecdin^s.
'I'he twenty-five bifliops arc fiylej Rli^ht RevercnJ
and Your Lordlhip ; all thel'e, except the bilhop of
Sodor and M.^n, walk lU'xt after the vilcounts, and pre-
cede the baions. In pailianient they lit in a double ta-
pjtity as bifhops and barons, they alio enjoy many other
priMlei'cs, as freedom from aireiis, out-lawriei, Jfijc.
'i'he principal or thefe billiops is that of I^onduii, next
to him is Durham, who beiiiy invelled wilh a teir.poral
jurifdiclion, and the puv.-er ofhumnii;, may be ellicm-
cd a temporal prince. The third is the bilhop ot V\ in-
chclK'r, and the rclt take place aceordiii!; to leniotity ot
tonl'etration. Thefi: fever.il bifhopj are lubordinate to
their metropolitan, and in fpiiitual ail-irs lubje,;t only to
Ills juiildii-tioii. E.icli has alio a kind ol jurildiction in
Iris owndiocefe, but Ironi their courts lies an appeal to
their metropolitan ; butciiminal caulei do not tall under
their cognizanee. They live m !;reat ftate ; their reve-
nues are alio cont'iderable ; lutw.iere the income is not
\erv larj;e, I'ome orher lucrative pielerment, as a deanery,
is ^eneiaily annexed to ic.
The bufmels -of a bilhop is to examine and ordain
priclis and deacons, to conieerate cliurches and burying-
j.lacc.-, and to aJminiller tlx' rite of conlecrarion. l lie
iurifdicfion of a bifliup relates to the probationof wills ; he
IS to giant adminillration of goods to fucb as die inteltate;
to take care i.l perilhable goods, wlieii no one will admi-
iiiller J to collate to bene'ices ; to grant inlf:tutions to
livings; to deleiid the iibcities of t:ie church; and to
viJit his own diocefe once in three years.
Next to the billiups are the deans and prebends of
cathedrals, out of whcjin the bifhops aie chol'en. After
thele are the archdeacoi'.s, of which every dioccl'e has one
or more, the whole number in the kingdom of Liigland
;:;noiinting to iixty, Tiieir office is loviiit the churches
twice or thrice every year. The archdeacons are loUow-
cd by the rur.il deans, who were lorineily Ifyled archi-
preiliyters, and figiiit'y t!ie bifliop's pkafure to his clergy,
the lower clafs of which conlills ot piielfi and deacons.
ScQ'.land is diviiled into thirteen provincial (ynods,
which confill of lixty-eight prelbyteries, and thele again
I'! a number ol pir lilies.
\S'ith refpcct to the cccltfiaftical government and
courts, it ia prop.er to obferve, that the principal part of
the ecclefiallical government was formerly lodged in the
mnvocalion, wlikhis a national lynod of liie clergy,
ali'enibled to confidcr of the itate ot the church, and to
call thole to an account who have advanced new opini-
ons incmlillent with the doctrines of the church ol Kng-
bnd ; but in the reign of his late niajeliy they being
thought to proceed with too much heat and feverity a-
gainlt fome learned divines, and to be too great a check
upon fiec cnquiiy, they have not been permitted to lit
for any long linie liiice. However, ibey are allemblcd
at the fame tin with the parliament by the authority of
the king, who i.iiedb liia writs to the archbiiliop of each
province to /'ummoii all b.fhops, deanb, arciideacons, &c.
tu meet at a ceitp.iii time and place.
'I'he conv(Kation conlills of one proaor, fe;,
each catludial an, I collegj.ite cl
- urch, .iiid ivi'i, V "'^ ■
body ol the inteiior cleigyof each dioeele Ti "' '""'
houle in tlu- piovince ot Canieibury coiillil. otti, "'''"■'''
bidiop, who 15 piehdcnt, and tw-nty-,uo hiftwr '"'-■"■ '
the lower houle ..| .,11 thu .U:„J -,.,,,, '""I'^i ■"■i
, ,■ , I • , ■ "lie ol V,-
makes a Ipeech 111 Latin, and the prolocutor tie""
choleii another, to which the archbifho'. ,iu,,,' '
Iwer iiithe fame language. ' "-'"'"^ •"'
The court ot •i"-'"-* is the niolUncient conMn, -i
the province ol C.irnerbury, and all appch i„''p'-''l
maticis Irom the judgment of the inferior courts ■''' '
reded to tins. 'I'he procelles run in the iian.L' n.'t" '
I
1
jud
HIT , "•■- "-"I'e of il .
ulio is clled dean of the arches, ,nnl i|,^. 1
tates who plead in this court niiilt be doctois of ih^" "j
law. The court of audience li.is the fame autho-itv ,''''
this, to which the arclibilhop's chancetv w,. r ''
.1.1..,
The prerogative court is that wherein will, aic '7 I
and admiiiillraiK.ns t.ikrn out. ' "
The court <d peculiars iel.,tiiig to ceiiain i>.ii (1-.
a jurifdiel.on an..." • themlelves tor the piul..it'e of u' "
and are therefore CAcmpt from tlie bi(li,,ps tuurt. r
fee of Cnteibury bus no lefs than fifteen 'of .1 '!'[
peculiais. "'"'■
The court of dclcg.itci- receives it-, name Ifom iis om.l
lilliiig ol tommoiiei., delegated or appouii^J byil.tr ,[f
conim.Hioii ; but it is no Handing court. ' ' "'
Lyery bilhop has alio a court of In, own calk-,' 1,.
conllltory court. Kvcty archdeacon li.ii likcviiehiii ."
as well as the dean and chapter of every cathedral "'
s li c T. in.
C^h.ii.ua., litiU Cain of thi LiiAijh. " '^
I\ the beginning of the laft feaion we gave a condlal
account ol the manners and dilpolitions of the tir.l
lifli ; and we (h.di lieie contider their learning anj .;"i|
in the arts. Ciieat Lliitain has produced a iiunifci-ofl
pel Ions eniinciil for their learning and their irap.^.M
i ir.tiit in the Icieiiccs ; and among ihefe tiii;l.iiid v.i.!., ck
1 b.jafl a Friar liaccn, a Lord Vciulain, a .'Tir liijc .\i,,; I
j ton, and a Locke. 1 he Icieiices are here hi^lilv clUa-JJ
encouraged, and cultivated. With ref(eet to fan!iiji;cl
of learning, we have indeed only two univeil'itiL'sn, lji,|
land ; but thele are noble ones ; in that of Ux.'orJ 1,1 "
; a;e generally two thoul'and iludeiits, and in Cimbri,
' liftteii thoulaiid. As tlufc un.verruicj are entinlv oli.i
cliablKlied church, the IJili'enters have inflituteJ k',^;i,.L
academies, where the llu.lents go through a cniiric J
lludies, to prepare them for the miniltrv. In ScuiiJ
there are lour univerlities, thole of Kdinbur -h, GLpo*!
St. Andrew, and Aberdeen j and ilicie is fcarec a"..,a,
town in KiiglanJ where there is not a fiec fehuol icj.i:,j]
ed lor the iiilhuclion of the foiis of the ciliiiiis, uibj.J
gelles, in the learned languages.
With rel'peCl to the poli'e arts, the Englilh hivelir
been famous for their Ikill in portrait pa.iitingi eu: wj
have not yet eijualleJ the Italians in hillory i)aiiniiiir,ol
the l-'rench in engraving ; we have, howevei, at |i,iKiil
lome adniiiable Iciilptots that would do liunuui loaiii
nation ; and both engraving and painting 111 .ii
branches are nuking Ijieedy advances towards ptrk;t;..
'I'he I'.nglifh h.ive a good genius for civil arcnitcaa:;!
and in fbip-buildiiig ate interior to no nation upoiicjriji
In other elegant and uleful arts Kngl.md has alfu proJu;;('
many able madeis. As this country has pioJuctJt:;!
greatcllphilofophers, lo the fcveral arts dependent mini
Iciences have heie been greatly improved; the o;rt:;
the air-pump, the W(;ndeilul machine for lailiim afcrl
feci river of water from the bottom of C0Jl-j)its bvlT'-j:/
ol lite, the v,ilt iniprovcinent m.ide in the cngiires lermJ
4
li.nirrs in goli
, -I
R:A-r-B:ui„i:,
tllJ IVM> llUll, Hi,-
^il>-'. ria' u|i;in.
"iil'ill-. ut the aicti.
tuo liifliujjsj a,.] ;
lix. 'Ih'.v u.'i; :iy ^
ii--! ill WiUiim;,
vLcjiioriiittlicia
11111111. la oUhel;\vir
ii pnl'inkj to t!,_.
li 1 one Ol' Wh:,;:;
idlocutur thev ;•,.,,:
Ihu;) ictutiii an :;i- ;
liitiLiit conf.lloivii'
■"PI'I-mIs 111 el.ur,.,
lienor courts aic >:,.
ill tlic nuii.t ul' ll,;
hcs, ami tlii- ai,,,.
; doctois of the ti, 1
laiiiL- authoaty «,;:( .,
iiiuiy W.li Ulliulyi
:rtiii willjaicftuii ;
attain patiflicshjicl
the IMulMtCofwill,,
lllli'[i.-> tuutti. |i,s|
hail tilucii of t!.iiei
t-, name lioin its con.!
ippoiiu^J byil.trujj
:ourt.
uf liii own calW thfll
lui likcvilehiicou;;
every eathcJidl.
Miimi/jSiurii, Tiii:!,
tin Lii^lijh.
ion wc gave a coiicif(i|
I'poluioiib uf the Ln
ir leaiiiiiij; anJ ik'ill
iJutcJ a nuinti.;i)(|
aiul their impr>;ie4
le tr.gl.iiid v.i.'.i'.d
am, a sir Ifaac NuvJ
here liighiv clutT.:Jj
1 refject tu li:iii;iu!:c|
,'u uiuveihtics Ul Liij.
that of Oxioiil ihiii
:s, aiiJ in Cimbii,
luiej are eiitialvo; t.'d
have inflitutcJ kra.
through a count J
ininillry. In Scu;'iii,J
K'linbutgh, GUjo*l
there ii I'tatec a'Jii
nut afiee fehuul le.i:.
(jf the ciiiiuib, ei !).,•<
th
the Enpjifti hivekr
ttrait panting; butwi
in hillory paim'.n;,o
c, iiowevct, at jiukii^
ouU do honuui to i\\
iiJ paintuii; m .a i;|
nces towardi per!:ct;..J
tor civil ar^riiiiciJ
,) no nation upuiK'jKr
igl.mJ has alfu ftjJuM
I'nny has [iiuJaiU-.J
al arts dcpendcnlor. fJ
improved ; the u:i<.:;\
ichme for la;!!!!;;^?"!
.im ot'toal-piti bytraJ
de in llie cnginei !em;|
ClUAT-BillTAIV.
fnrcN
lift;
F, [I R O 1'
'40^
fnrCNtin'Miinun^ of fnes, were all invented by the lui,;-
an'.i, to the honour of hnL-Jand, the in-einou:,
Mr. Hairilon has lately invented an ealy method ufdil-
Cdvi'riii" tbe loni'itudi- at lea.
'I'he'Kn-lilh.'lays Dr. Ilulehin;', were the firll who
ft on foot that ni.hle ii,.,nuiactuie oMillc and vvooUeii
trt't'v, ill whi.h life- and nature are imitated vvi'.h ad-
ni'tVle'll^dh Our broad-cloths are the liiuil and molt
bi-uitiful in thi; world, and are admired a:iJ purcinlld in
(virv (luarter of the rdobe ; indeed the woollen m.mu
tV'ire 11. ill III lloiniOiini; a condition, that the value ot
cl ,'.n> and (tails annually exported amounts to two nnl-
lio'ii. ll-iliii-' 'I'.^.c n-.a'nul.iclures of fl.iwered lilk have
bcc'ii "reativ improved, and in the beauty of the pattern'.
ihfv e'N.el thole ol France or any other country. VVe
iiVve lately iin-ntcd a method of punting on plain filk
ti'iirfs inV.old. Our primers of linen too grcitly excel
t:w:e uf other n..:ijns, from the I'liperior Ikill of the pat-
ttrii-drawers.
I:-, ll'.ort, there is fcarce a manufaaurc m f-.'.nnpe hut
vih,.: is brou-ht to p^M perfeainn in Kntjland-, our
I ciJ, cd-c-tools, guns, (words, and other arm., are
laid to t:;ceed any thiny ol the kind ; houlhold utenliU
oi'br-!'i, iron, and pewter, arc very -tea: artieh;, ; and
■ourc'.o.iCi and watches of price are very much cUeemed ;
inojoh the mil'erablc cheap WJrk bought up and lent
abru.U has dilhonoured the nat;on. 'I'here aie but lew
r.uiiaf..clures in which wc are deleitivc ; hut in tnole ol
lace and paper wc do not excel. VVith relpect to
bi.nc I
been made in
t.it lalt, an altonilliin:; in^provement
ticlJiid in v.Titing aivd printin ;> paper ; but the French
■■i'u-r fur cop;v.r-pl.ue prints is itill lupcrior to ours.
Gieat Britain enjoys a tine lituation with relpeCl to
cominercs imd is Vurroiinded with excellent haibuurs.
Its trade and navi;;atioii is t;reatly I'uperior to what they
were furmerlv, and the inhabitants at prelent carry on an
txuiifive trade to every part of the tjlobe.
la time of peace we e.\po:c lo France tin, lead, horn
plat.:*, iMcat iiuantities of tobacco, withlome flannel, and
iiitiT.euf I'carcity wc leml t-.eni coin; and iVoni thence
import biaiidy, wine,
l.ires, linen, cambrics, lawn.
This irade is of very great dil'advantage to Kni;!and. Our
fniuL-ulcrs alio, to the ;ncat detriment of Great liiitain,
ceaviv thither gold, filver, and wool.
To Holland we lend almoit all forts of commoJiiics and
inaiva!a.:tuied goods, cither of our own produce or im-
nuitid tioni abroad, and receive from thence Ipices, drugs
Ijr dyiiK;, valt i[uantities of hue linen, tapes, whale tins,
and toy*.
I'o Flanders wc fend tin, lead, hard-ware, fiigar, (l.m-
iio';, a kw llulfi, ferges, and tobacco ; for which we
receive hue laces, linen, cambrics, tapes, and other
jof'ds.
' I'o (n'rmanv wc fend woidlen m.inuficlories of every
kiaJ, all l..rLs of tall India good., tin, le.id, ginger,
I'u^ar, and "tobacco. In return wc have from tlienec
lia.a, thread, goat fkins, 2nd many other commodities.
Ill nianv place^, however, fcvcral of our m.nuifiotories
ati prohibil'.-d ; and yet it is thought that the balance of
trade i.. conhderablv in our favour.
Wc have very little trade with Denmark and Norway,
fxc.pt for a lew coarle woollen goods and tobacco ; but
vie leccivc from them timber, planks, lirs, deer fkin:-,
:.;;d nianv other articles i;f commerce, for the grcateft part
(itvvhicli wc are obliged to pay nady money. The
Swedes alio buv little of us, and wc purchafe of them cop-
per, iron, deals, timber, and naval Itorcs j but not lb
lauL-h iron as formetlv, lince its being allowed to be im-
piL-ted from our own pl.mtations in .'Xinerica.
T" Riiffi-i we fend tin, lead, worftid ftulFs, long ells,
foitle cloths, cott'ins, fullians, perperuanas, lace, tiucad,
a'.Iuin, copprr, and a great quantity of tobacco. From
ilitiice wc import potaihe;, hemp, flax, linen, cible-
yarn, bccs-wax, ifinglafs, liides of levcral torts, and
leather; with hnl.cd, train-oil, tlix, htiiiji, hogs bullies,
caviare, ice. I'liij trade is carried on by a particular
company.
We lend to Italy various kinds of Fall India goods,
broad-cloth, long tils, bays, druggets, caniblets, leather,
'in, kad. p'Ichards, herrings, falmon, cod, and various
otlicr articles. From tl."nfC wc import wine, oil, lope,
olives, dying drugs, anehovie';, and raw, thrown, niiJ
wrou.'lu lilk. From the king of Satdini.rs donunions wc
have the line lilk c.ilkd ori;anvtiiie, which is iliiown hero
Ivy an engine, of wliieh a very cuiious one has been many
yeais at IJeiby, and lor fume tiineni two or three towns
111 Ciiclhnc.
'I o Sp.iin we fend nearly the fame commodities as ti)
Ita'y, m.iny of which are exported from thence to their
American duiiiinlons. In return we have wine, oil, liuii,
wi ol, in.ligo, cochine.il, and other drugs, with gold and
lilver in fpccie or bullion.
I'ortugil i.ikes Irom us almott all kinds of our commo-
dities, and from thence we receive wine, oil, fruit, and
fait. 'I'hough the balance ui trade with l'ortug.i! li
luppolcd to be greatly in our favour, yet i: is of no little:
advarit.i:'e to them, .is they would he unable lo tell what;
we take Irom them at other markets ; and as they fend
grcit (] I intilies of our goods to Hrazd, they aic ciiabled
to dravy Irom thence irinnenfe treafurcs.
The Alrican trade is of very great advantage, as wj
not only fend m my of our own and the Fall India nia-
nul'acturcs for the purchale of Have;. ; but with thele laft:
liipply our pl.mtaiiuns in America, and have alio from
.'Vlrica got. I dull, gum feneca, mala:;ueta, ivory, red
wood, and many other valuable commodities.
1 o the Kail Indies we export fonie wocllcn cloths,
lead, and other Fnglilli inanufaCtures, with a very great
quantity ot hlver; and import from thence great quanti-
ties ot tea, china w.iic, raw and wrought hlks, calicoe,
chintz, cabiriet.s, &c. all the wrought lilks, calicoes,
and chiiiiz, being exported again.
The lludion'a bay conipany export woollen goods, ha-
berdalhery wares, hatchets, arms, and other h.ird-warc,
and import great quantities of Ikins .md furs of dilfeient:
kiiuis.
Fo the fugar i/lands in America we cxjort -11 manner
ot clothing, both linen and woollen, fuiniture for their
I'orles , anJ hard-ware; and take the produce of tholb
ill.mds 111 return, wliicli behde fugar, yield ginger, indi-
go, rum, molalfcs, ct.rt'ee, cacao, ot the chocolate nut,
and pimento, or Jamaica pepper.
'i'o the tobacco jilaiuations on the continent of Ame-
rica, we alfo export clothiti:;, tools, hard-ware, and
furniture, receiving tobacco in return, a great pait ot
which is re-exported.
^Vc export the fame fpccies of goods to Carolina, and
receive f:\.,t^i thence valt quantities of rice and ikins
pitch and tar.
'Fo I'enfylvania, the Jcrfey;., New- York, and New-
England, wc lend the fame articles, and receive in retmil
log-wood, and the produce of Spanilh America, witti
winch they frequently carry on a clandelline trade, and
alfo (hips ready built, mahogany, cedar, drugs, and
furs.
In (liort, to Ireland the merchants export fine broad-
cloth, hlk, ribbons, gold and lilver lace, hard-waie,
pewter, hops, coals, tobacco, fugar. Fait India goods,
and from thence import gre.it quantities of Imcn. linea
v.^rn, and Vi'ool, together with beef, butter, pork, aiul
tallow.
The annual exports of Knglidi and foreign goods
amount to between fix and fevei; .nillions il.rling, and
our imports do not exceed luc millions. As a conhder-
able part of this is .ngain exported, the annual ill'ues from
Fngland for foreign merchandize, has been ellimated at
four millions, '^'ct our foreign trade docs not amount to
one lixth part of the inland ; the annual produce of the
natural products and manufactures of England amounting
to ■hove forty-two millions. The gold and lilver of Kng-
land is received from Portugal, Spain, Jamaica, the Ame-
rican colonics, and Africa ; hut great part of this gold
and (liver we again export to Holhuid, and the Ealt-In-
dies ; and it is fuppoled that two-thirds ot all the fo-
reign traffic of EiigUmd is carried on in the port of
London.
In Great Britain money Is computed by poiiiuls, fliil-
lirigs, and pence, twelve pence making a fliillnig, and
twenty (liillings one pound, which is only an imaginary
co!n. i'hv gold pieces coiifilt only of guineas, halves,
and
U
l!
(r
1 t
"■/t|
:0O
A SYSTEM O I- C} I. O C. k A 1' H Y,
KM M
'f- 'IP
(ii^RAT Ukita
IN.
anil qii.irtrrs j llio filvfr of (rown% lialt'-crowiis, (V.il-
lings, lix-pciK'i"!, j^io.its, and cn.li ilowii 111 .1 I'lUii |)Lii-
ny J ai\<l tlic cappcf muiii-y only ot hall'-iicncc aiiii lar-
lhin;'s. i
rf E C T. IV.
J c'wfe rino oftht n!jh'-y if H'rlvil , ih T/.'.i sf tic
Ki'i^, his Arms, and FintS if S.'J iind Liiii.l,
TH V. Hritons, tlic r.nciciu inhi-.'oitaiits of tliij iflanil,
were (irft invailcJ, ;'.s hath been .;tiea<,lv ohlViveil,
I'v Julius Cxfar, and aft-:T\vari!s fubdn.'..' liy the Rnm ..is.
In the reign cif Valenthiian HI. iliey i;':;;:^,; :nc ill.iiiii,
and i.iiciii^; with them .ill the Roiii.iii an. I Hiitifti fuiCv..,
left the kingilom cxpoled to t!.c e'lnirfuini of the Pii;ls
and .Scots. I'hc liritons fnreiirnily ckiled fevcral ir.n
natchs, who were ilepafcil a:nioll ,ii foon astliev were ad-
v.inced tn the thiniie, till they made thoirc of V'orti,;crii,
vvhii hndin^ i: I'.ifficult t.) contend with the ['icl-. and
Seots wlioinvjdcd hr. dnminions, folieitcj fiicciuir.s frinii
abro.ul, ,11! I aecordiii^lv in 4..'|.f), a large b.ijy of Aii^h.-
Sjxons ariivtd, under the roiiducl of twe. Ic.idpr.>, Henyill
and Horf.i, who having obr.;;;itJa victory over the eiiciuv,
(ettli.d here ; and other bi;j;;s of S.-.xi.r-, ciitiin^' over,
extended ilieir dominion?, and at Iciig'h eoiiijiiered Kiij;-
l.m.l, whi ii received its n.inv; from the .Angles. 'I'lu-y
erccled fevfn mon.irchies, thofe of Kent, liufiLx, the
LalKAngles, the VVcft-.Saxons, the i:..[\ Sj.\('n-, .\'or-
thuiiihcrlaiid, and iNtertia. Egbfrt, kin;; oi the Uelt-
Saxon?, at length united all the other kingb under hi:ii.
In the ninth century the Danes pafl'ed over to hiigland,
and proved fo troubkfome tn the Saxon princes, that
iliey were at length obliged to (liarc the kingdom with
them. 'I'hir! diviMon lallcd till the year f.jl, when tlie
Saxons ii'j.iin recovered the whole country. Upon the
death of this prince, he was fucccedcd by ll.irold ; but
William duke of Normandy invaded the kingdo'ii, and
coming to a batib' with Harold near Hadingb in SulTe.\-,
difentcd hii rival, who was flain in the engagement, and
agrceinj to obfetvc the Saxon laws was proclaiiiied
king.
After hi' deceafr, and that of his two Tons, his de-
(ciiidar.tL of the female line contended for the throne,
which Henry H. Airnained l'l.-.nt.igenct, at lift aftcnded
in 1154, and tranfmitted it to his defcend.inls. This
prince was by inhiriiance earl of Aiijou, M.iinc, and
Tourainc ; by niariiagc, duke of f iuienne ; and by the
fuctel':. of his arm?, lord of Irel..nd. John, the yuungelf
fon of Henry il. v:?.- obliged togrant the .Magna Charia.
KJward I. fubdued the principalitv of Wale.-., and endea-
voured to maintain his lui'cncrity in Scodand. Edward
HE the etdelt fon of Edward II. fucccedcd to the crown
111 the lifc-tinv; of his father; the quein and A-Iorti-
mer during his minority, ui'uiping the adniinil!f..\i n,
i;ovciiHd ill his name, and murdered Eowaid 11.
Bui Edward HE af:erwards caufed Mor*. mer to
be feizrd in the queen's apaitmcnt, a . executed.
'J'his prince invaded Erancc, and in li; obtained the
glorious vielory of C.eliv, and about the fame time Da-
vid king cf the Scots w.!S mudc prifrner. John the
French king, and hi', fon Piiili,) were taken prifuiurs at
the battle of Poietiers, by Edw.mi the (Jlack Eriiuc.
Richard II. the fon of Edward the Bl.ick Prince, and
graiiilfiin of Edward III. Itn' '■ dcd to the throne. He
I'upprefild a rebellion raifcd by Wat Tyler; but the par-
liament, difgiilted at hi< aJminiHratioii, raifed an army
Mgainlt hini and made him prifoncr. The uuke of Ean-
caib.T, the king's uncle, i liimed the crown of Callilt in
right of his wde, a.i,' invaded Spain. His fon the duke
of Eancalter dethroned Richard IE and iifurping the
crown WIS ftyled Henry IV. and being confirmed in the
throne by the parliament, Richard w^s foon after
murdered.
Henry V. gained fcvrral victories over the French, took
many of their towns, and having married Catharine,
daughter to Charles VE king of !• ranee, by the conven-
tion of Troyes, obtained tne revcrlioii of that crown,
but di'.-d in the midft of all his expectations. Mis infant
Ion, Henry VI. who was ciowned at Pans, inherited
b. :'i kin.'dd
but uiiuK hiin till
_i.MiiSi hut uniK, him .he Engim. a,,n, in
I'lancc met with a (ad reverie, by bis luliiig thai km .
doili. At tins time dilpuUs aiul'e concerning ihc crm.'"
between the houfes of Aoik .iiid Eaiiealler, bi.L,, v|!.' K
were of the loyal blood, and weie eon nionly i ,|i,'.j
iiiallulion to their arms, the White and Red R(,ii.. 'j jj
thcle dilputis foon broke out into a bloody mil Vjr
which was Ireipiemly renewed. Edward IV. ihe eldul
(in lit Rid. aid dukcof \'oik, was at length ili.iM,||,^.j
on tlic throne, while Hi my VI v*ms conliiRd m the
'1 ewer, and at 1..II mimleuil. Edwaid V. the eMtH (,,.
of Edu.iid IV. with Ins l.ioilier Kitb.iid duke i,| ^,„'^'
w.-rclf,) iiiuideri.ll in tin.- l'ov*er,by liuir uinle kK|,,,|j
duke of Glouti llei, who .ifceiided the turone by iln.- „a„|^.
ot Kie.iard 111. but llemv eail of Richmond iltltuiinu.
thatiii.naiural n.onller .it liofworih, and thjt niunlei.jf
who v.Mi ilie lait male of the hoiile m \ drk, beiii' k,ll'-il
in the battle, Mtiiiy in 14S5, obl.iiiu-d the crown, 'i l^j,
was Htiuy Sll.v.r.o being of the I'oule of I.ai,^;,!!^^
and mariying Elizabeth of the liouic of Voik, in him
I oth .'. lei, were iinitul. Hi nry VUI. the l„ii ,',( |ii„
\'ll. was icmaikablc for hi> 'iniiinrou, m-iri.ii;.,s, |,ij
manner ot hviii",, oovcrr.n.ciu, and powir On' ac-
count ot h,:> book on the liven l.iciaiiiiii!.-, ^hiil, \vj^
written .ig.,mU Euthcr, be was dignilied bv ih/p,.pe
With tne tiile i f Uelcf.der of the l-a.ib, a i.ijc vi,;,,!, ^^^f.
kings of England had 1,-iig befoic .diumed, ,1,, .r )earj
Uum Imral cf.aiiers granted to the umvciliry i.f t jViord.
'I his king (0011 quauellel with ilie poaliii, ,,i;,| i,,„itf
him the happy icformation of ttligion began in l.iiLl.mJ.
and the p.,.-;ianieat cn.,:tid an oath ot fi:i-.uiii.uvi by
which .11 ecckli.iilies were rr.mpelied lo ai kni.ul, uj ,|,e
ki.ig as fiipremc in all caulis bo.h ecclifialiii ai .ii,ii~i,vil
Under Edward \'E Oie Reformation was pri.r.n.tcd ; but
bis (liter ami ('iiceclu': Mary a-ain introdi:,eJ r n'c-v
i;,,|...,.,l ii. ..(,... ,,i- .,. .1- I.'.. .... ii.i.-i ''r'.>»
eiily
Un.
liglited ilie tne of pi ifecuticn, and lolt Caiai-, t.nu
place in l"i.i:icc belonging in tin. crown of Ep'-
der lier iilli-r Elizabeth the Kuiiiination wai, "com'.-l.tej
and very ccniii-tTable iinpr.jniiKiits m.ide 111 tiai'.. ^,;J
navigation. She appci:i:ej lor l;cr lucciir.r J.ni. > 1. k'iiig
of Scotl.md, who ende.iv.u:ici; to unite boiii ki„g,!, i,,;
under tiie name of Great JJiitain. 'Ibis weak aiid|.al;U
lanimous piince paid litt'.c legaid to the confiituta.ii of
England. His ixaniple was followed Ly his u.n Charles
E i'he pccple lofe in dtfenie of ibiir libi itie>, aid that
unhappy prince lolt his head on the bloc k. 'I'lic iiols
proclaimed his fon Chaile:, l\. bu' were dtl'ealcd tlicrciii
by Oliver Cromwell, who governed tl'ik kintdi.ij.s un-
der the title of pioteclor of Engl.ind, Scotl.'irii", and Ire-
land. )•, his time the Englifli made then. k.vi^ r.ul'crs
of Jan.aiea and IJuiikirk. " His Ion liichard w.:s al:er-
waids choieii piotiiib.r; !ut biiiig averse to the ciris of
governmeiit, he ni-.de little or no o| pofition to the renrrn
of Cliailes lE who was rellored to iiis diroae by his ai;.
ccllors.
■J'his l.:ft prince fold Diinkiik to tliC Fre-ich ; under
his reign a dreactul pi I'.dcn' c lavagrd England, am: Lon-
don \\as delltoycd by tiic. Jairts duke i.f 'inrk,
married his eldcit daug.bter Mary in W'iliiani print of
Or.uige, and Anne Ins lecond dawghti'r to p,iiice ti.iirgc
of Iluiiiiark, and on Charles's dereafe aicer.'Jid t.'ie
thi.iie; he then openly dcclaied bimlelf a P.ipnt, and
ilrtriuoufly crdeavourtd to bring this kingdum aLMii: into
fubjcclion to the fee of Rome. In ihe ytar it;8o v.'ai
born James the prriuit pietuider, wiiom fon.e afiinn to
be the lawful Ion of ...g James U. by hi,, lecond ip, ufc,
wh le others ueny it. ;\g,.in;l this prince the ihiueli of
Engl.ind united w.th ihc JJifK-nter--, and both opjd-.ing
to bis loii-in law the prince of (Jrai.gc, mvi'eil h.iii to
afiill ill the defence of their liberties ; on wliiih lii land-
ed III Eiigla'id, and the king fled to Fiance; vih.-iiee
the ciowii, which lie had thus abdicated, u..s m a na-
tional convention ofiVred, wiin certain rtiiri:fii:r,), to the
prince of Orange and his ccuifort Mary. Tin. praiet,
who aiTiimcJ the tule of William HE was fuceecdid by
.•\nne, king J-mcs's yoimgefl da jghter, and uii.'ei her,
in ijrf), wa- accomplillicd the union of the kingdoms ot
Engl.-.nd and Scotland, uiuiei the general name of < iuat
Hriiain. On her dcceaft, in 171.^, the crown d.Miivcil
to GeijrgcEcwis,clc(Jtor of Hanover, and duke of iiiunf-
wlr Euiienbui^. His reign began wi'.Ji a tt'bil:''.,., '.vi.ie.n
1 W.li
GutATCKlTAlN.
EUROPE.
501
I iiioii lupiir lll'il. Th.it prince was pcMccal.ly liic-
*"m bV 111. I 'H ^''^"'ii'^ "■ i" ^^■''"''^ "^':V' anol.uT te-
'"li'i'i hrolf ">"i •'"' *•'* 'I" ■''•''' ''/ ''"-■ '"•"'■'y "' '''s
U'llliJi'i' ''"'^'^ "' *^"'"''^'' '"''• 111'* '>-'i'-;ii w.i. Jil-
', .ill li ''»' •' 1' ''"'"'-''■ "' ^' ""■"'' '''■" *^'" ''" '' 'ii"">'
I .'"-Uritlh aiin.ii:., .iil.i nil tnc twfiity-lilth or ( Jil.ilv.T,
"i,"- he w.is lii'Jt<;cJi:J by liii iir.iiiJ.oii (.iL-or^o lli. hi.
.lint m.iji l'^'- . ,, III 1 L
■'l(,.,itl> lit tins priiro are, (uorg'.- HI. by ihe pr.ice
..,,■] 1,,,,^ olti.tMt l!rit.iiii, I'VaiKc, and IrclaiiJ, lic-
■'' |''|."nftieliitli. :iri..,-tn.iliiivr .in.l clcvlor ot the huly
ii-iiiumpii''. *<;'-■■ 1" a'l''i^'"'i'.^ I'll" he " "il-'' ''""I' ,
iT'.jjv (ir hir ■• tlie il.k-lH'uii \% trom Ins birth lulcJ |
' ' 'of Ciiriuv.ill i but receives the title of (iriiice ol !
1 'vs bv cicalDii, ami ill botn tliole proviiuei ccitaiii
" -■.,»■ imirxeil 10 thjie titlcv All t;iek.iiin'i clul-
T ulHJCS .III 1 1 • 1 il
■-.ijivlivlal llleir "oy i' iiiiilnii-'lles.
' l.-canii* "t Great IJntam are, 111 the rnll;;r.iMJ iiuar-
. .'jIcs, ilm<; iKihi pall.iiu iiuarii.iiit in palrur; the nil-
'laili'iis "' hiiii'.ihil, iiiip.iKil with llie ri)yal arms
v)'l;ii'^li wliieli are or, .» .ion rampant Willi aiiou-
-tVli'ar.; tl'wercil and eoinilei-lbuvirtd, wiili tleurs-
- Il .'uli*. I'hc I'ecciiid ijuarter 1^ tne roy.il arms ot
I- iin' Wf'^ 'i'"-"'' *^''"i"'''^ ''* '"• ' '^'-' 'hird, the en-
... '„t' litlaiiil, whieh is a/.uu-, a harp ur, llriiuiied
":!.,.; The tourtli j;ranil ini.iricr is his prelent ma-
' " Ctnvii coat '.'.ii'ies, two ImiH pidhnt iMiarilant or, tor
'•.iiivic, implied with J.Miu-nbiirg, whieh is 01. leiiiee
■htl- prop-'r, a lion ranip.iiit azure, havini; ancient
,v'"- vi^. allies a horle eurtent argeiir, gralied in
tic an J in -' 'l'"-''J '"r •""' gules the diadem or
iio.va ol Chuilcnia^iie. The wiiolc within a garter,
!, ':■,'... rci-ii of that moll noble or.ler ol' kniglit-
'r'i infcnbed with the niotio iiom soir qin mal v
■;\.";- tiiat is, " livil be to him that evil think.-.,"
'■, n I'V l:iJw.;rd 111. the foiindir ot the order. iHe
clii-ahtliiiet lull laced and gr.iti'd, m.intled with tloili
I (• ',i Joiibleeriiiine, and luimounted by .111 imperial
(vra (111 the top of which IS allonp.diaiit guardant
I c- cio.vn-J. ' '"^ I'upp.irter on the dexter lide is a lion
I j,';i.:jnt or, crowned, ilie )iroper liippoiter ol the I'.ng-
I Li £ali:n ; oil the linilK-r a uniuirii argent honied
I ivi looicil or, gorged with a coll.ir ot' crolles, pat-
IlK. ar.l flciir-de-lis, a gold chain fixed to it; both
tiii:.i:mi aconipartineiit, liiim whence ilViie fiomone ; broad
::;.-.i tn; two rtiyal badges of hia m.ijelty's chief domi-
.••;, nimclv, on the right a rufe party per pale, ar-
['-■•"fsiiJ iul-s, ilalked and lealcd vert, for Liigl.ind ;
iLin tli'left a tliilUe for Scotlaiul, being fo ailorned
|l;;jnie>l. whole fu, .porters, as king ot Seoliand, were
Itouiiicinis i and KiulanJ bt^iig under him united to
1 lu; i;.ii;!)ii, ;iave ocealion to our carrying onv ot them
Ie3!'i.:l"inili r fide ; an I in 1^)14., as king of Ireland, he
I cij.i llic harp to be iriarflu!...d with the arms ol C-viit
|B;i.i;;i.
T.i • hml ffitci 1 of thefe kingdoms in time of peace
:ir.'j:it 10 about forty thoiilaiid national nun, iiKliiiling
Ir.;- and g.'.riifoHN in Irelaiul, Cjibraltar, Minorca, and
1 .ir;ri;a i but in time of w.n there have been in l!ri-
v, iii'.tives and foreigners, above a hundred and
|rv •".liul.iiiJ. ^^'e h.ive alio a regi'.lered niiliti.i, con-
Ittin; III near two bundled tboiifuul men.
1 ,:c-iniplement ol teamen in lime of pc.ice ufually
In;,.. .:- to twelve or hiteen tboiilaiul. In lime nt war
|l» ';veamountid to no lets than lixty thoufand men.
T-,c iren of war of tlic line of battle, from a hundred
li«;i 10 lift',' guns, amount to no lefs than a huiuiri:d and
lF:vi.;li aiiJ the total of the royal navy, including filth
lei iktn rates, with floops ot war, amount to three
IhclrcJ and ten; befides bonib-velicis, iirc-fliips, and
|ir.;!vixhts.
_ Ti.is njvy is commonly divided into three fquadrnns,
ItKi'.-, the red, white, and blue, which are fo termed
' -,i;h..-difteieiice of their colours. Each fc]uadroii has
-iiiiirjl ; but the admiral ot the red tquadion has the
[•n:i;'d command of the whole, and is iHled vice-ad-
Fiiiiot Great Britain. SubjeiSf to each admiral is alfo
■.;cc and a rear-admiral. I!ut the fupreme command
;;' oar naval force is, next to the king, in the lords
Inmifliiineis of the admiralty.
S V. C T. V.
Of tk- CivU G]Vfrnm:iU 0/ !>)•• K:ii/s Cotirl ; th: great Of-
f.^cii ofStiiU i lid tin UiJi, 1 if Kiiii^hlLiJ,
Till'', civil irovcrnment of the court is committed to
the loid lieward ol the houlhold, w^'.o has autho-
rity over all the otfi.ers and feivants of the palace, ex-
cept thofe ol the king's cii.ipel, ch.imb.i , and If.ibies.
He alio attends the king .it the meeting ot parli,.nients,
ad.iiiiiilterh t.ie oaths ot 'allegiance and iupiemaey to all
the nu'inb^rs ol the houfe of commons, and, at the end
ot the parliament, adjults the parli.iiiientary c.xpences,
Sec. In the kiiig'j pieience he carries a wmte wand ;
but at other times it is carried by a too. man b ne-beaded.
I he next is tiic lord chaiiiberi.-iin, Who pielidcs over
all ilir jtr.nrs belonging to the king's eham.icr, and all
above Ita rs, except the precinct of the king's bed ciiaiu-
ber, which is wholly under the groom of me llole. Ik-
liai alio the overlignt of the lerjemt at arms ; of the
chaplains, though he himi'.lt' is a layman ; of the [dlyli-
ci..n>, lurgeon^, barbers, ^\j,- of the wardiobe, the li.ds,
miilic, coimdi.ins, h!;ntiir_-, nxllengers, haiidiciafts,
and arii/..in^, retained m the king's lerlice.
I he mailer of the great wardrobe ii an olTuer idcoil-
lidcrable dignity ; he li.is thereliuea falary ol lixteen hun-
lied pvuiuij .1 yi.ir, ..11 1 a d.puty tinder film ol i.jin huil-
diej pounds, with otlui oll'm-ri. I'o Wis oliice idio belong;
leveial tr.idclm, n and artilicers, \vho luinitli lucii ihini;s
as are iiecelliry for the coronations, niairiagc:;, and
tunerali of the royal lamiiy ; provide r.li.s f.-.- ll'.o
knignts and olKcer.s of tiie gaiter ; toi.ts fjr the king's
hei.iids .iiul piirlu v.ints at aims.
AiKl l.illly, lae nialfer ot the horfe, who lias the m.t-
nageiiKiit of the king's Ifables and breed of hoi Ccs, and
pi elides over the cqutrties, pages, I'ootmrn, gro jins,
tainers, Inmhs, coachmen, faddlci,!., and oih-r trades
working f.jr the king's Itablei. He li.is alio the care of
the lands and revenues apjiointed for tiie king'a breed of
hoiks, litteis, coaches, chairs, &c. The mailer of the
hoile hai the peculiar privilege ofm.ikiiiiure of the king's
coaches, hotles, p.iges, and footmen, when he goes a-
broad ; and upon any lolemii cavalcade he rides next
the king, leauing a horfe of !f.;te.
i 'I'heie aie alio lixteen lord^ of the king's bed-c'iamber,
; including the gruoin ot the Itole.
[ M.ill id I'le other oiiicers and fervants are under ti'.C
[ above tour piincip.d officers el' his maielty's h.julliolj.
I 1 be gre.it olliceis of the crown were o,ii;inaily nine,
! namely, the lord high ifeward, lord chancellor, lord
higii treafurer, lord prelident, lord privv-l'ea], lord great
; enainbcrlain, lord nigh conltable, and lord hit^li admiral.
j Iiul thele iiavc been greaily mutilated and changed, as
\ will .ippear from the following account :
I 1. The lord high Iteward is appointed bv the king as
judge, v\ hen a pier is to be tried lor hi,h treafon. 'I'iiis
0,'Hce was anciently the highelf in tlie government, and
its power to extcniive, tnat it was thought iintaie to
trull it any longer in the hands td" .1 iubjeef. The
lilt v/lio eiijoytd this oliice by iiihirit.ince was Henry
of liolingbioke, afterwards king ot Kngland. Since his
tune it has been revived only upon p.irlicular oeealions ;
as at tlic king's coronation, or the arr.ii.mment of a peei;
after whirli be publicly bre.iks tlie white IfalF, which he
bears in his hand as a badge of his otlicc, to thcw that it
is expiied.
li. The lord high chancellor, or keeper of the great
feal, is elleenied the tirit minilfer of ll.ite, and takes
place immediately after the archhifhop of Cantcrburv ;
and, by virtue ot his ofKce, he is a member of the privy-
councii. He keeps the great leal, and cauks are refer-
red to him troui the other courts, he having the power
of judging according to etpiity, and of mcderatiiii; the
rigour of the common l.iw. iiis decrees can only be re-
verled by the houfe of Lords. (Jut of this oiFicc the lord
high lieward is urually chofeii.
111. The lord high treafurer was formcrlv an oilicer of
great power and authority ; but ever fince the Revolution
6 L tt
1:1
Jv
5"?2
A S Y S T E M OF G li O G K A I' H Y.
f'itiAT B:(
irAi-,
it hnjlucii under ilic direinion of fcvcral comminioners,
ftili'cl lonls nt' the trcafiiry.
I\'. rill' lord prelilciit of the privy-council lays be-
f<ire th.it body fiich iMiliiurt as i» to ht- tr.ilil.ii.'li.'d '.hirt',
iiiid, if the kiii^ be ^iliftnl, nukes a riport to his majcify
of what h IS p.ili'cd in (cuincil.
V. I'hc' lord privy li.i), through wliofc hand* pafi all
prams, ch.irtirs, and pardons fipned by the i<inj;, bcfoti'
they conic to the threat leal; toj;f[hcr with boiirmii and
fuch other thinjjs as do not require the great leal, lie is,
by virtuoof liis office, a privy counfellor.
VI. 'I'he lord hii;h chanibcrlain of Kngland, whofe
ollict is to carry the kind's coif and gloves at his corona
tion, with the fword, fcabbard, &c. to drcfi the king
that d.iv in his roy.il robes, to ftrvc him with water, to
wadi his hands, and to undrefs him. 'I'o him bLlon^i,
the care of providing every thing ncceir ry in f ie houle
<>l Lords ilurinj; the leflion of parliament. When the
king I'ocs to the houfe, he gives the I'u'ord of (lat<' lo
whatever lord he picafes, walks on the riglit h.ind of it,
next the king's perfon ; h.is under his dircdlion the gen-
tleman ufticr of the black rod, with the yeoman uflur and
door-krcper i and upon folcmn occaiioin, wh( ii he
enters \\ eltiniiilKr liall, has the keys of that hall and
the frvcral coiiiis in it delivered to liim.
V'il. The lord high coiiHalile had Inch an cxtcnfivc
power, that it has been long aboliflud, except at corona-
tions, when an officer is created to aflilt at the ceremony,
and his power ends with it.
VIII. The earl marfli,!l on pi-rticular occafions takes
coonizancc of atlans relative to war, regulates ceremo-
nies, and prelides over the hcraUI's office. This poll has
long been hereditary in the family of the dukes of Nor-
folk.
IX. The lord high sdniiral had formerly the fupctin-
fcndance of all maritiine affairs ; but the office is at p'c-
(ent, as wc have already oblerved, executed by comniif-
fion, the direclors of which arc Uiled the lords of the ad-
miralty.
The orders of knighthood in Great Britain arc three,
two Englifh and one Scots, and of all thcfe the king is
grand niaiter. l"he order of the CJartcr, or St. Cieorgc,
was inllituted in 1350, by tdward 1!I. and cont.iins
twenty-fix knights, including the king. Its inlljjnia or
badge is St. George on horfe-back, with a dragon of
enamelled gold, bearing the motto, hum sol r lyi
MAL V I'ENSE. This Cicorgc is worn at a blue tibb(jn,
and this motto is likcwife embroidered with gold on a
blue g.utcr worn on the left leg.
The order of the Uath was conftitutcd by Henry IV.
and revived with fome improvements in 172^, by
CJeorgc I. It derives its name from a very ancient cuf-
tnm of inftituting knights by bathing. This order con-
lifts of thirty-five knights, cxclufive of the fovcreign.
Its enfigns arc three crowns in a field or, with this in-
fcription, 'IRIA ju.MCTA IN I'No, that is, three joined
in one; and is worn pendant at a red ribbon.
The order of the ThilUe, indituted in Scotland, was
revived in 1703 by queen Anne, and Its (fatutcs were en-
larged in 1725 by George I. The knights of this order
are but twelve in number, befidcs the fovercign, who pre-
lides as grand malter. Its enhgns are tiie image of St.
Andrew worn pendant to a green ribbon, and the motto
NE.Mu ME IMI'UNK l.ACKs.'ET. The Collar is compofed
of ihil'les interwoven with fprigs and leaves of rue,
Vfchich are all of gold.
SECT. VI.
or both Houfrs of Parliamtnt ; the civil Liliertin of the
Papli, the Ciurli cf 'jujiuc, and the Alanntr in luhich
the Laws are i-xet uteit.
THAT auguft body the parliament of Great Bri-
tainconfills of two houfes, one of which is called
ihe houfe of Lords, and the oiher that of the Commons.
JJtfore the Union the houle of Lords confifted only of
the fpiritual and temporal peers of England, and the
houfe of Commons ot live hundred and thirteen knights,
burgcffes, and citizens : but at the Union fixteen peers of
7
Stotl.ind were added to the ho,, f.; „f Lord, nid r
five Slots cominoiurs to the houl,. „f ('oi„|,'|,,'|^^'
oriy.i
'";' "f '-v rv iirwi
"""''■ Iheir 0. J
The n(v of pirliamcnts i., to maint.-in the ronft,t„s„,
firif o( thefc are chofen beloie the (iit
parliaiiKiit by the poi'rs of Scotlaiul
1)1 id V.
.iiul K
icp inviolalde the privilenrs cf the pi.opli; . ,(„.;
raile liiblidies, ni.ike laws, and rcdiels all if,,
giievances. n.e power of c.dlmg a parliament, 'a','
adjourning and proroguing it, is entirely l„d.,M ; ' ' ' '
vcrchrn. "
tiic lii.l
'I'he fitiing of ihe parliament is appoint,.^ hv
king's procl.imatio- -' ■'
lli,>l
, - , . '."' *'"' II"' .idvice of lliepnvy ,.„.,
cil, and in choolm.- a new one writs are iHi,,,! ,„,
.he Lord th.incellor toll,,. L„rd„, to „|,,,,,/ ,;,,,'" '"
and place .ippninied. \'.'i.,s are
ol every toiiiity, coinmaiulin
alio leiir t" fK™ (i.
ni.iiiy kiiiL'lits, eilizr
|inunilinl;r.J
t<US to cIk. I. .■ lu.iuy KIIIL'MIS, ciiizn,., mij ,
gelles in their reljieMive ouiiiies as ,ire t„ (ii ,„ (|^_. , '' '"'
' Commons. The writs lor Seoll .Hd
the I'riyy Council for (uniinoning the hxtcin p.
.'" 't'A'> (iia,ir„
lor elcdtiiig the lorty-tive members, No i
lere
, -I e.
■'"' dluol,Ji,J
nil
or clergyman, <:an be cleded ; and nn gm,,,,,,,,,, ,vc,,„;i
he has lix hundred a yi ar. Lh. v always allai.h,,. ,„ ' F
Stephen', ch.ipel by WeHminltei-hall. ' " ^'-T
'I'he houfe of Lords is alio fuii.ited near VVcfln,,„|i '
hall, by the painted cli.imber and court of reout'd '^lij
is a fpacioiis and loliy room, hung with tapUI... 1
fenting the defeat of ihc Spanilli aniiaj.i. ,\, ,|{^ J^
en. I of the mom is the throne, upon whieh on il'"'
occafions the king is leaied in his robes, wuh x\k ' '■'.
on his head, and adoined with all tlx eiilijrns of ir!l*'l
On the right hand ol the throne is a feat fi'r t.n ,, '''
Wales, an.l on the left ...i.ithir fertile ncvipcrlon,, -^4
royal family. Hihind the iIiioml- .,re plaa-s Im tlie.,
peers who have no votc'^ in the houfe. At a lii,,:| irj
t.mce bilow the throne on the kiig'a ri,rht hanJ 'm-M
feats of the two archbifllops, an.i a little [kU'v ■■
the beii..:h of bifhops. ( )n the oppofir. file nf the ).
fit ihol'. peers who rank above barons. Jull K',. .,
thron are the v^'ooi-packs a-crois the room, nn „.
are l> .itrd the dignitaries of ihe law. The I.rj |,
chancellor, who is fpeakerof the houfe of L.n,:, •'.
that neatelt the throne, wiih the great iVal ai;,! n'l.- ■
him. On the other two wool-packs placed 1^^..
this, fit the lord chief jufliee, the miillcr 0! i.'.f k '
and the other judges, who h.ive no vote la the ho;. ''1
and are only adviled with in points of law. nicvTj
fuppofed to be [ilaccd on wool pads to ivniinJ then
the great imp;,rtance of the woollen nianufaLlurc Miri
ii.ition. When the k.ng is pref nt with the trnw,, J
his head the lords fit uncovered, and the juJgcb liui:i:l
his majelly gives them le.n'c to fit. Allraiijer ca:r,d
form a more juft notion of the dijnitv of this ii..;„
than by attending this augiiff ad'embly when the Ic.ii
prelcnt wiih the crown upon he. lua<l, :in,l net i.i„/'J
niajedy, but the Lorils arc in their lobo, .mj thL-UnJ
nioiis attending without the b.ir.
The Comnii.is, as we liav
■ad
y oiik-ivtd,nicctinl
fpacious room called St. St phen's chapel. Itisw.i;;
up to the cieling, and ncrommodatcil with 3aii'r:,'sii;j
ported bv lli aider iron columns, adorm-d wilii 0,r;
capitals and Iconces. At. liie iipperen 1 th ■ fjirai;cr i
on a railed leat orn.iniented with Cuiiiithiaii cr.jniJ
and the king's arms carved and placed on a pi. i;:i..i|
before him is a table, at which the ckrk and I.;, ^.i;
ant fit ne.ir him at each hand juft below tliech.ir, ,
on each fide, as well below as in the galleric, 1
members are placed promifcuoiidy. The' fpoAr ;
clerks always wear gowns in the lioufe, but iKn.'nr
the members, except the four reprefentativcs lor 1:1 :
of London, who the firft day of every neve pirliai
are drefted in fcarlet gowns, and fit all together ua
right hand of the chair next the Ipeaker.
No adf is vn.lid without the concurrence of
houfes, and the king's approbation. Any bid I'^r mAiJ
a new law, or altering an old one, may be brrjujb;lil
into the houli; of Peers, except a money bill ; I'
bill relating to the revenues 01 public taxes can be It.
into the houfe o' I'eers firft, or altered wlieii r, .
up fiom the Commons, thouijh it may be totailv rcKO)
!i
<'1U AT 15;
'ITAI',.
loufi; <if I.onli, ;in.| f.iny
himli' of t'oiiiiiiiim. I ~,
ri- ilif liitiiwof i-v ry i,iv,|
ScolUiml liut (;!' ihoir o.uil
im;iint.Mii tlic rnnlltut 0:1,
u'Hcl the l>i:>ipli;;ilu.va;;,
ami rrjicis all thi: pui,, .1
p;irli,inieiif, 4i|,j,
GuArBiUTAi^.
E [J R O !• v..
5'^S
Mil
is CllUll'ly Indjjeiliii
tllO l(.
moi\t is appoim^M liv ihtj
• aJvico of iIk' privy ,oui.
one writi art' ill'mj ^.^^ |,^j
,ord,., 10 .ippear at |Ii,m,ii..'
aro alio Ifiir t" f''- (|-
' 1 . .^ ■••iiiiuntlinlic.l
iijihts, i-iiizciij, anJ f, ,r.|
lies as .ire to lit ui tl., ), „,;j|
or Seoll..«cl are diri,;l.J(,
iniii|^ tlie lixtciii pm-, „i4|
eiiiliers. No iiiJge, llkf,|f I
; ami no gtnil.inaii, cvrrptl
I'll. V alw.Ui alien. liiciii itj
iilKi-liall.
) fitu.ittil near WcRminilcrJ
■r and court ot rerjucHs, |J
, hinit; witli tapilt/y, rrp'iJ
nidi aini;id.i. At the u,
iiie, upon wliieh on i',,',
n his rohes, with the vn_
th all tl'.e eiiligns ot ir...'c!;Tl
jnc is a Teat tor t.ii; p;,;,,;
v.r fortlie ne\i petlon nt' idj
rone are places loi thcji.Uiii
I the hoiife. At a lii,,i;l il
he k'lig'a rivht hanJ, an- i|,J
ii, an. I a Jittlc lKiiv,v
the oppofr- file n( the I- ,{j
avr barons. Jull lu'l.ro liJ
a-eroi'j the room, on v,\;;i
of the l.nv. The ini h -i
of the houfeof Lor.!-,
;h the threat leal ar.i! iiir.:; |ij
wool-paclcs placed pr-.i'
,iec, the m:iltcr ot il.e k, .
;> h.ive no vote 111 th>' iioi.fti
in points of law. Th;v
I'ool pa< ks to rrniinJ then
e woollen niiinu'ai.ture tun!
is prif lit witii the cr.iwii
trctl, and the judges lljiii ;i|
?vc to fit. A llraiiicrcrnol
of the di,;nitv of this 11..;
;iift alVenibly when the k.i
ion his head, an.l not c.i;,i !i|
: in their robes, and the Cool
e bar.
ave n'reaily oiikrved,mcc! inl
phen's chapel. It i? w.i:;iic.,t«
omniod.iteil u';:h j.ill'.ri.'s loj
inins, adorned wilii Oir:a;r,i^
• iipperen 1 th • fpeakcr i -.''..;
ted with Coiiiithiail cr.jn.r
vcd and placed on apoliiviij
ehieh the clerk and 1.;.
hand juft lulow tlie ch;i
.■low as in the ^allern', t|
mifcuoiiny. 'I'he fpe.iic:t ;
is in the houfe, liut nnii'hr
lour rcprefentatives lor lii^
II day of every new parliani
vns, and fit all together uat
.'xt the I'peaker.
out the concurrence of bo
iprobation. Any b'H I't iiukJ
n old one, may be brfjuili;lij
, except a money bill ; 1>|
fsoi public taxes can be hi.'
I firft, or altered when 1; c
ihounh it. may be totally teKcl
[lyl le Lords. Tliii', where flic f/Ords might be templed
to p •iue their own int'-u It to the p..'iiidiee o( the pub-
lic, .. d mijilit teetivc the j;ieattlt petiiniary advaiita^'cs
(roiii 1" i":-; '.orriipt, in L'raniin[> fiifiplies, they h.ivt only
the po.'.ei 01 leliilini:, while llic Loninioiis alone hau'
lh,it of iiiacling.
It will I'.e piojier here to pive in one view a Ikereh fi
the canilituti<ia ol Cire.it Hiii.iiii. I he km r has all the
[i(iiiours, and all the fplendor of majillyi he lias the
povvir ot doin.; j^nod in its Inlkll ixunt, and it is finely
111! diniiniilioii to his ^;lory, th.it he 1 tonfined fioni doiii^
wli.it would render him hated and dilpiled by hi. (utem-
poraiie.^, and inlair.oiM to polterity. 'Though he has not
the power of makiiu* l.iws, yit no law c. ii be eiia.'lid
without bis conlent ; and though the execution ot them
1,, aivvays eiitruiled to his eaie, he cannot lei/.e the pio-
iiuty of the moil incoiiliderable inan in hi-, iloniiiii-
tms except it be forfeited by law : the fubjedl may with-
iiut the Kail ilanj'/r liie lir. loverei^n, ot thole who a^t
,n his Ji.iiiK, and under his authority ; he m.iy do thi-. in
open lourt, where the km;;, may be call, and obliged to
pHv daiiiaj;cs lo Ills lubjeet. I le cinnot Like aw-.y the
l.b.rty of the lealt iiulividu..l, unlefs he ha-, by jumr ille-
i;,d act foileited his tij'.ht to lilcrty, or except vslico the
ll.ite i.i in daii'ier, and the leprelent.itivcs of ttie people
mink the public l.ifetv makes it necell.iiy that Im' ihould
have the power of coiilinmg |ierloiis and feiziiig thi ir pa-
peii (ill a fufpicion of i^uilt ; and this power is iicvci
g.vcn but for a limited time.
riie kiiij^ niav p;irdon, but neither he nor the jtidj^cs to
wheni he delegates his airhority, can condemn a man as ,
3 iiimiii.i, except he be iirit found guilty by twelve men, '
who nuifl be his peers or equals. 'I'hat the judj;es m.iy
niii he ii.tliKneed bv the king, o.' his imnitters, they
h,ivcti.eii falaiieslor life, and not during the fovercign's ,
pl.alure. No perfoii can be ile[wivcd of his liberty even
loi ihe highed crime, till foine prefumptivc proof be given ,
upon ei..lh before a in.igilbatc. If a perloii be charged
with a capital clleiiee, he mull not undergo the ignominy
01' being tried for his hie, till the evidences of his guilt
are hiiii before the grand jury of the town or county in
ivhicli t'.e l,ii\ is allidged to be committed, and not with-
out twelve of them agreeing to find a bill of indie'lnient
jyinft him. If they do tins, he is te) ll.in.l a fecond
Ir.jl before twelve other men ; he is thcieiore furiiidied
with a pannel or lilt of the jiirv, who are his true and ;
proper judges, that he may learn their charaders, and]
dil'cover whether they want abilities, arc bribed, or are i
prejudiced againll him. He may in open court object to
mentyof the number, and to as many more as he can
llicw any caiife why they flioiild not be admitted as his
j.idgcs, till at hill twelve unexceptionable men are fworn
to give a true vcrdicl according to the evidence produced [
in court. Thcfe only are the judi'c.s from whole fentence •
llie priloncr is to expect lile or death ; and as from their j
judgment there lies no appeal, they are to be all of one ;
mind, and after they have fully heard the evidence, are j
confined without meat, drink, or candle, till they are j
unanimousinacquittingor condemningthe prifoncr. Our 1
freedom confiils in its being out of the power of the judge I
on the bench to injure lis. Indeed juries have always
been confidered as giving the moll etiectual check to |
•vranny ; for in a nation like this, v\'here a king can do
nothing againll law, they are ,1 fccurity that he fliall never
nu'.;e the law.s, by a bad admmillratlon, the inllruments
of eraeity and opprefTion. Nothing is here wanting to
fli'ar up the caufe of innocence, and to prevent the leif-
fercrs finking under the power of corrupt judges, and the
opprellion of the great. 'I'ne racks and tortures that are
craellv ufed in other parts of Europe to make a man ac
cufe hinifclf, are here unkniwn, and none punifhed
without eonvidlion, but he who refutes to plead in his
o'.vn defence.
But as the nobility are always expofed to popular envy,
were they to be judged by the people, they might be in
the grcatell danger fiom their judges, and would want
the privilege of being tryed !y their peers, a privilege
enjoyed by the me.uietl lubjei^l ; they are therefore not to
he tried by the ordinary courts of judicature, but by that
I'art of the legillatiire of which each is a member.
; On the other hand, the houfe of Commnni can fearch
; into ihecondu tnt the highelf pier in the U..I111, and 1.1
I the name ot the peoid; imp..ach the favour. le or mmiller
, ot the king. I'll, v cimalltl.c j.iiln-s to an account for
. the mal.a.lmiiiiltration of il.en offi. e. '! Iiui the Cum-
i moi..i ait the grand juiy o| the n.ilion ; bt.t as it woubl
I be iinpioper that tin le who are impeaehed 111 fi bigii a
I court Ihould be tiled by a leiwer, which iniglit be over-
awed by ihe power of the houle of Commons, ihi n foie,
, (o pieferve the di jiiiy ol the peei:,, and the feeurity of
the lubjeet, thole whom they impeach aretiied by i|„;
l.irds, whe.lelupuior diginty ought to fet them above all
iiilluence, and who are iiiilueiiced neither by the fame
: interells noi moved hv the l.inic pallinns,
j 'I he courts of judue fittiin' .it \\''ellminf'vr are open
I four times a yeji ; that is, at fl-Jler, I'riimv, M'cutl-
mas, a, id Hill.iiy terms 'I'here arc four 'cour:s, the
• court of chancery, the king's bench, common plca^, anJ
I the court of exchequer ; behdca that of theeluehy of l.aii-
; cafter, which takes co..;nizaiice of all the caules leiatiiig
to the revenue ot th.it duchy, which hji been long annex-
(d to the crovMi ; the chief judge ofth.it court ii callci
the cti.meellor ..1 the diiehy ol KancalKr.
'J'lic Cviurt ol chiiiieery, which is a court of cquitv, il
next 111 dignity 10 thi hi^^h court of pailiamcnt, and is di-
figned tei leliei.' the fubj.il ag.iiiilt li.md.i, br.Mches of
tiuli, .ii.dothei opprenioiii ; and to moder.ite th..' ii,/our
of the law. Theihiel judge i., the loid chan clloi", or
lord keeper ; .iiul the foim of proceeding is by bills, an-
fwers, and dcciees, the witnelles bcm,;^ exam'ired in pri-
vate : however, the decreisoi thlsciiuit aie (,nly biiiJiiijj
1.1 the pi I loiu eif thole coiicjriie.l in th m, lor they Jo lu c
alKct their lands and goods ; and conf qiie:itly, if a man
relules to comply with the terms, they cm do nothiii^r
more than lend hiin to the prifon of the licet. This coiiTt
IS not like the others, which have no pov^'cr except in
tcrin-iiine, this bejig alw.ivs open ; and ifaman be lent
to pritoii, the lord chancellor, in an/ vacaticui, can, if he
fees reafon t'or it, grant a habeas corpus. At tlitle times
he may alto grant prohibitions.
■]'helord chancellor has twelve aflift.ints, called maflers
in ch.inccry, who take depofiiions upon oath, for which
they have an office in Chancery-lane: they alio examine
accompts depending ill that court, and decide dil'petcs
referK-d to them by the lurd chancellor in their t'eparatc
otriec. liet'ulcs thefe there arc fcveral matters extiaurdi-
nary to t.ike affidavits in the country.
I'he principal ol the twelve is the mailer of the rolls,
who has the cuttody of all charters, culloms,commifnoiis,
dccda, and recognizances j which being matle on rolla
of parchment, gave occafun to his name. In his office:
are kept all the rolls finLC the beginning of the reien of
Richard III. 'i'his officer ufually hears caufes in chan-
cery ill the abfencc of the chancellor, and in his court
hears and determines the caufes bniught before hiin • he
has the gift of the offices of the fix clerks, who enrol all
patents, commiffions, licences, pardons, and other in-
tiruments that pafs the great leal. Under the fix clerks
there were formerly lixty, but now there arc ninety, ami
thete, with their under clerks, perform the bufinefa of
their office.
The court of king's bench is the highed court in Eng-
land at common law, exe-ept the houfeof Lords; it takes
cognizance of trcat'on, fclonv, breaches of the peace,
op|)rctlion, fic. and can examine and corrciit the jud '-
meiits and proceedings of all the inferior courts, except
that of the exchequer, not only in pleas of the crown,
but in thote that are perlbnal ; errors committed byjuf-
ticcs of the peace come alfo under its cognizance, In this
court are four judges, who hold their places for life; the
principal of whom is ftiled the lord chief jullice of the
king's bench. His jurildiflion is very extenfive, and hii
warrant is of force in any part of the kingdom. This
court grants prohibitions to other courts, both ecclcfiadica!
and civil, when they exceed the bounds of their juril-
did ion.
The court of common-pleas is fo called becaufc the
pleas ufually here debated arc between fubjedtand fubjcd.
Here all civil caufes are tiied, and real aitions are plead-
able in no other court. There arc four iudacs belonff-
r » 5 j
1112
m
•1
♦<-'
1
rI.S
5'
\ ¥1
%
, %' P
lUP.
\ .
50+
A SYSTEM OF G I- O G U A 1' 11
Gjtt.vj' B
in- :i> it, tlic liirt of whcm ii culltJ toril Mc( jui;ice of
tlic cimini'iii-pk'.n. None but fiTj' ..nti .it l,iw laii (lUuil
ill tliii cimrt, .iiul alt t'a.'tb arc tnnl by a jury.
The court ii( cxclK(|ucr ((irmcrly ruccniil it» ii;iii\e
from a llripcil or jluciHiuuil cKiih l'|niMj over the t.ilili' j
it innlilfi 111 iwii courts, one <i('wlui-h tru'i c.iu(i.).ii-
rnriliiij^ to l.ivv, ami the Dthcr ai'ciii.lin ! to miiity, I he
inurt ut iijuily is he il in the ixchniucr-i h.iiiihcr hehirc
the Un\\ ire.ifurcr, the cluinecllur ol the txi hi ipar, the
liirj ehict' h.iroii, anJ the three Imioii^ of tlie ex-hei|uer ;
l)clM> .1 curlitur b.iroii : but the two lirll lit very (clJoin,
»iul the live l.ill- .;Ini(ilt alwuyj. IK re .iie liiej all laules
rcl itiii;; to the kin:;'s reviiiU'.v Alljuiliei.il piojciJiMes
'I'AoriliM^ 1. 1 l.iw aic tri'iliuily belore the Iviioii^.
Ill the iliil'erciit touiuici in Lii;;'aiul alli/.'.i ami I' Ifioin
nre III Id twice a year lor the nviie regular Jiltrihutioii ol
jiidiie i iiiiil lor this purpole the twelvo juil;;e!< aie eoiii-
iiiinioiRil bv the kill.; to go tlie ciieiiit*. At the(e
iilliirej ..II eivil ami eMiiiiii.il taufesarc Jeleriliiiieil. The
lliltis ealk'J I,tiit alli/.is, iiul be^jui'i I'ooii alter Hillary
lerni ; jiiJ the other, e.illiil the liininur aflizes, allei
'I'liuity t rin. 'I'herc are lix nt" tiiele eueuits, btfules
thole 111 Wales, in wliicli |'riiici|'.iliiy two ililliiKt iuil^es
ar; appoinrnl ; ami both in Knijlaml ami Wales all e.iuiei
arc lictermuK'J by a jury.
The eoiuiiiitiiKiit ot iiLilcfaJliirH is m.ulc by ajullice
cf the piace, who ix .milieu witiirlibs to the tact upon
cjth ; ami 11 the cviileiiee ;'ppfars plain, lie makes a
mittimus, an.l ii.nJs the iiialel..>;tot to pril'on, where ho
eciiitiiuii.-. till the next afli/rs,
I'here .uv julliet.s of the peace in every county, ami fiirh
in whom the kin;:; is fuppoleil to have a jjfo.iter roiitijeiicc
are IlileJ jullicej of the (juoruili, bcc.iiife ill their iledi-
mus tiiei e are thefe woriN, luni urn A. I), miiini fjl,' vjlumtn j
wliieli li iiill"v, ih.it no buliiiel's of eoullipieiice iniill he
ti.\Ml,iele.l uiileh with the toiicurreiu'e ol one of thefe.
Tiieir otliie is to call before them, examine, .1 ml com-
mit to prifi M all inurJercrs, thieve:.-, v.iyabomis, ami all
diliuiberv of the peace.
Every city and corporation in Kn^land choofe their
own nia^illr.itcs, Wiui regulate all atl'airs belon^int; to
their refpet'tuc coiporatioiis, and try pcifoiis fuppofed
{;uiliy ot linall crime:;, but cannot cxertii'e tiieir power
out of their OvVii liberties.
Ill fides the above courts, there are court leers and
Court b.iion'., which propeily bclon;; to the lords of the
manor.^, who nppoiiits llewards to hold them in their
name. The full is a court of record ; it being reputed
the kin^',-; court, bccaufe its authority is derived fiom the
crown. It is krpt twice a ye.ir, and in it eiujuiry may
be ma.ie of riots and otha eriinin::! matters ; but all great
cttUiccs niuft be cc:ti!ted to the jnltices of afllze.
A court baron is held in every manor, tlioiigh the
Cither is not, and is tluis c.illed fiom the lord of 'lie
manor, who was ancitiiily lliled baron. .All tenants be-
longing to the manor arc fummoned to this court, part
of whom are ("worn for a jury, and the lleward fits as
jiiil^e. The jury is directed to emiuirc .iftcr the deceal'e
of copy-holde.'.s and freeholders, and to bring in their
n.'xt liiir, and alfo of the encroachments of any tenant.
'i'hcy likewifc in;.:v; orders and laws among themfclves,
With a penalty for tranfgreflions, payable to the lord of the
manor.
[here are alfo fhcrifF-court':, and hundred courts,
held every month in all parts of England, where fiiiall
ciul'S arc determined.
The laws of England are tftecmcd more merciful with
refpedt to otFenders, than thofe which at prcllnt fubfill in
any otht. p:irt of the known woild. However, the pu-
nilhmcii! of fu:h who at their trial rcfufe to plead guilty
or not guilty, is very cruel. In this cafe the prifoncr is
laid upon his back, and his arms and legs being extend-
ed with cords, and a confulerablc weight laid upon his
bread, he is allowed only three morfcls of barley-bread,
which is given him ihe next day without drink, after
which h" is allowed nothing but foul waier till he ex-
pires. This punilhmcnt is however felilom inflicted ;
but foiiT! offenders have chofc it, in order to prellrve
ih- ir eilatcs for their ehildien. Thofe guilty of this
crime are not now fullered to undergo fuch a length
of torture i but have fo ^rc.^^ a wi.ijj;ht |.l.i«d i.jui,.
that ihey loon expiie. In i..lc ol lu^li tUM„t>, tl „""'
the iriminal ll.indt mute, jud(>iiuiit it pimi " '','
him, as 11 he li..d been loiu.aed, ..i,d lii. tK^te „ t'l',''.
All e.ip tal trimcj arc iii Ei.i:!.,iid indudtj u„,i„
high tiealoii, petty lualon, and klony , the f„lUenfi'|t
III ploitiiu';, coMlpmini, or riliiii; up m arms j^,i„|'|i ,,''
lovcreii',11 i or in eouiitertciting tiu- coin, i he iraii
puiulllvd by beiiii; drawn on a"lkJ,'0 to the placj ol cm'
cuiioii, wl,. 11 alti t bcin^; haiijied on the g.ilhiws lor f.miB
minuiei, the b dy is cut down alive, ilif licj^ ,^|^ '
out and cx| . t to public view, and the cmrjil,, Uu,m.
the head 1. iluii cut olf, and tlie body i)ii.irtercd ad
which the head In uUially fixed on fonie coni|,!(„„"
place. .All the crimiiiar:.' I.mds Mh\ gondj ^re Krlin'ir
his wife lilies her dowry, and hii children bntli t(," '
cllales ,ind iinbiiiiy. Hut though the li iiii ni c pallol u "
on .ill ti.iitors is tile fame, )et with rclpn't m pen,,,,, [J;
(piality. It IS generally rhaiig. d into hthcailiiig. ■l'n„,,,Ij,
coiiiiii,; ot money is .idjudg. d hi^h tualon, liVe cniniajl
IS only drawn upon a Hedge 10 the place of ixeeutiun
and ihi. le ii.inj.cd, '
Tlie punilliment for mifprifioii of Ire, fun, that is for
niglcct.iig, .1 c(MHealiii(f It, IS imprif. nmeiit lur'.i'
the lorh iiiire of all ihc olFciider'a iuui}t, and the pfu.,,'
ariling Mom his linds. ' '
IVt:y tiiaion, which includes a chi'd's kil'in,' his (a.
thcr, a v.ile her luub.ind, atlcrcymin his btlh™ (,r i
lervant his m:illcr 11 miilicls, is puniilud by hen,;; Ij.j.,,.,,
on a Hedge to the pl.ice ot execution, and there Ii ::i'c''
Women giiiliy either («f this crime or hi._di tie.ifua ^j"!
ftiitenced to be biiiiit alive j but IiiIKmiI ot lurterui'> ilr
tiill liyoiir of the l.uv, tliev are itrangled at the iL' ■"
belore the lire (aRcs hold ol ih -ni. * '
]''clony, which inrludes nundrrs, rnhbcilis, (op,;,,,
notes, bond'., \-e. ii pumllird bv haiigiiiir, „„|y |,";„|_'
deretsarc to he executed li.on aftei the leniinc,' is |,;..il,.i"
and then dJivtred to the lurgcoin, 111 oi.kr to lie uubl
liely dill'.cted, or their body hung up in ch.iim, |Vr.
Ions guiliy of robbery, wlun theie are lomc a'itvi.itm'f
liiciiiiiltaiices, are Iraiuently tranlportcd fur a friii i^i
years to his m.'jelly's plantations ; and in (uch calu
where the benem of the clergy is allowed, the cfimiiul
is biiiiit in the liand with .1 hot iron.
Manllauglucr is tlie unlawful killnt; a pcrfnii
without premeditated m.ilicc, but with ,1 ptefeiit intent
to kill i as when two perlons quarrellin ., „nc killj
the other ; in this eale the ciimiiial is allowed the bent;'-
ot the clergy lor tiie lull time, and only buint in thJ
hand.
Chance-medley is the accidental killing of a man
without an evil intent, for which the otli.mk-r is il|,i
to be burnt in the band, unlels he was doin- an un-
lawful act, which l.itt circumllancc n-.akcs the puinlli-
mciit death.
.Shop-liltiiig .-.nd receiving goods knowing them In he
llolen, are pumlhed with tuniporlation, or burimi" m th-
hand, "
I'cijury and keeping difordcrly hoiifcs ar.- puniftcii
with the pillory and imprilijiiment.
I'etly-larccny, or Ini.ill theft, under the value of
twelve-pence, is punilhed with whipping.
.Striking, fo as to draw blood, in the k'ng's court,
fubjedts the criminal to the lofs tit his ri:>Kt liaml.
Striking in \\eliminllcr li.ill while the courts nf i:if.
ticc are fitting, is imprifonment for life, and tiie loia-iiiitc
of all the ohender's cllate.
Drunk:irds, vagabonds, and loole>, idle, diibrdirlv p?r-
fons, are punifiied by being let Jii the llocki, or by p.iv
iiig a fmall line.
Formerly in feveral parts of England fcol.im ■; wnmrn
were let in a vehicle called a ducking lloo!, vviicrc thev
were placed on high, and drawn through the town tj
fome deep water, into which they were ihiee times plui".;-
cd, and then again carried about .uid cxpold tothciij-
rilion and conicmpt of the populace.
With lefpci^t to the courts of jullicc and ihr pMnilJi-
ments ol Scotland, we lliall give an aeeoiiiit of thcii
when vvc Come to give a more particular delcriptiun nf
tiut
ivT ilicni lo he
burnip!» In ilis
; kiln's court,
Kt li.irJ.
c COllltS fif i'.lf-
nd tlie loiieiuitc
ENOtAND. E U K
hi country I »nJ (lull lonclude tlm (otlioii with the
Jivillons of rhc wholv ilUiiJ, uiiJ ilic icpcclent4Uvc» they
Li I" pJilLioitat.
li, Kii 'Uri.l ihif -■ Me lofty CQuntii;*, which frii.l iip to
„,lim.ent .iiihty ki.iaht*.
rwciny-'''*"^'"'' "f whidi Lonilon kriJ* four ^nu
vivpaiii-, fifty liur.iii'..
\hiinilrL'J aii'l li'<'y I'Vf" tioroiij'hs who liiiil two
.L ihcce hiiiidii'l ami ihiilv-fi'ur hiirL-illis.
jijcboioii;;hi, which arc Aliiiijiilon, iJmihury, Hcvvil-
l„ |li'h»iii Ferrari, anJ Moiiinuuth, one «ach, live
■fwo UiiivcrntifS who (oiul four r(|)roC.'iit,iiivi-.
I, ,ht Ciniliic port!, 4S llultiii^s Uover, Saiidwichj
'' B II .. I.I' I > ' • "
OPE.
SOS
'•i '
'-si*:
ti
.1
r.«
V^;.
kind, which cunlil).^ iii the lolliiwiiii [KirlUuUrH : i, '(he
hciri in.ilc (lure .ill ih^' Ijiidi <'(|iully. j. I'hi' heir at hl-
{. Wliiu ,1 iii.tit
i':i..«'-
• ' i
1
^1 • *
.'K
,4
'«^' 1.
■%'
-^?'
*!>»
•J.
%'■
"^f\
the fumous medicinal fprings ofTuiibridjc.
i>6
'I'hciiihjbit Jilts )iiftlv' v.iliic ihctnli.lvi'i on lli>'irc'jurj^a
ami rclulutloii in diii luiiii/, ihtir libcriica it^'^iiiilk lh« Iv-
vcral iiivjdi'ii (il llnl.iiii , ihiy in |i.iilitul.ir luiprilcj
Willi. nil tilt! C'i)ti(|>iiviir, .iiid wi'.h the uiiiiult brAVi'r/
iili'iicd hiiri huttU', iiiih.'li he Luiilentcd to tuiihrin llicir
.iiicieiil (irivilc)^e«, (III whii.h he prudciilly chofe the
Utlri . The |)riiiU|i.il of thele |)^i»ll^:^{l . i-i, trut of jjuvi'l-
III the tolliiwiiiB
the Ijiidi <'(|iully
tii'ii II n full .11'/' Id Icll or ulitiute
IS cnnviiiUd ol iri'ufiifi, his loii cannot on tint .ic-ruuiit
he dejirivi'iJ of hi) hiitli-ri^hl . and 4. I'liu l.iiids uf a
brother, if he h<ii im ill'uc, (hall be iharcd by all iliu
furviviii^; brethren.
•IV:. ..„.._ ,!.,. , k.,n.l,.>.l ,„,l r.«... .1...... vjcj.
-•veri
:hva,
h arci
idrcJ
par-
each
. . i Ro-
< iicy,
arc
fitu-
itlid
raid,
nine
:ver,
the
jiiti-
tjin,
Cur-
:al of
thik
leinj
9 Che
ani
, lence
the
atioa
icrift',
r, a
, held
iniul
lit of
; pre-
king
noblu
n^th,
n the
: Aei
oet il
fevcn
udin^
I who
;d by
!ts to
Tmus,
I was
irine.
lands
xccpt
arch-
r'huiu
Pro-
who
aii'cii
atioii
who
t it is
:hou-
;ben-
ia a
.giou^
This
I houfes.
6 M
1 ' "t! \ti mM
ili
50+
A S Y S T r. M OF G I', O G K A 1' II 7,
CiJ'.l.'. 1-13;
I'lAlN.
if
ir
•/ it,
§ Hm
inc;to it, tlic P.rft of whcm is cilltJ Inrd cliitf jiidifC of
t]:c cjiiimon-pl'-'-is. Nont- Init fcrjr.uits ;it l;uv ciii |iltail
ill i\'\:i cniirt, .mil :i!l fj-'ti, ;irc trit\l by a jury.
r.ie court of cxclRi|iicr fiir.nK'fly r'Jti.i' lhI its iiiimc
froiii ;i llripi.'il or chcci|uc]i.J cloth f|irc;id over the t.ibic ;
it coiililU of two courts, one ofwhi^-h tries caules ;h-
conliiii.': to l.iw, and the other accor.lin.; to equity. 'I lie
court of equity is lieUI in the exclieiiuer-ehaMiber before
the lord trc.ifurcr, tlic ch.uicellor of the exchii|uer, the
lord chief b.iron, and the three Iwroin u( tlic exchequer ;
hcfides a cin lit(|r b.iron : but the two lirll lit very leidoni,
and the live bilf :dnioll always. Hire .uc tiied all laulci
fcl.itui;.; to the kin;;'s revenue. All judicial |iu>.-etdmj;s,
aocor.lui^ to law aic tried only before the b.uoni.
In the diil'ercnt counties in Ln:;land al!i/.es and fjlious
are lield twice a year for the
iultice ;
' reirular dillribution of
<-! torture ; but have (o f^rcat a wclQ;ht placed („, ||,
ih at they fooii expiie. )ii cale ol l.,-li trealon tl „""'
the criminal ll.mds niute, judguunt is ginn' a', ""'i
him, .lb iflicb..d been convicted, :.i,u hi^ tl'tii- ;,""''"."
cited. " '"'"■'-
.All capital crimes are in I'.n^laiul included un i •
hiidl tiealon, petty tiealuii, and leluny j the fult ccnii'l''
111 plouinj;, conlpiiiiig, or riling up in arms :n,;,;„|( j„'^
lovcrei';!! ; or in couiiterlcitiiiL! the coin. 'I'll. t,'.,'. ""■"
ed by being diawn on a lledjc to the phu-. „(
cuiion, when .liter bein_L; li.iii[;ed on the g.dlows'lor (en'
miniiics, tlic body is cut down alive, the lie.irt tj"- -"^
out .mJ cj.iu.ie,l to public view, and the entrai'li hunu'-
the bead is then cut olF, and the bodv quaricrcd •(
which the head is ulually lixed on fimie conipicm,"^
place. .Ml the criminar;, lands and goods are I, n. „'?
■■'■ ' ' - ■'"■' '- . i^ddr. n I,,,,;;;;::!;
EUR
II concluJe tliis fcclioii wich the
ilUiiJ, aiiJ the icprclcmatives they aiiJ rc(i>luiiim in dLliiuliii,
veral iiiviulcjb ol' Itnt.iiii
oi' which Loiuloii fcmli four .irnl
ili4t country ; aiiJ II
Jivillons of the whoh
Ijna to paili.iniciit.
InEn"!''"'' there are forty counties, which feml up to
pjtliiment ii,i;hty knisihts.
Twenty-'"'*'^" >•■'•''
tlvivmc, fifty i-iil7.ins.
\hiiiHlreJ aiul lixty feveii horoii^hs, vyho fenil two
'., three hiindrcl ami thirty-four burj:t(fis.
1 ivc boroughs whicli .ire Ahiii^don, Hiinhury, Hewil-
I Hicham i''err.irs, auJ Monmouth, one luch, live
■f\K) (jnivcrfitics, who fenil four rcprcfetitativc?.
Ki-iit CiiHl'.ie purts, us Halliiii;-;, Dover, S.iiulwichi
R.nincy. Hyilie, ami tlieir three dl•penlU■nt^, Rye,
\Vii'i.h'''fc'ii, anJ Seaford, two each, fixtceii bacoi^s.
I„ Walss are twelve counties, which fend twelve
'.'ivel've boroughs, which fend twelve buri;e(lcs.
(., Siotluid, thirty (liircF wliicli fend thirty knights.
Aid fifteen boroughs, who fend tifteen burgell'es.
I, all five hundred and fifty-eight reprcfentatives.
W'e Ih.dl now proceed to give a particular defcription
ihocoaiitics of L'lglJiid, beginning at the fouth-ealt.
OPE.
The iiiliabitantijulllv v
50J
cl
VII.
AND.
its Nii/iie, SiliiiilioK, F.xint, /fir,
incipal Rivtn. 'The Iiihalnlditti Inrje par-
S E C T.
Of E N t; I.
0' tin County >/ Kent
frsduce. a'l.i piiihipi . .
f-ular Pnvili^ct. ADifiriptionof Ctiit.rhiiiy, RodjfJ-
lir, Chcitlj'im, Maidjione, Dover, Tunliiihe, Deal, Ijk
ilTkantt, Gravefcnil, irodwiJ), GrttnwiJ), and Dtplfird.
AS this part of the ifland lies neareltthc continent, it
was lirll invaded by the Romans from tnciice,
when it was called by Oilar Cantium, which it is
ihoiiiiht they derived from the Uritidi word Caine, a green
hf "to cxprcfs the verdure of the woodb, or to lliew the
liiuationot the country, which projeiti iiuoa point eall-
ward. The county of Kent is bounded on the north
bvlhc rivei Thames, wliieh divides it from Lll'ex and
MidJlelcx ; <'" the e.dt by the Downs i on the foulh-ealt
by the Knglilli^-'iiannel i on the fouth by Sullexj and on
tiie weft by Surry. Its extent from the utinolt point in
the call to it'f weltern extremity is fixty miles, its breadth
from Rye in .Suilex to the mouth of tlie 'I'haines is
ihiriv-fix, and it is a hundred and fixty-fix miles in cir-
cumference.
The air of this county is fubjeiit to be unheakhy j
however, the higher parts enjoy a very healthful air, but
a;e not fo rich as chc lower. As the county lies much
upon the (qa, the air, though generally thick and foggy,
is pretty warm, and often puritied by fourh and fuuth-
weli winds. The whole Ihore, from Woolwich to
Grivefend, 'S low, and fpie.ul with marflics and un-
hnlthy grounds, except i'oinc places wlieie the challc-
hillsalmoll join the river.
The county in general abounds with plantations of
hiiis, liiKIs of corn, palhires, tine orchards of cherries,
mil pippins i woods of oak, beech, and chefnuts j and
in Icviral places are woods ut birch, Irom whence the
broom-makers in Kent-ilreet, Southwark, are fupplied.
Here are mines of iron, pits of marl and chalk, and the
c.itllc here are larger than in the neighbouring counties.
Here are feveral parks of f.dl'jw deer, and warrens of grey
tibbits. 1 lie chief commodities are corn, fruit, particu-
larly pippins and cherries, woad and madder (or dying,
hops, flax, faintloin, famphne, cattle, fowl, and li(h,
cfpecially trout, for which the town of Eordwich un
ihi! liver Mcdway is famous.
The chief river of Mciu is the Medway, which rifes in
the wcj'd of Suilex, and enters Kent near IVnlhurlt, run-
ning chiefly to the n'Uih-ealt by I'unbiidge, Maidlioiie,
and Uncheller, below which, being of proper breadth
,!inl depth. It forms the noble dock ol Chatham, where
It 1^ iiavig.ible for the l.ugelt men of war, and then tails
mill the iiiuuth of the Thanus. In this county is alio
tiic lanious medicinal fprinji') of ruiibridj^e.
80
uc ihemfclvoj on lluir courage
their liberties againlf the fe-
they in pailicular luipriled
Willi. un the Conipieror, .ind with the utuioll bravery
of}ered liim b.ittle, unlels he conlented to conhrin their
ancient privileges, on which he prudently chofc the:
latter. The principal of thele privileges is, that of gavel-
kind, which conlills in the following particulirs : i. The
hcirs-inalc fl\are all the lands eipially. 2. The heir at fif-
teen is at full age to fell or alienate. 3. When u man
is conviiSled of treafon, his (on cannot on that :ircount
be deprived of his hiitb-right. and 4. The lands of a
brother, if he has no illuc, (hall be fliared by all the
furviving brethren.
This county contains a hundred and lixty-threc vica-
rages, four hundred and eight paridies, and above eleven
hundred and feventy villages. Itisdivided intolive lathes,
under each of which are feveral hundreds, in which are
laid to be about forty thoiifand houfes, and two hundred
ihoui'and inhabitants. It fends lixteen members to par-
liament, two knights (or the fliire, and two for each
of the following cities and boroughs, Canterbury, Ro-
chcder, .Vlaidlfonc, Ciueenborough, Dover, Roinney,
and Sandwich, The principal places in this county arc
the following :
Canterbury, the metropolitan fee of all England, litu-
ntcd lifty-lix milen to the fouth-ealt of Jjondon, and
(iltecn to the north-we(l-by-wcft of l^over. It is faid,
with little appearance of truth, to have been built nine
hundred ycara behire the birth of our Saviour: however,
it is probable that it was a place of fome note at the
landing pf Julius CxI'ar, as it has I'everal maiks of anti-
quity of about that time. After the Romans left IJritain,
Vortigcrn, king of the Britons, refided here, till he lur-
rendcred it up to the Saxons, who made it the capital of
the kingdom of Kent, in the Saxon heptarchy. In this
condition it was wticn St. .\ugulliiie, the monk, being
lent from Rome, til It preached the Chriltian faith to the
Englilh. It was then made an archicpilcopal fee, ami
fluurifhed greatly, from its being the I'ouice from whence
the doilrines of the chuicli of Rome were (prcad to the
relf of the Saxon kingdoms.
This city lb a county of itlelf, and the corporation
conlills of a mayor, a recorder, twelve aldermen, a llicriff,
twenty-four coumion-c ■uncil-men, a niace-bearcr, a
(word- b'.-arer, and (our (cijcanis at mace. A court ic held
every Monday in the guild. Iiall (or civil and criminal
caules, and every other TuelUay for the governnicni of
this city.
The cathedral has been twice burnt down ; the pre-
i'ent flruclure, which was begun in the rei^n of king
Stephen, and liniflud in thai of Henry V. is a noble
Gotliic ;)ile, five hundred .md (burtecn (cct in Icn-th,
fevcnty-four in hrculth, .md eighty in height, (rom thu
nave to the root ; its middle towci, which may be fiei
at a gieat dillance, is two hundred and ihirty-(ive feet i i
height. In this chu.ch .ire interred the bodies of fevea
kings aad (even archbifllops of Cmterbuiy, incliidini;
Augulline, vvhorn they immediately fuccecded, and who
lie buried in one vault. T"hc immente wealth offered by
votaries and pilgrims from all parts (or feveral ages to
Betket's ihrine was fo great, that, according to Erafmiis,
his chapel flione with the iichelt: jewels, and goM was
one of the mcanelt things that adorned his flirine.
King Henry \'I1I. ieized all this wealth, with the l.mds
and revenues both o( the monadery and church, except
thofc he annexed for the maintenance of a dean, an aich-
deacon, twelve prebendaricb, and fix preacheis, whjin
he placed in it on his turning out the monks.
Under tlic cathedral is a large church of foreign Pro-
te(I.inis, given by ciueen Elizabeth to tlie Walloons who
(led hither (rom the Netheijands on the perl'ecution raiicd
againd ttiem by the duke of Alva, and tdeir congregation
has been Imce much iiicrea(ed by the Pioteftants wlio
fled from France in the rcign of Lewis Xl\'. (0 that it is
computed that here arc no kfs than two or tnree thou-
fand French I'rotellants. The houfes of the preben-
daries, with many other good buildings, lland in a
very (p.icious clufc, where art (cveral luins of icligious
huufes.
6 M This
iniis . V i.!i.
HI
' -i
; K
. 4
I ".
5o6
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Kn-o
I-AS-o.
i
This city has undfrgoiie many changes, both hy war
and fire: it had llrong walls, built chiefly of flint, with
many towers, a deep ditch, and a great rampart. Thi-
calHc, whofe decayed bulwarks appear on the I'outh fidt
of the city, is fuppofed to have been built by the Saxons.
The two gates of St. Auguftine's monaftery that were
next the town are remaining, and arc both very iUtcly.
The fite of this monaftery, which took up a great com-
pafs of ground, iscncompalled with a very high wall.
The city has fix wards, denominated from its fix gates,
and, befides the cathedral, has fifteen parift churches,
two charity-fchools, and feven hofpitals, with a jail for
ctiiiilnals. Here is alfo a fumptuous conduit, that is ot
great benefit to the inhabitants. Though this city ap-
pears round at a diftance, it is an cxadl crols, and con-
fids offour ftreets, which center at St. Andrew's church
in the middle, and is about three miles in circumfer-
ence, including the gardens and cathedral. Its buildings
arc not very grand j but there is a good market-houlc,
over which are rooms where the mayor, aldermen, &c.
tranfaft the aft'airs of the corporation. What has added
molt to the advantage of the city are the hop-grounds
round it, which cover fevcral thoufand .icres j fo that till
it was equalled by Farnham, it was eftcemed the only
great plantation of hops ir the whole ifland. This city
and Shrewfbury are the t\ j moft noted places in Eng-
land for collars of brawn.
Rocheftcr, an ancient city, ftands in a valley on the
banks of the river Medway, which wafhes its well fide,
twenty-fevcn miles to thn north wcft-by-wcft of Canter-
bury, and thirty to the fouth-eaft-by-eall of London. It
is the fee of the moft ancient bifliopric of England, next
to Canterbury ; and to its cathedral belong a dean and
fix prebendaries. The city is governed by a mayor, re-
corder, and eleven aldermen, twelve-common council-
men, a town-clerk, three ferjeants at mace, and a
water-bailiff. The ftone bridge of twenty-one arches
over the river is a very fine one, and has ftrong iron-
work on the copings j it being built by Sir John Cob-
ham and Sir Robert Knowles, who employed the rich
fpoils they had acquired by their valour in t ranee in this
Hoblc work. It has only three parifli- churches, befides
the cathedral ; the town-houfc .md charity- fchool are two
of the bcft buildings ; in the t iwn here ic alfo a mathe-
matical fchool, founded by Sir Jofcph VVilliamfon, and
an alms-houfe founded by Sir Richard Watts, lor the
relief of fix poor travellers, who arc fupplied with a fup-
pcr, a bed, and breakfaft, with four-pence to carry them
forward on their journey. The town, which chitfly con-
fifts of one broud, but ill-built ftrect, is encompalled on
fome of its fides with walls, but they are not very ftrong.
The ancient military-w.iy called the VVatling-ftrcet, runs
iliredlly through it to Dover.
In fevcral of the creeks and branches of the Medway,
within the jurildidtion of this city, there is an oyfter-
fidiery, which is free to every one who has ferved feven
years apprcntiecfhip to any fifljcrnian, or dredger, that
is free of that fifticry. The mayor and citizens hold what
is called an admiralty-court once a year, or oftener, for
regulating the fifhcry, at which courts they appoint when
oyfters fliall and fliall not be dredged and taken, which
ihey term epiniii^ and flmtting the grouiids. Pcrfons who
dredge for oyfters without being free of the fifhery are
called cablchongers, and are tried and punifhed by that
court.
Chatham may be confidercd as a fuburb to Rochcfter,
it lying on the other fide of the river, and is famous for
its being a ftation of the royal navy. The dock was be-
gun by queen Elizabeth, and improved by her lucccfTors,
who have added new docks, muh houfcs, boat-houl'es,
and feveral ftorehoufcs, one of which is fix hundred and
lixty feet in length, boat-yards, anchor-yards, forges,
founderies, canals, and ditches tor preferving the mafts
and yards in the water; fo that there is not a more com-
plete arfcnal ; and the ware-houfes and ftore houfes are
formed into ftreets of great length. Here are two com-
mifTioncrs, with other officers, to take care of the navy,
the ftorc-houfcs, rope-yards, &c. and all the places let
apart lor the works belonging to the fhipping re(i:mble a
well ordered cityj fo that with all the .nppear^ncc of hur-
ry there is not the lejft confifion.
iiigs, as the houl'cs ot the Ica-uilicir:
Tl-.,
r'lvate build.
wigs, as the lioulcs ot the Ica-uilicu'.-;, dirL>.t()rs, i-,| , ,
tors, and workmen of the roy4l navy, ;iri; wdl built' ''"^^
Jomc of them very itati-ly. This i,lace givcb tin- „!''!' f
which luch difabled feamcn as receive no b.niHt "
Greenwich hufpital have a fmall annu
hoipiul has been allij eicitcd here for th
laron to his grace the duke of Argyle alid Grecii'Z|f
I he cheft of Chatham is fupplied by a ponum of. i
man's pay in the navy, which furnifties a fuiiJ ^
fmall annual ai)nuity. ^'
■■(•■liei'oi tem^,
more aged and maimed marintrs or Oiipwiights.
it ought not to be omitted that the entrance into tS
river Medway is defended by Shceruvls and other to,"'^
and that in the year 175;, by tiie late duk'- of Cumbc,'*
land's dirctiion, Icvcral addmoiial fortilicatior.5 m^^ l '
gun at Chatham; fo that now tiic ihipi ai',- in iiojj,,,,'"
of an iiifult either by land or water. This tonu f
a church, a clupel of ealV, and a Ihip ultd as a churh
for the I'.ulors. The houfcs, whicli are mo.'lly |a^^, "
mount to only about five huiulrtd. The ftroets ar- I'l
row and paved, and it contains about three thoulan.i ,„'
h, . '"i»u 1X1-
abitaul;^.
MaidrtoiTC received its name from the river Mfdivav
which is navigable hither by 1 iri>e b.irgts and hoy, of about
fifty orfixiy tons burihvn, and is alar;rc, po(,uloui jj,j
neat town, twenty-four milco to the weft ot Caiinrbu
and thirty-fix fouth-eall-by-caft of London, i'lo^ 1'
Ctuation in the center of Kent, it is very proper lor th-
county bufincfs, which ii all tranlactcd hero, it 101,5"
two members tj parliament, and is governed by a ffla.j/
twelve affillants called jurats, and tvvcnty-iour ck..'
moners. its chief trade is in linen-ihread, and in ho-
of which there are large plantations aboi.t the town ,.'i
well as orchards of cherries. It gives the title ol vili.,!ii,'r
to the earlof Winchellea and Notiinghani, who 1,, Lrj '^:
the manor. It has a fine ftone bridge, and tour cii.ritv-
fchools. The town and the .iJjacenc country ei'iojs
fuch plenty of provifions. that London is lu;jp,icd hoiii
hence with more comnio.iitics- than from any l.rgle mar-
ket-town in England, particularly with l^rge KcniiOi
bullocks, wheat, gicat quaiui.iei of hops, ajiplcs, aiU
cherries, timber, a fort ol paving- ftone about e.j^tii oruu
inches fquare, and the fine white land for giaii-houici
and ftationers.
Dover, which is fituatcd fifteen miles to the fooih taft
of Cameibury, and ftventy-oiie from London, hjs lor
many ages been a famous paflage between thii illami ar.j
France, and ftill fubfifts chiefly on that account. 1;
was anciently rendered a plate of great imporiantc bv i.
(trong caftle built on ihe high clilF, faid to be beguii'hf
Julius Ca:far, and completed by Arviragus, a JJniii;i
king, in the reign of tin emprrur Claudius. The aJdi.
tions made to this fortrefs were lb remaikablt, .md i-
fituation fo fecure by nature, that before the Cunijucilit
was eftcemed the biilwaik and key to the whole illaiiJ.
When this place was at the height of its niaginliaiice
it had feven churches, which are now rediKtd to nw
and twenty one wards, each of which furmfiic I a flii)
of war, and maintained it forty d.iys at its own tx|'nicc.
In confideration-of this lervice each ward had al,...na-
packet-boat, and the fare, according to the Towiric-
cords, was fettled in theieign of Edward II. for a finai;
pcrfon in fummcr fix-pence, in winter one fliilhii.;: lor
a horfe in fummer eighteen pence, and 'h\ winter tuo
fllillings. Dover is likcwife famous as a ciiii|ue-poi!,
in which the bufinefs of the otiier lour, and tii«K de-
pendencies, is tranfa£ted : their privileges are vcrv ejopii-
live, and were granted ihcm in confidciation ot the (lii; j
of war they were obliged to furnidi. The oilier cimju:-
ports are Haftings, Hythe, Romnev, and San.lwich. A-
mong other piivileges the buigclFes of the cin^ue-porii
are ftiled Irarons -, ihcy carry the canopy at thf toro;u-
tion, which they have afierw.-.rds for their k'c ; anJa:
the feaft have a table at the kiiK>'s right hand. TI114 i
town confilh of one tfrect a mile long, very ill pavcJ
One of the other flncts is called Snare-gate, from the j
drcadt'iil rocks of chalk which hanj over it. A well in
the caftle is fixty fathoms dec|), and is round, larj^c, m\ \
lined to the bottom with free-ftyiie. The remain jnf ilif
royal palace, the i.l)-:j)cl, liable-, nn.i cfficss, Ih'''*' i*!:
W'".oX i
l-.c piivatc build,
JlllX^tors, i;i|,,j(..
^iid GrociLvii),
poriiun ofucli
p ■' 'unJ, out uf
J no b.'mtit Ironi
|.il annuity. ^,j
^- Wicioltciw
vngliti,
^■iicrjiice into thr
and otlicr (011^
fuk;.' of Cumbi-N
Iiatioi.-, HtrQ be-
I Ilia tow,, i^jj
lultd as a church
Irt- inodly law, i.
lie il^et. ar • m,.
JhrcK tbouland ia-
= river Medivav
i"llll'.->).ol"abou:
;•<;, popiiloui, aiij
cltolC'antabu.v,
'iidoi\. i'lon ,'jj
■ry proper tot th,.
CCl luTC. ItlciiCi
crncd byaina.jr,
ivcnty-iuur ctn;-'
ead, and in bop,,
bout tilt lowiij'J
'le title olviU„uit
lani, wiio I.. I^rd 0:"
and four cii^rity.
nt country ei'jo^s
)n is fuppued Ijum
om any l.ngle mar-
iih )„rge Kcniifli
hOflS, apj,lci, a;;,l
about cgni oru'ii
ad tor glafi-huulci
es to the fouih cjft
1 London, lias lor
■ecu thii illand ai.J
that account, i;
at imporiance bv j,
lid to be begun hv
viragus, a flriiiiii
udius. The aJdi.
•maikabic, and i;;
ire the L'uiujurll it
o the whole idaii,!.
f its niagnilicciicc
i\v redii-."d lu tvvf'j
h furni/lM: ' a(lii;i
il its own L'X|'i'iKc,
rarj had a l,c..nce
to the ToHrr re-
rd II. for a fnigis
r one fliillni.; : itr
and i^l wintsr t«o
a5 i cin(|ue-poit,
lur, and t,m! dc-
jcs aie vcrv exifii-
L-idtion r.f tjie fliii j
The other cniqu'.-
iid San.Uvich. A-
if the cin^IlC-pur!>
lopy at the coro.'u-
f their loe j anJ a:
right hand. Thii
;:, Very ill paved,
arc-gate, from the
vcr it. A well a;
i round, lar^c, jhiI j
riie remain jit ill'"
i efficss, flicw IX
w;.u«
Enciavd.
£ U R O P fe.
I.jji,
m
507
yiho\cto have been very magnificcrnt. Here is a brafs gun
f excellent workmanlhip, laic! to be the longclHii the
world, it being no Icfs than twenty-two feet in length,
ir was prefented by the flatcs of Utrecht to queen hliza-
l,.[h and is railed her pocket- pidol ; it rcq'iires fifteen
Dtaindu of powder, and thf people here fay will carry a
[ull fevcn miles.
Tiinbiidgc received its name from the ftone bridges over
the five branches of the Mcdway, of which the I'lin is
,„. and is feated twenty-nine miles f'uith-ealt-byfouth
I I,onJon, Tills place is remarkable for its wells, which
.j^, four or five miles foulh of the town, but in the fame
iiirifl), and are rcfortcd to by the nobility and gentry in
Vine, July, and Aiigull ; and which are fituated for the
nioft part in the parifti of Tunbridge, between two hills,
naiied .Mount Sinai and Mount Ephraim, both covered
^iih rood houfes, and gardens abounding in fruif. The
nr.iicipal well is walled in, and ncitly paved like a cif-
|.,„. From it run two paved walks, one of which forms
3 Ion" gallery covered over, in which the band of miific
nliv, and here the company walk in bad weather. Here
liailbarow of (hops and ctifFee-rooms, where is card-
-living and the like, and alfo a dancing-room. On the
other lide is a good market, and behind the wells is a
lirec chapel, where divine fcrvicc is performed twice a
-„..i
^ hours from hep'-«, whether on the Kenti(h or Eflex
fhore, are called members of the port of London.
Gravefend, a town twenty-two miles to the cad of
London, is fituated on the 'I'tiames oppofitc to Tilburv-
lort, about fix miles to the eail of Dartford, and about
the lame diltance from Rochefter. In the reign of Richard
II. the French and Spaniards failed up the Thames to
this town, and having plundered and burnt it, carried
away molt of the inhabitants. To remedy this lofs the
natives of Gravefend and Milton were allowed the folc
privilege of carrying pafl'engers by water from hence to
Londoii at two-pence per head, or four fllillings the
whole fare ; but the fare is now raifed to nine-pence
per head in the tilt-bo.it, and one fhilling in the
wherry. The former mult not take in above forty
paflengers, and the latter no more than ten. The
watermen's company of London are obliged to pro-
vide officers at liillingfgatc and Gravefend, who at every
timeof high water, by night and day, are, at their re-
fpedlive places, to ling publicly a bell fet up for that pur-
pole, during fifteen uunutes, to giv« notice to the tilt-
boats and wherries to put ofF; and coaches ply at
(iravefcnd at the landing of people from London to carry
them to Rochclter. King Henry VIII. raifed a platform
here, and at Milton, and thefe towns were incorporated
... .-,.^..» L„»u ki.^Ka „orr»p nf thi^ nnrfrrur thi> jij.
the
yor.
flia-
its
rsi-
and
tvot
err-
ion,
•one
em-
jths
near
with
i the
alfo
:icu-
d to
3lig-
i liy
here
id ill
niles
i and
: valt
, non-
ocks
Ions'
r the
war-
: -s of
I and
hell<j.
neers
, and
en at
ocks,
demy
Sicers
^urch
)f the
nty of
n the
birth-
queen
■d VI.
duke
;e was
VIII.
es II.
, and
palace
we
■\ I
mi
4!
' )
•I' i 'IJ' i I
5o6
A S Y S T E M OF G E O G K A t' H Y.
-N'OlAKij
This city has uiidergnne many changes, both by war
and fire: ic had llroiig walls, built chiefly of flint, with
many towers, a deep ditch, and a great ramp.irt. Fh
calHc, whofe decayed bulwarks appear on the loiith (idr
of the city, is fiippofed to have been built by the Saxons.
The two gates of St. Auguftine's monallcry that were
next the town are remaining, and arc both very lUtely.
The fite of this nionaftcry, which took up a great com-
pafs of ground, isencompallcd with a very high wall.
The city has fix wards, denominated from its fix i^atcs,
and, btfides the cathedral, has fifteen parifh chuicncs,
two charity-fchools, and fevcn hofpitals, with a jail lur
criminals. Here is alfo a fumptuous conduit, that is ol
great benefit to the inhabitants. Though this city ap-
pears round at a diflance, it is an cxa£l crols, and con-
firts oi four ftrects, which center at St. Andrew's church
in the middle, and is about three miles in circumfer-
ence, including the gardens and cathedral. Its buildings
arc not very grand ; but there is a good market-hoiilc,
over which are rooms where the mayor, aldermen, &c.
tranfafl the aftairs of the corporation. What has added
moll to the advantage of the city are the hop-grounds
round it, which cover fevcr.il thoufand .icrcs j fo that till
it was equalled by Farnha.ni, it was elkenied the only
ry there is not the Icart confufion. Tl.c ,-:imtc build
iiigs, as the houfcsot the ri;a-oflici.r<, diii.>.l(,rs, i,,|''
tors, and workmen of the royal iiav y, arc well built' '"^H
lom.- Ol then VLTv ftatdy. This place jjives ,he ulie'lf
baron to bis gnice the duke of Argyle and (Jrceiiw,ch
Ihechelt ol Chath.im is fupplied by a poriu.n ufcjch
man's pay i:i the navy, which furniflies a fund, out of
which luch difablcd fcanien as reeeive no b.-ntfit fr
Greenwich hi>fpit.il have a fniall annual anr.uity. T"
holpital haj been aUb I'i-caed here for the relict ot "ten "
nioie aged and maimed mariners ot (liipwiinhti. "'
It outjht not. to beomiited that tiie entrance into th
river Medway is delenJed by Slv.-emvla and other (o '
and th.it in the year 1757, ''> ""= ^^'^- J"'''^ of Cumber'
land's direclion, ftvcral additidiial fortifications were b "
gun atCliatham ; lb th;« ii'ivv the ihips ai'.- in iioiij,,,!"
ot an iiilult either by l.ind or water. Ttin towa T"
a church, a chapel of cafe, and a (hip ultj as achurcK
for the f.ulors. The houfcs, whidi are mo.lly l^v
mount to only about five huiulred. The (Ircets ar.- I'u '
row and paved, and it contains about three thuuiamJ jni
habitaiuj.
Maidrtone received iis n.inic from the river PvieJiyj..
whicli 15 navigable hither by Lirne b.ngts and hoy,ofaboL'
■'' - '- ^ ••• '■'-■'■-' » --•■Kk.!",
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506
A S Y S T E M Of C E O G K A I' n Y.
En-
^'•ASu,
This city has uiidfrgnnc many changes, both l]y war
and fire: it had llrong walls, built chic-fly of flint, with
many towers, a deep ditch, and a great r.imp.irt. I"h
calHc, whofe decayed bulwarks appear on the Ibuth (idc
ofthccitv, is luppoled to have been built by the Saxons.
The two gates of St. Augwlline's monalk-ry that were
next the town arc remaining, and arc both very ilatcly.
The fite of this nionafterv, which took up a great coni-
pafs of ground, isencompallcd with a very high wall.
The city has fix wards, denominated from its fix <;ates,
and, btfides the cathedral, has fifteen pariOi churches,
two charity-fchools, and fcven hofpitals, with a jail tur
criiiiinals. Here is alfo a funiptuous conduit, that is ot
great benefit to the inhabitants. Though this city ap-
pears round at a diftancc, it is an exa£l crols, and con-
fifts offour ftrects, which center at St. Andrew's church
in the middle, and is about three miles in circumfer-
ence, including the gardens and cathedral, its buildings
arc not very grand ; but there is a good matket-houlc,
over which arc rooms where the mayor, aldermen, &c.
tranfaift the altairs of the corporation. What hasadiltd
moil to the advantage of the city arc the hop-grounds
round it, which cover fevcral thoufand acres ; fo that till
it was equalled by Farnhani, it was c(tcemed the only
Mi
Ua
J
bat
ry there is not the leaft confufion. Tl.c ,-,;iv.itc builj.
inj;s, as the houl'csul the fca-uflicLrs, dirL^|i,r>, i:,i.',cc'.
tors, ami workmen of the Ml) il luvy, are wdl li'uiji ^.^J
lomu ut them VL-ry ltat>ly. This pLicc give, tl,,- i||]A-
baron to his gnice the liuke of Argyle and GraMi^li
riiechell of Chatham ii fui)plied by a poriu.n uf^cli
man's pay in the navy, which furnilhes a tunJ, out
as reci-ive no b.
which luch difablcd leamen
Greenwich luifpital have a fmall annual annuity
holpiLal liai been alio ejected here for the relie'
ot
moje a|;ed and maimed mariiKrs ot iliipwiii.'h
iKlit from
An
'^t tVil 01
. iighti,
It ought not to be oiniited that tiic emraiicc into th-
river Medway is delenJcd by Shcurn',-ls and ether fonT
and that in the year 1757, "> "■'^ '•»'<^ J"''" i-'f Cu'ubcr'
land's direclidii, Icveral addii'iuiial furtifii..u;:>i.> wtrc'bc"
gun at Chatham ; fu that luivv tiie ihips ac; in ii(),;.i„,,„
of an iiifult either by l.iiid or water. This lojvii lus
a church, a clupel of cak, and a (hip ufcJ as a chu,\K
for the f.ulurs. The houlcs, which are mollly lu^- ^_
mount to only about five hundred. The iltiTtj ;irj 'u,.
row and paved, and it contains about three thuuljuj io.
habitants.
Maidllone received its name from the river MoJivi-
whicli IS navigable hither by lari',e b.irgts and hoj, ul ihuu't
!• ■•'• - .....i :• n i.,r.>n n,,r.,,l„., i
fcui
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t-N'OI.AND.
r;iv:itc build.
i-^t"r>, i:,l|,ei;.
Well biiili, jiij
ivo Oh- tultof
iij Grcciiwctli.
xiriiun uftaclj
.1 lunJ, oiit ot'
b.'iKSit from
1 aiiMuiiy. An
rcHfiot ten 01
right).
ilMiicir into thr
'iJ other toti!,
L'f CuiiibiT.
.11. •. «crc be-
If: ill nuil.iii./i;t
1 ins town 11.:}
!i-J a^ a chunh
inoitly low, 4-
thuuljuJ in.
river JMcJivity,
iiiil h,)y. of about
"'■"l"iii, .,,,1
'/y/////
£nrlavd.
E U R O P fe.
whole to have been very majriltlcrnt. I Icre is a braf? gun
cl' cxctllcnf workmaiilliip, i'aiil to be the longclt in the
OTflJ. it being no lels 'hnii twi-nty-two feet in length.
It «'.is prclenteil by the Hates of I'trucht to quocn hli/.a-
ftih, ami is r.illej her |virket-pi(lc.l ; it rcqiires lifleen
poiiiiiis uf powJtr, luul the pcujile here lay will carry a
lull I'cvcn miles.
Tunbriilgc received its name from the (lone bridges over
|i,jtive br.mehes of the Mi-ilvv;iy, of which the I'un is
i,iif, and is feated twenty-nine niilfs f'luth-calt-byfouth
if [,onJon. 'I'iiib place is reninik.iblc fur its v/ells, whith
jfc four or five miles foil th of the town, but in the fame
Miith, and are rcforted to by the nobility and gentry in
flint, Ji'!y; •TiJ Aiigull ; and which arc lituatej for thu
I'liuft put 111 the parilh of Tunbridgc, between two hills,
namcu .Mount Sinai and Mount Ephraim, both covered
ivitVood hoiifes, and gardens abouiidin;^ in friiii. The
pr.iiripjl well is walled in, and neatly paved like a cif-
t.v:i. I'riiin it run two paved walks, one of which forms
ilon^ qallery covered over, in which the band of mulic
pliv,"uiid here the company walk in bad weather. Here
jijilbarow of fhops and ciflee-roonn, where is card-
rla.'iiig and the like, and alio a dancing-room. On the
clhcr lide is a good market, and behind the wells is a
jjigc chapel, where divine fervicc is peiformcd twice a
J.iv, during the fcafon of drinking the water. When
the conip.iiy have taken their draught at the wells they
"ohome about nine o'clock todrefs, and at ten fome of
t.r; company refort to the chapel, and others to the cofFec-
houicsj but after prayers they all appear on the walks in
thcgreatcll gaiety and fplcndor, the mufic playing all the
tiine, while the gentlemen- and ladies divert themfelves
with rafHing, hazard, drinking of tea, and walking till
dinner-time : in the afternoon the bowlers divert thein-
Idvcs on the green. At night the company return to the
Ihops on the walks, where many play till midnight : there
arealfo balls four times a week, and any gentleman that
fleafcs may dance. In the chapel jufl mentioned feventy
poor children arc taught and maintained by the contri-
butions of the company at the wells. The water is a
chjivbcatc, which operates by urine and perfpiration,
jnJisof groat efficacy in cold, chronical dilcafcs, weak
nerves, a.id bad digeftion. I'he air is here excellent,
and provifions of all forts very rcafon..blc. There is
plenty of wild-fowl, as pheafants, partridges, woodcocks,
Inipcs, quails, and particularly the little delicious bird
cillcJ the ivhcat-ear ; and as for fifli they have excellent
(ifalmoll every kind.
Deal, caILd Dola by Julius Caefiir, who landed here
inhis kcond defcent upon Uritain, is a handfomc large
town, fciited near the fca, and a member of the cinque-
port of Sandu-ich, from which it is fccn miles c'iftant,
aaJ fcvcnty five to the c.dl-by-fouth of London. H.Te
almolt all mips bound fiom foreign p^irts to London, or
from thence to foreign parts, by way of the Channel,
gcncrallv ftop. The town carries on fome foreign trade,
and is defended by two calllcs ; that of Sandown on the
north is compofed of four lunettes of very thick arched
work of ftono, with many port-holes for great guns. In
the middle is a great round tower, with a cifterii at the
top, and underneath it an arched cavern bomb-proof. It
has a church, a chapel, and about a thoufand houfcs,
which arc moftly low and built with brick ; thefc form
three long but narrow ftreets, and the inhabitants amount
toabout four thoufand five hundred. Here is a charity-
fchool for twenty-feven boys and girls, who are taught
and clothed at the cxpcncc of the nihabitants.
As no manufailurc is carried on here, the trades- people
chiefly depend on the fea-faring men who refort thither.
The Ideof Thanet is on the north and eafl bounded
by the fea, and on the foulh and weft by a branch of the
Stour. It is eight miles in length, and four in breadth.
The foil is chalk, and is very fruitful in corn and grafs ;
it is therefore a fine country, and has the title of an
earldom. It contains feveral villages, with the fca-port
towns of Margate and Ramfgate ; but thou.;l) it has
fifteen or fixtcen hundred families, it has hardly any gen-
tlemen's houfcs. On the norih-ealt point of this illand
is the promontory of the North Foreland, which, by a
line drawn due north to the Nafe in ElFe.x, makes the
mouth of the river Thames, and all the towns and har-
bours from hcnc«, whether on the Kcmifh or Eflcx
Ihore, arc called members of the pott of London.
Graveiend, a town twenty-tv/o niiks to the caft of
London, ik lituatcd on the Thames oppofi'.e to Tiibury-
tott, about fix miles to the call of Dariford, and about
the lame diltance from Rocheller. In the leigii of Richard
II. the French and Spaniards failed up the Thames to
this town, and having plundered and burnt it, carried
away molt of the inhabitants. 'I'o remedy this lots the
natives of Gravefend and Milton were allowed the Cole
privilege of carrying pall'cngers by water from hence to
London at two-pence per head, or four fliilliiirs tlie
whole fare; but the fare is now i.iilcd to n.ne-peiice
per head m the tilt-boat, and one ihiiliiig in the
wherry. The former mult not take in above forty
padengcrs, and the latter no nicne than ten. The
watermen's company of London are obliged to pro-
vide officers at liillinglgate and Gravefend, who at every
time of high water, by night and day, arc, at their rc-
fpedlivc places, to ling publicly a bell fet up for that pur-
pole, during fifteen minutes, u givii notice to the tilt-
boats and wherries to put off; and coaches ply at
(iravefend at the landing of people from London to carry
them to Rochellcr. King Henry VIII. railed a platform
here, and at Milton, and thefc towns were incorporated
by queen Elizabeth by the name of the portrcvc, the ju-
rats, and inhabitants of Gravefend and Milton ; but the
name of portrevc has been changed to that of mayor.
I'hc whole town being burnt down in 1727, the parlia-
ment granted live thoufand pounds frjr rebuildin- it;
church. This parifh, with that of Mi'ton, contains a-
boiit feven hundred houfcs, which arc moftly fmall and
built with brick ; the Itrcets are alfo narrow, but paved
with flints, and it has a great number of houfes of en-
tertainment. Here Is a handfomc charitable foundation,
Mr. Henry Pinnoclc having, in 1624, given twcnty-ond
dwelling-houfcs, and a houfe for a mafter weaver to em-
ploy the poor, and a good cftate is alfo fef'ed for the
repairs.
Great improvements have been nladc in the lands near
this town, by turning them into kitchen-gardens, with
the produce of which Graveiend not only fupplics tht:
neighbouring places for feveral miles round, but alio
fends great quantities to the London markets, particu-
larly of afparagus, that of Gravefend being preferred to
that of Battcrfea. As all outward-bound fhips arc oblig-
ed to anchor in this road till they have been vilited l^v
the cuftom-houfe officers, and as they geneiaily ftay here
to take in provifions, the town is full of feainen, and in
aconftant huriy.
\V'oolwich, a town fituated on the Thames, nine miles
to the call of London, is tamous for its fine docks and
yards, where men of war are built, as alfo for its valt
magazines of great guns, m rtars, bombs, cannon-
balls, powder, and other warlike ftores. The docks
are cncompalled v\-ith a high v/all, and there is alooi'
rope-walk, where the larpcft cables arc made for th:
men of war. On the lower part of the town is the war-
ren, where between (even and eight thoufand piocs of
ordnance have been laid up at one time for fhips and
batteries ; bcfidcs innumerable mortars and bomb-fhells.
Here is alfo the houfe where the fire-men and engineers
prepare their fire-works, charge bombs, carcaiTes, and
grenades for the public fervicc. The town has been of
late years much beautified and enlarged with fine docks,
rope-yards, and fpacious magazines. It has an academy
where the mathematics are taught, and young officers
inltrudlcd in the art of navigation. The parilh-church
has been rebuilt in a handlomc manner, as one of the
fifty new churches created in purfuance of the bounty of
queen Anne for that purpofe.
Greenwich, a very plcafant town, is fituated on the
Thames, five miles from London, and has been the birth-
place of feveral ot our monarch?, particularly queen
Mary and queen Elizabeth, and here king Edward VI.
died. Their palace was firlt creiSled by Humphrey duke
of Glouceller, who named it i'lacentia: this palace was
enlarged by Henry VII. and completed by Heniv VIII.
but was altcrv\arjs pulled di/vvn by king Ch.irlcs II.
who began another, a moft magnificent edifKc, and
lived to fee the firft w'ng of it liniflicd, Of this palace
we
. i-„'
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508
^c (lull fo.n five a p..Uicul.,r ^^'"ilHi"'. in treau.n?
cauf J a rov..l oMbrv,..u,y to be cr.a,.l on the top o .
'-"-7\i M-^tti.;:;: t;;:^e:3cJ;h^p:-
it":.; „uo .,>.>tt,.K..u. for >nc B-""- !! ^'-^j^^^. ' ^^ ,
Jr^^fl^cli-uMpiul. the river Tha,ncs,a,.a the c.ty
"" oiaiwich is laid to contam one thoulanJ three hun-
1, M .> Hi V loufes, a„d its p.rilh church, wh.ch wa.
S;ii b th com^ilUoners for eredting the l>l.y new
Ih. che« i a ve>y handio-ne ilruckure aed.catcd to M.
S ie • t the eld of the town is a colki-e iront.ng
tl, 'hVmcH for the manuenance ot twenty decayed
. Wn : uvelve out of Greenwich, and e>i;ht who
lioule ^'-^l.; ' , ;,,,„f,„ tVoni S,>ntt,il>am and Caltle-
T?" -n N 10 k t i called the duke of Norf.> k'.
^'^""' "hou" founded and enJow.d by Henry carlo
K duke of Noih.lk's brother, and by
YSTEMOF GEOGRAPHY.
-l^GLAKa,
N"^''-"P'^::;';:,";he care of the Mercer, company
S.r;::n:;/bcade. -meat, drink, and lodgm,, .re
all
li
a
b
are two ehinty
Borcman, knt. lot t .venty boy. ,
tn t;,,, .ht ■ they wear green coats and caps ; and the o-
'" by i: John Roan, who left his cftate .or teach.ng
and aritiimetic, and al-
fe^u.r^^'rr'^oreachoftheboy.
Gr wch hoipftal wa., as hath been oblerved ere fed
bv k n-' Ch.rks H. for a palace, and ..>deed the whole
cin fcucelv be taken for any thing e U than the palace
e? a "roSt rnonareh. K.ng Wilha.n 11. howev.r. benrg
verv'deruoub of promoting the trade, navigation, and
naval Ihengih of this kingdom, by mvitnig great num-
bers of his Tubjeils to betake themlelves to the fca, gave
and pcdnncnt. Within the height of ihefc Intiy ,„,
luinns are two I'aies of windows ciili(',htiiiiig two ||wi,j
The underiiiolt, which ait the Inialltlt, h.ivc luHiccilii
eloigned with pcdiiiiiiits ; while the uppir ieiuj, wlmj,
are laiger and more lolty, are adorned with ilic orJcii
and with upright pointed pediments. Over liaic j., ^,J
Attic llory ; for the entablature of the Coniitlilaii columnj
and pilallers liippons a regular Atlic courfc, in whuii
the windows are regularly difpofed, and the top is crown-
ed with a handfome balullradc. The buildini;b cummucj
from thefe, and lacing the area, corrtfpond with ihfin
though Ml a hntr and moie elegant nuiiiur. In tic ecu-
ter ol both is a range of eolunms fuppoitiiig apcilinicni,
and at each corner a range ot Corimliun pilaiuis, tlic
front is tiillicated, and theie arc two feiies of wiiiJjw?.
The domes at the end, which aie one hundred and
twemy lett high, arc I'upportcd on coupled (o'umns, a,
are the porticos below, and under one of tlicfe ii ti.^
chapel, which is adorned on the iiiruie with the (;rejicft
elegance and beauty. In the centir ol .he aica ib a llatut-
of hib late majefty tixcd on a pedclLd ; ard on tiie lidesui
the gate wlucli opens to thcle buildings frum the paric,
are placed a large ctleftial and lerrelliiai ^lubc, in whic'i
the Itats are gilt.
'I'he hall of this hofpital is fui'.-ly painted by Sir James
Thornhill, particularly the citling and upper ciiJio,,
the latter arc rcpreftnted in an alcove, the late pnuttii
bophia, king George I. king Geoij^' 11. qu' iii Cnuiinc,
tlie iprecn dowager of Pruflla, tredetii. piihcc ol W'^lc.,
I the duke of Cumberland, and the five dau,;htcrs ct h;s
late mnjelly. Un the ciclm^^ of the alcove ar; i.sr,i
William and queen Mary, with i'everal tine cmblfnijii-
cal ligurci. All itraligers who fee th;j line hall puyiwj.
pence each, and this income ii appl:td to the fjp|)oi: 0;'
the mathematical fchoul for the U)n> ot tailors.
For the better fuppoit of this iiof^ijital, every fcim:n,
both in thcroyal navy and in the iicrchants ftniic, pays
fix|>encc per month, wMth is tlo|)pcd out 01 thi- paytf
all failors, and delivered in at the fix -penny retencr's
office en Tower-bill ; whence any feaman wnocw pro-
duce an authentic certificate of his being difablcJ by
defending any fhip belonging to his majelly's IJrinllifub-
jedfs, or in taking any fliip Irom the enemy, has a rigr.t
of being admittei] into ihis hol'pital, and receive tiic
fame benefit from it, as if he had been in tlic k.iiij'siiii-
mediate Icrvice. There arc at prefcnt mar two thou-
fand old or dilablcd fcamcn, and an hundred boy-, the
Ions of fcamcn, inflrudled in navigation, and brcj up
for the Icrvice of the royal navy ; but tncre arc no oul-
this noble flruehire, and fevcral others, with a conlide- j pcpfioncrs as at Chelfea. Each of the mariii.is ha 1
■'"'^ «..""■.. . ^(,j.|j|y ailu^jncc of fevcn loaves, weigliiii;; fixiccii
rable fxt of ground^ for the ufe of thofe Englifh fcamcn
and their chirdreii, who by aijc, wounds, or other acci-
daits fliould he difabled for tarther lervice at lea, and for
the widows and children of fuch as were llain in lighting
at fcia.'ainlt the enemies of their country. 'I he lame
nrince ^H" appuinted cominiflioners tor carrying on his
noble views, and defircd the ufUllaiicc of his good fub-
■ ■ -'-- In conlormity to
hundred and nine pounds, and afterwards the cftatcs of
the earl of Derwentwatcr, who bore a principal part in
the rebellion in 171 5' amounting to fix thoufand pound
oer annum, were given by parliament to this hofpital.
The tirlt range had coft king Chaxles II. thirty-fix thou-
fand pounds, and another was ordered 10 be built on the
fame model oppofitc to it: this has been completed with
ciiual magnificence
The front facing the Thames confifts of thefc two
ran"es of ftonc buildings, with the governor's houfe in
the Wk part in the center, behind which the park, well
ujantcd with trees, rifcs with a noble afcent. Thefe
buildin-s, between which is a large area, pcrfcaiy corref-
pond w^th each other, and each range is terminated by a
noble dame. In each front to the Thames two
lucs of coupled Corinthian columns finely wrought,
ijort their pediments, and the fame order is continued
uiliftcrs along the building. In the center of each
part between thele ranges of columns is the door, which
jj of ihu Doric order, and adorned above with a tablet
ver
ran
fupp
ounces each, three pounds of beef, two of mutton j 1
pint of pc.ile, twenty ounces of checl'e, two ounces of
butter, fourteen quarts of beer, and one fliiUing a weii
tobacco money ; the tobacco money of the boatlwairsis
two fliillings and fix-pence a week each ; that of ttitit
mates eighteen- pence, and that of other officers in proper- I
tion to theirrank. iicfides which, each cominoii penfioiicr 1
receives once in two years a luit of blue clothes, a lijt,
three pair of (fockings, two pair of fljoes, five neclc-
cloths, three fliirts, and two night caps. The hofpi-
tal has about one hundred governors, compol'ed of tlic no-
bility and great officers of Hate.
Deptlord, anciently called Wed-Grccnwich, is faid to
have derived its name from its having a deep furJ over
the little river RavcnfLiornc, near its influx into ihe
Thames, where it has now a bridge. It is a large and
populous town four miles call of London, and is clniiKii
into Upper and Lower Dcptfurd, which together conUin
two churches, feveral meeting houl'es, and about un
thoufand nine hundred dwelling houfes. ft is mcflly re-
markable for its noble dock, where inoft of the royal
navy were formerly built and repaired, till it was found
more convenient to build the larger fhips at ^V'oulwith,
Chatham, and Portfmouth ; there is a greater depth ol
water ; yet the yard is enlarged to more than double i;.
former dimcnfions, and a great number of men arc co.i-
Uantly employed. It has a wet dock of two acres tor
fhipj, and another of an acre and an half j v^•ilh vait
quantities of timber and other llotcs. There are alfj
txtcnfive buildings, as f'.orc-houfci aiiJ officer, befiiit-
dwc'ling
8
IWCLANP.
E O R O I* E.
5*39
n in the k.ii/sii
ilivcllin" houfi-i, for thofe officers wlio are obliged to
live uiKm th« riiot, ill orJcr to liipcriiitcnd the works.
IiHaJ ^ viilualliiig houi'c built in 1745, which in 1749
wjs burnt down, with gicst quantities of provifions and
iiavul lions. I'lie royal yachts arc generally kept here,
aiiJ near the dock i-. ilie leit of Sir John tvelyn, tailed
;,jv's Court, where Peter the Great, Czar of Mufcovy,
efiJcJ (or fome time, and in tnis yard completed his
knuwled'C in tin; practical part of naval architeiturc.
In this town arc two hofpitais, one of which was in-
ijrporatcd by kin,: Henry Vlll. for the ufe of feamcn,
„idi<called Iriniiy-Houfe. 'I'his contains twenty-one
'Duli-'s, ami is featcJ near the church. The other, called
Tiinitv llolpital, lias thirty-eight houfes fronting the
II,. et.' This is a very haiidfoine edilice, and has large
jfjfiis belonging to it. Though this laft is the fineft
iltutluri, yet the other has the preference on account of
lis antiquity i and as the brethren of the 'I'rinily hold
ttiei' corporation by that houfe, they arc obliged at c«-
(jin times to meet there for bufinefs. Both thefe houfet
jtc iur decayed pilots, or mailers of fliips, or their wi-
ijnii, the men being allowed twenty fhillings, and the
ttomcii lixtee/t ftiillmgs per month.
SECT. VIII.
Of tht County if Sujfex ; lis Situation, Exiinti Air, Sdil,
' mu face 1/ the Cou'itr\: iti produce, with a Dtjcription
tl tht little BirdcdlUda Ifhtatear ; its Riven, and frin-
i'liulTtwIs, aiChuhe/ltr, Ltwei, and Arundel.
SUSSEX received its pro|jer name from the Saxons j
for this beiiig the molt Touthern part of the illand,
thcvcillcd It and Suiry the kingdom of the South Saxons,
rthincc this county has by abbreviation been called Suflex.
It is bounded dn the north by Surry, on thcnorth-eaftand
cjft by Kent, on the foutli by the Englifh channel, and
on thcwett by Hainplliirc. It is about fifty- three miles
in length, fixteen in breadth, and one hundred and fc-
venty-two in circumference.
The air in this county is very various : along the fea-
Iboreitis thought agueilh ; bui it has a much greater cf-
ftiloii Urangers than on tlie natives, who arc generally
very healthful. In the Weald, which is a rich deep foil,
it is apt to be foggy, yet not unwholcfome ; but upon the
Downs the air is extremely fwcet and healthy. The
foil is likewifc various ; that of the Downs, and
from them to the fea, is very fertile, both in corn and
jrafs, the latter feeding (heep whofe wool is remarkably
(ir.ci the middle of thj county abounds with meadows
r.J rich arable ground, and the north fide is (haded with
txienfivc woods, that fupply fuel for the iron works.
Thi) plentiful county therefore fupplics numerous com-
modities, the chief of which arc corn, malt, cattle,
wool, wood, iron, chalk, glafs, fifli, and fowl. It is
pirticularly famous for its wheatear, a fmall delicious
bird, of the fize of a lark, not much inferior to an orto-
!inc, and is taken on the fouth-eail downs in the fol-
kwing manner : a tuif is cut up about a foot long and
hif a loot broad ; in the cavity is placed a fnare of horfe
li.ir, and the turf turned with the erafs downwards to
cover the grcateft part of the hole. Thefe birds arc na-
turally fo timorous, that the Ihadow of a cloud, or any
t-ing that moves on the ground, makes them fly into
inefe little pits for fliclter, where they are taken. The
leafon for them is when the wheat ripens ; but they
irc fo very fat that they cannot be carried many miles
without being tainted, and even in plucking them great
care mud be taken to handle them as little as poflible.
The chief manufafiures of this county are great guns,
and ftvcral forts of work made in caft or wrought iron ;
the bcft gunpowder in the world is faid to be made at
Battle.
This county has few ports on account of its rocky
Ihorc, and itsfhelves and fand-banks, which* the fouth-
ivfll winds, lb common upon our coaft in the winter,
arc continually augmenting.
It is divided into fix rapes, each of which has its par-
tiLular caftle, river, and foreft, and is fub-dividcd into
lixtyfivc hundreds, in which are computed one city,
86
eighteen market-towns, one hundred and twenty three
vicarages, three hundred and twelve parilhcs, one thou-
fand and fixty villages, hamlets, and chapclties, twenty
one thoufand five hundred and thirty-feven houfes, and
about one hundred twenty-nine thoufatid fouls.
The principal rivers are the Arun, the Adur, the
Oufe, and the Rother. The Arun rifes in St. Leonard's
foreil, not far from Horfliam, in the north-edge of the
county, and after running a little way to the wcftward,
turns due fouth, pafling oy Arundel, about three miles
below which it falls into the fea. This river has lately
had a new outlet cut for it in order to improve its navi-
gation, which carries barges above Fulborough, and
(nips of a hundred tons as high as Arundel. Here are
caught the mullets fo much efteemcd ( they come from
the fea in the fummer feafon in vaft (hoals, and feeding
upon a particular weed in this river, acquire that high
lufcious taf{e which renders them fo great a dainty. The
Adur, alio called the Seeding, has likewife its fource iii
St. Leonard's foreft, forming its courfe on the fame
points of the compafs as the Arun j but on its approach-
ing the liba, turns four or five miles to the ealt, and
then forms the harbour of New Shoreham. The Oufe
rifet from two branches, one of which has its fpring in
St. Leonard's foreft, near the fource of the Arun, the
other in the foreft of Worth, but they foon unite to the
fouthward by Lewes, and run to the fea, forming the
harbour called New-Haven. The Rother rifes near
Rotherfield, and runs moftly eallward ; but about fix
miles to the north of Rye, makes an angle to the fouth-
ward, and falling into the fea, forms Rye-Haven. From
fo many rivers one good harbour at leaft might be ex-
pefled for the largelt fliips i but none of them will ad-
mit of a vell'el of five hundred tons. '1 he principal
places in this county are the following :
Chicheftrr, by the ancient Britons called Cacrcei,
and by the Saxons Cifliinceafter, is feated in a plain on
a little rivulet called Lavanr, fixty three miles to the tj.
fouth-weft of London. It is a compaiSt neac town, cn-
compafled by a ftone wall, the four gates aniwering to
the four cardinal points, from whence the flrccts have
their names, and meet in the center of the city, where
is the market-place, which aftbrds a view of the four
gates. The cathedral is adorned on one fijc with pic-
tures of all the kings and queens from Cifla, the fon of
Ella, the firft king of the South Saxons, to the prefcnt
time ; and on the other are placed the portraits of all the
biftiops. The fpire is defervedly admired for its work-
manrnip, and fome years ago afforded a convincing proof
of the (kill of the architedt ; for aflalh of lightning Itrik-
ing upon it, about forty-five feet from the top, made a
very large breach, by driving out the (tones, and car-
rying fcveral of them, which were even of a ton weight,
to a confiderable diftance ; but notwithftanding this
(hock the fpire flood firm, which faved the body of the
church, an ! it is now well repaired, Befidcs the cathe-
dral there are fevcn fmall churches, built with flint ftone.
What IS now called the Friars, was formerly a convent
of Francifcans, but was originally a caftle and feat be-
longing to the earls of Arundel. The ftrcets are gene-
rally pretty broaJ, the houfes uniform, and tolerably
well built. Chicheftcr is a city rnd county of itfclf,
and the corporation confifts of a mayor, recorder, four-
teen aldermen, fix bailiffs, twenty- ftven common-
council men, and a portreve j four juftices of the peace-
are cholen out of the aldermen, and the mayor is annu-
ally defied by ballot of the aldermen and common-
council, who pill up two perfons, and is attended by
four ferjeants at mace and a cryer. The market-place
is adoriied with a ftately crofs, and on Saturdays fur-
niftied with plenty of all provifions, efpecially fifh, and
great quantities of corn. Every Wednefday fortnight
here is alfo one of the greateft cattle markets in Eng-
land. This city, as weR as Southampton, gives title of
carl to the duke of Cleveland, and has two charity
fchools, one for forty- two boys, and the other for twen-
ty girls, who are taught and clothed. There are fcveral
houfes of the nobility near this city, which have a de-
lightful profp«6t of the fea.
Lewes, a town faid to receive its rame from the Saxon
word Lcfwa, or Patture, is a piece cf great antiquity,
6 N a«
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rill r- J
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to
A S Y .S J L M O I G 1. O O K A I' II Y
r
M.l./
■tr'-. fioin kin;j Alliuliijn' li.nin;; ipi'riiii'cil lir
iii\.ii I . It (I) t)c kipi lurt'. li '\, |i'K.ir.iiiily liituitJ,
gf. f'ltv mil. i to tlie liiuthi)! I.oiiiii I), on llu cdgi iit ilic
:ouili lluwiis oil out ot the iiinll Jcl|i;lil(iil Ipnts tliat
i iij',.ikI ulVoiils, and roiu.iiiu lix |>.irilli iIiiii>Ik'', built
M'lin fljiii lloiif, xnd .il)iiut lix ihimUiliI two ImiiuIikI
rilubil.iiiti. It IS ailiiriu'il »iih tlic It.its ol' iIil I'cIImiii-,
the liji;i.-, tlu- Slicllyn, aiiJ othi-r jit'irnHs ol rank uiiii
Icjitiiiu-, wholf unrjciij join to I'acli otlur, llimigb lorllic
iiiolf pail u'^ and down lull. Near it liic the riinnins ot
lib antitiit ladlc. 'I lie llrii'ts art liaiidluim-, and it lias
two liibuibb, the one calltd .Si)iitliuttr, wIikIi Is the
lar|.'ilt, and the other on the tall Tide of the livcr calli.d
(Jiiri, Ironi its lyiii^; under a chalky hill. A little river
runs throu;;b the niidlt ol the town, briii|',ing gor)dh in
boats and barges from a port at eight niili .s diltaiicc. ( Jii
thij liver arc fevcral iron worln, wbtrc cannon are
loundtil for nicrthaiit ftiip.^. Public horle races ate run
here alinolt every fuiiiincr ; but the road from hence to
'I unbridjre h fo deep and dirty, that it ii> faiJ the ladies
;iie fometimcs drawn to church in their coaches by fix
oxen. Lcwcj ii governed by two conllablcs ; it fends
two members to parliament, and has a good market on
Saturdays.
Mere, in 1264, a bloody battle was fought between
kini; Henry III. and his batons, when the latter entered
tind plundered the town.
From a windmill near the town is a profpefl of the
fca for thirty miles well, and an uninterrupted view of
Banltcd Downs, winch is full foity miles. Ijetwc.ii
this town and the lea is yood winter game for a gun,
and feveral gentlemen here keep packs u', hounds ; but
the bills arc lb ftcep, that it is dangerous following them.
Arundel, a town eight miles to the eaft of Chicheftcr,
//. and filty-five fouth wcdby-fouth of London, fcems to
derive its name from the river Arun, on which it is fcated,
and from whence it is fupplied with the cxcellttit mul-
lets already mentioned. It is pleafantly fituated on the
fide of a hill, and has a (lately wooden bridge over the
river, at a convenient dilUnce from the lea. It gives
title of carl to the duke of Norfolk, and is governed by
a mayor, twelve burgtdes, a lleward and otiier officers,
aiid fends two members to parliament. The ancient
ciiUe is feated on the river Tame, and is faid to be a
mile in compafs. 1 he town has two ftrects paved with
ii.me, in which arc about two hundred houl'cs alfo built
of Hono, and about 8co inhabitants.
Horlhani is a town about three miles out of the main
read to Arundel, and has its name from Horl'a, brother
10 Hcngill the Saxon, and is one of the largeff towns in
the county : it has fcnt members to patliamcnt ever
(incc the thirtieth of king Edward I. and is the place
where the county jail is held, and fometimcs the afiizes.
It has a handfomc parifh-church, jn 1. a free-fchool well
endowed. A great number of poultry are brought up
to its weekly market on Saturd.^vs, and bought up for
I,ondon. Here is a quarry of very good iTonc fit for
flooring.
Rye, a pretty populous fcaport town feated on the fide
t'/,. of a hill, fixty-lour mi!cs to the fouth-eaft-by-fouth of
London, and has a dtligh-.liil prof|ie>.'t of thefea. It was
walled in the reign of Edward III. and was well fortified by
William d'Ypres, earl of Kent; a tower called by his name
is theprifon of the town. It has oneof the largeft parifh-
churchcs in England, and enjoys the fame privileges as
the other cinque-ports ; but the port is fo choakcd up
with land, that it hardly aft'ords entrance for the fma!lell
vtll'els. The corporation confifts of a mayor and jurats,
and fends two members to parliament. It has a town-
hall, and three ffrects paved with ftone. One fide of the
town is walled in, and the other guarded by the fea. It
has two gates, and is a place of confidcrable trade, par-
ticularly in hops, wool, timber, kettles, cannon, chim-
ney-backs, ^c. The houfes are pretty well built, tho'
generally old fafhioned i but there are fonie very neat ones
of the modern lafle. In the reign of king Richard II.
the French landed and burnt this town ; but the people
ofRyefonn fitted out fome (hips, and, in conjunction
with thole from other port?, took (even or theit veliels
richly laden. ;
, Wiiiclielfi.i wt.O'iie a ioi:(,d' r.il.L t. ,(,,, I,„;|, ;,, ,
I Ijine ol kill.- EJw.nl j. alter a 1 e imrunt town f,l 11'"
j (.iiiie iiaiii.-, that lit.i'd at two or ilnee iiillt, ,li(h„,.j, . ',
|had .ij;liiecnp.iiilli.',, but wis KvaK.i*,-.! m. I.vi''/,
j in ,, toiiMc tenipell. New Winehillea w.i.' nuer"inuJl
] to the Old i It wi^ cmouip.illid with a rjinu,irt j.J .
; luw.;id.. Willi a w.ill i but no fooiur Vv.^n tnf, ,,r,'fl
lliaii it V.MS l..>l.id by the I'lindi and .Spai,i,mJ,, .i,,,, n, '
j ing idiaiidoiieJ hv ilic (ea, which refntJ j „„|e ,||.'i|.','
, (udJenI) f.ll u, decay. 'J-luMigh llir (heel. ..le ,uuj'
; lilt gial,, which grotts in them is fome yeais let I ,t lour
; pound-, and little more .it prelent lemalns ih.in ||,e fl(j.| ,
tonol ,1 very liundloinc town : the llieels ll.iiuung all jr
; liglit aiigles, wcie divi.led into thiny-t«o i,M|jf,^ j",,
quaiters .Some of the flone-wurk m three (r.,ie, „'||i;i
, to be leen, though they are three miles afuiulu uva ih,-
' field., and in many pl.icts ol the town arc vjuli, arWird
I \\ ith Hone. Ncai the town aie large iiiai(b( s, whi, h n^.
: inha!)itantb are at great expenec iii dekiiJin^ (,,„„ the
j encroachments ol liic fea, by gieat b.inks ot t,itth :i,j
, walls. Here were lornieily ihice pardli < hunhis 1 "but
only the chancel of one ot them is now (l.mJir,;., ^'1,^4,
I is nioic than \:u^e enough lor the inli.i'iiti,ii;V. 'J>„
borough is incorporated by the luinie ol the in nor, iui.,.,
and coiiimon.ilty ; and though tin re are only .I'trw iiom '
remaining ill the upper pan ol thr tawn, it Irinlj Uvu
members to pailiament, and guc:. the title of tail ion,;
noble family of the I'inches,
SEC T, IX,
OflhcCiHHiyc/Ruiryi ili Xjme, Sit.-i^tin, f'xi-':t.
Hoi/, I'laJiuf, niidkiven; with a DtJ.nNi.n :/ ,'n'.„,'.
JpatTiwns rtnil SmIs, mJ parlicul.v ly c/ the fuijc- aid
(Jtirilem of Kiihimiid,
THIS county obtained its name from its rt;!iiion on
I the fouth lidc of the Thames, and is bomiilnt 0,1
the eaft by Kent ; on the loutli by Sull'ex 1 on the wdl
; by Hampftiirc and Uerkftiire ; and on the north by tlic-
I river Thames, which divides it from Middlef x. Tlie
1 country, which is almoft fquare, is thirty-four miles m
j length, twenty-one in breadth, and a hundred and twelve
in circumfe»ence, containing about thiriy-five thoul'jna
, houfes, a hundred and forty parilhcs, eleven nurkct-
• towns, including Southwark, thirty-five vicar.igcs, four
hundred and fifty villages and hamlets, and ainindredana
feventy-one thoufand inhabitants.
It is a healthy plcalant ccuntr) , on which account
there ate m,-,ny uf the nobility and i;cnlry who have tnct
, feats there. The foil is very ilirierent in the e.Mi'c;v,c
! parts Irom that in the middle, whence it lus b.cnc.rj.
; pared to a toarle cloth with a fine lift; lor t^e tdijeo;'
I the county on all fides has a rich Coil, extrcmdv !;u:t
f'jl in corn and grals, particularly in Holmcld.;!c, :i;"j
j on the north towards the rhamcs ■ but it is iar c;lu:v„,.
in the heart of the country, where are wide •mcH t;
landy ground and barren heath, and in Come piacos ::c
long ridges of hills, with warrens of rabbets ,i:;J p.:t!„
for deer. However, we meet here and tl-.cre witti'lo:...
delightful fpots interfpcrfcd in the middle ot Sutiv, a;:.i
it is not to be doubted that a great deal of the «ai:.
ground might, by proper management, be greatly i:r.-
proved. 'I his country produces corn, box-v.-oixi, w.!-
nuts, hops, and fullers-cntth ; and near Darking grcivs
a wild black cherry, of which a very plcalant w-rr.c ,i
made, little inferior to French claret. It has becnnfcui,-
ed of this part of Surry, that the natives are gencrjlv . ;
a pale complexion, rel'embling the people ofPieardv ,1
France ; and that even the cattle arc of a lighter coloj;
th.m is ufual in other parts of England.
The rivers in this county, befiiles the Thame, :■■
the Moliey, the Wey, and the W'andle. The .Mdlli-.,
or Mole, riiqs in the fouthern bonier of Surry, ..nJ io:n -
acnurfe moftly fouth eaft and fouth, till 11 reaches ;i;c
Thames at .Moll'ey. It is remarkable cl this rivu, th.t
at the foot of Hox-hill, near a village called iVIitkKli..iii,
it works Its way under ground like a mole, lifiiig hahii
at or near the town of Leathcrhtad, whc re its llrcaiDJ '•:
united, and form a pretty large river running uiWir
Lfath'-rhcad bridge , and thus purfucs its courfe to ihc
Tliamc',
III!
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endowed. A great number or poultry arc biought up
to its weekly market on Saturdays, and bought up for
London. Here ij a quarry of very good Itoiie fit for
flooring.
Rye, a pretty populous fca-port town f< ated on the fide
t/,- of a hill, fixty-lour mi'rs to the fouth-eaft-by-foutb of
London, and has a deligh;liil profpc.'t of the lea. It was
walk-d in the reign of F.Jw.ird \\\. and was well fortified by
William d' Ypres, earl ol Kent ; a tower called by his name
is theprilon of the town. It has oncof the largeft parifh-
chiirches in Kngland, and enjoys the fame privileges as
the other cinque ports ; hut the port is fo thoaked up
with fa..J, th.it it hardly affords entrance for the fma'lelf
velltis. The corporation confifts of a mayor and jurats,
and lends two members to parliament, it has a town-
hall, and three ifreets paved with ftone. One fide of the
town is walled in, and the other guarded by the lea. It
has two spates, and is a place of confidctable trade, par-
ticularly in hops, wool, timber, kettles, cannon, chim-
ney-back";, t'cc. The houfes are pretty well built, tho'
genera'lvoM fadiioned \ but there are lome very neat ones
of the modern t.irte. In tlie reii;n of kini; Richard 11.
the Trench landed and burnt this town; but the people
of Rye fi"'n fitted out fomc ftiips, and, in conjunction
with iholV from other ports, took (even oI the it veflels
richly laden.
; on tne noriii towaiu!) iiiL .i,aon.3i itui„.»,^. „ ,
in the heart of the country, where are wide ti..ts v.
I fandy ground and barren heath, and in fomc pjus : c
[ Ion;; ridges of hills, with warrer.a of labbcts ;.:\i. p.,:i,>
I for deer. However, we meet here and ri.cr; witti 'lor..;
! delightful fpots iiitcrl'pcrfcd in the middli- ot Siir'v, 2i;.i
j it is not to be doubted that a great deal of the w.i.:;
I ground n'ight, by piopir management, be greatly i.i.-
pruved. I his country produces corn, bo.\v.o;)i!, »..
nuis, hops, and fullers-eaith ; and iit.ir Darlclr.; 2;cv.>
; a wild black cherry, of which a very plcil.iiit 'vi'.rx .<
. made, little inlirior to Krench claret. It h.is bctn nbic:.-
I ed of this part of Surry, th.it the n.itives arc Lciierillv .;
a pale complexion, refembling the j eople oll'iuirdv ;i
I Kr.<nce ; and that even the cattle are of a lighter colo-;
than is ufual in other parts of Lnglaml.
The rivers in this county, bel'.des the Th.w.c, •■
the Molicy, the Wry, and the Wandle. The .Mi.^.,
' or iNL'.'c, rifes in the fouthern border of Surry, iinJ I'oin.s
atnurfe molHy Couth eaft and fntith, nil u rem 'ii/s tiic
Thames at Molfty. It is remark.ihit t I this nvir, th t
at the foot ot Ho.x-hill, near a village called .Vliiiulijin,
, It works ti way undir ground like a nu>'e, nfny .■.:j'n
at or near the town of I.eatherhrad, whtrc ii5 ilrcam^ r.e
united, and form a pieity large riw.r running; iiiii'-r
, i..»athTrhcad bridijv ^ and thus puilucs ii? courle to iw
' Tbaaif,
SI.ANO.
I: L R O I' I..
•51/
^ r, cc- it obtained the name ot the Mole. he \V ty
T , Hanmniirc, unci enters this couM.y near I arnhan,.
"'" ' very n.ucl. till it has pallWKJodalmn.g, wh.n U
:',;% r»n moiUv fouthward. Ihis r.v.r h,. b.cn
; niviL;able to Guilford, by which means all ihc
' ,'.ou.n.g pans are plentifully fupi-lied wall conimo-
'• t ro,n r.ondoM, particularly coals which have been
'"'. l^!-,teJ h.re. The Wandle i, a fn,all clear 1 ream
■ i^lor its trouts ; it ri(Vs near CaHhalton, and r>ms
•hwud to the Tnanics, into winch it d,lchari;es Kleit
':\V.nJlworth. The principal place* in thu county
'l;t£'ro^"'-'>"'lJ''°^J. is a confiderableniarUct- town
I ,h;^^ miles >.o the fouth-wellof London, where tneafes
■'-•■ J i„,.tnnes held, and always the ekaions for mcnbers
; parliament for the county, the town .tfelf returnn.g
The river \Vey being made navigable to this town,
"r,.li already been obferved, adds greatly to us trade ;
"■iconf.derable quantity of timber being brought Irom
;i,c woody parts of Suflex and Hampfliire to th.b town by
•"„J.c.<rriage, is conveyed tVom theiKC by^ t|"s f'vc^' to
.1
aiifwei the purpofci foi wM^ii ili-y wcic Jcli^ntJ. As
the limile is fituatcd nn an eminCMCc, it coniniand* a view
of ill.- adjacent fields, wiiicli ai.." kept in ^ood urdtr.
riitri\ci Alule paflis alunj; by llie fidis of the garden ,
I'lid being m ide htic foir inne^ binaoer than it was iia
I mall), has a happy eH'icl, tfpeciallv ai the binks arj
difpulcd into a (lope, with a brua.l gr.'fs walk planted on
each lidc with Iweet flirubs. At one end of this walk
is an elegant room, which is a dclighiful retreat in hot
weather, it being ihaJed with large elms on the foiith fide,
and having the water on the noich and eaft tides, is ex-
tremely cool and pleafanr.
Darking, a town twelve miles to the ^aft of Guilford,
and twenty-four to the fouth-wefl of London, is lamoiis 9. if
for its meal-trade and us market f')r poultry, particu-
larly for the fattcft gccfe and large!! capons, which are
brought hither from as far as Morfham in Sudcx, it being
thcbulinefsof all the country on that fide, for many miles,
to breed and fatten them ; and fomc arc fo large as to be
little inferior to turkics. The town (lands on a rock
of foft landy ftone, in which are dug convenient cellars.
The great Roman highway called Stony-tlreet palfes
: I liBIII : 1
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Thames, which it juiiis at i>
',„,ltu..ccitobt.i.ncJthcnam
f.s in Hun.pniire,:i.u enters
Uling very n,ucHni,t has
..ins 10 rm, mull j; fjmth,
naJc navig->blc to Gm ford,
,',i.libouriiU parts are plcntii
l^, Irum London, P^rticul
l-li «-».-.«^J Iv^re. -JhcVV
|-,„,ou.loritstroutsi it nfcs
f uhward to the I names, ii:
j'tW^nJlWorth. The prim
j',, tlieWlov^'"'/.-.,,. .
Guilfiirti, or (lUilJforJ, ii
ihi'ty mil" to the Couth- well
'•'\,.£'luir,.-tinies held, and alwa
„'. pjrlianicnt lor the county
,.v„. I'henver Wey being r
.,haih already been obferve
a' ,1 a confiderablc quantity i
liic woody parts cfSuflcxar
ijiiJ-wrriage, is conveyed I
London. It has three pan
cjlled the Upper Church, i
,;^ roof beat in, on the twer
liaplc had been repaired ni
,.,-.,V bcinpUfcovcrcd, the
i ju'wii, but luckily for thei
;iiJ leave to divert theinfelv
«is llnick in with fuch im
mllureoftheairall the gh
ji ii' it h.id been done by a I
a Ichool founded by Kdwa
George Abbot, archbifhop
tenance of a maftcr, twch
who have each half a crow
alio two charity- fchools for
Hue arc likewifc the ruins
the remains of a palace of {
the btft authorities to havt
wald, one of the Saxon kii
or three convents, one of
featof Daniel Cofwell, Ef
adjoining to it. Here is a
laccs, which begin when t
td. Guilford had formerl
ofcluth.'jf which there are
toaJ from Chicheftcr and
(own, which has always bt
iiiiiii, and other excellent
Ihe road from hence t-
it running along the ridgt
than the road itielf, and I
hand at the edge that bou
fttcp and high. From th
to the north and north- w
fouthcaft into Suflex ; ai
cd, that the view is only I
this hill, which is called
lows ill fuch a pofition, t
may, fronr) the Highftrt
Ice the criminals cxccutec
In the road from Giiil
miles, you meet with a t
liilhncc, in or near whic
h always good, it being
light hand of the roaJ li«
ftantly a great number of
Ihe left the parks, gard
longin;; to the fevcra' gci
all which render the roai
Cobham Is a fmall toi
fix miles from Epfom, :
Kingfton, in the road fr
this town are fcvcral fine
ing to the lord Ligonier
Hiidgcs, which is built ii
the manner of an Italian
outfiJe. The principal
thu ciclings ate gilt ; ar
lonvcnieiit, but contrivi
1SGI.A
ND.
R O I' i.
5H
T.„,„es, whicl. itjoliis atM..Ifcy, and iVoui this dr-
mlbitcf it obtaincJ the name ol the Mole. 1 he W ty
T ii\ Hamufliire, ;uul enters this county near I'amhani,
mlirv'vciy much tiil It has paltWl tJcKlalining, whui u
rMiiiW run niuilly fuuthward. This nvir h.is been
,'c navigable lu Guilford, by which means all the
'''iili'jourmi' pans are plentifully fupplitd wiih conimo-
'r^lrom r.oiiJoi!, particularly co,ils, which have been
uch war.ttd hi-rc. 'I'hc Wandle i= a fniall ck-ar llrcam
Lou. for its tro'-'" i '' rifes near CarMulton, and runs
f uhward to the 'I'tiames, into wiiich it dilcharges ulelt
jlWjnJfworth. The principal place* in tlui county
are the fullownisr : „ , . ,
Guilfiird, or CJuildford, U a confiderable market -tow-i
ihi'tiniilcs to the fouth-wcllof London, where thealTiies
•' j.j'loa.-:times held, and always the eleftions for mcinbers
01 parliament for the county, the town itfelf returnmg
,.y„. I'he.-.vcr VVey being made navigable to this town,
ihath already been obferved, adds greatly to its trade ;
j'.' a confiderable quantity of timber being brought Irom
tiie woody parts cf SufFcx and Hampfliirc to this town by
iinJcirriage, is conveyed from thence by this tiycr to
LniiJon. It has three parifh-churches : that which is
cjllcd the Upper Church, by the fall of the (Iccple, hail
;:^ wof beat in, on the twenty-third of April, 1740 ; the
jjaplc had been repaired not long before ; hut a farther
(• cjV bi^ing^fcovcrcd, the workmen had begun to take
i Juwii, but luckily for them it was a fai -Jay, and thty
niJ leave to divert thcmfclvcs that afternoon; the root
»is llfiick in with fuch impetuofity, that by the fuJdcn
prdl'iircof theairall the glafswindows were blown out,
ji i; it had been done by a blaft of gun-powder. Hl-ic is
alcbool founded by Fdward VI. and an alms-houle by
George Abbot, archbifhop of Canterbury, for the main-
unaiice of a maftcr, twelve brethren, and tight lillers,
who have each half a crown a week. There are here
alio two charity- fchools for thiity boys, and twenty girls.
Hhc arc likewifc the ruins of an old caftle, and fome ol
the remains of a palace of great extent, which appears by
(he bed authorities to have been the refidencc ot Ethcl-
wald, one of the Saxon kings. Here were formerly two
or three convents, one of which was not long ago the
fat of Daniel Cofwell, Efq; and had a delightful park
adjoining to it. Here is a line circular courle for horle-
races, which begin when the Newmarket races arc cnd-
td. Guilford had formerly a confider '^le maniifadlure
ofcloth,-jf which there are (till fume remains. The great
rojJ from Chicheftcr and Portfniouth lies through the
tovm, which has always been famous for good inns, clean
iiiKii, and other excellent accommodations.
The road from hence to Farnham is very remarkable,
it running along the ridge of a high chalky hill no wider
than the road itfelf, and the declivity begins on either
aiifwci the purpofcs fni whitli ila-y were di.lt„iitd. As
the houfe is fituated on an einiiioncc, it comniandt a view
ot' ilij adjacent (irlJ>, which du kept in good order.
'1 he I IV CI Alule paflis ahmg by the lidis of the garden-,
;'iid being nude hcic fjnr tiiiie> bmauer than it was iia
(uially, has a happy t(iVi:l, cfpcidlly a-, the hanks ar.-
difpokd into a (lope, with a bruaJ gr.'fs walk planted on
each fide with Iweet flirubs. At one end of this walk
is an tkgant room, which is a delightful retreat in hot
weather, it bting Ihadcd with large elms on the fouth fide,
and having the water on the noith and eaft fides, is ex
trcmely cool and pleafant.
Darking, a town twelve miles to the eaft of CJulIford,
and twenty-four to the fouth- weft ot London, is famous 'iJf.
lur its meal-trade and its market for poultry, particu-
larly for the fattcft gcele and largcll capons, which are
brought hither from as far as Horfham in Sudcx, it being
thehulincfsof all the country on that fide, for many miles,
to breed and fatten them j and fome arc fo large as to be
little inferior to turkics. The town ftands on a rock
of foft fandy flone, in which are dug convenient cellars.
The gieat Roman highway called Stony-ftrect pailcs
through the church- yard, aiid is plainly traced twomile-j
to the fouth of Okeley, and aopcars to be made of flint
and pebbles. 'J'his is a prodigious work, it being from
fevcn to ten yards broad, and near a yard and a halt
deep, which is the more rtmarkable, as in fome pla.cs
there is lut a flint flonc to be fecn within a great dif-
tancc.
In the neighliourhood is a hill which affords a mofl
cnehaiuing profpcct, and is much reforted to by the
gentry fnmi Epfoiii : it is called B.ix hill from the abun-
dence of trees, arbours, and labyrinths of box upon it,
efpccially to the fouth, though on the north fide it is
alinoft covered with yew trees ; it was firft planted with
box trees by that famous antiquary Thomas earl ui
Arundel.
About fix miles from Box-hill and five miles to the
fouth of Darking, is Leith-hill, which pt ds about two
miles beyond a range of hills that termi es the North
Downs to the South. " When I faw, d) 1 late writer,
" from one «fthofehilIs,at about two miles dilfancc, that
" fide of Lv-ith- hill which faces the Northern Downs,
" it appeared the beautifulleft profpeift I had ever fecn ;
" but after we conquered the hill itfelf, 1 faw a fight
" that would tranf|)ort a floic: » fight that looked like
" ;t>.-K'>r.r.v.>,.r o„.i „;r..„. Beneath us lay open to our
inchantment and vifion.
" view all the wilds of Surrey and Suflex, and a great;
'' part of that of Kent, admirably diverfified with woods
«' and fields of coin and pafturc, being every whe.'e a-
'' domed with ftately rows of trees. This beautiful vale
•' is about thirty miles in breadth, and about fixty in
" lengih, and is terminated to the fouth by the majellic
hjnJ at the edge that bounds the highway, and is very I «' range of the fouthern hills : and it is no eafy matter to
Hecp and high. From this hill is a I'urprifing prolpeit ] " decide, whether thefe hills, which appear at thirty,
10 the north and north- weft over Bagfhot-hcath ; to the | «' forty, and fifty miles diOance, appear more awful and
venerable, or the delicious vale between you and them
more inviting. About noon in a ferenc day you may,
" at thirty miles diftance, fee the very water of the fca
" through a chafin of the mountains. And that which .
" above all makes it a noble profpecV, is,that at the fame
" time you behold 10 the fouth the mofl delightful rural
" landscape in the world ; and by a little turn of your
" head towards the north you look full over Box-liill,
«' and fee the country beyond it ; and between that
" and London, and over the very ftomacher of it, fee
" St. Paul's at twenty five miles diilance, and London
" beneath it, with fjighgatc and Hampllead beyond it."
The vale beneath Box-hill is for many miles to the
longin:^ to the fevcral gentlemen who inhabit thofc feats, eaft and weft called Holmcfdale, which is now chiefly
all which render the road extremely agreeable. ; overgrown with furze -, but was famous for producing
Cobham is a fmall town fituated on the river Mole, Cuch quantities of ftrawbertics, that they were carried by
fix miles from Epfom, ?.id eight to the fouth-weft of horfe-loads to market.
Kingfton, in the road from Guilford to London. Near ; Kingfton, alfo called Kingfton upon Thame?, to dif-
this town are fevcral fine feats, particularly one belong- tinguifn it from feveral other towns of the fame name, is
ing to the lord Ligonier ; and another the feat of Mr. thus called from its having been the refidence of feveral
linJecs, which is built in a fingular tafte, foinewhat after of our Saxon kings, fome of whom were crowned on a
the manner of an Italia!) villa, though very plain on the ftage in the market place. It is a populous and well'
outfidc. The principal rooms are richly ornamented; built town, and in the rci^^ns of hd ward 11. and IIL
the cielings ate gilt; and the offices below are not only fent members tu parliament. It has a fpacious church with
lonvcnieut, but contrived with great jiidgneiit, fo as to eight birlh, and in it are the pictures of the Saxon kingn
4 ' who
fouth'Caft into Suflex ; and to the weft it is fo unbound- 1
cd, that the view is only terminated by the horizon. On ,
this hill, which is called St. Catharines, ftands the gal-
lows in I'uch a pofition, that the inhabitants of Guilford
mny, from the High-ftrcet, fit at their fhop doors and
fee the criminals executed.
In the road from Guilford to CpTom, which is fifteen
miles, you meet with a town almoft at every f.o miles
ilillancc, in or near which is ahandfoinc Ica"^ Thcroail
i> always good, it being a very hard j;iavel. On the
right hand of the road lie the Downs, which have con-
ftantly a great number of flieep feeding on them ; and on
the left the parks, gardens, and cultivated iklds be
'll-liiH.
!, nnn
f'Tlfli
* . I'M •;'
u
if:l
|i>
1 ■15
II
gi- ASYSTEMOFGEOGRAPHY.
wlin were crowned l.crc, :in>l ilfo th.it of king John, who
guve ll.c iiihabitants ol this town their firft charter. Merc
■■>>'CLANu.
is alio a wooden bridge of twenty- two a^chl■^ over the
Thiuncs i a free fchcjt.l crcdli d and endowed by ijiieen
Klizalictli 1 an alms houle built in 1&70 by alderman
Clive for fix men and a^ many women, and endowed with
land to the value of eighty pounds a year ; and a ch.'rity-
Ichool for thiitv boys, who arc all cloatlud. 'I'hc fum-
iner aflizes for this county are generally held here. Ke-
fides the above bridge, is .mother of brick over a Ihcnm
that flows Irom a fpring, which rifes four milci .ibove
the town, and within the dillancc of a bow-fhot from
its fouice forms a brook, that turn? two mill,'!. On the
top of a hill is a gallery that .nerlooks the town. A
houfe in this town, called Kirconib's I'lacc, was the fe.it
of the famous earl of VVarwitk, filled The Sett..- up
and Puller down of Kings, lleie is a good market for
corn, and the town carries on a confiderable trade.
EQicr, a vilUge fituated near Walton upon Tliames,
and alFordinp a fine profpeiSl ot ilampton-court and other
parts of Middlefex, is famous foi- the noble feats in and
near it, particularly Efhcr-Place, which was the leatof
the late Henry Pelham, Efq; The houle is a (iothic
ftrufture of a brownilh red brick, with itoiic f.ic:ngs to
the doors and windows. This houli; w;is oii"iiiaIly one
of thofc built by cardinal VVolfey,but the Lite Air Pelham
rebuilt the whole, except the two towers in ti.e body of
the houle, which are the fame that belonged to the ('.d
buildini! ; and the whole is rebuilt in the r.;iiie idle of
archiicituro. There is a fine fummcr-houlc erected upon
a hill on the Itft hand as you entei, wincli commands a
view of the houfe, park, and c.>;intry n.iind, on both
fides the 'I'hamcs, for many miles. 'I'he p.irk, in which
the houfe is fnuuted, appcais plain and uiLidorncd j but
in one part ot it is a little wildcrncfs laid out in w.ilks, and
planted with a variety of evergreen trees and plants,
with agrotto in it, andfeats indmercnt pl.iccs. ThewooJ
ill the park is well difpofed, and confills of fine oaks,
elms, and other trees ; and the whole country round ap-
pears finely (haded with woods.
Richmond, which Hands twelve miles from London,
is elleemed the fineft village in the IJritifh dominions, and
hence has been termed the Frefcati of England. It was
anciently the feat of our monarchs, and the palace, for
its fplcndor, was called Shetic, which in the Saxon
tongue fignifics rcfplcndcnt. Here king Edward HI. died
of grief for the Icu of his brave fon Edward the Black
,lfu /;«'♦>. Prince; and here died Anne the wife of Richard II.
who fifft taught the Englifil ladies the ufe of the fidc-
fiddle; for before her time they rodcaflride. Her dymg
here gave Richard fuch a diflike to the place, that he
defaced it ; but it was repaired and beautified by king
Henry V. In 1497 this pal.icc was deftrojed by fire, when
king Henry VU. was there; but in 1501 that prince
caufed it to be rebuilt, and commanded that the village
{hould from thence forward be called Richmond, from
his havi i;j borne the title of earl of Richmond, before he
obtained the crown. That prince died there, as did alfo
his grand-daughter, queen Elizabeth.
The prcfent palace, which is finely fituated, is a plain
rjifict, created by the duke of Ormond, who obtained
a grant of a confiderable fpace of land about Richmond
Ircm king William HI. as a reward for his military fer-
viccs ; hjt it devolved to the crown on that duke's at-
tainder, in the beginning of the reign of king Georg;e I.
His late majclly took great delight here, and made fcve-
ral improvements in the palace ; while queen Caroline
ainuled herfelf at her rcyal dairy. Merlin's cav?, the her-
mitage, and other improvements which fhe made in the
park and gardens of this delightful retreat. Though the
palace i« unfuitable to the dignitv of a king of England,
the gardens are extremely fine, without offering a violence
to nature, and almoin every thing here has an agreeable
wildnefs, and a plealmg irregularity, which affords a
much higher and more lafling fatisfad>ion than the ftiff
decorations of art, where the arlilf lolis fight of nature,
which alone ought to diredf his hand.
On entering thefe rural walks you arc conduifled to the
dairy, a neat but low brick building, to which there is
an afeent by a flight of fleps, and in the front is a hand-
fume pediment. Ibe walls on the infide arc covered with
6
Itucco : the houfe is furnifhed fuitably to a roy,,| j ■
and the utenlils for the milk are of the moll beau't'iiui
roiir
ha
a
china. On pafliiig by the fide of a canal, and th,„
^Tove, the temple prefents itfclf to view, fituaii-Jo
inount. It is a circular dome, crowned with a b.^ll "
lupported by Tufcan columns, with a circular aliar"^
the middle, and to it is an afeent by very fleep flo,,c, "'
Returning by the dairy, and rrofling the gnvd ^ 1.
which leads from the palace towards the river Iham
you come to a wood which you enter by a walk ter V'
natcd by the queen's pavilion, a neat elegant flriidtu,'
In another pait of the wooi is the duke's (ummer-lioji-"
which has a lofty .irched entrance. On leavini- the «o't
you come to the fummrrlioufe on the terrate al'j^-
i'mall builJiiiL', with very large and lofty window^,',',
h.-
Rood p : ures 1 eprefeiitiiig the taking of V igo by the dub
f^f Onnuild,
On paninp through a labyrirlth you fee near a purj
Merlin's cave, a thatched Gothic llruchirc, wiilnn ttV 1
give a better view of the country, and rai'ticulaily of',i
noble feat c.illed Sioii-houfe, In this tdinte aie /,
are the following fi'.'urcs in wa-s ; M:illi
, a.'i ancient
lititifh enchanter ; the learned queen Klizabctli, .ui,!
queen of the Amn/.nns. Here is alfo a library, cunfi '
of a choice collection of the works of mode
f" auihor',,
neatly bound in vellum. On leaving this ftruJturc'
whieli has an antique and venerable appearance, you rrm'
to a l.ir;;e uval five hundred feet in diameter, and turn-
ing from heme have a view of the hermitage, a '.'rotclquc
building, which appears to have flood niany'hundrid
years, though it was built by order of her late inaitftv
It has three arched doors, and the middle part, which pm
jecis forward, is adorned with a kind of ruinous dii-uljr
pediment , the Hones of the whole edifice appc.ir'aN n
rudely laid together, and the venerable look of che whol'
is improved by the thickncfs of the folenin grove bchinj
and the little turret on the top, with a hell, tu whidi'
you may alcend by a winding walk. The iiifidc U in
the form of an odogon, in whTch are the bulls ol the fol-
lowing gnat men, who by their writings were an honou.-
not only to their uiiintry, but to human nature. Tl.c
hrif on the right hand is the incomparable Sir jfajc
Newton, and next to him the juflly celebrated Mr.
Locke. The firit on the left hand is Mr. Woolallon, the
author of The Religion of Nature difplaved ; next to
him iv the Rev. Dr. Samuel Clarke, and in a kindot
alcove the honourable Mr. Robert Boyle.
Upon k.iviiig this feat of contemplation, you p;;';
through fields cFothed with gr.ifs, corn fields, and a vi.'.i
ground uiterfperfed with broom and furze, which af-
ford excellent ibeltcr for hares and phcafants, and here
there are great numbers of the latter very tamf. Prom
this pleafing variety, in which nature appears 11; ill hct
forms of cultivation and barren wildncis, you come 10
an amphitheatre compofed of young elms, thiouidi vvhiih
you pal's to the foreft walk, which extends about h;l; i
mile, and then pafTing through a fmall wilderrefj voa
leave the gardens.
At the extremity ^j.' the garden on the nortii-e:.ft, i-,
another houJe that belonged to her late majtily, and
near it the houfe of his late royal highnefs Kitd.'tic
prince of Wales, which is on the infide adorned with
Itucco. Oppolitc the prince's houfe is the princefs
Amelia's, built by a Dutch architedf, the outlide ot
which is painted. To the weft of the gardens is fccn
the fine houfcs of fcveral of the nobility and gentry, par-
ticularly the lady Buckworth's, and lAr. Geoffriy's, and
on the other fide of the Thames appears Illewoith.
To return to the village of Richmond. The green is
extremely pleafant, it being furrounded with lofty elm.s
and adorned on each fide with the houfcs of perlbns of
diiliniition. Amonj" thclc is a handfome edilice that for-
merly belonged to Sir Charles Hedges, and fince to Sir
Matthew Decker, in the gardens of which is (aid to bf
the longelt and higheft hedge of holly ever Iren, with
other hedges of evergreens, villas cut throu.h woc.is
grottos, fountains, n fine canal, a decoy, fiimmcr-hourp,
and itove-houles, in which the anana or pim'-apple, fn
oltcn mentioned in 1 ur treat. ng of Alia, was fiill l-roiii'nt
to matuiiiy in this kingdom. On the north ead iiiie "t
the green is a fine houle, which belonged to the late Mr.
Htydigger,
Engl.'.nd.
Hc\Jizn"> =""' * ""'■-■ '"^
ofCuniberland, on paliiii:!
p.,rk belonging to Ins maj
liiJ oppolitc to it IS the em
ine uJc of this green has ;
ivliich plays are acted durii
The vill-!;e runs up th
withthei.iv..! gardens llopi
j, here .1:: .dms-nnufe, bii
Wiiichei.er, in the leigii
anceof a vow made by Uia
lAile, ("r ten p'jur vvidov
hvidfe endowed with above
lijunJatiiiii, has b^-en tot
Mitdnli, efq. Here are ;
l,,rliltv bovs, .ind tlieothe
Oil thcilcent of the hill
j:\ water, tr. quinted du
c.al et .•'><"! e >mp.!ny. (
jiid b.-autiful pi;.tpect of t
niljnes and it.cljlures ; th
r,ca:h, and the lindfcapc
sj:j icatteitd along its liar
Nc.v-1'arK is lltii.ited I
aiOnJ, and was m.:dc m tli
u me lar^elt ot .iiy wit!
cxciat tna; of Wiii.lfnr, !i
in tamp :ls, and cncli fed
ri.'k b a iniall hill -.m1( up
1:0m which is a pro'pect c
\:cw ot il'.e city I'f Lniulni
new lod;;e, built by the la;
It.iiciure i'uilt ot itone. 111
a.hliiie oi briik. It Kam
Ijiiis a g"ud prolpect of t
pee "I water tliat is in it.
ir. ,;c tnan a wild variety <
»ic luch as cannot tail ot p
u..ijn;':d witn views in thi
It tie:ance of art ami deli
W aiLon, a ullage fituaie
10 tr.c weft ol Kiiiglbiii,
y.ii:.<.kx. It Is l.ud th
njsj'i'i'i-J totliis town, till
»l-.>a;.'ie old current ol th
!:.jr.Jati..ii, and a cliiirch 1
. iiiic a c inoiis bri.l;'e ove
;j:ilic-lpiriicd gentleman .
f.wUd i:i the Mar one lliui
itconlitts ol only tour li
t.i:cc i.irir arches ol beam
hoMi I guhvr witn nioi
sniicr the:e thicv arelK-- t
;idiswh!tli ate five other
!',je, to render the aiceiit
rut thrrc i. (eldnm water
:riV. liotids J and lour on
L,', they being on high gi
av>A)j. 1 he middle areli,
..■?)rds 2n agreeable prolpe
. .'?[lii'.'.d with wood and
■; :u 1 I Jiihderable dillanf
c; ih's :;reat areh liils a pei
!:;.lJtio!i of awe and turpi
;!'.;r.lion are increaled on
jt!s jrc III a falling pofitio
p:cce to be difeoveicd ; ai
:iic very fmali diiiicntluii
wr. k- 1) lupported. In |
'.Oil have proceeded pad tl
icrliicii between the tinibi
i^i-of pr..l'pei:l5, which at
:;fatcr advantage. Hut tl
w.ih bracts, and rails eigt
inly a parapet of wide la
(«ni lar:-.' enough to aJni.
^oitiruu/h, provrled he (
the water i> Iceii through e
bdim, ilu'le unuled to luc
t\c tii'.c without tome api
iic puipolely left to admit
U R O
EVCL.'.VD.
Hc\Ji2"^r> and a little boyonJ it that of ihc late duke
otCunilJerlaiid, on palling wliicli you come to a fmall
nirk brlongiiig to liib niiijilty, well llotkcil wi{|i deer,
iiiJ oppoiiie to it IS tlic L-imaine into t!ie f .luleiiM. (Jii
the iiJc el •'"» o"-'^" *'•''' •'''" '"''■■" ^■"-''^t'd •> ihc.itie, in
ttlmh nl.iy. arc acUd during the luminer (e.iloii.
I'lic uli'! ;e runs up the hill to the New-I'ark, and
,(,'hthe io\ .11 ■gardens flopes lowaids the 'rh.iines I'here
i, here .i;i .dnis-noule, built by Or. Dupp.i, bifliop ot
Wiiicheuer, in the leigii cC kinj; Charles II. in puilu-
ancc ut a \ow made by mat prelate, duriii:^ th.it piince's
.^ilc (iir ten |iuor widows. There is another alms-
hiiult ehJinved with above lool. a year, which, I'liue its
MunJatiun, has been coiiliderably cncrealeil by John
Miiciu!i> tlq. H^re are alio two charity lihools, one
• ■rhliv bovs, .ind the other lor htty girls.
Oil thealcent ol the hill arc well.s of a piiri;in;^ niine-
r;l water, (r. out ntcd during the lumnKT by a great
Cia! el :ou^ c imp^niy. On the top is a nuilt e>;Knlive
;]id bijutil'ul piolpect of the country, inierlpcrkd witii
niUets and iticl.ihires ; the Thames is {v<:i\ running be
r,ea:li, and the lindfcapc is impioved by the many line
iij!) u-atteiid alung its banit.s.
ScA-l'arIc is litii.ittii between Kinijllon and Rieh-
atoiivi, and was fn.:dc in t'.ie reign ot king Cli.iili.. I. It
I) inc lur^elt ot .ny within tiic environs ol London,
except tiia: of Win.llnr, lor it is laid to be eleven niiK-
iii tjmjvils, and c.-ieli fed with a brick wall. In tin
njlk 1) a fniall hiil -.mi! up, cai.ed king Henry's Alounl,
iMii which is a prn!|HCt of lix counties, with a lijltan;
\ew ot l!:e citv of Lomlon anil of Windfur e.iltle. 1 Ik
new lod;e, built by the laie tail of Uriord, is an eicg. ni
Itiuclurt t>uilt of (tone, in a li|u,ire Inrin, with wings on
ti.hfnieoi brick. It Hands on a rifing giound, .iiid at-
loids a g"od profjKCt of the park, elpecially of a ''"e
r.L.c el water that is in it. Thcnigh this park h.is little
ni.:c man a wild v;iriety of n.itural beaniies, yet tlule
jiclueh as cannot fail of pleafing tnole who are as much
u,.ij(i;':U witn views in their ruclelt appearance, ab in all
l.t cie ance ol art and dedgn.
U alioii, a ullage fnuaieil on the Thames i-ight miles
to trx welt ol Kiiiglton, and uppolite to Shepperton in
MiJj.ilr.\. It 13 l.iid that the lalt nieiUKineil lOUIity
Hisiiiaicd to this town, till about three hundred years ago,
uLiKhi. old current ol the Thames w... changed by an
ii.jaJilii.n, and a church delirovcd by the waves. 'I'here
■ rit'ic a c inoiis bri.f'e over the Ihaiiies, erected by that
juLlic-lpiiited gentleman Samuel Decker, clq .md com
f.Lt.ii i:i liie Mar one thoul.ind liven bundled and hliy.
iicuiiliiti ul oniy lour If.jne piers, between which are
l.iia- Ur^r arches ol beams and joills ot wo ul, ttiongly
boji.J t ^;ih r wiin nioitiies, iron pins, and ci.inips ;
ur.iicr thi;e thice arclies the water coii(t.inily lun. j lie-
lidts which aie live other arcm's of brjck-v.oik on cacii
;:jt, 111 tender the aicent and dclcent the more e.ilv :
but thiTc 1. leldom water under anv of them, except in
:rcj! ili^iids 1 and lour on the .Middlelex lide are llop|icd
I,', they being on high ground, above the rc.ich ol the
a^^.'>l.l, The middle arch, v.hcn viewed Ironi ilic river,
-■furdi an agreeable prnlpeit ol the country, beautilully
c.rnii'.i.d with wood and water, whiih is feeii thioucii
; :o 1 1 Miliderabic ddtance. J he [.'odigious compjfs
c; ihs great arch liils a perlon bciow with an uncommon
Irr.utiun of awe and furprife ; and his alionilhmint and
:'!tRlion are incrcafed on his obleiving, that all the tini-
bfii are in a failing pohtion, for tlieie is not one upright
p:cct' 10 be difcovered ; and ai the lame time conliders
;nc vtty fmali dimenfions of the piei.s bv which the
wr, Is IS fiipported. In p.ifling over the biidge, when
.ou have proceeded pail the buck work, the vacant iii-
Wlticii between the timbers, yield at every Hep a vari-
i:. ol' profpci;t5, which at the renter are (cen to a (till
;:fatcr advantage. Ijut though each lide is well fecnrcd
w.ih h.•a^<.s, and rails eight Icct high, yet as it attords
nnly a parapet of wide lattire-work, and the apeiturcs
(remlarjc enough to aJni.t the |Salla 'C cil any perlon to
^oihfuu/h, provilcil he climbs or is lilted up, and as
the wall r ii (ccn through every op.ening at a gieat depth
b(lii«, thole unuled to fuch views can hardly approach
t^c liile without lonie ai>picbenlions. Ihele openings
lie puipoicly left tu admit it free pall'agc for tlic air, in
E.
4^3
order to keep the timbers the more found, and that the
leall decay ni.iy be the more cafily pcieeivcd, and re-
paired.
Kpfoip, a handlomc well built town, fixtccn milci. Itf7
from l^ondon, abounds with genteel houfes, which aic
principally the retreats of the r.ierch.mts and citi/.ins of
London, and is a delighclul place, ojien to lUnlteaJ
Downs. The town e.xieiu's about a mile and a h.ill in
a lemicircle, from the church to lord Ciuiliorii's line
le... at Durdan's ; and as Mr. Whatley oblcivis, iheie
are fo many tine fields, meadows, orchards, and girdens,
that a llr..nger would be at a lofs to know, whether this
was a town in a wood, or a wood in a town lis mine-
ral waters, which illue tioin a riling ground nea'cr Alh-
lled th.in Kplom, weie ilileovi red in I'JiS, and foon be-
came very famous; but ihi.iiijh thcv have not loll their
virtue, they are far from being in the fame repute as
lormcriy j however, the lalt made of them is valiitd all
over fiirope. The hall, galleiics, and other public
ap.irimi lit , .ire n iw run to Jec.iy, and there r.m.iins only
one houle on the Ipot, whu h is inhabited by a co'intry-
man and his wife, who carry the wau r in bottlu. to the
adj.icent places. Ilotle races aie annually held on the
neighbouiing downs, and tb.ii.-.ire many hue f;at3 .n
till, neighbourhood, bilides Durdan's alreidv mentioned,
:is the call ol Ijcrkfliiie's, lord Haliimoie's, tr,e l.idy
111 ldin;;'s, c^i;.
Croydon, a plcafant town on the edge of Hanfl-c.nl
Downs, till miles to the liuiih of London, is pretty lar:;e, 10,
.ind inhabited by many citi/ ns fioni London. Among
ihe otl'icr buildings IS the ancient palace of ilr archbi-
lliops of Canteihnrv, fen ral ul' whom have Imn iiuer-
red in the church, particulaily archbilhop VVhiijifrj
who built and endnwed an hofpital fur a warden and
iwi nty-eight men and women, and a fehool fbrten bo\s,
and as iiiany girls, who arc clothed and taught, This
town has a great corn-niaikit on Saturdays, chiefly for
oats and oatmeal, for the fervicc of London.
Southwark, a boiough of confiderablc extent, contains
nine parillie.s, an 1 lends two members to parliament ;
but as it may rather be coiilidered as a fuburb to Lon-
don, we fli,dl therefore defer any farther defciiption of it
till we come to that city.
Dulwich, a very pleafant village in Siirry, five miles
from LonJi.n, where is a fpring of medicinal water.
I he line walk oppolite to the Cireen iVi m, through the
woods, affords from the top of that houie a very noble
(irofpect; but it is much exceeded by that Iroin a hill
behind the huule, where under a tice, diltniguilhed bv
ilic name ot Ihe Oak of Honour, you liave a view of
the houfes, churches, and other ejihccs, from Chel-
lea to I'nincv, with all tlte adjacent viil.igcs, toge-
llier with VV'eltniinller, Lon.lon, Deptlord, Circenwich,
and over the metropolis as far as .Highgate and H-ni-
Itead.
Dulwich is moft famous for its college, founded .in J
endowed in Idiq, bv Mr. William Alleyn, who n.imej
It The College ol Clod's Gift, 'i'his gentleman being a
eontediaii and principal aitor in many of Sliakefpf-are's
pla\s, it is fail!, he once perfonating the dc\ il, was fo
Irii'htid at Ills im.n'ining that he law a real devil on the
llai-e, that he tn.m that moment ijuitted the theatre,
devoted the remainder of bis life to religious excrcifes,
and founded this college lor a mafler aiiu warden, who
were always to be ol the nnine of Ailcyn, or Allen ; with
lour lellows, three of whom were to be divines, and the
fourth an organilt ; and for fix poor men, as many poor
women, and twelve poor boy?, to be educated in the
crdlegc by oncot the fellows as Ichoolmalter, and by an-
other as ulher. To this college belongs a rh.ipel, in
which the loumler liimlell, who was lever.d years mcf-
tcr, lies interred. Ihe m.dter of this college is lord of
the manor for a conlidcrable extent of ground, and en-
joys all the luxurious affluence and cafe of the prior of
a monallery. Hoth he and the warden mull be unmar-
ried, and are for ever debarred the privilege of entering
that Hate, on pain of being excluded the lellei'c ; but as
the warden always lucceeds upon the death of the maltcr,
great inlercll is conflantly made by the nnniairicd men
of the name of Allen, to obtain the polt of warden.
The original cdilicc is in the old llylc of building ;
O' O but
i' 1
1^;
m
!!■ '1
m
I ■''h\i,
il ' 1 '
f m
'M
iH
A SYSTEIW OF GEOGRAPHY.
''-"»■''». A .•,:,.
} :,
W-
u
''Wl-
V
W
f-
A1-
but part or it has been lately rebuilt with greater ele-
gance, out (it what hub been laved troni the produce of
the iftatc. Ihi' in.ilkr's. iipartiiitnts are very richly a-
tiornc'ci with noble old l.:rimuic, which he is obliged to
purihalc on las cntennj; into that llaiioii ; and tor his
ul'e there is a lilu.iry, to which every mailer generally
addi a number ot books. 1 he college is alio accommo-
dated with a very plealant garden, jdor!>cd with walks,
and a great prolulion ot Iruit trees and Howcrs.
Lambeth, a village leated on the J'hames, near the
foutli-end ot W'ellminller bridge, is particularly famous
for its ci<nt.iiniiig tor level al ago, the palace ot thu arch-
bifhfip of Canti rbury. I'his Krue'ture was liill eieileil
by Haldwin, arehbilhop of that lee in iiSH, and vvas
tebuilt by aiehhiihop Uonil'acc in 1250; but l.veial of
the liiccei Ju.g prelates have added additional buildings.
ilcncc, as the prelent Itructuie h.is been erected at dit-
ftrent p^jriods, it is not at all lurpriling, that it h.is hut
little appciiuiice ot uniformiiv. However, the eiiihce,
tl'.ough old, is in moll pait. itroiig ; ihe corners arc
ticed with rultic, and the top I'ui rounded with battle-
ments : the piincipal apartments aie well proportioned,
and v^ell enlightened. As it is liiiiatcd on the bank o;
the i hame!, it attoids a line view up and down the
liver, and from the higher apartments, a profpcl ot the
country each way. Ihis pjlaee has a hue libr..ry, and
a fpavioiis gaiden abounJiiig in I'ruit trees.
Vauxhall, a hamlet 111 the parilli of Lambeth, is par-
ticularly famous lor the beauty of th* gardens, that have
for many \eais betn lonvcrted, during the Ipriii!.' and
fummcr Icalon^, into a place ot genteel enteit.iiiimeiit.
In the midll of the garden is a I'upcrh ortheltra, coiitain-
inii a line organ and band of mulic, with lome ot the
bell voices, and the leats or boxes arc dilpnled to the
bcrt alvantage with relp.:!;! to hearing the mulic. In
moH of the boxes are paintings troin the deligns of Mr.
Haynian ; and 111 a large and luperb pavilion, ate leve-
ja) paintings bv the hand (.f that ingenious aitilf. 'J"hc
trees are Icattcted here with a ple.iling conlulion. At
fon;. diUance aie fevcral noble villas, where the I'paces
between each are filled up with neat hedges, and on the
infid'.' are planted flowers and fwect linelling Ihrubs.
Some of thele villas terminate in a view of ruins ; otiiers
in a profpec^ of the adjacent country, and others arc
adoined with a painted iej>relentation of triumphal
arches. Thi-re are heic feu'ral llatues, particularly a
good one in marble by Mr. Roubiliac, of the late iVlr.
Handel, in the character ot Orpheus, playing on a lyre.
When It grows dark, the garden is iiilfantly illumina-
ted with about liiteen hun.icd glal's lamps, which glit-
ter among the trees, and render it extremely light and
brilliant, boor after a very extraordinary piece of ma-
chinery is exhibited on the iiilide of one of the hedges,
near the entrance into a villa ; by removing a curtain is
ftiewn .i tine LmdlVapc, illuniinatcd by concealed lights,
in which the priiicipal objects that Itrikc the eye are a
cafcadc and a midei's lioufc. The exad appcaiance of
water is I'ecn flowmg down a declivity, and turning the
wheel of a mill ; it rifes up in foam at the bottom, and
then gli.les away. I his moving picture attended with
the nolle of the water, has at once a furpriling and plca-
fing edcJl ; hut the author of London and its Environs,
a very ufeful and entertaining work, jullly oblerves, that
•' here people being obliged to wait till the curtain is
" drawn, and alter beholJiiig it lor a few minutes, hav-
" ing it .Tgain luddenly concealed from the view,
" V.I. en the exhibition is ended for that night, has too
" inucli the air of a raree-ftiew. He adds, that if it
" cou'd be contrived to make its appearance gradually
" with the rifiiig of the moon in the fame picture, which
" n.ight f-cm to enlighten the piofpeift, and at length
«' by degrees become (iblcured bv the palling of a cloud
" before that luir.iiiaiy, the tffeJt would perhaps be
*' much more agreeable."
Farnham, a large populous market town, featcd on
the river \\ \c, on the callern extremity ot Surry, and
forty-one miles to the weft-foiith-well of London, was
once the gieattlt corn-market in Lngland, except Memp-
llcad a.nd London, particularly for wheat, of which vail
quantities ulcd to be brought here every market-day ;
but though its corn-market is dwindled, its plantation
•f hups arc iu much improved, that its trade iu that ar-
ticle is fupcrior to that of Canteibury, Maidllone 1
many of the places in Kent ; and the hops here beiM.r"'i
lupenor goodiufs, yield abetter pi ice than any othtf '!'
tr I--' indeed all the country about I'ainham 111, vb'
cunlidcred as one general hop-ground. At this town i"
a callle built by a bifliopof \V incheUer, which is f.ij ,
have been polHiied in a conllant fucciiruin by the bifli .,''
ot that diocefe, ever fince the reign of km,' Stepl,!!''
This pal.ice is a magnihcmt llrudlurein theCj^oihictijl-
deeply moated, and llroiigly wallid in, with i„»i.,', ,"'
proper didam es. It (lamb upon the ed;',e ot a lnji \,;|
has a fine paik llocked with about (even hundred head
deer, the property of the bilhop, who lias tiiem lent , ''
gether with truit from the gardens, to fupply i,,^ ',.'
at Chellsa. One huge and broad (Iriet of il.c unvn '
the bottom of the hill, fronts the callle, in wh.ii, ^ .7
elegant mulic room. '1 he rell ot the town puiiciiM;'
conlilis of a Ion" llrait llreet, which croIlL, :t at I.Ji.:
angles. " ^''^
About two miles from l''.iriiham, is Mere Park f.r
nieily the feat of Sir William lemplt, v. !i„ n, t,'is |^»
will ordered his heart to be put into a eliini b.doii anj
buried under a fun-dial in the garden, whuh w.i'i ^
coidingly pcifcrmtd. 'I his hou.i« is litiiaud in j vjIL-v
lurroiiiidLiI on every fide wiih hi;ls, and haniiir a ru- '
ning llieani throuijh the gardens. Cio iig Irjiii'ilin Ic'it
on the kit hand under a hi",l\ clitr', is .1 Ijiiii^ei ■.■.r.-jiJ
grotto, which they c.ll Moth r Ludl.ie's HuU', il,r„u 'i
which uiiis a lliong till 01 water. The grotto ijlai,.-.
but diirinifties and winds awiy as the Ipnng feeiii>""tj
have diiecled. I he owner has pav«d the boiioni wiih a
kind of Mofaie tile, an i has fparaf-d the wid.r pa-t
from the narrower behind, bv a little pariptt, thruu-h
which illucs the llreaiii ot water, winch glides throu'-n
maible troughs one below another, till 11 is convcvcj
out of the grotto, and there murmuriiit; down a ronliJ;.
rable dcclii i'y over many aitilicial lleps, fa|!j ir.tu thj
river on the ri^.;ht-hand. From thi: grotto you eotr, .
mand a fine prolp.dl of the meadows and woods, uhid/
lie below and over againll it, and thele are ai'aiii bound.
cd by hills, which render the whole on; of tli; i;-.,.-
romantic lituations imaginable.
S E C T. X.
0/ H,WfpJ/)ire or I/.inii ; its Siluuticn, Exttiit, Ihi'l'i.-.
Climnti-, Pioiimc, Riven, and piimiluil PluiH.'
THIS county, though called Hampdiirc, or Hanti,
ispropcily the county of Southampton, ;,iij i,
bounded on the call by Sutry and Sulicx, on the loati-v
by the IJritifh channel, on the well by Wiltfhite ai, I
Dorl'etfliirr, and on the noitli by lieiklhire. It txttiiii)
lixty-lour miles in length from north to iV.uth, ih;r!v-l:>c
Irom call to well, and is about one hundred and ;ii;v
miles in circumlcrence. It is divided into thiitv-iii:;v
hundreds and contains nine forelts, twenty-nine pjtk\
one city, eighteen market-towns, 25^ pariflus jbu^
thiity-lix thoufand houfcs, and bv the moll niodiii (cn,-
putation a hundred and eighty thoufand inhabitar.;-, wn 1
elcill twenty fix members of parhament, two : : ilio
county, two for the city of W'lnchcller, ami twu ic:
each of the following towns, Southampton, Hortliimutn,
I'etcrsfield, Yarmouth, Newport, Stockbri.i^e, .■\:iJo-
ver, Whitchurch, Lymiiigton, Cluillchurch, ajii
Newtown.
The air is mild and whokllimcj but a fiuall p:.rt, which
confiils of the low grounds next the tea, is lut^jivt m the
lea vapours ; but without the bad cllecis uhially cxpr-
licnced in other countries. The foil ia gciierallv ii.'i,
and the county atfords plenty ot corn, cattle, «o. I, b..-
con, wood, iron, and honey. The {\vi\-i arc reinju.i-
bly good, but Imull, and valued both for th- ir fl'.lh and
wool. The bacon ot this county is clleenicd the bell m
England, and its honey, cxcipt that gathered "n tlie
heaths, bears a high price ; and of this the inhjli'antj
make moll excellent mead and nKtluglin. Th» e\i-.l-
Icncy of the llaniplhirc bacon is attributed to ihi iwiiif
being fupplied with plenty of acorns lioni the New lnr?lt
and other woods, in whith they ait lutleicl to tun :i'
large. The lea coafthcre fjrti:(h:s uvllrs, loblUr., mi
oihcr fca fi1i> 'inJ its rivers
liouts. Tnere is art couii
J, this i and though the v
Potilmoutli, Southampton,
liii.i; the Revolution, 111 bu
vtlTcls, has confumed great q
oflimbfr, a great deal beii
Stw Forell there are call
jroicth.
The rivers of this count)
ilj; Chartord, and runmiij
into the ki below Chrillcli
,11 the northern p.irt t.t f
louihivard forms fevcral ida
11110 an arm of the (i-a call
oiher rivets aie the Stowre,
The gently here delight
HO'Js and downs being pro
ib;l'i; animals ; uiul the bef
);cd ill thii county. Kerfr
itiMgh not in luch plenty a:
i;C. of Wihfliirc, Somerfet
i!t enough is made not onh
ijipaic foine for exportation.
hirlioatJ ill this coiiniy have
ioit. Tliepnncip.il places i
Wincheller, or Wmtoii, ;i
titBntons Cae(KJwint,whii
lioTithe chalky hills near it
unctllcr. It IS pleal'aiiily li
Sllioii the river Itching, h\
[v-north of London. This
ncjble appearance, and yet
i,':i, lome of them very h
r'.qe-fchools, with the epifi
Mjtlcy. It has one fpacious I
Ivwrrow, and the walls gr
h:!! is built like an old chapi
i.iiiirc t«'o ailes. Ot-r the
ikj'jJiJc's tear, is fixed agai
:jinj!jbleof king .Arthur, wi
iijxin it, in fuch Saxon char.-J
Ihiiis laid to be a piece of a]
■.tJfi Handing j but Camden
.::3 be of a much later date
Mhiscify nolefs than thirty
;:iit preiciit reduced to five,
;:Jtuii thele aremoie than .1
iitrv plain on the oulfije,
i: He weft end, cither a tlatu
^ Mbel'cen on the outlide.
iviry little height above th
;r,il!ii.nj, but is covered in,
■:i;off, which wa5 probably
t.-.oajh to fupport a veiy h
■■:\K\\ door, the church ma
irpeirancci the vatiltin':j ot'
:■;: pillars on each fide .u-e ii-.
iih: arches. The entrance
:;itof ftep' the whole brcaii
wfcrtcn, which was defi^n
f.Mof archite(flure of th?
nil! joining the Roman to th.
alfcil'm in architeiflure. Th
Mtd'iithic workmandiip, to
mcWat theexpence ot bilh
I iitfat additional ornament,
|ifitccwith the red. 'i'he fl
iWiipliced, is a fine piece
i'v^s of the niches, where to
1- ppd awav in order to make
I <>"jcc this fine piece.
Uithin this cathedral ,:re
jt'vaiioii.^ It was tor funic .u.
|'i«oii, Norman, and En-lill
liliWewerecnlJeaed bv^bifl
li-:"" into fix large wooden c,
IpccJ on the great waii in th
■".' three on the other, with
■''jmeachchcll, ntmcly, th
■'-••Ml!, t Jmundui, Cai'iutuj
m
EnclanT).
EUROPE.
5'5
ihcr (cy fill, nil J its rivei's abound in frcfli fini, cfpccially
" ats. In'''''-' is no county in KnglaiiJ Cj well wod.IcJ
this i and tlioiigli the vait conluinption of timber at
Poitlmouth, Southampton, krdhridgc, and otlu-r places,
i',. c the Revolution, in buildini; men of vv.ir and Imalli i
tlTcls hasconfuincJ great quantities, yet there is no want
tiinmbfr, a great deal being llill lelt growiin ; and ni
Stw Forell there are oakj i/i fi'voral hundred years
jtfcivth.
The rivers of this county are the Avon, wli.tn enters
;. J' CharlVird, and running; I'outliward diftliar;;is itielt
]i\o the fea below Chrillclmrch ; the Tele, whieh riles
i|>c northern pirt (.1 llanipfhire, and running alio
Southward lorins Icveral idands at Stoktbrijge, Mui lalls
liuo an arm of the (ca called Southampton-water : the
oihcr rivers aie the Stowre, and the Itehiii!^;.
The gently here delight much in fo;:-liunt'n.;, the
,0 J> iiid downs being proper for breeding and h.iiitin^
ij.,:l'o animals i und the belt fox-houndJ are laiil to be
jred 111 this county. Kerfeys and cloth are m:ide here,
inju'h not in lueh plenty as in the neii>hbourin;; coun-
;c, of Wiliftiire, Someifetniirr, and GloiKellerfliirs ;
ift tiiou'h is made not only for home conluiiiption, but
•oipjrc foine for exportation. The coiivenieiit ports and
liitSioari in this county have brought a good forii.;ii trade
;oi! 'I'liepnncip.il places in it arc the loliowing :
W'.ncheller, or W'intoii, a very ancient city, c.dled by
lit Britons C.ie»(iwint, whieh fignitics the \Vhitc Town,
j;on the chalky hills near it; and by the Saxons Win-
uncclkr. It IS pleal'aiiily lituated in a valley between
!■, liioii the river Itching, lixtyfcvtii miles to the welt-
tv-north of London. This city at a dillance has a vc-
nirihk appearance, and yet has many modern build-
irj, fome of them very handfomc ilrudurcs, as the
[s.e'e-fchoob, with the cpifcopal palace, built by bifhop
;,|jrlcy. It has one fpacious ilrect ; but the reft arc moit-
.jnirrow, and the walls greatly decayed. The town-
t:!! is built like an old chapel, i'upported by pillars, and
isiure t*'o ailcs. Oi-r the court of Nili Prius, above
iktjuJge's fear, is fixed againft the wall the pretended
rou.iJ table of kin.; .Arthur, with the names of the knights
tpon it, in fuch Saxon characters as no man can read.
This IS laid to be a piece of antiquity of twelve hundred
■,tjts Handing ; but Camden, and other authors, imagine
,110 be of a much later date. In former times theie were
;nlhiscitv nolefs than thirty-t.vo parifh-churches, which
;:;« prelcnt reduced to tivc, cxclulive of the cathedral ;
jijtuii thcle uremiKC than are wanted. This la(t church
;vtry plain on the outfije, there not bcinu', except one
i::lieOTft end, cither a Itatue, or a niche tor a llatue,
sDcfccnon the nutfule. The tower is carried up but
iv!rv little height ab.jve the roof, and has no proper
'.:Bmj, but is covered in, as if the biiildin;; had been
:i;oif,"which was probably the cafe, it being itrong
aujh to fupport a veiy hij,h fpirc. On entering at
;-;',vell dnor, the church makes a venerable and m.ijellic
;:ptirance; the vaulting of the r>iof is beauiifiil ; but
■..-.tpilUrs on each fide .ire much too thick for the I'paccs
ith; arches. The entrance into the choir is by a noldi:
:;htof ftrp' the vvhtile breadth of the middle aile ; and
'■(Icrttn, which was defignod by Inigo J.iius, is a fine
t.iCof architcifture of the Compol'itc oider. ISut his
n«! joining the Roman to the (Jothic IliU: is certainly a
Dtcifm in archlteiiture. 'I"he Italls in the clloir arc of
•it(iothic workiTianlliip, tov*hirh the billiop's throne,
':(;ttJ at the expence ot bilhop Mow, would have been
ijteai additional ornament, had it been C/othic and of
ijitcewith the rcit. The (lone fercen, where the high
iur 1! pLiced, is a fine piece of Cioihic work ; but the
n;!fs of the nichfs, where foimcily were images, bciii"
(•ippcdaway in order to make room for a number of urns,
|<.;;rjccthis fine piece.
Uiihin this cathedral are many I'lings worthy of ob-
Itrvaiion. It was (or fume ages the burying-place of the
lUwi, N'orman, and Engliih kirgi : the relics of fome
liiWe were collefted bvbdhop Fox, and being put to-
Ifsiiitr into fix largo wooden elicits, lined wi"h lead, were
|?wj on the great wall in the choir, three on one fide,
lia! three on the other, with an account whofe hones
|"c ineach chelt, nimely, thofc of Egbert, Adulphus,
|£;;:Jus t JmunduijCanuiuii, and queen Linma. The
tomb-ftone of William ftufus is in the midft of the choir,
and his bones in a wooden chcll tlijt ftands on the top of
the fepium, which parts the choir and the fide ailes. The
tomb of William of VVickham, who built this cathedral,
is very fpacious, lofty, and magnificent ; as is alfo thu
tomb of cirdinal Ue.iulcrt, broVher to king Henry IV.
with Icveral others.
In the Inuth fuburb ft.ind; the cidlcgc, crcilcd by Wil-
liam of Wickhain, which is a noble found. ition. The
building conliltsot two large curts, in which ar; lodg-
ings tor the mailers anJfevent) fjiulais, and in the center
I. a very elegant chapel. In thj leeond court arc the
leluiols, with a large doiltei beyond them, and fome in-
clofures laid open lor tli'.- diverlion of the fchol.irs. I hem
IS alfo a great hall, where the Icholars dine, aiv! in the
middle of the cloifters is a library, whi^h is a (tiong
ftone buildinj, well contrived to prevent fire. The-
fcholars, after Itayine here a certain lime, may removu
to New College, Oxford, which was built by tho
fame prelate. Not fat troin h.iue is St. CioH'jj, an hof-
(Mtal for thirteen brothers, witn a d.iily allow.-.iKe of
bread and beer tor poor travellers. Tncr.: is here an in-
firmary for the leception of fick and lame, which is a
very handfomc modern Itruilurc, built of redbrick, and
lupported by voluntary fubfciiption.
In the place where the antieiit caftlc ftotid, which wci
at the fouth fide of the welt gate, upon an eniincncu
commanding tiit town, king Charles II. began a Itately
palace, upon which he had expended twenty-live thou-
land pounds, when his death put a ftop to the defign. I"hc
louth fide extends two hundred and fixteen feet, ;ind the
weft three hundred and twer.ty-fix; and this ftiuaurcwas
fo far profecuted, that it was carried up to the roof, and
covered. The principal rtoor of this edifice is a noble
range of apartments twenty Icet high, and t!ie whole
building contains no Ids than a bundled and fixty looni;.
His late m.ijelty king George I. made a prele::t to the
duke of Bolton of the fine columns of Italian marble,
which were to have lupported the grand Itair-cale, and
were faid to have been a prefent from the gre.it duke of
I'ufcany. This Itructuie was fitted up lor the French
|)ril'oners taken during the late war.
Winchefter is about a mile and a half within the wall; ;
but it has no tia.ie, except What is n.iturally o..calionid
by the inhabitants o( the city and thj ncighbouiing vil-
liges one with another, Here is a '.reat deal ot good
company, and the many gentry in the iieigl'.bourluii,d
I add t.j tlic fociablencfs of the place : the clergy aro alfei
] generally very rich and numerous.
[ 'I'hc city is governed by a mayor, a recorder, fevcral
aldermen, lix ot whom arc always jiiltices, with a flierilT
: two bailifts, and lour conll.ddcs. On St. Giles's-hiU, near
this city, IS held, <m the 1 2th of September, one of the
' grcatelt lairs in Fngland for horfes, chcefe, and leather
; and another on Magdalen hill, Auguft the fecoiid, fur
the fame.
Southampton, the county town, is fituated fevcnty- y/.
eight miles to the wcft-fouth-weft of London, between
I two rivers, the Itching on the call, and the Tcfe, or
j Anton, on the weft, which falls into an arm of tlie fea
called the Southampton-water, that is very dcej), fo that
I (liip<) of five hundred tons have been built in it. The
; town has quays for the loading and uiKoadingof mcr-
^ chandi/.e, which rcndcts it a place of good trade, and it
is well inhabited by merchants and (hop keepers. It is
, furrounded with ftrong walls and a double ditch, with
I (even gates, and fevcral watch-towers : it had alfo a
Itroiig caftic to det'end the harbour, placed on a high
mount ; but it is now in ruins. The walls of this old
caftic confilted of little white (tones like the honey-
comb on the back of oyftcr-ftKlls, extremelv hard, and
gathered from the bcacii of the fea, which encompafies
near half the town. At the foiith-eaft corner near the
quay is a lort called the Tower, defended by fome guns.
Here is faid to be one of the broadeft ftreets in England,
three quarters ofa mile long, well paved and flagged on
each fide, terminating in the fine quay. It contains five
parilh-chiirchcs, with one for the French refugees ; and
ail hofpital called (lod's-houle ; alfo a frcefchool found-
ed by king lid ward VI. and a charity-fchool fupported
by fubfciiption for thirty boys, who arc cloathed and
S taui'h
li Tw^'h
I 4f
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t ■''■;;
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fc
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imv
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5'«
A S Y S T E M OF G f. O G R A F H Y.
En
»'OLav
tAiiglu rc;i(lin;j, writiii;;, aiidifiu'tic, &c. In the town
arc Icnir publn- conduits, to which water is conviycil
from the iiciyhhoiirhooil liy Icailcn pipi.s. I'oriiKily .ill
the Canary brought into the kingJoni was ohUi;i.J to bi.'
(irit landed biTL-, till the l,oiulonini.-rcliants (iiiding thii
sn inconvenicnc'i-, purch.n'rj that privili-'gc ot the corpo-
r.iiinn, and h.ul tht ir wuics attcrwauU brought dirtclly
to London. Some mcrchanl^ trade in Port and I'lentli
wines J but their g^reaielk dealings are with Jerley and
Guernl'ey, and to Ncwtouiulland tor lilh. The town i:.
governed by a mivor, and the al^l/e^ are ufually kept in
the town-hall. rhis place is memorable lor the expe-
dient taken by kin^; Canute to lilenie the (latteiy ol his
courtier^ ; (or this purpol'e hi (ealej hinil'elt' on tne bank
iif the river, dreli'ed in all his ri';^il ornaments, and eom-
nianded the tu!e not to appriMch hij tbotllool ; but it loon
wetting his t'e'.l, he ei iilured tlitii iniiiiety and (ervility
in riJieuloudy pretending th.it his power was boiindlLls.
About •.! niile fioni the town, on the bank ol the Itth-
inu, is a vaft pile ol earth iifing in the lorm ol a i.one
from a wide I'mnid.ition, and tailed Hevis .Mount This
is fuppoled to have been .i\\ ancient fortifie.itiun thrown
lip by the Saxons undir the comm.ind of Hcvis, a Sa.\oii
lord, to ojipofe the pall'aue of the Danes over the river,
who lav encamped on the other fide. The liver i.s not
very l.ir^c, but the tide lornis a kind ol b.iv juli under
the mount, which being contiguous to an eiiite hiking-
iiii; to the late earl ol I'etei borough, his lordfhip pur-
ch.ilVd it, and tonverted it into a kiivl of wilderncis ;
and, as it was lull of trees and biambles, cut through
them fevcral circular intricate walks and labyrinilis.
The mount terminates alu.v.: like I'arnall'us in a kind ol
fork, and between the two peaks is a howling-green, or
paltuie, adoincd with tine Italian niaible ll.itues. Ui\
one fide of th:- parterre, declining trom the top of one
of the peaks lothc green, is planted .i little vineyard ex-
poled to the fouth i and on tlic very lumrint of the other
Itands a fumincr-tioule elegantly built, with a good
cellar under it. There are as many things here fabled of
Bevis, as there are in \\'ale.s and Cornwall of king Ar-
thur 1 but both of them iiave fuftered much from legcii-
darv writer.s.
I'ortfmoiiih, a ftiong fea-port town, feventy-two miles
to the fouthwell ol London, in the liltieth degree lorty-
eight minutes north latitude, and in the full degree lix
' niiiuitcs wed longitude. It is the key of England on that
lid'-, and a regular fortification, ai the entrance ol a creek
of Portley idand, which is about fourteen miles in cir-
cuit, and furrounded at high tides by the lea-water, of
which fait IS here made : it is alio joined to the conti-
nent by a draw-bridge, where was anciently a fmall callle
.iiid town called Port Perns, or Port Chelkr, at which
\'cl'pafian landed ; this town and callle Hood at the upper
end ol the creek ; but upon the retiring of the fea, the
inhabitants followed it, and this gave rife to the building
of the pr^fent town. Portfinoiith is one ol the principal
piacei. tor building and la; ing up the royal navy, it being
furniflied with wet and diy docks, and vatl magazines
of naval and mllit.iry Itores : the ropc-houfe in particu-
lar is one contiiivud room eight ht ndrcd and feventy feet,
or .-iliiioft a ([uarti r of a mile in 1'; gth. Theyard i, de-
C-nded by a good counterlcarp, double moat, with rave-
'ins in the ditch, double paliladoes, and works for cover-
ing the place where mod accelTible.
In Portlmouth haven a thouland fail of the largeft fliips
tiay ride at anchor. The mouth, which is not much
1 roader than the Thames at Wedminfter-bridgc, is fc-
ured on the Gol'ijort fiJe by Cliailts's tort, James's fort,
I'orough fort, and i^lock-houfe fort, which has a plat-
form of twenty great guns level with the water; on the
.her fide by Poitlmouth Hands South Sea caftle, and a
umber of additional wo;ks have been lately railed, fo as
ti render the place impregiuble. The harbour is fo fc-
curcd fiom winds, that they cannot blow from any point
of the compafs to the detriment of the (hip.s at anchor in
it i and is fo deep, that a full rate man of war tan ride
at the lowcll ebb without touching the ground ; on the
other hand, there is a boom, <ir chain, at its entrance,
that in cale of danger tan be raifed arj faftened imme-
diately on both tides, fo as to flop any naval force ; and
ifaiiaeked by fca the enemies (lups mud come dir-^n
under Soulh Sea talUe, and afterwards be evp^irl '
long train of cannon !iom the town and the bli'tk-l ' ' '
which muH lake them lore and alt, lur a mile to..'!'",!'''
befiire they icath the haven's mouth. b-t'i-t,
A e.ipit.il convenience to the harbour of I'oitfniu'h
the fate and fpacious r.iad ol Spitliead, which hes beiwa'.'
the continent of llamplhire and the llf..' „l \V|..t,t ,. |
Is about twenty miles mhni'th, and in lume |;T,|,i,"
lefsih.in three in breadth. Ii is delcnded lioinalln'. '' '
blowing fiom the well to the louth-e.ill by 11^. i," '
lands ot tl-.e llleof Wight, and from the wind, of the',''"
olite (piarter by the main
rtlmoiilh
lands in its iui.'hbourhoui
land of llaniplliiro, the
• eji-
of I'ortlmoulh Ironting the middle of the'i, )ad ' Tli,.?*"
1"... I ... ; ;.ui .'i 1 .... I . . ..' . * 'ic UTy
Hiiai
. e-onliil)utctoitsfalctv;,i|„,
mtlaiui, the Spit lying to the noith break, the la o
that tide, as the Hoife's 13ank does on the eatl aiid v"
.M.in's L.ind and the Mulur Hank on the fumh. "a,,"
the boitom, it is pulcLlly found .ind goo I, and llie ti '
and iellu\ of the fea lepairs all the injuiies done liy th'!
anchors. The limits of this road aie alio exactly diii;,',']
guiihed by buoys properly placed.
I'he town is llrong on the land-fide, ithin"enr(T
p.ill'.d by .1 wall, and the many additional Wuri, n ."
h.ive been lately made. 'I'he men toiU:iiuj||,. '"'
ployed in the yard amount to at kail a •.iioulaiid, anJt^j'"
number is gre.itly increaled in time ol war. The , "
and yards are, in ihort, a kind of marine co:i,
witiiin theintelves,
Tiic fituation of I'oitfimuith is low, and fu fu'|
water and ditches, as to he citeemed aguilh. 11,; ||,f.,"
.lie ditty, and have tonlecpiciuly a ilifagieeuble frneil • '.
the continual refort of fcameii an.l fddiers ienil;rit;.lnv '
lull of pejple, elpecially in time of w.ir, when t.it ;•;,'
and taveiiis aie perpetually crowded; but the lanj],,.,'
bills are gener.illy not the moll moderate. The pi.i,c ji
in want of frclli- water ; and, tiv-ugh fcated in aphiitji 1
country, the great toiifumption m^ke.^ all forts of Dr.i;.
films dear ; as are alio lodging.! and fuel. Here ia ,i j|
riloii anJdeputy-governor; the church isalargeanj lii;,„
fome ilructuie, and ftoin the watch-houlc on the top^,-
the ftecple is a fine ptofpcct of the harbour, as wril j, J
Spithead, where fliips ride before they come in, lyjii, [,,,.
tween Portfmouth and the Ifie of Wight. Here is Tf^
new i|uay for laying up eaniion ; and alfo a l;,h:,j|
founded by the government, lor the inllructioii ot vauia
in mathematics and navigation, to ijualily theni lur the
lea-fervicc.
(Jn the adjoining heath a lubiirb has been built, whi..:,
for number of inhabitants, and beauty of the t.oulVj .'
like to exceed the tovMi itfclf. It has a chutch, achoi'
and leveral meeting-houfes.
The government of Portlmouth is by a mavor aiiJ ji.
dcrmen, and the civil go\ci nment is no more intirru'ScJ
by the milit.iry than if there were no gairit'.n j fui;,,,;
there are leldom any complaints, either for want olMf-
cipline among the foldiers, or w.'.nt of prudence it; i,,;
niagillrates.
It uught not to be omitted, that on the third c! jjlv,
1762, .1 drc.idtul fire broke out at twelve in the ir.oniir.j;
in the dock-yard, in a fine pile of building ; in the lower
part of which were pitch, tar, oil, and turpentine; ia
the upper, cables, fails, and canvas : the next Itorc-hcuio
was the fpinning-houfe, fnd above it heinp : ihi: iiut,
where the bell hung, was a long lane piled up wiihct-
caycd (lores ; the next to that were the rope-makers hy-
ing walk and tarring-walk, over which were I'aih, cjiuj.-,
and ropes. The flames raged with fuch fury, th,it all
thcfe buildings were dellroyed. It rained very luni ail
that niglit, and it is thouglit the (Ions caught fire by th; 1
lightning, which was veiy terrible, the element afptir-
ing all on a bla/c. In the waie-houfes that wtre con-
fumed were depofilcd a thoufaiid and fifty tons of hemp, I
five bundled tons of cordage, and about leven hunJ.d [
fails, bffides many hundred barrels of t.ir andoil;utj
with ail tills dcvallation, fuch was the diligence excr:
and Inch the tiuantity of (lores at Chathan), and iti oi.;.: 1
m iga/.incs, 'hat the lofs wa.s loon fupplied nithoutmu..".!
afiecling our public concerns, though in the miiill 0' i|
heavy, gloiiuui, and expeiilive war.
CcfpciJ
6
\:':l..\':n.
([(I'ji'irl ii parted fro
,,:'!iic k-a, an.l is a pi
r:.„l: i,i tun.' of war j
,, I, l')ita! and for:;c II
.'.;.. i.'.f ineniinncd.
.\iiil iver, a l.irge born
i,i.:aiiili ot Loiidiin, i»
;.vt v«ll:rn r.p.id, .is w
J, fijiii London •() T.iii
Ijiviis ill S:iinerlir(Iiirr, I
llc.cJ. It i» very h.-jltl
i) rJiTj of I'lr down< I
ii;ii is a I'.riving, h.indl
I ,11. li.re L an holj
l;ii ■ 'l.
N.jr ihii town U
w\c t'le ojii'ii down-co
ti.- ;i.-.iiiil lair for (h'.-ei
,*r.-, for llo.l-fhecjl J (,
!■ 1 .Mi'iiriiK^ couniiib cu
; , :i.;,l ;.;re.4: (|'iairiiics
,iir !s held on tl:c I
\'.\- (liall now de,''erih
;»,lv includ.d 'jii.'er I
;ej!i tu wi.'l, !:) f,ii
;:y-une miKs 1,1 I ,i;iri
J..I, and fi.vly in elrc
LIT (II the ii'iih f\ !e,
I'iie moil ".idoriy
! i'.:-:fr.vt»th, ami the r
I '•"! M ol Clllldt hlM\h.
rv:.ijlly towaids Kimhc-,
f ■ •".'•ig! s .itid tt.e N'eedl
... ill i.nui-i it in III,,, 'I plac
fi I.. 1! aimoll level and I,',
r .-liMiili-cil!, i; ij for;i.':e
l..iiit^.
T.a air is veiy he..!rh/,
.' ,,ii^ciirti enough in one
.'..•a; ail I thi'i enables the
|,| ;:.''.iii I and clii'.vhere.
i:.-..i:.- , rahbcts, ]i.!rtrid
■,'.i.:•,■o.^vi•J■fow!; it
;-.::.::ly one fmall fuiell
lis::. J to fetch th'-ir wo<
T.;ri...^h tliv miJiII • nf
: !:, wiiieli atoird palh,
. irry I'li.', U in gp
i, :!■.■ iioith part is very
_ .ii,-..l. 'I'he foiithcrn i.
I.'.', l:^!I>,'l^l with hed^.-j ;i
Kli..K.:.-i-ipe c!a^ a
■'.;::^-j::d!er. arc mad.
...'..Ijtice of fifli frnin (ji
■|>.c r.„:ives are j;etiei.i
.' !o utidergo miieii l.ibi
'■..'.:•; ixn^. ot whicli
, ■:; f'iur c.ilt!i-s, fifty, t
■ ■' l^'-'es, and near twi
', >'i ;: !■■ laid five thfiufn
■ r.iare iowell di/ciplin.
•. iitineii as ijoo.l li, Idler
:--il:viiJed i!ito~ eleven b.i
i^.s.'arinn, and the infcii,
.'■:..\' .nre lev era! beacons
■".I iv.itch ia kept to give
1 ■"■■.
I.-: government of the
jrtat trull, is always lo,t_,.
• i'ir.il of the fleet, or foinj
■::tuiicl'T himai... all the
: ;'i.-i;!,inil, wl'.ere a re.oiiJ
••:i!i!'):iiv ,;,-jit in ;;.irril nl
iyJ 1,1 the biflio'p of \vj
' 111-- roiinty of SoiitiiaiJ
"iilhs, which all lie oii|
. ''■■- !o!!;.x,n.r :
Nc„-,
.'•.■inid.
'■ .fl
:.J;ii. <:■:
■>1
. whi.-h is the
' ■oftneitlan.', el
-.'an. It \v,i, (,\
■ni whw'jicv the v.
;I..\V"'
r: u
() I' r.
5^1
i' ,■,,.,! '. ii i.irlcJ friim Porifdiontli !)/ n narrow aim
- u'.i, .111.1 is a pu'ity lir;;c t..vvii tliitli.n a ixi.^.l
, ,,, inn.' I't -.v.ir \ ami li.ii l.'.''ly bicn i.inir.n\.l liy
.' iv.m! jnJ I'lir.i: ll,uii_:; lortll'icjlioiv. J.!.li.J lo l!i ik-
,,!,' iiu-iih.iikJ.
\iii'! 'Vtr, .1 l.ifi;^" borough, ftxtv two mil > to tlvj w> ll-
i.\j,it',(it l-oiul.iii, IS a gri'..t tlii.ri)ii^!i-uit; im tlii; «ii-
'rwilbri' '■'■"'< "■' ""'" '''"'" ^'•"•^■^"I'y t'> h •lill""))
,in l,.'ii.!iin :ii 'I'.uinton, .mil ail ih'.- rn.uiiif.uliirii^;
i,viis ill •"> MiuTliiriiri', l>y w.ii.-li Ml.- 'II'- iti'i -Ifitly rri-
.J ;ti» very luaitliy, .iiiil pUal.intly ruiiii.-l on tl.c
Cf'Tjuf ''"■ >'"*V''' iiiiuiiMiily t.iiUil aalil'.iiiry-|il.iiii,
'' I 1j a I'lrivilli;, h.iiuli'.iiiU', vv^ll-lniilt, and (;.ii)'iU)iii
!',. li.rtf i.' aa livliutal for lix men, and a lici;-
""v_.',|. (hii town i^ tlic vi!t.i;;c- c.'.l'.L.I \Vi'y-!i'll,
■jtlK" i>|)i'ii iliiwii-ioiMiry bc^^iii^, ar..lw!Kr;ii ii^ IJ
, . ,:.i;i!l lair l'i>r lh--i';i i" thi., ii.Ttioii, jiriicip .lly of
.~ fur llu.i-(hn|> 1 t.r ihi- firiiKii of many ol tlic
'. ''r. iiiii.' couiiiiii > "lUi; licic in Imy : at thi- tain.' tiini;
■',,:,! -.rc.it ti'iaii'iiii's lit' li.-,:tln.r, I'.i.'i'j, aiul i'Ik^U:.
V , ; .|i"lj helvl till the tcm'i- (it ( >;!n'.vT.
"v .'■ (li.iM now J?f:Tih'J tli'.- Ilk of W; .lit, wl.icli li
.".,:, liic'.ui!:^! ■Jii-'-r H.!iii;)!liiif. Thi. illaiia t.\!eiii!s
• i'iit tu wi'h ':' rjiin.wii.it of an oval fouii: it i.
\ '.'f-unc niiU-> 111 'ii'^rli, tw^jvy in tlic ir.i.l.l:o wh' re
i' 'I'.i ar.J futy in ureiiiiifKnee ; Imt llie lea bn:.!.'.
■ , ' ;r (11 the II iiih fi le, as .iliiioU to ilivi.le it iiit > t /-d
I'iie nuill ".ilkriy imiiit of llic ill.iiiJ Tui op;!, tic
! ;'-.!'::i"'ii'ii ■""' ti'<= limit weftt'ily (i;)p fite tile iitiie
j „'..,,,:, ,,i CI"iU(liiir..h. it i,^ cnoiinpa'i;.-.! •.vith roeks,
,. ■•riH/ iov.Miil» !'"iMnc.', (ifwilic.'i tl.e n-.tjH m;;'; I are
|;.''-.:i.,.l , ,1111-1 tl.e N'eall s in the v.-.l'.c.n p:,iiit. 'I'liHe
, , k. rvii'iler it m iii"ll: p'.aees iincccOiblu ; aiil v/!iere tlie
jl, ,; ij alnioll level ar.J lies expafe.', as it does to'.v.ird)
, ..fwili-eil., it ii fortified by cailles, fuits, and Idowlc-
'''i>,iiri5 very hclthv, nr..I 'lie T'li! fruitful, it pro-
,1 ,,,i.T riiMi cniiii;;!! in one year to lervc tile irihahilan.s
\.-.^; v.\\ thii cnal.K-. tli-m tn cNpoit |;reat <piamitics
1.! ;;'''ni 1 and cli;v.!ier;:. Th.'ie i^ eveiy wliue plenty
,,.;,:!, r.ii-.bas, ji.irtriJg'Js, pheai.int>, lapwings, ;;iid
••■ ;.:■,' of «'i!J-fow! ; it li.is iwo parks Hueked vvit.i dc.;r;
r':';:'.!y "ne fnull forelt, lo tliat the inh;ibitanti are
iji:-.,! tu fetch th-ir W()"J fu.m the mVi^hbir.uing coalls.
Tr.r"''. 'h till:; midJI ■ nf the iilanJ runs a lui-;; riJ ;e ot
;::i, wiiich atiurd paliure f,.r dicep, whole wool bc-
i: , \cry r.iie, \i in great rcp-.its amon^ the tl.itliiers.
;.>,= 1101 th part is very sjixiJ palluia^'O and meadow
iiin.). 'I'he fouthcrn ij in a nianner all a torn eoun-
•:.-, i;!,lu:i:.l with lied;
J.';ltolia.;:o-!-ip'-' clay.
, and dit.hcs. Mere is found :hf
and fur: white f.iiid, (-f whieh
id.-. The iir.-.ahitaiitb have alfo
3 • nv.ic
4;a.n,lj|!Ce of hfli frnm (iie fe.i.
T^.cr.»Iivc3 are jjeneially lui' > lived, vig.irnns and
:- . to ur.derrji) iinirii labour, 'I'lie ifiand contains lour
I- .;..■.:•: ''A-n^, ofwliieii three f lul menihers to pirlia-
,: :; four c.iH'e>, fifty two p.iii(!ie-;, above thr.-e th..Li-
L J h.v.i'es, and near twenty-''e."M tli.Mifind loiih, of
uic'iit is fail! live thoiifiiid -.ire lit to h.ar arm:;. 'I'lic
• it.i.irc lo v.-.H dilciplintd bv tlKir olliirs, that they
;;,•,.•. k on cii as t>(">l loldiers ai al'V ill tile kiilgdo:ii. I'luy
;--il;viJed i!ito"elcveii bands, over each of which is a
.•:,:;irinn, and the iiifeiior ofTuers are called viiiSoiii.
''.r: nre feveril beacoir, intheilloid, at which conti-
; ..■.iteh 15 k'. pt to ^ive iiitice ol the appro.ich of an
Ir: '.'nvcrnment of the illand, which is a poft of
■.".xx trail, is always lodged in a i/eneral ot t;.c army, an
i: ird ot the tlect, or Ibnie other pcrfou of liijh rank ;
:•- uiid'-r iiim are ail the LVivernors of thr- !nrts;'iid catties
. 'A-: lil.ind, w'-.ere a re'.>iiiient, ail<l I'ometiinca more, aie
.■'n"."i MV ki-jU in ;',arril''n. In i'etK(ntii.:..l artairs it is
ir,. J t.i ilie billiop of Winchellef, and i.; cvl affairs
(•III-.' (oiinty of Sontharnpt'in. The p'rlmiciitar"
I -"U^hs, which all lie on the nurth fide ot ;iic illuid,
. . ;',L' Idllriwin'' :
NciVjMirt, uhi"h is the prinri|vil town, and ;s fejti 1
. '.in-i de' • (it me ifian.!, ei^hty-fwe ir.ilos to the fcnh-
'': if J v,!.i;i. It wai fi rnierlv c.ll d Metena, ;in 1
'.j.n. iri'm whciitctlie whjie r 'j 'cent CDij-itry, to thi
cift and weiJof thcbay, itcdled K.iftaiiJ WcC Mclcn.
Ir i, a very ancient briroii^li by pr.!c. iptimi, hut did ii it
li 11 1 iiiciili.rs to pailiariieiit till ilic ieij;ii of ipi in Kh/.a-
hi'li) an! ils ilinter, by wliiih iti> now [^i.i'iii.'.l, was
^,r.'iit.if by kin^ Jame. 1. It ii is a 111 lyoi, iweli e dliii i -
'111 II, a lecoriler, and twi Ive biir^ielU.s. , TiiO lov.n is
1 11.: ii'd p i;)iilou»,yet it., church i> only a rliapel of lafj
t 1 (..' irii'irio!;e. It i; Icati'l on the ri^. i I'mves, wliiell
I ills into 'he \:.\ near lb- town .ind c.dlle of CoWis.
Vi ill is of fill ill h'li linn CO lie up to thetpiiys, li.ii ilic
lai^Li fnips arc unioaded, and llic inirch.indi/.- broiijilic
lip liillier in baig..".. Tne luuif."- .ire built of (lone, 'lie
l!r(.it, ..ic cle.in, and it lim a cli.irjiy-fciiool will m-
doWi d.
V.iunoulh is fi ited upii'i a rreek about -i mile from iti
ernr.in (', cij;lit niil.s to ihc well of Ni-wp >it, and is gn-
v'i lied |iy a ni.iyor, reorder, alderiiKii, liiiliit'-, and coni-
inoii cojiicil It is defend-d by a callle w .leh li.is a
ij.'rrili II, .iiid the houlV;.! wiiieh aie li.indl'onie, .;re j^. no-
radv built of Hone
.N'e.it .wii, or Newton, is a li'.ile borough at tlie ciiJ
'<' .ini'l'i 1 fniall ir.vk on iIk- lame fide ol toe illaiid, and
i' ijovenie.l hy a in ivor and lnjr^ifi'.s ; hm tlunijjh u has
a ^'onveiii. lit h ive.n, it ii the nioU ine ^i.liJ.iaiile of all
the thr.-e Imrou^hs.
r.'ie oi.'i.r plaeei of ni '(I iaipittaii",- ;iie tW" p'e'ty
ro.v.'is, bo;!i ii..nie.l Cir.ve-, one on the calf a;,.i i • o-
tl'.er nn tiie welt lide of the rivei of ihe fime mm ■. VWll
C.'ow'.'5 is the nr;ll fl iuiifliin_4 town in the fl.in i ; it iii
litu.ited 111 tif'iy iiej;iees loitv two nioiutes lattude, .iiid iil .f
one il'.p'ee tweiry-lix iniiurcs well longitude, an. I li.is 4
ia(!!e built by Ile'iiry \lil. H.re malKri nl (hips, and
SI :• hint, hor erv.ii.l or outward bounl, are tunolhej
wi'ii iii.iiiey foi bills, and the (hips I'dpplu ,1 vvi.li lloie,!
of hefli I'.roviliiiis. hcvir..! meuhaiit. liic h.re, and
li..v-- h.ii,.ll'oiiie funif.'S i but the town lyin; lo.v is not
elteeincd very liealthv. Theca'll. of K.i.f l.':)wcs l.as
Ih'iii 'leglc.'icd ; hut in that (4 W J\ C'owes is c.)nllantly
ke; t a^airif.ii, iinji.r the comiiiand of the deputy ^,o-
vei nor of the ill m I. This is a place of general rcn Jez-
vojs for meri.h..iit fliipj th;;t wait for cuiivovs.
Ill the I-ir.plirtl Ch.iniH:! .i.e lour oiIkt illai.ds oppofitc
this county and fulijecl to England; thef ■ ar • J rfcv,
( i.i,rnl'.-y, AMerney, and b.-iik, which, tliiuii.'li t ey lie
n.Uw-n n;--.icr to trie coafl of Normandy th.in t • til it of
f.i'.^daiiJ, arc within the dioeefe of Wiiiclulier. They
lie 111 .1 duller in Mount St. niuhiil's b ly, bctweci
Cape La Hot'ii.' in Korinaii ly and lV,p, I'rebille in lirit-
tiiiy. 'I'he lomputed diiUiKe bttwecn Jiiliy .ind .Sark
ii four l,M;;uis, betweentliat and (jutinfey (even leagues,
and between the fame and .Aldern'.-y nine Ic.igu^s.
Jerfey, the largetl of tlufe illaiids, lies laithcll within
the b.ty, in lorty-n ne Jri,reis fev..«ii mimites r.orth lati- .
tilde, imd in the feeond li'.'grcc iweniy-!ix ininutis v.'tlt
lonp.itudc, cl;:!-,tecn niile.i to the wilt of Noiiiijiidy, ami
ei;^lity-tour to the louiii ol PorilanJ in D irfetfliire, and
in the ti ..e of the Romans w.'s called C'.efaria. It is
ii;;: a!., ne twelve mil s in leiigtii, nor nui^h above f;.^
where bro.idelt, which is at the two extremities. It is
defended by rcclci; and danj,croiis i)uiekfai;d.s. On thu
n.inh fide the clitTs rile forty or fifty tatlionib bigh, which
rcnler it inace.llibie on thit liJ.c ; bi:t in the f mth the
(!ioie is alir.ult level vt'itli the u.iier. In the well part of
the illand is a !;irje traifl of l.md once cultivated and vf-ry
f.rtile, but now a barr.'ii defait, cauf-d by tne wclfc
v.ir.ds throwing up fuul fr.ini the bottom to the top of
the l.ighilt clifts. Trie l.._,.ier l.nids arc diveilitiel by
rritty, gravelly, (loiicy, and fine nu Id ; the lower by .i
eeep, rich, and h'.avy foil. The niiii.ile pan ol the ill.'nd
is fonirv.'liat mountainous, and fo thick pi. nurd with, trees,
that at a dillance it refembles one entire Ion ll, tliou.di in
w.ilkiiig through it there is hardly a thicket or any lhin;>-
to he lei n but hedge-rows and orchards of apple treis.
The valleys under inc hilK arc liiulv vvaiircd with brooks,
and h.ive plenty of cattle and Ini.iU (beep, with very lino
wool, and very fwect met, which is alcrihed to the Ihort-
nef-i of the grifs. The liorlcs are jriod tnr diauglit ;
liiit few fit lor the fiddle. The iflaiul producs vaiii ly
of trees, roots, an.l herbs ; but not corn eniiug.'i lor thj
inhabitants, who therefore lend lor it to I.nijland and
l-«ance, and fcmctimt: tj D.mt/.ic. The lipids are in-
P cl. :.d
li m
t ■/J>-
if:
%
ill
'' .■ ^''
>^ ''!
4.r-t,:;t§
i It fi?--,
'I'M
5i8 A S Y S T F. M O F G I: O G K A i' U Y. » ,^
inclofiil b/ trnt mouodi of citth, uikJ fuvii Tix to , vcnkiit. The curn-matket it within « niny/a d..i .
...i.. _ . '. . .. .: u . 11.. .u: .1. ...I ,1.1 I 111 ....i.t.. ..:.... r.....; ■■■. .•"■"'•'i and ih,.
il'
figlit iir ttii ICL't hi'h, |iic>|Viini)n,il)ly thick .uiJ luliJ,
|)l.inlcj Willi iiuiikictH .111.1 irri ,
Till re IS no pLirr in fho w mI I nf the I'lnir ixtnit tli.it
ri'idiKis I'.i much ivil'T, it hi-iii;; runpiiiL.I i!ut in limic
ycirs thiy have niuic iv/ciity-lovii thi'ir.mJ n'l.'llio.iJj, on
which .iccouiii, ,in ! luiiu the ihciiiiicii nt I'icncli wine
and braii.ly, it ii ;i it worth their while in let up mulling
and biewiii.;. Th.ui^h the whule ill.iiid i , in a nunnei
on.' iiitirc rorl<, theie r. luiie a houle, t<>ii »n the lii[;li-
ell hill, but h.i. Cimic (prnii; near it.
Hire .111- ;4huiulanrc 111 h.iris .ind rihbct.j the country
alio ahouiiiN wiih lia-fowj, and the CDimiMii foits oi
land tow), both tame and wild, c('|u . i.illy baiii.icLs or
Soland j;c;'(e, whic'i come only in very coM weather.
T"hr pariiidgcs ot thi^ illjiid have red IccI and eyes, liltc
a phealjiit, and I'caihcii ut vaiiom cidoun. I'lii'- ii in-
ilced .1 bctiitilul bird ; but the flelh is not more delicate
th.iii that oC the grey paiiiidjj;es in I'.ii 'Jand. They h.ue
aid) a yre.it v;iricty o( lea hdi, (bnie ot wiiuh arc lelduin
ficii (111 (tir cuail:..
Ai th« «ir ot thi-l idind is very healthy, thufeof the
inhabit.intj who are temper ite live to a greit ag" i but
the colli In very lul'jc't to Itorms by weftorly winds,
I'rom whiih they b.ive no laiivl to ftieiter tiiem neaitr
than Kurih .\meriea i and there is a vail chim of
rocl,.s :.h.iiit t^ic illaiid, .uiMiig which the tides and cur-
rents arc li) (Iron^ and rapid, that the navi.'.alion is c.\-
trenuly .lan^i nmi to thole who arc nut peilVclly aciiuaiiit-
id with the Coall.
I'hc inhabitants, who arc computed to amount to a-
bove twenty th.iul'aiid, have a mixture ot l',iij,lini and
French ; but Ireiich is moll gcntrally the lanjjuaj^c both
vi tne pulpit .ind the bar.
Ti.e bu.ldiiijis ol this ifl.ind are ;',encrally of rag-done;
but fome of the wjjltiiy inhabitants hive their houles
fronted with a leddifli white llone, capable of being po-
lilhed liiwc ni.irldc, and of which there is a lieii quarry
on a hill called iMuntni.nlo. Their churi.lu:i an I liiiieof
their edifice;. >re covered with blue flatc i but the ordinary
ilwelliii^s ar- thatched.
The itaple manutaflcire is knit (lockings and capr,
!n.iny thoul.ind pair of which arc weekly fold at St. Helicr
to the nun h.ints. Th.ir ptmcipal foieij;ii tiadc is to
Ncwlcuiullaiul, whither, particul.itly in i] il, they lent
twenty-four llups ; tht le proceed liuin tliencc to the
Mediterraii' an to difpole ol their fifli.
'J'hc thiU ollieer ii the governor, who has the cuftody
ofhis m.iiilly's caille.s, wi;h the command of the garri-
Cviiis ami ill'- ini'itia of the country, which conliils of two
troops of li'iile-guards, and Hvc rri;imcnt3 of toot, in
which arc iiicluJed .ill the nun in tiie idaiul. I tie civil
j;ovcrninent i. adnimilUred by a bailey, adided by twelve
jurat',. 'J Iv V hive here alio what they c.dl ,in .in'cnibly
ul tir: tl.it s,\vlii(.ii rcfcmblc) in miniature the pailiamciiC
of I iteat liriiain.
I'lic illaiid 1. div ided into twelve pariflies, which arc
fcs laid out th.it each has a (unimunication with the lea ;
Ihtic arc lubJividcd into hfiy two vintaines, lo called
lioni the number of twenty houles, wh ch each is luppofed
to have lormeily contained, Jiill as in Lnglaiid ten houfcs
ancantly made a tyiliing. 1 he principal places in the
iiland aie,
St. Hilicr, the capital, is featej in the bay of ,St. Aubin,
wbeie It has an harbour and a (lone pier. Its fituation ij
hoth commodious and pleafant, having the lea on the
foiith-wcd, with a full ptolptift of the road forfliips, and
hills on the north that diilter it tiom the cold ; on the
bottom of ihtle hills are meadows rcfrcdied by a rivulet,
th.it enters the drcets and the very houfcs, lo that the
w.iter is calily broiij^ht up by buckets let down through
a trapdoor, or bjr pumps. Another large hill projects
in a manner over the town, and has an agreeable walk
and an cxtenfivc profpect. The town conllli. of above
lour liundrrd houfts, and the (Ircets ate wide and well
paved. The feat ol jullice (lands in a large Iqiiarc, with
ha.'idlome drudlures on each (ide. Its inark.;t, whii h is on
fcaturday, refembles a fair, it being retorted to by peo-
ple fruin all parts of the idand. The town is chiefly in-
hibiicJ by di'ipkeepers, artilicers, and retailers of liquor,
it wanlili;; fcaice any tiiinj; that is ciihcrncccllary or coii-
Ih .mbles in a fpacious loom. The numucr of ihe ,, k
I'lianis IS computed to amount to at lead two thnur l
In the church, praycr» itie read alternately in tnghd, " '
1'reni.h.
id
luuiei
lor tl;8
St, Aubin is chiefly inhabited by me rch.mts .m, i „, .fi
otlliips. Who lettled heic tor the lake ot „, ,,or', wh k
1. Ihe bed and moll lic.iiieiited in the illind : biit i !
much llijiiened between hills and the fcM, on uh ,
account It IS not halt lo large .is St. Ilclier ; but tiie h. '"'
are as neat. Its market is rather an e.xchai
nier. hants. Its paiKU church, dedicated t . St. cn-ia,, i
u at Inch adillance, and there is fuch a bkik liii)"''
pah over to It, that the better loit otinhabn.„u, li u- s"
coiuiibution erccl.d a handlome chapel in the |„i,'/
I heie Ik a loit licie with cannon plained oii its ballnj,,'
and a droiij" piei his '.letn lun out into the kj, whi. I
joining that lort, uiuleis the h.iihoui veiy lak-, t;„ '
ihips can pals within ilie pier wihout pciinifli,', ' i. ,"
ihispoitav.tbl Ota lumdred ,nid thmv tuns m.i'y cm !?
at halt lload ; but I irt;er (hips and men iif war niii'l k ,■
withoui in theio.id, wheie liguod ancliuia-e. ' '
Ciuciniey extends Ironi call to well m the furm of i
luip, and Is thntcen miles and a half fioiii the luutli.
Welt lo iiuiih-call, jii.l twelve ami a halt, where btuid"
cd, lioin call to well. The air is very hcJthful, a„j
the loil naturally more rich and fertile than ilutr.j Jtt.
ley i but the inhablt.mt.'; nc-leiil the the cuit.vatiuii ui tdj
foul, tor the lake of coinmeicc : they are, however U.
ticiently lupplied with corn and cattle, buih furthcir'oAii
ule, and that of their fliips,
'I'heilland is well foitihed by nature with arij.scof
rock,, one of which abounds with emery, uled by tip,,
darics ill the polKliing of (lones, and by v..rioiii whcr
artilicers, Here is a better harbour than any in J^.,|,y
which occafion.. Its being more relortcd toby ii:Lrciniitj'
and on tiie louth (ide the (liore bends in the lurm uf a
crefccnt, cn.loling a bay cap.iblc ot rcccaMi'; very hfc
(liipii. The itlaiiil Ij tanious tor u beautiful l1<jw;r calltJ
ii'imii Jarnunji, the le»vcs of which are covered w'u.'i
fpaii^lcs rcleinbling gold dud, It is lull of ;^aidcn
orcnards, whence cyiler is lo pleiililiil, tlut tiiecuniiiiua
people ule it nillcad of (mall-beer, and the inoie wculili
dunk I'lcnch wine.
; and
Ull
l,y
Ihe only harbour is at St Peter Ic Port, a little iiur.
kct-town on the louth call (ide of the illmd, which liaa
only one long and narrow llrect. 'Ihe mouth uf thii
harbour is well let with locks, and en each tide delcnJci
with a cadle, one called the Old Cadle, ami the other
Cadic Comet. Thio is generally the retidencc uf thei>o.
veinorof tne ifland, who has the command of the lar.
rilun in this and all the other cadles. The harbourliji
a good road, trom whence (hips may fail with any wind,
and Iruin the road pals unXcr the guns of the calllc to
the pier, dole up to the town. I'his pier is a noble
woric formed of vail (tones, joined ti>j;ethcr with ercat
art and rct;ularity : it is not only a fccuiity to the Oiips,
but being contiguous to the town is handlomely pavcjat
the top with large fmooth flag-ltones, guarded with p.ira-
pcts, and being of a great length and breadth, lurmsa
pleal'ant walk, it atfording :i free prof|H-cf of the lea and
the neighbouring ifiands. Cornet calllc, which cii.ii-
mands botn the town and the harbour, dands on arocii,
IS Icpatatcd from the land by an arm of the fea, no Lli
than fix hundred yards wide, and not fordable but at low-
water in great (pring tides.
Alderney is about eight miles in compafs, nnd Is by
much the ncarclt of all tliel'c iflands to NorinanJv. from
which it is feparated by a narrow dreight calicl the
Race of Alderney, which is a dangeious p.iira^jc in ftormy
weather, when the two currents meet, other\vifc it is
fafe, and has depth of water for the largcd diips.
The idand ij healthy, and truiilul both in corn and
pafture ; but has only one church and one town, la
which are about two hundred houles, and a thoufand in-
habitants. The ifland is a dependence of Ciuernfcv, ani
has but one harbour to the (outh, called Crabbie, which
is at a conliderable diltance irom the town, and capjhlini
receiving only fmall vell'els. From hence to the welt i,
a range of rocks txte/iding three leagues, which haviii;
feveral cJdisj arcdicadful tu marincts, who call them all
bv
^\
•AND.
•i. I
5»9
rincipal pbcei in thii count/
ill'ul fituatlon Oil the winJinR
nuns its runic, i< ii well inh.i-
milts to the well 1)1' l,f)iiili)ii, ij^,
of that river, in thi* niiJil nt'
urch iia Ijiaimii-: aiiciiiu liinlj.
t;h Itrcct ii( the t.iwn, In winch
I neat rr;;iilai cJili-i; liipiinttcj
■>( I'lPttluiul llonc, having at the
1 la the Itune ot i|ui rii Aniic,
UC of pilnic (k'iir(',e ii: Dcii-
rr. In the area uiio rncath tho
pt every S.iinrJjv, .itui i^ (len-
ine.it, lilh) anJ .ill oiiiir pro-
tune ami finiily conlLirtly re-
i(;hbouih'"K', The'hiki'cil St.
ge home 1,11 the call p i:t of the
IS th.irtxtfiid It) ti.c p,ifk i and
tvn ii the houfe of Sir l'. IwarJ
llriniture, with lar.v ganlen*
clitfned, wIkic m.tilh.il Ucllc-
n Kivl.inJ.
irateU'dii its cadle, the Jclight-
lonarch^. It w.is lirll biii t liir
.the Ciniq le-or, iDun atu t hi»
ironc. It wn (ircatly inipiov-
\\ many adiluiniial huui.uijt'-
1. teliiU'd in thi« ilrucUirc till
d W'llh.ini 01 \Vk<:i.iiii, alitr-
tr, ti) rtbiiil.l t'.ie wliulc, which
:li>('cJ it with a llronc w.ill.
oweicr, made to the calllo by
pirticul.iilv by K.l.vardlV.
r..ibe!h, .iikI C'h.irles 11. Tliij
i the tallle, and as he kept hit
inner (eafon, he (paied no cx-
thy the roy.d relidmcc.
5 divided int'i tw.i courts, or
i«J tower between them. The
vIve acr< . ot giuuiul, and has
I lor it3 defence. It is (itii.ited
fifes by a pcntle akciit, ,iiid
vjfpcdl : in the front is a wide
Bed with meadows and corn-
h lide, and the I'luiiKs wind-
id are eviry where l.lil. c.ner-
jMcd by nature for , ami and
y of the hill IS a line terras f.iccd
le eijjhtecn hundred and llri emy
one of the iioblell w.ilks In
•I to its ftren^th, if. (ir.iiuleur,
; profpecf over the Ihaniesof
■ery lide, whcic, lioin tiic va-
d about, iiattne and ait feeni
beauty. From this teiras you
irrour.ds the palace, and is called
i(h it from another nuich larger,
iles in circunileicnce, and lur-
Thc turf IS of the moll bc.iu-
orncd with many (hady walks,
en Kli/.ahcth''i, which on fuin-
;d bv the bell company. 'J'hii
deer and other game, and the
a delightful habitation.
;. In tl upper court is a fpa-
containlng on the north lide the
Cicorge's hall ; on the I'outh and
artments, thofe of the prince of
Rcers of llatc ; and in the cen-
(Irian llatuc in copper of king
fone of tlieCxfars, (landing on
round tower, which forms the
court, c ;,ins the governor's
I the highell part of the mount,
it by a large tliuht of ilonc fleps:
:ious and noble, and among the
lagazine of arms,
gcr than the other, and is in a
parts by St. George's chape),
which
m^
,5
\
1 *',
^i ;l
M'i
;K^i|
"ii
.3
t^iii/rtirt4/ ^t'r t/it Hi'i/"/ Miii^ii xrilf
..IHME vmai s
'-— ~"^ -it'-**- If ^i*--.. — -r-~f-Tt-..-:--~^
•«M^$«|^.
m
Um
518 A
inclofccl b/ 'reat mound? (
iiilhl or t«n iect lii^h, pi'>l*':
plaiitc.l wiih nuickfcts aiU I
Til; re IS no pl.icc in tlu' v;
prodim-s 1') niui-h iv.l'T, it ''
yc.\is ilr.v iuvc in.ult- f.vcnty-
whicli .iccoiiiii, .Mill fioiii till
and br'n.ly, it is not worth t
and bic\\'inj,. 'riii)ii!;li the v
on-- (.iitircrork, there ir, I'carcc
c!l h.ll, but h;i, fomc I'linii;; 1
Here .lie abiindaiico nl h.M>
•.illo .ibmiiids wuh k-a-fowl,
lirid lowl, liuth tame and wi
Soi.iiul ^ec'li-, whic'i tomo "i
'J'hcp.miiiii;isot this in.ind I
a phLal.nit, and fiMihcis ul va
(lei'il a bcautiUil biiJ ; but the
th.n that if the grey partridge
alio a griMt variety o( lea hfli,
(icn im Mir i;<ialls.
As llie air ot this iflind is
inhab'tantj who are tcmper.iti
the colli is very liiSjcd ti) 1
Iriim whi(h they have nu lai
than North America ; and
loeks :.boiit tlic illaiid, among
tents are l.i llrong and rapid,
treniely dangudiis to thole whc
id wKil tlie coali.
I'he inhabitants, who arc 1
hove twenty thnuland, have
]••
rcnch
but ireiich is moll g(
01 tiie piil;'it .md the bar.
Tl.e buddings ol this id-md
but Ionic of thX' \v.MU:iy mh;
fronti'd with a udditll \vh;te ll
lilhed li'^e m.iiMc, and of wh
on a hill cjll.-d .Montnia.io. 'I
their edifiecj .ire covired wilhb
ii.velliius ar; '.hatthed.
liie llaple nianulaibire is
■ n.iiiy thiuilai'.d pair of \shith ai
to ihe nKiihaiils. Th.ir pti;
Ntw'.oUiidland, whither, parti
twenty- i.iiit ll>ips i. 'hile pro
riediierraivan (o difpofc ol thi
The thief ofHeer 1, the g'WCl
nfhi* m.iitltv's caiUes, wiih tl
(i,n> Jt't'^ ih'- iniliiia of tlie enun
tioops of lioile-guardi, and fi
uhieh are iniliuled dl the men
.-ovcrnineiit i- adnr.niilered by :
pUMts. 'Ill' y have here alfo V
ot tiie iKits, which rtfiinbles ill
of I Ireat Uniaiii.
The idaiid 1. divided into t»
fo laid out that e.ith ba^ a com
thelc are I'ubJiviJed into hi'ty
f,om the number of twenty houi
to have loinuily coiualiicd, jult
anciently nude a t) thing. 1
illand aie,
St. llihcr, thccapit.il.is feati
where it li.is an haibovir and ail
hoih commodious and phafan
ftmth-well, with a full piolpecT
hdl.son the north that llKller
bottom of thile h.lU are nieado
th.it enters the Iheets and the
water is tahly brought up by I
a trapdoor, or by pumps. A
in a nuniu rover the town, ai
«nd an exteiilivc profped. I'h
lour .hundr-d houfts, and the 1
iiavcd. The leal ol jullicc liar
hundfome llrudures on eacli lidi
Saturday, refeii:Sles a fair, it I
1 lefn^tnall pan., of the idand.
hibit'-i by flvip keepers, arlihcc
it wauuli; fvaiccauy thinj;tbat
-'.•-f?»s^^?«K;M<.v
%.
e^^
k s r X j:
bv llic name r.f the Cafqu
tilrhead of the nil,
Sjike, or Sei..i', is aiv
(luanfcy, and in the mid
|..[ine, :ind generally fri
liiuu.;!! they have no ph)
null to nii-et men of npw
It.rijit.iin^ fix hne fpring«
nnjllpart h..t .iiiil fandy,
cciliiries fur its inhabitants,
ofrmiis, astiuneps, larroi
jT.lc-irets, of wdiii il is
H.iJuccs moft kiii.ls of g
liiiiaiy quantity. Their [:
ing iweet, an J iherefote t
ninie cows thin are fuffij
jiiil butter ; for tney ha\
Kiijiljild. The ifi.inJ all'.
vKKiJcoiks, t'-.il, and otli
ni,_'ci)iis, at fomc feaf.ins,
of rabbets they have greal
of {u lilli.
I'iie trade here extends
fuaie (ll tlic weltciii ports,
q.aiiiitidiiri; in til.- rllaiid
anJ waille.'jats, in wmcii i
;:t t nployed. 1 liel.- tl
tviUni, and return with
li.y have Icveral fniall vcl
SEC
Ci:' Piiih'/.irt ; its Siliialiii
Prjuit, A'iw», (I'lil pr,
Ihj.'ipUiH (ij U'iudjor C.
BF.RKSHIUK is bound
whrih divr.lej it from
III, re 1 till the ea(t bv Mrdd
bvll,ini])lhii<- ; and on ih
lulfilhire. It is tliiily-n
iirrc in breadth, and a h
Ificiicr, (■uiitainnig aboii
(le'U-fl.'i.' Ihoulalld iiih..1
liuriilrrd .iiid forty paiilhr
vi.ligK, and twelve ni.irl;
The waide county i.i 1
jnJ fvniis rine members 1
lii^: coiimv, two lor Nevi
lAii fir Wallinglord, an.
Hi; j:r is ;.'iiierally ixi
triuugh, vvheie ■ altivated
i. ent 0; the moll ple.ifan
wrih cattle and timbci, p
in tin- W'.lleni p.iils, .md
jjoiiiuU with wilJ-lov» I ;
pjrl IS thr molt IkiiiIuI,
V.i;c(i| White-h.irl'e, l<
chaliiy hill, ni.ide to lepr
il lliiin'd bife its Ihapr
(iiKc a ve.ir take (ome pan
tiiidr tile dny willi nierii
I .leihiet proibiee of tl
partituUily barley, they hi
»jli, of which thev make
The rivers 'I harnes an.! \
iw\ the o'her on the fou
it with lilb, cipecially (i
It u faiJthat land in this
111 riy other at the fame di
Ci|i,d nianiifadures cdiili
liuih.
Tiie rivers of Bcrkfliin
iiili the I'liarncs, and is 1
picxiu-e to London. '11
receives ba;;n'^ ol a hundi
i'. ni»i;;ahle as high as
wrach indeed is very Im
tiv;'9 of this id and, is alv
I'.jJjilly dccieafcs as the
r,NXI.AKr).
E U R O i»
519
In ihc luiiiP ti ilic Cafquctj, from tlic priiici|i;il rock at
(he hcail ol' the lilt.
baikf, IT SciKf, is another fmall idaiid dcpcnJ.int on
(luirnl'cy, anJ in llic iniilJle of all tliL- rcll. The air i^
iTinCi ;iiiJ (iiiiirally frre from Inns anJ clouds j aiiu
lacii.;!' ti'Cy ''■'ve no phylicinib in tiit- ifljnd, it is com
null to nii'ct im-n of npwauls of fuiir-fcorc years of a;;c.
Itioiit.iin-. fix line fptiii;;'-, and the fuil, though for the
mull I'.if' h.it .mil fandy, is f" fruitful as to alford all nt-
cciljni's lor its inluhiMiits, and particularly bcais all kinds
of mills astiuncps carrots, ^;c. and is wll ftockcd with
>?,
.li-iri.ts, of whiih is m.idc excclli'iit cyder : it alio
IIhIjccs moft kinds of grain j but not in any txiraor-
tiiuv il'-i'i"'''^'- I litir p.ilhirc is fhorr, though cxcced-
i;i.' ijvi'ct, iiii'l ilicreloic tluv hive fine mutton ; but no
ninii- cows thin a;c fuffijicni to fupplythcm with milk.
i:iJ 'o.itti.r ; for tnty have ncnerally their chcele troni
Kicljiid. The ifi.inJ alf.i abounds in ducks, mallard,
vicKiJcoiks, t'-.il, and othtr wild fowl ; and the cliH-
ni.'oims, at fi'iiie kalons, aimolt cover the whole iHand.
Otrjbh'''s liny h.ive gicat p.'.nty, and alio ot a varici;
c(lia lilli.
Tiiftiadc here cxtoii.'s no farther than to UiilKj! and
toe ol tlie wellein ji.irts, ;in.| tue 'niei if not the only
D-.aiiutiCline in th.- ill.ind i-. knittin ; of it .ckiiigs, ghnes,
jnJ w.iilteoats, ill w.'iicli ihe men, women, andcinidrcn
re tnployed. I'liel.- tliey tr.ide with to the ports ol
tr;ljii'. .ind terurn with iK^Lllaiies ; lor whichpurpofe
li.yluve Icveral fmall vcilels.
S K C T. XJ.
Of Tirl'llrt ; :l! Slltialim, Exttnl, D'rjif.iin;, AW, Soil,
prjuii, Rii'i'i, rni'l pniuipai 'lowiii ; vulth it p,ii liciiicir
Dij'.'i[itiii! f/ ll'piiijir tiT/ile.
B
F-RK SHIRK is bounded on the north by the Thames,
^ which liiviJc) it Imm Miickin^jli.imfliiie .nid Oxford-
Hi.iej on the vM bv .Middlvlcx .uid Surry ; on tlie fouth
bvllani|)(hin- ; and on the welt by VViltfliiie and Glou-
luitilhiie. It is ttiitiyniiK- miles in length, iwent^-
ninc in breadth, and a hundred and twenty in lircuni-
(titiicr, funtaiiimg about feventeen ihouland hoiifes,
tig'tvfr.e Ihnulaiid iiih.,bitani>, hxiy-two viearai'/s, a
liuiidird .iiid forty paiidies, fix bundled and Itventy-one
•lihgi'S and tweUe nurket- towns.
The w,i<de county is divide.l into twenty hundreds,
jnJ lines line members to parliament, namtly, two for
ihc coiiiiiv, two for New VVindlor, two for lieading,
l*n l.jr Wallinglord, and one for Abingdon.
Ihc air is generally ixeeeding healthy, the foil fertile
tniugh, when' "iiltivated, and the whcde county, which
i> onto; the moll plcilaiu in England, is v^■ell Itocked
wilh catlle and timbci, parlii ulariy with oak mid beech
in the w^llcm p.iils, .nid in Windl'or fortd, which alio
;joiiniU viith wild-lo» I and other game. The weltern
part IS th-.- molt Ituitlul, eipeeiaily what is called the
Vjiciif W'hite-borlV, fo named from the bare fide of a
chalky hill, m.ide to reprefent that animal, which, lell
it flidii'd lofe its (hape, the neighbouiing inhabitants
(i!icc a year take fume pains in ttimnnng, and then con-
iliiile the day with merriment.
I .'11. chief jmidiice of the country is corn of all kinds,
pjftiiulaily bailey, they having preat crops in the above
vjk, of which thev make conliderable quantities of malt.
The tivcrs 'I'hames and Kcnnet, the one on the north
jiiil the other on the fouth fules of the county, lupply
(i with hlh, cipecially fine large trouts and cray-lilh.
Ii h f.iid ihat land in this county bears » better pricethan
in niy other at the fame dillancc from London. Its prin-
cipal maniifadures confifl of woollen cloth and fail
cloih.
Tiie rivers of Bcrkfliire arc the Ifis, which here falls
i'ii.1 the I'namcs, .ind is of great lervicc in conveying its
piitduc lo London. The ICennct, which at lieaiJing
icccivis ba.gcs of a hundred and ten tons burthen, and
i'. ningable as high as Newbury ; and the i^amburn,
wr.'ch indeed is very fmall, but, contrary to the other
rv.-'5 ol this ifl.ind, is always highcft in luminer, and
t.iJually de>:ie»f«s as the winter approaches, till at lalt
it is entirely dry. Tiic principal places in ihii county
are the followin,; :
Wiiiilfor, whole delightful fituation on the winding
(liore ol the Th.imes occafions its name, is a well inha-
bited borough twenty- f.iur miks to the welt of l.ondun,
Icatcd on the fouth b.mk of th.it river, in the midll of
deligh.lul valle\s ii, church isa (pacioa-; ancient build-
mg, which ftands in tlie high itrect of the town, in which
is alio the town-houfe, a neat rrgular edifice fu|)pcirtcj
with columns and aithes of I'oitland Itone, havinj, at the
iioiih end a niche in wnich is the It.iiue of i]ii'cii Aiiiir,
and on the fouth the Itatue of piinec (ieor,;e o; Dcii-
inirk, hei majclty's conlurt. In the area unJ.rneath the
town-hall the maiket is kept every Saturday, aiid is |,lcii-
tilully fupplied with corn, meat, hlh, and .ill otiicr pro-
vilions.
Many :;enllemcn of fortune and family conlla-.lly re-
fidc ill the town and i':, nci^hbouihood. The .inkeof St.
Alban's b 1., a handfome Lirge hoiile on the ca(t |i w t of the
town, will! (ilealarit g.irdens thartxt -nd 10 ti.e park ; and
at the louth iidc of me town i. the houfe of Sir E I'.varJ
Walpole, a ne.it regular llrudlure, with lanv gardens
beautifully laid out and defigned, wheie mailhal Bslk-
ill(|r(lidcd while prifoner in Eiul.in.l.
This town is moftcJebrated'foi its caftle, the d -light-
ful palace of the Knglilli monarchs. It was hrfl bui t for
a hunting-feat by VVilh.im the Conq le-or, lo.m atter his
being cltabliflied on the throne. It was greatly inipiov-
ed by Henry 1. who added many additional iiuiiuinps.
Our (uice; ding fovcreign . refuied in tins iliucture till
king Edwaul ill. empioy.d Wilbam or \Vici<.-i..ni, alicr-
warJs bilhop ot Winciieltcr, to rLbu.ld the whole, wdiich
he accomph/hed, and cntloled it wilh a llrong wall.
Great acMiiKiiis were, howevc, made to the cafllc liy
(ever.;! ol our monareb', p.irticulailv by E.l.vard!V\
Henry Vll. imd VHI. El/.abeth, ai-d Ci.arlcs II. i'fiij
bill piiiKcciuireiy repaired thecalllc, and as he kept his
cciuii there durin,; the fummcr lealon, he fpaied no cx-
pence in lendeiing it worthy the royal relid-acc.
I his veii'.rable callle is divuled iiu 1 tvv.i courts, or
wards, wim a lar^^e round tower between them. The
whole c. mains above twelve acr< . ol giound, and has
many toweis an. I batteries for its defence. It is fltuatcd
upon a high hill, which ril'cs by a gentle ■'-i-i, and
. .'ijoys a moll deli^'htlul prol'pciit : in the fiont is a wide
and cxienlive vale, adorned with miadows and corn-
Helils, with groves on ea, h Iidc, anil the T'han.e^ wind-
ing through It i and behind are evi.-y where InlL c.ner-
td with woods, as ifdeligne.l by nature for .am: anJ
hunting, (^nthe declivity of the hill is aline tin 1, ficcj
wilh a rampart of free (lone ciglitcen hundred and leicnty
feet in length, which is one of the noblelt w.ilks in
Eurcipe, both with refpecl to iis llrength, if- grandeur,
and the fine andexienilve piofpc^l over the Thames of
the adjacent country on every fnJe, where, iVom the va-
riety ot hne villas Icaticred about, natiiie and ait feenj
to vie wilh each other in bcauiv. I'tom ihh ten as yoi»
cnicra fine park, which furrouiuls the palace, .ind is called
the little pai k, to diltmguilh it from another iniich larger.
1 his liitle paik is lour miles in ciicunileieiue, and fur-
rounded by a brn k wall. T"he turf is ol th' nndl beau-
titul green, and it is ailorncil with many (liady w.lks,
cipecially that called Qiiecn Kli/abeih's, which on fuin-
mcr evenings is frequeniec! by the- belt company. This
paik IS well llocked wiih deer and other game, .ind the
lodge at the faithcrcnd is a delighiful habitation.
i o return to the caltle. In the upper court is a fpa-
tiou^ and regular fquarc, containing on the north lide the
royal apartments and St. tieorge's hall ; on the louth and
fait fides are the royal apartments, thole of the piince of
Wales, and the great officers of Hate ; and in the ceii-
tcr o' the area is an cqueftrian llatuc in copper of king
Charles II. in the habit of one of tlie Cifais, Handing oa
a marble pedellal. TTic round tower, which ferms the
welt fide ol this upper court, c . :..ins the governor's
apartments : it is built on the hichell part of the mount,
and there is an afccnt to it by a large Mii'ht of (tone (teps:
theic apartnuiits are fpicious and noble, and ainon<r the
relt is H guard-room or magazine of arms.
The lower couit ii larger than the other, and is in a
manner divided into two parts by i>(, George's chapel,
which
U-
' i
■It
I
• bt
^■J *!l
i«pili«i
; '111
';!"
'ir
4
t.lo
A S Y S T F. M OF G E O G R A 1' II Y.
V.y.
whici) 11 111 K ill the cciUii.
,1IC '.'.W \.: iii, b .lllj ,i|l.lllllK'llt
t.i.iv chij.cl, witll tliod- el' til
Oil t!.i; liiirth or iiiii-T Cu\-
.;i ih.- il^aii .iii.i c.iMoiH ii .
ii.iirDf caiioin, cltTi;'., ..■■■■i |
'.iiKi- cifiKiis i iiiiiJ on the I'njih iiiul a. lM"i!c-s ot' tiie '
outfrp.irt aic (lie imiills of tlii; puir kni_;iusol' \Viiv,!:L.r. I
I'ho royal ii/ariiiv.-iitt ill t!iu uiijur court arc ulinlly !
tiTinai tlu' ll.ir biii.iliiijr, lioiii .1 ll.ir aii>l i.'i;ttr in ;;jI 1 }
ill tlij miJ.IIc of the llrucliirt', on ihi; ouilul.' n':.t ihi;
t'.ir.i,-. I lie cntr.inCL- is throu 'h a liiiullonic \Lliihule Utp-
(II rtoj bvioliimiis .nlhc loiiiv <Milcr, witli loiiie :iiiti:jiu:
I'ulK-. in I'L-nr.il nicliu-. 'I'liis liMils to llie rr^a: it-.ir-
c.tfi-, whiih is (iiii-ly paliilti) wiili levir.il Li'ininu. lloric^
lioinOu.i's .\Ltaiiii.r(iho,i-3 : in the Joine i'l,.;etoii i.s le-
[iikiilKl enlrtitmjj; /\|).ilK) to l.t !iiiiii!rue the iha-
!.cii <! Ihe inn : in i itge conipaitnier.ts in ih>; llaireak-
jre tlij tran.,luiniatiiiii of l'iiai.iu.1'3 liileis mi > jvijilar-
t;iis anj IJvcniH into a (win. In leviril parts ot t.u
cclni ; arcrq'rtrnlte.l tho li.Mis of the z.i.liac liipi)"rte 1
Iv '.lie wind?, Willi lalkeis (^t ll.nvei-. btautilnlly i1iI|m1-
r.i ; at the ct.niei^ are the lour clciiieni>, each cX|iii.lU.l
I I' a v..ri:iv i.f li."::ei. /'.lucira is .ilio uprL-ient'-il v.ilh
h.er iiy;..,i'.^ u:vi:-.;"; water to hjrhoilei. l'«e whol.- is
Ina itlfjiiv iiii[H.!(.(i, and iroiii this I'iircafe y:'n h ive a
-..■-w.ji i.'i' iai.l.U.:rs p.ii.'ic-.J v,r.;i ilie iloiy 01 .VLIca-
g;.r :ili,i .iC la'Uj;
0.1 t;u- icp 01 tl'.e (Viircafo von hrlt rnfr the ijne n'-.
cuar.!-eli iir.l er, which i> to(n|>ietily luiinilied witii .iiii'-,
i.^a-.tiloLy ran;iej aiiil tliljiolid into various I'lriiia. On
l.-.^ ciJin; \-< lliitaiiiiia in .■■e pcr.on ol ijuccn Catharine
(;! I'urlu.'J, confort to k r < '-.'ruuK-.i II, Itated on a tjlohe,
1 : i:in ! tii; amis of i'.u '..•■■l ;.n.l t'iiiiui.Nil, with t.ic four
i;ia;..rj;v.i'in:is of tiiee^.M iiv.lcir.,; th.-ir Icvcral cller-
11. Ci i and on JilFire:^; n^iti ot ihc cieiini; arc licitneti
fl..:..:, v.;i:i /..,.h).;, '.ii^.di, and otiur cn;bi.l!!;h-
IM i;! .
;;iltai'. I (;rnuriitn:t;i!, and llki wife ad .iiud w.tl
\ ., I r.-xt rntcr tli.; qu.-,'n'i prcfcnrc-char.ihtr. on the
C(Mi!'i_;ot w:;i.!i la reptcltiued ijneui Ca'du.i:;e, ::;tiiid-
td bvlr.e \i::'jc-, while b'.iir.c louiid, the happnuli of
JJi.tuin, and :tli;w Juliicc is dr:v:iui; a-.v.-.y Knvy, .'••.•di-
ta.ii, ,xr. iHc room IS huiij with lapcitry re[>i^l.iii::;g
t:i'.' p.nVteli;ii (.t the primitive V.'hiilii.iiis.
'1 ii • iiliii: ot the queen's a-ji:ienc.-.hamher ii p'.int-
(I ar.': iir:t;i:.i::a in tlic peiloii of <;u .11 Catiiarii.e in a
c,.- ,!::nvn bv f-.v.:iu to tlie tempi- 01 v ir'.ue, attemleil by
1 i.T.i, Ctrc«, i'oinoi.a, if^c. I be loi 111 is huiw wit.i
tipiiiiv, and tiie canopy ii of line hnjidh velvet let up
bv < U-Cll AlUU'.
{/ii the e.ibii • of the b.dl-rr;oni kr^ Charles I!, is rc-
|a,:.i.i.leil '.rniii,^ lrro>.oni to Lui. pc by the ti.;uiej ot
i'oueu-. aii.l Ar..;iomeda. l he tap. dry, w.iich w..j made
;.l IJrul'.'eis and let up by k;n;^ L'lailcs II. reprctems
i',e :'. ifor.- ot i.ie vcar -, and both tliis room and all tne
I iro\. i aij ^J^.n.J v.'.tn levtral piclurei by '.ne gre.iteit
II ' e:;.
i hi- next is the quci'n':; dra-A ins;- room, where on the
«i ill ; :> pamt^J the alieirii^iv ot tr.c uoj-. and ;.v)ddeliej:
i. '' . uii ', with lapi i!ry ripm ii'ini: ther.vilvc 111 Miili-iof
t 'U ve.ir,;invl aiUjiiud v.Mii )i:ctur.-bOi Lot ai;d hiM!au^',h-
Anndo, and levii..! otntrpie.es by tuc gr-.'at i
.iii^r
i5.
In i:ie qu':cn's bcd-chanibtr the bed of (late i; of ritli
n^\'.i.reil Vklut, mule in Spiia!hi.l.!s bv oidtr o( i|iietn
Aimc, and the liptUry, whiih ripiei-nt-. the harvtit li-a-
l^ n, was alio made at London, 'llie cKJini; is paint.d
wiiti the lloiy of IJiana and Kndyniion, and the loom
!:•' riv d witli the piilturcs of the i !i;ly lamily, by Ra-
|,.i,.'-l J IK'rod's cruelty, by (j.ulio Romano; aiul Juiluil
all! I Ikilofiincs, bv Cjuido.
I'l.c r.e.xt IS the room of beauties, fo named fioni the
p<>r'.r. it« of the molt clebrated beauties in tlie reijn of
ivii',; LharUs II. '1 hey arc tourtcen in number, and .^l
i.ii.iiijl painliiij^s, by Sir Ftter I/tly.
(.J^'ceii tl;/.abeth's, o.' the piclure-'.villcrv, is adorn-
r.i with a great number of fine painiin-s, among which
.leRfiine in H.iniwS, by Giuiio koi)..oio ; the pool of
Ij.ilxfda, by I ihtoret i a Romaii f.iir.ily, by I'liian j
ail I tv.o uiurers, an admired pii'cc, by t:ie tamoiis
b!...:kliiii'.!i of Antwerp. I iiere is hire lik'vvifc ipicen
t'.i-oriv.'s thina-tlolel, filled with a urcat variety o( cn-
iioui thilia, elegantly difpof.d. Thii clid'vt is lin.ly
On the citlin^; of the king's cb.fct is paint.d rVp- ..,
of jupj.er and L-.-da ; and anion'; o^her ciiri,i|,ti"s „'■'
rm.ni contains a larnc frame ol luuile-woik fad t , b,'
wrought by .Mary q"ujtn of Scots, .in I it is alio aJom^a
Witli levifal line paiiKiii'',s, partieub.tly I i:iairj d-u.i
tcr, by hcilelt i u i Krinaii la.ly, by K.ir.hae!, in:." "''
It would c.iiry lis to to > ^re.it a Ten vti weu v/e ;odc.
fcrihethe luimudus paintings .md "riiain, 1115 of tin lon^'"
drc/liiii!;-rooni, lv.-d.i,h.iii.lHi, drawin;' room, a i,!w|w\.'
chiniber, preleneeih oiibc:, and i^uaidrluinjcr ■ fl
cirlin-; bfin^r painted and the rtKjms ailo.iuj y.it.'J a"
llllti.l.le pidaies. ""
it. (.ie.ir.!e's- ch.n bf r, \vM( li !• la ap.i't fr;ri!;'',,.
noer ot tile moll illuilrioiis orjer of the CI .rt..', on--,
IU<', however, tii be o,,olted, it btiiw o:i;- o! j.-.c u,/""-
ro( ins in Luiope. In a lar;,'.* 0v.1l in the CLiiicr o| >..
tie.iii;; k.n;r Llia les II. is teptekiite.! in thi; li..b t i;i t "
oidu, attiiided by l.ndand, Scoilaod, and Ire.ai.J, -,{.'.
li;!ioii and I'.inty b< Kl a crown over !;is i.ej ;; R,.. ,' 1']']
vein-.i-iit is fuppoiud by Reli-ii.n ..r.d !• :..;:i:v,' \, ..)'.
J mhit;, attended by b'ortitndj, 'JVini.-.-anie, .'^j . ' ,'
deuce, beat down R !i.l ion .:nd rajtioii. ioij i," . .1
IS an aleeiiE by five lleps of litij in.irhir, tj \...i i, .■.'.
p.nmer has added H.e mor'.-, with fuch perliv: > , ,,,,',
detove the li^nt, and ind.iee the lpee>.,:-...r toiiia . .'. ,,
equally real Ibis noble room is a hundivd .•11! ^...^[
l-tt M uii'tih, and the wh(de iioith fide is l.d.eii tm Hi.;,
tr.c tiiuiii.in.in: tiitry of Kdw.'id the IJIaek I',ii.i-.-,\,.i„_.
I.dw.ud li,. I ,e f Minder of tht^ or.;er of th.: tia.t.r ,j
l.ati-.l on .1 ilniiiit' icCi-iviiw the ea;'live kiiv . el f. .:, ..
1 n. i,i.K!;'s ih.ip 1 Is no lefs ri'.b'v adr.rn.'.! : 0:1 I'x;
titling IS li.-iely repitf-'iKcd our Loi.;'s A-e.;fnM ; ;,;
-iiar-piLic 1. adoiii.d wirh a noble p.iliuin > oit;,: i..;
.^nppei, an.! ihe_ no;.h (i.'.c with :..e r.;." ra.i.aoi'
our oa.iviiir's railinj; (,a/..iiis (loni (he dead, ri-. curav
tne In .. o; t ic palley, an 1 o.ht r niir.n Us, ! v Verrj. '■>.!■
tariopv, eurai'i-, aii.l furniture are ot (.riv.aai ».!■,.; .
.wid me t-'autilul carved '.lork is done bv i:i''.'urs.
.St. (.j.oii;r's chiip.l ba:. .dvv.iyi bien 'el'u • i U t.r i;t
ncatnels ar.d beamy, a:ul in p.irticu!.:r the li.titr ij.i ,(
accounted -111 ■.sceilVnt j; ece of woikn-.anih p ; but wlut
Jjipe.its ni.dl woiiiiy (d notice is tiie eiieir: 011 vacli ti.'.
arc tl'.e iLlls ot the lovereieii and knights cjninai.ii..".. ,,[
tne n; .ir noble orJer of the Ci irier, wi.li the h.li.i.t,
iiiantlimj, creli, and Iword of eaf h knii^ht l.t up ovci ;;:;
li.ill, on a caiuipy of aniient rarvin;; eurio.iiiy' '.vrnii.'-.r;
and over the laiiopy is aiHxed the banir.r or aim. 01 t;<ri
kni.^.u propeily bi.i/.oned on lilk, and on t!ie b .ek u; t:;i;
llalis are the title, ol t'le kii'-'his, with i!,e:r .tma n;.:ly
eiij;raved and bi.izoned on ro.jper.
I'iic lovciji^;i', liall IS o;i t.'ie ti:;Iit bn:,! of thr en-
trance into liis rho r, and is covered v/lth pur;>le vtu.t
and cloth ol uol ', and has :i ean.ipy and co npict: fui'n-
tureot the I ;i;k- 11, h inaleri.ils ; Ins bannvr is iihuviiV: f
Velvet, and h., niaiitlnig cf cloth of j^old. Tli-- piii^^'s
llall is on the Lit, bu: his no diihiiction from ih I.' m'
the rcit ot tne kii!. his, they being all conipan.uiis iiil
collci-ucs equal 111 b inoiir.
1 nij < hapi 1 lias alio the monuments of fc/crjl pri;\";
.in.l 01 the lui.iili'y, f)!i-.e of whicn are vtrv nu.'ailic:Kt.
Ilavinj; now liniflicd our deferipfion <d\V iiulircilii:,
we oiivdil t'j take i.in<: notice of the gic.ic park, atijti-.':
loieli : tlie foriiur lie: on tiie fouth fide of the to'.vi>, i.:\
opens by a noble ro.id in a diit.'i line to the top 1 1 .1 i ■
ligiitful hiil at near thrcs miles dilhmce. '1 iii.. r -d
leads through adouhic plaiitat.uii of trees on each I.J-.' : 1
the r.ingcr's lodae, the rciidjiice of tiie late dukeof C'lu;-
beil.ind, who ;_:r'-atly improved the natural be.uitie, uli.i."
park, ami bv i irge planvatioiis, e.stenlive Ijwik, im-.'
canals, ,.nd livets, leiiilertd this villa an ha'.iitation W" •
thy of a pi nice. This paik i, fourt..-en miles in ciit : •
brence, well llockiilwith deer andotli.r gmif, w-i
loreiin b>iilU ami biids. The new erected hiiil.bii; • a
.Shn.li's hill is .uloriicd b^-ncth with a b-.a;i:ilul o .1
lan.lleapc ; a noble piece of water, produced at a jjic.it- -•
pence from .1 fmail (treain, capable ot citrvoK; b.r; i
and pleaiuic-boal'i, tennuiAics in * gro'.tj and I. ■
3 laica...-,
llso'-'^^"-
l'. U K O P E.
^Z *
1 1 over it h!b royal lii
creeled a nrihli
imliltini; nf one artii, u liuii IrcJ an. I lixiy-nvi;
iJe
•jins
IVLT
rhe ilulcc alf" greatly improved VVindCor forill, wliich
to the |viik, ami lias been renJered faiiimis whire-
the Kji,;ii(h toiiijue is uiule/(luud, by llic pen of the
;|cbr.itLJ I'ope. It IS
iJced I
.illy
lairen aiul iinciil-
tivateJ , y
J, yet is finely diverlilied with lulls and vale«, woods
nJ lawns, intcrlperl'ed witli |)lcalant viilas, towns, and
mUt;
\Vc lliall now proceed to the principal towns and
ftwil begin
lib
Reiuiini;, wliuh is lb called from the I'riiilh word
5 which the lepciul tclis us were martyred with
fand vir^'iii
St. Uriula. 'I'hc tiiwn is a i^icat il'.oiou'4n-laK, ..nd
nun
y
IVS.
I'.ODil nil'..-,
with a Weekly ni.irkei
Ih.
^v eJncl-
if.lord is an ancient, lar^e, and ivdl-lmilt town.
lorty-l.x niilejto the welt oi
I,
in the town ha
the aHi/es are I'on.etimes held, and there the c]uaiter
i; Ihoii
.1"
always held lor the liiroiii;!:. It i. lealeJ >
the I h.nnes over which is a H'lni: hiidne id nineteen
arc he
and lour draw-bridi.'es. It has been furroiinded
willi a wall a mile and a hali in circumlercnee, and had
«r
Ml
but It is mm' denxdiiLeil. It had like
lie hjur pirilh-thurchcs, but two of them were dc-
Rhednn,
iiuaiitil"-:
that is l'"ern ; which I'oimerly giew in great Uroyed durin;^ the civil vs'arj. It has a Irec-lcha
(here.
Thii
a very lar^e and wealthy | a
handf
and
unie maiket-huule, in whieli the in i^illratcs
H
;:'tl
; It':
"■ ' ' i
* ' j
r
^ iO
A
Y S r F. M () F G E O G R A 1' 1 1 y.
I'
< 'ii t'.'- t.:irtli or inij'.T li
• •.. 1,1. 1I..111 .ml i.':i >;i.
v/iiiili I' i;i l» in tlio ccnlir.
■lie .... ,. iii, > aiij .'^i.iaiiu'iit
t.iic ili i|.cl, wit!i tU'iW I r 111.- n.iii.f . .iiioii., I
'.•Mir oliKiri i aiiJ on the Imitli .m.l A.ltfi:.-. i.l !:.i
iiuti'r |).i(t aic' ilic lioji^s el the \ni ir km ;;iis(>! Winillr,
I ho riiy.il ii;.4r(nv.'nli ill tlic iijijur court arc uIikI'v
t'.rinii! the ll.ir Iniiiiliiij!, Imin ,\ lt,;i jii.l ;' litir in 'yi\ \
Ulll:
n •;
..t i^
iMimiliie ir.ii luiliillMj!, Iliiin .1 II.'.I .111.1 ;' 1; ti t ID CM' I
ill the nii.i.ile (,(' the lliuvtiui', nn in-.- uiiiiul' n' ..t the
t-ir,i>. I hct^ntr.ince is thnui'ii ahindlome vcltihale li:;i-
pirt J b.ci.liimns uiihe Imik nule.-, vv.tli liitiic :.;ili;jiie
I'lill, ill I'.vi r.il niche-. 1 iils le.i.!s t.i l!ie ;'r.-J: It .ir-
C.lfe« w hii 11 l.< liiiL ]v n.iinl. il iL'ii.i l.-\ 2 r.,I • . .t.i .n. l.'..iL' .
cile, «hu il i.s liialy [Mini
Irutii Uu.l's .Met.iiiii,r|ili<
puleiiuil ciiire.iliii!; A|i
l.Ol I.! I.*-..' lira • 111 I ir..,.
vvilil levtr.il
111 ih Ji.iiic
til I. : .'i.iii >l
.W> lll'Il
■;!. .1 :.s le-
; the 1 h.l-
:'i!t.i:-l .rn„rn.:,v,' ,, , Jill;,,, ;,e „!,„,., ,^,
, !. ■■:. . liiii.e \>y Dull-.eiil.
On the ciilin-t ..t' the hin ;':. cMet ij p:::.,t i ,.„
"' J"i-:.ir and J,-,i.,; a„,| ■;„„„„,, ,.:U:-r nn'.i .'
" '' "••'•ni'iiH liljr.-e (,,,me „| neidle-work h'i'
wr..,,t.ht !.y .\l.;ry q„,en <„■■ Scots, .ml a i. M, I',
w.lli :e>ir4. hue .>..iiu,i,:.s r.iit.cul.r.V i i:uir< .'
• n, Sly liuleit I a (;eni,.m |;,.|y, by U:r.:-.ji;' i .'
a ■.v.iiii.j e.iny i:< to t.i . ^re..l ,, leii -ill we;'- v;.V
!cTih<-the nuimrmis |,..i.,iiiip mJ orn.uri. niMi! t ■
..r:JliM;..,o„i,i, l,;J rh.n.l,.,, dra^inr ro„n,, a"'
e.im..Kr ..ie:r„.c-.th.i.i,|.c,, aii.l i..j".i.l-( h.n\'-
ur,ar-ili.„i;,.,i,ucd and t!ic iiMiii. a.:.,..Ku vi
aiii..l.|,-|,iol,,,.s.
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V>".v
fan/'-'
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/!,///.•// .fAffi/A . ;a<..
~ i^ti-ui::
tNGL.4SI).
cifcaJi', an I over it I
[itiJ^e confilting nf oi
I'hc duke alfii ^rc.itl
■Oins to itic pirk, and
ocr the lin.:ii(h toiigii
ctlcbrittd I'ope. It is
uiJteJ, yet is tiiicly div
:nJ bwns, intcrlperla
uiUs'*-
\Vj rtu!l now prdi
Ihjii bcgiii v.i:h
Ke;Jing, which is
R:.ioiin, that is rcrii
,.:iiititic> there. I'll
;j.v:i, icJIi'l i):i the riv
[• I.o.'i.;t)ni and levciit
„ il near the rii.inie
[:,:, uie ni.iy come up
l;nc wharS to load an
i..:;\ oil a vtiy ^reat t
ujicr iiavigaii.in tu ai
I .cclii-'ily a threat trail"
:..)n ol t'le j'.uid) hmui
,,;:;.;ulaily ciul;., lalt,
^^J.•. Ity thcle hatj'.e
ij.jii .'Kit i|uantiiies ut
;..■ hrre lliiee thiirclle:
•.::—■' 1-iiJ St. (lilta's,
;-.■ i^uiKUIi.i lalliiiin,
• ;:in. Here are alio i
:iijt lit me (^lakcrs. t
i.jj ptiiplc, including
tr.t I ha:ntj.
rill-, town had f.irm
iU.iiiiini.t ot Kii^laiiil
III 1 tine lituation, and
IjiituI flint , the wall,
kit tlucl., th .u ih tiic
T.'.tri. are many rcmiiai
try jate is yet piettv i
t: ki.ii Henry 1. on .iii
5.1X011 la;.'y : that prince
bat tne.r iiiKiiunKiits at
:< i:ivm:cd by a inavo
J.M1.!, ji.J other otfive
.( NcvMiry is litu.ited
iriolt Iriiitlul plain, wat
r.-Jonav... .l>;c up to t
.r.J the iiiaiicrt-pl uc I
i:c..':i, and it coiitaii|
t.'.c cuiporation 1j ti.iiil
r,: ;'r.-llewa;d, aldcriiicil
i,.i.x)l lor liirty hov-,
tr. at and cray-tilli : al
... c v.ry resloniible.
I.-..- lunie ol Spei'iiham
. I olJ town calli'd .Sp
Ntw'aury, in rcliiecl t.
i.'id tor lliortneis Ncw|
■.;rv famous tor makii
X ill- ;,enerally cnii:
iierc lucd the lam
. ,!hicr in Kn^lanJ,
Mork in his own houl
Hci.ry \'III. and mar
h.i own men, all cloatl
eJ at his own txpcnc
while he hchivcd will
N\.ir this town wei|
t'.v.,ii the aimy ol' ki
liTiCs, the king hinil
.Maidenhead is an
RcJiling, and twenty
vcrnmtiit ol a hij;h-ll
tut ol wlioTi thev an
jtxik alter the large ti
Thames, lot the repai
annuiUv allowed then
hiaJ i> laid to be lu c
!•: U K O P E.
a ImiilrtJ an. I lixiy-livL'
aUii-'^ an lover it liN rov.i
biiJ^c coiiUlliiig uf uiic an.li,
I'hi.- duke alf > _:;rc.it1y iiiip'ovi'il W uul((ir lunll, wliii'li
: jP5 tj the p.irk, and his litm ri:ndircd Liiiiucis wlnrc-
ncr tnc Kn.;li(h tongiii; is uiidi iIIoikI, by ilii; pen of tlu-
,(|cbrJtwd i'ij\K. It IS iiidircd gciR'i.illy 'o.iiriii ,md iiiuiil-
litJtcJ, vi-'t ii tiiifly divcrfuicd with lulls and valcv, wood<
■ni liwns intcrl|)--tleJ with plualaiit vill is, towiir, and
"'''h'-'^ , 1 • • 1 1
W'c (nail now proceed to tne pnntipa! towns, ;'.nu
fiiail begin v.T.h
Rc.;iiini;, which is Co called Inmi tlu' I'linlli word
Riiciiim, that IS Fern ; which lormcily gicv in great
ijaiiiti!ic> there. This is a very lar^e and wealthy
[j.ni, leatt'l on the river K'linel, Imtv miles to the welt
u; 1,u:k:um, and leventy-hve to thi- call ot liiillol ; but
1,1) near the I'hames, that the lar;;elt har.'es which
jl,;, uie may come up to t!ie town IthIi'.c, wheicthev
hue wharls to load and tiiilu.id ihein. 1 he inliabitanis
i.::i on a very great tia.ie, wlinh chiefly conlilis in this
wjt;riia>igaii.iii to aiiil hum l.oiidun i .md tluy have
i.ctliiiilv a threat tra\l'' into the country t.n ilie confuiiip-
;,.jn ol l^'S .'>'od> broiiL'ht hv tlicir barge, lioin London,
^iiiculaily coals, lalt, giocerywares, oils, and all heavy
.'.^Jj. Uv thcle bar^i;es they fend Iroiii heiKC to Lon-
iion Jtcat ipiantities ot malt, meal, r.iul liinber. There
i,c litre thiee churches, whuh aie St. Mary's, .St. Lau-
i:.n;e"-,iiiJ St. (lilea's, built of flint and Iquarc Hones in
ir; cuuivunx falliion, with tall toweis of the lame nia-
l-iuls. Here are alfo two lar^jo nieetin^-h.uifes, behdes
;l|jt of tne (j^i.ikcrs. Readinij; contains al)out eight ihou-
l.!iJ people, including a lutTc hamlet at the bridge over
l,-,e I har.ti.
This town ha.l lornu-rly a famous abbey, in which the
|jj;liaiiiii.l of Kng'and has been loinetimes held ; it Itood
III 1 tine lituation, and larue rums of it aie Ihll vilible,
built ol flint ; the walls which remain are about eight
Icct t'.uck, th.iiih tile Hone that faced them is gone,
'n.tre are many remnants of arched vaults, and the ab-
bey iJte is yet prettv eiitite. This (tincture was built
bv i.i.ii Henry 1. on an old abbey foimeily erected by a
ijxoii iai'y ; that prince was buiicd in it, with hij (lueen,
but tr.cir inonunuiits .are not now to be lound. I'he town
IS L''vtrr.cii by a mayor, twelve alJermen, twelve bur-
g.uU, jnJ other otliecrs.
." NcvMirv is fituated til'tv-fi.x n> les from I.ondon, in a
tnolt Iriiitlul plain, wateieil by the river tveniici, which is
(Ride niw^ .hie up to the town. The Itreets are fpaeious,
anj the iiuikct-iil icc large, in which is fold agre.it deal
ofc-rn, and it contains a hall in wh.ch tiie bulincis of
ir.c corporation ij tianfa.ltcJ. It i, goveinid by a mayor,
ni;h-ilewa:d, aldermen, aiul burgelles. It has a charity-
f.njol fur f'irty lioys and the place is noted lor good
Iff.utanJ cray-tilli . all forts of pnvnKuiJ arc here like-
...c v;ry rcufontble. I'..rt of N'ewbuty i. known by
\^.: ninie of Spei'iiham-land, it rilin;-, out ol the ruins of
; a old town calli-d Spine, tiii- ruiiHin. of wliii ii |oin to
Newi)ii;v, 111 rcl(Kel to which it was called N'ew Iioroiigh,
j.nd for ihortneis Newbury. This town was anciently
•trv famous for making woollen cloth, ami the people
!!.;■* Jl'' generally employed m making ilialloims.
flerc li.ed the famous Jack uf Neivhury, the grcatell
(!othifr in KnglanJ, he having a luiiuired looms at
work in hi5 own houll'. Lie tlouriflnd in the reign of
Henry VIII. an.l marched at the hca>l of a hiinurcd of
h:i own men, all cluathed in one uniioim, and maintain-
ed at his own expellee, to the h.if.lc of Moducniield,
wheie het^chaved with gre..t hraiciy.
N..ir this town were fought two bloody battles be-
tWL. 11 the limy of king CL.irlcs I. and the p.irlumcnt's
l.riCs, the king himfelt be.i.;; preftnt at both.
Maidcnhe.id is an ancient town, tweUe niilf; from
i Reading, an.l twcnty-cight lii.u London, undii tlu: go.
Vfrnmciit of a hit;h-llewaid, .; mayor, ami ten .il.lennen,
cut ot whom they annuuU.. .U.t two biklgc-inaliirs, to
look after the large timbi; budge which here creillcs the
Tiunies, lor the repair of winch the triwii has three trees
snnuillv allowed them out i/l'V.nJuJi foreft. Maiden-
head i> iaiil to be fo called from one of tlr- eleven thou-
«7
f.ini! viig jis which the Ict'ond tells us were niarlytcii wiih
St. L'rl.ila. 'Ilie town is a great tl'.oiougn-faie, Hiidhi*
many good ini. , with a weekly market on W'eJncl-
days.
Wallinp.loril i> an ancient, large, an I weil-built town,
lorty-lix miles to the welt oi Londoii ; in the town hall
tlij iilli/.es iie fomctimes held, and there the ijuaitet-
f. (lif-iis aic always held for the lurough. It i. feated < n
the I h oiie^, over which is a 11 one biidL'e of nineteen
.irclies, and lour draw-bridges. It h.u been furroiinded
with a wall a mile and a halt in circumlereiice, and had
a Itroiu^ callle. but it is now demolill.ed. It ha.l like .
wile four p.inlh-churcl'.es, but two of them were dc-
(Irove.l during the civil warj. It h.is a free-lchool, and
a h.ir.dlediie maiket-houh:, in which the imgiiliatea
keep the leirioiLs, it being go\eined by .i niayoi, bui-
gelles, 'v'e.
Abingdon, a handfome well built town, where tlie
afli/.e«, leflioiir, and other puhhe nieeciiigs ol the eoniit/
are generally held. It h.is a llately maik.thoure built
on high pillars, over wliiili is a large hall l.n the adi/e-.
Ileie aie alio two cluir. hes, and the town cnlills nf |c-
veral well-built llieels, which center ill .>i\ open and Ipa-
cious place, wlieic the corn ni.iik' t is kept. The inhabi-
tants in.ike gii'.it i|iiantitie.. of nialt, wliieh they lend m
barges to Loiulon. Mere is a good liet-lLhool, and a
cbarity-fchool loundeil 111 15(3^. The corpor.itioii con-
lilts ot a mayor, two bailihs, and nine aldeiiiKii. I'liiv
place w.is lame.! tor leligious lioulls m the time of tli«
ancient lliituns.
S t. (• T. Ml.
Of //Wljhir,; crlf'ill^; ili Xnmc, Siliiatiin, l-'xlrul, Jir,
i'i.;'/, I'roiliit!-, Jiiviis, Jtivijion', L'i. an<l I'rIiui/iLil'fiivn.",
■will) a pailittiliir nijiripti^n if Htcmhcn^e, anil wl'utcjer
liiii'jt iHii'jiii in ihii Cilinly.
WII.rSIIlUH receives its name from W.lton, once
its capital, which was lo called Ironi its htuation
on the liver Willy, it being from \\ illy-towii con-
tracted to Wilton. It IS bounded on the north calt and
ealt by berkdiirc, lalt ilelcribed ; on the l.)uihealt by
llaniplliire ; on the loilth-well by Soiiieileidiii'- ; and
on the north-Writ aiul north by GUiucelteilliirc. Itslcn.;th
from north to fouth is near lifty tour miles, its breadili
I troni call to weft thirty ^ight, and it about ahunJred
! an.l lortytwo in circunilereiiec.
I I he air is fweet and healthy, though foiiictiiinL' fliarp
on the lulls in winter ; but it is I'lil.i eliiring that leafoii
111 the vales. The land in the northern parts ij .:ene-
I rally billy and woody ; in the loiithein 11 i> ti.h an.l h'l-
tilc ; in the midillr it cliielly conlilti of Jowns, that af-
' '' ' i ..eit paltuie lor Iticep ; and in the- valleys, wh;.. h
J ie (lie downs, arc .'.bundaiue of corn-lields and rich
meadows. In lome places is (mind knot gr.ils ir.'ar twenty
lei-t. Ill leii;(tn, with which hogs aie led, elii-.TLilly about
j Maiket L.'vington. Itschul comnio.litie, .ut /heci,
j woid, w.iod, and (tone; ot this lalt then- .o.j excellent
' ejuariie, at Chilmaik, on the banks ol ihi- nver Nadder,
' wheie f.iiiie ol the Hones arc twenty yai.ls in leng.th, and
lour in thicknels, without a Haw, Ihe duel nianu-
lactuies are iholi-' tclatini', to the el.i.ilhlii" Irade.
' I be principal livcr^ m WiliHiii.- are tlv Upper and
Lower Avon, the Nadder, ilie V\il|y, the i.<oiitiie, and
the Keniiet. The Upper Avon iili ^ near the ci liter of
; the county, ami running fouthwaul ciiur^ li iiiipniirc.
i 1 he Lnwer Avon riles in the northern cilge ol W'lliHiire.
I palli-s bv .Malmlhury, and at length enteis Sonierf'etlhire.
I The Nadder riles 111 the l.iuth-welt point o! the country
and flowing eattwaid to S.dillniry, there joiiis the Avon.
Till' Wiily has lis foiirce on the weltein lidcof Wilt-
fliiie, and lunning towards the fouih call falls into the
Nadder, near Salilbnry. The r>i.uine h.i, its fpriiig jn
the caitern limits ol Wiliniirc, and riiiiiiing to the louth-
ward loins the Avon a little below S.ililbuiy ; and the
Kcnnet h.is us lource ilea: the inuldle of the county,
and running ealtwardcnicis llerklliire. Thus is all Wilt-
(hire fupplied with riveis, which not only atfjrj great
0^
li'f
f"
|!.
!;■
i »
^i^'
?
!i
< !
iH^i
A S Y S 1 L M u F l> t O Ci K A J il Y
P'-'i.i. <■
i-lcnty of I'lfh, Imt i.Mlothi- I r.uify .iiul fertility of the
country in tlifir iivLijlmuik-. hitwitji tlu- liilK ;ind the
.iowns.
l'h!> couiuv, whiih lies in tlif ilidi cfr of Sili!l)uiy,
(iimains twuity-oiiL nuiUi't-towns, uhiindifJ .111. i fivcii
\ ic;ira^';is, thric hunilrtil ami tour p:'ri(hos, anJ nine
hutivlrcil anil fitty villai'i's. Ii in du kUJ intn tweiKy-iiiiit'
i'.nn.lrt'd'-, whi^li cuhirtin lu'.ir twi'iily-ci.:hi thuiiMmi
hoults, and a hundred mid rixly-iicht lhi)ii(.ind inli.ib;-
tants. It fcnd> thiity-lmir m^nibeu to (latlianuiit,
namely, two kni;!;lits lor the (hire, niid t*o biir;;cHis
tor each of tin; tolluwinijlHirmi^lis : New Saniiii, W'll-
t.in, iM.iil!i(iriiui;h, ( )ld S.iriim, \\ ucton H.ilkt, l.'i'i-
tjerlhall, (iicat I'edwin, I't ii-kl.vde. M.ilinlbiiry, L'hip-
(K'nliam, !X-vi/.cs, Caliie, Wcllhuiy, I Icytelhnry, HiiitDn,
and iJownti n. Th^; principal places 111 tins toiniiy aie
the lolKnvnii; ;
Salill'iirv, or New Saruni, if pleid'anilv foatel at tl.c
ronflueiKc uf the rivers Avon and Willy, ei^lity-lour
fpff. niilc^ from London ; it rofe out of the rni;n of Old Sj-
nim, which (tandb on a hill a little to the north of this
(.-iiy, which is large, well built, and very plealant; but
its loundeib leeni t.) h.ue ru;i from one cMren.e to an-
other, for as the old city w... m !;rcat « ;nt of v.'ati.r,
this has rather too much, thr water runniiij!; through
ihff middle of every llreer, which kcrps thrm always wet
and dirtv, even in theiiudllol funimcr. I'he cathedril
i-. famous for the height ol it^ fpue, which is Ldd to be
the molt lofty in K.ngland, it tiein;; lour hundred and
ten feet fiom the ground, and yet the walls are Co ex-
ceeding thin at the upper part of the Ipii.-, that, upon a
view nude 1-y the late Sii Chiillopher W len, they were
found to be lei's than live inches thick ; on which ihat
great aichitccl ordered it to be llrcn^thened with li.iiid-.
of iron plates, which have lo elteCtually fecured It, that
it IS laid by the bell architects to be llronuer now than
when it was hilt built. I'his vcntrable Itrudurc is in
the form of a crols, and colt an immenle fum oi money ;
but the woik on the iiilidc is not anlwerablc to the nu-
merous decorations without. 1 ho painiini; in the ciioir
is mean, it being probably performed when th^t art was
but in its infancy 111 this kingdom ; but the carviii;; is
well txecutc.l. 1 lowcvcr, the author ol the Tour through
Cireat Hntaiii oblerves, that it is rather a line church,
than finely adorned. 'I'he tollowiir.', lints ihew the
number oi its windows, pillai^, and gates ;
As many dav- os in one year tl-.erc be,
■So many win>:ows in one chinch we lee ;
As many marble pillars there appear,
Ai there are hours throughout the fleeting year ;
As many iiates as moons one year do view :
Strange talc toteil,yet not more llrange th.intrue '
There arc fom? very fi.ip monuments in th:i. church ;
particularly m v^llat is called the V'ilgin .Maiy's cha,iel,
is a noble one of the lafj dnkc and duch'/ls ot Somerlet.
The cinyltcr is a hundred ;'nd fixty feer liniarc, and the
inner clovller thirty lect wide. C)ver the ealt part ol the
clovlter is a Ipaeious hlirary. The cathedral, vMth tiie
cloie adioimii'-', where ttic prebendaiies live, make a noble
appearance. The chapter- houle is an cctar^on no lels
than a hundred and hity leet in circumfeicnce, yet the
roof has no other fupport in the center than a fmall
marble pillar. I he corporation conlilts of a mayor, re-
corder, aldermen, 5;c. and the town houle, whiih makes
a noble appc.irance, is adorned with a very line original
picture of queen Anne, done by Dahl.
AVilton, an ancient boronuh town, once fo coiilider-
able that it gave name to the county. Hands nerr il-c
junction of the Nadder with the Willy, {nvcn miles from
Salilbury, and eighty lix from London, but is now a
mean town, though it .'ends two members to pailiaincnt,
and is the place where the knij;hts of the fhire are chol'en
It has, however, a nunufadlure (;f carpets, whiih is c.ir-
ried to great pcrketinn, and many ot the carpets made
there, being very beautiful, are fold in London at a jjood
price.
Wilton houfe is fitnated in a plealant vale, with the
town ofWihgii yn one lide, ..nJ a fpacious park on the
other. -Il'.e c.mal before th- !,„iir- li, i pa,,||,.i „,;_,
nvci, and en r-imring the court-y.ird y„o (it a ii,,(,i
column .,f poiph)iy, on the up of v.h.ili i, j f,,, H''''
hie (latuc ol Venus, of cxclli-nt workmandii,. " i-.,'
houie IS a noble pile ol buildin;;, deiiuned by n',,. ^1'.^
hrale.l Ini-o J.mcs, and the lo.ims aie" adormd u-.t,, ,^„'
nieil biauiilul Itatues and paintiiijjs. Ihe ...irat .n-t .'
trical llair-calehasbein deleivrdiv adniircd,"ii |,irn..'"i.!^
litlt oftlie kind in lMi_daiidi and the j;r,iii,| jpirtii.!„t "
a lupiib piece of ati hitecline, partic'ulaily the l'i|,.'.''
whi.h is li\ty feet lonp, thiiiy hi-h, and ihin, [-l','. ,'
'• VVhenyiHi h.ive entered ihcfc j;",^,! ap.iiiiunt, i". "
" a late wiii^T, fuch vai.ciics llnkc upon you tieri'iv^.'
" that you fcaice know m which hand id tun; : (',.. ", !
" lide you lee leveial iimnis adorne.i with paiiitiirii, ,"
" furio.is and various, that y(.u leave them with iei.jj"
" taiice i and lookiiu ar.other way, you aie tailed oil l\
" a v.dt c<dlcol;on f.f buds and pieces (,(' th,,. iTcat.it ■ -
" tiipiity ol the kind, both llrei k and Riki.:m. At ere
" end ot the -r.ind riKjin is the celebra.id l.utiilv pic-
" ture, by Vandyke, twenty leet I-mi;', and tw.liciur
" h.{;li, containing thirteen liirurisa' bit; as the lilt '■
This loom is alio adorned with a i^reai irunibei tf i^ni ' •
|)iiftiiie^.
Jn moll of the nparttnrnts the matble cbimiicv Mir.*
are ol the molt cxquilite worlinianniip, all carv. ■! in {•■',
Witt) nljiiy euiious It.itucs, tulli) niicvo', ^nl I'lClari' '
by the grcjtilt m;'lLis. The Io.'l'.o in the biwii-.'
pieen is fupp^iited by be.mtiful pillais, and adornul wrf,
niches and llatiie'.-. The jti.tto In, its Iront cuii'.iil..
carved, and all the infide is cal'ed w.th iiiurl I.' ■ it hj'«
black columns of the Ionic order, with eani;..l5 i,f wliitt
mirblc, and four fine b.illo relie\os hum 1 Ljimee.
The trout of the houle next the LMidm- 1; id.'citfd
one of the b II pieces of the celebrated Iiiijojo e-,, s,|,|
!•. a hundred and ninely-loiir fe?t in len:;tn. I'he par-
dens aie on the fouth lide of the houie, and extfjij
beyond the river, a branch of which runs throapli .1 p,.t
<d them. To the fouth of the r;jrilens is the I'te.it n.irk
which reaches beyond the vale, and the view'operis ;i;r:j
Salrlbury- plain. Here is alio a hare warren, as n ;.; ,;■■;[.
ed, which has been for m.Tny yiais a fanctua-v fur the
hares ; but the neighbounn.' gentlemen coiiipl.,.] thai n
fpoiL their fport, lor if thiy pirt up a hare uahin twu
or three ni.Ks of it, llie always runs t 1 the warrcr, ai;,|
an end is put to their purluit ; belide>, thvle anaiials are of
great prejudice to the corn.
Sahlbury-pl.'.in is very deli'.'h'fu', a< we'! ;s txt'ri'vc
the I'urrc-iv.is flecks ol (lietp all round ;ae apl.-^fin-
light, and it is not uncnnimon for thefe lloek> tocoritai.i
Irom three to tivc thouf.md, all bclcn.'MiU', in on,- man.
On thi^ plain are a great number ot barrows, cr iitr':
hills, thr(.\vii up over gra\er,; alio the remains ot ten •>!■:!,
and the traces of many old lirit.Jh, Kcman, Saxfc,
and O.inilh c.imps and fortificatiorii. Hut the iiran-l:
curiolitv in this eounly is that noble monument mI anti-
quity c.iUed Stone-hcnge, whicli inrgo ji-.nc; cndr.iK.ur-
ed to prove to be the renuiins of a temple of ttie I nam
order, built by the Romans to the god C'a'iuui, or 'I tr-
minuj ; but the learned doilor Stiiktley has endiavoiircd
to prove it to be a temple built by the nnricm Hrii.'n'.
It recitvcd its n.ime Irom the Saxon Rode-hcnjen;'' . ■ .
hanging-rocks ; and in Votkfliiie hanging rock:, an i.i.l
called hcnges.
Stone-henge is fihiatcd in SaUfburv-plain, fi.\ niilcn
the north ol .Saliflstiry. It has the rivet Avon totliecjll,
and a brook that runs into the Willy rm the well, ivlrc'i
llreams encompafs it half round, at the dillance ol twu
mills, forming as it were a circular area of four m iifc
miles diameter, compafled by gentle acclivities, ^'hl^ aa-
tiquiiy flands on the I'ummit of a hill, which tiles wit.', a
very yentle afcent.
At the diflance (if aboil' ha;f a mile it has a llrtc'v ?x.i
augiitl appearance, am! as you adv.iii'.-e nearer, efpecaiiv
up the avenue on tr.t niith-ealt fide, where the r."mjins
ol this wond-jrful (truc'ture are moil- perlei>, it till-, the
eye In an aft..ni{hing mealurc. It i'. encompaliid wi'h .1
circular ditch, and after this is palled you prci 'ed a hmi-
drcd and eight f.-er to the work itfrif, which i« a liun'red
and eight Itet in diameter. " W hen we enic; llie '.'"iid-
*■ ir',
^i
t
,o/r,y .////.'////:/ ^ ^///.'^ //:///'// //'■ /"r////,/ ,■/"/////.' -~
Jl "I'
1
t
il:
•i I
r »')i
Fi
I: I
:ccor,!ingt. Mr. Webb, fil
.;«v-.:idJe( togctluT, withl
t-.l;, .ii.,!;c jult a luimlrcdT
liiiun ot till, mighty probleJ
'"t vulgar.
Awhcmoflcarlvmcthc
^'■'"nr, wjs to niakf th-m
0! the
rr(iilii,»
oiwicil, (hat till-
loiis ;int
quit!
y wl'.o liaill
r
It
! . i.
(I
rt'
ill;
..cording f Mr. \Vcbb, fixtccn tcct in length. All tin; ]
:n.-, adder togctlier, with which this whole temple was j
-..I;, iii.iUc jull a hundred and forty. This is the lo- I
don ot thi, mighty problem that has (o much pcrpkxcd
"c vu!.;ar.
As the mofl early method of building temples, f.iys our I
:'.k'i<t, was to make th-m open at the top, this is a'piudf ,
: the pr(i(li;.>ious antiijuity of this fabric. It mull be
i.viicil, that they wl'.o had a notion that it ■.v.is dc -rad- '
u'JL a uas ^iciii iloiliiv ui water.
SECT. XIII.
0/ Darfttfl'ire ; iti Nam^, Situation, Extent, .</;'••, Soil,
Piodiia, Rivers, and principal fount, iuiih a D,f<rip-
tim cfthe Pemiijiiliis of PcrllunJ and Pwlic.
TH I S county was anciently called Durotriges by
the Romans and by the Britons Dwn Gwyr,
byth of which fignifiei Dw.ilcrs by the Water lidc. This
county
■r j"
! J(
m
1« '■
.1 1,1 ', I iy> Dr. Stuktlfv, u
" h.ik, •iikl i.ill iiiir lycf
'• .K Itriii k with jii i'xl»(
.■ ,|,|iii!h-, anJ they only c.
" WhiM ivc .uK nice (itthcr
■ ■ Atci"'- iitipdilj OUT our li
■• i.vcMi I'lc J.inil>'i ot tne ci
•■ ilic wli"!'i aiul iIk nieadi
• • il VIIU look HiUMI lIlC pt(
'• ^ I iriic'. nioiiiitt'il up into
!• ,,uu' k IuIdw, you (fc, ai
'■ n;''iiii' till tiirncil iiiliili- ou
1 1, II'MR-. ;\t.: lujiiiolcil
I in V U'clh-i-, ii|ioii Ma
!> [ii niiirv dilf.uit (r.ini t!i
.., '.. iicjiii}; 'lu-ni hull' i mull
jt.ri'Jt the ii|ijn;r on i r,J' the
yu ^rl>kl.■ 111 Hall, ii, actor,!
hvlat III lrM.;th, Icvrn in
I':! Jill) an hall in ihickiii'l'
c;l Jiid tv*Llvf cubii: feet.
I'Ktt i> not .1 ftiint' th.it h;
ciiii'i. I'Ik' iiprr^ht iK.m'i a
,uv wny, by wliu li nitMni t
icicii iiulifs, which IS very
tK'htccn Ictt. On the (op ol
i>"jtini)n tfn imlie, ami a h
tjjctly to lit the nmitifej ni.i.l
( .: iJc t.Sc iiiipolU are rouii(l(
i\'.!, but Within they are (li
iii"iity il'les, whkh, with.piit
V. :», aJiK to It* Ihcii.'th. I
jiiJ iiii|iiilh IS ten cubits ainl .■(
lii!i;iu'iits, an.l the inipultjo
OilliK outer circle, wbii |i
oilixlylloiK's, thirty upiiglits,
irc livcntcdi iipti;;hts Icli ||
r;main i-nntguous by tlu- I'lani
uS.Ktti.lcr ih.in the red, witi
Orx upiight at the b.nk of the
t: I'lr'iii.icr circle, and lix ot
wrl: or in pieces. Somewhat
iMiiliJ.'iil ihi.i exteriiir en tie
I'jic), without any inipjlh,
iiJf, furrn as it were a circi
cu ; lliick, and iVnir cubits ,.
i; , \vj\ li.ill'of the oulei iipi
. '"Illy Icli ; ot which ticu 11
! :> iliis outer portic.i, whi.
I, iimfi'feiKe, there i-, an
t-i'ijli-.l alinut two-thirds ol .
1-... .> k.rm.d o( rertain conip.
.VuKck'y calls trililh,,:!, bec.i.i
ijjbrme.l nl two upright IhiiK'
IV- I h.' Ibmcs ul whiJi t!
ir 'tally ltupend(Mi>, and cji
hi -with liirpri/.e. I'htie
tjv.iri, th-; top, prob.ibly In
Ji'.jthi. life 111 l.'i^lit and be.
IjW'.t (I J on each !ide next ih
17' . in.l, and arc, upon a ni
ujillKiniioll, on the top are
Ontli ■ inliJc of the ',v.il i
iiiif , loiiiewhat ol a pyrani
!...ii.v inches in bre.iJih, oi
»:un a nicdiiini eight Icet hii
ij.y .i[)pro,i,h the upp.T end"
iiriin it has been called the...
i:b"in.; r.ipp.-.lld that noneei,
li.-.tidi piiclls, who ofR-rcr! th-
feiippvrend. This altar is
cc:ri(. marble, twenty iiuhcs t
,;,/
:ccoriiiiig to Mr. Webb, fi.\te
[''"•'' '"Jiit-'d tojjetluT, with wi
■.J'l;, ni.il.e jull a hundred .
luiun ol the mighty problem
ir.c vul^,ar.
As the moll early method ol
''i'':'-r, was to make thvin ope
'■ ''"f |T(ul:<.ious antl(|uity ..
OiWial, that ihey who had a
i Hi
,1 iiiit, r,iv» Dr. Siuktlfv, wlitilicr on f.'.it nr uii hui,
" hjik, anJ i.ill iiur iyc< im tlu- y.uvjiiii^ riiiii^, wc
,, ,n. ((rutk with an i'xi..tic rcvcni-, winch iiuiir tun
„ ||,.|itil'f, aiiil ilic-y only cm bi' Uiilihlc ol ili.ii fcil it.
It W'hi'.i ivc .\>lvjiKi- (iithcr, t)\v d.iik [lait nl tin- jnui-
t. .I.TOii'- I'lip""' "*'•''■ ""' '•'■."'•'i the ilLiliii (it (ky 1» •
tt (Ici'ii ihr j.imli* •)»' the cell, tlic oM lyiiltnicliDii ol
1. ilicwli'l't •ii>'l <!"■ Rte-Hii'l'* "I every pjit, lutptizcv
,. Il vou It'iik ii;um llic pi.tfct.1p.irt, y u Umyiutiri:
tiuiirn^"' iii'iiiiiit'l "P I'""' the iiir ; it iipon the ruilc
I. luvwk I'llow, yiiii (<■■<■•, a> it wt-n-, the bmvels ot .i
ii nii'iiM'iin tiiriKil iiifule outw.irili."
(hi II'MH.-. mi; lu(ipt>reil to h»vc hern brought f om
hi lifv With -I •, minii Mailhiirou^l'' liowns whah i-.
,.,iirn milt"- till'."'"' •'■'"> ''ic plate -, but the tliffitulty
iib.Hiii'K ''H-ni hilh' i mull appear inrcimeivalile I he
li.incai il^'' ii|'P'-'r "^ '■ "' '^'^ f"-''! wh'^l' i' 'a'lui dow.J
jnjhrokt-' ill hall, i-., atcorJin;; tn Dr. Iliki, fvciry-
l,,"l«-tin lni.;lh, levi'ii in lucjtlih, ami .u a nicliuni
,i,n-. anil in halt in ihickncl's, an<l anunints tn fix hiiii-
jiiJ Irtilve enhii: feci. RuJe as the work iVems,
I l< O I' 1..
5Vi
fcl Jill
ill;; tlir Dfity M pi.i,.n(| ii)i.i...ii,ie liiin wiiliin a limiiril
I;m'.o, luul.l not calily invent a grantlcr delii.'n for fieri i
|)iir|«i|i's, Here (|iacc iin'i-fil 1.. not ni.nkril out Ifitl ilt-
liiipil, but witri the utnioH fieeilom. Ileit the pitfenec
lit tlu Di-ity u iMtiinaleJ, bit not bounJtil.
( )ii the ilowiu, about two or three niilej from Mail-
bi)|i)u,'h, arc aliuiiJ.iiicc ol lool'e tlom-^, lyiii); lialliieJ
about the plain, of the lame kiiiJ witli thole ni Stoni-
heiijjf, and fonic l.iryc., they .itr tailed hy the muiitrv
peoplt: the ( Jicv Wiihi-rs, ll-.iy .ijipear ly at a dillant-C
not unlike flierp llr.i;;, 'ling upon ihc dowiii. Tbey arc
fiMiii I to bi- a fort of while inarblr, and lie upon tlic lur-
laie of the earth III intimic numbtii, .ind ot all dimcti-
fioiii. I'hey ;irc loole and ditaehcd Iroui any rock, ani
Dr. .Siukcley inia|>ini.:> that they havelniii theie e\er linte
the en ation.
Marlboroii^;!), fo railed from its hilliofchallc, which
W.1-. aneieiitiv called MjrI.ii lealej on the river Ki-nnet,
i.i a chalky toil, (eveiily-tive miKs to the v»ell ol London,
and coiiuiiii two parilnchiirches and alioni live biindretl
The llmti, are '.iioad and paved, and it !•>
'Ii-
by vvlmli means tlu- mipoll'. projedt two feet vv.is the key ol the tallle, and is now ronvertid into ,\
he^, wliuli IS very toiilidi r.ible in a hnj^lit ol | pretty fpiral walk, nii ihe top ol whit-h is an oiSt.ignnal
' : you have a jileal.int view
Ncai Marlborough arc tVii;
ho'.ife
,i^,t i, not a ftone that ha'i not felt m'lie or leli the I virn.d by a mayor, aUlermcn, and burt;cllcH. It iutl
(hiii'l. The upright (lonc'i are made to iluninifh a little i (',,inicrly a cjdlf at Marlborough Mount i this Mount
,ury wiv
loeii uie' , ■ I 1 1 ■ ■ -
ei'htccn lect. On the top of each ot the u|iriglit Itoiie. lunimit-houle, troin whence
i)'jtini)ii tfn iiului and a half in diamct r, and madi; j over the town .ml country
tjictiv ID tit the innrtifei made in the impolls. On the remans of tevei.il rcligioua houles, pr.rtu ularly of 4
i i'.iiji; the iiiipolt> ate rounded .i Irtir, to humour the j priorv, the patc-liouli- of which ii llill llandiiij/.
t^nif, but withiii they are nraij;bt and make a polyu'iii I Hetwicii Marlborough and Newbury is .^iveinaik fo-
ul Ihiitv tiles, which, wilhuiit iiijuriii;; the bejiity ol ih.' , relf, wliicli it about twelve inilei in circumlerence, well
«i.tk, add'' toitt llrr i;, ih. The height of the upngbtt ll.»ki:d wiili deer, and rendered ili.li|^btful by the many
' '■ ' ■"■ ' vill.is cut tlirou;;h thi: woods and cuppieei with which it
abounds. Kii;lit of thefe vilhij meet like To nnny rays of
a (far in a p"int near the middle ot the torelk, vvlirre thu
lite earl ol Ailefbury, to whom it belonged, prcpired the
crniind f'>r eredlin;^ an ocLigon tower, whole lidcs wcrt;
to uiiicl'poiul wiih the villas j tlirou;;h one of which you
have a view of the feat at about two milts diltancc, called
I ottenham, Irom a park of that rnnie, in which it i:<
iml impolli '■> ten cubits and .in hall, the iiprij^hl-, being
lim;iiil>its and ibe impidtionc and a halt.
Oitlu> outer circle, wbii h in its perle.lion confifled
Cllixiy llein.'s, thirty upiights, and thirty inipofls ; there
lie livemcen uprights lelt ll.indiiii;, eleven of which
Kirun ei.n'.i;.;uous by the lyand entrance, which is loine-
»i5it wider th.iii the rell, with hvc impcdK u|i'jn them.
Oi'.i- upnyht at the back of the temple lean-i uiion a Ibme
i;icr circle, and fix otheri lie upon the ground j fuuated, contiguous to this furett. 'I'hit is a llatily edi-
\i!i. I: or in pieces.
n; iillVi.' ot this exterior circle iu another ol I'lity Imiiler
I'lnt), without any impolis, which, with the outer
Somewhat more th.ineijOit feet lioiii
I'lity fill die
ih the oule
1 i.lf, fnrtn as it were a circular portico. 1 hefc arc a
(J '.lliitk, and lour cubits iind a half in heijjht, being
I, .wjvl'.ilf'ifthcoulcr uprights. Of thele nineteen
.••niily Irli ; of which eleven are only (bndmg. fiut be-
tice, cictted alter the model and under the diiection of
our modern V iiiuv;us, the earl of Huilin^ton, who, to
the I'.ieiii^th and convenience of the Knglilli architecture,
has added the elej;ancc of the Ita!i..n. The boufe has
four towers and l.iur fronts, each ditf'erently beaiUilud ;
to which arc now added fmir win.;s, in which are rooiiu
of ll.ite, a ndtle and capacious library, coi.t.umn;; a col-
. ih's outer portic.'i, which is thice hundred feet in I Kxlion of I'everal thouland vidumes in »ll lan^u.ifies,
I, iimtcrenee, there i'; an inner one, which ori^'inally ! tipciially the modern. The beauty and deliL!htfuliiel\ of
(„iijwlVd about two-thirds of an oval ; the outer p.irt ot
t-, il luriie.d ol certain compages of llones, which Dr.
•,k:!cv calls /n////j,v(, bccaale each of thtfe compage
1, ;;rmed ef two upright (lone.., witli an iiiipoft on the
1 .> I h..' tbmes ol which iliefe tnlitinns are compofcd
r -.'.iliy ttupendoiis, and cannot fail of blling the be-
\,.i -with liirpri/.e. I'hefe Itoncs dimiiiilli very much
ijv.in. th'.' top, probably to take off fiom theii weight.
the buildings are much augmented by the lari.'c caii.ils,
the fpanous and well-planted walks, with which it is
furrounded.
The Devizes is feated on high ground about two miles
from the bottom ol hills that kccj) ot^' thecalKrn windsi,
in a rich foil eighty nine miles to the well ol London.
It is a large to*ii, lonfilling chiefly of two long p.iuillj!
llreets.the lioufes mollly ot timber, but ot.i very go id nio-
injthc life III il ■i;?lit ,ind beauty of the llones Irom the ' del. It has two churches, befidcs a chapel and a dillLnt-
\ys:r i\\ on each lide next the principal entrance to the ing meeting hoiile. The corporation toiitills of a inavor,
17' . ml, and are, iipon .i medium, twenty feet high ; a lecoider, eleven mailers, and thiity-fix common couii-
i.: 111.- imi olL on the top are all of the fame fi/.c. til. On the utmoll part of the Rundway hill, which o-
dn tile inlidc of the 'A'.sI i, a Idler oval of nineteen verlooks the town, is a fqiiarc firgle-ircncheil camp; and
['. ac , lomewhat td a pyramidical form •, thcfe arc two there have been di|..()vered in its neighbourhood Icveral
\ . ii.\ inche; in bre.idth, one loot and an half thick, and hundred pieces of ancient Roman coin of different cm-
t; r. a medium eight feet high \ they riling in height as perurs, and in 1714 was dug up a laree urn with Roman
i:;.-. .ippiua.h the upper end td ihi . inclofure. The fpacc coins, and a number of liitle brafs llatues of I'everal of
»:-iin It has been called the.;,A//<m, or the [!o!y of holies, the heathen gods and goddelTci, The inhabitants make
itb'in; fipp.'.fcd that none entered it but the druids, or a great deal of ma'' ; their principal manui'acturc i.<
L:,;illi piietl-;, who uft'erc;! their facrilices on the altar at woollen cloth, cfpccially druggets, and the niaiket iti
:pperend. Thi', ;iitar is compofcd of a kind of blue much freiiuented for all torts of cattle, wcol and hurl'cs;
ti..-.-le marble, twenty in. he; thick, four feet biojd, and,
;cc^ri!ing to Mr. Webb, fixteen feet in length. All the 1
!; w:, .iJded togethi-r, with v^diich this whole temple was \
fa.i:, lu.dce jull a hundred and forty. This is the I'o-
1;. lun ot the mighty problem that has fo much perplexed ,
f.c vu!,.;ar. |
As the mofl early method of building t-.'mplcs, fays our 1
:ut';()r, was to make them open at the top, this i.s a proof 1 ' 1 "^ 11 I S county w.is .incienily called Durotrigcs by
I'l ihc proilij.'ioiis siititiuity of this fabric. It mull be X the Romans and bv the Briton.s Dwn Gwyr,
c.inci!, that tliey who !iad a notion that it ww-, dcj^r.id- • b'.-th ot which figmfse- Owttlers by the Water liJc. TbiJ
county
but u has j,rcat fcarcity of water.
SECT. XIIL
Of Dirfii/I'irc ; its Kim-, Situation, ExKn!, .'Ii', Soil,
Pioiiute, Rivers, and princiftil Touns, with a Difciif-
j lion of th( Ptninfulas of PerltunJ an J Pui Ih i .
r-'f
IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
7
/.
/
i/x
1.0 IriM IIM
I.I
If |40
11.25 III 1.4
M
[22
1=
1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
33 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 873-4503
'^
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5*+
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
i:
N'CLA\-n.
*'i'. Il
^.,,
'ii'
'--if!
1' *
■ Vi
I
ciiinty is bnumlc.l on the n Jiih bv Somcrfctnilrc and
Wiltrtiiro 1 oil tliL- c.ill- hy H.Miipfliire i on the luiitli by
tlii; Ijiitill) rhinnci ; anil on tlie wrll by 1 )ev()nlliirc ami
pjrt of S>inicrl..i(liirc, cxf.aiiin^; about ti'iy iiiilcs iji
Icnglh t'roni eall to well, wlicrc bmailift about ihirty,
anJ ncai one hundred .mJ titty in circumfiTcnce.
The air is for the molt p.irt very goiiu ami wholefome.
on the hillb it ij however fomcwh.it bleak, and fliirp,
but it is very mild and plealant near the coart.
The Toil li generally rieli and fertile, though in fomc
part* i-xrcediiif; Tandy ; ihc northern part, whicn w.is tor-
nicrly divided by a range of hills fioni the foutheiii, was
aneieiuiy ovcifpread with fnrcrts, but now affords pood
p.illure for eatilc, while the foutherii p.irt eliiefly conlills
<if fine downs, and feeds incredible numbers of flie^p.
'I lie inh..bitant.s have not fornot wh.it kiiiy Charles laid
of Dorletniire, that he never law a finer country cither
in li^ngland or out of it. indeed the downs and hills arc
covcre.i with great flocks of (beep, whole llcfh is fwect
«nd ilelirate, and wool fo fine, tliat it is much covcttcd
l.y the clothiers, and t!ic vallevs abound with other cat-
tle. The hulbandma;i reaps an ample return for his toil
and lab.uir, his gmunds fienerally producing a profulion
«if corn, or of flax and hemp, which la(l is allowed to
be the belt tliat prov.-s in all his iiiajelly's dominions. Here
arc alio plenty of fowl, as poultry of all forts, fwans,
woodcocks, phcafants, pirtrid^jcs, field-fares, ?cc. 'J"he
chief commodities .nre corn, cattle, wool, fi(h, fowl,
hemp, fine Portland (tone, and fomc marble. The ifle or
rather peniiifula of Putbce .alfi> furniflics a particular kind
of Hone, called by its name, and tobacco-pipe clay.
'I'his county is alfo famous for its linen and woollen ma-
liufjctures, and tine ale and beer.
The principal rivers of this countv arc the Stour,
which riles in Somerfetfliirc, but foon enters into this
counts', running foulh to Sturminfter, where making
an angle, it forms a courfc nearly wcft-fouth-welt, and
leaves Dorfetfhire about five miles below W'inborn in
Hamplhire, and foon after falls into the fca. The Trooin
■ riles ill thuealtend of the county, and running chiefly wcR-
ward, falls into the bay called Pool-harbour. Both thel'c
rivers attbrd plenty of tifli ; but the tench and eels of the
Stour arc particularlv famous.
The coaft of Dorfctfhi.'c is very diflimular, it being in
Come places bounded with high lands and clitys, and in
others with only a beach of pebbles ; the clilF. are in
fomc paits rompofed of O-nJ, eaith, and loamy clay, in
others they conlift of chalk, but v.'ry few of Itone, ex-
cept in the ifl.md^.
'J'his countv lies in the dloccfe of Brillol and contains
fixty-cight vicarages, two hundred and forty eight pa-
lifhes, upwards of twenty-one thoufaiul nine hundred
houl'es, and about one hundred and nine tboufand fevcn
hundred inhabitants. It is divided into twenty-eight
hundred.;, and fends twenty member? to parliament, of
which two are knights of the fliire, and two fv;r each of
the following towns, Do'chelter, Pi ol. Lime, Brid-
port, Shaltrtnnv, Wareham, Corfc Caltlc, Weymouth,
and Melromb-Rcgis ; for though thefe two lafl are united
each fends two. J'he principal places in this county arc
the following :
Dorclul^ r, the county town, is clean and regularfy
flii, built, and is lituated one hundred and twenty-eight miles
to tlic fouth well of London, is encoinpaHed by the
foundations of an ancient Roman wall ; but to the caft-
waid a Urcct is built upon it, and the ditch tilled up ;
for on that lidc thctov.'n is fwcllcd out into a confiderable
iubuib or village, named Fordington or Karington, which
has a church. There are three other churches in the
town, and the ftrcets are wide and handfome. On the
fouth and weft fides, without the walls, is planned an agree-
able walk of fycnmores. The banks of the river are
here l!;cp, the town Hands on high ground. Beyond the
river are meadows and V'arm fandy lands. At a fmall
liiltancc is ihj noble Rom.in amphithrcatrc called by the
vulgar Mauniliurv. and the tcrr.is on the top is a com-
mon place of ' nde/.vous, it ait'ording an agreeable cir-
Hilar walk, which has a prol'peet of the town and of
wide plains of corn fields all round.
Weymouth is a clean and agreeable town, confidering
'.'.3 low fuuation, it lliiiidin;^ ciui'e to the fca, It is licuatcd
ci^ht miles to the loutb of D^rtbiller, and one lumlrM
and tbrty-two to the v.tlt fouth-wett of (.oiulcii \,
well built, and has an excellent h.iibnur, d.tliided bv f •'*
forts, \l.uiy fubtlantijl merch int., refidc here, wh.i \i--T'
confiderable number of (hip>, and carry on an cm .1,'l^'!
trade, not only to France, but to Purtu'jal, Spain N^ ■'"'
foundland, and Virginia, and they have a cullcau-h ."^ "
and a good quay. Without the harbour llani'ls Sj'iij'
foot cattle, and oppofite to them is Portland-eidtle i
cd in the ille of that name. It is joined to Al^lV "■"
Regis by a wooden bridge over the btile river \\\y. I )!,!
iiniteil towns have a church, and about four hiinj .1
hollies. Ill Weymouth is a chapel upon a flicp rotk • i
there are fixty Heps to go up to it. 'fiiey are govenici! bv I
mayor, feveral aldermen, and a recorder, and each ii.'^i"
two members to parliament.
Portland, which was formerly an ifland, is nov.- joiricj
to the continent by a fhelf of faiid, thrown up In- th ■
fea. It is fituatcd in the fiftieth deg. thirty niin. huluil^ ■
and in the fecond deg. forty-ci>;ht mm. weft li.n^itui;.^'''
It is about ten miles in circumference, and thini'.Mnha'
bited, yet affords plenty of corn, and patture fur Ihccp •
but wood and coals are fo fcarce that the inlubiiunts ' '
generally obliged to make ufe of cow dung dried \n'u\-
fun fur fuel. The natives are fur the mutt pjn (l,,„i.'
cutters, for from this peninlula come our bell ai,J ulu' '
frce-ftone, with which the cathedral of St. Puul, r.uj -'l
the mofl: magnificent edifices in the city ot Loiijjn a'rc
principally built.
The whole ifland is little more than one cciitiiuic,'
rock offrcc-llonc, and the height of the land i? iiicji th -
when the weather is clear and fereiie cine may lev ii;,^
thence above half over the Channel to France, du i; ,|,
it is here very broad. ' '
Thofc who are deliiihtcd with natural ciiriefiti^s ^-
grcatly amufed here witli I'eeing in the niidll of tiic (lo^i;
a great number of (hells of oyfters, mutiels, cockles'
&e. and above all fpirals, or fcrews as they are vui-arlv
called, whirh every where abound in the (tone ; t'ncy are
pcrfecily folid, and nicely coiled about as it vitrc an
imaginary axis. Thefe being of the fame fuMhncc .s
the Itone, arc very brittle, and generally break in takiii?
out. ■'
In fomc quarries on the fouth-weft part of the iilarj
is found a fort of flone which they call fujar-ca.idv
flonc, of which there are two forts, one pale hke M-hiie
fugar-candy ; and the other of an amber-colour iiiccbro'.va
fugar- candy ; and indeed they fo relcmble fu^iir-caiuly
in the lump, that any perf.n might be iinpullj upon
by them till his tongue and teetli convinced iilm thai
they were only an infipid exudation of juices peticl'.i;.;
and cryllallizcd by nature in this form.
'I'o prevent any fliips being emb.o'ed to thcwdlcf
Portland, and driven a-tlioreon Poitl.uid Race, whic;u\-
teiids to the mainland, two light hoiifcs are erct^.-J ca
the two points of the peninfula. Not far t'rur., thc:e
light houles, on the fouth fide of the ifland, is a vcrv re-
markable hole through the carih, wide on the tcp .Midiur-
rowing about feven or eight feet downwarJs v.hcro-it
opens int:)a large fubterraiieaii c.;ver:i, where yoa Ice ti-.e
waters of the fea, the fight and iioile of which in !:a:;;c-
rous weather fill the mind with terror : fo large is i
cave, that tome fmall craft with their fails up have lecii |
driven from the fca into it.
Not far from Portland lies the peninfula of Pi:ri;cc, I
which was formerly full of heath , woods and forct!', I
will flocked with fallow deer; but there is at prcfcnt
good lands towards the fouthern part of it, and under
ground there arc veins of marble and d'ft'ercr.t kinds ct|
ttone. This peninfula is ten miles i:- length; bi.. no;
more than five or fix in breadth, an,! there ii a goodpai'-
fage to it by land. At the firft entrance into t!iis pcain-
fula is a plain of barren heathy ground, repleniflied «:;>
ted deer, disjoined from the reft by an almott comit.u.l
ridge of high hills, which when one; palled there a:;'
grounds that afford excellent pafiure lor lliecp and o;h:r
eattlc, with plenty of goad corn as alio qu.irric- bii
billing kind of flat ftonc, ufed in I-ondon for pavlnj ik:
foot-ways or fides of London and Wtllrr.inlkr brie:;:.
and of the fides gf the flrtcls; alfofpottcj and blj:niir-
bic.
EsfiL.IVD.
I'.Kil, the mi<(\. con
Iji^l-iild, is feated o
,,ii WL-il-by-fouth of L'ni
Doiciieller, at the be
I'.j, wiiich entering a
treaJth, and comes u
aliu runs almull well
J! receives the Froor
this large bay is an ifl.
llie very mouth of t
lias an old cattle, buill
Cimfifls of a church, i
jjieJ into broad paved
knit hn,i.'. It was fo
t w Jifliennen j but v
Henry V'l. when tli
lit w.illing it round.
diifclf, and allowed tc
liut fiiiee that time ii
iMl fniiie trade, and a
U'an'cnd fliijjs to the >
i: laaions f;)r the bell a
ti;l.n.l, which tile p{
;[:; iheni up, fend th
,s,,in, Italy, and even
^, u'riied by a ioay.,r, :
..il.! an indeterniiii..te ni
W.irehain, a town I
siiJ I'eddle, where the)
|._,j, tiii.'i.lrrd and m'nu nilus
iiuiii D.reheder. It w
i.itr I ehuiclie,, which
ai.,) \v„licd round, ,iik{
\.t much by the various
il)' liamig its harbour
wily ilie lliadow of wha
l,wnc, a fca-port toy
lvi. nilcs from London, an
fiiciier, is fituaicd on the
l.itr creek nor bay, roai
haiboiir ; but it is fucii
nap in any other part (^
rrJ'v piij of building
oiflune raiii.'dat fiiil wii
\ri:r, very little difficulty
j;;a;:i lea at a good dill.uij
iii wall 01 (tone lai^
F.'.:> on the top, and to |
iiMill cm it, it being
l.li-, bat farther in tiie
ivcrkmanfliip which cro|
ler ainding runs pa.
liie port is between th-l
l.Coiid, or oppofite wal[
t.-.c fea fiom the cnt.-ail
kji'uii, where they ride f
Tliis work is called t!il
cilceis have a lodge .ind
iiconveident for b.ilteiie
F places for the dcfenci
- .'a.^e and wdl built.l
'."J li under the gover|
In 16S5 the duke ofl
liaiiiifal of men, whic'.il
I'licl, and he was proelf
1'!' king James's arniv.r
laaJid. ' '
S E
Of S:'n.-rfjp.,!re ; its Sit,\
K>m hmutiful kiiuh \
pri::.i;,iilT^,viis.
TH I .S county prob.j
ton, once the caol
"elK, &e. Some ind'ef
nitrtetlhire from Sum.m'J
87
Enolanp.
EUROPE.
5*5
p,ic)I, the mrifl. cnnrulir.ibli.' fca [virt in all this part of
Fiifilinil, is (cattil <iiie humlicj ,111 J ten miles 10 ihe
if.l^y.fouth of L'iikIoii, aiui twenty-four to the call of
uliclielUT, at the boUom i.f a great bay or inlet of tlie
f^.j which cnteriiii; at 4 narrow month, ojiens to a great
brt'iJth, :inil comes "1" to the very fliore of the town. It
alfo runs ahiioll well to VVarehain, a little below which
it receives the Froom an.l l\u..!e. At the entrance of
this large hay is an ifl.uiJ calk.l liraiikfy, which lying in
iho very mouth of tlic paliuiie divides it into two, anJ
hiS an old caiUe, huilt to defciid the entrance. The town
confdb of a church, and about fix hundred houfes, dil-
'Jci into broad p.;vej Ikeets, and his a manufactory ot
tiiit ho.f.. It was forinerly only a place inhabited by a
t vv fiHuTmcn i but was greatly enlarged in the reign of
Hjiirv VI. when the inh.ibitaiitb had the privilege
^{ vv.illint^ it round. It was alio made a county
i,litfi:lf>aiid allowed to fend two meinb.:rs to parliament j
but fnice that time it has much decayed, tJKJUgh It has
IWI fume trade, and a number of mer. hants, who every
u'an'ciid lliips to the Newfoundland lilhery. This place
i- ;j;r,oub fir tile belt .ind largelt o\lteis in all th'S part of
til -1.11-1, which tile people of Pool I'ickle, and, batrell-
i;;- them up, fend them nor only to London, but to
iZlp, Italv, and even the Weft Indies. The town is
uvcnicd by a mayor, a fenjor baililF, four other juftices,
jiiJan ind.:termin..te number of hui 'cnes.
U'.ireham, a town feated between the rivers Froom
;ii.l I'eddle, wheie they fall into the Luckford lake, one
„, liuii.lrid and nine niles from London, and twenty miles
liom Dirciieller. It w.is oiiCv"; a vi ry large place and had
l.itrl ihurciie.-, which are now reduced to three. It was
jli',) v.'.died round, and had a cattle, but it has fuffered
Ijniach bv the various turns of f(<rtuiie, and particularly
iu' Liviii,; its harbour choaked up, that it is at prcfent
yi'v die ih.idow ot what it vvas.
l.imc, a fca-port town, one hundred and forty-four
■y,, nilcs from London, anJ twenty three miles from Diir-
(hcllcf, is fituated on tlic fea-(hore, and though it has nei-
ihtr creek nor bay, road nor navigald-' river, has a good
hi:boar ; but it is fuch a one as is not to he found per-
jup ill any other part of the worM. It is formed by a
ii;jiv pile of building confilling of high and thick walls
ci Itune raifcd at fiilt with great art, and inaintained (till
with very little ditrieulty. Tliefe walls are railed in the
n::i;:i fta at a good diliance from the fhore. There is one
i'.i;J wall 01 iloiie laige cnoii'j.h for carts and carriages to
p);s on the top, and to admit houfes and warehoules to
ttbuiit on it, it bein^ as bro.id as a (ireet : (jppofite to
mi-, hat frithcr in tiie lea, is another wall of the fame
inTlinianniip which crolVes liie end of trie lirl'.-, and af-
lit wiiiding runs pa.allel to it. The entrance into
IK part is between the point of the firft wall ar.d the
UotiJ, or oppofite wali, which breaks the violence of
ir.c fca fioin the entrance, and (liips there go into the
bdi'uji, where they tide as lecure as in a wet dock.
Tliii work is called the Colib, and the cuftoiii-houfe
tiHcLTS have a loL'ge and warehoufe upon it. As the fhore
iscoi'.vri'.icnt fvir b.itteiies, foiiie guns arc planted in pro-
f.T p!.;ccs for the defence of tiie Cobb and town, which
;. lar^e and well built, it is a place of good trade,
i-.i li under the governir.cnt of a mayor and alder-
C.il.
In 16S5 the duke of Monmouth landed here with a
hii.dful of men, which was foon inereafed to fix thou-
IjiiiI, and he was proclaimed king ; but being defeated
bv king James's army, was taken prifoner and be-
hi2i!cd.
SECT. XIV,
Of S!'!:,-rfjJI.'!re ; its Sitiiatiiin, Extent, Air, Soil, Pro-
duce, Ahu'itaiiis, C<werns, Minerals, (ind particularly fc-
Viin: tamlifiil Hiuls cf Ochris. Of its Rivers, and
pn::.!pat Tuwns.
TH I S county probably takes its name from Somcr-
ton, once the capital, but now olifeured by Hath,
^KlK, &e. Some indeed have derived the name So-
niLilctlhire from Summer, allei^ing that tiie largclt Ihare
«7
of that feafon is enjoyed in this county above any other
in Kiigl.iiid. It is bounded on the north by (ilouceller-
(llire and Biiltol Channel ; on the eaft by Wilifhirc ; on
the weft by Dcvonfliire ; aiid on the louth by Dorfet-
(liire. It is computed to be fixty-two milcr, in length,
thirty-two in breadth, and two hundred and four in cir-
curriferencc.
Somerfctfhirc, which is fituated in the diocefe of Brif-
tol, and ill that of Bath and Wells, is divided into thir-
ty-feven hundred.-, and contjiins about one hundred and
thirty-two vicarages, three liundred and eighty-five pa-
riflies, thiriy-five market towns, fifty-fix thoufand houlcs,
three bundled thoufand inhabitants, and fends eighteen
members to parliament, namely, two knights of the
fliire, and two burgelles for the (ollowing towns, IJrillol,
Bath, Wells, Taunton, Uridgcwater, Minehead, Ivel-
chelter, and Milborn Port.
The air of Somcrfctlhire is, in the lower grounds,
univerfally mild, and generally wholefome. The foil h
various ; the lower grounds, except where it is boi'ny,
yield great (juantities of corn and grafs ; the hilly paits
are lefs fertile, yet in many places, by the help of art
and induftry, good crops of corn arc raifed, and where
tney are molt barren they afford patture for fliecp, though
where there are min.s the grafs is difcoloured, and the
(hecp that feed upon it are I'mall and big-bellied. The
country about Taunton is exceeding rich, and affords the
greatelt plenty of com, grafs, and rich fruit for cyder.
Within the mountiiiis are mines of lead and lapis cala-
minaris. The commodities produced by this cou.i'y arc
therefore corn, cattle, lead, woad for dying, Ch-.dder
cheefe, lapis calaminaris, and Briftol Hones. It is alio
one of the greati It clothing counties in j-ingland : the
manufactures are chiefly on fine Spanilh medley cloths,
druggets, fergcs, caiitaloons, knit llockinge, &c. in which
vaft luimbf rs are employed.
In defcribing this county it will be proper to take no-
tice of its mount.iins, mines and caverns.
The ridges of Mendip hills run confufedly, but moflly
extend ealt and weft, and are of a very uiicepial height.
Th.e foil is barren, and the air cold, muiit, thick, and
foggy. The I'urface is in a great meafure covered with
heath, fern, and lurzc, and confeeiucntly affords but lit-
tle food for the cattle, waich are for the molt part fhcep.
The ore in thele mountains runs in veins, fometimcs it
is alio difpcrfed in banks, and fometimes lies between the
rocks. About the ore is Ipar and cli.dk, with another
lubdance called croots, which is a mealy wdiitc and fofc
kind of ftone. The Ipar is white, tranfparent, and as
brittle as glafs ; the chalk is alfo white, and heavier
than any ftone. 'l"hc vein lies between ihefe coats, and
is of dift'ercnt breadths ; it fometimes alfo riles near
the I'urface, and at others lies very deep in the earth.
About two miles from Wells, on the fouth fide of this
ridge of mountains is a famous grotto called Wokey, or
Okey hole, which is much refortcd to by ftrangers. Von
afcend the hill ab.rut thirty y.irds to the mouth of a
cave, which is about fifteen or twenty-feet high, and o-
pens into a fpacious cavern that refcniMes the body of a
cathedral ; the upper p.irt is very craggy, abounding with
pendant rocKs that itrike terror into a timorous fpectator,
efpccially as they appear by candle light, by which they
may be plainly feen. From all pans of the roof, a clear
water is conftantly dropping, forming a number of ftony
cones refembling ificlcs, 'Fhc bottom of this vault is ex-
tremely rough, llippery, and rocky.
F'rom this grotto you procc.;d by a gradual defccnt,
through a very narrow and even pafl'agc, into another
fpacious vaulted cavern ; but not (juite to high, though
nearly as wide, and in other refpedis much like the firll.
From this you pafs through a long low rocky paflage into
a third vault, with a cylindric roof; on one lide it has a
fine fandy bottom, about fifteen or twenty-one feet wide,
and on the other a rivulet about eight or ten feet wide, and
two or three deep ; the water of which is extremely
clear -Mid cold. Tiiis rivulet, aftci its cnurfe thro' the rock,
defcen Is forty or fifty feet to the level ground, where it
turns a paper-mill at a fmall diftancc from the foot of the
hill, 'i'he loudell noil'e made by a number of people in
ihefe caverns cannot in the Icalt bi; hcaid by thofe on the
6 R ouifide
, . if
'"r'. >(|
i .' t: :!'■
m
: m
u
! I
,".|-
,;6 A S Y S T E M O F
outfiJe cf the hill over liiciii. The air within them is
very cold ;iiiil daiiii).
Abinit five iinlcs to the norlh-wcll (if Okcy hole lies
C'iicJdcr, a viil.T^c f.-.iirjus lor its c-iiecrc, which i;nci'1s, hi
iiiivi ri'lilh iiiiJ\l'Jic.iie fliivoiir, all other ciicdl' in tii;.;-
hnJ. 1 nis vitlajo is hiiivjus (or ihc Ituptiidous chaliii,
or cL-ft, iliini);jh the hmly of iXTcjiJip hills near this
place, itlectns as if the hills hail been fplit aluiuler by
tilt (hoc'i of an canhi|ajl:c ; the impenJinn irtmcndous
roclcs Oil cither Tide aie very alloiiilhnig ; fonielhiiiding
O'l the bottom, reacli mar the htiglu ot the cliiF, and vt-t
i'.ic 1 iitircly u/ercd Iroin the budv of the roek. [he Ji.-I-
lage between ii bur nniiow, yet is the road Irom this pure
of the eount.-y to liriihii. At the tiuiance of the tlett
is a moll rtni irkahle l|irnic; of water, rifing as it were up-
ri^'ht out of the rotliv h.ilis of the hill, wit:i fo large
and rapid a Itiea.n, tiiat it drives a mill within a few
\-(d.-. Tiiis (Ireani, and that of the cavern jull men
GEOGRAPHY. e.^und.
and purple, and of a ftrong body : the yellow, of a line
gold colour, lii^ht, duify, and of fo llrong a bodv, tli,,i
a drani ot it is eqii.d to an ounte ol coiiiiiion ochre', and i,
belides of abetter colour, 'i'hcv both tir-.ge the ii'ii-cr-
very much on being touched ; and bein-°groiind with
oil, prove excellent colours for puinting. In ibmc uf thr
creeks and crevices of the yellow iron ores is a tine lor-
ol oehie like meal, as fine to the touch as powder lur th ■
tiair: this is of a lemon colour, and nearly reHinbi!'
French ochre ; but is finer, and can be had but in i,,,,' j
quantities. Thcle fcveral kinds of ochre are fcundnot
only in crevices of the rocks, but adheiing to-iun,p, „,
various kinds of ore, whuh being broken ihew a [■!'"
VJIIl
fioned, are the fources of a river named Ax.
.\t a fmall didance from *. hcdder is another cavern,
^ut f:nal!.'i than that we iiave mentioned : Mr. Bcau-
ni, nt, huwcver, mcr.ti'ins a liill more e.xtraoidiiiary ca-
vern than any of thofe yet d.-i^ribed, and of which he
h.is given ail account in trie i-'hilofopnical 'I'ranfactions.
Th s i, on a hill called J.amb. '• Much ore, fays that
" gentleman, has been fv,rnierly raifed on tiiis hill ; and
" being iniormed that a great vault was dil'eovered
" tlieie, I took lix miiieis with me and went to fee it.
" i'irit wc dcfeeiiiied a pcrpeirdieidar ihaft about fevcnty
" fithoms, when we came into a Lading vault, which
" extends about forty fatl.onis in leii.;tli, and as it does
" not run iiiion a level, but defceiKis, when you come
" to the end of it you are twenty luree fathoms deep
*' bv a p.rpciulicular line. The floor is full of ioole
" locks, and its roof va.iitcd with rocks of lime-ilone,
•' among which are flowers of all colours hanging Irom
" tiieui, which appear extremely beautiful, and are al-
" w.Tvs kept moilt by the dilhlling waters. In fome
" paits the roof i.s about five fathoms high, in others,
" 1(3 low that it was dilficult to pals through by creep-
" iiig. The width for the mod part is about three ta-
" thorns. This cavern crcfles many veins of ore. A-
*' b.iut the middle of it, on the caft lide, is a paflage into
" .mother, bc:wccn forty and fifty fathoms in length.
" At the end of the firli another vafl cavern opens. 1
" fattened a cord about me, and ordering the miners to
'* let mcdjwii; alter dcfcending twelve or fourteen fa-
•' ih-sms, I came to the bottom. This cavern is about
" tw'riity fathoms in height, fifteen in length, and fixty
" in e.rcumfcrenec. I aketwards caufed the miners to
•' uiive forwards the bread of thii cavern, which termi-
*■' n.ite? to the wed, and after they had driven about ten
" fatlio.niJ, they happened into another about one hun-
'• died fithoni in length, and eight or ten in height.
'• The frctiuency of caverns on thefe hills, he adds,
" niav eaulv be guefled .it, by the frcijucncy of fwallsw
" pit^, which are made by tiie falling in of the roofs of
" caverns. Some ot thele pits aie ot a large extent, and
" verv deep. Sometimes our miners finking in the bot-
" toiii of thefe (wallows, have found oaks, fifteen U-
'• t.Tom.i deep in the earih."
There arc feveral other hills in tliis county befides
thofe of Menuip. On each fide the river Avon the hills
icini a mod beautiliil profpcct ; but are of little advan-
tage to their pofl'eflbrs ; for they are neither t'crtile in her-
i-a.;e, n-./r timber; but are in general filled with locks,
ami are in a, manner • cohered with firn and furze ; nor
i!' ) ihc few trees (tatiertd ujion them flourifli like thofe
in a better foil. From the icdnefs of the earth and ffones
t.'icy fecm to abound with iron, and in the cracks of the
n/i'.:s is found ochic, wiiich is greatly fuperior to that in
I'-.c fll.-jps, and coiifidcrable advantage might doiibtlefs be
i.-.ade of it, by collc.-.tin;; the pured parts, and fending
it t'j this iretroprihs, whcie it might be fold to great ad-
vjn'aiic t') the co'ournHii.
The I itc Mr, Owen, who made very curious obfer-
vations on tiie natural prediie>:oiis about the city of IJrif-
tol, obferves, that there are two principal kind; of e irth
of [he ii.itiire of (xhie, the one red and the other yellow,
which heie often crumbled to dud in the places where
they lic. The red i> of a deep colour, between crimfon
IS Jl;:
l-iniiiie,
■ 'I'-li;,
o( colouis. Meie are alio lumps ol emery and iiiaii'^anti;
and in the fame meks are alio veins of U„c( or?j bar
they arc fiuall. Some of thefe veins arc p'lre, othe's
inlerinixed v.iih a brown done of the iiatuie of cal
and fome have fmall eluilers of yellowifh or white i
accompanying them m beautiful forms.
1 iie chiet rivers belonging to this county, bcfiJe; ('•■>
mouth of tlie beveni, loininonly called t!ie IJrifti.I Cliii"
nel, are the Avon, the Ureiit, ai.d the Taiiet. The .\v(,.i
enters this couiiiy about five miles to ihc Ibmli-calt o''
i3ath, and lijon l.eeomcs the northern I ouiulary beiwttn
Someifetthirc and Gloucederfhire, and paili'i" Iv Hiiltnj
dilcharges itfell into the mouth of the heveri.-. it oii-.ht
not to iie omitted, th..'- ah(;ut two ind.s Irom the l1ot
Wells, near IJiilbd, this river is bounded on caehfij.
with liigh, rough, and craggy rocks, the clifi's of uhiti,
are in lome phues above two liuii-ied (cit hiL'h h;ui"in„
over in an allonilhing maiinei ; anu many ol th.fc [\<j{',
covered with talis ot grafs, Imall Ihruhs,' t..ll plant;, j,,"]
and chumps of diort trees, teem to form little haii'in-r
woods, and afford a mod agreeable and romantic mj!
fpedt.
The Ilrcnt rifcs in theeadern edge of thecountv aiij
runs to the wellward by Gladonbury, below which it
forms a large lake, and then falls into the river P.;mr-
near Bridol Channel.
The Parrct rifes in the fouth edge of Somcrfctfhlrc
and running to the northward, receives in its courfe ilie
Yeovil and the Tome, then pafling by liriJ.>watcr |,]ils
into the Briftol Channel. Tliis county is alio waters'
by abundance of fmallcr dreams, which lurnilh it with
plenty of all forts of fifli ; but one particular Ipccies in lix
river Avon dcferves our notice : they are called elvfr,
and refemblea diminutive eel ; in the fpring the rivci i'
in fome places covered with them, and even locks bl.ui;
with the prodigious multitudes of them on the furface ot
the water, they being in fize about the thicknefs cf a
goofc-nuill. When taken they arc made, by a particu-
lar management, tocad their ikiiis, and theii'appearvery
white ; alter which they arc kneeded into a kind ol cake
and then fried.
The principal towns in this county are the follow-
ing :
Bath, a celebrated city, featcd in a plain of moderate
extent, fiirroundcd with bills, which form a kind of am-
phitheatre, and fupply the fprings that render this citv
fo famous. It is fituated a hundred and e;ght n']lea{on</\
the wed of London, nineteen to the north-ealt of W'clh,
and twelve to the fouth-ead of Bridol. This city arol'e
from its falutary fprings, which in the time of the Ro-
mans were greatly celebrated, and is now Seconieacitv
of pleafure, it being Jiiftly cfteemed the moll polite, g.iv,
and agreeable place in the world. It is encompalled wiili
verdant meadows, hills, and pleafant walks ; and peiiuji.i
there is no other place where fuch a number of (jeli"i'.t-
ful and variegated landfcapes rite to the view. 'I he build-
ings arc magnificent, and many of them in a L^ranJtailcj
the dreets are large, well paved, and cle.iii ; the maikct-
placc fpacious, open, and fupjdied with the bell meat,
fidi, vegetables, fruit, &c. The grove, the fiiuares,the
parades, are worthy of notice ; but the mod cxtiaorji-
nary buildings are that circular range of mariiiftcciit
dructuTes built of done, cdled the Circus. Notliiiit;
can be more fiiigular, and at the fame time more bt.m-
tiful, than a number of nob!eincn"s houfcs ma:.'nifieei)th'
built, formed into a fine circle, with a noble and fpacioiis
area in the middle. I'ut more than all this the wictcikii
and miferable aie hue frequently delivered from their
paiiih:l
■ ■- vt> '"")
of plcafures in this
roams for balls and alllii
talV fupply of all kiiida
theatres have been ere
mcr the river. The lb
^ii this city arc ereflcil
Charlton down, and
hill, bv a four-wheeled
llriicturc ; the wheels
iviih a groove in ihe pe
of wood on which it m
ton weight of (lone,
hoifci, the motion bei
tion lever bearing more
cccafion requires.
The walls of I'aih a:
rfground cncomp.dled
pciilaijon, with lour ga
thcwalli is a handfom.
aa obtlifrc fevcnty feet
Hone building, fupporte
liter it is thetowii-hal
the reception of the
of the kingdom, erciifc.
nf the nobility and gen
a hundred and fifty pa
been laid out in the gari
on the fouth fide of th
luibic room for balls ai
Ice of a bilhop, who is a
cathedral is a lofty vcne
III the middle, and a gi
there arc likewile three
one for fifty boys, and t
1
11
I !■
?
P
•-
1
1
1(1
■1'
d'
. m .:
I !■
^'\
'f
|i
f
, .... .•U..III-5 ma/ uc waiimii; lo ctmipifte trie circle
of [ilcafurc's in this city, time ;;ro (j)aciou! ami Itil'ty
rcaiib for ''•ills ^nd ailLniblics ; the ftudious have here an
(]|V fupply of all kiiulj ut books ; two large aiiil elci^ant
[hi.utri.'.s have been erected, an.l a lirgc Itone bridrjc built
nvcrthc river. The Itoiic wirii which the fine builJines
■'ithis <iiy arc crciflcil is dug out of the quarries upun
Charlton down, and brouplu iVom thence down a Ueep
hill, by a f(>ur-v,-beclcj carriage of a particular form and
llriichirc ; thevvlucls arc of c.iiV iron, broad and low,
with a ;;roove in ilie perimeter to keep them on the pieces
ol wuiiil on whii.h it move.; down hiU, with four or five
ton weiiiht of (lone, very eafily, without the help of
horfes, the motion bcin;r nioJeiated by means of a fric-
tion lever bearing more or lela on the hinder wheel, as
ccc.ifion requires.
The walls of I'aih arc almofl entire ; the fmall circuit
ffgtoiinJ encnnip.ilied by thele walls is in the form of a
pentagon, with lour gates, befules a poftern. Without
ilk'walU is a handloriie I'quare, in the center of which is
i.i GbclifrC fevcnty feet high. The market- houfe is a large
lloneliiiilitinp, fupported by thirty-one Ifone pillars, and
I'.c-r it IS the town-hall. Here isa general hofpitai lor the
the reception of the fiek and lame poor from all parts
of the kingdom, ercdlcd in 173S, by the contributions
(if the nobility and gentry, and is capable of containing
;! hundred and fifty patients. Another new fquare has
btcn laid out in the gardens adjacent to the public walks
on the fouth fide of the city b;' the Avon, where is a
noble room lor balls and public aliemblici. Hath is the
ko of a bilhop, who is alfo prelate of Wells. St. I'etcr's
cathedral is a lofty venerable pile, with a handfome tower
in the middle, and a good ring of eight bells; befides
there are likewile three other churches, with two fchools,
one for fifty boys, and the uihtr t\it a> many girls. Near
as wen as thole of London, have an Exchanse; but it was
formerly a culfom with them to meet, walk, and tranf'act
mercantile afi^airs in the open flrect, and pay their money
on h'rge brals bal'ons on tiie tons of polls, in that pait of
the ft.-cet called theTolzey. They were the firll adven-
turers to the Well Indies, and about forty years ago it
was computed that they employed two ihoufand fail of
(hips, in trade, to the feveral parts of the world. By the
Severn and the Wy.'- the inhabitants of this city have al-
moll the whole tr.adc of South Wales to themt'elvc;, and
the grcatefl part of that of North Wales ; and by land-
carriage they fend goods to Exeter, Bath, AVells, Froom,
and all the principal towns from Southampton to the
banks of the I'rent. Here are confiderable maauf.-.iSlures
of woollen (luft's, particularly cantaloons, carried on
chiefly by French refugees ; and here arc no lefs than
fifteen glafs-houfes, which arc fupplicd with coals from
Kingl'woodand Mendip-hills j fome are for ^'.l.idcs, others
for crown-glafs, and others for bottles, for which thiTi;
is a great demand at the hot v\'cll in its neighbourhood,
which lies about a mile and half from the city down the:
Avon, and alio at Bath, for exporting th;ir mineral
waters.
The city with its fuburbs is very compa£l, being almoft
as broad as long, and no way above a mile ; yet thj
houfcs are computed at about thirti'cn thoufand, and the
fouls at ninety-five thoufand, Ik-fides thee.uhedral there
are eighteen churches, and kvnn orcight ineetinj-houfcs
of IVotcllant Uillentcis: and, according to iVlr. Whatlc-
there are eighteen hr.f'pitals, befidta charity- fchools, u
guildhall, and a very hirgc couMcil-ho'jIc ; nnl its cuf-
tom-houfe (lands on lliu fide ot (^cen's-lqu.-ire, which is
adorned with rows of trees that lead to a curiou? eqiiof-
triaii il.itue of king William III. tJn the north- wri! fide
of the city is Biaadon-hill, undct vvhich is Jacob's-wcll,
'i where
'/•//,!/,, /,,;M, Ifi.viil Mii.^-.i^,,,,.
( / /^.,v,. ,./ '/i,//:ra//„/,././.. y/„. r,:„„/,y ,.^ :/,:„,,,,
" Ciltcncil a C(;rd about nic, anU oriienng lue nn..^.. ..
'* let mc i! nvii ; alter dclci-iiding twelve or fourteen la-
■' ihoms, I came to the bottom. This cavern is about
'^ (we:ity ftthoins in hciglit, fifteen in length, and lixty
" in (.aciimfcrence. 1 atterwards caufed the miners to
■' uiivc forv/ards the bread of this cavern, which termi-
'■ n.itcs to the weft, and aft;.r they had driven about ten
" fallionij, they happened into another about one hun-
'• died fiihom in lengtli, and eij;ht or ten in height.
'■ The frequency of caverns on thefe hills, he adds,
" niav cdily be guefled at, by the frequency (<f fwajlew
" pa^, winch are made by the falling in of the roofs of
" caverns. Some of thefe pits are ot a large extent, and
" very deep. Sometimes our miners finking in the bot-
" torn of thefe fwallows, have found oaks, fifteen fa-
'• thonis deep in the earth."
There arc feveral other hills in this county befides
tiiole of Mendip. On each (ide the river Avon the hills
i(..ni a molt beautiful profptct ; but are of little advan-
t .ge to their poflellbrs j for they arc neither fertile in her-
i:aj;e, ni.r tii-.ihcr ; but are in general iilled with locks,
ami are in a manner covered with fern and furze ; nor
i' ) the few trees liattercd upon them flourifli like ihcfe
in a better foil. From the rednefs of the earth and ft- :.> >,
liiey fecm to aboinid with iron, and in the cracks of the
ri/cl:'! is found oehic, which is greatly fuperior to that in
x:.z fljops, and confiderahle advantage might doiibtlefs be
I -.ade of it, by collecting the pureft part?, and fending
it t'j tl-.iii ir.ctrupnlis, where it might be fold to great ad-
vairagc t) the co'oiirnicn.
The late Mr. Owen, who made very curious obfer-
vations on tiic natural productions about the city of Urif-
tol, obferves, that there arc two principal kind; of euth
(,.'' the n.iture of cchic, the one red and the other yellow,
which heie often crumbled to duft in the places where
they lie. The red i) of a deep colour, bctwreen crimfon
and refembic a diminutive eel ; in tne ipring mc ou: :,
in fome places covered with them, and even looks (iii: ^
with the prodigious multitudes of them on the lur.jcc a
the water, they being in fi/,e about the thickikfs of a
goofe-quill. When taken they are made, hya|iarticu-
lar management, to call their Ikins, and then appearvtr.
white ; alter which they arc knceded into a kind oi cak.
and then fried.
The principal towns in this county are the MX-.m-
ing :
Bath, a celebrated city, featcd in a plain of piiul.Ta:,-
cxtent, furrounded with hills, which form a kind dfair-
phitheatrc, and fupply the fprings that tender this citu
fo famous. It is fituated a hundred anil ei^ht ni;t,to/(iji
the weft of London, nineteen to the nortii-ealt of Wcih,
and twelve to the fouth-caft of liriftol. This citv arol't
from its lalutary fpring-', which in the time of the Ro-
mans were greatly celebrated, and is now become a city
of pleafurc, it being Juftly cfteeined the moll polite, i;av,
and agreeable place in the world. It is enconipallid wiili
verdant meadows, hills, and pleafant walks ; and pi'iiu,'i
there is no other place where fuch a number ot delii^ht-
ful and variegated iandfea))es rife to the view. 'J he huilt!-
ings arc magnihcent, and many of them in a iM.iiiJta!!:.;
the ftreets are large, well paved, and clean ; the market-
place fpacious, open, and fupphed with the beft mvat,
fifh, vegetables, fruit, &c. The grove, the fquarcs,ll.'j
parades, are worthy of notice ; but the moft extianrdi-
nary buildingi are that circular rani^e of m.ignificcii:
ftrucfuTcs built of ftoiic, Cidlcd the Cirrus. Notliiii:;
can be more fmgul.ir, and at the fame time more bc.iii-
tiful, than a numlier of noblemen's houfes mainifieentii'
I built, (ormcd into a fine circle, with a noble aiul fpacicu?
I area in the middle. I'nt more than all this the wrcti'iiul
and miferable are htic frequently delivered iVum their
painfi:!
pjinful difordcrs, by ih
„frhe difFer^t't bathi.; fi
i.r.'()l' briiii.. dire.;tej
niulfemineur in the pn
iVitli u'liKct to the
t'ut in '"'"'-' p's<^eb thi
i;,.irc:aii i.itier, ,ird in
iIjh lity the hot l|irili;':
ijni ■thin;, f' •'" '" *""■''
■..lUitU'^ mixed with tt(
jlwjys n^e fa.iie, lor tiie
nuke them ,;iieliarge m
nuke ttiein (Irkharge Ic
Ofll,eie f|irin;;s th.'.t
,;,,•', lorni'.'iK elected i.i
v,:r;r.di, and a perfon m
.,n (,Mlie otlieis. It is
,; ,i!ii.-h rre feats, and
., ,. Ijudl.itors, under w
r lis J 'Mic of whith r 1
1,11 (ithe-f for the l.idies,
/,iK)lh together into th
and the women on
riic Hot-hath, fo cai
rijiiihe Crols-b.itb, is
triiiii it. This bath has
oiiK- (applies its own pu
till' |Himp in the Cndi-b
'il'.c King's- bath, wii
(i,rnmol"d with many dr
..,nre|;r:-ited to the men,
.jJiviiHin bu'ie in linen-.
jipniip' i" hot, that iliey
aii.r.' fur fear oi hcjiin.
ill; .hfiii of the hott.il I,
an <:v^-
7"h': Q;ieen's-bath ha
f;r liifd by water convey
Thi-re is likewife a h
.;-;iHilfueh as the ph;Uci
'a; fume other difeafe of
me overflowing of theCr
1,1 It have an allowance ;
ht .itc chiefly relieved b
.,<: rjcntlenien and ladies
'j'toeother batlis.
■f hat nothing miy
fi, iiii'itfures in thii
ti;,.nii ^01 bills and .-i
«!>' fi I'ply of all kiiK
ihc:.t.os have been re
iivcr the nvcr. Th
!i this city are creeled
Coarlton down, and
ill!, by a fmir-wheclci
ihicbire ; the whecl.s
iinli a groove in the i)e
h\ ivoofl on v\'hieh it
ton wtigi'.t of ftone
iiorfevi, the motion bei
'i.'.iii lever bearing mo
(rc.ilion requires.
The walls of I'aih a
nfgtou id encomp.ille
pe'iil.-ig' n, with four ;,
tlie'W.i'U is a handfoni
;a ob, lifii fevemy feet
uoncc lidding, fupportc
far it IS the town-hs '
tlie rec'.'ption of the
nfth.' k.ngdom, crtdlci
of the nobility and gei
a hundred and fifty p
ken laid out in the ga
in the fciuth fide of th
luible room for balls a
Itc of a bilhop, who is c
CJthedial IS a lofty vene
III the middle, and a g
there are likewile threi
one for fifty brjysj and t
KsOtANO-
EURO I' E.
-inful JilnrJc", by thu- IumIIiv; qu lii'.ics of tlic waters
Jfthc .iiff>.-ii!'t b:ith':, or rclu-vc.l, aiij luvc tin: .idv.iii-
,,. i,l' i"i"' ilircch'J liy :'lii; aJvicL of i;c:ulcnK'ii the
moii'cmiiHi.' in tht; |iiokirioii of pliyfi'..
Willi u'lJKi't I" tl-'-' '■'■itbs it >•* proper u> ol)lcrvi-,
that ill I'"'"'-" P'^"^"-'" ^^'^ ''"' ■''"'' ''"'^ Irring!, rife vtry
,wr Mi-ii ■■'111'-''', ill--' ''' '■"!'- !''■"■'•■ "i'iii'i '"•'" y;ifJs. I"
tliiiiity ilii- lull (pri!i;'b i.vii.ilc a thill lii.iii ot milf, ami
lonrthm:, ol .m ill fnitll proi-CcJiiia; from the fulpiuireous
flji-lc, mixc.l with the wat.'r, "I'Ik !'c ln-t fpriiij^s arc
aiwjys ii.c fa'iK-N Icr t'l'' loiigff! ami Iv-'avidl: raiiis do not
iiukc ihtni iiiichari^i.- more vv..itr, nor the, liritll fcafons
nwkc thon .lilUiaig.- Ids. „, ^ .,,.,, ^
Ol'ilii.'!'.- (|iriii!i4 til.'.: :alU-il the C,io(b-''itri, from a
^jul'iliiriiii-ilv ejected i.Uiicnii(!JI;or u, ;,. ..f amoderate
ii'a.T.uh, iiiul a pcrfoii may II. iv iiiueh lor.gii m it tlisii in
;,iv (.f llic otiieis. It i-- eiitloied wi'h ,T v'. .ill, on the fides
o; 'villi -li rre feats, and at the ends galleries for the niulic
j;„. l|n61.iiors, under which are ranges of i::ia)i drelTing-
iMiib) 'Jiicof whith f.in^n-s i- fur ihc f;entl<-mcn, and
\K Other for the ladies, 'i.iij !).:int^ drfd'ed in linen habits
id bolh together into th;; w_tor, Uic rnei' keeping on one
i:,':,iiid the women on th(.-o;h..r,
riic Hot-bath, lo call.-:<l iVoni its l)v;ing much hotter
ir„iii the Crols-b.ith, is fifry-eij'/.t feet \i;y.i a half dillant
from it. This bath lias a 'v-ll, tiic water of which not
,„ly fupplies its own pump, but u eoaveycd by pipes to
llii|Hiiiip in the Crol, Ivitli,
'lU Ivin-z's-bath, wiutli i- I'luch tlvi '.argcft, is ac-
ctmmo^l'-'-l with many ilreliinp plai.r: , li;nie of which arc
.■rari'lifi'ited to the nivn, am' other, to ilie vvomcn, both
l^'l'wliom bathe in linen-Orawcc. anil fh^fts. There is lure
aiprin^' io hot, that ihey an- <ib!i;;:d to turn molf of it
aitJV 'tor fear of hea(inL> 'he b.uii too much. However,
ihch'taiof the hott.Il f.rin.1,', ij not luiJi-ieiU to harden
a.i cc'^'
Ti-,.; Qiieeii's-bath has no fpring of it? own, but is
fifiiifil by water conveyoii from tile Kin^i's.
ThifC is likewife a bull fcM' iupers, ii.to which none
■-iuittueh as the ph'iiciHus iuppnlc to 'lave the leproly,
or fuoi: other difcafe O'' the f^une kind • t'lis is made by
t;icovLrflo;vir.ir of theCu),,. baili. The poor who b.ithc
i;i :t have an allowance .'v; (lieii fupi ort fiom the town ;
tjtutcchitflv relieved ov thj i'Ciier.)u^ ciintrihution.s of
.,r :.ciitlemtn and ladies rt'.n' to:ne to Ciijeiy the bcnelit
.j'toeother baths.
'Chat nothing miy b? wantii';: tocompl.tc the circle
ci,' nlcifures iu this c;i\. Uu r ■ ar- fpaci.Jiis and lofty
io:.iiis 'bi bills and .iiruidjiies ; tii'. liudi -.us have here an
fiiy f'l'ply of all kinds ..if hook-; .; two large and clcijant
ihc2l.cs have been ;rc>:iid, an.' a l.iig." ilone bridge built
nvcrthe river. Th.- iloie wi:;i whici' the fine buildings
n this city arc creilcd is dug out of the quarries upon
C^urlt-indnvvn, and l;rourhr fro-.n thence down a fteep
hi!!, by a four-wheeled ( arrLi-JC '.t a pairicular form and
ihiolure ; the whecl.s aie of c.ilt iron, broad and low,
iviih a groove in ihe perinii'l^r to kccji ilicm on the pieces
n: woun on which it move.; ilow.i iii'l, v/ith four or five
loll wtigi'.t of llor.c., vciy eifilyj wlthtHU the help of
K<tfc.5, the motion being in'fdtutcd bv means of a fric-
■!.:.iii lever bearing more oi Id's i^n rlie ninder wheel, as
o-c.ifion requires.
Ihe walls of I'aih a;e ahrioll citirt: ; ihe fmall circuit
f'fgroii id encoinp.il!e.i by tbefe vi'.iiis is in the form of a
ptntag' n, with four i^ales, l'ef.(<e,s :i pollcrn. Without
lhtwa!ls is a hamlfiinie fqiiaie, in the center of which is
;a uh. hfr; feventy fict high. I'hr, ma-kct houfe is a large
lloiiei lulding, fupportt.l by ihi.-rv rine Cone pillars, and
oer it IS the town-hall, llcie !s,-. .jcnciai hofpitai for the
t!ie recvption of the Tick and l.i'.ie poor from all parts
nt'th.; k.ngdom, ertiSled in s^-^S, by the contributions
of the iio'niity and gentry, uiiJ is cap.ihle of containing
a hundred and fifty putitnts. .Anoihei new fquare has
been laid out in the gard.n- idj< ,-i.t to ibe public walks
i.n ilie fouth fide of the citv b,- 'he Avon, where is a
luiblv room for balls an ! public alilirbiies. l^ath is the
Iu' .jf a bilhop, who is clfo prefite of \V ,. ils. St. Peter's
cathedral is a lofty veneruble pile, with .1 handfomc tower
in the inidiile, and a goo J ring of elglit bells; befides
there are likewile three o;her chui .hcs, with two fehools,
oijcfor lifty boys, and th..- uftt^r j^i J- .•niny gills. Near
the Crofs-bath is St. John's hofpitai for p.inr lick people,
which h.is a chapil of white free ilone. Ilerearcalfu
two other hofpitals .ind an alins-houfe. In thij city is .1
nianui.iclory of cKith ; ami it is under the government of
.1 mayor, aldermen, and common council.
Wells is fituated at the foot of .Mendip-hilb-, a hun-
dred and twenty miles well of L.mdon.and nineteen louth- fi<f.
well ol liiiltol, and has its name from t!ie wells am!
fprings about the city, which is but of fmall extent, tlio'
well inhabited. Ihe |iublic and private buildir.j's arc
very neat, and the cathedral one of the handlomett in
Kiigland, it being a flat'.-ly pile, whole fronlifpiecc at
the welt end is adorned with image", and carved wtirk.
1 he dole, which contains the bilhop's palace, is walled iu
like a little fortification, and encompallcd by a moat.
I hi; ilignified clergy live in the infidc of it, and the prc-
lieudaries and caimns have very agreeable dwellin:;s.
1 iie market- htnife is a handfome ftrucliire fup|)orted by
columns, and the city is governed by a mayor, a recorder,
fcven aldermen, and fixteen common-councilnien. 'I'he
chiet manufatlurcs of this city arc making of bcne-lace,
and knitting of liofe,
llrillol, called by the Saxons Brightftovv, is fituated n
in filty one degrees twenty miiuues north latitude, and (,l-'\<^.
in two degrees forty- nine minutes wclHongitude, partly %'JiQ-
in thiscountv, and partly in Gloucefterfhire ; but bcin^
a county of iifelf, is independent of them bjth. It is
divided by thj nver Avoti which runs through it, and
feparates the two counties ; but that part wh'ch is on th.:
(jloucellcrihire fide is the largclt: and luoll populous ;
lor, according to a furvev made in the year 17 jti, the-
circuintereiiLe on the Cjloucellcrlhire fide was four roile';
a.iJ a half, and on the Somerfetlhirc fide two miles anJ
a halt. This city has a (lone bridge of lour broad archej
over the Avon ; and here is one of the niolf eommi\li..'ii'.-
qu.ivs in l',n;',lan,! for fliipping and laiulin;; merih'iits
goods, which lies along the river Froom, and i:, half a
mile 111 length, from tlic bridge on the Glouceller i\Az
ot the city, to the place where th,\t river fills into the
Avon. 'I'his is the fecond city in Great I'ritain lor trade,
wealth, and number of inlu'.bitants. The tr.ide of manv
nation.., is drawn hither by the convenience olcom.iurce,
and tiie harbour, which receives vcfl'els undir fail into
the heart of the city. The Avon Iwells fo hiuh by the
coming in of the tide, that fliips upon the fhallow's are
borne up eleven or twelve fathoms. The merchants here,
as well as thole of London, have an Exchange; but it was
lonnerly a ciillom with them to meet, walk, and trarilact
mercantile aft'.iirs in the open ftreet, and pay their money
on large brafs batons on the tops of polls, in that pait of
the llreet called the Tolzcy. They were the fird aJven-
tureis to the Well InJies, and about forty years ago it
was computed that they employed two thoufand f.iil of
fliips, in trade, to the feveral parts of the world, liyth.e
Severn and the Wye the inhabitants of this city have al-
moin the whole trade of South Wales to themfelvc.";, and
the grcatclf part of that of North Wales ; and bv land-
carriage they fend goods to Exeter, Bath, Wells, r'room,
and all the princijial towns from Southampton to the
banks of the I'rent. Here are confiderable ma;iuf,:>Slures
of woollen (luffs, particularly cantaloons, carried oti
chiefly by French refugees; and here are no It l» than
fifteen glafs-houfes, which are fiipplied v/ith coals from
Kingfwood and Mendip-hills ; Come are forglaU'cs, others
for crown-glafs, and others for bottles, for which thcri;
is a great demand at the hot well in its neighbourhood,
which lii's about a mile and half from the city down tlie
Avon, and alio at Bath, for exporting th:ir mineral
waters.
The city with its fuburbs is very compacf, being almoft
as broad as long, and no way above i mile ; yet thj
houfes are computed at about thirteen tloufand, and the
fouls at ninety-five thoufand. Befides 'hei.'-.hedral there
are eighteen churches, and k\^\\ orc'ght mcctinj-houfes
ofrrotedant DiU'entcis: and,accordii.g to i\'lr. Wh.itley,
there ate eighteen hofpitals, befides charity-fchoois, u
guildhall, and u very l.irge council-hojfc ; an I its cul-
tom-houle (lands on the (ide ot (Jucen's-fquarc, which is
adorned with rows of trees that load to a curious equef-
trian iiatue of king William III. On the north- iveii fide
of the city is Biandun-hill, under vvhich is Jacob's- well,
f-> where
>.
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si
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' If,
Ji8'
A SYSTEM OF GEOGKAl'I-IY.
'"ClAND.
|!f|,}:
where pi lys ari, a.lej almoft cvriy nij;!it in the fummcr
leal'iiii by coiiRiliims tioni J^oililon. The Col lci;c- green
i'< jii(Hy ::JiiiireJ icr its (iai»tii)ii, ai it conimaiuK a moH
dcli^'lv.t'iii profpei'ik over ihe wliolccity aii.l harbour ; ariil
luTL- iljii i.> tiiL- cathcJial, with a iLlcly cruh, which is
« line CiUl.x I'.ruituu I'urrouii.iL I with the irtd|;ics of
fcvcfral kiii^s of l:'.iii;lanil. h is rcnurkablc, that thoii^ih
the my caiiiis on fiu h a prodiiiiiius tradr, no carta are
ailniiiteil muj if, for f^-ar o!' daina^in;; }hc arches of the
vault:: an I ih.ife of the (gutters niaJe uuiier (jrounti for car-
ryi"!? otVtr.e fo;l into tnc river ; fo that t:ie I'.iods being
conltanily dra'.vn throii;^;ii the Iticets upon llcdgcii, the
pavfiiu-n: is nccellarily rendered exceedin;'; llippcry.
Ijnd^wa'.er is leatiMl about twelve niiles fioni the Start-
point, wlieie the I'arrot runs into the liiilhil Cliaiunl,
a hundred and forty-three m;le! from I/onJon. 'I'lie
fpr ill:;- tide here flovvs twenty- two feet at le ilt at tlietjiiay,
nnd cuniis in witn tui.h an impetiDvis torrent, and fiich
a noife, that it is called I'he Ka;;ing Bear. Ships of
two luui'.lred tons come up to ;'s quay, and from its con-
vtnient Inuation lor c iiinierre the iiiliahil:ints have
a pretty j'.o.id ooafting tr...h' to J-irilfol, and cany cords to
Wales, ami line, &c. to Cornwall, twenty (liips at 1 ilt
being cooit.intly employed, Its (orei.;n trade is princi-
pally to i'.'ewfiundland. It is a l.ir|^e well frequented
place ; has feverai gi^od inns, and the market is well
lupphej with com, cait!e, hogs, and ihcep, and p.irti-
cul.;; ly excellent checle.
Sumcrton, once tile moll celebrated town in the coun-
ty, and thai from wiicnre it took its nmic, is now but
a poor place, a hundred and twenty-nine miles to the weft
ot LondjM, but has a cojilid; rable market lor corn, p:u-
viliono, and cattle.
fii'. CTlalc'.iiibuiy is featcJ one bun bed and t'ventv miles
from l.'jmiL'ii, .md istamou-s for its abbey, fome magnifi-
cent rums <jf which are lliil remaniing, but arc daily di-
ininillied for the lake ot the il'nies : howi-ver, the curious
llractuie called the A'.ibot'a Kitclien, is Hill pretty entire,
and o( a verv unufual contrivance. It is pictended that
the bodies of Joleph of Ainalliea, of kiig Arthur, and
of kin-:; Edward tnc Coiiu !ti>r, were buried here, The
town ji pretty l.irge and well built ; near it, on a hi<;h
H;:cp hill, n:;mvd the Tor, is placed a tower that com-
mands ..n exf.ilive prolp.'Jl, and fervcs as a land-mark
to feamen. 'Inc lalt abbot of this place was hanged on
the top of the Tor, by order ot king Henry Vlll. for
not acknowledging his fupremacy. I'he holy thorn, or
haw thorn, in the church yard upon the hill, faid to
Iiavc taken root f:om alfaffltuck in the ground by Jofeph
of Arimaihea, and to bloli'om only on Chriftmas-day, has
biouglit a vail nu'nb.rof people to vilitihis town, though
it is very d:ibious whether Jofeph was ever in Hritain
Dr. Giulon fjvs it has been cut down for many years, yet
there ate liill fome growing in the county from branches
ot it, particularly in the garden of Mr. Stroud, the pof-
i'clVor of the ground where the other (food ; md another
in tne sarden now belonging to an inn there. Thefe
btancnes, however, do not always bloll'om on Chrift-
mas-day ; for they fonietimes bloll'om three or four days
alter, and feldom fo fojn as Chrilfmas-day, except the
weather be cxiremely mild. Ulaltonbury, about fifteen
years ago, was tor fome time famous for its mineral waters,
bur f r want of proper caution they provetl fatal to feve-
rai who drank them, but have been lound fcrviceable in
tlie altnma and dropfy, in the cure of fcorbutic dilbrders,
ulcer;:, anj even cancers.
Taunton, a handlbme, neat, well built town, a hun-
M<S '^■^'^ -"'i '""y-eight miles to the fouth-wcft of London,
received its lume from its being Ictited on the river Thone.
The ttr.ets are fpacious, and it has two parifh-chiirches,
befiJes feverai mceting-ho'ifes of Protelbnt Diflenters,
and It is fur.-oundcd by delightful meadows, orchards,
and gardens. Ttiis town is very populous, and fome
tioulands are employed in the manufacture of fcrges, du-
riys, fdgatliies, fhailooii!!, Sic. for weaving of which
eleven hundred looms liave been employed at a time. The
river is i;..vigable tor barges within three miles of the
town, where there i» a haiidfonie biidge, and it once
bad a caltle.
D
s i; c T. x\'.
Of BivmPmt \ lis Sllualwi, Extrnt, Dhi/Jvii, R,tnl ,
imw,-s m P.>rli,>mt>,t, ijfc. It! Air, S,il, Produce, L"'
anil Cuncjiue, ; with a Dtfcriptitn of tht principal Taw,!.
KVONSHIRK is bounded on the north by Iirift„i
Channel ; on the call by Somerfetdiirc • on ih
louth by he Knglifh Channel j and on the well !)• Cir
wall, and has the title of a duchy. It extends ftxty'oni
tiiilcs in length, titty-four in breadth, and comaius f,!,"''
Ii.\ thouland three hundred and ten houfcs, three hunJr' I
and thirty- feven thuu'and eii-ht himdrcd and lixty inh
biiants, three hundred and ninety-lour parifhes, thirty
eight nuiket-towns, and about fcvcnteen hundred anj
thirty villages. 'I'his county, which is fubdivided una
thirty hundt.:ds, fends twenty-lix members to parliamenf
theic are two kn.ghts for the lliire, and two member,
for each ot the tollowing plac;,; Exeter, I'lvmi.uth
lotnels, Hiympioti, Okenampton, Honiton, liariilUk'
Taviltock, AHibu.ton, Tiverton, acralllone, and Cutioi,!
Dartniouih-ILrdncfs,,
The air of this county is very mild and healthful in the
valleys j but cxct-tlively cold and bleak up.oii the n.uun-
tains, 'i'he foil is v..rious, for the lower grouiuis are n,i-
f.irally fruiiful, and yet arc made much more fo by tlic
.art and induftry of ihofe who [luilels the l.inds ; but the
hills arovery barren. Inthe e.illern parts there ispleiuy,
not only of g/)od corn, but. of fine paftura^c fiirihtcr
vvhcre the gr'.uiuls are dry and chalky. The fou:hr-n'
: jiart of Ihe county is remarkably fertile, 3n;l is as -uitly
1 called 'l"heG,u!"n ot Devonlllire, :is Italy The Garden
ol the World. The trees are in as great variety here, aj
in any other part of the kin:,dom ; and fruit-trees are p'ar-
I ticularly plentitui, efiiecially apples, with which they
; make a great ijuantity of cyder. I he merchants whu "o
I long voyages to lea tind this a very fcrviceable drink m
: thvir fliips, and therefore lay in great (lores of it j for it
is laid one ton of cyder will go as far as three of beer
and it is found by experience to be much more wholelonie
I in hot climates.
On the coall in this county is found plenty of a pecu-
i liar rich fand, which proves of lingular fervice to the
^ hufbandmcn, as thofc who live at a ditlance from the fea
! purchafe it in order to improve their poor lands, for it
! renders the iii II barren foil fruitful, and, as it were, im-
' pregnatcs the glebe. However, thofe hufbandmcn who
j live at roo great a ditlance from the fca-fhore, and whofc
circumtlances are too narrow to purchafe a fulHcient
' quantity of this valuable manure, are reduced to the ne-
ceflity of ufing marl, lime, and the turf of the ground
I pared oft" and burnt to afhes.
I Though the inhabitants are in no want of horfes, kint,
hogs, goats, fheep, or rabbets, yet their principal com-
; modity is fowl, which they enjoy in the greateft prolufion.
I In the weflern parts of Devonftiirc are great quantities of
game, efpecially hares, woodcocks, and pheafants, in
fuch abundance as to render them very cheap. And in
that part of the country is a bird fo very fmall that it is
reputed a humming-bird, and like that hangs its ned on
the extreme branches of the trees. The inhabitants in-
fift that no venomous creature, of what nature or Ipecies
foever, will live among them.
In the fouth wed parts of Dcvonlhire are great quan-
tities of marble, and in many places marble rocks are
found to be the bafis of the road on which people travel;
this marble, when polidied, is little inferior to fome we
have trom abroad, and accordingly is much ulcd by the
gentry in thofe parts.
This county abounds with a greater variety of riven
than any ether can boaft of, yet there are only two,
namely the Tamar and the Ex, mat are pcculi::rly wor-
thy of the reader's attention. The former, which fcpa-
rales this county from Cornwall, has its fource in the
hills near Welcomb, ami runs nearly from north to fouth
till it rctiches the Knglifli Channel at Plymouth. This
river is particularly remarkable for the goodnefs ofthe
falmon caught in it. The Ex forms a courfo upon thi
fame points, and, pafTiii^ bv Exeter, alio falls into the
Channel.
«-«..»'^*«-»*— -.». .~»..>-.^_,.. ,„..^
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418
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Eno
n£.
where pi lys ari .>J\eJ almoft ei'.-ry iii (lit in the fummer
UjIi'ii Liy ciiiitiluiiii Cioni l-on.lun. I'hc Collt:f;c.grien
is jiiftly .ijiiiirej h:r its ruii..ti»ii, ui it conini.inili a molt
dcli^h'.hil (ir(i(';)ei'.l ovii' ihc wliolciity aii'l luibour \ anil
hiTc llaii ij t:ii: calhc.li.il, with a lt.atly criil., which is
• tine CiiiliiC itructuu runiijn.li. I w.th t'le LtKir^^ic'i ot'
feveral k'n^t of KniJ.iiui. It ii iTm.uk.>l)lf, ih.it th(m^!h
the cilv ciiilL's on luih a piodi[;iiitn trade, iii)car!j arc
aclnHtl^■l! iiuj it, lor Kur c! dama^in;; jIvc arih'js of the
vault:: Jill ih.il'e ot thi: ;»iittcr3 made under f;ri>iind ffir car-
ryiii:* otFt;ii; foil intu tiic river •, lii tli.it t:ii! |(.)od3 being
conltantly du'.vn thnm Mi the Ititcts iipun lU:.l^c:i, the
pavcnu'iit is neivllarily rendon-d i xeeedin;^ nippiry,
IJndjwa;i:r is li'.itnl about twi Ue inili'i (nun ih'; Start-
point, wiieic the I'arret runs uuo the lirilhil Chaniul,
a hundred and rorcy-thrcc mlei from J-imdon. 'I'he
fp;iiiL;-tide l\ere floivs twenty-two feet at leilt at ilieijuay,
and cunus in witn lu :h an impetinus torrent, anil Inch
a iioife, that it ii called J'he Raging Hear. Ships of
two liiui Ired tons come up to its quay, and from its con-
vtnifiit liluation lor C' nimerre the inhaHit:!nts have
•I pretty i'.ind eo.illin;^ li-^.l' to I'nlKil, and eariy lo:,U to
Wales, and ll lie, &c. to Cornwall, twen'/ Diips at I alt
bein;^ com! iiitly employed. Its lorei.;n trad'j is princi-
pally to I'iewf aindland. It is a lar:;e well freiiuentcd
place 1 has fevcral ;;ooJ inns, and the inarki.t is well
lupphed with com, caitle, hojjs, and iheep, and pcrti-
cul::;ly i.Ncellent checle.
Somction, mice the iiio.'l cile'TJted town in t!ic coun-
ty, and that trom wiieiire it took its name, is now but
u poor place, a hundred an.i •winty-nine iiiiIls to the weft
o/ LomljM, but h:is a conluLrable marLet lor corn, pro-
viiionr., and cattle.
Cilailonlniiy is featcd one hiin lied and t'ventv miles
f nni l,i)iKi:'ii, .-.n.! is lainoui for its abbey, I'jine ma;^iiifi-
: cut ruins or whicn are liiil reinaiuing, but are daily di-
ir.inilhed for tiic lake of the ibmes : however, the curious
lAND.
SECT. XV.
Of DiVinfliWt ; ill Sliuolii/iy Extent, Dki/lm R,,,, ,
laiiun w Eirlimmnt, Uc. In /lir. Soil, fre.luu M
m.l Curisjit.ci ; with a Dtfmptitn «/ tht princifalTn'Z',''
D
F.VONSHIRK is boun
Channel : on the
loundcd on the north by n,ia„i
eain.y S„merlc,nmc ., " .u
"n the
louih by he KnglKh Channel ; and on the well Lr,,
wall, and has the title of a duchv. It extends lixtv „!,'"
miles in length, filty-lour in breadth, and contain/f,,,
hx ihouland three hundred and ten houfes, three hi.nd 'i
and thirty- ('even thou'and ei;.ht hundred and hxty inh
biiants, three hundred and ninety-lour panlhes, thirt
eight niaiket-towns, and about I'evcnteen hundred ani
thirty villages. 'I'his county, whiUi is fubdivided uZ
thirty hundreds, lends twenty "x mcmb.Ts toparlument
thele arc two kinghts for the Ihire, and two ineiubc,,
for each ot^ the tollowing pl:ic;s; Kxcter, l'lvm<,utli
rolncfi, Hlympiori, Okenainpton, Honiton, Itarhlhil'
I'avilloek, .X.lilni.um, Tivctton, Ucralllone.andCiiii'Ju!
Dart moutii-Mjr duo :s.,
The air of thi» county is very mild and healthful in the
valleys ; but cxet-ffively cold and bleak upon the n.jua-
tains. The foil U \ .irious, for the lower grouii.ii ni,: „^'.
turally fruiifil, and yet arc made much more fo by ihc
a:;t .-.lid indudry of thof* uhu noU'els the l.mds ; butth,.
hills are very b.irieii. In the ..illern parts there is plenty
not only of .;ood corn, but of line paftura"c fcir finep
where the gr..uiu!s are dry and chalky. ■|'h,; fouthr,,,'
part of the county is remarkably fertile, and is a', ^uit'y
called ["heUulen ol Devonfliire, a; It.ily The Crirjcn
of the World. The trees .ire in as yreat variety l.erc as
in any other part of the kin^ dom ; and fruit-trees are p'ar-
tieularly plentiful, efpecially apples, with which they
inake a great cjuantity of cyUcr. I nc merchants whoRo
1
> I
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I
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iNuI.ANU.
I'lijiiii'-I. (>r«Ml I'l iity <
r.nr, whrtf thcv hhir- hi
u.iloii. Iroin ilii Ic I
rtitha><rcntv,irii'iy<i(c
i.al aio iKTIIIIiii illlil
iitluy obi'-iii <<ll C'lrii
. jit ii.iiiili>^ .iml loll i);i
In Ii.icmI pl.icci III iJcv
f,,,,- lictn ol lingular k
Aiiiuii,: iti* curiofities
V J) cbHS Jllll HoWj lltf.lt
I Ik- iivtr I'.iiiiar, iull
„ ,, liviT c.illcd the liiil,
; H II.; pmt up with rot
;,, 1,1 licUiw It, tli,it iIk' w
. „ imiriiliiii III it III hr
;lr.iii_^fi ' wild h.ivc llic
; 1 1 II ciiciinill.iiKt.'> i I
I, .mil tin: \V4tcr iiiiiii
,', ,Miii a mil'.- ul Ihii
v.iiii uiK iibovc an hiiml
, i.iiieilill.iiii .', ,iiul ultii
jii liiiiiiltfil tut Ironi the
i;io biinlc I'l iIk" precipice",
, lui maimer, aiul itrikiiu;
li,iMi ihcncc ill ii wiilit <
I ,111 J with gri'at vKilciict
,,.,0,1 III tlu: gioniiJ. I I
t:.: iirali louild at tlic lie,
(I .iqjcuus particles, tli.il
hiiiiitil' ill a mill. The j
ait ilic tulloA'iiig :
r \i;r, thus called by
i.Ak (111 the river Kx, wa
.. i, liiiiaicd a jiiiiidred
l.u :,:un, mi the, top ol ,m
ilili.it river. 'I he will,
larni .111 agreeable wallc ri
jiinc country, hilh cover
\i,,,ij,.'>, and ncmlcnien's
ii, i.ty cuiililU ot four (I
im.luit. I'he High-dre
.fpcarance, it beiii^; bro.i
ill- i,f i very oM but gonj
;;i,i not imicgant. 'I'his
, il'.ii, and all tradci are
'.■■■iii aii}.'le ol' the city,
,vm'mi)iit callle, once tl
i.„ii.iK'li';, iMui al'ierwar
1 ,ita lipi.ire ri;^iire, ii'i;
., rj;h wall anil a deep d
I r,ulJ to the top of the
I ,i.i-l(i"lcs the my and k
, .held, and it :'l|o com
ih: tx Ii of <jre.it leii,'>th
inlii a ci'iilidirable v.ic.in
riiccatiu'ih.il waM ahi
•i:.. anil ii Vet verv rem
ninth it waa cairied on ;
II I'diiip ol one and the 1,
i',..itli was iloiie a hniuli
'Ml of the cluircli in p
I .iiitiiig. The hue pain
r-.,tdeal, was tiiucli d.
(»!l w.n>, in the riijii o
li'iircjofthe patriarchs a
!i|, the foiith lide of thr
el with ( folhic c.irviiii;
l,vi: t.-ct, I'ippurted bv In
(I till', ciiiirch it a ver\
uo: jht, anil In tm: other
'I'lvollier biiildini^s o
hiiiil'r and ( loiltir ., the
lim niii; to the dean, tin
il jiiiiarits ol the cliiir,.!!
m .S'. John the IJantilf.
li'„ rue, lA'cnty parith i
luiiii; ch.ipcls ami .i!iii,.|,
fitiicii. 'l"hrrL-are likc"
.. i.:i. ', I r i.aidiii^' :;o(;d
fii
I Nut.ASl».
Clijiiii':!. (>"'-i' I'' "'y "f l-iin'fn '' 'I'" ""•"' '" •''''■
,ir whrrc thcv loiiif in rtjl (|iiamitli'i m the tpuvii
• li-.iloii. Irciin iliilciwii iivin (he ciiiiri -v i> ltiii.i«-
)'wilh aiircil v,<rii(y o( Cfinimiiii (idl , Init t i,' iiiiill Ik -
•■icul .III' li''rnin;i .mil pik-h.irJ'-, lot h\ tr^diii;; with
liiiivtlicy •''"-"' •'•' '^"■'^ "' coinnioditit. troiii the iiJ-
i-iiniiuiili^ and iDtiinii naiiotn.
Ill liiiral |il.i>.i"> HI IJfMinfliircjreniwier.il w.itiTithiit
I-,,, lotn Lit Inii^ulur Itrvicc in il.uit'cruu'i tpiJi'inu'
i; UK O I' K,
hk
Lav
Aiiionj lh« curiofiiiei of tliii county is l..»vwi.i
J iJi tbDJ and flowi nc.ii ilinii time, ivi'ry licmr.
I Ik- river I'amar, iulk nieniioncJ, nccivci intu it .1
,„ ,, liver called the Liil, which is peculiarly rcinai! ilil.'
, H 114 pi lit up with ruckj at tin; liriil;u', an. I running
,1,11 litlow It, that the w.ilcT is Icarccly to lie leiii, or
i.nuiMilins (il it to he lu'aid, to tlif .iltnnilliii'iiit <i|
ltraii(;ci I wlidhavt the cnridhiv tii ii'tcn.l 'o tin. I" un-
'iiiiiuii tiiciiniltanccj i iur the hiiiine n levtl wi'li llu-
1,1, .iiul the water riiir. near levuiiy (oet hehiw it.
\', ,;iiiii a mil-.' ot this plare in a eat.irai.t, where th"
..Jill lalU above an hiiii.iiril (eel i it eiiiii'j. i'miii a mill
, Miieililt <iii .'• .'lid .iltir Ik rouMe iipiiii a del^eiil til iumi
iliiiiulred liet Iron! the level of thv: null, it arnvei at
I ,,. Diiiilc 1)1 the I'tetipiee, fioni whein 'j it lulls 111 .1 hvMii-
tf6.
Ih- tiiy In ^overni'd hy » mayor, rw.-nty fniir »M;r«
men and tunimiiii-enuin il, a recoiJir, a (In nil', lV)ur
llewar.N, » chatnl-cr| iin, and li)*nclcrk, whu ,110 at-
triulel hy .1 (word luarirr, who wean the cip an I carriii
ill.' Iwor.l iimin l.y kiiit; Henry Vll. b lore them in all
|iiihlu pruielTiim'.. I'll re iire .ilr» 111 ihli city iwUo
iiii'iriwir.iteil trade., who on piiblii (ice.iliiiii walk iii Ihi)
may.ii 1 iiain, drelied in;'owin, «a. h nimp.inv h.iMii.;.'!
hc.i llr in a laecd co.it bearin;; the cnli;,n. ul llicir Uveral
pr'il. iHiiMi. ' ,
i'lvmomli I, fitiiatrd in the liliicih ilcirrp twenty-fit /.-.'ttfr
inniiitr, nuitii latmiil:-, and in the (oiirih dej;ree tw'iity- /J-J^.
r.v. nminn'ii well Inn^'iti/de, two liiiinlreJ and ht'tirn
miles Iri Ml I.oiiiliin, bi tweeii fwo very larnw inl'.ti ot"
the 111, ill tnr liiitKmi ol a Ipa ii"n (iiiin ', 'f bav, cn-
conijMll.'.l iiM every fide W'th hilli i t;ie (h.-fe I. i}ciii:..illi/
lli'ip.in.l i.pi'kv, tluiii^h the an 'horaijc il "ood, niul ic
i. pretiv I lie ridiiiir. In tiie eiiuaiu-c of the b.iy it a
l.irne afl daii'.'erni'i 1 'i k, wliivh at hi li water ii envcred,
hut 1.1 Iniv Uile lii'H bare I'ponthi.io k, whi. ii i.rall'd
ihe I'.d.lv-lloiie, th'. ini.etiioui Mr. \V;iiii.,nley tirll built
a II: lltluiiil' lor the iliKcHon ol l.iilo.-, ) il.i, .vnrk, con-
fuleriii^; is hei^ijit and the nh!)jnitiide of til bi,i! 'iiij,
(111 id to ailiiiir.iiiiin li-vei.il dre.idlul rt.jri.r, Mr. VS'iii-
li.iiiK-, yvboiilien viliteil it, 'Ireii^theiieJ the luiil.lin^;
bi new works, and wis I'o tonlideiu ot its llahi'ltv, that
he iMiially l.ii I to thole who doii'ited if llandin;; in h'ird
we.iiher, t'lat h; on'v d' lired to be i'liiwh'.ii .1 ihirrn
(hoiild happi II ; but in the dteaiHul finp.ll of Noiciil.cr
mj^^
iijiiiier, and itrikini', upim a pait ot the elirt, ruIlK <
,11,1 ihein.e in a wiilu tatar.iiit to tnc bottom, wluie
,1117 with great violence, it n.akcs .1 deep and loim.ii:;
.;oii in the (jiouiid. I In. wiiildeitiil till ot water tills
jtall round at the hoiloiii with inch an itmolpiieic /-, i-rt, wiieii ho happcrcd to be io uiiha;Miy aj to
, „,: icous particles, that a pi 1 Ion ap|iio.ielliii^ it tind.>
I, -Jul 111 a mill. I he piiiicipal p'a;es in tMis cuunty
jc the tulluwine :
r\iir, thu.i! called by contra£1ion frcm Exccft r, :i
(,lllc oil the river Kx, was the Aiii^ulla of the Koniaii'. 1
; ., I'ltuatcd a liiiiidred and lev nty-tliree mi-cj lioin
l.uijuii, on the. top (it an ealy akent on the ealtein b.nik
ci ili.it liver. '1 he will, arc 111 pretty I'ood rep.nr, aii.l
Dill ail agreeable walk rouii.l the city, with tlie view et
1 line country, hilb covered with trees, tieldsj oich.inU,
iii:.i;'.-), and (icntlcnicn's fcatj. 'i'he principal parr ol
ii,' i".ty conlills of four duets tciuerini; at .1 handlone
uiiiluit. 1 he Higli-Hrect particularly make, a iioldc
.ippcariuce, it beiii^ bro.id ;ind llraij-lit j and the huiiles
jci.l'a very old but good model, Ipacious, eon nhous,
;ii., MJt iiulcgaiit. 'I'llis Iheet is lull of (hops well lur-
,:l!i.J, and all traJci are brilklv carried on. In the nor
Ins wd'i, he in v.iiii made fii'nal- fir liel|i j but tin
boaii d.ired to ;;o ott' to limii an. I in the morning afrt'"
til.' Itiirni nolliin:! was to be (ein but thu li.ire ri^k, the
li,;ht-lioiire lu III!', j;oii", in which .Mr. Winlt.inley and all
that weic with hint ji"rilli(d ) but r very II it Jy li.'.ht-
lioufe has fin ■• been built in it"; r..iom. 'I h • to^-n isde-
lei'dcd b" a I allle leated on an ifland n.iiiKi! St. Nidic'
las, and by a citadel in the towti opp.-iiitc t.) ih:' illand.
Tliis i'l a Imall bur repnl.ir fortification, inae, cITiMe by
le.i, but pot exeeeiliii;^ llron;^ by l.'n I. It ic fiirrouiidcil
wi;li a deep trench, out of whi' h was dii:; th" (tone of
w.nieii the citadel wa.'i built It n about three qu irtct'i
(d' a mile in circnnitermrc, and h.is three hundred jTun-..
on its walN, whi..h lland th 'ult toward, the lea. I'lic"
town ll.niil above the citid-.l upnti tile finie ro, k, Hop-"
nii; oil the fi le of it towards the calt. Th'J inlet ..I tim
lea, e.ill^d tJatw:U,er, forms a harbour ea^'ablc of rrcLivinff"
lii angle of the city, and the higlicll ground, Hands aiiv number of Oiips, and of any fi/.e ; it walhcs the
/. i^finiiut callle, once the rclidcnce ot the Welt Saxon
i.i.iijich^, and afterwards ;if the earls 01' Cornwall. It
. ,.lahiu.ire rij;ure, not very lar:;e, but environed with
,, isihwall anil a deep ditch. It has a rampart ot earth
I [jil.-l 10 the lop of tlie w.iU, and tormin:; a terrace that
. .^i-lii ki tlie tiiv aiidcountiv. in this callle the adr/.es
„ .hilii, and it i'lio coi'tains a chapel 'i'he bridge over
ill; tx IS of 3re.1t letiiTth, and has houfes on both tides,
Willi a cnnhderable vae.iiuy in the middle.
'riKcatheihal wa:i about lour hundred years 'n hui'd-
t;.. ind is yil verv remarkable for the unilor:nity with
iilr.ili It was cairied on •, for the whide l.'eins the work-
I! .i.lliip olone and the lame aiihilect. Tiie altar-puce,
i.,,,ii.li was diiiK- a hiindied ye irs a^o, is the reprelerita-
■ a of the church in perlpedtive, a vtry fine piece of
; ,:atlll|,^ I'he line panned flal's, of which there is a
':.-..t deal, was much daiTi.u;e.l diiriii./ the tune ot the
iivil w.ns, in the rcijn of king Charles 1. and the c.iric.l
I; iiiCjof the patriarchs and [irophets wcie greatly det.irnl.
' 1;, liie I'outh fide of the hi;-li alt.ir are three teats adorii-
1! m'h (.iothic carviiigs to the height ol .ihout twenty
lai: ti-et, fipported by brals pill.irs. In one ol the to.,vcr^
(.! tills ciuirch ik a very larju bell of about tho.' 1..11
v.cijlit, and in x\v: other a fine liiig of ten lar|.^e ones.
'I'lvdilier buildings of a public n.itiire are ihcch.ipii'r-
hdiil'if and iloillir,., the bilhop's palace, the houfes be-
Iniiiiii'.! to the ilean, the rhancellnr, iicafiirer, and other
iljiiiiaries of the cliiireh, the I'liiKl-hall, with the holpit.il
1,1 ,v. John the iiaiitilh Ihiic are within the citv .iiid
liti, riic, lA'enty parilh churches ; to which may be ;uM'-.i
kiriic ch.iptis and alin.-houli s, v.':th the ruins of (eveidl
oiiicrs. There are iikrwile three or four incetinij-houlej,
. cj;!..) t r i.inJiii;' iiouds, an 1 a i ultom houle,
^8
e.ille-n fliorenfihe town. v;here they h.iye a kind oln-t- ■'•
rural mob', with a ipiay and all other converienc'".. for
lnadin^ aiTd iinIoadip|T of veifels. On tiierithr-r fide of
tlie tmvn if an ither iii'ct of the fra, called UaiiKm/c ;
this is the mouth of the river Tamar, where is 1 yet
d.ick, with rards, dry dorl:.;, lannelie.<, and conveni-
ences of all kin 's fo' buildin:^ and repaiii:ig of (hip-.
I'liefe wet an.l drjMloik'i e.xecrit every th^ojof ih- kinl,
bcin; hevn out ot a mine of Hare, and line. I with I'ort-
l.ind Hone, The dry dork it I.Kge cnniigh for aliilt-
r If; man of w?r, .uid the wtt di I: will '•onraiii five of tin;
f'Hie li'/e. Here are alio P.ore-houl'r. 'nr ripginj, and fur
the naval and m lit.iry (lores of fiich (hipis as may he ap-
piinied to be laid up there ; with very haildfonie hoiif-i
lor the comniiirMner, clerks, and ofiieeis of all kind'!
ufu.il in the king'" yards. In (hivt, it is now becnme .u
(oiiip'etc a yard as .in;-' belon^inj; to the :;overiimcnt,
til iu.;h not fo large. Here are two fine eluir. lies, and
two or three in ■etiii^-boufes for ProtelLint Dillenter?
and I'Vench rcfu'recs ; alio a I'rnc-fchool, and Pii hifpital
(or blue coat hnys. It gives title of earl to th["-ni.li!e fa-
mi'y of Hickman.
ITirtmo'ith, a fea-port town featcd on th? declivity of
a hill ar the mouth of the livur Dart, whe.-c it ea.pties
itfelf into the lea, a hundre.l and ninety-eight miles Ironi /4g.
1 Lond'Ui, and thirty-fMie frdiM Kxeter. The opening in-
to ilic harbour i.- not broad; but the channel deep ciiiiioU
lor the l.'rgelt (h ps in the royal navy. The fiJes of il\.;
entrance are niiuiiuled with rocks, and atthefirll ni.rrow-
iiig of the pad'ai.'e is a 'viud l^rong for:, and a plat!oiin
ot guns wiiicli loinmand the port. The n.irrow er.ri..iir';
e.NtomJs about h.df a mile, and then ojr.'mng forms a li.ir-
bout, in which live hundred fail of (Lip- in..v ride with
i) ' th
i\
il
. "Ill
530
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
En
^I'LANn
Ml
I M
r'!
the grcated I'lfcty, anJ the entrance may, upon occafmn,'
be chair.cii up.
Dartiiiojtii is fitiiiicd on the wcfl: fiJc of this liafon,
or harbour, in a kuiJ uf kniic irtlc, on the alcciit of d
ftcep hill i bit thoujjh lar»'i; anJ populous it is but nu-an-
ly built, vit ih. quiy is livicious, aa is alfo the Itri-ct
before it. 11. re live fonie verv HourKhing mercharuj,
wljo carry on a profperous trade to the moll eonfiJcr-
ablc ports of Spain, Portiig;\l, Italy, and the plantations ;
but ef[i'-\idlly io^..'ewfouiHll.inJ, and fiuin thence to .Spain
and Italy with Kdi ; and they alio drive a (^uod trade in
th'.'irowii r;ni'-iy of pilcli.uiN, which ii carried on with
thegreatdt number ol vUlUs of any port in the well,
except I'.dnKHith. It has tlirte churches, and a very
lar_!;e ni(i.tini;-houf; ; Imt the Ifrcets arc narrow and bad,
thouj^h they are all paved, and is governed by a mayor,
a reconlu, tv.tlve maller:>, or magilf rates, a town-clerk,
and a higli-fteuard.
Tliis town was burnt by the French in the reign of
Richard I. Tluy fome time after beficged it again ; but
were bravely repulftd, particularly by the women, when
tile enemy facing routed, gcncr.d Caltel, with three iouls,
and twciitv -tlirte knights, were made prifoncrs. 'I'hii
IqWu h.as ilie title of .ui earldom.
About fifty miles from the north-weft coaft of this
county is Lundy Idand, which is five miles lonj;, and
two broad ; but it is remaikable that it is fo enconipall'ed
with inacceflible rocks, that it has but one entrance into
it, an.l tint fo inurow that two men can iVarce go abrealt.
The fouth pirt of the illand enjoy> a pr. tty good K.il j
but the north p.irt is in a aroat nicafurc barren, and has
a remaikable liigh pyr:.nu Jical rock called the Conllable.
s K c T. xvr.
0/ Cir> iviiH \ i:i S't.m.-, Sittt.itiot, Eil:nt, T)ivijl-jn, Is'c
ami iL'i- M(mln-rs il J,-:Ji to Piiriiiwiciit. U'he Air, Sail,
ami P'cgctabki ; the AJiiics, Alincru/s, ntiit tuitural Curio
J'tties ; iiilh tht Ciilt.'t; Fswls, Fijh, and Rijers cf t/.is
County. TI.e Manner i :flhilnhiil>itiinl, a Dejiriftiin oj
th: pr'iiulful Tou'ns, and a micije /Ucount of the Siiily
ijlandi.
THE prefcnf name of this county is differ.'ntly ac-
counted for ; but the moll probable derivation feenis
lO be that which brings it from the promontories pro-
jecting into tne fta like horns, called in the Hritifti lan-
guage Kernaw, with the S.ixon addition of Waules, Cj
il..-note the people who fled thither. It is furrounded by
the fea on all (ides, except the caft, where it is parted
from Devoiidiire by the river Tamar : the northern coaft
b-'ingwaflied by the Uriliol Channel, the weltern by St.
George'i, and the fouthern by the Britifh fea. Its length
from call to weft is near feventy miles, its breadth next
to Devoni'iirc, where it is broadeft, is computed about
foity i but in the narroweft, at St ives, it does not exceed
five, yet iis circumference from its unequal fhorc mea-
fures up^^'alds of two hundied and thirty-three miles.
Cori.wall is fituated in the diocefe ol Exeter, and con-
tains ai'out twenty-feven thoufand fix hundred and twen-
ty lioule.', a hundred and fixty-livc thoufand inhabitants,
a hundieJ and fixty-oiie paiifhes, twenty-fcven niarket-
tov.ns, and i-velve hundred and thirty villages ; it is (ub-
diviikd into .iiiie hundieds, and fends no lei's than forty-
fiiur members to parliament ; thefc are two knights of
the (hire, and as many members for each ol the follow-
ing towns ; Camclford, Uodmin, Boiruiey, Dunevet,
Launceftr ,, Eaft Loe, Foy, Helfton, Cirampound, St.
Maws, Lediard, Kellington, St. Ives, St. (Jernians,
I'ruro, St. Michael, Tregony, Newport, Portpigham,
a:..! Saltalh.
The air is fliarp and healthful to the natives, yet the
vicinity of the fea, on three of its fides, prevents its be-
ing fuhje£l to lurd froits, and the fnow jviiig long on
the ground. The fame realon may be alFi^'iied for the
Crcquent gulli of wind vN'hich arc here very boifterous,
and conleqiicuily fonictimes pernicious ; but the inhabi-
tants are klJoni troubled with infectious difcafes. Tlie
fc afons are lo.newhat different from thole in other parts,
inaiv
e vailicsyiilj
ilh
the funitner bcini^ more tenipu.Ue ; and r.> die aiit'i'
f,uiI^ aielater, thwi harveft i, Icldom ripe tnouidi l„r,'I"'
b.rn till near Mieh.ulmas. '"°"bl« lor ,l,c
•|'he lo:l as it is verv (hallow cannot he cxtraord
liuitlul, tipeciallyoii the hilly parts, 'i'he valhcs ,
plenty ol grab, and the lands near the fea, bylK-i„V,„
nurid with orewood, a kind of fea- weed, and faj' f ^
land, produce conliderablc quantities of corn Th
fruits and herbs of this county arc much th.famc w '
thole ot others, though not lu plentiful amoirr ,|ie (.g,
mon people. It has befides (bme plants which arc either
uncommon, or hnvj never jeen found in other counties
among thcle is a fort of grain fown plentifully towaril.
the farther end of the county, which is naked oats call
ed pillcorn, (rom its being naturally dripped of the'huV/
with which the common oat is covered, lor which leai.iii'
it is much cdeemed. They have alfo plenty of fca-hiibs
as caniphire, cringo, ros folis, and what is peculiar to
this county the (wect-briar g;(.ws naturally here.
I'rom the Uirf.ice we fb.all pafs to the bowels of the earth
where are'"und many forts of Hones and metals. A; ij
the former, the moor-ftone is the chief: this is uftj
both in buildings and for large mill-ftoncs. Its natuial
compotition is veiy beautiful, it tonfilling for the prcattft
part of awhitilh granulated marble, variegated with j
lort of black and yellow matter refcmbling ' I jpj
tin-glafs, fhining and glittering very cgrteaoiy m ihe
lull beams. Thii (lone, therefore, while nc-., gives a
glorious afpeft to buildings ; but though prodi^iouOy
hard .ufirft, it (bon changes its coKiur and confiUenco.
^Vhen polilhed it appear; much more Cplcndid 2nd teau-
tilul than any of the maiblc kind, and makes the ruhcll
luiiKtute, as tables, chininey-piice.';, &c. but beinti- ex.
ceedin:; hard, the polilhing is very expciifivc.
With rcfpedt to the mines of Cornwall, they coiififtof
two forts, one ot tin, the other of coppir j thofc of tin
are vtry numerous, and are in general very large and
rich in ore, thefe have tendered this couniy famrus ic
all ages. 'J'heie have alfo been fomctimcs found a fmall
quantity of gold and (ilver, but not \V(;rthy of noticf.
^Vith the metalline ores are intcrnii.xed large quaniitic:.
of niundic a. id arfenic.
The tin works are of different forts, on account of the
different forms in which the tin appears, for in m.!ny
places the tin ore fo nearly refembles common ftonis,ihii
they can only be diftinguiihci' from them by their liipc-
rior weight. The fecond fo n in which tin appears
confids of tin and earth, c( ipoundcd and cancretcJ
into a fubftance almoft as h. i as ftone, of a bluilh or
greyilh colour, and olten the n
call. This ore is always foun
or bed, which the tinners call th
mod part, is found running throuj
the harded rocks, beginning in (
face, perhaps not above half a
and increafing as they go into 1:
ing out into fjveral ilrata, and \
a direction that is in general ne;
loads are fomelimcs white very
great lumps of this ore areofti
twenty pounds value. The lo.
ways contiguous ; but fomctimc
that vou wi
•.die gives it a ycllowifli
'n a continued (Iratum
lad, and thus, for the
the folid fubltaiiccdl
dl veins near the fur-
mch or an inch wid:,
cr dimcnfions brancii-
-ceding downwards in
caft an!
Tiii-rc
.de and thick ; fo that
rawn up of more than
'' tin ore are not i.l-
ureak oti" fo entirely,
'>'Jii t'^i'>'<- y^" ''^'l g°' ''-^ ''"-' '^"d of it, but
the fagacious tinner knows by experience, that by digging
a imali diftance on one fide he ihall meet with a feparatiJ
part of the loaJ appearing to tally with the other end ;;.
nicely as if it hail been broken off by Ibmc fudden (hock
ol the rock.
1 he mines of this country follow the load in all i:-
rich and meandering windings in the bowels of the rocky
earth. Sometimes tlie waters arc drained from thefe minis
by lubterranean palTages, formed from the body of \k
mountain to the level country ; thefe, which are caliiii
adit-, lonietimcs prove the labour of many years, but
when cttcdled they Usz the conftant cxpence of larce
water-woiks and hre engines. From the furfacc of th.;
CHI ill they fink a paftagc to the mine, which they call a
(halt, and over it place a large winch ; but in grcatiT
works a wheel and a ile, by wliich means they drav/ up
large quantities of ore at a time, in vellids called kibbu!;
'Tl
Esfil-AND.
EUROPE.
rr
jj«
Xhis ore is thro.vn info heaps, where great number! of
poor people a"-' cmploytd in breaking it to pieces and litt-
ingit for ihc H.Kiipiiig m:lls._
The thlrJ form in which tin :ippearb is th it of cryftals i
fortinl'eiiiga fait, will, uiuler fuini:tirciiinll.iiiee>, reaJily
(rylUliZc ; and therefore in many pitti of the mineral
rocks arc found the molt pcrtcit ir.infpaniit and beauti-
ful cryil^'ls of pure tin.
The copper mines of this county next difervc our no-
tice, they being very numerous, and fome uf them large
and rich m oie. It is remarkable, that in fomc paitb uf
CornwJ.il the earth has produced fuch an exuberance of
th!sni''"l> •■'' •" afford it in large mally lumps of malle-
able copper, fcvcral pieces of which they Ihcw in very cu-
lious vi'utable forms. The mundic, which we have ob-
IcrvcJ, ij found in the loads of tin, was for many ages
[onfiJcrcd .is of no other ufe but to nouiifh tin while in
ihcminc. However, in the reign of cpiecn Klizabeth, i
Ijiidab'c cuiiofitv prompted Ibiiie private pcrlons to exa-
iiiine into its nature i but the defign mifcarried, and ihe
DuaiJic was thrown as ulVlel's into the old pits with
oti.'.r lubbifii i but about eighty years ago, Sir Ciilbcrt
Clirk be^an to work upon the mundic, and others fol-
lo'.vin:; hii example liavc by degrees brought the work to
b;ar, "imJ the copper extrail^ted irom this ore, once ef-
Itcme.l ulclefs, now brings in above one hundred and iifly
thoiifand pounds a year, and equals in goodnefs the bell
SwcJiili copper, yielding a proportioiiablt iiuantity of
!a?is caliniinaiis for making bral's. In Mount's bay, near
Penzance, the fliore is as it were paved with a rocky
done, of fo hue a giain that it equals any hone in givKig
ill edge to a razor.
hi many of the cavernous parts of the rocks are found
thofc traiifparent cryftals called Cornilh diamonds, they
licin' cxtieniely brilliant when well polilhed. Their
form is that of a fix fidcd piifm pointed on the top,
and thcv are fomctimcs four or five inches in length.
All the parts of Cornwall on this fide St. AiifHe's, St.
Miihatl's, and St. Agnes, have little or no mineral ore.>,,
butmollly abound with rocks ofblue Hate, cfpecially to-
wards tiie Ibuth, where arc many large quarries of ih^t
Utlul fofTil.
Among the curiofities obfcrvablc in this county, it is
ux.nliy of notice that the Lands-end confilfi of very fleep
totks proiciSing beyond the reft into the fca, in which
the water of tne fca runs with great rapidity, violence,
aaJ noife.
Among the rude relics of nature in this county, we
C'jsht not to pal's by the loganor rockiiig-itoiic, of which
there are two forts, fome artificial, others natural; wefliall
here only take notice oi the latter. In the jKirilh of St.
Levin is a promontory called Cadle Trcryn. T'his cape
confiils of three ditliniS groups of rocks, and on the top
o; the middle group is the mod wonderful of thefe (tones
perhaps in the world. It ii computed that its folid con-
tents amount to about ninety-live tons ; the two inclined
fidei fomewhat refemble the roof of a houfe meeting in a
fort of obtufe ridge ufion the top. The lowei part is a
Urge plain bafe, near the middle of which projcias a
fmall part on which it rtfls, not more than eighteen or
twenty inches in diameter. This prodigious Hone is ea-
fily moveable upon the large Hone below, the power of
on^ man being fufEcient to make it vibrate up and down.
With refpccl to the cattle of this country, it has all
the fcvcral kinds found in the others ; but it is remark-
.ible tliat the fluep, which when it lay open and uncul-
tivated were fmall, and their wool fo coarfe that it was
ul'ually called Cornilh hair, have fiiice the land has been
well manured, equalled the Iheep of other counties in
fizc, and in the fmcncfs of the wool. The cows and
exen aie fmall, but their flcfli fweet and juicy. Tlicy
ufe oxen chiefly in ploughing. Their horfcs are bred
hard, and fed as coarfely ; but though they are fmall,
thcv travel well, and arc very lerviceable in this moun-
tainous country : mules are alio much ufed. The p;.rks
src well Itocked with fallow deer ; but they have no red
deer except what ilray thither oi" of Devcnfliire. AUnv
foxes, otters, badgers, and martins harbour in the clifis
near the fca fide.
The fowl of this county arc gen.':rally fuch as arc
found in others, Wjid fowl ate very plenty in the parts
adjoining to Dcvonfliire, The biiJ.^ called tli.- chcuglii.
which ale in a manner peculiar to this county, aie fuun I
in grca; plenty, and fomiwhat refemble the pied or giey
crow ; they ate n- ally of the lize of the jack-daw, have
red legs and beak, and luio the character of bciiig a very
thievilh bird. The molt remakable among the water-
fowl is one about the li/.e of a fca-gull, which has a lin-
gular method in taking of its prey j fir it nfcs high in
the air, and from thence falls as if dead, and by the ve-
locity of the fall, is enabled to penetrate througfi the wa-
ter, and fuddenly feize the lifli it (liikc at. Theft arc
fcen in very great numbers in Mount's bay, and other
parts of the fea-coalt.
The rivers and leas afford great plenty of fifli, but
mollly fuch as are common to other ccuiiti'" ; liut the pro-
digious fhoals of pilchards rnabic thcin to c.ory on a
very great trade in that lifli. On tlie fmiih coalt are
found large quantities of thole fmall flitll-lifli vvhich af-
loids that beautiful tint called the Tyiian dye; this mat-
ter is contained in fmall cilfus or bag, and when taken
out a|)pearsof a grecnifh yellow. If "this be fpiead upon
a piece of fine linen, it will in a day or two appear of ;i
pale reddifh colour, (he linen being waHu'd the firff:
time it is heightened into a palcifh purple, and every
walhing after renders the colour ftill more llroni' and vi-
vid, and it is not in the Icaft fubjeit to fade.
^ The chief rivers arc the Tamar, the Camel, and the
Fale. The Tamar runs a long courfe from north to
Ibuth, and is the boundary between the two counties of
Cotiivvall and Devonlhirc, emptying itfelf into Plymouth
Sound. The Camel runs from louth to north, and forms
Padftowc haven in the Brillol Channel. The Kale runs
from north to fouth, and difchargcs itfelf into St. George's
Cnannel, forming the haven of Falmouth.
I'he language of the Cornifh gentry is Englifli, which
is faid to be as pure as that in London, except in two or
three pariflies, where a corrupt dialcdt of the ancient
Cornilh tongue is much ulcd. The natives of this coun-
t:y arc diftinguilhed '..y their plainncis and fimplicity of
manners ; they fecm abfjlutely unacquainted with fraud,
dillimulation, and flattery, and aie of a free, facetious,
and generous temper ; they arc curious and inquifitive,
and are are alfo diliinguiflied for their humanity and hof-
pitality to ftrangers ; they are great encouragcrs of the
arts and fciences, and excel in mechanics.
'f'hc principal places in this county arc the follow-
ing :
Leikard is a confiderable town, two hundred anA iL^ir.
twenty-one miles to the fouth welt of London, and had
anciently a good c.illle and a palace, in which the dukes
of Cornwall kept their couit, particularly Kdward the
Black prince, who lefided here as prince of Wales and
duke of Cornwall. Its town hall has a turret with a line
clock. There i> here an ancient large church, dedicated
to St. Martin, a fpacious meeting houfe for the difleniers,
a good frec-fchool, and a fine conduit in the market place.
It has a very great trade in all manufa£lurcs of leather,
as boots, flioes, gloves, purfe«, breeches, &c.
Launcelton is leatcd on the top of a fmall hill near
the river Tamar, twenty-eight miles to the north of Ply-
mouth, and two hundred and nine to the wertward of Xi'^;-
London. Here the bufinefs of the county, as the aflizes,
and the elcdtion of the knights for the fliirc, are ufually
tranladed. It is a neat town, and was formerly de-
fended by a caltle which is now in ruins.
Falmouth, a fca- port town, and by much the richeft
and beft trading town in the county, is fituatcd in fifty f^.'//.
degices, twelve minutes north latitude, and in live /•■-'i.
degrees twelve minutes well longitude, two hundred and
eighty-two milc^ from London. The hat hour is fo large, that '•** •
one hundred lail may lately ride at ancluir at a time, and
tl-.ofe of the grcatcft burthen may come up to the quay,
i'hc entrance into the liarboui is defended by St. Man'cs
and Pcndennis cadles, both of which are very Itioni;,
and have governors and garrifon>.
St. Mawes, alto called St. Mary'.s, has a little towa
annexed to ihe caflle ; but it has neither church nor
market. Falmouth is well built, and h^s abundance of
flnps belonging to it. It is full of merchants, and its trade
has fireatly incieafed finco the cftabliflimcnt of the Fnr-
lilli jiaekets between this town, Portugd, and the Welt
1 In-
^■V
111
■ i! I
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,
R!
w
r ir'
i : «| i
:>/,■
ifc
liiJiL'', as iilfc) l-etvvccii it aiiJ llu- (iroyiic in Spn'ii ;
thvi^ iVom I'ortugjl briiu;iii;; over not nrily vAi quunli-
titic; of g'lJ for tlie I.omloii rmTclKiiUs, but for thi'l'.
of l''aliiiuutli, wiw tratlt; with .thf I'oilirmKlb in tlnir
own (hips, aiiJ have a threat (h.iic in thu profitable pil-
chard tillicry. Here i; tnc ciilliin-hiui(l- lur molt ot the
towns ill the coiiiil',, and a h'.Md colkvtor lives at I'al-
month. This town c;iveo title of vilcoant to the noble
faniilv of Holcavvcn.
'I'luro is one of i!i' clii^f town:, in (he county, r.nd is
fcatedtw.) hnn.lrid an I fevtnty-foiir niilis Iruiii London,
on .1 b;aurh of Falmouth haven, which \> here divided
into two (i'.xanis, and abnoll iMrrminds the town. It is
;i la;ge, handfomc, and wlII inhabited place, which tal;es
its n.-.me Iror.l its three lireets, which in the Corndh ]
toni:ue .".re c.\prcfted by the word Trurii. It has three j
churche-,' al.ont fix hundred luufcs, and is governed by a ;
rnaytir and .ddermci;. j
F'enry;iis up the fame branch of the haven as Falmouth, !
b'.it llands four miles to tTie weft : It is a pieafant ajree- j
.iblc town, f'jll of orchards^ and looks like a town in
.1 wond. The itrects are broad am! p.ived : it has a j
:d ab'i'.it three hundred hi)ure5,.nid is governvd j
■'T, four aldcinien, and a town clerk, and |
ENCLANn.
niaiiufjctory ol
Mount','- biy, within
tUi
chuich, ::
by a ma
there ha» been .'aitly iJt up l;e:e
fei:res.
P>n/ancc, a town feat.'d on
about twelve miles of the proriio::ti ry c.dled the Lands
■ n.l, and two hundred and niiieiy lo tiie fouth-well of
Lomlon, is a irarket-tovvn well built a:iil populous, and
b.H many lliips bcloni'inj!; to "t, and .ilfo .i confidir.iWe
numlier of f.uiiilies of rank'. li conhlls of about fix
hundrc.l Iionfcs ; the ftrcits, thou:,li bad, arc paved.
The fhurth (lands about half a mil'.' from the town;
but the inh.ibitants have a thaper It is ^'.overned by a
mayor, a recorder, fourteen alderir.i-n, and t A-eniy-four
to'nmon-coiincil men. It i- remarkable th.'t veins of
lead, tin, and copper ore are faid to be f>ien even to the
ntniolV extent of land at low-water ma 1:, and ir\ the
veiv lea.
The rocks of Scillv, called by the (jicoks CaiTitcildc.s,
and by tlie Dutch (lanun, S.irliiK;s, are abttnt one Ivan-
drcd and forty fmall iHands niid rocks thiity miles from tiie
Lands. end, of '.vhich St. .Mary'-, is the lar:;ift, and ni.-.l}
fru.tf'il, though hut nin: miles in clrcumlVrence. Ith.;s
a good harboar defended by a caftlc. The ilbe of Scillv was
rn-eed-.-env-'d the mod cr-iifiderabk ; that and Conic oihers
ftinJ very h:^h ; but feveral of ta"ni are overflowed at
hijh lide-. iioiiie of them bc.;r j;ood corn, and moil of
them pi'l'jrc, '[ hey abound with rabbets crane", lier-
lons, Iw.ni':, and orher wa:er-fowl. 'Fhi-fe islands b;ing
(;:aa;el near the mouth of the K:i::li(!l Chami-I, have
pro'.".d the deitrii'ition of many (hijis ; for, in fpif; of
li^ht h'.iufes and the bcft IkII of the nririncrs, ihey arc
vrrv dan'r.rous in the ni^^ht, and in K-irmy we.ithcr :
here Sir Cloud(l-y Sho'/el, i.i the admiral -(hip, with three
other men of w.u, unhappilv ran upon thei'e rocks, on
• •iTe twenty-fccfiii 1 of October, 17:^7, and not a inaa was
Iivcl! out of all the (hips.
We have no'.v dei'cribd all the counties of En;;land
to the (b'.!th of the 'Fha'nes an 1 lirrlbd channel, and
(lull therefore proceed further irntii, and be^in with
.Mcnmouiiifliirc.
SEC T. XVII.
(Jf Mcy,ii:!ill:Jliii t ; ill Siluntim, r..\U!il, Ji'; .?;.'.', Pr;-
i!iiLi, and Rivin.
'( )nmouth(hirc was formerly a part of Wale:, and
as Cuch is defcrilnd by Camden, and other an
I, ml- ; but as all the later wiiteis have placed it in V.ng-
1 ind, we fliall follow their c.'<ample, though there feems
to be no benec rtafon fir it tiian the (Oxford circu t be-
iii" extended through that county in the reiL'ii of kiii"
Cn.'.rl',. II.
Monnioiitlifliirc receives its name from Monmouih its
county town, and is bounded onrlv north by Herel'ord-
fhire i on the call by (rioucell-idrre ; cui the (onth by
t!ie riv. r S.vcrn ; and on the wed by the Welfh counties
of Bieikiiock and Cjlamorji.ui. Its i-vtciu (iijiii nonli to
fouth is about twenty-nine miles, from caft to vvclt
twenty, andin circumlercnce eio;hiy-four. It is fuba-
vided into fix hundreds, and contains I'evci, nmi;,'!,"
towns, one luindrcd and twenty. feveii pariflics, iibJu-
i'w thoufand fo'ir hundred :.nd ninety-lour lioul'e;;' triinv'
eight thouf.uid nine hundred inhabitanis ; but lends c'li"
three member, to pailiameni, that is, one fur iMoiinioi;'-''
and two fur the county "'
^ 'Fhc air i-, temperate and healthy, and the foil fmit.
;i.l, though mountainous and woody. f lie hilJs cAj
ihecp, [joats, and hoiiu-d catile, and the vallevs rrcj'i
plenty of grafs and corn, efpeci.dly of the l.;tt(r''ci"
which there is as ^oud wheat as in anv county Ji, ',|',,
kiiigdr.m. ' °
'I'his county ij extremely well watered by fcvcri-.l ,'^p»
rivtis ; lor bclides the VV'yc, which parts it from (]C\'
celiciihire, the .M\ now, winch runs brtween it and td; .'
fordfliire, and the Runincy, winch ilividrs it from G,-!
moiganniirc, it h.is peculiar to itfclf the L'(k, which c'n.
ters ihis county a litile above Aber;,;avenny, runs irofi'"-
louthward, and f.il?s into the Severn by the nio'jilic'.-
the Lbu-ith; which lalt river runs from north to louii
in the wclbrii fide of the ciiunly. Ail ihefe rivers, efo»'.
cially the Wye and Ulk, abou'n.l with filli, particui'ub
falmon and trout.
'I'lie gentlemen here generally fpeak F.iu-ldli, ihoij.;,
the coiiuiion people u(c the Weilh l.ini^uage. 1 1^. n,°.
nulai'lure of the cyunty is Hanncls.
The principal towns in thij county arc the fjjlo-.
_ .Mr'ninoiitb, or Mynwy, i- feated at the mouth ofihc:
r;ver .Mynwy, or iMyriow, between tiiat river aiiJ the
Wye, over each of which it has a bridi;c. Tlie town ■;
in a manner fi.inMun,!i.d with water, tlrere bein;; aiia;,vr
liver called the Trolby, over which it has allu'a briil 't.
It is a populou.s, handfonie, well built town, an.lha^i
It.ltely tliurcl'', the cad end of which is much oir,.;-
mented. Jt has been a place of great llreivtli, arj
iTiight be eafily made fo again. The caitle, thi)ii;;a ii„;»
Fn a ruinous condition, was formerly a ftate!y"ci!]nc;.
The maiket, which is very conhderable for corn aiij a'l
I'o'ls di provilions, is helcJ on Saturdays. The i'"vc.-:;.
mcnt is under a mayor, two luilitls, fifteen coinmc:..
cojr.cd men, a town-clcik, cvc.
Clicp^ow is I'eated on the lido of a hill, fourteen mi'-.'s
to the louth of .M'lnmoiilh, and a hundred and tairiv oiied
lO t'lc wrO of f^imdon, near the n'lonth of the \\'vc-',ov.f
which it has a fine bridge : it was formerly much rcforicj
to, and ii dill a large, well-built, and populous lora.
it Wd , ant.'cntly walled rcuind, ancl defended by a c.-.I1Il ;
and among the olb.tr public buildings had a inoiijlttr,,
the remaining p. irt of which is converted into a parifc.
church. 'I hi.s is -he port for all the towns that Itad
on the rivers Wye and Lug ; fliips of good buithcn co;,-.c
up to it, for the tide conunonly riles here iw fattiuir;,
or fix and a half at the bri !ge, which is of timber, ami
no lefs thin fever. ty fett high from the furlacc of the
water when the tide •. out. ill the year i6S(j w.l> 'Un-
covered in this town a Roman pavement, wnicii ulijii
entire was very beautiful, reprefciiting men, bcalis.bir.;.-,
trees, iSx.
Abergavenny has its name from the river (i.ivar.'.-
which falls below it into the L'llc. It is a hamilDi:,. .
well-built town, fi.vtccn miles to the weft of Alonraoati:,
and a hundred and forty two of London. 'I'his trucii
is cnconipa!i''d by a wall, and def'cnJed by a drongca;!,',.
It is a great thorough-fare from the welt parts of \Val;i |
to Hriftol ar.d Math, and alio from .Monmouth todloii-
ccder ; and the inhabitants carry on a great trade nil!;';-
nrl. It gives title of baron to the ancient and i.j'-.'.i
family of Neville.
s !■: c r. XV III.
Of CkuancCnn; its X.-wr, Rit^,.,ll.,>i, F.xl,-U, D\"::.
R,pt,f,Kt.ili-ihr III I'.iiliai/.ii.t, Jit, A's.';, l'iC'liui,R::. .
,in,t ptiiicipat Ton iis.
THIS county U'f\.i its name fiom the city of d',':-
teller, which was called by the Sixons (jk,i::.
cellc, ,-.iid 1., bounded on the noitl) bv '•."'. urcellcrfli/.,
Enclanm).
and a fmall part
wickfliire, Oxfu
Willlhire and Sc
fordlhire and iVb
Ifngth and ihirt;
iVven market tov
one calll", two t
f.ind Ifven hundr
fixty-tivo thouf.ii
it is fubdivided I
tight in nibers to
two for the city
ctftcr iind. 'IViut
'what'lmoft mlracu
'5 3 W'hifperinjr.oalk,
was ancientlv" tortifi
JjifiiMiitlcd by' act o
miiiKc it inade ag
Tlie old houles pro's.
Iiave bcrii pull,.J ^u,
^iiiJ iiillead of the 1,
•lieir member, who
"rgcrelcrvoir rdiout
W'liens conveyed irii
iUue, f,,,,;, uiicnce
m
England.
EURO
L.
'^Jj!
and a fmall pirt of WarwlrkHiire j on tlic caft by War-
viickfliirc, Oxt'iirdflii c, aivl Bcikdiiio; tm the fouth by
WiltHiire ami Simicrfctlluii-i ajul on the wfll by lire-
forillliiri-' :'"'' Moiimoiiihlhirc It is lixty-tivc milos in
IfO'ith and tliirty twi) in hrc.ulth, aii.l contains twvnty-
iVvtn m.irlcit towns, two hiMvir'il and uiglity parilhes,
one calll", two t'.irclts, nliiftcen parks, tivcnty-li.\ tliou-
I'lnil I'cvcn bundrc-d and I'.xty hoiiii's, and a liundrc-d and
{ixtv-tivn tlioulaiid fivp hiMidicd and fixty iiil>abitaius .
it is lubdividcd nito tbiiti.en hundreds, and ftnd'. only
ci"ht in nibfrs to parliament, that is, two for ibc cnun^y,
flow thrniigh the four great ftrcct'i that here in,"et in the
center oi thi' citv. There are lar^i' rcrnjins of abbits anj
toiwents, both of black and wl-.ite fn.irs.
I here is a large <juay, vvn.s't, and culinm-honfe on
the river ; and in the city are twelve com]iaiiii-s, the
niaf r.i ')f which attend the mayor on all nublic oci afion)
in 'lii'ir gowns, and with ftre.jn',trs. Gicat provifi. n u
here made tor tlie poor, pailiciilarly BarlhoK)mew\ hof-
pital lor fifty fom- men and women ; a blue coat hoipilal
lor educatiii:; twenty boys, an^l for maintainiiii; anJ an-
nually cloathing ten men and women : there aie alio
t
1»
i .!l
I ■ ■■;!
two fpr the city of tjloucellcr, and two each for Circn- | three other;., wiih fevcral bc.i; iacl:ons for inroura.iinij;
ctfter and '\',^.w\/n^■,^.■ (lung tradefmen and putting out buys apprentice, and
itrly aninliiinary has been erected here. I he cty is
ovcrncd by a mayor, twelve .I'derinen, and common-
■)imeil, who are never fewer thin twenty lix, nor above
lirty-niiie, a town clerk, and l\vord 1 earer. Thisiity
as made the fee of a bilhop by king Henry VIII. who
cited tlie ahbey-cluireh into a cathedral, with a dean
id fix prebendaries.
CireiKi Her, fo called from the river Churn, on which
(lands, and CeMre, a caiHe, is a populous, rich, and
idiiis> town, !ull of clothiers ; it Itands ciglut-cn miles
. ' .. the louth-ealt of (ilviucelter, and eighty five to the 5/.
; iith-welt of London, and carries on a great trade in
. ■ 3ol, which is brought from the inland counties of
liceller, Northampton, and Lincoln, and i-nu-ht up
■ re by the clothiers of VViltdiire and Cilourellerlhiie, fi;r
•■ lupply ol tiie great clothini;; trade. Hcie is .1 lar;;e
lutilul church, with two illes, lupporte.! by iiroir: jiil-
5. The cha.icel is haiidiomcly decorated, an I tne
vcr is very neat and lofty : the windo.vs lh..w fome
, utiful remains of painted glafs, and there are iivo '
.pels adjoining it. in this town Is a fiee-feljool, and
:ral holpitals and alms-houfes.
ilany anticpiities have been found here. In 1723 waj
ovcred a line iMofaic pavement, and afterwards .Mr.
, lop dug iij) in his garden a vault fixteen lei-t l.mt; and
Ive bioad, fuppotted by fciuarc pillars of R man frick.
e feet and half high, on which was a llron" H. or
;rra.'c, and n ar it arc lever. il other vaults. I f.cfe 1
; probably the found.itions of fome Rom.ia temple,
n tne lame place they found pedclials, the llial'ts and
tals of columns, and handfoiuc entablatures. Indeed
; have been lound here: innumerable c(d;is .ind cn-
os. I he town is governed by two hiL'h-ciinlf.,bIes
has two weekly m.ukef, one on Mondav for corn
e, and provifiuns i and on Friday for wcol. In the
hbourhood of tiiis town lord Uathurll has an eletant
p.irk, and gardens.
irforU is a Imali inarket-town fituatcd on the river
, and is remarkable for the many medals and urns
have been dug up here, and p.nticularlv for the tine
ed windows of the church For John Tame, a mer- ( ;//v-<w'j-./v4 ';
: of London, having taJcen a prize-lhip bound for ''4'^<r*'''«»^
;, in wliH h he found a great ipiantity of painted
he brought both the glals and workmen to Kn.;- I
This painted glafs was fo beautiful, that .\ir.
'. built tlrs churen in oidcr to place it in the win-
and dedicated this Uruelure, which is a hundred
jventy-five feet long, and fifty live broad, to the
, , ^ ■ 1 .Mary. It has three chancels, a good veifrv, and
letower. The wind. ivvs, which are twenty cigl-.t
nber, are glazed with this invaluable prrie, and
iiiiJin entire ; for in the civil wars the gl.ifs was
out and concealed. The painting was trom the
of Albeit Durer, and the colouiin'i in the drapery
,ne of the tigures fo well executed, that \'andvke
.__...^ ,,_,.«.. .■iiiung tnc vnigar as f.ime- I affirmed they could not be exceeded. The fu'^jrclt is
what almofl mir.iculous, till they were taught that there ■ t.iken irom the fcripture hifforics of the Old and New
is a whifpcring-nallcry in bt. i'aul's cathedi.il. This city 1 Telhmrnt. John Tame, Elc]; the founder of tiiis ftruc-
was anciently tortified, but after the Kclloration was turc, who di. d in 1500, lies buried on the north lide of
ilifniantltd bv act of parliament, on account of the re- : the chur. h, under a marble monumf-nt.
filtance it made aj.'ainH: the forces of king Charles I. | Tcwkltury is leated at the confluence of th'! rivers
The old houles ptojeiiling into the If reels, and its crofs, Severn and Avon, nmety-lix miles welt-north well of iJ^-
London, and contains about (ive huiuir.d houles. Jts
church is a noble Ihuiiluie, and one nf the largelf m
F.iM'land, that is not collegiate or a cath.dral. It is very
lofty, has two l^acious ifles, a ftately tower, and a large
chancel. The communion-table coiiTilIs of one ciiiire
piece of marble, fourteen feet long, and three and a half
6 T brcid.
have been pulled down hy ail of p.irliament in 1750,
and iiillead of the latter is a Ifatue of colonel Selwyn,
their member, who at his own cxpence made a very
large reltrvoir about half a nnle off, trom which the
water IS conveyed into a fcpiarc balon at the foot of this
lUiuc, from whence it run;-, into tour canals, which
■SS
m
\
f'S
.?v
: '\\
GloucAstwi-s
h
I
CESTEK- SHIRE.
Hat""
Wilt Shirie
SninFj
.'£//.7/a'// ' ffe'Av
.-^'^,
'■,2i
A SYS T F, M OF G K O G R A P 11 Y.
En-c
LA\n.
:'//,.
rarkct-towii wi.li built u:i.l poinifi
>! I'Lloiiiiii!^ 1(1 Ft, aiKl.iifo.i con
l;u!it'«, ;is ulfo I'etwicii it aiiJ the (Jroyiic in Spn'n :
thul'i.' from Portugal linn.'irii; ovir not only valt qiuiiti-
titii'Mif g 'III for till- I.ontlun men liant^, hut Cur tlii'l':
i;t' l':iliii(iutli, wiv.) tr.uK: with ,thi- I'oitni;!!!-!!.- in tlv ir
own llii|":, and have a p,rcat (liarc in tin- prolitahlc |iil-
chaid lillu'ry. Here i; inc culluni-hoiiCi.- lor moll ol ihc
towns in the count), anJ a head tollettor lives at I'al-
nioiith. This town f;ives title of vH'tount to the noMe
faniilv ol' Holcawcn.
'I'lnro i,-; one of th- cliiif town:" in the comity, ;.nd h
fcate.llw,) hmi.lred an. I fevcnty-foiir niilii Iroiii London,
on a branch of i'alnion'.h haven, which is heco divided
into two fii'.ania, and alnioll lurronnds the tow
a la,^.-, handl'onie, and will inhabited iilace, wh
;!3 r...nie Irimi its three lireets, wIiilIi in th-,.-
tun^ue ;.re txprcfll-d by the word 'Irniii. It I
churehe, al.oiit fi.-; hundred iK'Ufes, and is ^jnver
m„yr:r and aldermci:.
Penrvn is up the fame b.anth of the haven as I";
fcu; iT.i!!'.!.' four miles to tTie welt : It is a pleafan
:.l\?. t;e.vi;, fi-|l of oichards, and looks like a
.1 W'jr-J. The (trects ::re broad and paved ;
thu.:h, a. id alnut ihrce hundred houfes, and is j
by a mayr, ftnir aldiimen, and a town cle
tlare h.v been ?attly IJc op heie a manufd
fei^rs. ,
!'■ n/anee, a town feat.-d on ^^ount'■ b'/y,
about twelve miles of the pioniov.ti ly called iht
2_fO . n.l, anil two hundred and niiieiv lo the fou'th;
London, is a
ha, many (lii^
nuniher of families of i„nk. li confills of a
him. ire. I hoiiles ; the flreets, thou Ji bad, ate
'I'lic l^huI■eh Hauls about half a mil'.' from tlu
1 ut liiL- inhahilaiits have a chapcf It is govern
mayor, a reconler, fourteen aKIern.en, and 1*^.
<,i>Mimon-Coimcil men. It is remarkable th.'t
lead, tin, and copper ore are faid to be kcw evt
utmoll extent of land at Knv-waler ma-.k, and
veiv lea.
Ther.,cksof Scilly, calle.l by the Cliceks Ca.1
and hy tlie Dut.;h llauKn, S.iriin,;s, are abwnt oi
dredaiid forty fnir.il i'.lin. Is .tiuI rocks thiity mile.s f
I,ands-tnJ, of which St. .\!ar)'s is the lar.iill, a
iru tf'il, thoujh hi;t nin: miles in cireumf'.rcnca
a good h.irbo.ir defended by a cadle. The ille of Sc
f'l^-c efleen-.ed the molten nlidcrahli ; that an. I fom
ftir. J very h'^'i ; bat feveral of t.a'ni are overt)
ki>h li I'--, boiiie of them be.ir good corn, and
them piil'jrc. 'f'hey abound with rabbets, cram
i;i:is, hv.ms and other wa:er-fowl. Thefe iilant
f;;aa*el n^'ar the mouth of the Knalilh Cliamii
jT'V'd the deilruition of many ftij-.s ; for, in
!:.!ht hoiifes and the beft n:\\ of the nininrrs,
vrr,' d '.n:;-rou<; in the niLrhr, and in I' irmy w
here Sir (_loudn-y Sr.ovel, i.i the admir..' ihip, wi
■jther men of •.\ar, unhappiiv ran upon thei'e ro
•th-e twenty-lcc'in ! of October, i;";, and not a ii
lived out of all the fhips.
U'c ha-.'c now delcrib.d all rhc counties of 1
to the fn'.ith o! the Thames and ISnlhd chanr
(hill tncrcfore proceed furtncr n-,r;h, and b^-
.Monmouilif.'iire.
f.!/ ^Io>.rti}iill:Jhh
S !•: C T. XMl.
i its Silu,<l',r,n, r.xlt!:t,
iliiii, and Kivin.
Jir
'3}^
MOnmouth/hiic was formerly a part of Walet, and
as fuch i' <!cfcrilied by Camden, and other an
t ,oi- ; but as all the later wiiteis have pl.i.ed it in I'liiir
\uy'U we fliall follow their example, ihoiinh there feems
lo be no beitei; realiin for ii. than the ( )xford circu t be-
in;^ extended through that county in the reiLjii of king
C'narl' s II.
Mr)iimouthfliip: receives its name from .M.inmnuih its
county town, and is bounded tuith" north by ll'aefiud-
fliire ; on the call by (iloucell-ifliirc ; on the foiith by
t'u- riv>r S.vern ; and on the w..lt by the Welfh counties
of Dieik.iuck and Cjianioig.ui. Its extent fr'.in norlli to
3
iouth is about twenty-nine miles, from call to w.iJ
twenty, and in circmnlerencc eiirlvy-four. It isfuh'-
vided into li.x hundieds, and contains feven nurk'-'"
towns, one hundred and twenty- (even pariflies abf'""
lix thoufand fonr hundre.l ,nd ninety-lour iioufe.,' trir,"'
cinht thouf.ind nine bundled irihahitanis ; but feials on'i"
three member, to parli.imeni, that is, one for Aloiiaiuu-.^'
and two for the county ' " '
^ The air is teniperate and healthy, and the f„i! c,,:,
it.l, though niounlaiiKuis and woody. T he lulls f I
(hecp, g(,at-, and homed catile, and the vaHevs p^,. i".
plenty of urafs and corn,, efncciallv nf th.^ I ,.„" Ic
cclkr ; and the inhabitants carry on aareat trade , a :!,;:■
nel. It gives title ofbaiu.i to the ancient and l:..c
family of Neville.
S V. c
XV IK.
Of GkiUfHt'Cyr,-; i!i \\:iiir, F.it.ititioii, E.\trU, P:, '■':'.'.
R,pr,Jnit„liv,^ in I'.n liuiuhi, Jir, i's.V, /';;,/..,.:, A,,. .
•inJ p>ii:C![>anoii :ts.
Tins roiintv takes lis nani" fiom (he city of (I'.':-
Ltller, whiell wa^ called by the S axons (il.,;;:-
ceib.'i-, ;.nd i^ bounded on the noiUi bv '.'; orceller.li;-;,
:nd a fmail part of
wiclcfliire, Oxfordd
Wihlhire and Some
(orillliire and Monn
Irn^th and thirty tu
feven m.irket towns,
one call!", two f.irv!
find feven luili.lred ;
fi;;ly-t\vn thnufaml (i
',' is fuhdivided inio
eight ni rubers to par
two for the city ol (
tiller 311,1 Tewkfliin
The air of ihi.s ci
whole extent ; but h
tSc d'rf'ercnt p.irts of
won.ly, and in the mi
■(he talt part, callee
though the finds are
a ';rcat number of lh;
the liver Severn, an
p.lhires. Here is ni,
ol C.ieihirc, is hleh;\
n great ile.il of this ci
tills Vale the air is fo
tiicnjoy adilferentclir
lareltof Dnin, wlii<
iVIoimioutldhiic, is fi
ii be.irs very fine oaks,
vjlinble coal pits. Ii
uiJ to abound with all
dt p'.ffedtlon, as corn
cy.Jcr, and lalmon. 'J
by ibe inhabitants is c
was fmu!;;;!ed to Franc
hundred thoufand pom
Irs principal river is
goit.crj/hire, and cute
■/ewkfbury rujis near U
in: jifelf into theHrift
li;,5.i ,.s Tcwkfliury, vi
t.itr, is near fe\enty nii
reicmbles a (ea, and the
i.iiprtuolitv, that it coi
l.ijjn, earryin[i; every til
Bear. Jjiit v\'hat is
lilies are tue.helt one -
Jltiieclianl'c; and cuie
and tlie next me clay
ulexcelViit Inlmon, la
The pr.napal places
irg :
OIoiKcdcr, by the IJ
iigni'ies fine citv, and
cdon the call 'liJe ol
I'm. two mills from J^o
amillatues of the kin^s
prolpca „f itceplts, in
■ icir r.liirious foundati
ifc- tf. the old proverb,
'cclter." Ihc cathedr
'omc torter, and a fine
•1^ lies ihe unfortun
•iie hi^h altar, in th.
fqiially unforrunate p
^Viliiam the Conc]uer
twenty (ix yeirs by h,
•f'la wasinteried lierc.
Fl3',-'C, which formerly
W'nut aimolt mir.iculou
IS a w'lifpennrr-r.allerv
«•=! .inciently' (lutifie,
<:iiiii.intlcd :,y i,^t of p
W!-"c-e it niade a-ain
'be old houlesprojte'li
bave been pul! M c,„wn
2"d iiillcid of the lauc
Jhtir member, who at
"■'t'creltrvoir about hi
*•'"■'■ IS com eyed into a
li-tue, (roiTi whence it
.S3
ESCLAM'.
E U R O P fe.
?li
:ncl a fmail p.ut of W.ir.VicVmlrr ; on tlie cafl by War-
iiii-hfliitc, OxtbrJfhi p, ;!n'l B'lVDiiii j (in th; fi)iith by
Wiltlhiri- ;iiul Somorlctili.K i .iiid on the; welt by II re-
forilliiirc ami Moiininiitliilnre It I'i i!x:y-H<e mik's in
Ifii'tb anJ ibirtv twn in hicu.'tb, an! cont liiis twcniy-
lovcn m.irk't towns tvvn hiin li-i! .ir.il i-iij^ty parilhcs,
one c:ilH'', two t.irv'.l--, niiicti^n p.irk'i, two ity-li.\ thdu-
I'lml r<.vfii luin.licil aiu) I'Xtv l)i)u'.c , ami ,i litinilic'ii and
fi:;l7-tivn iluiul'anil live buiulifl aim lixty iiili.ibUants .
;M^ I'libJividiil nr.o lh:it'..«ii hniulrtil., and fends only
ti^'ht ninibirsto parliaiiK-nt, chat !•!, two for ilii' c'uin'y,
flow through the four 'jrcht ftrccts ihit licrc -n jt in ilir:
rt'iitCT ol thi' citv. TlaTe arc lar^i' rcinjliij of abbii.s and
tonvt-nts, biiili of black and wl-.ui. frurs.
I Hlti.- is a laru;e quay, w.T.i'f, and cullom-hoiin.- pti
the nvcr ; and in the lity are twelve lonipanies, ilia
mart r,i of which attend the mayor on all publie oci.ilioii':
in iheir j;owii'i, and with llre>:n;frs. Gic.ii provifi. n n
here inaJi; tor the poor, particularly Harihi)Kime,v's liof-
pital tor liftv lour men and women ; a blue eoat hoipiial
lor ediicaiiii:; tweniy bovs, and f.ir maiiitaininj; an I an-
nually cloathin;^ ten men and women ; there me illo
»'o for ihe titv ol Ciieuc.lb r, and lv\o each for Circn- 1 ihrce others, wilh k'vcral be:i; lail:ons fur iiUMura
ciiter and Tewkfljuiy,
lilt air of tliis countv
youiiji; iradefinen and puttinj; out boys apprentice, ami
hr.lcl< me throuL'Jiout ils lately an inlirniary has been eteetcd here. 1 he city ia
wlidle extent i but has a dift'erent foil and appearance in ;;overiud by a mayor, twelve .dderincn, and cominuii-
thcd'lfcrcnt parts of if : in the eall it is hilly, in the well , eouned, who are never fewer thin tweniy lix, nor aboie
vvnndv, and in the middle is cmichi.'d with a fruitful vale, thiriy-niue, a town clerk, and f.vmd bearer. This i ity
The i'alt part, called Cottfwoiild, has a (harp air ; and ' was m.ide the fee id' a bilhop by king Henry VIU. who
ihniiiih the lands arc not very I'rtde in corn, th:-y feel ereiiled the aldiey-cllurch into a cathedral, with a de.iu
a (ireat numbiT of 111 cp; the Vale includes both fides of and fix prebendaries.
the river Severn, and ij very /crtile, .. pecially in rich Cireneilier, I'o called from t)<c river Churn, on which
n«ltures. Here is made the ehrei'e which, next to that it (tands, and Celire, a callle, i-j a popuhms, rich,
ol CiUlhiic, i.s hii'hly eileemed ..11 over Ki I'land ; and
a (ircat ileal of this rheele i", alio made in Wiltdiire : in
(ills Vale the air is to mild, even in winter, th.it rt fcems
Iiicnjciv a ddltreiit climate ;:oin that of Cotefwoiild. The
I'otclluf l^van, wdiiih hurdi rs upon Hereford (hi re and
Monniouthfhivc, is fertile both in paftuic and tillage ;
h
lid
tradiiijr town, lull of clothiers ; it (binds eiulueen miles
to the fouth-ealt of (il.iuceller, and eighty five to the 5/,
noith-welt of London, and carries on a great trade in
W'lol, wlileh is brought from the inl.iml counties ot
l^-icelier, Nonliaiiiptoii, and Lin.cdii, and l-ou/'if up
here by the i loihiers (d WiUlhire and Cilom ellerllme, for
it beats very fine oaks, r.nd has riili mines of iron and the lupply ot the ijieat cIoihinL; tiade. Heie is :i lari;e
valuable coal pits. In ^,eiu\::l this county maybejullly beumiul >.hureh, with twoilK--, luppoited by (iron; pil-
faiJ tn abound with all the ivi elia.ies of life in the great- lars. I'he cha.icel is haiidioniely dicorated, an I tm;
trt pMt'edtion, as corn, wool, iron, tied, timber, bacon, tower is very neat and lofty: the wind.iws (h.;w foinc
cyder, and lalmon. The chn.'f inanufatlurc carried on bcaiititui remains of painted glal's, and thcie are live
by the inhabitants is clujliii^;, which, before our wool chapels adjoiiiiiit; ii. In tiiis town is a free-("t!iool, and
wa! (inuc'^led to France, haa bct-n known to return five
hundred thoufand pounds pjr annum. (
lis priniipal river is the Sever!', which riies in .Mont-
gomerydiirc, and eiilcnng thiu countv a litile above
Tcwkfbury runs near fouth-wal! bv '..iloucelhr, difcharg-
ini; iilelf into the l>ri(l(d Channel, 'i'he tide fl.jws as
huh as 'I'ewkfliury, which, foilowi.-iLt the courl'c of the
liter, is near liAcnty miles. .\ lidU. below Newnham it
lei'cmbles a lea, and the tide of flood ruiheson with fuch
imprtuofitv, that it coincs in a lol oit.-n near four feet
hign, carryinji; every thing bttoie it. I his is called 'I'he
Biar. But whut is (fill more rem.irkable is, that the
tidci are hi.'.hell one Near .-t the full moon, and theHLXt and has two weekly ni.n kef, one (Ul Moiidav for corn'
ittiie ciiaiiu'c ; and luie year the night-tides are highili, ca'tlc, and proviuons ; and on Fii<ldy for wool. In thj
I'everal holpilals and alnis-houfes.
.Many .mtiipiities have been found here. In 172} wa»
dilcovered a hue M.ifaic pavement, and afterward? .Mr.
Jiillinp dug 11]) ill his y;arden a vault fixteen tei t buv.r and
twelve bioad, fuppoited by fijuarc pillars of R in. in brick,
three feet and half high, on which was a llromr f{. or
o' teria.e, and n ar it aie fever d other vauhs. 1 f.cfc;
were probably the (oundations of fonie Roman temple,
for 111 tne lame place they found pedeluils, the (hafts an I
eed
capitals of eoluniiis, and h.indfnme emablatures. In
tneie have been (ouiid here innumerable coins .'.lid cn-
taiilios. I he town is irnverned by two hiL'h-conlf..bles
fullow-
which
and the next tne day tides, in ihis river are taken plenty
ui excellent l.ilmon, lamprev, and eoii;.'er eels.
'i'he pr.n.ipal places in Liiju elli;i(',!irc .;te the
ii'j :
Glouccdcr, by the Britons called Ca 'r-CSlow,
iigni'ies fine citv, and by tlit Romans (ilcvum, is feat
cil on the call lidc of tne river Severn, a hundre
iM.twiiniiUs from Lond n. It abounds much with
anJ Itatues 'if the kings of Env;l.in.l, and has a hamlfone
prulptet of Itceples, loiiie wiiliout a iliureh. 'I'liele and
.icir r-di^ious foundations in eveiy p.nt ot the (ity ^ave
ife t!i liie old proverb, " /'s fine as C>od is at Olou-
' ctller." The cathedral is a vencralde pile with a hand-
'imi. tower, and a finely va-iiced ch.iir. t)n the north
:k lies vhe unfortunate king hdward II. and before
tiie high altar, in the mid.l'e ol the eluirc^i, lies the
tqiially 'aiifortunatc prii'.ce Robert, the cldeft Ion of
neighbourhood of this town lord Uathuill has an eletant
le.u, p.irk, and gardens.
I'airfiird is a tinali market-town fituatod on the river
Coin, and is remarkable for the many medals and iirn$
that have been dug up here, and p.nticiilarlv for the fine
painted windows of the church i'"or John Tame, a mer-
i
I .irtcttrj-^ '
ed and chant of London, having t.Jcen a pri/e-Oiip hound lor Gla.i^iiiU
crolli-s Rome, in which he found a great c|uaiiiity ot painted
j^lals, he brought bolii the glafs and wrrkitien to Kn.'- 1
land, This paint.'d glal's was Co bcaulilul, that .\ir. ■
Tame built th;s chmen in oider to place it in the win-
dows, and dedicaf.-d this llruclure, which is a hundred
and twenty-five feet long, and fifty five broad, to the
N'irgin M.'.ry. it h.is three chancels, a L'Ood veltrv, and
a nohle t!wer. 'I~he windows, which aie iwenf/ eight
in number, are glazed With this invaluable pr:ze, and
dill remain entire ; for in the civil wars the
remain entire ; for in the civil wars the sil.ifs was
Wiliiam the Concjiieior, who, alter ben.g imprifoned taken out and coiuealed. The painting was irom the
twtntv fix yeirs by liis younger brother Rufus, died, del'ign of Albeit Durcr, and the C(douiing in the drapery
Jiid was interied here, in this cathedr, 1 is a whilpering- an I lome of the figures fo well cxe.uted, that V.iinlvke
fla'.x, which fi'rmcrly pad'ed among the vulgar as f.ime- j affirmed they could not be exceeded. I he fu'.jrct is
wnat almolt mir.iciilous, till thev were tiUi^ht that there t.iken irom the fcripturc hidorics of the Old and New
r> a w'iil'ptiin:r-na!lcrv in ."rt
I'aul's
W;i! anciently toitified, but afier the
tlamamlcd Iw ai^t of pailiamtnt, on accjunt of the re-
filbnce it made againd the I'oices of king Charles 1.
The old hollies pioieiiting into the ftreets, and its crofs,
have been pull 'd nown by act of parliament in 1750,
and inlle,i(j of the laitir is a (i.iluc of colonel Selwyn,
ihtir member, who at his own cxpence made a verv
large reft rvoir about half a nnle otf', i om which the
vvjiir IS conveyed into a fijiiare bafon at the hiot of this
lijtue, from whence it mn.; into lour canaN, which
idi.il, 'Ihis city , ■i'edainent. John Tame, EU|; the founder of tiiis (truc-
keltoration was ture, who died in i 500, lies buried on the north tide ot
the chiir. h, under a marble monument.
Tcwkftjury is leated at the ( luiHucncc of the rivers
Severn and Avon, mncty-fi.x miles wc(f-north- wed of
London, and contains about five huncr..d houles. Jts
church is a noble dniiiture, and one of the laigi d m
Knuland, that is not etdlegiate or a cath.'dral. It is verv
lofty, has two b'aeioiis ides, a dately tower, and a larue
chancel. The communion-'.able coiiTids of one eniire
P'cci; of maible, fourteen feet long, and three and a half
^ '1" bread!,
'
%
%
'>;''
' m
r
I I
;^f
:# i
li
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHV. feNciANo;
ii feated on the bwks of the Wye, a hundred and thirty., ,
one miles troin London, and t\»cnty-(ix from Cilouccftcr *'
bto.iJ. The town is goverm d bv two bniliffs and twenty-
four Ijur J. Iii."i, aiiJ itH niii'nbourhuod tn C'otclwould
makei tni cKiiiiiii}; trado fljuuih here. It has likcwilc j
niinut.i.ituri.' ot co'.t'in.
Wo h.ivc ;ilrc?dy defcribcd the city of Briftol in treat-
iiii^ c)t S(in crfcMh rf, thoi>:^;i a cniihderHble part of that
city It.inds ' :!.i- (.K.Kity > and have piirpnlely omitted
taking iioti.c of St. Viiictni'* roilcs, and tlic Hot Well,
winch (Kind about two miles dillanie bum Uriltol, and
oui^ht to be meiitioiud in this county, ■'it. Vincent's
locks ire a vail ,ind irregular heap oflbincs, intermixed
with niiiiciali j but thcpiiiicipal fubllance of the rocks
is .1 Very h.irJ hmcdoiic. Tlic rock, out ot which iliues
the fdmmis water called that <>i the Hot Well, or lirtltol
water, ll.nJs on the north (ide of the livcr Avon,
an I affords a romantic and beautiful profpi-dt. To taltc
tiii» water in pertcitlii ii it mull be drank warm Irorn the
fpnng, or ell'e it loles its flavmr. As it pailes through
a vail bed ol rocks, and amoii(; n variety ol d tterent
liuiicj, it I'oubtlcfs borrows its talte .tnd virtues from the
molt particular kiiiJ.s and wheiultaiik at the fpring-head
lias a hue geir.le warmth and a delicate fott milky t.ilte ;
it IS very grateful to the Itiimach, and is allowed t.i hr
cnuling, lieanfnig, and baifinilc ; b n one ol its Kieatcil
qualities is its altrin^ency : tins rim.' ;rs it ufeliil in the
diabetes j and in coiilcqiience of its other qualities, ii is
drank wah gieat fuccels in obllruclions in tne uiiiai
p.illaL;es from gnvfl, as alio in many ot the chronic caics
which are lealt to be relieved by the common cour:e of
nieJieine.
llriltol-ftoncs are found in vaft quantities in thecracKS
of ii.cks and cavities ot Hones j but chicrty in te.e cvi-
ties ot iron ore. 'I'hey rilt m a iireat v.irnt; ot forms in
dirtcrent plate-;, and ilie clulters of ihi-in ire yet more
vjiioua in th-ir appearance, they generally a Ihcic to the
rock or ort. at one end, and ttiniinate in apoiii:.it .he
other.
SECT. XIX.
Of HereftrdJInrc \ its Situtititt, Extent, Divijisnt, Is'c.
/iir. Sail, PreJuce, Rivin, unil fiineifal Tsivni.
Its
HERKFORDSHIRK is bounded on the north by
Shroplhire ; on the call by WorcelJerfliire and
Cjluuceltciihire ; on the fouth by Monniouihlhirc ; and
on the welt by Kadiiorftiin.', in W"ales ; it extends thirty-
five miles from north to fouth, thirty from eart to welt,
and a hundred and eight in circumference.
This county lies in the dioceic of Hereford, and con-
tains eight market towns, cighty-fcven vicarages, a hun-
dred and feventy-fix pariflies, and three hundred and
ninety-one villages, fifteen thoufand houfes, and nineiy-
fwe thoufand fix hundred inhabitants. It is divided into
twelve hundreds, and lends eight members to parliament,
namely, two knights for the (hire, and two for each of
the following towns: Hereford, Lempltcr orLcomin-
f!er, and Wcobly.
The air of this county is healthy a.td delightful, whence
the inhabitants generally live to a great age. As an in-
ftaiice of whith, it is fdid,that a morris-dance was per-
formed before king James I. by ten men and women,
whole ages together made a thoufand years. The foil is
exceeding rich, producing excellent corn, wool, and
fruit, as is evident from the Lempder bread, Webber ale,
and Hercfordfliire cyder ; the laft of which is fcnt to
all parts of England. It alfo abounds with wood and
filli.
Herefordniirc is plentifully watered with fcvcral rivers,
the chief of which arc the Wye, the Monow, the Zug,
and the Frome, or P'room ; all of which are well ftored
with Htli. The falinon of this county are very remark-
able, for in other parts of England they arc fo far out of
feafon, after fpav/ning, as to be unwhoiefome food, till
they have been again at fea to recover thcmfelves ; but
hire they arc always found, fat, and fit for the table.
The principal places in this county arc the following:
Hereford, the metropolis and only city of that county,
received its name from the Saxon, it figiiifying the ford
•f the army, being Che head-iuarters «f the «) axon »; it
It has a good llwiie biidgcof eight arches over the Wye
and IS lunounded with ruers on all fiJcs but the calt'
This city, though large, is not populous ; as it lies low
tiic (treets are often overflowed, (o that they arc very
duty. Jt originally owed its flourilhing itate to the
martyrdom ol hthelbert, king of the tan Angles, whu
was bafely murdered by king Ofl'a, and had a church
built here to his memory, which was foon ereited into
an epifcopal fee. I'his is a Itately fabric, the choir, tho'
P am, is neat, and has n good organ i and the fpire ii
tiandlome, but not very lolty.
I lie city is governed by a mayor, and hai diltima
privileges tor its levcral companies, who have their re-
ipeiilne halls. In the time of the civil wars this city, be-
ing very Itrong, and well defended, fupported a very
leverc liege agaiiill the pailianient forces, and even the
bcottifh aimy, lout thoufand of the latter having been
(lain before it ; but at length it fuirendered. Ot m fix
pa'ilh churches two were demolilhed by the ficgc ; but
!■■ I ;j8 tne Cioihic chapel belonging to the billmp's pa-
lace wa, pulied io.vn, in oiJer to eredl another lor tne
pujiic lervice. Without the wails of Hcieford city are
tne ruins 1 1 lilac k friars monallery, and a pretty ilone
^lois entire, roun.l wnitii weie the cl iilteis, and now th«
».loiltcrs of tne eaihedral inclolc jull lucn another, rjicfe
>..ollts I'erved aj .1 kind of pulpit, whence a monk preach-
e.: lo ihe peope in t.ic open air. it has an holpital libe-
I ll) endowed for twelve puor perfons, with two chariiy-
(...li'ois, one forliXty boys, and the other for forty girjt
.11. ^au^nt and cluiiied by fubiciiption. Its weekly iiur-
icels ..le on Wedneiday, Etiday, and Saturday ; and it
givci ntie ol iiiit vileount of England to a brancn of tin
DtfVLrcajx lai.iily.
i I.', walls may be traced all round the city, though
ovcigri/vvn *iiii tree,,, (lirubs, grals, and hedges. To-
war. iUieiioiih it is fhelteied by a high mountain of fteep
jKcnt, Aa;i a alt cmip at the top, troni which is a pro-
lpwta»i-( as St. Michael's Mount in Monmouthfhire
jiijoii i.ic oiiiir fide lo a ioity bleak mountain that fepa-
laus ii.e. fciioekdiiie from tnis county.
Lenijlt.'r, oi Lcominller, is a laige borough on the
river Luj., ovir whi. h are leveral bridges, fifteen miles
fium tieieloid, and a nundicd and thirty-fix from Lon- W
don. 1 he euuicn, wli.en is very large, having been in
a maniiei .eLuni, is a very beautiful Itrudure. On tha
norm liJe ol it was a confiJcrable priory, two ailcs of
wnich now oelong to rile church, ami two others of more
lijllitloiiic work, nave been added. 'I'herc are Ibmc poor
ri mains of tile priory, particularly a little chapel which
probaoly beioiij,ed to tiie pnor's family, and underneath
It runs a rivulet, whiUi ferved to grind the prior's corn,
but now tuins a fuiling-mili ; and near it are very large
ponds for tilh, which uled to lurnilh the monks on fall-
ing days. This town is noted for its fine wool and the
belt wheat and barley, and conleqiiently for the fineft
bread: it has alio a brilk ti.iUe in hat-making. Three
rivulets that have a fwift current run through the town,
and there are others very near it ; the inhabitants maka
ufe of thele to work their mills and other machinery in
the various branches of thei.' iiadc.
Uctwecn Lcmplter and Hereford is Hampton, the fcaf
of the late lord ConingfLy. There is a pentitul fupply
of water on all fides of tne houfc for foui t ins, balons,
and canals ; and the windows of the tnaj^el He well
painted. The park, which is very fine, is eight miles
in circumference, and confifts of lawns, groves, canalii
hills, and plains.
SECT. XX.
OfOxfordJIilre ; r'r Situation, Extent^ Divi^om, Rtprefit-
lativet, AiTy Soil, Prod.ce and Rivirs \ tiith a Dijirif-
lion of the principal Places it contains, particularly (jnfiti
and BUnheim-houfe.
THIS county takes its name fr. ii the City of Ox-
ford, and is bounded on the north by Warwick-
fliirc and Norchamytonlhire, between which counties it
lurt
I'Ali T (>F,^,
i
)i.u/.i/i L-f^
/".■'•■/t. -r 1,,,,^'^
tfAKT Of
U-k'fi. IC/a'
\Shtre
J.i outrage comm.ttcd aga
ofltinj Edward III. whel
te'iufiy rrurdercd by the I
file univeility, confide|
nf the officers of the uni
fwral colleges. The goJ
wtich, for the number of]
i^s buildings, has not its|
The chancellor, who is
wation, and whofc officl
o| t.ie univcrfity, to prote/
k'lcs. The choice generJ
iigh rank, and his office is I
wfc'J is nominated by the
licuniverfity : his office il
loiffift the chancellor anf
litir offices, and to fit as
ffquired by the chanccllotJ
"nniialiy nominated by thij
isclttted in convocation.
tolltge, and is in orders ,,
j ikechanccllor in his abfeJ
J.'etwo in number, are al
vtril colleges by turns. tI
'"xercifes, to fee difcipll
fro'cnted or punifhed. a|
thckecper of the records,
Verger.
I he colleges are places I
JUS for the maintenance!
hilentj : the halls are hi
I Jk II K F OKI) N f 1 1 K E.
I
« - ;». .
aa uutrjge tonim.ttcd againit the univcrlity in tticreiyn
oflcing tJward III. when fixty two lludcnts were bar-
bamufly rrurdered by the citizens.
Tiic univetfity, confidercd as a body corporate, confirts
of the officers ot the univcrfity in general, and of the
fcveral colleges. 'I'lie governors of this ^ircat univcrfity,
which, for the number of its colleges, and the tincnefs of
It! buildings, has not its equal, are the following: I.
Thechmccllot, who is cholcn by the lludents in con-
location, and whofc office is to infpeft the govern rnent
01 the univcrfity, to protetit its privilegi-s, and call afl'etn-
kiics. The choice j;enerally falls on fomc nobleman of
bighrank, and his office is forlifc. II. The high fteward,
who is nominated by the chancellor, and accepted of by
the univerfiiy : his office is for life, and his cmployinent
loaffiftthc chancellor and proflors in the execution of
their offices, and to fit as judge in capital caufes, when
Kijuircd by the chancellor III. The vice-chancellor is
innually nominated by the chancellor as his deputy, and
iidfiSed in convocation. He is always the head of foine
college, and is in orders ; he on all orcafions reprcfcnts
ihecliancellor in his abfence. IV. The proftors, who
J.'ctwoin number, arc annually chofen out of the fe-
vtiil colleges by turns. Their duty is toinfpeft the pub-
lic extrcifes, to fee difcipline preferved, and all diforders
prevented orpunifted. After thefe are the public orator,
the keeper of the records, the rcgiftcr, fix beadles, and a
verger.
The colleges are places provided with fufficient reve-
ries for the maintenance of a mafter, profeflbrs, and
Itudems : the halls are hu'jfc» where the (ludciitu live
of St. i'etcrs in the nan, aiij muii..cu m i j4U uy i^gics-
Kcld, chaplain or conflToi to P,iili|ipa, cdiilort to king
tdw.^.rd III. in honour of whom he call d it Qufen's-
collcge. It maintains a provoft, fixteen (clows, fixtecn
fcholars, eij!,ht chaplains, nine tabercJeis, and twenty
ex.'.ibitioncrs. It has had foine noble binc'aiflors, wno
have eredled extcnfivc buildings tnat are juilly admired.
One fide of it i.s three hundred and tucntyfcvcn feet
long, fupported by a piazza, and adorned with Itatucs, in
which IS a long and lofty library, well furnifliod with
books ; and on the other fide of the college is the ncwr
chapel and hall. Her late majtfty queen Caroline's fta-
tue is eredled in this college under a kind of temple
fupported by pillars, (he having aiven a thoufand pounds
towards completing the new building.
VII. New-college, which (lands on the nnrth-cafl- part
of the city, was founded in 1386 by William of Wick-
ham, bifnop of Wincheftcr, and lord high chancellor,
under the name of the college of the BklTed Virgin Mary.
It has a warden, fcventy fellows, ten chaplains, three
clerks, fixteen chorifters, &c. Great additions have bten
made to the beauty of the buildings, which h.ive bcert
alfo enlarged towards the garden Wi'h two ftattly and
uniform wings. The chapel is a magnifictnt ftrudure,
with a very lofty tower, and a fine ring of bells. The
library is well furniftied with books and manufcripts,
and the great garden laid out in form. In the front is a
range of iron palifades, «nd a gate of cxquifite work-
manfhip.
VIII. Lincoln-college, which ftands in the middle of
the city, was founded in 1427 by Richard Fleming,
4 btfbop
'!'!
■ :1
I !'
I; *
til
m
U .
?m
f
This county lies iiithc JioceCc of Hercfurd, and con-
Miiis eight market towii^ cighty-leven vicarages, a hun-
dred and reventy-lix purifhcs, and three hundred and
ninety-one villa;i;es, (ifieen thonfand houfes, and ninety-
fu'C thou(and Ax hundred Inhabitants. It is divided into
twelve hunilrcds, and lends eight members to parliament,
namely, two knights (or the (hire, and two tor eath of
the following towns : Hereford, Lempltcr or Lconiin-
{\er, and Wcobly.
riieairofthii county is healthy and delightful, whence
the inhabitants generally live to a great age. As an in-
ftjnee of whiih, it is faid,that a morris-dance was per-
formed before king James I. by ton men and women,
whofe ages together made a thoufand years. The foil is
exceeding rich, producing excellent corn, wool, and
fruit, as IS evident from the Lempller bread, Webber ale,
and Hcrefordfliirc cyder : the laft of which is fcnt to
all parts of England. It alfo abounds with wood and
fill.
HcrcforJIhirc is plentifully watered with fevcral rivers,
the chief of which arc the Wye, the Monow, the Zug,
and the Fronic, or Froom ; all of which arc well ftored
with fifli. 'J'he falmon of this county arc very remark-
able, for in other parts of England they arc fo far out of
fealon, after fpawning, as to be unwholefome food, till
tliey have been again at fea to recover thcmfelvcs j but
hire ihcy arc always found, fat, and fit for the table.
The principal places in this county arc the following:
Hereford, the metropolis and only city of that county,
received its name from the Saxon, it figjiifj inj; the ford
•f the army, being the head-quarters «f the tiaxoii*; it
nniaiiis ot the priory, [larticuUrly a little chapel which
piobauly beioujjcd (o tneimor's lamily, and underneath
It runs a rivulei, whuh Icrvcd to grind the prior's corn
but now luiiis a fuliinj;-niili ; and near it arc very large
ponds tor hlh, whieh uled to (uriiifh the monks on (all.
ing days. 1 his lown is noted for us fine wool and tho
belt wheat and barley, and conlequcntly K* the (inert
bread: it has alio a br.lk ti.ije in hat-making. Thrcs
rivulets that have a fwilt current run through the town,
and there arc others veiy iieai ii j the inhabitants males
ufe of thcic to work their imlis and other inacliiiitry in
the various branches ol their trade.
Uctween Lcmplter and Hereford is Hampton, the feat
of the late lord Coninglby, There is a p:eiintul fupply
of water on ail lides of.ine houfc for foui t iiis, balons,
and canals ; and the windows of the tnji.el tie well
painted. The park, which is very fine, is eight miles
in circumference, and conlills of lawns, groves, canalsf
hills, aiid plaii!^.
SECT. XX.
OfQxfordfl}'tre ; ;''i Situtitim, ExUnt, Divi/iotit, Rtprtfir,.
tattuti. Air, Soil, Prsd. lie und Rivtn ; iiith a Dtfirit-
tion of the principal Places it canlams, particularly Uxftri
and Blenhiim-houfe.
THIS county takes its name fr.Ti the City of Ox-
ford, and is bounded on the north by VV'arwick-
fliirc and Northamjitonllvirc, between which counties it
tun
jjiij for a few inilei (
e„iliialt ly Ihieki
(uir. l>v litiKlliiiu (
Jtim lids liii(y-unc r
ami a hiindied and th
I his tounry lenJs
Iv, tw" kiiighis tor tl
uiiivirlity, iw.i burj<i
Banbury, it is divide
tains lixty (wo vicars
lilhes, twelve market-
nilajii, mm teen thr
(uiiiian tnmiiaiid iiih.i
I lie air ()( lint rum
llie other j lor ihe (oi
lane nine plentifully
air h natuially fwcet a
Ihe loll III general
y-i.i ; but there is a gi
I'.nul degree, of (ertili
t^tv to d.|{in(;ui(h and
tl)' tillage and ihe dilfi
ih:TL being no lets than
mint (iiidk of (ml. ']
pj.>, and arc exticmcf
iiml loinmiidities arc
(liKic, leieral lorts ol e.
iiiJIcdiiiiig VVIiiine
maiiiifiLtuie of blanket)
riR'piiiKipal rivers
Wiiiiirulh, and Evenl,);
anJarcreiiiaikably ginic
cuunty arc the /oliowiiig
Oxioid, a noble, popi
ddijjMlul plain on the 1
|y( friyhvc miles (rom Loi
lutnors, that it was bui
bum of our Saviour j bu
eiVfSi however, it is all
otnuicbelore the tomin
ciiy, with Its fuburb.>, is
incifcumlcreiicc. The
generally (Iraight ; the m
cupn.atioii, but in (ub
vice-chancellor of the uni'
LifOiailfof OxfordOiire
ajj privileges ot the uni
«iv, whkh is on the tent|
piiKipal tilizens pay
pranyeaih, inrtead ol a
M uutrai;e eomm.ttcd agl
ofiinj Edward 111, whel
ki"u(ly rrurdered by thel
Tne univeifity, con(ide|
of the officers of the uni
foveral colleges. 'I'lieuoJ
which, for the number of j
it! buildings, has not its|
T!ic chancellor, who is
tocaiinn, .ind whofe olficl
wthc univerfity, to protcif
fciics. The choice generJ
iigh rank, and his office isj
*b is nominated by the i
l.'it univerfiiy : his office _
loaHirt the chanctllor aij
iiieir olTicts, and to fit as L
iquircd by the chancelloJ
inniMJly nominated by th|
isclfcfcd in convocation.
I wliejje, and is in orders ,
tliechancellor in his abfe'l
j ire two in number, are a|
vtral colleges by turns.
Icwrcifej, to fee difcipll
prevented or punilhed, A
thckeepcr of the records,]
I itrgtr.
The colleges are places I
I fies for the maintenancef
I fti'JcntJ : the halls are
lull! liir ■• ''^'* ii'ilf 'I"* mrth, In tlie form of a weJ ;c j
(.ii'it lilt I y lliii km ',haiiilliiri- .iiiJ ll.tmplhire ) on tiic
f,uir. tiv UmkIIiiiu ; an>l on tlu- wtit hy GloULcltcrlliiic.
Ilcxi iiil> ri>iiy-unc oiilet rri len^ili, tightrcn in brcjilin,
jiij J luiiiiiieiJ jnJ thirty-ciylit In circumrcrciicc.
1 hij county kniK nine niiinbcts to parli.unent, namc-
Iv, IW'> kiiigliis tor the (liirc, two rc(ircleiitativi:» ut the
uilivi'li'yi iW'' burgi-||e« (or VVoodilock, and one (or
Ujiibury. it IS divittcij into fourteen hundredi, and con-
uuii li'i'y '*<> vicarages, two humlrcd .ind eighty pa-
rilhtJt twelve miirket-towni, (oui hundred and hlty unc
viIU'o, nintitcn thnuland houles, and a hundred and
luiiiinn thoui.ind inhabitants.
Tlicairot thit rutuuy is equal in goodncf) to any of
the other; lor ihc loil being naturally dry, and at the
li:nc iMiie plentilully watered with limpid Krcamn, the
ji[h lulurally fweet and whoiefomc.
The loll 111 general is very IruittuI both in corn and
gi;, i but there is a great variety in it, and conlequciitly
fivaul degrees of lertility. The hufbanJmcn know well
liotti to diltin^uilh and m.i'iaj^e actoidint;ly, both a^ to
ih; ullage and the ditl'erent kinds of grain fown here,
thrrc being no lels than five lortb of wheat adapted to a:i
Biiiiy mmh of (oil. Ijie meadows are covered with rich
irjis, and are exticmely prohtaldc to the farmer. The
cnid loinmodities are coin, milt, cattle, fruit, free-
Hone, Itveral lotts ot cartn, uielul in medicine, dyeing,
anJ Icouiii j; Whitney in this county is famous lor its
tlMiluf'^ctuie of blanketi.
I'lie piiiKipal rivers are the Thames, Ifis, CharwcU,
Wimlrulh, and hveiiload, which afford plenty of Hlh,
jndarertinaikdbly giK)d. The priiKipal places in this
cuuniy are the loliowiiig :
Oxioid, a noble, populous, and fine city, featcd in a
idighilul plain on the banks of the His and Charwell,
Ijj tliyhve miles from London, It is pretended by lonie
minors, that it was built a thoufand yeais before the j
bum of our Saviour J but this is julily cnnlioverted by i
olhasj however, it is allowed by all to have been a place |
of note belore the coming of the Saxons. I ne wnole |
city, with Its fuburb>, is of a circular form, three miles
inciicumlcrencc. The llreets .ire fpacims, neat, and
gtnwally Uraight i the mayor an 1 .iljenneii -overn the
curpoiation, but in lubjection to the ciianc'lloi and
vice-chancellor of the uiuvei 111 y, to whom botii iheyanJ
the fli' lilf of Oxfordfhire fwear to inaiii' in the rights
ijj priulcgcs 01 the univcility. On M. benolaltici's-
U; whkh is on the tenth of f'ebru.irv. fixiy two of the
pi;;icipal citizens pay an aeknowledgednient of one
pmnyeaih, inflcad ul a heavy hm; laid on the city, lor
M outrage cunim.itcd againll the univcrfity in the reign
oflcmg tdward lil. when fixty-two lludcnts were bar-
bjiiiully rrurdercd by the citizens.
Tiie univeifity, conlidered as a body corporate, confids
of the officers of the univcrfity in general, and of ihe
fcvcral colleges. 'I'lie governors of this jircat univcrfity,
which, for the number of its colleges, and the tinciiefs of
il! buildings, has not its equal, are the following: 1.
Tiicchantellor, who is chol'en by the (tudcnts in con-
tocation, and whofe office is to inl'pec'1 the government
oithcuniverfity, toproteiit its privileges, and callallem-
kiics. The choice generally falls on fomc nobleman of
kigh rank, and his office is tor life. II. The high fleward,
who is nominated by the chancellor, and accepted of by
ihf univerfiiy : his office is for life, and his employment
loaffift the chancellor and prodors in the execution of
their ofRces, and to fit as judge in capital caufes, when
K^uircd by the chancellor 111. The vice-chancellor is
inniully nominated by the chancellor as his deputy, and
iscltcted in convocation. He is always the head of fomc
coilcjje, and is in orders ; he on all orcafions reprefents
the chancellor in his abfence. IV. The proftors, who
ire two in number, arc annually chofen out of the fe-
leral colleges by turns. Their duty is to infpedf the pub-
ic cxcrcifes, to fee difcipline prefervcd, and all diforders
prevented or punifhed. Aftcrthefeare the public orator,
I ih: keeper of the records, the rcgifler, fix beadles, and a
vtrgcr.
[he colleges are places provided with fufficient revc-
I ties for the maintenance of a mafter, profcflbrs, and
Hdcnts : the halls are houfct where the fludcntt live
t. U R O I' E.
515
cither wholly, or in part, at their own rxpcncc. Of the
luff fort their are twenty, and ot the latter but five. In
each of thelc aie private lecturci and difpuns in tlm
libcrallcieiiccs, to prepare the iludrnts for the public
exercii-*. They ate ranked in the following order:
1. Univcrfity college is fitu.ited ii ar the eaft ^Mte of
the ciiy, and was the beginning of the iiniverliiv. It
was founded before the yejr ;ii, but how much earlier
'■> not certain, king Alfred not being lb properly (lie
lounder of this uiiiveiliiy, as its relhirer alter the iJjiiilh
devadions. It has one mafter, twilve fellows, fevenieeil
Icholars, and two cxhihitMncrs. Helore the notile bene-
tadlion of Or. Kadditfc, it had one large bu-auiiful qua-
drangle, the Ibiitli fide of wliuh is divided into a hand-
lome hall and chapel. In a niche belure this quadrangia
is a llatue ot the late queen Anne, and in a niche on the
iiilidc of a new quadrangle is that of Dr. Radiliff-, who
left lorty thouland pounds ijr building a public library,
which IS a noble itrudluie.
II. ha iol-collcge (lands in the north part in the fuburbs,
and was founded by John H.il ol, whofe fen was king of
bcotland. It maintains a malt, r, twelve lel'o v-i, thir-
t'.eii Icholars, and eighteen exiiibitioncrs. It ha-, one
large ancient quadrangle, on the north fd; of which is
the chapel, and a library furnilhed with a noble collec-
tion ot books.
III. Merton-collcge is fituatcd on t'ne fuuth fide t-f the
city, and takes its name from its founder Walter of
Alerton, bifhopof Rochelle,, and chancellor of Kng'and,
about the year 1267. It has a warden, tweiitylour fel-
lows, fourteen portionilfs, and two clerks. I he chnjcl
IS the paiilh-cliurch of St. John IJiptiff. The inner
large court of the college is very beautiful, and ha. a
well furnilhed library, with a fine garden.
IV. Lxeter college is fituatrd on the weft fide of the
Icliools, in the norm part ot the town, and was founded
in 131b, by Walter St.ipleton, bilhop of Exeter, and
lord iieaiurcr of England. It maintains a recfor, twenty-
(luee fellows, one bible-clerk, and thiee exn biiioners.
It hai one large quadrangle, wh ch h..s a very iioblo
fronti and over the gale is a f] leiidid tower,
V. Oriel-college is fitnated on the fouih fide of the
town, and was at tiili named St. Mary's and King'i-
college. It was founded by king Edward II. in 1324,
and his fon Edward III. adding to the tcienue a rich
nufl"uagc called Le Oriel, it th nee took the name of
Oiiel-coUege. It coiififts of one nandlonic regular qua-
iirangle, and has a provolf, eighteen fellows, and twelve
exhibitioners.
VI. Qiiccn's college is feiird near the parlfh-church
of St. Peter's in the Eall, and founied in 1340 by Egles-
held, chaplain or conf llbi to Piulippa, coiilort to king
l^dward III. in honour of whom he call d it Q^jeen's-
collcge. It maintains a provoft, fixtcen le.lows, fixteen
fcholars, eight chaplains, nine taberdcis, and twenty
exiiibitioncrs. It has had fome noble bene'aitors, wno
have erec'fed extcnfive buildings that are julfly admired.
One fide of it i.s three hundred and twenty fcvcn feet
long, (upported by a piazza, and adurned with (fatties, in
which is a long and lofty library, well furniflicd witfi
books; and on the other fide of the college is the new
chapel and hall. Her late majefty queen Canduie's fta-
tue is ercdled in this college under a kind of temple
fupported by pillars, fhe having given a thoufand pounds
towards completing the new building.
VII. New-college, which (lands on the tiorth-cafl pare
of the city, was founded in 1386 by William of Wick-
ham, bifnop of Winchefter, and lord high chancellor,
under the name of the college of the BlilTed Virgin Marv.
It has a warden, feventy fellows, ten chaplains, three
clerks, fixteen chorifters, &c. Great additions have bien
made to the beauty of the buildings, which have bccrj
alfo enlarged towardu the garden Wih two (lately and
uniform wings. The chapel is a magnificent ilruclure,
with a very lofty tower, and a fine ring of bells. The
library is well furnilhed with books and manufcripts,
and tlie great garden laid out in form. In the front is a
range of iron palifades, and a gat: of exquifite work-
manfhip.
VIU. Lincoln-college, which ftands in the middle of
the city, wat founded ia 1427 by Richard Fleming,
4 Mhop
iffiiil'fi
r\i
ii ■ *) •
ij
;l!
V 1:1
6V>
A S V S 1 E M OH G E O C. K A I' n y.
'-'•^"MV)
!ii
■*!l
1 . »
iMhiiii ..I Ml. I. ,1.1; lilt tiivfti'- 1 bv Thotnis f)c Rothi-r-
h.in, liillii.|i of I. Ill olii, HitiTW.ird'j lotil hi;;h cllliinl-
loi ariil .nvh'.i Ihiip 111 'iHrk, in iv;^. Iilm .» ri'>:liir,
Iwi-lvc* If.loi*'-, Mini' lihiiLiii, twenty i-'xhiliiiKiii.r*, fwu
cit.ipl lint, &.•. I'nii I'lill'^i:" lin two fni.ill .un ii nt (jui
ilr.ii.)ili-», with A br.iuiil'iil cinipcl, the wiiiJuw* ul wliith
uii' ( iiiiMiillv p.ii'i!ril.
IX. All SiiiK riiilcRi', whiih fmn'i the lli'h rtrii't,
»vn Imni li'l I'v H.Mirv C'hiciii'lv .iicnljilhiip 111 Cinii-I
I'lirv, lur olli,iu» iiji |ir lyi't'i fur the I'liulj ol *\\ who Uii 1
i'l Jtic w.iri "I kiii^ lli-iiry V. In Kranrtr. It h.i\ a war-
tli'ii, forty filiiw-, two JiJplaiin, nine IrhoLiri, thicc
tliiilta, lix cli'iiiillcm, lii:. Colonel t'oiliin.'toii lic-
tliiMllitJ uii tliournul poiimls !o ihii collr,"- lor liinMin^ *
lihivrv ail. I tiiinilliiii ; it Willi boolci. I'liii lilii iry it '
two liliinir:.! llct l.mn^ within the w.ills .iinl lliirty-nvo
♦ i-et iiiiJ u hili'-tito.il ; It h.u eleven l.ir;j;e wimlowi to t'lc
fiiiith, with ,1 wind «w ol fevenlien lei t in wi.lth at e.idi
ml. It I. a f-n" './.r'lic It, ii.'tur.', aiiJ it thu , built in ,
ml rorniily to the ill iiul.
X ,M,i .Ir.li 11 rollf^e llanil* without tlif riift gate, .n 1
w.H lininiliil III 14-S, hv V\illi.iiii I'.iiteii. (iih rvv:lL"
W.ilnflvi't, hiOl ip of \V iiicliellcr, arnl loid hi.h ihiri-
tdinr. It has upr'Tideiit, forty Itllowi, a fcti ■ ,l.nia:-
tfr, thirty f liul.ii.., callid deiiiii-, an ulhir, 11, . , ul,.
lie le.i.iei ., l.'iir eh.ipi.iiii-., ti'.ht ilil^s lixfi ; . i "orif-
fr«, \-c, I ho chjpi-l aiul hall arr ye y in., ml', lit,
an. I the w.illcs vrry di li|.;hitiil. The lior.ir). (• \",:nii
• ..Ininl Co.liiiii'ioii'.iiro btiliicathed ten llioulio.l [""iriif'.,
I-. iTiy well liirr.illleJ.
XI liia/.in Nul'c colli gc i> fi mtcJ in the im 'l! ■ of rt.i
lily, wlicic It Hill a hall ot the I'.iiti;.- Oitti". "it!: .1 min-
ilrou* nolo of I'ral'i li.\'-il upon the door. It ■.•.1. 1 .iiin'cl
ill 1519, Iv William Siiii.li li (hop nl L.oiolo, '..I h.ii
a piiiiC'p.ir, fAentv-four Itllovvs, linrti-ii.rf |, ii.l.i',
i:e. It eoiilill, of two vciy hail'llome qu.i IraligU", m
theltli'. r of which are tr.e eh.ip I aiiJ lih i!),u'iil uiuLi
them a wide and pli.il.iiilcloill. r,i'o,i p-ctly and cle:<jnily
built.
XII. Corpus t'hiiiti e.i lije ll.mds i.n thi- f.mth (i.li-of
the eirv, and wM' louiulvd in 15,0, by Ki.liard Fox,
bilhop (if WiMiLillei-, aiui lord f rivy feal ti km.' Meiiry
VII. and \|I1. It I1..S a prelUent, twenty f.llowi,
twenty teli.'lari, two chaplains, and lour '-xniliiii merj.
it coiiiaiiis fiinie very noble l-uiliiin^s, and irs libr.uy haj
a v.il'ijl'I'.' colUotii M ol hooka an.l iiianufviipts.
Xill. Chiill-Chureh college, takes up a ya(l extent of
!;ri'Ui)J, on the foiith fuio ot thi; eity. It was be^un in
il; v 11 15151 hy Cirdiii..! W'oiie/, lint upon Ins dil-
.;r.i e It Ul into ihc kind's hands, who made it .u) epif-
eop.il he, ;;iiil joined it to Canterbury tollegc, and I'eek-
v.'aur Inn. It ha.s a de.n, eight canons, one hiin.Jred
und one (Indents, eight chaplains, ei'^ht Cinuinj; men,
ciylit I hoirill>-i ., an I a teat. her of niiilie, a d hool-iii.if-
tcV, iillicr, forty cr.immar fcholar.s, Jce. In tlie (Liiely
t lA'ci in the front of the ^ate, hdiigs the grc.it bell c.ille I
Tom, which wa* removed ihiiher out of the llccple o( \
'.i;c eathcdial, .;:id is (even feet one inch in diaM-ter, I
\vci'.;'oii;; feveiuoen tlioulaiul pouiuK weight. This bell i
i, fij'l'.'d tvciy ni^ht one hunJied and one llrokes, agree-
ajle to ih.; nnn.biT of (ludcnls in the college, to give
■variiii>'i for (hutting up tlic t'ltes -ii the colle;^es and
halls ill' the ui.':v..-hty. Thj buildnigi of this collet;e
a«C47cry large and fplendid. The j;r-.at quadrangle has a
ivivic and h.'.ii'l'omc frracc round it, and a fountain in
tie middle, i'eekwater quadrangle is linely built, and
rlieie a'c alio two other fquarcs. The cathedral i, lofty,
ihe hall an.l hbr.'.iy ar..- high and fpaciou;, and the latter
contain, a luille tellcclioii of books. In a wor.!, this
tolk'L'e is a univcrlitv of iticlf.
XfV. I'linity college w.is originally a leligious houfe,
c.dkd Duihani college ; lor the monks of l^urham ca-
thedral, ft-atcd in the north fuburbs j but iqion the dif-
lol.itioii of monait'.ri'-s, .S;r Thomas I'ojie purchafed it
of th .I'c to whom ic had been granted by the cr.>wn,and
lonvericd it into a college. It has a prelident, twelve
lellows, twelve frholars, 5ic. Itconfiltsof two (piadranglcs,
ill the fir (I ol Whi.-hare the chapel, the hall, ami the library.
The ch.ip'.l, wl-.ivti liai been leliiiilt, is an elegant (iruc-
t.ne, ami the ro.if is inriched with fret-work, and an ad-
niir.iblc p.iintin.:; i.-pre(.ntii;:.r our Saviour's alcenlion.
" ''■" J preliJi.,
I'm.
line i|u,i.
rcijular nrat pice,
■|-he pjrJcni on the call fije of the cullcgc are brae ,hi
well liid out, *' ""'
XV. ht^ John liaptilf, collcR? (landi in the nortd f
burbs. and wa, (ouiided in 155,, by Tu^j^,,, ^;"/"-
I. lid may. if ol l.ondon in the jilacc where St It ,'
college Hood l-lore the Reloiination. Ih^ ,^^,, ^ '"■''•■*
glen are lariv ind unilMrm, jvirtiuilirlv the ji,i',''! '""
iHiilt by ar.hhidiop (,..„d. w.iuh i. very el, ,,.„| ,/"""
ami will hdei ol it hem' liipported hy n,ii,|,.' ''"''^''
Ihc li.ill It neat, and idonn-d wih ,r,,„,| ,,.,,, ;,''"'"•
the pardenn In .c an.l will laid ,.,it. |i ""'•■'"'
Chirty-ninr hllows, eleven h holirs, itc.
XV I. Jlu, college M |itu..te,l in St. Mich,, |', .,,:«,
and wa. tiei'iin in 15-1, by Hu -h I'n.e nr,b>ii,| r
Koehclter, and apprupiiated to the iiemhtoi ihe U u'
It has met with leveial benrlatioiH, by which i
enabled to miinlain a pnm i|..il, nineteen f,l|,m, , ,"
teen fch, dan, twenty one exhibiiioiicn, Are. Jj [J ' ''
h.indlome qiudi.uu'les, the inmriiioll of wl,; 1, ," '*'
regular ami undorni. 7
XVII. Wa.'ham roller '• ('^^'•'^ in ihr- „ ,t|, fl..,,
ot the ,iiv, and reieived if- naL.n from it, |„u„Jt v '
ih«,.n Wjdh.iiii, ol honierletfliire, Kiq;, (i wj; l,f
111 Ifioo, ami liiii(h.d alter his dc.ith hv his Ijiiv '„ uin
It miihlt, ol one m.flc quailrani'le, b -fij,', i|,l. ||L, ']
an, I cn.qicl, ihe wiiidov»s ot which arc bcautiiully pj|„'.'j*
and has a li.indlonie jrarden. It maintains a L,','', '
hlliui fell,..v.s, (iltcui fehnlai , &o. '"'
X\ III. r.nibiokeci ,' :f Itandson thefouthfij-gf .u
city, an, I was torm-ily called Hroad g:ite hill, bu' w
cie^'te I I'lto a eollcge by the bounty ol Ihimii- Ttll ''
lM.|i a.,d Richaol Wiightwi, ke, U. I) i,, ,6,. ^.;''
ra'. I i,,e ) ri eiit name in honour of the e.irl ol 'l',„ "
hi, kr then lord chancellor. It has one baiii
ilra,u,|, , ih'' fioiit of which is a regular m
bin; 'In , and ban a plialant gaiden! Itha.ai„jH(,
ii.rKcn I li.,wi,, an.l Iwenty-lhiee (rhol.ii*, A-i-. '
XiX. Wo;. titer eoile.-. was lately calli'd (;'|,„|r,.|),,
liai; , "1 \ym erect, -J into a eolle^io by tiir ||,,"p,'.
Cooi.i v,of Altley in Woicelterlhire, an, I has Uul, [, ,''
adonrd with tew buildings, which n iie a (tiiiiy ,„!
(pendid pp'ar ilice, • '
XX. H.'ith. I co'lrgr w,s origin.illy called Han h...;i ,
but was ire.:i.'d iiiio 4 college in 1740, hy hi, Ikj ,i|,.
jetty's royal ch.irtei, by which it is toionlil) 0) ;, ,,/.,'
cipal, with I, ur leiiinr an.l ei;'ht jiiini.r le'lcnvi, ]•
(tinds in th? pirilh of St. I'eter's in ihi. call, aiij cc.v I
hits ot one quadr.in^le,
Ihele are the twenty college, of whii h il.is ivUlimeJ i
iiniverliiy conlilts ; there arc neiiiles hve h,,IK, which. i;
pl.ices unendowed, though nor witlviut exiiiliitmnsi tli;
(ludents in thefe lublilt ,if incir ovmi e,\,>i'nre, arc iin.lft i
the government of a piincip.d, and vice-priiicipal, ad
pay the lormer for th; ir lodi>iiis;s i heic tivo h II, ,:•
Alban hall, tdmuiid li.ill, St. Marys hall, Ncw-lim il.I
and St. iMary M.igd.ileii hall.
Wefiiles the building alieady mentioned, is the thrjii:.
a magnitieent (iMiiitine railed bv the inuiiilleeiKP cl 1):,
Ciilberc Shehioii .ircl.lnlhop of C.interlmiv, and buiilt.- I
Sir Chridopher VVreii. 1 lie roof, wlm h is lii;ipi,rti:i
without pillars, is liir.ly p.iiiuc,!. The'c is here iiju:;,-
noble Hodleian libraiy, and the niufeum Alhuv. cjiiuni,
one of the rieiielt repolitorics of natural curiofiiici nr.i; I
wi.rli.', the Cl.irendoii printing-houle, 5ic.
I he city ot Oxioid was made an epiico i.d fee in lut, I
and belidis the colK-Les and hal s jult tnentioiKd, l„nuia I
chanty (chools, one ereiiled by the univerlity loi l.i:..
Ii.ur boys, and the other by the city, tor (illy b.r,, ,ii
gills.
Woodftock, a borough feven mi'es to the nort'i .
O.^lbrd, is picalantiv feated on a riling grouivl, .,r,J.i.,|
fornieily celebrated for the famous l.ibyrin ll iiiwlMi
fair Kolanioiid was conecaled by king Henry II in'ina-
dered by his (|ue-. n. .Sun.e years ago a (mall pait ol I:;
old palace, and of this labyrinth were remaining; '.j>.
not the leift veltije of them ii now left. This:&.,i
is n'lw principally famous lor lilenheini b;iufe, a ir..,:' ■
Hceiit pile of biiil.ling ere.:led about half a mile tromiK'l
town 10 perpetuate the memory of the lieanl vi.'i ,r;.
tained by the allies over the I'rench and Bavar aib 1
the villaj;e of lj!-.;i'.lr.i,ii on the banks of the Uii,
,;i ,\ijgii(l i;'v. Thit
WuoJllocli, w i» (ettlcd
Jjliii Chufthlll, duke
J, ,1 ^titelul aekliowlcc
^jOtiin that occalioii. I
liil.illraJe I but there are
wniK't '*>•" ^■''"■' * ""''y
»ji'p4iiile.l by Sir Jamc
I J (iutiie i the toiiini
cliililiiiy pieces, bciiiiiiu.
iii,s, and paintiiigj rtpre
(lie Juke ul Mailhurou^h
(|Kiibcil>'»hclland laigel
tni'|!uJ>''> I I'l'in, which
jjriiiiiiJ. Ihc gallery i
,nJ (iilarten, fufiporting a
iKJiiiiciit 111 ihe front o
;, J hue butt o( Lewis X
iioia the f!,ite o( I ournay
jiiJ the gaiden is a lar,;e |
-itl. aiiJ will laid out,
\c. and the vilt.u are t
ir.r.:ti in the neighbour
|,,|';v bliilg'", Coldiltliig o.
,iiii'iiln;ty Icet wiJe, ami
,,,ib(<l an excellent fuiii
ihaiisli'i'.
Uaibury is a large well
. ,iu- Cnarwell, feveiuy-fti
|,>jiiJiiii. It contains lev
irc well hipplicd with pie
n'CoiiJ town ill tile conn
i;iii,'ully built with (ton
hjiiJliinie llruitiire. 'I'hi
Id lU cakes and ale.
S K C
Of Bkiiingiwirijliti' ; in
•jifiml, RiprijtnlatiVd, .
f'Mipal J'.'iiuS.
THI S county prolu
Sa.xoii word l!uc,
air th.in any other conn
b) Nctth.miptondiiie 1 o
fcrJIlliro, an, I .Middlcle.
Irom whieh it is li'parate
welt by 0.\fordIhire.
niilc?, Its bre.idth whcr
III) one hundted and thi
This county, which 11
111 Norfolk circuit, is di
tontains filteen market
one hundicj and ei^...
ind fifteen villages, eigh
inJ ninety houles, and
vtn iliuuland three hum
fcnJi louitccn members
the county, two for Hu
Wyccmib, two for Aile
two for \\ cndover, and t
The air of UuckingI
good, cfpecially In the
ullics it i mure hcalthfi
The full H for the moll
richj fuihat the corn am
knt, particularly their
itc timber, beach, fine
turcs arc bime-Lice, vi'hic
lioiij (traw-hats, and pap
The rivers of this c
Thames, which waflies
uthers are the Oufc and t
I'he principal places 1
iii^':
ISuckiiigbam, which i>
reunJi it on all fides but
; to the nunh-wcft of I.on
Slid has three bridge., o-,
I
bS
liMOtA'''''
t; V u I) I'
Si7
Aujutl 170 V, T\\\i nilile fe.if, with tli>; m.in<ir of : mcrty rcmJ in the m'M\e of tht town, lut luid'y .111/
I hn tl>ii"-hill, ilnWe «>(' Marlljoriiuj-h, aiiJ hn htii ., , diiJ ii cli.ipcl, irccliJ liy itrililiilli.ip )lii ki.i, nutv ulcl n
;i iirii'lul aLkiiuvvlcilaimiii lur hii briivcry uinl ion- ' •« Ik' Icli'iil, .iiiii Uvf,4l iir iimn-limili.*. 'I hu muiity
'y, „„ that (iciJlion. I he r.xi! u aJoiiK-J vf iili .1 IIoiil' I ) iil jn.l tcmrt .irc InniiitiiiK. ki'|)t liiir, jiij lomcaiin;.
1 |'illr»Ji' t I'ui •li'^fe "« fcvcral to*iT«c)ii ilio t.)|) of ilif I ilio jifui* .nc lulJ hi inuiuwii.
ihat h.ivf i viry he-.ivy iCju'Ot. I he l-ilty hill' Nuf Ihii town n .'mow, » villj/r lemlftcil dcltivi.ll/JJ^M*.
J, pj,.,.^.. ... .... j'~ "■"■ '. —' " o -, ; moil. I>y the iKihU' naidciu whiili li. |..iu>.'J to Itm
* j|„(e,| liy Sir J4nic» Tlioni.ull, ,11111 iKe culiint by 1 '■»"'oii. I>y tlw ikiIiU' naidciu whiili li. Ioii^l-J to Itm
(iutMi'i till- loiiini .ire l.iicly iiiiiihnl with iiuilil • ' I'lu lord viltdiint Lnlxi.iiri, uiiJ nnw ici cirl I'liiijjli.
'h unity ini'ics bciuiiiul lunmuri, iiirDnip.iribio h.inj. 1 Uil entering tlu' ^^^nkii on tlic loulli-luli', you ;iic lliui.lt,
' >s jiiil |)aniiiiig» rtprefcniniK the princiiiil cxiiloitml I Wh ihc )(i,irukur Jiul v,iric'yol the .ibnilh (I1.11 piclont
"'j jyli^ ot M.iilboroiigh. />monf5 tile |)ii.turi:.| .1- many j '''*">'*^'vc« to view. In th^ irMilille ol 4 l,ir,;i; "■ 11,4011
'"'j(iil,i.m'jbilUnJ hiim'U jniti-i.JiiJ ihe Union" 1()\ ji ol ' P'e^e ol w.itcr i> ,111 obclilk in. ir livcniy Ijit i.iirli, lro;ii
' ■ ■• -, u .-,... i.„ . . ■ !hc lopoi which riks alhc.uii ol w.itcr. At ,» i^ooJ ilil-
I lanrc *ro two ticiiiiitul rivir,, wlntli jom, ,iii,| iiitir the
oiUjju.i 111 one llitdni, .iii>l ii»ir oru'ul ijiiiii t\ j I'.illj-
'•Jn bridge. \t a JJtjiiii i.n the ri.'lit luiiil in alio-
l''U>Jurc Iv.ntJ nil 4 hill, .iiiil d.ilr Mti.ll to LiOmy,
the f!.'!'" "• ' ournay I'hc chapel it vciy i '■aiiiilul, •»nl on r'lililt, an Egyptian pyriiiiiil liMy Kit liLh.
lit c.ir jcn IS » 'jti;-; plot ot g;rouiid t.ikcii oui 'the trom 11,' .ibovc octakjoii i..il'. it luinr.il uu. jc, in
.MUoJili) I ili.in. which wa» 4 prclciit lioiii (lie 'niiijj ol
jjrJiiiiJ. I he gjllcry It fnpported by ni.irbic column^
J uiljften, fupportiiig * n.oll tiirioui cntaLl.iturc. Or
inJiiiii-'iit in ihefroiit "I the lioulc, lacinf; the pariUu ,
'j hue bull ol Lewis XiV. bi(5^'cr than tlu life, taken
1(0111
jiiJ the g
ijrk xii' ^^''" ''"^ ''^'< l>''^i»t! 'i'lc walk., I'lp.i,! r (
\c. '"'' ''"' *'''■" ■"' tcrniiiulcd by foiiic re.ii.irk,ib!c
o^eiltJiii I'le nci^hboiirin;j coontry. In tin; pirk ii ;i
lot'iv biiii;''i cuiirului^' ol'one arch above one liuiiJri.-J
l,l)l,ili:iy leet wiJi-, iinl a v.ill nlirlifk, ill will' n Ii lil-
jui'jC'Uii ixCLlleiit ruiiiiiuiiy ol' the duku's awtiuili and
llmbury it a Ijfge well built markct-luwi), fcated on ''"H'llnia
thfie dittcreiit lli.'t, it water, J'roni iiviu-e yiiupi«
'o tht III riiiiUi-r, w,iich i- a^ncably liiii.ltcd in a .v. oil |
I'll I ailing iiiiuu;ili yon conn; (u ,1 li.at Itmotiire c.uk'd
the v\iicMi llcntii,, bvluic whn;h aic the Hit ci ot C.iirt
and .'Mill. J..ith Way 1 10111 tnc cmraiin; ol the loviu 11
a haiiJlonie coloiiaJc Ic.diiig tfi loinc panUuli'., vv.'icro
I arc lour aiiti(|uv bulli ot Vcljjalun, Cleopatra, Xcro, 411J
I iiioCharwcM, feveiuy-fcvrn iiiilei to the north. well o(
I IjiiJoii. It contains le»i r;rl go'id inns, and iib m.irki'is
ccwell hipplied with piov.li'Jiis. I liii is iltccnidl the
,^.(„i,J tiiwn ill the comity lor beauty i the houlis aic
[./rally I'nilt with itoiic, and the church is a lirgi
iijiiJlunie llrutliire,
KiitjCjU's and ale.
I'hii town lui long been fanioni
S K C 1, XXt,
Of BiiiH"g'>i->"fl'i'^ i "1 Namt, Siiiiiiiii'i, Exitni, Di-
vifuni, Kiprijfntuliuit, Jii, 6^il, Piodun; Rivers, <ind
triiiipal I'ttuci.
T\\[^ county pfolubly derived it.i name Ironi the
.Sj.xoii word l!ue, it torinerly dboundiiiji; mute in
atr ih.iii any other coiiiitv. it it hounded on the north
[■iNcrth.iniptoiilliire 1 on the earthy Hedl'ordlhire, Mcrt-
IcrJfliirc, an. I Middlekx; on the luuth by IJeikdiirc,
irom which it is I'cpar.ited by the Thanics \ and on the
Oi\ the top of a mount is the Bclvidere, a builJin,;
whiLh artiirdj a iluUj;liilul pioijn,;!. In tiie jjarlLii ,j al 11
me Icinple ui I'liciuiihip, .1 lotty li|u.ire b^i.d.ii^ iil tin
l>oiie Older, witii tliree noble purticoi on the lidi. .,
1 lie ciellii-i li iLiiiiltd, .111 I 111 Uic ruo'ii u'e ten p.'J.lt.m,
on which .lie tiie unit, ol hi, lurJllnp, aii.l imie ut' hi,
Iru'iidi, his laie loy.il lii[diiierj ihe pi.iice of VV'alc., lllj
learl ot Llr-iUrlield, Mr, I'ltt, ^*<c. I here arc ali.j in
I the garden, tit, Aiigiittuie's cave, which m lurnicd of'
I roots ot tries and iiiols : the temple of Bacc.uis ; a
I tiaxuii temple, ifandin;^ in a lolcinn ^uive, and contaiii-
■ ing the 11. veil S.ixoii deities prclidiiijj o.er tlie I'tveial dayj
ol the week ; an I 111 tht niiodle an altar lor hicrihce ; x
CorimliiJii column, on wtiich is placed Ihe llatue ol hu
1 late majelty king Ueori^e; Dido's cave, leitcd in a wo>-d ;
a rotunda, tiie uoiiie 01 wliuh is I'upported hy ten iJ.iri,-
coluniiu, and in the iiiiue is a iireulir pcdclf i', on
i wluen 13 placed a Vriiiis lie Meclitis ; tne Itatue other
■ late majelly (luecii Caroline, ereclrd on lour lonii; co-
■ lunis placed on a lai;.;e pedellal ; the lleepiiv^ pailour, :»
j lipiarc llriiiilurc placed 111 a wood in tne ctiiire ol tl'C
walks 1 the temple ot ancient Virtue, which is a rotunda
well by 0.\tbrd(hire. Its length is about thiity-iimc
niilc!, Its brf.idth where broidert, is about eighteen, and ' ot the l>oric older, and in four niches .ire the Itatjtci
ilii one bundled and thirty-eight miles ill conip.ils. jot hpamir.oiidas, l,ycurgii>, Socrne ., and Homer ; th«
Thi! county, which lies in the diocefe of Lincoln, and ' hlyliaii f.elds, a molt dt lightful Ipiit ; a grotto .idv^rnej
III Nutfolk circuit, is divided into eight hniulruls, and
tontaiiis filtecn market towns, feventy-three vicarages, |
cue hundred and eighty-live parilhcs, lix hundred :
inil fifteen villages, eighteen thoul'and three hundred ,
inJ iiiiicly houl'es, and about one hundred and ele- ,
vcn thuuland three hundred and forty inhabitants. It
kiiJi luuitecn members to parliament, namely two lor
the county, two for Uuckinghain, two for Chippuu;-
U yconib, two for Ailelbury, two for Circat-Mailuw,
two for W tiidover, and two lor Agniondclliain,
'I'hc air of Uuckingliaiiifliire is generally ertcemcd
pai, cipecially in the higher parts ; and even in the
ullics it i: mure healthful ili.iii in many other counties.
The foil is for the moll p.irt chalk, or marl, and very
rich; fu tint the corn and cattle of this county are excel-
lent, pirticul.irly their flieep. The chief commodities
iio timber, beach, line wool, and the chief mamit'ac-
turcs are bnnc-lace, which is here made in great perlec-
liijii, Hraw-hats, and paper.
The rivers of this county are but fmall, except the
Thanits, which waflics its borders to the luuth ; lUe
others are the Oufc and the C'olne.
Ihe principal places in this cuunty are the fullow-
Uuckmgham, which is fi .Uf d on the Oufe, which fur-
riunjj it on all fides but the north, and is foriy-lix miles
; to ihc north-wcfl of London. It llaiuls on a low ground,
snJ has thrit bridges c",er the river, A c-tlle was for-
with (held, pebbles and minerals i a Iheil pavihon, the
the don-e of which is lupported by lix wre.ithed Cohiinnii
the Chn fe houfe ; the moiiumcnls of Uritilh worthier,
thcle are Mr, Pope, Sir 1 homas Cirilliam, .ihikclpcar.
Sir Ifaac Newton, Sir Krancis Hacon, kai' Alfred, I'.J-
ward the lilack Prince, queen hlizabeth, km ' W'l
iJrake, jmn
111, Sir Walter Rakigii, Sir Kraiuis
Hampden, Kli]-, Sir Jolin IJ.irnard, (.\:c.
In llioit, tl,e temples, pavilions, pyramids, obeldks,
monumeiUh, llatues, bulls, kc. arc all highly timlheil,
and the m.iiiy infcriptions are deigned for the iniorina-
ti( 11 and inltrudioii of the beholder; and this dtlii-litlul
(pot leem-i to want iiutliing that can contribute to uiiJic
it a terrellrial paradife,
.Ailelbury, the lai;je(land bcft town in the county, i-i
fealedun a hill, .(4 miles Irnm London j but the countrv
round itisloivand dirty. Itconfirts of llvcral large llreiti,
,iiid has a handl'ome nMrkct-hoiife, which (lands in a kind
ot ti;iiaic. It has alio .1 town-houle, where the afrizcs,thc
ItlTion'., and other meetings ot the county arc hold, and
under it the jail. .Many of the poor are employed in
making boiic lace. I'rovitioiu arc heic plentiful and
Ciie.ip, ulii' h is owing to its being enconipallcd by fomc
of the richell land in Lngland. I his town Is goveriird
bv a bailiff, ten aldermen, and twelve cnpiial burgefi'es.
It gives title of call to the noble family of iiruce.
Eaton, or Kton, a town feated on the'lhamts, oppo
lUe to \\'iiidlor, i< jnrtly celebrated fur its c<'lle;;c, wfiic.'-i
ftU b,
J;
k
iVi
'I- i
• >m
$'J
A SYSTEM or G £ O G R A r n Y.
r-:^:,.
'}{
'! , ?
li.H prolii.-cd a great tuini'ier of liMrrifJ nT?!!. Tills
bii'Miiij;, except the i;r<.ai (ihiml room, arc in the (lotliit;
llyle, iiiul tdj^tthcr with the chapfl were (otiii.lcil by
Henry \ I. forihe (iippiit I'l a provoll and iVvcn Icllowi,
one ol whom lias the uile ol vicc-prnvolt, and lor llic cdii
cation ot Ifvcntv kini;'s l',hij|.ir>, as tholV arc- callcil, wlio
:ir,' on ihc (ouiijatioii. I'hi.' revenue ot the collceo is
about five ihoul'anil poun.ls ay.ar. Tholl' iVholar::. "'''cn
prnpiily qualilicd, arc ilciU-d on the lirll I'li'lu in
Augull, to King's eull.n-e CambiidL'e, bir. arc not rc-
Miovcd til! there arc vac nicies in the college, and then
they arc called aciordijig lo leniority ; anil .'.Iter tiiev
liaie been three years at Cambrid^^e, tbcyilann a lei
lo'A'ihip. Cefides thcfe on the louiutation, thtre are lel-
doin lei's tlun three hinidred Ichohrs, at this tune there
are many more, wlio board at the m.ilh'rs hoiifes, or
uitliin the bounds ot" the c<jllege. The I'cliool is divid-
ici into upper and lower, aiKl each ot" ihcl'e into three
clali'es. To each lehool there is a inalier, and lour aflil-
tantj. Here is a noble library. In tlie great court is
a tine ftatue ot" the founder, creded at the cxpcnce ol
the late provoll Dr. CJodolphin, dean o*' St. Paiil'...
In this county are alio N'ewpait I'ajjnel, Sloiiey Strat-
t'>rd, and a number ut' line feats.
SEC 1". XXI r.
0/ MiiMlrfL.-K ; its Niiine^ Situaihn, ExUnt, Dhifuns,
An, ocii, iind I'lOiiiiti; ti csncijs Diicriplimi cf tl-r Ri-
ih-r '■Thama, of the City of Loiiikn, tk- Pulua of tLi>i:['ii,n-
Cciiit, iUiJ Kenfiij^ion, ivith the ot'iv ummk«tlc 1'iar.ti
>i: t/'ii Cciinly.
r
^HIS county icccivcd its name from its (ituation : it
bein;; furroiinJed bv the l^all. Will, ami .South Sax-
'j;\-<. It is bounded on thei>.or:hby Hertloriilhiie, on the call
by I'.llix, Ironi which it is divided by the river l,ea, on the
li'Ulli by the Than:cs, which runs between if and Jiuiry,
Hid on the welt bv Diickiiighanilhire, from whuh it is
fcparattd by the uver Coin. It extends twenty links in
length, tourtccii in bieadth, and is about luiutytivc iii
tircumlcrcnce.
This county, wliich llis in the diocefc of London, \i
divided into live hundicds ; uiid, beddes the cities ot Lon-
don and W'ellniinlUr, cont;;ins lour market town., thir-
ty-one viearagi's, fevcnly-ilirec parifties, tive thoulaiid
lioules, and twenty-live thouland nihabiiaiits : but with
tlic addition of London, the number of all thefe Is valtly
cncreafed. It is indeed one of llie Icall counties, but i>
by much the richelt, melt populous, and pays more taxes
to the government than any ten befides ; yet funds' only
fight n.emb^is to parli.'.nient, two for ibe coun'y, four
for London, and two fut VVeltininllcr.
The air mull be extremely wholfome, ilncc not even
the gieat number of people in Loniion cati ari'ect it lo
niuih as to rcm'er it more fubject to cpidciiiical dikafss,
llun other places ufually are; but, at a very linall dif-
tar.ce from the fniuke of this inimcnieiy populous city,
the air is not only licaltliful Imt exceedm.; puie ; to this
the foil, which g..n'.ialiy conlills of giaiel, gteallycoii-
iidiutes. Tlie land which thiefty conlilh ui palluro and
kitchm i.arjens, is extrenvlv fertile, wlueli indeed can-
not be otiierivile, ro .lileni.i^ the advantage^ uf the dirt of
London Itre.-ts, wiiicii in many places improves the land,
and tlivre being never any want ot dung for manure,
from the many thouland lioifcs kept in this city and its
nei,;hboiir!;ood.
The r^ar.i.'s, lliougli running tliiough various coun-
ties, feems pro[» rly lo belong to Middltfex ; it being
hero ol tliegieatelt import.inct lo the kingdom. It may
be here proper to take notice, that the right reverend
ai.r.otator on Camden obfirves, that though it is the cur-
Kiit opinion that the TiniiKs had its n.inie fiom the con-
junetion of the Thame and Itls, yet it is always calleil
I'haines befoie it co.ncs near the Thime. This he
proves from feveral ancient rccoidi, and adds, tliat it
maybcfaltly alTirmcd, ili.,t it iloes not occir iindtr the
name of liis in any charter and aiillientic hitloiy ; and
that the name is no wlieie lieirdof, except among Icho-
Lu4 i the tonuiion peopic a. I aluiifj fioni the fp'lii^-ljcid
to l)xlord, caliini! it by no oiliet iirn.e lui t
I'hamcs. See (iililon's C.iir.den, Vrd. I
lat ci" '
It was neccllaiy to fay ilms inmh to icf< uo -ti-)', f
ihepoetic haions of the m.nr:a,.e ol 1 hame ati.l iV
winch ha^ been larit.cr llitngtluiKd by the oai-,..r
engiavtis. *^ • ^'■'> ii.i
Ihe 'Jhamcs, fays the ai-thor of London and
Lnvnons, it conti.leied with lelpitt to it, touifi- tA , '
vigation, is not to be eipialled by any nvcr in th,.! ''
woild. It rile, trom a Imall Ipnng a little to the'.o,',",'"'
welt of Citcncilter, in ( iloucilleifliiic ; a,.,| tak.ii • '
courle call-waul, becomes naiigalde at Ln hl,„lc („,' !,'*
lets of hfty ton?, and there receives the river C'.| ''
about one huiidn.d :uid tlnrty-< ight mik-s hom l.o,,"' '''/
I'lom Lechladc it continues its courfe north cjlt'ti, ()','
lord, wheie it i. reives tlu t.li.irwil ; ait.r which it •. *^
louth well to Abingdon, and from theme to Dorehili",
where iticcenes the riunie, and coniinuin.> it, f,,,','
louth call, Huu. by the borders of Liui^iliirc," 1J,„|(,,'"'
hamlhiic, Suiiy, Middlekx, LlUx, and Rent, ;„id ,m'
Img by a number of towns and line ^illact:, pr^c !"('
by Wellnuiillcr ami London, to D.ptford, "cirVcm'^^o'
Woolwich, (.Jr.iviknd, :ij lo on to the lii. ]| is'"''
pollible to lepiekiu the hcautics with which the Ir^X-
ol this noble river arc ni.b-.ll Ihed litmi W indlor toL,,'/'
don; the numerous villages on its banks biln^ i,l| .^{"^^^
adormd with the magniiiceiu houfcs and fiiie%,.rdcns '
the nobility '1 his river is navigable a-i t.ir as Lcchb ' '
In OxfofiUhirc, which is two hundred and thirt'niV'
tfom Its mouth, and the tidt .Mov.sas high as k:chmo.,'
in Surry, which, lollowing the courfe of the river ' '
feventy miles liom the ka. At I.onilon the c'epth is }■''
licicnt lor the navigation of large (hips, «h;.h rcndtr,
it one of ihe greats It poits, for traile in the univerlb. Tn'e
water ii jultly illiLincd exceeding wholefome mid fit ,oi
ule in very long vi.y.iacs, duiiiig whicli it wil: v*ou itii-i.-
pri " clly tine, it likewile abounds with a crea' var ttv
of lilh. ' ■ ' ■'
London, t!ie metropolis of Citat lliita n, .-rui on- r''
the laigelt a:, well as tlie liclicd cities "p"n earth, I'fi'ujt!
cd III the ii.ty-lirll degree thirty minutes nor:h Ln;;!,; ■
and from this city v\c li.;v< , tl'.iough the cciir!c ol tij •
work, tonipiilcd the longmide ot all olber ct^iiiilnuj , i
the tliiee p.iits of the wurid ot which we li.ive treaiij ■
but it is proper here to obfervc, th.it plat ini' the till! n,e-
ridi.in at the ilk of Fcrro, its longitude e.iil iruni tlicr,ce
IS fcvcnteen degrees thirty-live minutes. /,»|
'Ihis city was neither built by built bv llrute nor'jnn
Lud, as fomc romantic and fanciful aLthors preuiul'^
hut probably ex (led in the time of the .mcitnt linings
bcfcre t!ie ait of writing was bi ought into Kirjaiul, .iij
when there were no other monuments of nnritiit i.uii
than what were found in the fungs of the b.uils w!,„ii
wtic preftrvcd only by memory. London, howo.T
had no buildings -iither of britk or flone till it w.!;; inlu-
bittd by the Romans ; lor the dwellings of tl f Hiiidn;
weie only huts formed of twigs wattled tooethcr: hmv-
ever, Tacitus obferves, that in the year 20 it w,is vdv fa-
mous for the multitude of its merchants, and thfgioit.
nefs of its traffie j but foon after Suetonius abandnu'd the
city to tlie tury ot Ijoadicea, it being two luge to be i!c-
fended by his little army ot f:ii thouland Roriaiis, whii!i
is doubtlefs a proof of it, being even then of confidcrabl:
extent, that injured ptinccfs burnt the citv, and in ih:
cruelty excited by revenge, put the inhabitants to the
I word.
It is impofliblc in the fmall compafs recpiircd in a work
like this. 111 treating of a lingle citv, to i;ivc the revolu-
tions that have happenul in this mctropoli'; ; it wi'l b:
fuIEcicnt thcrelore in tliis place to delcrile its pril'cr.t
llatc. i lie two lall great calamities t,.ir. city has IuHItvJ
were tliep'.igiie in i6u^, which fwcpt away tixtv-fivctlioa- jj|
find hve hundred and ninety- lix [icrlcns, at a tiire wiie;;
the '. iiildings of the city and its inhabiiants did not a-
iiiouht to half tUe number they do nt prefcnt ; and tlr
file ill i666, which burnt <'owii thirteen thoufar^l two |_^
hundi\il dwelling duni'i., four hundred Itreets nrd Lint',
the cathedral ol St. Paul's, eightv-fix piinfli chu.-ihcs,
fix cli ipcls, the toval exchange, with m.inv otiier p'duc
Itiiicluies, and litty-lwc) of the companies h.dls. In inr-
muiy of this lail a monumciit is crciled near thephto
;ijiil
|..M-
M I I) n L K
I'. .\
ucA in a work
c the rcvoli:-
■i : it wi!! b;
c i(s prOciU
V has luHi-T'J
xty-fivctliO'j- j](
t a tiirc »i!£i'.
Its (liu not a-
:k:M ; aiid th-
thoiifjivt twM.''!
iTt'. arillnif s
rifli ri'.urihn,
"l,.!!;.. Ill mr-
iRir th'- [ilif^
C^
Hi
■ '
\
i •■
ip''
1 Wi
■ y
if ', •
ill. -.I >'ll
|tv
P^l
.,..-,^.-, aiiu iwtiuv-nvc tiiouijmi iiuiiDiiants : out wittl
tiie adiJiiion of J.omlon, the mimbcr of all thefe is valtly
cncrcjl't-J. It is indeed oiii; of ihe lead counties, but la
by much the ricliiit, mcll prpulous, and pays more taxes
to tlic govcnimeiit than any ten befides ; yet f;nds only
e;;;ht ri. embers to p.irli.iment, two for the coun'.\', four
for London, and two fui VVtllininfter.
The air niull be cxtreiiu !y wholfome, fjnce not even
the git.it number of people in London can atf'eot it fo
niuth as to render it more fubjeift to epideiineal dilcafes,
than other plates iifuaily are; but, at a very linall dif-
tance from the I'nioke of this immenlely populous city,
the air is not only liraltliful luit exceeding pure ; to this
the foil, which gjiivialiy confilh of;^iavtl, gieatlycon-
tiibutes. 'I'liJ land wliith cliitfiy tonlills of pallure and
kitthin L'.aiJens, is cxtrenv.lv fertile, which indeed can-
nut be otlitunle, ronii lenng the advantages ol the dirt of
I.ur.don Itreets, which in many places improves the land,
and tluie being never any want ot dunt; (or manure,
fioin the many thoulaiid hoifes kept in this city and its
iiei,;hboijri';o()d,
'I'he 'I'hames, though running through various coun-
ties, fcems properly lo belong to Middlelex ; it beinji
hereof tlu- Jieatelt importance lo the kingdom. It may
be here proper to take notice, that the ii[^[ht reverend
ai.r.otator on Camd>.'n obfLrves, th.it though it is thecur-
leiil opinion that tlie TIluih-s had its name fiom the coii-
jiinclion of the I'hame and llis, yet it is always called
riiairics before it co.nes near the Th irne. This he
pioves from fevcral ancitnt record., and adds, that it
maybe fafVly affirmed, ili.it it does not occur under the
name of Iiia in any charter and authfiiiic hillory ; and
that tlu name is no wheie lieirdof, except among fchn-
La^ ; the cummuu people aji aiunjr from the fpiiii^^-hcad
1 his city was neither built by built by Hrutc r.r.rM:'!'
Lud, 33 fome romantic and fanciful ai.tlinrs pre:(,ui'
but probably tx'fted in the time of the aiiritnt Bi,iirs'
before the ait of writing was brought into Iii\:;iaiiJ, a:ij
when there were no other monuments of ancicni f.kis
than what vvtrc found in the fongs of the banis vihim
wcie prcfttved only by memory. London, hnwnfr,
had no buildings either of brick or fionc till it w.i- inlu-
biitd by the Romans i for the dwellings of tie lint';;,
weie only huts formed of twigs wattled together: hnv,-.
ever, 'I'acitus obferves, that in the year 26 it wjs vtiy fa-
mous for the multitude of its merchants, and ihegror-
nefs of its traffic ; but foon after Suetonius abandont'd ihc
city to the tury of iJoadicca, it being two hr;:e to be de-
fended by his little army of t-n thouland Roniai;s, whicii
is doubtlcfs a proof of it-, being even then of confidcrab!:
extent, that injured princcfs burnt the city, and in ih:
cruelty excited by revenge, put the inhabitants to the
fword.
It i.s importible in the fmall compafs re(]i;ircd inawo.-i
like this, in trcatiii!^ of a fingle citv, to give the revolu-
tions that have happrnid in this trclropolis ; it will b;
fufficicnt therefore in this place to delcribc iis prtfai
(bile. I he nvo la(f great calamines this citv has fufiirJ
were the p'ngiie in 1605, which fweptaway fi>,tv-fivctl.o-.'- jj
land hve hundred and ninety- lix perfons, at a tiu'C Hutii
the '.uildings of the city and its inhabitants did not a-
miiunt to half the number they do at prcfc.nt ; ami tir
flic in 1666, which burnt (!own thirteen thouf.ir'l twsll
bundled dwelling -houic., four hundred Krcets andlsnt',
the cathedral ot St. Paul's, cightv-fix parifh chiirthcs,
fix th.ipeli, the loyal exchange, with in.iny other p'd)!;c
UiikIuics, and hlty-lv.'D of the companies halls. In n'.;-
moiy yfthis Uit k mi.)aui;Ki\t .screened near thephcc
wJitr:
"«*«»,
yti'/ff/fi-rtf //t
'/)//'tf)/</U^^/ <,
(
U/ff/J/ If
// ^^>
•f/i
G
VH.I.
^
I
a;'
'i
.-1
t
1 '^-^
i''!
/
^:<
' '4
i ..
1
I? '.
-.vhcre It began, wli
•ii a pro.iiguius hci,:
'cnicrciii.iti<"i ill hd
\.n this dreadful c
London ib fcjti'd
,iidii.!iii,; tlii; l^ui''
ihiiuc, cxiciils ab<
SrciJ'.li is ill fomc
111 others again not
iiiUtculKimcd tothi
tic vail number ol
tijrthcn, above Loi
it'p.i.Ting, for the c:
the towns on the 1
lil.lc to obfervc wit^
conltant!)' appear V
iiufa--<urcs ot Hrita
tilt wliule eaiti.
I'hccity of Lon
nui till lalily had fc
^iic, Aldgati-, Cr
fjilhopfgate ; the tl
ij6o, and all the
:,t the following yc
,j11cJ the city, in
where determined
the wtft, where is a
Wu lliall firlt CO
city, rtriiSly fo ca
fouth-eall it was d
v;ry ancient ftruc
faiJ to be tounded
DunJcd by a wall
ilccts, befides wha
are here fome arti
fixty thouland n''.
and a horfe-armour
unhorfe-back. H
icijalia, the mint t
|rcric for lions and i
Tiie circiimfercnc
contains one parifl
of a conftablc and 1
In 'I hamcs-ftre
houfc, with the fri
and llately ftruiftui
ceivcJ for all goods
to it, as well as a g
ful profpedl jf a g
Ihips. A little faith
was formetly miic!
fiJc; but having b
in^ up and narrow
duivii ; inilcad of
now fixed on each
iiiodious, and at tl
without entirely re
The royal cxcha
ta be one of the be
It was (irft built b)
1567 ; but being
grander manner, t'
and coft eight tho
p.il fronts is a piaz
into an area, undci
t lat of the princi|
Corinthian dcnii-(
mciit ; and in tht
r.'.ch with the ngi
man habits. On
windows placed b
the Compofitc ordi
h;ii~ht of the bui
center of this fuh
and fevcnty- eight
fane in the form of
north front of the
Icra of the Compt
nor Ifatuei j and i
haj a triangular oi
tsGLAN'n.
EUROPE.
>5;
•vhcrc it began, wliicli is a iTi.i3iiIfi.:cnt column that rifes
•n a proiligious height, ami on ihc bafc is an allei^nrifal
'C'lR-rciitatioM ill biflb relievo of tht rjiling ot the city
V '111 this dreadful conflagration.
London ib foati-d on the banks of the Thames, and,
lii'.liiJiii ' thi; buildings whicn generally go under tliat
iijiiic, extends ab<ivc fevcn miles in kngth, but its
hreaJdi is in fome places only three, in others two, and
111 others again not much above half a mile. A pcrfoii
uiiaeeultonied to the fight cannot heboid without furprize
tic vail number of barges and boats, both of pleafure and
hjrthcn, above London bridge, continually pailing and
['.■parting, for the convenience and fupply of this city and
the tonus on the hanks of the Thames ; for is it pof-
lililc to obferve without adoniflimcnt the vail fleets which
conllantly appear below bridge, carrying away the ma-
nufactures of Hritain, and bringing back thepioduccof
die whole eatti.
fheeity of London was formerly furroiindcd with walls,
a.iJ till iatily had (even gates : thefe weieLudgate, Aldeif-
"ite, Aldgate, Cripplegatc, Newgate, Moorgate, and
nilhopfgate ; the three tlrll of wliich were taken down in
]-6o, and all the reft, except Is'ewgate, before the end
(;| the following year. But the hounds of what is ftridlly
,alleJ the city, including the liberties, are ftill every
where determined by wooden bars, or rails, except on
the weft, where is a magnificent gate called Temple-bar.
We lliali firlt confider the buildings belonging to the
city, llriiflly fo cai.ed. A little without the gates to the
foulh-eaft it was defended by the Tower ot London, a
very ancient ftruchirc, in which the White Tower is
fjiJ to be founded by William the Conc|ueror; it is fur-
nuilJcd by a wall and deep ditch, which inclofe feveral
Jl.eets, belides what is properly called the Tower : there
are here fomc artillery, a magazine of finall-arms for
lixty thoufand rr.., ranged in the nioft beautiful order,
and a horfe-armoury, in which are fifteen figures oi kings
unhorfe-back. Here are likewife the crown and other
regalia, the mint for coining of money, and the mana-
ircrie for lions and other beafts, with feveral foreign birds.
Tile circumference of the whole is about a mile. It
contains one parifli-rhurch, and is under the command
ofacunftablc and lieutenant.
In 'Ihames-ftrect, near the Tower, is the cuftom-
houfe, with the front facing the river. This is a large
and llately (Irufture, where the king's cuftoms arc re-
ceived for all goods imported and exported ; and oppofite
to it, as well as a great way down the river, is a delight-
ful profpedt jf a grove of marts belonging to merchant
(hips. A little faither to the weft is London bridge, which
was formerly much admired tor having houfes on each
fiJc; but having been of infinite difadvantage by block-
ing up and narrowing the paflagc, they have been taken
dijwii ; inilcad of houfes a handfome ftone baluftrade is
no* fixed on each fide, and the partage rendered as com-
modious, and at the fame time as beautil'ul as poflible,
without entirely rebuilding it.
The royal exchange in Cornhill is generally allowed
to be one of the bcft ftruiflurcs of the kind in the world.
It was firft built by .Sir Thomas Grefliam in 1566, and
1567; but being burnt in 1666, it was rebuilt in a
grander manner, the principal part of Portland ftoiic,
and coft eight thoufand pounds. In each of the princi-
pal fronts is a piazza, and in the center a grand entrance
into an area, under a noble and lofty arch ; on each fide
tliatof the principal front, which is ii< Cornhill, arc
Corinthian dcmi-columns, fupporting a compafs pedi-
ment; and in the intercolumnation, on each fide, is a
rich with the figures of king Charles I. and II. in Ro-
man habits. On the fides of this entrance is a range of
windows placed between demi-columns and pilafteis of
the Compofitc order, above which runs a halulbadc. The
ticinht of the building is fifty-fix feet, and from the
center of this fide riles a lantern and turret a hundred
and fevcnty-eight feet high, on tho top of which is a
fane in the form of a grafshoppcr, of polilhcd brafs. The
north front of the royal exchange is adorned with pilaf-
Icrs of tlie Compofi'e order; but has neither columns
nor Ifatuci ; and inftcad of the two compafs pediments
l;as a triangular cue. The infidj i^! the are.i, which ij
ahunheilanj forty-riur f.et li,:\; ,•,.'. i !i 1 iil. 'J .m I
le.uiteen broad, is fir ouiuf.d witn piazzas like thofc of
the fouth and 11 mh (lonts, forming ambulatorirn for thii
merchants to /hil.ei themfelves Irom the weatlier. A-
bove the arches of thefe piazzas is an eiuahlatilre extend-
ing round, and a compafs pediment in the middle of
each of ihe four fides. Under that on the noith arc the
king's afms, on llie fouth tliofe of tiie cit\', nn the caff:
thole of Sir Thomas Gre(ham, and on the weft tnofe o''
the mercers company. In thefe intereolumnatirnis are
twenty-four niches, twenty of which are tilled with ih;,
ftatues of the kings and queens of Kiigl.iid. In (hort
in the center of the area is another ftatiie at king Charles
II. in a Roman habit, encompafltd wiili iron lai's. In
this area merchants meet every day artv/elicat noon, anc
continue there in order to tranfaft hufiiitl.i till tv ./
Thefe merchants are dil'pofed in feparate chdies, cac!i o'.
which has their particular ftation, called thiir walk.
The bank cf Kiigland began to be erected in 173? ■
this is a very noble flructurc, to which very laigc
additions are iiftw making; with a grauil pallVge to f
from Cornhill.
The manfion-honfc is a magnificent flru'"urc j hi"
too heavy and too large for the life for viliich it was de-
figncd. It Is built ot Portland ftone, and has a porti.c
of fix lofty fluted columns of the Corinthian order in thf
front, the fame order being continued in piUifters, both
under the pediment and on each fide. '1 ho bafenieni:
ftory is very maliy, and built in ruftic, and on each Ma
rifes a flight of ftcps of very confidcrahle heiglit, leadmt
up to the portico, in the middle of which^is the door
which leads to theapartmeius and oiricei. Tlic columns
fupport a large angular pediment, adorned with' a vcr'.-
noble piece in baflb relievo, reprelenting the dignity .'uid
opulence of the city of London, cxtcuicd by Taylor.
Ill the center flands a very graceful woman crowned
with turrets, reprelenting the ciiy, her left foot placed
upon the figure of Envy, who lies on her hack, and feems
endeavouring to rife. Her Jcft arm rcfts upon a large
fhicid, whicn has the city arms, and in her right hand
Ihe holds a wand. This being the principal figure, it is
done in alto relievo : ihe feems ready to ftep forwards,
her head and right arm projcdl from the back ground,
and her wand extends beyond the cornice of the pedi-
ment. Near her, on her right hand, ft.-nds a Cupid,
holding the cap of Liberty en the end of a flinrt ftaft,
and a little farther a river god, rep efeiiting the Thames,
lying reclined, pouring a ftream of water from a large
vafe ; and near him an anchor faftcncd to its cable, with
(hells lying on the fliore. On the left han 1 of London
is Plenty kneeling and fupplicatiiig London to accept of
the fruits Ihe is pouring from her cornucopia ; and be-
hind her are two naked boys with bales of goods, as em-
blems of commerce. Urncath ihij portico arc two ferics
of windows, which extend along the whole froii* ; and
above this is an Attic ftory, with Iquare windov\- own-
ed with a baluftrade. This building has an ar. a the
middle, and the apartments are extremely nob:
^Guildhall is the town-hall of the city, and an old
Gothic ftru£lure, in which the courts of juftice ...e kept :
the great hall is a hundred and fifty-three feet long, fiftv
bro:id, and fifty-c.ght high, enibelldhed with two mon-
ftcrous wooden giants, the piiatires of feveral of the kini;<
and queens of Kngland, and of eighteen judges who dil-
tinguiflied thcmlclvcs in deterniining the differences
between landlords and tenants on rebuilding the city after
the fire.
lllackwell-hall is famous for being the (rreateft mart for
woolling cloth in the world. Sion- college has a libraiy
approp'iated to the ufeof the London clergy.
In Warwick-lane is the college of phyfician-s, where
two of the fellows meet twice a week to give medicines
to the poor gratis. T he ftruflure is very fine ; but is
in a manner entirely concealed.
ChrilTs hofpital was formerly a houfe of the Grey
friars, and was founded by Edward VI. for the enter-
tainment and education of the children of citizens of both
fcxes. Here is a writing-fehool, drawing fchool, gram-
mar-fchool, and another (or teaching tiie m:ithematics.
The boyseduca'cd, maintained, and clothed gratis in tfiij
fchool
ii'
-'« '• ■< .J •
II'
!!
't:;!i
'4
f^ ii::'
54«
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
En
Gi..'..sn,
i i
m' i
III <
ip:;
li
'.i
fchool generally amount to near a thotihnil, cxclufivo
oftliegitU, who arc about fcveiity in iiumhcr.
The college ot heralds, to wliich bcloni; three Icing';
at arms, iianitly, Gartir, CLiieiicitux, anJ Norroy, Willi
fi;: heralds, four purfuivaiits, and eight protloi^, i- .1
fpaeiouj building, with convenient apartir.Liits, a ;v:i>J
library relating to heraldry, and here the cu.iti ui aiini
arf kijit of air the families of note in Kiiglaiid.
St. Haul's cathedral, which ia feated on the highell
ground in the city, is Jefcrvfdiy ellccmcd the fccoiiJ in
Europe, not for inagnituJe only, but for the niagnihcciicc
and grandeur of the building. Its general form is (lut
of a long crofs : the walls are wrought in ruftic, ami
llrenglhentd as well as adorned by two rows of coiiplvd
pilalUrs, one over the other ; the lower Corii\thian, .iiid
the other CoinpoCite. The fpaccs betwen the archis ot
the windows, and the aichitraVc of the lower ord^r, arc
lilled with a great variety of curious enrichments, as aie
thole above. The weft front has a moll ma^iiiliccnt
portico, a noble pediment, in which is rcprcllnud tnc
convcrlion of St. Paul in baflb relieve, and two li.ui.ly
turrets. At this riul is a grand flight of llcps of blacK
marble, that extend the whole length of the poriico,
which conl'ids oftwelvc lofty Corinthian columns btlow,
and eight of the Compofite order above, fupporiiii^ the
above pediment. Thcfc are all coupled and Huted. I he
niagniAcent figure of St. Paul on the apex of the pedi-
ment, with St. Peter on Ml right, and St. James 011 his
left, have a fine eftcit. The four cvangelifts, with their
proper emblems on the front of the towers, arc alio well
executed. I'hc other fides of the church are beauiiiully
ornamented, and each has a different front, 'i'he duine,
which rifes in thecenter of the whole, appears cMr.mely
}:rand: twenty feet above the roof of the churcli is a cir-
cular range of thirty-two columns terminiited b) their
entablature, which fupporls a handfomc Hone ^.vliery,
adorned with a baluflrade. Above thcfe eoluinns is a
r-nge of pilalters, with windows between ; and (loni
the entablature of thefc the diameter cncrcifes confiJer-
ably. (^n the Aimmitof the dome ij anclci;,iiu b.il'.(jny,
and from its center ril'cs the l.inlerii, adorned with L'o-
rintliiaii columns ; and the whole is terminated by a ball,
from which liles a crofs, both elegantly gilt.
'Ibis vail and noble fabric, which is two thouf.ind two
hundred and ninety-two feet in circinnference, and three
hi;ndreJ and forty in height to the top of the crofs, is lur-
rounded at apro|)er.li(lanceby ad wart (lone wall, on which
is p'.jced a bjliillradc of call iron. In the area oi the
gr.iiid weft flouts llands a llatuc of queen Anne, fo, med
of white marble, with proper decorations. Four liatues
iiitln ' at the b.ile, reprcltnting Britannia with ihe fpear j
t.i.ii;ia or France w.th a crown in her hip ; Ilibe.iiia,
with her li.irp ; .'iiul America with hei bow.
At the cir.raiKC into the choir the organ gallery is fup-
poucd bv eight Corinthian coUinms of blue and wliite
niaiule ; and the choir has on each fide thirty iLlls, be-
fidcs the bifliop's throne on the fouth-fide, and lord
mayor's on the north. The carving of this beauiiful
rani>e of ftalls, as well as that of the organ, is niucli ad-
mired. The reader's deft, which is at Tome dillancc
fiom the pulpit, is an inclofure of very fine bials r.uls
f'ilt, in which is a gilt brafs pillar, fupporting an ea^^le
of brafs gilt, whicn holds the jooIc on his back, and
extended win^s. 'Ihe altar-piece is adorned witii four
noble fluted pillaftcrs painted, and veined with gold, in
i itation (.' lapis lazuli, and their capitals are double
i> . In the inttrcolumniations are twenty one pannels
of figured crii.ifoii velvet, and above them fix windows
in two ferics. The floor of the choir, and indc (I of the
whole church, is oaved with marble j but w.thin the rails
of the altar with porphyry. In the large crofs aile be-
tween the north and i'outh porticoes, and at a (.i.all dif
tancc from the choir, rifes the cupola, where you have a
view of the whil'pcring galliry, of the paintings above
it, and the concave at the top, which fills the niind with
furprife and pleafurc. Under its center is fixed in the
floor a brais platr, round which the pavement is beauti-
fully va. legated ; but the figures into which it is formed
can no where be fo well fccn as from the whifpering-gil-
Icry, to which any perfon may afcend for a triflriig ex
pencp, and there the voice of one perfon foftly fpeak'ng
agitnfl the wall, on the other fide, fcemi a^ if h- <l, 1
at your car on thi,, though ttie dillance IciweciM , ,'
Me than one luindicd and tony feet; and the flui'
o( the door refmin,:.s throu-,i the fpaiious vaWt ' '"'' '''
thunder, or .„ ,1 the whofe iabrie w.i. falling a'u'"'
The other rhur. hcs mi,(l worthy of noli, c in the r
re ,St. Strphen's W'.illrook j which is julily adnii.e^'u
ci.iin,ti.d irto
.01 court, called the Inner and i\l,dJle leriiK-
iill of haildfonie buildings adoni.d Witli ' t*
-..- .....-., whKh ,, covered with a fpaemu, ami riol,V
dome, hnuly proporliuncd to the church, .,nd cHvi .cd ^,.',
(mall con.pai tint Ills deebnted wi.h gie.U ele;;,iriee ', '
crowned uiiii a Ijntein, while the loof, which i., :,l';j :','
vided iiiro eo;i:paitiiuiiis, iis (upported by very ,u>i>k (" '
nnthian columns, r-dfed on tlie r pedeUals. How ehiir h
m Che.iplide, and that of .M. IJrIde, are renJeiid v,' v
lanious by the extraordinary elegance and ligii.ncfs '.r
their lleeplci. Ihe leinple ehurch i. one of the 11 ,{
beautiful^ (Jothic llnitluies in Ir.ngland : it was linnJi
by tiie Kiiigiits Teiuplais, whofe houfe is . '
two inns (
.ind conlil!
dens. '
^ Among the niimernus hofpltals in this rity, are f c
Ijaitholome*':, near Smithficld, a very magnihccnt'llruc-
lure, of I'oiiland ll(;iie, coiililling ol four fides, wuic'''
when iIk- old buildings and thops are taken avv.iy v,' [
form the nio.'t fui crb, though not the largill iqu'i-,. ',',,
this metropolis, Tliis is defigned for the rei.e, of (he
lick and l.ime ; as is alio the London holpu.d ;it \i;^
Knd. lid, .mi or Bethhliim hofpital is a iiia^^nif.crM
iKiilding lor the reception of lunatics, and St I.uke's'hiif-
pial is a pLiincr, but nj lets ufeful building for the Line
piirpo;c. 1 he .M.iL'd.iKn holpital, and the I'mail pox l';uf.
pit.il, are alio nedile toundation;-.
I 'he borough of Southwark is a confiderable part of
this metropolis, 11 is dated on tlie foiitli JlJc of the
[h.imesandionnil.ofthoparillKs of St. (Jlaie, ht J'.li,"
St. Saviour, S-. (Jtoige, and St. Thomas ; and .'oriiiev
tent, and numfcer of inh.ibitants is pertiaps infcru ; ij
few cities in tn^l„nd. Though in the coui.'v of Surr:
it is julUy conliJercd as apart of Londc.-,, it bein . in
Ibiiie meafiire fuhject to ttie lord-mayor, wr.ohas'ur-
der him a (leward and bailitK, the former of v.liom h:.i:-,
a court of record every Moihlay at St. .M.ir. jrei's hi!,'
tor all debts, damages, and trefpalKs within 'irs iin,;t.,'
and the lord-mayor proclaims Souiiiwaik lair. Kut ih."
this is confidercd as one ol the city wards, and .in alder-
man is appointed for the goveinment of it, yet it ha,, it:i
own mag.llrates, dill, nit from thole of rh-r c.ty.
The mkjII temarkatle llrudurts in bouthwatk arc thi;
two noble holpit.ds for the fick and wounded, called ,st,
Fhomas's and Guy's. The former conlills of tnree !i,i-;
lijuares cncompalied witn buildings and adoriied him
t.-,e Hatucs of king Kdward VI. and .Sir Kohcrt Clavtui,,
Its annual dilbuifements amount to cwht ihoi'l'.ii.l
pounds : there arc four hundred and feventy-four bed;,
which are conftuntly kept filled ; and they have always 1
coiir,dcrable number ot out-patients.
Guy's hofpital is alio a noble Itruclurc, in tnctf r.hj
fquarcs of which is a fine brazen ftatue of Mr. Guv. T^w
holpital is Icatcd near the former, and contains fu'arhjii-
drej and tnirty-five beds.
The government of the city has a near rcfemblanc: M
the political conllitution ol the nation : for aij Kn daiiJ :<
governed by tlic king, lords, a.nd commons in iiarlumcnt
ailenibled, to is the city by the lord-mayor, rddLr.Ticr,
and common-council. The city is divided into twci.;)-
fix diftric'ts, called wards, each of which is govcrnird by
its rcfpcdtive alderman, who is tledlcd by the houlV-
keepers.
Gut of this body the lord-mayor, or prlncip;il maci,-
trate, is anninilly cholcn on Mic'' 'hrns-dav, and uiieii
upon his olficc on the ninth . ,'.0 e-mber. He is alio
confervator of the river I'hrr lies, from the hrlj-e n
Sialics to the river Medway. When the lord-mayor jp
pears abrtaJ as a magiftrate, it is in a cc arh < f llate ; 1; ■
ihen wtars a purple or a fcailet robe, has a gold chjiir,
with a li'h jewel to it, round his nei k, and is atteiidij
by fcver.1l offiecis walking before and on each fide ..!
hiir .
J T!;-
y.sri. ^^U.
'I'.'r.' next in pow
dciiiieii, ea:h of \vli
ol coiiimon-eouncil
llu.e, as well ,,s tl;
t.iiiiUs of '•ach wari:
me recrdc-, who i
icIJKit to the laws a
In: two fliiifl'j
hivr- ill- po.eer to
i.hile. .lie tried on
toiLii; i:s, ifii'c. Ihe
rjtluin. I 'hey are
|iy ihc IivcryiiHii.
I'hech.i iiberlain
h: havin;» ihc charju
;ijli.l leeiivi of th,'
eDUnty of .\Iidiiii lix
,i,i|ireiitices of the cii
Ijiveeii llicm and tt
l:i J;iin ot the rity
The conimon-cou
WJrJ, to the number
i:.: huufe-kceiiers, fi
ti,f rcpr.rleiuativcs o.
The liverymen of
;.iecii up the freedo
or ^o'.vii of their rcf
ricj amount to nint
m,iy'-T belongs ul'uaf
tj'.i'c a.c the merce
g,)Idfmiths. fkinncrs
...tcrs, ironmongers,
01 the niictytwo cor
are m.vnifiieni, ftru.
r^nk, leverai warder
lr:nljct tire bulincfs c
njiriber of their ow
fcicnty-nihc maflers,
ttt'iiiheuifand three hi
thourand two hundri
iiL.iic luve the privil
ol the city, with fif
that ibnve twenty-fi.v
r.a„'lyl_. thcfc c.mp,i
ihf.'ri h.ive very nobi
ui the cit)', where th
tclpcitivc companies
Hdides .nel'e there
tnJiiigtodifl'ercntp
I'lu'ctive halls : and a ,
iniuong fliips at lei,
kccphie-engines an
:t:iil hours to give
are on alloccafions e
gtni. but though r.':
c^'lsl'ul, theperlon w
iias tfe comfort arifi
lhtv,iliie of what he
U'c now come to
i.iclud.-d under the n
guiHied froni it by
ol the fmc magiftra
iMiC). ,, .ninfter, b
anJwa .1 >• ,; mi
MtChJiii. ■■ It citv
As Wli, i dler ha
Iw.of the Miigof G
tpih hoiifes in which
lu.-ircJ by the n' bili
"iJ its liberties ..as
Jiiil e!c(>nnt priva:
2t piclent lonhlls
•■■•■iS^. John's the E
'fii pardhea, namely
J.irms's, St. Anne's, S
Ha, )vcr-fqi,arc, St.
Covcnt-garden, St.
J^ancs i to which m.i
llKvacr,each of the
cxttiit, cotifidcrinK ti
89
)J
lil
I,
; !. r
^^.:: ^
^^f
n™
J'Sf.'I. \Nl'.
v. U K
()
I' I'.
54 »
i:-i-
r. :ifcic.
fcmbUnc : t >
II |i,ir!;jnn.T,t
lino twci;ty-
avcrned iv/
'I'h^- next in powor iiiul >ll!!iiiu m ilic tw(iiiy-lix al-
dcMiiiii, I'.T-h ofwliiini luii uiuiir hii" a rcriain ii'iiiibci
ol cuniiiii>u-cuuiinlni(.'n, o';i; ol w''Oiii is Ins Jipiity.
Ilii.c, 'M well ,.s till-' alilot iicn, iirr thofcn liy iIk- inlni-
i;t,iiit> I'f 'Mcli waiil. Tlic inavnr :iiul aldiiimn thiilc
lai rccriU', who is tluir f|u-a!;i-r, :ii.d counlcliui with
ii:mit to iliL- laws ami cultdms ot iht city.
111.' t'.M) (li.iifFs arc cniiliJcraiilc in igidrati-j, who
liivi' ill-' poaiTto irripancl juri. ar>l in their courts
i.hili> aic tricJ (Ml a.iioiis of iK it, iril'pars, hrcaoli ol
ijuii-i:s i<;c. Ihi'isrciilion of the laws is iiitrulkil to
wiluin. Ihcy arc annually chofcnon Midl'umiiicrday
la lie lucryiiH'n.
Chccha iibcrlain of F-oiuion is an nfliccr of great triift,
h: haviii,:; ilie chaipe of the (ity calh, and is ulually j;c-
1KI..I leciivi of thL- laiiil tax for 'hj city of l.cnulon and
countv (jf Midiiii fix. lie has ai(o full authority over the
ii.i;,rcirJces (jf the city ; for in his court he deciden caufes
hjvvctn lh;m and their ina'tcrj, and admiti them to the
111 Jciin of thericy
'i'he conuiion-councll arc nienihers rhofen out of every
WJ.J, to the number of two hundred and thirty-fi'>, hy
I, ; liijufj-kcepcrs, fr.)in amour; ihemfeives. 'I'liele are
i„f K'pr'.'ientativts of the people.
Thelivervmen of the city are fuch as liave not only
;.keii up tlic freedon\ of the city> hut .-Ifu the livery
cri;oAiiof their rcfpeilive companies. I'hefc compa-
rici amount to ninetv-f.vo in number, and the loid-
in.iy.T belongs ufually to one of ilie pimcipal ol them;
t!i'.il' a.c the mcrccrr, grocers, drap.Ms, filhmongers,
goldfmiths, fkinncrs, riKrchaiit-t lyh rs, haberdalliers,
,.,[crs, iroiimoiipcrs, vintners, and clo.h-workers. Molt
ot die pnctytwo companies have hals, feveral of which
src ma.;niHreni ftruotures ; to^"lher with a mailer, a
r'cik, Kverai wardens, aififlants, an 1 liverymen, who
trjnijit tl'.c bulinefs of the companv, and piovidc lor a
numlier of their own po/r. In thefe companies are
fcicnty-nine maftcrs, two hundred and twenty wardens,
twiiiliLHil'and three hundred and eighteen airdfants, eight
Ihouiaiid two hundred and feventeen liverymen, who
iuiK have the privilege of electing the reprefentatives
C'l ihc city, with fifty-two halls ; and it is computed
that above twentv-ri>: thoufand pounds is difpoled ot an-
EJ..Iy'._ ll'ck- companies tocharitibic ufes; and many of
thi.iihave very noble alms-houfe.; in I'tr. neighbourhood
ol the city, where the old and ''ccavcd members of their
ic:'pcctivc companies arc lodged, ma'ntained, and clothed.
Ktfides viicfe there are fevcral companies of merchants
IraJing to difl'crcnt parts of the world, who have their re-
I'lifctive balls ; and aconfiderablc nmnberof companies for
iiiiu'ing (hips at fei, and houfcs fiom fire ; thele always
kccpliieengines and a let of men in pay, wdio are ready
stall hours to give their aflillance in cafe of lire ; and
arc on alloccafions extremely bold, dexterous, and dili-
gent but though .'jil their labours fni uld prove iinfuc-
ccl'sful, thepcrlon who fuiters by this devouring clement
has tfe comfort arifmg from the certainty of being paid
ihevaliie of what he has iiifured.
U'c now romc to Weltminlkr, which is generally
incluJ.J under the name of London, and is only dllHn-
gu.rticj iroiu it by its not bt'ng uiidcr the government
ot the I me magillrates. I. received its name from its
abbc) .iiinfter, being fea'.u to the wefl of St. Paul's,
anJwa a •• .Mnile d»(lant iron' Lc: don ; but its fuburbs
cxtcnJih. ■■ It city, have pcrfedtly united them,
AsW^ii 1 dler has the honour . . ontaining the pa-
lic.ot the Miig of Great Britain, mir law-tribunals, and
boihhoiifes in which the parliament airemble, it is in-
luMtcJ hy the n' bility and g( ntry, and thence that city
iiij its liberties 'las a greater number of noble fquares
and elegant priva; buildings. The city of VVcltminller
at piclent confifts but of two parilhes, St. Margaiet's
^■.d S'. John's the Evangelilt; but the liberties contain
tfn pardhea, namely, St. flartin's in the Fields, St.
Jamis's, St. Anne's, St.Gc.rge's Hloomftury, St. George's
Ha. ivcr-fquarc, St. George's t^ieen-fqiiare, St, P.iul's
Covcnt-garden, St. Mary Ic Stra^nd, and St. Clement's
D.111CS ; to which in.iy be added the prccinft of the Savoy,
il iwcver,each of the above parifhes ij of fuch prodigious
txiciit, conlidering the number ofth« houfcs thci con-
«9
tain, ili.u It would be i.iipi.fiible fur oiic-lenth p rt oflhiJ
iiiliabit..iits to atlri'd divine worfliip atone and the fame
lime, tliere are ili.ielore many chapvls of cafe for th-,-
Cdiuenii lire of tliid'e who could not be fo well accoiil-
nupihited ill ilv.ir p iiini-rlniitlics.
The abbey-rhiiich of St. Peter's ^Vedmindcr is a ve-
nerable pile (if building in the CJotbic tade, vvdieie moll
ol our monarchi have been crowned, and many ot thrin
interred. 'I'lic prilent f,.bric wai m part eucted by
llenrv 111. and finilhid alter his death. The cxient
(d the building is veiy confiderald'- ; for its length
is three bundled and I'.xty feet within the walls, at
the nave it ii feventytwo broad, and at the crol's a
hundred and ninety-five. The Gntliie arches and fide
ailes are fupported bv forty-eight pillars of grey marble,
each compnfed of cliilleis of very (lender ones, .ind co-
veted with ornaments. This (Iruiilure is adorned with
a prodigious nundnr ol nKiniimtnts of biiigs, hcioc?, pfi-
nerals, and peifnns dillinguillied by their learning aiiJ
genius: many of which are cxtrenuly beaiililul, being
adorned with .idmirable ilatucs ol wliite m.iihle, hallo
relievos, the nvdt beautiiul kind of iManite, porphyry,
and other rich kinds of iniible, (iiiely polillnd, and ac-
companied with elegant infcriplL'iis.
Henry the feveiiili';, chapel joins to the abbey, and is
filled by J.eland, The Wonder of the AV,,rld ; it is, in-
deed, oiiL' nf the moll cxpcniive icmains of the ancient
F.iiglilh i.illc and inagndieciuc, and was foundi.d by
Henry V 11. in 15.^7.. The cieling is wrought with fuch
an .altonillijng v.iiiety of figures as is impolTible to be
deleribe. The (tails on each lide ate of oak, with (Jothic
caii(.p|iies molt beautifully carved ; as are alio the feats ;
and the pavement is of bl.ick and white in irble. In thu
middle of the call end of ilie nave is the magnificent
tomb of Henry VII. enelofed with .1 fcreeii of i alt brafs,
moll admirably executed and ornamented with flatues.
Ill this chapel are th(! tombs of Genrge N'llliers, duke of
IJuckinghain, and fevcral other perf.nsof high rank.
\Vcltniinller-hall is near the abbey, and is one of the
larged rooms in Europe, whofe roof is not fuppurted
with pillars. Here the courts oflawaic kept; and ad-
joining to it arc the houfes of the Lords and Commons.
Wcllminftcr bridge is uniyerfally allowed to be one
of the finelt in the world. The firft (tone was laid on
the twenty-ninth of January, 1730, and the lait in 1747.
It is adorned and fecured on eac^i (ide with a lofty and
noble balullrade, and is twelve luin.lre I and tweiity-thiee
feet in length. The piers, which ate fourteen, have
thirteen large and two (mall arches, all feniicirculai-.
; The center arch is feventy-fix feet wide, and the others
dccreafe in width four feet on each fide.
[ The admiralty, the treafury, and the hoi fe guards arc
expenfivc buildings j the banqueting houle at AVhiic-hall
; is thus called from there being originally in this place an
I edifice in which our kings had public entertainments.
. This ftruilure was creeled by the cclehrated Inigo Junes,
as a finall part of a fupcrb palace, of which that ureat
architect h.id drawn the plan. Thcoutfidc of this Uruc-
ture has been always citcemed a moll admirable w^rlc ;
and the cieling is painted by Rubens. This great apart-
ment has been many years converted into a chapel.
The architct'liire of fevcral churches of AVcltniinller
and its liberties have been greatly admired, pai;icularly
that of St. Martin's in the Fields, and St. Paul's Coycnt-
garden.
The Britifh Mufeum, which may properly be faid to
be founded by Sir Hans Sloanc, bart. may he jullly citcem-
ed an honour and an ornament to thi> nation, it conlilt-
ing of an amazing number of natural cuiirifities, to whi; h
\\'ere added bv his latemajcdy the royal lilnaries of hooks
and manuferipts coUeiitcd by the kings of b^ngland.
Amidlt the fplendiiTbuildings of this city we are foriy
we cannot mention the palace of our loveuign, which
is a mean llruiSlure, unworthy of being the lefijence of
fo great a monarch. The mcufe, which contains tlm
king's rtablcs, is, however, a more niagnifiecnt edifice ;
but the fquare in which it (Ian l.s would admit of great
improvements. The new buildings in th>: liberty if
Wcflminllcr are daily incrcafing in the mod aflonidiiiig
manner. The principal fquares arc thofe of Hanovei^
6 X GrolVer.cr,
4:'
i' -s
\\p-
w
i
•i ■ ^
u
m
h ^
b^i
Y S r t M OF G E O G R A 1^ H Y.
m
,! t^
GrofvciK.r, Rcrklcy, Civciulilli, St. J.imcs'!;, Sdio,
I.ck-clttr, (.JulJtii, RtJ I.yrii, liloimilbiirv-l'Ui.irf, aiiJ
Lun:oln>-inii KkIJs 1 with iiuiiy others ot Ids noli'.
i'liLMf lite in Wtlliiiiiiltcr, as well at in the city ciT
T.oiiJcjn, a I'.rcit iitinihtr of ch.uiiallc t'minihilioas, a-
mon^ whitli wc ni.iy icckoii the iiuhlc iiitirinanio at
Hvilc-p;irk-corncr, Miildklcx holpital, ami that calii'J
\\'cllniinllcr inthni.iiy, the holpital lur cxpolcJ and .Ic-
f;rt('J yoiiiif; chilJiiJi, tic al'yliiiii, Icviral holpital^ (or
Ivii'.g-iii wcimn, aiul iiuinv othcta.
The civil anil ccclcfialliial I'.ovtrnmcnt of th;9city were
I'cK.J in the ilc.in ami ihaptir ol WillniinlU'r ; Inn lincc
the lltl'orniatinn llif civil pait has been committed to lay-
men. The hi.;h Howard, wIid ij ulii.dly a nobleman of
the lirfl rank, i-. cholen by 'he iW.m and chapter, and has
an iinder-lKw.ird who ,,ihciates for him, and mullthtrc-
t'orel-e verfcd in the law ; but his choice niull be ron-
fifipcd by the de.in and ch.ipter. The mider-lleward,
with other m.i^'idr.ites, keeps the court Icet, which tries
all petty olTeiKis, and n commonly a chairman of tiic
qiiarter-liliioiis.
Kc.\t to the under-ncward is the hii'h-bailiff, who is
idlb chof n by the di.ui and chapter. His power re •
fembles th.it of a (lien. i', for.by him juries aic funimoiud ;
all the b.iilill'. of Wcllnimlltr arc liibordniate to him,
and lie ni.ikes the return at the tUeSion of rr.emher.s ot
parli.mi.nt. As ^.11 liiaj and foilcitmea arc his, his place
Is v\ry inofitable.
Theie is alio a liij,h-conftablcchofeii by the riurt-lcet,
to whom all the other conllables aie fubicl. Here are
likcwil'e fourteen burgclles, or ma[;illrati s, llvui for the
city and ('even lor the liherlies, each h..vin^ an allilLmt.
Their olTue is much like that of an aliierman of l.oiuloii,
each havin;; a pioper ward, out of tlicle are clcdtcd
two hcad-biirgeiles, one for the city, and one lor the
liberties.
Befides the cities of London, Soutir.vaik, and Wed-
niinfter. there are included a |;ie.it number of ftrects
which ejiHiot pr. pcrly lie tcimed in the liberty of cither,
and yet are compreheiuied under the general nameol Lon-
don, they beiiij^ united to it. Hence the number of Ihcets,
lanes, and alleys exceed fevcii tlioufand, the houfes a-
iiiount to about a hundred and fifty tlioufand, and
that of the inhabitants cannot be IcU than a million,
ijel'idcs St. Paul's cathedral and Welfminller abbey, there
arc a hundred and two parifli-churches, and fixly-iiinc
chapels of tlie tlt..blilli d reli,;ion ; twenty-one French
Protcliant chapels, eight chapeU belonging to the CJer-
nnii', Datch, D.iiies, 5;e. above a hundred mcctiiijj;-
houfes of th.c I'rotellant Dillcntcrs ; fcvcral popifh chapels
for theul'e of forei.Mi aniball'.idors, and three Jewidi fyna-
!;o.:ue';. 'I'hcre are alio in and near this city one hun-
dred alms-houfes, about twenty liolpit.ils and infirmaries,
lw.;i;y-two prifons, forry-tw(j markets, twenty-l'evcn
public fquares, belidcs thole within any fiiigle building,
as for indance in the 'I'emple; eight free-lchools tor
tranimar learning', and a hundred and thirty-one charity-
rehooli, which cnndantly provide education for above
hv= thoufand children.
In fliort, this pieat mctropol'j enjoys fevcra' advan-
tages whieii no other jircatcity has in ti|ual pttfeclion ;
thepleiiiv of water tit lor drinking and all otiicr ufes, is
noi.e of the leall. That of the 'I'hamcs, that of the
New River, conducleil to ininjton hy the immortal Sir
Huzh Midd:cton, and that of ieveral other water-works,
not Only fupply this city with that nccell'ary of life, clfen-
tial alio to cle.inbntf-, and confequcntly to health, but
ninniiig in ilreams tiirough pipes under the pavement ol
every dreet, is of tlu- grcatelt ufe in cxtinguilhing fires .
while tlie commoii-fcwers contribute to keep the dicets
clean and wholefon;e, and prevent our ever being greatly
iiicommodcd by thit element. Add to this, that this
great nietro;-)lis is much better lighted by night than Pa-
ris, or any t'ther great city, and that, by the imptovcmciit
making in the pavem- nt, it will in this rcfpcd alfo be in-
ferior to no other city.
For t'.ie entertainment of people of all ranks there arc
afTemblits for d.mcing, mulieal aflemblics, twotheatie>,
in which plays arc acted, an opeia-houfc, a houfc, of ,
theatrical amuVjincnts ciDed Sadlei's-Wells, at Iflington, ,
(everal places wiieic l\:fi(t arc lomniodious rooms and plea- i
fant gardens near London, where the people meet to d ' ■
tea; befides i\Liryb»ne-;Mrdeiie-, and \',.uxh;ill. ■ ■i'""'
already deferihed in tre.itiii; of the county ot jnnr'!''""'
thole of Ranel.i|,h. '1 l.c two lad arc ncit tobeam.'ii ''"''
Lurope. ^'I'l'illcii,,
RanrLigh-gardcils, are fo called lioin thiir<„,„
belonging to the citl ol RaiKl.i;;li. Thou .h ih- , . ''
is bcautiliil, this place is mod aeiniiied fur ii^'s imnh'll"'"
tieinthemidll ol it. I'liis is a circular hiiilj,,,, '"
hundred and eighty-five feet in its cxtern.d ,1, ;„'.'""■'
Round the whide i:> an arcade, and over that a i--,'| ' "'
b.ihidr.ide, toa.l-----'-- ■- ■ ^ '
termini fuppoit the roof. In the niiddle rf "i|. . °*''
where the orcliellra was at fird defiiMied,
■ area,
'■") Is acliimicvti,,!
has lour l.ices ; this teiulers it warm and conildrni,! ■
cold weather. 'I'hc oichellra fills up one of the enira '^."'
Thecntertaiinr.ent coiilills of a line band ofmullc' %
an organ, accumpanied hy the bed voices. 'I>,, ,,' ,'':'
tea.uid cort.e, " "■ ''
Chelfea, in which are the above gardens, is alar^ca 1
populous vilLige, pleafantly dtuated on the haiik'ofthe
I'hamcs, two miles Irom London. Here is a 1,1,, r,.
Ill- I ■ . 1 )"'--t!ar» J
den lieloiH'ing to ilie company ol apothccaiies of LonI
luveral piivate buildings wortliy of th.e eiii.nfity of?!"'
great
puhlie J S.illet's colFec-houfe, well known fur
numberol' ciiri.dities tobe fetn there; an 1 C ;circ"a'-hc7'
(:tl_ n ilnl li' i lihi-n i'i-i.'l..l fitr*\\it irm.K.l- . . '
tnc
tal, a nolle cdihcc, creeled fortlic invalid
"1 the land-
lervicc.
Chellla-hofpital, which Charles II, hi-r^an lor'cfl wi-
carried on by J.mies II. and completed "hv Will .im 111
was entirely built under the direction of tiir Chrillophcr
Wren, and conlids of a vaft range of huildin-tj, -jXp
fiont tow.i'iK the north opens into a piece cf r-icu'iid laid
out in walk- foi the pcniloncrs ; and that laci.ig di.- |oy,|,
into a gaiden wliicli extend., to the Thames, aiid is kept
in good order. '1 his tide not only adbrds a view nf that
tine river, but of the county of ."iurry beyond it. [n the
centre ol this edifice is a pediment fupportcd hy four
columns, o\cr which is a handlbme turret, and iiuhis
part is an opening which leads through the biiddinrr.
On one fide of this entrance is the chapel, the a'tjr-picce
of which is adorned with the rcfurreiSlion, painted by
Rlcci i and on the other the hall, where is the pichreof
Charles II. on liorfeback, and Ieveral other pieces as bin
as the life, and in this room all the pcnlioners diiie°
The wings join the chapel and hall to the ni.rth, and
are open towards the 'I'hamcs on the Ibuth : thd'e are
three hundred and li.\ty feet in length, and about ei;hty
in breadth ; they are three dories high, and the rooms
ate lb well difpoled, that nothing can be more plca-
laiit. On the front ot this li|uare is a colonade, cMcndin?
along the tide of the h dl and chapel ; and in the m'M
of the iitiadranglc is the llatu- of king Charlc? II.
in a Roman drcis, danding on a marble prdeO.d. There
are Ieveral other buildings adjoining, that form two other
large liiuares, and confid of apartments for the officer;
and feriants of the houfe ; for old maimed officers of
horfe and foot, and the infirmary for the lick.
An air of eleg.incc and ncatnefe is ohferved in thcfc
buildings. They arc compofed of brick and done, and
there ap|Kars fuch a difpofition of the parts as is beli
(uited to the purpoles of the charity, the reception 0:
a great number, and the providing them with every thing
that caiuontnhute to the convenience and ple.d'urecf th:
pcnfioneis. J'hecxpcncc of creeling them amoiintej to
about one hundred and fifty thoufand pounds, and the ex-
tent of the ground is above forty acres.
In the wings are fixteen wards, in which arc accomtr.n-
dations for above four hundred men; and in tlic othtr
buildings arc a coiilider.iblc number of apartments fur
oflicers and fervants. Thel'e penfioncrs conlillof fupcr-
annuattd veterans, who have been at Icalf twenty year,
in the army, or thofe foldicrs who are dilabled in the
fervice of the crown. They wear icd coats lined with
blue, and are provided with all other clothes, diet, walh-
ing, and lod_iiig. The govcinur has five hundred poumij
a vcar ;
ir" "T
fsGLANO.
EUROPE.
543
..;,r!tliC liail'iiant-;;ovcrmr twn litinilrc.l aiiJ fil'iy
' 'lij: anil the iniijor (ine huiiilrcil :iik1 filty pounds,
Prjii.,y.'fix officers ;itc; .illiKVdl fix pciici; a d.iv i thiity-
(,.'r li'lit liorli'mcn, and tl'iity fcrjcaiitj, h:ivc two (liil-
', .,^vvccl; ca- !i ; forty ii;;,lit coriior.iU ami drums hivf
^ *" ,'„cg /,i-r picic 1 and llirci' Inuidrcd and thirty-fix arc
alkr.vi'd ci^'ht pence a wcik pockct-nioiuy. As
.'.rrifon, all the nieinbcis arci)hlij;ed
tiJ tli;yh.ive praywrs twice a day
each
Ihi-
lurs
icii P-'
ilKr.vca r.
llichoiil'i: is called a
,(,>lodutvintinn ; ... - , ,
ihJ chapel, pcrlcirnrd hy l.vo chaplain?, who hav?
l^.^. i,r nae hundred p(uiiuls a year. 'I'lie phyfiei.in, fc-
I'jiiv, coniptr<dler, ilcputy-treafurcr, I'.eward, and fur-
,, h ive alfo c.u h a hundred pound', a year, and inanv
' 'Kr'elficeish.ivci'ot>!i.ler,.hle lalarie.-., 'I'herc aiehkckviic
I .ivctn eiiht hundred and a thotil'and out-penhoneis,
, li'.it whiini has cii;ht pounds uveKe fllilllll^;s and lix
pii''= •'>'•■■"'■ r .11. I r
•I'licf..' '.'reat expcrccs arc fupportcd ry a pouni'a!;c dc-
:,3cJ nut of the |'ay of the army, with one d.iy's pay
re a yi'T fion' tach ofliter and conunon (oMkt ; and
ijfi, (here is any ddiciency, it is liippl;ed by a fum railul
i„ n.iili.unent.
hmnltal is pnvcrncd by the followin;; commil-
ih,j prefidenl of the council, the firll coninuf-
,!icr of the treafurv, the principal Secretary of i(, He, the
pjv.malier-sicn ral of the forces, the fecrctary at war, the
" :jip,|.„l!-rs otilie armv, and by the _.u)vcrnor and lieutc-
J,j„,.5„Mrnororthc hofpital,
|Ce'iilin"l"n is a lai(;e and populous villaj^c, about two
,,..]cslr(in Hyde-1'aik-C'orncr. 'I'he palace, which was
I'lc.i; "f '''-' If'id-ch.nieellor Kinch, afterwards carl of
N\,i; njiK'.ni, was purchaled by kiii!^ William III. who
l-r.t'v ei'l"''^'^'' '' ' V'-'" Miify cjilar,;ed the ;.'ardcns ;
;r,..vrcie tarcher improved by queen Anne, and queen
(jjrolinc conpletcd the defi^n by extending them much
iirihvr, Thcfe gardens, which arc three miles and a half
,,it(i,T,pufs, arc extremely pleaf.mt, and kept in great or-
J.r and in lumnier arc rcforted to by a great number of
ncniK'. The palace indeed, has none of that grandeur
which < u ;ht to appear in the rcfidcnce of a Britifli mo-
nirch, it beinj very irregular in point of archilcc'hirc ;
towcvcr, the royal apartments are grand, and adorned
,'i;h picfures by the greatcft mailers.
H.imptoii-L'ourt 's delightfully iituated near the north
hank of the Thames, twcfve miles to the fouth-weftof
l.onilvii, at a fmall <liilanee (rom the village of Hampton.
This palace was originally built by cardinal Wolfey : but
linj William and (pieen Mary were fo greatly pleafed
uitii the liuiation, which rendered it capable of great im-
nmvcmciits, and of being made one of the fincll palaces in
turopc, that while the former caufed the old apartments
t,)l>c pulled down and rebuilt in the magniticent manner
i.i which they now appear, her majedy, impatient to cn-
jov fo asjrccable a reircar, fixed upon a building near the
I vcr caiicd the water-gallery, and fuiting it to her con-
ii;:ioi:CL', adorned it with the utnudf cicganc e, though
i;sfituation would not allow it to (land after the princi-
p.! building was completed. Since the pulling down of
i.^e veatL-T-giilery which (food before the tine Itone front
that faces the river, the gro-'nd to the fnutJi-weft received
cunlidciahle improvements. The park and gardens, with
tl-ic pround on which the palace now llands, are about
three miles in circumference. On a pediment at the
front ol the palace on this fide is a bafs relief of the trials
rflkrculesovcr liiivy, and facing it a large oval bafon,
safwciing to the lomi of ihls part of the garden, which
is a l.irge oval divided into gravel. walks and parterres.
Atlhe entrance of the grand walk are two large marble
lafi': or exquditc workmanfliip, one faid to be performed
bv .Mr. Cibbcr, the lather ot the poct-lauieat ; and the
other by a foreigner : thel'e pieces arc reported to be done
as a tri.d of (kill ; but it is difficult to determine wdiich
is the lincil: peiformance. They are beautifully adorned
with bsli'o rciicvoes, that on the rigiit hand rcprcfcnting
l.^ctriinip'is cit IJacchus, and the other on the left Amphi-
iritc and the Nereiads. At the bottom of thi^ walk, fac-
a^ a canal whicli runs into ihc park, are two o'hcr large
vales, the bals-reliet onoiic reprelVnting thejiidgmcnt of
P..ri?, anil that of the other, Mcleagcr hunting the wild
itar. In fourof tlie parterres arc four line hral's ftatucs,
aii alter fincoii^in.ds.
The whole palace confiits ot three qindianglcs; the
hrfl ,.nd (ccond are Ciothic i but in the latter is a moil
beautiliil coloiiaJeof the Ionic onlcr, the columns in coup-
lets built by Sir Chrilloplur Wren, Tlirough llii.s you
pal's into the thiul court or quadrangle, in which are thi.'
royal aparimcnts, which arc niagnilieentlv built of bricl-
and Itonc by kill.; Willi.im III. ami on the laither lidu
ol ihcm aic the gardens, with thu fupcrb front of (lunu
facin.^ them.
On the oppufite fule of the quadrangle, that is adornc 1
with a C(donai!e, is the great (lair-cafe, which has iion
b.ilullers curioully wrou 'lit and gilt, and both the del-
ing and (ides were painted by Verriu. From tl.c (lair-
call- you pals into tlie gr.ind chamber, which ij upwirdi
ul (ixty lect long, and for:v wide, 'J'nik ro im ci'nt.aiiij
arms lor five thoufand men, placed in various forms,
i'he next IS ilie king's (itit p'cfencc-tham'.i r, which la
hung with ricludil tapedry. Tl. .cicling i? v.i.ilted, and
fioiii the centre hangs a fine liillre of niiietteii branches,
Fronting the door are the canopy and chair o'll ate, which,
as will .IS the llools, are of irimfon danialk. On the left
haiiil ol the eniraiKC is a fir.e pictuic, about ci.-htccn feet
liy filtien, by Sir Oodfr.-y ICneller ; in whi, li I ing Wil-
liam III. is rciircfeiued in amiour on a (l.-.tely crev horfe,
trampling on trophi-s of war, and a flairiiiig torch: I'lcuiy,
with I'.er cornucopia, oilers hiin an oine br.mch, a;ul
I'"lora prefents Howcis. At the lop in thcclouds, Merciii/
and I'e.ice (iipport his helmet, decoraled v/iili l.iurcl, anj
a cupid holds a feroll. On the bottom part ol ihc picture
appear Neptune and his attendants by the fide of a rock,
welcoming the hero on (liorc ; and at adilLincj is Cccn a
licet of (liips, their lai!>i fwilled with the wind.
The fceond prel'encc chamber is fpaciou?, and ha; a
vaulted celling, f'-om the centre of which hangs a gilt
chandelier of twelve branches, The tapcHry is ancient
but very lith, the liglu's bcingall gold, and t!ie (liadoiv!
lilk, 'I'he chair oflLitc and lluols are of crimfon damafK
fringed with the finie colour. The room is alio adornei
with feveral paiiuings.
The fourth room is very lofty, in the middle lianas ?.
beautiful chafeil filver chandelier of fixtcen br.in:iies.
Hero is a fine canopy of ftate, with the window;: cur-
tains, chair, and (tools, of rich crimfon damalk, Liccd and
fiinged with gold. The tapeltry, which reprefents pai t
of the (lory of Abiaham, is fin?.
In the filth room is alio a chair offtalc and llools ; ihr
window-curtains arc tidiie, with i filver ground, and tlivrc
are filver fcoiices I'.illened to the tapc(iry. (;)ver the chim-
ney-piece is an admirable whole length picture of kiii"
Charles I. and over the .loors are 'av> ra;iital pidure-'-
the firfl is David with Ctoliah's iiead, by Fetti ; tlvj other
the ludy (amilv, by Correu'iiivi.
In the king's (late-chamber is a bed of crimfon velvet
laced with gold, with plumes of white ('cathers on tlie
top. This room, which is very fpacious, h hun.; with
tape(1ry, and adorned with eight chafed fiUcr iconces,
'Ihe ciclm >, which was painted by Verrio, repreferiti
Kndymion lying with his head in the lap of Morpheus,
and Diana admiring him as he fleeps. On another part
ot the cicling is a fine figure of Somnus with his attend-
ants. In the border arc four landfcapes, and four buy-)
with baskets of (lowers, intermixed v^'iih poppies.
The king's drcffing-ronm has alfo the cicling ppjntcd.
Mars is fleeping in Venus'slap, while feveral cirpids fleal
away bis armour, fword, and fpear, and others are bindini'
his legs and arm.s with fetters of rofes. The room u
hung with llraw-colourcd India damask, and the chairs
(tools, and fcrecn, are covered with the fame.
The king's writing-clo(et is of a triangular form. The
hangings and (tocda are of a pea-green India damask. A
glafs is Co placed as to fhcw all the rooms on that fide of
the building in one view. Over each door is a flower-piece
by IJaptid, and over the chimney a fine pidurc of a great
variety of birds, by Hougdane,
(^lecn Mary's clofet is hung with needle-work, faid to
be wrought with l-.cr own banii ; there are alio an caf-
chair, four others, and a krcen, all faid to be 'he woik id"
that excellent queen. 'Ihc v.ork is cxtrcm.cly iic.it, and
fhows great judgment in drawing.
The queen's gallery, which is about fevcnty feet lontr,
and twenty- five left wide, i: hung with (even beautilul
pieces
V
1 - \
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■ 1. ;
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«i':'.i'i 1
;i*
A S y .<■ T E M OF G E O G U A I' M Y
!
, ■ :i
:r^ 'i
■ i,
f\f
pill'.';, cif t^|T|lry, r.'f)rtfi.rtii):; tli • liift.uv of Alc:;aiulir
tliJ Ciirit, iliiiur (iliti il.i; |i,iiiitiii!;s ii| I.cUuiii,
IIr- I it liiijj of tlvj ijiicni'i (latf la- l-fliam'. .'.- ii liiic-
I)' (uinliJ ; A'inii.i I, ri-pn.r.iili'.l iiiii:; out (ilihcoir.m
ill lifi j'i)K!iM ili.u.rit, i'i.i«il l\v hiiir wiiiii: liorlVs. 'I'hi.-
b;'(! ii lif riinilon 0. Mil' k, ;iikI, laiuKi iith< r t'liriiituK',
l'.u loiiiii is a'Jviiii'.'il wiiti a luimlici nt lim; portraits, ami
K I'LiI'. Iiillrv- witlililvcr (1)1:141.(1,
'I he t]'.K\-iiN i!r.iwiii4 loiiiii liJH tlic (.iiliii;?; luiiitcJ h\
Vtnio ; III ilir iikJiiIc iiuccii Aiiiic is it|irciLimd in t.'u
■ li llacliT 01' JiiOii.', lioliliin; the IWiiul ami k.ilfs, Willi
Ni'i'tuiif aii.l Hiit..iiiiia rii|i|)iirtiiv', :i - mwii nvcr Iht hcul.
riic fiiDin is hmi^ will) [;r (.11 ii.iiiiusl;, ii|)c)ii which .110
|ii.ucil nine I'l.iluris liv An In.i Moiik yn.i, time on en h
)i lo !•( the iiri.ii, aiiJ ilirc at ihe mil. 'I'hi-ll: were liii-
g n.illy all in iMu-(mic ni ;;riat Uii^th, m mav he plainly
l^cn lie. 11 I'oinc ol till' tij^mcs beiiii> cut alumlcr, an. I
|)! iccd ill dilUfiiit pi'jc cs. I'lic whole is a tiiuniiih ol
Julius L';tl..r, and was a Kii^; |'rocclUimi)ri'i.ldRT.s,ptieiis,
oiliccis of llaic, See. at tiie ciij oT which that eiiipLr,.!
a,ipc.iis in lu.i tiiamp!i.il chariut, Willi \'i:'o'y hulJin,; a
l.iLirJ crown over his head.
The ijueen's Ita'.c aiuliciice-roinn lus a tine ijiiopv
ot" ilite, and is hiini^ willi ncli tai'i-;',ry, repreUiitin;; tiic
ihiKluii ot llVail cariyill.; the tweUe hoiiej l.j the liver
Jordan; and has live piiiViris at lull len^lli ot' the duke,
diichil's, and niari'hi>:ii !i> ol Ijiunltvic i the dueheij ol
Lvi:o\, and .Maijjiiet que. n of icuts ail hy Hidheiii.
I he piiiKi' of \V'.ik''i pieleiice chaniljer is hung with
taj-'clliy, and ha., a c 'iiopy of llateot'grciii d.iniabk ; and
lio:h this, iiii 1 the punci-'a dMwinL;iO')ni, aie adorned
Willi a iiuinh r (d p.irtrjiti by HoUieiii.
Ill the p.ivatc dining-rooiii are tour piiflures ot" the
dci'..-at ol' tiie Spaliill .iniiad.i, hy Vaiideveldt, and over
the thiinn^y a very tine one, by V'.indyke, ol the lord
Krtin 'ham ilowjid, lord hi;j,h admi.'al ol r.iigl.uid.
Ill the adnurais ;;.ill'.ry aie the pi. lures ol a conlidcr-
abie number ol' eeluhrated adniiraU ; and in the room
ol be..u;i.'S are th.- portraits ot a nuiiiber of beautilul
Lilies of tile Kiiglilh court; anun;^ which is that of
queen Mary.
The cartoons of Raphael Uibino, fo called fronitlisir
bcinn painted vn piper, were for a lonj; time the moll
contiderabic ().'iiaini.nt of this palace j but have of late
been r.'mfjvcd tothj ipieeii'a palace in Si. James's park.
A [jrtat ii'amber of the villages in this county are a-
doriied wiih many featj of tne nobility and gentry, and
aie inme worihv of ii'jiice than even the inaiket-towns :
it will be fa.'ii.ient to mention one or two of thofe
Teats.
Chihvick, is Hated on the Thames, on the fouth-wcft
tile of 1 lanimerlmith. In this village is a charity (chool ;
and it ia adorned with leveral elegant feats, as the eatl of
(jranth.im'b, now colonel tlliot's, the carl of Shrewf-
biiry's, ilK;l.i;e lord W'llmiii.iun's, l<c. but the molt re-
ui.iikabi- is that nf the late earl of Hurliiij;tonV, which
v.Mi a plain commodious building, but a |) art ot it being
d.'llroycd by lire, his lordlliip erected m-ar it a beautiful
\:Ili, which for i!--'gaiicc ot tafte, equals every thing of
its kind ill Knglard. 'I'he court in the front is kept very
jUMt, and has im each fide yew hed:;cs in paniiebj, with
t.rniiui placed at proper dillances and in the front of the
hedges arc two rows of cedars, the dark (lia !e of which
atlor.! a pleuling contratf to the vvhiteiufs of the elegant
buihiir;; behind them. The afccnt to the houfe is by a
nolde fli,:ht of heps, on one lide of which ii the ilatue
ol I'aladio, and on the otlier, that of Inigo Jones. 'I'hc
portico is lupp.jitcd bv i»i line fluted column.'i of the Co-
riiiti.in ordei, with a very elegant pediment, and the cor-
nice, frieze, and architrave, are as rich as poflible.
Though til'-' (uher front to'A'.irds the garden is plainer, yet
The.'.irdens arc very beautiful, nnd laid o„t „, ,h.
hnelk talte : on deLendiMg Iruin the ba.lf part „f ,| !
hnulc yen enter a veidant lawn planted with clummol
iveiijiicns, betwtkii which are two rows ol lar...
At the end next the houfe are t«o wil
lliinc
the
It It in .'. I'old and mallei Iv (lyle, and lias at the tame tunc
a pkahii:^ liiiiplieitv, as iiath alio the tidelioi.t towards
the ferp'iitine-rivci, whicli is d liferent from the tvo other?.
'J'lie ociagonal I'.do-n in the middle of the buildiiu',, which
is covered at the tup with adume, through which it is en-
lightened, is alfnvery elegant. The inlide oflhi; llruc-
turc is ludily adorned, tiie cielings arc gilt and painted,
and the rooms ornamented with fouicof tht b,!t (icluics
i:! Lurope.
lion.', by Sclnenukcr : i»t the larlhcr end are two lar,.
lii'iis, and the view is terminated bv three aiiliquc Ih'
tue,, dug up in Adiiaii's girden at Roiiie, with lluiicf'j,!
Iiclwecii thi'in, and behind a rlol'e plantation ul ^
greens. On Ininii, ; to th ■ houle on ;'ie light lunj ''''
open grove of IokH re s alCrds a view o ' iIr. or.ui'ctv"
and on turning to the kit 11 an ealy Hope covcrc/with
(hoit gr.ifi, which leads do'.vn to a li ipentiiic rivff 01
ilie lideofwhi..h are clumps of ev>rj;recii . j anj'jtji.'
l.irihcr end is ^i\ opening into an enelolure, where 1 "
a Kom.m temple and an obelilk, with ^'fifs ||oji..i ,1',, j
III the middle .icircul.ir piece of w.iter. fami hi-ncvn
are led to the wddeinets, throii .'h winch arc three Itiai'.li-
.ivcnues, ttrininated by ihiee ditiereot ejifu.,"i ' jul'
the fi.lei are Icrpentine waU'., throueh whiJi voii 11^!!
ramble ne.ir a mile in the (hade. On each lide the Ik'
pmlinc river arc alfj ver.lant walki, which accompm
the river in all its turnings. On the right hand el ih''
river is a building that n the exact model of the porn ■ '
of Covent-gardcn church ; on the left a wildernels li'j
out in regular w.ilks, and ni the middle over the i\vq,a
I'aladian wooden bridge. With the earth dug from the
bed of this river is railed a terrace that alfonls^'a profpc^i
of the adjacent country, whic'.. when the tide is ujiL
agreeably enlivened by a vi'-w of the boats and bjrcjs
paHiiig along the Thames. °
Uiuicrlbury-houfe, near Faling, the feat of the late
Henry t'urnefc, Efq; ij a noblt and elegant llruiture
built by Inigo Jones, or, as fomc lay, by Mr. Webb
his foii-in-law. It is leated an a riliiijr grojnd,and ihc
approach to it from the garden is rensailcMble fine. 'I'l^
loggia has a beautiful appearance at a ''I'^an-rc, and com-
mands i tine profpeift of the county or Surry, the river
Thames, and of all the meadows oii ifj banks lor loms
miles i and in clear weather of even the 'i'./ of London,
i'hc apartments arc well contrived, and the hall, which
is fpacious, is on one lide fupported by rcw< of columns
and troin thence you afccnd by a ;iob!c flight of Hairs t'>
a lalooii, twenty-live feet higti, and molt elriJanilv fur.
nilhed. I his line room has an entrance into tlie portico
on the back front, which is adorned with beautiful
coluiiiMS. On entering the garden from the houfe you
afccnd a nobb.' terrace, which aft'ords a delightful view
of the neighbouring country, and from this tcrnce
which extends the vhole breadth of the garden, youdj.
fcend by a noble fli^,h< of fteps, with a grand balultrjdc
on e.uh fide, into tne garden.
SECT. XXIII.
0/ the County of EJJtx ; Ui Situtilinn, Extent, Divijimt,
Rtprijtntiitivti, Air, Soii, ar.d priniipal Places.
ESSEX, which took its name from its being the coun-
try of the Eatl Saxons, is bounded on the north by
the river S. ,ur, winch fcparates it from Suti'olk and t^aiii-
bridgelhirc ; on the caft by the (icrman lea ; on the will
by Hertfordlhiic and Middlelex ; and on the fouth bvihc
river Thames. It extends forty-four miles in length from
e.ilt to welt, and about forty-two in breadth from noiih
to fouth. This county, which is in the dioccl'e ol Lon-
don, is divided into eighteen hundreds, and contains
tweiity-feven market-towns, four hundred and til'iccii
]iaiilhes, a hundred and twenty-live vicar.ige,^, and cicvrii
hundred village, with about thirtv-four thoul'and ei;;ht
hundred houles, and two hundred and eight thoulaiid
eight hundred inhabitants. It fends eight members to
parliament, namely, two lor the county, and two for
Colchcflcr, Harwich, and ALildcn.
'J'he air in the inland parts is healthy; but in the
m.iilhc'i near the fea it produces agues, particularly in
the part called the Hundreds. How';vcr, the fertilitvof
ilic unwholefome part is very great, and even the hi:!lii:r
t'rounds 'jf this county are vcrv fruiitul. About Sdifrni
■ I ' WalV'i:
r.'iiil A^D-
Wjl.lfii, the rnrth, .';fi
(41,1, will pioduce goo
(,( V, mill. lot any in
pl-ni.iul, conlilts of t
l„,l. Iilh, un.l panic
I (tiiici ut this coujity
b,, /e.
I III' piinripal rivers
virhi h tails iiilii tne C«
j;, ivcilcrn bouudary,
l,i,,| i the iilackwate
ro'iiih', and piliing
(,'h.ilMier, and I'roin tr
ihct'i'lne tuns hy Hal
Icj. All Itr.'fe iiveis a
IIk- principal pUc
Cr'tlin>foid is thus
Oii'liniT, and is leated
ifcrn III It river and
, )u iTi.li;''. twuily-ci);
(,„i. Ii IS aliandl'ome
uiii.d by a chuf colli
ytn.tn IS an ancient Cii
h,i,ii's, 1 here is here
Inch a I'upply of water,
{{I'.iJ ami an halt in a
iherounty are cholen,
ji Wvd as the lour q
iiM.r.v in ihjcentei ol [
l> I oiuliiii, it IS much
nPfrahouiini; gentry, I.
tj,:it lounty.
Oilihellcr is a pla
t*,i mills to the calt-
I ;ii;v t.ii.ii London. It
Itjiod on the louth I
luiii iluoiigli the town,
lijiih-calt tides : over
fibt within taree mile
liiilt luwi'r it m.iy rectii
flit called the Hythe it
birks (|'iite dole to ihe
The trade principally ci
ihc'.ili lie country beini.
id sand the adjacent to
villaecs within its libert
S.'' liifipoled to contaii
onl wars, during the r
Itvfic licgc, which was
;k garrilon and inhabit
ol hunger, and were at
lioii, when their two
L'jcaj and .Sir Georg
CfiW blood under the ca
(if Kairlax, ihc genera
»,:< I'arrouiided with a
lim-c pi litems, betides n
in a^'ri at mcalure dei
tliurchi's i bur now on
vtrv lari;e, and molt of t
tiir. Lucre arc here
I Ml rnnfiits of about
iri .1 ol ihem ancient b
;:,. n niaiiv good houles
l>;i! .:i' pretly well pave
r. us lor outers and cr
t-Jii.lv, coals, deals, &
rmi.s elf an old cattle, w
niiics m circunilerence<
ilarw.c.'i, a t'ea-port t
d'Etc'c three minutes
c :..'e-n minutes call 1
f.c till north-ealt of 1,
puts by the (ca and I
1""", tiut is well inhab
: i iii:ii,' hundred houfe
i !;v buildings, and the
«' 'p.ived. "'Lhc numli
!'"iii Inurthoiiland, "1'
tngh^iid, for in it four hi
1
V
Engiand.
r. u u o I' r..
5n
W^.ld', ilic <••''"''. •■I'"^f lie '.rill?, f..lV...n tlirr; yean, it !■;
|j„|, will ihikIuh.' ^ooJ barley int iighlt.ii ycar> luiitl-
I'l'v. «iilh'iit iiiiy m.imiK'. Iti pro. hue, wliah 11 n-iy
n'l.l'ul, (imliltsut I
r''
iiiiill cxtclli-m l.irtiuii, lattU'
,,1 lilli, mi'l li.itiiiiil.iilv (lyltui. 'I lie ilail iiunu-
I'anif 'I tlinou;ity arc i.lol'l>, lliilfi, »ilJ pailiculaily
■" I |j( principal rivrrn, hifulc! ttic I'lianm.arcllK- -Stoiir,
^i|j hl.ill^ lilt" '*"•■ '•••''"'"I' '"' ■'' ll.iiwiili i tlicLiM,
j.j wcllcni bou:Klary, rails mm thi; riianicb htlow Sirat-
loi.l I ''"> I'l'cl'"''"' ■■ '■'•"'' ''iri'ii'.;'' •'"•' 'I'-'f' "' ""■■
cnmitv'. ami puiiiVJ; I'v C'ulmblnrJ is jciincJ by thi;
Lhjl""''i •'"'' '""" "'im;<-- runs iiilo tlic liLrmaii li'a ;
thcO'li"-' III"'' ''>■ HallU'il 10 CoiiliilUr, and Id into the
ijj All lli:lenvci> uboiiiul in mult luits ot h(h.
I Ik' priiitipal plates in this county arc tlic lollow-
tluis called fioin tlie fmJ ovir the river
aiul IS leatcil (m ttu- ki.iJ to (..oii heller, he-
Mcrn tli'it fiver aiiil the IJIaelcw.itcr, over which there
.|,fiJuii, t\vuily-eli;.it 111, les cilt-nnrth-ealt ot Luii-
,1, It ij a hniiJidnie vvcll trequKiitid town, and is !;o-
.jiiitil I'V •» ehut ctiiillabic i but hai only one church,
wnicn i» an ancient Gotliic Itruclurc, and tliicc mceiing-
h.i.ici. I li"'-' is here an excelli'nt tuiiduit, wliich lias
Inch :i liipp'y "' water, that it is laid to run above a hog-
i|,.ij aiiJ an lialt in a miiuiie. Here the memberi lor
Chclm<f"t'
and "piiolitc to the lo.vii li [.an,!/ urd r.tt, and .1 loril
baltwy ol lannoii. H- re the pai kft bi.at ; are llation ■ t
ili.it pal^ to and IruMi llollap' ih\ trie alio u a {■ .. I
duik-said, in which in.uiv fhip-. ot war are biiili. Ili:
iiavn 1., giivi nil >l liv a iii,i\'or, i i^;lit aldermen, a recor.
iler, and twenty- tour lapiial biii);c(Ui ■, but it lias i.iily
a elupl ot lale, and leveril llitetinu'-honlcs the niiKhci"
chunh l)cin;r at Dovrr-eonn, at two miles diltanec, 1 In;
market 15 kept on 'I'm Idav'* and Kriil.iys.
Duiimow, a market-town tliiriy.eijhi n\ilc< fiom I."n- q(f,
lion, in which the inanul.icture (d bai/,'- floiinlh' -, h
partiiiiiarlv remarkable hiue Henry Ill's lime lor thci
tul'oin ol jjivin:; a (Inch ol bacon to any niirilrd Ooii|il.!
who will Iwtar, kiieoliii' on two peaked llones in ihit
church-yard, that lor a year and adayaltrr tlu-ir niarriaL;ii
they never repented ot'their choice, nor <iiMrrelli.d in all
that tiinr ; and this appearj upon record to have been
fcveral limes aittually claimed and delivered.
S K C I*. XXiV.
0/ lit Couily of HiiffoH j ill Situiiliiii, I'xifnl, Div/jhlf,
Mtprtf/nliiliiiti, /Jii; S'jH, Prouu.e, onti princifialJouns.
Oiliheltcr is a place of great antiquity, twenty-
(w,i null a to the tall-north-eall ot Lhelnislord, and
l,(. niiv lioai
London. It li piealantly and conwiiodiuully
: thcroun-
iiiirih by
: and t'ain-
on the will
;nith bv llic
engtii tVoni
from noiih
cl'e of I-iin-
coiuains
and ftltecii
ap.d eleven
uland ei^ht
It thouland
memberi to
,nd two for
but in the
•ticu'.arly in
fertility of
1 the hv.{\m
lOut SaltViiii
^Va'.^•;:
UKKOr.K was thus called by the Saxons, tn drnntc
the Southern people, in oppolition 10 thole of Nor-
iherouiity are cholen, and the alli/.es commonly held, lulk, or Northfolk ; and is bouiukd on th • north by
aiwoil UJ tl"^ '"'"^ iiuaileily Ullions. As it Is leated the iiicr> Wavcney and tlic Leiler (Jiile, whiih part ic
Mi!,i 111 th.-centei ol the county, and in the great road Irjm Noilolk ; on the ealt by the (jcrmaii oce.in 1 oa
uluiulon. It IS much Irequented by liavellers and the the fouth by the river btour, wiiu h ilividci it froii tilex,
i,pj,ihiiutin.:; gentry, lor iianlaitiin; all bulinels ctlaling laft delcribed ; and on the well bv Cambridgeihirc. It:
to,,; louiity. extends hity miles in length, twenty-tive in breaddi, ami
lb divided into Icventeen hundreds, in which aie twenty-
eight market-towns, ninetvtive vicarages, live hundred
and levcnty-hve panlhes, fn'icen thoulaml villages, ihirty-
ijjiJj on the (outh lide ol the river Cpln, which | dn,, ihoulaiid lour hundred and twenty houl's, and two
luiii iluo'i.t'i 'l"-" '"^^"» '""^ ""-'"''^' '''■'" tl": "-'all '"id 1,1,1, ilred anil lix thouland inhabitants. It lends fixteea
i,,irth-tall tides : over it are three bridge,. It is iiavi- ] tiiemhers to parliament, namely, two knights lor the
fibi within taree miles ol the town lor large lliips ; a (lure, and two burgell'es lor each of the fjllowing
fiiltliiner it may receive the royal navy i and up to that i |,fj,-,,iiiTh;i ; Iplwich, Dunwich, Oitbid, AKUioroui.rh,
f„( called the Hythe it is navigable lor hoys and fmall | Sudbury, Kye, and St. Edmondlbury, and lies in thn
j,„is (inite dole to the hniiles, here bcmi; a long quay, j djoceleof Norwich.
TlKti.iJe pnncipallv tonliUs in making baizo and (erges, ' '|'he air is very clear and healthy, even near the fea-
,!■,( in lie country being employed in Ipnining wool lor ' mall ; the bi:ach being generally lan ly and llielly, which
ih s anil the adj.iccnt towns. Colchcltcr, including the cither abloibsor Uioots otf the lea water, and keeps it
v,i,ii'i.s within it» liberty, which is of large ext' in, has 1 lYom lljgna'ing or forming a noifome and IHiiliin^ mud,
I. ..,'liinpoled to contain loity thouland people. In the 1 whence phylicians ellecni the air as grod as any in hn:>--
niiw.ir<, during the reign of Charles I. it fulfaincd a | land.
IritiC lici'c, which was turned into a blockade, in which The foil is of various qualities ; that near tlic fliore is
.(iccarrilon and inhabitants luifered the utmolt extremity 1 fandy and full of heaths, yet abounds in rye, |ie,is, and
o!hun;;cr, and were at lall obliged to furrender at difcre- j hemp, with numerous flocks of fhecp. High Sutloik, or
roil, "when their two principal olficeri. Sir Charles ' the Wood-lands, which is the inland part of the e<nnity,
Ljcn and Sir George Lifle, were baibaroufly fliot in , though abounding in wood, has a rich deep clay and
tn!i! blond under the callle wall, to the indelible infamy marie that yields good pallure-grounds, on which lecil
of fairtax, the general of the pailiament's forces. It I abundance of cattle. Ihat part which lies on the on-
,;< hirrouiidcd with a wall, which had fix gates and ! fines of Ell'i x and Cambridge alio affords excellent paf.
tnrcc ni.lterns, belides nine watch towers ; but thefe arc ture ; and about Bury St. EdimindV, and fo on to the
inaiTiat mcalure deniolilhed. It had lixtcen parilh- north and north-weft, it is fruitful in corn, except to-
thurches i but now only twelve are tiled, which are not wards Newmarlcct. F'hc feeding of tattle and fliecp on
mv laree, and moft of tliein were damaged 111 Cromwell's turnips is laid to have been an improvement Hi ft lit on
;m'. lucre are here alio hve mecting-houles. The foot in this county. Its principal produce is butter and
|n»n ronlilts of about thice thouland dwelling-houfes, cheefe, the latter of which is frequently in this co'intv
p.li Ml them ancient buildings ; but there are among very much ibe wnrfe on account of the goodnefs of the
tr.tn nianv trood huules. 1 he Itreets are not very broad, former, and is fometimes of fo hard and horny a nature,
bill lie pretty well paved ; and the town, which is fa- as to require the force ol the hatchet to cut it.
niK lor ovilcrs and eringo-root, imports baize, wine,' Tliis county is generally divided into two parts, nainc-
bMii.iv, coals, deals, &c. Towards the eait are the Iv, the Fraiuhile orLdjcity ol St. EdmunJ, which con-
p.ii.sut an old caftle, with a fence round it, about two tains the welt part of the county ; and the (Jjldable,
r.iilf> in cncuniferenee. ! which is the eaftern, each of thefe furnilhes a diltintii
llarw.cii, a iVa port town, fituatcd in the fifty-fecond grand -jury at the afliies.
ii.;rL'? threi- minutes latitude, and in the tirft degree The principal rivers are the Waveney, the Dcb;n, the
t ..•e-n nnnutes caftlongitude, feventy-three miles to Orwell, by Ibme called the Capping, and the Stiuir. Tht;
r.: call north-eail of London, is furiounded on three VV'aveny riles in the northern edge of the county, and
fills hy the lea and the liver Stour. It is not very ' tunning to the north-caftward, alter it h.is piftcd Bocdcs,
brr, but is well inhab ted, and contains between eight ' forms two branches, uneot which runs to the eaft alnioft;
iiino hundred houfcs, whiih are generally good and ! to Leidloff, where it ftops ihorr, without reaching the
fea ; the other makes an angle to the northward, and (alU
into the Yire a little above Yarmouth. Ihe Deben rifes
a little to the weftwanl of Debeiiham, and running eaft •
ward to Wckhain, ivinds round that to.yn, and rum
6 V louih-
i !;v huildiniTs, and the Itreets are both pretty wide and
«'' p.ivcd. The number of the inhabitants amount to
!in,t lour thouland. The haiboiir is one of the Hnrft in
tiv'l.iiid, for in it four huiidicd (lups nisv rijc in Ufety ;
•^ 89
,i
J
f
»
i
\
»
1'
r
t
¥
-■ V I
, 1!
. 1;
S Y S T h M OK G E O G K A f H V. v^„,
timnlie.l iih-ibiliinti, It frn.li only fix mrmbtr. to lur
iM.miii, iiMiicly, cwofir Iht .nuniy. two (,„ ,|„ ,!' '
ut CiiibriJi-f, and two Tor ihr uiii»tr(iiy.
riic iiir 4iitl loil 1,1 lliii cuiiiity v.iry cxirrmflv. f,,,, ,
lutl, rp.t,-l y the (.uiilurn .,„d riillern. ut.- ni,, ''
«M>I l.e»lthy, but 111.: iiorih.rii iitiJ ftn-i.'unt,) a,^ |,"J
-iiil v»jtt(y, <ii(l (.(inrriiuintly imm vciy luiilliiinl A
the ten lountry ri in a nunmr the fink of thirt«n coun
tic», It It ofcin ovctfluwtd , tor M the vvjiiis ol inj
{4ft
(ouih-fouili pjft tri the {}rrm;in orr.in. The On.dl
rili.i tx.ir VViilpit, anil nun riltw^rd in thv l'4iiicli.'i
I'lU' StiMir tilea 111 ilir iiluc <i» Cjinl»ihl(u(l)irc, aiul run
ri'ii.r nniltlv tMlKvirJ, IjIIs into the Uirnui) u(.c.in with
Iht (Jrwrll :it II.ifvVKh.
'I'm' |iiiiKi|ul |)Ucci in thill county arc iht fulluw-
llifnic'i, 4 |>l irr nf (>rc.it anli(|iiiiyi ii (iMtfil on the
lin-r Onvill. iivuilv null", to tin uorth-e,il( iil Ci)lihH-
T9. "'^ 'li'l l''Hiiity.t*(i tr» the Morth-i'all 111 Luiiiluii, aiul , "ndiHe iMrt ot LnnLiml, wimh do iii-t run into the I hj
wa, nii.c luiraiiiidcl wiih 4 w.ill, Ihi- Iruvf. of winch inr the litnt, tjli iiitii tliclc lur , jud m the |.nitr y, ?'^!
arc (ii.'ll.i be k'.ii, I hi- town loriiu .1 hill iiiikii u(ion I the vur, wIilii ihey urc uvtiHowid with wjIci tlivv' ,
the hank (it' the nt/rr. :iiid ir it irm^rk.ihlr iliat ihouk'h ' Dear iiivcitil uifti tinr^ . Ifithii n/l..!.. ■!... i....l . ' ''*
I' i
i
p<.ar lovciid with logs , liiihut wluU- ihc higliu tr.'^ili
ol the .idjmni country glittir with tht bfanmol thr lui
the llU' ut t.ly a|,iHari wrapt In a iiiiU. T,, ,1,.,, ,f|^|J
lens a iiuuiliir ot dr.iiiis hai been made at a viiv L-reai o,
liciiic, by whii h a gieat deal ol gionnd Ikh been rcndtrcii
leriile, and the :ni much improved. 'I'lie ptuple ^^.^
are ultd to live in this wateiy country ate a» hialihy j^,
thole who enjoy a ileaicr air, excc^it being lubjtct toihc
ague, whKh Ihcy niake light ut
loihc
the hank ot' the river, and It is icmarkahle that thou>;h
llrpi tir live hjiljic'.l tons may upon a Iptrig-tidtf conic
lip iieir tnotiwn, yet the river 11 fcafcc luviijable a-
hove th'' Ma 11 esvii lur (lie fnullelf bo.in ; nor does the
tide, wliiih toiMftiinei riles ihirteiii or r.iiniccn leet, and
gives tluni Mcir the town twiniy-toiir leet water, flow
mti.h l.iiihfr nji ijic ruer. 'I'nis may be actiuiitcd a
verv iie.it .uid well-liiiiU town. It has a very Ipaiious
iTiark.'l-pl.iie, in the niul(> olwhicl) IS a handlciine croli.
At a'inilKii'l.iiKe i, tl.clhaiti'.ilei, with the herb niatktti ■ In Ihcle ten* arc abunUaiicc ol' thofe ingeipoui rnn-
itnd III a Ipacious llieet, at a Iniall dilLinte, is a market triv.inces tailed iltcoys, and it ii iiitrcdiLIc v.Uui mn,,'.
lor b'liiei, poulliy, kc. and another for F.lh, with litus ot wild-lowl ot all lorts, ai dutk, mallard iij|"
Whieh the t.mii isvvell liipplied. 'I he town tonlilh vvij;eoii, jSic. they take ui tlicin every weik dunm. (^5
of about lour thoiil.iiid houles, which are generally good Ceaioii. It is laid that the neat piuliti of a dtcoy ntjr
liuildm^s and verv lolty, loriiied into llieets that arc I'.ly amount to iie.ir live bundled pound* a year ; there
tolerably wide and well pa\ed. It is divided into tour bein^ gener.illy lent to London during the lealu'n Irom
u-.ihN, ,iiid cont.iiiis twelve p.itilh ehmchesi, with a that decoy thite tlioulaiul couples a week.
I'ril'nliriin, an Indi pendant, and a (^ukcr's ineetiiig. CainbMd[;ifhirc is almolt wholly a corn country and
Merc it .lU'o .1 town-h.ill, with a fpatious louncil-tham- five pjiis in lix ol all they low 1. bailey, whith is .pe-
f cr, .ind other conirTunlious apartments j a ctuimy-h.ill, iierally lold to Ware, Roy lion, aiiil other gicat iiialciii|,.
tAo holpiuls, a Iricliliool, a good library, a cullom- , towns in Hertloidllnre.
foule, a 1. 00.1 fimv, and lever al almi houles. It is go- | The principal river in this county is the Oule, whiih
verntd bv a baihtl, twelve aldermen, and twenty-four runs liotn the enH to the iiorlh-welt, and reciivei the
coinrnonioiincilriien j but no maniitaiiture ol conli- Cam near 'I'hetloiil.
«|ue.iie is carried on here; yet being a lea-port, and , The chief places in this county arc the following :
Ii ivin/j a lar:e ami convenient ijiuy, it ban a good man- Cambridge, the c.ipital of the county, anJ a ctlebrat-
fiine tia.le, though it is not to umliderable as formerly. cd univcrliiy. Hinds in a Ipacious, delightful, and lutilc
I'uiy .'-t. Kdimind's, or St. Kdnuindrtiury, lo called plain, hity-live mil-s north of London, and liMy nunh- ,/
fioiii l.diiiund, king of the Haft Angles, who wasmur- ealt oldxford. The rrvcr Cam dividen it into two un. j
dited in H-o, and buiiedhere, is delightfully fituated ciiualpaiisi but its liluatirn is low, and the air is gene,
upon an eniiriente on the welMide of the river Lark, or r.illy elteemcd net (o good as that ofOxlotd. Ii con-
Hoiiine, (ivinty rinks to the north-ealt of London, and tains ah<put two thouland five hundred houles, and the
having a view ol a very liuiilul country, has been called inhabitants arc computed at lix thouland ; but the Ittctis
the Kiiglilli iMonlpcllier. it is regularly built, the ffieets arc generally narrow, though pretty well paved ; yet, a,
crofliii'^ each other almoft at right angles, and is govern- they lie low, they are 111 winter very dirty. Inihen.iji!
cd by a recordir, twelve aldermen, and twenty-lour of the market-place is a very good conduit, coiitinujlly
common-couiu It wai formerly f.inud for its abbey,
whith was fail! to be the finiHand richcit ot any in Liig-
larid, and (food between the t*o churches, whn h ate
both very l.irgc, and li^atcd in one churtli-yard. In St.
Mary's, oj.j of thefe churches, lies Mary queen of France,
who was married to Jlionvi'. duke of Norfolk. lUlldes
theic churches, it has one I'lelliytcrian, one Independ-
ant, and one Qiiaker't-meetinu. The inhabitants are
(aid to amount to about liven thouland. Here is a
(paiious market lioufe, a beautiful ends, and a granmiar-
iehix)l. Here are held the allizes for the county. This
town is the general rendezvous of all the nobility and
gentry from the neighbouring counties.
SEC T. XXV.
0/ CaiKhriJ^cfljire ; its Siluatisn, Extint, Divifi-^m, Rt-
priftntetivei, /fir, Stii, tfi.
CAMBRIDCjESHIRK, which receive!, its ..anic from
Cambridfte, lb called from its bridge ovei the ivi r
C.irti, 15 bounded on the north by Lincolnfliiie ; on the
tad by the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk j tin the fouth
by Kllex and Hcrtlbrdfhire j and on the well by Hun-
tingdon and Ikdfordfhiie. It is thirty- five miles in
leni'th, about twenty in breadth, and near a hur'Ircd
and thirty in circumference ; it lies partly in the diocefe
of Ely, and p.irtly in that of Norwich. It is divided into
fixtcen hunilredi, and contains eight market-towns,
eighty-thicc vicarages, a hundred and fixty-three panfhcs,
two hundred and ftventy-nine villaiies, with about levn-
teeii thouland hoifes, and eighty-fix thoufaiul fcvln
running. I'he town conlilts of tout teen pariflio, mJ
it> governed by a mayor, a recorder, twelve aldermen, aiiij
twenty-four common-council j and the mayor, when he
enters upon his cfKcc, takes an oath to riiairuaiii ih-j
privileges, liberties, and cultonis of the uiiiveilin, lu
which he is lublervient.
The glory of this town is its univerfity, which is un-
der the government ol the chancellor, WHO ii alwayw
nobleman of high tank, and may be cleiited every three
years, or is continued by the tacit content ol tiie uni-
verfity. The other officers of the univeihty are, II. lie
vice-chancellor, who is annually cholen on the lour hm
November, by the body of the univcrfiiy, out of two
peifons nominated by the hcadsol collcfrcs. 111. Acom-
iiiiflary, who holds a court of record ol civil caules l„r
all privileged |X'rlons and fcholars under the deartc 1,;
mailer of arts. iV. A high-deward, chnfen by the !•-
Mate, and holding by patent from the Univerllty. V.
'I'wo prodlors, who are annually chofen ; as are alio
two taxers, who, w;th the prodtot.s, have the co^nuance
ot weights and mcaturcs, as clerks of the market. Ihe
nniverfity has alio a librarian, a rcgitlcr, and otlur
officers.
The vice-chancellor fometimes vifits the taverns anJ
other public- houf'cs in pertbn ; but it is more Irequcii'.ly
done by the proitots, who have power to punifti otRiiO-
ing fcholars, and to fine the public-houles who enter-
tain thcin after eight at night in the winter, or nine in
funinier.
I he origin of thi; nnivcrrity is concealed by thcdaik-
nefs of antiquity ; it is Caul to have been rellorcd 1 y
Sebert, kin^ of the Eaft Angles, 111 the year 630, bit
was altcrwards ioiij nc^leitcd and ovcrihrown by i»s
WJt I
KsOtAND.
uir iif the DJMft I
nun li'nernm riit.
(■J I., whicri here I
,iili*i'd, and rnj
liXiril III dl'TS, fi,
fi> hundred and lii
ihirry-ltx exhibi
ii'lhuvi, fch liars,
mmiit II about In
biit'f ii count ol ihi
ilaieol their (evera
I, IVter houle, \
I'dir's church ill
t|,i;h Killhain, bil
wii endowed for a
numl'iT might be i
I'll rrproveinent in
hii .11 pielerit tweii
II, Clare-hall wa,
cSincell'T of the uii
f.i/i'vth Cl.ire, c
tii.tMl a houfec.ille,
jj's livul for lixteeii
in; a.cidrntally bur
ihs (Hi-'nce of rebu
obtjiiud the afTilfain.
libtTaiit;' It was not
llru.'furc has been la
on? of the neatefl ai
vfrfitv. 't enjoys a
ftj'cJ on the banks o
ot nitiiial canji. 1
fixtv three fcholars.
HI, Pembtoke-hall
Cl.iic-liall, by Mary
jnJiii.iintains five fe;l
IV. ,St, Hcnnct's,or
tJab'iiit the fame timi
c! Cirpus Chrifti a
in n tn.' from the s
Aiion,' its mfjdcrii be
I)-, .\t.itthew Parker,
;ivo .1 curious library
iijfftipisj he alfo
fihiiLrlliips. At I
frlliiWi, and forty
V. Trinity-hall
bilhiip of Norwich,
fninicnt fur his ex
canon law, two fcllo
ihtrc, were obi
learning. It has twe
VI Cionvil and C
colicjje It mull be o
(Jonvil, rciHor of 'I'e
called after his n.im
orchard and Tennis
five years alter it was
place where it now ft;
maJcfuch large addit
nucs, that lie is dele
fujnJer ; and it has
cmh.llifhment'. It
lirfl rank, Iburtcen
fchiilais.
VII King's-rnllri
Henry VI. and alter 1
his Ion Henry VIII.
never completed ; on
boin^Mxrciitcd: how;
td (MIC of the finelt
It U th'ec hundred an
in b.Vjdth, and ninet
Ills ti'toiie |-,il|;ir in 1
tirh tide finely painte
'n.infliiji ol the numct
kind It conliitutrs 1
'oyal f lunder ileli,.nci:
Jrai'.;!,', all of ((lu..! I
fJhis .icromj.Iif)ii|, , i
"•i'lJ is nut only .111
d t
Knclano.
E U R O I' E.
i4l
wirof the Dm" 1 hut at Irnpth revived imJor the Nor-
i^ji, .n>eri>tiviit. It li.ii 4t iircleiU I'utceii ci»llc(jei anJ
Ljl,, yvtiKti hiTCilirtcr i.iilv 111 lUim", tticy bcini» iijiiilly
1,1, ^(.'.l, .ind rnj'iy tlu hnie imvilcgo. In iliclc mo
li,»i'ii iinltTs, liiiir liiiiiJri'l .iml (ix lclliiw(lli(", iboiit
li, liuii'lrcJ mid luly-iwii Icholnlliii m, two liiiiiJri'l iikI
,i,i,rv.|iii cxhlhi !■. t 4nd ilic wh il- miinlicr <it' m.illf r.,
,i.||„i»(, I'ch 'Uri., «lllllilii)lli r1, iJl'il DllliT iJu'l' lltH, .1-
nniiiit Dihiiul liitwii hiinJn-.l. Wu (h.ill now ;^ivf *
biii:t<i^ ''"'■'" (>' thi'lt- riilli');''s 4ii(J luIN, <ccurdiii;{ to llie
Jjie nl their (cvit.i1 Lmii Ijiimi'..
I, I'ttiT-houlf, which prrha|ii tonk it* lumo fMm St.
\>c\it'i church ill iti iieijjhliniirhoml, wji l<juiidtd hy
i|j.h lliKlum, bi(ho|i cil Mv, iii tiic year I'i]- it
v»i.in liHVLiI fur a iii.illir, (iiurici II Iclidwi, &c. which
,,ji„lnT niii^ht be iiHTcadd or dimiiulhcd accordin^; to
,i|,. iiiiirovcinciu <ir diiiiiiiiitioii ot their revfiiuci ; and
1,1, ,it |m lent tweiiiy-two Icllowi, .iiid Irnir fthoiari.
II. C'lfc-h.ill w.ii foiin led ill 1 J+ ; by ilichurd U.idcw,
rVincrll"r of the uiiivcrlity, wi(h me .irfiltancc of the lady
[ •I'l III Cl.ire, coiiiitcN <it Ulller. M; had before
,,^_(, il a hi)ulVc,iIled Uiiu'er(ity-liall, in which the kho-
\yf liiid tiir li.xtecii years at ineir own cxpencc, till it be-
,,, , a ciJi'iitally burnt, the founder bciin; fenliblc that
,■-1 ( « -IKC of rebuilding ic would exceed his abilitiei,
oVijiii •'' t*"^ alTillaiKe of the above lady, throu;^h whole
|i;i;ral;t" It was not only rebuilt, but eiulowcd. Thr.
Hr'j.'tufe li.o been lately rebuilt with free-(tone, and is
,,,..,iltlie neatell and molt uniform hoiifei in the uni-
itilitv. '' enjoys a mud dclijjhiful litu.ition, it bciiiy
lt..i,l on the banks of the river, which here forms a kind
ot nittiial caiijl. It iiuintaini eijjhieen fellows, and
f,„y ihtce fcholari.
III. Pcmbiokc-hall wai found-.'d fevcn yean after
Cluc-lmll, by Mary St. Paul, countefs of Pembroke,
jmiiiijint'iins five fellows and thirteen Aholar^.
IV. St, Bonnet's, f>rCorpusChrilti-collcge, was found-
tJabmit the fame time by the united guilds or Iraternities
nf Corpus Chrifti and the Ulcd'ed Virgin, It takes
in nni'' from the adjoining church ot St. UenediitK
Amon; its modern bcnefailois ihe luuil confiderable is
l)r, NJ,itlhew Parker, archbiniop of Canterbury, who
cTive I curious library, chiefly confifting of (carce nia-
lulcii^tii he alfo founded two fellowfhips, aaj five
ribdMilliips. At prefenc it ii able to maintain twelve
frjliiwi, and forty ftholars.
V. rrinity-hall was founded by \Villiari Hatcman,
liiftinii iif Norwich, about the year 1348; Jiid a» he vsas
tmiiunt fur his cxicniive knowledge in t.ie civil and
canon law, two fellows and thrte IVholars, placed by him
ihtrc, were obliged to purfue that particular branch of
learning. It has twelve fellows and louttccn liholars.
VI tinnvil and Caiic-collegc. With relpciit to this
rikic It mull be ohiervej, tliat in 134H Kdmund dc
(.Jonvil, rcflor of TeirinjUon in Notfulk, loundcd a hall,
CjllcJ .ifttr his name, 111 the place where arc now the
nrclijrJ .ind Tennis-court ot l!ennet's-c-)llct;e : but wiiliin
five year', alter it was removed by hifhop Uateman to the
place where it now (lands. In 1607 John Caius, M. I).
miJefuch l.irgc additions, both to ih« 'jtiildiiig and revi -
nucs, that he is dclervedly conliJired as the princip.il
lojiijer ; and it has ftf late years received conlidcrable
fmlvdlifhment'. It now maintains twelve fellows of the
f.rft rank, foultcen of the (c^ond, and levcniy-fuur
fchiitais.
VII King's-roUrge was founded in 1451 by king
Henry VI. and afterwards cnlarijed by Henry VII. and
hi> loll Henry Vlil. The model hrll laid down w.is
never completed ; only a part of the niagniticeiit plan
bfin ' c xrciitcd : however, the chapel is defervcdly ellicin-
d line of the fined buildings of its kind in the woild.
It is llrec hundred and tour liet in length, fcventy three
in b,v.Klth, and ninety-one high to the battlements, and
his ii-t one pillar in it. It has twelve large windows on
f,irh file hnelv painted, and the carving and other work-
iii.indiiii ot the numetou. (tails furpafs any thing of the
kind It cuiiliitiitcs ooe fide of a large Iquarc ; for the
roy.il f lunder defigned that the cidlegc Ihould be a qua-
ilrar .;'.■, .ill of equal beauty ; but the civil wars prevent-
ed hb .urnmpliniing it : however, what hab been latily
iiJ.!iJ i) nut only an ornament to the college, but to the
wliole nnivcrfiiv, and is Itiiilt wiili gtixt rfjuUrily .iii>|
beauty. It iii.iiiitaiiit Crvriity Irllowriaiid l'chi)|<ri, bitidil
chapl.iills ^<C.
VIII. liiieen's-eolleie was founded in t44S, hv qiirell
Mug. let ul Anjou, llie Wile iil Heiiiv Vi. hut tiiirlheit
by l.h/ahi'th the coiil..it of Kdwaid IV. It now iiuiit
lams a mailer, nineteen fellnw, twelvv liible-i leiks,
lour (ireek Ichulari, loiiy other lehoUr>, befiJrt Ici'tii-
rets of H' brew, |/eonietry, and afiihnictic.
IX. Caiharine-hall owes iis tounlation to Ridiar<(
Wiiiidlaike, the third pmvolt ol t\.iiig','Ciillege. A ^.rcn'
part III it hai been lately h built. It is a iiral and rli ^anr
llrtulure, in which ale iiiaihtaincd lix lellow j and timiy
(cliolar i.
X. Jei'ui college was be|iuM by John Alcock, bilhop
of Hy, in 141)7, who liavinu obtained ol Henry VII.
and pope Juliiii H. the revenues ol a mon i(li ry id nuns,
which had been fiipprill.d on account ol their (candalous
incontinence, rmlnwd and dedicated it t.i Jefus, iht]
IllelUd Vir.;iii, and Si. K.ukyiind, pairuiiels ollho luiii-
nery. It has now lixteen Icllowlliips, and tliiity-und
fcholars.
XI. Chrift's-collrgc was founded by the lady Mar*
gaiet, countefs of Richmond, mother of Henry VII. for
a niallir .ind twelve fellows, winch number a.;rceinj;
with our S.uidiir aii>l his twelve apolties was complained
of in I dwaid the Sixlh'.s reign as luji'-rditiiuis, on which
the kiii;^ added another lellowlhip ind foiiie iLiiol.iilhips.
A nul.le building has been lately .idded to th.- old houfc,
and the number of Icliolars amount to filty fix.
XII. St. John's-collcge was begun by the fame lady
about nineteen yars after Chrilt'i-college, .ind was
(inidicd by her execi • irs. This college, which in tbo
beginning of the rei-.. of king James I. was greatly en-
larged with new buildings, is ple.ilaiitly fituated iicrtlitf
river, and is no lels remarkable for the number of iti
(tudeiits and its beautiful groves and gardens, than for
its drict and regular difcipline. It has a fine Hone bridge
over the river, and the library is noble and curious. Tho
number of li.idcnts amount to onu hundred, and its fel-
lows to filty-thice.
XIII Magdalen-college was originally a hall for monks
to prepare thcmlelves fur academical excrcifes j but at
the dilloliition of the monaderics by Henry V'lll. anew
college was founded here by Thomas Audlcy, baron of
VValden, and it was afterwards enlarged and endowed
by Sir Chrillo;ihei VVray, lord chief jullice of England.
This college Itar.Js by iti'elf on the north-well fide of thO
river, and has been improved and adorned by handfome
buildings. It maintains a mader, thirteen fellows, and
thirty fehol.irs.
XIV. Tiinity-college was founded by Henry Vllf.
who converted three Imall houfes into one college, made
a confiderable adilition to their former endowments, and
dedicated this houfe to the Holy and Undivided Trinity,
(J^iien .Mary added largely to the cndov\'ment, and by
luhfequcnt bcnefaiiions it is enabled to maim.iin fixty-
fivc fellows, and ninety one fcholars. Its library, which
many le.irned men have contributed to enrith, is very
noble: the chapels, building.s, &c. judly pl.ice this \n
the fiid r.ink ot colleges, and render it (Superior to foms
foreign univerfities.
XV. Knianiiel-collcge w.is founded by Sir Walter
Mildmay, chancellor ot the exchequer, in 1 584, on ihe
fame (pot wlieie the Dominican fiiars had loiiiieily u
houfe. It has a very neat chapel, built by the bounty
of Dr. William Sancrolt, aichbilhop ot Canterbury, and
others, who Iikewilo made a fine addition to the library
by giving it his fine eolleiition of books. It maintains
a mader, fourteen fellows, fifty fcholars, and ten poor
fcholars.
XVI. Sidney SulFex-college was founded by vTtue of
the will of the la.ly Frances Sidney, counrcli of Sulf^x,
who died in 1581), and for this purpofe left five hundred
pounds. Altei wards Sir Francis Clarke, and after him
Sir Juhn Biitrcion, nnt only ereil-.-d a fct cf new build-
ings, but augmented the Icholaidiips and fellowfhips;
(0 that it is now enabled to maintain a mader, twelve
(ellow>, and iweiity-eight fcholars.
Amuig the other buildings in Cambridge is the new
fen.ite-houlV, which is a tine edifice, anJ, with the
t ich 'uh,
¥
^'
V;
i ''
'li^
m
i, \ 1.^
( 1 '■'L! i'
■ "l!^
A S Y S 1 E M Of G E O G R A IMl Y.
fii I'
;: i
4'
Ml
?43
MiOiiK, t'-if unii'frrity-librar)', ami Oiher IniilJiii^s, (,)im
a luibk' ('i]ii;iic. 1 liis (Icuiilurc h a huinlinl ^'nJ one k\t
ill Kn^tn, luitv-two m liri'.ultli, iiiul i^aiNpiiuJ wiih
fliUfil cdKiiiiiis, .1 iiMiigulji- pviliiiK'ut, jiul oilier llU'.lU-
lilul (.lnoralions.
'I'hc li lioiil;. of tlic iiiiivcirity wire at tiid in prlva'.c
hoiiii's, i't'tcr'AMuls inililic I'thools were cicillcj at the
cx|'iiKC 111 the ih'iivcilitv, in or near the place wiiere tliey
riiiu' IViii I ; hut the pieleiit Uiufhirc, which is built ol
111 ilk an. I llniu', was ciieiod panlv at tlie cxpeiice ot the
iiniverli'v, and partly by the coiitnbutiuiis ul Icveral be-
iiel.ia.ir>.
'I'hi- iiniv.-iri'v Mbr.irv was firft built by Rothcrain,
archbilhop III \'iiik, who with Toiilhl, biDioj) of liur-
hain, turiifOii'ii it with choice books; after which his
majiity kill;; Cicf.rge I. piirchafcd the libr.iry of Dr. John
Mocur, bilh.ipof l-'ly, wnich cull him fix ihoulund guineas,
and hi (lowed it upon this iinivi rlitv. Soon al'*:r the late
lor. I vifcount 'I'owiilhciid erci^ted a tine marble (latue of
his m.iji lly in the Cciiate hall of Kiiig's-collegc. The
lame prince al'o a;ipoin!cd two peifuns, botn in the
univcilliv (if Ox:oid and Cinibrulgc, well Ik. lied in
mnderii ..ilhiry, an.i In the kn iwlcdire of modern lan-
guages, to be nominated king's profrflor... oi moJim hif-
tory, <'nc' of whom in each uiiivcifity is obliged to r^ad
Iciiiuits in the public Ichouls at particular times ; cich
i.l tli^Cc prof, flors to have a lalary of four hundred
pounds per annum, out of which i-ach prulwllor is obliged
to maintain, with fullicicnt lalatics, two perfons at le.it!,
well ipi.ililicd to tc.icli and inllruct ill wiitiu and fpjak-
ing thole l.ingu.igrs gratis, twenty Icholais of each uni-
veiiitv, t.i be nominated by the k ng, ca.h of which is
obliged to iL.'.'n at halt two of thole langu.iges.
Sioiirbtidge, a lield near Cambridge, is known for its
t'.iniijus fair annually ki pt on the I'evenih of Septuiibtr,
and confnues a fortnight. This is elK-cmed one of liic
grcati (I fails in KnglanJ, many tradefmen going ihilher
iVom L'.ndo.'i and other p.irts to keip fliops th-TL. The
traJe chiefiy conlills of woollen clot:-., hops, iron, wool,
le.ither, tliceie, horfes, and many other things.
Illy is leattd on an iilaiid of the lame name, fevcntccn
miles to the north of Cambridge, and fixty-nine niirth-
bv-call of London. It ftands on a hill feattd in the
middle of a fenny plain, on the banks of the river, wliith
renders it very unh 'altl-.y. The foil is exceeding rich,
and the city is cncomp.dled with girdens, which luriiifh
all the County tor twenty miles round. Great (|iiaiilities
of Uraw berries arc cultiiated here, piiriicul.iriy of the
white lort- The city conlills of .ibout fix hundred good
lioiife-, and h.ts but one uood ilreet Well paved, the rcll
beinj extremely drty. The bi(hn|) has ti.e fame jjowtr
as in a county pa'atU'c J lor he appoinis a judge, holds
the a(ii7,i"i, j.ul-deliverv, and quarter-fcllions of the pe.icc
for the liber y. The afli/.es are lield there every twelve
months. The citlicdral is a Itatciy (Irucl.ire, which has
a lanthem of rurioui architedlure; befides which the city
ha^ only one tlunt h.
SECT. XXVI.
0/ Jui'tf:>-:ill<e; ill Siuiatlon, Extent, Dijijhii., R.fne-
JtiU.ilrJti., Risers, Jir, Hcil, iirul fin>ii.ipi,l Joiviu.
H.ARn-ORnSFIIRK, or Ilertfordfliire, derives its
n.ime tioiii ll.iihud, or llertlord, the county
to.vn, i- h.iumled on the noith by Cambiidgefliirc, on
the eaft by l;iiix,on the weft h\ IjeJhirdfhire and liuck-
in<.;ham(liite, and on the louih by MiddUlVx. It is
tluitv-onr; miles in length, about twenty-eight in breadth,
and about a bundled and thirty in circumfernicc. 'I'his
county, which lies p;irtly in the diocefc of London and
partly in that of Lincoln, is divided into eight hundreds,
whieli contain ght maiket towns, hlty-four vicaiagcs,
a hundicd and twenty paiilhis, and near nine huiulted
and lilty villages, with about lixteen thoufand five hun-
dred houlc-, and eighty-two thoufand c.ght himdfcd in-
liahluiits i and fends fix mcml)eis to parliament, two
knights lor the (liire, with two burgcll'cs lot St. Alb.ms,
and as iiiany fur ikul'oid.
EN'OL.^Nn.
ii :
I he .ur is very dear and falutary, whence it is tr?
ipieiitly leconmiendcd by phyficians as higfdy condui
toi.eahh, and the people have a faying, that wliocr*
buys a houlc or Uiid in llertfoidfhiie, pays two v^^^
puichafe extraoidiiuiy for ihe goodnels ol tnc air I'l'^
kill is generally rich, and m the no. hern pans hi "
niarlc mixed with it, that makes it produce excell'''
wheat; hut the meadows and palhires are indilKr'^''
The chief commodities arc wheat, bailey nia't' '^"'i
wood. ' ' '"''''
'1 his county is well watered with fiiiall rivers ih
chiet ot V. hicli aie the Lea and the Coin. The prm
pal towns in lieitfordlhircare the lollowing; "'
l.'citloid, is katid on the river Lea, two miles lo il,^
welt ol \V„re, and twenty one to the north of London
and was toimerly muih more confiderablc than it is ' ''
preleiit. It is built in the lorm of a Y, with a caftl ^'
the middle of the two horns, and contains fevcral Ur '"
and lanes. It had tornieily live parilh chuichcs- 'h'^
they are now reduced to two, with kveral nuc'iiiil"
houle^ ol the dilLntcis. S"
It has a corpor.uion, governed by a ma\or. nine '
clcr.ian, a recorder, a town-cleik, a chamlieiljui ten
capit.d bi.rgclles, &c. 'I'hc chief commodities ui r-
maikets aic wool, wheat, and malt, and it is faij to
lend hvi: thoufand quartcis of malt weekly to LonJo
by the liver Lea. '
Mere is a fiee-fchool for the children belonging to the
to'A'n i Ihiee charity khools, and alio a fehoorb. luni-liw
to ChiiU's-lIofpltal III London; this is a handfomc itruc^
ture, erected by the governor^, lor fuch childiui ,ii ei'
thti want health, or are ti.o young lor that liuUtji'
I'his town gives the title . earl to the f.uiiily of Cunw,n''
and near it is the leat ol ilie late governor Harrilon plia!
f.iiKly fi-.uatcd on a hill, th.it commands a fine prJiL^^t"
and tliere ate fevtral other leats in its nelghbourhouj.^'
Ware, is feated on the river Lea, twenty-one miles »;
from London. The plenty of water about this town
gave life to that admii..Me project, of cutting a channel
lioin tiunce, and thus loiming a new river tur luunly,,;,
London with water. This river takes its rife from Arn.
well, near this town, and was formed by the gieat Sir
Mugn Ahddkton, who was obliged, in order to ,,vuid i^he
eminei-.ecs and valleys in the way, to make it lun a
coarfe or about thiity-ninc miles, and to carry it over
iwovaile)S, in long wooden troughs lined with IcaJ •
that at Huthiil being fix hundred and fixty feet in Iciiiith'
and thiity in height, under which is an arch, cap.icuius
enough to admit ti.e largdl waggon loaded with hay cr
llraw. In flioit, over and under this river, which funie-
times iifis thus high, and at others is ccnveycd under
giound, run leveral confiderable currents of land watcr.<
and both abf ve and below it a great number of brook-'
nils, and Wuter courles have their pal!'a"e.
In the town ol \\'are is acharity-fchool, and fixer fe-
veil alms houles. 'l"he Ichool which formerly was lor
the \oungcr cliilJrcn of Chrilt's hofpital, is removed to
llciti'ord, the air being theic cltecmed purer. This town
has been famous lor iis great bed, which is much ulittj
by tiavelieis, it being twelve feet fiiuare, and is laid to
hold twenty people. It was kept at the Crown, but now
.It the I'lull. ,
St. A!ban'.s, a large and ancient town, twcnty-oiit j;,
miles Irom London, leccivid its name from St. Alliaii
wl;o fufleied m the pcilecutioii under Dioclefian, and he
ing altrrvv'aids canonized, and interred on a hill in thj
iRighbourhotul of the town, a monallery was eiecleJio
him by king Otia, to atone for his guilt, in caiifmi' hni
to be murdered. King Kdwatd 1. eree'led hciea niagiii-
ficciit ciofs. In memory of ejuccn Kleaiior, and kirigtJ
ward VL incorporated the town by a charter, graniiin
the inhabitants a mayoi, a (lewaid, a chamberlain, anil
tin burgclles; but the n ajor and Heward ate hire ti.i
only jultices «f peace. litre are three churches, bcfiJ;,
tiie an.iiiit thurih called iit. A Iban's, belonging to tit
monalte-y, which is noiv a parilh church. Tn this an-
cient llrii'ture is a luncial monument, and the effigy ,|
king Ofia is founder, who is feated on his throne. Ui.
the ealt fide ftocd the llirinc of St. Alban, anJ in thf
fouih aile is ti.e monument of duke Humphry, brrithu
to king Mcnry V. commonly diilingiiiflicd by theiitlcn;
twcmy-ciii. j;. I
m St. Alban,
liuii, and bv
a lull in the
rai citctcJ to
1 taufmglvni
icic a nugi-.i-
ami kiiigtd-
tcr, graiuiii;
iibi'iUiii, jiui
;uc hrrc tl.i
ttlu', bcfiile>
uiigiiig to tht
(n thii an-
the cfligv <:l
throne. U..
1, an J in tl.t-
p!;ry, Irwiui
!') the title:
'l.c
■ 'J
■i, a town doik, an J
f Be Itbrd is extremely
cat quantities of the
vaggons lioni heme-,
to Hitchin and Hcrt-
flour brought by land
-• title of clulcc to the
atcd on a drv chalk
and thirty-tour from 3/,.
>« found, unicis the-/
is a l.ir-i; pond in i] t-
1 Wat'.-', and is never
; to the four ciidinal
nder of a priory, and
1* ■ J ■
i
•\
i !i
! k .
^/
fc' -^
ill
548
filiools, (Vie univtrfityk
i iiolilc Tquaic. This
ill K-ngth, forty-two
fliitfil ciiluiiins, a trial
lilul diidriitions.
The iVlidols ot' the
hoiilcs, at'tcr'.vjrcis pi
fxptiicc (it the iinivcrf
now (l.m I ; hut the pi
brick ;iikI llonc, was e
univcrli'y, and partly
iH'f.nftcirs.
'F"hc iinivorfitv librv
archbilhop nt \'(iik, \
liam, t'uriuftieil it wri
innjirty kiny George I
Mooir, hilh.ipot Kly,i
and hiltmvcd it upon t
lord VI ('count Tow 11 Oil
his in.'ji ily ill the fci
lame prince al'i) a;ip'
univerlitv of Oxiord
maderii l.ilfory, and
guages, to he nominat
tory, one ot whom in
Iciiiurts 111 the public
of th; fe proKflors tc
pounds per annum, ou
to maintain, with fufl
well qiialilled to teacli
ing tliofe iangu.iges gi
veiiity, to be nominat
obliged to Ic.irn at lea
Stourbridge, a field
famous fair annually k
and cont'iiues a fortiii;
greattll I'aiisin En^lai
from London and othe
trade cluefty conlills of
le.ither, clieeie, horfcs
Kly is feattd on an
miles to the north of (
by-call of London,
middle of a t'enny plaii
renders it very unheall
and the city is encoinj
all the county lor twei
of ftrawberrics arc ci
white Ibrt. The city
houfes, and has but c
beini; extremely dirty.
as in a county pa1atir(
the afii/.es, jail-delivei
for the liber y. The
months. The catiieil
a lanthcrn of curious a
has onl" one church.
S E
Of JL,ytfor'!ft;<e; its! ,'- *';'v-*» - .-/,■.. =i
JtnliilsViS, Riviri, .. ,„ .
H.ARTKORDSH! .
name liom Hiitford, or Hertford, the county
tO'.vn, i< bounded on the north by Cambiidgcfliirc, on
the eaft by KlTtx, on the weft by UedfordOiire and Uuck-
inghamfliire, and on the (buih by MiddkRx. It is
thiity-one miles in length, about twenty-eight in breadth,
and about a hundied and thirty in circumference. This
county, which lies partly in the dioccfc of London and
partly in that of Lincoln, is divided into eight hundreds,
whiili contain eiL;ht market-towns, fifty-four vicarages,
a handled and twenty parillus, and i:ear nine hundred
and filly villages, with about fixteen thoulaiid five hun-
dred houle>, and ciarhty-two thoufand eight hundred in-
habitants i and fends fix members to parliament, two
knights for the Ihire, with two burgelfes for St. Albans,
and ia iiiany Icir llculurd.
Vi-W, . .. v^ ** - .l-M
■^- ^
ing afterwards canonized, and interred on a hi!) in the
neighbourhood of the town, a inonaflcry was erected to
him by king Offa, to atone for his guilt, in caufuig him
to be murdered. King Edward L ercfled here a magni-
ficent ctofs, in memory of queen Eleanor, and kingtd
ward VI. incorporated the town by a charter, grantiin
the inhabitants a mayor, a ftcward, a chamberlain, aiiJ
till burgenis; but the mayor and fteward arc here the
only juftices »f peace. Here arc three churches, bcfidc,
the ancient church called St. Alban's, belonging to the
monaftery, which is now a parifh church. In this an-
cient itruiture is a funeral monument, and the effigy i.l
king Ofia iis founder, who is fcated on his throne. Ua
the eaft fide flood the (hrine of St. Alban, and in the
fouth aile is the monument of duke Humphry, broihti
to king Henry V. commonly diftinguiflied by the title u!
ir-
En r, LAND.
EUROPE.
545
th! Good duke of GIoiici ftcr. It is adorned with a du-
cal coronet, and the arms of France and England quar-
icrccl. 1" niches on one fide are Ceventecii kings, but in
,l,c niches on the other fide there are no Itatues re-
maining. • J. • ■ c
About fifty years ago, in digging a grave, a pair of
Hairs was dilcovered tliat led down into a vault, where a
leaden coffin was found, in which the duke of Glouccf-
ter's body was prcfervcd entire, by a kind of pickle in
which it lay, only the flefh was wafted from the legs, the
p'cklc at *hat end being dried up. Many curious me*
Salii and coins are to be fcen in the church, that have
been dug out of the ruins of Old Verulam, which ftood
on the other fide of the river Ver or Moore, which runs
fouth-wcft of the town.
St. Alban's is the largeft town in the county, and, bc-
r.'„. :..''"•■' "'""■'•>•»'' •'■•'' <■»"■>'■■' •• — ^—■(~' .. —
aldermen, a recorder, two bailiffs, a town cleik, and
two ferjeants at mace.
The foil in the neighbourhood of Bc.lford is extremely
rich, and particularly produces great quantities of the
beft wheat, which is carried by waggons from hence,
and the north parts of the county to Hitchin and Hert-
ford, where it is ground, and the flour brought by land
to London'. This town gives the title of duke to tlie
noble family of RufTel.
Dunftable, a market-town, fcatcd on a dry chalk
hill, fixteen mile; from Bedford, and thirty-four from %(,.
London. Here fprings arc to be found, unlefs they
dig very deep for them ; but there is a large pond in the
middle of the town, filled with rain water, and is never
dry. It has four ftrcets, anfwcring to the four caidiiinl
points. The church is the remainder of a priory, and
(I ¥
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England.
EUROPE.
545
It is adorned with a Ju-
,),;Conil dukcof Glo'.iCif.T
ca! coronet, ;iiid the arms of France and Kngland qnar
icrecl. In niches on one fide are I'cvcnteen kings, but in
ilic niches on the other iidc there are no Itatues re-
mai^iing- . • ,■ ■ ■ r
About fifty years ago, in digging a grave, a pan of
(lairs was difco.ercd that led down into a vault, where a
leaden cofSn was found, in which the duke of Glouccf-
icr's body was prcfervcd entire, by a kind of pickle in
which it lay, only the flefti was wafted from the legs, the
pickle at that end being dried up. Many curious me-
ciils and coins are to be feen in thtf church, that liave
been duE out of the r jins of Old Veruhim, which Itood
on the other fide of the river Ver or Moore, which runs
fouth-weft of the town.
St. Alban's i: the largeft town in the county, .ird, bc-
fiJcs its four churches, has feveral meeting houles, two
thiiitV fchools, and three fairs, and has on Saturdays
ore 111 the belt markets for wheat in England. It gives
the title of duke to the noble family of IJeauclerc. The
pv3t John duke of Marlborough created a feat here,
cjlIcJHolloway-houfe, and feveral neat alms-houfcs have
ba'ii built here by him and his duchefs. Near St AI-
bjn'^ IS a fort at a place called by the common j,coplc the
Cyller-hill.s which is fuppofed to have been the camp
oi'Oftorius the Roman proprxtor.
S K C T. XXVII,
Of hMriiJI)lre ; its Situation, Extent, Div'.fw.s, Rfpre-
;li:t<iti'ji:s, yilr, i'«7, and principal Places,
THIS county derives its name from its chief tov.-n ;
it is bounded on the north by Northamptoiifliire
anj Huntingdonftiire ; on the caft by Cambridgefliirc ;
i,:i the weft by Huckinghamlhire ; and on the I'outh by
Hciifordfhire. It is twenty-two miles long, but not
cu'.ie fifteen broad. This county is divided into nine
.hundreds, in which arc ten markLt-towns, fifty-eight vi-
car2"C?, one hundred and fixtcen parifhcs, five hundred
aiiJiifty villages, with about twelve thoufand one hun-
dred and feventy houfcs, and upwards of fixty thoufand
inhabit.'.nts. This county fends only fpur members to
parliament, two of which are for the county, and the
utiicrtwofor Bedford.
The air is temperate, clear, and confcquently healthy.
The foil io a deep clay, and in the northern parts a-
boundi in corn and p.dlure ; hut is (andy in the middle,
with., ridge of hills, covered with woods. Its commo-
ditic; ar. chiefly fullct's earth, which is of the utmoll
wnfequence to the clothing trade ; it alio affords cattle,
vciiion, fowl, timber, wood, wheat, and barley in great
pintv, and remarkably good. The chief manufai'tures
htrt art bone-lace and ftraw hats.
Tiic chrf river in this county is the Oufc, the navi-
nuon ol which is of great fcrvice in the corn-trade. It
ditides the county into two unequal parts, forming the
ii;o!( beautiful meanders j for in the diftance of twenty
milts it runs over a traft of feventy.
The principal places in this county are the following :
i'tdfotd, a populous and well built town, forty-four
rimis to the north-weft of London, is fealcd on the
hnl(s of the river Oufe, which divides it into two parts.
Here r.rc five parifh churches, the principal of which is
St. Paul's, and alfo feveral meeting-houfes of the diflen-
icrs : a handfome ftone bridge, with a gate at each end,
to (top the paflage occafionally J and its high-ftreet is in
particular very handfome and well built, as is alfo the
market-place, which is much improved with new build-
ings, it is the only market-towr» on the Oufe, which
has been made navigable to it, vaft quantities of corn,
paiticiilarly barley, being carried from hence down the
nvcr to Lynn, where it is fhipped foi Holland ; and
here being great plenty of provifions, the higlers buy up
cinfiJerable quantities for the ufe of the London mar-
kets. t_)n which account it has many good inns, tho' it
docs not (land upon any of the great roads. Here is a
ttcll endowed frec-fchool, and a charity-fchool for forty
children. Th? town it governed by a mayor, twelve
89
aldermen, a recorder, two baililTs, a town dcik, and
'wo fcrjcanfs at mace.
The toil in the neighbourhood of Bc.lford is extremely
rich, and particularly produces great quantities of the
bcft wheat, which is carried by waggons from hence,
and the north parts of the county to Hitchin and Hert-
ford, where it is ground, and the (lour brought by land
to London. This town gives the title of duke to the
noble family of Rufiel.
Dunftable, a market-town, featcd on a dry chalk
hill, fixteen miles from Bedford, and thirty-four from 2A-
London. Here no fprings are to be found, unlefs they
dig very deep for them ; but there is a large pond in the
middle of the town, filled with rain v.'atei, and is never
dry. It has four ftrcets, anfwering to the four catdiiuil
points. The church is the remainder of a priorv, and
oppolite to it is a farm houfe, which was once a royal
palace. The larks of this town are well known to all
who (ludy the gratification of their palates.
Woburn, a market-town, fe.ntcd on a rifing ground,
on tiie high read from London to Northampton. It was
burnt down in 1774, but has been neatly rebuilt, and
has a handfom'; market-place, with a frce-fcho;;I and a
charity-fchool, founded by the duke of Bedford, who
alfoercdcd the market-houle. Woburn has near it plen-
ty of fuller's earth.
This town was formerly fa.Tious for its abbey, which
now belongs to the duke of Bedford, and is his feat ; it
has many noble ro.jms, particularly a fine library wM
ftockcd with books, and fitted up in a:i ele;:,ant t.ille ;
and a long gallery .idorncd with a collection ot fine
paintings. Before the houlc is a large baton of w.iter,
furrounded with a fine broad gravel w.ilk. In this baloii
is a beautiful yacht, of between thirty and forty tons
burthen, elegantly carved and gilt, is coinpletvly rig-
ged, and mounts ten guns, which areiiutl mi occafiun
of entertainments given on board. There a:e alio a hand-
fome pleafure boat, a wherry, and (kiff.
The park is nine miles round, and enrompafled with
a brick wall ten feet high. It has lofty woods, (omc of
them of fir trees, and other ever greens : particularly on
the north fide of the park is a plantalicn near two miles
long, with a fine riding through it, where, in the depth
of winter, one may ride in iheltcr through a perpetual
verdure. A noble piece of water at the end of this plan-
tation, has an ifiand in the middle, uiion which is a
Chinefe building, where, in fummer, his grace often
dines with his company. There are alio in this park
many gravel roads through the woods, by which means
a perion may cither walk or ride to every part of the
park in the wctteft fcafon, without meeting with the
leaft dirt.
SECT. XXVIII.
Of HuntingJoxJIiire; its Ncuiie, Situation, Extent, Divi-
fiim, Ripreftntatives, Air, Soil, Produce, and princi-
pal Places.
UUNTINGDONSHIRE, or Huntingtonniire,
received its name from the Saxons, who, from its
being a fporting country, called it Huntedunfcire. It is
bounded on the north and weft by Northamptonfliirc j
on the caft by Cambridgelhire; and on the fouth by Bed-
fordlhire ; extending twenty-five miles in length from
north to fouth, eighteen in breadth from eaft to weft,
and near fixty-fcvcn in circumference.
This County, which is in the diocefe of Lincoln, is
divided into three hundreds, and contains fix market-
towns, twenty-nine vicarages, feventy-nine pariflics,
two hundred and twenty-nine villages, about eight thou-
fand two hundred and twenty houfes, and upwards of
forty-one thoufand inhabitants : but fends only four
members to parliament, namely, two knights of the
fllirc, and two members for Huntingdon.
The air of Huntingdonftiire is good, except in the
fenny parts, which are fubjcft to damps and unwhole-
fome fogs. The foil is very fruitful ; in the dry lands it
yields good crops of com, and in the lower grounds the
b /^ meadows
I
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530
A SYSTEM OF G E G K A I' 11 Y.
F..V
iMC.idoWj niij pjrtiiies arc cxcciiliiiL» rich, proJiicing fine j n'liiliitanls. Northjiiiplonfliirc fends nine
liunuil c.Ktl-.". Hliicc it-! tlml (iimiiiciclitics arc cum,
<.itlle, cxrtllcnt chfcle ni.uk- at Stilton, anJ called tin-
IViiinrlan ai l'ji;'laniU vviili I'lwl anil lilli.
There is foinitliin,' |);iriiciilar in tlic civil j^overnment
of this county ; for .is C ambrid^tiliiic and l.ly arc un-
der the fame adminillratioti with it, the iiuiilt is choltn
liy tiiMis out ol thcli' fcvcral jducs.
The iiiiiui|).il rivers arc the Neil and the Oufe. The
Ncn, aim it has pafl'ed Oiindic in Northamptonlhire,
winds ruuiid the n.irth-wcit and nniih hninds ol thiS
county. The Oiile enters it at St. Neji\, and runniiv^
to the north-call pallls lluntingJon, and then leaves the
coiintv at Kiith.
In the norih-call part of the county, is a lake c.dled
Witllefcy-.VIeer, lix n-.iies ion^ and three bro.id i the
water is clear, but m the calniclt weaiher is I'ubjecl to
he agitateil, as if by a tenipell. I'lic . ir of this lake is
thick, f'\;gy, and too often fatal to ll aiincis, who at-
tempt to live in as nei;;hbourhuod ; bu
Ol.'.>r
niciidi.,;, .
t>
paihameiir, two lur the cdir.ity, two e.i h lor Kun . „ ,
ton, the my of I'c teihoiougl'i, and lliac»..e\, ai.u\ '
lor Highani I'errcis.
I he air ol th:^ county is very hcahhy, and, i;^_, ,,
the little cormr ef iMerbi.r.jugh hundieds, iieii;;!^'^
tree Irom bot's and len», hence it aliouii(i.s wnii i;,.- ,^
ol the nobiliiy and ^-.entry. The toil is very t-ttile,' i„ ,
lor tillage and p.Mtuiai^e, and isdelKient in nothiii'. m '
lucl, Which is 111 molt p..rts very Icarcej iu.rc;:iri7
danity be remedied, a.; they luve r.o coal-pit>, „ !'
any navigable iivei, to admit of their being Iu|)j;,.'j f .
water-carna^',e. It is obkivable, tl.at heu is' out oji'
b.irrei) heath, and that the rtit ol the country is as nui''
K.l .11 com. 111,1 gr.ila as any p.irt of Ln-laud. liiecjui-
muditics produced by tliij county are huinej<jii||..j (i,^,^, ,
holies, and corn. 1 he principal ir.aiii.. -.luics in wuu' '
the people are cmpleiycd arc lerges, taiiiiei, Uiulioui .'
booto, .iiu\ llioes. ' '
I'he niincipal livers of KorthampttMiniire 3r: tl|.; \\.,,
the natives re- . _ _^
ccive no inconvenience from it ; on t.ie contrary, this ■■"'' 'he Welland ; belides vvhi.n it is paitiy w.uerij iii.
lake abounds in fi/h, and its banks aie rcinaikably , ""-' ^'"Ifj t'l^ l^tam, and the Charweli. 1 niee of tneli
fertile ' namely, the Nen, the Leaiii, ami the Ciiatwed, tt.l
'I'he' chief placei in tins county arc the foMowin,': v/iilnn a Imall eliltaiice ot ea^li other, near I.>.,veiitt,'
HuiKiiif lion, called by tiic Saxon's llunter's-Down, is and there loriii very Oilferent courles ; the I, earn rijiin;,,!
jiiea.aiiil/ leattd on a tiliii;; gioiind, by the river UulV,
over which it has a handio ne (lone briiL.e, hl;yf-.-veii
miles north-by-weil of l.i'iiilon It was oiiee nuieli
laigei than at prei'eitt, it haviii'; hltten parifli ciiurcne*,
which are now reduc:e..l to tw.), Wirii levcial me-ting
hu lies. In this place the .illUus are he'J, and it is a
great thorou-h-laie on the n.jith-rn road, on which ac-
count it i-> 'Veil lurniflied with inns. It is ijovenKd by
a mayor, ;.. 1 coniers the title of ci.l on tiic noble U-
niilv ol Mailings.
>s'ear the well 11. le of the town is HInchinbruk-, whiih
gives the tiile of vife.iuntto the ck'elt u>t\ or the earl
ot Sandwiih, .ind where tliat nobleni.in h is a feat called
Hinchinbioke houl'e, the gardens of which aie: very
fine.
St. Neot's is a well bailt town, fit'tvfix miles to the
north-north-welt of London, featcJ on the river Oufe,
over which there is a llone bridge: it has a haiidlome
church, with a fine lieeple, and the market la very con-
wcliward, the Charwcil fou;nv/ard, and the istii ij^.
u'ard, till It lalls into the Cjerman tKcan. Tne \'v\l.j|,i
riles in the r,>i::h il lidc ol tne county, aim divius ,t
tfom Leuelteilhire, Ruilandfliire, and J^incoli.lliin'
running tnruu:ih a part of tne lalt county till it li,:, i,;^]
the lea. fneOaleaiio riles in thu eouiity, but i(,o ,
enters Jiuekiiuhaiiifh, re. Thcfe rutrs are ui yi^; „ .
vice 111 Ijrnilliiiig tins iilLnid county \mAi |;|!i.
i he piincipal towns in thia county aic l.^c Joll^-.v-
ing :
N'orthampton, an ancient borough town, inc.-,ri'iir,.;„j
by king ileniy 11. and coiiiinned by kin^ Jaii.'tj j
leated on the iiver iN'en, lixty-feven m.ics iiurt;iwell-»:
by-nofih of London. It had v.alls, whi^h are ne-.v ee-
moiillied, and likewifc a large caltle, which is iiuuins •
and heie leveral parliaments have been i.clJ. it u at
prelent elKenied the haadlomeft town in all tins u.rtif
tngland ; but its beauty is owing to a dreaui'ul eh.j ' ;;
tor It was lo efKcUially buiiit down on the tweiuia. i,;'
September, 1675, that very lew homes were leu lL..j-
iiderable.
St. Ives is an anclenf, Iarp<-, and lij-ndfomc place, nig : but it is now handloniely rebuilt with brick nj
fifty-feven miles noithwcit ol 1/ondon, and is leated on "um", and the Itreets are wide and Ipacious, It hj. nv,
the- river (Jule, over which it has a handfomc Itune bridges over c.tc river; the had iwr tne adizes ii ajiaiud
bridge. Here was a priory, which is now in ruins. It i with ccdumns of the Corinthian order, and the nurl<a-
1) IS ■liu- large church, tw.i ddrentin'i: meetings, and a ' pl-ite is kpiaie and Ipacious. It had fevcn chiirclio
p 'p.lli chapel, with about tive hundred dwelinin-houl'es. i which are now leduceJ to b.ur. All Saints, ^t. Giks',-[
■|"iie lliccts arcpr.lty v.'idc, and tolerably Weil paved. ' St. bepulchie's, and St. l'et..rj. The lirlt i, a iioo.e
SEC T. XXIX.
Of N-)rthawptt:Jhirc ; iti Namr, Situation, r.xt,iil, Diui-
piimipal ^I',u.n;,
'~j~^lilS county takes it? name from the town of Nor-
jL tliinipuni, wh.-h fome lay was fu called lioni its
fituatioii on tlie north fide of the river Anluna, or Ncn,
vdiile olhirs maintain that it was thus named Irom its
fnuation with rcfpeiit to Southampton. It is featcd in
tb.e middle of Knglnnd, and as it extends in a narrow
tract towards the norih-ealt, borders upon more counties
than any c.her in Lagland ; tor on tlie nirth it is bound-
ed by Lineolnfliire, Kutlandllirc, and Lciceiierniire ; on
the eaft by Cambridgeiiiiic, liuntiiiL'donlliiie, and Hed-
/ordfliiie; on tf.e well by Warv.'' klliire and Oxford-
fliiie; and mi the fouth by iiuekinghamlliirc. It ex-
tends in Iciigth from the fouth- weit to the north-eall near
tilty live miles, in the broadell pirt fi;om ead to welt it
IS twenty-fix, and a hundred and twenty live in circuni-
ftrence. It is leated in the diocete of Peterborough, and
liivided into tw nty hundreds, coniaiirng tiiirtcen niar-
kct-towii'!, elg' ty-five vicara;^es, and about five hundred
and filiy vilUf;!"', with about twenty-four thoiiland eight
hundred huufes, and a luindfcd und twenty-nine thoulaiid
edifice, adorned with a cupola, and has a grand poracu
belcre it of eight loUy Ionic columns, 'i his ltrjc»u;e
(lands in the center where lour large fpa.iojs itr,:;;
terminate, and is ccnlequently f.cn to the u-niaii ad-
vantage. Here are alio leveral meetmg-houles ul'K-e-
leflant dill'enters. The putjlic budJings are m ■-n..;^;
extremely handlome : this rcwn has an luurinary, a j;ucii
free-fciiool, a charity-fchoo], and two alms-huuLs. n
is governed by a mayor, tuo badiffs, a rccoidcr, iaur ;;,-
de:inen, furty-eigui coniinon-councihiien, and a tu.v.-.-
cleik.
Peterborough, a city of great antiquity, is f-atcJ on
the river Nen, over which tiicrc is a bnd jc lh,.t lejc'
into Huntingdondiire, and is in the e lUcrn aiij;:eij; .N,r-
thamptoiilhiie, Icventy-fix miles north-by-weit oi l.ia,- ^Aj
don. 'i'his is the leatt city in tngiand ; lor Weil-, tJ,,
and Cariifle arc mticii bigger. Here arc, however, ri:.im
good houles i f.)r the (heets are handlome and we!i liuil;,
and the markct-plux prcuy fpacious. It has, hov.evt;,
hut one chureli belides the cathedral, whicii is one of ;:ij
moil noble l,utliic biiil.lini-s m tnglaiid ; tiiewdiml
is (upporicd by three noble aicnes, very turiouliy eiiuc-
li(!ieU ; and the window', are lineh- painted wiin tiitn.i
ries of the (.Jld and New Ttft..iiiciit. In fiioit, the wn:\i
ftrudurc ia adorned with a grcjt deal of cuiioui '.ViU:
In this chuicli was binicd M. ry qucn of Scots ; butlii;
body was alttrwar.ls icmoved by her ion James 1. to <ai,;
Ilcnry the beventh'i cUapel, in \v jinmlfer .:"n.
i:...-
I',. 'AND.
llitc alfii lies intf rrct
liking Henry VJII. '
rnnM'.y.
'I his town is gover
ifcoriier, and gives ih
'.'jrdaunt.
Welliiighornu.'rh is
.li.ll on ihe weltcrn
::Ii's hum Lo'-don, j
„,!ialiUed town, with
uhuol. A dicadlul j:
,.,u,.i. 1" ':■• c : ,
r.
f'r
T^ETf K ,y
'^lllli J2
:Ru.,h, '■
ji,.'
plS£
-i^jfA/'A
Chill ^
>'a
tlin/u
\vr
WHTi Sif.
IKrcalfi' li<^s interred queen Cai!i:iriric the ilivdrccd wil'i'
'\m ' Henry VIU. wno has a nio..uiiiCiit crciltJ lu lici
K U R O 1' E.
nvn:i.y.
1(1
'I his town is governed by a mnyor, aldcrnun, imk
Kcoriicr, and gives the tillc ol cail'tn ili.- noble lanjily "I
\'ardJiint.
"\Vcllin!ib<>rnti:!h is pleafantly fcilctl on tbe akent (>l
jli.llon The v.-elteni hanks ot theiivcr f-in, lixi)-livc
Biles (rum Lo-don, and is a l.irf;^, will buil , aiul well
.'.iubiied town, with a handlnme chiireh, a id a lri.e-
liool A dicatliul liiJ hapiieneJ here in Jul;, I7.ii>,
'..„.u ;.. '■■■ >• ' n' ' ' ' *"
This town was wholly reduced to a IiM]i of ruins by
a tin ibic lire on the fil'ili of be|)ri.mb'.r, Il''i4i Imt was
leliiiilt by acl (it puilianieiit in li> noble aiul beaulilul H
iiijiiner, that tew towns in Kn^land make fo hnc an
a(i|iLauiK:c, It is lamous lor being the rdi.lenee ol ilic ce-
lebratciKiuy eailol Warwiek, ot wliombi many labulima
am^ i(;iliaiiiii: a'.eounis have been ^iven,lhat it iii perhaps
inipollible to diltin^'.inlh bii real «i-.tion:i Iruni thole ihat
ar'; Ubnloiis. Ilu llourdhed in the reign of Aihelltaii,
.■.n^ deeded tl'.e late of the I'.iiij^doiii by lingle totiibat
wiili Colbroiid, the IJane, a man of gigantic ila'.iire,
■'s life till his
word.
•• . ■ ' )on the river
ot Windlor,
ec the Avon
o'. e hfty letc
Jilt has often
:ry at;reeable
■ apartmtma
between the
rved by i;al-
ma^'niliLi-nt.
iial pietures,
liiveii-^, and
a cell called
a llatue of
rt i<i ol fulij
I. Heie llity
ntainini; iiii-
inlets. il i>
of LonJun, cja.
flp
HP
1 ■
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ThruiiiKii ,^
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550
A SYSTEM OF G E O G I< A I' 11 Y.
En
Gl.'..V,
sy.
iiicadoWj .iiiJ pifluies arc c)icpciliii;j ilch, proJiiciiig fill'
luiriK'd c.itll.-. Hincc iis < liul i umiiKxIities arc com,
«.iii;,', cxrillcnt chrcfc ni.icli-- at Stilton, and called tlic
J'ainul.in (it iMij'landi wiili fnwl aiul ii(h.
'I'hiTf Is roiiictliiiic; |i:itiiciilar in tlic civil novernmeiit
of this county ; for as l.'ambridj;i;ilii:L- and l.ly arc un-
iliT ihc fame adminiltration with it, the liunlr is choltn
by turns out ol thcU- Icvcral ;d.iccs.
The print ip.il rivers arc the Ncn and the Oufi.. 'l"he
Nen, after it has pallid Oiindle in Nortlijiiiiplonfhiri',
winds ruiind the nortli-wclt and nnith liuuiiils ol this
county. The Oule ciuers It at St. N'eoi's, .iiul ruiiiiMig
to the nnrth-e.ill palLs lluntmgJun, and then Icjvet. the
cotiiitv at Kiith.
In the iiorih-cart part of the county. Is a lake called
Witckfev-Mecr, lix nilies lonj; and three broad ; the
water is clear, hut in the calmelt we.iiher Is fuhjett to
he agitated, as if hy a tenipelt. Ihc air of this lake Is
thick, fo.;gy, and too ofitii fata! to lliaiii;eis, wtiu at-
tempt to live in .ts iieli;hbi)iiihi.iod j but the ii.i'.ives re-
ceive no inconvenience from it ; on tlie contrary, tins
Jake abounds in fifti, and its banks aie rcniaikably
fertile. j
The chief placLi in this rounty are the following: :
Hun.MiLicion, c.iileil by tiie Saxons liiiiiter'ri-Down, is '
plearamly'feat(.d on a rifinij; ground, by tnc river (Jul'.-,
ovi.r which It has a haiulln nc ilone bikUe, /il:y-leven
miles i;orth-by-wi.ll of l.dndim It was once much
larger than at preicnt, It iiavin^; hllt.cn parlfli churches,
which are now riJuned to two, wirn leveial inf-iiiii;
ho lies. In this rl.ice the ,il!Ues are helj, and it is a ■
great thorou-li-laie on the noithrrn road, on which ac- i
count it is well furniflied with Inns. It is govcimd by -
a mayor, and confers the title of eid on tnc noble fa- i
j inli,i|iitaiils, Northanipionfliire fends nine nieiii!v,i, .
' pailiaiiKiit, two lor the couuty, two e.i, h lor Nun, .. i, ,,
ton, the cilv of I'l teiliolouyli, and llracit.iv. ai. . . '
lor Mighaiii I'erieis.
j 1 he air ol lli;s touiity Is very hcal;hy, and, t\,^ „
the little coriiu cf I'tterbt.r.juijh huiiil.'eiis, ijeii,;,i;'J
' tree lioni hoys and kiis, hence it ahouiKis wiin ili.-;^,,,
! ot the nobility and (.'.entry. i ^.e foil is very lemli.-, i„ , ,
; /or tillage and p..lluiai>,e, and is deiicient in noihui ■ i, '
(iiel, wnicli is 111 molt parts veiy karce j w.r ta,| [, '.'
kauuy be reiiiedad, ai they nave i;o toal pit , n f
any navig.ilde iivei, to admit of thwir hem,; lijii\..l i,,
waiet-caniaju-, It is olili-i vable, tl'.at here u union-
b.irKn heath, and that tlic rtit ol the cuuntiy is as nuis
li.l .11 coin and j_!,r.i|j as any |iait of Lngland. riitcjiii-
iiiudities produced by this county are homeJcatile, (lui ,
lioilis, and orii. The principal luanufjcluics In wnii,'
tlie people are employed arc :ergcj, tjiiiiti, Uialluunj
bviot.., and Uiocs. . *
The jnincipal iivcr? of KorthamptonHiire are the N'eii
.md the W'elland j belides whi. n it is paitly w.ntrij b/
me Oule, the l.tam, anJ trie Ctiarwell. i niee of tnek
iiamely, the Nen, the Leani, and tlieCuaiweil ri.e
v/itluii a Iniall Oiltance ot ea^li otlier, near O.inini
and there lorm very dilt'erent ccuiles j tr.e i^eani rumiiil f
weltward, the Cliarweil Unr.nv/ard, and the iv'eu taii^
v.-aiJ, till It lalls into the (jtrmaii oeean, 'J nc \'v\|,aii|
rikb in the iioith-welt lidc ot tiie county, aim duiii, ,(
from Leuelteiihire, Rutlancllliirc, and l..incijh,lli;ri
runnlin; tni.)U.:h a part of me jalt county till It liu, i,,,'
the lea. I'lie Ojle aiio riles iii thi> louiity, but lui,,i
eiiteis iiuikliuhamlliire. 'I'licfc rivers are ul pi.„: i^;.
vice III latniiliiiig tins iillmd county wkh iilh.
Ihe piiiicipal t'jwiis in this cuuniy aie l.*!: (o!L,v,
'M
E U R () P I'.
Wijc all" lit^' interred qucea Catharine the divorci-il wilt
a,„^ Henry Vili. whu has .1 nioaunieiit crciilcJ tu her
""'"'>'• • 11 II I
This town IS govcrncil hy a mnyor, aukrnun, anil a
.fCorJcr, and gives the title ol eail to tlu nubie laiinly ol
Mjrd.iiint.
\\'tllinrh(>rr)ti:>h is plcafamly fc.ilcJ on the afieiit (if
,|i.lloii ihc u'Lltirn banks <>t the tivrr Nin, lixij-livi.
J,.|cs Irom lyiJiidoii, and is a larj;c, wlII huili, and wt,ll
liihabiltd town, with a handloiuc c hun !i, .iiid a Inc-
I buoi. A drcadlul liic haiipeneJ licre in Jnlyi 17.^^)
' .1. :.. I'" >• •■ n- ' ' ' ^
■, *v
*.*
\
This town w.is whdiy reduced tn a '1 :i|> f,f ruins by
a ttriibic lire on the tifih ol bcptii ib- 1, il"i4; but wjs
tebiiilt tiy ad 01 |ijilianieiit in li> iiolilj aiiJ beaiitiliil a
nuiiner, that lew towns in Kiijrland make fo line an
appeaiar.ic. It i'. lanujub lot being ihc rtli.lente ol the ic-
lebrattdtiuytailol VVarwiek, ot whf.mlo many labiiloiis
.Hid i(.iii..iiiic a'.cuunis have been f;iven,t)iat it is |)eiha|)s
inipoUible to dilt:n-uilli bis real ai:tioiis liom thole ib,u
are l.,bii:<)os. lie llounlhed in the reign of Aihelllaii,
and d.eided the late ol the kingdom by tingle loiiibac
wi;l\ Colbfoad, the JJane, a man ol gigantic Itatare,
:'s lil'e till liiK
word.
- f-. v ■'!*■.•'" ' * Jon the river
ot VVindlor,
cc the Avon
'Ove Hfty I'etC
3iit hM olieii
;ry a^,reeabl!:
! a(>artmenis
between tlie
rved by i;jl-
magnilieeiit.
nal (jicliircs,
|ii'.'eii>, and
laccll Culled
a flatus of
rt is ol luliil
I. Here iluy
ntaining uii-
nilets. It ii
ot' London, (t%.
■ It (hndi oh
em ; but thi;
luilt of wood
> ot.'ier, make
the tiller city
e lee, whicti
tlL'd ard in-
rter w.is con-
witn leveral
•e deniolifiied
'62, and only
; beauty and
lilcs ill com-
(hetlfls, ten
•5, who hold
ns, as well as
i has thioe pa-
Muhjcl, and
;-houlcs ; but '
had is a line
curious piece
ot the 2reat
bed feet hich,
. where they
*■ the toivn alio
is left of the
niarket-phce
•iii'\: lixty-lix
'evcral of the
.ic iVulnture ;
' inhabitants
ighting, and
'Orih leeiiig,
itiii;r Time of
'aitors to the
.T
i'
'^i
naked KVx.i lilts. ! If tyi.jt.'<t<d
• exemption toitU'f fi.t/ap,ix(f^
ed, that th;'v /« Aif-.,»r.//X»
nod, and ia<'''"/j:^<v'.'''/..w •
|>roccllion on i-'ntch r.vi.r {•<• ■
eld as a fair, «*.'ti^'M,^/^j{». II
1 hotfe-haiic »»j,/,4,^. ;^^.
ny, an I the
9t a windotv
\ W
Fi
\ n
m
' i f^!
if::-
ti'j
V-J
s
Y S T E M OF G i: O C; K A 1' 1 1 Y.
J'.;jfii.',j,-<,
■mv\
jy.
1 i
H'
'li...
E ' 1
IllC.lclilVV'i .111
liiiriu'd rati
iivi.r which
,1 pirtiiies arc cNcci'lin", lich, prmliiiint' fmc
Hciu-e in <linl (.iiimu.ilitifi .1"' f'Tii.
<.Ulle, cxr»llcnt chicfe nia'lt- at Stil«m, aiiJ Ci.llcJ the
IVuiiidjii <'t Ini'l.mil, with low! .mil hlli.
ThiTi.- is luimilnn.'; p.micul.ir iii the i:ivil government
of lliH county i lor .14 L.nnbri.l;.;dliHc .iml i.ly are un-
(Kr ihf (.line .i.lminiltr.iti.m with it, llii: Ihiult is ihultn
In- tutMs mil ol thtl' Icural i'luos.
■ VUv nnM( ip.il liven .iri' lli>- Nui .uul tlie Ouli . 1 he
Nrn, iiliir it lias paflal Omulli; 111 N..rihi>nipi.)nlliirr,
wuiJs ruiiii>l the n..rt!l.u•rl^ h,.! ,..„.1< Ivmim.I.cI thl<
«minty. I I"-' * '
til lIlC lUlltil-lMll
toimtv .It Kiith.
In ill'- norih-
Wilild'cy-Mi-'ci
w.ilPi H clear,
lif a;;ii.>i.il, as
ihiclv, l",',i;yi •
f nipt 10 live in
ci ivi; n.i inci-nv
like a'juunJ^ i
Icrlilc.
Tin; c'licf p'
Hiin:iiij'i!tm,
il,' ilat'.'
it I
inilcb i;orth-by
largci than at \
which are r."W
hD.il'es. In 1I11:
fir^at thoroii-h-
lount it ii well
a mayor, anl c(
inli.iliit.ml'i. Nnrthaniptdiiniirc (cnil. niiit nieinlm, (.,
p.iilianKnt, two lor the cinmly, two e.i h lur Nun .. „ ,.
(on, the riiv ol I'l tcihuiuuijli, au>i ItraCKiU, m, , ,,
lor ilighain I'cricia.
I t.e air o( Ih:, uiiinty ii very hc.il;hy, aiiJ, i\.,^
the little coriui cl I'clttl.i.i.ni^h hijiiateib, iieii,:n;V
lice liuiii boL>s aiul kiii, hence it ahoiiinis wiiii i;i.-.i..i,
ol the nohilil'y ai.J ('entry. I he Uiil i:; very l.tlih-, i, .,,
lor lillaj;e ami p..lluia,'e, ami isUcii^ient 111 nothing i.,,._
liiel, wnicli la in molt parts vciy kaiccj in r tan u.,
Uaiiily be temeJuJ, ...i ih^y liaVc nu coal pit-, n .i
[vcI-AM'.
IKkjIIo lies interred qu
,; ;,iiig Henry Vlll. wm
r;;r'iy.
1 1.1, tuwn IS gjvctncc
jii.ier, and gives the l
;:.,ril.iiint.
\Villin^;horoii''h ii pii
i till till ilie v,-elfern b.i
(,!() hum Lomlon, aiul
,',^jbiitJ town, with a
l.hu.il. '^ ilieaillul liie
y^-Mh ill r.x huuri time
;* l!ihj;-aoiifcs, niollly
;,: Iii«ii i but it Uii lilll
■ n.; nuniier. This t(n
SEC
' ilifnfniatiiii, Jir, S
111 I', MS,
m
AiaVICKSIIlR
f.., allj!:o" u' loiJiers.
yjf.)ii^llnre,<);.tiie call I
[iibitc, on the rnutn-\
r.t loulti-calt by O.xlord
1,1 en n: lies, and tweniy-
iif.;.'h 1h'> partly in the 1
l;)., a:iJ (larily m that of
hiiiJrtils and one liUrty,
;.uiis, ei^^luy-fcvcn vica;
• iilhii, levcn hundred i
1, ;wo tbu .fand liouks,
t.'.'iunts. It fern's ii.x 1:
r™ kiijjhts ol the (hit
i;;J 1*0 lor Coventry.
The air is allowed ti
liii'ihv, and more (o (i
p.niicJ aiul laid more c
ijnruniption of wood in I
iii wuiiJ-landers have 1
ji J pallaic. The norti
r;V.'c3dlanJ, is dividi
F.-ion, by the river Avi
:,",d proJuccs excellent c
li famous all over Engl
CM of this county ar(
iha'fe. I'iiis county
ioii.c |i'arcs lie even v/r.
i.,;c »it many txcellcnt
riic principal rivcrj a
f.iiiilh'u-, anj ciucrs ti
ji.iiiigchiclly foutli-wc
I'lJ, aii.l Bithird, hclo.v
iiic lame, which rife:
t.r.couhty, runs caftivai
, J ihcii, iurniiig to the
T .■ Arrow rifcsin \S'ur£
j;h-welt bordirsof th
..!'!» liiiford. 'I'hc p
/■■ ihe following :
V.'arwi>^k is Icated on
■ jt miicb to the north-v
.'.ijrecut tbfouj;!! th
'.> It but over water.
n.i', which is now in r
Mcly ciUle, which is
i Ur -e .ind han.llomo
■ .j.chcs, with levcral tt
1 p:in.ii'-.illy confilts o!
'■ .01 wi-,ich is an aiiri
'.■.:.t hri,'!;e of twelve .11
..:itwili/c binvelfcs, an
■ .;';iorii.,l on llonc pill.i
' .'-il, anl .ill hoipit.il
'■ijycil ijentlcmcn, v,-h
■'-■, mi ilU cl.ap:a:n
;Si-
i;l.,\NU.
F, n u () r K.
llae alfo I'" interred queen Cai!i:iiiiie tlie ilivoni d wilr
, ;jii ' Ifeiuy Vlil. vvni) lu.> .1 niiiMiiniciii cllcKJ Ui Iki
1^,1, tiivviu* govcriicil hy a ni.ivor, aljtrmin, iiinl .1
• coi'icr, Miii gives the tillc (j| fuil to iliv,- iii)l)lo l.iiinly dI
'iijrJaiirU.
\\'illiiii;!wr"ii:'h ii pli-.ifaiitly fciicj cm ilic uki-nt <il
•li.lliiii ilK v.'cttirii b.inln ot ilic iivi'r Nui, (ix'j-liv-
l]ts Iruril Lc)llil<)ili ailil i.< .1 l.ir(;i.', will liuilt, .uul will
[jjliiltJ town, with a h;iiiill(inic rliiirili, .in-l a Inc-
I |ij,)|. A ilii-Millul li.j lu|i|ioiu'.l lii-ri; III July. I7i>>i
jiiih ill liX hours tiiiii; coiiluiiicil atiovc ti^ht liiiii.in.J
j^iijii p.iiiiiiUs, niollly ill lliL' liiiith ami t.ill pjil-ui
"■ti i(i«ii i hut it luii riiicu hccii i( luilc in u iiuirc liauil-
. 1; ,; maiiiitr. This tuwiiciijuys a p.'i-'ity gooJ liaJi;.
SEC T. XXX. '
(];]'',jv~ki.flirn ill Ntwie, Siluiiiisn, Exirit, Di:"jhiit.
liiprff'ilalUJilt 'iiry Siii, Pniiiuc, Kiutii, uriii pniici-
ItrAKWICKSIIl RE derives its turn s from the
\V h.ixonb, w;.o '.'.lUcd it Wcriiijiu lie, wliii.li lij;iii-
f, allai'Oll u' luiJiir.'. It is houndi/il on the iiorlli by
5 j.f.iii.lhirc;,!::. tne call by Leii-tlK'idiiic and Norihaiiip-
I i.lhiii-', oil the liiutn-uilt by ( jlmu'i lU ilhiic, aiiJ uii
r.t loulti-i-'alt by 0.\i()rdlhirc;txtLiiilin}; lii Itiigth loily-
licn (lilies, and tweniy-fcven in liuail:l\ This uninty,
»t:;li l'^'> I'arliy in the dliHeli. ol Lilt hhil.l aii.l Ciji\-ii-
CV, a:iJ jiarily m tiiut of Wuiteller^ is ilivuleJ iiitci lour
li.i.Jriiis and one iilKtiy, anJ contain-, leveiiteeii iii.itk'-t-
;.nvns, cio'^'y-''-'^"-" vicira^jes a hundud .ml h!tv-ei;^flt
. iilllij, level! hundred and eighty vill.iueu, abniii tweii-
1; ;wo ihu'.faiid liuule^, and two hundred ihouland m-
hbilints. It lends fix members to parliament, namely,
iw kiiju'iti' "' t'"^ (hire, two members tur VVaiwiek,
laJtivo lor Coventry.
The aif if allowed to be very mild, plc.ifanf. and
hfililiv, and more fo lincc the wood laiUs have bjeii
tiincJ and laid more ojicii than formerly, by the;:reat
Cjiiluniiition ol wood in the iron-works j by whieh nu aiis
iji nM(iJ-laiiders have been tildigcd to apply to till n'.e
icjpjlijic. The northern part of the country, called
i-;\VeDdljnJ, is divided from the fouth, cal'ed the
r;:Jon, by the river Avon ; but the foil of both i^ rich,
:r,ii proJutcs excellent corn and chccle, the lalt ot winch
i, Uiiimis all over England; hence the chief coniino-
ciiiisof this county are corn, malt, wood, wool, and
iha'fe. I ids county alfo abounds in coals, whieh in
joii.c places lie even wiih the furtacc ut tlic earth; and
Lii art many excellent coal-pus.
Tlic principal rivers arc the Avon, which rifec in I^ei-
u'kilhite, and eniers ti.is county a little above Rii^hy,
jr.iiligchicHy foutll-wcd; it paii'es by Warwick, Sirjt-
i'ti, and Bitford, bclovv w^ich i: cn;ers WorceiUilhiie.
i.ii 1 anic, which rifes in Staltordlhire, and enteiin^
i.„.coiiiity, runs eaftward,tili it has received the Ijlyiht-,
<> then, turniiis; to the noithivard, enters St.dfiirailiiie.
'I':, J Arriiw rifes in \S'orcelterfhire, and cruflhi|i the welt-
■ i;h-welt bordirsot this county, joins the Av do a liiilc
..!'.w Hi.ford. 1 he prii)cipal towns in ^Sltrwitl-ihirc
iv ihe following :
\'.'drwivk is leatcd on a rock near the Avon, ei^h'v-
■ ir nuii". to the north- well of I-ondon. All the paiia(;es
J.: are cut thfough the rock ; and there is no way to ^o
^it but over water. It was anciently fortilied witii a
»-i', which is now in ruii'.s ; but h.is ftill a Itrong and
!:-itly caUle, which is the (eat of the lord lirookt. Jt
■ i lar:T and handlome tovv:i, in whioh arc tuo parifli
• ".j.ches, with fevcral mecting-boiifcs of t;ic 1 )iiremtir:'.
1: principally conhlts of one regular bu;U litcei, at c.teii
'iJof nl'.icli is ail aii.-ient iatc, and over the river li a
!'::-e bri.'^f of twelve archCii. It is t,overned by a bJ'lilr'
.:i twilve bur^ellcs, and has a haiidfomc market-lioile
iii'iiortul on ftonc pillars. It has likewife a good free-
i-'ol, anl .111 hoipit.il called St. James's, lor twelve
■■fjycd ;;entlcmen, who have each twenty p"unds a
':J^ and VM Cn.ip:a:n hf:y.
This town w.'s win lly reduced to a !i .ipc.f rulni hy
a ti ruble lire oil the liftli otbtp'emh'i, i( ,4 ; Init was
lebiiilt by act <it pailiameiit in to noble aijil beaiililul ii
iiuiiiier, that lew towns ill Kiiu-land make fo line all
apiieaiaiu e. It i, lamou> loi bciiij; the rLfi.Jcnce ol the i e-
lebrattiKiiiyeatlot Warwick, ol whr.ml.i many <.il'iiloin
.ind K.iiiaiiii'- accouiiis have been ^-iveii, that it t. peiliap;.
impulliMi; to dilhn.Hiidi hi'i real *. tioii'i lioni thole iliat
are l,.bii! MIS. lie llouiilhed in the tei.'ii ol y\ilielll.iii,
and il.cded the late of the kii^dom by fnigle lonibac
wiih Colliroiid, the Dane, a m.m ,,( jiij^umie tlat;ire,
wlu.iii he ll. w, aiiJ afiirA'aidi hd an hi rnm'.s life till liiK
dti.tli. I li.y Ihi.w here his lieliiut and l\vnrd.
The callle, already mentioned, llaiuis upon the river
Avon, (, II a lolid roek. The teiiace, like that ol Windlor,
oviilii.k, a beautiiul country, and you lee the ;\voii
iumi;r.^' .1: llie toot ol the preeipice, trom abo-.e hitv leet
peipeiulieular heij>lu. 'liie buildin- n old, but h.is olteu
i'.en ripai id .iiul beautilinl, und ji now avery a-reeablir
I'.riiclure, bom within and without. ihe aparimin!*
aie well contrived, and the coi'imunicatii'ii between tl-.t:
reinotell parts ot the building is w 11 prefervcd by l' .1-
leiies, ar.J tne ijieat li.dl, wnich is veiy ma^mlKeiu.
I here aie in the callle many curious orijjinarpictufcs,
by V'andjk-', and oilur hands, 01 kings, i|U'.eiis, and
oiher noble p< ifonajCs
A mde out of to'.vii on the fide of ,\ hill is a cell called
Ciiy-Clill, and in a kind of <dd ciiapel in a ll.itue of
tiny en;!!! leet bi..;h. I'lie fence ot the court i< ot luliJ
lock. 111 which are cut ll.iblcs and out-ho.ilei. Jleic liiey
11k ,v the cave \. Iieie tiuy died an heriiiit.
Covtiilr) i:i a city and couir.y ol itlelf, (onfainin.;: u<i-
d.i- Us jiiiilJiction nifieteer vil'i'ges and ha;nlcts. "k i>
l.t;uted 11:11 tv t.vo ir.dcs to the nerth-v.'.lt of London, _^r?'i .
an I eleven to tnc n>)rth-eall of Warwick. It itandi (1:1 "
the little rive: Sherburn, and is of gre.it extent ; but the-
hoiilc. bein^; inoillv vejy old, and cliielly built of wood
.i;h! plaiiler, with Hones' projecling over each ot:;;T, make
but a vtiy indi!ler--'ii! appearance. This is the lidei city
to Llnhl'.elJ, and I- joined in the title of the Ice, whicli . *
w.is fir Ionic tin-'f leatc'd here. It v.ai walled ai'd in- ■
corporated liy Ldward 11. ai'teiwards its charter w.:s con •
hinicd by kin^, lluiry VL and a'.;j,mented witli levi-ral
privileges hy kiii;^ James I. Its wali^ were tiemolilhed
by Older ot Hiiig Chailes IL in the year 1662, and only
the gates left flanliiK', from win h the be.uity and
(licng.h c( the wills, which were three miles in com-
p..f , may be eahly gucH'.d at.
Itisg>verned by a miyor, two bailiiVs, fherifls, ten
a'deriiim, a town clerk, and other ofticers, who huM
pleas for all actions, ziid it has a j lil lor felons, as well as
Oei)tor;i. It IS divided into ten wards, and has thioe pa-
rifli c!iurche>, th.i: of the Holy Trinity, St. Mr had, and
St. John the B.;pt,_ll, wi h fevcial iTieeting-huulcs ; but
ha-, no cathedral. The cr.unh of St. Michael is a luii;
Ihuc^tite ol Guthic arclii'cctu.'c, and has a curious piece
ot painting lor the altar-piece. The tpi-c of the nrc.it
ciiuiih, whicli i,s very beautiful, is three hundred feet hieh,
ar.ii iheu; a-c two churches i;i the fiine yard, where they
leeni lo riv.il curb other. At the ;outli end o: the toivn alio
(t..nd> a t.ill fpire by itlelf, this beui^ what is left o; the
Ciey I'liar's conventual church. In the markeij>bce
li.K.d lie moll ft itcly crcfs in linj,lan t, it biiu r (ixtv-lix
feit hij;h, and adoined with the ll.itu'sof fevcral of tbi?
Lii;;,l.lli kiiifis, and a variety of Cii'ioiis Itotbic fculfituic ;
but it has been lately taken diwn. The inha'.ii'aius
h.Ve alii) lately o' tained an act fir pawn;,', ii;^htinfr, and
cbMninj; the ll,ceis. 1 h-; to*r.-h,iu c i> woriii feein »,
ill.- wiihIows b^jinj; or painted glafs, ie()relcntin;r f nie ut
the old kings, caib, ivC. who have been benefaitots to the
1 I'vn.
The (lory of the lidv (lodina, wh i r.ide niked Au>"fiu.''ii)yif.vtd
the hi^h Ituet ot the ciiv, to piirili.if- its cxcmpfou hi/U'f^>/)/t>t'xai
'r.,m opprelTuc taxes, is here fo hrnily btlievrd, that th.-v '" Mu\tr.^'A»
v,io not Uiller the truth ot it t-> be iiuellioncd, and \\\^'''>f^i/fr,ri't,n''
memoiy of it the inhab,t..nts have an rnnual procdlion oii '-w/i"^ •■•-i.'' /•<" -
tin- Kiiday after rrinity Sunday, which is lu-M as a fa'r,i(.'fi. .1/I J^y/ijl '•
when the figure i,f a naked woman ndes on hoifc-h,>, k <"> •''I./'- '<?<<i<^.
th!Oii|.',h the citv with great piimp and ceremony, aril rhr
p I'lu c of the py-ir ItilOA' whu peeped out ot 1 vvin.toiv
11'.
Hi
I ;
«
I ''■
- -'1,1
«5«
A S Y S T E M OF G t O G K A IMI Y.
*'nohnd.I
•i I
to fee her, is (till kept up, lookin;, niif of » window in the
high'lhect. I 111! city hat a my conriJcrablc truniiliC-
ture of Hurt's pailicul^tly ot tjinici, .inJ iWii of libbimi.
]i (jivci the tiile of earl tii the imhlc family i)f Ci)ventry.
Hirmiiiijham is a vrry larre tnwii, (eveutccn mili» to
the mirth- well ol Coventry, «ii.l one huiulrcil anil nine
to the north will ol LoiiluM i it ftamls on ihe liJe of a
hil), forming nL'.irly a half-moon. 'lie lower part in
filled with work (liop» and w.ire houfe* of the innntit.n"-
turer«, und cotifilU ducfty of old Imdiling*, ; hut the uji-
rer part tontjios .1 niiriilwr of new and rejiiilir iWecu.
t hii no rorpoiaiion, it btin^ (jovcrncd o!ilv by two
ConlLWei and two luditf's, and i.i ihuTcfore tree for any
pirliin to tome and 'ottle there, which has greatly cnniti-
buted t-Kith to the mcrraff of iln- buiidin;;s .md the trade,
which istherriKlV rtoiiri(hiiij» of aiiv in Kn^Iiind fur all
foriiof iron-work and hird-w.ire. it h.is two churchrv,
fine ill the lower part ol the rown, which ii an ancient
bnil.'ing wiih a very tall l'|iiie ; thf < ther n a very ^;rand
tiKidern rtrudurc, having a (cjiLire (lone tow<r, with a
dciiiii" and turret above it. in tliii town i* a fine peel of
ten bclU, and a fct ol mufiral chin.cs wliich play fcven
ditiercnt tunej, one lor each il.iy of the week. It lus
alio two chapels and mecting-hoiilcii lor every dcrionii-
raiion of liillrnters. Ihe houlcs, which ate cnnliniMlly
iiicicirni(», amount toalioiit fcvcn tlioiilanil. 'I'heri- i. a
frec-yranirn.ir Ichool, I'ounded and haiidlomely endowed
by king l.dw.ird V'l. and tincc rebuilt in a very handlome
form. Ilcic is alio acli.iritv iVhool, in which are main-
lainvd and taught upwards ol li'ty boyi and yirls.
S 1; C T. XXXI.
0/.
Jf^oruflirjhirt; ill Namt, Silualisn, Extent, Divifum,
Reprtjtiitativt!, Air, Sail, Proiime, Rivtri, and prinJ-
pal Plaits.
WORCESTERSHIRE derives in n.i!nc from in ca-
pital, cilled by ihc Saxons Wcagorceller, which at
knc^th bicaiiiB chain^ed to VV'nrcelUr. This couniy is
bounded on the north by StalTordlliire ; on the eaft and
northcaft by Warwickfhirc ; on the wefl by Shropfhirc,
and Herefordlhire ; and on the I'outh by Cilouceltcrlhire ;
extendint; about thirty-five miles in length, and twciiiy-
fcven in breadth.
It is divided into fevcn hundred?, and two limits, and
contains twelve market-towns filty-five vicarages, one
hundred and liftv-two pzrilhes five hundred villages,
a'lout twtniy thou'ainl fix huiulied houfes, und one hun-
dred and twentvthrce thotilaiid Icvcn hundred inhabi-
tants. It is in the dioccl'e of VVorcclfer, and fends nine
members to parliament; namclv, two fo. the county,
and two for each of the lollowinj; places, Worceltcr,
Droitwich, and Lvclliam, and one for the borough ol
Bewdlev.
I'hc air of Worccflerfhire is very healthy, and the foil
in the vales and meadows very rich, ptodiK ing corn and
padure, particularly the rich vale of tvefliam, which is
jullly filled the granary of thele parts. The hills have
i^cniTdlly an caly alcent, except Malvern hill, and feed
large flocks of ilieep. This couniy had formerly two
larpe foiclh, but the iron and fait works have in a man-
ner dcllroycd them ; and therefore thefe works are now
chiifly carried on with coal, with which this county
abounds. A number of rivers and rivulets water the fine
intaJows, and ^ive ihcm a licbnefs that is eafily perceiv-
-d ill the butler and checlc. Here is plenty of fruits of
molt I'otts, cfpccially pears, which are in many places
found growini; in the hedges. 'l"he chief commodities
arc coals, corn, cloth, check-, cyder, pery, and fait.
The principal rivers with which this county is 'vater.
ed are the Severn, which enters Worccftcrftiirc on the
noitli-welt edge of the county, and running fouthward by
WorctiliT, receives the Tcmd, when, paffing by Upton,
it enters Glouccflrrfliirc. The Temd enters Worccf-
lerfliire on the well border, and runs to the fouth-eaft,
till it joins the Severn. I'hc Avon enters the caft-fidc of
Worctfferfhirc, and running through the vale of Kve-
iliam, leaves this county at the fuuthfrmoll point. AH
«he''c fiver* abound with the ufiul forti of fifh ; h,„ ,l
Scvrrn has lamprevs nlinort peculiar to i(IV|f ■ ,1^.^,
'—■'-'■ ,ui ci I in (hapc, but inll-.-ad ol gdlj, h^^, """
Iciiibli;
nil c I
holes on e.u-h fide ol the neik : th-y are in Icalmi m ,1
Ipring ol the year, when tliey have a dclicimn ia|t,. ^, ""
abate., j. the lumiiier admitci.. The principal i,',i ," ■
this county are the lollowing : ' "" "'
Wondfcr i.i plealantly lituated on the ralf^rn liu ••
the iivtr Severn, one hundred and t*clve mil./, *
,1 „ . u ji I- f I 'f.i ■ .'1,113 Id {
Well norih-wiH of I.ond"
I'his
a /ar;'c Wfli rn
and populous city. It has a handlome Itonc biiilfi '
the hevcrii, and from hence riles a ireiitje alLci.r , l''
a, ir.,.,i . ..'...C-. _.,.r...,i _.''.. ... '■V"''""
1
The",
|l;
■i to all'oid I pleafant profpecl over the vale 'bip ,i'
I he Korc^-ate-lheet ii lemarkably beautiful ami n. 1 '
and the whole city is extraordin.iry well pavrd. '\'\\e^ '
lie huildingi make a noble appearance, paiticulitii !
(iiiddhjlli but the ffatiici o- the out-lidc .in- vc," '
liiiferent i the work-houfc is alio a hanlfonic llni.'t,',"
'I lie cathedral i> very ancient, and makes but an iiii!'
rent appearance either within or without ; the idncj I
ing low, without any fpire, and oii'y lour very \tr\i.\
c>s at the corners. In it lies buiicd king John "
where his monument now ftands, but undrr a litdc'il, . '
betore the altar of theeallcrmoll wall of thechuich o
eaih Itde of him, on the ground, lie the effiiritj „f '1
bifhopf. On the fouthlide of the high altar. Hah .
handlome chapel, ihe choir of which is ol cxqu litewn .
nianfhip. Hcie is the moiuim'-nt of piince Art'iur i| .
eldtft Ion of king Henry VII. who diul at Lul'Iow
1502, and among other monuments is one of the l.m'i
coiintel'j of Salifburv, who, dancing before Eilwatd 111'
in bis great hall at VVindlor, dropped her garter, whi-'ii
the kinjj t.iking up, it ii pretended gave rife to tiio oi,|,r|
of the Gaiter ; but this is generally fiippofed tube a i" '.
take. The monument is very fine, and it is itinjik.;, I
that there are I'evctHl angels of flone ftrcwing garters oit'
the tomb.
lietides the cathedral antl St. Michael's church, which I
is without the liberty of the city, it contains nine natilh
churches; it hat alio three grammar Ichools, fcvcn h.u
pitals well endowed, a watcr-houfe, and a well contri. I
ved quay. It is governc-d by a mayor, fix aldermen,
recorder, two coroners, a fticriff", a fword-bcarir, mi
five ferjcants at mace. The inhabitants are gcncia!'-
elfccmed rich, being full of buflnefs, chiefly occafioiv.J
by the cloihine trade, of which the city and county '.3,-. i
ry on a great (hare : the number of hands it emplov! a
this town and the adjoining villages, in carding, ipi;.
ning, wciving, fulling, &c is almoil incredible. ():;j
part of the city is wholly pollcflcd by the Wcllh, wr 1
fpcak their own language, and arc employed in this mi-
nufadture. There is here alfo a manufacture nf pdrcc.
lain, which is carried to a very great pcrfedtion ; fo a;
to equal that brought from China.
Droitwich, is Icated on the river Salwarp, fixmli,
from VVorccfter, and ninety- five from London; it h 1
corporate and borough town, remarkable for its cxcil-
lent fait Ipings, of which is here made fine while iilt :
the inhabitants have alfo a manufadfurc of linen cluii
and hats.
KiddermiMler, a town feated under a hill, by the ri-
ver Stour, one hundred and twenty-eight miles tn il '
north-weft 'of* London, is particularly famous lor ih
woollen manufacture, called Kiddcrminfter ftiifts ; h\\\
at prefent here is an extraordinary itianiifadtory ol' blani.
cts and carpels, equal to thofe of Turkey, and the iiihj-
bitants arc faid to have no lefs than one thouf.ind ionms
conflantly employed. Here is a handfome church, a vciv
good frcc-fchool, and an alms-houfc. It is governed b/
a bailiff', twelve capital burgefles, and twenty-live com-
mon council men.
Stourbridge, or Sturbridge, is feated on the river Stour,
over which it has a bridge, from whence it has its name,
is one hundred and feventeen miles to the noth-wcft m
London. The inhabitants have a confiderable inanii-
fadture of glafs of all forts, and alfo iron works. Hito
are alfo made fine ftoiie pots for glafs-makers ro n;lt
their metal in, and likewife crucibles, tlic cUy ul whicii
thefearc made being almoft peculiar to this place. Here
is a good frce-fchool, in which is a library.
6 KiJ.
Ths, however, is
k;iiJ, there being am.
i.atiirc in Laiualhiie
The chief rivers
the Tcmd. Both lb
ami all of them arc i
lalinon, irouts, pik'
tlie Severn, which
gable before it Icavel
ta^o til ihis county,
att'iirils, but for the
tcifliire, Cjloucelleii
Tl'iu principal pl.ic
Slirewtbuiy, a he;
rich town, a hundri
Wflt of London,
the ruins ot the an
U'lUi.im the Coiupit
a ciltlc on the riort
Giles'-s, ot the Ilol)
90
I).
f
f"
Thi, howLvir, lb not the only phxnonienon or iiic
kiiiJ.ihcriliiiii;: .inoilicr burning well of much the fame
laturc 111 LaiKalhiif,
The chief livc-ru of this county arc the Severn and
the TciiiJ. liuth tlicfc rivers receive fevcral fmaller oiie.s,
aiiJ all of them are well Hocked with a variety of fifll, as
Ulmoii, trouts, pike, carp, lampreys, eels, &c. As
llic Severn, which riles in Montgonicryniire, is navi-
gable he tore it leaves it, that river is ot infinite advan-
ta;;e to this county, not only for the communication it
att'rds, but tor the coninierte it maintains with VVorcef-
icifliire, CjluucellciOiire, and Briftol.
'I'liu principal places in Shroplhire are the following :
Sliri'wtbury, a beautiful, large, ple.ifwn, populous, and
rldi town, a hundred and fifty-fevcn nii'is to the north-
will of London, is fuppofed to have been built out of
tiip ruins ot the ancient L'riconium. In the reipn of
U'llli.iii) the Conqueror, Ro^er earl of Montgomery built
acillle on the nortii fide, iind a llately abbey called St.
Giles's, ot the Holy Cryf, at the c.lt end, laniouo for
90
towers at convtrincni uiu.ui\.t.o. « it.it nui. vfinvu i>
within the walls ot the town is fcciired with a deep
ditch; the other is founded on the folid rock; but ail
the fine courts, the roy.il apartments, Jialls, and rooms
of ihite lie open, abandoned, and lome of thini falling
down.
The town of Ludlow is likewife fortified with walls,
which have feven gates. It is well built, and is a place
of good trade. On the I'outh fide of t!ie town runs the
Temd, over which is a good bridge. The river has (e-
veral dams acrofs it, on which are placed abundance of
mills. Ludlow has a very jiood cluiich, the windows
of which are full of painted !;l '.fs pretty etitiie ; the
tower is handfome, nnJ has .n plcaf.;nt rini; of fix bells.
The church is dedicated to St. l^aurenrc, and in the
niarket-plare is a conduit, on the top of which is a lonjv
llonc crol's bearing a niche, in which is the image oftl-.at
faint. The town is governed by tv.o bailifiV, twelve
aldermen, a recorder, twenty-five common-counrihnen,
and other inferior ofHccrs. it has the prii il-jgc of tryiny
? A an
ing
and
■ i'
'1'^
|4i-
1-^
I '
S n u () r s n I 11 E .
_ ,_; ^
/%r /?s.v <!};;;:f, a.,£'-'
?>■•■•
1,1, r
{ /./,'>
--: J...... \ MV^/r.-n
'. A^ *'^
Ut./r
V<..
>/*''^'^7?'i^'^
,,(•(/"'*•'
.V"
,^ ion. i 'Jy,4>fut'^t^A
7tAv^roji S. f ^.
A'/i,//(,'fi /'/x./////*'-./'//'i'/A/
V^ - ' Tfn/;,ry
h''^OJiCESTi:R Sb.
i^emrjlly an calv alcent, except Malvern bill, and feed
iar{;e flocks <il ilieep. This coiinly had lormerly two
)*rf!e foiclU, but the irtm and fait works have in a man-
n'.r dcllrdycd them; and thcrefufc thcfc works are now
chiifiy c.irricJ on with coal, wiih which this county
abounds. A nuHibor of rivers and rivulets water the tine
intaJowj, and give thcni a licbntfs that is calily perceiv-
ed in 'he butter and chtclc. Here is plenty of fiuits of
moii; forts, cf^ccially pears, which are in many places
found i;rowini; in the hedges, 'lbs chief commodities
are coals, coin, cloth, chccic, cyder, pcry, and fait.
The principal rivers with which this ccjunty is water-
ed arc the Severn, which enters VVorccfterftiirc on the
;u)ith-weit cir'eof the cminty, and runninn; fouthwardby
\\ ortiilir, receives the Tcmd, when, pafling bv Upton,
it enters Glouctftrrfliire. The Tenid enters Worcef-
tcrdjiie on the well border, and runs ii the fouth-call,
till it joins the Severn. I lie Avon enters inc call-fide of
Woicilterlliirc, and running through the vale of Kve-
fliani, leaves this cuunty at the luulhfrinoU puiiit. All
Kiddcrnii^er, a town feated under a hill, by the ri.
vcr Stour, one hundred and twenty-eight miles to w ,
north-weft 'or London, is particularly famous lor it:
woollen manufaiSuie, called Kiddcrminft;r ftiifts; !•;.•
at prcfent here is an extraordinary manufactory nl ulan .
cts and carpets, equal to thofe of 'I'urkcy, and the inhj-
bitants are faid to have no lefs than one thouf.md lo"n;
crnftantly employed. Here is a handfome church, a n v
good free- fchool, and an alms-houfc. It is govcinrd ! y
a bailiff, twelve capital burgcfics, and twenty-hvc com-
mon council men.
Stourbridge, or Sturbridgc, is feated on the river Stiu',
over which it has a bridge, from whence it has its name,
is one iiundred and feventeen miles to the noth-wcllm i
London. The inhabitants have a confidcrablc maim-
fadturc <if glals of all forts, and alfo iro" works. H",:
arc alfo made fine ftoiie pots for glafs-inakers to n !t
their metal in, and likewilc crucibles, the cUy ul wlnui
thefe arc made being almoft peculiar to this pla'c. H'l'-'
is a good frcefchool, in which is a library.
K-
EsCLAND.
Mcar this tow
l,vttfUt'». which
|,;inixcd wiih a
„„oJ>. Th^- hou
I, the county.
Of Shrol</!>i"' ; its
' prifinUiMii, /tii
cfthii G/uiily ; i
pIliiOrSlIIRE
i5 tne sa.xoiis to
■j.Acrij;. winch li
j- 15 bounded on i
c.ir-lliiic ; on the
.„c; on tiiJ lov
.i,j R,idiu)rlhire,
\VtU'li counties o
[)ci,l,i^lilliiic. It
Itngtii trom nortii
J, til anJ forty in i
•|his county lii
Covcii'.iy. ;-iiJ pa
J iii:o ijiirtecn
-i;i iiui Let- town
u;i;vi'-'ii'hes, li.x
i.vtniytwo thou
aiuiaiuindied thir
(ubitautj. It fci
i; two lor the col
iiiutdWii', bhrcwl
aiiJ IJilhop's-calU
Iheair of Slut
(xctptoii the Hill
cully in the nort!
picaiy of v/hcat a
ciii.UnigiiiJUiua
pjltiirc loi lluepa
ollua.l, copper, i
Over mult of the
hitJ, porous fub|
bi'.'jinen, «!iic
;iid boiled 11> 1 1
;\:.,c a bituiliii
b.uii-iu to the
.11 oil d.ltillcd
nuy be thinnci
lute particul.i
better tiiaii jiitc
.Many .luvno
BrolJy, a'.'out
awiil ih.ii ixh
contr.ided to c
afviiiituculjr 1
lilt 10 it, will I
.-.s 10 lioil a larj
b llill more c
this fliinc has
Fh b, however
iimJ, theiebtin
i.aliire in Lain.
I'he thief 1
the TeniJ. Ho
aiul all of them
lilinoii, ttuutf,
the Sivcrn, v\'h
gable licfore it
ta:;i; tn this cou
att'ori!>, but lor
tcilliirc, tilonc
Till.' principii
!iaKwfl)u;y,
rich town, a li
Will of (yondon
the luins ot th
\Villi.iiii the Co
a citlle on the
Ciiles's, ot tl'.e
90
.rl\
EUROPE.
fs'ciir this town is ILr^lcy park, the ftat of Lord
I [iclttiii, which is a hciulilul (pot ot ground, in-
J with a plcufin^:^ vaiiciy of hills, valleys, and
I'ho houlb is cltccmed one ot the lintlt fuuts
55i
,,, the couniy
being the rcpofitory of St. Winific'J's body ; lut only
fonic ruins of it arc now to be fern.
Shrcwlbury is fcatcd on the Severn, wliich in part
furroundi the town, in the form of a horf;.'-ili;»f, jiid
over it arc two Ibmc biiJ^es, upon one of which is bmlt
a very noble gate tlial bus over the arih the Ihtuc of the
(;reat Llcwellin, whole memory is dear to the WcHli,
he being their la(l prince of Wales. The town is near
two miles lon^, and the (trects mollly broad and paved.
Flere are five churches, and two of ihcrn have luCy Ipircs:
St. Chad's and St. Mary's are faid to h.ive been anciently
collegiate ; and all the churches, cxi ept the bill, which
is a royal peculiar, are in the diocel'e (d fyitchheld and
Coventry. There are here a j;reiit number ol I'cntry,
and this is a place of mirth and gallantry, loniething lile
Bury in Suffolk, or Durham in the north ; but ismudi
bi;'ger than eitlier of them.
Here is the bir;.M It market, the greatcit plenty of good
provilions, and the chc.ipclt thatii lo be met with mall
the weOcrn part of Kngbmd. Over the market-place is
kejit a kind of hall for their manufailuris, winch arc
i.n'iir'hlhire. It extends about thirty-eight niilej in I chiefly of fliiuijl and white broad-cloth, i'r/at ipiantitici
S K C T. XXXII.
ill Nmi:-, Situation, Extent, Dluifr^ns, Re-
Aii, Soil, mid Fro,l:uc. l)f the I'hitiiimtiui
; hi Riucis, aiiJ fiiiidpiil Towm.
i; li huU'
tiv-lhifc i on
Of Shr'>l'/!>i"' i
prrfeiil''!'"'''
cflliis Oifi'ly
SIlROl'SlilRK obtained its name from that given by
tne sa.xoii:, to Shrcwlbury, which tiiey called Scrob-
i,..T)jn.i, winch fignifies a town built on a woody hill.
■""' " nJed on ilie north by Klintlhire, in \Vales, and
the e.ill by Stattordlhire and Worceller-
, „f on tne foutn by Worcelleiihir.., llerejordfhire,
■|,j R.idiiorlhire, in W'.ile.-. i and on the well by the
'wtlcli counties of Radiiorlhire, Montgomcrylhne, and
lcn"iiWioni nortii to louth, thirty in breadth, and a hun-
;\d aiul forty m circumference. r x ■^ c ^^ a
Ihis tiiunty lies partly in the diocele of Litchheld and
Coventry, anJ pjitly in that of IKreford ; and is divid-
J into tourtecn huiulieds, in whicli are contained fix-
'ci'i muii.et towns, liliy-lwo viciiagcs, a hundred and le-
vcatviiaiilhes, li.\ hiiiid'ted and tilteen villages, with about
ivaiiytwo thoul.md three hnniired and eighty houfe:,,
jiiu aiuimlitd thirteen thouland n.\ hundred and eighty ni-
n.ibitaiiti. It fends twelve inenibera to [(arliament, that
,." two lor ihec.iunty, and two for cacli of the follow-
,„'rt.>wii.,Shtew!ban, Ludlow, Bridgenouli, Wcnloek,
/j bilhop's-callle.
I'heair of Shropfhire is falubrious, and not very Iharp,
ixcotoii the hills. The foil is generally fiuitlul, elpe-
I'ully 111 the northern and eaftern parts, which pioduec
piciiiy of wheat and barley; but the (bulhern and^wcll-
C!
■iii.Jeiug niJuniainous, are lefs fertile, yet yield fuificient
' ilUre loi ibiep and cattle. Under ih^; furlaee are mines
utUaJ, copper, iron, Hone, and inexhauftiblecoalpits.
Over mult of the coal pits lies a llratuin of a blackilh,
h.rJ, poious fubllance, containing great quantities of
f";ui;ien, w bich being ground to powder in horfe-mills,
:,id boiled 11- coppei j oi water, there fwims on the fur-
uc a bituminous ir.atti r, which, by ev.ipoiation, is
b7au.;ht to the conli'ieiicc of pitch ; or, by the help ot
'i, ON d llilled from t!ie fame Hone, and mixed with it,
iiuy Ije thinned to a fort of tar ; both thele fubltances
line particularly for caulking of fhips, as well, if not
Utter thin pitch or tar, it being lefs liable to crack.
M.iiiy authors meniimi a rem.irkable phi-nomenon at
Bici.ly, .''.'out fix miles noith of BndgenOrih. This is
awed'th.n exhales .1 fulphureous vapour, which when
coiitr.ided to one vent, by means of an iron covr with
ai.nikncular hole, and hiod by applying a lighted can-
Jlt U) it, will continue burning with great violence, fo
.-.SID hull a large piece of beef in two hours ; but what
lWIiU more extiaoidmary, a piece of meat broiled in
!li:s fl'.mc has not the lealt ill taftc Irom the fulphur.
Th'S, however, is not the only phxnomenon of the
kiiiJ.theie being another burning well of much the fame
i.alure in Lancafhiie.
The chief livers of this county arc the Severn and
the Temd. Both tliefe rivers receive feveral fmaller ones,
,iiul all of them are well (locked with a variety of tidi, as
Idlimin, truuts, pike, carp, lampreys, ccK, 5v'c. As
the Stvcrn, which rifes in Montgomeryfbire, is navi-
gable before it leaves it, that river is ot infinite advan-
tage ti) this county, nut only for the communication it
aSitds, but lor the eomii.erce it maintains with VVorcef-
tcilliirc, Ciloucelleilllire, and Brillol.
'I'lie principal places in Shroplhire .ire the following :
>S;iKV\'(l)u:y, a beautiful, large, pleafant, populous, and
rich town, a hundred and filty-fcvcn mibs to the north-
wdl uf London, is fuppoled to have been built out of
the luins ot the ancient Uricoiiiutn. In the reipn of
AVilli.im the Coi'.queror, Roger carl of Mi.iitiromery built
aealllei<n tlie nortii tide, and a ilatcly abbey called St.
(iikb's, ot the Holy Ciufi, at the calt end, lamyus for
of which are weekly fold here. All the inhabitaiUi fpeak
En^lifh i but on a niatkct-day you wculd i.Ti.igine your-
Iclt^in Wales.
Here is the molt confiderabl.'r fmc fchool in this pirc
ot linglanJ, f.ninded by king Edward V'l. and enduwej
by queen l\li/,ahcth, with a I'uthcient maintennnce lor .1
head-matter and three undcr-malK'rs. The biMldiiigs,
which are of Hone, arc very fpaeious, particularly the
library, which contains a gre.it ni.iiiy books. The
fchool-mallers have alio very haiidfoniedwelliiig houfes j
lb that the whole has the .ipjiearance of a coU.'ge. 'I'he
town was incorporated by kiiu Henry I. and is under the
government of a mayor, a recorder, a Itewaid, twenty-
tour aldermen, and toity-eight common-couiK I'nien.
Near this place was loiight the bloody battle beiv.rru
Henry Hotfpur and Hcniy l\'. kingof Lii'laod, in vvhi.li
the former was killed, an>l his arniv entirely deleated ;
and the place is itill called Battle-field. 'I'his town is
alto famous for the reception it gav= to Charles I. but the
tatc of the war afterwards turning againtl the king, the
town was almoft ruined ; but it has now fully lecovcrcJ
Iront this dil'altcr, and is one of the nioit floiirifhinj^
places in Kngland : the wall and gates are flil! lland-
ing, but ufelels, and the old caflle is gone to ruins. This
town gives title of earl to the noble family of Talbot.
Ludlow is fcatcd twenty- nine miles to the fouth of
Shrewfliury, and one hundred thirty-lb; to tl'.e north- 10^.
welt of London, and was formerly defended bv a ciltlc,
which, now in its decay, gives fome idea of its beauty
in its tlourilhing (tate. Tiiis was the palace of the prinee
of Wales in right of his principality. It enjovs a (!iie
lituation, there being a fpaeious plain in its fioiit, v\'hi/n
lormerly extended near two miles ; but much of it novv
is enclofcd. The country round it is exceeding; plcil'iii:
and fertile, and nothing can be added by nature to ren-
der it a til plaee for a royal palace. It is built upon w
rock, in the north-welt angle of the town, and on the
welt is (haded by a loity hill, and wadied by the river.
The battlements are of great height and thieknels, witli
towers at convenient diltances, That half which is
within the walls of the (own is fecurcd with a deep
ditch; the other is founded on the lolid rock; but all
the tine court?, the royal apaitments, Jialls, and rooms
of (tate lie open, abandoned, and (bme of them falling
down.
'ITie town of Ludlow is likewife fortified with walls,
which have I'evcn gates. It is well built, and is a place
of good trade. On the fouth fide of the town runs the
Temd, over which is a good bridge. The --ivcr has fe-
veral dams .acrofs it, on which are jjlaccd abundance of
mills. Ludlow has a very good cluitch, the windows
of wdiich are full of painted glif;, pretty entire ; the
tower is handfonic, and has .i plealant ring of (ix bells.
Ihe church is deilica:ed to St. I^aurcncc, and in the
market-place is a conduit, on the top of which is a lonr;;
done crols bearing a niche, in wdiich is the image of tliat
faint. The town is governed by tv.o bailiti's, twelve
aldeimen, a recorder, twentv-five common-councilmen,
and other inferior olHccrs. ft has the priv ilegc of trying
r A and
^^i-
\ ^i
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■ ■r
5A
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Enclan'o,
' ■]l
.
M
and executing criminals, and luj an alms-houfc for
thirty poor people.
BriJgciiorth is pleafantly fituatfil, twcnty-oni; miles
to thclouth-c.ift of Shrewlbiiry.aiid ahuiidrcd an.l thirty-
tj^. lix to tlij north-wcil of London. The .lir is healthy, the
profpeft delightful, and it h.is a proity good tud^-. It
tonlilh of two towns, the High and the Low, winch are
I'cparated by the Severn ; hut united by a (tone bridged
i'cven arches, whuh h.ii. agate and gate-hou(r. It has
been fortified with walls, and a caltle now in ruins y
and the area in the lail is convciicd 'iito a line bowling-
green. The Ihcets are broad and paved. In Cowgaie-
Jhcct a rock rifes perpendicularly, where arc feveral tene-
ments that have an .igreeable, though a grotefquc ap-
pearance. There is a hollow way cut through the rock,
leading from the High town to the bridge, in I'onie parts
of the depth of twenty feet, and likcwife many vaults and
dwellings hewn out of the rock. The town is governed
by two bailiffs, twenty-four aldermen, and other inte-
rior officers. It is famous for gunfmiths, and .he ma-
nufaclure of ftockings. Here are two churches, St. .Mary
Magdalen's, which was made a free chapel, and exempt-
ed trom cpifcopal jurifdidion by king John ; and St.
Leonard's, which was burnt in the civil commotions in
the reign of Charles I. and lately rebuilt by the iiihabi
tants ; but though th-: parifhes are l.irge, and the town
very populous, tlie ch .ches are very indiH'ercntly en-
dowed ; and this is alfo the cafe with the frce-fchool.
Whitchureh is feated on the confines of the county,
rf^i. r^ar Chefliire, about a hundred and (iMy-two miles to
the north-v\cll of London. It is a picalant and populous
town, and in the Old church, which was lately taken
down, was a munumen. of the great 'I'albot, hrlt carl of
Shrewfburv, called in his time the Eiiglifh Achilles.
The New church is a large and h.mdfome Itruc-
ture. The town has a good market, and many gentry
jic.i.'- it.
SECT. XXXIIL
0/ Staff-.r/ijli'irt ; in Situji'nn, Extent, Dhif.ons, Repri-
Jentat'.vei, Air, luil, Prc.iiae, Rivers, Laid, and frin-
iipiitTiwm.
STAP'FORDSHIRL, which is (o named from Staf-
ford, the county town, is bounded on the caff and
fouth-eaft by Derbyfliirc ; on the I'outh by VVarwick-
Ihire; on the fouth- weft by ShropHiire ; and on the north-
weft, north, and north-eaft by Cheihire and Derbyfljire.
It extends forty five miles in length, twenty-eight in
breadth, and a hundred and forty-two in circumference.
This county, which lies in the dioccfe of Litchfield and
Coventry, is divided into five hundreds, and contains
nineteen market-towns, thirty-nii;e vicarages, a hundred
alab.ifter, mill-ftones, excellent coal, fait, &c. In tip
more fruitful parts are feveral marls which are ufcd wun
great iuc. efs on the lands. Here is likewife brick-cutiv
tor red bricks, and others that burn blue; fuller's-eam,
potter's-clay, particularly a fort ufcd in the glals-houfo '
ilip, a redJilh eartli with which vell'els are paiinud •■c]-'
low, red ochre, and tobacco-pipe clay. Itlikewile yiilJ^
Ine-ltone, rocks of limc-lloiie, a kind of iron Ifone c.ilKj
inulli, as big as the crown ot a hat, and cDntainini; j.
bout a pint of a cold, fliarp, pleafant liquor, which the
workmen are fund of ; the beft fort ot iron-wares ats
raaJe of this ftonc ; allij hzmatites, or bloou-ltonc.
The principal riveis in this county are the Trent, the
third river in England, which riles among the moor-
lands in the north-wcit (ide of the county, and has iis
waters increafed by feveral rivulets, wilh the Sow, tc'.'
clelhall-water, and other ftreanis, then runs to the ea|t.
ward into Ueibyftiire. The Dove rifes in tlic molt i"or.
thern point ot stattorJIhirc, fi.rming the bouuJary br-
tween it and Dcrbyfliire, and joins tiu- Trent a little bi-
low Burton. Tlie Sow riles a few miles to the wcl*o'
Newcalllt Under Lyne, and riii;nii;g to tlie lou!h-.;;iit
falls into the Trent, i'lity are all well liockcd wil'li
Hlh, efpecially the I'rent.
hefides thefe Staft'ordibirc has plenty of water from it;
fmall lakes, as Ladford-pool, Coek-uieir, Kcri.'lh^j.'
caftle-pool. New and iVl.ire-|iools, Ji<c. iiMid of whic;i
have rivulets palEiig through them, or are led wuh
Iprings, and abound m fifh.
1 he principal places in this cotiiuy are the ful'owino
LilchheiJ, a neat well built ci;y, and county of itieh
is feated m a pleafant champain country, a handrcd an] //»
eighteen miles to the north-weft ot London. A brook
wnich glides flowly through it, divides the city into two
parts, one of which is called the Town, and the other
the Clofe. Inthehrftis a fine fchotd, a very hjiidfome
hofpital dedicated to St. John, and well endowed ; ih:s
part is the largeft and molt populous ; but the other hm
the belt buildings, and among the rell the caihcdrai
with the houfes of the refidentiary clergy, and manv otht'
good buildings. The cathedral is efteemcd one of the
nioft elegant Gothic ftruflures in England, it is bm!!
of a reddilh ftonc, and the weft end is adorned with the
Itatues of all the kings who reigned in Jerufalem, from
David to the captivity : but the two toAcrs are mucu
too low for their breadth ; yet the fpires above them are
carried up in a beautiful tafte, and a tower and fpirc,
which rife from the middle of the church arc much
I higher than thofe at the weft end, and equally beauti-
I ful. The great window over the middle door is
' v^ry large, and beautifully adorned. The fee is vcryaa-
] cient, it having been once archicpifcopal, with jurif-
I diction over the kingdoms of the Mercians ..iiJKjtl
] Angles. Bcfides the cathedral, here are three parifli-
churches, a free-fchool, and two hofjiitals. Thejunl-
and fifty parilhes, and fix hundred and fcventy villages j ; didtionof the city extends in a circle near ten
with about twenty-three thoufand feven hundred and
forty houfes, and a hundred and forty-two thoufand four
hundred and forty inhabitants. It fends ten members to
parliament, two for the county, and two for each of the
following towns, Litchfield, Stafford, Newcaftlc Under
Lyne, and Tamworth.
The air of this county is generally very good, though
fharp, 'fpccially on the hilly part, which lies between
Treiithani and Beach. The moor-lands, which are
mountainous, and therefore reckoned the moft barren,
produce a fliort, but fwcet grafs, and feed as large cattle
its thofe of Lancafliire. The banks of the Dove in par-
ticular maintain the great dairies which fupply Uttoxeter
market with fuch ftore of butter and chc^ie. Great num-
bers of fticep arc fed both in the northern and fouthern
parts i but they are fmall, and their wool coarfer than
that nf feveral other counties ; but a great deal of it is
m.iiiula4Stured in the clothing and felting bufinefs. The
urabic ground is no lefs fruitful than the paftures, and
even the nioor-lands, when manured with mail and
lime, mixed with turf-aftics, produce good oats .ind bar-
ley. The fnuthern parts, and lome of the northern,
vicid wheat, rye, barley, pulfe, flax, and hemp.
With regard to the fubterraneous produdions, the
moor and vvood-lands }:cld copper, lead, iiun, inatble,
8
mile; in
compafs, and ia annually rode roun I by the fhcrift'on the
eighth of September. 'I'he corporation confi'ts o! a re-
corder, who is a nobleman of high rank, twobaili'fi, i
(hcrift", twenty-four burgelTes, Jic. The market is well
fupplied with all forts of provifiuns on Tucfdays and Fri-
days. This town gives title of earl to the noble family
of Lee.
Staft'ord, the county town, is feated on the rierr Sow,
v\hith wafhes it on the fouth and weft, over which i^a
(tone bridge. It ftands fixtecn miles to the north-welt
of Litchfield, and a hundred and thirty-five to the north' W
weft of London. It is a neat and well built town, fur-
rounded with meadows : the ftrects ;iic large, and mam
of the houfrj handfomely built. It ha^ a fine fciuai :
market-place, in which is the county hall, which n :.
very handfonie ftrudture, and under it is the inaikct-
houfe. 'I'his town has two parifh-churchcs, and a frct-
fchool. It is governed by a mayor and other iiifori,':
officers, and here the alll^es and I'eftions are kept. St,if-
ford is much increalld and grown rich by the cloathirii^
trade, and it is rciiiark.ible that it (till renins the aiicicn:
cultom of Borough Englifh, which is, that the youngeliAv
fons inherit the lands of their fathers within the town, 'vl
Newcaftlc Under Lyne is feated on a branch of t^r
Trent, filteeii nilcs to the iiortii «f iitaft'crO, and r
hur.drtii
\(Hr.sirTR /:
J^irft'(^*/t ^tt^^
J:;;;f;l.AN'D.
EURO P E.
555
hunJrcil forty-nine to the iiottli-iiortli-wcll nf LonJon.
ltli.1 lan^c place, with broad paved Ihccts; but th<- cillle,
Iroiii whence it receives its name, is quite dcmolilhcd. It
isjiivcrncd by a mayor, two judiccs, two bailiff's, and
coninion council j and had formerly four cluirchcs, which
aic iu)W reduced to one. 'I'hc principal manul'aclure of
ilii; town is hat-making, there being here an incorporat-
ed coinpjnv by the name of felt-makers. The cloathing
trade alio flourifties here; and about three miles from the
[own is a m;inufa(3ure of earthcn-warc, which imitates
b[OWn china : they alfo make black tea-pots and other
ved'els, fome of which are neatly figured and gill, and
liltewile a prodigious quantity of white eaithen-ware.
The adjacent parts yield pit-coal, which fhining with
a variety of colours, is therefore called pe.uock-coal.
About three miles foulh-eaft of Ncwcaiilt- is the little
town of Trcntham, fo called from the river Trent,
which rifcs there, where is the noble feat of earl CJowcr,
fllcemcd the fined in the county : the houfe is modern,
and biult on the plan of the queen's palace in St. J.nncs's-
park i hut its fituation, with the front towards the church-
varJ, rendeis the entrance inconvenient. The p.irk is
vcrv beautiful : ir h.is two hr'>e niere'; of w.-.ter and rbp
ot v.Mol of any in Kiigland ; nor is iIk' wool lefs fine on
I account of its quantity, and, fome few places excepted,
I is thc^longelt Itaple in the whole ill.ind. The flieep-
breedin^ country here reaches from the river Anker, on
j the conlints of Warwickfllire, to the [lumber, at the
I tartheit end of Lincolnfliire, whicli is near a hundred
miles in length i and from the banks of tlie Trent, \n t'e ■ it/iyr/^
Lincolnfliire and LeicelKrfliin;, to thofe vl'lhi:Oak,ofaa H
j v/liich is above fixty miles in breadth.
The horles fed here arc alii) the large ft in England,
th''y being generally the great black coach and dray-
j holies, of which fuch numbers arc continually lent up to
I London. Indeed mod of the gentlemen ai'e grazijrs.
I and in fome places it is not uncommon for thel'e to rent
j from five hundred to two thoufand pounds a year.
'■ In (hort, this county produces wheat, barley, peas,
and oats ; but its moft natural and plentiful crops arc of
beans.
Its principal rivers, the Avon, the Soar, anciently
called the Lcire, the Anker, and the Well.uid, whicti
' rile in the well part of this county, form Kiur d.tlerent
courlcs; tor the Avon foon leaves this county, and runs
i tn VV-4ri.,-,,.l- 'I'l.n I.' .u.. _-: !-...'_ i;,ii ,
•li^J.
w
i^'i ■ if!
1 '■ n\
1
Staff ok d Shire
■if,
/'J Of IV o n r Ks T K K S ni li /.
'-■»!,;, i\
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it
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m
'■*
.' hi
Mr
y
' \
t,
»ii/;'«
: p i
ill
(lif
and executing criminals, and lus an alms-houfc for
thirty poor people.
BriJgcnonh is pk-afantly fituatfd, twenty-oni; miles
to the louth-cift of ShtewlDiiry, and a hundred and thiity-
f)^ fix to thi; north-well of London. The .lir is healthy, the
profpedl delightful, and it h.is a pretty good tr.idi'. It
coniirts of two towns, the High and the Low, which are
Ceparated by the Severn ; hut united by a (lone bridge ol
feven arches, which has a gate and gate-houlc. It has
been kirtificd with walls, and a caiile now in ruins j.
and the area in the Ull is converted 'iilo a fine bowling-
green. The Itrects arc broad and paved. In Cowgale-
Ihcct a rock rifcs perpendicularly, where are feviral tene-
ments that have an agrcerble, though a grotefque ap-
pearance. 'I'herc is a hollow way cut through the rock,
leading from the High town to the bridge, in fonie parts
of the depth of twenty (cut, and likcwife many vaults and
dwtllings hewn out of the rock. The town is governed
by two bailiffs, twenty-four aldermen, and other inte-
rior officers. It is famous for gunfmiths, and Jic ma-
nufadure of ftockings. Here are two churches, St. Mary
Magdalen's, which was made a free chapel, and c,\tnipt-
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY
rfi'
ENci,.\.vn
alabatter, mill-ftor, , excellent coil, fait, kc. In th-
more fruitful parts are feveral marls which arc ufed witri
great fuc> cfs on the lands. Here is likewife brick-c.inu
tor red bricks, and others that burn blue; fuller's-carti.
poticr's-clay, particularly a fort ufed in the glafs-huufcb '
ilip, a reuddh earth with which velfels are paintsd ••c|.'
low, ted ochre, and tobacco-pipe clay. Itlikewil;; yij-lj^
hie-llune, rocks of lime-llonc, a kind of ironltune caliij
niulli, as big as the crown oi a hat, and CDntaniiiiiij,
bout a p:nt of a cold, (liarp, pleafant liquor, which die
workmen are fond of ; the belt fort ot iron-wares ats
made vt' this (lone ; alfo liaimatites, or bluou-lluiie.
J'he principal riven in this county are the Trent th-
third river in KngLnJ, which rifes among the n'uor-
lands in the north- well (ide of the county, and h.ii ;;■
waters inereafed by feveral rivulets, with Uie Sow, Fc.'
cle(hall -water, and other Ureanis, then runs to the eal).
ward into Ueibyfhire. The Dove rifes in tiie rr.olt i"ar-
them point ot atatfordfhirc, ((.imiiig tlie buuiiJ.iry b:'-
tween it and Dcrbydiire, and joins trie I'tcat a little U--
low Burton. The Sow riles a few miles to the weit o-
Newcaltle Under 1-yne, and riir.iiiiig in the (uiith-^ .[i
1 .He in.n th,. •I'rrni. I'htv are all well liuclcLd w'-'ii
hunJi'd forty-nine t
■ it ha large place, wit
1(0111 whtiiee it recei'
ij j.werned by a maj
[umnioii council ; an
jic m>w reduced to c
the town is hat-mak
(Jcoiiipanv by the ii;
iiade alio (louriflies h
town is a m:mufa£tut
brown china : they ;
vellels, fome of whic
lilcewile a prodigious <
The .idjacenl parts
1 variety of colours,
About three miles
town of Trentham,
viliich rifcs there, wl
flkcmcd the fincft in
and built on the plan
pjik) hutilsfituaiion
yarJ, renders the en
icry beautiful ; it has
hills which rife from
Thcpaik IS walled rr
it von have an extcnii
Wolverhampton, o
brgr, and flourifhing
!,.<. Wtlie north- wed of
hill. The houfes an
ire for the moil part
ancient ccdlegiate chu
fjr, in which are fevt
hiiulibmc chapel ; wi
anJ a Q^iakers meetii
making is carried or
miking of moft other
JIC ftnt from hence a
market for iron-work
made in the town ; I
the market by the fat
every farm has one fi
work at their forges
ployed in the fields,
ii bought up by the
London.
S E
Of Liiitfltrjhirt ; its
Rtfir/jiiitativts in P
piiuipal Touins.
THIS county tak
pital, which it
river Leire, now ca
north by Derbyfhiie ,
Lincolnfhire and Ri
thamptonlhire, and
f.vteiids about thirty i
fvc from north to fou
fercnre.
Leiceftcrfhire, wh
divided into fix hund
towns, eighty-one vi
parilhcs, ten parks, fiv
bout a hundred and
bilants; but fends
nami^y, two for the
town of Lcicefter.
The air of this cou
different indifferent i
and plentiful, both f
tuleoffuel, 'hat the
cow dung. In this
cows on the banks
efpecially about the ri
lainous, and rocky
coal, feeding vaft ni
Lincolnfliire are the
don tnarkets are fupi
{■:vf;i.AS'D. 1
liunJiiil lorty-ninc 'o 'he iiorth-iiortli-wcft of LoiiJon.
Ill, J large placf, with broad puvcd llrcctsj buc the cilUe,
Iroiii wIk'Ucc ic receives its n.mic, is quite Jeiiiolilhcd. It
isjnverncd by a mayor, two jiilHccs, twi) bailitts, and
culnnioii council ; and had fnrnit;rly four churches, which
jic now reduced to one. The principal maimlacture of
ihc town is hat-making, there being here an incorpurat-
(Jcoiiipanv by the name of felt-makers. Thecloalhin;.;
iiade alloflouriflies here; and about three miles from the
town is a mimufaiSturc of carthcn-warc, which imitates
brown china : they alfo make black tea-pots and other
vefl'els, fome of which are neatly figured and gilt, and
hltewiic a prodigious quantity of white e.itthen-warc.
The adjacent parts yield pit-coal, which fhining with
1 variety of colours, is therefore called pi-.uock-coal.
About three miles fouth-eaft of NcwcalUe is the little
town of Trcntham, fo called from the river Trent,
which rifcs there, where is the noble feat of carl CJnwcr,
diccmcd the fincft in the county : the houfe is modern,
and built on the pbn of the queen's palace in St. James's-
pjiki hutitsfituaiion, with the front towards thechurch-
yjrJ, renders the entrance inconvenient. The p. irk is
Kry beautiful ; it has two large pieces of w.iter, and the
^llls which rife from them are finely covered with wood,
ThcpJik IS walled round, and from the high ground in
jtvoa have an extcniive view of the country on every fiJe.
Wolverhampton, or Woolverhampton, a very ancient,
iirgf, and flourifhing town, a hundred and twenty miles
, 13 ilie north-wed of London, is plcafantly feateJ on a
hiil. The houfes are pretty well built, and the ftreets
are for the molt part broad and well paved. It has an
ancient collegiate church annexed to the dcanry of Wind-
(or, in which are feveral ancient monuments, and a very
biiidibme chapel ; with a Prcfbyterian, a Roman catholic,
anJ a Qiiakcrs mecting-houfc. Here the trade of lock-
riaking is carried on to great perfcflion, as alfo arc the
malting of mod other utenfils in brafs andiron, which
JIC fcnt from hence and exported all over Kiirope. A
market lor iron-work is held weekly, fome of which is
made in the town ; but the principal part is brought to
ihemarket by the farmers for feveral miles round, where
<vcry farm has one forge or more ; fo that the farmers
work at their forges as fmiths, when they are not em-
ployed in the fields, and what they bring to market
ii bought up by the great tradcfmen who fend it tu
London.
SECT. XXXIV.
Of Liici/iirjhire ; it: Name, Situation, Extent, Divijims,
Riprrfinlativei in Parliament, Air, Produce, Riven, and
principal Towns.
THIS county takes its name from Lciccrtcr, its ca-
pital, which it obtained from its fituatiun on the
liver Leire, now called ihc Soar, and is bounded on the
noith by Derbyfliite and Nottinghamfhire, on the eaft by
Lincolnfhirc and Rutlandlhire, on the fouth by Nor-
thamptonfhirc, and on the weft by Warwickfliire. It
fxteiids about thirty miles from eaft to weft, near twenty-
jivc from north to (outh, and about iiincty-fix in circum-
fcrciire.
Leiccftcrfhirc, which lies in the diocefe of Lincoln, is
divided into fix hundreds, and contains thirteen market-
towns, eighty-one vicarages, a hundred and ninety-two
parilhcs, ten parks, five hundred and fifty villages, and a-
bout a hundred and twelve thoufand two hundred inha-
bitants; but fends only four members to parliament,
nami^y, two for the county, and the like number for the
town of Lciccfter.
The air of this county is very healthful ; but the foil is
different in difFerent parts : in the fouth-weft it is rich
and plentiful, both for corn and pafture ; but fo dcfti-
tuteoffuel, 'hat the inhabitants an; forced to burn dried
cow dung. In this part there are, however, fine mea-
dows on the banks of the Avon, 'fhc norlh-eaft part,
ffpecially about the river Wrckc, is moHly barren, moun-
tJ.iious, and rocky ; but affords plenty of wood and pit-
coal, feeding vaft numbers of ftieep, which here and in
Lincolnftiire are the largcft mutton with which the Lon-
don markets are fiipplieu, and haw th.- greateft fleeces
U H O P
555
ot v.Mol of any in Kngland ; nor Is ili.:- wool lefs fine on
acCDunt of its quantity, and, lome few places excepted,
is th.-^longeft ftjple in the wlinlc ill.iiiJ. The fhecp-
brecdin^ country here reaches from the river Anker, on
the continis of Warwickfliire, to the 1 lumber, at the
lartheft end of LincolnOiire, which is near a hundred
miles in length i and from the banks of the Trent, \\i i .t- . ri^"" ^
l.iiicolnfhire and Leicefterfliiie, to thole of the Dufe, t>^i? n
which is above fixty miles in breadth. >riiJ!es.
The horles fed here are alio the largdl in Kngland,
thi'v being generally the great black coach and iJray-
hoilcs, ot which fuch numbers arc continually fentupto
London. Indeed nioft of the gentknieii aie graziers,
and in fonic places it is not uncommon for thele to rent
lioni five hundred to two thoufand pounds a year.
In ftioit, this county produces wheat, barley, peas,
and oats ; but its molt natural and plentiful crops are ct'
beans.
Its principal rivers, the Avon, the Soar, anciently
c.iiled ihe Leire, the Anker, and the \Vcll..nd, which
rile in the weft [urt of this county, form four d.ilerenc
coiirfes; for the Avon foon leaver, this count)', and runs
to Warwick. The Soar, the principal rivcr, lirll: runs
north-ealt by Leicellcr, till having received the Wreke,
it turns to the north wi ft, and f.ills into the Trent, where
the three counties, Leiccfterlhirc, Derbyftiire, and Not-
tinghaindiiie, meet. The Anker luns north- w;lt to
Atherlton, on the edge of Warwitkftiirc. 'The Welland
runs north call by Harborough to Stamford. 'The Wreke
rifcb in a part of the county called the Would, and runs
weftward till it f.ills into the Soar.
We fh.ili now defcribe the principal places of this
county.
Leiccftcr, the county town, is feated on the river Soar,
by which it is half furrounded, ninety-eight miles from ffif-
London. It is a very ancient place, was once the fee of
a biihop, and is faid to have hatl thirty-two parifti-
churches, which are now reduced to five, with leveral
meeting-lioufes. At preRnt it is the largeft and moft
populous town in the county. In the Hi^;h-ftreet is an
exquilite piece of workmanfliip in the form of our Sa-
viour's crofs, and the hofpital built by Henry Planta-
genet, duke of Lancafter, ftill continues in a tolerable
condition, it being fupported by fome revenues from thi;
duchy of Lancafter, and can decently maintain one hun-
dred aged people j but the moft ftately edifice of this
kind at prefent is the New Bede-houfe, or hofpital, built
in the reign of Henry VIII. and endowed by Sir William
Wigifton, a merchant of the flaple in this town, for
twelve poor lazcrs, which has a ch.ipcl and library for
the ufe of the minifters and feholars belonging to the
ttnvn ; there .. another for fix widows, aivi -^ charity-
fchool for thirty boys and ten girls. Lcicefter has a
very fpacious market-place, and the ftrects are paved ;
hut have many old buildings. It is g.nerned by a mayor,
&c. and the freemen of Leicefter have by their charter
the privilege of being exempted from paying toll in all
the fairs and markets in England.
IJefore the caftle was difmantled it was a vaft building
in which the great Henry, duke of Lancafter, kept his
court i the hall and kitchen ftill remain entire, the former
of which is fo lofty and fpacious, that the courts of juf-
ticc, which are held here at the aflizcs, arc at fuch a
diflance as not to incommode one another. The prin-
cipal bufinefs of the town is ftocking- weaving.
Many curious relics have been found in this town,
particularly Roman coins j and in the bottom of a cellar
was difcovcred a piece of Mofaic pavement reprefentinp
the ftory of Aifteon torn to pieces by his own hounds.
This is an admirable pieceof workmanfliip, the llones be-
ing only white and brown, and very fmall. This piece
of antiquity is ftill prefervcd.
The firft law for burning hercticks, by which lord
Cobham and others fuft'ered death, was made in a par-
liament held here, in the reign of king Henry V. decla-
ring the favourers of Wickliff's dodrine heretics and
traitors. In the civil wars Leicefter was befieged bv
king Charles I. and taken by ftorm, on the thirty-firft
of May, 1645, when his army gave the garrifon no quar-
ter, hanged I'ymc of the committee, and plundered the
inhabitant!.
t™
y
»■
i iS* \
::%
■)«•
m
'
«'. • i
»' ' \
w^
'i
\
■■ • ;-S
m
m:
U\
S5(>
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Eng
i-ANn,
Uf.
rtfl.
inhaliltnnts. Hut Sir liioni:!, i''.iii!'.i\ Coon aCicr aJvaii-
cin'j widi dn: ii.irliimciu's forces, bclic-ucd it a^.iiii, and
obligi-il tliL- new pariiloii to rnrieiulcr upon terms.
I,onghlior(Mi^li, is pleal'.inlly I'cateJ .iniuny fertile mea-
dows, near the lorell ol CliarwoocI, one luinJrcil ami fe-
vvii miles hciiL Lc.iijon. It llamis on the river So.ir,
over wliieii it has a l>riiij;i', ami is a hanilfomc town,
with one I'paiKius church.
Afliliy rie 1,1 Zoiiche, is a very confulcrable market-
town, which io(ii< its name Itiini ihc /ouches, its lurJs;
it is feated hef.veen Prellon-patk, and the great park on
tlie (kins of Oeihvfliirc, about a hundred miles Irom
London. It lias a large handfoinc church, near which
Hand tlic ruins of the earl of Huntingdon's catile, de-
ftroyed in l''4S. 'Ihete is a liec-fchool here, endowed
bv the cirl ot llunlingdon, to whom the manor b-.longs.
The town is noted foi its large manulailure ol hati, in
which lomc hunJieds aie employed.
S K C T. XXXV,
Of RulUniifiire \ its Siluatiiii, Extent, Divifiyin, A'.'/'M--
fmilnln'/i III Pur, ':.:•>:, nt, //ir, Hoi/, and pumipui isiviii.
R"
UTr.AN'DSFIIRi:, the leallofall the counties
;i KiiL' and, is almolt of n circular form, and is
boiinJed on the north and noish-eall by l-incolnlhiie j
oti the iVjuth and fou'h-eall hv Northainptoiilhiie ; and
on .the louth-weil: and north-will by l.eiceileifliire ; ex-
tending from north to loudi about titlcen miles, Hum
call to well ten, and about forty in circumference. This
county is divided into live hundreds, in which are ten
vicarages, forty-eight parilhes, one hundred and eleven
villages, about three th/ufand two hundred and fixly
houles, and lixlccn ihoufand three hundred inhabitants.
It lies in the dioeefe of Peterborough, and fends only
two members to parliament, which are the two knights
for the flilre.
The air is fwcct and falubrious, it being quite clear
from fogs and mills. Rutlandlhirc is extremely well
watered, lor, befidcs the W'elland, which walhcs the
fouth and fouth-call borders, and the Uuafli or W'afli,
which interlecls the county from ealt to weft, quite
through the middle of it ; there arc abundance of (mall
rivers and brooks, which fall into them on all lides.
They all aft'ord plenty of excellent filh, which makes
fome amends for the want of feu-fi(li, from which the
inh.ihitants are in .•< great mtaluie debarred, by th'-ir in-
land fuuatiun,
'/he foil is very fruitful, in corn and paflure, which
feeds gieat numbers of cattle, efpecially flieep, the wool
VI which is ledd; r than in other counties, from the pecu-
li:ii rcdiicfs of the lijil. The vale of Catmos, in which
Okcham Hands, is not infeiior in point of fertility to the
vales of W'hite-horfe and Helvoir. This county gives
title of duke to the noble fan:ily (jf Manners. The prin-
c'pal towns it contains, are Okcham, and Upping-
ham.
Okeham, the county town Hands in the rich valley
^ytf. of Catmos, ninety four miles irum London. It is pretty
vf!l built, has a goi.d churcii, a fiee-fchuol, and an hol-
pi.a!. It has hkewife an ancient caille, in which the
aliizes are held, it is laid to be a cufloin in this town,
eiJ^ii^Ovn. that when a nobleman (Otris within its prccinits, he is
obliged to pay homage, by giving a flioc from one of his
horles, or to comjiound fur it '111 money ; when the for-
Jeued ftoe, or that made in its Head, is fixed with the
nobleman's name on the c:i(lle-gate. Sometimes they
aie made very lari'C, and gilt in proportion to the fum of
jnoiiev given inltead of the (hoe. The caftle was built
loun after the c.uujuell, by W alkelin de Ferrariis, who
biaring hui;c (hues in his arms, gave rife to the above
tullom.
L'ppinL'liim, a town of Rutlandrtiire, is featcJ on an
tnuuence, and is a pielty compacl well built place, with
a very good Ine-fchool, and an hofpilal.
■riK.u_.'h this county is very (mall, it contains a confi-
dciablc nunibci of noblemen's feats.
S K C T. XXXVI,
Of L'mcalnfl)tri ; ill Situation, Extent, Divi/lcis, /J ,
fenlativti in Pathument, Ji>, Soil, Pn.iuu, ,„I/,, ,'/,'''
piii'louns. ' ""'"
LINCOLN. SHIRK, takes its name from the a,
ol Lincoln, which by the ancient Uiitons wa^ i " ]
i.indcoit, .ind by the Saxons Lincolllcire ; it is boiiiHi-,!
on the noith by Yorkfhiic, from which it is dividol h!
the llun.ber, on the call by the German ocean, ,i'|„| "^
Im.ill part of Norfolk, on the fouth by Caminid'.in' ^
and Northamptonfliire ; and on the wed is bounjf,)"|"!
Rutlandlhire, Leicellcrfliue, Nottingliainlliiit ^^j '
(mall part of \oikniire. ' " '
It is generally reckoned almoft fixty miles from noi'h
to loutli, and in the middle, where wided, tl.inv.liv . .
but according to Tcmplenian, it is fixty- leveii n'uUs ■ '
length, and lorty-three in breadth. It is generally lin,.
did iiiio ihiee parts namelv, Holland on the luiuli-t ••
fide, kelleven on the louth-wtll, and Lindfav on tii.
north i which lall divifion is the largeit, fur u iiiclu.lcs
all that lies north of Lincoln rily, and the rulle-diki-
whiih king Henry I. cut between the \\ itli.-,iii an,) tn'
Tunt. This county is lub-dividcd into three iuinJrij-
anil twenty-live wapentakes, and contains one ciiv f.ji'
parliamentary boroughs,_ thirty- lour other market iJwi'u
two hundred and fifry-fix vicarages, one thjufaiid tiv '
hundred and fifty-fix villages, near forty thoulaud ir;
hundred houfes, and about two hundred two thoufjuj ..
nine hundred inhabitants. It is in the dioceic ol L"i.
coin, and lends twelve members to parliament, two lor
the county, and two for each of the following pUtf
Lincoln, Stamford, Grantham, IJodon, and G.'imll.y.'
This county is well watered with rivers, the iiiiiKinjl
of which arc the Trent, which wafiies the weCerii td .e
of the county, and falls into the Humbcr, the noithuu
boundary. The Witham, which rifing in tl;e lumh.
wed of the county, runs northward, till it rcccivis tli:
Fofle-dykc at Lincoln, where it turns to the foiith-i.ili
and at length falls into the German ocean below llolloii'
and the Welland, which patts this county from Nutth-
amptonlhirc, running through Holland divifion alio into
the German ocean.
With rcfpeft to the air of this countv, Ir mud be cb-
fervcd, according to its three grand divifions, that or
Holland, as it is partly under water, and the relt of it
moid and fenny, mud be bad. Kidivcn is more; i.;!u.
brious, it being leB afletted with the fo!»s from the icn
country, and its foil more fruitful. Lindfay isgene-.liy
edeemed healthy, efpecially on the wellern fiee. 1 he
foil is in moll places very rich, the inland pait ptou'uiap
corn in great plenty, and the fens cole-feed, and very
rich padures ; whence their breed of cattle is la.'ger thsa
that of any other county in Lngland, except So.Ticrli.i-
fhire; their horfcs are alio c\:ellent and very laric;
J'hc hunting hounds and hares arc particularly nuitd for
their extreme fwiftnefs. Here are all the common fruit;,
and they are faid to have better pippins thiiti thdrent
Kent, eljpecially fuch as grow in the divifion of llcjli,.ii,!,
and about Kirton, both ot which forts are very v'a^'x-
fome and delicious ; yet, bciiig grafted on their i «ii
ftock, are much improved, and are then called riimti^.
The churches of this county are faid io be it:, chief
ornaments, it being commonly obferved, that no lounty
has better churches and worfe houfe.';. The poorer for:
of people here wafli their cloaths with hog's-dung, and
burn dry cow-dung.
The principal places in Lin'.olnfliirc arc the follcaln,'.
Lincoln, a city feated one huiulicd and twentv-wi^iit 'til
miles from London, was anciently a Roman colony,
called Lindum Colonia. It is pleafantly feated on the
top, fide, and foot of a hill, on the river Witham, v. t.iih
divides into feveral dreams, and waters the lower p.itt
of the city, over which are feveral bridges. [• had I'uc-
mcrly titty churches, which are now reduced to fourlccii,
betides the cathedral or minder, and meeting hoiilVi ..f
every di lomination of didi-nters. The cathedral i.i oin-
of the mod fupctb drudlures of the kind in Lr.j;! in.!,
and from its fituation on the top of a hdl, m.ty be (een
6 frgm
from five or fix c.iimti
Icct, with two Ipires
cularly in the iioith
. kll in Engbiul, c.dli
ions eighteen luindn^
nvirilty-two feet eigh
middl.: or Round-iov
and when the Ipiie w
to the height of the t.
Paul's wnirh w.is (iv
monks were Co proud
h.ncit the devil look
whriice the jiioverb '
" LiiRolii." Now
pinaili'!, one at each i
ihc wed : the cloidcrs
veil lurnidied with
Two Catharine wheel
ir.mli'jit are reniarkal
I'linied glals.
To the fouth of the
ihc hill, is the bidiop'
(iiocile in Kngland, i
uuw 10 amount -inly i
r.'imi but was l.irmer
arc contained the coui
liiiTiJ.jri, liedford, liiit
inthcni tw 'xe hundn
hrt hundtrJ and feven
!i the upper town a
I'.'acn have their houl
htnJaiics and other <
iwcin the upper and
but in the dee()cd pan
fojps are w ell furniftiet
ingsarc generally old,
i) a city and county of
twelve aldermen, two
lends twenty miles inc
cfcarl to the i.jble fan
ofquccn Llizaucth. I
tjch of which thirty
gvrr.en's widows.
itamford is feated or
fom London, and is
Ik liib-diviUon of Kef
hill, and has a done b
on the cor.tiiics of No
RiirLnd. The river i
tonTi. Hcjt; is a hall
thurchcs, with feveral
his in ancient town,
Roirnns, and had Ions
mo/ed to Brazen-Nofe"-
ir, tnde is not very co
mctous and rich ; and
rojJ, ii particularly fai
inns. Amon;; the pi
boJll, 1., that 'the may(
_ ind commands the ni
§■> they have the cudom c
yuuiiger fons inherit i
in this town is a cha
children arc taught an,
Ballon, a large, p
I'lwn, ill the (ub-div
! milfs louih-r.id of L
1' huilt on both fides c
andllandspartinLincol
which arcjornrd h/awi
brhouron the German
J'Vsagnot trade. 'I'het
inmarelVrvoir made b
caiitrdthcWed Fen.
<;il i>fiid to be the
an I i:s tower, which is
Ifcr-TiMind, (crves as
iiiroilii
port, but ever
•nrft.-nout at i'ei to if
I-vnii-dcepsand Hodon
90
r,Mfii.ANn.
U R O !• E.
5S7
Collowin^.
lun coliiny,
L-ntcd im ihc
tli.im, v.hn:h
lower pJtt
1- h.iJ liir-
to roiuiccii,
hoiilVj lit
heilr^l IS oi'.i'
ill Kr.j^lmJ,
may be I'ccn
(rom
(toin fivcor fiX rcMintlci. It lia'i a double cml's or tr.\ii-
,j^l witli twi) l|)irf'. or toweis, aiiJ many bells, p-irti-
culjrlv ill '!"■■ "oitli I'lwrr, wllicll h.is ilie fiiielt yrf.it
t,eil in F.n!4biHl, t.iUtJ Tom ot' Lincoln : it wei-jli'^ t'oiir
tons eighteen luimlricl luul iiincty-luiir poiuh! , ami i^
nvtniV't^v" ''^''' eight inthi's i:i circjinlVrtnci.'. 'I hj
iiiulJI»! or Round-lower i. iht; hii;heH in the king.loui,
jiijwhcti tli'j Ijiiic w.is Haniliii;j ii mult, in proportion
1(1 the hel^^lit ol ill.' tiiwcr,l\.ivc cxceedew th:it ol OKI St.
PjuI's vviiirh vv.is liv» liiin.lrcd .uid twenty feet. 'I ne
monk's weic lb proud of this lirn^lurc, that they would
(jjvcit the dev.l looked upon it with an envious eye,
whenee the piovcrb " \{~: looks as the devil does over
II Liiieoln." Now theie are only four very ordinary
pinacle'i ""<= •'' '•'•'<"'' coiner. It has two large (;aiC'. on
(lie wed : 'he eloilU-rs .ind library arc fine, and the latter
^.c;i furiiidied witli piinted hooks and manuleript^.
Two e.i'harine wheel windows at the ends of the larg' r
ir.mfejit are remarkably beautiful, and adoiiud wuh
iHinlcJ gUl's.
'I'o the fouth of the- cathedra!, upon the very brow ol
the hill, is the bi^lop'^ palace. T'lou^ih this is the largi It
(jioftle in Knj.'hind, the revenue of the bifhopric is laid
iiuvv 10 amount '<nly to Ii Item hundred priunds per an-
rum 1 but w^'j i.umerly imiiienlely i;reat. In this dioccle
itcciiiitaini'd the counties of Lincoln, Leiieller, lluii-
lin'il.ta, liedlord, liucks, a;id part of Hertl'ordlhire ; and
incU-in tw "C hundred and hity-i;vc parilliis, of which
luchundii i and feventy-feyin are impropriations.
ii the upper liiwn are j.'/iod Duildmgs, and feveral gvn-
I'.Mcn have their houles there, belidcs thole of the |:ij-
ttnJaiies and other clergy. The communication be-
iwccn the upper and lower town is veiy tioubk:omc ;
but in the Ifeepcft part is the brilkelt trade, and here the
jhopsare well turniflied with conimodi.ies ; but tile build-
ings arc generally old, crpeciallyin the lower [-art. This
living i j a vicarage, in the gift ot the mayor and bur-
gclfes.
Ciranth.im, a neat pop'.ilous borougli of the fuIi di/i-
fiontalle.l Keltcveii, is a place of great relbrt, an I ba-t
abundantc of good inns, it Kin^ on tlie noi;h ro.id, a
hundred and lour milca fio.ii l.oiulon. It has a liin: IC,-
large chinch, with a Hone Ipire two hundred and ii;lity
teet high, which, by a mere .leccption ol ihe ri.;lit, 1-.:iih
to Itand.iwiy. It has alio a good free-lchoid, biult .'.;id
endowed |iy Dr. Richard I'ox, hifliop ot VVmc lell.r,
who was a native of this town; and here th' ccli.br.i";J
.Sir Ifaac Newton received his hrtt education. In tliis
town thiie aie alio two cbaiity Ichools, and upon the
neighbouring courl'e are lici|iieiirly horfe races. It gives
tiile of baron to the noble family iif Rubinloii.
(;.iinlb;irough, a large and well built town of LinJfiy
I'ub divilion, is leated on the Tren', aliundrftd and thiity- /,?/-.
revcn mile^ iVoiii Lundoii ; it has ,i tine \M,^ii market held
wreklyoii I'lieldays, and gives title of eail to the nobli;
family of Noel. Its churcn was rebuilt by att of parlia-
ment in IJJj ; and here are feveral meeting-houfes of
Dillciuers. I'lic Danes la ide.l here when they c.ime up
the Trent, which brings up fliips of buitaeii with tiie
tide, though it is forty miles diltancc by water from the
llumbcr.
S K C T. XXXVII.
Of the Crmiy ofLSvfcik \ in Silutiti-.n, Extent, Dhlff.ns,
Rcpyeftniativii in Piiilinminl, /iii, isiil, I'lmlu:!-, Riutn,
atiil / niicipiit Piiices,
'"T^HIS county received its n.imc fiom its northern
A lltuatiun with rel'pcLl to bultnlk ; it is bounded on
I th- nor li and calt Ii les by the German o.can, on the
'ovcriiid by a mayor, I wt 11 by C'ambrid^cnine and Lineolnthire, and on the
i, J city and county of itielf
twelve aldermen, two flieriti's, &c. whole jurifdi£tion ex- I (outli by SuttoU. It extMids about hitv miles from calt
tends twenty miles in circumt'eicMce. It has given tlie title i to well, thirty-five from north to I'outh, and about a
cf carl to the I. jble family of Clinton ever fiiice the reign
ci queen F.lizat/eth. Here are lour charity-li. iioois, in
tichof which thirty poor chi'dr.n are taught by eler-
cvmcn's widows.
Sumford is featcd on the Weiland, eighty-three miles
fnm London, and is a large and pojiulous borough in I
tliciiib-divilion of Kefleven. It Itands on the Hope of a i
hill, and has a (lone bridge of five arches over the river,
on the car.lincs of Northamptunihire and the cj.inty of |
RatUnd. The river is navigable by barges up to the
town. H.^re is a handfome town-hall and fix pa.ilh-
tharchcs, with feveral good (Irivis anil (v,\c llru>itures. i
It ii an ancient town, it being known in tbe time ol the
Romans, and had long ago a college whole (liidLaits le- \
moved to I?razcn-Nolc-col!egc, in Oxford; but thuugli |
iLtiiJe is not very confidcrablc, the inhabitants are nu- ]
nicious and rich ; and it being feated upon the York
rpij, ii particularly famous for its large and commodi'iiis j
mis. Amnii;: the privileges of which the inhabitants i
brail, i , that the inayor is immediately under the king,
irJ commands the militia, returns writs, &c. and th.it '
hundred and torty-hve in ciicumlercnce.
It is divided into thirty-one hundreds, and contains a
bundled and fixty-four vicarages, thirty-three maiket-
towns, fit humlred and fixty parifhes, near filteen hun-
dicd villages, about forty feven thouland one hundred and
eighty boulis, and two hundred and eighty-three thou-
land inhabitants. This county is in the dioeel'e of Nor-
wich, and fends twelve members to parliament, namely,
two lor the county, and two lor each of the following
boiougli', Norwich, Lynn-Regis, Yarmouth, Thctfotd,
and Callle Rifing.
The air of this county is fliarp and piercing, which
throws tlie feafons baekw.irder than is ulual in the fame
latitude in England. The inlandcountry is thought very
healthy ; but the foil is obfervcd to h..ve a greater variety
in it than is found perhaps in any other county, and from
thence h.is been confidcred as an epitome of England, it
haMiig all the kinds of foil founil throughout the king-
dom, namely, arable, pallure, wood-lands, meadows,
heaths, fens, light fandy ground, and deep cl ly ; but
even the v.cnfl of thefe are far from being unprofitable,
B they have the cultom of Horoiigh Knglifli, by which the the fandy heaths feeding Iheep and breeding rabbets, and
\i!Uiiger Ions inherit upon their fathers dying intellate. ' the fens aft'ording rich p.iflure for cattle. 'I'lie chief
in this town is a charity-fchool, in which eighty pour commodities are corn, cattle, wonl, rabbets, hoiK-y, faf-
ch;!dren arc taught and employed.
Ballon, a large, populous, and well built fea-port
liiwn, in the fub-divifion called Holland, twenty fi.\
mi'cs louih-e.ill of Lincoln, and ninety north ol London,
i- huilt on both lidcs of the river Withnni, at its mouth,
andllaiidspart inl.incoKhire and p.ut iiiNorthaniptonfhin ,
which are joined b>' a wooden bridi'C. It has a commodious
haibouronthe German ocean, is full of merchants, and cn-
i.'Vsa goo I trade. The town is fuppli. d with water by pipe?
iMiTi arelVrvoir made by act of p.iiliainent, in a common
uiltj the Well Fen. The chuieh is without ciofs ailes,
iii.l M fiid to be the largefl paiilh chiiieb in the world ;
inl its tower, which is two hundred and eighty feet from
inetmuiid, fervcs as a land mark to mariners, not 0!ily
into this port, but even into the mouth of the Oufe, be-
-MfcvMi out at lea to the entrance of the channels, called
Lvnii-deepsand Borton-dccps, vcrv difficult place^. The
90
Iron, herrings in great abuiiJanec, with jet and amber
thrown upon the le.i coall. I'he manufactures arc
woilled, woollens, and filks, in which all the inland part
is employed. This county gives title ot dute to the
noble family of Howard.
The priiuipal rivers of Norfolk are the Oufe, which
divides It on the weft tiom SuHblk andCambridgclhire.
The W'avency, which Is the bound.iry bUwecn Nor-
folk on the louth-ealt and Suffolk. The two diftercnt
courles of thefe rivers aie the more rcniaikablc, as both
life within a very fmall diitance of each other in the
foiithern edge of the county. The Yare, which is pe-
culiar to Norfolk, rifes near the center of the county,
and runs cadward through Norwich to Yarmouth,
where it falls into the Geiman oeean. A little above
thii lall mentioned town the Yare is joined by the \Va-
vcncy. Thefe three rivers abound with filh, and are
7 B particulaiif
I
.i ^\
1.1
I'i
ffi
i km
m
' *
f,\ ■
t/'J
'tt..
Sb^
A S Y S 1 li M OF G E O G R A r H Y
paitii'iilajlv famous for CNCi'llcnt pcrdi-, but ilii; Y.irc
has alfo a lilh, c.illul a tuff, peculiar to itfilf, chat I'xcccds
(lie |vrcli ill ilic lU-licaryol it:, tallc ; it isimiili about the
fanif lizr, and the body \i .-.II over rou^h svith fliarp
piitklis, fiom whence it has its iiJilic. 'Jln.'lui.k i^i.l
a browriifli colour, the belly of .1 p.de yellow, and about
the jaws ii h.i'i double femi circu'ar inatk^.
'I he princip.il towns in this county are the follow-
ing :
Norwich, a very ancifP', large, hanilfome, populous,
• nd well IrtqucntcJ city, is featcj on the banks of the
rivfr Yarc, which runs throu(;li a part of it, a hundred
and nine miles nort!i-eall-by north of London, it is
fnrompalled by w.ilb, which have twelve ^.itcs, and has
a line old caftio, at prefent ufid as .ipilon, and from
wlieiKe a peifon may have a view ot the whole city.
Here alio are the ruins of a cadle, e.illed by the name of
Kelt, who lived in the reiL-n of Kdwaid \'I. and did
much damage to ihr city, which it very .uKieiit, and has
uiider;;one k>:e 't ';al.imitics. It h;i! fev.r.il budges over
the river, ar.d h..^'. •Hirty-lix cluirches, belide.s the cathe-
dral, which is a l-..;ndioiiic Ihu.-fure, and has a lofty
fpire llcrple : ih^rc arc here a'fo nr.'i fim-houfes of l)^f-
fenters of
der.iiniinatia.TS. .•\s the walls arc three
miles in ton pals, the whole fpace v.'iir.in them is not
inhahitc.l, they indofin^ many gardens and orchards,
'ihore are her.', however, abiiu: eij^lit thuuf.md houfes j
the Iticets aie prjtty wi'.c, ;;nd there is a very fpacious
market- [ilacc. it has alio a new play-houfe, a place of
e.itiii.iiiiiiicnt caliid \'au,\h:;ll, and f;-veral otlv r curious
gardens to wiiich t^c pcniry lelbrt ; with an hofpital for
a hundrid pwir n\et\ and women.
It ha' ;i iar-e ;'iid Ibi.irifliiu.; nMnufaiflory of camblets,
cijpe', fee. lor which it has .1 gieat tia.lo, b.itli at home
and abroad. It is a city and county of itillf : thi' bdii'p
has a palace here, as hath alio the duke of Norfolk. It
is !jove;iied by a mavoi, a recorder, tivelve aldermen, t*o
fli''if(s, .ind twenty-one common council.
it lu5 been oblervcd of this city, that if a llranger was
only to ride thron-^h it, or view it on ordiiia'y d.iys, he
would be induL-ed to think it a town without inhabitants ;
but, on the contrary, If he was to view this city either
on a Sunday, or on any public occafion, he vnuld won-
der where the people could dwell, the multitude is lb
great ; but the cafe is this, the inhabitants being all bufy
at the manufactures, arc in their combina-fhops, as they
call them, at their twillini,; mills, in their garrets at their
looms, and the like ; ainiolt all the works they arc em-
ployed in b-ingdone withindoors.
Yarmouth, a lea- port fonn, a hundred and twenty-
two miles to [he ncrth-caft of London, is feated on the
river Yate. where it falls into the fea, and is a place of
great Itrtngth, both by art and nature, it being ainioft
(urrounded with water, and defended by a very ftrong
fort. It ii an ancient town much older than Norwich,
and is well built and very populous. It has the fincft
quay in ljv;land, if not in Kurope, and is faid to equal
at lead that of Marfeillcs j for the fhips ride here foclofe,
that for half a mile together they go acrofs the ftream
with their bowfprits over the land, their bows or heads
touching the very wharf ; fo that one may walk from
ihip to (h'p as on a floating bridge all .ilong by thefliore
fide. The quay, which reaches from the draw-bridge
almoll to the louth gate, is fo Ipacious and wide, that in
Ibme places it is near a hundred yards from the houfts to
the wharf. In this pleafant and agreeable range of
buildings are fome very magnificent Ihuilurcs, and a-
inong the rHl the; cuflomhoufe, the town-hall, and fome
merchant', lu)ufi.H which rcfcmble little palaces rather than
the dwelling-houl'es of private men.
The greatcd defc.'f of this town feems to be, that tho'
it is ycrv rich and increafing in wealth and trade, and
confcqueiitly in people, there is not room to enlarge it
by new buildings. It ccnfifts of about (ifteen hundred
houles, and though there are fevcral pretty wide (treets,
they arc chiefly vciy narrow, and juft wide enough for
their little farrra:;ei to p.tia through. It is eftecmed the
key of this coaft ; but (houijh the harbour is a veiy fine
one, it ii very da;i.;cro,;s for ftrangcrs in windy weather.
Yarmouth is governed by a mayor, eighteen aldermen,
England.
and ihiity fix common-council. This town, thouch fo
coniideiable, has only one large church, which is Jtdi.
calcd to St. Nicholas, and a neat chapel, with a confi"
derable number of nieetinghoufes. The ifeeplc of St"
Nichol.is's tluirch is lo high, that it feivts f^f '
land-mark to thofe at fea ; and It is remarkable'
that which way foevcr this Itccplc be viewed it apivj,,'
crooked.
Yar
wicli, till the diHolution of monalKiics by knu; Htnr\
.rilling its poilcliiji
on it the title of Lynn-Regis. It is a li.indlonic.
\'III. when that [ytincc becrniing
ruiouih IS noted for its red herrings, which are
jocofely c.dicd ^'ai mouth cajions, and alio loi its coachci
which Ate nothing more th.m Hedges drawn with one
hoile. Duiing the hfhing feafoti the land is covered with
people, and the river With barks and boats, bufy diy jnJ
night in landing and carrying off the hcriiinjs, which
art taught heic in almoll iiicitdible quantities. ()
author lays, he happuitd lobe there during their filh-
ing lair, as ihey tall it, when he cuunied in one lijj ,
hundred and ten baiks and lilhing vcflcis coming up the
river, all loaden with heriiiigs taken the night befutc
After the heirings are cured, they export tluin toGciiyj
Leghorn, Naples, Mclhna, Venice, Spam, and I'ortu!
gal ; and at the lame time carry to thofe placcv prej,
qiianiities of woollen goods. 'Ihey have alfo a coiifij,.,
able trade in woollen manuladtures to Holland, Norway
and ilie Baltic, fioni whence they import timber and na-'
val llurcs i and have a very great fharc in the coal,
trtide bctucii Newcaille ami the port of London.
Lynn Rej;i5, or K.ing's-Lynii, was lirff <a!b;dLynn-
Kpilcojii, as being the property of the bifliop ot NV-
_by kii
its poilcliiir, confctaa
. large,
and well built town, ninety-eight miles i.orth calf of.fl
London, in the fifty fccoiul degiei filcy-live iiiinuies nottli"
l.iiiliide, and in thirty-two minules caft Iciiiiitujj '
It is feated at the mouth ot the Oule, whi,' h, by itijins
of the feveral llreams it receives before it lalis into the fea
forms a navigation, by which the merchants ot Ljnn en-
tirely fupply Cambridgeftiire, lluiilingdunfhire, the north
pin of liuckinghamfhirc, Bedlordihire, and IVoitharap-
tonfliire, wiih the inland p;.rtb of Norfolk and SuH'ckilc •
more particularly with coals and wine : and they cirry
on a confiderablc foreign trade, cfpecially to Holland
Norway, the Baltic, Spain, and Portugal. 'I'he harbour
is fafe when fliips have once entered it j but there ate
flats and fhoals at the entrance, at which buoys are placed .
and there are always good pilots ready for (leering ftraij-
gcrs in.
The town contains about two thoufand four hundred
houfes i and is ftrong by fea, as it was alfo foriticrly by
land, where there arc the ruins of the works in patt dt-
molifhcd in the civil war.<:, yet not fo much but they
may be eafily repaired ; thefe confifl of nine regular bal-
tions, and a ditch nearly in the form of a feini-circle,
which make the place about half a mile in breadth ; atid
St. Anne's fort and platform at the north-call end coir,-
niands all (l^ips that enter the harbour.
It has a fpacious and fine market-place, in which is a
handlome (latue of king James II. with a Hne crofs, which
has a dome, and a gallery round it, fupported by fixtecn
columns ; and the market-houfe is a modern free-lloitr
building feventy feet high, neatly adorned with llaiues aiw
other embcllifhments. Four rivulets, over which are
fifteen bridges, run through the town ; and the tide ia
the Oufc, which for a mile here is about as broad as the
Thames at London bridge, rifes twenty feet perpendi-
cular. The town is (upplicd with frcfh water by con-
duits and pipes from the mighbourhood.
Ihc king's floith-yard is a very handfome fquarc, i-
doincd with a flatuc of king James 11. here the gicalcft
part of the wines imported ate landed. The town-houlo,
called I'linity-hall, is an ancient and noble buildir.^.
I he exchange in the middle of the town is an elegant
firudturc of Iree-flone, adorned with two orders of
columns, and within it is the cuflom-houfe.
It has two churches, a very large chapel, and two
difienting mceting-houfes. St. Margaret's church, which
15 very large, formerly belonged to an abbey, and his 1
high lantern, covered with lead : at the well end is a
(lone tower, with a ii>oun-diail, diewing the increaie and
dc:tci',:
dccreafe of that pi
England.
EUROPE.
£59
Jrcrcafc of that planet ; aiij above the tuvcr is a fpirc,
II, which is » riii;; of liclh. St. Nichul.i^'s chapel l» very
Biicii'nl, .iiitl li.is a tower atiJ oiil ingular fpirc.
In ihi> chai'i 1 is a library, to which lord Townfiiul,
the lite fill "f Orfiiri), Sir Charles Turner, &c. were
coiillJer.iblc btnef.iaori.
The town is yovcriied by a mayor, a recorder, a high
(ti'wai'l, twelve alderinen, and eighteen common coun-
i;;l • ■.\n^ there is here a very laudable cullum, which is
js t!ut every Hid Monday of the month, the mayor,
aiJcr.iuii, preachers, S;t. meet to hear and determine all
Jliiutej 111 an amicable inannei, in order to prevent law-
luiis. I'here are here alii) a trec-fehool, which is a
Dioii" and beautilui building;, two hofpitals, and a clia-
ti;y-ltlJool.
S E C T. XXXVIII.
Of N'ttir.fhtvnjlmt ;
iiiVni.
ill Silrialiin, Extent, Divifisns, Re-
Ssil, Product., Riven, ami principal
houfcs in tlic maikct-place and principal ftrccis, have
tluii lidiit (iipporied by lofty ilune eoluiiis, of tlie T'lif-
eaii oidiT, wliieh not only make a viiy handluine ap-
p<jranie, but all'.ird Ihclter in bad weather. 'J'he tireets
are well paved, and fiom ilieir lituation on a ro k, arc
always ple;.n. 'I be market place, whiih is iaij-e and
fpacioiis, lias a beautiful crolV, in vvhieh a kind m dome,
IS fupported by wery lofiy ftone colutnns, iiniier wliich
is kept the corn-niaiket. in a (irtet at lornc dillancc
from this market, arc fevcral flone fteps diminilhing aj
they rife, and on the top Hands a very noble eolmnii
crowned with a ball. 'I'his is called the Heii-crols, and
here is a market for all forts of poultry.
It is proper to obleive, once for all, that, thoiij^h
what arc called matkrt-croires, take their ii,ime Iroin
crucifixes bein_i; antiently erected in thole places, no mo-
dern Itiuiiture of this kind, ever bears any mark ut popifh
fuperltition.
The rock on which the town (lands, is pretty foft,
and renders the town remarkable for its cellars, two or
three being (ometinics under each other, u Ith .i-- 'Ups
'1; t ■:.
";' ffl
J- ; n If '■ •' *
I :ll
f
5 ■ 'i:
Witlil
11 !i , , M
^'*^S.
55^
A S Y S 1 L M OF G E O C. R A r II Y.
'V
piiticiil,iily famnus fin rxccllfiit pen li i but ilio ^ .in.-
his alio .1 lilh, c.ill; I ,1 luff, |i'.'ciilijr tti itlill', tl\.it cxccfil^
till- ]i' irli III llii; citlic.iiy ol il;. lallt ■, it ii miuli .ilcuil tlu'
(iiur (i/f, niul the lindy i. .",11 iivtr rou^'.li wclli (luip
pililslis, limn wilt nil.' it hjs its ii.iiue, I In.' lui k unl
» liio.viiifli rolciir, llic I'clly nt .1 p.ilf yi-'ll"«', .uiJ ulijut
»lu- j.nvs il li.r, .Imil Ic Icini cinu'.u 111,11 k^.
■| he iirmcip.il towns 111 tins uuiity ,ire llic follow-
Norwich, a vfry .iniiiiu, Lirg"", h,iniluimc, populous,
ttul well IfquciitiJ < ily, is (V,iic.l on thf liaiiki ot tlu-
rivfi V.IH-, which runs thiou^li ;\ part ot it, 4 hiinJrcd
ml iiiiir milrs iionli-i-alt-liv noiih ot' l.onJoii. It is
enr\Mn|>,inni l>v w.ilJ!', whicli h.m- iwilvc ;;.itfs, ,inJ h.is
a line iij.l cJllic, ;it prcfciu uful .is .1 p idm, iiii.l tioni
wlifMii' a ptjili.m nuv liave .1 \li'W ot the- whole licy.
H.TC alio arc t'.ic 1 uins of a c allU', r.illcii l>y the imiik- ol
K''t!, who lived in the rci;'ii ol Kijw.iid \'!. and diJ
jiiurh i!,i:r,agr to ih? city, which in verv .wicu-nt, and has
undergone li'i-' 't i-al.iiTlitii's. It h.n O.v r.il liiidjes over
the incr. ar.d h.". thittv-lix cliunlivi, brriJf> the eathe-
^. ... 1.1...
-'NClAND,
and ihiity fix coitmion-couiKil. This town, ihounh lb
cjnfiJi'i.ilile, has only one hirgu- church, which i, jtj,.
I .it(d 10 St. Nicholas, jiid a neat thancl, wnh a conll".
dciubU' miinlur ol incitiiiphoules. The IK-cpie (,| j,,"
Nichii;,is'» iluncli i» lo higli, that it Icivn („, '
l.ind-in.iik to thole at fca ; and it is icmar;,,,!,;.
that whidi way fuever lliis Iteeple be viewed it aii|Kj,s
tiooked.
Yaiinouih ii noted for its red hcrrinjM, which tit
jucoltly c.llcd ^'ainioulhiajion!, and.lllo loi its coacho
whiili arj iiothiii.; more than IKd(jii diawii with one
lioilc. Uuiiiii.; the lilhiin', Cfaluii the land is covered with
people, and iheiivei Willi balks and boats, buly diy j„j
night in landing and eanyiiig oil' the hiiiiiii.s, which
are cau;',ht heic in alnioil incitdible quantities. Our
author lajs, he hapiKiud to be iticie duiing their hi!',
in^', lair, as ihey c.ill it, when he counted in one iiJt ■
luindied and ten baiks and fiihing veflcis tuiiiing up tht
river, ,ill louden with hctiiiies taken the ni(;lii Li,l,j,..
Alter the liiiiin;;s are cured, tlipv export thiin toUcii.jj
Leghorn, Naples, Milliiia, \'ciiice, Spain, anj I'l,,,^!
•••■'■ ■" ' " •''•. l.iiiic lure cany to thofe places iire,,
m vvhich is a tin,; ol
N()TTIN(rlIAM SirilU'..
it':
m W
■| 1 1
/t;
/? of Staf
^CESTXR Sb,
<cland.
%^
WrMiiifAtin I
is
frrM
pNCLANO.
Jfcrtafc of lliit plani'l ; :itiJ above the t nvcr ir; a Iprc,
m whicli Is a rin^; ot lull.. St. Nichul.i^'» ilij|u:l i^ n ry
n.iCiiP'i •'"'' ''•" * t''^^'' '""' <'Cl iiigul.ir Ijiirc.
Ill ihi< i.li.i|" ' ''' iilil'ritv, to wliii'h lord '["(iwiircinl,
thfliii.' iMil I'l I'lli'id, tilt Cluilc^ Turner, in:, wiif
,■ . I I.. I. I . .1..,.
E U R O I' F..
?59
: bi'lK'l.lCli)rs,
CDIlli.llT.lllle „,..-...
1 he town i< yovcriu'.l l<y a mnyor, a rccordrr, a liijjii
jr. I, t«i.lvc .ilJiTini'M, .iiid iiglitctn c<iii\rti()n luuii-
1 .1 :. k » . 1.1. ..1 .1.1^ ....II I — u ..
{Vxi
til J .n.l ilicrc Is hi tc a viry laudable culloin, which r.
I,, t!ut every tiilt .Mmuliy of the niciiiih, the mayor,
»Uir;in.'n, I'teachcrs, &i.. imet t) he.ir .iml (Utermine all
j|,,uti'.% Ml an amiealilc iii.itinei, in order lo prevint luw-
(.jiis. I'here ate hen- .iIid a Ine-dhdol, whic h is .i
llioiig and bciutilui hnildiiij, ttvo hul'pitaiii, and a elia
ti;vlcltuuli
S F. C T. xxxviir.
Ql Sollinrhimjhirt; ill Siliitititn, Exiint, Divifiini, Ri-
tr.liitu:r,;ti, /iii, Sdil, I'roMue^ RiVe-i, ivul pniuipul
i..i«(.
NOTriNGHA.VlSFlIRE takes its name fromNot-
iin^liam, the eoiinty town, called by the Saxons
ill ii:'.'iii;il'ani, or u honle ot Dens, (.) called Iroiii the
I'utioui V iiilrj djn; In the rocks, in which the ancient
l):iions pfiha|)s leii.kd. This county is leinarkabie for
li, bciii_, i>ounded on the four cardinal points ol the coin-
pii.s, by tour ("inglc counties, a circuinlhncc which i;.
r,^,l found in the tituation of any other county in Lnij-
liiio ; I'll 'he north it borders upon Yorkdiiie, on the
oit oil l.iiHolnihire, on the fouth on Leieelleillnie, and
(III the welt on Derbylhire. It extends forty-leven unlet
i.ilciii^th, and twcnty-feven in breadth.
liiu county, which lies in the dioccfe of York, is di-
vlJtj iiit'J fix wapvntakes, and contains nine inaiket-
iu«as, one hundred and fixty-eigbt panfhes, niiiuiy four
vnar«ges, lour hundred and filty villages, about Itven-
ittii iiiiiuiand four hundred and tixly liuules, and ninety-
iii !h!)ufand inhabitants. It lends eij^ht nu-nibers to
jiii'.ijnicnt, namely, two for the county, and two lot
o.h of the following boroughs, Nottingiiaiii, talt-Rct-
futil, and Newark u|miii I'rcnt.
The airof this county is eilei-med exceeding healthful,
but the foil is various: the ealfeni lidc i'. veiy Iruilliil,
ad yields great plenty of corn and j;ra(.s j but the wcf-
Icin parts are Icis fertile, being generally very woody,
ir.i! ill loine places barren, and only yielding coal. I he
ihicf cominodities arc pit-coal, a kind ol Itonc lonicwhac
like alabalier, but not lo hard, which when burnt, makes
ipbiltir harder than that of I'aris, with which the inha-
bitants generally plaidcr the floors of their upper rooms,
inllcad ol boarding them. Their other commodities are
malt, wool, liquorice, wood, fifli, and fowl. Their
manufactures chiefly coiililf of frame-work knitting,
gill's, and earthen-ware.
The principal rivers of this county are, the Trent and
the Idle. The Trent is one ot the capital rivers in
Knglaiid, it running a couric of near two hundred miles
bcloic it reaches the Humber. Its fpring-head is in the
highlands of StafFordlhire, as hath been already obfervcd,
in treatini^ of that county, and from thence it runs
tnrou;h IJerbyfliire, Nottinghamfliirc, and Lincoln-
fcirc. I'he name is derived by foiiic from the thirty
fn.aik-r rivers it receives, and by others from thirty dif-
fficnt kinds of filh found in it. It enters this county at
the louih-wed point, where it is joined by the Erwafh,
a.nJ runs to the callward till it reaches Newark, where
ii lurnis an illand, and turning to the northward, runs
inM Lincoliilliiie. The Idle riles in Sherwood lorcll,
anj riiiiiiini; through the northern parts of the county to
the edge ot Yorklliire and Liiicolnflliie, there joins the
Trent. The principal towns in this county are the
following ;
Nottiii ;ham, which is delightfully fcated on a rock,
one hull. lied and twenty two miles north weft ot lyon-
<'yn, at the loot of which runs the liver Leanc, which,
at a mile's dilla.ice, falls int) the I rent, over which
theic IS a hanjioiric Hone bridge, and .uioiher over the
Lxanc. T'nc town n larre and well built j niuil ct 'he
houfcs in tl.c m.iket-place anJ principal dr. c!s, have
till II lioiit lii|'pur:ed by loliv It'iie i.oluii.s, ot tie '['nf.
cm Older, whch not only n..ike a viiy han.liuine .p-
inai.iii.e, but all' rd (In Iter in bad weather. 'I'he llrteu
.ire well |).ived, and liom iheir lituatioii on a ro k, are
always clean, The irutket place, whnh is laiije aiitl
fpaiioiis, has a beaiiiitui ctol^, in which a kind oi dome,
IS fiipjiurted by very lofty ffone columns, iin.'er which
is kc|'t the eorn-maiket. In a Ihict at Ionic dillarice
lioiii this maiket, are levrral (lone (Irps diniininiiiig .m
they tile, and on the top (lands a very noble column
iiowned with a ball, This is c.dled the Ikiicrols, and
lure is a market lor all foits of poultry.
It is proper to obleue, cnce tor all, that, thoiii^h
what arc lalled inaiki t-croll'ts, take their niine Iroin
cnicifixe.s heiiij; .intientiy eieclcd in thole pi ices, no mo-
(leiri IliuLlure of this kind, ever be.irs any mart; ol popifh
lupeiltition.
riiJ r.uk on which the town (lands, is pietty fuft,
and renders the town remarkable for its cellars, two or
tliicc being (onietinu's under lacli otiicr, with the lUps
hewn out of the lork, in fome places to the number of
fixty or feventy in depth. Thefe coinenieneies, tojjiiher
Willi the giMidiiLfs ol the malt, enable the inhabitants to
dunk the bell malt liquors, an I to muke a conliderahle
advantage in fending iliem to molt pans uf Kiigland j for
which purpofe moll of the low l.iiiJs ot lli;s coiiniy aro
Cowed with barley. As the meadows, wliuli lie b tu-ceii
the town and the Trent, ate liable to be oiei (lowed, a
L'ood bonded cau(eway fui fuul pallengers, extendi about
a mile Ion,;,
I he town has three churches ; that of St .M.iry's is a
large and noble gothic (lruc(ure, wuh a Iqii.ire tower j
and that of St. Peter's is a very handlume building, wittl
a modern painting of the La(t Supper, on the„!t.ir piece.
It ha'i a lofty fpiie, and each has a go:)d ling of belli
and chimes. St. Nichidas's cliuuli is however a meau
bu.id:ng. There .ire alio lour meeto , -lioufes.
Heavy goods are biought hither fr'o .i London bv lea up
the liver T'tent, and many coal-pits within ilii^e or Kmr
miles of the town, .dl'oid plenty ol fuel at a fmal! ex-
pellee. It IS governed by a mayor, arccoidcr, lix ali:cr-
meii, twonieiitls, two chambi riains, two coioners, and
eighteen common -council.
At the fouth-wcll end of the town is a flet.i hill, which
has on the louth a high precipice lioniing the meadows.
On this hill llood a callle of liicii antiqu.ty, ibit ihc
time ot IIS hilt election cannot be traced. It was rebuilt
by William Peveiel, baltard Ion t.i the ConquT'ir, and
atterwards improved by tdwaid IV. . lul Richard III.
This (tiuiturc was gtaiued to the tarl ol Rir.l.ind, and
afterwards came into the poll't (Tioii ot W'ilijm Cavcn-
didi, marquis of Newcaftic, who, in 1674, ileared away
the old building, and a moll magnificent (iiud(uie was
at length erciiled, which feems to have been modelled
alter (bme of the draughts of liiigo Jones. The prefent
duke of Newcaftle, in 1760, made a prefent of tnis no-
ble edifice to the earl of Lincoln, his grace's nephew.
It is built entirely of ftone, and has a deliglitlul profpecl:
over the meadows, which extend two or thr. e hundred
leet below it, about twelve miles in length, like a level
bowling-green, interfperfed with villages, and tiie river
Trent winding through it ; on the call-end, over the
town and the dillant country ; and on the north, over
the paik, which Is beautifully variegated with hills and
valleys.
In this park arc the remains of a church or pa'.!aii
temple, hewn out of the rock, the roof vaulted aiul lup-
portcd by a kind of malTy pillars, in a very rude talte :
the floor, the roof, the pillars, and lides, being all of a
piece. In the fame ledge of perpendicular rocks, are
the remains of leveial houfcs, chambers, dove-houfes,
&c. which might pofTibly be the rclidence of fjine of
the ancient Druids.
Newark, is a very handfome well built town, f.-atcd
on the Trent, I'evenieen miles to tl.c call of Notting-
ham, and one bundled and lour from London. T he
market-place is a noble Iquare, and the church is lari[c
and Ipacious, with a haiidlome lofty (p re. T he tovMt
is under the government of a mayoi, and twelve alder-
men. Here wa- uiue a liaiiJlunie caille, \vh:'."li is now
nr
1 '4
^^
t
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r
< A
k
i'
rtJi-
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1
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"■' *' J
A S V i. I I. M O r G K O G K A 1' 1 1 Y.
ift!
ijn-
ill ruin. Tl.f Tnut here «livi<!ri it'.lf, ami Inrmi an
in.iiul, lo wliii.li tluio it !t triilj'; li ul.r.,; ttuiii the town.
M.iii-litlil, ;i l.irj',ir well limit in4rl;'.tli)Wil, Icitr.! In
the I'lrilb III MiirwoocI, thirtmi niiUi to the iiiirlh of
Noi'iiii-li.ini, anil om' l.mi.lu.l ;iiul ti.irty-l'ix to the
ii(irlh-»rlt ol Loiiklon, ■uiJ lurtiis cii .1 coiifidctablu
Iri'li' in ni.ilt,
Rittot.l.i, iliiMrJ into Kail .mil \\\i\ Rctl'nril, hy thf
rinr lillr, wliuh tuin throiu'ti it. 'I his lowii ciijii)^
in.iii'y ii'iirulcrabli- niinltgi«, uml ii j"intiiiil I'v a tliw
siul, who Is giiicrjiliy .i jtifi'n ol <;iiality. In \V i(t lict
lii.il is avoiy fiiK' lu'lpiiil, rtiiiiiJui in i'<< '■, hy Dr.
Doiicl, niul liiuc iiuiuiiorjii .1 : it In- a ui.illir, tin lin-
liifin, .1 lli«aij, uii'.l .1 nunc, who have a i;aiiJi.ii .iiul
oii'h.uil divukJ iiit'i ten Huns.
SEC T. XX.XIX.
Of Dt'lyjl.iw; it! i'ilr.ili-ii, i:.\l,';l, P.:'ji:ni, ai.l A'c
pui'.-ti.itivit in I'liriuiHient 1 ill Jii, S'nl, diiii Kii'nt ;
uith •! Difiiil'liin "f t^t It'snilirs tf iht f'tiii, </»«/ ;/v
friuJpiil 'Jiuiii f (hi Cmily,
DIKU't'SIIIRr. i-; hoim.liJ on the north by York-
Ihin-, in the calt by Nii!t:ii;;h;imfl)iic, on thcr..uih
bv I cici'licidiiif .iml W .iiwukdiirc, anil iin llic will by
Si.ili'iiriliiii'J .111.1 Chilliiic. llixtiiuls iK.ir hirty iniU -
in lin.'.th, In the noiiluin p/.its ir is .iboiit tinny milis
hidjil, but in the foulhcin not above (i.\ ; ami it in toni-
putiil ti be mar one hundud and thiriy miles in cir-
iiiirlcri'iice.
I'lus comity is divided into five Imndre!-!, in wliiih
arc cont.iincd rbvcn niiiket-towiis, liliy-tlucc vic.ir-
j;;e», one hiiiiJied and ii\ piinlhcs, iicir live huiidrtd
viil.i^cs, tuciity-cnc thiniraiid one huiuliid and filly
hoiil'c, and I ne hiiiulrcd twenty lix ihinil.iiul nine bun-
dled iiihabilains. It ii Icated in tin- cIimlcIc <i| l.itchlicid
.i;iJ Cuvcnliy, and finds four niiiiilus to parliament,
two tiT thcci'iinty, and two fur the town of Deiby.
The air, flpccia!ly on llie call-fidc, is wholclonu' .uid
.icrccabic ; but in llie mountains of the IV.ilc It Is fliarp
i.nl cold. The north and will pans are billy and (tony ;
bit the fouihtrn and cilicrn have rich lands, that arc
jic.ilaiu and kililc, proiliiciii<> moll kinds of grain, par-
licui.uly bailey, l.vcii the norih-wcll p.iit, calUd the
Icalc, ib not dtllitiilc of riches, for tiie bleak niountains,
proiliKC grcit iiuantitlis of the bill ha, I, marble, ala-
b.iiKr, iiiill-doi'.cs, iron, co.il, a toaile foil of cryllal,
and in the intemiediate valleys Is yrcat plenty of grafs.
i'he I'lliicipal rivers aie the Derwent, the Dove, the
Fi'.v.illi, and the I'rcnt. 'l"he two full iifj in tlie I'eak ;
the Derwent riinniiiL; from norlli-wilt to fo.itii-caft,
lhroii;;h the middle of the county, and at lenglli becn-
niinp a i-onfider.ible river, difih.r^^ei iifelf into the
'runt, about ci;;ht nn' s lilow Deily. I'he Dove
p.irls this county from Sl.dtirddjire, and falls int.i the
Trent, about five milts to the iiortn of ]iurton upon
'I'r; lit. The Trrnt, of which wc have .'ivcil a parti-
riilar account in tiiatinj; of Notlrii;.;l'ani(hire, only vilits
a (mall fpace of il.e Iciuthcrn puts of thi-, c;'im:y.
It v.'ill now be piopcr to take notice of what arc called
the Seven Wciulirs ol the Peak, cue of the moll extra-
oidiniry of './hich is I'oole's-hole, a ftupendnns laverii, at
tl-c foot of a I're.it mountain. '1 he entiancc is fo low
..r.d n.:rrow, thai you mull (loop to ;',ct in; but it foon
opens into a wide and lolly ron;avity, that has Ionic re
femblancc to a L'uthic cr.thedr.d, which reaches above a
«i»..iter ot a mile in length. Water diups every where
liom tl'.e roof and fidct., and heinj; of a petrifying ijuality,
it cniil;; all ih.^ ilones wi'h loii;^ crjflals, in vaiious
toinis, which, by the help of a (Iroiig im it.'ination, arc
(licwn you as lions, lanthcrns, ori'ans, a flitch of baron,
<<c. At len;:'h you torn- to the ipiccn of Scots pillar,
which is the boundary of mult people'.', ciirioiity, ami
was fo named by that unhappy princifs, when (he vifitcd
llii.s p!;-.ie. It i.. cooipofed ol a clc.r brijilit (lone, like
alabail.-r, or rather like that kind of fji.u vvhiih is f lUiid
abrait Ie;.d. A ftrcam of water runs alunj; the middle of
this caveiii amuir; the fallen 10 ks, vviih an hi.leous
iK>lle. On the icit hind is a fort of clunibo;, where
liny fiy Poole, a fanioui roMitr, |,ved, and wliofc L,(
then and ludchan.bi r tluy (lu w \ou, alter yon h •
crept ten vard» on your bandi and knees. \Vhit i'
pcit. nioll rxlraordm iry is the lurpnlin.; hcieht of if
aieh, whiili Dr. I.ei;;li enmpatri to (ut-work or. '
il ilmirwoik, bKpanpl.d with Ihirs vdmh d,./'!,!;.
the eyes, and looks cxiliintly bvautiliil iriii, ,k. ,.,u,
lion ol the llj^^hts. '^'"" ■
Another (it tlufe wonderi ij Mam-Tor, whiihrji
lies the Moiher-Umk. I'tom the top i,| ., i,„ij,,,
precipice, the fit eanh being contimMlly cruinblm^
and l.lliiig down, r.nles a moiiiilaiii b. low, whiUu 1 '
biy increafmn without an apparent iliniiniii,,,,, „, |j '
top, the ignoiant p.opi,- imagine, ilui, ,|,„„,^ _,''
earth is coniiiaially lalliii.-, llie mountain lo(c, in,th„ '
ol in bulk. '■
Anoilnr wonder is called by the ftrofs name of t!
Divils Ar(e. lUie, or on the IKep hdc o| ., mnunij ''
is .1 laige openliii', alii <i|| in tf. juiin of an (,|,| t;„,||' '
aieh, above tinny Uet prip. iidieular, and above iw,'.
that bie.idlh at the bottom. .Sevei.il linall i. ,!(„(,, , .^l
bmltonejih fide tlw tnti.ime, whole iiilubilaiii, ,1,''
great imalurc (ubiill by guidioi.', (liaiigen mto ||„. ,, '
vein. Its widih, bownu, |....|| dinnnidies ; t^,^ _,|,''
ciomiigone '1 11 am of wan 1, the loot gu,!,, illy ,lc'(tcn,"
till it I, III low, tint a nun lainiot ll,iiid iipii ;ht unJt-
il ; but, (loopiii;, (,>r a Utile way, and paflm.; over aV
other dream, you fmd it more lotiy. 1 heirpn.ccaln.,
on, yon come to .1 third iiwilel, where th.: roik e '
lulids aliiiud to the I'liil.KCol the w.iirr, andnnunt
all firthei leateh. The vault in levei.,1 p|.mj n ,i|,;s '
noMe .ipjcaraiiec, and biiii;; eluquereil with vauM;,,, .
Ii.iiiid lloiii'., il^ beauty IS .idiniieil bv cveiy |n|.,''
Another wondt
'Jtor
_ 15 talleil I Hiei-VVell, or VVcieVii-
\Vell, a fpiiiig, which according to (imie v.riiers tli.
and Hows rcgiilaily like the lea. 'Chat it iluis ebb ai,J
di'W is certain; but It is at very uncijiial pirio.ls, funn-.
limes not in a day or two, and f imeiinii i twice in ;„,
hour. The bafon of the fprini; 1. .ihout a i.inl ilicn
and the fame in length and breadth. Wlun it !\u\m the
water rile.swith a biibling noiie, m if the aii,Vhiili wj.
pent up within the cavit.es ol the roik, wai (otein ' ji!
lell a padagi-, it diiiing the water bclore it.
■/'he lu.xt wonder, as it is called, is IJuxlon-WiKj
wliieh, beliLCs their medicinal iifc, have this fmgularitv'
that witliin five feet of one of the hot fprings, ihc',c
arifes a cold one ; but this is not very extraordinarv
lime hot and cold Iprings rile near each other, in lev,'!
lal places in l''.iu;land, and in other cointiie.^ The
watc r of liuxton- U'llls is (ulphtirous, with a (hi.dl quaii-
lity of falinc pail, cits ; but is not in the le.id iuipit-iu.
ted with vitriol. Hence they are very palatable, in lum-
pariliin with other medicinal waters. Thcle wells are
ultui recummtndul by phyficijiis, both lur dr.nkin-
and bathing, tfpcvially for fcurbutic, rheumatic, or iict'^
vous compiaintb.
'The late duke of Devon(hirc built a large and ccnvc-
nltiit houlc for the reetption ol Urangers. I'he hail.-
room is arched over, and the whole mad.- handiomc,
convenient, .-.iid dtlightlul. ') he bath will receive twcntv
pcilons at a time to walk and fwnn in, and the water 13
ot a warmth cipi.il to that of new-milk. Tlitfo w.iteri
were well known in the time of the Roma ;. lielidcs
the principal fpiing', which are at the village of liuxton,
till re are many others that rife unregarded 111 the iieiph-
bouiiiig inclofures, and on the fidti ol tht hill, fa th„t
thr^r number can ft irrc Le known.
Wi (hail now procerj to the next wonder. Ii; th:
midd of a plain open field is :, fiightl'ul chafm in t!.c
earth, or rather rock, cdled l.lden-hole, the mouth ef
wl.ieh i.s abi.ut twenty liet over one way, and tiily m
dxty aiio:her, diftending down perpendlculailv io a
depth that is f.iid iiiver yi t to have been dilcovered, tliu'
(evtr.il attcniptb have been made to (ind its bottom. Mr.
Cotton fays he let down eight bundled f.ilhoiiis of line,
which is fixtcen hundred yards, or near a mile perpcn- i4i
dicular.
The laft wonder is that of ChatCworth-houfe and t^a-
dens, belon;;lng to the duke ot Uevoiidiitc. On the top
of a mountain, wlu re mill-(loncs arc dug, is a v.ill ex-
tended moor, whieii lot liftceii or lixtccii nnks to'>ethtt
|'.N(II..\NU>
lu, nuilier lirdj..c, I
(lalle .iiid birieii wil
llivel, l( Is linpolli
,iiide. Il coiiliaiics
; III 111 lh(- llriiiij'cK
luiptiliii ' to a liavell
iltii all dioin pi<>;'rel
i.ic guide brill;; l>iiii
Ir.iiii a iiiiiilorih 1 , an
IjI valley, and hi liohl
ir.U'iis ilul dn be 111
' lule, wliicli IS very
t'luucli not m my iiiih
We a l.ir):e and rapid
i,jii:ii:, lulh down l|.
I. J lt.i;ely Hone bud
., ij III an illand in il
jc.illle. llie Iront I
.,;iliiu\hiie. 'I he f.
i\ii III t high, of poll
. •■•f Wiii\ .Hill tUv III
' //./// ^^K^"' •
I ' •<■ f •■ ■/, -^ f JhuoH ... J
aJ /wS / IS,
,V,M<eklc
ltr.,uJ. Il,'„,i'
f^»j/^-A
r.
r- ' - irW —
|.;KntANO.
F. I J i;
()
I' V.
hii luiiher liril^if, liuiuc, nor luf i but appi. iih like .1
(tjllc .iiiJ birti'ii tvlMirMKlt, over whicli wlirii llr.in^ci .
iiivil, It ii lni|<>illitilc to liiiil their wjy withimt ■■
MiiJt'. ll iiiilli4iiri illullr.ili' r.icli Dthrr, li'rc llxy arc
1. 1 II III thi- llri)n;',c(J i>|i|)(iliiion, (nr miihiiii; t.ui li ■ imirf
lur)irilHi,' l'» aiiiull' r wIm 1 onv liimi the iioilli, wIkii,
iltir 'III dioii'i |iM;',rcl) (Iiuhi.mi jililiii4Nc(.iit,()ii 4 liiJdni
llic giiiilf briiij;' liiin to uptuipin" whctc lie lonltsilown
Iniiii jconiliirili It ami lijiicii tv.uK iiitci the moll ilclght-
Ijl valley, and bi Imbls a nolilu pilai c and one iil tlic tiiietk
lirdini iliat kii bi- nn.ii'.iiud. iMorc the wt ll Iroiit ol tlic
i iiili, wliicli isvi'ty full', riiiitthe 11 .lt Del went, wIiilIi,
I'luujih nut niiiiy iiiilci hum its luiir*-.-, lumfliiiicsapiKarj
\.U a l.it):t' and rajiid river, wh' 11 alter a liiddcii ram ih.'
lurruKi nilh down Imiri the niniimairn. Over ibis river
j, jll.iEcly llcjiic biid^'e, with an aiieicnl l»w.'r ii;ioii it,
jiiJ in M\ illand 111 ilic liver is 1 tower, 111 the luliii ul
iCJltle. I'lie Irnnt to llie Harden i:> aret'tilat pieec ut
aictiiuvturc. I he falbi n uI the Icionil It ry aie l veii-
tiii leit high, ol piilinKj lo<ikin('-glal»,eath dni.nctAo
','('f wide, and rhc wo. ..I.Mfnrl/ .i..mKU *,)U 'I'hr* iifin.
SCs
liM ,1 h.inili.iiiie ihuuh, a t"rec-fclio.il, an.) an aliri-
b.MiU-. I he loan 11 leiiiaik ibL lor li unii; tli; j-rraiilt
le.id iii.iik>t III Kn.'l.iiid, and l.ir jiivin- vvliit i-. eallc.l 4
bariiiiKit eoiirt, to juil(;r tonliovi iliei aiiiull^ the niinvri,
aii.l to a IjiilJ liibteir.ineaii i|iiairil. and dnpnic^
I hclliiheM !•. a b.indlDiiu pupuliiui town, liiuatrdon
a I. ill lielvveui two lin.ill iivu,, a hiindr»J .lu.l tw.iil)-
iVv.n inile^ to the imrlhwaid <i| I,..iul„ii. ll hji aluiiJ-
liHiie lar(;e iliurtb, whulihan a Ipiie of iiiiibir loMrsJ
with lead, hut waiped all a wry i ami a'lj Lveral meet-
111.. Iioulei. It li governed by j mayor. It> market it
tonliderablc lor tuin, leid, .in>l eountry toiiimoilitie.i.
I lie honfej are lor the 111,. If pntbmlt ..I roii^h llone,
and covercj with (late, I he iihibitaiK* uirv 011 a
t'nilidcrable ti..dc to and with .11 the ii'i^hboutiin;
C'limie, III lead, j;rocery, the ni.i'./iiig ol hailn', taii-
iiin;^', Itoekiiig',, l)lank'.-i'., bed.iiiii,., i;e. ChWIerficlJ
ha> a I ir(je liec-lelioid, reekoned the moll confideiahle fit'
any in the iiorlh ol iMlj^lind, and likertilc l.vetil jlnu-
houles. This town uivei title of tail to the iiublc l«
mil" nl ^tTnhr»n#»
t%r
Dr/HBY Shire
I
•i
»
1 1
1'
I n
* ''% iS
4'
I '
5(^0
A S Y S 1 K M O r- GEOGRAPHY.
Tnt,
r'r li
ill riilr,5. T|-,c 'I'rcict I'.cn; iliviJcs ifVil', .(ii.l lorms an
il'.uul, 1,1 which thcTc is a hriil^;!: icici.r.y; tVum tht- lown.
M.in.licld, a l.irpc well built m.irl:vt-t(i\vii, iLMifJ in
the l'oi;ll ot Micrwoocl, tliirtaii iiiilia to the nurth ot
Notriii.-h.im, and oiif lu:nJri-il aiul tliiny-hx to the
iiorth-wcil (i| Lundon, and carriis on a tonlidcrablc
tr.i.'li' in malt.
R. tlciJ, is divided into F.ad and Wi If Retford, by th-.-
rivLi Idle, wliich run-; throii-h it. 'I his lown enjoy,
inany eonlidcrablc |iiivilij!i-s, and is poverned by a iK-w-
aid, who is generally a luifon ol' (;iiality. in W elt Ret-
loid is avciy fine holpit-l, fuiinilid in ](>(■(>, by l^r.
Doitcl, and tinte ineoiporati d : it ha- a mailer, tin bre-
tiuen, a lli.vv.iid, and a mine, who have a gatdLii and
orehard divided into ten ihares.
s i: c T. xx.xix.
Cf Dc^hjhh,-; iti SllrtHicfi, F.\l:':t, Di-JJiins, anil Re-
pi,-!.y.l.::ive\ in I'iirH^nncvt ; its .-/ii, Svi,', utiil Rivci ;
xi:th ,1 Ihjail'tim ■)' r/v ll'enJcn rf thi I'eai:, iiiiil il':'
fiiiui'^iJ 'Jiiii.i -f the County.
Land,
thiy liy Toole, a lainoiu robber, lived, ami wliol'e 1 ,r
Chen and bedchamber they IIilw yuii, alu-r ,.(,,, (,\",
crept ten vards on your hands and knees. \\|,j, !j^^"
|ie,,r.-, molt extraoidin.iry is, the lurprilin- hci-hi ol ih".
arch, whith Dr. I.e'^li comp.ires to lut-worlt or- .'-'
and ilioir work, bel|ian;'led with liars, v.diieh d.;V/|'.
the eyes, and looks exiieintly beautilul rrc.in thi' r.'u, '
tioii ol the li;jhls.
Another ot thel'o wonders is Mani-'I'or, uhiUifi.. ■
lies the Mother-Roik. Kioni the top oi ;, prcdif^ '"
precipice, the Ui earth beiii;; continually cruinbiuw
and Ldlinj; ilown, r.nles a nioiuil.iin below, which v|"
bly incrcaling without an apparent diniiimtion cj \\'„
t<.p, the ignorant pe<,plc imajMne, that, thouMr ih,"
earth IS coniimially lallin^;, tlie inoiintaiii lok-s i?olhir .
ol its bulk. ' '
Another wonder is called by the jirofs name of .1..
Devil's Arle. lleie, or on the Iteep (ide ol .1 ii,oi,|„j: .'
is a lai;j,e opening;, alnioll in iIk i.>iin of :,„ ,,|j ^'^ , '
arch, above thirty Icet pcipcndicular, and .ibovc'twi"".
lh.it bieadth at the bottom. Several liiialj cottsui, "^
built oil each fide the cnttanee, whole inh.ibiiants'in"^
great niLilure lublill by guiding (liangers y-n i|,(, ^.^\
\ein. Its width. Iinwrvii. I'onii ll iMiiniMwx . („, „,
IaOI. AM).
has neither hcdye, 1
\v.i|le .lud barren wil
tijvel, it !■. inipolli
-iiide. ll contraiics
I. Ill III the ltroiig,ell
turiiriliiri 10 atravell
illtr ati dious progie
tlie guide brings luin
Irani .icoiiilorlleK an
lul valley, and beholt
■.ardciis ilut can be in
;.,iuli, which is very
thuauli not m my inili
Uc a l.ir(;c aiui rapid
iDrriir.s lulh down Ir
i> a liaicly Hone brid
and 111 an illand in il
i c.illle. Tile tront I
j.-ehueetiirc. 'I'lic f,
t.-iii K'lt high, of pol
ti-ct wide, and the M
il.iwi, doors, and roo
He, and the inlide \i
ticiiiely beautiful, t
niaible, the feats ane
\[\c wall and cieling fi
with grccn-lioul'es, fi
and orangeries, inter
|.jk)iis, and a great
which are many curit
ine, which diops wa
ii.1 eaicadc, where 1
temple, a whole rivet
kT of a mile in lengtt
111! It IS at lalt lult uiii
I'lie principal towi
Dcil^y IS lituated (
ov.'t winch it has a
,,;ul iiventy-two miles
,>a pleaiaiit, agreeabl
.IV a L;ieat number 1
(;afcle up to the bridgi
j.-tihcial Illand railed
J i; ,ud 11. This illai
;;,ielioul'e lor inakii
wlii:n inventioii one t
leduiie by lilty, ani]
ii'.aiin!.r. I'his engin
h'li'dii'd and cighiy-
;.^iij !• veil hiindied an
kuuiv three tl10ul.11
i.iids ol lilk thread
iiiiind, wni> h is thr<
. huiidn-d and eighrec
l!iuulaiid niiie hund:(
r.ight. (.)iic water-*
tie wheels and move
ll.ipt lip.irately. { )ii
m to I very pait of t
jovcriied by one lej
liius, .ind contains I
iioule^
Ufrfy h.H a lari>i
!i«iu:e ol liee Itoiu-,
[riiieipj! cliun li istii
iiiiil Gothic t.iwer a h
iiidlor the elegance o
i'V any ni this or the
J.i inl'-ription in this
bout queen .Maiv's 1
ihclurs and maidens
'.vheiievci a maiden, a
the bells uled lormei
"Dvetnnicnt o{ this
itvwjrd, nine ald< rni
i.iu.-teen lapit d biiigi
iijjal trj.lc ol the tow
Wiiklworth is le.il
'.: the river Ecclelboi
■lie, a hundred aiul
I.'.MM.ANIJ.
U U O 1' III.
S6t
lus mitliLT licil!j,c, Iiuiife, nor (icf; Init a|)pc.irs like a
w,i(lc .iiivl l)arri-ii wildfrnclb, over which when lli.iiigi.ib
itJVL-l, it !•< ini|i()Hil)li,- to fiiiil their way without a
■iii.li'. 11 iiiiituiics illulliate each other, la-rc they are
l.cii III the (troiij',ell oppolitKin, for noihmi; can be more
ruriiriliii'l to a uaveller who i onu". Irom the iioitli, when,
altu all Jioiis progrel's throUiiiimhimaldclait, on a liidilen
ilie t;»i>le briii^'- luin to apneipiir where he looks down
tfjiu acomlorilels ami haiieii warte intothf moll ilelight-
lul valley, and beholds a noble palarc and one ol tile finelt
i,ar.lc'ii> ilut can be iinai;ined. Hetore the wi It Irom ot the
iaiili, which ib very fine, ruiibthc river Dervvent, whicli,
liiuiij;li not ni my miles lioni its loiirci', lomelinus appears
|,kc a l.;rf;e and rapid river, wh.ii alter a fiiJdcn ram the
larrLii'.i iiilh down Irom ihe niountaiiis. Over this river
ijali.iiciy llonc bridjje, with an ancient tower upon it,
.iiiJ in an illand in the river is i tower, in the lorm ot
jc.iltle. The front to the garden is a ret;nlar piece ol
j.-clmechire. The fallus ol the Iccoiid Ib.Ty aie leveii-
t.cii Kit high, olpnlidicd Io(>king-glars,each binare two
led wide, and the wood-woik double gilt. The v\in-
i.U^v>, doors, and rooms are .domed with beaiititiil mar-
He, .Tiid the iiillde with paiiitinf.>5. 'i'he chapel i-. cx-
uciiulv beailtiliil, the allar-cnd and the floor are ol
marble, ihe I'eats and gallery of cedar, and the rell of
l!iL' wall and cieliiig finely painted. The gardens abound
Willi grccn-hoiiles, funimei houles, walks, wildernelies,
and orangeries, iiiterniixed with ilatues, urns, canals,
iulims, and a great variety of water-works ; among
whieli are many curious (ouiitams, an artilicial willow-
IKC, which diops water from every leaf, and a wonder-
);.! eaicadc, where from a neat boule of ftone, like a
iciiipic, a wlude river defccnds the flope of a hill a quar-
urulainile in length, over Iteps, with a roaring nuil'e,
ui! It is at la({ loll under ground.
Thf principal towns ;ii Ijeihyfliirc arc the following :
Deihy IS fituated on the well banks of the Derwcnt,
ov.'r winch it has a handfome Hone bridge, a hundred
,nJ iiventy two miles to the north welt of London. It
;,a pliaiaiil, agreeable, and well bulk town, inhabited
,1V a gieat number of gcntlenicn. The river is navi-
jrable up to the bridge, and jult above it, is a beautiful
jitilieial illand railed out ol the water and formed into
auard.ii. This illand (lands lielorc the celebrated cn-
,;.ii' lioul'e lor making urganzine, or thrown lilk ; by
wlii-'h nivcntioiione hand will twill as much filk as could
tc done by tilty, and that in a truer and much Letter
iiiaiinijr. This eiigmc contains tweiitv-fix thoul'and live
' birJifd and eighty-fix wheels iiul nincty-feven thon-
ijiij I- veil bundled and forty-fiX n'..r,-cnieiits, which work
■ Itiiniv fhree thoviland leven hundred and twenty-li.\
iiijs ol liik thread every time the watcr-whtel goes
wuiid, wi.ii h is three times in one minute, and tnree
liiiiiili'd and eighteen in'I'.ions five hundred and lour
Lioulaiid nine luindied an.i lixty \ards ill one day and
i.iilht. Cue water-* hi el giiC« nunioii to ali the lell <:f
lie wheels and mnvenients, of wliieh .my one may be
ispl lip.irattly. One lire-enjMneliki-wife convevs warm
jir loivcry pait of the machine, and the whole work is
;:overiied by one rejulalor. The town is verv popti-
ioii',, .iiid contains five paiiflies and leveial meeting-
iiii.ilc.
U-.-riv h.H a large market-pl.iee, ,i bc.iutiful town-
h'U.c of lie.' llone, and veiy haiullonie ilrects. Ihe
I'liieipjl ciuiiih IS that of All .Saints, wli'ch has a heau-
I il (i'ltlnc tower a hundred and leventv- right lect liigli,
iiiilo: ihe elegance of its oin.imeiits, is not to bcequ.illcd
I .iiiv in this or Ihe adjacent counties. According to
1 ;! I ription in this church tin- lleeple was ereeled a-
I ut queen Mary's reign, at the expence ol the b.i-
luiurs and iiuidcns of the lown, on which account
'k'ihvci a maiden, a native of the town, was married,
I'le iiclls uled lormeily to be luiig by bachelors. The
: )v;inment of this town is under a mayor, an high-
"••.v.irJ, nine aldirmcn, a recorder, tourteen brothers,
.' i.i.keii lapit d biiigellcs, .niil a town-clerk. The priii-
<.,m! im !e ol the town conlilts in malt and ale.
Wiiklworth is lealed in a v.illcy near the fpiing-hcad
■ ; the rivei tcclelborn, and ii a pretty large populous
Ute, a hundred and eii;hteeu iiiile* Irom London, and
90
111! a handiome chu.-cli, a free-fcliool, and an alins-
h.iule. The toivn is reinaikable lor li u in;; ihe gieatelt
le.iil i.iaiket 111 f.ii_i|.ind, and lor h.iviii:': uli.it f. called a
barmoot court, to judge coiiiioveilies among ihe miners,
and toadjiill liibteir.ineaii quainLand dilpiitcs.
Chelteilield is a li.iiuilome populous lown, liiiiatcd on
a lull between two Im.dl rivei;, a hundred .md tweniy-
fevui miles to ihenoithvvard of London. It has alund- Irf ■
lonie large church, which has a I'piie of limber covered
with lead, but warpe.l all a wry j and a'lo f.veral meet-
in., houles. It is governed by a mayor, lis market is
conliderable for corn, le.id, and country commodities,
ihe houles are for the nudl p.nt bull: of rou.;h (lone,
and covered with flate. I he iiihabitants cairy on a
confiderable ti.;de to and with all the luighbourinj;
counties in lead, grocery, the malting ot barlev, tan-
niiiL*, tlockings, blankets, bedding, 5cc. CheilerfielJ
has a large fiee-feliool, reckoned the moll conliderable of
any in the north of Kngl.ind, and likewile l.vei.d alms-
houles. 'I'his town gives 'ilk of eail to the noble fa-
mily uf Stanhope.
S I-. C T. .\L.
0/ i'orifiire ; ill Si:iiali:>i, K.:lfi:t, Diuylir.s, lifprrfrnia
tivii ill Purluiiiunt, Jir, Scii\ .i'.J Ri^i:n , liitH .1 Vi-
Jcripiim of the principal Tcuni.
YORICiilllRK, which in extent is equal to I'ome fo-
vercignties and is bigi;et t';ian any two ol the laigelt
counties in Lil;;land, Is h uled on t'lie iicrth by VVed-
moreland and the billiopric ol Uiiih.im ; on the tall by
! the Uermaii ocean 1 011 li-e louth bv Lancafliire, Nol-
I tinghamlhirc, and IXiuviline ; inj on the well hy a
j fmall part of Chelline, L.iiicalliiir, and Willnioi. land,
it extends ninety miles In kii:ti\ liom call to will,
(evenly five In brr.idtli Irom 1101 ;li t.i (outh, and ahoye
three hundred and lixty m circuiiilerenec. I hi', county
is divided into three ridings, called the North, l:;..ll, anil
Well ; belides which there is a fourth divilioii, called
Richmondlhire J and is lub-iiivided int 1 iw.'iitv-rhree
wapentakes, which conlain tiliv f veii m.irket towns,
two hundred and I'ortytwo vicaia^'cs. live liun 'red and
lixty-three paiilhes, two thoiil.iiul three hundicd and
thirty villages, about a luindred and fix ilioufaiid one
hundred and lilty houfes, an 1 ii\ hun.lre.l and ili:rty-fix
thouland nine bundled inh.ibiiants It lies in the diocelc
of York, cxcepi Kichmondlhii< , in iiie North Ruliiu;,
wliii h belongs to the diocele oi (Jiielter, an.l fends thiily
members to parliament, namely, two lor the couiiiv, anil
two lor each of the following bnioughs, "\'ork, Minglion
upon Hull, lCnarelb.)roug'ii, .Scaiboroiijjh, Rippon, Rich-
mond, Heydoii, lioioughbridge, MalMn, Tliirik, Ald-
ou;h, lievirlev, Noiihalleiton, and I'ontclradl.
Ihe air and foil of this exunlive country vary ex-
liemely ; the Kail Riding, on account 01 iis i;ei,;hbour-
hood to the (icrman ocean, is lefs healthy than tlie other
Riding.s ; but thi., inconvenience decrcafes in pioportiou
as the country recedes from th': lea. Howiver, where
the air is moll inditlercnt, the foil is moil fruitlul ; tor
ol) the hilly paiis ol this Riding, tfpeeially in what 11
called tlie York W'ouUN, the foil is ixner.illy barren,
ilry, ami fandv. (jicat numbers 01 lean Ilieep are there
fore (old liom hence, and lent into other counties to be
fatunid lor the market.
The Well Riding enjoys a fliarji but healthy air, and
the foil on the wellern tide is hdly, ilony, ami not very
IriiHlul ; but the inti rmediate valleys allord plenty of goo I
me.idow !'roiind, and alio pallure for the laigcll cattle.
On the fule next the river ()ule, tin- foil is rich, pro-
ducing wheal iml bailey ; iMul in us woril parts the hell
oats. Its commodiueb, belides wnat have been men-
tioned, are iron, pit-coil, jet, alkim, horfcs, aiil
goats.
The North Riding in general exceeds the oilier twj
in the lakihrity ami coldnei's ot tlie air. The w.nlt parta
breed lean cattle , but on the iiJeb of the hilii, m ihi;
valleys, and plains, it produces good corn, and rich paf-
tuic^ for lar;;e cattle 1 nor is it wantinu in lubteifaneou»
7 '' ikhci,
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.'ill
A S Y
S T F. M O I- G 1- O G U A P 11 Y.
i':>
NT. LAN- .I.
- (
fl'
M)
/y/.
ric!',"s, n? iiinihli
>pn r;.s, alii
lictwei.'ii
„1
Ioiuk! t:iJ Iv.'il
thdfi; v/liicli
i!i- iliUi ")t" ihc iiA-lib i-;i ill- K.i-'-
furt of j'.-t.
T'lvj priiicip.il livers are tlic OulV, nii
f.i!l into !t, as iIr- Dun, ur D'^r., ilw.- Cildcr, the Aire,
tlicWhar'c, ai>il tin.' Swali-, wiiitli joiiMiii; thi ir IhiMins
form the Hi'mlv.r, win. h l.ills intu'tlic ( jiriiian occiii,
bawcLii Yorklhiic iiiul l.inv. '.r.lliiic. The Oul'e lilVs
ill ilie w.lt-nurili-wirt liJe ot the criinty, and thiifly
iiinnin.' to the foiith-fad, ::( lrn--th fills into the Hum-
bvr. 'Vhc Dun liits in tlvj hill/tuMr tla fonth well enJ
o! V.'ildhire, ..nJ iiuinii;; to ti.c f.jmnw.ir.l till it has
rcacl'.cJ Slv.fJi.V', tuiiii to the r.c nil eall, anJ having
rcccivcj th-- Ai-e, UVi. int.) the Ouie. The Caliler, has
it; fume, in the e,h;e nf I, ineal!i:i.-, and entjnr.^ the
Ijurii-wtll i"i.-le <if t'.'i tonn:)', iiin- ealiwai.l, and joins
the river Aire, The A.:c has its (\r,\u^; at tiie funt of a
hiL'h hh!, called renni^-.r.t, ynd runiun; fi -W, ehiefly
t.i'the calUvaid, di.eharcis itftlf into ihe Dun. '1 he
\\ hnrfe, or W'h. ife, rif^i ?.n-.vn;i the hiils in tlie weft ot
\'o;l.!hire, and inns with a \\\'-l and impetuous cur-
leut, iiiulUy to the Kiii:r. e..lf, i.il iUa'ls into the Oiile.
Tiie Sua'... r.fts air.or.L" the north welf hills ot York-
Ihiic, and running cl-.u'lly from the iiorth-v.elt to ttie
luutl.-t.ill, j.i'.ns li.e L r , .'.'.U'lit lovir miles hehiu- lio-
ronj-hbiiJ^e. l! fi.ies ti.'.'-, ihf 'lies rifes in the bi-
Ihofiic ofDuihain, :::v! I .eu.iiin:; the hojndary be-
t'.'. .'in ihuV f.vo er.uiiti ■, runs cllward till it f-ilis into
ihe (jerman i,ct..n.
l^utrtcnt, v.l'.ch dividii the
n.-, ;h ;.i;d cu;t ridin;;;, r.!'-^ in the north-eail of York-
1!, re, near the fea to.-(K and fnlt runs to the foutl'., but
/bin w n.l.n.: tr the hmhwcih ialls into the Oufe.
'J nr ilii!' ha. it-- fc-urre m the \\'(.ulds, fiom whence it
lun? tr.ritlv tT the h.uMiw.'.'d, p.. lUnic near lif.eiley, and
r.dls :i::u 'he Huniber Inio ihele pr;neip3l rivers a L-reat
number of li-. i
grc^t p'cnty
It
diiehaije themlelies, and they att'oid
of ti(h, pailKularly l»!iiioii, t.'out, and
craw t'.fh.
W'e fh.ill now def..tibc the principal places in this cx-
tenhvc tounty.
York, is fe.itid on the river C)ufe, one bundled and
ninetv-eii;ht nidrv to tiie north of I onion, and is .gene-
rally 'ti^cemed the fercnd city in tn,i;lan.l, though Hril-
tol now clair. '. that honour, on account of its. extenfivc
trade. It ij very aiuimt, and lia. ur.dcrgonc various
revolutions ; but is iU\ a.lorned with many line build-
ings, both public andp.ivatci it being very populous
and inhabited by .ieniUnien and \v<.ilihy tradehiien
is fuirounded witii a i.oi)d waU, throu'^h which are lour
gate, and five polU-riTs, and has a caltle, buiit by Wil-
liaii the Comiueior, which was formerly a place of (;reat
ftrcnuth, but a, now a pnfon, in v^diich debtors and fe-
lons ate conhned, ill a m.;nncr more agreeable to the
tlil'Ut'•^ of reiii;i'.ii ami humanity, than perhaps in any
other prikm in the kmi'dom.
The bri'l^'e ov--r the Oufe confiils of five archef, of
wliich that 111 the center is tifty-oiie feet in height, and
eii-hty-oir; in diameter.
T'liere ai<' now in this city but feventeen ihuichcs in
life, with fume nxctuv: houfes •, tliough, in tne rei;..n
of kin:; Henry V. there" were forty-one panlhes, befides
leventvrn ihap. is, ami nine abbeys. 'I'lie cathedial, or
riin'ter, is » vM<-- (j.ithie (Iru.'ture, in which the rules
of pro"ortion ate betier ohfervid tnan is uhully louiul in
other dvirche< of that kind of architeCtuie. The well-
end meafuris a luiiidri-d and twcnty-finir feet in brc.idth ;
it i; adorned with two tei:ular f .wets, which dimiiiifli
bv decrees, and have a f;ood eft'ect. Between them is
the pt'incip.il entr,:iKe, ov.r which is a nia.'inhcent win-
dow that cann.t be eipialled, except by that m the call
front, which can luvVr be lufiieiently admired. T he
.Tcat arch, uiid<.r which is. the entrance inio the churrh,
is fai ! to be th.- Ijri-ell of the kind in Kurope. The nioll
rcmaik;.bledciiciei".cy in the buihhn/ is in the lantetn-
liecple, whitli terniiiian^ very inditierently : it is how-
cvirhmly on.aminud, and has ei;;ht llately windows,
meafuni '^ torly Icei liom lop f, botl»im. The nave of
the church exiceds that ot St. I'aul's at London, fevcral
l.-et both in lieijjht and bici.lih, but is not quite lo liiLth
.". !h.i< of \"> clUninilcr iidny, thuii;;h it i.-.cceds it hv
upwards of fixtcen feet in breadth. T'he flone fcreens a;
each en. I of the choir arc beautiudly wrought : tlic f;,(i.
(eparates the ih.iii from the middk ol the church, the
other tciminates it behind the altar, which by a tr.ij.jal
afccnt of lixtecn Ib-ps is raifed to a .^racelu! hei'^ni ;:liovc
the level ot the bjdy of the church. Kruni the nndiilc
of the church is feeii the noble window at tlic eali-ciiL'
which is upwards of thirty feet in breadth, and Icvcjiiv-
five in height. The nialonry of the upper p.iri ib beaii.
tilully executed, below which, in one hundred and H-.
vcntten partitions, is e\pte(hd the hiltorv of the li;!);»
on painted glals. T'he louth end ot the catlied.-al u'
beautified with a circular window, calUd from tin; ;■„_
lour of t!ic llaincd plal's, the .Marygidd-wiiidou'. 'I'Ik;
north cnil is taken up with hve hghis, which reachm.
almolt from tl-.e top to the bottom, may he cunlidcrtd /
one llatelv window, repreluitiii:; a riih cnibroul.rv o
n.ofaic iitedle work. The ch.iptir-houfe is an o..tai.on
(iothic buildiiiL;, llxty-three ftct in diaimter, with win.
dows ^,i painted yjals on each lide ; the roof, whicii |.
lixty-eigiu feet tii^'h, is luppori-d without any pi||,,f
and over the building ii a timber fpire, coieiid witj.
lead.
With rcfpefl to the niodcrn buildiiv-.; of thi., citv, the
alTcmblv 1-iOule is a noble llriicturr, t.eli..,ned by die carl
of liurlington, conhlimgof a Italely tg\ptian.h.dl, one
hundred and twentv-ihrce feet in len_;th, and about ,'urry
in breadth and height, and alio a con. moil ball-Mom
fixty-fi.x feit long, w-ith about two thii.l, of that dimcn-
lion in height and bieadili ; wiih oth.r fmalhr loj ;.5 f:;
cards and tea Ihe lorpoiation h.ive l.it Iv built a r.-.,:>
lion-houfe for the lord-mayor, for I'o he is filled hire j.,
well as in London: The eorpor.ition alfo coufilis cl
twelve aldetiiieii, a recorder, two Ihcritfs, twentvfo.ji
prime common-council iiu n, eight chamb rl ins, fe.
ventv-tvt'o other conniion-coiincil, ific. The cry i^ ;
county ofitfelt, whole jiinl.liLtion extends over that-..
hx viil.ig.s and hamlets. I his citv gives title of du:..
to his m.ijilly's eldill brother, Kdward Augullus.
Hull, or Kingllon upon Hull, Hands on the weft-fiJ;
of the river Hull, where it difcharges itfelf into th;
Humber, one hundred and fcventy miles north of Loii.'><|
don. h is very populous ; but as its liiuation will not
admit of any additional buildings, the Ifrcets are n.-y
c'ofc, and much croudcd. One of the llieets rtfcmbirs
T'hames-ftrtct in London, where pitch, tar, coida^c,
and fuils are to be fold, and where (hips come t.) mm
and unload their ineichandi-/.c. The town is veivncl:
fortihed, and is one of the principal places in Kiigliini
for tiade ; fur here ceiiteis the cloth trade from l.tn-,
Wakeheld, and Hallifax ; the lead from Derbvfti::,,
butter from niolf parts of Yorklhire, cheefe from Ch---
ihirc, Warwickfhirc, and Statf'ordlhire, and corn Irum
many counties. In retuui lor thele, are imported j!!
kinds of goods, not only from other parts ot tn;;laiv!,
but from loreiiMi countius, where the merchants ol Hui
havegieat ciedit • he town contains two parilh churches,
and Icveral meeting houles of the diU'uiters. Anioi!^
the other public buildings arc the T'rinity-houl'c, tor th..-
relief of Icamen, their wins or wid.iws ; an cxchiav;..
for tianfadling ot bulinels among the merchants, aiida
town-hall. The budge ovti the ii\ir Hull is of liuiu-,
it conhlls of lourtevn aiches, and makes a noble appc.:;
ance. i he town, with l.miv contigu.nis lands, foiiii- j
county of itiell, governed by a mayor, flieriri, twtiu
aldcimen, kc. 'i'iiey have a fword ot llate, a cip ..:
m.iintenanee, as niarki ol th' ir power on land, and .mi
oar ol liL-i'.iini vine, to denote thiir jurildiilioa ot aJn.i-
raltv, wliich they enjoy upon the rivei Hunibcr.
Leeds IS leated in the Will-Ridinij id Yorklhire, o-i
hundred and eiglity two miles lioiii London, ;uid il;;i;.- i/J
on the banks ot the iivir Aire, over which it hi; J
lundlonie Itone biidgc, which was lormerly capacioi.
cnouL'h for holdin;., on it the clotli-nuiliet i hut tl.
trade being much increaled, the cloth is .-low fold ill the
High-ltrei V, beginiung .:t the Liridge-loot. The mcthJ
iiiuliKli this biam h ul Hade is tiani.iited, is lo ext:.-
ordiiiaiy, "S to deleive particular notice. Larly 0:1
T'ueldays and Satutdays, a great number of tr.;ll.-ls as*
lan:" J,' and covered wuh boards in the Itieit, ;.t hx .^
I [an:-'
The town which
the le;', ;iiid wallc-i
or is not more Itro
one of the bell hat
jalily cclcbraied lo
It IS much telorted
liave oce-ilioiifd r
I here are now ito.
even of Ihe hi;:hc-ll
aiiJ (Hihlic bails,
fprini; w.is under
Df.iiiilier 17;^;, ai
:iway ihe ruins ti
frcjt ji.y of the
caich ptiidigioiis ({
Ionic loiiigii tiadi
luthciioLlc fainil
J
m§
"t H
■j'-'i
I.I.
The town whicli is i)u,>ulous, is .ilitiult cncompad'td by
tliefo, ^nii wjHccI vvIktc it ilocs not join to tlic c;i(tlc,
or is not mure (troiijiv (ictcnJcJ by tlic Ilm ; and it has
one ot the- lull haiboars m tlie kiiij^Joiii. T'bis town li
iuftly rcuhraicd liir its I'jiaw waicis, on which account
it is much tcliirted to by the nubihiy andgintiy, who
have occiliiMR'd many '.icw buildings to ho crtilcd.
There arc now pond acconiniodations lor (ycat nnnibcis,
cvcnoilhc- hiuhcll quality, and there art htic' allcnildics
anJ pidihi' balls, in rooms built lor that piirpole. The
fphii; was under the ililF, part ot which lill down In
Deciiiiliir lyiy, and the w.iter was loit ; but in cleatins;
away ilio ruins to rihuild the wharll, it was, to tr.o
great jny ol' the town, iccovcred. The inhabitants
catch pri>di|.>ious ijuantiiic^ of fifh ot all i'ort.s, aud base
Ionic luttinn trade. 'I his town {jives thi: title of tail
to the nuLlc faiiiilv id SaniiJcrlbii.
\\„li:r, tie .M.i'.'iir in
., ili Sitiii^tisn, Lxitni,
iiii, Jiii'in, iti..i pi in-
ccivcd its na:Tic Irotn
• Saxoiii Deurhani, or
'in a Ili.! .urronndcd by
t kiiigduiii ol tjie Nor-
paii, tiiis couniy wa9
ol Lindisrarn, and his
'as r.iiiliid biuh be il-.o
iition of Icveral j r;vi-
;i couniy palatine, m-
|tliin, as th^ king dij
lit to !o:lei!ur^b, 5cc.
)rd;nate to the crown,
ihc river T'ync, wuicli
II the call by the (j^t-
IVes, which du iJe, it
i by Wcltniorelund and
-five miles iu lenijtli,
i in the diocele of Its
aikct-towns, iifty nlnu
em parillicb, n.ar two
t tiitee.i tliouland iiiiii;
iiiety-ri\ thujfaiul nine
only Icuir nicnilcrs la
rouiity, and two tur th.i;
fome id tlioui;b. very
ilder waids the lea,
fever of the winter
,jt, the welhrn fiji- be-
lle the eatlcrii and lou-
biith of Eni;l.iiul, and
h palhire^, woo !s, and
jjve their indui'ry re-
lics of coals, Icud, and
M'th.
Wcate, which rifes in
1 tuining.s falls into the
vhich riles witliiii thiec
and forms the boundary
hire. T'I'.e Tmu', of
III in ireatinj; uf Nor-
iinty arc the foll.iwinrj :
nmo.lioufly fitujti'd o;i
.' ded by the rivcr W'eare,
• idgcs, two hundred and '//■!> .
It is eiKoni,jalVcd by a
the hit;h.tl p..rtuf the
alacc. It contair.s fix
ledral, and is L'ovtrned
velve common council-
&c. Its pLal'ant and
frci|uentcd bv the nei_:;h-
>. • . _ ebendarics of the caihc-
dral, make the city look extremely chea:ful, .oul money
circulate better than could otherwife be expeclcd wheu:
there is llitle or no trade. The cathedial fonuwhat re-
I'enibles Wcllminfter abbey, and ailininin;j to it are the
■loul'eb of the dean and prebeiidarli s. ) he billiop, ;;s count
palaiiiu', appoints all officers of juliice ; and, belore his
prerogatives were abildiied by Ilcnrv VIII. hadacourc
of chancery and commo.'i- pleas ; iH'ued out writs in his
own name, and coined money. He is (till (he: ill" para -
muiiiit, and his deputy is not obliged, like other (herit}"s,
lo account with the cx^hccjucr, but only with tiic biflior).
The earldum of Sedberg is liill annc^;cd to tlic billinprie, *
which is elieerncl or,: c.t the bell in England ; and as
the eouiitry about Rome is called Sr. I'ettr's patrimony,
to ib-.t about Uuihani i-, called St. Cuthbcii's.
junderland, a fca-port town, two lunidrtd anj fixiv- ifi^.
four mil. . Iioin London, il.inds in a pcniiifiila alt.ioil
.'uiiouiiJcd by the fa. It is a v.-d! b;.'ll. thiivin?, and
pol..:lvlH
M
1i
1^^
I'
f ■''
i Uf
> '.'ill
u ,
'I
r f
ffl2
riclrjs, 35 ni.iilili.', pil-
lIlL- I kill 1)1' llic n;i.l;s
furt of j'Jt.
The
prmcip.il rivrt
(.ill inro It, as ilic Dl
lhcA\'h;ir'c, aii.l the i
furni tlic Ili'inli
wl
ba\'
k!!ii
ill tlic \v;(l-iicjrtli- wil
luniiini' to the foiith-f
ber. The DiJti lii'is i
of Yi'ildliire, .^ml luii
reached Sluffi.M, tu:i
received llij
t.
it! fuuicc in tlie e:|j|
Iburii-wiil fule of tt.i
the river Air
The
nigii
tn'tt.l
\\ har
hi:i, called Per
kill II
I cut, II
calUvaid, di:cf
, or Wh' lie,
mid iiiiib
uiiUy to the f>ii
Th
ihii
luiitl.-
e awdic rdei jir.i
lul rum
ch
ihblid..!
J"
]!.n.:
ihoi'iic ol Duih.un, :
tv. -•en ihilV two count
ilie Ijermaii oce.in. 'I
(lo.th aiul e;.'.l ridiiips
Hi, re, ne.ir the lea to.'!
/boil u ii.ii;;
'1 oe iliil' I-,
].: to the
fcuif
lutis mrlHv In the lou!
f.ills ;r.;o 'he Humhcr
number of lii liUti- diic
gre.:t p'ciity of filh,
h(h.
We fha
' defer
tciifi
ve loijiit
York, is fc.itid on
Vi". ninety-right nidej to tl
rally cllcemed the feco
tol now claims Uiat ho
trade
It
revolutions
but
lU
inas, both public and
and inhabited l>y ijcinj
with a a
is fuiroiin
dcd
gate
lid fiv
ve polteriM
lir.:n the Coiujueior, w
ren'ith, but is now a
Ion"' aic confined, in I
diiJlat's of rclii^ioii anc
other prifoii in ihe kinj
Til!' hridj.'e over thu
whi'-h that in the rcntt
C!L'hty-one in diamet^T.
Tlieic ate now in tl
life, with fome mictn
of kin:; Henry V. iher
f:-vcntecn thapi Is, and
•»4 •*<((»■
.«..< -'^- ., ^.i
lite
jhle (iothic (truihire, in whi^h the rules '' conlills of fourte
ot p
rtion aie hctier ohferved than is uli
en uiches, and inaSces a noble apptji
Iv found in aiice. The town, with fome contij
i;uous landi
other ch'irchc' of tlut kind ot arctiiterturc. The well- county of ititll, governed hy a inavor, fhetirf',
end ineafures a luindred and twenty-four feet in breadth ; aldcriiicn,
&c. i'iiey 1:
y have a fword ot Ihite, a ca
it i; adorned with two tegular t iwcrs, which diminifh niaintcnancc, as marks of th' ir power on land, and j
by degrees, and have a good cft'e>!t. Between them is oar ol ligiuiiii viix, to denote thiir jurildiiilioii ol adni
ttie p
al cntr
wh'ch is a niagiiiticent win- raltv, wliiih they enjoy u(ioii the river Hiinihcr.
dow '.lut cannot b; cqualkd, (xcept by that in the call I J.eeds is leated in ihe W'ell-Kidiiig of York!!:
frui.t, which < iii> never be (ufficlently admired. '1 he ' hundred and eighty two miles from 1-onlon, iuid II.::,. '/t|
jTtat arch, uiid'r wh.eh li the entrance inio the church, on the banks ot the livci Aire, over which it hi;
is faij lo be the Ijrj'elt of the kind in Kiirope. ihe moli , haiiifonic Itoiie bridge, which was lormeily c.igac
rcniaik..ble deiicieiu y in the buildin/ is in the laiitet
L'h for hold 111
Jil it the cloth-nuii:ct : hut t^•
lltcple, which lerniinaies very inditferentlv : it is iiow- trade bcini; much increaled, the cloth is now I', id in the
ever finely ornamenH'd, and has eight Itaiely windows, i High-llieit, bcgiiiiuiig .;t the Liridge-loot. The methyl
iiuMluiirg forly (eet lioin lop to hotwim. Ihc nave of, in ^^hicli this biaiuli ot tiade is tiaiifa0.ted, is lo cxtr-
' the diurch cxieeds that of St. I'aul's at .London, fevcral , ordinary, iS to delervc paitiiular roticc. tatly i, .
f et both in height and bieadth, but is not quite lo high I lueldays and S.ttutdays, a great li'jmber of trollcls a:.
that of \'*cllil)iiiHer abbey, though it i.-.cccds it hyjrJni^iJ, and covered with boards in the llieit, ;.t fix /.
I iu'i.,;:-
Enclanlj.
t U K O 1' E.
56$
fuir.miT, r.iiJ fi-vcn in uii.tcr ; Tlii; markct-bcll pivc.
the li:i'-'' '" ••"'' di'ilii'-'''' ill '!'■'' Ii-veral inns, to briiii;
„, ih.ir lU'ili, wIikIi ii vionc witli lutli cxpt- Jitiun, aiul
I'j little liilt'iib.iiiti.', tlut lli.iii!',crs arc an'.azi-il, to I'cc in
lilt coimttrs covered with
ol
S K C T. XL I.
jlciv iiiiiiuli-'5 all llic coimttrs covcrcu witn pieci;
cloth, ;'-iiil tl"-' owjitT Ihiiulini; bcliiml within ilic trclllK.
When the bill iialcs imi;in;;, the thapiiRii e-ntcr the
iiiirU't, i"i-l '"i' '*'••'''' P'llt'-'rii', ; the pritx is alkcJ ami
liiJ in a virv low voice, and a vtty lew words dcter-
„,inc a bargain. Tiuis, twenty tlu.ul.ind pounds wotiii
ciclotli is oltin Told ill aliiMit an hour's time. At halt
jn hoar alter tiL'Jit the bell linus aj^iin, upon wliieli the
buvcrs, I'.llits, ihith and trdlL-l-. all diljppear, and by
naie trie market is left clear to the linen-drapers, hard-
ware-men, lliocm.ikers, &c. Ilcic is alio a (:reat de-
mand lor white cloths, wliicli aie lidd in a nia^^iiirucnt
hall. I he (iiiild hall Is alio a noble buildiir/, adorned
«ith a fine llatueot'ipiecn Anne. Here are three ehur'.lies,
(iiilv one of whicli is paroehi.il ; this is St. l-'cter's,
which has the ceiliii.; finely painted in IVeIco, by Par-
niaii:i:r : the fubject is, ^ivini; tiie law to .Moles. The
town is uovcriud by a mayor, twelve aldermen, and
twenty four aflillams. 'I"he great trade of Leeds oeea-
I'loneJ the river .Aire to be m.ide navigable, by which
ir.cans a convnunicaiion is opened by water with W'ake-
f.i J, York, and Hull, to which places, belidcs its
woollen iiianufaclures and other goods exported to llol-
linJ, Hamburg, ^»c. Leeds has the advantage of lur-
iiilhin" York with cosls. 'I'liis town gives title of duke
10 the iiohle family of Olborne
Hallilax, a very conliderable town in the Weft-Ri-
Jingul Yorkfllire, one hundied and ninety-nine miles
from London. 'I'liis is an indance of the iiniiiciile ad-
lintage of our woollen manufaiitures, it beni.' formerly
an in.onliderablc village, and ha'j Hill but one patilh ;
but It is near twelve miles in diameter, and h.is more
panfliioiurs than anv other parilh in Lngland ; for it
contains twelve chapels of cafe, a number ot nucting-
houffs, and upwards of twelve tho.ilaiid inhahitants.
The houles aie built of llone, and lormcd into good
liiects. When a piifon leaves the town, the lelt of the
parifli tcfenibles a continued village, every lioufc ha-
ving its tenter-ground, with apiece of cloth, (lialoon,
orkerfev, upon it. The women card, fpin, and wind ;
lh;men weave, and work at drclling or dying the cloth,
and throughout the whole parilh, there appe.irj Inch
chearfiil indnUry, and the good itFedsof it are fo vihhle,
that it affords a very feiihble pleafure to all who have
anv benevolence for mankind in general, or Cc.in.ein for
their country in particular. It has been computed, that
in the articles of fhaloons alone, not lefs than one hun-
dred thoufand pieces are annually made in this one paiifh
onlv. Thii town gives title of carl to the family of
.Montague Dunk.
Scarborou:;h, a town in the North-Riding of ^'ork-
,, Ihirc, two hundied and lour miles to the north of Lun-
ilon. Its iituati'in is perleitly romantic, it being built
on the top of a deep rock, bending in the form of a cref-
cent to the main o.ean, of which you have almoll an
unbounded prufpcct from all parts. The fnmmit of tliis
mountain contains no Icfs tha.) eighteen or twenty acres
oimcadov.' ground, and on the up|.er part Itood a callle.
The town which is populous, is alinolf encompafl'cd by
the lea, ;iiid walled wiieie it does not join to the caltle,
or is not more llrongly defended by the fea ; and ic has
one of the hell harbours in the kingdom. This town is
iuftly celebrated for its fpaw wateis, on which account
It is much rcforted to by the nobility and gentry, who
b'jve occalioned many new buildings to be erciled.
There are now good accommodations lor jV<-''" numbers,
even ol the higheil i)uality, and there art heie allemhlies
anJ publii- halls, in rooms built tor that purpole. The
I'priii;.' was under the ili'F, part of which Ull down ,t\
Dcfvinliir 1737, and the water wa. lolf ; but in dealing
aw.iy the ruins to rebuild the wliarif, it was, to the
freal jny of the town, reco.ered. The inhabitants
catch prodigious i|uantilics of till) of all forts, and have
Ionic loiiign trade. T his town gives the title of tail
to thciiuUc laiiiilv of Saiindctfun.
7,v llijl-piiL c.f l)utliim ; ;/i A'..7;.v, thi Mj<mer iit
hiilj it lutimf a (.'ctiiity I'uiilinc^ itt XitiMtiin, hxiinl,
'ivifism, Rcpifji'rluliiii, Air, S:il, Riijcn, 111,:! prin-
fial Tail. Hi.
Of ih
uJ.
A , , .
lipal Tau.ui
THE biftiopiicof Durham received its name from
its chief town, called by tlie Saxons Deorham, or
Diinholm, to cxpiels lis lituation on a lii.l .urrounded by
a river. On the conveifum of the kiiigdjiii ol the Nor-
thumbrians, of which this was a pait, thia couniy wag
bellowed on St. Cuihhert, bifliop ol I,iii,li.,farn, and his
fuccedbrs forever. This grant was Linfudboih be the
Danes and Norinans, with the addition of Uvcial jrivi-
hges, particularly that ol being a county palatine, 1 n-
joying the fame prerogatives within, a.s the king did
without its bounds, with lefpeit to foifeiturts, \-c.
Thus it was a kind of royalty fuhordinate to the crown.
It is bounded en the north by the river lyiie, w lich
parts it from Northumberland ; on the call by the Cj^r-
man ocean ; on the fouth by the Tecs, which diu,.e5 ic
from Yorkdiirc ; and on the weft by Wellmoieh.nd and
Cumberland. It extends thiity-five miles iu length,
and thirty-lour in breadth. It is in the dloccfe of its
own name, and contains nine niaiket-towns, iil'ty nine
vicar.:i;ts, one hundred and thirteen parillio, n.ar two
hundied and thirty ullages, about tiltee.i t.ouland nine
hundred and eighty houles, and nineiy-rix tlioufand nine
bundled inhabitants ; but fends only four members to
parliament, namely, two for the county, and two for the
city ol Durham.
The air of this county i: wliolefome, and though very
fliarp in the wellein parts, is milder towards the fea
whole warm vapours mitigate the fevcrity of the winter
feafons. The foil is very different, the wellcrn fide be-
lli,^ mountainous and ban en, while the eaflern and fou-
inern pans nearly icftmble the fonth of England, and
conlilt of bcautiiul meadows, livh padiire?, wools, and
corn-fields. 'J'he inhabitants have their iiuludry re-
warded by the immenfe qu.intitics of coals, lead, and
iron, found in the bowels of the eath.
T'he principal rivers arc the Wearc, which rifes in
the wedern part, and after fcvcial turnings falls into the
fea at Sundeiland. The T'ecs, which riles within three
miles of the head of the W'eare, and forms the boundary
between this county and Yorklhire. T"l-,e Tyne, of
which we Ihall give a dcfcription in treating of Nor-
thiiinbeiland.
The principal places in this county arc the foll.iwint; :
Durham is picafantly and commodioiifly fituated oa
an eafy afccn-. and almoll lutrounded bythciivrr W'eare,
over winch ai two large ibme bridges, two hundred and 'i/'i ■
fixty-two miles from London. It is encom,)afftd by a
wall, and has a caftle, fated on the high.ff p..:: of the
hill, now uled for the bifliop's palace. It contains fix
pariffi-churches, befides the cathedral, and is governed
by ama)or, twelve aldermen, twelve common'council-
nien, a recorder, a town-clerk, &c. Its plcaCant and
healthful 'ituation makes it much frequented iw tlie nei:;h-
bouring gentry, who, with the prebendaries of the cathe-
dral, make the city look extremely chearlul, and money
circulate better than could ot'.crwife be expecled wlieic-
there is little or no tr.idr. The cathedial ibnuwhat re-
femhles Weftmintter abbey, and adii'iiiing to it arc the
houles of tliedcaii and prebeiularics. Ilie bifliop, ;is count
palatine, appoints all officers of juihce ; and, behirc his
prerogatives were abiidged by Henry VIII. hadacourt
of chancery and common pleas ; ill'ued out writs in his
own name, and coined money. He is tlill IhitiiTpara-
mou.it, and his deputy is not obliged, like other (herilFs,
10 account with the exchequer, but only with the biihop.
The eaddum of Sedberg is ftill annexed to tlie hilluipric, '
which is cltecmed one ot the bell in Eiii^land ; and as
the country about Rome is called Sr. I'eter's patrimony,
fo ihat about Duihairi is called St. Culhbcit's.
Sunderland, a fca-port town, two hundred and fixiy- ifi^.
four mills lioin London, it.inds in a peninfiila almoll
;nriouiided by the Ua. It is a well bciilt, ihtivin?,, and
p-'l'uluoj
!« fe 1
5*54
r
:j
I
A SYSTEM OF GEO G K A 1' II Y. lv„
(ornu'r has two arms rll'mi^ at a L'/cat ilillanct: I
I.ANB.
UtA
t^aoa.i.
I i
populous town, Ipilialiltcl by many rich merchants :iiiJ
traik'Tmcii. Ilj port i> capal-.lc ut' coiuaijiiii^ many huii-
flrc-J fail ol (llips at one tiriii', anil I'roni ihciici; arc luad-
cJ and fcnt -^rcat numbers of Ihips with tea's, fait, ylaCs,
and other nicrchanili/e, as well to ilUFercnt places in this
kiiijjJoni, as to t'or.ign part<. Ii has a verv line chiircli,
with a dome at the f.ill iiul, uiuler vvlrch is thr altar,
placed beneath a caiiopv ot' inlaid w ik, fupportc.l in
front by two (luted columns of the Cor.nthun order.
There is here a bathing-hdiire, and a i.ilh- lor pohte-
lKr> and elegance has bien introduced into the town.
Darlington is a picttv larc;e town, t vo hundred and
for;y-ihiee miles (rum I^nr.don. It 15 l.'ated in aflat, on
the r.ver Skern, which tails i-ito the Tics, and is rc-
nnrkablc for its dirty filualon, and its beautiful church,
which has a hiijh Ipire, liilnt; up in the ipidfi of it. It
has a guild lloiic bridge of conhder.ible length, over little
or no water. However, it is a pl.ice ol good ref irt, the
market is l..rgc and convenient, and is pariiciilaily cele-
brated for its huckabacks, which are maile no where
clfe in I'inylaiid, and of whitli, as well as other li!ien
cloth. It lends up large quintitics to [,undon. The
water of the Skern is cHeemed I'o gooil for bicaching, that
linen has been lent hither from Scotland to bleach.
At Oxcnhall near this town arc thne Jeep pits called
Hell Kettles, fiiil of water, and which have occafioncd
manv fabulous Oorivi among the ci.uutrv people, who
imagiiK' thee have no holtoni. The rnolt probabh- opi-
nion is, that they aic old coal-pits, icndetcd ufclefj by
the water riling in them.
iiiin caL'h
yne
S K C T. XLII.
Of S'lrlhumlu-rlitnii ; its Niirm, $iiu,,ti;n,
fr.ui, Rtprejititnliiri in Parlianiiilt, j^ii ,
Rii't-ri^ and priiuiptit 'Ten 'is.
/.\t,nt, Divi-
Hoil, PiiJiiif,
THIS county received its name from its being fituat-
ed to the north of the Humber. In tiie Saxon
hcptarchv it was a part of the kingdom of the Northum
brians, whirh contained n t onlv the county now called
Noithiimberland, but alto V iikfliirc, L.nuafhiri', Dui-
ham, Cumberland, and We tmnrelan I. It is feated in
the extremity of Knglaivl 1 .X to Scotland, and is bo.ind-
cd on the e..l! bv tiie Ci : nan ocean ; on the louih by the
bi(1v>nric of I) ji ham aiul Ciiuibirland ; 011 the weti by i
Cumberland ; and 011 the norti.-well by Scotland, Irc/m j
which It is le|,aratej by the river Tweed. It extendi ,
fcventv-four mile, in length Irom north to louth, and I
fortv-Hve in breadth from calf to wclK
Northumberland contains twelve market-town?, nine ,
vicarage, four bundled and hxiv panllies, about twenty ,
two tho'if.iiid feven bun. bed and lorty '.oules, .;nd a bun- j
(' -d and r.veiity fix thoiiland four huii-lred inhabitants. ;
It > in the i.'iocefe of niiihaiii, and lends eight mem- 1
dcrs to parliament, namely, tu > lor the county, and j
two for r.ch jf the folK.^Mw b.rou »bs, Newcall.e upon
Tyne, Mor;ieth, and lieiwick upc.n I'wecd.
The a'r of this county is not fo cold as might be ima-
gined from the latitude in whiJi it lies; lor its fi'iiation
between two (e^^ in the iiarruw< It par! of Kngl.ind gives
it the advantage of havin:; the cold moderated by the va-
f;ur; r.f each, an 1 for thii •..-afjn the I'now I'eldom lies
long in Nort'u.m'jerland, except on the tups of high
hills. The air is extremely healthful, and the peojilc,
ivh-> generally live to a great agi*, are f-ldom afflu'ted
with lickiufs. The foil is various, the ea'tern part, whi, h
IS fruitful, having vctv good wheat and moll f jris of
corn, and has rich meadows on the bank; of the rivers j
but tlie v.rfUrn part is gen.rally baricn, it being modly
hcjthv .ind mountainous. The fouth-calf part aboundi
with pit coal, of which fix hundred tnoiifand chaldrons
i:e computed to be annually ihipped liom thence for
l/t;ni!oii. Tlierc are alfo large qu ntitics ol lead and
timl" r. This county gives title of tail to the noble and
anci lit lainily ot I'lerty.
Tih- nveis can!- the country to be •.'.ell watered, and
ittord great plenty of falmon and trcut. The prnicijial
if tlicle arc thcTvne, llieTw;el, and theCockct; the
2
other, but are united a little .ibi'Ve Hexham. Souih I
riles in the north-call edge of Cumberland, Imi (,'
entering NortlimnlH il md luiis noriluv.iril, and at leu .th
bends towards the c.ill. North Tyne h.is its lour:-/.,
tr.e wclltrn put of Noiihiimberlaii I, called I'yn j) ''
then running to the loutli e.ilt it joiiis ."'uuili I'yiienca'
Hexiiam. ttom whence it runs laltw.ir.i by New. i|ll
into the CJerinan ocean. The Tweed is tlie luiiin,! ,
between tliis county and Seotlan.l, in which it liles ;,„ 1
having eniered Northumbcrian.l, purines its cuurie
the north call, till it teatlus ihc Geiniaii ocean at
Berwick.
We lliall now defctibc the principal pla.es in ti,j,
county.
Newcaflle upon Tyne, the largcft town of Northum-
berl.iiul, Hands two hundred and feventv-fix miKs (lom" sJ
ivondon ; it is a large and populous town liiuated be-
'tween the Puits wall and the Tyne, whicn is |.,n|^. ^
line .ind deep river, fo that (llips of a middling barthci'i
ni.iy l.ilely come up to the tir^n, though the lai,.ocu;.
Iters arc llationed at Shields ; and it is fo I'ecure an liavcii
that vellels, when they ha\e p illej Tynemouth-bar aro
111 no danger either from (lornis or (hallows Jt is Jc-
tended by Clitt'ord's fort, which ctt'edualiy cornmanjj
.ill vtlVels that enter the river. The tr>wn may [.l- ;;„„.
lidjred as divided into two parts, ol wliuh (jatefheai on
Durham fide, is one, and both are joined by a Ltidif?
of leeen arches, on which i-, a Itrect of houl'es. j i]^
fituatiun ol the town is very uneven j it riles on lii,;
north bank of the river, where the Itretts upoiiih.'jice,,.
are exceeding llctp. Moll of the houles are built ivit*)
llone ; but lome ot them are of limlcr, and t .e retiof
brick. Through this town went partotthu wall vihcn
extended from fca to lea, and was built by the Kumaij
to defend the iintons, alter they h i.| drawn u;f an 1 icit
chofeti youth to hll their armies, againll the i^^ur|i,|,^s
of the Piiils. The liberty of the town and the power of
tne corporation extend no l.iither than ilic irate ujiou
tne bridge, whirh fomc yc'.r'. ago put a hop to a ie;.
rible fue, wiiich would otherwile, ptriiaos havj burnt
the whole llreet of houles on that fide of the bri'i-c j.
It did thole beyond it. On the calf I'ule of the. '.i;ue are
carved the .irms of the bii'iop of Du/ham, aiid.jiiiiif
w.ll lidc thole of the town ot Newcaltle. I tie ioviri i;
dclcndcd by an exceeding itnuig wail, in which .-.re Ivtn
|.ates, and as many turrets, witii leveral eazemius hmb-
proof. The caltle, which is old and ruinous, over iuoij
the whole town.
The I'rcatell inconvcnicni ies of NewcalUe arc itsfitua-
tion on the declivity ol two hills, and the builJinjs being
vcrv clcile and old, which render it improper tor thoie
v.'hofeck a rchdcticeof pleafu-e ; but then, as thnivtr
wnich runs b.twtcn the two hiils tenders it a place of
great trade, thefe incoiweniencits are abundantly rccon.-
pen fed
I here is here a very noble exchange, and the wall cl
the town, running from it parallel witn the river, leivts
a IpaviiHis piece of giound before it, between the water
.Tnd the wall, whicli being well wharled and faced witti
free- Hone, (orms the lont'ett and laigelt niiay for lainj ng
good-, that IS to be feen in Kn''land, except that at "iar-
mouth in Norfolk. Here aic lour paii(l) churches, be-
lilies one at (Jateshcad, and likewile levcral mectme-
houles. St. Nicholas's church Itanus on the top ot a
high hill, and has a lofty (ttcple ot cu.ious architecture.
There is a great dci'cent from it, and a Itrcani ot watrr
in time of drought runs down Irom a noble coiiiai t,
that (?ands f.ir up in the town, ai\d is of ^'rea: ufe ti lis
inhabitants near it. Among the other public builJ.r...
IS a manlion houfe for the mavor, who dwells in 11 du-
ring his mayoralty, with hi:i olHi:ers and attendatiti, at
the town'.s cxpence, who allow lnm, in order to kirp
up his Hate, (ix hundred pounds for the yiar. fkrc.i
alio a hall for the lurgcons to m'-et in, and a larg'' tioi-
pilal, built by the tontribiilion ol the kccl-men, lir the
mainleiiaiKC of the poor of thrir fraiermtv, and 1 ivfrjl
charitsble foundations. 'I'he to'*!! 1, almoll luiiouiiileJ
with coal-pit', which fiiiiiidi fiieh .mnienie (|uantitici
of coals, that ffveral th'.'ul.'iil Ih'p. arc atinu,;!ly loailcJ
Willi
EsOL.ViO.
i: U R O P E.
I
5^5
„.iih thcin, ami i!i y li've r.mc minufaJla;:!, owing to |
llic pi<'"',V of tilts v.ilu.ibli.- kill. I <it tuil, particularly tho 1
nu'ii'V iif liird w.uv, aii.l lalt, which hilt 13 indeed
i-ptunr.til at Shiclls, 1'vli\ miles below the town ; but |
intc.ials aic broii.;ht chieHy trom thciur, aiui the quaii-
t.ty cijiuunieil in tliele (alt works is lo great, that a pro-
Ji/iiius el.iud of fmiike riles over the liills, and is lb
l.iicic, that It is fail it may be 1 'en at iixtecn miles dil-
tjnce. Ship; are ulfu luilt here to perfection, as to
timi'th anil tirmnels , a.i ! i!-,ere are here a conliJcrablc
nuniiier of merchants, who trade to Holland, Hamburg,
Norvviy, ami the Haltie. Ihis town j;ivcs title of dulte
to the noble family of Holies.
lUrwiik, is pliafantly liiuatcd on the fouth fide of an
(jly dcciiviiy, on the Srois coiilt ot t(ie river Tweed,
I jbiut Halt a imic diUant Iroin iis conflux witn the lea. 1
I ^ aiiJ tniee luiiulred and tliirty-iiiiie miles from London.
It is rcjjulariv fortified with b.iltions, flanks, and a ditch, '
on me luirtti and call; and on t!ie Ibuth and welt With
hi^li v.-allj well built, and planted with cannon, to whi^h
the loer lerve.s as a moat. 1 he houles make a ^ood
ap.K.iMn-je, and the town-houfc is a haiidl'omc Itrui-turc,
Mill a loity turret, in which is a ring ot ci^ht bells.
ticK b a very Ifately bridge of Iixtecn archca over the
'IVet'i Ihe churcn, built by the protector Cromwell,
is a neat buildiii;; ; but has nciiher Ipirc nor bells.
The b.iiraelcs tonn a regular Iquare, and will convc-
niciv y coiuain two regunenis of foot. Ihe town is
jjovCiii^J by a mayor, a lecorder, a town-clerk, and lour
Sall.lf..
Corn and eg!;s are flilpped from this place tor Lon-
Jjii ajiJ other p>>it> i but the piuicipal tiaJe ronlilts ol
llic lalnv):! wnicd is taken in tlic I'weeJ, anJ elteeined
tiic belt in the kingdom, gicat quantities ol whitn. Lo-
in' pickled, are put up in vcll'els called l;;tb, and Ihip-
p.:J ott' for London, where they are called Ncwcaitle
uimuii. During the months ot Jun: and July tne bell
lilmun nuy be bo':ght at IJer.vitK tor one penny per
ixiUiiJ. L'onlidcialiie quan;iiius ol tne fmaller lilli arc
km alive to I.,ondon in vellwls called fmacks, built tor
tint piiipole, they having a well in the middle, bored
lull ut hjles tor' the free pall'age of the lea water, and
iiiw.iich the tilh live without injury.
'rii;s town is particularly mentioned in .ill laws, pro-
cUiiLiiions, «Xe. that comprehend both England and bcot-
UiiJ, as il It was in neither of thcfe countries.
Himvick IS a populous and well built town, featcd on
the north lide ot a hill near the liver AIn, over wiiicti
I ijaltoiie bridge, at the diltanic of three hundred and
hif ten nides from London. It h.is a large townhoulc,
wntie the (luartcr-lcirions anJ cojiity courts are held,
and the members of parlnment elected. !t has three
gati; winch are «lmolt entire, and ihew that it was for-
intily 'urroundcd by a wall, and is defended by an old
ftjtnv t-Jothic caltle, the Icat ot the carls of Northum-
bcrUiid.
About feven miles to the fouth-caft of Alnwick flands
Waikworth, a pleafant village which gives title tt> the
clJdl km of the carl of Northumberland ; and near it is
a miuikable cave, called the Hermitage, cut out ol the
lolid to;k. I'he roof is arched, and the fiJes adurned
With pillars in the Gothic talle. it is divided into two
apartments of the fame diincnl'ions, one of which teems
to have been a lodging- room, and the other a chapel.
At the cull end of the chapel is an altar, with a
crol's cut in the rock above it; and in the window
tlK- figure of a woman in a recumbent pollure at tall
Icnutii. At one end of this figure is another, which
Icciiis 10 be weeping over it, and at the other a bull's
htJil.
Tlic higheft mountain in this county, or perhaps in
all tiiglaiiJ, IS that ot Cheviot, made tjinous by the old
ballad ot Chevy Cbaie, The top, to thole who are be-
Idw. teems to terininatc in a point ; but has a level plain
abo'.it a mile and a halt in cireumlermce, withalaige
pocil of water in the midlt of It. I'rom beiue, in cltir
wcatlii-r, is an exicnlivc prolpccl ol near fifty niiks on
every liJe.
(t
SECT.
iUU.
Gf Cutt.hcylinil i ;'/j Kume, Sitiintlon, F.xicnl, Divi/iom,
Rtprfltniiitivfi, .-fir. Soil, Pr'.iltice, Rivtn, unil pi imi-
fiil Places.
ACCORDING to fomc nnlhnrs, this county wa)
originally called Cumbria, whi h name w.is at
length ch.inged to Cumbeiland. It is bounded mi ti;c
noith by .Scotland ; on thee.ill by Nntt uimbi riand, , :c
ot the bifhopric of Durham, and W'cilmoieland ; • n the
fouth by Lancafhire ; and on the wilt by tne Irilli I' a.
It extends feventy-hvc miles in length, and iwinty-li-'-U
in breadth. Cumbeiland is diviilcd into t'.v ■ wards, .mj
contains one city, tourteiii market-towns, ninety pa; Ih- ■•,
tl.irty-lcven vicarages, near lour liunclrcd and fonv-ieveu
villages, about fourteen thoufand eight huiulicd . iid
twenty boufes, and eighty-eight thoulaiul nine hiir.diej ..f/^/"^.
inhabitants, it lies partly in the diocite 01 ■.^heller, ;'.nd
partly in that of Carllfle, and lends tix mei.ibers 10 ^\.:x-
ii o'".nt, two for the county, two lor Carlille, and two
for Cockermouth.
The .:ir is culd and piercing, yet let's th.iii might bo
ex|ie(ited from its being fituated fj lar to thj north. The
inount.iins feed large flocks of rtieep, wiioi': flelh is par-
liculaily (\veet and good, and the v.ilUys pnuluve corn,
&e. This country is generally admirtd tor itn; ple.uaiit
piofpi-i'ls it ad'uids ; but tnefe would be more .leaiitil'ul
couM tiees be biought 10 thrive hire beiier tluin they ge-
nerally ilo. Ihe piineipal commodities produced by mis
county are coal, lead, copper, lapis c^.inr' .i' 1?, b:..ek-
lead, a inintr.il .dmoil pe. iiliar tu thi..0'i'Kv, waicli
coiiiains more than 13 lufiieicnt to tupply .1 1 Eiiroi-e;
wild-lowl, (alnujii, peails, &c. The IjII ;nc- f luml in
mutclcs at the mouth of a brook, called iiu. lit, wliili
dil'charges itftlf into the lea a little to the north of Ra-
ven;;lat5.
This county al)ounds with livers and lake', called by
the iiihabitaiiti tneers ; of the tbrmcr the iid. n lanes its
life trom Ulles VV„ter, and afier a courfe of about thirty
miles to the noithward tuins to the welt, and t.ills into
Solway ttith. This river is remarkable lor a fin.ill ile-
Ikious lilli called c.Tar. '\'\\< Dcrwent runs through the
iniddic of the county, and difchargLs itlelf into itie Irifh
I lea. This liver abounds wiih lalmon.
The chief towns in this county are the following :
! Carlille, a city of great antiquity, is feated at tue con-
I fluence of feveial fmall rivers, which almolt encomj.afj
1 it ; the river I'eterill running on the caft, Cauda on the
weft, and Kden on the north, which foon alter tails into
' the lea. It ILinds three hundred ani! one miles from
London, and is fui rounded with walls, and defen led
by a caltle, which Hands on the weft lide. The hoiifes
jaie well built, and the cathedral is a vener.ible (iothic
I pile i belides which there is another church called St.
Cuthbert'.s. The city has three gales, called Scots-gate,
Irilh-giie, and Eiiglilh-gate ; and the walls .iie to thick,
that three men may walk a breaft on them, within the
' parapet. Over the Eden is a bridge th it leads towards
j Scotland, which is not above tix miles oft. 'I'hecity is
j very fm.ill, but has a good trade in fultians. It has t'uf-
fer:.'d the fate of molt frontier towns, and b.is been taken,
retaken, burnt, and detiroyed feverai times by the Scot.',
Dane-, and Nt)rwegiahs ; and lay once in rums for near
' two hundr..-d years, till it was rebuilt by William Kufii'!.
In 1745 this city was taken by the rebels, and loon alter
' retaken by his late royal higbnefs William duke of Cum-
beiland. it is under the government of a mayor, twelve
I aldermen, Scc. and beie b.'giiij the remains 01 the ta-
mous wall wliiJi tiie cmpeior Severus built iiillead of
Hadrian's dyke, or r, impart, and which croll'ed the north
I end of this county and extended through the l(nithc?rii
j (lart of NorthuniberUiid, ending at the G.'rman ocean,
! near the mouth of the river I'yne, in oidcr to prevent
the I'lCts invading England. This city gives title of
carl to the noble tainily of Howiird.
Whiteh.iven is leated on a creek of the tia, on the
lutib end 01 a gr^at bill, where in a qu.nry ol" a hard
- U ' ' white
vi
' I-
> 1 cr-'j
36t.
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H;
:%
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^11
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S66
A SYSTEM or- G F O G R ,\ 1' H Y.
I'-^OtA^.v
1 (
#1
W Eh
mh
white none, which ..Ivcs name In tlic place ■, ami which,
with the hip (it agrcit Itniie w.ill, Ifcuics thi- h.irhuui
into which Ini.ill bjjks niiy enter. It (b.imla Ui'iy niiici
tu the loutliwelt ul Ciilide, und two hiimhul anJ
'^ eighty-nine ninth well o( London ; and, by the en-
couragement ((( tiie I.owthcr ('.innlv, his ril'en hum be-
ing a I'mall pKicc to be a very confiJetable line, it being
about one-third bigger than the city of Cailifle, and
contains three tini s the number of inliabitantss, who arc
all well Iculged, and cnihaiked in [Hofuabh^ employments;
fo that there i , here a (ontimial fiene ol indudry, and
bufmcfs ii cartied on with great diCpalch, without hnriy
Or confulion. They have a plentiful and commodious
market, and the adjacent country is well cultivated atid
ftrewed with neat and plejfant houfcs. I'herc is here a
Cullom-luHile, and the jiort is well feeured by nume-
rous and eollly works. The coal-trade is (o inercafcdof
late, that it is the mort eminent port in L".n;jland for it,
next to N'iA'caflk', for the city of IDublin, and all the
towns ol Ireland on that coall, with lonie parts of Scot-
land and the Ide of Man, arc principally lupplied from
hence ; and the late iiir James l.,owthcr was laid to have
fcnt from hence to Ireland annually as many coals as
brought him in near Iweiny th^uland pounds per annum.
The coal in the mines near this place has (everal times
been fet on fire by the fulminating d.iinps, and has con-
tinued biirnini; for many months till large ((reams of
Water were conduiiled into the mines, and lutlered to fill
thofe parts where the coal was on liic. lint more mines
have been ruined by inundations hum fprings builling
into them.
In order to dcfcribe thefe wonders of nature and art,
the reader may fuppofe, fays our author, that he has en-
tered the mines at an opening at the bottom of a hill, and
has already pilFed thiough a long adit hewn in the tock,
and .iithed over with brick, whieh is the principal road
into them for men and hotfcs ; and whieh, by a lleep
dcfeent, leads down to the lowell vein of coal. Ueing
arrived at the coal he Kill dcfeenls by ways Ids (teep till,
after ajouriify of a mile and a half, he ariives at the
profoundeft part of the mine. 'I'hc grcatell part of this
deftent is thiou:>h fpicious galleries, which continually
interfeifl other galleries, all the coal being cut away, ex-
cept large pillars, whieh in deep parts r,f the mine are
three yards high, and about twelve yards fquarc at the
bafe ; hieh great ftrcngth being required to Aipport the
pondeious roof. Thole who defecnd into theie mines
Jlnd theni moft clofc and fultry in t'lie middle parts that
arc moft remote from the pita and adits, and perceive
them to grow cooltr the nearer they approach to thofe ]
pits and adits that arc funk to the decpeft parts of the j
mines ; down whieh pits large ftreams of frcfli air arc i
inade to del'eend, and up which the water is drawn by .
nieans of hre- engines. Thefe mines arc funk to the
depth of a hundred and thirty fathoms, and arc extend- ,
cd j:ider the fca to places where there is above them
luiH^icnt depths of water for fliips of large burthen. Thefe
arc thedcepcll coal-mines that have beenhithcrtowrought,
and perhaps the miners have not in any other part of the
globe penetrated to lb great a dei i; below the furface
of the fia ; the very mines in Hungary, Peru, iVc. being
fi'.uated in mountainous countries, where the furface of
t|,: earth is elevated to a great height above the level of
1 n : ocean.
'enrith, or Pcrith, is a pretty large well built place,
(e.tcd under a hill called Perith Fell, two hundred and
J^5. < '' htv-two miles f'om London ; it has a very good mar-
kf ; for all forts of commodities and cattle ; the markct-
' ,ule is convenient and fpacious, and the church is a
t;e and very handfome (irufturc. The town is built
ed fliiiie, whence it received its name Ptnnth, which
i;i ..'ritifli fignifics a red hill.
This having been a frontier coun'y, the ancient fe»fs
of the nobility and gentry arc, for the moll p.irt, built
in the form of caftles. VVe fhall here dcfcribe L'orby-
caftlc, which did lately, if it does not If ill, belong to Nlr.
Howard, a dekcndant of the family of the dukes of Nor-
folk, and which we chufe, as it will give us an opportu-
nity of dcfcribing th • natural beauties of thi» county, as
they are here nnproved by an.
(Jorbv-c.iUlc ii featcd four or I'.vc irilci to the l„ui(
e.ift ot CarlilU, and i. a neat but pia;ii itone builiii,,',
I he entrance to the houle is by a la-^rc Iquate eoait "
tlie right hand of which are th.. gaidens, and on the 'ifi'r
offices (or the (ervants and llabling (or horCes h
plentilully w.teted by (prings in (everal large relcrvo,,"
made about the houle, which Ibiids near the pieciuiecu
a rock, which on the back part is about a hundred! (a-
high. In this rock is cut a regular pair of (ia.rs abuut
hx (cct wide, with all their ornaments down to the bot
lorn. As you defcmd the.e (lairs, you pals by (evcrji
rooms hewn out of the rock, of about fixtcen fect(quarc
which have no other luriiituie than tables and feati nude
out of the (lone. At the bottom of thcic (tairs yoa
afcend another pair about ten feet high, which lead! to
a terrace made in the (orm of a femi circle, by the ful"
of which runs the river Eden. The terrace prcicnti ^
line view of another part of the rock of equal height win,
the former j from the top of which (alls a moll beaiiifnl
cataract. It is at lead a hundred feet high, anii i|,e
water is broken by the pointed tid^^.e; of the rock into fj
many forms, an I (lies about in (o delightfully ruJe a
manner, as al^ords a (urpriling inftance of the power c
art in cmbellifhing nature. I'lom this terrace you hav'
a view of half a mile long of the river on the tight dand"
and a hanging grove of trees, jull as nature has placed
them, on the left; and at the end of ihe walli is ,
fmall banquetting-room, with a portico in the doni
lacing Uie walk. On the other (ide of tlie river, uaau-
Cite the hou(e, arc the remains ot" an old catllc, ur.ler
which a an hermit's cave.
SECT. XLIV.
0/ jye/fmertland ; ;'/i A jmc. Situation, Extent, Divijini
Rtpnjentalivii, Jtr, Stii, PiiiJuif, Riviri, and frin.
cipul Tivjni,
TfllS county probably received its name from in
weftern (ituation, and the meers or lakes it con-
tains. It is bounded on the north and norih-wcft by
Cumbeiland, on the north-eall and call by the bifliopnc
of Durham and Yorkfliire, on the fouth-eall by Yoik-
fhire, and on the fouth and fouth-weft by Lancalhirc.
Its extent Irom north to fouth is about forty miles, and'
its breadth from call to wefl twenty-one. It is generally
divided into the baronies of Kendal and Wedmurcland .
the former is very mountainous, but the latter is a large
champaign country. Thefe are the only principal divi-
fions of this county, which contains eight market-towii.,
twenty- fix parifhes, two hundred and twenty villagci,
above fix thoufand five hundred houfes, and thirty-nine ;.>^
thoufand inhabitants. It lies partly in the dioceie of
Chiller, and partly in that ofCarlifle. The carl of
Thanet is hereditary IherifFof the county, which fends
only four members to parliament, namely, two for the
count,, and two for the borough of Appleby. U'cft-
moreland gives the title of carl to the noble family of
Fane.
The air is clear, Iharp, and falubrious, the natives
being feidom troubled with difcafes ; but generally live
to a good old age. The foil is various, that on the
mountains is very barren, while th.it in the valleys >
fertile, producing good corn and grals, efpecially in the
meadows near the rivers. In the hilly parts on tl-e
wcrtern borders it is generally believed there are valt
quantities of copper ore, and veins of gold ; fome mine-
of copper arc worked, but moft of the ore lies fo deep,
that it will not anfwer the expence.
The principal rivers are the Eden, the Lnnc, and the
Kan. The Eden, which rifes in the caftern border.,
runs moftly northv\'ard, and having received eight fmall
rivers, enters Cumberland. The Lone rifes ^^■ithin a
few miles of the Eden, and after running a little way tj
the eaftward, turns toward the fouth, and enters Lanci-
fhire. 'Fhe Kan, or Can, flows from a lake called Kan,
or Kcnt-meer, and running moftly fouthward, afier it
has paired Kendal, which takes its name from this river,
falls into the Jrith fra at the fouth-weft point of the
coutity.
rcuiity. Tl) r- t'v
jnivT.illy iV.'ift liiiij
IriMi'..
AiMoii'^ the moil
on the hiinlcrs of
fjiJ to be the ;;real
fj!kd by the S.ixoi
hout ten miles in h
iviih one continued
di'ptb, and is well i\
fjiiml, except amor
hlf all,, well flockc
:hjrr> i but not ir
L'uiiibeiland and thi
The chief towns
Applcbv is featei
. jimoll fuirounded,
I.oiidiin. It is a ver;
.nJ chiefly conlills
liouli's. This is el
the alli/cs are held
of the Uroad-ftrect
goal fur malcfadlors
and with a ditch. /
church and a fchoo
corJa, twelve aldei
icjiits at mace.
Kcnilal is fea'ed
;■ fidcof the river K.iii
miles from London
which has two brid
cvtr the river, and .
cillle. The church
b; five rows of hand
cilV. A free fehool
2nJ is well endowe
col'cgc in Oxford.
ntatly paved, one of
in the middle. Thi
j!I kinds of provifioi
town is famous for it
fciti, and ftockings. I
Lonfdalc, or Kii
l3»n, fcatcd on the i
|;/ one miles to the nort
hanJI'ome ftone brid
church-yaid, from w
ver is a fine profpert i
j.iJ of the beautiful
rillcy far beneath.
cloth.
Of LoKcalhiri \ it;
jintolivii in P,nU<in
tf th curioui Ciniil
fir txttniiing the A'c
thi neirhlmuriii^ (U
Lentafnire, a rtm
C-jriiJily.
THIS county r
county town.
itiortl.ind and Cumhc
Ihc fouth by Chefhirt
It fxttnds feventy r
breidth ; it is divide
iWfUc Vicarages, twi
parilhcs, eight hundr
forly-lhrce thoufand
"Ihouf'nd inhabitants.
and fends fourteen m(
for the county, and
fou!;!". Lancader,
tbero, and Ne*ton.
1 he air here is in
Unt! (iften living to
iidcrcd under tluec
; 1
tlie louil.
c builiiiii...
on the- lot
rlti. It „
,c rclcrvoir
lllLc|(,n;(:c|
jiiilrtj (a'.
Itairs abuut
to Ihc bul-
ls by lever il
feci Iquatc,
I fcaik made
Itairs jou
ich Icidi tci
by ihc n.l,
L- prLienti ■*
height wiih
;)!l bea.itiful
h, and ihe
r<iclc into fj
ully rude a
;he power i.;
cc you havi
right nand,
e lus placed
ic wall( IS a
II the fioni,
river, oppo-
:allle, ur. ler
ime from in
lakes it con-
orih-wcft by
the bifliopric
ilk by Yoik-
Lancalhiic.
miles, and
is ginerally
'ftmurcland .
liter is a large
irincipal di\i-
iiarket-tov*ii.,
nty village),
id thirty-nine
he dioccle ol
The earl ol
which lends
two for the
by. Wcft-
blc family ot"
the natives
gem-rally live
tl;.it on the
t^-.e valleys .>
lecially in th:
parti on the
here are vali
fome mini.-
c lies fo deep,
Lnnc, and the
rtcrn border.,
cd eight fmall
ifes within a
ttle way to
enters LanO-
kc called Kan,
ward, afier it
om this river,
point of the
county.
K.s•oI..^^;I'■
E tl R O I' ft.
567
riirr; run 111 ro.kv v.h.miKl.^, ami arc
limpid (IrcJius, well Itorcj with excellent
touMiy. 'Pii'
jriKT.illy I'.vilt
.•\i:Kin', tin- moiint,iinj in the fouth part of the counfy,
on the b'liilrrs of Cii:tiberl.Tnd lies, W'in.inder-nucr,
fj:J to bf the ;;rcuteU lake in Knglan 1, and to be lo
talUd bv the S.ixons from \{h winding banks. It is a-
tout ten niilcj in lc!i;;tli, and paved as it were at bottom
yi'ah one cimtimicd rock. In fome parts it is of a vail
jj.pih, .nnd is well (lured with chare tifli, wliitii is rarely
fjund, except amou^ the Alp . The Ulles- water is a
iiVc all. 1 well flockid with h(li, and has likewilc foinc
(luri ' , but nut m fueh plenty as the former. Both
i;iiitit)iil.md I'.nil this county lay claim to this lake.
The chief towns In this connly are the followini ■.
Applcbv is ffatcd on thj river Kden, by which it is
,, jimolt furriHinded, two hmulied and eighty miles fiom
Loudon. It is a very ancient place hut is inueli decayed,
.nd chiefly contills of only one bioad (Ireet of mean
nouli's. 'i'his is eftcemed the coinily town, and here
the allizes are held in the town-hall. At the upper end
of the llroad-ftrect is a calHe, which was formcily the
•Oil for malcfailors, and is furrounded with the liver
and with a ditch. At the lower end of the town arc the
chinch and a fchool. It is governed by a mayor, a rc-
(„[ja, twelve aldermen, a common council, and fer-
ie3nt^ at mace.
■ Kendal is fea'ed in a valley among hilU, on the well
fide of the river K.iii or Kent, two hundred and fifty-fix
milc! from London, and is a rich and populous town
which has two bridges of Hone, and another of wood,
ever the river, and at a I'm.ill dillancc are the ruins ot a
dftle. The church is a haiulfonie ilruiturc, fuppoited
bvlive rows of handfi.me pillars, and has two chapels ol
cife. A free fchool Ifaiidi on the fide of the church-yard
jnd is well endowed, having exhibitions to Qiiccn's
col'cgc in (Jxfoid. The town ronfifts of feveral llrccts
neitiv paved, one of whicn is very long, and has a bridge
in the middle. The market is plentitully I'upplied with
ill kinds of provifions, and with woollen yarn, and the
(own is famous for its manufaitlure of cottons, druggets,
hiti, and (lockings.
Lonfdalc, or Kirby LonfJ.iIe, is a large well built
town, fcatrd 011 the river Tone, two hundred and thiriy-
; one miles to the north-north- welt of London, and has a
hinJIomc ftone bridge with a (lately church, and a fine
ehurchyaid, from which and from the banks of the ri-
ver is a fine profpert of the mountains at a great dillancc,
mi of the beautiful courfe of the river Lone, in a
rillcy far beneath. This town has a good trade in
clotli.
SECT. XLV.
Of Lltr.cnjhtrt % its Siti/atisn, Ex'ent, Div'Ji.m, Rtpre-
Jinlnlivei in Pitrlidnicnt, aid Ki.'tn. A lamift //.isi/«/
if thi curieui (jiinoh forming by the Duke of Hiid^ctiatcr,
pT exleniiing the Navi^aticn w.thin Lainl tlnoii^h this and
'trilling I
th reirhliiuriiig ('ountiis.
Lcniajhire, a rtmarkahit
C-jriifitj.
Of the pii'iipnl T::ini cf
Cave, and other Uhjidi of
THIS county receives its name from LancaRcr its
county tov^'n. It is bounded on the north by Wcll-
morebnd and Cumberland ; on the call by Yorklhirc, on
the (outh by Chefliirc 1 and on the well by the Irifli lea.
It extends feventy miles in length, and tliirty-five in
Ircidth ; it is divided into five hundreds, and contains
IwcUc vicarages, twenty-lcvcn maiket towns, fixty-one
pirilhes, eight hundred and nineiy-four villages, about
loriy-three thoufand hoiiles, and two hundred and fixty
"thouf'nd inhabitants. It lies in the dioccfe of Cheder,
and fends fourteen members to parliament, namely, two
for the county, and two for each of the following bo-
roughs, Lancaller, Liverpool, Predon, Wigan, Cli-
Ihero, and Newton.
The air here is in general very healthful, the inhabi-
Unts often living to a great age. The foil may be con-
iidcrcd under three diS'ctvin clalR-s ; the bi'ly parts arc
fl mi and barren \ the level |;roun(l> bear crop; of wheat
and b.irley, and thire are here alio niol's ground, which
airi.rd, little eife but tuit and iir-tieej, that arc Ireijueiilly
tdiind lying under the (urface. The chief cjininoditici
lit this county are great plenty of all lorts of provifions;
pit coal, of which they have a fpeeies called cannel-
coal, which fir exceed, all other, not only in making u
char fire, but by in its being capable of being manutactur-
ed into c.indleldck., cups, (l.mdKhcs, l"uull'-boxe>, i:c
and of being polidied (o as to rcptelent a beautiful blaclc
marble. The manulailurcs of this touiity aie woollen
ami cotton cloths of various kinds, tickiiiv','', and cotton
velvets, for which Manchelter is particularly la-
mous.
The principal riven arc the Mcriey, which parts Che-
fliirc and this county, and the kibble which rifei in Yoik-
(hire, and enters tliHi county at Clithero, running louth--
welt by i'redon into the liilh lea. iJehdcs thefc thcic
are many led'er dreams.
The navigation nude by his pmce the duke of Bridije,-
water in thib county, is highly wortliy of notice. T'hiiwas
begun fo lately as about fix years ago, and bcarr. vellel-.
of lixty tons burthen, and is carried over two river, th.'
Muxy and the Irwell. The Cough, or adit, which wa..
neccll'ary to be made, in order tu drain the water fioiii
the coal mines, is rendered navigable for boats of (ix or
levcn tons burden, and forms a kind of fubterrancoua
lake, which runs ubout a mile and a half under ground,
and communicates with the canal. This lake which
leads to the head of the mines, is arched over withbiick,
and is juft wide enough for the pall'age of the boati : ac
the mouth of it are two folding doors, which are dofed
fo foon as you enter, and you then proceed by candle-
light, which ends a livid gloom, ferving only tu make
darkncfsvifiblc.
But this difmal gloom is rendered ftill more awful by
the folcmn echo of this I'ubterraneous lake, which return!
various and difcordant founds. One while you are ilruck
with the grating iioil'e of engines, which by a curious
contrivance let down the coals into the boats : Then
again you hear the (hock of an cxplofion, occalicmed by
the blowing up the hard rock, which will not yield to
any other force than that of gun- powder. The next mi-
nute your ears are faluted by the fongs of meiiiment
from either fcx, who thus beguile their labours in the
mine.
You have no fooner reached the head of the works*
than a new fcene opens to your view. There you behold
men and women almod in the primitive date of nature,
toling in difterent capacities, by the glimmering of a
dim taper: fome digging coal out of the bowels of the
earth ; fome again loading it in little waggons made for
the purpoic i others drawing thofe waggons to the
boats.
When we behold, fays the ingenious gentleman from
whole letter we have borrowed this account, a part of
our fptcies deprived of fun-fliine, the common inheri-
tance of mankind, and buried in a difmal and conlined
cavern, our feelings prompt us to pity their condition ;
but when we obferve the lively ray of thcarfulnefs break
forth in this fccne of darknefs and didrcfs ; when we be-
hold the glow of health in the tnidd of damp and fuftb-
cation ; we then ceafc to pity them, and begin to exa-
mine ourfclves: wc then Jifcover that our enjoyments
above giound fcrve only to multiply our wants ; and arc
convinced of the truth of that maxim, which airures us,
that happinefs is every wl • or no where.
This navigation has already been of grc« benefit to
the town and neighbourhood of Manchelter, by re-
ducing the piico of coals to one half lefs than was iifu-
ally paid ; the poor, in particular, reap vaft benefit from
it, as coals are retailed to them in fuch fmali q lantitics
as one hundred weight, at the rate of three pence half-
penny. It has likewife afforded great improvenr.nt to
the lands through which it have been cut, by means of the
fubterraneous drains which has been made to convey the
watcis under the canal. When the navigation fli.ill be
extended to Liverpool, whither it is expeitcd to be rar-
ried in about four or five years, the towns and nciehbour-
hood of Liverpool and Manchc(*er will have thv b;::e-
i|f' ^Tfl'
J
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A S Y S T I. M OF G 1-; O G R A I' II Y.
Enc
LAND.
f
! (
w.
i. •"
ll'
;l
m
I,,
'I
I'll '
fit of li.i.Kf iiilTiiiv' rvfv H.iv lic!uii-ii ilir twii (il.KC, Jiiil
o( riviii' li.ill the ix|i'in.c tit tlic w.ucrtanu^tf tlm
liiiw p.iy.
I'lie (iiiii ij'.O I'lj.rj ill this cminty ;ui; ihc 1. 11 iw-
iiig.
I.siii .iftcr, the munfy town, i' fcnleJ ni'ar the mniiili
...J ; ol ilu- tivir 1,1'iif, twii hiiiiilitil anJ tl\iitv thicc iiiilt*
Imni I. union, .i!> I u ;in uiuic-iit, ii-.-it, Jiul h.iilJujinc
t i«ri ; Imt its |v>.t is ilrt.ivc.l, .Hul iiKH).ilile ol tc-
iiiviM^; (hii" o( nny i ' Jiiiil.'riiblc Ihii'Imm. I'lic btiJ^p
li.is I'lw an li.'i .111 1 is (Imii^ ami li imHoiiif. Ihc i ..Itk-
1^ n iW thi' cMuiitv fi'iil, in wliill t'^c alfizrs :iic lull,
■i;ul ujti.M it, ii'p .11 nil'- icirnir, IS .1 lijuaic tower t.illcil
John dI ti.iimi'i tluir, t'loin wluim." you have a ilt-
)i;;hiiiil pr,l;i(ifl of the aili.iciiit loiimiy, ami of the
iiiiuii 111 the liver I,)iir, Init nviii; iI|kiU ly tuw.irii»
ttc U .1, uhiic v'fiu have ;ui ixtL'iilive vitvv ovii it to the
Ilk- (il M.ii'. 'I'lure is a h.iiulliriK Iqiuic of licit LuiilJ-
111 ■> ii'.-.ir iIk" calll.' i lull the town li.'.s litiU- tr.iJc, .iiul
i^ L'u: tl'.iiily iiili.ih,:tj. It ba^ oiilv oiieihuicli, aiiJ is
^ovcriieil hy a m.ivor, 'Ci'.
A'lcuit live niilfj fiom L.iiicartcr ii a rrmailcaUc cave
c.illid DiMi.il 1 Miil-liol.'. In rlie nilii.il.' of a I.ir;;ei-uni
iMoii a bi'ii'k, near a» hi.» as the New Ri.ir, adrt turn-
lilt; a corn-null jult at tl.i: tiuraiKC ol the eve, [iiiis
inio iu niniith hy tcvcMJ hi-.uiiful caltati-s toiitiiiuiin;
its i-oiii'i' I, VII lull . iiiiJer a lari-e numiitain, aii<l at l.ilt
niaki.:! its npi i.ir.iiice ? ain nvar Cimtji.!, aM!l'^';c in
the rnaJ to ts.(n,lj|. I he rntr.ncc of ih;s fuhtcrraneoiis
• hi ini! has IfinnO'.ii;;^ pic.ilin;:!', icrriHe : from tlio n;ili
atihet'ip y, 11 ■••.ic'.'ii:! ; i'-nit ten yaids pi.Tpeiidn;iil.ir hy
iiio.iiis ol c.iinl.s ill Ihc rock, and cl'irppi of trcci : the
palijiti. IS tlien alniolt p.nallel to the lionzon Icidin^ to
the riL'.ht, a lilth? windin,-;, till ymi have fc/inc hnn;!i'.-.ls
ol vaiils thii k of forks and niincials ahove your luad.
"■ In ihi.^ ni.iniier, Lijs our anlh'ir, w pioceeded, lonie- j
" tmus throiiyli \.ui!!«, fo r:\;'kioi.b that we tould ]
" -'ifhi" f,!- the root or fidr«, and f ni'tmies on all- |
" lour, ft II fi'h.iviii_; t'lc broi'k, whi.:li entertained u> I
" witli a: 1(1 ol aaiinoiiy well fuiiiin; liie pl.iec ; lor tnc j
" i:;ft'.rert he;,ht of iis lalls wfre as l.i many keys cl j
** nuilir, which henv; all ronvcv.'d to u* hv an aniazinj; |
" ccoho, nW'ill) added to the m.ijiiiic horror which fiii- '
" tmindrd lis. In our return wc Wiic nsore particular in i
" our ohii*! «ationi. The f..ll:; firm cnciock to aiioihrr
*' brol .: the ra\ s of our candles, fo as to form tlic nioft
*' roinaiiiic iili.utiois an.! apptaiances ii| on iiic varie- ^
" ji.attd lOiil. 'Ihc Ii !c5 too .-.ic not lei's r.niLrkable loi i
•' their hue colouring ; the damps, the creeping vc^e- i
" tahlcs, and the fcams in the marble .n d Iimcitonc parts j
" (>t the rocks, torm is nunv tints as ;irc lecn in tl.c r.iin-
" buw, nnl aiecovirtd with a perpiiu.i! varnifh liom
" ti.e jiilt wtepini', Iprinps that trukie fmni the root.
" When SVC arrived at the mouth, and once more he
" lic'd tlv.- ihi aiiirj d.iy-lij>ht, I coiild not ii'.it admire
" ih" nil' "uth n anner in which nature has throv/n to-
" Hther ihi- hu^e i.icks which compofc the arch over
'• the enfance ; but, as if conlcio'is of its rndcnel^,
" (Iv has (I'lihcd i: with trees and (liruhs of the nvdl
" various and b-autiful verdure, which bend downwards,
'• and with tiicir leaves cover all the ruj/i^cd pans of the
'• lock."
.Vriiuh'fl.'r. n very l.irne and populo.is town, Is fcatcd
Iniwcen the rieri Irk and Irwill, upon a rocky hil', a
/iV' hur.iircd an I lixty-t"i\ miles to the n'liili.n'irlh-well ol
hondoii, .'nd is a plate of ^rcat antiii'iiiy. It carries on
;i verv ixfiihve trade in rotton':, tickin.'-, velvets, and a
iiuii.iKi I'l '.l!..r mannla-ilurc; diftinguillied by the name
of .Maiuhi !'. r j^onds ; and has incrcaUd fo much ofh.te
vears, tiijt though it is neither a citv, borou-.'li, nir cor-
poration, is fnppofed to contain upwards < i fifty thoii-
fand inhibi'nnts. It h..s a colK'"l.;tc church, wliich his
a chgir of rxrtllctit w.^rkmanftiip, and two modern
chiirclus, one (inTned in 172,, and an utl paile I for
buildiii.; anoth.r in 175,}. T.iel'o are very haiidfome
(tru'.'iures. 'I'his town alio boafls its college, h.,l'pital,
freo-riio-l, and libr.irv. The college was founde.l by
'J'hotnas Wed, Icrd I):!aw.ir, in I421 ; it is incurpo-
nte.l by the name (<.''hc w inii n .ind lellows of Chi ill's
<.l!utch,in .M.:n:hi;ier, andcoiifills of a warden, (jui f.i-
1
1< wi, two ch.iplains, four fin.'.inp-inen, aiH four cho
11II1.IS. The holpital was to.mdeil loi loity li.iy, j but
1I-. revenue i, f<i imuli iiiiptov , d, tint it .it pitlnu ii,.,,,-
I iins lixiy. Tlic lihraiy is well fupplicd with book<, jn '
has a itv.mic lot buying oihiis, and a ci.iiipelcnt u'l,,",,!
tiiiaiice for tlic librarian. I he Iter Miu.il l,j, been 4,1]
iiiiich iinprove.l. _MaiKhi'(b r li.iii likewile in.iny i,,oi!.
niji. I.i.ulc. ol Diirenierj, and a handioim.- inwn-liuuk'
loiiie new lliceis have been latily built wiili j;iejt cj'c.!
-.nice. The c hid mai'dkrate is a i onllable,"ui In jj.
boioii.h This town i;ivii title ol duKC l</ the Jiuanc
and iioUie family 01 Miiina;^u.
r.ivcipoid, 01 Leveipouh, ii commodloiidy I'cit.J un
ih. imr Miilty, a huadied -nd cii^hty-hv. imlti |,„n, /,^
1.0:1 1'lii, in the fifty third dc-rce twenty two m ii.i;t, ','
north Miitu.le, .ind in the fecund dcgi.e thiily iiMiuic,'^^.
well I,.inj^itude, wiicrc it has m\ c.\ccllcnt haiheur, Ihni
iKiiiij admitted into a noiile »el dock, feciircd hi |.,r!e
llo.id ijatcs. It is mncli iiieicaled and lieau diid'rtuiuu
ihtfelew yeas, and, luxito London and Uullid, hi,
the .'icaiilt itaJe ol any to.vn in Kn.'iaiul ; and will pru-
bali.y loon, it it has not .ilteaJy exceeded llu KiUa. lii.,e
IS a handloiie tusvi.-houie, fuppoited by livclve lloi.o
pillals and ;.rcl;c., and undct it is the ixJiiDj;,; |i,f
iikichanti. I he houles aic (rcnerally new and built
mtn biick. It Ins alio thiee or lout cliuiclics, whicli
aie very noble ltrii.;liMC!i, and one ol ihem li:is the ftuiits
ol thegallnus, the pulpit and the alt..r eiiiirtly o; mj.
hog.iiy. Thcitare lieie alii) levcral 11 cetiin;-lioal« (or
Dili no rs, one of w.iieh is Imilt in a cir.ul.ir leiiii, juj
til lU- who meet the c h.ive pinned I'oinis ol prayiT dif.
Itiait lioiii tliidc ol II. e liiuitn ol lin^jlaiid, a p tuliititr
Hat I- III no othei ddlenliii;; mecting-h ul. in this kine-
d.)in i but will pr.ili..bly be .nutated I y (Jtlict ecr^icu-
tionv. 1 he town is yucetncd hy a in.i)oi ar.d aidtimcii,
It has a good free -lei. ool, a very noldo chaiiiy-lchj'd,
liipported by the gentrous conhliulions ul the i;il;,.lji-
t.iiits, loi liliy boys .iiui Uvci.e i;i 1-, W.'.o aie 111, .int. in.
td With tloaihs, iir.at, and lo.ljjuig. litre are allj lo.
vetal alms-hoiiies loi the I'uppoit ol fail.^ij w: iowj ami
liidi-i lit peili.i^.
\Variington is a larje market-town fcat"d onthc tiur
.\Kiuy, a luindied anJ eighty two miKs lt.jiii Lua.!oii. /.»t
Il contains two cluiiehcs, Icvcral mcain.'.-himicj, aiij a
Komdh thapel ; and is a large handloiiK pUtc, wiiui
maiket is well I'upplied with corn, cattle, and hlh. m
this town h.is been l.itdy foundid an acade ny u|iuii a
noble and e.Menlive plan, lor the educ.ition of youta lot
the learned profefTioiio. Here is a Hone hri.lge over ir.e
river, which leads into Chenilre. li\ this town and tiie
lui Jihoiniii;; villa^;^-s f.dl-tloth is made for ine rujal
navy. Here are alio coppcr-works, lugar-houf.s, and
v,lal..-hoafes, which fiinidli the iiidiiltiious wita the
means of obtaining a eomloitabic fublilLine ; anJoat.'-.c
bank) ol the .Mcrky, which, by means of wears anJ
locKs, Is made nav ;',.ible to .ManclielU'r, are papet-irills,
guiip./W.ler-mills, oil-mills, iron forges, and llittnii'-iiiiih.
I'iclfon, a l.itge line town fiated on the river Ribbir,
two hundred and eleven miles liuin London. Tliua^h 11 «'/j
has no maniil..cluie, yet as it has a eouit of enaiKcry,
and otlier oflicei > ol julficc for the county p..latinc oI'Lui-
ci'.'.ei, it is full ol |.'entlemcii, attorneys, piuctuis, anl
iiotaiics. It is a cle.in, neat, and gay place, to which
the gentry many miics touii.l refoit in winter., and havf
.ilRiiiulies, balls, 5cc. heiicii it is vulgarly tailed I'lou.i
I'lciton. It h.is a large market-plate, and the Ihicii
.ire open, wide, and well paved. {Jn the ncighliminii^
common are lifipient horfc-racts. Near it the duke ui
Hamilton, who c.ime to refcuc Charles I. from impri-
lonnrei.t, wasdefeuied in 164S ; as were all'o the Lii.;lilii
rebels under general Toller, on the twelfth of Novcin
bcr, 1715.
Wiggaii, a large well built tov.n, fcatcd or the rivet j
I) •u.ilas, a bun hed and lune'y-hve miles trom Loiiu.Jii, /'J
is inhabited by 111"!) ke< p' rs ol almoll all kinds, aiiJ his
b en noted lor iis nunufaclute ot coverlets, ruj^s, and
hijllkels.
Within a mile and a half of this town, fays Dr,
(lihfon, bidiop of London, i.s a well, which at hrll lijibt
does not ap.eir tu be a I'pring, but lither rain-wati-r.
Theic
FvcLAvn.
Tlicre il nothln;; abi
,,^>,iieni|<tvinjr it, ih
, |, v.i{ .1 .r, w'li. h I
< ,„;cl ; a eanilL' beii
jii.l Inn in li»e bi ind
(iiiituiue •' whole d
Ii,iil fi':;S nifjf, ^e
hut bv the bubbling I
,: V ^ I't I'l molinii
i: .ikint out. J'h«
u.a ii"t burn.
.'"■.■ililrr J in Sitiiui
/ii, SiiJ, PrtJui
/".MK-lHIkK isfe
\j Ihir: I'V the riv
,, It point it borders 01
,,| |,'v Deibyllme ( o
, III, he I'outh by .Shrni
j„a Klinilhire, from
,i„| (111 the notth-wel
iiiii.h proje,-|s a p ni
jnd lescn in brcadt
Vlcrfc;' and the IJcc.
]'hc whole county
ihrty-three in bread
,;r,.ils, in which arc
i*eii!v vicar.igci, eig
i.fvcniy villages, abou
hmilc's, and a hundred
ilreJ inhabitants. It
i.n.Is only lour mcml
thtcounty, and two I
As this, ;ij well ai
it has a diHind goveri
chamberlain, a ju.lg
tliffliirc, a puilny ju
Tlic air IS temper
ihsgrn^rality of the
Itii very rich in pal
finrnl heaths upon v
cfiumrv is penerallj
wh ch it abounds f
milk is peculiarly ri
iticrlc well kiiov/n
n'unutics arc nuJeo!
ar.nii.illv h urteen th
ilio lent In I'rillol,
CKt, a confi.lerabi
thenainc of Chelhi
forJftue, and Lan
excclieiit !alt, miil-li
wtti, lilli, and meta
\h: primipal rive
r-jni ■mm the north
1 i,s county .md Lan
.'"iirnplhire, and, alte
iiiuih to north, tur
iilell into the mou
iJcs lioni two foun
(irjllon, and riinni
ihtrp'-s itfelf by a v
the Inrti fca. It a
Ihe principal town
Chellcr is a very
; Iwn miles north-welt
f.mn, and the walls
(ircumfcrcncc, alFor
jfrceiblf pinfpcdfs.
which ciofs each 01
Ijur i'.itcs, which a
«hich the rail gate i
in.itkablc that all tl;
j'uz/,a over the g
men's fliopj : thcle ;
9«
cl
3l
V
all
pvGLAvn.
v. U R O 1' E
869
'hfrr i' iv'ili'n;^ ihcwt it tli-.t ften fxtr.iorilliiirv ; hnt,
.,,,rii.'n'i>fvii'i; "> llieti' (iKlfnlly briMkn mit aliilphitic-
,.v.i|.i-ri W'iuli iii.ikis ili>' w.itiT l)iil)blf up ,11 il it
C.I i il iMiull- ln-ii)(' pui til It, It prdcntiy t.ikiH (in-,
i l.iiiin luc III inily i tlic fl inu- in a r.iliii 1. .ilmi will
iiiiiie .1 wiiulciliyi by tlif In .it ot wmili you nuy
„1 I .'^"i nrjf, (il.-. th()u;4h tin' w.iti'r itlcll be col. I ;
|,j; (<v iiu liuMilmii tin- watii iloij not inrrc.il..' | It bcm,;
( •> ;t 111 iimiioii by th? Imldi-'ii biliiun nf the vnpiiurs
,,»Mi; out, riic iJine water taken out ol the will
.,.:i 11. ii burn,
S K C T. XI. VI.
C','lhii'f\ il' yniiulionyFxtintslh.'llyii., Rclnffiritutiify
,/'•, .S';(7, I'la.liut, /J/wvrj, nn.t fiiinJfuil '/i/iuiii,
(iIllv^tHHK is fcparatcil on tlir north from /..inra-
j Ihir: bv ihi- rivir iVlcrlty, but jull at the nnrih-
(I ni.int it boriliTson Ynrkllme ; nil thccalf ir is Iviuiid-
-llH Diil'viliiii.' ( on the loiithc.ill by Ht.itioidfliire ;
,,„ ,iio I'.iiitli I'y Shrnpftiiri- ; on tin- w^ll bv Di'nbijhlliirc
.pj )."|inllliirf, (loin which it is lrp;ir.Ttcil by the l)t;- 1
,ml '>!> ''"■ i>""h-wcft it it watlir.l by ihi- Inlli li.i, iiit)
>i'inh nrojivls a p ninliiU about lixtcen miles in Iciij^tb,
ir.il Ifvcii in iirc.idth, luinu'd by the niOL'hj ot the
\1rrfi''' Sid I lie Dec.
j'ju- whole eoimtv extends fifty miles in len;',tli nnd
ihttv-thr.e in bicadth, and is dui.ltd into (even hiin-
,;r,.(ls, ill which arc LontJini'd ihntetn itiarkci-ti)wn«,
liiiiiv vie.ir.igci, eiglity-tix piridies, fix Hundred ;ind
I'viiitV villages, about twentv-loiir thoufandoiic hundred
hmid'i "'"' •* hundred and tixtyt.i'ir thoufand three bun-
ilrfil mh.ibitants. It lies in the riioccl'c ol l.'helter, and
'.n.isonlv h'ur members to iiitlianunt, namely, two lor
idtcountv, and two lor the eiiy of Chi;lUT.
As thi', as well at Laneadiirc, is a county p.ilatinr,
it has adilUiiil };ovcrnniciit, which ii adminiUercd by a
.hjmbcilain, a ju.lge fpeci.il, called chief-Jullitc of
C;ic(liirc, a puiliiy judi',e, tic.
Ihc air IS temperately cold and very bc.ilthy ; for
iNf nrn.rality of the inhjb.tants live to a good old age
Itlivcrv rich in palture and corn-land j but there are
finrnl hcatht upon which horl'es and ihccp leed. I'he
ciiunsrv i' generally level, and th-.- extenlivc pallures with
*h c.'i it abounds feed a great number of rows, whofe
irilii is peculiarly rich, and of which i^ made the excellent
chrrle well knmvii by tlie name of Chedlire ; and fuch
,.i.in,ii,os arc nude ol it, that London iilone is f.ii.t to take
. „i,r,ii !lv f urteen thoufan.l tons of it ■. valt quantities are
il„) !cnt in Urilhil, York, Scotland, Ir.danil, 5cr. How-
c»tr, a c.infidcrabl..- quantity of what conimonlv (^les by
ihf n.i".ic of Chilhire chi'cle is made in Shroplhirc, Staf-
(orJfliii;-, and Lancafliire. This county alfo produces
fxcdii'iit lalt, niiil-llones little inferior to thofj of I'lance,
;,!«!, idb, and metals.
111.- jiiiiuipal rivers of Chedlire arc thc.Vlerfev, which
■::'., inm the northealf, and is the boundary between
' i coiiiilv .iiul I-ancadiirc; the VVcvel, which riles in
>r,r'i;-iliire, and, alter running about ei.'ht en miles liom
!nit;i to north, turns to the wellward, and d.fchar^es
iicll into the mouth of the Merlcy t the Dee, which
iJo lioiu two fiiuntaini in Wales enters this toiinty at
liialinn, and running almoll due noilli to Ch'ller dil-
ihirp'-s itfelf by a very wide and extended mouth into
ihe Iridi fca. It abmnds with line lalmon and trout.
The principal towns in t hediiie are the following :
Chcllcr is a very ancient city, a hundred and eighty-
': two iTiilcs north-well of London. It is of a quadrangular
firm, and the walls which furround it are two miles in
(ircumfcrcnce, alFordin;; a pleafant walk, vviih very a-
^rceiblc pmfpeils. I'he city is fquare, and the drects
which crol's each other at right angles are bounded by
!jur iMtcs, which aiilwer the four cardinal points, of
uhich the cad i;ate in particular is very d.itcly. It is rc-
maikable that all the principal dreets have a kind of
j'ii27.a over the frround-floor, in which arc the iradef-
mcn's (hops : thele aftord Ihcltcr from the rain, and at
9<
the end of every lliecl \i i H n'.it of ftc,n t.i afceiid to lljj
pi. I// I. Il'u r; a llroii); calllc on the I'o.i h t> .'c 01 the
rit)', ill which IS the countv h>il, whcie all caiif.j be-
lon;;iiH', to the ujunty palatine ar^' deti rniiiitJ. I be cx-
ihiiii'c i> a neat buiidiiijj, fii|ip<irlcd bv lolunuis tliiriceit
leet lii^h, each of one Uaiie, and ovci it ii the cly lull.
Il're i> a llron-.; done biidjje over li.e L)ce, wi-.tilicx-
leiuls into Wales, and by it is a band ome vsater liotile.
Ch'ller li.is tin paridi-churihes, belides llic cathedral,
whicli i» a pile venerable for its anti. uity ; but i> iri no
rxiiaordinary cumlition. It is povitned bv a mnyor, iwo
llieiitis, .111.1 tweniy-fuur alicimen It was lorni. ily a
haibour lor lliips ; but fur II val) qu.inni.rs of l.'nd liavu
berii tlirowii up by the lea, that the river would hardly
float a Iniall bark up lu the city, (ireat pains have,
however, been taken to remedy this incoiiycniencp, and
the inhabitants have cut a 1. anal of near ten miles 111
leiintli at a very neat txpence, lliioui:h which Ihips of
tonlidciable burthen my come to CntlUr. Tins c.ly
L'lvcs title ol eari to his royal highncfs trie piiruc of
NV'ales.
Nantwich, or N'.imptwich, Is featd lui the banks of
the river Wcver, wliicli run. ihrouj^h the middle of it,
and IS a laii;i: town, a hundred and lixiy-two miles from /«^.
I,c)iidon. The panlh church ii a Ipac.ous and beautiful
Itriu'lure, with a ttrcplc in the middle ol u. The Dwii
IS well built, and the llreets make a hjiidlonie .ippcar-
aiue. The intuhiiant.s are rich, and carry on a good
trade, particularly in lalt and clieelc 1 the latter txtccj-
ing all that is made in the county from the excellency
ot the foil. Mere are faU fprings which lie on the banki
of a Ir. Ih water Itrcain, ol whicli they make fjreat qiian-
titie, ot white fait. The water brou.'ht liom the fait
fprin.rs to the wieh-houfej, lis they are called, by
trou;^hs, arc received int.i large calks let in the ground -,
tiom hence it is put into the leads, and a liie nude lor
keepin^^ it warm, daring which women wiili wooden
rakes g.ithcr it js it fettles to the bottom. Alter this
it is pu; into falt-birrow;, a kind of wicker-badcets, in the
diape of a fugar loaf rcverled, that the water may drop
from it and leave the fait dry.
iVIiddlewich, which dauds between Nantwich and
Northwich, likewile takes its name from its wicb-
hoiifrs, and is alio a large maiket-town, with a fpacious
cbuiih : il is feated on tie river Croke, a hundred and fj^
lifcy-fix miles fioii London ; has two excellent fait
Ipriii 's, and is cbiellv noted lor making fait.
Northwich is likewill- f.imous for the fame fprings, and
is feated a hundred and lilty nine miles (lom London.
About the end ol ilie lad century was difovered on tin;
foiiih fide of the town rock-falt, which t'ley dill coii-
tiiiiic to diij up and lend in gicit lump, to the maritime
poits where it is dilluUcdand made into common fait.
The flit mine, here arc vc y curious ; they defcend into
them by a bucket a luin Ired and fifty feet below the lur-
ficeofthe earth, where the mine loolcs like a cathedral,
fiipportcd by rows of pill.-.is, and the lool that lelcmbles
crvital all of the fame rock, traniparent and glittering
fiom the numerous candles of the workmen labouring
with their pick axes, in digiiing it away. This rock-
work extends fever.il acres. Ihe church of Ni rthwicll
is a bandfome building, with a line luof and a Icmi-cir-
cular choir.
Maccleslield is a lari;e handlome town, feated at the
eilgeof a (orelt of the fame name, near the river liollin,
a hundred and tifty-oiie milei from Loiujon : it ha^ a '>/••
pood church, with a high Ipire, and a college adjoining
to it, and alfo a good fteelcf I. It has manutactures
of hat-bands, twift, and mohair-buttons; and lome years
ago feveral fmall lilk-mills have been ereited here after
the model of that of Derby. This town gives title of
earl to the noble family of Parker.
We h.ive now gone through our dcfcrlption of Eng-
land ; but, before we proceed to Wales, Ihall give an ac-
acount of the Id,- of Man, which lies oppolite to the
coall of Wcdmorcland and Lancalbire.
SECT.
■: r
U'lflilll
f!
'.<.'»•
f ,
)f
I -
57»
A SYSTEM OF G 1'. C) G U A T 1 1 Y.
M
V 'A
S K c T. xi.vir.
7 It ///.■ /■ Maw.
ftl Xllualhit, I'xhHt, Cli'riilli-, iin.t Pr; !:.(f. Tit
Jifli,;ii>i ii'hl 't I ,i,ii \ iiit'i II Cin.:ji P/j.ilpinn
liltit Ijliv.li Jilu'iltil 111 III C'5..y/,
; iiJiir
«/ lit
'"pHl; 111.' of Mm, which Cnfar c.illi Moiu, i
X filiuliil liciwctn Kii^Unil aiiJ Ircljiid, at altnoll
ail cinial ililKincc (mm each, niul l.fi bi-twi-cn the liiiy-
ihr.l ilcgrcc rtltythrcemiinit'.'^ an I ihf liity ! mrih ilcniirc
lwc:ity-hve niinutcj luiith l.niiiiijo, an. I iiitlictmitth dc-
t.rce inirty minutes will loiigiuuli:. It n .iboiii thirty
imlis ill k'ii;;th Iroin iiurlli to luulli , iii ihc wuli-ll part
not above Hllccn brojil iinr Ids than eight in the lur-
tnwil(. It is rii'.ircly liiiuiumlcil u ith iuck>, and cun-
(.■iiiifnlly h.13 a vory danpcrom loalt.
The lull 1. VI ry diffeirm i the iimUlDiie piiiuiid ti> the
foulli is a< piiiid as any in Knylind ,■ but llic niminta'm
»re ccild and lifi t'luitlul. riul, nuiuiuaim iMeiid in a
ndj;« alnioll the whole Icnuih of the id.ini!, and lupi'lv
the iiihabilanis qiiile round with ( \cccdiiig good waitt
and rxcclltiit peat for tiicl. Sii.ilicld, the lii^;hcl{ of
thrlV nuiiiiiiains, rilei at liaft live huiidnd and eighty
vari!s above the level of the li-,i, and lioni tlicnie ri a
iiiir profpcd of )''n:',land, lulaoil, Scoilaiul, and WaUj.
'Ilif ait is cold and (haip in uiiiicr ; bi.t where ihtv
have (helter it is lu mild as ii) l.anrafliiie, flu' fiolli be-
in.; (horf, and the I'liow never I) up; Ion,; on the grouiul,
efpecially mar the fia. 'I hey have no eoal-p.n ; but
good <iuatii<i of blatk niaiblc, and othir ijoiii'j for
buildin;;. I hey have likcwile mines ot lead, copptr,
and iron. The oiehaids and j;ii Jens produce a pood liuit,
routs and vegetables, as any in tlii: ntighbourin;; toun-
tTie«.
The horneil rattir arc jjencrally Id's than tliole of Kni;-
tard, and ihe !;iniliiiien have good dr.iUL'ht and laddie
hori'is i but theie is a very lin.ill fuit bied in the niouii-
rstins three feet lomc inehcj high, which arc very hand-
fome, and run with preat fwifintfs. Here is alio abicid
ot fmall fwinc, v^hich n . wild in the mountains i thele
and the wild Ihccp are elfeemcd exeilknt meat. 'I hey
have no badgeis, foxes, otters, mole*, beilgeliogs, fnak.es,
m any other noxious aiiinials.
'I'hc number ol inhabitants bt fides flrangers, amount
fo about twenty thoufand. They ate an orderly civiliaed
people, very charitable to the poor, and hoipitable to
Hranpers. Their language, which is tailed the Manks,
15 a dialed of that fpoUn iii the vs'ellern iflei of Scotland,
with a mixtuie ol fonic Creek, Latin, and Welfh
words.
In then- habit and manner sf livini; they imitate the
Knulifli, only the pooler fort wear a kind of landals
nude (d uiilaiincd leather, they b-.-iii'.; croh-l.iecd Iron)
(he loc to the inflep. Oat-cakes arc their conunoii bread.
I hiy have mill'. bo:h lor grindin:; C)f corn or lulling of
iloth. Thru Itaplc commodities .-^e wool, hides, and
tallow i and they are extremely well iituatcd (or a fo-
t-.\2\\ tradr.
I'hc illand is, in civil concerns, duiJed into fix (head-
ing's si'l every Iheadinj has its projier coroner, who is
ni'^the iiatiiie of a (hetitt, and is intruded with the peace
ot his dilfti.ft, lecurcs criminals, and brings ihcm to
lurticc. The legiflativc power is lodged in twenty-four
kevs (o callcil from their unlocking, as it were, or (olv-
iiig thcditficiiltics of the law. Thefe reprcfcnt thecom-
inon ., and join with the lords court in making all new
laws, and viith the dccmdcrs or judges in fettling and
dcteiminiiig the meaning of the ancient laws and culloms
in all diiHcult cafes. I he dciimllcrs arc two in number,
ihele are judges in calca of common law, and of life and
Heath ; but (uch conttovcrl'ies ai arc too trivial to be
broti-ht before a court, are difpatched at their houfes.
The bifhop of M.in is fuli'ragan to the archbifhop of
Vork, and (liled bilhop of Sodor and .M.m; the (ormer
liciiig a bifhojjtic in the weCcrn idand tfjona, or St.
•."olumbus, commonly calltJ Culunib-kylc i but the
billuip ii a baron of the ifl,', inl li i . hii nvrn f ,niri» („
hit umporaliiici, m which one ot the dtcmlirri liii
judge I but h< hai no Ital in the huud .i( lirj,. i jj'
i.li.'.ion and worlhiu n rxailly the (ame vMlh tlu't o, t'g
i'. .uhol I.nglaiiJ. Il.c ihr^-y meet in coi.voejiion
at I.m(I once a year, on I hur(day in WhiKun-wtik an,|
llf y ate dignihe.l with the lulc ot Sir hef.ic itu,, (_'(„|'
11.111 ii.inm. I heie are htie (cventeen pariUj-chuichti
.ind lour cl.apeli i with (our nutkel-lownj. "'
Diiiigl.ii in ihe lithtll .ind nioil populous town tif i|i„
illand, The h.ii hour lor lliip. o( |,,|. uihe liiilheii iic,\.
Ircnily Cafe, and has aline molewhuh iiiin „ui int,"
the Ui, which nndirs this one of the belt luiboiii, ,,.'
.w^i p.irt of the three kii'r,dom».
I he idan 1 has been luicctTively inh.ibireJ by th« Bri-
tons Scotch, and Notwegiam i but at lall letamc fut
j<\'t lo Lngland, about the clofe ol llic mgn of kiiv
l-.l'A.iid I. or the bi, inniiig of that t,< l-.Jwaid /f
King Mcnry IV, jirunlid tlw ill.ind, lo-ither wilfi ihu
paironai;e o( the bilhopric, i.> bir Juhii .Manley, and ti
hens in which (ami ;■ it contnmi J, ml by in.nij.f ,,
came Itoin the carl ol Ueiby la the duke of Alhol m
Scotland, who wai idlej kiiu; in Man. '
111 trade wa. very great bd' le the yiar 1-2'); but the
hte lord Derby (arming out hn ciillotiis 10 loren;iicr>,(|i^
inlolenccot ihnie (arnitri drew on the iD.in i ib.. x'-.kni.
nicnt of the govcinmcnt of Knulaiid, wh 1 l>v an aa i,f
pirliinicni deprived the inh.ibiiant, f a lair ti.idc vviin
this kingdom. Iliis naninlly intuidmid ,1 clim itibn.
omineice, which they carried on wnli Kiijl ,11 > a,,,!
Ireland with piodigiuus (uccels, and an immune ,ii|,n'.
litv o( (oiei;,;n goods was annually run mio both it |,j,.
doni>, till the goveinmiiit, in 171s, thou-ht pr,,(,cri,"
put an entire Hop to it, by punhaling ol tiic ihi-tij.
Aihol the ciilloms of the illmJ, and pcrm>.tin' xUw
tr.iilc with England. "
On the little ille of Tcclr, on the wefl fidr of M.,,,, »
a town of the l.inie n.mie, with a lotlillcd callli-.
Ijctore thr Kiuih promontory of M.m, ia a htils iflj^j
called tho Calfot.Nlan; it is about three miles in cir^
cult, and I'eparated fiom Man by ai!i:inncl about l»'
lutloiigi broad. At one tunc of tho year it abnunJ.i wic,
puffins, and all'o with a Ipeiies of ilutk, and dra^- bv
the Ijigliih callid barn.icics, and by the Scots clakes'sni
(ulanJ geefc. 1 he puthns 'tis faid, breed in the holeii 1 •
Ihe rai)bit5, wiiuh lor that time leave tl'.cin to thcl,-
Itraiigeis. The old one-, fays our author, lejvc thr
young ones all day, and (ly lo the lea, ■ - 1 returning Uf
at night with their prey, diigor-i; it 1,. a the IIom,;(.!)s
thin )oung J by which means thiy become .'Imoll ancii
tile lump ot lat. III Augu'.l, tiiey ait hunted as 1: ,
I ailed, and no Icfs than live Mnufaild of thefe y, m- t:i;r.
..re (.cnctally taken every \car ; thele ne mollly eatM oi>
the illand, but many ot thmi r ■ pickled, an. I lent abroa ■
-s prefenti. About Ihe rock, (.f this illand .dio butil j-
incrcdiblc number of all forts of fea fowl.
S r. C T. XI, VIM.
Of \V .V I, E s.
Of dli Couiiln in s;cr,c-ai ; tiitlum A<<:ur.t :f Fli'ttjiiiu ; n-
atlmitun, i.xtoit. Air, i'}i.', PitJuce, Ak'.m, anjpi.n
iipal tciiiii,
WE are now come fo Wales an extenlivr and moun-
tainous country, fcpar.ited from Kiuilatiil ly ,1
ranged almoll inaccellible mountains, wliicti to the an-
cient inhabitants of Bi:tain leemcd formed by nature as
bulwarks for the deienre of liberty. Thither tlierelnre
thole britains retired, who, finding rcfillaiice inelt'ulii.i',
difdained to fiibmit to the Koni.ms, and thither tljc,
were tollowed by their counlrvmen, who weic afterwards
unable to oppofe the victorious aims of the t^axoni.
Thus thefe barren moiintain.s became the alylum of li-
berty, and were inhabited by the luave, who for the lAe
of that invaluable blelTing, liberty, prefeirtd th*ni to
their native poliefliuns in the .eiiiic plain:; of EnglatiiJ.
liy this means they have prefirved their race, who
fiill Ipcak the fame language, hav: the fjmc tempers and
t
■•i"
Qiitana
\\'aI.I«.
r, ir R o I' I,.
S?f
Jlp'
.fiiioir, Jn.l liii^th *l « pfill.rcc that i in be trjttti
, 111 'her tli.ii) U illi.ini llic t'luiiiin'ror.
I htSjXDiHK'""' '''*'"""" ^ "''■ "•""'-■ "f Wjlli.i, ami
ihriHi'l'le tlwt of U'cllli, tcrmi Lv which llicy ukvl to
1 luili! inliiiiii aii'l foiiiilrifi, lli.it j|i(ic.iriil ID ihciM
IV
llMIl
•(• uiil iinkiiciwii. Iliilii- ihi' |Hii()li' flicinlelvr ,
^^..lic UI1.1C<111 illltcil Willi till- l.n'^lllh, kll')W 11(1' tll.lt
ihcir fi'iii'l'V '" '•'ll'^' \V,ili<, ar ilu iiilclvii <ii tlirir laii-
„ijpc tcMiH'l WiKli : l)i.t iiillciil <if Wiil'i life the wirJ
ivi.i'Vi "' '*''■ •'""'' I" ^"Hiiitry, anil t.iil the l.in'Mij|";
tviiicraiR. Iliiwi-vtr, pcinilc in ufflii'iit iirtuiiill.im''s,
jii.l iholi: who ktcp 111111 on the imblic roadu, i'cin.t illy
jin-ilt Kn^-lilh.
It w.i'i.iiicii'iilly liouiulfil on ill fulci hy the Severn and
l),i', till the Saxons ni.iilc tlicml.lvt • ni.ilUr^ ol .ill tho
nl-iu'i cii'iniry over Ihrlc livits, atil Ott'.i, kiiij; ol Mit-
oi, ma.li' a C'eat ditch, as th? ti iiunlaiy between hij
iijdoni and Walri. The kinj-s of Kn^'land a' '
miij;!'
altir
,'„Tc„iu|ilell, obliged the iiihalntaim to retire tartlicr
udlwifdi ""' •" lecure thrnifclvei atnon,: tho imiun-
Mini. 'I'hcy enjoyed their own lawi, lived iin ler their
.vwii princei, and maintained their libertici .i^ainll all
i,ic Jltcniptt of the F.nglilh, till in tiSl, l.lcwcl'.in .ip
liiiffilh. prince of Wales, loft his lilc, in ^ 'uttlc ob-
uiiicd by Fdward I. and aftenv.iidi fending qucon,
lino wai piegnant, to Caernarvdii, whor;: (lie wa, lately
,i,livcicd, luninioncd a meeting ot the U'cllh li:rii., and
nioti'Ted ihi'in the young child, a n.itivc nt their own
oiuiitry, lor their lord and novirnur, thi-y re.ulily Cwotc
(liicJiencc to him, and finee th.u tunc: tnc kind's ddclt
|,jn h.is been created prince of Wales.
I'hii country ii iii prclent dividift into twelve coun-
lx«, whi. Ii, beginning at the north-calk are Flintf1>itc,
|)cnbi['hlliirc, Caernarvon, AiipKley, Mcrionethlliite,
,i;i! N'ioiitponicryfliire, called North- Wales; Radiior-
l.-ic, Cauligaiilliiie, I'enibmkeniirc, Cactirarthenfhire,
llncknockflure, and U'.aniorgaiidurc, teiined Soutli-
Fliutftirc, is bounded on ihs North by an arm of the
icj, which is properly the mouth of the river Dec j on
inteaU by Chclhire, on the I'outh by Shroplliiic, .iml
(111 the fouth-well and well iiy Denbii',hftiire. It !■> twin-
tv-nine miles in length, and (ighiccn in bnadih, and is
divided into five huiidied'i, in which are on': nuii^et-
(own, twen'y-eight painu*;, :ibnut five ilvuiland lour
UiidreJ h lules, and thirty two thoufand lour hun Ired
., inh.ibi ants. The greatell part of this county lies in ihe
'' ihoccfe ol St. Afjph, and the relt belongs to that of
Chcfter. It lends two members to parliament, one for
ih.- county, and one for Mint.
I'hc air IS cold but healthful, it is full of hills, inter-
mixtd with a lew valleys, which arc very fruitlul, pr.i-
iliiciiig foinc wheat, and great plenty of rye. The cows,
though fmall, yield .1 great <|uantity ol milk, in propor-
tKin to their li/.c, and arc excellent beef. The moun-
tains aic well Itored with lead, co.il, and niiil-floncs.
Thi-i countv alCo produces good butter, chccle, and ho-
ney, of which laft the natives make mcthegliii, a whole-
fomc liquor, much uled in theic parts.
The principal rivers are the Clwyd, the Wheeler, the
Dee, the Scvion, the Elwy, and the Alen, which (ur-
iiilh Flintfliiro with great quantities of fidi.
The principal towns in this county are the following.
St. Afaph, an epifcopal city, called by the Wellh Lhan
wed of London, ii famnui for St. Winifieil'i-well, which
ii oiif III the (inelf fpringi in Ihr world. It pours out
lu:h 4 quaiiiity nl n water, tli.it iiinniiig in the niiddh'
III the iot«ii down the CtAe i>( * lull, it i. kmiT: iiI: ol h)
every houli- as it paltis, alur whiiti it tutni Icvei.il milli.
( Iver the fpiing, wh<-rr there is a h.indfoine hath, ii a
neat chapil, which II inds upon pillin, anl on ihi" win-
(Invvs uri: p.iinri-d the hilliny of .'•t, Winilitir» lile.
All lilt the well iMm<' litnemr'ls, whu h pcple lixdilhly
iili.iHine to be .St. VVinilieil's Inir. And r, llie Is rrpii'-
ttd a virgin m.irtyr, wlio ihey tell yoii bgin;t r ivillied .niil
iniirdered, was interred here, on which this wati t Ipriin j
out ot her Iwiily when buned, t^.e well ii much Irequcn ■
I ted by p'lpidi pil;yinis out ol devotion, as well as by
I thole who come to b.itlie in it, lor ineliiinal purpofcs.
I Almolf all ilie hoiiOs of the town .ire eiih>r let into
I lodgings, or piiblie hoiifes, and th^- liomidi pnelK whu
I attend here are very numerous, an.l appi ir in ilil miiIc.
Cacrwis, the only market-tos. n in the i. unity, ii
fw-ated live miles to the calf of St. Al.iph, on an ah ent,
but IS a linall place nut wulthy of 4 particulai dclciiptiuiu
SEC T. XLIX.
(1/ Dtnlii^l'Jhirt \ ill Situation, I'.xioii, nivi/unt. Air,
Hill, I'mdutty Rivtri, imd priNiil'dl I'ttvHi,
D'
KNniGH.SHIRl", is bounded on the .•;,(> hy Fl^nt-
diire .iiiJ Miropliiire, on lb? I'nutli hy M'-iioiicth-
Ihiie, on the welt by I'aernarvonfhir.', hiiJ -m ihc north
by th^- liilh I'e.i. It extenJs thiity-iuno noles in leniftli,
and filieen in brfiidih. This louniy is ilivided into
twelve hundreds, whicii ronta n four maiket-'owns, lifiy-
Icven p.irillirs, about f\\ tfiou'.and fur liuii.lied houle-,
and thirty-<i ht tliiiiilind four huimr'il inhabitants. It,
11 partly in the dioieic of St. Ala|'h ; b i; tlie i:r atcft part
of tlu vale 1 I tlwy.l is in the oioeele of Haneor. It
(ends tw.T incnibrrs to p.irli.iment, one for the county,
aihl one f<jr the b ■ ou,;h ol Denbigh.
The air oi this eountv is very wholefomr-, but ftiarp,
it bring eo'itinually agitated by the winds which blosv
over the fiii>wy lops of the mountains. The foil is va-
rious , lor the timotis vale of Clwyd is a fruiilul, plea-
Ian', .Old iMigbtl'ul f|Hit, (aid to be equalled bv lew
pUi ■. n Furopc, and tnkcs ti|) fo great a part of tin;
toiiiit,, that it extends near feventeen miles from noitli
to loi,i:i, ami from ead to well about five. The catt
tide of the eounty is not very ferti!*, ;:nd the welt is in a
manner entirely barren. 'I'he inhabitants uenerally livi;
to a great ng", and thofe wdio dwell in the ahivc vale
are reniaik.iMe for retaining; great viv.icitv to the longelt
period of life. The chief toiiinv)Jiti:3 this lounfy at
tordi arc lead, horned cattle, Ihcep, goats, tilh, and
fowl.
The valleys arc well watered by rivers ; the CKvyd
rifcs in thJ niidille of the county, and taking a Comjiat'i
to the fouth-ralf, then turns to the northward, and hiv-
ing entered Flintlhirc falls into the indi lea. The
Klwy riles in the loiith-weft edge of the roMiity, and
runs chiefly to the north and north-eaft, till it entcri
Flintdiire, immediately after which it falls into th'^
Clwyd. 'Fhe Dec enters this county from Mcrioncth-
! fli re, and becomes the boundary between this county
Klwy, as being lituatcd at the confluence of the river | and Cheihire. The Conway is the boundary between
Klwy with the Clwyd, obtained its Knglidi name from
rt » Auph, a devout man, who was bilhop of this place.
|j,- The town though fcatcd in a picafant vale, and the (ce
> ■" of a biftiop, is a poor ill built pl.ice, even without a
''. weekly market j and the cathedral is fir from being an
_,"' rlej;aiit ilruiilurc : the town ha:> a bridge over each ot the
rivcis above mentioned,
Flint is fituati'd near the river Dec, where ia a fmall
" harbour, one hundred and ninety- four miles from London;
but nutwitbllanding its advantageous lltualiun tor trade,
it is a mean place, without any market. The aflizes arc
'.'. gtncrally held here, and the town is governed by a inayoi,
who is (tiled governor of the caltle, which now lies in
luins.
Holywell, a town featod twelve miles to the call of
VI. St. Afaph, and two hundred and twelve to i!itf north-
A
».
CvC.'
I
,:!!
Denbighlhirc and Cacrnarvonfhirc,
I he principal places in this county arc the following :
Denbigh, the county town, is feaied on the fide ot a
rocky hill on a branch of the river Clwyd, twcnty-fcvcn
miles to the weft of Chefter, and two hundred and nine-
to the north-weft of London. It was formerly walled
round, and fccured by a caftlc, thought to he iiiiprcg-
nable from its advantageous fitualion. It gives title of
carl to rhe noble family of Fielding ; it is governed by
an alderman, two bailitts, twenty five capital burgclFes,
Sec. Its market on Wcdncfdays is plentifully fupplicd
with corn, cattle, and other provinons. The town ii
pretty large and populous, and a confiderable trade is
cariied on by the tanners anil glovers.
Wrexham, which is eftecnicd the largcft town in North
Wal'.'!, is fcatcd on a river that falls into the 1 )ee, and
has
/./>■>■
>^,1-
r
( ■!
¥
S7i
A SYSTEM OF C E G R A IMl Y.
■IP'S
J; [
Mil
/^y.
has been niuili cxtulicJ on account ol it; cluiid), the
llci'i'' ..I ■■i-.icli has bcrii rniirli ;uin:itij. It is imlccJ
.i(li)iiK(l \vi..i imagery ; but tbv wikk i-. iiiciii, .iiid tin
iKilties withcm: fancy or Ipirit ; an 1 as the lion- is ot a
leJ and tnnnl)lin(; kiml, it is strci'.ly iii;fn!Uteii by time.
The cburth is larjic ; but tlicy are much inilbilcLn who
pietcml that it is one ot the lincll ni Lnjiland. The town
IS vvtll hiiilt ami populous ; anil, bilidcs the chiirth,
I ere ate two hu;',i' nuctinp-houlis, in one of which, ii
IS (aid, they piiath in WeKli one part ol the dav, and in
Knj;lilh the otIuT. 1 here is here a conlidcrable manu-
facture ol flannel, which is fcnt in large quantities troni
hence to London.
Ruthcn is leated in the vale of Clwyd, ten miles to
the louth call of Denbigh, and a hundred and ninetv-
nine north-will ol London, and had once a large caltle,
winch IS now in ruins ; it ij a pretty large corporation
town, well inhabited, and hu an hol'pitai and a f'ree-
I'chool.
SEC T. L.
0/ (-.'iii-rr:iir-j:n/nire ; its Siluallen, ExUnt, Divi/ions, Jir,
S:itl, Pnduci; AliUiiliiiiis, Riz't-n, aiiJ primifi^n'slini.
CAKRNARVONSHIRE, or Carnarvonfliire, callei
by the \Ve!fh Sir Gaernarvon, is hounded on the
iioith by the Irifli lea, on the caft by l.)enbigh(hirc, on
the I'outh-call bv Merioncthlhire, and on the welt and
louth-wcft by An-!cley and the Irilh fca ; extending
filtcen miles in length, and thirteen in breadth. Ihis
county is divided into ten hundreds, in whicli are iix
nuricct towns, lixty-cight paiilhes, about two thuwiand
fevcn hundred and leventy houl'es, and upw.irdsot li.xtecn
/(•'fff. thouland inhabit.U'.ts. It is feated in th.- diocele ol L'an-
gor, and lends only two members to parliament, one for
the county, and one tor Caernarviui.
I'he air is cold and piercing, which may beat;ribu(cd
to the I'now, which, on many of the mountains, lie lor
nine or ten months in tlie year. 'I'he loj ;s particularly
Itony, and rifts in vail mountains one above another,
I'rom whence this county has not been improperly called
the Englifh A'ps. The higheft mountain, which is call-
ed Snowdon-hill, is boggy on the tup, and has two laices
th.1t .ibound with lilh. The Ihcep which feed on the
fuics of this mountain yield the fvvcctcll mutton in
Wales, i'he moll remarkable mountain, ne.xt to that
of Snowdon hill, is I'cnman Mawr, which hangs per-
pendiculaily orcr the lea at fo vail a height, that few
I'pectators would be able to look down ih:: dieadful (tccp.
Uii the fide next the lea is i road cut out of the lide of
the rock, abiut fix or fcven feet wi le, wliich winds up
a deep afcent, .Ulendcd cui one fide by a flight wail, m
fome parts about a vard high, and in others by only a
bank, th.it fcaree riles a loot above the roaU. The lea
is feen dalhing its waves forty fathoms below, and the
mountain riles as much above the traveller's hc.id. Ihis,
dangcr'iu.s and tremendous as it mull appear, is the high
road to Holy-head, ovei which the loid lieutenant oil i eland
partes in hi:i way to that port. Indeed the author of 1 he
Tour through (.Jnat Britain, f.iy?, there is no danger, it
being every wncrc deiendcd by a wall ; and another au-
thor lays it is bread high, but they arc both miltaken.
This county is alto rcmaikable lor the great number of
its lakei i and the continuator of Camden fays, that
there arc here no lets than filly or fixty of them, li •-
twccn the hill-, are fruitful and plcalant valleys, whil ■
beauties are much heightened by the rude profpedj and
dreary v»aiks, with which they are encompalied. The
principal commodities arc the cattle, including Ihccp and
goats, VKiod, and plenty of filh both from the lakes and
rivers, and lead, which is found in the mountains.
The principal river is the Conway, which parts Cacr-
liarvonfhire from iJenbighOiirc. It riles from a l.ikc
where the three counties of Cacrnar\on(hirc, Denbi'>h-
fliirc, and Merioncthfhire join, and running nonhward
falls into the Ilifli fea at Abcrconway. Here are m.my
other fmalhr rivers, difperfcd in various parts of llie
«euntry. The chief towns ate tb« Ibllovving :
liangor i:> fi.ited thiity-fix r,\\.t% to the well of ,v
Af.iph, .ind two himdrid and thiitv-fi:; to the iiuith wi-ii -I
of Lniuloii : thouL'li the li e of a hilhip, it is an t;id w,.- !, "'*''
ioiikiiigpl.no; \et was fo cordi.leiahle in anci;-n; tu.-..,
that it wase.iiled li.muor the tiieat, a:;.! was i'f:iii;i(.|'
by a lining cadlc. It has a maik.'t on VVediuf.h.vv, ;"nj
uspniKipal buildings aie tl'.c catlicdral and i!ij hiijV'p',
palac.-. riic t atheiiral is by feme lhnu;h; ti: Ik- i|;e ,;.Ij,f '»' ''
■mcient in lirii.iiii ; hut it now m.ikts a vi rv tiieiiu 'j.j. ''■•..J
pearance ; iheie is liere alio a Ireeleliool. 'I he tuwiiV-
governed by ihe billiop's llcward, who holds ihe cdiirn '
Caernarvon borders i,n the fea, by which, and ;„.'„
rivers, it is luinniiidid on .ill fulrv, i v.-cp; th.'u.'i ■ u
Hands fcvcn niilrs to the fonih-vvill of Umcnr, and :•*,, „
hundred and hlty-one to the iiortli-vvcll ol l.o.n.l.in, " (^ '
had a Itrong c.ilUe, \\hich is now in ruins, and has oiii;
parilb-church ; the heiil'csand ilreets are toiershlv hind.
lome. The conllable of the callle is always miiyDr „f
the town by his patent; bcfides whom theie i, alwms j^
alderman, two bailift's, atown-eleik, &c. Itwas'hinlt
by king Kdward 1. to I'ecure a pnilagc into thci.V-uf
Anglelcy, and here was born king Ldwatd II. \\w U\\\
Englidi prince of Wales; here was likewile c(lal)li(lu,|
the ehaneeiy and c.xchequer lor North Waits.
Alieieonwae, or Conway, is fc.itcd at ti.e mouih of
the river Coiuvay, filtcen miles to the nonh-willol \)v\\-
high, and two hundred and nine (loni Londiiii. It is a x.*;J
large w.illed town, with acalUe, and the hoiiles arc ii.lf.
rably well built. Near the t(.>wn corn, limher, am] n.^.
bark, are in gie.it plenty ; and they clear oui at liicmi-
Mill
tom-houfe fioin eleven to twelve thouland bullicl,
every year. A va(l hudy of marcalite is touiid up ti,.;
river, of whith copperas is made ; and it Is thouglit tiiai
there are veins ot copper oie near it. This town v/;j
formerly famous for a pcail-fillKiy ; but ilioujjii tlicu
arc dill pleniy of pcail mulcles, thi.y arc ii:. le;li..'. He,-;
IS one church, in which they preach one ^l.l!da■.•lll Em-t.
bib, and the other in W'cllh ; it has a rem.irkabie epiiapii
to the following purpolc ; " Here iicth tne body of Ni-
" cho.as Hookes, of Conway, gent, who w.is tlie wv.
" and fortieth child of his faih-r, VViili.un Hook--,
" Kfq; by AII..C his mother, and the failurif twentv-
" fevcn ( hildrcn. He died the tWviuicth day of Alartii,
SECT. LI.
Of tht IJk of Anglti'ty \ lis S:lu.il:o:i, ExUnt, Divi/ic-:;,
y/ir, Siiil, Ptiduit, Kiwrs, and pyin ifal Tsviii.
THE ifle of Anglefey, or Anglcfen, the mod wcftcrn
county of North Wales, was called by ihe an-
cients Aloiia, and was the le.it of the JJruids i but 'oeiiig
reduced by the Enijlidi in the reign of Edward i. it re-
ceived the name ol Anglefcv, or the En^^lilii iflaii I. It
is furrounded on all fiJcs by the l;i;h l^-a, e:ice;)t ciil'ie
fouth-ead, where it is divided tioin Brit.uii hy a ;i.::-
row dreight c.illcd Mcneu, which in foiiie pl.ices may
be pailed on foot at low water. Its r.Ment fi 'in li'Mii-
maris on th.- call to Holyhc.id on the well is tweiity-l.iur
miles, and Irom Abcrmana's ferry on tne (ouih to l<luii--
badcrig on the north, where broadcd, is about 1.-
venteeii.
It is divided into fix bundicds, in which aic two
market-towns, two chaces, leventy- four parifliis, ci.'ti-
tcen hundred and forty houfcs, and iipwaids ol tivcive «'.'|
thoufand pcrfons. Actordinir to (.'.undcn it lormfrly
contained three hundred and lixt\ -three villages. Itlui
in the diocele ol Bangor, and lends two nicmhers topu-
liament, one lor the county, and one lor IJcaunians.
It in gcner.il enjoys apreiiy good air, except v/lien it
happens to be covered with the lo.'S .ind exhalatioiii
that arife from the lea, which are apt to occadon agua.
cipccially in autumn. 'I he foil ol Anglelcy is iiiaci
more fertile thin oiio would imajiine Irom i'.s lluny,
rocky, and mountainous bottom. It patticulalv abuui.:^
in wheat, which is faid to be the belt in all Wales, ai .1
likewile in cattle, fowl, and filh. Erom tlie iiv u|i:.iii:i
arc dug mill-donci, and prindltonta. Near Keni m\
4 .^.y;; . W-M
\V,\i.i:s.
EUROPE.
57i
w
tiiirlimir \i aqunrrv of a hiMii'iful marl>lo, aiiioiii; which
K 111 mil :hi' .illi.it 'S i.illc.l Ir.-ic riljiu.imlcib v/uo\; it ib
aluhiliiKi- iiU'-' tlix, .ml will bcir ;i cdiimiuii li:c \vith-
oiit l)'-">.; ciiriUimtd. Not 1.11 lidui lliib i» a )cllow
luinhiin.()iis tuiipl- ore, ami alwiut tluci; links lu tilt:
(■.ill'.vard IS a VMM oi' iloiiy olIiic ot vaiioui culour.-., as
rcJ, v.llii«S a'"l 1'1"<-"-
I'lic iiihiciii.il rivt-rs an' tin: llraiit, the Alow, aiiJ ihc
IC miv. I I"' '!'•' '"'^ ''■* Iciiiirp on the i.ill li.lu nl the
iil,„,|/ai'..l niH- iiiollly 1 uuhwaiJ, till it lalk iiiti) the
MiiKU. The Al.HV all.) riles in thi'. county, an.l, alter
lion, v\ hit h they tell iis this |i
I The air of Mcrionclliniire is very fliarp in winter, on
i account of its many hit'li iMneii niuiiiuains. The foil ij
' .\. bail as any in Wales, it being very rocky aiiil nioun-
t.iiii'jus. lluwcvtr, this rmituy feeds l.ir|;e floclij of
' llieep, many pnals, and luf/' hcids of hiiriicJ cattle,
\ wliieii linJ jireity |;ooJ [laliiirc in the valleys. Hefidc;
' thife, jiiii.ng their o:hcr cimnnudities may he reckoiicJ
I VVillli cotton, deer, lowl, till), and efpociillv hcrrinijs,
1 which are taken on lhi> coalt in great pKnly.
Some learned aiitlmrs nieiuion a fiirpriliii^ phxnonic-
II t of the Country haj
' s is a livid vapour a-
nj; itfelf on the land
way, i: b.irns ll.'cki
prals and hcrba.;e bc-
i cxhafuidii, a great
L'c. generally cnliied ;
I it approach, it is ca-
bal 'rianfaitions, and
llenda.
|il rivers, the ptincipal
I n, and the Driiryd i.
i;he callern part ot t ic
ppol'ed to inn through
out niixun: its watcis
I the (illi le.ni not to
'the Dee abounds uitl»
i the l.ikc out ot the
lie Dee carry i ll' .ii.y
e, wl'.ich rcleniblesthe
'I'hia liver, alter leav-
jcourlc into Denbi^'li-
jw'ood, on the eatl iidc
|y I'oii'h well, tall, into
I'y.lh ill'ucs lioin a laku
ij ruiinuij to the louth-
' this county, is featcd
and is but a pti ■! pla^.e,
had formerly i Itron^
rilo!i lor kiii!^ Ch.irlcs
ount it wa3 alterv^ardj
te town is gjvetned by
■t on Satur.l.^ys.
of a great rock called
hi.;h, a luindreil and
veil of London, and is
but an oidi.iirv tmvn,
Tueldayi, but a coii-
O'.tons.
k ^1
LIII.
/;'.v.'.7,7, Pivijitn
'S>
Air,
call by Shroplhire ; on
diganlnire ; and on tlie
the lall county in North
WeUh Sir •Irev.^lwyn,
1i-rionetlifliirc an.i Den-
by Shro ■■ ■
nlliirc;
/ and p.ut of .Merioni ih-
ts in leiijjth, and ilvrty-
; divided into I'evcn hun-
I -towns, lixiy-eiL'lit pa-
indicd and (i\ty lioule:,
hundred and lixly iiiha-
ral du,eefes i,f Si. Alaph,
ds only two mciiibers to
and one for the town ol
ibrious : but this cciinty
;i not \eiy fcitile, except
line corn, .'nd pleiil) ( f
)uth t.ifl, and ninth cait
! aic cx'.iiiiicly iVuitlul,
I which the Seve/n glides
county has lung been la-
lorlti, which arc larger
here
■V,
1
1 ■%
'■t:/Or.
f
£72
A S Y S T t M O F G E G R A F II Y. y^^^_
liji'i;«r ii fiaicJ tlilrty-Hx r.-lics to ihc wed of s-
Al.iph, .inJ iwchmidrid :iiiJ ihiitv-li;.; to ihc ii,„i|, .'']l
ot l.diKlc.n : tliouL'li the lie <,|a liiiiinp, it is .i;, olj „, . , "
luokiiii,' pl.ice J yet wa, Co cdnliJcrablL- in ;,nci;-n' tip-""
/yy.
i ,
lus been muJ: cxtolicj on account c 1 it; cluiicli, the
llfcpic ot u-liiili hus been nuich adniirid. It is indeed
adorned witli imagery ; liut the yfur.k is mean, .ind the
llatiiis without fancy or (pirit j an 1 as the iloii' is ot a
led and crnnililing kiriil, it is srre.r.ly dnfigurcd by time.
The cliurth is lar^'e j but they are much millalteii who
pretend that it is or.c ot the lined in linnland. Tile tow n
IS well built and populous ; and, belidcs the church,
t ere arc two l.)r.',c meeting-houks, in one of which, it
i; (aid, ibey pieaeh in Wellli one part ot the day, and in
Kni;lilli the other. 1 here is here a tonfidcrable manu-
facture of flannel, which is fcnt in large quantities from
lience to London.
kuthen is leattd in the vale of Clwvd. ten miles to
the loutheaif of Den
nine north-will ot I,o
whith !5 now in ruins
town, Well inhabited,
Ichool.
that it was ealleil IJanuor the tiieat, a;;>l was i'f'„,,i j
by all:on... ca.tlc. It has a mailcjt on Wednctdiiv'. ^11
us principal buildings aic the cathcdr.d and ilubidV-n' M
palaci-. I'he cathedral is by fr.mo thought to be the ,; vj '*■
.■neientin lirltaln ; hut it now makes a very menu it t'
|ieatance ; theie is here alto a Ireclcllool. 'I he to'ivii'T '
governed by ihe bifliop'.s (leward, who holds the cnurts '
Caernarvon borders on the fea, by which, and tu',
rivers, It is lurroundcd on all lulcs, i ;;,-, p; th.-(a;i.
Hands IcAcn nnl.s t,, rlir fnuth-vclf of li.n.in- 5,.,'i'.!,."
s ;
0/
" C,itri:or-j:Mjhi!C ; //:
Soil, Produie, Aliur.
CAKRNARVONS
by the Welfh Sii
north by the Irifh (ed,
the Ibuth-call by Mei
louth-wcfl by An^lcl
fifteen miles in length
county is divided inti
niarlcet towns, lixty-e
leven hundred and Icvi
I thouland inhabitants,
gor, and fends only tv
the couiuy, and one ft
I'he tir is cold and f
to the fnow, which, o
nine or ten months in
rtony, nnd riics in va
from whence this cour
the Knglifti A'ps. Th
cd Snowdon-hiil, is bo
that abound with lilf
iidcs of this mouma
Wales. 'I"hc moll r<
of Snowdon hill, is Pi
pendiculailv o»cr the
t'peclators would be ab
<Jn the fide ne;it the li
the rock, about fix or
a llccp al'ccnt, delcndc
(oinc parts about a vi
bank, that fcarcc tifes
is leen dafliing its wa
mountain rills as mucf
dangerous and trcmcnc
road toHoIy-hcadjOVCr
pailes In his way to tha
four throjgh (Jrvat li
being every wiicre deii
ihor lays, it is brcaft
Tliis county is alio rci
its lakei ; and the C(
there arc here no lets
twcen the hills arc fr
bcauticj arc much heigl
dreary walics, with wl
principal commodities
^oats, wood, and p'cn
rivers, and lead, wliicl
The principal river i:
narvonfhire from iJer
where the three counii
Ihirc, and Mciioncthfh
falls into the liifli fea
other fmallir rivers, i
•ountry. The chief ti
harbour is a quarry
lis ii.iiid ilu- allK'i; I
a (iiiiii nice like Ihx
out btin.; coiidiine
lulphuieoiis c.ippc'-
cillivarii IS a vmii o
ttJ, y-ll''Wf •""' '''
I'lie principal riv
Kcvciiy. 'Inc tiifl
iliiiiJ, and runs nu
Wcmu. The Al.)'
iWtral windings, fa
ilFuts fioin the hull
jails into tue fea, <i
Anions the antuj
Itoiics, like tliolc
Ttiis illand gives th
lulley.
Among the otiier
Wales, it is here ul
fi„- the peopL' of a '
whin tl<e ahcrnoon
hii.fe, which is fie
pjndi, and there th
Tlie piincipal pla
ji..!.imaris, th.' c
i.lljii^ "f the id.ind
Ij.li'df .Xiigleley, nil
1 1,). lA" liiin.lrcd and Ic
ivas bciilt by king
hoir, who for thai
i,ot .'ppear ih.it it ev
its name from its It
at prcfcnt a pupulu
c;iiiiitvgoal are kept
aiiJ £s it lies in the i
bates to its trade, b;
III order to let fail li,
harbour, it has link
confirts of two lia.i
which are l()me fun
is on WeJneldays a
provilions. I'he t\
ivrJiT, two bailiffs
.n.i Iw.nty-onc
IKilyhead is Ic
I:..:umiris, and
i:;_llii'ni'lt and-lak
i! being the molt
jil.ind of ltd If, ji)
1,11 a village calf
(illjoral'cA llrag
\ei I'.'veral of thei
ills. 'I lie p;ukct
laiKs a week, it i
Oil the rocks s
!.\ccl fait uCcd in
I'll' iirighbouihood
. 1 1 ..imtiier of ye'
!,.[ 'L' fl.icki ot p
:ii inic ni_^lit, aiu
ilf Mtri.ntthjhi'c
S:il, Protiiii
MERIONE'I'I
t'aernaivoni
.M )iU:onirryrtiire
i.r the liifli lea j
tth ch parts it lion
iricn miles in leiu'
This rountv IS d
I .v' ;n.trki't-towiif,
I.I ! live hunditd
1 :, i one hundred
li.i'i ''T, and leivJ'
.i;h;;ht fur the Hi
EUROPE.
Wales. u u k «j r c 57^
h.itbour is aqiiarrv of a hean'irul m:irMe, .nmong which I The air of Merioncthfhire is very fharp in winter, on
Lfo. IS 111'"'' '''^' alli.ii IS L.illecl h-.ic ('•la'ii.iiKlcis woulj it is | account of its many hl^'h barrrn mountains. The foil i]
a fiilni iiH'i-' I'k- '
.111 1 will bc.ir a c(iiiinii>n li.c \\ith
out uvn\:: coiil.imtd. Not f.»i fioiii thij is a yellow
l„i'ihuii.'>iis c.ipiif ore, and ahout three; miles to ths
jlyjrii i-i a V 111 (if iloiiy olIiic of various ccjiuurj, as
Tlio iiriiitili.il rivers are thu Ilrant, the Alow, and uic
C-vcuy. ' "'■ '"" ^ '■* ''■" (""'^^ "" •'"•' ^'■'" ''•'" "' ''"^
iiliii-.l, and runs moltly I iiithward, till it l.ilU into tlie
;iiMuii. Ihc A'.ow alio riles in this county, and, alter
livtial wmdinjiS talU into themllifea. ilic Reveny
ill'jo fn'in the hijh hilN to the iv>;ih of C'nvdaii.i, and
■ ill^ Inio tne lea, on the louth-well lide ol th'.- illand.
Aiii'-i' ■; 'he antu|iiuiis ol this illand aie two eireles ol
IIkus hke thole of Sione-uciigc on Salilhury-plain.
I'liii lOand gives the title of earl to the family of An-
luiK-y
a bad as any in Wales, it being very rocky and nioun-
Uuwevtr, this county feeds la
flo
of
t.inijus.
(liet[), many goats, and large l.cids of horned cattle,
■.vhitii find jiretty good palhirc in the valKys. Mefide^
ihele, among their oiher commodities maybe reckoned
j WtKh cotton, deer, |.)wl, ti(h, and cfiiecially herrings,
; which are taken on this coall in great plenty.
I Some learned authors mention a fiirpriling pha;nonic-
jnon, vvhidi they tell us this part of the country ha;
I fometinies fatally cxpeiienccd; this is a livid vapour a-
riiiiig lioiii the fea, which fprcading itfelf on the land
j fets lire to all comhulUbles in its way, as barns, llackj
of hay and corn ; after which the prals and hcrba,;e be-
ing all blalled by this peflilcntial exhjiaiiot!, a great
mortality of cattle, ftuep, horfes, &c. generally enlued ;
but on hiinw
a gmi, upon fecin:; it approach, it is ea-
AiiioUL', the otlicr popifli culloms ftill retained in North j lily dilpcifed" bee the I'hilofophical 'Iraiifadions, and
W'jlcs, it is here ulual, after inoining fervicc on Sunday, i a defeription of It in Camden's Addenda.
I,,- [he people of a whole parilh to go to foot-ball ; and 1 This county is watered by fevcral rivers, the principal
rthtu ll>e afiernoon feryicc is done they go to the ale-, of which aie th.- IJlc, the Avon, and the Diurydh.
hn.re, which is fieiiucntly kept by the parfon ol the | The Dee has two fpring-heads in the caflern pan of the
I jrii'a, and there they play at all foils of games. ■ county, which being united, is fuppofed to lun through
The piincipal place ill this idand is I the lake called Pimble-mccr, without mixing its wateis
li,.Mniaris, tlu county town, wlierc all the public j wi;h thole of the lake j at leaif the li(h Teem not to
;P,„;is ,.| the ifland are traiilacled. It is featcd on the ealf ■ nuiigle ; for it is faid, that though the Oce abounds with
laliiiiii), none are ever taken in t!ie lake out of the
llreani of the river; nor does the Dee carry i iF a!;y
gwiiiiads, a filh p culiar to the lake, wliich rd'embles the
I,., ol Anglel'cy, nine miles lo tne n.irih of liangoi, and
I,,,, l.uii.ired .Old forty- ■uie north-welt of London. It
vj. built by king Kdward 111. to I. cure his comiuclls
|i,.,o, who tcir that purpofe bejan a caltle ; hut it does
iM .'ipear that it ever was fuulhed. The town receives
ii, luine from its Itanding in a line moorifli plain. It is
z[ preleiit a populous place, in which the lefllons and
t '!iu!v goal are kept. Ii has a good iiarbour for Ihipping ;
ill! :s It lies in the direil road to Holyhead, this contii-
bjus to its trade, by tho pallengcrs who go through it
i;i order to let fail lor Ireland ; but, notwithllanding its
harbour, it has liltle or no foreign trade. It priiicipaliy
coiililh of two handfonie llreets, and has a church, in
which are lijme hue monuments. The market, v\-hich
i, on WeJnefdays and riatuidays, is well furnillicd wall
provilions. I'hc corporation conliUs of a mayor, a re-
i.jrJcr, twobailirt's, who are alio julliccs of the peace,
..i.i (u.nty-oiie burgelles.
lloiyhcad is fe.\tcd twenty-four miles to the weft of
I'.aimaris, anJ lies oppolite to Dublin : from hence is
iklhorielt and lalelt pali'agc over St. (ieorge'a channel,
itbfin^ tlic moll welUily point of Anglefey. It is a little
iiLin.lof itlJl, iiiincd to Anp^lcfey by a llone bridge. It
I 1= a village cilltd in the W'elih Kaer C'/ybi, which con-
(,il,o."arc* ilraggling thaichcd luules, builtou the rock;
\<t fevcral of them have i,ood accommodations l»r travcl-
icis. I lie paikct k)a:s"fioni Dublin arrive here three
l;iiK i a week, if the wind ptrinii:>.
On ihc rocks 6<ov<.' the herb ,■; which is made kelp, a
lalt ul'cd in making gl.ifs and in alum-works. In
X large vein of white fulld', -earth,
I ..Mother of yellow, which might be of ufe to fullers.
r 'c fl.ieki ot puffins arc c' ■ ii feen here ; they all come
uuc 111 lit, and depart i.i the fame manner.
I'lc ncighbouihood
E C
LIl.
()f Mtr'r.neOiJhrt ; ill ^ii:uiri(iii, HxUkI, Dtvijisns, Air,
a.i/, Produce, Riuers, unti fnmip.il Tmns.
MERIONETHSHIRE is bounded on the north by
C'.icriiarvonlhire and Denbighfhire j on the call by
.M int:'.onieryl1iire j on the well by St. tJeorge's Channel,
(T the Irifli lea ; and on the louth by the tivei Dyfli,
wh ch parts it fiom Car>lag mlliire j it extending forty-
ifvcn nule.s in Uiu'th, and twcmy-fivc in bicadih.
^il;^ countv IS ilivMed into hx luiiii'reds, in which arc
l;.c ■r.arkct-town?, thirty-fevcn parifii , about two thou-
Imd live bundled anil ninety houfes, and fevciilecn thou-
! u.\ oue hundred inh ibitants. It lie.i In the diocile of
li.il 'er, and lends oiieincmbcr to p.iilianitnt, namely,
. Kh .;ht lor the (hue.
"^91
whiting, but talk;, like a trout This river, alter leav-
ing the lake, ruiis by a north call courle into Dcnbi_;h-
I fliire. The Avon rifes in ISerofc-Wiiod, on the call fide
I of the county, and running mollly lourh-well, falls into
it. (jeorgc'i Cliaiin.l. Ilie Dfur\.lh ill'ucs Ironi a laki:
in the north of Meiionethfhire, and runiiing tothe foutli-
' well, alfo falls into the Irifli fea.
Harlech, the principal town in this county, is feated
on a deep rock on the fea-(horc, and is but a po'ji place,
I though it IS the county town. It had formerly a Itroiig
handlomc calUc, wliich had a garriici for king Ch.irles
I. in the civil wars, on which account it wa3 afterwards
, demoliflied bj the parliament. The town i> g:)vcriied by
a mayoi, and 1ki> a weekly market in SaturJ.'.ys.
Dolgelly is fcited at the foot «( .i great rock called
Cader Idris, which is extremely high, a hn.idred and '^*-
eighty-feven miles to the north well of 1 ondon, and is
walhed by the river Avon. It ii but an oidi.iuy town,
and yet has not only amaiket on Tuefdays, but a cmh-
liderable m..iiuf.;C;luic of W'elfli eo;tons.
SECT. LIII.
Of M(iiilgimer\Jl>irt ; its Siluallsii, lixl.t:!, DiiijJt'is, J.'r,
Soil, Rivers, and piincipal FLiiiS.
MONTGOVIIRYSniRr., the lailcounty in North
Wales is called by the Wellh Sir Trev,.lwyn,
and is bounded on the north by Mcricnetlifliire an i Den-
bighlhire ; on the iiorth-ead and e.ill by Shr(ip(hirc ; on
the fouthby R idnoilhire and Cardigandiire ; and on the
well by the lall-meiuioncd county and pai t of .Merioneih-
(llirc. It extends thiity live miles in length, and thiity-
four in bieadtb. Ibis county is divided into fcvcn hun-
dreds, and contains fix market-towns, lixty-eight pa-
rilhes, about In e thoufand fix hundred and lixty houles,
and thirty-three thoufand nine hundred and llxiy inha- ^;J:y<V.
bitants. It lies in tlu- three feveial diucefes of Si. Alaph,
Bangor, and Hcieloid ; but fends only two mcnibers to
parliaincnt, one for the county, and oi;e for the town of
Klontgomcry.
The .^ir is pleafant and falubriou, ; but this cciinty
being exticniely mounlainouj, is not veiy fciti!e, except
in the vallies, which ali'ord foine corn, and plenty c f
nallure i hrwei.r, tlu fouib, fouih ell, and noith ealt
parts being much more kvcl, ..le ix'.iemely fruitlul,
cipccially a pleaf.int vale through which the Sevt/n glides
ill bciuiiful meanders. This county has long been fa -
inuu» for an excellent breed ot horfc, which arc larger
7 1'" here
t
f
.iF*:
{ ■■'!
\\'
I s I
:«■
A SYSTEM OF G L O G K A 1' 1 1 V.
I
'I
US-
iy6:
574-
here tli.in in any titlui |i,irt of Wales. The coiiiiiy
likcvvifc .ibounds ill homiil c.itllo, IdwI, filh, and com.
It is watered by (evcral ('ni.ill llre;ims whieh (.ill into
the Severn, a river lh,it is the primipiil beauty ol' this
county ; its fouice is a Oiiall lake on the valk iiv)uiitain
nl I'liiilyniniiin, and in i's courCe ricci\cs To many
Iniall Itreanis, that it lieciimes navi^;able before it lea' es
the county. '1 he rivers Rhydcl and Wye have their
fourccs on the fame niDuiitam ; but thefe l.ift fji)n Icaie
Moiitgonicryfliiie. The Tenat riks towarJj the north-
well li.Ie ol the county, and runniii;; caltn'ard, lorins
part ol the northern boundary between Montgijinery-
illirc and Denbighftiire j fallni;; into the Severn at the
north-call point of the countv. The I'urgh riles on the
welt lide of Montf;oniery(liiiC, .ind riiiining cdKvarJ
till it reaches the foo; of Mount (lolwav, turns to the
north, and, after receiving the Wurw-iy, falls into the
Tanat.
?.Iont;omcrv, the county town, is pleafantly featcJ
in a fertile k'.l, and a healthful air, on the afecnt of a
hill, twentvfour miles to tlie Ibuth of Shrcwfbury, and
about a hundud and fixty-cight to the north-well of
London i it had once a callle, which was denioliflied in
the civil wars ; but it at ivcfeiit contains only about a
hundred hinifes, and has a m.iiket on Tuefdays. -'
WeJllipool is featcd in aiich vale on the bank of the
Peiern, leien miles to the noilh of Montgomery, and
a hundicd fevcnty-fix to the north-well of London. It
is the largcft an 1 bell town of the county, and has a very
yood trade. The maikct is confidcrable for cattle, pro-
vifions ai]J^.inii.M = . The caflle, now called Powis-
court, is built of a rcJdilh ftone, and is a large ftatrly
flrudlure.
''Vm r^
ticular fum ; yet the aCi/.:- hk r.ut l.i.!J t,cir, „of ;ij
the town a market. '
ri.lleign is feated in a ticli and pieafant vaKev, i.1.,,,.. ,, ,1
dtcd and lorty-nnie ni.lc, li. in London, ar.d is a liii],i|^,, " '
town, with legwl.ir well i.uilt lltcets, It hai ii'vliil
convenient 'hMj, and it:, inaikct ■:> reinarkabie fur b r'
ley, of which a gieat deal of iiii,lt is maile. H" ij,^
alUzcs are held, and the cv/Uuly jail is I'ef:.
SEC T. LIV.
Of Radiiirjhiii: ; ils S'luMnn, Extent ^ Div!Ji;iii, Air, Soil,
PioJuii, Riviii, and primipiin owns ,
WE now come toSouth Walf^, and fhall begin with
R.uliiotfliirc,calUd by the Welfli Sir Vaes y Vcd.
It is bounded on the north by Montgoineryfhirc, on the
call by Sliroplhire and HerelorJIhire, on the louth and
fouth-will bv Hrecknoekfliire, and on the wed by Car-
diganlhiie ; ix.ttnding thiity miles in length, and iwcnty-
five in breadth.
Thi: county is divided into fix hundreds, in which are
containtd four market-towns, fifty-two pariflics, about
three thoufaiid one hundred and fixty houfes, and cigh-
/"/.'*'■ teen ihoufjiid nine hundred and fixty inh.ibitants. It
is fe.ited in the diocefe ol lleielord, and fends two incm-
btt) to pirhament, one for the couniy, and one for the
town of Radnor.
The air ol this county is In v*lnler cold and piercing.
The (oil ill j;eneral is but iitdiHyrenl ; yet Ionic places
pioducc corn, p.iiticularly 111 i altern and fouthern parts ;
liiit 111 the iioriheiii and wcllern, which .iie inoiintninons,
the l.iiid is chitfly Hocked wiih horned cattle, flu cp, and
j^oal^.
With rel'p: il to '.he rivct.'^ of Radiioifliire ; biTidcs the
Tame, or lend, which, on the north calf, diiiJc^ this
countv liom .Sl'.ropfllire, am! .ne \S've, which w.iteis the
well lide, it has the llhon, whi. h lifes in tlic iioithern
bordvts of the county, forming ils windnig coiirli.- to the
fouthward, and, aftir having received feveral rivulets,
fai's into the W)C. Several otiier (mall rivers rife in
the middle of the county, and lun into Shropftnic and
Hgrcfordfliire ; by which means thij couniy is fiipplied
with plenty of hni.
The piincipal lov^'ns in this coiinlv arc the followin.; :
Radnor, tlie county town, is (eated nrji tl,f fpilii't.
head of the little river SoiTjcigil, a hundred and forty-
!.,J, "ii*^ miles to the wtll-north-well of f,ondon It (lands
111 a (ilealiint v.illey at the loot of a hill, whcic a radle
formerly (lood, v*hich was drftroved by Owen (jh.n-
dour, when, upon the dcpolition of Riihaid II. he alluni-
ed the title o' prince of \V,ile^. The town ii governed
b) ab.oliir.inJ twenty-fue burcdles, ami haj a court
ot pleas f'jr all actiens, With<..ut beiri; limitej to any p:r-
1
S K C T. LV.
Of CwMiOnJI'i'e ; il> SitHalin:, /■rttiit, Dii^ficr.t, J,.^
Hiiil, uhJ Jinnupul 'loi.ni,
CARI)If;.\NSHIRE, clled by the ^■. c'Di .-r A-
beiteuy, is bounded on the north by a liiiall paiiol
Meiion;ih(liiie and Mont 'ometylhirc, on the ,-.,■( |,,,
Radnordiite and HiecknoLklliire, on the Couth by L^-,'.
maithenlhne and a fmall part of i'cmbroktnurc, anj Vi
the well by Cardigin bay In St. George's Channel. It
extends lorty-tw;^ miles in length and twenty in Ircadit,
and i. divided into five hundreds, which 'ejiu.iin luur
maiket-to'A'jis, liMy-four parilhes, about three ihuuianj
one hi:n .'(. d and (ixty hjufes, and tloty-live tliouiai.J . .
tli'ree h'.oidred inh.ibitants. It lic= in the' diucele uf S|. "'
David's, .ind lends two members to paiiameiit, one fee
the county, and one lor the town of Cardigan.
1 he air is milder here than in moll part ot W'.ilcs. To
the louth and well are plains fruitful in coin ; but the
iionheui and ealtern parts are a continued ridu- ol niouii-
tains, which, compared with the red, are bleak anj
barren: yet in the worll parts of this county tluie aie
padurcs in which are bred (locks of ilieep, and ldr!'cli.i,ii
ol cattle. Here is alio plenty of tame and wild io»l
alio near the rivers are tound great numbeij ot olter,
111 the valleys are levcral lakes, and this eountiy is wdj
fujiplied with lea and river hlh. However, cojls jnj
other fuel arc Icarcc ; b'.if the .■nounlaiiis .bcir.d v^'iih
veins of P.aJ a[,j filver ore ; a tun of which lad wi'.l
yicid Icventv or eighty oiiiccs of filver. The minej
have been woikcd levcral times to great advantag" ; and i
particuLily Sir Hugh Middl;ton is luid to have clcjrci'7-J
two iliouland pounds a momh, toi fc.'pral ye.irs toac»»'/-i3
tlicr, which enaiileJ him to bring trie New rCivi.- '.vurr
to London : however, fomc private adventurers h.uc at-
tempted to work them, but have failed fur want ul a lul-
ficient capital.
I he jirincipal rivers are the Teivy, which riits f;am
a lake ot the lame name, at the foot of the niouiit.iin., ui,
the eadern edge of C'ardi^ar.fhire : at lirll it w.imla ,
lod, as it were, among the rocks and done:; with w.Hic'i
this part of the country abounds, till beginning to h.i.c
a regular channel, it runs to the fouth-Wcll, and fall,
into St. Cieorge's channel below Cardigan. Thi, u\.:i
is famous for :ts great pleiirv of excellent lalinon, aiiJ f.'r
lis abounding with otteis. I'he Rydal has its (piiii; i.,
the louth-wed lide of I'linlyminim mountain, jiidlu::,
louth and fouth-wed, till it tails into St. (norge's chaii-
nel, jointly with the Itlwyth, which riles beyond the icjj
mines on the north-call fule of Cardigaiilhiie.
Cardigan, the princip.il town, is called b) the Welch,
Abcrtievy, lium its being litu.ited at the mouth of tl,i-
Tievy, It is leated one hundred .ind ninety eight miles i.p /
the well-north-wed ot London, and is a large, ancu-n:,
and populous borough, with • ;>ood Hone bridge over ibi-
river lead.ng, into Hembrokeftiiic, The tide Hows up tj
the town, and the chief trade of the inhabitants i. lu
Irel.ind, to wlmb, and other parts, they export iejJ.
Cardigan was once defended bv walls and a calllc, li.:
they arc in riii:is. It gives title of carl to a branch of
the noble family of Moiita;;u. I'hc town is govcrii;J
by a mayor and aldermen ; here the cour.iy huliiicis
IS tranlacted, and the alTi/es held. The church is i
haiidiome Kruitiire, as is alio the town hall
Abcridwyth, a populous town leated on th- loi
Rydal, near the place where it falls Into the inouili e:
the river Illwyth, thiiiy miles to the north e.il! c.
Cardig.vn, and one hundred and nincty-ninc to the '
well north will ul Lync'cn. It i» but a poor tnwe,
tolifilt r ■
i?'!ir.^-"'-'-»v. f.itti.v /.,
Wales.
to il'.iiig of slioiit a ImiiJrcil lioiifrsj yet li.is a con-
fi,: .ibli^ m;iki"t on Moiul.iys. it lud lurmcrly a calllc
j,.J walls i but they have loii^ liiicc hccii decayed.
SECT. LVI.
(,i' P,mliriii-/!/iyf, ill Siiuatint, Exitnl, Divifunt, Air, Coil,
' I'lidtt^f, Riucis, ami piiiuipnl 'liiwiiu
jlMIiROKESmiU;, called hytheWclchPcnSroniirc,
,s luMiihlcd on the iioith-tall hy t' irdij;.iiiihiie ; oil
[h" I. Ill heCaermai thejilhirej on the (■ Jtii hy the ni< iithot
ijdrtoUh.uiiKl; .iiiJ on the well and iioitli hy Si. Cieor;re'.-.
ili.imiel ; extending tliiiiy-fevcii nulei in length and
(i^lituLii in hrcadth.
This county is diwded in'o Icvcn hundiels, which
cuiit.iiii^ one city, nine market towns, one huiuhed ajid
lorty three parKhes ; ahoiit tour thouland three hundi.-.l
Iwaib, and twenty-hve llioulaiul nine hundred iiih.d)i-
i,;i;<, It lici \n tile diocele ot .St. David's, and leiui i
£ U ROPE.
^iB
1"
:i tliouraii I lliipi atone time, without .my dajif^cr of theii
luniiing loul of each oiher. Jt lia^ tl.iitcen rjads, fixti-.::!
creekj, and five hays, all of which have their |>articii!.;r
name-, ; and it h.is feveral years hecn iniprovin:; and
fortifying by order of the government, conhdeiable fuinj
having been gran'ed by parlianicjit for that piirpof.i.
The entrance into :t may he known hy three fniall iiland;.
on the norfh-welJ, all in li^lit, and the ille of Lundy oil
the fouth-eall.
Pcnihroke, the county town, i^ cominod!o.it1y, featcJ
on the innermoll: creek of .Vlilford-haven, over Vx i
branches of which there are two h.indlbnic Iridge.i. it
(lands two hnn.h-eil and fourteen miles to tl.e weilv.ar.l 2///,
ot Lfinilon, and i^ fiirrounded with a wall which liaa
three gates, and is alfu (lefemled hy .i ftioiig calUe feat^-J
on „ rock. It is well built and li.i- tv\o churches, as it is
h.ippily fituattd for commeice, the mliabitants c-iiy uii
an txtenfive trade, and employ near two liundred
(hips on their own account; and beiides nierctiint;,
fuer.d other conilderahlc families lefule there. It gi\ci
il'.e tillc ot i.irl to the noble laniily of Heibi.:t. and is
wm
^
iiii
m
• 1
' *il
K A 1) N <> II S II J U V.
m-
/"'•'
\i'-
•
Vrr/i'f-
1 1
rfS.
lyf.
'sr6.-<'
'■,3.
:;74
A SYSTEM O I- G L O G K A 1' H V
^^
•I
here than in any olliii p.irt of W.iKs. The coiinly
liLcwifc aboumliiii humcil c.ittlc-, lowl, filh, aiiJ coin.
It is watcrcJ by Icvcral Iniall llrc.inis which l.ill imo
the Si'vcni, a iiicr tli.it is the piiiu ipal hcauty ul this
couiuy : its fouicc is a Iniall lake im the vail m iiintain
nl I'liiilymnion, ami in i's conrfc ncci\i.s fo many
liiuil llrcanis, that it becomes navigable before it leaves
the c.nijity. The rivers Rhyiicl and Wye have their
lourccs on tlie fame nunintaiii ; but thcfe tad (u<>n leave
MontgonKryniiie. 'I"he 'I'enat riles towards the north-
wert (i.le ot the county, ainl riMinin;; callwarJ, forms
part ot the northern boumlary between Mimtt^onury-
lllire aiul Dcribighlhire ; falliin; into the .Severn at the
luirth e.il) point of the countv. The Turgh rifcs on the
wed liiie of Montf;omeiy(liiiC, ami riini\ini; eaUwarJ
till it re.iches the foo: of Mount Ci<ilway, turns to the ^
north, and, after receiving the W'lirway, falls into the
'I'anat.
.Mont;omrrv, the county town, is plcaf.inlly feated j
in a fertile lu 1, and a healthful air, o\\ the afccnt of a
... ,■ 1 . .1 r- .1 .■ .•! n . „ I I
..[,"/..•: ire v.u:
id here,
ticular fiini i yet the
the town a market.
I'l .llcii;n is feated in a rich and pleafuiit valley, u I, u
died and toity-iiine m.k , l!..m London, and u aliimli;,,
town, with ie;^iilii well uuiU llrcets. 1; ha, len
(oiivcnieiit iiiiij, and ilj iiiaiket i^ remarkable fur b
ley, of which a (^icat deal of iiialt !s mailc. H:v. i
alfues arc held, and ll.c cuunty jail is Kept,
s K c r. i.v.
Of Ciiuil^anJI'iie \ in Siliiatun, /-.xUiit, Duijuni, Ar,
Hiiil, and fninttpul 'ioi'-Ki.
CARi)If;.\N.SHIUK, cdled by the Wdfli :•,., ,\.
betieivy, is bounded on the north by a linall pa.tui
Meiuiiuihllme and MuiK 'omeiyfliirc, on the ealt hy
Kadnorlhiie and Hrrcknoiklhire, on the fouth by l.',iot.
iiiaithenihiie .niid a fmall part of Pcmbrokcfhite, anu ^i
the wt'i'iy l»i- t'tr^ti iiK Kiv in St fienrtrc'a Lhatlllcl. it
■■*• ">.!.■
no
\'.'.\LE5.
f(i..i'!iiig of .ibnut a bundled hi
f, : ,ible iiiaket on Mondays, it
J.. J walls i but they have lon^^ lince
SECT. V
{iTimhroli'pihf, Its i'iluali}/!, Exifi
' I'lodtia; Hiui/i, ami fiiiuipiil 'Jc
Pi:.Ml}ROKESHIRl-;, called byi
IS bounded on the noiih-calt
th' f.ill hyCaermarthenniirci on tht
j; llol ciianneli and on the wrll ark
>;i.ii;iiil ; extending thiity-feven
I i'lMu in breadth.
this county is divided in'o fe
foiit.iiii- one city, nine market tov
loiiv three pariihes ; about four th
Iiojicj, and twenty-li\e thuulanii
mil-. It lies in the diocele of ti
ihr'v ri'cmbcrs to parllanKiit, oiu
1 r Nawrford well, and another for
I lie air is better than is gem
, .i.trn-. fo much cxpoled to the k
; WW mount.iins. which are chii
; .1, yuKI pretty good padurc for
i.fjr the lea afford |)lenty of good coi
ii likewile abounds in goats, and
ixiillent f.iulcons, in iiili, and in |
It IS well waleied with rivers j I
which parts it Irom Cacrmarthenfl
v.hiih riles at the font of Wrenyw;
luLlluvard, joins the Dougledye
Inirce near the middle of the i
I'jw.irds the fouth-welf, joins tl:
whah, turning towards the fouth
!la\eiford-we(f, it at length recei\
|jli !„1!. into Milford-haven.
The principal places in this cour
city which llaiids on the moll vvelt
\V:iks, two hundred and livenly
It was not at firit an cpifcopal fee ;
rrgii of king Arthur, became th
ihc churches in WaKs, ami il,
riiaii of Henry I. when it bec.iin
ol t'aiiterbury. It was once a ci;
In' walls; but thefe arc dcmolidn
a liii.iil town thinly inhabited,
iiurket. 'I'he cathedral is the re
b'rlJingi the weft end which
Idll in good repair ; but the call ei
f.oni time and neglcdt, that the i<
I'r.jni the point of land on wl
n.iv be dilfingiiilhed in a clear da\-
iiuu^h it i> i.c.ir fony niiks dillant
(tuial dangerous rocks called tlii
<'M which many Ihips have been
lull illaiid named Rjmfe\, two
iiiile and a half in breadth.
fhutrfi.rd-weft is coiiiinodiou!!
Diiiu'ledye, over which is .i lion
fia'.h-bvcall of St. IXuid'., .iml
lime miles to thewcftvvaid of !.(.!
Iiime place, with fe\er.il good hm
pirilh churches, among whicn
I'uililiiii', with a high fpire.
church 111 the out parts. Haver
tiaJe .iiul feveral (liips belonging
a vv.ill and a cillle, which are
iifli/i^ and county jail aie kept li
liya mayor, alderman, and twenty
it has alio a ilierift', a town ckrk
M mace, and other officeis. I'he
hmid abound with gcntiy, who
t'uoimarthen, as that now does i
.. .1 merchandize. There is here
K';>«i! lor boys and frirls, ami an
Milfnrd-haven, on v.'hich this
!.:>, ..iij moll commodious haibi i
!H"
Wales.
E U R O P
S7!i
to iilling of alinut a liunJrcil limifcs j yet li.u a con-
(l,..\.ibli.' niiikft on Mondays, it lud lornicrly a calllc
i..J w.ills i but tlu-y have Inn^ lin .c liccn decayed.
SECT. LVI.
(;,f Ptmbroki'pnre, iti i':luati}n. Extent, Divifiint, .lir. Sail,
' I'liiliiii; Riven, and primifal 'isu/is.
Pl.MIiROKESHIRE.c.dlcdl.ythcWclehlVnl.mniiic,
IS bounded on tlie iioith-t.ill liy Cirdig.uilliiie ; uii
in' iMil liyCacriuaitlicnftiirci on the f.iuth liy tin; mouth of
i,r'ltoUii.innelj .uid on the well and nortli hy St. (ieorf^e':.
ilunjiel ; exlendnig thiity-fcven inileu in length and
tiilUicn in lircnJth.
This county is diude<l in'o fcvcn hundreds, which
coiit.iin;. one city, nine market towns, one hundred and
lottv llirce parilhes ; about four ihoufand three hundivd
iiwio, and twenty-live tliouiarui nine hundred inhabi-
liiil-. It lies in the Uioeele of St. David's, and lend-,
ihrn' members to parliament, one for the county, one
l,r Haverford well, and another lor Pembroke.
The air is better than is geneiailv experienced in
c^ji.triis I'o much cxpofed to the lea. The foil is Icitile;
;, lew niouju.iins, which are ehieflv in the north-call
j- .1, yield pretty good pallurc for cattle, and the p.irls
ifjrtlic lea atlord plenty of good corn, and rich meadows,
li liliewife abounds in gnats, and fowl, particularly in
ixtellent l.iulcons, in lilli, and in pit-coal.
It IS well watered with rivers j for helides the Tcivy,
which parts it Irom (Jacrmarthenlhirc, arc the Clethy,
v.'hiih nfes at the foot of Wrenywaur hill, and rumuMy
louthward, joins tlie Duugledye. This lall has iis
fniireo near the middle of the county, and rumiing
tuw.uJi the fouth-well, joins the Cledhewen, after
whah, turning towards the foiith well, and p.Uling by
!laverford-welt, it at length receives the Clethy, and at
lall !'.ilL :nt(, Milford-haven.
The principal places in this county arc, St. D.u id's', a
city Hhieli Hands on the moll welicr'i promontory of all
Witles, two hundred and feventy nules from London.
It was not at lirll an cpifcopal fee j but aftcrwaids in the
riiL'ii of king Arthur, became the metropolitan of all
vx churches in Wales, and thus continued t!ll tlie
iiiiii of Henry I. when it became fuHVagan to the lee
oiCaiiteibury. It was once a conliderable city defended
liv wall:. ; but tliefe arc dtmolillied, and it is at prefent
a I'nuil town thinly inh.;bited, without fo much a., a
market. The cathedr.d is the remains of a venerable
bii'lJing i the well end which contains th.- choir, i.-.
Ihll in good repair ; but the call end has fufl'ered fo much
iioni time and neglciit, that the roof has fallen in.
Krjm the point of land on which St. D.iyid's Hands,
r.iJV be dillinguillied in a clear day, the coall of lieland,
iiuii^h it ii i.e.ir fony nnles diftant. 15c ore this poi, t i.
(luial dangerous rocks called the liilhop and hi-. Clerks,
1.1 aliieh manv Ihips have been loll. Near thele is a
lull illand named Ranifev, two miles in Kngtii, and a
iiiile and a half in breadth.
Ha\erford-we(l is cominodioufly fe.itcd on the ilv"'
Dniudcdyc, over which is a llone bridge, fifteen n'.ile,
f ,ith-by-call of St. David'-, and two liinida-d a ixty-
iiiiie miles to the wclhv.iid <jt l.ond(in ; is a brg-.; ban-.l
l.inie place, with lever. il qoiid lioulut, and cunt.iiir T'n^c
parilli churches, among whicn St. Mary's i:. .; neat
buiKlini', with a high fpire. There is alio a fourth
church III the out parts. Haverford has a confiderable
trade and feveral Ihips belonging to it. It had formerly
a w.ill and a calllc, which are now demoliflicd. Tin-
^'Hi/i 1 and county jail aie kept here, and it Is governed
U .1 mayor, alderman, and twenty-four common councilj
it has alfo a flierilt', a town ckrk. two bailitl's, lerjeaius
.11 ni:ice, and other ofliceib. The town and neighliour-
li ««l abound with gcntiv, who in politcnefs emulate
Caiirnarthcn, as that now does Havetiord-well for Iraile
.. 1.1 nicrchandize. There is here a fiec-fchout, a charlty-
k!:.Rii lor boys and girls, and an alins-hi>ufe.
iMiitord-haycn, on v.'hich this town llands, is a large,
l.'a, .uiJ moll cuinincidiout haibcurj cap.iblcof coniaininj^
a thoufanl Ihips atone time, without any danger of theii
runninj foul of each oiher. It has thirteen rjads, lixteen
ircek ,, and five b.iys, all of whieh have their particiil.ir
name . j and it has feveral years been improving and
fortifying by order of the government, conliderable fuiiH
h.iving been gran'ed by parli.iment lor that piirpt.f,;.
i'he cii'ian.e into :t may be known by three fmall illandi
(Ml the north-well, all in li^ht, and the illc of Lund) mi
the fouth-ealt.
Pcn-.broke, t!.,- county f vvn, is commodio.iny, f. ate )
"11 ii*t- i'i"'t.' :' ,ii creek of .Vlilford-hiyen, over f.vj
branches of which there .-iie two h.indfume Lridge.,. Ir
K.iiids two hundred .ind fourieeu miles to the vvellvvar.l «(/y/,
of London, and is fiirrounded with a wall which lia>
three gates, and is alio liefended by a ftrou^- callle feat,\i
on a rock. It h well built and h.ii two churches, ai it is
h.ipiiily litiiatcd for comineiee, the inhabitants ciiv on
an c.xtenlive trade, and employ near two hundred
Ihips on their own account ; and beitdes merchant:;,
fever.il other confiderable families ii fide there. It fjves
the till.- ot tall to the nrjble lamily jf Hei'j^-:l. jiiJ i-j
governed by a nia)ui and aldermen.
SECT. LVIL
0/ Ciiinniinl'iiijhire; its Situation, Extent, DIviJijns, /f!i,
Sii/, I'lodiiif, Riatii, ai.tl a D<fai^ti3n rf Caiimartin-m
CAERM.XRTIIENSHIRE or Carmarthcnfliirc is
bounded on the north by Cardiganlliire; on the calt
by Urecknockfliirc, ,ind (jlamorgaiilhirci on the fouth by
St. (.•eorge's channel ; and on the well by Pembrokelhire ;
extending fort)'-eight miles in length and twenty-live lit
breadth. It is divided into fix hundreds, in which ar:
contained eight maiket towns, one hundred and torly-liye
parillics, about five thoufand three hundercd and fifty
houfes, and feventeen thoufand inhabitants. It lies in ly^'i'.
the di(;eefe of St. David's, and fends two meml:ers to
parliament, one for the county, and the other for tlis
town of Caermarthen.
The air is generally ellccmcil falutary, and more milJ
in winter than in moil of the neighbouring counties.
As the laiul is lets incumbered with rocks and mountaiin
than the other parts of Wales, it is nioie fi.ilile; it
produces great plenty of corn and graf., a.nd the rich
meadows feed very line cattle. This county alfo abounds
in w jud, pit coal, fowl, and fi(h, efpecially falmon, which
is rcmaikably good here.
The princip.il livers are the Toway, whiih rifcs in
Cardiganlhiie, and enteiing the iiortli-eall lidc of this
county, tuns fouth and fotith-wed, and at length fal's
into lirillolchannel, The Cotley rifes near tlie north
borders of Laermarthendiiie, and running niollly foutli-
w.ird joins the Toway. The I'ave, or Tcivy, ilfts in
Cardiganlliire, but loon becom-'s the bouiidjry betvvciii
that county ami Caermarthenfliiic, tijl beiiiL' joimdby
the little liver Keach, it parts Cardig mfliire and IVm-
biokcfliiie.
Caerniaitlien, or Carmarthen, the county town, i^ plea-
fantlv fe.ited, on the banks ol the Toway, two hundred '.^,5'-
and (iiiyone miles to tile north well ot London. The
town is will built, populous, and d.idy em idling. Hi-
ther the gentry ol South Wales chiifly reloit, invited by
Its pleafing fitiiatioii, hindCmie luiildiii^s, and the piayj
and ali'euiblies held here. It has a conv-i, .■nt qu ly for
the lading and unlading of goods, and a handfonic (tone
bridiTC over the river; but the inhibit.ints futtVr from
the iands thrown up hy the fea in the mouth of the har-
bour. The town Is governed hy a mavor, two ll'.erilTs,
chofen out of the fixtecn aldiimiii, a recorder, ^■c. wlin
on folemii days appear in ihiir fcirlet gown<, with the
fword, cap of maintenance, and two rnaccs. It was
once loitihed with a wall and a fluria r.iP,Ie, mid at pre-
ient gives title of marquis to the duke of L-eJa, of th«
name of Ofoornc.
This was the birih plare of Merlin, li.e nncient Bri- ■ V'.-w-'-
tifli piophet, who tloutilhid in 4R0, and about a nile
from the town, by the road lide, almoft opposite to tl.c
bifliop if St Dav,.r.i pahice, u Merlin's £,rove. The
pcopl
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A S Y S T E M OF G E O G R A I' H Y.
W
peoplr in and about this town ate rcckur.eJ the wcalihicft
and politeA iii all Wales,
S V. C T. lA'iri.
Of Brakmctjliirt \ its Xiimf, Siluatian, ExUnt, Divifiini,
Air, S.il, I'riJii.c, Rii'tri, aMil piiiuifiiil Tuu/ni,
Til I fl rdimiy i'. r:ilU'd hy the Wclfh Urcrkiiiiaiic,
which the Krmlilh h.ivc changed to Hrcckiiock.
The W'ci^h name h.i'. hciii dciivcd hy Ionic authors t'roni
lUcchiiiiiM, a Untllli prince I.miidus (or hi< twitity (tnir
daunhterr;, who, fiom the f.inClity ot' their lins, wiie
altir tiu'ir ileaih ilKi'mid fainti. It i^ bouinkil on tlic
iiorili by RaJnotniire, on the eaft hy HercCordlhire, on
the foutli hy (il.mi'ity.inlhiie, ami on the wed hy Caei-
m irthriidiiio .iii.l I'.irJH.'iiilliiie, extending; thitty-ninc
mihs ill Iin^th, .'ii I twi niy-l ami in breadth.
1 his Ciuiniy \i viiviJid into i\x hundred;., and contains
ffiiir market-K.wns, fixty-onc paiidie*. and about thiity-
■?;'.t''<^' fi.o thoulaiul tnree liunJreJ inhabitants. lilies in the
diotele ot St. David's, and leiuN two incmbeis to (i.irlu-
nrnt, one lor theiounty. aiil one (or lireeknock.
The air ol this co'intv, exicpt on the niountains, is
rei-naikahly nii!d. It is iiih-d e.xtienuly mountainous,
which render.', travelling throurih it Co dir.igtccahic and
djiijc.r,u<, thit the Kiu'lilh who ride trroui^h it, ludi-
cioul'y, but not \iry imi'ri'pcily, c.'.ll u IJieak-iKclt-
fllirej however, towards U.idr.odhiie it is (omewhat
niorelovvand level. The a.r (mi the rr.ouiitaiiii is, du-
rini; the wiiucr, extremely fliarp, but laluhrous. I'hc
valleys piodiice plenty of corn, and (lorn ti.e m.juntains
great herd, ut cows and oxen are brought to Kngland;
thi:, lojiity alio piodiiec- ij'^als, lomc \eiiilor, and plen-
ty ot low I.
The principal ti.crs in Urccknockniirc are, the Ufk,
which lilcs fi( m a Ipiuu; on the lide ot the lilack-moun-
tain, on the nni;h\v-H borders of the cumy, and run-
ning; fill! to the iiortli, and ih^n to the cad, partes into
M. iiiiuiuil.niire. The Wye ib the north calt boundary
bct,v;.n ihi. county ..n.l RiJnorfhire, after which it cn-
teri IKiefoidfhiie. 1 he Irvon rifcb among the moun-
tains on t!ie noith-wed, and running (iril to the fouth-
ward, am! then to the north call, TalU into the Wye.
I5oth llufe and the fmailcr rivers, arc well llorcd with
fifli, paiiicuiailv the L (k and the Wye, which abound
with lalmon and tiout.
We oi.'ht n t here to omit nrecknock-mcer, a lake
in the tiii idle of the lonnty, between two and three miles
over, ("o hiii of lid), that tiie inhabitants commonly fay,
lh.it there are only two th;rds of water to one of hm.
W . ftnil now give u concile defcriptioii of the chief
towns of t'lib ciHiniy.
lirecon, or Hiei knock, the capital of the county, is
called bv the Welch Abfrilodncy, it being feated at
the coiifl icncc of the HodiM y and the L'lk, one hundred
'('/. and lixty-on
a.icient a:ld
cf which is colleoi.ite, and Hands at the wdi end. 'I'he
houfes ,:ii- well Innlt, it ha? a good (tone bridge, and it
h.,d lornurly a W..I1 with three gales, and a (lately cartle.
'?'hc afTi/.cs are kept here, and it has a pretty good trade
in woollen manulaKlures. It has a in.irket on Saturdays,
which IS well fuppliel with corn, cattle, and provifions.
It is governed by two biihrt,, liftecn aMermcn, two
chainbetTains, two conll.ibhs, and a town-clerk.
IJejli, Ucaltli, or Hiiilili, is pleafantly Ic.cted in a
wuo'jy country, on the bankj of ihe river Wye, fi.\tecn
miles (o the north of Hrei kno.l:, and has a wot;dcn bridge
over the nver, Ic.iding into Radnorfhirc. The inhabi-
l.iiitb are i.h:efly cnplojed in the docking manufaiSlure.
T he m.'"ket is wdl fupplied wlih cattle on Mondays,
and on S.nurdays w;theorn, an,l all lorls of provilions.
Ilav, tailed by the Welch, Tu-ghellv, is feated on the
Wye, n.ar tlic borders ol lleteforddiiie, one hundred
/;V/. aiiJ tiiiilv four miles to the wedwaid ot F-ondon, and is
a pretty tood tcn»n, with u market on .Mondays, well
liip,died with pro\iliuiij.
ALES.
S E C T. LIX.
0/ C/timori;,iii/})lri ; in Siliiiiliiii, (Ixtinl, Divifiim
i^ii, l'>:iih,; Kii'iis,<inJpiiHii,i<ii'/'iuiii. '' ' "'
C-'l.AMORdANSHIRK, the lad countv in Wa|.
J we have now to clefcrihe, is bounded on ihc rmrih
by iJiecknockdiire, cm the c.id by .Moiiinoiahlh'v
the (outh by Mrillcd-channel, nnd <-ii the well by'ill"
channel and Caermarthenfliirc, extending' twenty.fcv .f
miles in Icrigih, and twenty Cue in brcal'th. '
It is divrdcd into ten hundreds, in which arc con'jin
cd nincmai'<et-towns, one hundred and ci.^hiedi pu'iiht "
twenty-tivc cjlllfs, about ten thouiand houfc., a,u| doj' ,,J
eight tlioiifand inhabitants. It lies in the diocefe f.f I ,, 1
dad, and lend» two members
f l-ai'..
to pailianient, one lur ij,.
county, and one lor the town of LardilK
On the north fide of this ronntv, where it ii nnuii.
tainous, the lung continuance of the (now riiil--., ,k'
air (liarp; but the eoiintiy being inoic level ontU.|,,i.i!
rule. It is milder, more populous, and heats very \r,^
crops of corn, with very fwcct grafs ; wheprc it is c:dled
the Ciurdcn ot Wales. C.ittic abo iiid in all pirf ijn-r.
being fruitful valleys amon ; the mountain , thit yidj
very good paltuie. Its oiher comniodiini arc Icul coj'!
butter, and hlli. ' '
I I'he principal rivers of this countv arc iV; Acmh
I which ri;es among th:' moiintaiiis i i tli? nij;r'i i.i (J|.'
I inorganlhne, and (alls into liiillol-channtl. Iho Kun,"
i njy, which riles in liiccknorUhire, but foi n cnicii,-
j this cenintv, is tne boundary betwi t'li it aiul .Muiimoutti"-'
j dure, and (..IK into the mouth of the .Severn. If.e |j(|
I lalKe, or I'ave, which alio liics in Urecknocklhire, anj
ruin near the caltcrn fide of (>lamor;M:,(hire, 1 1 ih;
mouth of the Severn. The Ogmorc ri|.,s from a i irin -
in the northern borders of this county, and running (jj
the fouthward, through the middle of (ilamorganlhire
tails into IJndolchaiiiiel. The Tavve rifes at the foot
of the Ul.ick mountain in lirecknocklhire, and cntfriiv
this county at the north-wed, runs modly feiuihwar/
till it enters Hndol-chaiiiul at Swanley. 'I'lule, will'
the many lie ulets ruiinng into them, nmlcr this cnuntv
lo fertile, and at the fame time lupply the iiihjbitants
with great v.iriety ot fdli.
i'he principal places in this county are the followin":
Laodair, is feated on an afeent, bv the tiv!rTa\r
near Cardiff, one hundred ami lixty-thrce niies tn inc •
wed of London : but though it is the (ee ol .i b.flin.
and is therefore (filed a city, it has not fo m i-h
marker. I'he cathedral is I owever, a luit
building.
Cardirt", or Cacrdirt", is feated on the river Taee, two
miles to the foulh ot Laiulad", and is a handfonir, pnuu.
lous trading town. Jt has a cadlc, a wall, .iiul luur
gates, with a bridge over the nver. I'he ncig!,b nitiii.;
country is fruitful, and four miles below the fnvn i> a
miles to the wtdward of London. It is an i commod.ous haven in Urillol-chan.iel, from wliiel! lm.i!l
rge town, containing three churches, one vellels may come up to the bridge. It contains two pj
" ■ ' " ' ' " ' -■■' ridies, and about t' ' • ■ ■
broad paved drccts.
mapidraf;, and calk
recorder, twelve aldermen, twelve coninion coir u'. levu
fcrjeaiits at mace, and ci,-ht cor.llablcs. Here tlic »>S\i-\
and lelEons for the county iire held. I'hc town carrii-,
on a conliJerable trade wiili liintol.
Caertilly, or Caerphilly, is (eated between ihcoin,
Tavc and Rumney, live mih-s to the north 'it Liri jii
It (lands in a moorifli ground among the hills i anJ the
many Roman corns d ig up here, render it pr )Sjblc
that the walls were built by the Romans. The e, idle- is
one of the noblelf pieces of ruins in the whole ;';.iiiJ
It was lar.'er th.in any calUc in l-ingland, ihit ot WmJ
linr excepted ; and iri.m what remain- of it, was cxtte'iiic-
ly beautiful. One h.ilf of .i ro;in.l tower has tallen e)Miro
down, but the oth.r over hangs iis balls more than iihk'
leet, and is as great a curiolity as the leaning tuwei it
1*1 1.1 III Italy.
Neath, IS (bated on a river of the fame nanu-, i
which there is a biiJ^c, one iKindred and iiiii.:,— ■- ■
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The cr.ndable if the calllc is chfi
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SCOTLAN'D.
miles to the wed
I'fcl'.y l-iiye towi
ill by ill- iJc|iiity
vclll-ls coinc tu t
jiigrta ()l-ny.
ruins of a fmc ai
iii!> to it is kept i
rirt'Uiilcy is a
llie Ita-lhorc, . ?
|iin-fir(t ilcgicc
loui'.ii (It-grce )iv(
dean, iiiicl vvlII
chief, tvvthc aid
fiv.'iilv coiiinioii
aiiil p.'.vcJ, J ml i
It lu» ttic belt li\
I !
Of
\h
I'i
■4
. : ■
i
■ ■'i.-e
In Shiutiiii, Extt
a
SCOTLAND,
No;th liiit.iiti
which Ml ilif filth
coiikiu o; the pai
l:.ii;;liiid ; and the
is Itilcd (Jrcat bri
Thus all the II
counties of Cunib
10 Sco'.laiid, togct
nniuui.t :u about i
liry iiitciiifidcralil
fides by the ocean
parjicd Ir.jm Eii;
river Tweed, Cf
Friih. It is "ejie
h
and cir;htv milts
(he ifit of AIull
ninety in bicadt
iiijtnicd, and the
by b.iyj, giilphs
excellent harbo
water filh.
Noit'i-fiiitain
- the tifly-foLirth d
. degree thirty n\
firil dcgra' tliiity
giiadc. 'The 1(
2nd the fliortclt
brightiiels of the
nicdy tile iiicoiiv
'Tiic air is ve
niijiht be iniagiii
nctih. This, i
pours and mode
the fca ; which
fiich a coiidaiit
from any reniaik
Ciieat part of
north and wtlf, i
this is tailed the
yield jr-)od pallur
ny rieii vslley s,
the luuth parts o
parts (if Eiijil.iiK
ncccll'.iry for hiii
inhiibitJiitj, bill
wlie.it, but the i;
t'l-w III the niij
Scotland.
EURO P E.
„,iles to the wcdw.irj otTonJoii. It is an ancient ami
'tctty bini-' town, governed by a portruve, who is Iworn
;„ by ill- dcjiMty Cdiillablc of I'hc r.illle of Nculi. Small
vclliils coirif tu this (own to load coal?, which arc here
innrcit |)l"'ify. ( '" the other iule vi' llie river ate tiie
tilins "fa fine aionadeiy ; but a large Ihuc^ure belong-
ji,^ to it is kept in nond repair.
"Swaiilcy is a fca-port town, commndinnfly feated on
ilie !ea-fhorc, - •■ar the mouth of the river 'l'av)e, in the
I'lliv-fird dcgiec forty minutes north latitude, and in the
tour.n decree five minutes wefl longitude, It is a laij^e,
cl'.-aii, and well built town, governed by a portreve, a
chief, twelve aldermen, two ehanibcrlains, and fixty or
Ini'iitv coninion-euuntil-inen. The ttrccts are broad
and iv.vcd, and it has two churches, and an old callle.
It ha: the bell trade of any town in the county, cfpecial-
ly for coals, wliieh arc fent by fea to Sonic; feifliirc, I),--
v'onlhirc, Cornwall, ant even to Ireland ; a hundred tail
of (hips Ix-ing often fecn here at a tunc lutuiin,', of coi.ls.
Vnnera.l waters v.'iaC fome years a^o difiovered at riwan-
fev, which are faid to he of i;reat eflie.w. in fluxes, 1;W-
iv.i rihagcs, diabetes, pallle;, rhcuni.>'.:fn's, z.iid oiiiei
ilillempers.
Amoni; the many antiqu'.iios of (llaniorLtann.irc, or.c
of the molf fingular ii in the v.-cHem pan of the ecuiu)
called (jovver, where, on a mountain nair.eJ Kcvyn-ijry!i.
is a (tone (,f an inimenfe fi/.e, computed to weij'^h ne.,i
twenty ton, laid upon fevcral others by way of fupport.i,:.
'I'hey are all of the nulMlone fort, and tiiou^.h the up-
per one is of fuch a prodi;;ious fi/.e, feveial to'is ha.c
been broke off for i.iili-iliu-.es. It is conuuonl', knuvva
by the name of Aithui's iluiie.
i"
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1
C H A r. XXX.
of NORTH BRITAIN, or SCOTLAND, \vith iti. Ilhinds.
4:!
SECT. I.
Iti Shujtliii, Extent, Ftut of the Citmlry, Air, SoU, Pro-
liucf, Lakci, and Rivi.1 >.
SCO TLAND, which fince the Union has been called
No;th Britain, is the iiorthcir. part of this lllaiul,
wtiieh in the fifth of queen Anne, in 1707, was by the
conleiii 01 the parliaments of both kingdoms united to
timldud ; and they being thus joined, the whole iilaiid
is (Med (Jreat Britain.
Thus all the northern part of this i/land beyond the
counties of Cumbeiland and Notthumherland, belongs
to Scollaiid, together with a multitude of iflands, which
amount lu about three hundred ; but fome of them are
very ineonfidcrable. This country is bounded on all
fiJcs by the ocean, except on the fouth, where it is le-
paratcd fr^'ni England, beginning at the calf, by the
river Tweed, Cheviot-lulls, the liver LiTk, and bolway
Frith. It is generally reckoned to extend thue hundred
and eighty miles in len^ili, from Aidcrmouth head, near
the ifie of Mull, to Buchanefs, and one hundred and
ninety in breadth, where broadelL The coill is much
inJtiucd, and the land in fevcral places neatly cut through
by bays, gulphs, and rivers, the firit of which form
excellent harbours, and the latter abound with frelh
water hlh.
Koit'i-Britain, exclufivc otits iilands, lies between
. the tifly-fourth degree forty ininutes, and the tit'ty-eighth
deercc thirty minutes north iatitude, and betv\'Ocn the
firll degree thirty minutes, and the lixth degree well lon-
gitude. The longelf day is upwards of eighteen hour,-,
2nd the fliortcrt five hours foity-hvc minutes: but the
brightnefs of the noithern lights in a great nieafure rc-
nicu)' tile inconvenience of the lliort days of winter.
TiiC .lit is very temperate, and not half fv) cold as
might he imagined lloni its being leatcd I'o far to the
north. This, as in England, is ov\ ing to the warm va-
pours and moderate brec/.es that continually come from
the fea ; which alfo fervc to purify the air, and put it 'n
fuch a conllant agitation, as prefeivcs the inhabit.uits
from any remaikable epidemic difeafes.
Ciieat part of the country, particularly toward- the
north and wclf, is mountainous, and covered with heath ;
this i;, called the Highlands, but thcfc in fevcral places
yield g'lod pallure : between the higher grounds aie ma-
ny rieu viiUeys, which produce corn and cattle. Indeed
the fuuth parts of Scotland are far preferable to the north
parts of England, and there .ire every where all things
neccll.iry for human life ; and not only lufiicient for liie
inhabitants, but alio to cxpoit. 1 hey do not want
wheat, but the grain moiHy cultivated is oats, as it will
grow m (he rnoiinlaiiiou:. pail^, Tiic produil^tions in
Scotland arc In gcnrial much the fame ?s in England.
In the Lowlands there is little timber, bat in the more
niirthern parts there arc forefts of fir-trce,«, that niigiu
afford malls for the largcil- men ot war \ but it is difficult
to bring them to the fea-fide. There are alfo many large
woods of oaks, aihes, and elms, fit for building, and
abundance of fiuit-trce.s in their gardens and orchards.
The fi;il likewife in many places produces great plenty ol
liemp and flax. They have coal-pits, which ailord e.\-
cellcnt co.d, great quantities of which are brought to
London, where it is known by the nainc of Scotch-coal.
I his is their fuel in fevcral parts ; but in the Highhndi
they burn wood, and in other places turf, p.'at, heath,
broom, and furze. They have likewilL- mines of lead,
with (|uarries of frce-ftonc, and the latter in .'ucli pleiuv,
that mod of the principal towns ar'C brrilt with nothing
clfe.
The country abounds in flocks of flicep, many of
which are fcnt into England, as is the grcatefl part ol
their v\'ool. It has alfo great herds of cat'le, uhich are
^cneraily black, except in corn foils, and llv I'e a:c niucli
larger than tholb bred in other parts : but in general,
their fliecp and horned cattle are much finaller than thofi;
of England, and their fled) is veiy fwtet. 'The High-
landers annually bring great numl ers of them into ti'.c
Lowlands, where fome are fatted ; hut the bulk of tlicin,
with many of thofe bred in the L. viands, are lent into
fcveral parts of England, cfpecially to St. Faith's, iie..r
Norwich, where they turn to good account.
'They have alfo many hogs, and an incredible number
of goa;s, particularly in the north and the Highlands;
the latter they eat tliemfelvcs, but the hogs thc'y fiir the
molt part pickle and export, as they lil<e\vifc do gte.it
quantities of fait beef. In the fotithern parts there ar^;
no deer, except in gentlemen's parks; but cvcrv wheie
elfe they are in great plenty.
They breed great numbers of hoifes, cfpecially in
(jallowav and the Highl.mds. 'Thele, tlio' fniall, are
hardy and capable of great fatigue, and are thererore ex-
tremely 1 roper for a rnountainnus country, which Iti
many pl.;ees will not admit of carriages and teams : thefo
will thrive upon wv.at would (1 irve other horfes How-
ever, in many places of the Lowlands, they breed horfes
lit for coaches and (rthcr carriages, and for w.ir.
Scotl ind has not only plentv of the dorn. Ilic fowl
cominon in other countries, but many <'ther kinds, cf-
pecially in the iilands, where they are fo immerous, that
the inhabitants can neither conlume nor vend half of
thciii. 'Their fowl .ind eggs afl-'ord a confi.lcr.ible trade
for food, and their leathcis tor bedding, and other ufes.
Their lat is Iikeuife ufed by the inliahiiants, iint only
in tn.iiiv caie-. whoic it is ncccll'ary, but likewife fur
phvlie.'
7 t' I^'f-liS
'4i
s
1*
I
.1:''
. '-Ill
»:•■? :
i
I
1
1! '.;
■* ;
f i::i
■ij <
57'
A .'3 Y S 1 I: M O 1 I. i. U
i;
II Y,
at. f, 1 1
B.Ur, ;l.c r.ni-w.v.cr Mi f.niiiJ in tK'.- l,.kc> ,tiiJ il-
V'fs, ('>;\fi.:l of ihc iliiiulj urc triijii'iilc^l by vvli;i'i.',; aiul
40>j, lin;!, lijddoc, iUiii.'Oun, tmhiit, niockrtl, (cite,
ft'i-iiulir. , CM lifti, &c. arc tauplu in gicit | kiity on
all llicii ccjiis. LobUcrs, ci.ibs, :inil oyllirj, .-in' IbiincI
iji v.ilt i|' iiuitii-'S on tlii; \Vi.(Il-iii J|)\iuI'-; .'nij i(n:l>:K.'!,
nuilkls, luniHt--, vviHt.'.-, (V.'.lli)|i'--, ;nid <|.<Hits, arc tall
I'V tlic tide HI 1'in.b niimbvib on tlie ilU--, tbat llio pi-oplc
iMiinot ciMil'imic thtni.
Ill tliis luuntry Ipiirg' of c'ciir siul udKib'fdniC waicr
aiL- tviiy whiii; in |i!i;ilv, nut only en ilif (ides, but on
tlie tojii u' many of (hv inminMiiis. '! hd't in llicir dt-
(cmt I'u'iil ii;tu iltal'jnt iill.s, iind nuLjiiuniini.; thfir
flii-snis become livers. Many ol tlu(e mcetini; v,'itb
liollow iiiates in th-ir p;ir,:j;e, expand ibcmlelvis in;o
lake-o, lill findin.' a [iroper tli.iiuiel tluy rel'iinie tluir
funn of' rivcr.v, and, as tlie nnurc of the foil dilel;l^,
foiiitliincb expand theirdelves -.(Min ai.d .ij/aiii, or conti-
nue their proL,'rcl'j in tlie r.^n.i; k iiii to the Cea.
'1 tie molt remaikable lochs or lakci in Scoihnd ar:'
Loeluay, I.ochneG-, and I.oeiilevm, wliiJi (end fc.rth
rivers fd' the fame name \vith ll.unrilvc:. ; l.othlonioiul,
V hiin fends forth tlie rivei Lonuind; and Lothiern, fioni
whieh liow.'- the river lein. 'riure is a lake ni Sitaith
ciiach, whiih ncu-r frei/es, however Ceveie the froll,
till Febiiiaiy, and then in one iii^ht it Ircezit all over,
and il it euiitinues two nights, ihe iee j;rows very thii k.
Another lake at a place called (.llencanich, is fcatcd on
a hi^h ground between the topsol two mountains, and ii
is remarkable that tl.e middle of ihis l..kc is alvvav! Iio-
7,eii throu;;huut the fummcr, notvviihftanding the Itronj:
relleiilion of the I'un-iieams fiom ihc nu'untains, which
inelis the ice at the fides of the lake. Kound the lake
the iiroiind has a cci.uaiu verdure, as if it enjoyed a per-
petual fpiinL' i and by feeding on that gral's, cattle grow
iuoncr fat than any where elfe.
In Linlith;;owfliire is a lake ca.'lcd I.ochoat, from
whence a (Ire.-m runs under a neiglibouring mountain,
and after it has purlu.d its courfe a'tout two hundred pa-
ces, ifiiics with <; re.it I'orec t'rom a fpriny about three feet
broad, when it Ibrms a ilrcam that turr.j a mill.
The capital river;, particularly 'he Forth, Clyde,
TaVi and Nefs, &c. divide the country into pciiinfiilas ;
thei'e rniaiinf;(b far within land as to be intercepted only
bv a fnijll lilhmuf, or neck of land. Thefe and the
other riveis, which arc very numerous, will be particu
laily treated of in our deitription of the countries through
whieli ti.ty pals.
- '''• '■'uinli;,.
^;':;^^-ll. Tay,,..,
'""ider. I .
lid Siranroer. '
ihoik, and Inve b.ivey. ir liiiCi.dl
l.oihiii-ban, .\iiiian, and t.,i,nid;ar.
lithgow, .Seliiiik, and reeblcs. i
,'',o>v, Kii^Icn, and Diinilvuion. i i I)
Ooriiock, Weik, and Kiikwa!!. i.,
dilution, J)unbar, Nonh- Dei wiek, and
v\ i-tcii, Whithorn, Kiw-CialUiw.iy
'i hecoiutscfeivil j'ldieaiurc in .Seoil.md are,
I he coihge ol jiiiiice, commonly tailed the C.,r
winch conhlS of a ..,e(,,!en., and louiteen (ixed (c '"'^
<.rjud.e-, uilled oidinaiy lords of (\lli,;n. with w" ''
.raor inaryUd. Under thelV are, aen.astl'^li::-
■'"■i l.x i.Mierior o.-rieers. Hvtore this court art t '
(!;;taf times, all civil canle,, which tl.e/d'ern ^ "
;>eU ol p..lument, and the culU.ni of i|„. „,ni,,„ ,^ ,
Where theie are delcaive, they decide acco.dm,, ,'„ Ir^
civil law, and the rules o( e(iuite. There lie, i,,
|tal (.om thncouit but to the |: lii.nitnt
l.v
unif ol
valid.
and the
nineju,;gc; .s reqinKd to make their de.
I'K.
juui.iary, nfually c.Iled the juflice or aim , •
court, conldls ,d (ive loid. of the (Iflion, the jullie^
ncral, and judau -( leik. '1 hcfe are ion-.d bv > , " ',
ol liiieen out ol lorty-dve, eiud l.icejiirie> in l',,.!'":'
I I'y whom all raules ol a ciim nal nature are tiied T ll
i ludd alli/es all over the kingdom twice everv vc .
I lioin iheiite are called lords . f ijie circuit. ' ' " ' '"'
The court of exchiquer, which is like tli.it of T..
I.nd, andcuiililtsofachief and four oihi r bar.-n. " '
I he couit ol chancery. The offiecis of (lai
ke,
per of the feal, the lord privy-lcal, the K,rd
c are, ,i
Il.e
S E C T. II.
0/ ihs Li\.rn)M>:i.i
Sorth
n, Fijlvriis,
Ihihiiii.
end TmJe e;
1"^ H K pniliamcnt of Sco''.and being now min_L;lcd
\\;t',i that ol' (ircat-Hritam, there arc fi.xtcen peers
chofen out of the nobility who icpreftnt that body, and
♦ortytive members who repref.nt the fidlowing (hires
and ddiricts.
Tlie (hires which fmce the Union fend one member
la, !i tv) pariianieiit, arc, i. Aberdeen, 2. Aire, 3. Ar-
; ,1c, 4. Bamff, 1;. Berwick, 0. Huie and Caiihnefs, by
■irns, 7. Ciackniannam, 8. Dumbarton, 9. IJumfries-,
i\ Hdinburoh, ir. Elfjin, 12. Fife, 13 I'oilar, 14. fl.ul-
uin;iten, i-v Invernefs, 16. Kincardine, 17. Kircud-
bright, j S. Lanerk, 19. Linlithgow, 20. Nairn, 21. Ork-
ney and Zetland, Z2. I'eebles, 2 j. I'tith, 24. Renfrew,
•i5. Rofs, ?6. Roxburgh, 27. Selkirk, 28. Stirling,
.'.q. SiitSerland, and .jo VVi^on.
IJelidcs thefe there are the following fifteen diftricts of
leva! burghs, which alternately fend one member to par-
li.-.inent. 1. Aire, Irwin, Rothfav, Inveraiy, and Camp-
beil-town. 2. I'amtF, t-lein, Cullen, Kintore, and In-
veruiv. .1 The city of Filinburgh. 4 Forrefs, Nam,
Inveineo, and Fortrol'e. 5. Pittenwcem, Fa(l-Anftru-
ther, Welt-Anftriither, Craile, and Kilrennie. 6. in-
vetk'.ithing. Stilling, Dumferling, Culrofs, and Qiiecns-
lerry. 7. Brunt-ifland, Dylert, Kitkaldy, and King-
JioMi. ii. Dundee, Perth, St. Andrew's, C'uwpar, and
ivJ'-r. 9 iMon'iofe, Atcrdccn, liriilun, Aberbiu-
Hgilier, and the lord advocaie.
IJUides the above national judges, every countv or
lime has a chii! magilliate or his deputy, who i- ,!,j-
I'ary judge in :dl civtl and criminal taufes ; but i!n J^'l
calls, an aj.pcal lies from this magidrate to th/f,,!;
and court ol jullicinry. 'I'he (lierift' is in cffWt ih- (',,
piemejuUice of peace, to whom the law prineiiianv in'
trulls the lecuiing tiie quiet and tranquility of thit „„.
of the kingdom of which he is (heri(F. ijail tl< ^L "
ards, and ccnilables, in their lefpccHive dillrict'-, hiv-
tiic (aiiie liberty as (henfts in their (hires. ' '
J'here are two forts of burghs, namely royal burnf,-
and burghs of baronv, each of which is a cer-ontion'
and holds Courts, though none but the royal burVhs Urd
meml>crs topailiament. 'Ihe loyal burahs ate'^onc in.
lire body, governed by one general court, called, Tie
Convention of Burrows which i< generally held cvctv
year at FJinbuigh, and has cognizance ot every thin'-
lelating to the trade and interell of all the bur'^hs i^
ijeneral. As to the burghs of barony, eveiy cue :h t
holds a bareny of the crc^wn, has a court, in which Id-
ler caiifcs, both civil and criminal, arc tried.
■|'he court of admiralty is a fupremc court, in wliidr
all maiiiinic caiiles, crimes, trefpnlii-s, quaiuls, \o.
may be tried before tlie lord hi^h admiral's judge, for he
himlelf never judges ; he (buns his decifions on t'hecln!
hiw, and the culloms of Stotland.
'1 bite are alfo in S:otlaiul what arc rallc<! cnminiiT -
riot courts, which area kind of eccleliallirnl ctiurt--, ;ii
which caules are tiied by commidliries. I'he priiKipal
of thefe is at Kdinburgh. 'I'he tour commill'ariei of th:it
inctiopolis particul.iily try caufcs of matrimnnv an.f
adultery, in order to a plenary divorce, lb that the in-
nocent pctfon may marry, as if the ctl'ending parte were
naturally dead.
The e(fabli(hcd religion is called the Prtflivierian ; it
being a church government by pallors, teachers, elJef,
and deacons. 'J he eccldiaif ical courts are the (bur fo'-
lowing ;
I. 'I'he (jcnrral Airembly, which is the highefl ec,-!,--
fiaflical court in the kingdom, meets annually in Mav,
and fits about tei days. A lord comin fiioner, who is si-
ways a nobleman ot the firll i]ual.tv, pielides here, as a
reptefcntative of the king's perfon. All the membeis
arc annually elected, and the moderator of the lalt year's
allc'nibly opens the new fellions with a Icrmon.
II. 'Fhc Piovincial Synod, wbieh is coinpofed of t'r.e
members of feicral adja-ent prelbyttries, meets twice a
vear, at a piincipal [ilace witliui the bounds, and 1;
opened by a fetinon. Their bj(incf» is to receive cor-
♦ relpondjn'5
tilnteries with
■ thnt rfl;,..
I iiatc ;ia., [,,,
he lord tl u-
■fry ecu Illy fir
! but, m iiv.it
f to the fdli.r,
I cfttath.: (,,.
principally in.
y <if that |)]it
iiail:its finv-
iliflricts, hav;
royal hurrh;,
a ct.rporation,
al luuL'hs li'iij
lis art one in.
1, calif J, Tie
illy In 1,1 evcrv
t iniy tliiii^'
thi.' butf^hb 111
vciy <'ne ih t
ill '.vhich Ici-
il.
iirt, in wliiiii
ijuaiuls, \i'.
jii.lgf, tor hi'
IIS on tilt c!\i!
lied cnminin'--
il court--, ;ii
The principal
Hlkrii's of th.it
trininnv iiii !
1 (lint the 111-
ng party were
fflivterLin ; it
ichers, clJir-,
V tlic four fo'-
hiilhcft cr.I,'-
iially in M:i\,
■r, who is ;.'.-
Jcs here, as :i
the mcmbfii
the lalt yiai'-.
.111.
mpoffil of the
luits twice J
nil. Is, anil i;
ti receive cor-
rcljjonJs'n:?
SclTI.AN'D.
E V R () i^
Iff] I
check upon
ilents I i 0111 me ne
ghbo
fvnn.l.
(inc .mother ; to ilctetiriiuc :i|ip' aU troiii tlie
prt
llivti-ries within their tliltiul j aiul tomtiiiire in
fu'rc the behaviour
r of the prcflnterics thciiile!
'I'liey have likcwMe povverto lenii'Ve a ni
-iUr fii
cc to another \ hut appeaU lie Itoiii this lyiioJ to il
.irral adtmhlv.
The I'alliytcry, which coiifid'; of a niinifter aiv.l oi
IJer from live to ten or more lie
hhi
\vhJ,
tell
iiUeiiihled, cluife one lif the mi
■It.-
xfes, or mo:
lerator. Here arc trieJ appeaU fo
l^iik-hllioii i and here they iiifpeel into t
he t
the
eh.iviinir
luir.flv, tliit
in c, .1 V 1)1 .inc.) o! u.
wiih other
couiitrie.-, tlie balance is on iij lule, tlut i.':, the Scots
lend out to every tounlry more commodities th;;n they
receive back, ■•ind toiifcqiiently the diflcrencc or over-
phri iiiiili bii made good in Ipecie. •
Wcfh.dl now rcli-r our readers for a farther account of
Scotland, to the be
uivtii of Ciicat lir
;i:inini^ ot tli? account we Ik'.vc;
i:.iin 111 'j;en'.'ra
id-
ludc till
tion V, ith ohicuin:;, th.it bcotl.md isdivided intotliiif
three (hires, or tc
thefe are the (hir^
i.f
the mm
diers
and ciders witiun
th
eir rclpeclivc bounds
'Ih'V f"|'l'ly vacant p;itiflies, ordji.i pallors examine
and liccnfe fchool-maflers and young Itudcnf. for pioba-
tionary prciclicrs ;
lid jud^e when o
r on whom ; - in-
flict the ereater cxconimuiiicalion
V. 'I'he Kirk Siflion conlill, of the miiiiHer, elder?
and dcicons in e:
ih
;fli, who conlidcr the allairs of
the p
•ifhi
a religious
fociety. They ju'l^'-' in a
II kne
mulieib eltceir.cd (caiidalou-:, can fulpend Ir.im tl.c com
I'eebl
H.idd
■U La
:;to!i, K.!inbut2h, Uoxb >roii_li, Selkirk,
rk, Dii
ton, Uutc, Caithnels Reiifiew, Stirli
W'p'iown, Airi-, Diiidi.ir-
I.
Perth, Kiii-iirdin, Aherde
111
Suthe
Orkn
Ar:;yle. life, Korfa
ind, (.'Ucm.nan, K.i
•.■fs, Na
iiihti-.jf'W,
rne, Cro-
Hainff, Kiikrudbiight,
Rofi,
.III J
S E C T. III.
munion, a
Jl.ip .iiid the poor
lul rcjiulale every tiling relating; to public wor- ; (Jf B<i nUijlirc ; in S'luuticn, Extent, Dii i/!t'!i, S«//, Pn
The iiiini
btr
kiiks or cliuri hes in Scothmd amounts
ahinit nmc hunJied and lilty, bcfides a lew chapels,
,\liich make up lixty-cight preibytcries, included in thir-
tcin pre
incial f) nod
'Ihe law of ScotKin
d 1.
a'; provKlCi
d as
and throimhout the v^hole i
lid plu
T
uuit, ar.d p' im-i^at Toi
HIS countv received its name from Berwick
r
wccti,
which once be
to if, bi
upon
It waj
ly termed the Mers, or Nlarch, from its beinij
the birimdaiy between England and Scotland. It lies to
- there are no beir-lucs the l'ou;h-eall of .dl SeollanJ,
worth Icis than fifty pound llerlinj; per annum ; which in
that country is a liood maintenance, nor any that exceed
a hundred and fifty poundb a year.
There arc here however feveral feels of diflenters from
the eltablilhcd worlhip, the principal of wdiicb are the
t id'copalians, who ule the form of prayer of the church
of England ; but the nonjurcrs among thefe arc not pei-
niitted to have public inccting-houfes, but are only luf-
fcied to preach and read the divine fervice to very Imail
connrei;alions ; while thofc who take the oaths, and
pray for his majclly in exprcfa terms, have meeting-hou-
fcs. There arc alfo the Erlkinitcs and tiibbonius, lo
called from the minilfers of thofe names, who have
broke olV from the church of Scotland, and upon that
account they arc alfo called Secedcrs. There arc like-
wife Mountaineers, thus named fri,m their prcachin'^ in
the open fields, and on the mountains; thefe arc alio
called Covenanters.
From the government and religion of North-Britain,
wp (hall proceed to its trade, 'i ne Scots plaids are a
nrauufV.ciurt in which they exceed all other nations, both
as to colour and finencfs ; they have likewife nianul.ic-
tiiies of various other woollen ilutls ; but tlie principal
articles are linen cloth, which is greatly encouraged and
improved ; cambric ks mudiiis, Uripcd, flo-A-ered, and
plain. Tlie fait of Scotland, whicli is priiKip;dly made
ill what they call pans or caldrons, is faid to be better
and ItroiH-er than that of Shields and Ncwcadle, and
cures tilh to greater advant.ige ; whence it ii fo valued
abrwad, that great quantities of it arc annually expoitcd
to Norway, (jcrmaiiy, and the ii.iltic.
The fifhcnes of Scotland arc very confidcrable, and of
great advantage to the people, particularly that of f.ilnion.
is bounded on the
call by the North fca ; on the Ibuth by the Tweed and
Tiviot-da'e ; on the weilby Tweedale, in Fe-ble(hirc;
and on the north by Ealt l.othian, in H.id.liiigtoiiniire 5
extending about thirty miles inluigth, and conra ning
two prefbyterics, and thirty-five parifli-churchcs.
I his county isdivided into three parts, n.imely, Mers,
I.an-iinermoor, and Lauderdale. 'I'he Mors is a ple.i-
faiit low ground, open to the influence of the fun, and
guarded from florms by Lammcrmoor ; hence the foil is
fruitful, abounding with corn and pulf'e, but cfjiccially
hay.
I.ammcrmoor is a traifl of hills on the nortli fide of
the (hire, above fixtccn miles long, and at Kail fl.\ in
breadth, wdiich, tnough to appear.-.iue b.irren, feed mul-
titudes of fheep and black cattle. In the fummer feaf'/ii
it is particularly noted for pafhir.ige, and for alKordiiig
;-:.-nty of moor-fowl, partridges, plover, do'.terels, and
other game.
I.audcrd.rle is a traiH lying on each fid? the water of
Lauder, abounding in hills, woods, and pleaf.mt valleys.
It belongs to the crown, and is governed by a bailitt ;
which ofbicc is annexed to the noble family of Lauder-
dale.
In fliort, the (hire of Berwick is in general very f rtilc
in corn and grafs. It abounds with black cattle, (heep,
and horfcs. I'he mod: fruitful and populous parts arc
thofc that lie on the Tweed, and the IcfFer rivers Whitc-
\ water, lilack-water, and the Kyc. The fuel ofthecoin-
j mon people is turf and peat, but the gentry have coals
from Northumberland.
I As the duke of Richmond derives his title of earl of
March from the marches or borders of Wales, fo this
; county of the i\lcrs,'6x March, the borders of Scotland,
od, and herrings, all of which employ a vad number of ' gives title of eail to the noble family of Doui;las.
hands, and are barrelled and expoitcd in i;reat quantities ' It is obfervable, that on entering the borders of Scot-
to the continent. Iiidecil Scotland has the .ulvantagc of , land, the f'lift town you reach is almod as perfectly
catching herrings fooner, and curing them at a lefs ex- I Scots, as if you were a hundred miles notth of Edinburgh;
pence than England : tiieir fituation for exporting thcin and there is very litile appearance of any thing EiiLjIilh,
IS likewife extri mcly commodious, fo that they can tn*
fooner at market than the Dutch ; thole belonging to the
(llafgow merchants fooner aniying on the coalls of
Spain, Portugal, and up the Streighis, ns the merchants
01 Dundee, Aberdeen, &c. can fooner reach the ISaltic.
As it was agreed at the Union that the fubjecls of the
united kingdom ihall have free trade belonging to either,
t(i be regulated as in England, the Scots merchants not
only trade to all parts of Europe, but to our plantations
either in the cudorns or habits of the people, or tiieir
way of living, catin.i, or behaviour : nor are there many
Knglifh families to be found among them. On the con-
trary, in the towns of Northumberland and Cumberland,
next t.) Scotland, there are abundance of Scotfmcn, Scots
culfoms, words, and habits.
W'c (hall now dcfcribc the principal towns in this
(hire.
Ill
1"
r
Dun---, a burgh famous for giving birth to that celc-
in .America; from whence they bring great quantities of bratcd fchoolnian John Duns Scotus, who was born in /i////,
tobacco, fugar, drugs, if<c. and what they do not fell at 1^74, became the grcatcrt Icbolar of that age, and was
home, export to the difFerent countries of Europe, i ftded The f'ubtilc doctor. It is feated twelve miles to
In Ihorr, Scotland is laid to have this advantage to the well of lierwick upon Tweed, and is a pretty largo
koad, v.'hich nrithcr I'lnoland nor any natio'i 'ii Europe populous town, which has th-,; bli trade of any in the
(iountv.
¥
'i>M
»
;ao
A S Y S T E M O !■ u i: O G R A PI I V
Sco
ml
i
i,ii ,
i' I
TI.'.V
!• ii.iiiJs on a riliii.', gronn I in ihi: center ol ilu-
1^ tlic li.-,it of a "pKlliytti-y, lo wliali bi.'Um^;
COUM'''.
fli I.', an
cli;iin pa. illius. Its maikcl is inJ to be the belt u. all
Secil.nJ loi horl'cs, cows, and fliccp.
Co!J;ii:;liiim it.uiJ- near ttie co.ilf, aiiJ is ianuiii . for
an jiKie.u abbey, Iniilt about tlic vear iico, tlie rema n'i
/■/•/••'■ o; u-.uliare tifeJ lor a paiilh tbnrch. Kbba, its laily
alb. 1:, on iluie beiii j a Danini invafion, Hit her iiofe,
c.i; ir.'i licr iipjicr lip, aa.l p jfnaiie.l all her n uij to do
the lai.ie, thai their ueloiiiiily niii/lit prevent their bein;;
raviHud by tlie Danr:. ; up in vvnicli tliofe bub.irians
u-eie lb exalp.iateU, that t:i:y tired the luiinu-ry, and
binnt lliejri all alive, s'llii* aUbd's was af.ctwards laiiit •
cd, an J .1 iKighbouringfroniontury is from her called St.
1-bba's-head, and t)y''ihS^failoi-i St. 'I'abbe's. In the
adjacent n.o ': there is not a h-l^e ur tree to be lecn for
tnc Iji !ce ol' eigl'.t Hides.
CJ.eenlaw, tne chief buri;li o! C'.' fllire belonging to
the earl of .Marchniont, ll..!Ki. about rive miles li.im
JJun?; and in iis iicijlibjuiliood mat nobieniaii li.is a
line li-.it.
Lauder, an -.v.: t royal bnr^li, the capital of Lander-
dale, is pkalhiiti^ l.ated on a river of the lame naine,
;i. which ri!;> liiroiiah it, twenty-two miles to the (o'.r.h ot
Kdinbui^h. Ii ii.is a bri.l j,c over tiic liver, is the feat
o.'l'.ic conimdlariot, and has a good niark.T
I'loii tiie long valley of this name cm bom lldcs the
live. Latider, the fa. idly of iVIaiiland takes tlli: tille of
carl ; and there is a (lately feat on tiie river, in l.w.
iKighbouihood of tlie town, called Lauderiorth, whuh
b^ium!b to the earl oi Lauderdale.
s ]■: c T. IV.
Of I Ij.!::ii '.:'!, u L
! Lolh'uin ; iti Sil-!:Uion, ExUiil,
I, i.i piiiiiip.il /'/ii'.tj.
1 Fi:t'.,
le i& bonndcd on the iioith and call by the
on til.' ibuth by the hill, .^f L.imniernioor,
111 IJeiwui^lliiie; and on the well by Mid Lothian, or
L.!iiibur;;hlhi:e. Aeeording to fomc authors it is only
thirteen, .ind aceoiding to olheis twenty-two miles in
kni,th, and tweln in bieadtli.
J-.all L i;iii..n pio.luces corn of all forts, and ha? plenty
of grafi, eeal, and limcllonc, with I'ome lonlukrable
wood;, k ke. Is a gnat number of ftieep, efpeciaily a-
bout the hdls ol Lammermoor and by Well: Lammcrlow ;
:n.l from the welt part to the lea it abounds with rab- ■
b'its. A tre.it dtal of I'alt is made here, and tlvjie was
a coiifiderab'e niamifacliire of broad-cloth made by Lng- I
iifli woiknieii, and with t.nglilli wool; but alter the |
Union tile f-fit^lilli elothiers prurid in fueh quantities of I
clo li, that liuv underlold the Scots, and ihus tlic manu-
Ue-turc wai drupt j \ct the people employ themklves in '
fp.iiniiip', dyiiK;, weaving, ..^'c. Heie are fcveral con- i
venient haroours, with the advantage of fonie fifiiiiig- ,
towns i and particularly there is evLty year a herring
fiiliery. after Lani;n 'j ar Dunbar, where they take
fiiough hoili for iionie confumption and exportation.
'I'iie principal tuAiis in this (hue are lladdinglun and
Diinbai
l!,,!. I
iigton, or Hadiiia, the flilrc town, is a royal
Lur.'.h, pLafantiy iur.ed on the Tyne, over which it has
a handlbiii'j brid^^c with liiiee large arches. It liaiids
ir'ghtteii miles to the well of Ldiiiburgh, and is pretty
large, well built, with fomc very good houles ; the
llrcets ..re well paved ; it has a good market, and is the
fe.i! of a prelbjtery, coiifilliiig ot I'lXteen patilhcs. Here
;';:e tliC reniiin. of an ancient iiunneiy, and of a good
Church built id' hewn ftone, to which adjo.n:. the cliapei
cl tlie lamdy of Lauderdale, with their, and otiur very
ji.d)le t.ltllb^, but the choir of the tliurch is pulled down.
'Ll-.is town gives title of earl to a branch of ihe nolde fa-
n.ily of llaniilioii, which has large poll, llb.ms and line
f'e.its in lh<; n'"ighbourhood. No place in Scotl.ind is
lurrounded wiih more little town;, and hoiifesol the nobi-
lity and ^. I. try than this ; among whiih teller, theman-
lion-f.oaie of the earl ol Twe^dal., d^lcivcs particular
notice. 1
I'll; re i;. here a lu.b!.; plaiit-iioi; oi fir trees, whuh ■
I. .1.1 to take up lix thoulaiid acres. 'Ihe pa;k nfcii ,1
ab.ui li.\ miles lound, and tncompafVed by a vei\ hara-
lume w.dl, 'Ihis noble palace ll.tiids about halt a iin;-
lie m the paik-gate, to wiiith you go by a paved ei.,ieli"!
way through .i ilmkit. 'I lie nuihlin;',' is ol freelli,"!,..
a l.uiidiid ami uvuil) Kx't in liont, .uid lixty leet dier'
with a pavilion or wing. The olhccs under cjound .il '
vtry noble ami vaulted, with pawed galleries o( ti.inniu.
nicalioii. 'I'heie is an afeeiil to the liouleol lixorei.'hc
Heps, which lead to a large li.dl thirty i\x I'.ei Iumi ■
behind it is a laloon (loiii ihe g.ndeii ol ihc lame hei'ln'
and .it llie lop is a gallery foimurk, wlikh open, "mj;',
both, exactly as at lilenheimhi.ule, near Woodlluci;.
'I'lie rooms of llate, wliieh run on each fide of thi, ii!
loon (routing the garden, aie veiy noble and of an ex.
a;l lymnietiy. A mathemalical (tone (laitcale, wuli j,,
iron balultiade, bads up to tne apartments .ibove,
I he garden behind ilie lioiile is \eiy (pacioui, ri.'-a.
up by an taly aleent to ilic park. In the iniddl.; i.; i.°.
p.irteiie is a handlome balbii wuh a jitdVaa, ^lui i\j,,\
gi.od llatues, one at each comer, 'liitte are abun '.,,,_.
ol ever-green.-, and green Copes ; and to the well o ■ . •
garden, on an artilieial mount, is a pltaCaiit (umn.er-
houle. 'Ihe gricn boul'e joins the pavihon lo th-wilf
as does the laumltiy to the call. A pretty i.n'.'t lli|.,!,ii
runs by the linule, and Ironi iti murniurmg a. ii i jj^j
tliiough the thick groves m the park, gives the Wiiule a
very rural appearance, iiy the river (bit is a pictty
bo.vling-green. I'lie co.iihhoiills, (lables, and hcii-
houfe aie a. a uillaiuc in the jiark, as is the cultom at the
leats ct ihe nobility in Sroiland : for eveiy nobleman s
houfe liu what is called the iVlains, wheie their l.ibuur-
ers, grooms, and every body belonging to the Ibiblcs
and poultry relide.
Dunbar, a roy.n burgh, is I'eated on the fouth tide (,f
the mouth of the liver biith, wneie is a good haibnur
twenty-five miles to iiie call of I'.dinhnrgh. The town li
han.ilome and well built ; the licul'es, as in molt of the
pi iiKip.il towns, b.'in;; all ot (lone covered wuh lljie.
It n.is been delinded by a llrong wall, w, ich is iio'.v de-
cayed J and on the oppofne tide ol tne h.iVeii are tlu tuins
otacallle, almoll eoveied with the lea at high tide; it
w.is once lenu.ik.ibly Itrong, and was the teat of ilu eails
oi jMarili, alterw.nds (tile.l earls of l.)unbar. This lor-
ttelj was (dteii won by the Englilli, and as often reco-
veied by the Scots ; but was deniolilli'd in lOjf. by cr-
d^r of the connnonwealtii, to prevent lis allbram;,' a le-
treat for the royalills. I he port is very eonlideiabi,;,
and id great advantage to all (hijis in the river, in eaie
of lliefs of weather. The inhabitants have heie avcy
conllderable herimg-fifherv, and alio one (or whales.
Between the town and the great road (lands a plcal'int
and agreeable leat of the diikc of KoxborouL'h, cdlcd
Jjruxinouth. it is (eat-.d in the middle o( a line p.irii,
planted with large grovcj of trees beti\cen the building
and the fea, and confilt;; of a body and two wing«, be-
tween which is a tine paved court ; before the bjildiiig
is a good avenue, and behind is a Ipacious parurie a-
domed with (laiucf.
From the town of Dunbar to Edinburgh the country
may be reckoned as fruitful, lirh, and pleal'ant, as any in
Scotland, or indeed as moll in Lngland. The lea is on
the call at a moderate dillance, and the hills on the
well aie (till farther ott'i thel'e leed laige (locks oflhcc;',
and have i. .ny open loads over them leading toivjrds
LiUiland.
s E c r. V.
Of Mill Loth'um, or EdiKhiirgl'jhirt ; hi Shuotiot!, F.st.iit,
aiul i'roihite ; with a Dffcrif'liiii if lirlinlmrgh, /ikJ -.fill
ether PLhts warily of Noluc j vitii in JiCtirU cflh
Ijl.oul 'if Buji^ iin.l nf lie Solan G'.v/i' ii /;'./' uf.ri t'.,t<yir.
THIS is the piinripal enmity in Xor'.h Britain, both
on account <>f its f.-rlility and its containing lliC
capit.il. it is bounded on the ealt by Eall Lothian fyr
ihiitecn miles together; on the louih c.",ll by Bvrvvieiv-
Ih ; e
Scori aM>.
E U R
i.)
i' E.
5'U
(hire fur .ilv.iiit tour milcS ; on llic foiilli by tlio fliiiC (.if
vJLJkirk .111.1 'IVci.dalc, m I'ci'liL/liirc, lor tl\Mti:i;ii diilcs j
uii ill'-' liiutli- wc;lt by (,;incik(liirc lor li.x or fciiii milts,
,iiiJ I'V ''"•'''""'-' "" '1"^ wed for two miles 1 on thi-norili-
„.|_|t |.y l/iiilitl),i;ovv(liire for tourtcuii mil'ii j and on tlic
ii,,rtli Dy tlio I'liili, or I'oiili, lor cigli: miles ; ixttnd-
iiii> alioiit twenty-oni; niilt-r, in length, and in foini- pl.Ki/s
(ixicfii or ll:veiuci.ii .n brcudili , but in others not .ibovi;
Hvc or lix.
lM:d-I/Olhiaii is fo fertile lliat it yields a ercat deal of
fdfii "f .dl forts, with ;;ond p-ilhiie for tinile, and is
pro
id''d wall all necidaries in abundance, paitieularly
coals, liiiivl'one, and a kind of loft black niailde; and
ntar the water of Lciili, fonii; miles diitancc from Kdm-
tiirj.!), is a eoppcr mine.
Ildii'.biirgh, the nietro|io!is (d' North Hritain, is fitiir.t. 1
ill the fifty-fifth dej^ree hfly (even minutes north laiiiudc,
snJ in the fecond degree rifty-five minutes welt longi-
iiiJc ; fifty-four miles we(t-noiih- well of I'eiwi>k upon
I'wted, leveiity-tvvo north ofCaili/le, two hundied and
one north-north-weft of "^'oik, and throe hundicd and
limclv-thr;c miles north-north welt of London. It is a
ritv and county of itfelf, and was formerly the royal feat
,1' the kings of Scotl.:iid. In this city alio the p.rlia-
mtms were held, as arc ftiil the fnpremc courts of judl-
cauiie. It Hands t'.o rriles to the Couth of the pert of
l.tiiii, and is feated upon the fiJe of a high hill, or ra-
ther a narrow ridge. At the extremity of the call end of
the city is the palace of HolyRood-houfe ; leaviin^
which a little to the lelt, vou come through a populous
lubuib to the entrance, called the Water-port, and from
hence proceeding to the weft, the ftrcct goes on in a
liraii^Ht line, through the whidccity, tothccaltic, extend-
ing aU)ve a mile in length ; and is,pcrhap.s, the largclf,
|jiijelt,and fineft ftrcct for buildings and the nund)erofi!s
inhal'itants in the world. From the gate of the palace,
which Hands on a level with the phin country, the llreet
Iwjiiis gradi;ally to afccnd ; but is no where lleep ; vet
thiafcont b:\ng continued fo far, th; upper part muft
jKCcllarily be very high j for the caltle, which Ihnds at
ihc extremity welt, as the pidace does ealt, has on every
liJe, except on that which joins it to the city, very ftecp
Olid frighiful precipices. The ftreet is extremely well
p.ived i but the ridge or top of the afccnt is fo nanow,
that the Hiect and the lo.v of houles on f ach fide take up
the whole breadth ; fo ih.'.t which way foever you turn,
you iiiiinediately go down a lleep deftcnt ; and thele li l-■
l.llles arc called w\ nds. 'I'lie houlls aic very large, and
I'oiiie of ihcn.i fo lofty, cfpecially in the iligti-ltreet, tiiat
live or fix It.iries arc but an oidinary height. Molt of
the houlis being parted iiro tcnenajiits, thev hive as
iiunv landlords as Itorirs. The fionting of noufrs with
iimbir is now prohibit! il, on account of the many fues
ih.n have happened ; and abou: eighty years ago the in-
h.ihitants were at the expence of bringing one of tlie bed
by leaden pi|)eb laid
ipriiiji in Scotland into the
iicm a hill at thiee nides diltance
We flia'l now con.ider more pariicuiarly the buildings
el" the city. The royal palace, called Holy-Roo.l hoiife,
I'lOin its being origin.illy an abbey of that name, was lii It
riMU'trted int.) a palate by king James V. and icbnilt
(•-r kin; Chailes 11. all but two towers on the norm tide
III' the entr.nice. It is a inagiiilicent itonc building in the
I rai ot a h|uare, adoincd with the Icvcral orders of ar-
ihiucliire, and divided into four courts. 'I'he entrance
i> vtry grand, and <u tr the r.atc is a large .ipartinent,
v.'iiitli the duke of Hnnilton ilaims as hcrediuir\' keeper
rt the palace. Within tliis entrance is a large niegular
Ufurt, wl'.cic arc co.ich-houles and ftables. The en-
tijn:e from the great outer court is ad.rncd with ct)liiinns,
which fupport a cupola ill the form of an iiiiptrial crown,
balullraded on each Tide at the top. The inner court is
very magniiicent, and ha.spiaz/.as all round, which lead
into vtry noble apartments, lichly furniftunl ; ami ng
uhich i. a gallery laid to be adoincd with tlic piitiirt.s of
all the kinjs of Scotland, fioni Fergus their liril kim:,
three hundred and twenty years beloie the biith of L'hiilt,
to thcRevidution. This palace is encoinpalicd bv beau-
tiful gardens.
Kioin the palace-gate wcftwanl the (Ireet is called
Caiiijni'ate, turn tne ciiiniis of the abbcv fuimeilv rc-
' 9-
fidiiig there. Thi.. is a kind ol luliuib, in wliiiii .i.e Ic-
veral niagnidcciu l-.oufes of the nobility, with fpacmui
L'Jrdeiis behiiul ibcin. 'i'he city is p'arted from this
nilnirij by the Netherbov/-poit, or gate, v/hiih was re-
built in 1716, and adoined on both fides with towers,
and a fpire al the top. 'J'he city is niclj:ed on .ill iLlcs,
except towards the north, with a wM, wlicre it is fecurej
by a lake; and has fi.\ g.,ics befidis that jult iiKniioned.
The great church, which was the catliedral, is a large-
and Ifatcly llruc'luie, in the form id' a crofs, now divided
into four churches; hero alio the niagifti ates aninible,
and the judges in their habits in 111111; of feflion In a
large chapel 111 the fouih-weft pait uf this thurrh tha
geiicial allenibly hidJ their llflions, as d.ici alfo the coni-
millioii of the alUmbly, in the iiucrval be'wccn the gc-
i.er.d incetingi. This llniilure is a.'orned with a very
highftetple, the funimit of which rcltmb!cs an imperial
Clown. Heie they h ive a let jl bells wiiicii aic not luinj
as ill Fnglan I, lor that ij a manner ol linginii unknowu
in this (ouniry ; but all manner of tunes .ne played very
I midically upon them, ..ml the city gives a man a )caily
lalary for playing upon them, fiom twelve too.-.ceiery
day, Sundays and ho.idays ex epte.l. 1 he four chuithes
in this iiiu..tuie, with the reit, and thj chipti in the
catliidial, make Iwelie in all. 'I'tieie ar; alfo about
twenty mei.tiii:;-hou'es ol the i pifcopal p.nty.
On the loutii fide ol the great tliureli is a fjaare of
very fine buildings, called the I'arliamem-clofc ; tlic weft
and fouth fide.^ ot whi.li are rnoftly t..k.ii up with thu
. parliaincnt-houfj, the Icveri.l eoiiits ofjuHice, the coua-
I cii-rhainbcr, the e.\e:ietjuer, the puDuc legilUis, th<:
; court lor the toy. 1 bur_;iii, the lawyer's libiaiy, the poll~
ofTice, i:c. The ealt and part of the fau:!i liJe is built
; into piivate duelling-., yviiic.i arc ma.iniliceiit and ioity,
they being (even itoiies high to the li..nt ol tne lipjarej
'and the hill they it.ind onha\:iig a very it '.p.: Lent,
, lome of therai are ba.kwards id le.s than lo.ir: '.n Itjricu
; high. In the middle 01 this iipiiicli .jii cqutliuia llatue
' ol king Charles 11
1 he caitle, which, as hath been nlready fiid, is feaicj
at the welt end of tlic city, is ini.cct (Ilble oti the north,
yvcit, and fouth; an: ilie c.;t.-;ui:,- fiom the city is de-
fended by a round latteiy, and an out-work at the foot
of it. In this lliuctinc is a royal p.i'aee, magnilicently
built with hewn-ftiin., in uhich a'c kept the rfalia
and the records ot llate. Here alfo i.s the niagaxine tor
the arms and ammiinition of the public ; and there arc
ilc.p vaults inth'; rock, which arc faid to be bomb-pioof.
It ia furnifticd with water by two yvclls in the rock ; and
has a cli ipel for the ufe of the garrifcii 'Flic govcrno;
is always a peifon ot tile fiift (ju.dity, and general of the
forces; and bota he, the lieutj;iant-guieriijr, foot-m.i
jor, and oUur oflicers, have very h.uidfome apariir.ents.
From the caitle is a delightful profpeii our the ci:v and
neighbouring country.
Near the I'otter-row-port ft.ind« the college, or uiiiver-
fit;;, which confifts of tliree court;, two lower and onr
higher, ctiual to the otiier two. 'FhUc courts arc cn-
coinpall'ed with neat building-, for the ufe of tiu.f' ftu ■
dciKs vvlio ci'ioofe to lodge in tlicni ; for thty do not re-
fide together nor live in cor.inicn, but only attend thtir
cl.iH'es at certain hctns. The public fchools are large
and commodious, uiih accommodations for the ftudeats,
haiidiome dweilii'gs tor tlic prokliors, and fine girduu
foriluir lecreation. litis univufity was t'ounded in
15X0 by king Jaip.cs VI. who tiiablinied thcie a pi mate,
01 princip.d, a pioklUir ot divini.y, four tegciis, u.-
niaiteis of philofopay, a pioftfi'or of phil.jlogy, anl are-
gent of buman.ty. In 1040 tiic town added a prolelicr
ot nunhciiiaties ; to which have been litelv added pro-
lillors of ccckfialtical a Ibiry, civil law, tiioorctiea! and
practical medicine, c'lemiiiiy, ^0. i bey have a :iuji
library, vvhieh is kept in great order, the boo!:.-. i,...,-i
■ by Its bcnela'lors a:'- kept oy themf;;\cs, and ovei ;.. 111
is the donor's name in litters of gold ; anil above the
b.iuks hang the pictures ol ieyer.il priii.-es, witli the moft-
eminent uloinieri at r.onie and alu.ud. Here ij alfo a
noble inuleurn, in which is contained a ptodi,!ious num-
ber of curiofiti.s botii ol art and nature, Und.a the
lil'iary is a royal priming bonfe, whtie lliey ar; rhitliy
ciiipUivcd in priii'.nii; l^ibJc.
r II The
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A S V S T F. M O F GEO C, R A I' H Y.
St or LAN I,.
I h- pliyriciim, wlio v/cte inuupnrn'cil in i6S;. by
kill;', tunics II. have th-ir collcpc in )"ouni.>m-c!ofo,
liiMr the NctluTiMnv. Thfy are ilclTvcilly i-ltccmcd loi
thiii Icimiii.' .ml sbili'it's in which tliry aie at k'alt
cfiu.il 1,1 ihi; phvl'iijjns <i( any I'thcr coiintiy. Thiy
h.ivc .1 noble nviri-uin, c.iIIhI floin its fn'i;idcr, JJir Aii-
tlrcw ll.iltiiiir, M.I). Mulc'iim 11 lU'juriiiii'im ; ami on
the north lidc nl' tin. city tlu-y havJ a irmI pliylic garden,
rniit.iinni ', (niin; ili<Mir.inl i.xcitic plants.
On ilio liiiiih fiJi- pl tliu city is a lir:;o builiiinj bc-
Idir'.in;^; to lh<' l'iir:;i;iiiis aiul apothrcirii':-, in whiili is a
fpacnri , hall hiiii,;"ii)iinii wiih the picliircs of all the emi-
nent lurg'Mn'^ol I'.iliiibiiigh that li.ue llcniiini.'d liiiM'this
biiildin.; \v.\s roiindid. 'I'liev h.ivi; a ihtMtro fur dillee
tions, :'.iiil .1 niiiroiim, in wliiih ate tiie Ikclrtoiis ot un-
coninii-'n aniiiial.-, a nmnniiv, and other euiiulities.
In this eity are levcr.il liol'pitals, the chi--t" of which
i.s Ikriot'i, ' l.ir^e .niul bculitul biiildin:', laid lobe the
moll inigniiieonv. of the kind in the world. It is an ex-
act I'ipiare, with |ii.i/./,as all round the infule. At the
corners arc Iqiiarc towels, adoriu'l with little turrets.
'I'his I,'! a nurlcry for an inlrlinia- niimbirof the funs ol
ficcnu'ii, who ..u" niaint.iiiv d, eloitlv^d, and ediieated in
urifiil It.irniii;;, till theyaie fit to be put o it apprentice,
or to ,;o to the iinivi-rhiv, where they are allowed hind
Ibnic falaiiei. The gardens, wlieli conlilt of a flower
g.irdin, kilch-n ;:arden, andorthard, are kept in great
Older, ani', with the houl'e, contain bef.vuii nine and
ten nctci.
Tliere .ire hcrf alfo St. Thomas's hofpital, in whii h
old dec.ucd liti/eiH and their widows are maintained,
and hav( their own th.iplain ; and a niaidLii li'iljit.il, a
li(?at hiiildins il"l'.' to the college, foiiii.led and endowed
for the relief and education ol the female orphans of de-
cued Ircem II. Another holpital of the fame kiii.l has
lv:en l.iidv founded bv tiu tradefineii and ariilieers of
tdinbur_L;ii-
.\ roy.il iiiiirimiy has liiccvvifo been erc^led here, after
tlr. example (if thufo of Loll !o,i, U.uh, &e. by the libe-
i.il eontnbuli.m of many well di('pof;d perfon;- j to this
work tlic proprietors of quarries coiuiibtitcd Itonc and
liir.c, the merchants timber, the farmtrs en!!;:iged to car-
ry niatetials gratis, and even tliejoiMnevnien niafons and
Libourers contributed a certain portion of their labour.
'I 111." city is governed hy a provo'.l, whole o.'iice is
tnuch the fame with that cd tl c lord mayor of London ;
lour b.ii'ilfs, who, bcfides the power ot aldermen in the
coveirmcnt of the citv, have that of flieritt's ; there is
alio a comii;on-co'aiKil, w Iveh ufiially confil'sof twenty,
five perfoii";, but on t.xtr inrJin.iry oecaiions of thirty-
ci ;ht. ;\11 thefe arc cholen annii.dly ; and the provolt,
liean of riiil ', and tre.d'iirtr, are to be merchants ; or if
any infciior iradelman be ehoUn, he mull quit his trade,
and not rtiui ii to it without leave of the nia^iltratcs and
lown-coiiiK'il.
There aie Unirlecn incorp.oratul trades, each (jf wdiieh
has its dc.con, or niaiier of the company ; thcle arc the
(urpeons, r/dufmiths, Ikinii'Ts, farriers, hammermen,
wrij^hts, rnalons, taylors, bikers, bntchcrs, cordwainers,
weavers, vv;:kcr!, or fulleri, and bonnet-makers. JJut
none of the incrc-ants or traders are to make any by-
laws, withoul the conlent of the mai;ilhatcs and town-
council, c.xc. pt !o choofe their own deacons at the ap-
pointed tinu', to irakc piilcns Iree of their trade, or to
11 \ (lieii work.
The trained-bands of the city confif} offixicen com-
piiiiis; bellies which they have a Handing company of
town-t'iiariis.
Th-.re ;.■ in Edinburgh a very ufiful kind of black-
r.Mirdhov', who attend at taverns, cofi'ee-houfcs, and
o'.hi r pl.ices to go on errands, and know every body ol
r.ny no-.< in the ti^wn. 'l'hoii;'h they arc in rags, and
lie cviry ni^'bt in the fliiets, or upon the ll.iirs of the
houfes, yet they are conl'idcrably triilted, and feldom
pr-)ve unraabfii!. Thty are fubjciff to a kind of magif-
ti::'e, call' d t'l ; eoallable of tiie cawdies, who f;eiio-
r.d V puiiiflics tliem for any luglecl or mildemeanor bv a
fine cf ale or br.indr ; but fomrtimes corporally. Molt
of them are veiy acute, and execute whatever cmploy-
ni.nt is alii T.ed ihcm witli great IpeeJ and addrcli.
N'ow leavin;; I'.di
eul
ol til,:
ing r..linl.urgh, wC lliall t.ikc a view of th-
olhtr places in this county nioH worthy of nuliie
J.eiih, wdiich is the port of Kdinbiirrh, ij j |„„.
flouiilhiin; town in thetifty-lifth dei^iee fift'v-eij;ht miimt'f
north latitndcand in ihcl'econd degree lifty nine mimuo'
well h,n;.itudc, tivo iniKs to the north ol i'Miuhur -h |i
lies on the lirlh of Kortb, upon a river called the U ,ii,t
of Leith, which f.dls into the liith on the well fii,
the town. The river runs through the nilddl
town, und over it is a Itately (lone bridge of „„e UrV-
arch, to vvhieb (hips of burthui niiy conie, an;! at hi •l'"
w.iler lay their fides dole to the Ihurc. Here is a ver '
line quay, well whailed with Itone, und Icnccd' with
piles. At the nioiith of the harbour is a very lyn-api
Will built pier, which runs out a great wayb,\„i;,i',^p
land, and prevents the entrance of the harbour bein > i|i|
ed with fand. It i. allii feeured by ilrong ranges tl iiiji..."
or counter-piers ; and a beacon or m.iltV- fetlip at low.'
water muk, for the convenience of navigation. Th"
biiildin,;s on the fuiitli lu'e oppolite to the w.itu are v(i
Ijtiy and handfome, t!iey heing gcncr.Jly .iboiit lix ij.i.
high, with lirgc falh windows. Here' are romiiu.'dnj
ccll.irs ,i;id w.ite-hciiles for laving up g.oodi, the nut.'
chant, of l-.dnibuigh having the bulk ol all their coi!|.
m.idiries here in (irdir 1 1 be ready I'm eaiii.i.'r,; titlur liJ
bind or fe.i : fo that Leilh is very properly' cj||i.,j ,|,^
ware-hoiife, as well as (he port of tlie city. Heic.ii-
likewifepl.ifs h.iufes ami faw-ndll .
North 1/i'li, which lies on the other Iil/ of xUs h.ir.
hour, has docks for building and ivpairin ■ of (lupsj wiii,
the ruins of . I citadel built by Oliv r Cromwell, jiuj „,
p.irt deniolilhed by Chailcs'll. The cili/.ens of l.,|iii.
liiirgh often come to I.eith in coaches, ora-foot, lor a
walk on the mole, or other recreations j and at the nu-
merous inns are good accjmmod.itijiis, at a reafun.iHe
rate.
Ualkcith is a pretty large and picafant town, def.njj
byacallle; it It.inds at the confluence ol thetworiit^
I'.lk, lix miles to the fouth call: of b.dinlnirgh, an I is ih» ('
fc.^tt of a prelbytery th.it cont.iins ten pariflies. lleie u a
noble palace built by the late duchefs of Hiictlcugh ; this
is (aid to be the nioih I of thr.t which belonged la km.
William at Loo, in (luehkrland, only this is of Itonc
and that of brick. It Hands on a rifing groiinJ by tiic
North i!lT<, aiuI commands the view of a l.irge park, Ihmu-
tified with a canal and water-works. 'Die Iront is a-
dorncd with columns of the Corinthian order, and it in,
a doubk' wing at each end. Delweeii the palace and pjtk
is a fpacious court, (urroiindtd with iron b.iliiltrades be.
tween pillars of free-Hone. The grand ILiireale of the
houCe is fupported by marble coluniiH, and every llm
ciiriouny inlaid with walnut-tree. This ihiircafe IcaJs
into a noble room adorned with the picf uris of all th;
beauties ol the age, at wdiole length, in paniuls. The
odiccs of the palace join to the town.
We (hall conclude this kclion with a defcriptiiin of
the id.iiid of Ikifs, which Hands within the l-'orth, a'jout
a mile from the fouth (hore, forty-live miles to thee.;:' ,-
ot l.dinburgh. It is about a mile round, and is on cierv
fide a deep rock, itbenig only acccHible by one at j
time. It riles high above the fea in the form o( a corn'
At the top was a tort mounted with cannon ; but liiu,-
the Rcvidution it b;.s been neglcited. In the lower p.irt
the lorce of the tide has worn a hole almoH throii.;ii.
This rock is relorted to in May and June by iiicrwi-
ble (locks of fowls, and then the (iiifare of it i-j al.ii.ilf
covered with their nells, cg-^s, and young birds. I he
belt tailed of thele diHerent (orts of wild fowl is the ,S,i|ia
gccfe. 15 -fore thefe birds come it is I'.iid they fend Itimc
before to (i.\ their manfions, lor which realijn thev aio
called feoiits The inhabitants l-ike care n -t to iliibiii)
them till they have built their nells, alter whicli no nmli
will fright them. They lay but one egg in a year, si'J
fix it (o dexteroully to the rock by one irul, that ifitk'
removed it is impofliblc to fix it again. They are fiiJ
to hatch it with their foot, .ind f^arcc leave it nil t!i.;t
be done. I'liev are of an all) colour, but the old on^'i
are all white. I'lieir neck lefcmbles that of the cr.in •,
and thiy have a Hmnj Iharp bill, betw.en three .and fiiir
inches lung, which they Hrike through their prey weh
fetn
Iff
ScorLANii.
n u
U
biit-
j-,i(l, li-.Uncf, that it of n ftiiki fn f^'ft in .1 lioui
.J ^itli .1 luii'ii^ iIk' lii-'iiii; uiiiI'Il' to (uill It nut ii-
1,11, ih.v 111- t.ikci). I hi'v liMvc ilii» plaic 111 S(|ii(in-
■ ' v:-!' in wiiiui is ui.l;iii)Wii. I'to-
1 : lilt v"uii|;iilir':, wliiiliatc t.ikiMi
iiiuii 1ft down I'll' tocl« Willi ii n>|icv
I' an liip a) ni(im iry j;ci-Il- tlity arr
.•irid a conlii imMi' prolit by ihiir
ii-li are iiL'd (or bedi.
^ ith'.T ihi
;.„„, (Iicir mil" I •-
WiKii ibty '■' 1''^' '" '
^,,,V|_Mu..ln>r.,l,
0i aiul fe.ill.'
iiiil
s r. c I-, V.
.S'A:Vf
'■' -.hii^h, Rffihiygh, r.r Trvijlildh- ; ih
I, Proijimi, l\ui './ the C.uniry, Pro-
rplUS U a (liiiiilTiinri hereditary in the family ol'
I Doii'la^, by t'lL- litlu of Ibriitl' of 'I'cviciul.iU', it
biinKtluii uiIIliI from lliu riviT IVviot runniiij; tlircni;;!)
it^ It is buiiiulud on tiii; call by Ncirtluirribirlaiid, on
tho l"ii''i '■'•''^ '')' I''"' "' ^'"'-'bi-'iiaiKi, <in tin- (biith and
(;,„t.h\vi.ll by Aniiidalf, and o 1 the vvcit by 'I'wt'cilak- ;
lyt'iuling thirty miles in Icnj'jb from eall to wctt, and
fnictli in breadtii. It is divided into Tcvioldale, l.id-
(lifihde, and I'ul'dalc, i,r I'llkd.de, and ba,-. tlirec prclby-
ii,, to wbi' li beliii ; twenty- f;ve p:ui(hes ; and, with
a piovineial fvnod ot fix prclbytc-
itilh
o r r..
ICI
ihc Mers, iiialvcs ii|i
lies ;ind fjvcnty- one.
Tiiis dirtii'^i lias many mountains, of which the molt
I'lnnus is Cnckiaw, Irom wdieiiie runs a chain of bills
wiliwarJ, dividni;' StotlanJ from En-land, and in many
J.ii Miiipaliable ; f.ime of tli-m are very hi^^b, but fiir-
'•.fiu 1 with cNctllent gral's, and have plenty of lime and
Iru'-ll'me. In (liort, this couniry produces (rood corn,
[■.riiiulaily o.'.ls, j.'rcat <|iiantities of wl.ich are lent fronr
luj'.cc to I'.ngland ; it li \s alio excellent pa((ura(>c, and
:l;o'.iiid! with lari;e black cattle, flicep, and boif.";.
" riie principal towns in thia (hire arc K.elfo and Jcd-
hiii Ji.
KJlb, which is a biir,'>Ji of barony, is alar;:e and very
huulloiue town, plcalantly featcd by the river Tweed on
' ilKl'.'ideis of England, two hundred and fifty-fix niiks
tothc mitth-iiorih-wcll cd' London, It is the feat of a
11 ol'.vttry, and a great thorough-fare from lulinburgh to
KcwcalHe. It has ibc bell trade of any town in this
pjrt of the couniry, and has a very pood m.rkct kept in
:i!,ir. e fjuaro of liandfonie houfes : it has alfo fome ;'i-od
llrrtts, and a puifli-church, that is the remains of an
aW, V' ol Cillcrcian monks, 'Ihc duke of Roxbui,';h,
wh" is lliled hiril of the town, has a hoiife in it, and
a iKiWe feat callril I'deiirs, with pleafant j^aidens, near
iho influx of the 'I'eviot into the Tweed.
Icdbiiipji is a royal biiri.'Ji, fcated near the conduencc
(il'the 'I'lly and the je.l, lioin whence it lakes its name,
thirtv miles from Kdmluirgh. It is a pretty large town,
KcH'inhabited, and the feat of a prefliytcry. It has a
haiullbtiie church and town hall, where the (hcrifl'kceps
his courts ; with a good market for corn and cattle. It
ciics title of loid to the eldel\ Ion of the maiqiiis of Lo-
thian; and many peifons of quality have feats in its
luiiihbouihood.
'iho town of Roxburi'.h, which pives title of duke to
the chief of the noble "family of Ker, was anticntly a
mval burL',h ; but in the wars between England and Scot-
Liiid its cradle was ra/.cd, the town ruined, and its royal-
ly tr.mliiiitlcd to Jedbur{;h.
iMidrofs, or Mailrofs, liarids on the Tweed about nine
miles from jedburjdi, and is the feat of a prcfbytery and
a royalty belonging to the carl of Haddinj^ton. An abbey
was founded hire in i \T,h, and poil'eflld by the Bernar-
Oiiie monks, and appears by its ruins to have been one
cf the noblcll abbeys in iMiropc ; the window over
ihcgieat gate of the abbey, which is ftill intire, is larger
that that ()f '^'otk minft'^r,' and round the top .arc the ifi-
tiics of our Saviour and the twelve apollles. The choir
ol' the cluiicb, which is Ifdl vifible, is a hundred and
iorty fcU long.
sH
S K C T. VI.
OfllifSI:ii(ofSiUiik\ its Siluiili'.H, Lxlo:!. Pn.liur, iiiij
II iiiiaji htjaipliiin ef ihi 'T<,w>! "/ StUiri.
'"r^ni.S county ii bmiiidcil on the iiurlh iiy Tweed lie,
JL in I'ccldelliiie, and MidLolhiaii; on iheeilkand
loiith by I cviotJ.ile, in Roxbiirgbihire •, on the well by
I eviutd.de, .mil p.iit of An iild.lle,mlhe(liire ol I Jniiilia
Accoiding lot'ambden its dianieur is lixtecii mih;. every
w.iy ; but, according to otlinr, it cxiuuls twiiiiy two
miKs ill len.ith, and only ten wlier.' broileil.
I his ciiiiniy ii alio called the (iKnll'doni of l-tlric
lorilt, fium the river I'.ttiick, which uiiis thioiigli it,
and i, oneol the piincipil riveis :ii ib'. cuinliy ; itsother
rivcr.i mull worthy ol notice are the \ ariow and the
Cjallo-waier.
The hills in Sclkiikfliire feed great herds of black
c.iltle and liocks of Ih.cp, with wliieli the iiihaldtanta
carry on a good trade 10 Ijigland, and the meadows on ihu
b.iiiks of the rivers produce corn an i hay. h i.-. i.iid lh.it
in ( il.uiL'ebar-w.iler in tliis county, and in otiier flacea,
pieces of gold have been found in the fliapc of birds i-ye.i
and CL'gs, Here are fc ural gentlemen's feats, i,nd thc!
chief l.imilies aic the I'rin'.le., Scots, and Kcr3.
Selkirk, wliieh gives ninie to the (hire, i- a royal
burgh on the banks of if.e river l/lrick, lliiiiy Oatc'ij,
miles to the foulh cf Kdiiibmgb, aiiil gives title of call
to a branch of the ii(d)!e lamily of Il.imilton. It is tne
feat of ,1 ptelbyterv, which has eleven parifnes under ltd
jurifdicilion, and here the Ilicrilf keeps his coui t. Lnj
town has a haiidfome p iri(h-church, a wiekly market,
and feveral f.iirs. The chief employment of the inhabi-
tants is the ntaking 0; hoots and (hoes.
In liii; (hire are likewife PhibphaugU and (ialla-
Oiieldj, each of which h.is a weekly iii.iik.et.
S E C T. Vll.
Of Piek'iJJ'iii; or Tiu:cilalc ; hi Siliur.i-.iiy Extent, Air,
AJiuntiii/is, Ltikti, unJ Kii'iii ; With a Dijinptiin of lit
'John of Piiiuci.
THE (liirc of I'eebKs is called alfo Tweeijalc, from
t'iie river Tweed, which ril.'s at a place cill^d
Twecd's-ciofs, and runs fiom welt to call tlironjj;! tins
country. I'eeblcdiire is bounded on thecal! by (1\l ihirc'
of Selkirk ; on the (buth by Anandale, in the (hiu- cjf
Durn'ries ; on the well by Clydldalu ; and on the north
by Mid~Lothiaii 1 extending aliout twenty-eight miles
in length, and eigluccn where broaJell. It coiit.iina
Icvcntecn pari(h-chiirchcs, which are all incUaled in ths
prelbytcry of I'eeble'.
It enjoys a temperate and clear air. It is gcnerall/
fwellcd with bill many of which aic as verdant as thb
ilowns (d' Sudi' i.id intermixed with pleafant vallies,
fruitful in con . /afs. The chief mountain here is
liraid.ilb, from v, , icc imy be fcen the fea; on both
hdes of the iiland. This fliirc has plenty of linieflone 5
the giain is chiefly oats and barley : the i.ibabitants have
black cattle, milk, cheefe, and butter. 'J"he (beep fci;d
in vail flocks on thc hills, and are much pii?,ed bo;h for
their flelh and wool.
Several riveis which (all into the Tweed fupply ihe
country with plenty of falmon ; and a lake, calle.l ihcr
We'l \V'ater-loch, fo abounds with eels, ancl other lirti,
in thc month of Aiigull, that, during the well wind, they
are laid to enter the liver Yarrow, wdiich runs from thc
lake, in fuch flioals, that they are ready to overturn the-
people wlio go in to catch them. There is an.itlicr lakt»
c.dU'd Lochgencn, fiom its being leated on a bill named
Gencn, and from it a titer runs that fibs from a picci-
picc into /Vnandale, the height of two hcndied and tifty
p.ices, i':> that lUli are frequently killed hj t le f.dl uf liio
water.
Tiieonly town of note here is IVcIiIls, a royjl burih
and market town, featcd in a very pleafant riain ,i:i :'|ic
banks
• f.
'Hi
)f
iA
»
i'
1 i\
Y •'
I ..-. 1-
5»4
A
V S r \i M I G !'. O G il A !• 1 1 V,
'"TlAM,
i' i
binki of the Tweed, over which it h.ii a lloncbriil^c of
five arrhcf:, ami near a livcr ot its own n;iiiK', u)V)ii
H. wliidi it h.is tiA'ii lind.' 5. It l!.in.lt twi'iry-ivv.i imli's
to ilif fiiuth oi l'.Jiii')urnn, and was loiiiiiMy tcmirk ililc
for iis iliiio thiiri.tiLVs three gittn, ihrtc (Inx'ts, aii'l
three b.-.(li:rs i but tlic t'lwn ii at prekir. l';ii.ill, iictvi'iy
vill hiiilt nr iiiii.hiti.'il, lh()iii;h it h.ii tiiiiii; |;o;id hiulcs,
»^ well as a haiullbrne ^unlh-ihuuh, and li tlit Ilui ut
3 prclbytery.
Neir the cathedral in
SEC r. VIII.
Of lb Shin of Lantrk, cr ClytlfiiU ; its Nami, SiltiatliH,
Extol, Uivijnni, Rivers, nnJ FrtJ/iu ( uith <? fi.irli-
tiiiiir JJi-liii/)li!/i ol ;ht Ciiy if ijlafpiVf mid li'i, ilhtf
Pi.ini wirlliy yj .Vs/Av,
1
'f^H'S niirc, wbicii ii i-allcJ Lancrlt frcim iti flii e
X f>v/ii, aiul C.'lv'iJIil.cle Irdiii the nvrr Clyde, is
boiindcil on thi-c.ill by tiu lllirc ol Liiilitbgow ; i>ii the
fo'ith-c-ill by Aiiiiii !.ik' ; on the lauth by Uuniliicfhirc- ;
nil the liiiitli-W'.'d liy tliiit ct '.ire; i<ii tht; iiortn-wc-;! by
that (if Rciilrcvv ; on the north by tbjt of Dumb.irinn i
.ind on tl.c noitli-call by Stcrbniilhirc. It is gcni-i.illy
toc'icoiii'd forty niilei in k-iigth, about twenty-four wliurc
bioa.li.!t, and lixtccn in t:.i; njrr.)wt(l part. It is divid-
ed into two wa'ds, ibc I'ppcr and Nctbcr ward ; tli-one
lallcd tbu- (hue ot Laiitrk, ami the oth.;' tlie b.irony of
(rli'gow : the on-- billv, htnthy, and lit (or pailur.' ; and
ihr other level, and proper k/r corn.
'I'lu; liver Clyd.-, wlueh runs through this (hire into
it< own lirlh, arika in trtick-hdl, in the Upper ward;
an I I'roni the fame hill nl'e the river .-Vnan, wnith runs
into the liidi lea, and the Tweed, which near the mouth
of the tirth lulls into the Ciernian otean.
This i. a plealaiit fruitlul country, aiiJ,thoui^h in fojne
pi ices niountainous and in otlieii wooJy, is v/ell inlia-
bileJ, efpjcially neiir tii; ClyJe. It aluunds with co.d
iind luncllone, and has foniu piolitable lead niin.s j ^uld
has alio been luiind ni i.'ic.it ipiaatities, though it does
not appear that any of that v.Uuable metal is ever found
lit picf.'iit i an. I abundance of lapis-laz.uli is dug up fiere,
|''..i:;( ulatly in Ciawtordnioor.
Thi: priiicip:d placci in this (hire an; th? following : j
(jlilfiovv, the Icjcond city in ScotlanJ, is plcifuitlv
^wx^\ on the I'lde vi a hill doping to the river Clyde,
:'}\fi in ^be fili.-hfih decree thirty tu'o ininutc. north l.ir. ar;l
h-'ii- in tiie (ouitb de;jree hve nunu.cs welt lon;itudc, ihiriy-
■^j five miles to the well of i:,dinbiiri^;h. It hai a noble and
be.nitilul ftonc bridge over the river, which lunieinies
D/cll j*j its banks ; and as rne thud of the citv lies in a
'lit n.xt the river, it ia the i overflowed, in the centre
of tilr.lL'Ovv is the Tolbooth or town-houir, a very
i;i.i;'ni(itcnt ftruelaie of hewn lime, lately lebuilt, with
nobl.' aparimcnta for the in.ngiilraris, and a very lof'tv
toAcr, v.\ici fells which chime every liour. From this
town h iul'o and tJic r.djacent maiket place run the four
princiji.ii llreets of ihe cuy in the form of a crofs, diviJni"
the eiiy iiKo lour equal paits, each adorned wiili feveial \
pabhe biiilJingi, and each laid to be larger and finer than
any inc itrcec in London ; the houks being uniformly
built of free done, lix llori-Js high, and fome more ; they
-. r; for t'le moll n.irt adorned with columns ol the Doric
lii' ii'i c.ilT ■, w'lidi J;, iii^
line Ol Kpikopacy was Ihv palate of il'.r arehlilli, p, „|,„
was lord ut the city, and ijave it i's lirif i ii.uut, Itj,
kneed in with a very Ingli wall o, ae.vii ll m., ami ].,,
.1 hue pr.ilprii of ihj whole liiy.
'('Ill iilorv of the city ii its unlvcl'ity, wliiili i|.d x,!
conliil 1 ol only one colkgc j but il is b/ lai the bcr ti,.
moll ipaeioiis, and ihe hiull built in Seo;l..nd. It ciMii','
ol two laii;c Iquarvs (il noble an I lofty Uiiie builJir ,
adorned wiih a lii.'.h tower, i.iid iii.:iiy line tiirr.'ts iJiij
is leparated hum the rell of tne town hy u very hiuh v/i!,'
I'he tioiit towaida the city IS an d I; jiieic <if arch i tee' m'
This uiiiverlity was kiunded by \\mir, Jame., 1, in |,.^^
l!y the hilt loui'd itiun it was iinJtr t,.e aovcrninm (,i j
icilor, a d.'an of the faeultv, a piineipil t.r warlen, y.'n
, was to leach tlieolo;;y, iluee pinli ll'v.rr, r),' phi! if u'le, .ic |
ulierwjnls kinie ui i:ie clerjy l.;iii'lt ilie i iv.l ..i.J ^.j; ,|,
j law. K.in;; Jaine, V'l. granted ii a ncvv chailcr, aiij m
to 17 ellal'lilhid a piiiiiip.il, three ptolell'orj of pluloiudiy
called regents, lour pucers, a Ibward or furveyor to
fuiiiilll the table, i^.-. ami (ever.d of the fuccei, in.. |ti,;, j
ralilied its piivile:;<s, and w;ri! bene/ u.lors tJ i\: uu-
verlily. I lie library ii furiii!lied \/i;ii niiny cunci,'-,
piinted books and t.daaHe ni in.il'..ri| t>. I'i.e pre.iii.: s
ot the lolkee aic eiilargid by Iboie uire.! of ::"i,jr,.'
piirchali'il by tne k:iig and parli.n.i. lit ; tlie.'e ar r ctiivcrii.i
into weil plan.ed walks i;iid ;; nden , 01.. • .i| v^liieh i, i ,.r
medicinal plants, ihj univcrhly makes uf; of th" iVi ;■/</■/«
, arms a-, the city, wdii.h aie a falini<n with u |>o!,{ nj-,.
in its iriouth ; an 0.1k, With a red Lir I up: n it, an.! a b:!l!
J'he itliul.irs wear feai let gown:, ; r. 1 ii--.' lo'^;' in tl;!:
cjilege, wliivh at Kdiiibuigli thiy do ii.'t 1 he ,j iiicipcj,
regents, .'.nd malters, have all liaiid:'or:it; .pariai.a; , ii;i[
good LiUiIlS,
Though the river is navi^i.ble for I'lnall vtlTel* I'p ti
the town; ye: New (jlal^ow at tile indu.h ol tji; ,' vj.-^
is the haiboui lor all tnole that aie of coiili leralile luitU.",
it having a good (|uay and a cu ton', li .uie ii>,' ,i,| i;c
coall ; Ihips are .illo laid up lur." and lellitcd, ami fe
goodj are liiou ;;ht Iroin thence to the city in li^!u.';>.
The merelianti of Cilal'^ow aiinially f'^n.! a;. our filtyihips
to Viigiiiij, New Ln»;land, and oilier iinglifii eci.iiiii-;
in Aiiuriea. They nave alio a \ery coiilul.ia'.ile traJj in
heriings, which tiiey cxpoit to .ip.nn and I'urnijal.
Tiie tny h.i;- liktwilea manufaiJlaie ot plaids anJ iiiii.1i;i;,
it gives title ol eail to the fonuurable fa.i.ily of Hiivlt ;
and in this city has been lately eueted a 11 jble founii.i!i"ii
under the name ot the CJlalgo.v cuiritahle marine I'o.-.tty,
in Older to pi ovide lor fuch II alien as Ih.ill beeem; n •,:
and dif.dded in the meichant-. leivice, and to ali';rJ ie!i:;
tj their widows and ehiblitn.
tiamilion is katid mar the conllatnce of the .Ave;',
and Clyde, eleven iiiilis to tie feuib-wcft of (i!,.fjow,
and i> a well built town, with a bridge over tie .-won,
and a handfome paiifli church. It ia laigcr than m ill i,
the royal burghs, and the hoiiles, whieii are huilt wic\
free Hone, aie Upported on pi,i;'.rs: but lis piiiKi;,.,;
oiiiament is the iio'jle feat ol the duke of Ila.iiil;'):-,
whieh has a magnificent fioiit intirely of fite Ibia;,
trJcr, have beautiful plr.-'.iis, and are well lalhcj. Trom
I'Mlli:-
the centre the whole city m.iy be feen ; and the ftreit
tie ip.icious, llralglit, and well paved.
In th,: hijiur part ot the city, and at the end c;f one
of the l^rrtts (linds the cathedral, a valt pile dedicated
to ilt. iVlungc, who was bifhop here about the year 560.
It i. divided into two churches, one over the other, called
the upper ami Ijwer ; and Its fcveral lows cd pillars and
excidm; l.i^h tower.., with the tall fpire, the highcd
01 .Sc(,i! i.iJ, riling from one of th ; toweis, (liew the
cxtf.iordmaiy r.;ill of th; arclilt.-it. Here are five other
very gi od churches, all of them ner.tly builr, with hand
lome lieeplts. jjcfides thefe places ot Worfliip there are
convcnieiir apartments tor the m'.'ctiiv; of the preibytcry,
which coiifilts ol iniHteen puilhes, and for the provincial
lynod, vflii^b cc;.lillj o! ir.7.
1 I adorned with dilFerent orders of architeciiire, au.l v?r,'
deep wings. Ihe apartments are truly niohle, and tiu"
pi;lures, furniture, and eitiicr d'ee ir.ition.', are exipiilitLlv
line. The otiiees of tbi> flrudiure jo 11 the town; it f.ns
n very beautiful L',arJen, conlilliiiLr of leven linage w.li,-
■i')-yn to the river liJe j vvitfi a wi od on the opiuifji- i.,| ■,
In fume of the walks are grottos and b.irtj'ii.ttinj. h. ■....■..
'The great p.irk is about I'cvcn imlcs in er inpaf-, -a I v .'!
planted with lofty oaks, tir.s, p'nc;, &c. It is «.l.
round with Hon;, and (locked v\ldl deer. T.ie I :...
park is all'i well planted with tics.
Lanerk is a royal burgh in the iiivifinii rr.llcd the V;7 :
wa'il; it is fill. ated on ilie Clyde, nine miles to the (n.iM-
weft of Hamilton, and i, the (ea: of a jnelbyiery v.'.'.ith
confiftb of tfiii teen pill ilher,,
It has a remarkable biiJgc, built by the inl;..!!:. 1 ;<
at a great expi.nce ; but was futj:rt to fucti fiij'-i:
repairs on accounr of tne rapid eiiiniit cif the v/at.'i, tint
they hr.ve been obliged to obtain ^n a.1.1 for l^iski::.', . '1
who paft over it piy a fnull toll.
:;i(j;i..\MJ.
i: u u o i' E.
^^
i\ Iltilt belo'.v ilie to'.vn th; rivor I)oii;i;l;ii falls into
n\i: ClyJi'i ■''"'' nivcs tlio name of I)ini,!laf<l.ile i<> thn
ijvU lit'" ''• '" * ^''''' '"•"■ '''i* ''*••■' ''""'' ■• ^'^'y "'''
.,l||,., whiih l)4il bcin ilio paiLriul I at nf the family uf
Doii.'liJ tor above a ilioiiljml yiari: Imi thi)ii'jh thi:
j.i.iilnunt!i were very (w; lln' lic'(|iii'nt aHdiiioni to tlie
.'il.lin ; icii.li.if.| iIk' wliolc didi .111 iiiei'iil.i]- jiiul';, that
It a dill. mil' it lathrr rLlcmhlcil a litiic town thjii a tiri.;le'
■trui'tii"' > but ill I^Jri'diilur I7^S thii aiicii;nt tjlHi- w.is
(oniumi'l bv a lire which bfraii in roimi where tmboily
licit, ami wai ijot to Inch .1 hiitht bcfiiro it was clifcuvcinl,
thJt It was i;ii|"ifliblc to prrvi iit its prti^'rel's ; whciiri' the
laniilw "I"' wcri; waked out ol ihuir llfip, with difficulty
liicJ their lives, but m<Ak (if the iiiie iiuintinjjs and
ijluab!c I'liiiutiirc wcro delliuycd.
s r, c 1'. X.
Of Dnmfriis-Jlihti including Av:,infl.:,'t /lid h'ilhfd.ilt ; ili
iiiuutivi, Lxlinl, Rlren, I'ndu.t; ii;J priiuipui Ttwm.
DrMFIJIF.a is bounded nn the north by part of
tjyjfdale, Twcedile, and Tcvi-itdale ; on the weft
Iw I'cvH'td.ile, and t.lltdaie ; un iho I'uiith by Solway
firth I and on the well by (lalloway and Ivvlc; cxteiid-
in» ah"ut tbirly-iive miles in length, aiul thitty-fuur in
brtadtli.
Annandalc, which fignil'ics the da'c or villcy on the
river Annan, lies in the cilt part of the fliire between
XithfJale on the weft, and Likdale on the call ; ex-
t;nJin ; tuenty-lbur miles in lci:_'tli, and fmirteen in
brMclth. 'I he river Annan runs ttirouuh the middle ol
the fiiire, and falls into Solway firth, attcr a courfe of
twcniy-fevci. miles, in which it has received fcveral (mail
nvcrs, ihut urn on both lidcs thioui'Ji pleafant ivoniis and
fruitful fields ab'Jiindiiij; with pallurc. I'his diviiion ii a
(Icwarirv, that gives title ot marquis to the family of
Jcihnlb>ii.
Niial'iialc, or Kidisdale, on the weft fide of Annandalc,
i.f) called tVoin the Nith or N .1, which runr, through it;
;: has both pafture and arable land' ; for though it is
cnccmpalli;d on ail fulcs with a lidge ot lOcks, the bottoms
[jrod'.icc abuniianee of corn.
Tlie river Nith or Nid liiucs out of a lake called Loch-
ciirc, ani! runs into Solwav firth.
Niihfdalc is divided into the Ovcrward, which con-
tains t'lc pariflics in the prcllntery of Pent-pont 1 and the
Kcihcrward, containin;; tho:e of Dumfries prelhvteiv.
fUrc were formerly woods and forefts, which arc now
much cxhaulted ; and pieces of ^^old have atier great rains
been fuiiid in fome of the brooks-,
Aiiiiaiid, the (hief town of ,\n!nJale, was an ancient
ri^val burgh and fea-port at the niouih of the .\nnaii,
• . ftlitie It l.dls into SoUvayfirih, leieiitv miles to the
fo„th of Kdinburi'h. It had once a cattle and a pretty
piij trade ; but bclnj often taken bv the Uni-lilh, and
burnt to the ground in the rci^jn of Edward VI. molt ot
til'.- ir.eithani* lenuive.! to Dumfries, and it has never
linte iccovircd itiell. It has however a weekly market,
Wilii a haiulfome bridge over the river.
Duii.fiii ., the chief town oi Nithl'dalo, and the capital
r>f tiie luuth-wcft part of the kin;;dom, is a plealant and
tiiMviii;; place, whence it has been called the Liverpool
(if Stotlaiid : it l);uids eij'ht miles from the mouth of the
.••'■ Nith, ill the filty-lourtn dcpreo lltty minutes north lat.
but the tide flowing up bnn^-i im.dl ftnps quite up to the
qiiav, ami about four iiiiks lower, the lart!;ett ihip., may
li.ie ui f.ifety. It has fp.itiinis llreets, with a Itatelv
tlmrch, and a calllc, which, thoufjh old, is pretty Itronif.
It has alio four gates and a noble briilj;,e of tree ifone
over the river, leading; to (ialloway : this bridge has
thirteen arches, and is eltecmed the linel) in Hritaiii next
toihofc(if W'cftniinller, Londnii, and Koobcllei. 1 11 the
nuJdlc ot it is a g.ite whivh bounds the Ihire of Dumfries
and the llewartry of Galloway. A ftrcet leads from it by
un caly alcent to the calll-, wliieh is on the call fide of
the toivn, and commands a piolp.ct of the town and
the adjaeent country; and from the cafi!e a fpacious
h'.;h llreet ruiis by an e.ify delVent to the church, which
is half a mijc diltant. On each lide of the li.^h llrcct are
9*
^tood ftone huildiin!», thofe nn the nnrlli fii'e havini;
(Midens next the liter ( ami about the luiddlr of it aic
the exchange and the town-hoiife. It has likewile ii
lar^^c market place, with a noble (rofi. 'I'he town "ive*
title of tail to the ancient family of C'riduoii. It ii the
I'cat of a piilbylciy, to which belun:! li^hleen paiithe-,
and is the place where the pmnnciil fi nod meet , whicrt
confilb of lour piilbjtcrit,, th.it ha\e iiuder lb -m imv-
loiir patiftles.
'I'he count';' ...uiid the town is \erv pleafant, fiA
admucd w-..i many kals of gentlemen, all liiiely pl.iiited
with trees.
Drumlamic lies fcvcntcen niilr? to the north of Du!ii-
Itics i it has a wteklv inaikit, and pave title ol earl f-
the duke of O^ieenlherry, who has here a iicble pal.'.ei .
adorned with twenty-er-.htturreM, ;.rand .■ivetiuc, pardtns.
and terrace walks, hehdcs a ilttelv Ifun^ brii'i.'e over the
river Nith. Like Cliatfworth in Dci!r, (line, it Itandr in .i
wild rocky countrv, and is eii»it(mcd with mountain:;.
It is a f(|uarc Irce-ltoiie buildim:, and has han';iiig loirdcns
cut out ol the io( k down to tlie liver, ad.oriijd with
water-works and grottos, with a plant-liuM ut oaks lix
miles in length.
■iway i
III
S K C T. XI.
0/ the Sinvil'Iry tf Kircndhrt~/:f, er Lrutr Oidi
Siluatioii, Lxum, I'icdu.e, unJ pi:r.:ipti,T<,ii;ni.
THIS and the Stewartry of Orkney and .Shttland
dill'er only from the fliires in the title ( f the chief
idliccr, who IS here called the llewart, and in the other
the {heritf. (j.illoway is divided into two parts; tl;;s
Hcwartry, which is towards the call, being called Lower
(ialloway; and the wellermoll Upper Cjallowav, or VV'i;;-
town. Lower tialloway bcL'ins at the middle of the
bridge of Dumfries, and lies between Nithfdale on the
call, and the water of Crecon the welt ; and is bounded
on the north by .1 part of Kyle in the fliirc of Ai'o; ani
by the Irilh fea on the fouth. According to Temple-
man, it extends forty-three miles In length, and thirty-
two in iricadih.
The country fecms one continued heath, except here
and there a grove of trees ; yet vaft herds of (mill bla.lc
cattle, and flocks of llieep, are grazed here, and ftnt 111
great numbcisto England.
Kircudbright, wliich gives its name to this fliirc,
flands in a bay at tlie mouth of the river Dec, eighty- ,t"J.
three niilei to the fouthwcft of Edinburgh, and is an
ancient royal burgh, the (km of a prcfbytery, to which
belong fixtcen pariflies, and the place where the llewart
I holds his courts. It has a weekly market, and a good
I I'almon tilhety on the river Dec, which rifes in the
mountains near (Jarrick; and it is fo full of turnings aiiH
1 windings, that though it is not above fevcnty miles in a
line, it runs ne.ir two hundred. It has a coinmodio;::,
' haibour fufliciciit to hold all the Ihiiiih navy, and thr
! largell firll rates may calf anchor by the church-yard. It
is alio land-locked from all winds, which, together with
the waves, are broke bv Rofs ifland at its mouth. The
town (lands in a perfect amphitheatre, like Trent on tlie
contines of Italy ; not furroundcd with high mountains,
but with a rocky and ftony cruft, which in this country
is c.illed crags ; a diltimition being here made between
mountains, hilb, and crags: the firll ate very high,
rocky, and coveted with licah ; the hills are high, but
not rocky, and covered with grals, which affords good
pallurc, and the crags are ftuny rocks, not high, and very
thinly covered with grafs. In the midlf of this craggy
countiy is feated tins little town, which confifts of
tolerable good Itreets, and all the houfes are built with
llone ; but niither its building'-, nor the manners, drcfs,
or the countcnaiKC of the people rciemhlc the I'^ngiilh :
the common fort wear bimnets inllead of hats, and it is
laid, that though fome ol the townfmcn have hats, thcv
wear them onlv upon Sund.iys and extranrJin iry occallons.
There is nothing of Knglilii gaictv, but a fedatc yravity,
which is vii'ible in evcrv face ; and n:.twithttaiuiin_w:
the c.\cellence of th'.ir haibout, th--v have no iiuiion of
trade.
7 I NiiW
I.
r
^\\^ ■[
u
I « ,-(1
i :..^j'i
586
A S V S 1 r M O !• G I. O G K A !■ M Y.
Scot
lAND,
'I
I
J
1: 'i^
■'■■'(
ijh ,;
iiii
New ('alliiwsy i'. ii roy il I'lirji nii the river Men,
fciiitlccn niilc» Ironi Kin iiill>rii;lii, Willi .i i'do.I wirlcly
iiiarlct't, well lrci|iii'iiU'il tor on ii ami iillicr provilioiis )
iinJ it h<i> .1 (IoihI l.ilimiii-rilh'.'ry in .i l.ikc imIIcJ l.ivh-
kcn, which .itniiiiiili imt only willi lulimin hut <ither
iilh : till ' lake i> .ilimit live llllll'^ liiii', .mil ill rune places
4buut .1 Mill; liiu.iJ, ciiiit.iiiiiii;.', level, il iII.iiuIm,
S E C T. XII.
O/'Ufpn Cillliun; (If Iht Sri'-r ef//'i;l>n\ in SilualitH,
hxifnt, mill /)» i'liipiil 'I'owm.
Ul'l'IR (J.illow.iv fMiiuli from the witir nl' Crcr,
whkh iliiiilfs It on the iMllrniin l/i)w<r ( iillow.iv,
to the point r.illfd the Mull ol (i.illowiy .iinl the Irilli
Cea. AccoriliMj; to I tinplein.in, it ii thiKv-liveii miles
ill length, aiiil twentv-lix ui breailth j but li inueh iii-
I'.cntL-d by |,o^li-riaii on the iiurih, and the bay ol CJleii-
lute on the loiith.
This il a hillv country, more fit lor biudiii;; cattle
than Ikariili; torn. The mli.ihit.iiiti tiillow lilliiii;:, not
only III the lea, but in the riveis ami lakis that lit every
where un.lei the lulls ; In which, ;ibout the niilille ol
tieiitcnUier, lluy catch an infinite niinibei ol'ttls. riuHi;.'h
the people have been ccnlurod tor not applying to tuni-
incrce, thiy havini; leveral pood h.irbours on the coaH,
yet thev ate not idle, tor tluy are ^rcat huHiaiuliiien .iiul
i^ia/.ieu ; and, iiuimli:ij; luulis, they annu.illy lend a-
iioiit fifty thouland bead ot cattle every year to Kii^Luul.
tiallowav had ancieniU its own piince.s, but it now given
title of eat! to a branch ol rhc faniilv of Stuaris.
'I'lie principal [owns ol ibis (hire are ihe lnllnwinL' :
AV'i;;ton,.i loyal biiri;h, ani.irket town, .mil the capital
of the enuntry, is Icated near the mouth ol a river, on a
^o bay of Its own name, niiutv-hve miles to Ihe l.nith-welt
ol Kdinburgh. I his bay is eleven miles in length and
bieadtli : it is a ^ood port, which has a veiy n.iirow en-
trance. At th's tiiwn the Oierirt' holds his courts, audit
is the feat of a prelbyiciy tnai conlills of ten paiilhes.
It gives title ol earl to the thief of the .incient mid noble
family of |-'lemin|i.
I'ort-I'atnck is a market town beyond the river r.urtie,
llfl. a huiulicd and ten miles to the foutn-welt cf fAlinbutj;h,
and has a fafc harbour called the Rine or litak o( (jal-
loway. It lies opp<jli;e to Donaghadec, in Ircdand, and
js » dirtv poor place, where the pat ket- boats <;o lor
Hellatl, and other ports of that kini;dom, to which coalt
it is but a Ihort paliaac, and of whicii tliere it a luii view
all the way : but little ufe is maile of the harbour, eiicept
for the parUet-bo.its and a few lifliin;' vellels. A iieigti-
bourin" hill "tt'ords a plain view of Iieland to the louih-
wc(l ; of the coalf ol Cumberland and the Ifle ot .Man to
the fouth call ; with tnc llle of Hay and the .Mull of
Kintvrc to the iioith-welL
S E C T. Xill.
(>f l''t Shir: of Aire \ its Situation, I'xlcn!, DivijiinSy Pro-
iluit, ami priihipiil 'fcuns,
THl" fhirc of Aire is bounded on the north bv that
of Renfrew ; on the fouth by Oiilloway; on tnc ealf
by Clvdfd.ile; and on the welt by the fiiih ol Clyde. It
is divided into (Jarrick, Kyle, and Cuniii.ii^rani, which
arc tifeemed the three <.^rcat bailcrics, and are tllu^ called
from their being governed by baililfs. Accordin;; to
'I'cnipleman, there are feveii hundred and nuiety-hvc
fquarc miles in the kailcries of Kyle and Cain, k, and
two hundred and twenty-nine in tiic divifion called Cun-
nin;^;ham.
In this county is a confiderable lake called Dun, fix
miles long, ami two broad, with an Ifland in it, upon
which is an old houfe called Caltle-Diin. Upon the
water Oun, or Dawn, ifi'uini; from this lake, is ;» bridge
of one arch ninety fc:;t wide, which is much wider than
the Rialto at Venice, or the middle arch of die j^rcat
biid^ic at York.
, Weni.i.l hiy}„ with Cari„k, wImc!) i, Soiind.d .,„
the Moith by Kyle, on the ealt by Kyle and li4i;„« ,'
on the (oulh by the latter alone, and on llic welt |,.^ „ .
I'tiih of Civile i exttndmn liiiiiy-two nnUs al,,,,'. ,l";
Iroiititrs ot (;allowav, where it is loii^ell, lromr,nl ,
well, and twuity-livc, where brcidilf, ii„ii, i,u,'„, ,"
I The i«nd il here more Iruittiil and 1" tier culiJv.ii i
than that of Cialloway, and r. leis inouiii.iini.ii> j hm',,",
I not lo many cattle, eipecially (lieep and hoiic^. It „, ■"*
one of the lilies <it honour to the pinu e m( VVaIr,,
j Ihe thief rivcis ol iliij diltrict .in- tlie .Siiiicli'cr .i, I
ithe(jirvin, which .ibouiid with lalinini and other (ill
! Heie are alio iiianv lake, and wociK. I lioicr,') n,,., , ''
no 1 ciiiliderable poit in tins part ol 'hu ciniuuy, ti,, ,, ,,/
pie towards the cn.ilt aie nieat lillicimi ii, and "are I'li,
ployed by i!ie merchants ol Cilal-ow and other plaiuii
catch licriiiiys (or them.
The principal town in the earldom of C'.rriik h Ijj,
(■cm, which has a market, and ^ive. Hilt of LrJ j , '
litanch (j| the t.iinily ol ll.uiiilion. " ''
Kyle IS l(p.,iatcd Mom Cariick by the nver Dm,
and Irom CininiiiL'ham by the Irwin i it hai (:^, '
iiiiii^ham on the iioiili , part ot Clydldait un tiic ti'i't'
Niiiild.ile, Caiiick, and p.iit ot (ianow.iy on the foufi '
and the Irith id Clyde on the well ; c\icn,)||,|^, ,|,|,j, '
lour miles (roni call to welt, and twcniv -li\ lion, i,,,, ."
lo loulh. It IS divided by the river Ant im,, two ||„,'.'
aitric : that en the loulh tide a;( lar as the river |J,|„
tailed Kind's Kyle, and is under the jniil.'idiuii ot '*
Ihetitt i and Kyle 6iuait, winch is umlcr tlie prince t
Wales. "
1 1 he river Aire has the I,in:;ell courfe vi any |„ ,j.j
county i Its banks aie adoriiid with woods, calUr, ,, j
gcatleiiieii's If.itsj and the lucr, after tuniii/i' (bclid,
ii.s many turiniuts and wmdin';,) twcnty-tuur nnlejlr m
call to well, lalla into the lea.'
Aire, the chiet town ol this divil'ion, and the c.;pit,ilc''
the wh(de country, is (cated at the mouth ot the iivn tf
Its own name, lixty-five miles to the fmiih-wc It of Kjj,,.
bur^h. It has a good liaibour near the tirtli of Chdi' '"'"
and IS well litualcd for liailc. It is an ancient town dU-
tiinjuillied by its privileges, its jurildiili,,,, cxtciiil,,,,
lixiy-tuui_mi.cs liom the mouth n( the Clyde to ihc hor".
dtts of (JalKiway. J he river turns leveral mills m ili"
middle ot the New'I'own; this is joined to the ()|J
lown, whith Ihmdson the I'nuth tide ot the livcr, b/ a
Itonc bridge of lour arches. 'J'he CJld 'town is'l'ca'pj
111 alandy plain, amidll pleafant lertile (iclJs, with ..e-
I lightful greens, that attord a good pmlpca winter a'liJ
I lummer. It was (ornierly reciconed iu.\t in (;|,i:'.,yi^.
the principal maiket town ir the welt ot .Sei.il.md,' an.l
' has a Itatciy thurcb. it is tiie feat of a prel'ivter'y,' tl,
whicli belong twenty-tight paiillie.s, and, wi'th u'liI'-
gow, tonlliiutes a pronnti.il lynod : but its trade is l.ad
to be muth decayed.
j Cuniungbam, the lafl divifion of this county, is l-niinl-
jed on the tall by Renlrew wid Ciy.lldale, on llic fmjil,
by Kyle, and on the well .,„d north by the firih ot
Clyde. Its grciielt loni'ih ii,.m iht: fouth-e,ilt i„ thi:
north-well is al-out twenty-nine miles, and its "reattit
breadth Irom cad to well about twelve. It is divi,L-!l
troni Kyie by tnc river liwin, and is a much liner tcur.-
try and Ids iiioiintainoui than that.
Irwin is the bill town ot this ddhic't ; it lland, at ihr
mouth of the nvtr of ilie lame name, lixty-thrce n.ile, i*,«
to the louth-weil ot Ldinhurgh ; but its port is loflial-
low, and fo tho.ikcd up with Lmd, that it is only capa-
ble of teceiviiig (mall veliels : yet it has inuch mort- bu-
1 finels than Aire, and toiilllts(d two pieiiy ^ciod Itrcct.,
j with well built hiiufes, and a ipiay ticm whence the iii-
: habitants cany on a coal trade to Dublin. Tlicie is a
! bandloine Hone bridge over the liver ; and in 1736 anail
i was palled lor rcltoiiiig the harbour, and repairini; the
j town houfe, thurch, jail, ^t. 'I'his town gives tiil "f
: vilcouni lo the lamily ol Ingram. On the ivNTiitv.l';:,\n
I of November, 174c, there was here Inch a (iorni ofthui-
der and lightning, iliat the people who were not Ihuck
I down by tne li.rlitnint; tell m tne ground, apprelienJi.:"
j that the day ot general ju J^nient was cuiiit
S K C 1
Of Diim'inrMnili
Scon
\'.n.
) [1 K i» i:.
587
i) t *. r. XIV.
T
Shiti- rf R,nfi, v, or Unnfraw \ ill SilunlUii, Hi-
lint, PrtiJkif, iiHil pnHtipilTttvm.
rr'HIS iiiulily i« cill^ J tlur lurcuiy liv vviv of fmiricnrc i
It h.ivinj; ['.ivcii ihi- titli- o( Ivinm ui ihc jiniico i^l
s'll.niJb'liiic till' riihiii, :i* itiluri now, t'vcthrr with
Siiiiwili-ii. to hii riiy^il lin'JinilH the princi; of Wjirs. It
I, |„ijiii|i'il rm the (iiiiili liy L'iiiiiiiiii»li.im, on the c.ill by
l.aii'Tklhiri', on ihr nurth by l.iiiox, iiml on the f'mtb
[ly till.' Ihitc of DiinibjitiiM 1 it cxtcn lin;.', atcnnliii;; to
'lVni|ilti"''i'i thirlv iioliH Ironi iioilh to loutl), ami
,1,1,11, II wbiTC bro.idrll from ( ;vlt to weft.
I h It jMrt of III" roiiniy next to the Clyde ii frtilfuj
jnJi.U'af.iiiti willi only .1 k* lin.ill ciiiint ii':i"i i but th.it
toth. f"»'b, louth-wrll, anil wdt, is n\')rc b.nri'ii .nul
moiint;iinoiis ; it .iliounJi with iill neii-ll'.iiu's nijoyi a
hiullliliil air, anil at the lanu- time the ronvcmdicc ol tlie
Idth of the Clyde, in whieh there is very I'afe riiling up-
on jII the coall, bus imuh iinproveil thrl'e parts, whitb
uie |iii|'uloiii, anil ailonieij with many (gentlemen's ieali.
llhWaieieil by fevei.il linall nvei^, the chiet ot wbieh
arc the White-rart and the lilaek-eart, which unite
llicir llream;) bclore thi v •■ill intc) the t'lyde.
The principal lowm ol this county are the followiin; ;
Kciiltev.', the (lure town, and a roy il bur^n, is ieutrd
on 3 branch ot the Clyde, calliil the Cathcart, (orty-li.\
miles to the welt ot l'.,hiiliur;;h. It \i a Iniall but ancient
liiwii. wiuie the (lierilf holds his courts.
I'iill'.y, or I'dll.iy, is leated on the river White-cart,
li« links to the welt ol Cil.ifjrr)w, where 1, a pcarl-hniery ;
;nil thiiiinb 110 royal biiryh, is much bijji^er than Ken-
licw, and is the feat of a prelViytery coiiipo:eJ u( lixtten
p.iriilits. Here is a bridge over the Cart, and there are
(iill to be leer) the remain') of an abtiey founded in the
year ll'jo : ibe rcnr.iins ot which, together with its church,
C.ir.lens, orchard, and a little deer-pirk, are eiiclofed by
J ll, me wall, about a mile in ci'nip.il's.
()iijhi.;l> ;;round in the l.nids Itilcd New-yards, at
J liii.ill dillance lioin I'.illey, is a Ipini;^ famous for its
tbliin;; •■""' 'li'W'ii';' with the tide.
(iiieiiocic, a handlinie well built town on the tirth of
ihf Clyde, twenty-lix milcj to the well of the Clyde,
his a |i,o'«' '"'"' ''"■ Mps that come into and jo out ol
Ol.il.Miw. It is the chief place in the well o! Scoilaiid
(or tne heriing-lilhory ( and ilic nierchaiif, of(ilalj;ow,
who arc concirnid in it, employ the veU'els of the mha-
bitants for catching and curing the tifli, and for carrying
ihcni abroad to niaikct altrrwardi. II' re are many rich
families, and the town i5 noted lor good fcamen
F.-vinia, the I.atiii name for r.cnnv, \% d>iivcil from
tbe tivcr I.evin, whieh runs from f,och-li>nu)nd inioihe
Clyde. 'I'hisloih, or lake, fpreads between the moun-
tains, twcniy-lour niilci 111 len^',th, and eight in breadth,
though at the narrowell part it is but Iwo. It aboundt
with (illi, partieul.irly with a delicious f irt of the eel
kind, c.illed po !ai-, that is (aid to be | rciiliir t ) this
lake, whcnc- iti banks arc lined with th.' tilt.i.;r» of
lilhermcn. It contains thirty illind>, tbrec of wlxU
liave ihu.-clici, and miny o| the rill .ire inhabited, pii
ticularly Inehmurin, which is fruiilul in corn aiij ijraf ,
and .ibfiundi with deer. .Several of ihun arc calleil
llnating illamls ; thcio are laid to be aniticial, and I'otni -
ed ol heains l.illcned to;;eth r and covered will, carlii
and turf i upon fome ot tiiel'e are forts, in'o which ilic
native:; ufed to retire in time of wir. I'he (liir.; 01
l-enox, together with the town of Ri biiMnd in Yoik-
lliire, I'^ive the title ot duke to the fiuiily of l,enii."t, de-
Icendei) from kiiij.' Cb.irlesll.
Dumhar'oii, the prinripal town of this rtiire, from
which it take* its name, 1, featcd at the tontUnnceol'
the I.even an, I the CIvde, til'teen miles to (be iinrib-wcft
ot Cilalgow, and w.is (uitc coiilidv rible for its tiAde,
which is now much deciycil ; but is Itill icnvirka'de lor
lis callle, which i-. thoii^iit to be on; of the iltoli^;' ll ill
I'.urope ; it beiii" I'eated on the top of a craj.;y rock,
very Ifeep on all lid. s, except to the Clyde. It has only
one n.iriow deep afccnt, where ftep. arc cut out of the
rock, pall'alde by only one man .it a time. The river
I.e 'eii on the well, and the Clyde on the fo;ith, fervc
It for ditches ; and to the wclKva.d I:e5 a nior.!-, v/hich
IS oveidowed by every tide. As thiii is a; one of the
great llrong palVcs between tlie low country and the high-
lands, a governor and a garrifon are coi'ftaiitly kept in it.
ir.iOin?
uiiJ excellent pilots.
S K C T. XV.
Of Duni'inrlinjhiri; «'
f.nnx ; its Hituitin, Extent, Prs-
I'l! principal 7c;c«;.
Til IS county, whi'-b lies on the other fide of the Clyde
above (il.dgow, runs far north amoni; a clutter of
hilU, and is bounded <ui the foum bv the lirih and river
ulCU.le i on the ealt by .Menteilb .\u.\ Slerlinglhirc, it
I eiiu'. leparated Iroin the latter by tlie water of HIanc ; on
iliC north by the (irainpian-bills ; on tiie iiorth-wett by
Ar.'vlelliire ; and on the well bv the lake called I^ocb-
j ,11 ', .111(1 a water id the lime n.ime that lalh into it. Ac-
r-ir 1111 ! to the ciliior of Camden, it extends only twenly-
1,1 ir miles in bngth, and twenty in breadth ; but Mr
■| eiii'ileinan makes ii fmty-one miles biiig, and twenty-
fiven broad. Its bounds were formerly larger than they
;;]•■ ,it pri'lent, cl'pi cially on the call tide ; and it has now
i.iJv tvvelve parilhes.
1 he lower part ot Dumbartonfliire, which lies to the
(lit, is very fruitful in corn, efpecially towards the
nv II ; and the upper, which is hillv, is fit for pafture,
cji'ci.diy at tbe beginning of the Cjrainpiaii hills, and
t f,!, iMimeroiis flocks of Ihe-p. It has alio a noble hcr-
I i!j idhery in two bays, named I-och-long and liOch-
M-, i!-.al bleak into it fioni the mouth of the Clvde.
S K C T. XVI.
O/'lhi S/'ii( 0/ Hule (indCiitliiir/i ; thiir Si:ii.ili::t, Extent,
Produce, uiul prmopul PuKti.
TlIK (hire of liiite contains Bute and .\rran, two cf
the Weilern illaiuls, and is now jidne ! with Caith-
nel's in lending one member to the parliament ot (.Jrcat
Uritairi .ilternately.
Thefe idands arc tolerably fertile, and their produce
much the fame as that of the other Welfern inaiuis.
I'hey lie in the tirrh of Clyde, and have Argyl.lhiro on
the north ; C.int\rc on the welt; .md Kenirew, Cun-
ningham, and K) le on the eatt. The ifl md of liute,
which is about twelve miles in length, and live in breadth,
with an area of twcnty-Ceven miles, is feparated on thi;
north by two narrow (Ireights from Ar^ylelh'r,', and on
tbe well fiom tbe ide of .Arran ; 1; lis fix miles to the
wett of the ciialt of Cunningham, and but half a nulc
tinm Argvlelhire.
I'hr iiurthern parts of this ifland are nuiuntninous,
but alford good pailures and fome wocd. The others
produce oats, b.iiley, and peas. The ifland has a quarry
of red (tone. It ii 'Vs a healthful air, and its inhabi-
tants live to a great age. There is a eonfiderable herring
and cnd-fifhcry onthecoaft. The earl of Mont-Stuarc
is its chief proprietor and heretable coroner.
The chief town of the fliire is Rothlay, which (lands
near the middle of the ifland, on the ea(t fide, feventv '/O-
miles to the welt of Edinburgh ; the iiih.ibitants fubfiit
chiefly by tithing and agriculture. It is a royal burgh,
and has two f.ir*', one called the cattle of Rothlay, thj
other the cattle of Kcrmcs.
The ifl.: of Arran lies about four miles from tbe fouth
part of the ifle of iJutc, and lix to the ealt of Cantyre,
extending, according to the General .Atlas, twenty-four
miles from north to fouth, and nine, where broadctt,
from call to weft ; but Mr. iVIackay, a native of the ifland,
in his journev through ir, i.~.ys it is but twelve in circuit.
I'he air is cold and moilt, hut cK'ared by frequent brec.'.es
from the mnuntains. The ifland is fruitful in grain, and
has good pattures. The miudle of the inaiid is moun-
tainous, and 'he highell pirt, called Cipra, abounds with
deer. Here are many horfes and blaek cattle, both of a
I inbiJling fizc, with abundance of linall Ihccp and goats.
7. and
r
i ■'!
!y:-
,) ' : f
5S3
A SYSTEM OF G E G R A I' H Y,
1$ fi.i
lami aiiJ fca luvv!. llcie arc u'.io fouiul fullcrs-cartli,
aiiilcijll.il. On thcco.illare fuvcrjl cjvc;.,<)i)c of which
i.s l.irjo inoii^'h to hoKl a hundred ii;cii ; aiul .it the l.itther
I lid of it is a pillar cut nut of the lock, with a il. cr and a
cu.iblehilted hvoai caiv.d upon it ; and the iMti"Cs pre-
tend that Vnn- hlachkuwlc, a giant, who ilillm{»iiifl»ed
liiiilUf by his great tvploii, loilgcd in thd'c cavci with
11.. attciidjiitb. A ininill' r (bmctim;s prcachc,-. inonoof
ilicm lo fu'.h ab live at a diil.mcc from ttic church. Here
.ic many lui^t iluncs, from fix to tiUecii T'ct hii-h, fct
up on end, foiiie fiiijjly, aiiJ others in aciicul.ir form,
iiippofed to have been the remains of pagan temples, or
ol pl.)cej Tor adiiiiiiiUering jullice.
i"hi; tfi:'.:-.d 1.,... Cevcral rivers which abound with fal-
nioi), astlieleaall round does with cod, herrings, ling,
wliitniLjs, and Ihcll-iilli. But the adjacent fca is lem-
peftiious and d.uiicruus, efpecially when a Iboiii; louth
or foutii-v.ell wind blows.
Tiic i.'ihabit.in:b are :;;ncrallv of a brown complexion,
liealthv, vigorous, and ini:enious. In the i'daiid are live
churches, with leveral c.iiHcs ; amon;:; winch the moft
noted ii i'rodich, a pleal'ant I'ummer teat at tlic north-
c.iu corner of tlic ifland. Theie, and almoU the whole
.(land, belcnj to a branch of tne noble lami'y ol Ha-
niilion.
The fliirc of Av'cilt, or Caithnefj, though united in
fome mcafurc to liute, by fending a member aiiurnatcly
t.i parliamciitjis a? far d:llant from the iflands jult dcl'cl;il^€d
as polFible, it being fcated in the north-ea(i txtrcmitvof
Scotland ; it has tlierefore the Northern ocean on t!ie ealt,
titrathnaver and Sutherland on the louth and ibuth-wcl}-,
and on the lunth is divided from the t'rkiiey lil.mds bv
I'cntland frith. It comprehends all the country bevond
tlic liver Nefle and the lake into which it fiov.'.-, and
extends tbiitv-five miles from north to i'outh.
The land is much indented by the nianv windings
and breakini'S of the fliorc, and the whole coalf, except
the bays, coiihlfs ot high rocks and nianv promontories.
The fea is here verv dangerous, elpccially in cal.71
weather, except at tlaied times, on account of the manv
voriexes, owing to the rcpulfe of the tides from the (hore,
and their pail'age between the Orkney iflands. 'I'he
inl.iiid count'y is mountainoi;; ; but towards the cent: it
IS low, and produces corn enough both for the natives
iuid for cxpoHati<iii; but the foil i:eing moilf and clayey,
their harvclt is lotc, and the torn not lo good as that of
Rols and .Sutherland. Thtre is plenty of palhue in the
held-, and valleys, with ^ood foivliiiL' a. id hunting on the
mountains, and fifliiiig in the lakes anc' livers, as well as
the lea. In the fordls of Moravins «'id iicrridale is
great plenty of red deer and roebucks, and many cows,
;;oal^, and fhecp. In fevcral parts are copp^-r, iron, and
lead ore; but the inhabiiants chiefly fublilt by grazing
and fidiing.
This County is pcp.ilous, and has manv little towns
and villages, with a preibytci v of twelve [lariihes, and jjves
tiiieof carl to a branch of the ancient and noble familv of
t-iiiclair; but the earl of liraidalbiii, who has a great
cll.iie m the county, is hereditary flierifr.
l'iovirions,cr|.eci.dly corn, cattle, andfifli, aic fo plenti-
ful here, that this is (aid to be the cheapeff market in the
world, aiidthat a man cm live better hire for iiltv pound
a ye.r, than he can in the fouth of Scotland lor two
hundred ; but the filing is turf, for want of co.ils. The
rocks on the coalVaie iiiiich frequented by eaEle-, hawks,
n iws, h( rons, and otl-.ci fowl of various kind.-, like tbofe
of the Orkney and Shetland illaiids ; and the people take ;
the young fowls from their nefts bv a hook and line.
Theie is a particular foit called fiiowHeets, which refort ;
to thii country in Febru.uy bv ihoufands in a .1i:iht, and i
go away in April. They are of about the lize of a ,
Iparrow, but exceeding fat and delicious catiii;'. 'I'hey |
have alfo great plenty of moor fowls and plovci.i. J
The inhabitants are Co induflri.jus, that in fome places, i
where there is no harbour or bay, but a contiiuicd hard |
rugged rock, they have procured harbours by art and dint |
ol lalio'ir, and made patlages in many places bv loriiiing j
fteps 'f flairs from the lop of the rock to the bottom, :
where their tidiiiig boats lie; and at the top of the rock 1
have their lioufes, to which they carry up their fifll, and :
there fait and dr)' iliciii for tiie market. I
'I'lie prill. ipal tou'ns in ll.i, county r,;c \'. \.-
Weik, andTluirfo.
Wcik, from wdviice thiv i (.allc-J tlicflii;c of W",,;, ,,
a royal burgh, and maiket town, where the courts In..
kept. It ftaads on the ealf lide of the county at t^e
mouth of iMuri.iv fii.h, where it tails into the north iVi ■
but it is not mui.li fict|utnt(d. ' '
Thurfo lies oppoliic to it on the well fi !,■ of thf coiintv
about twelve or fourle'.n miii s fiom WMk, and ■ ij
delended by tl.e promontory ciilcd Holborn-htarl, il,„ ,,
is a fee ute place for (hips to ride 111. It 13 more puiiiiiou,
and better built th.m Weik, and has the belt church I't
the /hire. A linall liver called the water of Thurli), rriK
by the eift lide of the town, in which is a good hllurv
for lalmoii, wl.irli keep in tins river all the year; fu limt
they arc 10 be had in winter by breaking the ice.
S E C T. XV U.
Of Stii'lii'ipjiyt, or Sfyivelii:p ; it! Siluatisn, £.\t,-til^ cr.,i
Produu ; unba Dijaipliaii of ilt 'Iiiv.r.s cf Uteruni'.i'r'
J'uUhi. ^ '"
THIS country is bounded on the weft bv p.irt ii.-
I.eiirx and Clydldale ; on 'he noith by Mcnii-i'.h ■
on the louth and fouth-eall .oihian CMtiiJiii .
twenty mile^ in length and iwelve in breadtn. "^
The fiiuth part is tnountamous ; but that which lies
upon thel-o'tli is very leitile, and alfo abounds «i;h coil.
The pr.idiice of this (hire conlids of corn, gr.ils, bi.-.cs
cattle, Ihcep, and liorKs ; behdts l-ln.on and titlier f.O^
with wliicli it is fupphed by the rivers. T,.c lortii,
which is tl.e nioft fainou', though not thel.ngelt riKr ;:.
Scotldiid, lilis near the foot of ihe mount l.omor.ci, ai.j
runs from well to calf into the Kirth of Ldiiiburgh.
Sterling, the capital of tiie county, to whuh it al: >
i;ives name, Hands thirty miles to the north-wc:t , f..,..
Edinburgh, upon the del'ccnt of a deep rock, st tr.c'
foot of which runs the Foith ; and takes its iu:n;
from the Saxon wordyAi', which figiiilie! a hill, aiiJ ,'.«, •>
water.
'i'hc fiiuation of Sterling is much like that of Edin-
burgh, with a callle on an eminence, and the town
extending up the al'cent, with a principal Krfct that n
large and handiomc. It is inclofed with a wall, cxccit
towards the nor , vvherc it is w.ilhe.t by the liver Forrti
over which is a I dge of he*n l1one, wiih an iron "ate,
and four ftatcly irches, to which fhips come up at lull
tide, and a littk lelow it is the haven, 'i he callle i,
ftrcngthencd on ry fide with batteries and ramparts
and has a confide 'ile number of great guns for de-
fending the pall'age the bridge : for in times of troiibi-
'f the nation is ufiially cmivcvt .
a coiifiderable pafs betuctii '&..
i of Scotland, and alnioll in th-
in. It is indeed the only pl.icc t
nie from all parts of the nation,
ids, ■■•i.liout cn.fTing Come b.:v ' :
1 n.is ri-iuleied it of I'uch iinporr.inr.-,
in a good fondititui, and the g.'.rnli':;
.) lumdifd men, befides ofiiLcr
It has fix rooms of lU'e, wb'ch aie extremely noble, lioni
their extraordinary height, length, and brcadlh, adurnc.
with fine carved work <in the w.iinfe'ot and ceiling. At th.
top o( it the late carl ol Mar made a very conveiiii;'.;
apa.-tment of twelve rooms on one iloor, for the govcrnu; ^
lodgings. It has a laige park walled round; butitli.:,
little or no wood in it. Thi. e allle has been the relldeiki
of the kings of Scotland, at which time parliament.; -.Veic
fretjucntly held in it.
Sterling has a fparioiis church in the upper p;ut en
the town, which li.is a very high tower. IthasalKi.i
('p:icious market place and a handiomc town-hoiik,
Oppofitc to it is the late earl of Mar's Hue palace, on thi
top of the hill : the duke of Argvle has alfo a fine leu
near the callle, from whence to the bottom of the town,
it is aoovc h.ilf a mile, all upon the ilelcent, with ;'i>u,i
houfes. As Sterling tl.mds in a commoilioiis liliinioii
(or conmiei .-c, (0 it li:i< one w.iy a fine prol'pecl of I dm
burgh (lith and callle, and of the inoumaias of Arrvh-
L 111' .'
the chief mag
hither, it lying up
north and limth p
centre of llie kin;
which people cm
except from the 1
frith of the (ea, wl
that it i.s always k-
generally conlifis
ill-
:'■c-^^^t.
'if '.V,i<, I,
<^ cijurb ,!n;
lUiity at tV'
ii; iiurth iV.i ;
'the coiintv,
, ana •, lo
hcail, 111,,. It
irc j)o|)ii',ou5,
.•li church 111
Ihurli), riMis
1 gooj I'lllKrv
VL-ar; lu tiut
ICC.
I Exiciit, arj.
ft bv part nt
by AUntfi'.h ;
t.Nti. tiding
i.it which lies
nds wi;h coil.
, gr.ils, blr,cic
lid «'.ii;r fifr,
Ti.; Forth,
l.irutil rivtr i;i
l.omond, anj
nbargh.
vvhi^h it al;i>
north-wcit cf^y
rock, .It i.-.e
ikcs its !ur;i;
hill, ai:J /;», 1
that of Edin-
aiiil the town
Krect that ii
wail, except
liver Fortli,
.111 iron [;;!tf,
omc lip at lull
he calllc i)
1.1 rampjtt",
uns lor Jc-
of troiibi;'
Hv coiivcvi i
hctwccii ih:
iliiio'i in till-
oiilv pl.ice t .
of the nation,
romc b.iv I "
h iiiipoitanr.-,
id tlie gariilo:i
fides ijfiicer
noble, Iriim
iihh, adortic.
■cilinc. Atthj
ry convenica;
the c'.ovcnioi .;
lul ; hut it h.i.
tl;c rcl'ulciKL
ilafiiciUi were
ScOTLANB.
E U K O F \L.
5S?
1
e;"
ly
upper part ni
It has alio a
town-houli-.
paUce, Oil tlu
Ifo a fine fcal
I (if the toivii,
lit, with i'onj
iims ruiiiiiiiii
fped of !■ 'Ill'
liiis of Arrvl^'-
(hire and Duiribartonfhire another, as well 3.1 of the
vjrloiis windings of the Forth. It is the feat of a
orcibytcry, which confift.s of twelve churches, and
kjs a confiderabic manufadliire of Icrges. Joining to
iKc church is a neat hofpital for decayed merchants. It
ivas founded by James Coweii, merchant, and richly
endowed. His Itatue as big as Itfc is at the top of the
jate and in the garden of the liofpital is a plealant
Dowling-grcen. r , 1 .\
Kalkirit IS a nandfomc ancient town, leatcd on tne
foiith lidc of tlic Forth, eight miles to the fouth of
Sicrlin", and is a clean market town, noted for being
tlie place where the rebels defeated the king's forces on
the 17th of January, 174&.
SECT. xvm.
Of LM'lh'^'i '"' f^'l/^-t^'tbian; its Hituatian, Extent, Pro-
duUt O'd principiii Tmiis ; uiih a comije yluount of tin
Roiium IFiill built ticroji this Part 0] Scotland.
WE ST- Lothian is bounded on the north by the
Forth; on the tail and fouth by Mid-Lothian;
on the welt by part of Clydfdalej and on the north-wift
byStirlingftiiie j extending about fuuitecii miles inlcngtii,
iad thirteen in bieadth.
Jr is in general a picafant country, and abounds with
corn and pallurc--, coal, liniellonc, and lalt ; with great
plenty of tifh, with which it is fupplied by the fca and
i.vcrs. In the reign of king James VI. a mine was
liilcovercd here which yielded a great deal of filver.
The principal pUccs in this county are the following;
Linlithgow, liom which the fhirc takes its name, is
fituatcJ on the fide o: ,1 lake, fixtccn miles to the welt of
tdinburah, and is rei:. . Kablc for its ancient palace, fcated
uii an illaiui I'l the ii.idlf of the lake, which has an
.!ccnt of fcvcral fleps in the form of an amphitheatre.
Tiic p;ilace was magnificently built of hewn ftone by
fcvcral kings, and completed by James VI. The porch
:ears the name and arms of King James V. intircled
ividi the orders of the tiarter, St. Andrew, St. Michael,
iiiid the Golden Fleece, of all which James V. was a
companion. In the inner court, which is larger than
(hit of Hampton Court, is a fountain adorned with
f;voral (tati>"s, anil at each of the four corners a tower,
with fine apartments. Adioining the palace is St.
.Michael's church, a noble ftruttuie with a lofty Iteeplc.
Ill the town is alfo a i|uauraiu;ul.it court .idorned with
a curious fountain : on the fouth lide is the Tolbooth or
lown houfe, iicily built of hewn tlonr, with a very high
iteeple, in whu li arc bells and a very tine clock, in this
Ihurture the fliciiiV and magi;l;atcs of the town keep
their courts. Thi> phui.' is tne feat of a prclbytcry
confilting of nineteen parilius. Tiiere is a large Ihcft
half a mile in leni'th, fiotn the one end of the town to
liK' other, adorned with liandl'uinc buildings, from each
l;Jc of which icveral lanes op-ii a pafi'agc to plealant
gardens.
I he lake itfclf is a mile in length and a quarter of a
mile over, and abounds with perch and other fort ol
Slh; and on the nortli fide is a pane belonging to the
falacc.
The town has the appearance of arcat trade, with a
lurbour for fliips near the caltl.i of Bl.icknefs, where is a
large cuftom-houfe, with other lioufes for the ufe of
mtichants. Here is a manufaiiturc of linen, which the
water ol this lake is reckoned lo extraordinary for bleach-
ing, that a great deal of i: is brought from other parts
hither to be bleached.
lilackiicfs is a llroiig caftic in a peninlula on the coaft.
It belongs to the crown, and has been often ufed for a
ptifon of llate ; but is at prefent iicgkiUcil, and is faid to
R'lcmble at a I'llancc a great Ihip unrigged,
(j^ieen's- Ferry is a royal buigh on the fouth fide of
„' the river F'orth, ten miles to thf weft of lidinburgh,
where the queens of Scotland generally embarked when
'hey went to thtir palaces on the other iiJe of the F"orth ;
ind it is now a common pafl'age at all times of tide from
l.olhian to Fife.
9i
Severus's or Adiiaii's wall, wlii. h fxtiiiJe.l acrofj
tills part of Scotland, Ivgaii at the l''orlh ivar (.Yuen's
Ferry, and extended til rty lix Scotj miKs to nuiiilMitoii
at the lirth 01 Clyde, for covciing ilie piovim iai llnimis
againft the incurlioiis of the I'icls. It wa!> built with
ftone ten feet thick, and had watcli-toweis within t.,li of
one another, where centiiiels kept watch day and night ;
it had alfo a court of guard to lodge a fullicicnt luimbcr
of loldiers againll any liiddeii alarms, and (liong forts able
to receive a whole army ; with a good ditch of twelve
leet wide before it.
SECT. XIX.
Of tht Shire of Perth ; /'/; Siliotioi}, F.xi'ut, Produce,
Rivers, Divij.iiis^ ar,(l princip'il Towns.
THIS is a large, pleiififiil, and rich cniiiitrv, hounded
on the call by Angus; on the roiith-eall: by Kinrofs-
fhire and Fife; on the fouth by Clacmannaiifhiir,
Stirlingfhire, and the river an<l firth of Forth ; on the
welt and louth-wcll by ArgyF.ifhirc, J.cnox, and Dun;-
bartonfliirc; on the north-well nml north by EochaberanJ
liadenoch ; and on the north-calt hv Mavr. According
toCaiiiden, it extends lifty-two miles in length tromeafttu
weft, and about lorty-eight in breadth from north to fouth.
It contains Tcrth I'roper, pait of CJowry, Strathern,
Athol, Hraidalbin, and .Menteith, in which arc live prtf-
byteries, and eighty-eight patifli chur
This county, whole heredit.ry ilrjrilF is the duke of
Athol, is fruitful boih in corn and pilFurc, the firmer in
the low laIld^ and the Litti-r on tliv !ii:Mi grounds ; aii.l i;
interfpcrled with Iruit-trees, groves, lakes, and rivers.
'1 he principal rivers of this county are the 'Fay, which
ic the longelt m all Scotland, and rifes in ti.e mountai,".!!
of Braidalbin; and after Iprciding itfelf into a hike of rhe
lame name, lilteer. mihj in length, and m-.tr fix in breadth,
it runs near furtv miles, excluUve of its turnings and
windings, into the i;rt!i of lay. 1 he ICeilh, which is
tanious for its f.;lmoa lifhcrv, an.! lias a cataraft near
the Blair of Uromond, the iio-fc of which is fo loud as
to ftiiii thofe who conic near it. The river Em rifea
from the lake called Lochern, which is .al^out fevrn miles
in length, and one broad, in the mountainous countiy of
Strathern, and "alls into the Fay, after a courfe of thirty-
four miles from eatl to weft, and bcin; joined by fcverai
rivers in its paftage.
I'erth I'roper, the firft divificn of thi;; fliirc, hasthcCarle
of Gowryon the nottheaft; Angus on the call; Strath-
ern on the weft ; Athol on the north, and the Firth of
Tay on the fouth. It is about twenty miles from the.
north- weft to the fouth-calf, and fit'ttcn where broadcli.
The principal places in tins divilion are the Icllowin.'-.
Dunkeld ftands on the north fije of the 'I'av, i.tt^r it
has received ihe Almiin.l, twelve miles to tiie north of
Berth, and about forty Iroin Edinhiirgii. It is featcd at
the loot of the (irampian liilU and is I'urroundcJ with
woods. This is the chief m.irket-town of the Hichlands,
and has been much adoriu-d with flatolv buildinivi bv the
dake of Athol. It is the feat of a prcibytery contairiint'
tA'ciity pariflies. "^
Penh is a royal burgh, and the coutity-tcwn where the
flicriff keeps his courts. It is fr!-qu.-ii:;v calLd Si.
John's town, from a church built there deaicaied to S',
John, and ftands tliirtv miles to the north of E!dinbiir"h, ijf
agreeably feao'd between two meadows on the fouth
bank of the Fay, and at a fo'l tiJ ■ veffvls of bin then
may come up to it. I'arFrmeiits have often been hciJ
there, and it is at prefent the fe.U of a prcfbytcry coii-
laining twenty-one paiiliies. Here is a fine town-houfe.
St. John's churcn, which ftan.is 111 the middle of the
town, is divided intj two. Ihe inhabitants cairy cp.
the lii.nen nianufa^hire, and the merchants have a con-
fiderabie trade to the Baltic. About a mile fioni Petth
ii Scone or Scoon, whijh 15 I'catcd on the north bank of
the 'Fay, and is thinight to be in the centre of the kin;:-
dom. It was anciently famous for i:s abbey, f'ounded by
kingDavi 1 1, for rhe monks of the oidcr of St. Aiiguliine,
wh'.-rc the kit^gs of Scothind were crownoJ. Thwc ij
7 K all'9
i'l f
ilil
1
■ i
\
fl'
<tti
'V:
ii
X'
t
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
m
m
■!,:!
IS
^1
i' j
i\io a fine pal.Ki;, bcloitijina; to the crown, the front
ot which towards the chaiicF 'n two luuulrou t'tct long,
the diinni^-ruo.'ii forty feet in kn;;th, anj all the apart-
ments I'p.ieious an.l ni.'gnilicent, but hiiilt alter tlu:
ancient manner. Thcpal'irv of this palace is one hii;ulrc\l
anJ (cvciKv-livc Itet l.mL', .irnl the ceiling painted abuve
twohnnJrcJ years au;.i. It was in llie chapel belonging to
this palace that Icinjj; Ciiarles 11. took (he covenant.
'I'hc C.irle of Cjcjwiv, the next divihon, is eltctnud
the heautilullilt (pot ill .Scotlaiul : it extends tourtcen
miles in Iciii^th, and from two to four in hrc.idth, on the
north fide of the I'ay, ficiii Dundee to i'crih, which is
all a perfect ^.irden.
Strathern, thetliird divifion, has Menicith and part of
Fife on the fouth j liiaiJ.ilhin and Aihc.l on the north j
part of Menteith on the wdf j and I'erth Proper on the I
ead J cxtenJinj; above forty miles from e..H to w^lt, an.l :
twenty from noiih to Couth. It tai<es its name from tne :
river Ern runnin:; ihrou^^h it. 'I'lie (3chil lulls, which '
extend along the (uuth pait, abound with metals and ;
mincrjls, particularly copper, iapia ealaminaris, and lead;
there ii here ahb excellent peat, and abuiut.mre ol wood.
\Vhat is properly called btrathern, is a line valley, about
four miles b'oail, between the mountains, extremely
fruitful, and itiewed with genilemen's feats, which lland i
on the tide of the hills, and with their plantations of treej
reiuler ti;e valley more agreeable. |
Ab;rnetliy itaiids in tlie fouth-call: corner of this uivi-
lion, at the con.Ruence of the Km ai-.J 'I'ay, fomewhat a- |
bove twenty-tour miles from Duplin, It is an ancient |
town, and is laid to have been the feat of the Pidlilh
kings, as well as ot an archbilhop, afterwards removed
lo St. Andrews.
'I'l.ere are two caflles on the banks of the f'rn, one
of tlKin i'uliibariMn, the ancient feat of the Murrays,
which gives title of m.'.rquis to the eldelt fon of the duke
of Athol ; and the other is Dupl.n raltle, the feat of the
carl of Kinnoul, to whom it givca title of vifcount ; the
houl'c is adorned with the linclt paintings and carving,
r.nJ his lordihip has a park well j.lantcd with trees, and
walled round.
.Mentcith, the next divifion, is bounded on the north
by liraidalbin and Strathern ; on the call: bv 1' ife ; on
the I'outh by Lenox and Stirlinglliire ; and on tlie welt
bv L.'nox ; extending forty-foui miles from ea(t to wrff,
and twenty-eight wliere broadelt. 'I'his territory is faiJ
to derive its name from the river Teith, and reaches to
the mountains tliat er.elofe the call fide of Loch-lomond.
The only place of note in this divifion is the pleafant
little town of Dumblain, on the welt fide of the river
Allan, where king David once erected a bifhoprie, and
the ruins of the bilho[)'i houfe and that of the regular
canons are itiil to be ii.en. There w..s alfo a inagnirieent
church, part of which lemaiiis entire. The toA'ii is n
peifcct .-miphitheatrc, in a fine bottom furronndid witii
lulls, and gives title of vifcount to the duke of Leeds.
The fifih diviiion is Ijiaidalbin, a country among the
(jrampian-hiiis, bounded on the north by Athol and
l.oci.aber ; on the eait hv Athol ; en the foiith by Sira-
tl-.crn and .McjuJlh ; and on the welt by l.ochaber, I, cm,
,i;id Knapdalc ; extending above ihirty-two Scots miles
from ealt to weit,and .ibout thirteen from north to fouth.
If is inhabited by the Highlanders, who retain their an-
Scot I.
Athol, the moit northern divifion, is bounded on the
north by liadcr.nch ; on the weft by Lochaber ; on the
cult and fouth-ralt nv iNl.irrand (jowrv ; on the fouth by
itrathern and Perth Proper ; and on the f)iith-welt by
Jiraidalbin ; extending in length from the north-welt to
the louth-eaft fortv-thrce miles, and thirty-one where
bio.idclt. Here are many n-.ountains, and the valleys are
i'ull of woods. It gives title of duke to the noble aiid :in-
tieiit fimily of Murray ; but contains no piac; of im-
poi lance.
S K C T. XX.
Qf Klncardinjhirt., cr Mnv m ; ill Situitim, E:> tcnl. Pro ■
djit, t.iid priuLipul Toughs.
' 'i ''HIS county is bounded on the cj(l by the Northern
X. ocean; on t^ic fouth by the Nerth Efk; on he
welt bv the Ciranlbain-hills ; and on the north by .Ab-r
ilieiilliire, lioiii which it is divired by the river Dee- ex'
t. ndiiig about twenty-fcvcn miles iii length, and twe-nv
in bKa.lth. " ' •
■| he country is pretty level, and cii;oys a rich fci|
fruitliil in corn ami palture. '1 here aie faid to I- •,
bout five millions ol iir trees in this (-(ninty ; bcfiJc-o,"]
prodigious mmiber planted by the gentry atioiif tht-
li.ns. Upon the fea-cuail: aic fi;v;-rai coiiveniuit creek-
and fome good harbours.
Kincardin, once the ceunty-town, flands on the river
Dee, eighteen miles to the calt of Aberdeen, and ij t.'-.c
Icat of a preibvtery confiitiii:.', of tiftten paiilhcs.
Stonehive, the pieltnt county town, has a very -nod
Inn hour, fecund by a (tone pier. Ne:ir this toHii ,■
IDuiinotyre, where once ilood a cafile fortified with iironf
w.iUs and toweis upon a hi /h inacceflible mck, wa(!u-J
by the lea on three lide.s, .in.; joined ri the land i-y a m.'.
ro* ilthmiis. liy the entrance of fhe harbour is a hn-s
rock near forty ells high, which lecms every n'omeiit
ready to fall ; and at a Imall diltance is a ilroppirijr cay,,
wh;ie the water petrifies. 'Ibis caltle was lur^a mi- '
time the feai of tiie Keiths, the h.reditary earl marih.:l5
of Scotland.
Founion, or Mcarns, (lands twrntv-onc miles (Voni
Kincardin, ami is the feat of a pteH)vterv eonlillluT of
lixtien panlh^s. in the times of popery it was fanicas
for the reliqucs fuppoled to have been litpofnt-l -htrt ')f
St. I'alladius, tlie hilt bi(bop in ijcotlai^d, v.vo ^j,
fcnt over by popcCeU'lline m the year 4-;! to pri,.;en thcy( /li
Gofpel to the Si:otb, and confute the I'li.igian'...
SEC T. XX f.
Of Abirdicnfl:irc ; its Silnnlini, F..xta:l, Ij.'ivf:iri!, py^^'utc
and /I.' . i:< ipid '/ -nvm.
THIS county i^ bom-.ded on the fouth '-y tV river
Dee and the C jr.iiillain-iiioiinrains, W".:eh diiiJo
it from Angus, in theth;i.jof Fo.f.-r, and Kincardin-
fhire; on the raft by the Northern occ.in ; on the north
by part »)f Murray ; on the north v.'ilt by Kan tF; and en
the north by Miirrav; extending, accor-'it.g to Tcm-
pleman, feveiity-thite miles in leii'th, and twnity-cinht
in bieadth. It lontains Mar, v.ith its appurtenances,
Stiathdee, Strathdon, the bra< s of .Mar and Croniar,
with the rre;.te!t part of Hochim, (r.irioeh, and Strath-
bogy. '1 he loutB part contains Mar, with its lul'-
ilivilions, Irem whence it was foMiieilv called the fiii.-ecf
Mar.
This county would be in general pretty frui'ful, was
it properly cultivated. It produces corn, particularly
rye, and oats in great abundance, v.ith foniebe^ns, pc.iF,
roots, and herbs, both for food and phvllc. The hilly
parts, elpeci.dly the craigs of Pennau, where the c.i'jics
build their nelts, are covered v.'ith woods of oak and Iir,
and have plenty of game and paftiire, thcrcibrc fccJ a-
bundance of biack cattle, (heep, deer, and hones. There
are here alfo quariies of fpotted maible, jimcftone, ai;d
flatc, with a fpecics of fmall Hones peculiar to tdis
country, called ell-arrow- head?, which fecm of a 11 nry
kind, and are of diri'ercnt fliapcs ; b;it moll ofth;-.-. re-
(Lmble the head or point of r.n arrow or fpear. In thv
rivers are found mufl'c's, which contain lai;'!* pearls of a
fine colour and ftape. Here arc fprings of allum-waier,
and veins of Hone from which alb im i-, boiled.
The air of this country is cool, Init healthful ; ani' ti.'.-
fuel of the inhabitants is peat, tu.'f, and wood. Tli^
winter is murh lels levrre th.ii might be expected f>
far north, .md the inhabitants arc reckoned i f a milii
temper, tnough with as much good fcnfc as their nci-^h-
bours.
."Xbcrdeen, n city and univerfitv, has its mmc frnm^li"
Don, it ftanding nt th*- mouth of tl'.at river, in th'.' Iiity- ;
leventh (legrc-c fix nioiutes no.th I itituih', and the hrp.
degree fifty-eioht minutes wed longitude, eighty mile-:
from Ldinburgli. /'here are two towns, the (JId am! "'
New. Old Aberdeen was the fe.it of a billinp, it having;
a large and Itattlv rp.thcdral, generally called St. Mj-
ehai'ii. On the fouth fide of it itands l^injj's-collcge, in
2 vhic-'
Scotland.
I' U R O I' E.
59i
1-
which is ^ princ!p:\l nn^ (uli-principal, with three other
iccciit) or profelTors of phiiol'ophy. There arc alio pio-
iJbrs of divinity, civil I;iw, phyfic, the mathematics,
an;l the oriental tongues, Clofe to the church is a lihr.iry
well fumilhcil with books. This colle-c is n;)' inlerior
(0 any in Scotland. Ihc church, with itsturrc' ur llee-
pic IS of hcwn-tionc, and the tO|) vaulted with a double:
aoii arch, furmounted by an imperial crown.
New Aberdeen is about a mile didant from the OKI,
jiid is fcatcd at the mouth uf the river Dee. It is th'.:
county town, and confcquently the leat of the ih .ril 's
courts. It exceeds all the cities in the north of .Sc,<tlan>l
in extent -iind beauty. Aberctcen ftands in a whulclonic
.-.ir, has a great revenue from its ialmon-Hdieiy, and the
i;iiiabitants are in general gay, rich, and courteous. It
iHcated on three hills, th;: main parts upon the highcR;
tj-.e Ikirts of It extending into the plain. 'I'he m.irket-
nlacc is beautiful and (pacioiis, and the houlcs, whicli
:ia' neatly built, are generally four or five ftorii'S high,
(vi'.ii handfome falh windows, and have for the molt part
jarJcns and orchards belonging to them, which tender
?i!C ciiy pleafant and healthful, and the profpeit ot it
. .jtilul at a dilhnce. The Itreets are extrenuly we!!
, , 1,
li, ii , - ilii- other public buildings, th«re is in the High-
ft::« a cluiii;h neatly built of tree-Hone. The church
oi ,';. Nl^hoia^ is alio a handfome edifice of fiee-Uone,
V ,,•. a littv il.,^pi'; rcl'embling a pyramid ; it was tor-
i],i;;v divhied Ml. ,hree churches ; and the body of it is
jdorOTl v.'ith a tower ;ind a fleeple with pinnacles. 'I'hc
pts, :.; . t Ab>:idtcii, and indeed of almolt all this part of
thccouiit'V! are ?:iierally of the Epifcopjlian pcrlualion j
fatha; we:-'' it n^n for the legal eltablilhincnt, the I'relby-
tcriJii puachers wmuM have but (lender incomes: almoll
ill I'.ai a ni'-iCng-houfe, where the liturj'y is
\berJc^!i Ukv iiave beautilul chapels, and even
cvcrv ;i
icj'; ..'
orp.ui.-.
The;
fjunJe;!
from li;i
..:'.':pal of t!iJ public buildings Is the collcn",
V Vieorge Keitii, earl marlhal, in 1593, and
called tlie MaiflLdiian college; but lince his
time me city has ailorned it with feveral additional build-
inis. In this Lj!;i'5 ., v.'hich is an univeriity of itielt, arc
aprincipal, l< .ir jv ifeii'ors of phdofophy, a protellor ot di-
viiiitv, a |.ir';i' li'.T of mathematics, and a protellor ot me-
(iiciue. It has a good librarv, which was t'uunded by
the CUV, and ciilarjred ly tiie j^ilts of feveral learned
mui, «nd IS alio furnilhed wiui mathematical initru-
iiicnts. ]
In this city is alfoa grammar-fchool, founded by Dr.
Dane, whicn has a malUr and three ulliers. Tuere is
alfoa mafic-fchoiil. Here aie likewil'e a (uifonand uotlc-
hoiite, three hofpitals, and an al.ms-houle. Near the
harbour It.mds the culto:n-h>iii(,.'.
Tiie bridge over ilir linn onlilb of one immcnfe arch
of llone, Iprung from two ro.ks, one on each fide, which
l;tvc as akutn.ents ; I.) tliat it may be laid to iiave a toun-
riition coeval with nature, and that will lalt as long.
Tne oth'.r bridge is upon the river Dee, a mile to tiie
welt of New Aberdeen, and has (even (lately arches.
This city gives title of earl to an ancient branch of the
family of (Jordim,
Tiierc is verv good anchoring in tlie bay, from feven
to nine fathom water. It is a tide-haven, with a very
difficult entrain e; for though the river is large, the
channel is narrow, and the bar often fliifting, fo that
no fliii) of any cunlequeiiee ventures in v.iihout a
pilot.
The quantity of falmon and perch taken in both rivers
i« allonilhing. The propriclois of this liflicry are united
into a company, there being fo many (hares, of which no
pcilon can enjoy above one at a time. The protits arc
very lonliderable, the falmon being fent abroad into dif-
ferent parts, partiiularly into Kngland, France, and the
IJ.iltic. As to the horring-filhery, it is a common blcfling
to the whole eatlern Ihore of Scotland; and enables the
Aaerdeen merchants to carry on a profitable trade to
Uant/.ic, Koniglberg, Riga, Narva, VVybourg, and
Stockh(jlm.
This city has alfo a good manufacture of linen, and
sllb of worlled (lockings. Its pork is reckoned the bed
cured fur long voya^^es of any in Euiopc, and they ex-
port a good deal pi( kled :;nd packed up in barti-b, which
they lell chiefly to the Dutcn, lot vicluailing their Jialt
India (liips and men of war.
Peterhead, which ftaiids on the foutli fide of the water
of Ui'ie, is a market-tov.'n and fea port of coiifuletaMe
trade m the north-calf part ot the county, upon the pro-
montory called Uutliannefs, and is noted lor the Pre-
tender's landing tin re in 1715, and has a road which
will hold a humlied fad of (hips.
Cjarioch is the feat of a prcibytery, confiding of fit'-
teen parilhes, and gives name to adiltridl that extends
near fourteen miles from call to wctf, and eight from the
north-well to the fouth. It lies in a vallev watered by
two large and feveral finaller rivers, with feveral fertile
hills on both fides ; particiilailv ivli.unt Bennachy,
which rifcs Co high a-; to be lean at lea, thi)i;gh it ii near
fourteen miles from the coat^,
itrathbogy, which lignifiej the valley upon the Kogy,
rtands twenty-four miles from Aberdeen, and has a
market, with a bridge over the Dovern near its contlj-
cnce with the Kogy. It is the (eat of a prelbytery, con-
taining eleven parilhc;. This valley, wdiich is frui:ful
in corn and paltiire, has black cattle, (heep, and horfes,
not only for the ufc of the inhabitants, but (or exporta-
tion ; and is rcinaikable tor tlic fine linen yarn (pua by
the women here, and (bid to the merchants.
SEC r. x.vii.
0/ thi Hhiie oj h'ifc ; li, Situaliaiiy E:.tiiit, Piidiia, and
ptiUilpul Tcwiii.
THIS county confilb of a fine pcninfula inciofed be-
tween the Forth and the lay, bounded on the call
by the Northern ocean; on th"; (buth by t!ie Hith of
Forth ; on the welt bv the Oehil-hilis, fiinrols-lhirj,
and IVrthlhire ; and on the north is divided by tae
(iith of T'ay from Gaury and Angus ; it being commonly
reckoned thin)-two milts in length, and about feven-
tcen in breadth.
The calf part is the mod level, and the weft the moft
mountainoui. The nortn and (buth parts are very Iruit-
tul in com, and lull of towns which have good bays and
harhouis; while the n:iddle of the country is more tit
for palturc, and has [>ienty of cattle, tfpecially (hcep,
whole wool is much elieemed ; as arc alio the hides of
their black cattle, deer, and goats. On the fouth fide
arc coal-pits, and much fait is made. The Ocliil-hilisi
on the welt alfo alfbrd good pafturc, and tlie pleafantanJ
fruitful vallies between them have fields of corn. There
is a quarry of excellent free-llone at Dalgate : near the
water of Ore are lead-mines ; and at the Bin and Orrocic
are many fine cryllals of feveral colours.
'There are here alio feveral mineral waters at the fpaw
at Kinghorn and Jiailgrigy. The |,r neipal rivers arc
the Levenand the Kdiii, which abound wah falmon and
other fidi.
T'his coad is well plantrd with litth^ towns that arc
nurferies tor I'eamcn ; and the fea, belides heriinj;s and
other firti, which aie taken in great quantities in Au-
Lud and beptcniber, yielda abuiidanceot oyliers and oiiiei
Ihell-fini.
The earl of Rothci is heredltaiy flieritr". No county
of Scotland fends lb manv members to parliament, or iv
inhabited by a greater number of the nobilitv.
T"he principal tov.'OS are the followii':: ;
Bruntiflan, or Buint Ifiand, a royal burrji, ten miles
to the north- wed of Kdiiiburgh ; it lies oppytlte to !.;itli,
and a pafl.ige-boat goes thither from hence cvcrv d.iy.
Vhe town (lands m the middle of the north tide ot the
river Forth, and enjoy> a fine profpeClot l.eith road, ai;d
of the city and cadle of I'Miuburgli, wiih a fate liai'joui,
where (hips lie with their heads to the very hoi.les. Ic
is (b land-locked, tha; fueh as are driven up the fi, ih by
dorms, or contr:/y wind-;, come hither tor (afety ; and
(hips tiaJing on this coall oi'een v. inter here, the water
being commonly eighteen, and at fpring-tides twenty-
fix fee; deep within the harbour, wiiich has ro>>iii e-
' nough for a hundred lail of (hips, and is capable ot
I r>fcei"iiig and arccning the largrd nr.'i. ot war. T"h-
town
ia.
il
v\-i
4--1
h*
59'-
A S Y S I E M OF GEOGRAPHY.
Sco
1! I' 'i
;M' '
I'tlil
i'h . \
. 1 H ■ J
ii
town has 3 hJMufome church, with ;i Uir;;c town-houfc
and prifcii ; .inJ a coiilidi.r.iblc manuKictmc of Iiikii
clotli.
A'. Kiikalily ii fc.itej on the fame cojft, ten miles north
of Edinburgh, .inJ is a market- to\v:i anil iojmI burgh,
the fcMt of a prcfbytcry, contaimn;; ft-vcntc'cii |iariflK's. It
is larger and better built than the former, it cxtcndiiij;
a mile in lcn;;th. It confills of two paiilhes, and is :i
place of good tra.lc, here beinj; fomc lonliJcrable mer-
chants and large dealers in coin, who export r/eat quan-
tities of It botn to l-.n;.;land ^nd IlulianJ , otheri tra<lc
with linen I'l England, and make returns m tlie neeeliary
foreign maaufaclures. Ileie io a conicnieat yard tor the
buildjiig a;ul repairing of lliips ; fevetal houl'es for the
making of fah; and in the neighbouiliuud aic coal-pits.
tit. .'\iiJrews had its name from St. .*\ndrew, whofe
boncj are faiJ to have been broiight hither from I'atras,
a town ill IVlopunnefus. Thij is an ancient, and was
once a flo;iin'hin^ cit\, the nictropoli. of all Scotland ;
the feat of us tiiil univeihty, and, bet'ore t!ie Revolution,
31'. was the (ee of anarchbilliop. It is iituated thirty nmcs
to the iiorth-ealt of Kdinburgli, and is larrounded with
extcnfivc corn-lieldi, abounding in txcelieiit ■.\ i-.eat and
barley; with the pleafant downs called tiv; l.iiiris lynig
on the fea-lidc towards the north. I'ne town formerly
confilted of four large iherts, which cvtend from talt to
well, almofl patollel to each otf er : but the noKhern-
molt, fornu riy the priiic:pal, is cncircly niiiud, and not
a houfe remaining ; each of the other thiee teiiniii.ites to
the caltward on the cathedral, wliicli is now in ruins.
This was ellecnicd one of the largclt and iiiuli beautiful
Gothic Ihuiltines in the world, it being tlu\e hundred
and feventy feet in length fiom c.ilt to uclt, the
crofs from foiith to north a hundred and eighty, its
breadth fiMyhvc, and its height a hundred lect : the
beauty of its pillars, with the fymmetry and proportion
ol the whoi.- building, have been greatlv admiied.
Near the ruins of the cathedral are Hill remaining the
tvall of the molt ancient chapel of St. Rule, with the
Tpire, a hundred and five feet high, which is ihll entire,
t'n the north fide of the city are the ruins of its ancient
caftle, of which nothing remains but tho walls.
'J'hough the town was (ornierly about two miles in
circumfeiencc, there are now haidly a thouland houl'es ;
and of tiiefe near two hunJied are become ruinous. The
number of the inhabitants fliU amounts to above four
thuufand. It is a place of no trade, and its harbour is
c.ipable of receiving only finall vtlTeh. Near the town
lo plenty of free-none, of which all the lioufes are
built.
Here is only one parifli church, that of the Holy Trj.
nUy, remaining, and two ti>apcls. 'I'bis church is an
ancient itaiily edifice, built with fine free-Hone, in the
fc;in i'{ a en. I':-, with a lijiulf..mc fpire in good repair.
in it is a fine monument of archbiflii,;) Sliaipe, who was
afiaifinated upon a moor as he was ccniing home in his
coach.
'I'his citv is particularly fan-.i.us icr i'.s unlverfity, con-
fiding of three colleges, of which, during the continu-
ance of cpifeopacv, the archl;if!ic,!s weie chancellors.
'1 he lee'lor is chofen annually, and bv liie (hitutcs ouglit
to be one of the piincipals of tnc tiue'; eoilegi-i:, which
are .?al!'-d St. ^alvator's, St. Lci-iiard's, and the New-
O'llege.
St. Salvator's college was founded by James Kennedy,
hilhop of St. Andrews, in i + t-S, who erected the edifice,
fu;ni!hed it with cciUy ornameius, and endowed it with
lulKcicnt ie\enins tor adocbir,a bachelor, .Mui a licentiate
in cjivinity, lour profetl'ors of pbilofophy, and eight poor
Icholarj. It has alfo a good l.brary, founded by Dr.
Sheen. TliC tditice itielf is a Itately pile of fine hewn
itonc i it has a large vaulted chapel covered with Iree-
Itonc, una over it i^ a lofty fpire. The commim hall and
IcliQolc are very large ; and the cloiiters and private lodg-
ingi for the mailers and fchoiars have been very magni-
iitent, but the college revenue is not iuihcient to keep it
in repair.
St. Leonard's college was founded hy John Hcpbonie,
prior of St. Andrews, in the reign of James V. with la-
Uries fcr a principal ur widen, iuur pculeirors of philo-
1 tAX i>,
fophy, and eight poor feludais ; another profnTur of pM
lolopbv has bnce been added, witii a handfome (,1„'. '
and alio a libiary. liy an ael wliiih [...lled in the i^y,'.'
tielh year ot the reign ol his late ni..j. Ily. ihelc two,,/
leges were united,
I'he New College was founded hy aichbidlopiJetliui,.
uncle to the caidinal of that iiaine, wiih endowmuKM'
in (I
imilly,
a principal, a piofellbr, and lome ttudetits
wl-ich is only taught in this tolle-e. As the twolii
I oil ges have a beiter revenue than ihat ut St. Saivm,
they are in much better repair, in the latter kin,- i |,j,i^'
1. luld a parliament, in a fpaeious room able to'~fe.,t fi„'
hundred pcrfo, IS m regular order ; and it Hill rciai„s tni
name ot the patliiinH-ii.iooin.
I he lall pi ;..!• vve Ihill mention In this county is Fall
land, winch is a pretty neat large town, aim ,ll i,, th-
center, leated at the loot of I.omond-hill, whict, j^ j;,,',!
to he full a mile in height, and covered with the lin,|t
pallures [or (hecp. I'rom the top there is not onlv a rro
Ipu'l ot I'llethire, but of the country .dl round ir| t. the
louth beyond hdinhurgh and the Lothians almoit to Jicr
wiek i to the well as (ar as the hills bv Siirlin<' ; .mj J
the north into IV-nhdiire and An'.:Hs. Near rins'tow
James V. built a pahiee, which, bv ira ruins, e.'peciallv
the two fides yet ttanding in the inner Innare, cppjarj'i',
have been a large and'noble llruaure. Jt coi-.fiis cf
two Itories, adoincd with rows of round narbl;; Li"-s
fet in lockets of ftone ; it has ballb relievos "bct-.vren
every window, and on the top of every pillar a liatiis ai
big as the life. Tbe entrance to it is' like that of ijoi"
rood-houfe, between two Ihitely tO',\ers ; and on il'ie
right hand is a chapel, with niches on the outfiii'c, ,.,
which aie (latucs as big as tbe life. Jleie v.oe 'iMg
fpaeious garden?, and a park eight milci tuuiie. v.-U
[ilanted with oak and ftucked vs'ith deer.
SEC T. XXIII.
O/t/jf S'lhe of Jnyis, cr Forfar ; its Siiuat'm.
Pi iihut, uiitl l» iiii:i[,ut 7 sa-Hi.
'T^^'IS county is divided on the north from the hr.,s
JL ol Mar iiy the iiv!;>,j of the llrincl'.uiiiiii-nioiiat.Mi'r-
1 i^-uc-.l,
on the eail it is boumlej l,y Mearr.:, ; on tl;e iouih bv the
filth of I'ay and the Noiihcrn ocean ; and on thc'wi'll
and north well by I'crt.-.lliire ; extending ihirty-iour
and twemv-fix in breadth.
miles in kn:;
I he (lure of .-^ngus, as it is generally called by the
Scots, produces Vv-iieat and all o'ther forts of grain, aaj
isdiverfified with large hills, lakes, forcfts, pa(t,irti,and
meadows. It is a iiood countrv .lion.i- ib- r,,i(l- i,.„ :.
meadows. It is a gooU country
there very narrow ; yet fpreads \
I he coad, but is
. . imong the iroim.
tains, which are inhabited by Higlilanders, "and abound
with harts, hinds, roebucks, and fowl. 'J'hcy have allg
fome mines of lead and iron.
The principal towns ot this county arc Forfar, Dup..
dee, and Muntrofe.
Forfar is a royal burgh, a market-town, sn.-l the fo.n
of a prcthytcry containing ten parilhes. It Hands fout-
tccn mil'.-s weft of Monirofe, is governed bv a 'ir<iv(i(t
and bailitF, and was anciently tlie'leat of lU'cra! parlia-
ment., at-.d hud a royal palace, though fcaive anv ic.
mains of ii arc now left.
Dundee is leated in a pleafant plain at the foot of a
hill en the north fide of the lay, near its ent.aiiee jrio
the ocean. It is apictry town anil a royai burgii, tiie
feat ol a prcfliytcry, cor.iaining fcvenifen pariflies. Tins
is cftceme.l the heft town in tue (liire fur llieiigtii, fitu;-
tioii, and tr..de. The town \^ two miles in comp:'.!;, ;i! i
better built tlian molt in Scotland, lis i.Kuket-nl.c.',
Ifom whence run four large fi:rcets, inhabittd by many
merchant:., is almolt as fpaeious a^ that of N'ott'n-ii..:ii,
It being the largcll and tinell in Noitli Uritain, i.\cc;)t
that ol y\beideen, and has a lown-houfe built v.v'hu'.i.'-
rtone. It has a gn;at church, fonnerly collegiate, whicli
is an exad crol'i, larger tii.ni th.it of St. (Iilet's at iuli.i-
burgh ; It is a lofty fijuarc building, and a gieat orna-
ment to the town. 'Idui well end next the ileiple wa'-,
beat down by C.-gmwell'. ainiy, .;iid the other three paiti
art
iW exchaivjc ta t
5(0 r I. AN' 15.
EUROPE.
'■ )■■
I from the hr,,;
c Forfar, Dup,-
iro now divliliJ into three fcpsrntc churclics I he
rticplc has ;i iin'j t i.vrr, lik'.- that at Wicxiiam in W'.ilcs,
■iiil very lolty. Tne church-y.'.rJ is withmit tlietoAii,
aril ailiiriictl vvi'li I'.iic mumiiiiciits. I'Iilmc arc licic .illo
,,in' or nv) nn.'ctia:': liourts for tin.- Jviilcdpaliaiis.
The tnvvn is p i;)nloiis, aiiJ ojil- ot UV- :siycll in Scot-
land. 'I'lic houli^aic iio! Iiii^li, Init v,-. ll built, iiiiclly
yl (tone, in a very iK'.uitilul manner, wlivii, to^cihcr
with its fini^ titiMii;),!, anJ the Iplcndor in wh ch tiic in-
habit;iius live, li.wc j^ivcn it the name of lioiniy iiiin-
il'jc. I'h'-' inli :!i'..'.nt>, wiio rairy on a f.>r'.;i{;n trade,
;-.rc generally rieli, and for thof; that are fallen to dtciy
ilicro i- 3 l.>rge hanJl'omc hol'j-.itai, with garden:; tliat nm
aov.n tuthe rivers. ^
'l"hc harbour, w'.iich i; two or three lea;Mic3 v.'ltliin the
nimiih of the lay, has three entrances ; it has aho two
rr thioc f.nall pi^'r,'., ami i'j eapahle of containin,; two or
[line hundred tail ol thip;, ol finall burthen. I'roin the
h.irhotir is a plealant walk paved wit'i 11 1 ;-ftorie>, an I
(li.de.l witii lows ot trees on taeli iide, whitli feives tor
an e.tchaP'.'C to the merchants and ni.ilieis of (hips ; and
en one Iide are alio large warc-honhs for ^'oo.ls and gr.i-
naries lor coin. 'I'hc river itfelf is a goo 1 hai hour, with
fife lidingi good ground, and dcip w.iter.
,V this is one of the bell ports for commerce in all
Scotland, it h.i^i a conllderable inland Ir.ule, el'peeially
lorcirn and linen, which the merchants buy up torex-
pijilatii'ii, -ind which enriches all the ailjacciu country.
Momiol'e is fe.ited at the mouth of the river Kfk, on
■ tV.c Nerthein ocean, foriy-h.^ miles to the north-call i^t
[.;jinburgh. It is well lituated for tiade, and has a hai-
tiour lor (hips of conliderable burthen ; hence the in-
hibit.iiits carry on a good foreign trade, pariiculaily to
Notwav. The town is adorned with many hue build-
in.!, and principally conliilsot one lung handfoine lireet,
which runs parallel with the fliore. It gives the title of
duke to the chief of the family of (jrahain, an.! is la-
mous lor the i I'r.ipe of the Pretender, who took. Ihlppnig
here privately in 1716, for fear of a vdit troni th; !a;e
duke of .'^rgyle and general Cado^an.
SEC T. XXIV.
Of hvcrne 'fiire ; iiiclu ling Biiikiioch, l.ochahir, with a
pr.ail fart of Hefi <ml Alunay ; iheir Situal'nn, lixUnt,
at::) fniliif ; willr ii Difciiptioit of Invitnrj), and fjini
Auciii.t of Fort U'iii.iUi and I'crt Jugujliii.
'J'his extcnfivc IraiEl abounds wl'h p.i 'i'.;. -a. ■,>.!.■,
deer, and goats ; and has lome v 1 1 '., : >\:,l
much cilfn ; for thoiii>h very pU'a;aij', it 1 . :iel; j ■■:,' .>.'.
of the nio'.t barren cniiiiries in Seoiiand.
In\crnefs, trom wliicli this louiity has i? n .lie, |j
Its principal town, and is f.-aied at the but' o.n . i ilj liriii
oJ.MuTay, where it receives the Net's, a liiindfi,! aod ift^-
fi\ miles to the north of Edinburgh : from t:iat i..r! ml
Kun:r, which in ilii .uicient Scots ton;Mie iifi i -i .in
harbour, theto.vn derives its name. It is a royal bi'r /h,
a market-town, the feat of a (herilV, and of a priTo.- : y
containiii!; tliiiteen parifhes. It l^ands on the luuiii hdo
ot the Nefs, over which it his a bridge of luwn-llone,
with I'even arcl c^, th.it leads into what is properly cille.l
the Norlh llighland.s. It is comenieiitly filiated foi
trade, ofwhiiii it h.'s a confiderable fliare, with a h r-
b'ur for fmall (hips, a cliiirc!i t',,r the FJ^dibinde.-s, .ind
another for the I. iwlandeis, and the luins ot a cali.e in
wiiich the kngs of Seotl.md formerly rclided, and Ifand-
iiig on a hill tli It alfords p tine pridpect of tiie town and
the adjacent country, which is very fertile. It io rccl:on-.d
a well built, clean, ::nd plcafant town ; it ha-, in parti-
cular two very good llicets, with cufV^e-houies and :a-
\.'ins, and th • people arc more polite than in mili t i-.vni
ot Scotland. For Oliver Cromwi 11, w!io crccUd lofis,
and, like the Romans, placed his llatiunary legions in
the molt eniineiit p.irts of the country for k:eping iliij
people in awe, built a Ifroiig clt.idel here, in whicii he
Id; a garrilbn i the foldiersoi which fettling in tiie coun-
try alur the pe.'.ce, and applying themlUves totliecul-
tuie and iirprovement of the land, ihcie is here ip. 'IvCii
lefs of the bro.i.l Scots dialj,it than f.iitlicr to theljuth,
and is more of the Eni'lilh method of hiifbandry ; bui:
it only reach's alittle w.iy, for the mouni.uns intiil'ict-
ing ihe pleafnit v.dleys, the rudeiicis of ihe Highlanders
loon fu ceeds. 'I'ho igh tJliver's fort was dcnudiflictl
after the Relloration, it was reltorcd alter the Revolution,
and king Willi. im 111. alw.iys kept a garriloii in ir, on
•iccount of its being one of the mod conliderable paii'cs
;ielweeii the Low-countries and the Highlands.
Ir
the mouth ot tlic river Abcr, a hundred miles tothe/v.
north-w^ll of Edinburgh. It is a regular fort erected after
I tlic Revolution, and received the name of Fort Wil-
; liam in lionour of William III. It is intended as a curb
!o,
int.
1^
I
N\'KRNKSSS111RE, which was formerly much more
^ rxtenlivc than it is at prcfent, is bounded on the noith
l-y Ryf? and Ciomarty ; on the call by .Murray- land ; on
tnc fouth by r."in, liroadalbin, and Athol ; an I by the
Willcrn (la on the wcil j extending about fixty miles
fvcm ealt to w.lt, and forty-five, where bro.ide(i, from
ii^rdi to louih.
This fliire abound 1 with iron ore ; it h:;5 (lime wooils
fifu'cii miles long, and large woods of oak. It alio
contains h vcral lemaricible lakes: one of the molt ex-
ir.!"rt!inarv of ibcl',- is feated upon a very high mountain;
itexiends' al out thirty fathoms in length, and fix in
brcadihi yet no (Ire.-m is obfcrved to run cither to or
from it, it being entirely fed by its own Iprings, though
10 deep that it has never been fathomed, it is equally
ttill at all feafons of the year, and, though the water is al-
ways C( Id, it never freezes. About leventecn miles to
liic wed, on the north (ide of a mountain called (ile-
nin:e.i, is a lake called Lochanwyn, or the Ciiccn-lake,
which is covereil with ice all the year round.
B.ulenoch has part of Murr.iy on ilie north, Lochaher
0:1 the weft, Athol on tliefouti', with part of Murray
and the l!raes of Mar on the c.ift, extending, according
10 Tcnipleman, forty-nine nnles in length, and twenty-
two in breadth in tiic widclt part. 'I'liis traii particu-
brlv abounds with deer.
Lochaher is bounded on the north by Badcnoch, on
ilic c.ill by Athol and part <-A IJtdec.och, on the fouth
hv Lorn and Ikoadalbin, and on tlie well by .1 moun-
tainous ttait towards tiie co.ift ; extending, according
to Mr. 'rempleman, lilty-fcvcii miles in length, and
lilty one in breadth,
<n
elwecn the Low-countries and the Highlands.
Innerluchy, Invcrlochy, or Fort William, Hands in
le center b;tween the North and Weft Highlands, at
le mouth of tlic river Abcr, a hundred miles tothe
orth-w^ll of Edinburgh. It is a regular lort erected after
lie Revolution, and received the name of Fort Wii-
lam in lionour of William HI. It is intended as a curb
in the Highlandeis, and has a large garrilbn. Jt is (o
itualcd th.it if it be ever fo much Itrai.cncd by a block-
ide, or ficgc by land, it may receive conllr.nt fupplies hv
; fca.
i Fort Auguftus IS a regular fortification built by i>ene-
' ral Wade near the fouth end of Lochnefs, to awe the
Highlander.s, and to prev cut their dillurbin.i' the fuldicrs
he cmploved in making a ro.ul here, which, withextraor-
I dinary pain.s, they carried through mountains and mo-
j lalies that lecnicd alniolt impallablc. i)v this load the
king's forces may ealily eiittr and tr.ivei fc the cointry,
' which was beloic iiiaccefliblc to all but the Highlanders.
SEC V. XXV.
Of Argy'.fjhhf, or Ihi':uiry, iiuhdiiig ^'Xyl' Pioper, Cuiia!^
L'Aiic, K'iiipdtile, imd Q.iityie ; with the Hitiiutijii, ixt-.nt,
and Produce of each, and a D<jcr'ipthn of the piiuatial
lj!ui:dibtic>igi-i^ to ,'Uiylijhlr^.
ARGYLLSHIRE is bounded by Lochaher on the
north tall, by Perthflioc on the e.ilt, bv the Irilh
fea and the llith of I. lyde on the fouth, and by levoral
iflands on the well and noith. It extends a hundred and
twenty miles in length, and lorty in breadth.
This county comprehends Argylc Proper, C'aw.il,
Lome, Kiia|)dalc, Cantyrc, and many of the ^\'c(^cm■
illands. It is the feat of a provincial lynod, cont;iiiil:i-'
five prefbyteries and forty-iiiue paiiflics, and give-i title
of duke to the noble family of Cam[ibell. It abounds
with caftles and gentlemen'.s feats, nioll of which be-
long to br.mches of that family, which ate famous for
having (uttered lor their (Icdtaft adherence to the Pro-
tillant religion and the libenies of their country, par-
7 '• ticularlv
v\ %
l.
I*;
, 'iij
f;.-t'
>
•m
m"'
i, i
I !
,u
:n
.>4
A S Y S T li, M I
; il'.L' Rcl'uim^iioii to ilic R^^o
o L C G U A 1' 11 -i
hi.'Ml.w.),
licul.iily from the t'liac
iuliun
'I'hc country is mountainous, aiiJ tl\c inhabitant'.,
who I'ptMk Kric, toe anciint laiiiiij.i.'c ol Si.(Ml.inJ, live
niollly 1))' hiiiuin^ .uul li!lii]i_^ ; loi it hai kvcn ijuMt
laicci, wiih o.htr Ullu ones, th.it aiioiuid with tilh. I'hc
■ iM.ill is cuvircd witli lii^h roclc'., auJ blt.il\. niujnt.iiu:.
lovtrcd with heath, winch flcJ gr.:at luiMibcnot hl.icic
cattle, ikcr, and other wild hcaltj ; loi theii cattle i^cnt-
laily run wild, but arc ixcillciit moat.
■Jlic dilliict of Arjyle I'ropcr luis ICnipd.ilc and Cowal
un tlic Cuuih, Li-nox and the Cirampian hills on the ealt,
Luchabtr on the north, and Lome on the- well. It Les
betw-.en Lueh-t'yn, which is lixty iiiiks loni; and a-
boutluur bioad,and Loc!)-aw, a frclli-water l.ikc, iwinly-
loiir miles in length, and one in brradtli. Tiii'. hilk iaitc
contains twelve illaiids, and from it runs a river naimd
Aw, whiih, alter acuuileof fix or fevtii miles, enicrj
l^och-cditf, which ahouiidi with falmun, and falls into
the- \Vilt..rn lea near the i!le of Mull.
Cowal, the next divilion, lies between I.oeh fyn on
tilt well, the hrth of Cl)de on the call, the die ol IJuie
on the fuuih, Arg' le I'toper and the Ciiampiaii-iiKiuii-
tains on the north, and abounds with hikes and b lys.
The principal place ic contains is Deioan, lormerly a
feat o! the bilh,.p of Argyle, anJ now of a pi^lSyteiy
conlillini; of lignt parilhes.
1,0. ne, the third divilivin, is a level country, the pka-
fanttit and luiitfulkll pait of .Aigylednic, ilpccally ir>
bark\ ; and it has alio many lakes. It is bounded on the
call b) liioadalLin ; on the luuth by Loch-kavcn, a lake
of gicat extent ; on the well by the W'ellein liliiids ;
and on the noith by Lochabei ; extending about thirty
miles in length tioin north to fouth, aiid about nine,
where bioadelt, from tall to well.
In this dilliict I.ochaber runs fo far into the land
from the Wellein lea, that it is only disjoined from
Loch-nefs, which runs into the lialtein ocean, by a
very narrow ridge ot hills which run between them.
Knapdale is bounded on the call by Loch i)n, whicii
feparates it fiom Cowal, on the fjuth by Cantyre, on the
well by theWelK'rn Illands, on the north by Lu;nc, and
on the north-call by Oro.idalbin. It is twenty miles trom
north to fouth, and thirteen where broailcll fiom call to
welt. It is joined toCantyre by a neck of land fcar..ea
mile bro.id. This part is alio lull of lakes, in lome of
which are iflands with callles ; but it ij in general htter
for pailure than corn.
The principal town in this divifion is Inverary, which
is feated on Loch-lyn, feventy-five miki to tne nortli-
wcft of Ldinburgh, and forty-live froniGlafgovv. It is a
royal burjjh, a market town, and the feat of a presbytery
confifting of twelve parifhes. Near it is a tine large
talllc, adorned with gardens and a park, and is the chiel
rtfidcncc of the duke of Argyle. '
Cantyre, cr Kintire, which lignifics the Land's Head, ;
is the moil fouthtrn divilio i of this Ihire, and is a peniii-
fula that extends thirty-ieven miles from north to fouth,
and feven in breadth. From the point of land, called
the Mull of Cantyre, it is I'carce fixteen niiks to the
Fair I'oreland in Colerain, on the nortli-ea!l of Ireland.
It is a very fruitful populous tract, inhabited both by
Iligh'andci? and Lowlanders, and for the molt part by
the fornur, brought hither by the Argvie family, who
have taken extraordinary care in civilizing the inhabi-
tants.
The principal place here is Campbell-Town, which is
feated on the lake ol Kilkerran, on the cartern coaft,
ninety-leven miles Irom Edinburgh, and thirteen from
the Klull of Cantyre. It has a weekly market, is the
feat ot a presbytery confilling of ten parifhes, and has a
fafe harbour.
The principal of the W'eftcrn Iflands belonging to Ar-
gylcfhire are Ill.i, or Hay, Jura, and AIull.
Ilav, or Ilia, is feateJ litt'en miles trom Cantyre, and
IS reckoned the mofl weftcrly of all the iflands of Britain.
It extends twenty-four miles in length, and from eight
to eighteen in breadth ; is not fo healthy as Jura ; fur
abounds with corn, black cattle, and deer ; has levcr»l
rivers and frefh-water lakes. 'I'hc lake called Loch-
liiln^en, in the center of the i:l .nd^ is three "ink'; icuiid,
.Hid <liiVhiiii;r5 itleli' into the lea. Ir. li.l I. '•,■• iv a fi^,.i|
ilhiid, call.d 'i'hc Royal biat of tli.- ;,'ie.it M4';il(i|,,.|,i
who w.is crowiud and anointed 1.11);; <.t IIk- I(V i l.y |ii,,
birti.ip ut .■\r[')le aid Icyeii puclK, in the (Jiefeiice ,',r,.,'|
t'.e heidsot tne trihis of tli.- ifles ainl coiilin. lit. |'||..
luiiisot his p.-.h'cc, and the hi lU Its of his uouuk;* .,,. j
guau!', aie lltll to be feui. H'-ie are allii m.i'iy c y,.,,
oir, of which IS big enough to coir.'i;n twohunJ: I n,.,,^
Here are alfo fix ciurcli'S and a chai'el, ! lure arc i
muhiliide of little illands on the coall, Icnie of whicii .;ij
inhabited.
Jura is iwentv- four miles Ion;', and feuii broad, [j
is (e[)aratcd by a narrow llreight fioni Hay, one m;;,.
in bicjdth, ai.d is reckoned oie.-' of the molt lualt.-.lu)
plates in Scotland ; it nas a clear air fioiii the iniJJi; ,j;
Mauh tiii Michaelmas, and tiie inhabitmis live i,j ^
great .i,!e. ll hiking? to the duke nf Ar^.yk•, .iiij [.^
eail coall is well mliabited. It is famous lor its incdi.
ciiial waters, and its rivers v.'iiieh abound with Idi.-mn.
I The Call cuafl is well inhabited, mm^ ahminds wi:lid.-.r,
I'.orfe?, black eatlle, (beep, goats, wild iiiid taiiie-li,u| ;
' and on the weltern llioie are lound c-jral and tor;i|iin.
In ihe middle of the ill.iiid are |imr very hi ;!i iiiiii:ii;i|,,5_
the t\\o hi^'Jitdof nhieli are c.illed by feaincn I'h: l'.,;ii
of Jiiia ; ihey aie covered with liialh and fo.iic j;ral) th',-
affords jialiurane fur tiie cattlu Hcuveen tiie i. iii;i ind
of Jura and the little \A-. of Scalb.i is a wlu.l.ijol, tlut
has in iir.j-.etu'uis cnrieiit not to be pai.illekd any ivlKre
ah. Hit th; illand of (Ireat Uritaiii ; yet the fnull, lljin,.
iiit'-boat may crof* it at the lall hour of tide v/iih(j:.[
the IcjII d ui^.er. Theie is oiilvone church in ti-.: i;l,:ii,i.
Tne iiihahi;anls arc all l'io;ell.iiKo, but l;'iak i'.il., aaj
wear the Highland habit.
I M.ill, the l,iri),etl of tliefe iflands, 11 's :.t a fmall uiilajirc
to the north of Jura, and is tweniy-iour iniles in kn^th,
but in the hmadell part is as much in br.vdth, iin'j ,j
dnidal from Lochaher hy a cl.aiiiiel not h .If a lej,>ii:
broad. The air is temper.itcly cold and r.ioitl. A tiJ'c
of ntountains run through the middle of the illaiiJ, ai,l
one of thein is fo hi^h, tiiat it is leen from all tf.c Vieftti.i
illands and from a great part of ScoiIanJ. The illand is
W'ell watered with rivuleis, and aftbids good pa'!ur,ig,.:
the holies and black cattle are fiiiall but fprightly, and
the hitter very good me.it. h has alfo a great number of
ihccp, goats, deer, and wild fowl ; with bai-lcy, oats,
great variety of plants, lame vood, ar.d plenty of turf
■ and peat. 'I'he coall, el'peci-lly Lechleilin bay, abouiiJs
; with herrin^;s, cod, ling, oyllcis, tuckk'f, iir.dieh,
; cians, ^c. Here a.'c alfu f.'als ;'.:;d octirs. S-veialefthc
, rivers abound with falmon and peail niutiels, and lame
' frefli-water lakes have pkntv of trouts and ttls. Th.-
' ifle of Mull has llvir..l hays, an. I places lo.- aiuha.'a.e,
■ of which that ot Duart, i u the call lide, is moil freijuciitcd.
It has three callles, of which calUc Du..rt, on a pto-
' nioiKoiv near the foutii-eall coiiier of liie illaiul, is the
i principal.
I The inhabitantf, wiio, except a vciy lew, aie Pij-
leltaius, have, according to_.Mr. Mjitiii, on'v t^vo paiilli-
j churciic!, and a little chapel. The laie d.ike (.t Ai^vlc
became its proprietor, upon its beinj loifcixd by tb;
family of Maclean.
I On the vvcilern coaft of MuU are rr..iny little iilnids,
among which is Jona, which is but two niiirs Ion,'
and one broad ; yet on fevcr.-.l accounts is \vcr:!iy of
notice. Mai hie is found upon it of varicus cc'.our;,
with vcrj- beautiful veins. The cafl tide is sH ;;rali!:
I and plain, abounding in corn and grafs, and has :i;ae
I ports for landing ; but the weltern coi.il is cxcc-Jing
i bad, and lull of rocks ; the tides heie arc t\io very
\ liolent.
This ifland had tv»'o monaftcrics and has a church
famcus lo: the burial ol the kings ol Scotland, ol v.lii'in
here lie no lets than loriy-eii'.ht ; and is ,;i;b famous I'or
beinp: the rcfidence of Columbus, the apolile of the l',ci>,
fiom' whole cell this illand, lays llcdc, w.is calkd I'.j-
lunib-hiU. After the Scots Icit the ille, a biihip's ke vv;ii
crccUd in Sudor, a little wU ige, trom which all ih.-
I illands witlun his diocele weie called bodorciilis. ii.
1 ciuirch, li.-lt dedicated to St. Cokimhus, now called .M.
I Mary's, wa..^ ibrmcrlv the rathcdial, and is a bcjutilul
'lUuclur- : tlie it ei-!'' is k.ig-. tlic 'iours and windows
lu^iei.llv
Of iht Shin if Bai
Scotland
L U K
■SEC r. xxvi.
Cif iht SIArii of Niiint <!<ul Cromurly ; tLlr Shuuthn,
NAIRN is in fume mcafurc united to Ciuniart)niin',
by tlicir I'cnJMig altcTuatcly onf member lo paili.i-
ni'.nt. K.iirii ii bouiideJ on the north by Muri.iy iirth;
u,i the tuit by KIgin ; and on tlie welt and luulli by
li.vcrjiels compreiienduig llu: well part of Mmiay,
(jliich liCi between ilie nvei Finduju and Nairn; cx-
liiidiii}; in "s gicaleil lei.jjlii twenty miles, and in its
arcitilt bitadtli luurteen.
Tlie air ib very wholefome, and the winters pretty
mild, i l'>^ lowei part of the eountry beais much cuin,
vihicli is foon lipe ; but the high country is titter fur
lulluic. It has many woods' of (Ir and other nets,
tl|,eeially in ibe ibuth-weit part of the lliire, on the
b'.i'.ks ol the liMr Nairn, it has many laki-s and n;oun-
laiiis, vet abounds with little towns and villages.
NaiiJi, the prineipal lovvn, is a royal burijh, one
hundred and four miles from i-dinburijh, and had u.imerly
a lurbour, whicti is now thoaked up with lanJj that
covet the ruins of an aneient cattle.
Ctumaitylhire is but a fniall couiitiy in a pcninfula,
fcpaiatcd on the fouth from Naiinlliire by a part ut
Murray iirth which tuns up to invernel-); and on the
iiirth from Rolsfliire by the tilth of Cromartie ; it beiii^
Ijoundcd on the welt by the fliires of Invcrnefs and Kola ;
jiiJ only t*elve miles long and three where bro.idelt,
Cromarty, the capital, is delightfully fcated fcmrtcen
miles from Invernefs, on the branch of the Murray lirth
talkd the iirth of Cromarty ; a road where the whole
;o\al navy might fecurely anchor, and have fea roo.ii
mough ; though it is not much ufed cither by the natives,
or by any one elfe. At the entrance to this firth are
(Jiiigtrous iocks called the Craigs : and at this town is
a lerry which crotTes into RoTstliiie, from which the
inhabitants are lupplicd with peat lor fuel. It is a market
town, and has fpac ous links, or a level green ftiand. It
gave title of earl lo an unfortunate nobleman, who was
alw hereditary llurift'of the county: but bjlh titles are
now fallen to the crown,
SEC •!'. XXVII.
Of iht Shin tf Bamf, in Silti.7li(,n, E.\lcnl, Pi:d:uc, and
friuiipal Tonus.
^111. tbirc of Uanif comprehends that part of Huchan
north of the river Ugie, with the diltiiils of Strath -
avtrn, Kuzie, Uoyne, Balvcnic, Stiathyla, and Strathaviu.
On the north it is bounded by Murray fiith ; on the calt
by the river Dovcin and ttie northerit ocean ; on the
fouth by the river or water of Ugie, which feparates it
from Aberdeenlhire ; on the (outh-weA by the Braes of
lliiJciioch and Bracnier; and on the welt by the water of
the Spey and Elginftiiru. Its dimenhons >te variouHy
;;iv.ii: but, according to Tcmpleman's furvey, it is fifty
inilis in length from valt to welt, and its greatcft breadth
eighteen.
The climate and foil arc nearly the fame as in the
Hcij^kbouring country of Aberdeenlhirc.
That part called Ijuchan, extends north from the river
U^ie to the fea, and weit as far as the liver Dovern,
that is, nine miles from north to fouth, and twenty from
call to weft. It is watered by abundaiuc of brooks and
'ivcrs, and confills of corn-fields and little hills ; it being
the mod extenfive tradt in the whole kingdom free from
"louiitaiqs. The iJoyne is * littlv Oiiliiit tli.'.S extends
i' L rn,
a!uiig the liiih ol Muii.iy, ,ii,d \, Irui.'' il r.cat t'lC tl.ore,
lull 111 other parts muunlainous, anil liai l.iige iiuaiius
ol Ipolled maibk',
baUeiiy is a mountainous traft on tlie \\\i\ lulr of tlie
iliiic ; il (..'.tiiu!. alon_^ the livcr Spey, and .b.nii/ds wiiii
paltuKs and wood*, ll is fan'ous lor a loik m:;: pri'duees
liuii.s .iiul whcilU'iic', fyflieient to li-ne tlu \\\;-.,W iil.md \
lo lliat the people uIj them a^ llatei, lo! tuv',ii;i^ iiieir
houlea. Here a,c ..llu fpiiiij-s ol alum watu, 4.iid mas of
a Itone lioni wliiih alum is extracltd.
Sir,ith)la, wliich li;.s to the noitli-tall (d' lUUenv, is
liuillul ill com and giafs, and Inch plenty ol liinelfi.nr,
that the inhabitants build ilien houles witii it. 'i'liev arc
alio coiilideiablc gjiiK-is by telling llien lia e dir tattle
aiid fine linen yarn at a wei.kly iiuikLi m the villa;^e oi
tiLciih, on ihe iiver Dovern.
Strathann is a diltii.;t fcand on tiiu river Avon;
Stialhdovern alio leeeivts us name Irum iis extciidiii.;
ali'iig the liver Dovein.
'I he prineipal placis in tliib county are the lidloHinL':
liaml, the ciuiuy-town, is feated at the inouili oi tiic
Duverii, uiiehundied and ten milts to the noith of fdni- lit.
burgh; but has no poit, and tonleiju.ntlv little tt.;di',
e.Ncepi lor corn and falmoii : for the towiiliian are fonder
ol tdlagc than of lomnierce. Il is a royaL buigh, .ni.l
h'Jie ihe Orel iti' holds hi;, courts, ithas'rhe rums of .i
eallle, and ol an abbey which biluiigtd lo ihe Cilleuiaii
monks.
1 iiKlt is Icatcd feven miles from IJjmf, on a river that
tall., iiiio the Dovern ; it is a market town, and the le.it
ol a pielbyteiy. The adjacent tountiy is veiy pleal.mtj
and aiiounds wiih gentkimii's feats.
Eralcrburgh, it a lea-port on the coall of Miirrry fitli,
liltecii miles from UamI, and is ri.Lkoned the chiti town
of the dillrii5; of liuchan ; il has two pieis of he. -11, me,
which renders the haibour lo f..fe and commod.ouj, iluc
thirty ftiips may fccuitly winter here at a time.
Upon the banks of the Spey, which runs through this
county, is Gordon caftle, the nobkit palace in the Noith,
It being tlie duke oi Guidon's chitf feat, adorned v, iih
p'eafaiit garden^, a great park, and fine canal, -.utn an
.igrei.ible louiitain and ttatues. 1 he caltle is l-i .urge,
that it appears more like a little town than a nobleman's
feat.
SECT. XXVIII.
0/ tl:c Shirt cf S:ithi)i<wd; its Slluatior., ExUtit, Piodiicc, <i<id
liiriiipat Toi-ui.
THIS county, including Strathnavcr, h.-!s Cidthncfs
and the Northern ocean on the call ; Rois on the
fouth; the country of Afiynt to ilie weft; and ihr;
Northern ocean to the nortli ; extending, ntcordin:',
to Mr. Tcmpleman, eighty-eight miles in' length, and
forty-two in breadth.
T he country is very mountainuur, but lefs (o than
Rofo, and according to Camden, is more fit lor biecdiiig
of cattle than bearing of corn. T'hc valleys, hoivever,
ire pleafant, fertile, and well inhabited.' It abounda
with black cattle, fljeep, deer, and wild-fowl ; and it is
laid that all the deer bred on the mountain Arkil have
forked tails. It has three remarkable forcfts, ;ind manv
other v\'oods that aliord hawks and plenty of game, which
the inhabitants a:c fond of hunting. Here are hills of
white maible, and a "real deal of frec-ltr.nc, lime-iijiie,
iion-ltone, and gooj ilatc, It is remarkable, that thou'h
tli;s county is leated fu far noith, fatrVon grows in it vervf
well.
T'here is one fort of bird laid to be peculiar to thcfo
moil northern dirtrifls, which the mlubitaius call a knag ;
It lelemblcs a parrot, and digs its nelt with its beak in the
tflik of trees.
In this county arc above fixty l.-.kes, abi-iiiidinj wit'i
fwans, geci'e, ducks, and other fowl of v.'.rious kind:.-,
and are full of tifh. The largclt is Loch-fin, which is
loiirteeii miles long. In many of iheiu are veiy pleafant
illands. In fliort, thibcoumiy is lo full i,f ba\h, river;.,
and lakes, that there is fcane a town in it that is not
wathed with lait or Irelh water, and both its bavs and
' ■ cvuilts
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A SYS T I: M O I^ G L O G R A I' M Y.
S.
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,(<'y It'll
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toaft-j iili/imd \'i h fciN, (.ilnion, aii.l flul! fidi of ;ill
foiis. It ;;ivc5 title of cirl tn the chiit of tie iidIiIc
C.imilv <>t Suihcl.iii'i, wliii his tin; titUs ct luruiliiary
flurilF.mi .iJr:i.ial. It li.is many coninKulioun li.it don is,
Irom wluc!) llw iiilialiit.mts fxpurt b.ith y, l.iit, ccmI,
btel, liiJij, t.tll.<.v, Ikiiii, w.iul, butUT, (.lifufc, r.iliittiil,
'i'ir: ncrili part, c.illcil Siratliiiiivt r, h fi p;ir:iU'il from
the nil by moimtjiiis, .uiil bouiukd on il;c north ainl
well \>y ilic ocean i on tlic I'.ilt by C'aithncis ; iiiJ on tin
fipiiili by Ad'ynt iunl Suilicilaiui, It is lo call ■! Iroiii
tlic linT Naviin, whitli runs lliio' it; it cxtonils ll.irty-
four Hiihs from liilt to vvi.fl, ami twelve liom iioiih to
fouili i lilt inotlui.. no mule (han fi.x.
'I'Iil; liiow lies a long iiiiu uiioii the high ininrt.iiii,
It lini good lurbouis ami many wooJs, with great htril.
of hlac; tattle, ilinp, lit rl'es, ami ^oals. Tlu' inliabiianu
lake their fat cattle and eolts to the neighbouring Ijiis ;
but tyjiort iluir lalt bi;f, hides, Ikins, t.dlow, buttei
aiij tluefo. Mere is all.) great iilenty of vcnif.io, and
the inhabitants deCpile thufe who do not deliglit in
hunting.
It is obftrved that thi: people of this and the neighbour-
ing coiuiines arc Urong, courageous, Irur.al, t.ipable ol
fatigue, tivil [0 llrangers, theuiful, and fiiiccre.
The day here in funimer is computed a! eighteen hours,
and when tlic luii is lit, it is much more thun twilight^
till it iili.s again ; but the niglits ar.- as long in the midit of
winter: however, the air it even then illuminaJed by the
aurora boreali.s, or the iiortl'.ern lights. It ii alio obl'eived,
that the wintcis here are in gener.d more tcii.pcratc tliaii
they nic farthir to the fouth, and that fome id tlu- rivers,
partieularlv the Nil's, iitvir freeze; which isaitrib'.d by
naturalilh to the fait and mild vap'nni; from the ncigh-
b.iuring I'.a, wliich fill the air, and .i> it wue flicathe
the acute particles of tiie cold ; and for the f.une reafon
the fiiow in the vallics neither lies fo deep, nor fl.iys fo
lung on the ground, as in oiher places.
Dornoch, the capit.il of the county, is featcd on the
bank of the firili of Murray, one hundrcil and thi:ty
miitb to the north of lidinbuigh, and was formerly the
fee of a bifliop; here was alfo a cathedr.il for llu dioci fe of
Caithncfs, with a caille for the earl of Sulhei land, and
the family^ buryipg-pl.ice. Dornoch is the feat of a
prcfhytery containing nine paiiflus, and has four annual
laitj, which aic much frequented. It has, l.owever, at
other times little or no trade, and io now rcmark.ible for
nothing but its antiquity.
Urora is a burgh of barjiiy at the moulli of a river of
its own name; in the mighbciurhood are mines of excellent
co.il, and a j;rcat deal ot fait is here made and exported.
S E C T. XXIX.
Oftli Shii: cfCijdmaruw; its Sit!(.it::>i, i:;itos; Prcjiuc,
iiriil priiicipiil I'lihi i,
t>l..\CIvMANANSH;RE is bounded on the north by
A the Ochili-hiils, on tlic linuli by the lirtli of Forth,
c>n the lall by part of I'ertlifhiie, .iid on the well by
pait of Stcilinglhire, It is about tight miles long, and
where Lroadell but five.
This is a plain fertile country tow.ird the firth ; but
the reil is litter fur failure ; however, the landi below
the Ochiil-hills abound both with corn and palljie.
About A lua and Clackminan are many coal-pits ; and
the inhabitants export great liuantities of coal, not only
toLdinliurgh,hutcvcn lo liigland, Holland, and Kraiicj ;
for it yields the bell and the grcai.il quantity ol coal of
any p-irt of Scotland, it being that d'.itinguifiied in Eng-
land by the name of Scots coal. This county joins
with the ihire oi Kinrofs in alternately lending a member
to parliament, though Kinrofs is generally included in
Eifelhirc.
Claekmanan, the county town, Hands on arifing
giouiid, upwards of thirty miles from Edinburgh, and
has a noble caille, adutijod with fine gardens.
Hut the nudl tonliderable pl<ce is Alloa, or Alloway,
-> fea p.'.rt, live miles to the call: of Sterling, ami the lall
€»n li.e Eoiih, where llut livcr falls into the arm of the
4
lea ca'led llie Firth. This town, though avilt,,,,
Lrgcr an I heUer bui t than molt of the"'boro.i di 1",,^,!.!
in the king !om. There is in particular one {\ ,.t ^\^^',
iiins down to the h.irbour, the bio;id.ll and bell pj\ j
ofanyiiext to E biiburgli, with rovv.i of lime-ir,,, ,'i,
each (lie, as at Dundie and in tlie towns ol Holl.nj
Aloi has a very coiilider.ihle lorei;;n trade, and Cturjl'
nrmul'adure, are rre-aed there, all'of which li.ivtfn,,,
ulition to navigation. 'I'hey partieulaily ili.ik.' i-xiti'^
lint l.ai| cloth, which is faidlo be aj good a> t i.;i ^i n 1'
l.iiid. 'I'h're is a large lopc walk and ware-l,.i;i;'^. J
n.ival-lloies, as hemp, tar, kc. iinpoited from liuffi,
l.ivoni.i, Nnway, &:c. fumi which Fill place deilsaru
ail J impor:ed, and here are fveial faw-ndlls cinpl.jyij in
eu;t!ng or Hitting ti.ein, A ladory has li*ev.t|, been
lettkd here for the merchants of Cilafgo.v, wli-j hjy,.
irei^id w.ire houfe-i for (towing thdr tgh.icco, I'uj.;, j„j
olhi r coods imported frorii ti.e lir.tilh colonies in .Inr.
rica. III order lo be ready hr exportation to Hi.||.i;i"i'
Hinbutgl), lireiiieii, the lialtic, London, or w!itre-'iu''
they are w.inted j and alfo for (lowing fucli comninJi'
ties as thry import from Sweden, Rullia, ^:c. Tin.. ,|„.f
is here as bro.id as ib.e Tha iics at Eondun bril.e, the
Wd(rr deep, and the tide flows fo Itroiig, that Ih.ji^'niav
lay their lldcs to the wharf, and load and unliLid ihcir
goods without the leall dillicully. 'I'heie are lalt-huulea
all along the 111 ire for builiiig ol f.ilt, which i, leuheJa'
w.iy ill gieat quaiiliiies by ill pj ih..t bfilig o;htr j,ji)',ij
il^mbuigh, llremen, or t'lc lialii.-.
Iron
'I'ne e irl of Mar had a feat here, lorm:'rly ,j|l,-J .\; , »^
loiv.'y-c.illle, eiirompali"-'d vv:tli fine plantalKiiis ■ ;, ^ '
gardens taking up ("orty-two acres, and ih.- ^a, 1^ ivjii,'
the v;(l-js cut tiirough it, a hundred and (i:v ■(■),,.
entiance liom the town on the well is by a p.,ii liilne
gates, ihruugh a i'pacious avenue, which lesdj tn ;h5
area (loiuing the lioufe, in the inulll of wliieh is a i.|,i.
diator, and on the liglit band of rhc at'-a a (parlous \tx.
'•'en, with a fine terrace and bow:iiig-grcc r, „..ornLj vviili
lofty evergreens. f)n the fi.uth lide of U;.; Ik.iiIj ;; ;,
Ip.icious parterre, bcamifidly adornid with Ihtu.'s and
vales; and from thence to the river runs a fineavi/iiuc, I'reai
wliicli and from the parterre arc thirtvt vt, .htt,r:iit
villos, each terminating on a rcmarlc.ibic fcit, .ir moun-
tain, at (ijine miles ddl ince ; one of them dit^ws Sttrlin:;.
callle, whi:li thciigli but four miles from licncc by lant',
yet frtnii the various v.-indingr of the river, i.s tuenty-l:,;),
by water, in the middle 01 the terraee is a tine b,il'nn (1:
water, in the midll of whicii is a group of C.iin kilii;-
Abel ; and at the end of t.ne river is a pair of pvramiih-
cal gates, wdiere a fhip of three hundred ton> burthen
may unload. There is a very long and wi.le av.iuei)
the call through the wood, and between '-acli vii!o honi
the p.irti rre are wilderiwlles anil little giottus. Thtearl
of Mar loll this fine feat bv Irs rcbell.on in 1715, w\
the i.ovirnment, to whom it waj fotlcited, orJereJ i:tj
be kipt in good order.
SEC F. XXX.
.Of t!'c' Sirire ef R-)fs ; its Siliia!::t?, E\l,i:l, Pr-.li,.-, ,k!
priiuipj! ToiVKS umt l/lv!:h ; a; Biy, L.-xit, aiul I.Lvi'.:.
THE fliire of Rofs in general, in liidingTivnaiiJ
Cromarty, for the l.ilt, tliough a fmad criuiityof
itfeit, is alfo confidered ;n a part of Rol dliire, ha- the
Weftern lea and iheille of Skyon tlie well, Sti. tiuivir
..nd Sulheilandon the noith and north-ealt, Croinarlv
and Murray firth on the call, and Invtriiefs o.i tae (uuth.
'Fhe fo.m is very irregular, it lieinii much contraelej oi;
the north rail and bxith by the nei'.;hbouring eounili i ;
but ..ccording to .Mr. I'e.iipleiiun, it is cigii'.y niL^ i:i
length, and (i^veiitytight in hie^dth.
'Fhis cxtenlive country is for fhe moft part moun-
tainous and woody towirdd the Wcdtrn ocean ; but uii
that fide next to the Cjennaii fea it is Ix'tter eultivatJ.!,
more (rii.tful in corn, fruir, and herbs, than could he
expecHd in a country (o far north, and abounds in pil-
turc. Fhe (Iraths, or valleys near the rivers, are covered
with woods, parlieularly U|ion ihe Charojii and the water
of Bra.iu ; and near Alf^rij a:.' VjoJi 01 lir, filteeii
or
Wj
Scotland.
K U R O I' F-.
^^')7
,, nicnty milfi in length. It ftcdi grc.it number? of
Mick c.itilr, horl'cs, goats, ami ilwr •, has abiiiMljiuc of
|,ii I ami le.« fowl, ami i^ well fupiilieil with Ircfli vv.itv.'i
lil'u by its I'llcct ami rivcrj. The locli?, or iaki-'s, on the
u,|t to.ilJ, ill the proper fcafoii, abnuinl with hiruii^'i,
nirtii'iil Illy l/och-cii, which ii diviJcil into two paiti,
one .1 bay of the (ea, ami the othfr a frcfh-w.itci Like-,
(j.j.inliiii; about iiin<; miles in iti ijrc.itfll k-iigth, and
llircc whi're bro.idclf. There are fxti.'nlivi' wooj-i un
ilj ficlts where abunJjnce of iron was formerly o'.u liiijJ.
l.nch-bryaM, on the fame co ill, is anoilii-i bay, th it runs
itn inil^'* "P ''"^ country j is three miles liria.l at it^
Riouth, ami is allii famous for heriings. It receives fe-
,[,,i| rivers, and on the north fiJe iie iiuny villages.
L'oViiach and All'ynt are two mo'iiiiainini^ oillriels
north from hence, but aboiiiiil with deer, ami h ivc huge
riicks of marble, with feveral geiulemen's f.Mts tow.udi
the coalh
Xhc middle part of the county, called Ardrofs, is
mountainous and I'carce inhabited ; but afl'ird) fonie
lUllurcs. I'he north-ead parts, on the rivers (.Vl;ill an I
Carrcn, and the tirth of Tayii, are pittty Ifnitful, and
abound with villages. This (irth rum near tweiitv-hve
miles up the call fide of the county, ilividiii.; Kols from
Sumerlanil, and is fevcn miles broail at its mouth ; but
ill quielifands render it unfale for navi:;at'(.'n.
Anolhrr dillrii-'t, calleil Ardmeanach, forpii a part of
jn;niilfu'a which lies between the bays of Crominy and
Murray, extending; thirteen miles and a half I'rom call to
uelt, and live ami a half, where broadelf, fr ini north to
(oulh. It has high mountains, fume of which are bmli
plcal'aiit i'nd fertile.
There is likewife nn inland tracl called S::athcarron,
ftiim a river wliich divides it. 'I'his is a woody coiin-
irv, cfpeciiliy in firs, and abounds in hotfei and bl.ick
CJttl,-.
This county has feme mountains fo high, that they
;[C rovered with fnow all the year round.
The principal places it contains are th; following :
Channfriy, or Chanoury, a market-town fo called
from a college of regular canons that flouriflicd there. It
Ibnds oil the peninfula between the bay of Cromarty and
Murray, among pleafant and fertile hills, an 1 has a ferry
o»tr the firtli into Murray. It was anciently the fee of
jbilhop, and had a large cathedral, a part of which is
v:t remaining, and a caftle in which the bifhop rclidcd.
it i) at prcfent the feat of a prefbytery, confiding of feven
pirilhcs ; and has a (lately houfe belonging to the carl
oiSeaforth.
Uingwell, a market-town and royal burgh, featcd at
ihc bottom of the firth of Cromarty, fifteen miles welt
01 the town of Cromarty, ij the feat of a prclLytcry, con-
uining thirteen pariflics.
Tayne, a royal burgh and market town, flands in a
fruitful country, twelve miles to the north of Crjmarty,
and is the feat of a prefbytery, containing nine panrties.
It is pretty well inhabited, and has a tolerable good trade,
from its communication with the Wcftern illands and its
herring- fifhcry.
Wclhall now give an account of the principal of the
Weftcrn iflands generally included in the (hire of Rofs.
SKie, or Sky, the largeft but one of all the VVeltcrn
idands, is divided from Rofsfliirc by a (height thirty-five
miles in length, but in fome places fo narrow, that a man
miy be cafily heard from one (idc to the other, efpeciaUy
if the wind be favourable. It extends fixty miles in
length, and about twenty in breadth ; and the coall is
cut into a great number of gulphs and promontories.
The foil is genwally a black mould, though there is fonie
ofa red colour, in which iron is found. In fome places
there is fine white marble, black and white marcafitcs,
igale, and variegated (tones of all colours, cryftals alfo
of different colours, plenty of free-done and jimtlfone,
and after great rains (tones of a purple colour rowl down
the rivulets.
Though the channel which feparates it from Scotland
is navigable by the larged men of war, yet the current
is fo violent, that no (hip is able to fail againd it, be the
wind ever fo fair : yet in the narrow ferry, called the
Kyle, they make cows fwim over i for this purpofe they
tie a withy about the cow's lower jaw, and thus bind
9i
five of them together, after which u man In a boat h(dd<
liic withy tint tiei \\v: l.ircinoll, and thus rows over j
and in tiiis manner takes over liiue ur luiir liiindietl
cows in the Ipace of a tew hours.
It I, viry hi^h land botii cm ihc eoiO and within the
country, wheie arc femi hi;;li nioiintaiiw, tli.it lie ne.ir
each oilier almoft in the center ol the ill.ind. Tne Icil
is Iruitful ciiiiu;^h in the lower ;£rounJs, an I produtes
corn ami c.lttle, as horles, cnwf, llieep, giiat,,,iMd hoy'. ;
hut t le black catile have lei. him any ti»in.; n< lei d ii|iuii
in winter except lea weed), and llirietiin; w.itch tiie ebb
very Ihiolly ; by t'lis means and bv their being cxpnlnl
to ihe liMiiir of th? coldelt leafons, the i.iwj become
liieh ikelttons in the fpriiif.', that many of them are un-
able to iijj I'roni the ground witr.nut help j hut a-. I'.o
t;raf^ grows up thry recover their (Ireii'rtli. I he illiiiJ
liipplies the neij;hbouiin:; coniiiient with b.n ley and oat-.
Cod anil ling arc common upon tlie toall, and lurrinjjs
in great abuiiJanc, fir the takin.; uf which they h no
many convenient ba\s and lnrhouiS, with anout tliiriy
fniall riveis that ali'ird laliiioii and other hlh, and *-
biinJanec of frelh- water I. ikes well llored with truuis
and eels. VUk:)- have land and water-lowl in guar a-
buiuiance, and amnii:.^ the red ea:>le3 and lu'.vks. They
l> ive likewile otters and feai-;, an.l of the former are .i
large Ipec'cs with a wh:te (pot on the bread) but th> fo
are veiy fc.irec, and li.ird to be killed. They have like-
wife ferpents of fever.il kindj.
The ul.ind is divided into three part«, belonging to thrci^
diderent proprietors; i., the feat of a prePjytery^ and h.is
ten puillichiirchcs. Uotli the |Hrprittois and all the
people are I'ruted.ints, except fome of the meaner lort,
who are of the Romilh iclieion,
Lewis and Harris, wliuh hue been f.ip;)ofed to b«
two illin ^, form only one, wh;eh lies fixt\-eii;iu umki
welt ol the m.iin land of Seotl.n!, an.l t.venty two in
the fame Jireclion from the lllc ot Sky. It is luhdivided
into Lewis and Harries, or Harris, by a nariMW channel,
whieii runs fo far within the country, that it i> on'y
joined by a fmall neck of Ln I : the whole extending near
a hundred miles in length from north to fmtli, and ten
or twelve in breadth, it being commonly called the
Long Idaiid. It is he'althv, cfpecially in the middle.
The foil is arable for about fixtccn miles on the welt
coad, and in fome places on the cad ; but it is gene-
rally faridy, except the muirs or heaths, which arc partly
of red and partly of black clay ; of vvdiich the women
here make vellels for boiling their meat, and for preferv-
ing their ale. It provinces barley, oats, rye, flax, and
hemp. Their manure is lea weeds, foot, and peat-adies.
The ifland alfo abounds with cows, hoifes, Ilieep, goats,
and hogs : their black cattle are fmall, but very prolific,
and make excellent meat : their horfes arc likewife fmaller
than on the main-land, but as ferviceable for all domcf-
tic ufcs, and live very hard, having little to feed on in
winter but lea weeds.
All the coad and numerous bays abound with cod,
ling, herrings, and every other kind of fifli taken in the
Wcdern illes : but the fidicry is v;ry much interrupted
by whales, the young ones of which are eaten by the com-
mon people, who reckon their flelh very good food.
Tluy yield alfo plenty of (hcll-fi(h, as fcallops, oyltcrs,
cockles, mud'cis, lympits, periwinkles, and fpout-(i(h i
of which lad they are laid to have fuch multitudes every
fevcnth year, tliat the inhabitants manure the ground
with ihcin. On thefhore are many caves, which fholter
vad numbers of iVa and land-fowl, otterS) and feaU ; and
the lad they eheem iioutilhing food.
The inhabitants are of a good proportion and daturc,
generally of a ruddy complexion, healthy, ftiong, and
long-lived. The (mall-pox proves very fatal to the
young people ; but feldom comes among them. The
mod comHion dilbafe here is a cough. They are in ge-
nera! very acute and fagacious, have a mechanical genius,
and when they have an opportunity (licw that they have
no defpicable turn for the fciences : fome of both fexes
are (killed in poetry and mufic, and fome elegant fpeci-
mcns of the former have been trandated and publidicd in
linglifh from the original Erfe. The natives are likewife
very dexterous at fwimniiii;.', and are f\ich dout mariners,
that they will \\v* at the oar a whole day with no other
I I ;:
*1
•1
t
'
»
. 1
,
■^
i
-: '1
M
refredimcnt
59«
A S Y S T i: M OF G E O G K A 1' II Y.
Scot
■•AND.
f n;
it
ill.
:i, ■
rsfrcdimtnt than only a little bnaJ and wattr, except their
favourite ImitF : but iht; (i- 1 mi tliiir ciMll i> very ti'.n
rielliiiiiis .mil (iihj'.it to I'lj.liliii ((iiiills, by wh\h th.
ight vclVc'- tlicy iilf in vilitiii ; the iu'i^hl)miniin ill.iii!.
are ftei|ii. iiily ovcriit. The ii.itivi:, are ixlmiulv ih.i
pitablf, b'Pt pior, Ome eviry Itmimcr tliey vilil th'
ncighbiiiiiiiif; iflin.li, tu purr li.ilo Idvls, e^g., iIdwm, .u.J
feaihets ( .inl, .n (nan .i^. they come imi (horc, timi rcjiiii.l
with the liiii, uiUDVir their he.i.is, aiil return tliaiikb tu
(jod.
fleie aic I'rvfr.il ii;itnr.il anil artificial forts, with htM|is
fiflt'iiici iiptin the hiattn, iWjipoleJ to be ni<iiimiunii oi
pfrfniii of ii'ite, or a ^I'lV r:il nie.iiarial tor all wli" dli
thtTL- in battle , ami in the villj^'c ot t'!alieri.ei> is a
druhlicul teiiiplr, ,is is Ciippoi'eJ. It toiiiills I'l a eiieie
of twelve ()bili(l<s, e.ith feveii feet hij;h, and lix leet
dillant from e.uh oth' i. In the eeiiltr (l,iiid> .1 (I me
thirteen t'eet hiiih, exactly ri fembliiii;llie unMei ut a lliip ;
dircclly foulli fiom the circle ftanJ lour ob^hlki, niimiiij;
out in a line ; anoih. r liltc this gn^:. Jur i.ill ; aiiJ a thitil
ti the well : the number and dillaiues ol ;he Hones be-
ing the fame 111 the winr.s. But towards the iioith is a
kind of avenue in twii (traizht r.inuei ol obel'lkiof the
fame fize, and at the liice dillaii.t i- thofe ot the circle;
yet the ranje:. thcnif.lvJ., „ie eight feet jl'.ini'.er, and con
lift of nineteen ftunes ( 1 h,' iiie thtty-nmth being al the
fntraiice of the avenui . It ii obfetved, mat thi^ temple
llands allrononiiialiy, as denoting thr twelve fijns of the
v.r>diai , and the lour principal winds on tne wings liili-
Jivided each ii.to lour moie j by whien, an.i the nineuen
fli>nes on each liJe the avenue, re|)refentiiii; the cycle ot
nineteen years, it ^ippears to have been dedii ated to the
lun, and fuborJiraiclv to tne elements and t'eiifuns, par-
lieulatlv '.he win is and the lea, as is inainfclt lioin the
rudder in the mmdic.
s F. c T. XX xr.
Of the Shire of Ei^in ; ill Slliiatim, Extent, Clirnjtt, Pio-
diice, a'lJ primipal 7cwns.
THIS county comprehends the weft parts of Murray,
and is bounded <m the eaft and fouth-eaft by the
river Sp'y, by Aberdeei;(hire and Uadenoch on the louth,
and by the (hire of N'.nni and the Northern ocean on the
weft and north, it being about tweniy-tbur miles in
Icnijth, am! twenty-one in breadth. The louth tide is
called the Braes of Murray, and the fouth-caft the Strath
or valley of Spey.
The air is falutary, and the winter mild ; for Murray-
land, which iiukides this (hire, Nurn, and a part of
Inverncfs-fliire, is thought to enjoy the bert dim ite and
foil of all tnc north of .Scotland ; I'o that the inhahitjiits
boall that they have forty clear days in a year moie than
th(ir neighbours.
The (i)iiih tide of the country is mountainous, hut
abounds with palture, as the low country does with corn,
which is foon ripe Here ,ire fevcral woods ot firs and
other trees, that extend ten miles in length, with tome
large woods of oak. The foil is generally fand mixed
with clay, and very fruitful when manured : whence it
produces whatever is to be found in the other parts of
the kingdom, none being more plentifully provided with
bread, meat, fruit, and fifn. The common drink here is
ale; they h.we alio French wine, and fprituous liquors of
their own making.
The chief rivers of this county are the Spey, which
next to the Pay, is the moft confiderable in the north
fif Scotland, and the inoft rapid in the whole kingdom.
It rifes in Badenocli, and after a courfe of feventy-fix
miles, bcfidcs its turnings and windings, falls into the
North tea. It has an excellent lalmon fiftlery, and in
the heat of fumnier is obfervcd to (well by a well wind,
though there be no rain.
The Nefs, which has llkewifc a good falmon filhcrv,
rifes from a lake called Caich, near the Irilh fea, and is
for fome miles called Coich, after which running north-
eaft ii falls into the lake called Loch-garrif, afterwaids
into a lake called Eawic, and then turning to the fouth-
caft, falls into the Loch ncfs, which is twcnty-f«uxmilea
in Icni'th, and of an unknown depth. It iioblervcd ihit
this liver never lrei/.c», but linokci, .ind dilloKcs i^..
ihii.wii into It duiiiig It.c nieai. II (roll ; il,c|a„„ 7,
1 bl^ivid ol the lak- liom which it iilei.
The Lolfie iil.s a Ilw miles above KIgin, an.l iii;
into the lea, a lew ntile. below it. It ..l.i.un,!, i,,,,','
with (million of any river in the ill.ind, exiept thi' |) ,.
an I the Dun, ughty or u hundred Ijft-. lunij- uniiu.illv
jmkled ,iiid expoiled, all taken in a lew liiimner niuiitli'
.iiid within ilir Ipicr ot one mile, ii ahuuiidi with Uili
iiiileed up to iislourie, but moll nl Ihtle ,ire uLj |„
liuiiie coiiluni|iiiiiii, ,ind l.ikeii either with Ipeuri by d.,v
01 111 wiekei b.ilk, ts, ot lililc boats cov.iej \ im hues bv
night. ' •
I'lie principal pl.ices in this county are th>; foHowinif
FIgin, a roy.ii buigh fea-ed in a pleafant plain, (f^
hiindied ,ilid loin iiiilrt lo the iiort'i ot l.dinbiiigh. 1( .. 1
w..ih.d on the e.ill and north fy ihf iivtr Liilie, over
wiinh it has a Imdge, an,i ctnihils of one Ncrvlui;.
itieet, and teveial llioiier, with a ne.it cluirdi in ih'
middle, 'I'he houfes aie aliiu.lt all liuilt upj.i aretic."
wlmh, wit I then iniu'm.diate pilLirv, li)riii ajra'alj;'
pia/,/..is .ind I'.rve to delend the inh.iliitams tii.m ^|i^.
ran, wind, or fun. It is alio lamoui tor the rum, ol one
ol the nioll (lately tallied als in the liingdoin : niollol
the enil wads ait Hill llandin^;, and many luiblc p„|„i,
whuhniew Its loimrr giai.dtur. y\t the otliei end oi' ("i,"
town are the luiiis ol an antitnt c.llle, thuUf;!i ilc^
niolillie.l by the D.iins. 'Fhele lums are upon a luruc
nioiiiit, wliiih ad'urds a hue prolpeCt all over the luwii
.mil ill the adjacent couniiy even to the lea, and ut tne
wiiuliiig cuiiile ol the liver. Tnc iht lilf keep, his cuurt
heie. it h.is a weekly market, and is the lc.it ef j
piifliytery, n.iiliding ol thiit , n panlhes. | he hi^idinj
^'.rntiv come tn 11 IkIl heie every winteri and in ihis lurt
ot the country there arc fome mmmoneis oi ih^. (,|.|t
rllates in .ih :jcoli.iiiJ j it beiiii; a iieli eouiilry ulmuft a|l
the way Irom hence to Strathun.
Foiies, a maiket town i.iid roy.il burgh, plcifaniiy
(eated on tlie we(l fide of tiie county on a river that lji:»
into the Findern, ten miles from l-.lgin, aiul at the i-nJ
ot (eveial lidges of iiijunt.iins, and conlills of oia- Km -
llreet, wi;h a chureh, a tolbooth or townhoufe, and il.s
luiiis ol an old c.illle, in which it is faiJ, tliekin'^stf
Scotland u(ed to lefide. It is the (eat ol a pre(byt'.Tv,
containing ten paiillics. Near the town is a large |ii,iji
ol one (lone adorned with ballo relievos, much e.Mc.iifJ
by time; tliis is a monument of a victory (■lUimcd by
Malcolm Mackenncth over bwcr.o king of D.iimark.
SECT. XXXII.
()/the IJlis ofGikney and Shetland. Their Situati'jn, Extern,
Ciimale, Soil, and Puduie, with the Alamitn, Cullim
and Trade of the Inhuliitants,
TH E Orcades or Orkney iflands, with thofc of Shet-
land, make one ftewartry, and fend one member to
p.irliament ; the torincr lie north of I)un^ll.y-hcad, m
Ciithnefs-diirc, the moft northern promontory of Scot
land, between fifty eight degrees twenty-fevcii minutes, •{
and the fifty nineth degree, ten minutes, of north latitude, .'j
and between the fit(t degree thirty minutes, umi th.: /
fccond degree (ilty minutes welt longitude. i'hcy ari' .',
divided from the continent by the (Ireight called I'entlam'
firth, which is twenty four miles long, ami from twelve
to fixtccn in bieadth. They are reckoned .iboiit thntv
in number, and, according to Mr. I'cmplenun, con-
tain an area of fix hundred fquarc mdes ; but th; ■
are not all inhabited, a confiderable number, which ai-
called Holms, being only ufcd for patturc for (h'rep and
goats.
The longeft day among them exceeds eighteen hours
by fome minutes, and for the greateft part of June, on;
may fee to read at midnight without a candle, Th;
winters have lefs fnow than rain, which (bmetinics falls
in violent fpouts, and the wind is otten veiv bolllerous.
But nothing can be a (iner fight in calm weather, than
o fee the fea in the narrow founds and pallages between
he illands ; where the dilfcrcnt tidva run as from a lluice,
a<
I''' '';M
GOTLAND.
i)rervtd ih.it
lillolvcs K-c
llic l.llllc IJ
»i iiiul i'.ii;,
'C.llli.U limit
I'l't tiir Ik,.
ii{ unnuailv
"iLT niijiith'i
ill with hill
•irc uk',1 iiii
>Cjrj lly l),.y^
Klltiigcs, by
.-• fi)llo«'iii|» :
' pLllI), (ilK-
l''llu', over
111-" vxrv Km;
iiiri.lv in the
iipj'i ari-hc.,
11 ii,',ri:cal)li;
Ills fluni til,;
.' ruillj Ol glii;
loiii : molt ol
HI end ol tlk'
tliuugli ill...
iipun a i.ii;.o
vcr iIk- town,
Ji anj ol tnc
i.i'l» his tourt
iIk lc.it ol i
1 lie hi^i.liiU
iJ 111 iliis p.irt
i 111 ilii: bci-
iiity alinoH jii
ill, pleafantly
ivcr tn.it Ij1;»
iiul at tile ciiil
Is of out luii^
lioulc, and li.ir
, the kingi Lt
;i [irclby't-rv,
■ <i lar^c pi.'iai
iiutii U.lt.iici
'■li'ained by
Dtiiniark.
uati'jn, Exttnty
iNiiin, Cujhrn
thofc of Shel-
nic'inhcr to
(I'V-hcail, Hi
lory of Sect
en minutes, , ,
oith lj;itu(te,,'j i^
tt.s, aii.l itio
i'liev are .'. sA
llc.l I'eiitlan.l
I Iroin tweho
:.lKiut tlllity
pieman, con-
es ; JMlt thiv
itT, which a:'
for (h'*cj) .TV. 1
eighteen hours
: of June, one
candle. Th"
fonietimes falls
CIV lioillerous.
weather, than
H'iges between
from a lluice,
a;
ScoriANO.
P. U K I) 1' li
/•f 'I
I, veil one w.iy a« ill*" nlier, sn I tlw h'MH flriiH', aloiii;
(liiii. ia|ii>l ciiniiit , lilsc an .iiliiw out ol .i how i il heiiiji
g< iiiijiollihlc til row anaiiilf ili in, ai to fhout l.uiiJoii
bnd(;t a^^iiiU the ilup I. ill at low water.
Ill I'^iitl.iiul linli, luiiiiui tht; illaiiil .Swiiiii.i, arc two
i;itat wiiiil|">ol» lalleil tiie Wells of Smiiiia, wliiili
l^rallow U(i any vcIkI lh.it coiiiei within tiitir (liao|j,ht,
aiiJ the ['.ilLre of that Itrcij'.ht itlell i^ veiy tlan,Mrouv,
Iroin Ihe ni.iiiy llron_^ tides, vviiich are no h is than
m'iiit\-'our, anil U|ioii the lualt toiitriiry wiiiil, in.ikc the
lea rin vcr> hijin.
As thelu ill ind^ are lari',er, anil have more (owns nnil
inhabitants than ili.ilc ot SheiLind, In ti.c (nil is iil.o
liom ihf I eacoiis that were fet on the top of the hi,jhclt
lulls and kicks.
Several y,eiiil.ni<n hive i Itates in thofc iihinlj i but thi'
km,' Is piin.iieior, ami one half ot th.- wt;u!j bcloil^;. to
tile crown, brinks th'j bilflni's rate., which aiiDji't to
.ibout nine ilunilanJ ni.irlts Icois per aiiniim. 1 htic
I. Iicie a yearly loiip, or file by auction, ol (J.kney
reals, .iiid t.K- ni;.',hell buUb r is piciiirtJ to be tiK U'.\^' .
Itewaiil till the tune, aiiJ a» futii i> piincipal jjil;ie jl tlli
eonnii y,
I he i !iur. hcs ol both the ( likiwy .iiul Shetlaiiil ill.inJj
wcie t.iineiiy o.idcr the i;oveii.iiKiu of a bidiop, wilot's
ath.'ilial Was St. i\la.,iiu.., oi Knkwiii. 'I'm
inhabitants than tli.ilc ol hheilann, In toe Inil is iii.o I'ain.iii.ti was at. ivia^iiu-., oi Knkwiii. liicn: arc in
better, i«nd more inipiuveabie. I'lic hiMi in lumiiu r i Jll thnty-oiie cli;ii^he.s, and about a biimlied chapels in
evert where ahum I with a variety ol plaiiti ..iid mots, | ibe touiitiy, iii.ik;ii_; up in the wnolc about cn;ti.\ili
the latter of which arc gcneially vciy laii;fi hut in i parilhes,
junicr and Iptin:;, when grals is karce, their horbs arc I'hetrade of the O.kncy-. dill'i-rs fmni ih.it of .Shctl.inrf,
ftd witii lea-weeds' but there is Icaiec a tree or (limb j only in not depenilmg oii tru; iclori oi Itiangtr , but uii
cxctj-t inyrlle-, juniper, «il<l rolcc, heath, and Ininc i tueir own pioiluc. I hi y anmi.illy export a vciy gie.-.t
Iiu;t trees, with others in ilvir g.irdens. I lick illaiuls 1 ipiantity nl (om, black i.,ittle, (wine, and Ihv p, as alio
1 "I butter, lailo*, and (a, I, to;vtlier witii lekb ikiiis,
nrnduiC corn in ahnndaine, but the diief ot it is oats,
bailey, and beer; tor ihiy have no wheat, rye or piillc,
cutept in the gentleman's iMrdciis. I licir corn l.iiid H
cvrr) vs'herc mcloled i but t.mr (he. p, Iwiiu, .md n olt
ot their cattle teed at large, without a herdlnian to look.
after them.
'1 heir cws coniinoiily biins forth two laiobs at a time,
inJ (ome three or lour ; but ti,. v oti. n die of a dikMic
occahoneil by a litili; animal about h.ilf an iiii i b>nj;
brer.ling in then I vcr. I heir tioil'.s are very Iniail, but
hardy and (ervi. cable. I liev have .ill lorts ol wild lowl, |
<'ttei -Ikiiis, Linili and r.ililin (kins, &c, (>rv,it ijiainitiej
Ol down, iLailii r., i|u lis, li nils, and wool. Tlieir i orii,
III partiiiii.il, I, I, ,1,1 as l.ir as Kdinluir-h, from whence
they bnii^ what j^oods thiy want in ex^han-c. IJut tnc
iliiel ot t .cir lummeice conlilts in their lilliiiig lor
hetiiii^;H and wluu; h(li, .'.nd in their corn and cattle.
Hut as tiiey have not merch.ints to export tneir tilli, when
, uken, iney moll coniiuooiy |i(li lor the i>uti:h, and
I heir hoik s are very Iniail, but ! ih'j mer.nanls ot liivunil-j and thonjjh thus Co netiinej
diliges lleni to go lar Iroin home, yet bein' an adventui-
aspaMriilges, n'.uor kiwi plover, ilucks, ted, widjicon, ] ous nardy people, they make no dilbcidty oi lilhm;; in lb
}cc. with numhers of ca^le. and kites, and the lornier
jre faid to feizc lometiinej u,ioii yuun.; ehildrin and
carry inmi a great way i and ibciciore it any one kills
ancigle, iic ma), by law, claiin a hen Iron evcrv houle
intlieparifti w'fi'n it i; killed. Hawks an. I ki!' oils have
mils in fcera' .rts oi tne illaiid, and th'j kiii'j's f.deoiicr
larkcit iir.'lits, at ,i dni.iiKc from the illaiids, and in buai i
mat aic none ol the bill.
I he principal of the t)rkn:-y idiil Is .ire I'le kdlowin^.
Hoy IS alimit twelve nubs long, and lix where bioadel!.
The calf part called W'acs, is lertile and wiil inh.ibited,
and It has Ibme j;()uJ hatliL-urs, with trclh-water lakes
comes ,' lima! , .n: lakf the .oiiil;, kir which he has 1 aiiii livers aboundin:; with trou-. and other lilli. About
J faila / ot t.eeoty i.oiinds, and a hen or d.'g out of | tne lunimer lolldee the reflection of the fun may be feeii
tvei) i.oule III tnc country, except lonie houfes tb.it arc i -lil "igl", as il coveri.d with a cloud. There are here-
privileged. 'I'he couiitiy alio abounds with (wans gt^^'le, ; *'alieys lo deep and gloomy as to (trick terror into the
ducks and folan geclc ; but there arc no vcnoinous | mmd ol a travell.r. the locks iiling ti a prodig:ou<
animals, and it is faid that it any be brought here they i beiglu, and meeting (o near a' the t.'p][ tnat very lialo ot
imnicjiatcly die. tne Iky can be ken Lelow. In one of the valleys is a Itoiiu
There are many fmall whales round the roaft, with ■ '^■'li'-'l 'he iJuiil-ltunc, tliirtv-lix tect lonj, eijhteen
thofe amphibious animals otters and teals. 'I'hey have ; broad, and nine thick, in whi.li 's a (qiia'e hclvabout
alfi) an amazing pleii.-y of herrings and other fea lifli, • 'w') tect high lor an cntran.e, with a llo.'c of the lame
with abundance of oylUrs, niull'els cr.ibs, cockles, 'i^e tor a door. Wiimn tins eniiaiiec is the refembl.inee
&o. Though it cannot be expected that they (houUI "J' ■^ ^ed, with a p.lluw cut out ol the (lone, big i n,ui;;h
have any large riviis in a country divided into to (or two men to lie on. At the other end is a emu h, .md
many fmall iitands, yet there arc fonie rimleis lull ef m the middle a be.ntii, with a h,de cut out above lor a
tiouts, and many laitcsi but tncy are of no other ufe chimney. It lies in a heath ai^out a mile Iroin ..ny liuole,
than to fupply their cattle with v^'ater, and tuin their ' •'"'^ '* (uppulcd to have been an heimit,.ge. On th'- tofi
mills. I "' 'hi-' n.ount.iins are wild (heep, and "in a proiioii'urv
As to minerals, there are fomc mines of filvcr, tin, '"-'i''! called L)K-head, a bud called a lyre, holds its
lead, and perhaps of other metals, but none of them '"-'" ■ i' is about the li/,c of a d.iek, very fat, and fuch
ate improved. There arc in many places quariies of delicious cat ng, that the native^ climb lor it at the lia/ard
Ireeftonc, with grey and red (late, and tome marble and
alabaftcr.
The inhabitants are well proportioned, and of a heahhy
conftitution ; but as they feed very much, elpecially the
poorer fort, upon (alt meat and fifh, they are lubjeiil to
thefcurvy: but living with gre.it fnigalit;', they generally
enjoy life to a great age, and feldoni die ol the doctor.
The generality of the pcple Ipeak Kn^lifli, vs-ith the
Scots accent, but many ol them ule the Danifli or Nor-
wegian tongue among theniielvcs, which they have
of their lives ; and, like the bird-catchers we have
mentioned in treatinj of Norway, are let down by ropes
I NO hundred lathoms in fearcli ot the nells and
til-' yining
rttained ever fince the Norwegians firll peopled thcl'c illaiid of Flotta
ones, which when they find, they put in a ba.', aiid lefl
(or a very good pi ice. Here are alfo ii.ire; as" white as
Inow. The miiiiilcr of Hoy has two churches, one at
Hoy, and the other at tiraml'ey, a pleal'int illaiid about
one mile long to the north ol this; and the niinilfer
of Waes, in the eallern p.,rt of the ille, has alio two
churches, oneatVVacs, and the other in the little plealant
illands The people of dillimition arc holpicabic and
obliging, and even the vulgar are generally civil. They
drels like the Lowiandeis, only tonic of ihcm wear a kn.d
of fandals made of fcal Ikiii, which they tie about tbeir
feet with leather thongs. They aie able and (lout
Pomona is the largcfl of all the Orkney inaiids, and on
that account is called the main-land. Jt is twenty four
niiles in length, and fromCix to nine broad. It has nine
parifli -churches, feveial mines of white and l>lack lead,
and has four remarkably good harboms, Kirkwall,
foldiersj and the common people, who are very laborious, i Deic Sound, Grahamfhall, and Kaiilfon. The caff part,
undergo great hazards as v\'i.ll as fati.'ucs at lea. I'o : called Deirnels, is apcniiil'ula joined to the otner by a
prevent the frequent incurlions of the Norwei.'.ans, and 1 tmall neck of land. 'l"he ifland is, in gencial, very tcr-
thofe of tfie weltcrn ifland-:, (.ach village w.is firnierly ' tile, and both parts plealant and well inhabited. It har.
obliged to fit out a large boat well manned ; and all the lakes and rivulets abounding with falmon and other tifh,
inhabitanti were foiced to appear in arms upon an alarm I and fevcral bays and promontories. The cape at tne
I r, jrth
f -
i-m
,1
f.
\ ;:
, '"M
70O
A S V S T K M O I G F. () G R A I' H Y
pi
h '
aPiS —
riinlictul, f»lleil iVe Mule, '\^ vrryhiph, ami thr li.i in
■ tiinjull bcjti .i-iinl( it wiihiuili I.mic, llut it nici
liighcr ilijii iti tup. la thii iII.iikI Jr<- two iunplc'<,
Viicre tliL- iLitivcn bilicvc tin.- Inn aiiil niodii wrru wnr-
JhrjuitJ : tlitlc ail- our on the lall aii>l ttii- other on the
welt lidL' i,| X l.iko. I he \i<\.\'-\\ i:. u hiinilK'.l ami ten
p.iic» 111 ilunictii, .iiul ilic otlur is lomi '.iri.ul.ir,
I In: only yooil town in the Diltn.yi i« Knkw.ill,
whidi II lc.iti.-J lorty-liu- niiUi Imiu iJuii) lliy-hiMil, .mil
J:, i rn^al bur^h, ii.iriokv, lint ncir ,i ni.lc loii^. I he
houlcj .irc oi itonc loviud with llite, ami the inhabi-
l.mts arc jjovcriicl by u prmclk, 1 mr li.iilirt'i, .ml a
lomtnontouiicil, lik(! the otlu 1 bur^hj tit Siotl.iml. It>
lathnlr.il, lalltfj St. M.ignns, i-i mnv a p.iM(h-thiiri.h,
built ol ttcc-llono, aiul ii |jr.;t'rtbin St. (iilr>N at l.din-
bjrgll III root II liippirtc.i bv louiti'ii pill.in on each
Me, .iiiJ It. Ikctpii-, in which i. a (^oo>l nir.\ ot belli, by
lour Uiyc pilLim. 'I'hi; thtcc pai'.'. ot' iht: ihurcli .ne
clicq ncrcd with re I .iml white poliilr il It'iiui, einbollcil
•tnd ilcjianily rtoweri'd. Iheic ii here a public yt.ini-
inar-lcho.)l, ,iiij Icvcral otluri fur rc.idin« and wimny.
'I'hc leat ol jullice 1. kept hire l.)r all the nil ot ttie
illaiids i and here the the llewaid, Ihciilf, and eoininil-
(ai y keep thtir lepar Jti' coiirf.. Its .nn i.nt pi ivilc^'-s aie
lliil kept up, and they have a power to aritll by tlieir
own otKcer>, to impiiron, to make by liws I" eliule
tlieir own ni.iyilhaie'., ice. yet ihry cniiiot tiy in capi-
tal caiiles, that p.irt ot jullice bcinj; left to the loids ol
julliciary. This illaiid h.n a lari^e late h.i hour in a bay
un the north fide ol the illaud.
llcyond thcle, and Hill larthcr to thr north, lici Sanda,
the loll ol wIikIi IS very diy, and ixeeediin; land) , troiii
whence it icceived its name. It is cle\cn or twelve
miles ill lui^ih, but very narrn*, and well itorcd with
corn. It 14 in il>i>rt reckoned the moll liuitlul and beau-
tiful of all the Oikney illaiids. Here is not only variety
offilh, but ot black cattle, llieep, corn, bay, and pal-
turc, plenty of r.ibbets, winch, next to lilh, are the chicl
food of the natives ; but they aie in yreat want ol tuel.
llrrc are many buildings, two churches, and two pallors.
Fair IS .\\\ ilUnd Icated nine leagues trnm the Ork-
neys, and five from Shetland, and is leen fiom both. It
is fruitful in coin and cattle, and abounds in all lotts ot
Ji(h. This iflaiid has thice very high rocky proinoiito-
rics, inacccfTible, except on the north ealt, where the
land is lower, and lornii a fate harbour. Its hawks are
reckoned the bell that are to be found, and go as tar as
the (Orkneys for moor-hens and other prey. On the north-
well Tide IS a valt rock, which riles like a tower, is co-
vered with grafs, and feeds many Ihccp. The illand luu
but few inliabitants, they being often plundered by the
mariners who '.oine this way to filh. I'he Dutch talt
India fliips that chufe to come north-about p.iN by this
illand, where they often find men of war lent from Hol-
land to wait for and convoy them home.
\Vc now come to the Shetland or Zetland ifles, which
are about foity-fix in number, with many holmes, or little
uninhabited idands, on which cattle are fed, and barren
rocks. They lie to the iiortli-eaft of Scotland, lictwein
the fifty-ninth degree fifty minutes and the lixticth de-
gree forty-eight minutes north latitude, and between
fifty minutes call and one degree fifty minutes welt lon-
gitude.
There are only about twenty-fix of thcfe iflands Inha-
bited, and of tliefe there are only three or four of note,
whole principal towns arc little better than villai!es, lie-
(juented by the many Ihangers employed in the hlliery :
vet fome learned men have contended lor thcfe being the
Ultima- Thulc of the ancients, in which they placed their
Elyfian Fields ; and the furpriling length of the days
during the months of June and July, when the people
can fee to read by the midnight-lights, probably railed
an opinion, that the inhabitants enjoyed everlaftinc day.
In the mean time it mull be obferved, that thefe iflandi,
which, during fourmonths in tht year, enjoy almolt perpe-
tual day, are during our winter involved in darknefs, and
encnmpallcd by ice, llorms, and tcmpells : not alhip i";
to be feen near them, their lea not being navigable in mofl
of the founds ; but when the fun returns to their coafh
with his warm enlivening beams about the middle of
May, or the beginning of Junf, a mofl cbcarful fccn;
M:
't
S<OTtAVB.
I'urctrdi this folilary (^loom i the f n !• fnvfred with flnpi
aid boats Iwo llioulaiiil iail licipi-mly crouduic im.,
their pint), an.l as i( were covering the ft a, Ipujiim .
their nets (or the htiriii(;i in all the founds and ih.inin u
among the ifljiid-. It u to this cuncourle ol loin..,,,,,
anil pailieuUrly (f the Diitth, wliooltui loiiie wnli di.'
leen hundred, and lometimn witli two thoMlaiul bull, •
all the trjde nl Shetl.iiid is owiiij;. I he Dureh, lorn,.
1-koof tr.ide, let up bdoths on Ihine, as m alui,wtiir«
tney WW many uieliil things, elpciially wine, IramU, i„|
Ipices i and, in return, receive lUlli an<l vej^ualil,,.
IJiiniu Ihi. lair, ai it may be called, the illandeis rniiil,
tiieiiiklve* by Icllinij leveral lorts ot Scots maiiutai.'lutt .
to the Dutch (camen, as well as atl loits ot pinv imn,
,ind allobv lilliing with tlieir own baik.aml loblei, .^j
l.ikiii;' i>riMt qu.intities ol H(h on ihut own aicm. .
Willi h tiny fell to the Kiiglilh < r I ).in h.
I hrjujii the ait ot winu r is i xtrcnnly cidd, yet mjiv
of tiie natives Ine to a gieat age. W'halivei wue ij,;.
iMi^in.il iiih.ibit. lilts, they are laid to be aipulciitni m,(
witii Siois I.owlanders, drcis like thini, and talk hi'.
Iilh. I hey are a pl.iin g(vidiiatuied piople, an )(„,,'„
make (calls to compvie i|U.irrcls. (hi: [uiipf; in juie-
lal (ecin to be of a religion, lidpolilion, and aic..,Mi.t
all ol th ni I'rotellants. I he lliortnels ol theii d,iy,,H|,i,
the length of the ti'glils in the winter, and the u-iiipdln-
oils ((.He ot the weatlier at that lealoii, render Hum ..j .
iieially Ignorant lit whatever palles mthewitld I,,,,,,
( tclober lili .\!ay ; thus they knew noibnpj ut the riui.
lulioii which happened in Nouinbir i(,SS, till M ,,,
|ti.i<j, when beinj.' loM ol it by a lilherman, tliey pin iii.ii
111 piilon liir 111, n ttwalon j but the news sr .'s coiKun,,!
loon cniiu;;h to icllore ihe poor man to his lihfirv,
I'lie natives live (o much upon (.ilt-ii(h, tiat ihfvue
very lubje;t to the Icuivy, againll which n.ituic has iu|.
nillKd them with pleniy of Icni vy-grafs ; and thry curs
the jaiindce by mixing powder of Inail fh.-.lj in ihnr
dunk; lor they have neither phylicians iiur I'lir'coii,,
No coin :i^recs with the l.iil to well as bail-y, and'ihcrr-
toie bailey bread is mdl m life. Tlieir coiLmi n ilrink
IS wliey, which the natives barrel up, and keep ni culj
cellars fume drink butter-milk mixed with water; l.iit
thole in more aWuent circumll.inces have beer, aL, and
wine. I hey make their oil, which tney burn (Imin.r
their long winter night,, of the liveis ol lidi. I he nw
habitants of the lelier ifies maintain thcmltlves in luniir.cr
by catching tuwl, and taking their eggs ( and get runll-
derably by idling their dowti and feathers. 'I hiy ra;cli
them by climbing the roiks, at whiih they are vtiy ilcx-
ten. us, and .illo bv bcin-; let down lunn the ii.|) ly
lopes, while they iit in a b.ifket. Their (uel is tun',
pe.it, and hc.ith. Tluy make coarfc cloth, knit lluik-
iiigs and ;;lovcs for their own ulcTtid lor lale to the Not-
wegiaiis ; but their molt profitable cvpnrt is filh.
'I'liey h.ivc abiiiKl.mee of little huil'es, called fl;eltricf,
fit boili lorihc ploiif^h and f.id.'le, being mi'nrally p;ictr>,
very i'prightly,aiid Itiong enough totairy double, thuusii
they have Imall legs, and are I'o li.'Jit that a n.iii ni.17
lilt them lioiii the ground. They me of two fort*, •■:«
pyed and the black ; but the latter are the bc(h 'ihey
.ire never houl'ed, and Vvlun lliry have no pr.ll's l;ve
upon lea-weeds, which can only be had at the tide of
ebb i yet live foihiiiy years of age, and arc all the while
of lervice.
Thrv have fowl of many (oili, particularly g'cfs and
ducks of fevcial kiiidsi but though Shetland abounds witli
heath, yet heath-cocks and other fowl that frequent lic:tl:j
will not live there. There are fometimes liich nume-
rous tlighls of fea-fowl, that they darken the .lir. The
fevcral Ipecies of them build and hatch apart. Thcfe
commonly arrive in February, and after they h.ivc hatch-
ed their young, and tind they can fly, go away togcthSf
to fome unknown place.
The chief idand, called Shetland, and alfo the Main-
land, is above fixty miles in length, and twenty where
broadcll ; hut is much indented by bays. It is fin the
moll part lull ol bogs and mountains, except on the
(llorcs, and is therefore fitter for pallure than corn, with
which the inhabitants arc chiefly fupplicd from the Otlc-
iK-ys i but they have barley and oats of tlieir o^(\.
Th9
Scotland.
i: U K O I' E
Sot
'l'h( yt\nc\\ii\ town n l.irwlik, on lli* c.i(l fiJc of
iV 11I.111J, which ii fturfiiCcd by the (Khirnj-traJc Ik
jlmil Ihfii' hunilrnl l.iiiiilifi.
().i thf WfH liilr I- .1 liii.ill t')'vii lallid Sr.i!lowuv, itlc
iiihibiMiiK .iniituiiliii ' Id niilv .i^Diit ,1 liiin lir.l . ycc 1I111
1, the I'lily I''j ^' '"f .iililiiiiilhiiiy j'llliw, ail I h.iil an-
liiMitiy .»iMltl''i whuh I. t,illi-ri in ili-i y. Thi. Iilili?
i.i'Vii hti likcwilc tne only |irrlliyiuy ii> .ill liii.' SlicllaiiJ
iiUi.
Hrjll'i, to the caH of ihr \(.iiii.l.m.l, ami oiipofiii' to
Iffwitk, i' •'*"■ ii>il«» li'"K> !■'•■'» brut, ,111 I h.ii limio
jrjble lii''l> ^n'' ''*" chiirihtv. I' 1. Liiiiiiu* Inr Ihi:
iHrrinvlilf'i'i'y '" "' ("iliul. Th'.- H.ln Niiri;hcn ami
.n.iulc <>l llii.iiit:ii Ciiini' liithcT a'liiut t)ic n\iJ(!|c uf Miy,
( liip lini" Ji' I ixih«ii;^f liii"li, inilC'). bread, fir, (':r
tih, imitK'i'i '"wli. Ito kin;:., fiv. (i.\ nativcj aic .!'
ihnimc cDiid.Ur.iiilc g.uiin • bv letting Oni /ftujf houlcs
m-l irroiiiul I" iMc Icnnicn lor f* 'ipv
The Skcrrici arc two iljiU'croii ' •Ic id.inils. ni wi.. h
Ihiji! .irc ii'U'ii i .\\\ .iw.iv 1 tficy lir ..l . • li-vtntccn iiuks
(Mtic iinrilifall (il ilie M.mi-I.in.l.
V.ll i^ lix<>i'ii mvLh ill k'lrjil), anil tlio 1 ..It is in-
[n4nJ:>, *io il r.ingo of narrow idtn.!', cxtcmlin^' from
iiiirih to riiiiih, n.iinily, l,ewi» mA ll.irris iilic.iJv ilu-
1. nliij, a. m.ikiiu J piii cC Knh (liiic, anil V (t, w ii-ll
niliviJcJ ini.i Niiitli anil Sdui i \ an I bohiinl liuin, f.ir-
tlKi 111 ilic well, the illi; «ifS'. K li'a, whiili, tluiii;.>l>
I'ln.ilK-f than the other, nuriti a moie iiarticular dctiriji-
imn. '
Vift, whit h 111. to t!i« Couth r;'|(,,rrii, Il It liini; nip
indriiti.l with kvLral h.ui. Norti V.ll is nine mik'» in
ltnj',th 1(1111 iinnli t'l I'miih i it ii in pait in'ii'nt.iinniM
ami hcatliy. V't lu vi^ (or (iilliir.ii'" ( hut the w ft li.'c
hi'iii^ plain and .irih'p, is isrir linv fniitiul in b.'rV.v,
iiat , and iv, and t. cds aliindann." i.t lowt and ihccp.
I'liiM, W!lh the ill. mil 'il' HcnUccul.! in I S. nth VilK aio hy
I'limi; (^i'(ii!;raphcrH ill'cincd one ifl.nid, lifcaiil" at low
water there n an '■ily pall'i;;; I'rntnone to the m iir,iith'.r
upon dry fan Is or bv w.iiiiv.' ; and to;;'ther tli-v are 4-
bout thirly-tiuee niilei in len[;th, and loiitmi fiuh a mul-
titude ol In (li -w iter lakes, liiys, an I 'llinis, tint it U
laid "1 I'e iiiipolliMe (1 nimiber thcin, ami ni'.!! ot tho
lako .ilini'il with fowl and lidi. N'lth Vilt hai an
1-xci.llent h.irbuur dM the fuuth-eall iMe in a b.iv called
yvt
i in furh a manner, .is to nuke it nf mlde a hgiirr of Loehinaddy, fani lus for a |^rr.it fifhcry of cod and lin^>
,,■11; It alio lus iiorthcill iroiii the .Main land, and | and where fiieh
li.u tliri.'C churches with fever.il lutle cliapidsi but the j hundred villlls
i.iiiiiiiy is 111 niooiilli, t ! ii the minilKi is ohiiged to ^m) \ fiafoii.
iif.ii eight niilii to diuuh wading alniull up to tlie knees
III iliirc.
(piaiiiitici h.ive lic'ii taken, that lour
have been loa !cJ with iheiu in one
Ncrth Vill il iVparalcd from a litile iniiul mined Ilen-
hcciila (Ui the luuih by I'evet.il rneks an I a ch.i'.in d a-
biHit three miles hroa I. I'hii finall ;!'aiid is only ihrei-
niile« Ion:;, and the fame broad ; hut has a barb.nir lor
fm.ill velleli, and (eveial frtfti-w.iter l.iLes, well IIik1<hI
with fifh and fowl \ b.it in iii nei;;libouiliii'id are lever.il
danj/eroii'. ill.indi.
South V'illis feparated from Henbccul.i by a ehannel,
whieh, though two miles broad, is at ebb not aSovc
knee-deep. It ii iweii^y-one miles in lenrth, an. I three
Till''. Wcftern iOands were bv the ancients called , or four milci iiibre.ilth; th'' call liJe is inouiit.iinous ;
.■K'uid.t! and Hebrides, and have heen eomputed at but the welt, beini; leVLd, bean ;.',ood crop? of bailv'v,
iluic hundred in nuin'.ier. No coiintty abounds more ! oatj and rye, and aboundi wiili eatlle. The lutivci
Kill the nrcellarics of life, they havini; llelh and fiOi in ' live to a very great aye, and Ipeak the Kife tnn_;u.' in
proJigiiius plenty. Their cattle of all fort-, as cows, ptrh-itioii.
We now come to St. Kild.i, a little illand tlint may
lilies iif the Uritilh
S K C T. XXX'iir.
ip fnj)lii)it/i/'l>i/ mi/l rcniaikMe cf l'/ ll'ijhrn ljl:iwh
n-t hi.liiiUil in t/<L- .S'A/(vi nf S:itii)t;.l ; ivith ap<iii'uu'ar
IXj^ripli-.n of Si. Kitilti,
I'no'p, hni;s, and gnats, arc cMccedin^; numerous and
(.rulilic, f.iull indeed, as are their horlls, but of a deli-
cious t.ille, as are tlv ir deer, whieh freely r.inge on the
mriiiMins. I'lie natives fait their heel in cow hides,
which they think contrilnite to preferve it, and give it
.1 li:t;cr talle than calks ; they fend a ^reat deal ol it to
(i!if;ow, where it is barrelled iiji ami exported to the
Will Indies.
Hire are large ca;»lci and hawk», which arc very de-
ll;ii,iii',r to the la.iibi and fawns ; but no place in Eu-
lip:
be ranked amoii:^ the |»re.itelt 1 uri
empire ; and therefore, luitwithd.indin,". its fiiuill exleiii,
deferves p.iriicular notiee, on aeeoiint ul the geniu. of ita
inh.ibitant-, their manner, and cullonis, and the conlUtii-
tion of till ir little commonwealth.
All the territories belon^in;^ to the inhabitants of St.
Kilda are no more th.in three fmall iflands, and live naked
rocks. The priiieipil illand, to:.',tthcr with the relf, 13
fituated in about fifty-eijbt digree:, thirty minutes north
■-' can compare with them for tame and wild fowl, as 1 latitude, cii'hteen leagues 10 the well of Noitli Vill, ju(l
|iicjfaiits, moor-fowl, fwaii«, tannagans, plovers, pigeons,
will many forts cxiiemcly bcaiitiliil and rare, or utterlv
unknown tlfewliere ; among the latter is a fowl called
c.iik, I'limewhat b Ii tli.in a ijoofe, that has bcautitul
liihcrs, or r.ither down, of various colours ; it has a
(j;'i e.ii its head, and its tail is loni;er than that of a
l:i):il'L-cock. There is anotlur named iMwlin, which is
Itinr'.vhat Icfs than a duck, and i.s laid to fin;; alwavs
li.'lnro ";ood weather ; and Ionic of the llij^hlaiid pijiers
ti.ive fcirmed an agreeable tunc of its notes. Aniitiier,
c.r.lcl a rain goofe, i, iiid always to m.ike adideful nolle
h.lorc rain. Another extraordinary bird is called the
tillicp of Caraia ; it is as
u'iille fpot on its breall ; it i
inlcj liy the natives .i^aliill the feiatiea. Another bird
1: eallod fcreachan.iitin, which flireaks moll hideoully :
i: is as bi;^ as a laiij • mull, but lon^:cr in the body, of
j Mj' i(h eolom, .ind it., hill of a carnation : it is obfervod
I ) be extremely fond of its mate, for when cither the eock
or hen is killed, the oth'T makes a lament.ible noife a-
Iniit the place for eight or ten days after. A binl called
f.i'!:iiliir, about the fu.e of a fea-mew, flies very fwift
^I'tcr other birds, forcing them to drop their food, which
I'. c.it.'hfs before it falls lo the iToiin I.
Tiicfe birds are very common in moll of the
V.' Il ?n illin.l.;, particularly in th.il'j wc a:c uoing to
ilfli'ihe.
I'ae principal of thufj properly called the Wedcrn
fcribed. The lcni;th of the whole illan.l is not much
more than nine inilc, and its bre i.lth d.ie-. not muclv
exceed fix. It is enconipalled bv an inaccidUde Inrriei'
of rock.s, two places excepted, one to the iioith-wcit,
and the other to the norlh-eall. The latter has a large
b.iy, formed by two promontoiies, the firll ruiinin.^ out
to the north-ealt fide of the illand, and the other to the
foutb end.
■("he hand of Nature has divided this illand into four
dillinct parts by five mountains, which to the fe i-hde arc
f.iced Willi frijhtfiil precipices ; particularly thai which
riles ^irailually from the head of the bav, and may not
arj;c as a gonfe, and has a improperly be called the Miililh TeneritV. Its top in .1
partv-coloure.!, and its fat clear day commands a prid'ped of 1 ind and lea above a
hundred and liirlv miles in lei.gth. On the ninth li.le it
hangs over the deep in .1 molt iVi^bttiil m.iiiiier ; where
aviewofit from the fea lills a man with albni'llinient,
and a look over it from above (tiik'-s him with horror ;
yet a St. KiUiian will (land or fit on the verv brink of
this ftupendous precipice with the molt can lefs in.brter-
ence ; though its perpendicular height is nolefs than eiidi-
tecn hunJreil yards.
The ground of St. Kilda, like the L'r''atelt part id' that
of the Highlands, is much betier calculated for palliiri:
than tillage, and all the ar.ible land fc.rcely enceedi
cightv acies ; hut a great de.il mr.re mi/ht be added, was
iililultry and a defire of improvement fuHiciently eneoa-
raged t but all the lands alrc.idy eultivited lie very com-
I 7 N pacUy
/Kl'.i i-tiiO.
• 111
li'. i
Co I
A S Y S 1 F, M O !■ G V. O G K A P II Y.
Sio
11. AMO.
(Luilv ti'i!;dl\pr wlil-.lii tlic pirrin.Ls of tlu' \ill.i_'i' ii'
\* Im li ihf wImIt cdiiiiiiiiiiitv ilwJls, In tiif lowtT j;iinui.K
.IK- iii.Miv cxcolliiu \'\ots i]t giMl'i whi.h is iii Id.nc
)■! lets iiili-iiiiixi'J Wiih .1 In'Sutilul vaMctv (if ihi- liclull
pl.mts, mi wliicli llii' c.iulc liw\ liiMiruuilly liiiiiiv ''"■'
I'll lillKT k'.ilon ; ;l!!.l litu- viiM niori' tli.iM iii.'iii.'ry
il'.i.iiiiKit's of milk. :\'A tl'.c .ii.il'lo l.iiul i.. .vUil nUn
iM.iiiy mmiii.il ('Kits, :ii i cifll nf tlicfc is iiu'i..i.'ii !'y ilu-
tliiius iikkcii mit dt' iIk' liiiiJ ; tliili- 'lulm■l.lrn.■^ arc
tlloi'iiu'J (.icii'.l, .mil li.Mc lu'cn kept ii|' lor ni.iiiy .!:.(.•.'' ;
wlu'iicc It wDiil.l 111- mipolli'.ilcl'oi 3 St. KilJi.iii, hoAiVfr
ciiiiiiiiij; III acuivioiis, lo I'lUTo.icli on his iici^lilioiii's
l.uin. l-.>crv inc'i ot j'.ri iiiul wi'.liin till I'c in.lolincs, is
i-iiltiv.itc>l ; whuii tlu-y tt'.us i)LTi...:i-. ; ul'icr tiiininj; «p
tlK- ;;ioiiii.l will> a I|Mi!c tiny lakc or h.irrow it vtry
iJichiily, ptclciiij; out I'Mt) (lone, evcrv noxious root oi
vvecil t'l.ii r.illi ill (hfir way, aiiJ poiiiul lo .!iill cvciv
rlod with .1 mallet. They l.icn I'uw tluir lilllc lirlils,
llrcw ilum oviT with a iinniirc ol' tin I aiul peat allies,
anJ having harrowiJ thcni over a;;.iiii, kaio tlicm, i.i
(pj.ik in tiK'ir own llile, in the li.iiuls ol I'iovuK-ikc, wnli
.1 liini pcrl'.ufion that then honi.il indulliy will he amply
uw.iule.l.
'I'ho' llli.^ ill.niil is lituatcd lo far north, the harvcfl i.
loiiimonh (ucr htlore thehriMiiniii'; ol t>fp t'lnhor , an.l
iluuilj It (.ill out otlio; wilV, ihcwhul;: crop woiiK! hi-alinod
ilelirovi'il by the fi|iiiiio.:ii.il llornis, which, witii the
cxceliive qii.Ur.ity ot ram tiiat falls generally throuL'.hoiit
feven or eij;ht numths in the year, art the moll ililadv.in-
tageoii.'! ciriunill.inecs of their litiiati.in.
I liiis thry ra.le their oals, aiij their h.iiley, whitli is
l.iryer th.in in nnv other of tlie W'ellein illands : but they
have not one trie in .ill the iilaiiJ. Their holies ami
rows, though vei v Im.ill, aie alio fointwlut laijjcr than in
the .lej.ieeiii illinus.
The St. Kilihans owe a great pait of their felicity .o
tlnir flucp aiul wild lowl. Th-y have tonllderablc
ih.eks of ih.eep; which are all of tlie fnalleft kind, and
thur wool is llioit and coail'e. I'^ery one of tl.em has
two horns, and r.i.inv ol thciii lour.
TIk" wild fowl appear heic in iniuimcrahle lloeks, and
nccordiii^ to th:? Rev. .Mr. Macavilav. fuJi" whole hillory
we ha\e f,xtia;led this account, it is literally tiuc, witl;-
oiit any t.xacj..'eratii:n, that in dimmer time feveral of the
locks aie totally covered with fulan i;ecfe and other fowls,
snd ap.'car .u a ililt.nice like lo many mountains eovcre.l
willl fiiow. The lulls of the folaii gcefe are fo dole,
that when one walks hetwern them, the hatchin,:^ fowls
on eiilicr fide e.in always take hold of one's cloatlis, and
they will often lit liill till they are attacked, ratl.er thin
rxpofe their eg^s to the danger of bein^ dillroyed hv
tea i;ulls ; :'.t the lame time an eiinal number lly about
snd fi;rnifli food lor their mates that ;;re eni;ih>yed in
h.itchin;;. The folaii geei'e repair hither in the inonili
of Al.irch, and eontlniic till alter the bej,innin:; o:
N'oveiiiber. Ik-lore the iniddL of that -nontii, they and
.^i! tile other fea fowl that .ire (o fond of tins coall, letiie
niurli about the (aire time, into fonic other tavourite
le^i.'iiis; fo that not a fiir.^V- fowl i.-. to he I'ecii lu-m the
lu-:;innilii; of winter to the middle of FebiiMiv.
.\nothcr fea-lowl highlv eitcemcil in this ill.ind, is tlic
tutinir, which the inhahitants fay, fiirn.ilKs oil f.ir tlic
lamp, d^ .vii for the bed, the moll faliibrioiis food, and the
moll efficacious ointinent for hcaliii.', wounds. It Isof the
fi.-.e of an ord:n.:ry barn-door fov\ I, but it- legs and wings
are much longer. The back, wiiif.s, and t,.il, are of a li/li:
t'rey; round the bieall and neck of a lii;hter colour : hi)
Ic.id is lound, his neck Ihort iiid lhic'< j his bill is in-de
for llreiii^th, beading inwards, pointed like that of an
c.i^le, and in leii.;th .bout an inch and a half. lie is a
iiiiiit ravenous lo*l, and feeds oii'v on foriel and the l.il
of hill. Pieces o! whale and leal blubber arc often found
in l.ij n-.ll. I'lic youn;^ tutmcr is no fooncr atlaeketl in
his nell, than he cn.lcivours to dil':oneeit the fowler by
f^outiiiL' a quantity of oil out of his wile nollii's direcUy
into his face and eye, : which frrqutnily jiivcs him an
(ipportnnity of makiiiji; his efcape. lint thofc who arc
verfed in tliis diver.^on t.ike all pi.d'ihle precautions to
lurpriie him; loi tliiiiking his oil incomp.itably prerioiis,
they exert all tiu-:i ikill and dexterity lo fave it. livery
tntmcr ylel-.U mar a piif of thl^ liquid fuUllanee, which
diops out of the noil I lis of tlie lowl while waiiii, ,,|,,| ^
conlidei.ible ipi.m ity ol it is .innuallv pieferve.l. '()/ (i,^
.'owls thi-mlilves every lamily lias a gieat nunib.r Uhci
ill c.ilks for winter provilioiK.
I he tMrd fp-ci -s are the l.ivie, wliieh bun.', the carlidl
vilii.mts 111 l'\ binary, no fooiier app;'ar, than ilie inui|
eonii.ler.iMo peifons in tins liate alHiiible to-elher to
eon.Tatulale e.i- h I'lhei, on feeing ihefe harl'iii^eis ^,i
plenty .iiid happmefs ; and to divide the p,-op'fe in.,,
puliv.s m.ide up of then abhll fowleL-i. 'I'he lavi.- j,,
li/.e leleiiihles a diak, ihou'.h lather li)ni;er. He is Mack
.i;i ive, line t;ie whole bieall and billy white, with a ci.-el ■
ol llle lame eoloin roiin I the neik j the bill is black and
(ll.irp .it llie I'oint, .in 1 t'.v e;;;; beaiitiliilly v.iiii-..itcd
withbla.k, while and ud, blue, mv.-ii .md yell, iwf hut
I aue aiiv two an- aliKc. llus fowl builds no mil, aiul
lii<e iVveial oiher fpeeies of w.iter fowl, l.n-. but one i-..r
whiih (he li\-s III fo nui- 4 in. inner, tnat ildnee toiieliuj'
one will lind it imp illi;de to lix it in the ianic pl.u-^!
.-".lin ; nnd if the lowh are furpri/,i d fo as to l|.,it
.ne.iv 111 .1 huiry, i.i.y tnmble down into the lea in thi. l^
(howeis.
Thcfe are caiidit hv lettini: down a man with rop<-<
int . the well-kn.'wu llielves of the rocks, caili haviii.;a
broad piece of lin.-ii, or any thin^ rciiiark.ihly wliuc
I'.xed on his bria t. This is done in the iii^lil, v.lien
the biul miilakiii;; an obiei't lb eonfpitninis lor a part of
the rock, eiide.ivoiirs to eliii;' lo it, .md n iiii.iu.li.it.ivf
cm ;ht and difp.ilciied. I'hus ciiplovnl the loivler i,ri'.
tiiii;.'. till the t.iwn, when in.ikiii^ me wonted fiiriLil [ly
piilliih; the lope, his comii.inioi.s pull up. by aii.iihcr
rope, the prey he li.i:. taken, wlii'. li loiiKtinus euiiliUs
ol lour huiulnd lavies, and ilun pull up the fowkr, \\'liij,n
ihei c.irelj lor his couta:;e and lUxt.-iiiv.
I'hey have alio a fuit number of puniils; and tno
frequently a lar-.^e fea...iill which is detelle.l hv everv ,S(.
kildi.in, it dillioyiiij; every e-g ili.it falls in iti w.:y,
veiy olten the yoiiii;; lowl, and foinetiines the weakell uf
the old. It is baldly poliihle loexpicfs the li:iti,,| «,;,
which thole othcrwile j^ood-iiJt;iied people ciide.i;.nir to
extcrmiiiaie tlr--le ['.nils; if one happ.iis to iiuikumi
tliem, it puts thtir whole blood int.) .i ferment. I'd f.i;
any of its egi;:;, thouph aii:on:,!l the l.ir^ell an;| IhIIiIk.
illaiid ali'oidi, would he mull a ll.i^it'oiis aelien ; ilk-y
therefore exirafl the meat out of the fliell, an 1 K-u-iii-it
empty in the nelt, the pull fits up.m it till liij pai,-c
aw.iy.
.Ainoiij; the l.ind bir.ls are very large r.ivjii;, n f.-w
ea|.'KS, with hcions, curlews, ploicrs, pigeons lljriiii .,
Inks, wrens, and Ip.irious.
l-Aiiy one of the nall\es of St I-CiMi who !■; pcmlM
o( a bit of l.iiid theie, h.i« a proporte'ii.ible (hare ul ihe
locks ill which ill- fowls h.ncli. 'J'lie divilioii- are iii.u!.-
with fiiiLiiilar ex.i,;lnel's, and the fni illell eiier.i.i.Miiui.t
on .1 St. KiMi Ill's propel ty in tlitfe rock,, is by .in .iiieici-
culloiii feverely nenillied.
The whi'Ie body of this little people live tii;\rtli'.-r liV,-
tli-j inh.ibitants of .i town or city, their boufes beiii > Hi.{
ill regular row., (orniiii^ a llrcet: thefe haSii.it
built with lloii" without eitli';r
jnt t.) nine leet ni-h.
their dwe
.III-
or mill tar, Im-iii
in^< aie linnlel
into t-.vu apaitm lis by paititi.in w.ill.i. In the Jivili.ni
il'-\t tile door, which 's much ill-.- laii;e!l, they have tlii-ii
cattle It.illi-il durin.; the winter feafDii; the other fcrvrs
f>.r kitchen and b- 1 chamber. Tlu-re are all.) a pi"-
digi;.us niinih-r of little cells dilpK rlld over the ;:lan.l ,
thcl'e confitl iiltirely i,f lljnes, an-l in tlie.li til-.,' ( :x--
their rg^s an-! wild f .-.vl.
TIk' men are ll.ut and li .r ly, (iKirt, tliitk and cliiml;. ;
luit aie r.jiniikably itron.,, will c.iny heavy luirthciii,
and tu.; at rhc oir f >r many h.Kin, with .an almcl
iimljiiiiiifhed viirmi:-: but the wonien aiv nudlly h.liiJ-
f.iiiie; their coinplexiuiis art fr.lll and lively, a:i.l their
I'e.iiiires finf and r.'gular.
The clo.ithinj III the people is q'lilc roarle, aiij m.i.l'
foru-.iimth. All tli • col.i-jis kno-.vii ainmi.; lliciii, til
ofla---, wire b'ack, white, iMcy, an. 1 brown, theiiatie
ral coK'uri of tll n (lieep; and yellow w.is their (ill)'
;\uri.A\H.
i,.i im-ie II I He,
i„lllair.fvtli.-.i
,i..|,| what I hey
;, iiK, is iii.ide o
,.,11 wnildiien.
, ;|ii> invn l.imil
„ jiill loir, is I
;., ,;ieal peile,.',tii
rile .'>t. Kiidi,
tn;h a little mix
|..,iiiiiuiieing is v
o'lll, has an iiiic
I'hele peo;'le ;
1,1. .d 111 inllninu
;..•!- n'lll dam c '
i,J] be.ir .1 p.irl ii
,11 liii/inis and th
« mien, 'vhile ei
liiihii", their en
., [ .ilni'dt coiill.n
;: ;'iniiii; .It (lie
,,;.!. iiih'-i by lin
, , iiuls in li.iiid
.1,1 Mine nidile
;:;.ir ollieiwile
1,1,1 i|ed bv |!ie h:
i/v .ml aei'tiii
tr,- i.iir lex, the 1'
Miiv III 1 limbini;
il'i' r exli.iordinan
tin- liar J hi (ides tl
ljp'<, and inlelli,'
Ihi-v all III I'lii
ill v"i'iiiii-ni degii I-
l:ti, huiiianity, .n
.11, in; them.
I'l.f . mai. V ear
uiii.'rciit : imniirii
'■■('!•, .lie never iin
, ',n iil'Irrvcs ol i
' .1' li of vice ; I
- I 1 led the way o
, I ;:iiiij iKver
iit!i-.-r iicier peru-l
,1 pi-l(: hero th(- i|
hoiicll ueliie ol p-
I'l.c^ of a liii"lr- i.
n'Mi!; paflions in i
ll i\. lUi; fello-.v
..n,l f,i*liii. ri'">',
liriiiide
;i
i^ii'ii, lire ((iiue,
pi his tents 111 ti.|
itjihrn.
ailili.ial one. A'l the lin.i mjiiufauliiivj
air.'jii.
tllClll
.■cori*'<"*
II Iv O 1' U..
(K,J
1'-
,„.|i. iiillc, .111(1 fxirrniclv cnaife : oiu- luilnl.iv lliiii
11 l.iii'lv ''"■ iMiliili.iii 111 tlu' j'nMtcll belli .i;iic)iig ihnii i
.,,1 wli-" ''"7 *•■'■"■ '"■'"■' ll"'ii' I^'IU 1111 ordiiiiry oici-
i ,,( js iiiiil'-" "I wiiol. I'liL- wcMVfi,'. arc lint iiulillVi-
.,1 tt'dikiiii'ii- Kvfiy iiMii is till' tjvl'ir .iml llior in.ikii
.lihdWii l.iiiiily : .ill ilu- li-.itlur ill the illaii.l, .111.1 tlmlc
!,ullt(iit, i'- t.inm:.! will) iIil- lurmciitil tout, .iiul iloiic
,', ,,|,'.il jii-itrL'tidll.
I'hc St. Kiiiluiis I'licik a (Mrriipt iILiIilI o! iIu- ( i.ilic,
i,ii!\ .1 li"'^' iiiixuiii" "I ll"' Noiivi'jM.iii : iiiiinnaiiiKT nl
,.,,ii()Uiii'iii;; is very riii;'iilar, tut ivi-ry tn.lll, wuiiiaii, .iiiJ
uill, lias an micniunuTalilr lil|iiii|;.
riii-li' l't",'l<' •'"' ixiUMnly liiiiij of niiiCic, wlicllicr
, , ,1 11' inllMMUiinal ; tu a liail vidlin imlilliu lulv playiil
. -v M'lll ilaiur witli ii|>liMr, .Hill tvcil the ul I wniiuii
(vii! bt It a part :ii ilulf allniililii's. 'riR-y ilc-lr'lit iiukIi
II lini'iiii',1 •'■■'' ''"■'■■ voices ail- .iliiiiiilaiitly timiliil. I'lii-
„ mii'ii, 'vliilc I'littiii'; iliiwii tlu' iiarlcv ill llii' li.M, m
i.ijin> tlii'ir iniii Willi tlu'ir liaiul-inlllK lit llu' lioiili',
I jlni.ill tdiillanlly iiii|iliiyi''l tliat way ; aiiii llir iiKii,
,' villiii" at Hic oar, exert all llicir Ikill iii .iiiiniatiii;;
, ImiiIki I'V liiii'.iiii; Imne l|iiriifil liiii'is adajunl to tin-
,1111 Is III liaiul i ami imlccil l.iiiii; liiij-lit Ipaiks ol liie,
iilwiiic iiiiM'" II ;',lit> ill (aiKV, m.iv In- ililiincfil in
.; ir iitlu'iwile lioiiielv fiiiiip.iliui.iis. I'lic liilij' iMs
iii;,iii.l l>v t!ii- l.aiils ol Si. knl.i, in tin ir ckIc-., Jie liie
; ,1 :'V an I an'onipiilliiiieni'. ul tlii'ii lai'oiiritt> anioni;
[hi- !.ur liXi ih^' lifi'iii 3< liDii'i 111 tlieir liicinls, ilicu ilix
iiinv 111 ili'"'''!"'!; ii»iks. tl^iir liijicrmi Ikill in hlli iii',,
llic I fxiraoriliiiaiy viiii.iir, iVill, anil (.null. nicy wliili- .it
llii'iur; bilulestiit: i iiiiini m Lipk s ill pcikiii.il ailvaii-
!.•.•<, ami iiilcllii'Jii.il 111' lit.
'ilii'va'.l in ('I'll'"!''' I'll'' 's llic viiriu- 111 liiil'pii.ilitv in
.•', ji'iiiu'Mi 'l""^"!". iiK'l I'l'liavr Willi till- iitiiu.lt I'cni-i.i-
I!,, himi.iiiity, anil iili«i-t, to ilii.- Iliaiii^iis wIuj cumt
^.ll. 11;' lllllll
Thf . iiMi. V rarlv, ami I'uir |m1 aiitiics arc i^'-iici.ilU
iii:i.'.-cnt ■ iiiiniiriius lailnuiiiliic illcwUcic, it ciiiiiiii.iti il
:r'.', vc n> vcr iiiialtcii with inlaniy ; .iiiil, as la-
i;nn otilcrvcs <>t the ai .. (ieimans, '• No one iii.ikc,
1 .!■ li ot vice; to ilel - 1, m lie ileliaiuhdl, n lint
•■ i.ilcilthc w.iy of the i I.I." Here waives with :'reai
■'i:iiiiiu never rule then linlh.iii.l. : lieie airiicnlep-
iithvr licvcr perireiite< hi r I'lnllitls ile|iliiii Im the Like
illicit: hero the nnpnil I"' is .ilways hclil lai riil. An
honcrt lieliie 111 jiu vi ii.in;' m leiii.iuii ; the in. unvciii -
ii.\'^ot a rui"l<- lite, or pun' ililiilleielt.iil liive, aic the
•I'liii; p.itltuiis III liie a.iv.iiie.'s tin. mil;'' tu niatn.nonv.
it J\,i";; t'ellnw \ir poll'ell.il ol a l,u.|e, rake, neel,
jiij loArlin, -rop''. h'' mari'.'s wilhunt the halt le.ir nr
nliriiii.ie, wil' ni.'iiitani hiiiiiell. Ins wife, an I ili'l-
ilicil, life iimtei'teolv ''i> i Im lU fpnt ol (^iiiiiiil, .nnl
I'ji his leiitb to tile ■■:i.pii.-: ■', lieivaul wim Imip, ; ami
|ijihcis.
DniiiLenncIs ii; not \.-t iiilr.i.liir.'.l lierc ; hut the .St.
KiKliaiis have .i ninlt vinleiit p.illiun lor tohacto. They
hiiv an .iniiii.il llnte ol this (avimtiie plant tioiii ihi:
(lewnrd ; which, in Ipiient their fcnulnels lor il, tliey mull
ill.in ii;e wall the mull cxadl iceiiiinmv, .is it is iiiipudiliK:
to piotiire .1 new liiiiply, till the in.iiket ol' aiiutiier year
ictiiiiis with hull. For this iiniverl'.illy hcwit.liiiiL', ar-
ticle, and loi loiiie otiier iron. Is inililpciilahly iieccil'ary,
p.irticiil.uly fall, iron, .iii.l liiiiliei, they liaitir away
their cows llicep, t'.r.iiii, aii.l liithers. I'licir lichea
coiilill III thele ciimiiiudiiies ■, they have Icarcc any
w.iiits, and conUipieiitly fcarce any delires ol the pccii-
niaiv kind.
It appe.irs that I'liiillianity w.is very early iiitrodiiCPil
iiiio till;, ill.md. The laij'cll chinch w.is dedic.ited tii
C'lirilf, .ind cillcd his temple. It was built nf ll.iiii;
willmiit any i-emeiir. Il is i wcilly-foiir Icet In leii 'til,
.iiid Us hu.idlh loin lei n i'liis wis in loriner limes the
piiiii ipal pl.ice III wuillilp in tlu: ill.ind, and here they
eoiiimiii. |,) liiiry till ir il.-.il. At the dillaiueofa niiltf
lioni me vill.i".e is a ch.ipel, which has an .ill.ir witliin,
.iiid loiiie inoiikilli I ell . withoiii. Ihe people have loi'
loiiie tiiiie heen I'mn llaiiiMil thechiircli of Seotl.ind, aiui
.1 iniiiiller from llieni e i. tent thither. I luy arc devout;
iiteiid Divine will lliip 1' (Mil. irly every Sun. lay ; bin, with
all their virtues, make i.o Icruple ol U'iiil;, .iiid uliiij; all
the ails III ciiiinini', to deceive the llcwaid, when htf
makes them his .miiii.il vili: to iceeivcalieavy i.ix ihcy are
olilii!cd III pay hull in piopiii tioii to the llo.k ol v niuuv
kinds they pollels ; and, .inioiij; oilier tilings, every fc-
I'lnd he lamb, cieiy levenih (Icecc, and cveiy lev. ntli
111': l.i'-.ib.
I he prelcnt pio|iiiet.ir is a pi iilleni.iii named Norman
Malleoli, whole .iiKcll.iis ll.ive poirelle-d the ill.m.l loi it
leall two hiili.lrcl ye.irs. He has );iveii a Icile of tlii<
illiii.l, and ol every iliinii heliin;;iii,; t'l it, to a eadeC
ol his own family, lor the yeaily lent of about eli veil
p.iiinds iKiliiiu;. This is llu perfoii called tlr; ll'-wird,
WHO belore llu, or Ills own lent can he m.ide die. toil,
mull he at the annual expeiueol rntinji out a laige II gii-
laii.lliii.it, to hriiiir, his j'l.iin, leathers, or aii^ 'ithei [i.T-
ipiilit. s tint tall to his 111. ire, or any coiiim <dilies he
h.iys lioiii the peojilc, to ll.iiris, where he generally re-
lldev
To conclude the moral i liarailer of tlief- people; beinj;
at .1 ilillaiice liom ill' Ic.ils ot jullice, the,' are ablolutf:
llr.iiii'cis to the iliic.iiiiiy .iiul del.iy of iiielaw. And
ihiiiiuli they arc i|;noiaiii, an. I In illiter.ite, iliit few of
tiiem tall lead, they liiiiily believe the exill 'iice .iiul
imivideiueid a Supiemr l!ein;>, the iilimoit.ilily of liir
liiim.in foul, the oblr.',.itioiis ol moialltv, rii'lilcouliieij,
..ii'i icniii'.'r.ini e.
•\ i
■'iwit.
.^i^
i
a H A V.
19
1-1
( 6o4 )
CHAP. XXXI.
Of I R E L A N D.
SECT. I.
0/ Ireland In gencrtil.
lit SilMlim, Exiciil, Jir, Soil, Product;
Lakes,
Rivers, and
Wi:s
III iiis
1 1 ■'■
THIS is a large, and in general a fertile ifland, feat-
ed to the fouth of the little illcs jiirt ilclcribcd ;
to the weft of England and Scotland, from which it is
divided by St. Gcorgi-'s Channel and a Iheight about
fifteen miles broad, which feparatcs it from part of Scot-
land : it his the mouth of St. George's Channel on the
fouth J and the great Atlantic ocean, which lies between
it and the frozen region of Newfoundland and Labrador,
or New lirit lin, in North America, on the weft. It is
- iV.itcd bctivccn the fifth degree ten minutes and the
tenth degree thirty-feven minutes weft longitude from
London, and between the fifty-njft degree fixtcen mi-
nutes and the fifty-fifth degree fifteen minutes north
latitude. It is allowed to be above h.alf as large as England,
and is two hundred and eighty-five miles trom Eairhcad,
the north point of Antrim, to MilTenhead, the fouth point
of Cork, which is its greateitlength ; but it is much
indented on the fouth-caft by St. George's Channel ; and
on. the welt and north by the Atlantic ocean, which
rendcis its length very unequal. The grcatcll breadth,
which is from the calt part of Down to the weft p,ut of
Mayo, is a hundred and fixty miles : but in the middle,
frorn Dublin on the calf, to the weft of Gallway, it is
only a hundred and forty-fix.
The air is much the fame with thofe parts of England
that lie under the f^me parallel ; only in fome parts it
is more grofs and unne.dthy, efpeciaf'y to Ifr.mgcrs, on
account of its iranv lakes, bogs, and marlhes j but in
this particub'.r alfo it agrees with Ejigland ; where
the marfhes o'' Kent, Cambridgefhire, and Sufiex, are
at Icaft equally unhealthful. It has been obllrved,
that the air is warmer in winter and cooler in I'ummer
than in Eng'and, but the difference in this rifpcit is not
very great. 'I lu- air is alfo allowed to be more nioift than
in England ; hut this is probably true onlv of Dublin,
and the other places near the feu and the lakes, which
occafion more frtquent rains.
In gcncial it is a level country, watered by many lakes
and riveis, a:-,,l the foil is in moft placs very good and
fruitful ; even thofe where the bogs have been drained
are good n)c.idnw ground. Thiirpaftures feed prodigi-
ous numbers if cattle; but in feveral paits they are not
fo large as in l!ngland, on which account a bounty has
Ions; been gi.in lor the importation of tngldh bulls, and
la.'ge ftcne horics, wiiich have mended the lireed. In-
deed the I'.ir .'jeateft part of the land is uiVd for grazing,
whence they arc enabled to fupply the fliips of all the
European nati lis, particularly the Englifti and Dutch,
with bvcf and butter ; but advantageous as this tr.ule is,
it IS carried to an excefs th.it is very prejudiii.d to Ire-
land, as it caufes agiicultuic to be neglccle,!, v.diich
would cmplov many more hands, and prrviit their bjing
frequently obliged to puich.ife great quantities of torn
from ]:^nglari' ; from whence it is alfo not uneonimnn to
purchafc fliip loads of potatoes, whi^li in m.inv places
fupply the want of bread. 'I"hey alfo raifc (lax and he nip;
and the gardens of Iicl.md produt.- all the fruits an I ve-
getables fit for the kitchen, that are to be found in
Great Britain, though fine fruit is dearer there than in
England.
It ought not to be omitted, novv we are treaiiiir of the
foil, that there are fome bogs in this coiiiitiy fo deep, as
entirely to fwallow up a man and horfe, wlio fini» an un-
known <lep!h, though they arc covered with turf which
fecms to promife fulid gtound; however, ruaJs have
been made for horfes and carriages over thcfv; Jrcadi' I
bogs, by ranging rows of laggois falfened together urj
covered with eanh, which forms a kind of biidm. t|, .
(hakes under the feet of the pallenger. 'Ihcrc ;nt other
bogs that have tr.illrong ariuft of lurf to beealilv hrokin
and are conihiiitly palU-d in laleiy, though liity S])i\\
and quiver at evtrv ftcp of the loot.
The turf which grows upon many of the bogs is taken
oft, dried, .md fold for fuel ; and is of gnat ufe wlicie
coals are Icarce. There are, however, levcial piti of
excellent coal, and navigable canals are forming in urj;.r
to convey it by lea to Dublin, :'.nd all the other towns (.n
the coaft. This country has likcwife quarries of ftvrt,!
kinds of beautiful murble, alfo free-ltone, a bcaiaiful kind
of hard white (lone lit fir building, full of ihiiuiii; h.ir.
tides which glitter in the fun, and ftate ; with niuas of
copper and iron.
I'he principal ri\ers of Ireland arc the followinc:
'1 he Shannon, whicii riles in Loch-Allen, in^ the
province of Connauglit, which it divides from I,Lii;i.,f
and Munflcr, and running fioni north to f'outli, jitir
lurn.ing fcvcral lakes, turns to the well and fills into ile
AtaLinic ocean, alter a couife of one hundred and Ion..
five miles, 'i'his river i.. in moll; parts wide and ik\'n
and has within it feveral fine and fruitful iflan
fertile foil on both its banks : but it is not iiavicable
above (illy mdes tor (hips, on account of a catarnc}.'^
The Suir, the Ncor, and the Harrow, tile fiom branches
of a mouniain named Slieu-Ulonni, The iiuir lus its
fource in the branch called Btin-Dutt'e, in the louiity of
lipperary, and making fiilt a fouth-eaft, and tiicn a
foutherly courl'e for upwards of forty miles, it turns to tlie
north and afterwards to tin; eaff, and at length uuitts i:s
dreams with the Ncor and the Barrow.
'i'lic Ncor fifes out of the fame branch, and tak-
ing a fouth-calt couife, unites its (team witii tie
Barrow.
The Barrow riles out of the fame mountain in Q^icen'i
countv, and alter taking a northerly couife, turns tu the
fouth, and before it arrives at Kols is joined bv t.itXuor,
(rom whence it continues a fouthcrly courle uiiilcr the
name of the river of Rofs, and being joined by thcSciir,
tliev all lofc themiilves in the lla at the moiitii ol ihe
harbour of Watciford.
The Blavk W'at' r, fometimes called the Broad water,
rlfcs out of a mount.iin in the county of Kerry, from
whence being fuelled with many dreams, it takes lirit a
IbuihcrK', ;ini then .in eaf^.'ilv courfe, till .u leiiilh
turiiin;; luddenly to the iVuiii, it purfuts thai coiirietil
it frills into the bay of Yoiighall. There are fc\eril ctlur
rivers in Ireland called the Black-water, one nf which
falls into the I'ovne, anclhtr into the Shannon, .'i;J
another in the countv of Wexford, fells into the ka.
'['lie river IJaiin, famous fc r its pearl fiflicrv, but iiii.ic
fo f.ir its lalinon, aiil'cs from the numntai.is in the (o<rM';
I'f Down, from whcn.e it (lows ni'iihw.ird, liiui ..':<:>. a
couric of about tliiily miles, (alls into the lake c,;i!-.J
Louyh-neagh, and padiii': through it, continues iii c iiil'e
to the north, dividing t!ie counties of Auirim and Lon-
donderry, and lalls into the fea a little to the nortliv.Jl
of Ccder.iin.
The L'.e rif'S out of a le.'--e in the county of Coih, ?:• 1
takiii;; a;i c.illeily coiirle of about twenty-fix inil'i, is
enlarged by its receiving fevcial rivers ami i.Mile!>,
till at lengfli paiTmg by Cork, it difi barges iticif ui;o I'.c
fea.
The LifTev is only remaikabV for having the iiiitr,i-
polls of tlu!. kiii;;doni fe.'H' !.on its banks. It rifX .ii |!. ■
county of Wiclclovv, and m '(c'ng a cin.ling courfe ihr.i'i. li
that c.iiinry and the eoun'.i -> if K'ldarc and Dublin,
dif'cliargts itfelf into Diibiinbiy, a lit'ic bclev ih.t
crv ;
I
iitain ill Qiiccii'i
rfc, turns tu the
led by tr.i; Ntor,
tuurli; ur.ilcr the
iiK-d by the Suit,
lie iiKiuth ol the
|<(|»
1*:
tlicA; Jrcadiul
i together, i.i.J
of bridge th,t
riicrcaic other
iccaiiK broken,
igh they (lui;j.
^c bogs is taken
jteat ufc whcic
level al pits of
brniiiigiiiory'vf
other tiiwn', en
arricsof itv.r.il
1 beaiaiful kinj
of ihinlni; p.ir-
with iniiieb of
ic followinf;:
i-Al!eii, iirihe
■s from Leir.lur
to fouth, .iitir
lul fills inio the
ildred iiiid loif -
wide and deep,
I ifljnds, with a
s not navigable
a eataraef.
fe'lioni branches
I'he Kuir has iis
II the eouiity of
ift, and then a
i, it turns to the
length unites its
aneh, and tak-
iteam with tie
he l!road water,
of Kerry, from
s, It takes tirll a
, till at length
s that coiirie ti'l
arc feveril cihet
, one nf w:'.ich
c Shannon, a:A
ills into the fca.
(Iicrv, but nil. re
i.is in the coiitin'
,'ard, and uMci .i
) the lake cilltJ
itiiines its eoiiife
\nirim and l.on-
o the north v.. Il
■i'l
iity of Cork, r.:i
iiiy-lix niil'i, IS
rs and r.vulcis,
gcs itfelf into tU-
,vin!» the nKtrn-
i. It riles in ih:
Ig touriV ihrii'i. h
are lUid Dublin,
ll'if belo'." th,.t
cr.v i
m
nm
:S2D
:snmz
±M3i
nac
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1
!•: V K
: MO hi;;hcr tl\.;ii tlic uJi'
O I'
1-;.
(>o ;
ilnvne is a much ninrr confiJcr;iWe river tlian
it ril'ci 111 tlic Kinu's county, is I'.inuuis t'nr
firv ; bfin;; n:\vij
■Ihi'
,;,cl..l!. , .. -
it> cxi'i 111 111 Liliiio'ii, an I Inlls into the fca at Dio^heda.
Ill Inlan.l arc more liV.c, th.iii perhaps in any oihcr
iMiiiiirv ot the Came extent j anJ thelc ahounil more in
the piovinu's <<( l.'llt'r aiul Ctjunaughr, than in any
lulv.'f pi;ts of the IcmiMlnni. They are properly ranked
ua.lcr two ileiuiniinaiioiv^, Ireni-waier lakes, which have
111! accels ot the tiilc or mixture ot the lea, anJ I'alt lakes,
i„;n which the tule iVnvs twice a iliy, and may more
properlv he called inlets of the Tea.
Of the trilli water l.ikis, one of the mod cxtraordi-
rarv i' I.ongh-lenc, in the county of Kerry, which is
,;m;;rk;iblc for it:- lingular beauties. It is about fix miles
In ifn^th, anil, at a niedimn, near halt as much in
nd is interlpcrfeJ with u variety of beautiful
f them riih in Ijribac^c, and well iidiabit-
E,ij;li.b and olpiays are here 'ii ijic.it numbers, and
f.HnJs and rocks around the lake are ad irncd v.'iih
.Tutts of the arbutus, whieh for the greatefl part of the
v,-.ir bears a fcailet fiuit, liki- the ihawberry, with bluf-
15, leaves, and berries, gieeii or yellow
hiculth ;
i,!,nJs, manyo
K
ir.L' li'
lam.'
the fea llowi by a cluniiel not niueb more than a mill
over.
The lake of Straiigford, in the county i>f Down, which
extends from Newtown in the north tii Strannford in the
fouth, about thirteen Itilli miles ; and in foiiie places it
is three, in others four, and in others live miles broad.
Ihere arc ililperfed in it lifty-four illands, Imall and great,
known by particular names, and others namelefs.' tJn
the fide of I', near the coafi of the barony ot' DuHerin, is
a group of fmall illands called the Scattcr'iek iflamls, lome
ot which arc noted for relloring and fattening diflempet-
ed horles ; others are (locke^l with rabbits, and to ot.iJii
relbrt a multitude of fwans, wild-gecfe, widgeon, teal,
and lour or five (orts of divers.
I here is perhaps no country in the worl.l that aboundu
I more with I'pacious and commodi(.us harbours than Ire-
] land i yet there are few countii'S to which lefs benefit-.
j aiile Irum trade -. but thefe h.jrbours will be mentioned in
treating ol the fevtral i rcvincei and coun;its ot this
1 kingdom.
, according to
The
(Se different ftagcs ol their approach to lipenefs
itur.ks of thife trees are frupi iiilv lour feet and a h.df
i;i riri'unferencc, and nine or ten yaids high. In (hort,
[i-'jluaKtles of tliis lake are not to be dil'eribed or leen
v.'tl Mil! rapture,
I.iiigh-trne and Lough-neagh are by much the l.irgcll
I', Irtbiid. 'l"hc lornur is divided into two branthes,
t'.c upper a. .J lower, which arc I'eparated by the water
bdiig contracted into the c.impafs of a confiderable ri-
\fi f. r fome miles, after which enlarging itfelf, it forms
ih; Ici-Acr lake. This lough, in both its branches, takes
jtsccuifc through the whole length of the county of
I'uniannaph, from the loulh-eall point to the north-
v;il', dividing it almodinto two eijual parts, ex'ending
ai,oiit thir* , miles in length, but of an uneiiual breadth.
Itisdiverfified with fo many little pleal'ant tert/le illands,
tl.at ihcy ate laid to amount to about four bundled, molt
of them well wooded ; I'everal of them inhabited by huf-
KiaJmcn, and others covered with cattle. It likcwife
.ihoaruls with a great variety of filh, as pike of a prodi-
j;iciis li/.e, large bream, roach, eels, and trout ; but it
i( ih;.!!',' valued for iti lalmoii, which arc caught in great
i'r:'ight5 bv nets, in the river which flows out of the
1 :<e, the fiflling of wliich is valu-d a: five hundred pounds
a vt .r.
1,0 igh-ncagh is fomewaat of an oval form, but in-
I'eii'.e.l on every fide. It is efteemed the l,:rgelt lake in
lic'ar. ', and is exceeded by few in l''.uro|ie ; it being
twenty miles long from the north- wilt point to the foutli-
r.i!l, r.e.ir fifteen iijiles fiomthe nort.*i-eal( to the fouth-
\uil, imd ten or twj!ye broad at a medium. Within ' '^''"'''' > it is cultomarv in the meaner trad
SEC T. IJ.
7lt Pi'lvn, CiMra.'.'a; I Libit i, CaiJ::s, Ttniptr, Dre/i,
MfJii^iin, (Jovcn. merit, mid Trade :f thi hljl,.
'"T^IIE Irifliarcin general a (trong-bodied, nimble, ac-
1 tuc people; many of both iexes are u\\, hand-
l.im.-, and genteel ; but th s is f.ir from b'.ing a charac-
teriltic of that nation, finee a Hill giejter number are de-
ficient in thefc natural endowments, and are as clumfey,
as ill-lhaped, and have as difagreeablc features as the
majority of other nations. The men are bold, hardy,
and lar from being deficient in true bravery and manly
courage: but thole who are well-bred have an alTure'd
addrels, a fluency of fpeech, and a flow of com|i!imcnts,
el'peei..i;y when in the company of the ladies, that is not
cjfily aci]uircd by the more halhl'ul Englifli; v.r.o are too
apt to want that graceful allurance which is necellary to
let their own merit in a proper light. It will not be
doing injullice to the charaiSter of the Irilli to f.-.y, tha-.
they are haughty, vain glorious, fiuiek in refenting a
luppofed affront, and violent in all their affect on;. Iju
the other hand, they have generally a fund of good-na-
ture, and all ranks are particularly remarkable for their
holpitality. However, the morals of cliildren are lets
attended to in theireducalion, than they generally are in
thole of people ofihe middle rank in Kngland; aiid hence
a difiegard fiir truth, and many other faults, are too
j often fuit'ered to take root in tbeir ductile minds ; thofe
; at It-all of the lower clafs have been frequently charged
j wiih having little or no regard to the facred'nefs of an
oath. Indeed evil difpofitions often arife from trivial
- - — .- .■ --.', if anything
incfeuir.enfions is not includi-d a fmall lakec.illed Lough- I"-' niifling, for the m.ifier to make each of his journeymen
ir the Little-lake, which is joined to the north- : I wear th.it he has not t.iken it, by handing ih?liibleor
the mafs-book to ei;ch, and for a drunken
fcverelv leihired by liis wi!e, to take up
well end by a narrow channel, and is four miles lon,>
iiul as many broad. Lough-neagh communicates its bc-
11 ll'.s to five feveral counties, Armagh, Tyrxine, l/m-
ileiiiluiv, Antrim, and Down ; the latter of which it
diiiv touches by a fmall p>iint on tne fiuith-caft fivle. It
ictrives fix confiderable livers, four of lell'.r note, and
f.-ver.i! brooks ; yet has but one narrow out-let to dif-
eli.:rge this great flux of water. Th'slake is remarkable
f.dutary eficdls in curing ulcers and runniiiLr fores
le
jw, when
mals-book
houl'e for a
; and thus-
f the aw-
oa ttiolir who bathe in it ; and for incrufiing the wood
which lies in it with Hone. On the fliorea of this l.ike
have been found a vaiietv of beaimful pebbles, cryfiab,
roniilians, and agates It alfo abounds with filh of va-
: 'lis kinds, in innumerable quantities, and of a large
li/.c. I( is particularly remarkable for two forts of troiits,
(iiie called the dologhan, which is laid to be from four-
iieii to eighteen inches in length, which it never ex-
f.uls, and always fpawns in the rivers that fupply the
like ■ the other is called the boilach, or churl, fome of
which have been taken that weigh thirty pounds weight.
Theie area confiderable number of Inch lakes as may
nitre properly be called inlets of the fca; anuuig thefe a'e,
i.och foyle, a large eva! lake, about h.urteen miles
ki^, si-.J frcm fix to ci^ht ii..Iis l:o.iJ, into which
and kilfing it, fwear never to enter a piil
Hated time ; thefe lefolutions are feldom
peijuri, being rendered familiar, all i,
lul fideinniiy of an oath is entirely Inff, .-ind the unhappy
wreteh ispr'-i:;;r(d, fo' the lake of thefinallLlt piofit, to
prailile in a court of judicature what he ha.; too often
pitlornud at home, I'ut, notwithllanding this, there
are in Ireland many pcrfons of the ftriiicit intctrity,
humanity, virtue, and honour,
'I he liifli have been reproached for want of "cnius,
and by the ignorant have been ficquently termed anation
of blunderers ; but thefe al'petfions arc very unjull.fincc
Ireland has produced many perliuis whofe genius and
learning would have done honour to any nation : among
which are the learned Dr. James Uflier, that great pnilo-
, lopher, the honourable .Mr. Robert Jiovle, leveralofthe
I earls of Orrery, Mr. Molineaux, the friend of the "reac
iMr. I.oike, Sir kichjrd Steel, dean Swift, &e.
I The ancient h.ibit of the Irifh was a doublet and clofe
I brecelies, over which ihcy wore a fri'/.e cUuk, with «
fringed or Ihaggy border. The women wore a kind of
' maif.le, or a bhnkn called J caJdih mc, th.ir liead and
7 <-> llu-jlJers
»-
\
m'
■||;:
f*!'
w
I',
t
■ ^ ]
1.'
i ' .
■ 1
6 of)
A S Y S T 11 M OF
II
r'' '-i.
fiou!J-rf, ;uul uiiJ-riicaili a luii^, gown i iuid both men
.uid wuiiieii liaci a liiiiJ ot (Imi-' witi.iuit a hci 1 iiia.lc of
half laimcd Icailicr, calkil a broguir : but at prcl'ciit all
l.irts ol piTloMS i(Mir<ir!n In the Kjijili(l) iln.l>., except in
tne bid^iic, which is worn by the poor in the country,
and lo.iictinn's thi: ciddah. l!ut it is very common for
the lowed of thi; people to wear ncitlur any (oil of ftiots,
nor (iockinns, e.wcpt when they ari; dielKd: particularly
'vhin they travel on foot, they ufually w.dk without their
(hoes and llmkini'.s, which they put on bclorc they enter
•iiiv town, and pulling them olf, when they have left it,
put them in their potkct. This they allcdgc keeps
their fti.t cool, and prevents their lofing their time by
picking their way through the diit, or going round lo
cfcapc eroding a rivulet.
The Iriih tongue bears foine affinity to the Welch and
I'rfc; and all three arc fuppofed by fomc to be only
dili'erent dialects ot the fame language, more particularly
the lirft and the Li(K Some of the Iiilli characters are
vtn ditlercnt (torn ours ; however, very few of thofe who
fpi-ak the language very fluently, are able either to write,
or even to read it. Uiilinefs is prim ip illy tranfafled in
ih, and in the great towns the chief traders arc
and are intirdy
Kiiglrih, and
dcfceiuled from the Knglilh and Scots
jgnorant of the Irifh tongue.
I he cllabliflied religion in Ireland is the fame as in
Enc^land. The church is under the government of four
archbidiops, namely, thearehbifliop ot .Armagh, who has
the title of primate of all Ireland; the archbifliop of
Dublin, who is ftiled piimate of Irehiul; and t.-,olc of
Cadicl and Tuaiii. Under thcfe four archbifhops arc
nineteen bilhops; namely, under Armagh are the bifliops
of Meath, CKiiiher, Uown, Kilmore, Dromore, Raphoe
and DcTty. Under the archbifhop of Dublin, the
bifliops of Hildare, Odbry and Ferns. Under the arch-
bidlop of Cafliel, the bifliops of Limerick, Waterford,
Cork, Clo)nc, and Killaloe. Under the archbifliop of
Tu.im, Klphin, Clonfert, and Killala. Thefe feveral
prelates have their deans, and other dignitaries, except
Meath, which has neither dean, chapter, nor cathedral;
but the archdeacon is the head officer of the dioccfc, the
affairs of which are tranfacfed by a fyiiod in the nature
of a ch.ipter, who have a common feal, which, by a vote
of the majority, is annually lodged In the hands of one of
the body.
Diflcnters of all denominations are tolerated in Ireland,
particularly Prefbyterians, Uaptills, and Q^iakers. But
the far moll numerous body are the I'apills, who have
their bifliops and other dignitaries like the eflabliflied
church ; but neither they, nor the interior clergy of that
communion, have any other revenues than the voluntary
tontributions of the laity. It is fuppofed that through-
out Ireland there are about eight Papilla to one Proteflant ;
but in the capital the difproportion is only as four to
one.
For the promotion of learning in Ireland, there is one
iiniverfity, and feveral frec-fchools ereiJled lor the edu-
cation of youth ; and for promoting the principles of real
Chriflianity among the poor Pi-pifh natives of Ireland,
and enuring them Irom infancy to iiuluitry, and obedience
to their fovereign, is inftituted the incorporated fociety
for promoting f-.nglifli Proteflant working fchools.
\Vith refpect to the conllitution of the Irifli govern-
ment, it i.<; ncailv the fame with that of England. The
power of the lord lieutenant, who reprefents the king, is in
fome mcafure rcflrained, ^.nd in others enlarged, according
to the king's picafure, or the exigencies of the times. On
hi,; entering upon this honourable office, his letters
patent are publicly read in the council chamber; and
having taken the ufual oath before the lord chancellor,
the fword, which is to be c-.ttitd before him, is delivered
into his hand?, and he is feated in the chair of flatc,
attended by the lord chancellor, the members of the privy
council, the peers and nobles, the king at arms, a ferjcant
at mace, -ml other offiicis of fl.ite, and he never appears
publicly without being attended by a body of horfe -guards,
ilenccwith refpedt to liis authority, his train and fplendor,
there is no viccioy in Chriftcndom that comes nearer the
erariJeiir .ind m.ijelty (da king. He has aco;incil compofed
ufthe great offiters of the crown, n.imely tiie thaiKellor,
tiejfurcr, and Aich of the archb'di'jpi, earl«, bifliops,
GEOGRAPHY. !,,,,,„
barons judges, and gentlemen, as his maicfiy ,s pl,af, j , .
appoint. .■ / I u 10
I'he parliament here, as well as in Kngh.nd is the
fupreiiie court, which is convened by the l.in '"s wiu
but the reprtfentaiivts of the people enjoy their feat' '
the houfc during life, or till the death of the king. I'l!'.
laws are made in Ireland by the houfe of loriLs and com'^
mons, after which they are fent to Kiighmd lur the roval
approbation; when, if approved by his m.ijtlty and council
they pals the great feal of England, and are returned'
Thus the two houfes of pailiamcnt make laws which
bind the kingdom ; raife taxes for th'> fupport of govern-
ment, and tor the mamtenancc of an army of twciv"
thoufand men, who are placed in barracks m feveral iiart*^
of the kingdom. The houfe ot lords confifls of the tour
archbifliops, thirty-fiveearls, forty-five vifeounts, ci .hij;.
bifliops, and thirty-five barons; and the houfe o(°to;ii'-
moiis of three hundred iiitmbers.
For the regular diflribution of jufticc there are alio
in Ireland, as well as in England, four teinis hcM
annually for the decifion of cauks ; and four courts ot
jullicc, the chancery, king's-bench, common iileas, and
exchequer. In the firfl the king's chancellor and keeper
of the great feal alone prcfides ; but in the courts oj-
king's bench and common pleas, are three judn^.s in cacii
and in the exchequer, a tieafurcr, chancellor, andtlirc-
barons, and in all of them feveral fuboidinate officer
Here is likewiieafourt of Exchequer chamber fiir corrcd '
ing errors in the other courts ; in which the lord chjiiccllor
and lord treafurer prelide, with other affillant judges. Hei •
arc alfojudgesofaiiize and jail delivery; thcfe are t;iof,ui't|,2
fupreme courts, who take their ciicuiti twice a year, into tfe
feveral counties, that of Dublin excepted, for the trial o'
prifoncrs, and I'uits of iiifi prius between party and partv'
as alfo a court of admiralty, which has juiirciichun m
fil'-
maritime aflairs, and is adrninillered by coininiiriun iru,,,
the admiralty of England.
liclides thife there are fpiritual courts ; as the courts
of prerogative, where a commillary, judges of the eliates of
perfons deceafed, whether in eltatc or by will; ami in
every diocefe ii a confeftory court, from whence appeals
lie to the fupreme court of prerogative, and from thence
to a court of fpccial delegates appointed by thekn^'.
There are likewife governors of counties, and juihccs of
the peace, appointed by the king's coinmiflioni, ihrcu 'h the
feveral counties, to prefervc the peace in the place where
they refide; and alfo high and petty conftables, and other
officers, inllituted for the fame pi'rpofe : but the chief
officer of every county is the high fherift, who w«
formerly chofcn in the county court by the fu!i'ra>cs
of the people, but is now nominated by the chief
governor.
With refpciS to the trade of Ireland, the difeouragc-
ment laid upon it by the ixii of nav igaiion and other l.iws
made in England, are fo numeious, that it cannot be
cxpeded it fhould flourifh to fuch a degree as its natural
lituation, extended coalls, commodious harbours, bavs
and rivers feem to promife ; a difcouragemcnt that vviii
ever continue, till the Englifli Ihall become fenfibie that
it is for their intcieft to allow Ireland a (rei: trade, which
will probably be one time or other the cafe, as it will be
for the advantage of both kingdoms ; fince this will
enable Ireland to pay greater taxes, and the wealth of
that country muff in a great meafurc center in this.
'i'he chief exports of Ireland conlilt of linen cloth iiid
yarn, lawns and cambticks, which are manufa£lurcd to
great perfee'^tion, and exported to confiderable advjiitai>e ■
the Englifli laws giving great eneouragenien.s to t'his
branch of trade, which, with a lew exceptions, maybe
(aid to be the fource of all the wealth in Ireland. To
thcfe may be added wool and woollen yarn exported l>
England only ; beef, pork, green hides, lome tanned
leather, calf-n<ins dried, great quantities of butter,
tallow, candles, ox and cow horns, o>; hair, a fmall
quantity of lead, copper ore, herrings, dried fifh, labbits-
(kins, and furr, otler-fliins .-- '^•lKlns, falmon, and a few
other particulars. \V-,.' ..i.j yarn arc allowed to be
exported only to Eng!-..id, but from the thirflofgain,
all hazards are run to lend them by flealth to Franc', to
the great detriment of the Englilh woollen trade; and
perhaps the belt method of preveniing it (or the f tare,
A'oiiU
lams ; but the \
Is LLANO.
EUROPE.
607
lor and kcc
the difcouragc-
aiul otht/r l.iws
it it cannot be
as its natural
arbours, tiajs,
mcnt tliat »iii
me fcnfiblf that
ee trade, which
i'e, as it will be
fuice this will
the wealth of
ctntcr in this,
ncn cloth iiid
anulaiturcd to
bk- advantage ;
iciKS to th:3
ptiuns, may be
relanJ. To
rn exported t)
loine tanned
tic3 ot butter,
>; hair, a fmall
J fifh, iiibbiis-
mon, and a tew
allowed to be
c tliirll of fain,
h to IraiiC' , to
Hen trade; and
for the f turc,
,voulJ
1 be to ft flore the woollen maniif.idturc to [rcland,
IliII i" •'"-' co.iilc branches of it, aiul to make
intcrelt of the liilh to employ their wool at
at
Il.UI
rules in
wnii
at
it the
ho'i'^'
Tne Irifh, notwitliflandinp; the difcoura(;cmcnts laid
nn their woiilli'O ni.uuilactories, import confidcral)lei|uaii-
iiiies of broad-doth, which they certainly might make
home i alio all kinds of groceries, coals, brafs, hard-
vvaro, and a great number of other particulars ; behdes a
,.„nliderable quantity of wine from France, Spain, and
I'lirtuijal.
\Vc (hall conclude this feflion with obferving, that
Ireland is divided into four provinces, which, beginning
at the foiith, are Munftcr, Lcinller, Connaught, and
L'Irter ; the iirit and lalt of which extend from one fca
to the other.
S i: C T. III.
(iflhi Pmviiut of Mun/ltr, Containing the Csuntm of Cork,
iraierford, Titif^irury, Limniik, anil Kerry \ their Situa-
tion, Exttnt, Pioiiiu!, Riven, ami primipalTowm,
THE province of Munfter is bounded on the eadand
fouihcait by the province of LeinlJer and St.
(ko'gc's Channel, on the fouth and weft by the At-
iintie°ocean, and on the north by the provinces of Con-
ht and I^tinilcr. It extends a hundred and thirty
ks In length from Watcrfoid haven in St. George's
Ciianncl to the weft point in Kerry, and a hundred and
twenty in breadth from the north parts of Tipperary to
liiliniiorc in Cork ; but from Haltimorc to the north
parts of Kerry it is only fixty-eight miles. The circum-
ference, including the great windings and turnings, is a-
bove fix hundred miles.
It is divided into five counties, namely, Cork, Water-
ford. Limerick, Kerry, and Clare, which are fubdivided
i;ito fifty two baronies, containing one archbiflioprick,
and five bifiiopricks, fevcn market-towns, eighty pariflies,
and twenty-five boroughs.
It enjoys a mild temperate air, has many excellent
bays, havens, and good towns. The foil is in fome
n.itts hilly and woody, mixed with wild folitary moun-
tains ; but the vallies arc adorned with pleafant meadows
and eorii-lields. Its priiKipal commodities are cattle,
wjoj, wool, and fifll, elpctially herrings and cod.
Cork was formerly a kingdom, and contained all the
ointry between Lifmorc and 13randon-hills, in Kerry,
wheic it faces Defmond to the weft, and includes a part
of it. It is bounded on the call by VVaterl'ord ; on the
weft by Kerry, where it is alfo walhed by the fca; on
the north by l.imcrick ; and on the fouth and fouth-eall
by the Atlantic ocean and St. Cieorge's Channel. The
iotm is very irregular both in length and breadth.
It is divided into fifteen baronies, and is partly woody
and mountainous, and partly fenny ; yet it has many
good towns, and abounds in fine rivers, and good harbours :
ilie inhabitants arc indulliious, and the county is both
iich ami populous. A copper mine has been dilcovcred
iR-.ir Cork. This county gives title of earl, as well as
Iniilnifiton in England, to the noble family of Boyle,
and fends twenty-lix members to p.arliament, namely,
mo knights for the fhirc, and two burgclVes for each of
the following towns, the city of Cork, Youghal, Kin-
l.ile, Randon-bridge, Moyallow, Baltimore, Cloug-
wikclty, Sharcville, Caillemartyr, Middletown, Rath-
eoimach, and IJonerailc.
I'he piincipal places in this county are the follow-
Voiinhal, a confiderablc fea-port, feated at the mouth
ol ihe Broadwater, is not very large, but is walled round,
and divided into two parts. The upper part, which ex-
tends to the north, and is the largcll, has a church with-
in the town, and a little abbey without the walls. The
Knver part towards the fouth has another abbey. The
(onvenience ol the harbour, its good quay, and the fer-
tility of the adjacent country, draw fo many merchants
in It, that the town is pretty populous and rich. It has
in panieular a t;ood fifherv ; but before the harbour is a
bar, which can only be palll-d at high-water.
Cork, a large, pnpuloii', and wealthy rliv. \t fcited
on the liver lee, in the filly liill degree loity-livc mi-//
nutcs north latitude, and in the liventh degree thirty V'V
minutes welf longitu le, a hundred and t«iiity-iiine miles
north- weft of Dublin, niulis of an oval form, incloled with '■'..'■
walls and thcchannel of the river, whiili allocrolfes it. Il;
is faid tocontain above eight thouland one hundred houies,
chiefly inhabited by Englifli I'rotclfants, who, by their
induttry, have fo lar improved their clhtcs, and their
trade, that it is crteemed the richedcity in Ircl.L.d, next
to Dublin. It ftands abont feven nnles up the river from
the fea, where the mouth of the harbour is two miles
broad. Large fhips generally ride at a place called
Fafliige, but (mailer vellels come quite up to the quay.
This is the chief port for merchants in the kin'^domj and
there is, perhaps, more beef, butter, and tallov^, fhippcil
ott'here, than in all the other ports of Ireland put iMgo-
ther. Hence there is a great refort of (hips to this port,
particularly of thofc bound from Kngland tu Jamaica,
Barbadocs, and all the Caribbec Idands, whieii [jiit in
here to vidlual and complcat their lading. This city,
with its liberties, is about three miles round, and forms
a county of itfelf. It has two gates, one to the north,
and the other to the Couth. The cathedral and the red
abbey arc on the fouth fide of the town ; St. Francis's
abbey and Shandon church on the north fide. Here is
alio a (leep'c, fuppofed to have been built by the Danes,
and to have been at (irlt ufed by them as a watch-tower ;
and near the river is a culfom-houfc and llore-houfe.
Five miles below Cork, the channel of the river divid-
ing, forms a large and pleafant iHand, on which arc fc-
veral villages.
Kiiifale is a neat, handlbmc, populous, and rich town,
(eated in a fruitful foil, near the mouth of the river Bann,
a hundred and eighteen miles from Dublin. It has an //;f
admirable harbour, and a good bay, with a light-houfe
upon a peninfula called the Old Head of Kinfale, which
forms the bay, and guides the fhips in the night to the
mouth of the riv«r. There is a bar before the port, but
the pilots find from three and a half to four fathoms
water in the flioaleft place upon the bar at low-water,
fo that (hips of any burthen may go over it when the tide
is up i and even at the quay, where is the cuitom-houfe,
is twenty feet water. This is reckoned the (ccond town
in the county, many fhips belonging to it ; and great
quantities otprovifions arc exported from hence to Flan-
ders, Holland, France, and the Englifh iflands in the
Weil Indies. Within two miles from the quay, below the
town, are two very ftrong forts, one on each fide of the
river, almofl oppofite, which cffeilually fecure the har-
bour from all attacks by fca : the town is alfo fo forti-
fied with good lines and outworks, as to be fafc from
any fudden alarm by land. It gives title of baron to the
ancient family of Courcy.
Cape Clear is an ifland fo called from its Cape, where
is a caftle ("or the ("ecurity of fhips, which take fhelter
under its cannon ; for it is far advanced into the fea, and
is of great advantage from its being an opening to the
fouth coaft, whence, in war-time, there are generally
fome men of war ifationed to cruize and keep ihe coaft
free from privateers j this being the fouthcrmoft ifland,
asMizen-head to the weft is the fouthernudf land of Ire-
land. Between this and the mouih of the Shannon are
innumerable b.iys and creeks, harbours and roads for
fllipping.
The county of Waterford is fo furrounded by the
Blackwater, the Suir, and the fea, that it forms a pe-
ninfula.
It is divided on the eaft by its haven from the county
of Wexford, in the province of Leinflcr ; on the fouth
il is bounded by the scean ; on the well by the county
of Cork ; and on the north by the river Suir, which fe-
parates it from Tipperary and Kilkenny. It extends
(brty-fix miles in length, and twenty-four in breadth ;
though in fome places it is pleafant and fertile, yet for
the moll part it is mountainous, and has a very indiffer-
ent foil. It is (ubdivided into fix or feven baronies, and,
as well as Wexford and Shrewfbury, gives title of carl to
the ancient and noble family of Talbot. It lends ten
members to parliament, namely, two for the county,
and
^. I
>ii
?
B
:Hn
m
^:.if
(•!
o
■«!
A S Y S T r iM
o {.
lily u(
G E O G f{ A IM ! V.
KCI..'.-, U
liJ-
^
Bii'l Ian U r e:icli nl ilii.' f'.ll<iwiii.', tiuvir;, ilit
WmiciIoI'I, [jii'iihirt', iJiiiig.irvaii, .inj I'mIIdw,
I'lio fiiiui-i; i.il |il.n.i.s III iliib (.oiinty uii.- th;: tnllow
i.iii ;
\V .itui I'liril, the oiilv cirv in ihf Cdiiiity, is riinvc-
ii:.ii;lv IcaiL-.l lui tfjiK-, kn'iity-tivo mill ■. triiiii Duhliii;
bill h..s a tliicic air, •iiul b.iii'1'11 li'ii. It lies lo.ii milo
i■.l^ ;i hall Mam tlu- nivicitli of tlie livcr iuii, wiicrc it
j;piiH suli tlif Niifc aiul the Harrow ; ih^lc to Hthci
torni tiic haven, whicli runs a'.out nini.' milis up the
ciiumrv, and ia .ill ihc way ili:f|) ■\n^ dear. It is toiii-
i.ianJal bv l)iinca:inijn liut, anJ on ilu- wilt liJc of the
tiiwn is a litajcl. IlKrc are lik^-'wilu a Ijiock-lioiiCL' ami
ItDrc-hcnii'c on the I'oiith li.ic ot the ijuay. Ihc city
uiiJ its lilicrtits, which tjlic up a ^rtat i;;'cnt, lorni .1
tijunivor tiunilclvis. 'I hL" town is I'lole hiiilt, .111 1 has
ii haii.ir(iiiiecathi.vlr.il. It alio i-ncrcifL-s in line li'iiKlin.',sj
aiiJ a-i l|ii|is of biirt.rii conif up thfi; to its tine ijiiav,
wliii-li ii a vcrv nobis; v/ork, it has a vity ^;rtat (uri.ii;n
iraJc.
Hun:: rv.in i.-i I'l-atcil up.in a bay of its own nanif,
tweiuv-oiij niik'i fiom Waieifonl, aiiJ ninety-two tVom
. iJubliii. It I-, a walifil town, ilclcnJeJ hy a cilllc ; bat
thon.'h it h.Vj a c n.rnodinii^ road for llrps, it ha, now
bus littic trade, and is a place ot no great conleiiucnLC.
it iivC) ntle of vifeciunt to the cail ol Coilc.
L.lnioiJ is I'eated on the river liroadA-ater, thirtuin
mills trom Dangnvan, nW'i is adorned with the ehu(
;ea: of the earl ol Cork and Uurluigton, wliieli h..', a
nablj p;iric. It was formerly tlie fee ot abilhop, and h.;s
a h.mdfonie catludral ; but nmlt ot its poliLiJions I ciiu^
^lu'iiit J, it w.is loni; a^io aim xed to tlic iVc of W'ater-
tord. It lias alfo a frcc-fchool, and an alms-houre.
Tallow is feated near the borders ol t ork, in a tine
(iu.lfiii vale, fivj miles from Lil'nor.', and is ahaudfime,
(•oil! ilhiiii; town, it llj;ids near the liver 1)1 idc, which
beinj; n.i»iaablc .'roni heiiee 10 ^'ou^hal, rcnJeis it a
plare of good trade.
The coM-.ty of Tipperary is bounded on tlie caft bv
Qliei-n'a-eoun;y and the coin.ty of ICilkcnnv, on the
ibiuh by thi'le ot Cork and Waterfuul, on ihc well bv
the coinr.y of Limeiick and the river S!iaimi:n, and on
the north and north-eall by Kin^'s-eountv and theter-
iitorv of the O'CarroIs It is of a vcrv irre:;;ilar form,
bat is computed to be fixtv miles in length, and thirtv-
rouiity, and two for each, of the borouyhj of ljii,„<.
I'railry, and .'Vrdtfrt. ^'^''
It is III ntncral a woody mouniainnus countiy, bu: ]).,
in m.iny pi.nes t;Mod cc.rn and grafs.
The principal places it comanu nra 'I
Oinisle.
i.-v
I'railcy, or Tr.dly, the county town, where the ui;^
are kept, ll.inds near a larje biv 1 I the I
and
nne name, ,„„,
t:nriy Horn jj.b- ,j,,
miles lioui the (v.\, and a nnndieil
Ini, and IS a thrivlni; plae.-.
Diir^le 11 ind. almolt at the end of a peninfulj, nciir 4
bay ol Its own n.ime, upwards of a hundinl andliMu/iT
miles from Uublin. It has a :.'ood convenient hjiboi, '
tor trade, is walled round, and is the eliiel maikvt-iuJ
ol the eounly, as al;o ihe moll welteily town of ,„,(,. ,,
the kinjili.in. The bay, which is one of the lat.ut ,'t
liilaiiil, runs twciity-eii>*it miles up tiie countiv, j^ 1,1.
teen in:!es bioul, and has fevu.d U-iibuur.,.
S K C J\ IV.
OfiL- Pr}-j!i.\-t of Lihiihr; r-Ktaln'.r.y ih- Csuiiilti cl I
Kiii^'i Coi.nty, i^icai'i-C:uni\, //'i.h'nv, c.',.;,;,j,^,
KiiL-Kiiy, !i'.;i li'ixf.ni ; llrir i:liw!isn, t.\fa:t. /l'-' ;'?!"'
/ /, I ' / t „ . * ' •■ ml't.
ilH.I /'i,-'/l« c. ai itit .III •/■ •!,%» ,t tl. .. *.... ■. I . - '
.un.l /•
and II
lix in br
lUi,
S-.
'i iiis county is fubdiviJed into fourteen baronies, and
has four boioagh?, with fever.-.l othtr mnket town>. It
(•-•lids ci(;iit nreiiibers to parliament, n.imelv, two tor the
. ouirv, and tao caeh li.r t'le city of Cafaci, and the ho-
lOJL'hs of Cloiimcl an ! Fethard.
Tile (octh p..rt of this coun-y bcina; fiuitful, produces
much corn, iui.l is well inh.ibiied ; both that and the
•.'.eii pjli.t iibiiund in good palhires, and fine fheep-walks,
wiiich furiiidi the yieatclt and belt fi"cks of tlieep in
Ireland i but tin; no tn part is barren, and verymoun
iJ^n'jti-i.
Cafii.i, the only city of this county, and the fee of an
:'!ciibilll->p, llands ei!ihty miles fojtn-weit of Du'lin.
iiie i,<!i'nedinl is feated without the city, on a Heep
jir. k\ hill ; but the heijht of its I'ltuatuin t;<pofes it too
jiiui 11 to the w.nd. In inc afcent to it is a great (lone,
:.t wlii-'li. It is laid, every nev/ king t f .Mimller ufid
t ) be pubiiekly protlaiiiud. The city ;;ivcs title of
\ n\oiint t!) t'lc iV.iviily of Moore, but is id inhabit -J, and
i_> a piaie ot no conletjucncc.
Cioniiiell IS a rich, populous, neat, and pretty (lron:r
t' ■.••!', I'.aled u.-i tlie Suir, on the boideis of W'.iter/ord,
tvveiie miles Iroiii Cjlhel, and ci.;hty-two from Dublin.
Il IS waii-.rd tiiund, and has baria.ks for two troops of
lioiic. It 1,1 i!.e luuiuvtoun, and has a fine court- houfe
..nd i-il.
C'..rrul. I a'fo a tir.c town on the fame livei-, and has
l..n..ik> III! Ill rfe. itlt.indsten nn'b.s fioni Cloiimcll,
; lid lull oiie ol tlie feats of the late duke ol Ormond,
vnili one ol the tineli pirks in the ivorldi
1 i.e tounty of i-ietiy is boand'ed oil tlie fouth and cafl
bv '.he cou'.tv of Ci rk,iand on the welt bv t^ie Atlantic
oee-ii, e.v.eiMin^ iixtv miles
ill liua v.:i It is liilidu idei
,■/.•/,(•; il i.'/j UII .■,'.\:tir.l rf H...) pnml;rl r^^^'
\'i'l:cil.v Dfjciillian cf U:dli-t. ' '
I'^IIiS p'oviiice is wallicd m the loutli and c,i|t byt),;,
lea, and is much indented by the proviiieis of
Miinlter, Coiiiiau;^hi, i.iid L'lller ; the tuo li,ini/r of
which bound it on the well and iiuiti-wcit, and tli'Mat.
ter on the iiouh. It is leparatid from CoiuiuU'lit bv
the jhannon, and fioiii a part ot .Munllcr bv t'ie~.Sii :•'.
e,\tendin^ in k-n,ih ab.nit a hundred and tivcUe miles
from the meil norincrn jiarts ot t^ait .Meath to theiuut'i.
em point of Wexterd, about fevtiity in bre.idth froni
Wicklow to tlic miiif w'.ltern part oi the iviiit/s-couniv
and the circuit, including the turnings and wnidiii:;. is
computed .it about three huiiu'red ,in.l li,\ty imlci. ~
This province is divided into the coun its of Lnvth
Kall-.\Ieath, Welt Meath, Lon-o-d, iJublin, Kildare'
th^.- Kinj's county, the Colleen's county, \Vieklo«'
Cathcrlogh, Kilkenny, and \\'i.\fi)id ; contiiiniirr „,|,^,|'
baronies, and nine hun Ired and tweniy-lix parilhe'
under one archbilliop and three billvips, wuii loin-iani
parlianicntJiy boroughs. The niaiket towns, and other
places of trade, amount to iixty three.
The ptin ipal rivers ot this ptovincc arc the Earro'.v
the IJoyne, the Nuie, the L;tt'ey, the Maine, aii«| the
May in <^ieen's-couniy, which falls into the Sh.uiiuiii.
This province h:is a tempera e, dear air, with a foil
fruitlul in corn and pjlture, and tr.o' fome parts of it are
woody, it III e reral abounds wi:h cattle, fowl, mjlk,
butier, checle, lilh, and thole iittle ambling hoi Its talkd
hobbies.
I he county of Lowlh, which was formerly reckoned
a part ot Ullter, is wafhed on the ealt by St. Cieor'e's
channel; and on the fourh-calt by Meath, tiom wlncii
it is parted |.y the Uoyne ; on the welt, it ha,i .Mon.i.ihiiii
and hall Meath ; and on the noith Armagh "".iml
Carlingt'oril bay. 'I"his is the lealt county in the kiii'-
dom. It bcinj imly twenty five miles from north to luutn,
and thirteen, where broac'eit, trom taOto welt; but in
many places is much (horter and narrower. It ia eiuie:ed
into four baronies ; betides the to.\n and libciius of
Droiheda, which are a diiliiii^f county, it l^nds two
members to parliament, namely, two for the couniv, ;;iid
two for each ot the followiiiL' bur_'hs, Atheidee, C.iihiit;.
ford, Dundalth, and Uunleer. It is fuiitful in cnm ui'd
palture. T he places ot molt note, as thcv lie from r,oiih
to fouth, are thole which follow.
Cailinglord, one of the belt harbours in Ireland, is
feated on the fouth I'ldc ot a large bay ct its own .i.uiie,
vi^hcre the ro.id is exceeding good, tpaitc to the lea, as
IS alfo the hartiour, which has room tor the whole n)v.d
luvy of Great Hritain, iince it extends three le.ii;iie> up
and
l-.i.
ei.':
nem'.ers ti ii
in length, and torty-Cevcn the country, is two miles broad wheie narroweil,
111:0 liglit baronies, and : has tiom ten to twenty t'atbionr, water. Tliere is a
i.i.imeii
+
r...i;i
1,,
iv.'o for the mdcid, aciol.- tiic moutn ot the main port or b
IV,
har,
lit 't
Ji;u..4.su.
is even there
( i!liiini more
inlle out of I
,, the t.'.tJiit of
liiiM.n, hai
I ii'g a defp, 1.1
I'eie ji'd tr.i!
n this tiiwn,
l.iveii, as alii
ill a'l this li.l
CJiiliilcral.le ti
r.itiier nrat ih
and tlioiigli il
II deltml lileii
f.k. it has
laiiious for bei
;iiid liiuiher:! c
D.o'd.ilk is I
i. fci lli.iilow .11
^;^ .ifv lliod. It i
loiiiierly w.i|.'ei
iio'.v an eipeii
;;■ 0.1 market.
IS brr)i;;;hr to
li.U from this
la'ely creeled h
wl'ieii tiiiploy ;
Dri.ihcda is
II on 1 b:iy of its o
1: h.is a good h,i
lUiiiics the afli
bmit town, is
IS divided into t
IS a 70nd brid;>
iicrdi parts of i:
w.;li .1 grrat qu:,
th.y fend by lari
lip the JJoyiie.
.Moure.
The county t
.iiid norlh-ealt I
call by St. Geor'
ii; .'■liid.itc and \
Wcli-.\death; e
louth, a 'id twei
iiro 1 ightetn
nenb: rs each
mele are Trim,
Ibiroatii.
riiis 19 a
CDuiiiy, which;
ill Coin. It
tj-/,')i'i.
lie pri:;-,i'
afinail market
,,. ■■■■\\ was vvalleJ
"■ ]W.^^:.n. This
b.irnet.s for a ti
I f c county
!'ei:i ' litiiated to
I ' til'-' ;ihann
■ o i .'j beiwten
> iiitv on the f
II e» il k-iigih,
1 '-it It is only
tmi-:en b.ironi'es
i;i:ti ■'■•, two kn
i -^Vullin^;,,-, \
-"■iidiiM:iar, v
-•. f- 'n D'.i'din. a;
'■■di b.rraeks tor
II-' CPiiary be a.^t
'le county nrc hi
' •\;Mi:iK' i^ff;!!.
''' ''vof the Siiji
I 'd^ into the rou
'•:-• '■ Ai', and is
"'I'l'ir^ble llr;:i
'"'I.', t. (n'liera
tne ;i -e of thi
i
1 UilMif,
I'l but has
iil.-y .mJ
tlie :\ffiM
•imc, tour
torn l);ib- tgo.
Ij, ncir a
aiiJ fixiy^fl.
lit hjihour
iik-i-iuwii
(It nijtf III
• ljr.:i.ll I, I
itiy, li 111-
net I.-.mIj,
in, klMl,',
C.::Lrhfh,
:t, Dk-jMi,
il'i.l hum,
i c.ilt by the
iruviiu\i 01
o luiiiicr ot'
aiiJ liviht-
.iiuuu^^'.u bv
by fit Siiir')
twcUc \n\ki
to the luuth-
jri-aiilii Ironi
ini;'i-couniv,
Willlilll^^, [1
mllci.
.3 L>t Lowih,
iliii, ICiliiare,
', \Vii.i.!ow,
iiiii;; ninny
X p.'.rillu-;,
louj-i'tvcii
, and other
tlij l)jrn).v,
inc, ■M^\^ the
: Sb.uiiuiii.
r, with a lo.l
[larts ot It ate
fowl, milk,
hoilo talU.\
icrly rfckor.cil
Nt. Cicor;i.''i
tioiii wlmli
.l^ Moiia^'haii
Atm.iih ami
in the kins-
lorth to luutn,
well ; but ni
U is lllULllI
,J lilieiiits of
it KiiJ> two
c couiiiy, -11 J
I .lee, Clihng-
ul ill colli ai^il
lie from licitli
in Irclan.'., i.
itb own ii.iiiu',
to the lea, as
K whole iiiva'i
Jiree leaiiuev U|)
liiarroweil, anJ
litre lb u bai,
■t or l).iv, I'ut ''
1)1 : 1 A.-.U.
]•, U R U 1'
iij.iyeJ by hii
ii even tli'Te nine or ti-n feet Ji.'p at lo.v '.v.Ucr, :m 1 t.v.i kiii^ William, uii.l the titl.; li Ihll
(v.lioiii more 3t hiyll t"l''. However, the toA'ii being a ', JeleeiiJ.iiits.
liille ont lit ihc way of biifiiiers, has not a ii.i-le n|ual tii I The couiitv of I.oiigt'ord i-, bouiKkJ on the cal( an 1
II, e iMent r.fi:i harbour. Ii (I huIh forty-nine miles from i (oiitli by \\ tll-Meat'i ; on the welk by llie Shannon,
li.ill.n, has .1 well frenir ntel market, ami is far from ! whiili leparates it liom Roleoininoii ; on the north-weli
^^^^
..,* ,,
g
•'
i
■1
.*
;i
i
^ ',
! T
i
m
" •
1 iPi a liefp.lahle or po( r plai e, tliere beiiiL' foine nierthiMits
laie'a.'Hl irate with iheir own (hi|is, hmlt in the Joik
,.i ihis town, iiiul nil' ihrin in the coal traile to V.'hit.-
lavin, ai alio in the lilhery, v.-hith is the life of trade
ill a'l tliii. li>'e of Ireland. Carllnj;f..rd hai likewile a
c.iiili'li'ial.le tr.idi- in linen and linen yarn. The town is
latiier neat th.iii line, and lather large than poiMilons i
aiiJ thnii;;'.! ills nut aplaceof llrrngth, i> (hiaig enoiiijh
l) Jel.iul iililf in 01,,'inary calei, par;iciilarly on the tea-
flJe. It has bnt.irks lor a romp.iny of foot, anJ ii
Liiiioiii for bein;^aii iiv.i'orMnt jiafa between the noithern
;,]iil jouiher:: coiinii';;.
D.M'.l.ilk is le:i:ed on a liri;'; open bay, bnt its haven
i, f,i lliallow iU li'M- \e3tcr, l!,,ii |ii-(i,de may walk over It
• ilrv lhi>d. It ij I'p ited Inriv miles fioni Dublin, and was
"*'' f„iiiietly walled and dilVn l.'.l with fort Heat loiis, but ib
iiuw an open place j it is the county town, and h.is a
IMJO.I market. It ha:, a nuniil.ii'tory of eainbricks, whieh
IS br()i.';;ht to greit p'tfeelion, and coin is fieiiiiently
|.. ;U from this poit to Duliliii. An inriiinary has been
lauV creeled here. Ncir tlie toivii are fevei.il I'altwuiks,
vvhicii iinploy a ,;;rent niunh-i of h.ind'j.
Dr.i^htda i.i the larjclf inwn in the cnun'y, :'nd (e.t.J
).i on a bay of its own nan e, twenlj -two niileb froiji JJiib.iii.
it has a t;ood harbour, but it is of difn.ult entrame, and
has a town houie, an.
• river IJoyne, over wliieh
ihc
[i.iuics the afllllanee of a pilor,
litiilt town, is very populous
IS divided into two (larts by th
IS a .'ood bridge. They have a good trade heie to
luuli part.s of hn;;;laiu', and the inhabitants aie lup,'lied
w.ih a i^rrat quantity < f coals .'Vom Whitehaven, which
th-v fsiid by land to a'! the country round, as well as
iipihc lJo)ir.-. It gives title cf Earl to the family of
Mooie.
The county of Eaft-Mcath is bounded on the north
;jid north-ealb by thofe of 'Javan and I.owth ; on the
eall bv St. George's channel; o:i the iGiith bvthe counties
I,;' Kiidaic and Dublin; and on the will by I.oiigibrd and
Welt-.Meath ; e>:;e;u!in'j; thirty-tv.'o miles from north to
luuth, a'v.l twenty-five fr<iin call to well. It is fubJivided
iiiio ii;;htecn baronies, and ft:; boiou;;hs, which f.n.l two
nL-iib-.rs each to parliamcn", belules thofe for the ounty;
iiK'le arc Trim, .''ithbcy, N.rvaii, Kells, Duleek, and
Kateatii.
I'his is a plain, rrii'tfii!, p!c.f-nt, an.! populous
coaiity, which feeds n-anv herds of cattle, and abounds
III enin. It i/ives title cf carl to tb.c family of Dra-
la/Mii.
I'l'O j-ri:r.ip:;l t iv.-n in this county is Tiim, whieh h.;,
al'iia'l market on the JJr.yne. It h.id forn:eilya eaftle,
Iweuty-tiiice miles from
ha\c e.ich of thuii
liy l.iitrim ; atid on the north by Cavan ; csitendiii;;
twenty. Icvrn miles in length, and (ixteen in breadth,
it is lubdivided into li.i haionies, and contains twenty-
lour paridies, four b.irouj;hi, and fends ten member', to
paiiiamcnt, n.miely, two tor the county, and two loreath
ot the following', towns, Loiuton!, CJranaid, Lanef-
boroii/h, and bt. Jcdiiillown. It has fome bogs and
fenny pallurcs, yet is in the main a rich pleafint country,
and has fever.il lakes, vvhich abound with fi(h. 'I'he
I piineipal tov/ns .ire Li'iij^forJ and l.antl'borouijh.
j I.oMitlord Hands on the banks of the Camlin, and is
I the capital of the tounly, It lu. a eaftle ;.:id b.irrackj
fur a troop of horl'e.
LiiRlbo;cuj;h is alfo fcated on the Shannon, i.-. fixly- (-^.
i\K miles fiom Dublin, and ha- nlfo barr.'.ckj. It gives
title of vifcouat to the f.imdv ot llutler.
The county of Diiblin is bounded on the <a(l by .St.
Gcor.^e's Ch.innel ; on the I'ouili by the river I5ray»
which parts it from Wieklow; on the well by the
t'oiiiuy of Kild.ire; an.l on the north by l'.,;ll Meath
and (he rivtr Na'iny. Its i;rcatell extent from north
t 1 f.i'ilh is f.v.nty \\k niilcb, and fioni call to weft
bfoeii.
It is divided into fix baronies, an.! fends two mcmbcri
to pailiamvnr, n.ircly, two for the county, tw:j for the
It is a h nvhV.me well , tily of Dublin, two for its univcfity, two fur the borough
v.-aKed. It Hand
: ",,1 wa'
i>al>lln. This and the town of Navan
b.iriiiics for a tioo;i of borl'e.
Tie c.-iuniy cf Wefi-.Miath is thuj called from ils
lion • litu ated to the well of the former, and extcnda well
t , ti,' Shannon, whieh p.irts it from Rofcoirimon : it
, ,, 1 .5 beiwten (.oiiMCord en the North, and Kin);'s-
c iiHV on the I'oulh. .Aecidinj to fo.iie it extends forty
iM cs '11 len^ih, :'nd tuenly in br.adth, wiiile oiheis fay
1'.'.: it is only thirty miles either way. It eoniains
I iia.'in baronies, anJ fends ten members to patlianKiit,
i;i:ti Iv, two knights of the (hire, and two burj;eiV.'S eaeh
1.'.' Miilllnuar, Fo-e, Athloiv , and Killbeg^an.
■■.hillin.;ar, whicn lies in the ceiit.r, is forty niiUs
;, fr. Ml D'.i'diii. and is a inaikct-town of conliddrablc note,
\:.',\ h..rra'. ks lor a troop of horl'e. This is the head of
;;.-c!'iin'y by a.5^ of pailiament, and here the fefHons of
ii.: tci'.uitv are held.
.\;Moiie is f.'at'-d .iboiit fifty miles from Dublin, on the
1, ;!v. of the Sii.mnon, over which it has a briib;e, which
I ids into the county of Rofcoi'nmon, in whieh is part of
il;: 1. A'n, and is defended by a callle. It ia a plaec of
.' iili'.'erable llreni-.ih, it ' liii; icckr.ned the key of Con-
i.i'i.'t. (ieneral (iinkle, f.ir the valour be (h'-u'cd at
ol ^e.'ords, iind two lor th.it of Newcaill
The I'outh p.:il- .ire but little cultivated, bein!» fomc-
what n-.ountaiiioiis, but il.e lell is level and fruiilul, and
abounds with lilh, tame and wild fjv.'l, bclides deer in
the noblemen's ]iarks.
Dublin is p.Laf.intly ftated at the mouth of the little ,
river Lilley, in the iilty-hl;h degree twelve minutes .;.>•''/. .
north latitu.ic, and in the tixtli degree fiftv-live minutes h:J» ■
well longitude, fixty-lour miles to the well of llollyhead
in Wales, and two hundred and fixtv-cii'ht to the noith- jt'.V.
welt of London, This is the matt and center of com-
merce for the whole kinjdom, ex.-eptinj fueli ports
as are eminent for fome particular branch of trade ;
tb.oui^h its harbour is I'o far from beinu: commodious
that it has a bar at its mouth, fo that lliips of great
b.irtluii cannot venture in ; nor can thole v\hich arc
able to pal's the bar, come up loaded to the quay, they
being obliged to lie atPoolbeg, three miles below Dublin,
and to deliver their goods by lighters, tireat p.iins and
exptiice have, however, be'.n bellowed in order to render
th'.s bay as Lii^ anl coiiimocious as poiiild.: : hanks faced
with lloiie have been extended lor a conliderable length
on boili iides, a.nd particularly, a new wall has been
l.it.ly built on the fouth. liy thel'e means-, a great extent
ot land which afed to beoveitlowed every hign tide, has
been taken from the bay, in order to render the harbour
deeper; and to prevent lliips Iciving the proper channel,
a dui.ible row of piles has been hxeJ, between which
lliips may fail in the utnioll fecurity.
I'he Callle of Dublin, whieh twenty years a:;o was an
ancient llru-.tMre, conl'illinij; of leveral round towers of
llone, mouldeiing into ruin';, has been rebuilt in a
niagnihccnt manner; and cont.nns many Itateiy apart-
ments, liefore it is a handfomc area, with a very
tine ftrcc', le:'.Jliig down to Ktl(--x bridge, whieh has
been lately rebuilt after the model of that at Wellminllcr,
though the Lilt'ey, over wbicii it is extended, is not more
than one fo'jith as broad as the Thames. Juil below the
hrid.;e, on the I'outh fide of the river, is a very noble
Cultoni houl'e, with the front fupported by pia'/z.is.
B.l'oie it is a handfomc and fpacious quay, with con-
veiiiencics for landing of goods. Bel'ides the bridge juft
mcn:ioned, theie are leveral others of (lone; but thels
are not worthy of a parrieular delcription.
To the eadward of the callle is a fpatious area, on one
fide of wliieh is the parliament houle, the front of which
'1 '^l
^a
IS fupported by \ery lotty columns ; thcfe are extended
on each fide in the winas, Vvhieli reach to the flreet.
: ;'i ' e ot this tov.'n, was crc^l.d carl of .\tblo;.c, bv , Thci'e ccluir.nsiil'ealnicll tothelopof the buildn.-, which
, ^"1,1
m
Cif)
A 5 Y .S 1 l: M O F G F O G U A V ft Y.
Ik
HI.AND,
IMC
,f'f'
is olilv !iTn;i:'..;'.d \y 3 viry l.;t|;i.' Jiu! ft.iiul ciU..li'.iliirc,
th.it iUd.k to w.iiil'j li.ilullraJi-, whiili if .iJnjiuil wiiti
lt,ltli(.s (,|- V,.l.>, WOuM twllilvT llif buil.liivr conipliMl,
an 1 lor w.iiit ot whiih it Icltii'. wnl,iiilln.d j thcMi.li it
iniiil bc.(i.kii.iwlt.l^'( J tnliv; aii].i;;iiili'i.-nl llru:luie. In tin:
iirci iKlofc ilic |i.,rli,iiiiciit luiiilc, is .ui i(]iR-(huii U.i'.uc
«Jt kill.', \\ illisni tlic lliiril.
Near till' p.iill.iiiKMit hinil'o is 'rnnily culli-gf, wliich
v.\iy> I'.miikIcJ liy (|iiu-ii Kiizabclli in 151)1, iiiui m ul.' ,111
iiMULifuy I7 liiat |)rinccK. Its rcMiuic has lirun lin.c
eiKK\.i .1 liy Ifvcr.il ijcn./.i ns. The Imililin ■ tunlillj uf
t*o li)u iri's, one lieliiiul the other: in the fitll i» a nohlc
liliiary, I'lie univiif.'V
'y
le totm of this roiui.d.i t'.as a
itb elci'aiit ilccorjlioiib rcnJur it
has alio an tlaboralory, and a
;;iiMt lunniir of (ki-U-tons ai.d iiuioliii'.s r'.'l.itin.; to
analoniy, p niii-ul.irly .1 iiiuniniy r-niark.ibly pi-rlict. I lit
l'.i>nt, aiul ail the old p.irtb ot this itriidiirr, have been
lately rebuilt in an el^^ant n.anner with Itone.
Near the otiv.r fide uf the area, bihind the Irjiifei
xvhith Ini'.t llu' p.irliainci't houf', is the lound thnr^h,
^v■i.Kll in ins iiilide is vi-iy be.aitil'ul, it bciig tovired
wi'li a doRV.", and .nionied wiin a j^reat deal ol carved
'voik ai. I j;!idiii;;, Ti
very pUalin^ ilnci, ami
llill iiK'ie a^jeeabie to liic eye ol the behol.ler.
At a fniall diilauce to tlic I'outl., Ij .St. Stephen's Green,
i very line lipa 'e, in which ar.-- many noble biiildiiigj,
•ind a larL'C area in the nii.iJ!.'. This atfbrilb a very
plcafant u-.ill;, a mile in ciicuit,
Aiiii-.n..', t.,e thuiehcs, the cathcdt.il, dedicalcd to St.
I'atritk, i!> a line oid (iotiiick Itiiiclure, faijniui lor its
curious vvorkniaiilliij) within, inched roof, and liifjli
(leeplc, and alio tor its inove.ible pulpit, wliicii till the
people aie I'eated, and divine f.rviee is re..dy to begin,
<lam!s ill a ccincr of the chnrih ; but to the lurprize ut
the llianycr, is removed illt) the ;.Teat ille fiecpuntiy
withuut being obfeued ; and he fees a miiiiller in ttie
pulpit, where a minute or two before wa> an opvn
I'pacc. To this church beloii;^ a dean, a ctiaiuer, a
chancellor, a trealurer, two archdeacons, and twtiily-two
prebend.'.! us.
In the lu-art of the city is the colle:;i.ite chuich, railed
Chrill church, thouiih it was dedicated to the Holy rrinity.
This is a handf.ime llruiluic in the iiilide, but it h.,s
nothin" icnmkable wiihout. Thither the lor 1 lieu-
tenant and lords jullices always go 111 Ifat;-, c.i I'jl.-Min
(iccali'jiis, though there is a church b^l 'nginj to tiit
caltle.
Among the other churches theie arcf.vcral very bc.iuti
ful Ihua'^jr.s.
;\t the weli Ci.J of the town arc the l!arracks which
are very h.iiidfome and extcnfivc If'uie buildings, railed
open an eminence, and ranj^ed in lever.;! fronts and winps,
ioin.d to^eih..r, vvuh a very beautitul pri.fpe.'t ol tiie
open country bi lore it. A neat ch.ipt-l, wiili .. llecpK>,
lias been lately added, whcic divine l.r.iec is duly
l>ei formed.
A liitie beyon.i the Ilarracks is the I'ha'nix-p.'>.r'<, which
roiilirts of a plcalinu; vi'.rieiy of hills and vales, is planted
with tices, andltoeked witii deer. A coir.modioub roa.)
c\teii.!s throu.',h it to the rinj, where it encircles a very
nne Coiiiuhian column, bcaiiiig on th:. lop a plucnix in
the tl.ime.', (reeled by the earl ol Cueiteilu'ld when lord
iKuienanl of Inl.'iul. lliihera train ol the nobibtv and
",en!rv go in their coaches on the lir.e fiimm-,r evenin;^s,
ioid make a very Iplciidid appearance, ihcre btinL; Ite-
ipieiilly twohundied coaches and upwards, many of th.-m
liravvii by f.x iiorf;s, with the fer/.iiits of tlie ^reatell
m'jiiiber of them in rith liveries ; thefe roaches aie drove
lound the tin::, us w.is formerly the cuftom in llyilc-
paik : and as there is room for fever il coaches to go a-
iirealf, perfons freipiemly coavcr'.'e t'l. '.ether through the
leindows. In the park there are al'b very iianJfome
J'uati for thole who w..lk.
(Jppofite the n.irrarks, on the other .'idc of the river
Liffey, at a CunfideraMi- diih.nce, Ifand'^ the Royal llof-
pital, I'oundeJ bykin^ Charles II. a \ery iiojle (IruCture,
in wliitli there ure apartiiients for old and difabled lol.
diet-, fii'e iiundied of whom arc m liivaiiicd here, with
li.eir oiKcei-, much after tlic manner of Cheli'e.i.
At a liii.ill diCtance from the above c'liiee is .'Jtophcns's
k'ji'vta!, louaJed by Dr. Stephens and !'.i< filler, a maiden
I..dy, for the cure of all (Ick .in.l wounded perfons who
aie objcc!..of ih.iriiy. T'h.is it a neat and elegant lliuc-
tuie, and i» chduw.d wiih a (i:reat levimie.
Near it is.the holpit.il lor idiots and luiMlics, crefled
in purfuaiue of the will of ilu l.iti. dean Swilt, celebrated
for hi-, wit and his writ ii:;5
Ijefides tliele truly chatilablc and humane endow-
m.enis, there are tlirec holpitaU, or inliiniarii-s, tor the
Tick and Wounded, iiaiiirly, :he Chariiable inlirmari
Aleicir's h.,f,,ital, and the Me th hofpital j with oiij
paiticularly . ppropi i.ited to the life ol inciir.'.hlcs ; a
l.yiny-in-liolpii.il, lati ly liiiill ill a liiperb m.iniier, aiiel
in imitation ol which the l.yiiiL'-iii iMl'pii.ilb m the citicj
of I,(,iu!i>ii and W'eltminltir weie louiuled.
One ol the im.ll coiilideiable of the chai liable fnundj-
tions ot this cily is the I'o.ii-lioule, in which a ifreat
number ol tdd and decayed perlons aie ni.iiiil..ii-,,>d ; ji,,
lanii are alio reeeiv d, breiuj'.iit up, ediiealid, and ii\iirt.J
to l.diotir. '1 lij {.'ill,-, in p.iiticular ,iie laiijiht to Ipi,,,
:'nd the beijs to iliels lUx. I'he Kluc-coat lii.|'(i;t,i| .,||j
I lee bhool was eteiiled in iCSo by kin^ Ciuiltj ij.
tor educating, maintaiiiiiij.', and piittiny out ,ip)rfii!
tiets to t.'ad.s or Ica-ferv.ce the iem. of the redueid eiu-
zens ol I.)iiblin, .aid coiit.uns about a luiiidrtd and lixtv
boys.
i'he city is governed bv a loid mayor, who is -ranled
a confidcrable lum to enaale liim to lup.port the ..ifoiiiir
ol lii.s olliee, and wcto a ced.ji ol aS. and by t>veiiiy lour
aldeimen. I'.eeiy third year ti.e city and us lubiirDs .in;
luryeyed by ihe loid mavor aiul (he tweiity-lnur eoipu-
raiions, wluth are, 1. T iu- merch.inis, j., 1 ne i.ivlu[.;
5. '1 he Imiih.s 4. I he h.iio.r luii;ieiiis, 5. I'he b.ik.is
0. The bi.uiiei-, y. The carp.nters, 8. ihe lime,
makei.i, g. I'he ladleis, 10. '.''he ;ooks, 11, Tlie tan-
ners, 12. 'I he tallow-chaiieiie.'J, 13. ''ITie It.iiinets and
gloeei'-, i.j. The weaveri, ■, 5. 'i'he ftieer-nuii imd
d)Cr.-, 16. I he gold-lii.iihs, 1 7. T he rocpeis, i!j. '!>(
tell .nakeis, 19. The ilaiioi.e.s, cutlers, and p.iptr-
itaiiKis, 20. '1 lie bricklayers a.ia plailterers, Ji, l'|ig
CLitriero, 2^. I he hollers, 2j'. 'I'hc brewers and malt-
fters, .■!.. The ioiners and wainfcaltrs. /ill thcle fevc-
ral Companies vie with t.icn other in makin;^ a fpleiidid
a;-p.araiice, and feveial of them have very lii.e p.i!;eaius,
. nlitfing of large and beautilul carn.ieies, iiiwnieh are
exhib '..i! I'.n-.e remaikable particulais, or circiinilbmces,
relatii;^, to ilie ccnipany to which they beltmg. Thus,
ill that l.eloiijin:j to the flaiicuiers, of whom the piiit.ers
make a p.irt, is hmietimes a priiuini?,-piei'>, in whic't men
■.vuik off |. ' Ml in ptaile ot printiii'j-, and throw oft' every
Iheet to t'le mob : th'' w^'aveis work at the loom :
the fmiths h^V-' their \''.ilcaii : lu uiriers a man drilijj
in D;;ns ; and the upiriiilereis o.ie in leathers.
We now CO i.c to the coiiniy of KiKlarc, vvl-.icii has
thofu' of Datilin and W lik.ow on the call, Ihe iCiii:;'!
and (^icen's-eounties on the welt, (..'atherliK'h on the
fouth, and Ivilt-.Meath on the i.ortli ; o.^ten-linn twciuy-
three miles Ironi lall to well, and tliiity-leveri lioin iiuuh
to (oiiih ! but both are very un.(|Uai, 11 runmns; in a nar-
row flip beiwe. :i the c.'imties e)f Uubliii and W'lekl'jw,
a'"* betv -ii the latter and (,);icrii'- county.
This is an open, plcalam, and pi .itiiu! count.y, a-
boun.ling in corn and pallura;;ei and is well watcie.l by
the iJarrow, Lilfey, and other rivers. I' is divided into
ten b.ironies, give? title of earl to the noble family of
Fitzgerald, and lends ten members to pailiament, name-
ly, two f.ji the county, and the fame number lor imcIi of
the followin:; towns, Kildare, N.ias, HarrilU'.vn, aiij
Athy.
Naas is the county town, but Kildare is the c.ipilil of
the county. It is I'eateil twenty feveii mil.s troiri Uab-'i'/.
lin, and is the fee of a bilh >p. It is .\ pretty ;.;'i'id
town, and has I'ome trade. Near it is a plain tailed the
Curragh, laijr.. enough lor a cimp often thouland men,
and in wdiich is a celebrated courfe, where aic lieejucat
liorfe- races.
'I'he King's-county was formerly called (Jit'alv, but
had its pnTeiit name in honour of I'nilip of Sp.iiii, eiucen
.Mary's hulbin.l. It is boun led on the ealt by Ki.dare ;
on the foutii by T'ipperary aiiJ the Qiieen's-ceiuiuy ; mi
the weft by part of T'ipperary and Cjalloway, Irom \vhic'\
1 ul it is fcpir.t.J by tlis Shana ni i .inl oil th; i:orth
4 '^r
v:.D.
r. U R O V E
l/I t
ti.uli' i;i Wiiol, •iiul
thi; woiillc'ii iii.iiiu-
llu
' \V •fl-Mr:i:h. ArcorJlii;^ to fonio antlmri ii i> tliirl/-
n iiilc'i r.'oin until to r»iUii, an I lu'ciily >'i^Ilt Im ii
it |() well ( Inir, .icciiriliii;; to olhei'', ii t.jrty-ci^jm
iilc> in liiij^'i'i •'"'' ("iirii't-'ii 111 bri'.ijth i lujivi/vir, it is
itiy uiK'ti'ial biii'i w.iyi. ill) I riiii^i with u ii.iuiiw ilip
lift.v rii I ij'p'f.iry aiul (^irin'scoiiiity. It is .1 prjpu-
loui .iii'l wfll iinjiiiivcil loiiii'.ry, Jivii!c\l Jiit.) I'lcvcn baro-
nic!, .iiiJ Iciul" iix iiH-mhi.t» t(i pnliamciit, iianuly, tvvn
fir tiK' louiuy, iwi> I. if I'l.ilipllowM, and twn tor ll.i-
nni'pllown, or IviivWlmvii, ii the capital of tlic rmiii-
IV ami 11 k-.iti'l nvi'iity-i i;vit link's frimi Dublin. It li.is
(.irr;ii'<5 lor a i(iii;Miiy nl toot, an J ^ivci title of laroii
lu t'li! Ii)!vl vilcoiiiit MoUiworili.
IJlr isluJ t'> be iiiiuh the btit t'lwn in the cminiy : it
(^inJi I'll til'- borJiTv of Tippr-iMiy, rn a rivir tliai runs
Into tin Sh iiinmi ; ha-i a coiili I'jral^l
(.jiol'iy^ a ;;it.'.it iiunibi:r of haiuU in
liCtur'.
(>i;'t'iiN-C(Hint',' is (ii calkJ in bonour of M.iry
fiftiT of ipi I'll Eli'/.ab.th, in whole r.'ign it w.u in.iJe a
county' It is [1 )unilej on tli'^' e.ill by Ki ilaie and C'.i-
th'.rU'';lii <ii' l''- loiith by Citlu'rloMi ami ICilkeiiny, aii.l
(in the iiortli ami Will by Kiiig's-county aiiJ pait ol
'|'i;);r;rary ; cxtcirliii'4 thirty-live miKs in its ;^reatti'
Iciw;'! from niith to lo'jtli, and iR-ar the lame from c.iU
(0 V !■• It ijdivid'-'d into leven b.iron'cs, and fends eight
mtni'irj to pailiaiir iit, two for the county, and twoeach
lor l'i'rt>''l'nijton, i\I iryboronj^h, and lialiynekil.
Mjty'.ioroiigh, or l^iren's-towii, Hands Ijventytwo
' milcslioin iJublin. It wis fo called in hinour ot (['jcen
Mary, and has b.irracks for a troop of lioife. It gives
tillf III b.iton and vileouiu to the lord Molyneaux.
'i'lic eoiinty o; Aicklow, which WM once a part of
that I'i Uii.'lm, is bounded on the call by St. Cieotj^c's
Cliaiiiiel, on tne loutii bv the county ot Wexhird, on
ths wfit by Kildare anJ Cathi'rl./.h, ami on the north
by Kdd.irc and !)u'ihn ; exte. ding thirty-lix miles in
jis ''icitelt length, and t'-vcnty-Bigiit where broadell.
Iti'divided into fix baroiiies, and fends ten members
to parliament, two fir t.--: county, and two c.ich for the
towns of Wicklov\, liaitiiiirla's, Carysloid, and lilefling-
fin. It is p.'ct'.y mouniainou", but the low lands are
fruitfid, and, among other advantages, contaitis a cop-
ptr mil-.-'.
\\',>/(I.iw, the county tL-.wn, is featid twenty-four
miles truin Oublui, at tlic mojth of the river Lutrim,
anJ has what is called a callle j but it is only a roik,
withallron.; wall round it. It has no (;rcat trade ; what
It has is cl. icily nnnagcd in linall veillls, whicn carry
iro'.'ifrins to liublin ; but the liaven, whicli was In a
manner choikcd up by lands-, has been deepened, and
(onflderable works added to improve it. Thi' place is
(..rnous to its excellent ale, and has barracks for three
cainp.inics ol I.mI.
Arklow is a pretty market-town near the fea, twelve
miles !;i>m Wicklow. It has barra.:ks lor two conii'a-
nies 0! foot, and alT) fer.ds boats loaded with provilions
to Dublin.
■| he county of Catherlo. h, or Caterlough, has Wex-
ford (111 the fouih, part of Q^ieen'scouiity and Kilkenny
en til.' v.'rif, part ol Kildaic and W'lckioiv on the nonh,
and p.iit (i\ \Vi klow ..nd Wexford on the call, lying for
t!ic mo!! part between tiie liveis ISarow and Slainc. It
rxtcnils twcnty-'-ight miles from imrth to louth, and
tishieen from call to well ; but is very u'. equal, it riin-
II, ng with a narrow Hip between (viikeiiny and Wexford.
It IS woody, but pr.t'v Irui'.iul ■, is divided into live
baronies, and fends only tix members to paili.imcnt,
njmclv, two for the countv, and two each for the towns
el L';iiiieilnj;h and Old Leiohlin.
llatherlo.Ji, whr:h IS the county town, (lands thirty-
i.Lieht miles from Duhlm. It is feaied (>n the riv.-r Har-
Mw, and hath a callle, with b.irrack- for a troop of horfc.
It is well built, an 1 is a pretty irading town, inhabited
by ihe chief f>entlfmen (d the county.
The county oi Kilki niiy is bounded on the caft by
Wixford and Catin'rhHili , on the Imith bv Watcrford,
Iror.i winch it is parted by the Suir ; on the well by
I'ippcrary; on the norili-well by Upper Oli'ory ; .ind
on the noith by the 'iiiiccn's-couiity. Its grcatiil txtent
I'lon ii'irtli to loutii ij f' r(y miles, .,nj from eif) to vvelt
twenty. It coinprcli' . l.< I'.-n dillriiits and baronies, .mil
L n Is Iix; -cii niemb'.M to pjtli,'ii,fnt | nanitty, two li/r
the coiiniv, two for th iiy of K\\ :• iiny, an, I two
for eaeii ol the followiin: tonus. Jit. K..'niif, (,l Inlh-
towii, l.io«raii, rhoniallown, I'.nili'.oj.;' , Cullcn, K'liock-
toplier.
Tins is a plentifil a :ritry, f.i p ■pulou"' a«! to be
jd(M lied with more to '.is .>'i 1 call!' s 'han any in tin:
kingdom , and, though it 1 m .unt.iiiious in tiic l.)uth
part, is laid to hiv.' hrc wit:Mut fnioke, e.irtn w thuut
i)o-', w.iter withi>ut mud, and .nr v. itliojt foi; ; thu»
hiving all tl'.e four ileiiciKs in peifc'lion. It Is ti^^'cm^J
an healthful as well as pleaf.mt country. !i is rem. irk'-
able tor iti coal mines, aj wcl' as Ti.' it', quarries d niar-
I'l '. Near nilorv aielh ■ noimtaiin f.dled .Sliewhloamy,
or lil.idiii hilli, out of whii li ipiiii;.' the Suir, the Neor,
and Harrow, rhcydclcend in thi.e I'veial channels, but
join in mie helorc they fall into the fei. 'Ihe Neoi, or
Nure, divides this county into two piri';.
The principal places in this county .iie the foUowi'ig:
Kilkenny, which was once a !"i1iop's fee, is feated on
the Neir, lifty-ftx miles from Dublin It has two Hone t f.
bridges over theiivr, and is a l.irge, llrong, populous,
lieu, and well-built cty, which has as good a tr.idc as
aiiv ml Old town of Ireland. It il divi led into the Kng-
lilh and Iridl towns, of which the foimer is the pimcipal,
and the I .tter, as it were, the fub irbs ; but contains the
cathedral, whi^h is plealantly feated on a hill c' a reiitl'."
alccnt, from whirli there is a delii'.htful pr(d'p'i;t of the
city and the adjacent country. 'I he Eiiglifli town is
much newer, and is remarkable for its (heels being
pa\ed with marble, and its being fortified with a caftle
by the I'utlers, of tiie family of thecails of f >rniond, whci
ma.Ie it their principal feat, and built and liber.illy en-
dowed a free-liboid, which is a tine ftriiiliic, c.illed th';
college. Here are barracks for a troop of l.urfe ,'.nd lout
companies of foot.
'rhcmallown is feated on the banks of the Neor, and
is reekuncii the fecond town in th-j county ; but is afin:dl
pl.icc, with fome foitih; ations.
The lad county we fh.dl n.eiition in the province of
l-cinller, is that ot Wexford, wliich 1, bounded on tlie
north bv Wicklow -, un the call, loutii, and lo it'i-wed,
by St. 'vi'orgc':, Channel i and (ui tlie well by C'ather-
1 igli and Kilkenny, cxfr.ding forty-fevrn miles in length,
and tw, nty-frven in hreadtn. It :s di\ided into e.ght
baronies, and fends eighteen members to parliamcir ;
namely, t'.vo for th'j county, and the i.i'ne number or
caih of the following b.iri;iH;l'.s, Wexlbid, New Rofs,
I'innifeorthy, I'e .thard, ^Jewborollgh, IJanno, Clon-
miiH's, .md I'aghnran. It is in fome places tniitful in
corn liiid palluie, but in others the foil is very indif-
ferent.
The principal towns in this county are the fol-
lowini.^ '■
Rofs, which is fituatcd on the borders of Kilkenny,
was once a large, tLidinj", popalous city, wi'h a cathe-
dral, and was the fee ot a billiop, aftcuv-ards annexed to
ihatofCoti. it i-; now a town of trade, by means of
its riv-'r, formed by the jumition of the Neor and the
iJairnw, which brings up (l>ip^ of very conli.ierable bur-
thiii to its quay, and has barracks for a troop of
horte.
Duncannon is .1 foit on the Time river mote to the
I'outh, which fo commands it, that no (hip can puO ei-
ther to Rofi or Waterlord without its permiilion ; and
there are here bariacks for three coinp.mies of foot.
From hence to the north of the river, a narrow neck of
l.ind proj:(ils into the fea, on which (lands Hook tower,
formerly built by the citizens of Rofs, and now augment-
ed with a light-houfe for the diredlion of faik.rs into the
mouih of the river.
Wexford, the chief town of the county, (lands at the
month of the river Slaine, fixtccn miles from Rofs, and
lixiv five to the fouih of Dublin. This is remarkable i _(
for beint; the full town in the whole iiland that furrcn-
dered to the Knglifh, who took polTefnon of it in the
)e,ir I !;o, when it was reckoned the principal town in
all Ireland. It has a very good harbour for vcliels that
do not draw above twelve or fifteen fctt water ; but it
' has-
»-
%
,; (
AV
t I
A S Y :. I !'. M O I i, I O w l;
II Y
]»
"lAKIJ.
lliiSliivti with'iM r> tt'.ac all tiMili wl.iili dr.iw iitoti
wMicr Hi I'lili :t.l to l..,Io
I.I iiiilt.U* III 4 rrti'k ihiii
lllil'i lioni tlv t.'Wll, WilCIC tluTi' ii W.lt'T CllMl^'^ll, lull
ii.< ilii'Lir hoin tliv fMitl) wiU wiul. 11' le 4i>.- Ii.irtock^
f..l IV
a'ni'
tl III.
Illl« dll.'.
I rn||>|i,l||il . ol I'Mit,
T
lii.i ti'Wii li r. ,1 I oti
iVIvr-
c III iun< Jill!
bw.
t.llli''U^
t .r It
S F C T. V.
lift'.; Pf Vimc "f Cinrjut'l \ c:'.! liiiitiji lit CJhi.tin e/
1.1
(.'.'./It, iiii!i:i...
Auiy\ t! i/>ninr.>i, i'./jv
•V LtUiimx ihii- Siluiiluii, y.siUr.t, D.v'ji.m, Rimit
nis
1/*^ fr
li fo;-aratu! iVnm that nf I.ciiillir
Hli>l fiiiiih I'
l>> ilu- SliiMiKMi, \vhij) Jlfo yi[\>. t (Ml llic l.'iiili
ill li
MiinlKr, urul in bMun Icil on tl;.
Ill mil l>v till- CK-
It
lUIlM
tirrtv tiiiUs in l-.i", tli (rum Cii' • I.i-.ni, the iik.II Ciui
t.KrIv |i"iM
ai'out t!;;h(v-
t iifrii Miunul, tl) tilt: no. til [Ml!* Ill'
in bic.ulll), I'loni llic 'ill |ii
.1 I,
tiim til tin- Dlaik Harlinur in llic will jnrlol Mi;
id ..!'
(n i
Hit livt luiniltiil in rin iiiiifiKn. e.
IIMIC
pl.'.cil) Hill I'
in I'llU'tS is (;
K lint (it 111 iii.'.tiv bo""!!, wooili, an
luniiv
It, Iml
111 I'utjcct t I tMf.it lii;!s, 1,11 iic-
liriiVIIKf H CXttl'llll
ly plfjl'.!
J l..kc
'i'ii- foil i>
uiy Inn
till,
uiiii a'.ii uni:
U with c.ittic, dur, h.i
' V- 1 1 111' ni.iny
It b,n"i an.l I'lulis I'ur n i-
vi^ntum, bi:t lew l,v^.^^ut cuiili.lcr.iblc rnic, cwcLjt ft
Ml.'.uu.ni. I hfcliiil .lie ttic M.iy, in tlifrraintvol Majo,
uhich, Uh :i liiLiH dilUiur, ilividt-i it Imiii Slii-o, ;.n.| i ">": I'-'-' "'" •> I'Ul
Ji.il liviniy boil,., 4iul Kii,', iijiln iTumbfii |„
li.iliii.iit , lunicly, iwii lof tilt c.iuiily, lvt» lor i
1.1 lialU*.!;', tvvi, tor Alliuiiy, iiiiil I
n li.ru liinm t Uk« k^Mti\
rivir S
Ki'ljtli I Jill |,uii..h Comb, wliili rum
I.I (i
Inn;;
bo I.I
I'ir.
wi> lor I u.mi. I'll,.
iiiili
> III
■vjy a httlj abuvc iii" city, ii twnit
.iiiJ III l.imc (.Licet like LumJ
A« lb:
ii'.o the I,
/ null
j'.HiuiiJ. \M-,ii .1 w..iin Imii-iUii.- loil, wb
« ll'Ulltly
tMc- iiij.illiy ui ihi; liuftuii. 111. I'll and Ihi^bci.t, it in
iiir.il «b...ii.li \ni|i lutii, i.illiin-, iiiiil ijflcj bm
bni'li jiiJ call |i«ifi aic bill iiib.ibitcd. I'lic w
III! tiwjri;i
rilllt cut III tl.i; I
oiiii Kt u ^';i.ii,luu.
It
diiUid w.lli liiili; b.t)», MiJ li,rJirfd -11
III III..
>« iiiuih II,.
Jtc ill vcid.iiit illjii.l.. and rii|>i;i'il lutk
llllKt
wbuli uie idur illtiidn v.iilid buulb /\r
litkil K.,i| lo th; Lniiilv 111 Ciiiic.
''"a *'iii 4
I uiiiim.
-I'l wliith tiv'..
li.il.A.iv, the timiity to-.vn, l!.iiii!» mi an iiLmd
lb-; l.l; il ilu: LiU'L'ijili
IT I..Ai;.|i C'liirib,
av 111 i!.i ir.vii n line, on,, buii.'u.l milii tit i
"ilil, by
, llltj Ihg
ol iJubl
III, and iliiit\.ri.viii tl iiiu luiiili ci J,
Hilt nt.
It IS a \iiy lliniij;. Ileal, and in li city, t„
all ibi.' Wilt |i,iit ul liiLiiid. Ill biaiity »nd
ntl-. It 1.1 mliriur to iinni; but Dublin. ' It u va
III'llKK.
.Ill,.l,
ill I
4lid II
.ir loiiinuic.'
iiiiil liJs a la
CXI I III 111 bai'/oiir, calL-.| tin: l! y ul' C
llicliiMd at ib.j iiiKutb by ilic imilli ill..s uf Ar
lal,-
ai. I
'«.'y, vviiMi ,,,
wliiili aii: ibtic ii.iil'a
.111
(ur II,
b'.li.
a.i, lliiii
CI IliV
I'.illa;^-.. at lb.- in, uib ot tiio b;iy, and li Cipaj
laiiiiii^ a vail iktt ul 11 i.u. I'ln: buildings.
tiK' |Kii)l:i. liiii;:uics.
l^ain-.
ly ol llii
Uiiii. and Lay, and inh-ibitcd b^ (u'jlUnii«l
VCI
y .411!
and ih
bauack> Ilil iin luinp
t It iiii.iiin|i;illid by a »all,
niniluiii..
.1111'.'
1 lu.^t. r
•HI') ha
c.tv
falls into thi; rciMii
by .M.ivi
ilindcj Kol..-c.;i).tiC'ii t'rtin CJiillw.iv, and lalli
.Siiaiiiion near ClintVit, 'I hf Drol'm, a rive
vu
mill tlii:
r III tbf
couniy of C.at;', which I'alK in; > ihf Siunncn 'uilieiMil
fif C'l.irc i .ind the (hi!, a I'lr.all rivir inGallwav, which
runs iiitolbi: bavof ih.it iia
Th
i< prnvii'.cc coiilJir.s or.;
arthbifii'ipric, Fve Liiln
rick", (rv'.n iii.irACt-towiis, cij
cor:umrci',
p.iili inicnr.
ht pb
.es ot t:a.le am!
Ill
IHIL U 11 llllVi' IIUiU ..'d
U'piic 111 I I
iu:ii lia.i bicii ibc fevoi'.i'i arc'.ibilli"
ij^ini
truiii tin;
iiij; ut the lijitii ctiitiiry. It ll.iii.is lc\'.
'. cvctiiiin- il,^
ut .\Il
and
>ns out.' ,\ 1.01"
ut:s iiJVV;_r.';.;ly icduccd ; lio'.v;v.T,iibaMi)'ii rnv.tr_
May
I) is bii.i.Kli'd 1)11 tr.c c'.:! a;il iinuh-cjil bv Ki.
co!ini..:i .:nd Mi;;.ii on the I'ui.th .liid !''j;h-
w.iy i and on tlic wi;l anl ii ,;i,i I; liu A,
ii 1,
Gall,
iilic oc.ai;
twelve bor u^b» tl-iat ntiirn incniberj lo : cx:cin.inj li.ily two niilis in length, and ility-tiv . m
tbr
with li\ i-i.un K5, V
■hie!
luindr
1 a-K lul
fixiy-lix p.iriflici
breadth. It ii divided into nir.o bar.
intii lill) (jiic
I,,,. : is but one boiou -li tow
n, an
d it (<■
lIliCS, 111 WlUtll iMi.c
I niv lijjr
iii.n-
,\I:
Ih: !b couiitic. arc ■l'h)infii:d or CUic, CJall- ] t"^" to pailiainciit ; two lor the ik)ijr!y,';:n 1 t.'.o |'
'I'hr
K
ofioninion, Sli.:o, and ly-'itrini
C.ilik-ba
Il li IS L'vcnty iline pa.
di..
and 11 luid tj
1.1, or the couiitv ol Clare, wni tcrn):rly join- ccniam up.\..;ili> i,| tliiin.i.ii £huu!jn.l Uoiilis. lti.iro'j;'i
t\ to Ml lUr, but l-.a.i been anrivxeJ to Ci'r.na.iijiu. j ^H"' "lonntaiioui on tlic lide next the lea ; but in uiaVr
(Jii the c 111 an I Imitli fi !cs, it is nartc'd by the .Shannon ' P-'its has pilluri, and is well lh)ik-.-d with ca'tleaiil
iVoni Tippcraiy, I.iiiieiick, ni.d Kerry in Miinllcr ; on I dt'-r i it i;> watcul with niniy
the north it is bojnd d bv t!i- county oftlillvvay ; and I and |;ives liilc ol vif. ouiit lo ihe f
on the wilt by the Atlantic ocean.
It
nh,
and tbirtv-ei;',!it in bie.idr'i
illy-lii
and
laitei, and nvi
y o' Uu'jriie.
.\Iiyo, the chief to'vn, \\'.\\ onee a lulhiip's I'
fiiice aMiicied to I'uam. The t
iivii It indi at t
luppo:
d tl contain ten Ihoul.iinl hoiilfj. It is divided ot
Ml.
on the bordeis ol .Sli
le iiin:::!
b.ir
in Wiiich arc t'vo
ijiic bori.ii .^i, which is tluit o
( \:
i't-"iivii«, ami
• i it theiclore
I and liiicen in-les I
loni
Dubli
J.O, one lui.iu'ic.i Hi,
III, and was once a II
l'..:5 but I'l.ui
1: lb .1 hiiiv
.,!.! nall'.in.s,
lo pari
ineniLir count'V, b:\'. is not
i.ii:v-':it.
b;
defi
cicnt 111
which
pr'nluc
llr. btii horfe; in Ireland.
1 o beats corn and rape.
the c luiiiy town, 15 fiatcd abo',;t one liun'.'rtd
r.iiles tVom O'.i
t;ie jliaiinoii,
town u) thee nintv.
It llands near a lake formed bv
marker, and is by much the bell
but It is now much decivrd.
UUIU-
K.jleoinin.jii is bniiiulid on the Call by I.,()ni;lbrd and
Kalt-Mc
Couth by Ci liKvay and Mn
the imrih Ijv S^li;.'," and Lcitrmi
1.1 < II th'i well bi'
tvmdi
Jthcr paitol tj.iliw.iy aiulM.ivo; exLcudin^ lil
kli^;:li, and tweiity-ei;_,!it in breadth. It'is iub.linilid
into lix bariir.ie.s, in which .iie t!ir:e b'jr ou'.'.hs, ti.;y-iiiiic
parilli. s, and almut eight ihoul'aiid f.veii hundred
Kil
alo.
etiier mn.'krt town, Qj
llie .Sha
ei'iluv lioul'i
It lends cli'ht nieiiiberi to
rwn l..| ihc cpinitv, and two each l.-r Rof
aiui
pailiaiiieiit ;
u;i t.^c bt.rdcrs o
f 1
lonriioa.
ippi rary, ci^Mcen n.ib's fioni j lioyle, an.l I'lilik. It is, Im the molt part, a level ai.d
h uni--, and ten to the north e.ill ol Limerick. It is the 1 I'ruittiil countiy, that with Inile cultivation yields pinny
fe' oi a bilhop, and was once a vi ry c inlider-ble place ; ! of corn and ^l'Ts, which Iceds lariie heids ol cattle,
but ii at prtletit decayed. Tiii ro is here a cataract in , On tnc norili-fi.le of the county, aic the Cuilew
iiie Sliaiinon, wh.ch itops vcllllb Irum goiii^ faitlur
Th- coiir.tv o
.arv, lrii:n w
in-, wiiich were ilcep, and impallable, till w.th
much ililHeulty a way was cut throii,',b llieni.
Rolci ninioii, which ;;ives name to the tciiiitv, uiav
part of Rafeommon, K r".:'s-coiiiity, and brnierly defended bv a caltlc, which is now in ruins, 1;
ihe Siiannon ; is a mean pl.ice.conlilluiu clii fly of one Itrcct, witharct
f C
the ealt and
hich bill it is nart"
0.1 liie lo',i;h-tidc by the county of Clare ; on the weft ' pirt of the hrul. s tbiiched j vet hire is kept the fe.'li.
byl^
t.Tl
lie ocean ; and on tli
eu'li, an I Rofcoinmon. It is eiyhrv two Uilli
:th r.iid north-eall houli: .ind j.iil, and it gives tide Ci! t-ail to the family of
.irty-lwo in brradih ; ^nd is divid- Ilovle is a jmod ni.'.rket town and corporation, bv (li
io Ici
,-i!fen haroiiii -,
conuiiiin ' one lumdied and lj';>e ICiv, near the borders of .Slieo. It
■j'j: lii't"Cii thj
IS a place i f
al fair ti'.iuJ:.- 1 lone f..de, and li n markabli; loi a;i old abbe?, of vvliirh
M ■
'44fl
Iku.and.
r, II K () I
„n^ the ruiii* now r«mi!i». le lii» aKo a Hue li4t wliuh
kt|>jii||ed lullic lalk. Inril l<CiiiglbiiUiii|{h.
hliji) isbounJjJ till th« c.iik In 'lit coumv of l,iiiriiiii
pii'tlie ("Utn aiiJ luuth-wrrU Ivy R.illimiiiiMii iiil<l Miyiii
ji„| im ihe iinrlh iiid nniili-wll I'V ihc Ail.iiilii: mtaii i
,,n,i..- 'iii; tliirty-livu milei in lii)nlh, ;iii<l m niin.li 'ii
lif^.a Ciic.it (va^; 1)1 thli roiiiity n nimmiiminii, iiiiil
(OVCK *'>!' ''"H' I '"" ''''■ l"*»'^'f «f'>'ii>d' tiJvc u tf'i.iil
foil, proper |i>r ^ur.f.j,, If n (iih liviJid iiilo lix baiu-
,ii(,, mill cDiitiiiH luuy-oiiv (Miilhi », aiiJ>ilHiut hvc ihnii
;iii witei, III fhi.« rnuiilv '>( Hown, p.fT , In 1),,,.
( l.iilmiii, Mu\ lUllall, iiit.i ilic li.iy .j| C^tiiiLk-
Aiiiii .Ii, ,111 1 i.llj
inurt'i
Nfwrv-watcr p.iili liovvn Ihiiii
iiitii Cjiliiii'fnrJ hiiv.
Willi rclpiot lo the (.III III ihli coiiniy, It mi;^ht f.ir-
iluT to 111' .il)lcin.a, thiit It I, ,i(it 1. 1 run iiitu 'vouJ, tm.
Iili roiilLiiiily kipr ii|,on, aiul the |,nv |-uiuilj», wli re
ili^ilt.iiiii .iii; in;^i,li.i:ti;.l, (imiulc.'fni r.iti' into lioj^i j Ime
liy tlii: inJiillry ol the iiiluitiit.inu it pr.i.l.u.i i'moJ inuu
..!...». ....I ...1.-... _. ..I ;, r. .._ 1 \ i Ik., .. ',
(jiiJ niii<: hi'i' l"-'J ''"'I li-vciity hmifcj. It hai but oiil oi r),it.i, ,iii,|, wlietc ni.iil ii ffninij, 'inrlcy. The U,i|i|ij
boriiiinli. ii"J lfii'M"ur iiii'iiiln.r» tn pailiimciil, two fur jioinriiniliy mI thiiioumy Ii ili • hm u hi imiCClurr, wlncii
the muiity, anJ two Im .Slit-o, the i.ipilal town. : tin Iilcm ol the urtntclk Ucnilil to .ill i.niki ol pf.>|ilc.
S;igo, tiic coiiniy town, is U'.itwl on a biy ol thi- fjnu IKncc tlii> province may he Ciil In lii' in [.'cneLiI pMpu.
niiiiL', a hundred uii'l ten nnii • to the norili-til* ol Oiili- | lous, tlouiillnn',;, uml daily cniicjliiii in <l'i« nuiiilicr .iiij
liii, aii'l n thi' only town ol mne m ihi lonmv. It li
I very coinniudioiu luibmii, .iiid Ihipa ol two liiiliilieil
loll, burthen nuy cumi; up to the i|iuy. IKic is iillo
,|inoiJ culHe. Tlw to«ii II populom, but not l.iigc I nor
ii tlic trade lunlidcr.ililc, though much bcttir thm in miy
oilar placLS bev'uul it.
,\ niili: IroinCadlc Kiiiiinr, in thii county, is around
|-,il!, M uitruii'o into winch w.ii dilcovcrcd in 1040,
1 ,.,|,,; to quailr.nr.'ular inaiiibcis, arthrd over. I he
jj.; , I I tht rock oT Cm 111 arc cquilly rcmarkablt;, where,
v.il nil a ll'.'cp and aliiioll inacicinble fiiiranci.-, arc many
lluii.'t' ri'ctllti. Bcluri- thtle i avct is a pam, nbout a
huiiJifd P'lC'-'!' in Irir^th, alio cut out ol tticroik. I hi;
wealth ol iti iniiabii.inu.
lit hii'hult mouiil.iiiii arc thif- ol Moiirnc, ihc Imio
ol which terminates on the lla (hon-, A iionjj their tut
named Slive-Donanh i. thni; miles in niadu,il alciii!,
and hall a mile in pfrpciuliciilar hfiglit. I'hrle aiu
tcekinud aiiuinii; the hi^;hc(t mountains in IrcLiiul, ami
are ulelui land-mark, tor lailor*. I liey alFoid van^ tv nt
plant'., and many Ipiiiij;*: I e,iJc», a multitii le olcatti*
Ijij/.t' on then 111 liimmer. In one ol iluni arc (|u.irricj
olmililkincs, ami 111 anither arc fuun.l i.r)(l.ils. I'lielii
mount.iint arc Limoiis tor tiie (;o.it« wh y prelcribid b/
plivlici.iiii lor korbutic and mphriiic aiimcnis .iiiJ dil*-
Otders ol'thc lun!»s J and in April, May, and jum.-, anr
„.,ik, which is talicd the Ciiani'.-houfc, ii fuppolcd to niuch lie<|ueiitcil liy the gentry of bo;h (c.xej, "in.inv of
liL 'juiiid ■•ithcr by the Inlh or Dalits. | wht;in have toiind relict j thcic Ihriibs aii.l m.dkiiial
liiL' county ot Lc:(iiin is boiitidtd by Sligo cm the | herbs attordinj- the htnft nourifhnicnt to elioje aniniils,
V,- ji and louth welt ; by Uuiir^il bay on the north ■, I riicre h.is Ir en a pcirl hlhciy 011 the river U.iiin, but it
l,v Loii",t'ord, in I.coillcr, on the louth-calt; and by the j is not no« luch (iiiiliad
ii.iiiuiis III Kerman.iyh and Cavan on the calt and iiorih-
rjil. 1' "' forty tour miles 111 leni^ih, but only cightLcu
,1, hrfiulth, .ind is a wild niouiitaiiious country, but
abc'inds in (;ral's, which feeds a prodiinous iiuiubrr ot
ijiilf. It IS divided into hve baronif., and contains
iwtniv-one paiilhes, about four thouland hoiiles, two
boruii 'lis, and len.ls fix members to parliament, two lor
the county, and two each for j.imclfown niid Dounnulw
Lei:rini, the county town. Hands near the Shaiinoii,
\t\ui.i\ riles in this county ; but the town ii decayed, ai.d
ui little confci]uencc.
s K c r. VI.
Of lilt- Prtvincc o/U','hr\ cnlninwg thi CmiHtifi ef Diwn,
/fn/ia;;)', Ahiiu^ban, Ctn'ini, t'limumifh, 'lyr/ine, A»-
lumyl.ot'li'i'lfrry, iinii hmrt^itl \ thiif iiliMtioii, l.ntfnly
l.tikei, Kivtn, Siil, l-'/tiliiii', Alfuiiitiiiii, iiml primipiil
'hwiii ; uili> a pmlitutar lJ*Ji.iipli(»i tf the Gianl'i
Cnujiiify.
This proumc 11 clivided into (he nine followini^ coiin-
lies, Down, Armi'h, Mon.i-haii, Cavin, IVniiaiia^'h,
Tyionc, /\ii;rini, l.ondonihrry, an.l I)..ik'imI,
riie.ouniyot Down u bounded on ihcu.iU .ind ('■utli
by bt. (Jvori'e'.-, Clianiicl, on the w.lt by t!ie cuiiiity of
Armagh, and on the north hy the county of Aiurini Ic
lie:, (ippolile to Kic lllj of .M,,n, Cumbcrl.iiid, aii>! W^fl-
moRlanJi and thff iioiih pan ol 11 fioiiti the .Mull of
Ualloway, winch is vilible it abmit live Iz-a/ues dillaiicc.
It iu about lorty-lour Kn!;lilh miles in bnj'.tn, iipwardi
ot thit.cen in bicadth, and diviiled inlo Icieii luioiiics,
which contain ab.uit ninctcrn thonfanil two hundred iiii.!
Icvciitv houfes, l.'veniy-iwo p.irilhc, and f.nd. I.iiirtceii
members to parliament, n.inuly, iwm for tiie coiiii'.y,
and twelve tor tin- fix lollowiii'; 1) ir.,ii';lij, Ncwry,
Downpatrick, Newtown, IviUJcai^h, lian|;oi, and IIi;lf-
boroui;h,
Newry is .1 borough and market- town on the flip of ;i
Ifeep hill.at the bottom ot wliich runs the Newry-waur,
having over it two Hone bii,lj;es, one on the road Iroin
Dublin, liom which it is lor'ty-innc mde, dilhiit, and
another in the way to Aim.igh. Thcturnpikc-rdad Iroiii
Dublin to Uellall, Aiuiim, and Armagh, go throu-h thu
'T^IIiS province is cncompaflL-d on three fides by the
1. lej, It being bounded on the calt by St. George's | town i and here is a lock of the new canal" lately I'm nied
(.ii.iiiiul, .111 the north hy the Northern ocean, on the | by parliamentary encouragement ; and over this canal
w.ll hv the Atlantic occ:n, on the fouth-weftby the pro- j is a third lirid^^c. The town has furtcrcd greatly by the
VIII. I! ol (Joiinau;^ht, and on the louth by that of Lein- rebellions ihat have happened in this province ; anil was
Iki , it hcini; about » hundred and lixtccn miles in length, j burnt down by the duke of lierwick in ibV) : but it is
now fo much improved in its trade and IiuikHiirs, that
It is tne largell town in the coumy At one en j of it is
a Ipacioub cluirch leated on a hill, and at the other a
Ichool houle luarthc river. It his ihc molt tradcof.uiy
town 111 the county, to whi.li the increafe of the linea
m,inulaiture has greatly coiurihuted. It has alio a nia-
] nuladture ol e.irthen-w.ire, ,ind houl'es for ba'^i;ij of
lugar. It is likely to receive f.irther bufiiicfs by means
hoin.l with lifli, many woods, plenty of corn and graf^, 1 "' t'le navigable canal juil mentinncil. In its iieii'lib.uir-
aii,i a jireat nuinber of black cattW and fome Ihcpp. 1 hood is plenty ot a hard grlity iVee-ll.inc, which ii eailly
'1 he principal rivers and l.ikcs are the l.illowing : the cut into k|uare<, and is ul,-d for buiMiiig. Tliere is al|l»
11.,; Ruin, wliich riles in the county of Down, receives -i caltic built on .m eminence, to command the bend of
.11, ,1 ,1 hundred in brci.lth. It is fubdivided into lifty-tive
h,iii,ii:c5, and contains ten counties, twenty-nine bti-
;, ,!:h , three hundred an»l llxty-five parifhes, and about
n hiiii.ired and fifteen thouf.md hvc hundred inhaliitants,
w.ih oiie archbilhopric, and iix bilhoprics.
I'tic air IS temperate and falubrious, being cooled by
v.iTiou.s winds in fiimnur, and qualified by moderate rams
in v.intcr. It li,is ni,iiiy iMcat lakes and rivers that a-
lanwauce, pali'es throuj;h Lounh-neagli, and,
the brii
which w.is h.rnierly a conlid
cr,r,>'.e pjl.-
iil'i-r dividing the counties of Antrim airl Londonderry, lecure tlie roail throii;;h the bogs and iiiuiint.iins hetwecn
I,.'!, into the Northern ocean a little below Colerain. " 1 .11- •..- 1 .1.: ■ i. : ..1- ,1
L',uj;h-loyle, which pallirs by .St. John'-.-town and
uiulcriy, forms a hay of the Lunc name at us tn
tr.iiice into the Notthcrn ocean.
The Swilly, in the county of Doneg.i', alfo falls in-
to the lame ocean, with a kiiiJ of lake.
Dundalk and this town. It is alinoU eiKomp.ilV.d wiih
mountains, e.\eept to the luuth, whcie it opens Into . I
;iuod country, throii|ih which the New Canal is eariied.
Rolhevoi IS a linall town, with a church, on the nuth
lide ot Cai'iinglon haiboiir, delen,U\l freMii tli-- uiiuls by
the bills, winch ai.; cloathcd wiili \v,;cd ; and an aim
t
': ?.
, II
I • I
■(• '-^
\^-
\ '
I >
n
f
( ■
i ; f
m
1
1 ;
1 ■
CI4
A SYS T t M O V G 1: O G R A I' II Y.
KCIAND
of the fi-a fnrmin;» a iinlilc biloii M tli" foot of tln-li- lull-,
alt'iihls ;\n j;mit.iI)1c |iiuliH.l. litre is a tjuav '"' dup';,
wliioli r.ifi'ly luk- at aiitluir within ;i (c\v y.uih <il tlic
flioir, a l.ilt-luiiilL-, ami n |Hiiti'ivlor vvhiti: iMillini-w.iic,
niailc (if ilic Hiic I'dttiTs ciav fuiijui iioar Cariii kfcrini'.
K.itlifryl.iihl, or R.itiion-iilaiid, puiliably focallcil fmiii
Rail), a hi(;li fort on M\ ifland, it rilinj;; alnive all the
ni ighbouric)^ yroumi:;. It (lands on a lii.l where hun'
RiO.it loaus, laid out in alniurt llrai-lu lines, lead n|< lo
It, and meet in the tenter of the town, at one end of
wllich i-, tlic e'uiieh, built on a roelv of I'lee-Uune, and
at the biglu'll point of the hill are the ruins of a ealUe,
and on its lide is a warren well Hocked with oxeellent
rabbits, 'I'liis IS one of the greatell ni.uls lor linen in
this county. Two miles from it is a fmall plcal'ant lake,
whiih hatii on the ver^^e of it a large plantation of young
forell trees, called Jlallyronv.
Killo^h, or l''jrt Sf. Ann, ii a town with a commo-
iliou, harbour (>ii the north-call H.'c of St. John's I'oLiit.
A loek (lanils in the ri'iddle of tlic -ntrance i>f the har-
bour, whitli is covered at half flood ; '■ut there is a le-
cuie pail'agc, cither to the: call or wed ol it. A mile
within that rock, on the well lUlc, is a quay and balon
for (hips, where they may lie defended liom all winds.
In this town is a neat chapel, bariaiks lor two troops
of dragoons, a Piotiliant chatter woiking f' hool for the
Inien nianul'aclure, ,.^e. and lalt works : Init its principal
trade ..t prel'ent .irifes from theexpoit ition o( barley, and
the importation 01 moll for ts of comniudities ce-nlumcd
in the adj.icent country-
Downpatriek, which (l-;nifies Patrick's- Mount, Hands
livciTiiKs from Kiiloj^h, and is citcemcd one of the moll
ancient places in the kinj;doni. It is .1 m.nket-town and
bidiopric, crcclul in the tilth century by St- Patrick ;
but is now united to the fee of Connor. Within two
hundred paces of the town, on the alcent of a hill, aic
the ruins of an old cathedral, remarkable for a tomb,
which contained the body of St. P.itrick, St. 13rid;v-'t, and
St (.'olunibj and there were anciently four rclii;ious houlcs,
befides the cathedral, in and n-'arthe town. It is fituated
on a br.mch of the lake of Stranj;lord, and is adorned
with fevcral haiulfoine public buildings ; the parilh-
church is lately rebuilt, and it has a fellions-houfe, the
(lioccfe fchool, and an alms-houfe fur old and decayed
I'rotedants, with an laiglilh fchool for forty childien,
who are cKitiud .md educated in the Protellaiit religion ;
tbe two lad built and cdowed by I'Alward Southwell,
Kf(]; principal fecrelary ol ll.ite (or Ireland . an alms-
houfe for three clerirymen's widows, with good gaidens,
and twenty pounds per annum for each of them; a bar-
rack for a troop of dra:.',oons, and a large maiket-houfe.
From this place tlic family of Dawny have viic title ot
vil'count.
Here is a variety of fine profpecls from tbe Couth branch
of Strangford lake. Among the hills and many illands
aic flights of fvvans and other water-fowl, and the Like
abounds with good falmon, mullets, and other I'ea-filh.
Over a branch of the l.itce, upon the ro.id to Killclcagh
and St. I'ield, is a hanJfome done bridge of lix arches.
About a mile from the town is St. Patrick's well, to
which, at certain feafons of the year, many thonland
people refort, fomc in cxpcelatioii ol receiving bcneht
from the water bitfl" d by that f.iint, others to perform
a penanrc cnjui'.ied by the Popifh pneils.
StrangfonI is a fmall but ancient town, belonging to
the earl of Kildarc, ftateil on the river of Sirangford,
fiic miles from Down, and is Co called from thegieat ra-
pidity of the tidca hcie, it bting reckoned the llronged
current in Kurope. It gives title of vifcount to the fa-
mily of Smvthe. The fea runs here both at flood and
ebb like a rtuicc, at the rate of fix knots, or miles, an
llour. The lake is near four miles bioad at a medium,
and .ibout fevcntecn long. It abounds with many kinds
of excellent (i(h, is bafs, mullet, whitings, large fea
trouts, ' "dcrs, lobders, (liiimps, &c. and there arc
great quantities of kelp burnt on the iflandj in the lake,
and on the dony flat toalts.
Bangor, a market towii on Carriikfergus bay, fix miles
from (.'.iriickfergus, is governed by a provoll and twelve
burgcires who elect the members of parliament. It is
rcinaikable for a very old abbey, and the lirll church
built of done in the province of flflcr, alfo for beinr»
the landing plare of duke Schomberg, when (cm a.Taj,,)}
the rebels in ib'A<). The town toniains about" twi,
hundrcil honles, has little trade, but fpins conllderahlc
quan'ities of line linen yarn. It has fome noble
ruins of an ancient abbey, aiij the walls of an old cullum
houle.
Helvoir, a plcafant feat of the honourable Arthur I li||
l-dli three miles from lieilall. The avenue to it is lar-'.
and liandfomc; the gardens adorned with regular ean.ils
caliad(s, dopes, and terraces: the kitchen garden is
cnclolul with cfpaliers; part of the gardeir lies over
tin: I.apan river, and at a ("mall didaiicc is a ne.it
chinch.
Killeleagh is featcdon an arm of the lake of Siranp.
(old, ten miles from Newtown, and is ngrceablv built
upon a ridiig ground, commanding a prolpcift of part o''
the lake. '1 he callle (lands at the head of the dieei • mui
at the lower end is a little fafe bay, where diips lie di'cl'ter.
cd (rom all winds. On one (idc is a fmall ,iver lunnm'
under a (lone bridge into the (ca. Adjoinin.r to ih'^
cadle arc gardens and |)lantjti(ins. 'I'his borou.iji ,j
governed by a provoll, who, with tv:lve burg<ircs,'^cli'^l
their reprefentatives in parliament. Here the lin,.,,
nianul.uiture has fprcad to advantage, and it is rcni.irkahle
for its (ine white thread. Here is a barrack (or a troup i,f
dragoons, a handfome church, and a good p.irlon.i'-
houie. 'I'his town gave birth to that eminent iutuiii!'i'||
and phylkian Sir Hans Slo-me, prefulent of the rovaliCiV
(01 iely, and who may be jullly termed the fouiuler of the s/-7i3
cclebr.ited Mufeum in London.
Hilliborough, a market town, finely fituated on a
heathy gravelly ' I, in view of the Maze courfr, .^^
the town of Lii! ..11. The chief magillraie here is called
fo\crcign, who with twelve burgcH'es clcit reprefeiii.itivcj
ill p.uliament. Here arc good gardens, and line pl.uita.
tioiis, with the ruins of a noble houfe, ileflroved by an
accidental fire, belonging to the family of Hi!l,'to whicli
HilHborough gives the title of Vifcount. The parii'li
church is a I'pacious a;id well contrived building, fcatcd
on a riling ground, near the riuns of .an old maniion
houle.
Dromorc takes its name from its fituation, it fignilVinf
the back of a great hill. It dands twelve miTes from
lielfalt, and is a market town, and the (ee of a bliliop,
the cathedral of which was lounded by St. Coleman, wh,>
doiiiilhcil in the fixth century. Ileic is a decent cluuch
with a lleeplc, but it has no revenue for the fupp.irt cf
the c.ithcdral lervicc ; the miiiiller of the paiifh, who
is treafurcr of Dromorc, difch.irg.ing the duties of it.
Here ;ue two alms-houfes for cleigymen's widows of the
dioccfc, crcdlcd by the ciuitiibuvions of the b:(lu)p and
clergy. The dioccfc fchool is kept here, and near it i;
an I'jiglidi proicdant (Vhool, wheie poor children arc
tr.nned up in the protedant religion, and fome of them
(I't to woikj twelve of them are cloathcd at ihcexpfnceof
the (larifli. 'I'lic river Lagan divides the town, at the
cad end of which is a IJanidi mount, which is always
giccn, and has its top encircled with a ramp-irt, between
eighty and ninety (eet over, having; a droiig batilenunt,
and a Ipacious parapet, ihe trenches are between ten
and twelve led wide, terminating on a precipice, witii
two arms embracing a fquarc fort, about one hundred
feet in diameter, whole rampart is tony feet hi!.'h, wiih
a large battlement; and from the Lagan water to the
tortihcation, upon the called afcciit at the precipice, iia
covcit way about two hundred and (ixty feet long, fcwii
wide, and nine deep. In and near the town are ni.my
linen weavers.
Thecounty of Armagh, or Ardmagh, isfeparated inpnrt
fiom that of Down by the river Ncwry; it is bouiiJal
on tbe fouth by Lowtii ; on the well by F'vrone .uid
Monagban ; and on the noith by Lough-Neagh, ex-
tending thirty two miles in length, and fcventcen in
breadth; and is ilivided into five baronies. It I'en.ls lix
members to pailiament; two for the county; two
for the city of Armagh; and two lor the boiougi et
C'liarlemont.
Armagh is fcated near the river Kaiin, mirty mil.-s Id
t-ie fouth of Londonderry. It gives name to the coiinly
of Armagh, and is the fcf of .marchbilhop, who ha^ il.i:
ti.lC
luEI.AM).
!•: U R O P E.
615
il
lillc nf prinialr fif .ill Ire. ,1111'. It w.is a vrrv ancient an.!
fiiriliJci.ililc tirv, it hfin^ nnrc llic rnvtropnlis of tlu'
ivhoU' kinjHiiiiii, yet is ru)* a (in. ill place, but lias roiiic
IkiuIis, with a very fpiciiiH? cluirch lc.»t;it (in the
■ a lull, and tlu- ruin': of a nionaltcrv, prl</rv, anil
liiu arclibilliii|' ■'" I'l'l''"'- 1 i'e lull on winch ihc rnurcli
15 Ir-atcd, alfoiil!. a vuw all round of a very delightful
1.0(11
i.ip
toiintry.
'Ilu: countv <if Miin.M'li.in is bounilcd on thr ncrth hv
Tvioiic ; on ilic fiuilh In' Cnv.in ; on tlu fiMitli-e.ilf hv
l,(m'l!i iind pan o( I'.all-ivlcatli : on the o.ill: by Arniarb ;
jiiJ on the well bv I'l'inunaL;!). It is liiiitv-two miles
111 Ivnir'.b fium nortli-wclt to Knitli-call j and thutv Iroiii
i.iit to wcit. It .ibuunds will) mils, woods, and niatfbcs ;
I- I'ividcd into tivc b.ironicsi but lends only four mcnibcr:,
111 p.ulianicnt, two for the county, and two for the town
,,! Aloiiaiilian.
.\liiiiai',li.iii, the coiiniv town, is a fiiiall neat place,
and bas a lillions liiiufe in wbab the ailize.s are held.
iiiTc are fold conlidciAlde iiuantiiics ot liii.ii, and it bas
iiiiithir rclpi-iils a pretty trade.
[he county ol Cavan is bounded on tl'.e iinrih by
I'titnanaiih j on tbe call by part <d' Mona 'han, .Meatb,
ai;.l iajwtii ; on the louth by l.oni'lord and VV'eit-Mcaihi
all,! oil the welt bv I,' itrini j extending lortv-levrn miles
l;oiii til.' loiilli-eall t.> the north-well, and twentv-five
tiiiin c.ili to welt in the bniadell part, h i-j divided into
K'u'it baronies, and pives title ol earl to the m.blc lanuly
0: l,.iinbei t. It fen. la (ix nirnibets to parliament, Iwr
lif tbe touiity, two lor Cavan, and two lor l!el-
luibl. it contains tliirtv-fevcn piriihc
iiTiit tbouland three bundled and twenty lioules. It
lus feveral pleafaiit lakes, aiiil much fcnnv palhne ; but
in otiier parts has a rich lertile luil, well planted and
|.,in'ived.
laiuirbet is fe.ited three miles from Loiigb-orn, and
fiiiiiiis on the river ot tb.it name. It is a fiiiall place, bul
lus a conlidcrahie fair for linen cloth.
Cavan, the county town, H.inds (even miles from
licluirbel, is larger than that lown, but is a place of no
gicit trade.
Ilie county of rermnnat;!i is bounded on the north and
•icrth-eall by lyroiie; on tbe call bv iV!onau;haii : on
the luuth by Cavan; on the fouth-wcit by Leitrini; and
nil the noi lb- welt by l)onej;al; extending tbirtv-en'ht
irili's in length, and twenty- fiur in breadth, it is divided
inui ciidit baronie. , in *'bicb theie is not one m.irket
lowii, and but one Imroui'.b, which is named I'Jinilkillmgi
10 that It returns only lour members to parliament.
'I'hi ; lounty is lull ol wniids and hops, .1 third part of
itl-.cuu.', lilled with l-iingii-ern, tlie greatelt lake in all this
pait of Ireland, ol which we have already ^iven an ac-
loiiiit in deleiibiii'i, the lakes in general.
I'.iiniikilliiig Is kated in the middle of the lake, where
I'i'.c waters are contraiiled into tiic breadth ot .m ordinary
river, and ibus continue for fix miles. At this town is a
ibnin/ fort, it being a pals ol the grcatell importance,
Irom tbe north ;iart of Ireland to the foiith ; .iiid is
faiiuHis for its obltmate delence againll ipieeii Klizabeth's
army in ISQS, "nd that ot tne protellaius in 1(189 againll
king J.imes's torces-.
I lie county ol Tyrone, or Tir-Ocn, is bounded on
<'■:,? iionli by Londonderry ; on the ealt by p.irt of Antrim,
iKiiii which it is divided by ].ough-neaj;h ; on the (outh
an.! kiuth-wilt bi, part ol l-"ernian.igh, Monaghan, and
Arniaj^h i and on the welt by the river Liiier, which
divides It (roni IJonegal and pait of I'ermanagh. It is
liiriv-li.\ miles in length, and thirty-leven in breadth.
Thuugh great part of it is iough and mountainous, yet
in other pans it is not inferior to many counties in the
k.ii;doin lor the richnefs of its (oil, and the goodncfs of
1::. |),uliires. it is divided into tour baionics, which
(.1111.1111 thirty pal idles, abmit twelve tbouland lix hundred
Clobber i.i a cilv .iiul the fee of n liiflion, Pated in
f/Ower I'vronc, founded by .'it. i'atrick, and well eiidowril;
but tbe town is fnuin, and much decayed.
Diingaiinon, which is rerkoned the county town, is a
jd.ice of fome llrongth, fitiiate.l upon a bill leveiiiv-two
miles li'oin iJublin, and has a conhderaLle trade in linen
ani linen yarn.
'I'he county of Antrim, which is the motir northern
part of all irel.inil, is boundid by .St. (jcorge's Channel
nn tlvealt; tbe county of Down on the fomb-call ; p.'.it
of Armagh on tbe fouth ; Londonderry on the welt, l;om
which it 1.1 lepara;ed by the river Uann ; and tbe Northern
oce.in on ihe north; extending loity-lix miles in length,
and tv.eiitv-i'even in breadth, it give, title ol carl .mn
baron to the ancient family of Mac Doiinel. It is fiib-
dividcd into eight baronies, and contains fittv-fix paridlcs,
about eigjiteen tbouland one hiinJrcd boulcs, and fend';
ten members to parlianunt, two tor the county, two lor
i>ilbiirn, two lor llellal!, two lor Aiitiini, and two lot
Randalltown.
1 he molt remarkable ciiiiohty in thir. county, and
indeetl, In all Irel.iiid, is the Ciiants Caufeway, a furpii/.'ii.', Gl/t':'
ItriiClure ot llor.es, extending a great way into the fa, /<Vr^.
where the fame work iVenis to nave been begun on the
oppolite lh.>te of .s-cotlaiul. I'his (liipeiidous c.iufeway
wa, liippolid to be the work ot the giaiiis, uiulei taken
in order to form a coiiimiinicaiiin between Ireland and
Scot'.md. Niir is it at all wonderlul that (uch a fiip-
pofition fliould obtain credit among the vulgar ; fincc
J liioiigh it is a woifi far above human (Irength, vet it has
and about the greatett appearance of ait. I'he lea i lilt's are very high
in the place v.htre the caufeway begins ; and what is
commonly called the caufeway, is a low head extcndinj;
from the loot of the dill's, like a mole, into tlic fua. 'I'his
head, when confidered attentively, fceiiis a Itiipcndous
production of art ; and i)r. I'o.ocke, late bifliop of Ullory,
and fellow of the Royal Society, informs lis that he
meal'ared the ni.ill wellerly point at high water, to the
diitancc of tbiee hundred and lixty feet from the diit';
but was told that .it low water, it extended fixty feet
farther upon a delcent, till it was loll in the fea. Upon
incaluring the ciltern point, lie found it live hundred and
lorty feet from tlie clilf ; and law as miieii more ot it as
ot the other, where it wiiius to the call, and is like that
loll 111 the water.
'I'lic cauleway is compofed of pillars of all angular
fhapes, from three fides to eight. I'lic; eatlern point,
i where it joins the rock, terminates in a perpendicular
clilf, foimed by the U|)right li 'es of pillars, fome of which
I arc tliiriv-ihiee feet lour inches lii.'h. Kacli pillar
conlilt> of feveral joints or (lones, lying one upon another,
from lix inches to about a icot in thicknefs ; and what is
very liirpii/.ing, fome of thelc joints i-.e fo convex that
their pioininenees are ncaily qii.irters of Iphcres, louiij
each of which is a ledge which holds them together
with the greatett firmiiels, cvery (tone beini; concave on
the otlier tide, and titling in the cxaiJtcll manner the
convexity of the upper part of that beneath it. The
pillaib aie from one to two feet in diameter, and generally
tonlilt of about forty joiius, molt of which (cp nate very
ealily , and one may w.ilk along upon the tops of the
pillais, as l.ir as the edge ot tbe water.
Hut this is not the moll lingul.ir part of this extraordi-
nary curiofiiy, the clilis tbenililvcs being tliH more (iir-
pri/.iiig. Krom the bottom, which is of black (tone,
to the height of about fixty feet, they are divided at
ci|ual diltanccs by llripcs of a rcddifii (lone, that re-
fcnibles a ci inent about lour inches in thicknefs ; upon
this there is another llratum of the fame black Hone,
with a (tratuni live in.lies thick ot the red. Over this
is .inolher (liatuin ten feet thick, divided in the fame
manner; then a Itr.itum ot the red (lone twenty feet
m
deep, and above that a llratum cf upright pilhirs :
il liL'hty houfes, and fends ten niembers to parliament, ■ thefe pillars lies another llratum of black Hone twemy
two for the (luinty, and two each lor iJungunnon, Stra-
lijiie, Clogher, and Augber.
I.oiigh-neagh, in this county, is about lhir;y miles in
rxuiil, lull ol filh, and the banks varieg.itcd with ihady
iinves, imadows always verdaiu, and lich coin-liilds,
aouiiu'd with gentle hills and pluilaiu brooks.
aiu.ther lliatum
laces to the tops
feet high ; and, above this again,
of upright pillars, riling in fome
of the eliH's, ill others not (o liigh, and in olhers
again above it, where they .ire t.illcd the chimncyi.
'I'he lace of thcle dill's exteiie's about three Englilli
milci.
About
!"■!!'
' ■•111
\ -^
6it5
A SYSTEM OF
,!.r
liin
About a qjuttcr of a mile to the Couth cad of the
cmfcway, is (ecu wh.it is called the Ori^.iiis, conipulcd
ol the l.iiiii: kiiiJ of pillars as tl.ofc we luvc alre.t iy dc-
(Liibid. Notwuhll.uidiiig the f;ieat appearance of art,
ii is lertaiii that all tlicle are merely the woik ol nature,
/iiice if this raufeway had been built by human beings,
tlicy mull hkcwile h.i\e built not only thcl'e clilt's but
al'o the locks, whieh even at feveral miles diftance from
the li:.> arc loriiieii in the fame m.uiner of convex and
c'i.-nca<x lloius nicely fitted In each other.
'I'he priiicipil towns in this county are the fol-
lowinL' :
Antiiiu is a rnnfider.ible thriving market-town and
coipuiutMin, tliiiierii miles lo the well of Carrickfergus,
and IS pli .if'.ntiv feated (ui both fides of what is called
the Six-milc \Vater, over winch is a handfome bridi^c.
Mere is a harbour for boats, and a Itately manfion-houfe
v.hich bell need to the late lord vilcount Mallarccn, with
a line p^rk. '
Cairiekl"r;ni?, or Kiiorkferiiis, is a rich and populous
;//'. borough, iiiiie-i; iniies Irom ])ublin, featcd on a bay ol its
own nanu-, where it has an excellent haibour, with a
(Irong caltle on a high rock, and had an ancient palace
converted into a magazine for arms. It is a fortified
place wiilled round, and has fome modern outworks.
I'l-e town ;;nd liberties have the privileiie of being a dil-
tinct count) , vet the allizes and iiuarter-lelliuns for the
tountv of Antrim arc kept (hire.
lieijalt k u.y. ' .ir th^ bottom of the bay of Carrick-
fergu;, thitc- leagu s from that town, and is the chief
place of trade, as well as ot beauty, in all this part of Irc-
lunJ. It has a very long itoiie-briJge over the river,
and lliips come up the Coimoyl-road, which is a fafe
comniodio!i3 harbour below the town, with good depth
of water. There arc here many rich merchants, and a
very conriderable trade from this part to Scotland, parti-
cularly to Glafgow ; the town and moff of the adj.icent
Cf unty being inhabited bv the Scots, who have their ic-
gular prefhvteiies, kirk-fi liions, and other judicatures here
as in Scotland, tli^' not with equal authoiity.
The coui-.v of J-onJonderry, or Coler.iin, is bounded
on the north bv a part of 1 Jonegal and the Northern ocean ;
on thcealt b\ Antrim, from wliich it is fcparated by the
river U-nn ; on the fouth and foiith-weft by the county
of 'I'vroi.c ; and on the weft by Donegal ; extending
thirty-fix miles in length, and thirty in breadth. It is
iubdivided into four baronies, which contain thirty-eight
pariflie.v, about thirteen tnoufand fix hundred houfes,
and (".-lids titjit members to pailiamcnr, two for the
county, and two for each ol the towns of Londonderry,
Colerain, and Newtown-Amivady.
It is a pretty champaign countrv, and very fruitful, its
bog!!y and heathy ground being manured by fhclls
brought trom the fea-coaft. Its chief river is the Hann,
which is rcmaikable for its beauty and clearncfs : itrifes
out of the .Mriirne hill.s in the county of Down, and after
lolliia both itlelf and name lor about thirty miles in the
l.ik:- calK'd '.ough-neagh, recovers its name again at
Tome eaOlR, from whence, being (h.uled with woods on I
/.^^•.
GEOGRAPHY
bank of the river, befid
Ikel.^sd.
es a foit, which lies below the
town: it islikewife iiuompalled by a llroii;^ wall;
bcfides the .linne lorts, there are (ome out-wuiks.
and
This
01
lioth fide;, it palien to the lea. There is a (mailer iiver ty, and two lor each of tiie
«i( the fame n.imc, and theieforc this is called the Great ! Johnflown, Donegal, Jijllyflian
city IS n;>t very large, but is handromely built : the IJrecti
arc wide, well paved, and all the houl'es of Hone. T|,^.
church is yery large and well built, and king \Vi||ij,'„
III. caukd a town-houfe to be erciited for the inliahi-
tants, in confidcration of their brave defence a -ainft his
enemies. There are a great number of {hipping bcloii'>.
ing to the city; and the merchants not only carry on \
great trade in the herring-finury, but have a coiilider-
able fhaie in many oihcr brain lies of foreign tiade ; cfpc-
cidlly to the Well-Indies, for which they are \ cry ad!
vantageotilly fituated ; for, being open to the Noithcin
and Wedern ocean, they are noi <.\pofed to the dan-cu
and delays which frcipicmly attend a palliige through"thc
Channel. 'Ihe city of Londonderry is inhabited eii'tirclv
by I'rotedaiits.
This city has rendered itfelf remarkable by th^- bravcrv
of its inhabitants in three lieges, in each of which thcv
wcreiliiveii to the greatclt extremity j but oMitrfd the
enemy to retire. I'be l.ilt gallant defence wat i:,_Jt
againit the French and I rilh troops of kins? James li
Irom the fcveiith of Dcrember, 1688, to the^ lalt day
July lObfj, which was the mote rimarkable from its' be-
ing belieged at a time when it was neither well fortilicd
noi li.id any garrifnn, or (lores of provifion or amnmii,.'
tion, and when relief was \o long comiiiL' liorn ErmljnJ
tii.it m.Tiiy I'ied for want, beddes w.'iat weie kilhd in lic-
lcir:c ol the town, in making fallies. But wlino the
people were reduced to the utniolf diftrefj by iaininc.
two fliips with provilions bravciy leirced their way to the
town, nolwilhllanding a boom being I.iid aciiil> thi;
river and the lire of the enemy's cannon from f.vc:j|
forts.
^ Colerain lies on the caft fide ot' the mouth of >h;
Cireat IJanii, three leagues from Londonderry, and j, ,
neat, handfome, populou.s, and walled town ; and a
place of good trade, particulaiiy in that kind of linen cal-
led Coleraine j but the river, though of a long courfe, and
bringing with it the wa'cr of all tiie rivers that difehar^e
fhcmfdvcs into the great Lough-ncagh, being conlincj
within a narrow channel, pours its waters oiit'with fuch
a furious current, that the tide is hardly (liong enougli
to Ifem it, fo as to promote its navigation : hence it
is very difficult for veli'els to make their way in ; nor
can any fhips of great burthen go in at all. lie-lidcs
the linen trade, it has a lalmon-fifliery, which is very be-
neficial. This town gives tne title of baron to the fa-
mily of Hanger
The county of Donegal, or TyrconncI, is bounded
on the eaft by the counties of Londonderry, Tyrone, .iiij
part of leiniaiiagh ; on the fouth by the bay of Done::.:!
and Fermanagh ; and on the well and north by the .Vt-
lantic and Noiihern oceans. It extends iixty-four miies
from the louth-ca(t to the north-well, and is fabdi\iJfd
into five baioiiie?, in which are contained forty paiilhcs,
with about ten thouland eight hundred houfes, uiid it
lends twelve members to parliament, two lor the coun-
aiid tvi'o for each of tiie following towns; S;.
ion, Kilbcg, and Lif-
lord.
liann ; thoii'h it is not very large.
This coiiniy, which was formerly wild and iincu'ti- I iJallyfhannon is featcd on a river that runs out of
vited, has been greatly improved by the citizens o: Lon- Lough-Frn into Doncga!|bay, where it i.iis a li.uboiir aiij
don, 10 whom king James 1. by letters patent, granted a tolerable trade. It is pretty well inhabited, eonlidcr-
this county, with the rity of Londonderry, and the town ' iiU' that this |iart of the country abounds with bogs and
of ljrder;un by llie name of ' The I'ocietv of the governor large lakes.
iiiul .:liiltaii'.s of London of the new plantation of L'lfter, I Donegal, from whence the county has its name,(}.znd5
in the realm of lieUnd, in confidcration of their fettling nine miles Irom liallylhaniion, at the bottom of a Ipj-
a colony there.' ' cious bay which has many good roads and harbours, but
London, erry, the fee of a bifhop, and the capital of no trade ; nor is there any thing confidcrable 111 the
the county, ia Icated on the welt lidc of the river I'oyl, town itielf. 'I'he baihour is fpacious, but the entraiic
one hundred and lour miles north -well- of Diihiut, and has fucli dangerous flielvc'. and rocks, that it is not lal<"
is the rfiucr of ira.le for this part of the country, though to attempt en!< ring without a pilot.
its river is not lo large as that at Colerain ; but it has a I^ough-Swilly, into which runs a river of the famf
iiMieh better port ; for (hips of the greatelf burthen go up name near Letterkcnin, a little market-town, is a fait-
Vkithoiit imeriuption ; and though it is twenty milts up water lake that runs about tvicnty mi'es fourh into th.-
the liver, very large!! ips f;il up even tothe cpiay, where country ; it is about five n.'les broad at the nmuth,
it IS from foul to bve fathoms deep. It is a modem place, has an ill.in 1 ci.lled Inch, and abounds with filli. A
b'.:;lt bv aeo;..;).inv of LonJon-Adveniiireis, in the reign thoul.md fail of (hips may tide fafe heic for twenty milt;
-.Ij.^
I. <i.d h.;:. three or four lalilts on the 1101 th toyetli
Tluie ate many vilKi^esand geiuleinciis fiats
oil
\
ill.llld, loaded \
Iceland.
r. IJ K O P E.
617
„„ in banks, ami yet it lias no tra.ic, thcro being only a
>;w lirtiin'^-boats wbich rcfort there to catcli hcrringr,
.m,i f.ilmoii, ot'wliic-h there is a prodigious plenty.
I,()u(;li-l)irg i.^ I'.imous fur ;in ill.md, in which is a cell
{.■■'/. wlurc the popifli Iri.irs iifcci (urnicrly to make their vo-
[it'tMus believe St. I'.itiick had Ins purgatory; ami that
he obtained it from Clod by his prayers, in order to con-
vince unbclicver,s of the iMimnrt.\lity of the foul and lu-
tiiic torments. It was anciently much frequented by
n.n)Ic of the RomiHi church, as well foreigiicis as na-
n\is, who came thither in pilgrimage, to do penance,
jiid perform religious ceremonies, though it was invented
fime ages after St. Patrick's death. Certain friars re-
filled on the ifland, who, after having made the pilgrims
vv..:tch and fait till their minds were prepared to receive
any imprefllons, amufcd them with lloiies of the (lran;;c
ajiparitions they fliouKI behold there, and lliutting them
up left them for fomc hourii in the dark ; and thus, when
let out, their difordcred imaginations made them te''
Itiangc Itorics of what they hail fecii .ind (uli'ercd. Tho
cjI! was, however, dcmolidv.il in the year 1497, bv the
authority of pope Alexander VI ; bat was alterwards re-
ftored, and again vilited by pilgrims; but in the latter
end of the reign of James 1. fome genilemeii being fent
by the government to fearch into the affair, found that
this pretended entrance into purgatory wai only a little
cell hewn out of a rock, fo low that a tall man i:ould but
jull I) I id upright in it, and of fiicli liii dl extent, th.it it
coul ,.)t contain moie than fix or eight perCons ; hut
when [he door was (hut, was quite dark : upon which
the lords julticcb b.iniflied the friars, ('eniu!ilh_d their
houles, and had the cell laid open.
C II A P. XXXII.
Of I C F, L A N D
aiK
1 G R E E N L A N D.
mouth of '.he
S E C T. I.
/;i Sitiialion, ExUnt, Cliniati; Face of tlu- Cnuntry, A/iiw-
>,ih, Fokan-jS, aiul itmarktibit hot Springs: ;/j / i^v/rtiiW
twil Animals.
ICELAND, which received its name from its excefTivc
coldnels, and the great flakes of ice feeii near it, is a
Ijf'c ifland in the Noiihern ocean, about tour hundred
and eighty miles diUjtit from the coait of Norway, and
lour hundred to the iiorthwaid of Scotland, lymg between
the eleventh and tweiity-l'eventh degree of weft longitude,
and between the fixty-third degree forty-five minutes and
the fixty-feveiith degree of north latitude. It extends
four hundred miles in length, and a hundred and li.'ty in
brt.nith.
ihis ifland is feati-d fo far to the north, that, during
f.vo months of the fummer, the fun never goes entirely
Kiev; the hori/.on, one-half rem.iining above it from ten
.It iii"ht till two in the morning, when it rifVs entirely ;
anil about the winter foKtice, fur two months, it never
nies wholly above the horizon, one-half ol it being
only to be Icen from ten in the morning till two 111 the
aliernoon.
They have always a fliort fpring and autumn in Icc-
!.ind before and alter the fummer fealoii. I he cold is
kverein winter, and the heat very intenfe in fummer, on
account of the length of the days, and tlieic being no
iii^ht to cool the air : but neither of them is inlupport-
abie, at leaft to the inhabitants, or the Norwe.'ijiis and
D.mcs. The air is alio falubrious, and agrees veiy well
with foreigners as well as the natives.
icihuui properly confifts of a prodigious range of
mountains running from call to welt, on the declivities
of which, and in the vallies lying between tiiem, the iii-
habit.ints live. Several of thefc high mountains are al-
ways covered with ice and fnow : but on others, ftateil
iit.ir the coall, are plains covered with verdure, feveral
mdis in extent, that produce fine grafs. 'I'hough the
r^.uiitrv is lo mountainous, there are roads pallable for
hnrfi.s in every part of the illand, and even carriages were
fermcrly uf'ed, but they are now laid afiJc, on account
rf the trouble attending them ; and every year Ibme hun-
dreds of pack horfcs come over the mountains from the
ii.irth to the trading places in the fouth parts 01 the
ill.iiid, loaded with butter, woollen manufaC.tures, 5<c.
wliich are bartered for other commodities.
In the rocks of Iceland cryltals are fomctimes found,
tr.uiv of which reprelent an objci^t Viewed through them
dntible; but thefe are properly only a I'pecics ot talc.
■| ..ere are likewifc evident ligns that the mountains con-
ical iron, copper, and even filvtr ortr, m^r which aie
95
found two kinds of agate, which will burn iilic a can. lie j
a Ipecie.s of bitumen, black, (hining, and p-etty hard;
with another fort of black eaiili, lli.u is Itill harder, and
breaks into thin diaphanous lamin.-; ; this lafl is not in-
flammable, but vitrifies in tlie fire. In one part of the
ilLind fulphur is dug out of the ground, but the fulphur
trade is now difcontinued.
Though this ifland is feated fo far to the north, earth-
quakes and volcanoes are more known than in many
countries in much warmer climates : the f.uiiicr have fe-
veral times laid the country dcfolatc, paiticularly in the
years i-?4, 1752, and 1755, when licry eruptions broke
out ol the earth, and produced very fatal confe.jucnces.
.Many ot the I'nowv mountains have alio gradually be-
come volcanoes. (.)f thefe burning mountains Heela is
tiie belt known, efpcci.'.lly to forcigiieri. It is in the f'ou'h-
calt part of the ifland, not far from the I'e.i. I his moun-
t.iin has frequently fent forth fi.imes and a torrent of
burning matter. i"he inhabitants formerly imagined,
that this is the [)lacc where ti-.c fouls ol tlie damned arc
tormented. Its eruptions have been very frequent, efpu-
cially in 1693, when they were mod dreadful, and o^ca-
lioiied terrible dryaltations, the aflies being thrown all
ruuiid the ifland to the dill.ince of a hundred and eighty
hnglini miles ; but lince that time it is laid that Hecia
has been free from eruptions. 'I his mount.iin takes up
(out hours to alVcnd from its lo.)t to the fumn;it, and on
the notth-wdl lide i> a vail chai'm, rearliing nsjiii the
top almolt to the bottom ; and it is remarkable, that
wufle flames and ignited matter ilfucd from this ehafm,
the huge mal'.es (jf ice and fnow, with whi'.di the other
lide was covered, were not melted, though the heut was
(b intenfe as to calcine large Hones and o!ii?r f'uhlianccs.
Notwiihllanding the eruptions of Ilecla have been
(lopped for a conhd-Table time, others have fince broke
out. The huge mountain of Crabla in particular ben-an
on the fevcnteentli ofMay, 1724, to cje.^t, in a terrible
manner, fmoke, lire, cinders, and Hones, which were
followed by a fiery Itreani like fufcd metal. The lava
continued to move fluwly on, lor about eight or nine
miles, as far as the lake of Mynat, into wliich it dif-
charged itfelf ; but did not ceafe till the end of Septem-
ber, 1729, when the eiuptions of the mountain lubfided.
They were, however, loon lolluvved by the eruption of
three of the adjacent mount.uns ; and it is a common
obfervation among the inhabitants, that when the ice
and (now are lo .accumulated on one of the mountains
that formerly ejeclcd lire, as to itop the cleft . .md chailns,
which were the tpirades whence pioceedcd Imoke and
flimc, a new crujition is not far ililtant. In 175O a
niouuiain, named Cotlii;uu, which l.ad twice bcluiecall
!o:th ti't; and fmakt, be^an again to llaiiic,
I 7 i< It
)i
^ I1
fe
I'
-,|.i
Mfj^'5!
il t
m
;•!.' '
i;;i
biK A S Y S T F. M O F
It is allii rcm.irk.ililc, that Iprinr.s iiatiiral'y warm,
ami cvcTi thdfi.' that arc hot, arc truiMciuly Kjund in
Jtelaml, with olhtrs that ha\c a mineral tallc. Ahout
nimmt llcrla arc levc;.;l fmali hakins o;' warm water,
which I'limi'timfs emit a copious llcam, tluiiiyh atothcts
this vapmir is not li)\il.'iio. I'liclc hot rpriii.',s arc ol
tl'.rcc lotts ; (iinic arc a iitile mure tliaii tcpiJ, l.i that a
pcrlon n)av lioM his h;inJ in tlic w\tiT withioit anv in-
cnnvcnitiu'c : others arc iohotas to rile in liii.ill l)iiM)lrs
lilcc water Itinmciing ovci the (ire ; but in other tlie cImiI-
litioii is I') llron:; as to furce the waters up lu a c<mhvler-
alilc height. 'The l.ilt (brt arc chrerve.i lo a: 'ithcr pc-
rini'.ical or variahle in their chulhtion:, ; paitieiil.irly ill a
dilhict iiameJ Rvykcr haiboiii , arc thtcc iiot Iprin^is a-
b'aut tliiity fa;iioiiis dillancc from cacli other, wliich
bubble lip alternately ; and this ebullition generally
happens in each of them about tline times in a(|iiiiter
nl jii hour, 'riiough thel'e wells lie in a plain, they
fpiiiig (Voni a hard Itony boitom, w'leic two of them
tjfcX the witer from the inti.rli;cci bctw.eii the liones,
ahout an ell in height ; but in the bottom of the thiol
is a round .iperturc, throu.>h whieh, in i's tarn, it throws
t!ic water hve or lix ells hi^'.h. Alter thij it hibfides .1-
buut two ell', and one may po down, cli;riii.' tliat inter-
val, and taicc a fuiv.-y of this wonderful fptinj;. Its
ebullition lui three gi.td.itions : duriii;; the lirlt, tlie
water rifes half way up the cavity ; aitei wards it fills to
the top ; ani the tl.iid time (huots v\i to |lv ,ib.tvc-mcn-
tioMcd heijht. Whin the water i;. fiibridiii.', it ahforbs
any lij;ht lulillmcc, as a piece of wood ; but at the le-
turn of ihe ebuiittieii ejects c\eii the heavy Hones that
arc tnrowii into it.
Ciyler, a fpiina; in the valley of Ila.-.i lei, iil'.; in a
hollow rock at the foot of a mountain. .Mr. Olave,
who faw it in ly-vO, fays the cavity is about twenty
fathois in circumtercncc, and three in ik-jnh. 'I'herc
is a fmall .'•.periurc at the bottom, though which ttie
water c;'.ncrallv rifes till it runs over the bifon : then
follows a terrible nolle like the dileh.irge of liii.dl arms,
'.v.'tieh lli.ikes the very roek. After this iioil'e has been
repeated huir or live times, the water, which ij hot, emits
u thick tUvm, like fmoke, is violently aj>itated, and
fpiiii^s up to the height of lixty fathoms, in Inch iiuaii-
tities as to form fevcral hot rivulets on every lido of the
rock. The riling and violent ai;itatioii ot the water
ccafes in fix or feven minutes, and the c-vity, or b.ifon,
becomes cmptv. 'I'tiis .ilbuvlhin^ phienon.enoii hai |ieus
cnce adav, .int\ is periodical, returnni;^ at a certain hour:
but wiu-ih. r the ai'itations of ih.s ipiinj (orrelpond
wllii the tiilos ill the neighbouring le.;, h.i^ not been ile
lermined.
Ill fevcral of thcfe hot Iprinfrs the inhal-iiants who live
near them boil iheir viillu.ils, only by h.^iiyiii;; a pot, in
v.-luch the flefli is put in cold water, in the water of the
I'lrin" : they alio bathe in the rivulets that run f'rijin
them, w!iie(i, bv dcfjrccs. become liikc-warm, or are
cooled by their beiii^» mixed with rivukta of euld water.
I'hc eow5 that drink of thtle lpiin;;s arc laid to yield an
extraordinary quaiuitv of mil-: ; and it isiikewil'e elt-riii-
c.l vciv wholclomc when .Ir.ink by the hu.'i.in l'|)Ccics.
The iiot Ipriiif; near Cryfevij; emits a very ifioii^ and
fetid I'ulphiiieous vapour j and Ion', of thcit Cpruigs are
(aid to I c (b intenfcly hot, as 'o calcine bones.
Salt fr.rings ate not known lie'c; however, fait has
boeii four,d at the foot of tiie burniiii; mout'.tains ; and
that fait mi.;ht be mjJe here by art is utuj leuionable,
tiom the fueccl's of firmer trials.
Tlicre are bur tew woods in thi iflan I, th'ui^h here
and there a fmall w.-od is to be feeii ; but i:reat num-
birs ot l.irge and fmall t.-ecs arc driven hithei by the lea,
I'fpccially <'n the lu^rth coall, where they ueiicrally lie and
for, the mliabiiants having no ftiips to convey tne wood
for fale to their countryiii' n. 'I'huie ;'re here a L'rcat
quantity of Ihrubs, on which grow all lorts ot berries, as
juniper, blackberries, &o. and thelc are burnt every
vcar lor riiarco.d, which is ufed bv the n.uivcs in their
ibfos. 'I'liC common fuel of the country is turf, (.imc
ot wliich has a very ilrong (iilp/.iircoiis (n.eil, and 111
fome |.iris of the illand they even burn ti(h bones.
Very "ooil cral's prows not only in the vallies, wiiich
border I'll- the lake, and rivers, but alio in the huUuvvs
• parts <,
to hai
lllr.u-
er
G E O G R A IMl Y. Jcel.as!,.
between the moun'.iins, and fomctimcs on their fuiueii's
The Hnelt p.illurcs aic in the northeiii parts ol the iljaj'rj'
where the giat's fpriiv^s up vciy talt to a gie.u In., |,t'
I he cattle are geuer.illy driven to gr.i/.c anions the iiu,m-.'
tains, where thiy liud good pall u re ; but the grafs (|,..(
grows near the habitations ol the leelaudcrs is rccivt'd
tor uinter fo.lder.
ilcie .lie alfo many falubrious aixl medieinul hcib, a-
(Ciirvy-gral's, famphire, angelica, whiili is inucii i'il]
by the iiiiiabitanls, and beri;-niafs, a kind of oiIolUukis
nulls that is very iioiiridiiiig, great i]u.mtiiies ol «||;,,,
arc laid up by the inhabitants for ocealional ufes. lialKi'.
to lew ciculciit vegetables liave been cultivated in K e,,ip,| ■
but as a;l kinds of culiiiaiv' herbs thrive in thv: gaivkiis jl
Helhli.idci, .iiid thole of ihc epii'copal pdaees, a ij „,,j.
bablethat, w.ih puper culture, tluy would alio I'low ju
molt paif of tlic ill.iiul. °
I'lic iiihabitanto are entirely difcouraged fiom pi,;r,,.
'"a -'ijriciilture, as they have not yet been able, in tnn
(oil, i.) biiiig any c-jiii to maturity j yet fomc
tile ulaiul ,ire .v'.ovvn, by I'cver.il cviJ^iu trace
v'Ceii lorii.eily cullivateil.
lj;eavl is but little known amom; the comnvin pcoi'«
h>r though a larj.e i|uantity of meal and bread
a!Jy impoited into the barbinirs of Icehm !, t
elals ot people can purc:iale but little or none ol it w
account ot the price. Tney, hov/evi r, make a ki;|.J (,1
meal and breiid, of a fort ol wild b.iriey, wli, til grow;
thcie ; and in times of fearcity have ie,:ui:rle tu .; ),,
vcget.ible, cilled in Latin u.'-^ii /lui: ii:n fticdnjira, \\vr^
IS dried betbrc the lire, and told at h.i.I i. ..■ piKcofctj i
Idli. The cattic teed on this (ea-wee.. at low Water and
preler it t j any oth.r iiiaiinc vegctabli s.
Jivars are freijuently diivcn on tids ifl.mJ withthcLu-e
flakes ol ice lioin i-j'eenl.md ; hut til. iiiiiauu.mts a:e"|)
vigilant and dexterous in deftroyii'g them, that t!:e only
Ipecic.- ct wild be.iils to be found 111 IcilaaJ art lox.i
tome ot which arc brown ;iml otncr.s white.
I iie holies here, as in all otiicr iioith.ni countries, a';
Imall, but Itiong .iiid lull of mettle, and, c.xcept t.u (.
: ruke lor the l.idd'e, lie in the open ;.ir all iti-- yc.r fi.uii.;.
Ill winter they lu tut only on wh.vc lod.'ci thev ..an Icia.ie
trom under thi ice and tnow. biieli hoit'-» ..> ilie owncj
have IM iinnii.diate oceatinn Ibi, are turn, d out aiiion •
the moiin ains ; and whin waiiti' tiiev |/,i in ijucli ot'
tliem, e\eiy one ki.owmj hu ovVii iio.lc by ceiijia
marks.
Cireat numbers of llieep arc to br- ll'n in IcelaiiJ, .mj
whcic tlie in!i..l)ii.iius arc chiefly emploved in giazint;, it
is not uncommon tor a man ;o tie maltir ot a fjcti;
of four 01 hvc hundred of them. In the winter
|. alon they liiive their flocks to flulter at night, and m
VI ly levcrc weather alio keep them undir covi-r in tiie
d.iv-imie. 'I'hc grazing countries lie chielly in the.Hji-
thctn and eaiti rii parts of the illiiid ; lor the inhabi-
tants of the lout.iein, being modly en. ployed in lifiim,;,
le.ive their flocks abroad both in tiimmer and wmtir.
Xatiire, however, lee is to have provided a fhtltcr l:;r
them, tlierc being large caves into which ihcy arc lure
to retire in fiverc we.niicr. In winter, when the fnnvv
is not veiy deep, and the weather is intlinable to be lair
an I mild, the Ihcep .ire turned out to pick what they cv.\
find undei the In e.v -. when if ihcy h.ippcn to be lur-
pii/.ed by its falling in a great quantity, they iiiitandv
torm tiiemlelvcs into a dole compact i-odv, by lavni.;
their hcails together in the center. In this pohure il.ev
are quite covered with the Inow, iuul ate fmietimes In
benumbid with cold, as not to be .iblc to help themfeivcs
till their owner happening to lii J tl.c-ri, clears tiieir w.;y
out. This is often a work of (bme days, imd Ircvpicnliy
the weight of the incumbent fnow is li> great, tiia: tlitv
arc crulhed down by it, and killed before their nuilt.u
can come to tticir relief. When thev p.il's fomc days un-
der the Inow, the fiieep, in the extremity of lumber, I;.. ve
been known to c.it one anoilur's word ; but tins is ap;
to difiirder thi'in very much; on wliich account, wl.en
the inhabitants have any ap|>rv henlir r.s ol bad we.it.i.r,
they take raie to kci'p their flocks at liomc.
'i'hewool ol their (licep isverycoarle ; but afonicwh.'
finer loit lies under tlie other. Thi.lc writers are nv.
taken who obknc, that all the fl'.ccp in tliii, ilhi.d fj.;
n ..'.
IcELANB.
E U R O I' P
6' J 9
more tlun t .vo lijrns : a few of tl-cm iiiJccJ have five,
|,).ai- liavc fijiirliniMs, but tiny h.ivc generally only two.
As fijr i;o-i!s '''^y ''•'*'^ '"3 ^'-''t nunrlicr of them, ionic
•I llic IcL'lanJ cows ;;:iil oxen h.uc no horns j and in the
niiilliern parts they are Ic.l wnh lull bunes, aiiJ tiie
iv.i'.cr in whii-i". lilli h.is been boiKJ. Here are no ho;j;s.
i\i ti. .'(■:iiellic aniniils theie aic a I'uffieient number of
J,,";, ami but very tew lais.
"riic kecpiiij; fjf piuiiiry anJ all ot'icr lamc fowl isfoex-
rcniivr, that very tew of tiieni are to he (een here : but
jli,;V b.ive plenty o; fwans, wi'nl y.eefc, anJ Jueks, a-
i!i iii'^ whiih may be reekoneil the tiJer, the ei'c.s ai.J
If.itliers of whieh arc nm.-h value.!. 'I'lieic arc likewile
Indies, wo- Jcocki, anJ otlr.r vvi!J-fov/l. At certain
1, 1115 •ii^ increJihle nUM'.her ol e,; '^-^ of fea-fowl, of whielt
I'k- inhabitants arc very fonJ, a:c founJ alon^ the lea-
cift.
The birils of prey are the ca^lc, hawk, raven, and
Ulcon : fomc of the lail arc entirely white ; otiicis are
intlly of 'hat colour, and others hroivn. In ev^ry dil-
iriit are certain falconen., wlio are .done enipowi.red to
c.uch faleons : thefe carry tliem to the kin; of L" en-
mark's fakonry at B.Mieft.ider, wiierc the kiny'.i f.'.lconer,
who annually vilits that place, picks out tiic bclf. 'I"he
governor of lei'land pay3 tiic falcoiie.'b fifteen ri>;-dollai.s
i,ircvciy white f.deon, ten for one that is jiartly wliite,
.-.lid feveii for every brown falcon that is cholen ; befides
u'liieh '.he falconers receive a ;.',ratuity of five or fix ri.\-
Joll.i'S when they liill bring them in.
Thi' rivers, lakes, and bay.s, with the other parts of
(he fta, fupply the Icelanders with prudiijiuus quantities
i,f various kinds of fifti.
SECT. II.
Cft'.-e Pirhr.s, Fotd, Drcfi, Emphynunts, Lan^iwg.:, R,-
, am! rrnJc of tfh' kflmdcis i'lhi Di
Is'jt:, Gmernment.
vU: >n oj the Cowitry
lid A'u/iilrr cj Iiiiudit.ir.t!.
TME Icelanders arc naturally of a rohuft and viijo-
r.)ii:i conlHtution ; but are oficn worn out by the
CHiuiiiual fatigues and hardfhips they undergo at lea in
llkir hOiericj ; and when about fifty year:, of age be-
come alHicU'd with various difeafes, elpeeiallv thofe of
the bruilf and Iiiik;s; whence lew of thein arrive at an
advanced age. In cafe of fickncN they entirely relign
thcinfelvcs to nature and i'rovidence, lor there is not one
phvfieian or furgcon in the wliole ill.ind. Indeed a few
pcrlons keep medicines by them, vviili which thy arc
fupplied from Denmaik ; but they ai.: not very well ac-
qiijiiitcd with their virtULo, or the nuthud of adminif-
tcrinr:; them.
The ufual food of the inhabiiants is ficfli and dried
fdl, milk, oat-meal, and Ikfh ; but they chieily live on
dried fifli with butter. Tliey c.it all their provifions
without fait. Their coninir:n drink is milk, which,
when I'wcet, they drink by itfelf ; but when it turns
four, mix it with water. They arc very fond of beer
and fpirituous liquors, and the moll weahliy .nmong them
fometimes purchafe red and white I leueh wines.
The Icelandcis .ire wifely contuKeJ with what apparel
their own countrv furnilhes. The cloth which they
wear is called wadmal ; bcfules wi.ich they alio ufe .i
Ejariiient of tlofe linen. However, foiiic of the inntrv
■Ire fund of appearing in cloths and Hull's made in Den-
mark, thoii;'h a Hult' manafae'lory has lately been fet up
at lielleltader. Tie ir lilhing-diel's is m.ide of untamied
leather, which is kept pliable by being rubbed with the
liver of rilhes.
As they arc obliged to buy their timber of the Dajiitl)
company ctl.ihlillied here, they build their iuniles as
cheap as pofliblc ; fo that they arc neither very cennmo-
diOMs nor handfome.
The Icelanders are chiefly employed in fidiilig and gra-
zing, and when they arc nut engaged in either of thefe,
(fpeeially in wiiitci, both the men, women, and chil-
dren knit woollen wailfco.its, lKickin,-s, gloves, and the
like; and alio employ themlelves in weavuig Iceland
dotli. Their luonis Indeed arc but very inditi'crcnt j
b.it tliof- made ill Denmark now begin to be iiil.-odu'.eJ
among ihem.
The leelaiid language is the fame with the old Norwc-
gi.in, tikuigh it is not at prcfent rpinc puic and iiiuor-
rupted. 'They arc not vs'anting in mental endi-wmeiits,
which is evident fiom tiie learned men and in;;, nioui ar-
tilts tills illaiid has produced. Several of thi^ir authors
have written very ai euiatc and eleg nit dill'-rt.itions reU-
ting to the northern hiliory. They even brg.m to culti-
vate llie lludy rf letters fo early as the year i i p.
I'lie only religion toK rated I'll Iceland is the Lutheran.
Ihe church's of the ealt, liiuili, and welt qiiancrs arc
under the juiildiction (if the biihop of Skaalholt, and
thofe ot the ncrtn ipiarter arc fuhj-.d to the bifliop of
Hoohim. 'i'he bifliops of Iceland cultivate the cHat s an-
nexed to their relpeclive fees, anil their annual produce
is about two thoufand rix-dollars ; but out of thefe reve-
nues a Ifaied fum is appropriated to the rcdlors and aflilt-
ants of tiie fehool, .mid the niinillers of the cathedral ;
lielidvs this, a certa.n number of fcholars mull: be lodged
aiul clothed, an ! .dfo the billiop's palace, ^.ce. muft he
kept in good repair out of tlic fame revenues ; and after
thefe deductions the remainder is the billiop's income,
^oiii-' of j.iic preachers are liberally provided fur; oth;.r4
but inJilTercntly; and many of them very fcantily ; a-
moiig the latler not a few of tncni arc obiieed to Lc fa-
tislied with the poor pittance of lour rix-di,l.a;s, which
amounts to about eighteen fliillings a year.
1 he leeular goveriinni.t of this ifland under the kinij
of Denmark, ij lodged in the general governor of lee-
l.:nd and Faroe, who ufially lefides at Copenhagen, and
deputes under him a pit:c:t, who lives in t.'.e kini''s pa-
lace at lielllllaJcr. Here is idio a culleeior, who 1cvk»
all the king's revenues in the iiland, and palies his Uv-
coiinti at the treafurv.
'The revenues of Iceland arlfe, Firft, from t't.e farrHj
ol the ports or harb(niri, wliieli annu.illy amount to a-
bovc lixteen thonf.ind lix-dollars. Seeondlv, trom ih';
taxes and tithej, wiiieli aceoiding to the cultoni i f the
country a;c aceounteil lor in lilhes, and fain.ed to pri-
vate ])erlon3. 'Tliirdly, (rum the farmers of the fequcft-
ercd convents and ciown kinds. Fomtidy, from the
king's boats J and,liulily, fnnn the bundled .'nd tl'.!rt)-
eight ells and a half, :;nd niiieiy-iv.-o p-aii of lIuekiiiL'S,
delivered in annually by every dilbict, called a fjli'.l, ;ind
likcwil'e one hundred and feventy-tv/o pounds of <ifl»
payable by fomc fyU'els. There are eighteen of tlieie
Ijll'els or ililtiich in Iceland.
With rel'pcct to the diUributioii of judice, here are
two fiiperior judges, one of whom pieliJes over the fouth
and call ipiarters, and the other over the north and wed ;
each ot thefe has ufually under him a deputy or inferior
judge. There aie alio twciitj-one fylleimen, 'Aho arc
a kind of inferior officers, who, I elides levying the kill"'.-;
revenue fanned in their icl'pective f^llus, hold (everal
courts of judicature to which belong ceitaiii diltricts ;
but an appeal lies from thefe to a provincial court, it! /cry
luperior judge deteimincs the caufes belonging to h;s di-
lliiet, and has eight aflilt.mts. T'he fupieme court oti
the iiland io under the piefecf, afiiiled by twehc fupj-
rioi judges. IJu: if the cauie amount to a certain fum.
an appeai lies trom this court totlie fuptenic court at Crj
pei.hagen.
F'or the rcgulatiein of ccclefial'.ical affairs, here isapro-
\olt court ci.nli Hi rig of thcp.-ovoU and iwoallitiants. 1 1ik
next is a cdiilillory, which, as well as the otiiets, is heii
at Oxcia, for the diocefe of hkaalholt, to which bel )ti-;i
one hundred and lixiy-thrcc p.adl'ies. In this conf.llury
the r.icleci, as the repreient.aivc oi tlic goverror, firs sj
picfident ; the provoil and niinillers, and even the biihop
himfclf, being only afnllaiits. In the diocci'e of Moo-
lum, 'which contains cue hundred and loity parifliet, a
conliliory is held in autumn .;t a feat called Fiige Myre,
where tiie prcfLcl deputes anoiher to rcprefint him as prc-
fidciit. From the conlilKries an appeal lies to tiie fu-
prenie court at Copeiih.igen.
The capital punilhmcnls innafled on male criminals
ill Iceland is belua ling with an ax, and hanging to a
wooden beam li\el in ihe clilF of a lotk ; but fiinale*
who have forfcircd their life aic out in a fack .tnd liiea
drown'.d.
a With
t>
11 'ill
III
k :
■ 'M
' t':
-11
11''
11
^
Hi
i:s
1 'ii''
1 ;o
A S Y S 1 1. M I- G F. O Ci R A I' H Y.
filtF.r.NI -At.
\\m1i
III I ; J ; 1", .1 loy.l
i-onur.cm- (;l hci;iiii! it iv.i:(i l-i-
y ili.ii I'.niii.s it vv.is tli.iblillKil
iLiricr, ;inil liilfil I he Uil.iii! L'om-
I'liiv I't Cupenli.igi n. 'I'liis tnni|>-iiiy rciul> ivviniy-
tiiKi- (hip rvcry yi'.ii, wiiliilnir ('..iiuLs iiiul luli-l.icf 'is,
\vhi\ilit ;ill ilii; pons on ilii ill.iii'l. riiclcpnils .mkI
liailniiir> iiic ilivicUd intu ll.lli .mJ fiili ports ; the luiinn
an- hill I i;.',M ill iHit'ilHT, .ilul lie im tiie iKiitli an! rjll
fo„(l3 ol inc ifl.iiiJ ; but tlic l,iiu-| .:m loiiitccii, .ml thcli:
Iri'ii ihi- ii'iiih w.H li.li'. Tlii'ic arc allu loiiic poits
fidiii vvliic li h.itli IK Ih .iiiii lillj .i:.; cxpiirti'il- 'I'he iiaiuf.-.
tiihtr b.iiitr tlu'ir (.DiiiiihiJiiii-; loi (link- vi DoiiiiKuk,
or riTcivL rfuly niiiiu'y Imiu tluiu in D.iiulh iiowiis aiul
ilnll.iis, in pTuportum to (he laiul I ix m lait: rmltJ by
tlu" kind's oiibiiuicc. I'lii.' cattle ii.i- iklivcnJ lo tiic
faOtots at the Oilli polls :ib r.it •Jk'CiuI ol Ati^;iilt, aiiJ iii
fhr lilh pi'ii'! tlicy piiKli.i:i' all tbi- louiul iltii-d cuJ, liiii/,
and tt.iin oil, actotilin^', to tin- li.\i..l lair.
Acioimis .in' kipt hi'tr, and :.ll cakulations ni.iilt: by
fidu'S ; a iifli, wliich is properly tivo poiiiul.-, ol bib, be
in;; (■quA\ to a liib (iliilling, aiul tonlciiuinily loity-
ii(.'bt bllu- aio ttinai to a Ipn le dullji woilli about lonr
fliil'ini'.s ami lixiHiiri; iUiiing. Danilh inaiks at eight
lub-rilullii!:','. arc foiiutiims tiiiitiit here, and alio,
tbiHiu'b rt!i;r;ii, (bnic liib-lcbflling pieics. A ijuarter ol
:i Ipi-iic dollar, equal to iweKc tithes, is tbu iiiiallelt
pieie < t ir.oney current in Iceland ; (o that any bal.m. e
uiuier tbi> not iJL-iiig payable in in;iiuv, i' nuiie up in lilll
and tobacco.
The cNpints fioni Iceland c'nirily conlill in
bill,
laltcd imiiton, a good de.d ot heel, butter, and tiaiii oil ;
a jiic.it quant, tv ot talbnv, ro.irle and line jacKcts ol
Uel.ind v.o..lcii cloth, uooleii ihK'kiiijrs and gloves, red
wool, fliccp-tki:is and laiidi-lkins, loxtaiLsot Icvcral co-
lours, Icuthcis, and qiiiils. In 1751 the late king Fre-
derick V. in order to enable the icelandcr.s to impriivc
tlieir ir.aiuiraiStiires, .Tiui to promo. e traJe and coniiiicicc,
bellowed on ilieiii a boiintv ol ten thoiil.ind ri\ dnllars,
and lent tlum liva tboui'an.i more. I'lu- in',por:3 to Ice-
land ate chiclly iron lioiK (In is, timber, iiie.il, bie.ul,
wine, braii.lv, tobacco, coai.e linen, .i lew bile llu;.;.,
and donieltic iitenliLs,
IccUinJ, acc(.:rJin5 to the general divifion, conl'ilts ol"
four (luartcLs, which dciive tbeir names from the lour car-
I'in.il points towatus which they lie ; this diviruin is caii-
Kd bv lo many branches of niouiitaiiis that fepaiatc (be
ipiaiters tVom each other. Hence the nudille ol the
liland ii net inhabited, th.: people living only in Ihcle
v.illev^, wlii-h arc beiwecn twciuv and thirty miles broad,
.aid ate properly the Ixliils, jult mentioned, to wbiih
otbar I'mill v.dleys amcuig the mountains, wbcie good
paUuie are found, liLewile belong. From thele moun-
tains fee: ral br, oks and nvcrs, lomc ol which arcveiv
co;di.!c:a'jle, run into the vailevs, and .iliVud excel-
!:nt Cifll.
Tbc number of the inli.ibitnnts of Iceland, .iccnniing
:,) an authentic comput.ition, aniouius to about fifty
•.''KHilan.!. Yet there arc no towns of any conlequence,
rhi.;i«:h there are a number of trading places at each har-
bour. 'The villages are ci-inpoled of thirtv, or (oriy,
..11 i luinetimes liltv liiiall dwciiin ;s, placed at a di;!aiice
irein eac'n oihcr.
S F. C T. in.
0/ Gro:ni..\nd, sr (Ihijenland.
(Jf ill Sittiiili:'!, Ci:mat,\ I ig/t<ihlft, Animcih ; piirli,nLi'iy
'.\h
end Siiil.
'•'ill fiji], Scu-Vi:iciin, HiLtril fij/>, tht
I
is not yet deri-rmine,! to wbieh part ol the cartl;
Cir'.-eniand properly belongs ; yet as it extends a.s far
t.i tiu- c.ill i^ the lall mentioned illaiid, and is even fup-
_, , pobd lojoiii Spitzberg, which is fcatcd in thirty degries
J.'.-.V- v.dt longitude, it can no where be more properly placed
til. Ill lure. Its lull e>.tent and dimcnfions arc entirely
unknown. Tbc molt loutbeily part lies in the hftv-
in'£fl. nii.ih d'"L'rcc liliy minutes iioith l.ititude, Iroiu whence
'.he cuall Itrctchcii tu tbc iioiili welt be\oiid the kvcnlv-
cii.\Iith depire of noitli brilude, while the c.idern cn.id • '
iiMclie:., aecordin:; totbe Daiiifli writers, in iheei V " "
leciuid. 'Ihe wilt coall was hrll difeoveied 'nx icL''^' '^
Mr. Joliii D.ivis, an J'nglilhmaii, lioni «honi ,'|,;.
Ilieigkis that run between the loiiniient of N,,ii|| A,,,.'
iic.i .iiul (;ioiil.,iid an; called by hi, n.iiTie.
t^n tile c.dleiii and foiithrrn co.ilt vail fl.ikcs of i •,
wbuii m.iy pi,,|n,ly be lalld illands, are fien, and iIhu
are (liivcii hom Spit/:i.;rg towards the (iuuh bv ;;>.''
Ilioiig cuilent. ^ . ■' '/
The ealt liUi ol Cireinl.ind, wbieh is oppn(ii(. tu |-.
Ian!, i'. at prelect in.iccefiible, on aecoimt ot tlieiiu,.,.,"
t.iins ol iie, which life to an altrmthing hei..|)t, v,.j||'
will, lube lea IS covered: this jiaitis tlicrJilie unkiio.v.i !
bill filling betwerii tlule and Iceland, Cevci.il advn '
Hirers hiuefareli arrived iheie, and this coiiite ili- l)u,j.|,
III p.irticiil.ir, b.ive aOlual'y llei r<'il. '
I be well tide ot vlicinlaiid towaids Davi .% ,Sireli.>hu
is, however, better known ( 'ii lh.it lide the e(i.i|( '
delendcd by locks and Icveral l.irgc and I'm. ill illanj^'
It has alfo wide and deep bav,.-, which run a cn;it w.i'j
into the land, lonie ot which are ilie imiutlis uf Jif ,'..
rivers, and oihers form good roads and harbours. | i,,!
main-lihd mnhUs ol little more than conluled lu.i'n ,,f
rocks, the lunimits ot which are always eovnn! ivi.n
ice and liiow ; as are alio li>nie ol tlie valleys.
I he ebiii.ittf .IS lar as the nanilli colonies h ivc pr.
iirirated is 1 iiiliippoit.ible ; but the wi,.lhcr isviii.
ih.iiigiiMe and unlettle.l. nuiiiig the fiiinnvr k,i|...|
whuli bills iioiii the end ol M.iy to the midii|e ,,| :y,','
teiiijiei, the fun ihines bright and very w.irin, ,t:uI (,;,
the m.iin-land, above which no cluud can br fi/n, ,;,,,
wcilbcr IS veiy pleafant and always clear: but i,,,,j
damp log that iiitcicepts the fun-beams tontiiiiiiHy
hovels over the ill.iiids, except in the month of .•\ii> u|f
which is tbc only time in the vvh.de year when tliev.i-
pours aie dillolved. 'I'he r.iins that fall here are iieitliir
lieqiieni nor heavy. In tliis cliinat,- it feldum tliun.Krs
iiiid llorins, which arc very r.ire, arc of no Ion.; centi-
nuaiue; but the molt violent i;iills id' wind come I'rnin
the fnith. Tbc winters, as far as the fixtyl'mntli 4.. (.J. J
grec of latitude, arc geiurallv re. koned by ilu' D.mcs
.ind Noiwegians pretty rcmpciatr, 10 whuh the culm
and clear we.ither may greatly contribute. IJut when a
north-call wind blows, which comes from niouiiuiiis
covered with ice nn.l fnow, it is extremely levei- ; the
air being tb.ick and tilled with clouds ol icy panicles
which caiile a molt piercing fioft. The fnow fills in
lefs quantities in that part ol (ireenland known to the
Danes, th,m it does in Norway; for in the former, efw-
cially nchr the rivers in tbc inland j aits, the riiuw iots
not exceed b:dfan ill iti de|uh.
Tins ;;c:ount o( the weather is Iriic only of the
knithern pirl.s of this country fiibi<\1 to the D.ines ; i,ir
to the noubward of the tixiy-eighth decree of Litituik' ti\
the cidd is in winter fo cxceflive, that the molt f|ii:i:ii.iiii
liquors, as French brandy, will freeze near the lir,'-(;Jo.
As the weather is 111 this climate very calm, the ice in
the b.iys between the iflands is not dillurbcd till the end
of .^^lguft ; and even in the creeks it does not bi.nii
to thaw till the elide id' May, when it is L'raduallv w.ilh-
ed nwav bi the agitation ol the waves. From juiic to
Augull the fun is continu.illy above the boii/.oti, anJ
confeiiuriuly during that term they have no night j hut
in winter the fun is iiivilible to the Ciicrnlaiiders, ■•.lul
their d IV is imthing more than the moriiin;; anu evciii'v-
twiliuht, which do not I. ill above two hoio:.
Ill the v.dleys and plains the foil co.ilills of nio-r iinJ
turf-land, and in Ionic tew fpot«, particulaily in ilic
(outh parts, ill about lixty-oiie de,-rceb of latitii.le, crmv*/.
tine gr.ils, with yellow Hower.s, the roots of which Imill
in the ipring like mIis, aiigr!i.-a, fcurvy-nralV, vmKI
rofemarv, .\\\\ fome good efculeiit herbs. Iii.bed ih.;:
part id the county which lies bctwicn tbc fixiietii .,i;.U<>-
lixty-lourth degree of latitude h.is the bell toil ; l.i
that in Ionic places cabbages and tuincps thrive very well,
and the l.ittir are remarkably Iwcet. 'Fbcrc is not a tree
of any kind to be feen in the country, (xcept on the fiJes
of a bay, bxtv Norwaj- miles to the foutli of Hrpe-cii-
lony, wlicic a little coppice ol birch trees ^row: but ibeir
Irui'.iiS
lit f. r.Ni -^r,
fn thcci.Jiti K.
1 "h(i:ii ill',,
' N-i'li Aii.c-
fl.ikcs of jt-,.^
'■'■", ■■'■n>\ thiu
mil liv ;i V ;
PI'"!'!'' til K-p.
I'l tlH:iii„.|,,.
I '"'irlu, v/iii,
I'lC UllkllO'V:!;
(^■vciil uJvVil'
ii(i.'il);l^atch,
>>vi-.\ Sir(;ii>h;i
li: tin- i-iiaii i,
I CllLlll ilijiiJ,.
11" .1 ntiMl w,i7
iicitlib .if l.ir;.'..
:iiliiiuri. li,,;
llllfll Ihjjis ,,|
nivu-J Willi
I.-V..
onifi li ivc |<r.
.vi.tinr IS vdi-
rumiivr |.,i|m!i,
miili'l-.' lit :i;i,.
AMrm, n;ul o!i
an hi I'l'-ii, the
.11- : I'Ut u.'ij
lis tiiMtilluilly
nth lit All; ill!-,
r wIk-ii i!ii- va-
iTC an: Moitlnr
lilnm lhui:,!crs,
no Idiij conti-
iihl ciMiic Iruni
PiMy rouitli dc-<', ,
I liy till' U.mc3
villi. Ii ill-.' calm
Hut wlioii a
rorti ni'niiinms
h- kvci'! ; the
)l icy panicles,
(• liunv t.ilis in
known 10 the
roriiuT, (.I'l'.c
the (now jucs
I'lv d" the
ir Danes ; lot
rcc lit latitu.io, d^
nidtt fpiiitu.nii
.\r ilie tir.'-l:Je,
liii, the ice ill
till the cnil
not br.!iii
;r.i(!iially walli-
Froni JvKic ii'
lioii/.nii, a:i,i
no ni.'Jit i I'lit
nlaiiJiT*, ■.;\il
Mil I'VClh'lj
.s of niOT a;ul
■iil.iily in tilt: ,
lalitiiilo, I'rinv *' ■
of wliii'li Inr.l!
vy-gfaf-, wiKI
In.lc.a ih.it
c ri>itittii ^.ii.U'''
I'.r-ll foil ; I.)
irivc very ucli,
re is not a tree
■pt (in tile r!je>
I (if llipe-cii-
row. b'.i! then-
t;;.. 11 mam;
!•: ir K () 1' r..
rn
iruiiks aic n-' thicker than a man's leg. Some flirubs
„tc i!il|ierlvil lii-ii: •"!'• t'lcic i us fniall juni|v.r, ['oui't:-
l)jrv .in'l liilln;iry hiillus, liiaiiihlcs, if<c,
No III''' '■""' ^''' hetiiiiuilc of what minerals arc con-
uine.l ni tlic (iuciilaiiil nioiinl.iiii'.. 'I'lieic are, hiw-
cvcr, tocks (if alliellos, from wnicli tonllileralile t|iian-
li;iei have been hewn. Some niountaius alio tonlitl ol
jii impel 1(^1 kind of varie|;atej marble, of which the in-
halutaiits make kettles and other uleiihl.s.
C;n tiK mam laiiil aie IminJ Ionic hares ; but tliele,
'.vliuli ate veiy I'mall, are ^;rey in liimnifi, and perlec'liy
while in ainlu. Hero isallo a fpecics of rcm-dctr ; but
they aie very dilterent hum thole of I,a|)laiul. The
foxes arc wliiie, Lrown, and grey ; but aie Imall. White
heirs ate fonietiniis found here, and lowardi tiie north
ao very nuiiuiousj theic ililfcr from ihc bears of other
cjjritricj, their lieads being long like that of a wolf,
winch they much lelemble in foim; but llic Circen-
l.aiJcis arc vciy daring and acovc in dcllioyiiig tlicin.
Ihc only JonielUc animals louiid here arc dogs thai
never baik, but I'narl and howl ; they arc tiinotoin and
unlit lor the c;hai;e ; yet if not tamed vvlien young, be-
coiie wild and very niifchitvinis. I'he Gieciil.mders
till and cat thele dogs, and alio often ul'e thenv to draw
iheir llcd.',cs, yoking four, iix, and fomctimcs eight or
ten to a lledge, loaden with live or fix of the largcit
|..iU, with tne malKr luting upon them, who drives ai
lall ie::h thcni as we tan do with good horles, for they
iilieii travel lixty miles in a winter day upon the icc.
JsJeitner Inake:; nor any other venomous tieaiures can
hvc in this tlimatc ; nor are iiiey pla iicd with beetles,
lats, uiii^i-'i *■"■ '1'^ !''''•■•
1 lie land IovtI in ibis country are the rypfr, a fort of
ljri;i: pairol, which is grey in luninier and white in
iviriter ; but builds his ncli very high in the cirlls ol
the rocks ; vvitn cables, falcons, large fpeckled owls,
lavms diltcicnt lorrs of fpariows, and, in llmrt, all (he
Iv.i.'.i of I'ihI and lea-lowl known in Norway are lecn
fere in ama/.ing numbers. Among the infclls the mo(-
ihcttos, or gnats, fwarm in ihi.s country, and aie e.x-
tkiiiciy troublelume ; but they have neither aiits nor
hces.
I'lic frefli water in (jieenland has been highly rc-
tunimerided for its falubrity and palatablenels. The
livers alioid plenty of trout, cray till), and falmon ; and
the lea yields an Inexhanllible variety of all kinds of li(h,
fxcept oyllers ; but it abounds with txcellcnt muldes,
aii.l very laige Ihiinips, or prawns, 'i'he I'maller fptcics
(iihlhare diied here lor winter ilore, cl|ieciallv the loilden,
a liirt of fmall hcriing. Here arealfogrcat pleniy of cod,
iujdock, thornhacks, and llie holybutt, by fome called
(lie- turbot of the North, which is to big that it will fill a
laigr calk.
The Ciroenland fea, and other parts of Ihc Northern
octiiithat lie under the north pole, contain a very great
iiurnher of the largcd Ipccies of lidlcs, which there fwim
111 vail Ihoals. In tliele regions the great Creator has
dealt out their food with a liberal hand, and of all cli-
mates this is the bell: adapted to their hot conlfitiitions
ai'nl enormous bodies, which are, as it were, oiiclolcd in
fjt. 'I'his Ipecics of fiQi ditler Irom all other kinds in
iii.iin particulars ; for in their internal parts they rtfem-
blo land animals. They breathe with lungs, and con-
fiuiiently cannot remain long under water. I'hey alio
(. iiulate like quadrupedes, bring forth their young alive,
rani luekle them with their milk. 'I'he tins of other lilh
CDiil'rll of bones, or tartrlages, fallened togetlier hv thin
ni.'iii'itanes tunning between them ; but the whale has
srtieul.ir bones, like the fingers of a human hand, with
ih.'ir proper ligaments covered with a thick (kin like that
(.1 the other parts of its body. Hy means of this inecha-
ii.liii the whale can move and turn about wiih greater
eale than he could with tins of the common form, and
feeure himlelf from l.illing precipitately upon the rocks
wiitii he dives to the bottom of ;hc lea ; lor which end
he lays his thick tail horizontally on the I'urf.iee of the
w.;!er, which is of gre-at lervice to him in this motion.
The whales arc of fever al kinds, and inav be divided
iir.ol'.ich as have apertures in the head, and Inch as have
iiolhili for refpitatioii. Some of the former have two
95
holes nr nperturrs ; ai the wlule piopoily !'o c.ilcJ, the
lin-lilli. ^c. others have only one, .is ilie i aclidlottc, or
lli.it lelpire
with I'll
have 1
;ll ihc
thriiii:'
Ipicrc. rn.iy
lain, and thole ili..!
I|icrmaceti whale; but thole
iiiiltrils ,ire (eldom to be met
alio be ilividcd into thofc thai
h.wc |iromirient hacks
'I'lie <>;reenland whale wrtti a (l.it back is tliick Hnd
unwieldy, its head talcing up one-iliird part of its bulk.
Thefe are from (ixty to leveiuv feet in length, the tins
on their (id.'s from live to eight teet, and tlic tail, wim li
IS 111 a horr/.oiit.il pnliiioii, or bent a little up.vaids on
both (ides, is lioiii iliiee to lour fathoms bio.nl. When
the whale is in danger, he turns upon his fide and bnn-
di(hcs his t.iil, which it is d.mgeroiis to approach ■ tlii;
tail alio (crves him tor .m oar, with which Irj ro.v:, hini-
Cel I forward with furpri/.ing Iwiliiiets. 'I'he Ik.n of th;;
back IS black and fmnoth, but in I'om" places vari:'"anvl
or marbled. Ne.\t to the fiiin, which is not thirkef"'thail
(trorig writlng-pipi-r, or thin parchment, is the rin.l,
which is near ,ui inch th.ick ; and between this and the
(le(h lies the fat, t/i the tlilcknefs of nine, and lometinies
twelve inches, fuller the fat is the (Icdi, which is dry
and very red. In its upper jaw on both fides ar: the
('iiicula, or whale-bone, whicli ferves him for teeth ; ami
the laii;flt of tliefr, which are placed in the middle, arc
(even or eight feet in length, and fomctiiii.s more. On
each tide are gcii; rally two him.lrcd an.l ruty of tiled;
(picula ; to that they niio.iiit in all to live liuiid'red. The
tongue is very fat, and (a lai;.'e that it fills fcveral ca(k«.
'I'he eyes of the whale, whicii are no hig;cr than thofc
(.1 an ox, aie in the bind p.itt of th.v head, where it is
'"'"•"lelK :ind arc defended hy cyc-lids and eyebrows.
'I'hi- lidi is very (]uick of liearinu, though it lias no ex-
ternal ears, and h.is only a black (put linder the uppje
Ikin behind the eye, and under that (pot a nairow duc>,
which feem! to convey the (imiul lo ihe t\mp iruiiii, of
drum. They generally biing forth only one at a birth,
though thev have ('omeiiiiies two, and their milk is like
thatof acow. Their ufiial food is a I'mall, lil.iek, rmiuj
iiilce'}, of about the (Izc of a lior(e-bean, which abound in
thefe feas, and of which the whale lucks in prodigious
('warms with his vad month, and afterwards guilds them
with his fpicula. The noid-caper, fo called from ths
valt number of them feen about the North Cipc in
Norway, is much flendrrer and fmalier.
The (in-fi(h equals the whale in length, but not in
tbicknefs, and li.is a fin on his b lek, from whence he
receives his name. He throws water lii.'lier than a wliah;
of his fizc ; has brown lips, which are twiitcd like a
rope ; and his body in colour much rereniblcs a tench.
He is rxtrrmely nimble, as well as ilioiig.
The narval, or fea-iinicorn, is chielly remarkable for
its long horn, which refcmblcs ivory, but is generally
more folid and p^indcrous. 'I'his hfli is fmooth like au
eel, its colour white, fpiiiikled with blu k ("pots, aiul
its eyes fmall. It has two flefliy fins, and a femi-circu-
lar hole on the top of its head, (roni whence it tpout.i
water, like a whale. The horn, from which it receives
its name, grows (Iraipht forwards from the mid.lle of its
upper jaw, is curioully wreathed, and terminates in a
point. W^ith this it attacks the largeft whale, and can
ftrike with fuch violence as to pierce the fide of a (hip.
The horn of this h(h has •. p'.re in the cabinets of
the curious, where it has been (hewn lor that of the
unicorn.
The (word fifh, to called from tlvir (Tiarp pointed up-
per jaw, whicli refemhlos a fwoid, pnruies the while anj
fin-tifll with great oagrrners. They are of .i llemler lo.^m,
of various fize's, from three to twenty feet in length, and
fheir eyes (land far out of their head. A few of ih.iii
will diipatch a lar.'c wh.ile, and when they have kiikj
him they feed chiefly on hrs toniiie.
Among the amphibious aninia!s arc the motfe and the
feal. The niorfe is as larcre as an ox, with four feet, A
thick round head, and a (hort neck, in which lies his
principal (lienjth. He has red eyes, fmall ears, and
large noltrils, trom whence be I'pouts water, llu ikrri
is very thick, and coveied with li.nr, and from liij upper
jaw proceed two long leelh, as white as mow, an.l more
eKccmcd than ivory, as they keep tlien colo ir better.
: S lUs
m
r^^
?iii
■'
■v'
' *■
i"
^M'i
I
II
622
A S Y S T i: M OF G r. G R A I' 11 Y.
< II'. 1 1
;i-A-;/
II It: H
5.' < ! t
jHr s
i^li
tl
%
■■ ?tl
ii ■'•
Tills creature Is very boKl, making tuwaiiK ilic boat .is
iixin as attarlcfil, ai'd i lulc.UDuniij; to oveilLt it.
The fe:ils are ut the fize ol' 3 l.ir je Jop, and are inollly
black, but fume grey, vvith very fine (iiiootli hairy fkiiis.
The (ilJ ones make a noife like the howling of do^s, and
thr v'iiin[j ones like the bleating of lambs. Thtir head
and l)oJy are lliaju'd much III e thofe of a do^, whence
thev are by fonie called fea-doys. I'hcfe are the inoll
fetvucabic of all animals to the Grecnlanders, for theii
flefli fcrvcs them Inr food, and the Ikin for clothinj; and
fur m.iking ihci' boats ; of its cntraiLs and meiiibrane.s
they alio make (ails and windows ; its li{»jmeots ferve
tlle.n for thread and cords ; and of the bones they make
all kinds of duir.cliic uteniili and implements of hunting.
SECT. IV.
0/ the Pfrfi'u, LtngM^f, Dnfs, Ilsnjii, Fiirniliirt, una
fl'.iits of the Grein'.anden ; their Metlml of catJiing
li'l'dlcs. Seals, (iiiit iitilimn ; their Alanneri, Cujloins, Re-
ligiM uiiil Trade.
THE Orcenlandersof both fexcs arc generally fliort,
but fat, plump, and well proportioned. Thtii
faces are fometliiiig flat, their hair black and lank, and
their lomplexion of a brownilh led. I liiyarc (Iranj^ers
to the fmall-|iox, and are leldoin afllicted with epidemi-
cal dilcafes ; but the fcurvy is the reigning dillemper, and
on this ocenlion their common remedy is fcurvy-grals
and other fimplcs. They have neither furgcoii iiorphy-
fician among them ; but readily rely on certain impullors
who pretend to foretcl future events, and lo be fkillcd in
phyfic. They have fome inftances among them of lon-
gcvi'v, and thcfc perhaps would be more frequent did
jiot tlitir manner of life expofe them to numberiefs dan-
gers.
Their language has fomething very fingutar in it, and
is difficult to be learned, yet it is laid to have many ele-
gant phral'es. Mr. F.gede has publifhed a didtionary ot
It, and for the inftruition of the Grecnlandeis, the lour
Gofpels, with fcveral (mall trails, have been tranllatcd
into the Greenland tongue, and printtd at Copenhagen.
The Greenland diiledl is niofllv the fame throughout the
whole country knov.n to the Danes, except fome little
dift'ercncc in trie pronunciation. The women have alio
a particular manner of pronouncing their words, which
generally terminate in an n
'i heir clothing is made of the fklns of their deer, the
dog-fifti,and of certain birds, fcwcd together with the In il)
guts of the dog-fi(h. There is very little dirterence ;,-
tween the diefs of the two fexes.
The men's drefs confifts of a coat or jacket, with a cap
fir hood fewed to it, that covers the head and fhuuiders.
This coat reaches down to the knees. Their breeches
are very fmall, and fit clofc ; they wear no line.n, and
the hair of the ftins the coat is made of, is turned in-
ward, to keep them warm. Over this coat they put a
large frock made of fealfkins, drell'ed and tanneH with-
out the hair, in fuch a manner as to keep out the water.
lietween the leathern frock and the under coat they wear
a linen ftiirt, or for want of linen, one made of leals
guts, which alfo helps to keep out the water fioni the
under coat. ThoCc featcd near the ports frequented by
the Danes and Dutch, have (hirts of flnped linen, with
coats and breeches made of red and blue fluffs, which
they buy of the Danifii or Dutch merchants, but alter
their own fafhion, and thefe they wear upon extraordi-
nary occafions. They foimerly wore ftockings made of
rein-deer or feal-fkins ; but now they have worfted (lock-
ings of different colours, as white, blue, and red, which
they buy of the Danes ; their fhoes and boots arc made
of (eal fkins well drefled or tanned.
The women's coats are higher on the flioulders, and
wider than the men's, with higher and larger hoods.
The married women who have children have much larger
coats than the reft, on account of their carrying their
children in them upon their backs, for thefe are their
only (waddling cloaths and cradle. They wear drawers,
which reach to the miJi'lc of their thigh, and over them
breechei. The drawers ir ?/ keep on dav an I ni-rhr '
but the breeches, which cu.ti- down to ti.e knee, "Jr,-;
only wcir when they ;;() abro,id in winter, and a', looii
as they come home pull tiiein o,f. Next to ih-i,
body they wear a w.nllcoat made of a voun-j (awn's !'<,n
with the haiiy fide inward. The coat! or iiri)tT^ain,eiit
is fometimes made of tine coloured (wan-(i<'iiis tnmaiei)
and edged with white, neatly wrought in t le Umu and
about tiie (.ijns, which look very well. 'Ihiir (hucar.J
boots, witl, liiile dilKrence, arc like theft- ol the men.
Their hair, which is very long and thick, is braulcj
and tied up in a knot, whiih bccomej ihcm ; they coml
nionly go bare-he.ided, loth without and wit!iin doors •
and in thefe luuthcrii parts felilom wear their hoods tx.
cept it tains or fnows. Their chief finery condlts in
wearing glafs beadb ot (everal colours, corals about their
neck .-"nd arms, and pendants in their ears; fome ot them
alfo wear bracelets of blai k (kin Cet wiih peailj, with
which they adorn their cloaths and even their (liocs
The Greenland wonun have likewile another it.ote ex-
traordinary kind of imbellifhmcnt : they make black
ftreaks between their eyes, on their forehead, upon the
chin, arms and hands, by paOing under the fkin a needle
and thread made black. Hidrous as tiiis renders thtm in
the eyes of grangers, they think it extremely ornamen-
tal, and fay, that thole who do not thus aduin their la-
ces, will have their heads turned into train oil tubs
that Ihall be placed under the lamps that bum in the
land of fouls.
They have two forts of hdbilationf, one of which fervcs
for the winter, and the other for the lumir.cr fcafoiu
The winter dwellings are the largclt. I ht(e are dug
deep in the earth, and raited a little above the (uiface
-face
of the ground «ith lione and turf. In this hut the win-
dows are en one tide made of fcals-guts drcd'ed and (cwed
together, or the maw* of holy-butts, which are white and
tranfparent. On the other (idc the beds are placed, which
coiilift of benches made with bo.iids, railed half a yjrd
from the ground. Their bedding conliils of the fkins
of feals and rein deer. On the hearth is a great lampin
the (ormof a half moon, and over it are hung tlicir ket-
tles formed of a kind of marble, or, where they haveihe
advantages of trade, of brals or copper, in which they
boil their provilions. 1 he entrance is dug narrow and
winding under ground, and the door fo very low, that
they mull creep on their hands and feet to get in, which
is (o contriied in order to keep out the cold. The infid;
is lined with (eal-(kins. Some of thefe houfcs are fo
large as to afford lodging for (c-ven or eight familirs.
Upon the benches where their beds arc pl.i.ct', isihj feat
of the women, who employ their time in fewing and ma-
king up cloaths, while the men belonging to the family,
or Grangers, fit on the oppolite fide under the windows,
upon benches placed there for that purpofe. It is ohftT-
vable, that though in one of thefe houfes there trc ten
or twenty lamps of train oil kept conftantly hiirnin;;,
their fmoke is not perceived to fill the lOom ; which 'ij
probably owing to the care they take to prevent it. Dry
mofs rubbed very fmall is laid on one tide of the lamp,
which being lighted, burns foflly, and if not laid on too
thick does not caufc any fmoke. This fire gives fuch
a heat that it not only fervcs to boil their vittuals, but
alfo heats their rooms to that degree, that thcv arc as hot
as a bagnio; however, to thofe who are not iiled to tbi>
method, the fmell of the houl'e is very difagrceabic, a-
well from the number of burning Umps, all fupplicl
with train oil, as from various forts ol raw meat, (ifli,
and fat, heaped up in thele habitations ; but efpecially their
urine tubs fmell infulFcrably.
They betake themlclvcs to thefe winter retreats in Oc-
tober, and continue in them till the beginning of May.
All the warm part of the year they lodge in tents, which
arc their fummer habir-itions. Thefe are made of poiti
fct in a circuhr form, bending to a point at the top, in
the form of a lugar loaf, fcncid by a double cover, the
iiinermoll of which is of the (kins of feals or rein-ilecr,
with the hairy tide inward ; and the outermoff cf the
fame fkins, but without hair, and drefled with fat, tha;
they may not be penetrated by the rain. In thefe teni>
they have their beds, lamps to drefs meat, and a curtain
miJc
CREtM-''""''^-
EUROPE,
Ij-f.i
miJc ol ill" -'"'• '>' i'^-^' • ii'*rJ togctlier, through which
ihev rcicivi.' the diy-lijrht, iiitlc.id of windows. Kvery
m.illor III' .1 f.iiiiily has one of thcfe tents.
Thfy iil'ually i-jt when thi.y .uc hinvury, hut their
chid nic.il i'- It night ; ih'-'ir coinniou food is the flc(h of
icin-decr .iiul hares ; .ill kinds of land and w.itcr fowl ;
il'.ils i fever.d Inns of ficfli wat r and fea-fifh ; and even
lome parts ft the whale. 'I'heir manner of drefling and
,ning ol t" ir vMCluals is indeed extreiiuly difgullful.
I'lKV are faid to prefer the blood of the feal lo any other
lir.iilc i hut tluy ulually quench their thirfl with water,
vtt can drink a great deal of brandy, without being in-
loxicited. _ ... ...
In their niarri.ijes the chief qualincatiorls required in
ihe iride arc Ik II in domeftic afiairs, and efpeeially in
lUltiiv out .iiid Ccwint; their garments. On the other
Hand, nothin;; recommends a fuitor more than Ixjldne's,
,^livity, and fuccefs, in fWhin^rund hunting. Mut at the
marriage feftivitics the bride puts on a lliew of gravity,
jiiJ a melancholy air. Here relations never intcimarry,
even to the thir.i or fourth degree of tonfan;.Miinity. They
have a relpeiUul idea of mairiaye, and in general every
(.Jrtcnl.mdcr has hut one wile. They are fund of their
children, even to a culp.iblc cxc::fs ; and, inflcad of mo-
Jtrate corredlion, or checking them for their i'.uilts, let
them do whatever they plcafc.
The men arc chiefly cmpbycd in hunting and filhing,
for which thi'y have very curious tackle. I'tie boats in
which the men row out to fca are about fix yards long,
and oiilv thr:e quarters of an ell bro.id in the middle,
tiiclini; ilia vpry Iharp point nt both extremities. They
art made of very thin narrow boards fatlened together with
wh.ilc-boiie, and covered with feals-fkins. Only one
mail goes out in ihefe boats, the top ol which is tover-
tdwith (kin, with only an opening in the middle, which,
when the man has entered, is faftcned clofe round his
waill ; (o that no water can enter the boat; and thus
equipped he will row fixty or feventy miles a day, though
he has but one oar, which is fix or feven feet long,
and flat at both ends. Thefe boats ar.v eafily overfct,
which they look upon as no prcat damage if ihe owner
efca'HS with his life. The larger forts of boats are ufed
chiefly by women. They have alio a kind of open
barges, which are likewife pointed at both ends ; but
arc not very deep : thefe are covered with feal-fkins, and
are high at the extremities. 'I'hcy make ufe of them in
conveying their efFedh in their emigrations, or when ihcy
embark for the whalc-fiftiery, and in coalting fro.ii one
part to another.
The Orecnlandcrs are more frequently employed at fea
than on fhore. When they go to catch whales they put
on their bed apparel, fancying that if they were not neat-
ly drcflfed, the whale would ftlun them. Upon thefe
occafions about fifty perfons, men and wom.Mi, fet out
together in one oi the large boats. VVneii they have
found the whale they ftrike him with their harpoons, to
which are faftcned lines or ftraps two or three fathoms
long, made of feal-(kins ; at the end of which they tye a
ha? of a whole feal-lkin filled with air like a blaJder, that
the" whale, when he finds hiinfelf wounded a. id flies away
with the harpoon fticking in his body, m ly he the iboner
tired and eafily found, the air-hag hindering him from
keeping long under water. When he lol'es Ihength they
attack him with fpcars and lances till he is killed, and
thon put on their coats made of dredcd feal-lkin, with
bnnts, gloves, and caps, laced fo tight together that no
water can penetrate them. In this garb they leap into
the fca, and begin to (lice off the fat all round the body,
and are (bmetimcs fo daring as to gat upon the wliale's
back, while he is yet alive, in order to make the quicker
difjiatch in killing him, and cutting away the fat.
fhcy ufe much the fiime method in killing the feals,
only the harpoon is lefs, to which is faftcned a line ol
ftalfkln, fix or feven fathoms long, and at th.- end of it
a bag of feal-(kin filled with air, to keep the leal when
wounded from efcaping by diving : but in the northern
parts, where the fea is frozen, they ufe other methods in
cau-hing of feals. They firit look out Co.- the holes,
which tile feals themfclvcs make \\'ith tl.cir claws, of a-
bout the bi'Miefs of a halfpenny, that thi'y n:ay fetch
their breath. On their finding o.i; of il,.\''c l.'-Ic, the;'
(eat themfclvcs' near it i and as loon a., ti.ev perceive fhi'
I'e.il put his fiiout to it for rur, imiiicd.aiciv llriki- him
with a fiiiall harpoon, which tl.ey have ic.idy in thcit
hand i to which is faftened a Ihap ol a fathom Kin'j,
which they hold in the other liand. Alter he isftiuck
and cannot cfcape, they cut the t.ole large enough lo get
him up through it j and as I'don as tlicy have got liis head
above the ice, kill him, and then lift him out.
They have alfi another way of catcliing feals : thry
rhakc a great hole in the ice; or, in Ipring, find lioUf
made by the feals thcmfelvej, through winch thev get up-
on the ice, in order t'J lie and hafk tliemfelves in the
fun. Ncarthd'e holes th-.y place a low bench, upon
which they lie down on ih.ir belly, havni' tirif made a
fmall hole near the large one, through which they fofllv
let down a pole headed with a haipoi^ii, ,i (hap bcinj;
f.illcncd to it, which one holds in his hand, vvhile ano-
ther, lying upon the hciicli with his la,-e downwards,
waichesthe coming of the leal ; wliii.h when he perceives,
he cries Kc, upon which he who holds the pole fttikev
the fe.d.
They have another method in tic fpring whrn the feal^
lie upon the ice, near holes which thcnilclves make ti»
get up and down ; the (I'rtciiland^Ts, difguifed in (cal-
fkins, with a long pole in their hands, move their
heads forwards and backwards, and fnort like a fca',
till they come fo near him, that they reach him with a
pole and (frike him.
As their fifhing is the principal concern of thefe people,
we are from ihence enabled to judge of their charafters
and capacities. This is of the utmoft importance to
them, (ince on their ability in hunting and fifhing de-
pends their whole fiibfiftcncc. In fifhng they make ufe
of hooks of iron or bones, their lines arc made of whale-
bone cut very fmall and thin, and with this tackle they
catch abundance of fifli. Their way of fifhing for fmail
falmon, or fea-trout, is as follows ; at low water they
build fmall enclofures of ftonc, near a river's mouth, or
any other place where the falmon comes : when the tide
conies in, the falmon, which enter the river, pafTes at
hi"h water over the enclofurc, and remains in the river
till the water falls again, when they endeavour to return
to the fca ; but the hfliermen waylay them at the en-
clofurc, and Ikip their pafTage till the time of low ebb,
when ihe falmon ue left on dry land, and may be caught
with the hand : if they are left in ho'es, they take thera
with a pole headed wiih two (harp hooked bones, or iron
hooks.
The Cjrecnlanders arc ftrangcrs to trades, arts, and
fcicnccs. They have no traffic one among another, and
their commerce with foreigners is very inconfiderablc.
They neither ufe nor have any knowledge of money ;
but fix a certain value on iron.
When the Greenlanders me;t together they exprefs
their mirth by drumming, finging, and dancing. They
arc accuftomed from their very childh(iod to an unbound-
ed liberty, all of them being on a level. They have in-
deed little regard to the forms of ceremony and decorum
which in other places obtain the name of p!i!itcnef< ; vet
are free, open, and chearful in coiivcrfation, noih'nj;
picafing them better than merry jcds and raillery. Thcv
live very fociably, and repol'e great confidence in caeii
other .Amorous intrigues of an unlawful kind are fel-
dom or never heard of among them ; and as they ahftain
from theft, rapine, and violence, amiin:; themfclvcs, they
are never known upon any pretence to make war on theif
neighbours. 'I'hey think themlcives greatly fupeiior t<i
the Danes, and make no fcruple to pilier any thing t'rom
them, when it can be done with fafeiy ; but it is probable
they have little idea of property ; and as they behave with
fuch infgrity to each other, it is natural to fuppofe that
they have learned this pilfering of the Dutch and Dan;(h
fearnen. They exercife great hofpitality, and indeed have
mofl things m coiirnon ; fo that if there be any amor;'
them who cannot work, or get his livelihood, they da
not let him ftaive, but admit him freely to iheir table.
I'hcy are remarkable for their good-nature and inoiteii-
five behaviour : hatred and envy, ffrit'e and rage,aie r,.rely
hcaid of among them. Tluy have as great an abhor-
leiice
H
624
A SYSTEM OF G L O G K A I' II Y.
^•KEtNJ./.No,
'j; !,
mice of ne.illnc from each otlicr, as any iiition upon
earth, and tlicrctoru keep iiotliin^ uiultr lock and key ;
but Icjvc all I'd (rcc that «vcry buily may come at it wiili-
out any frar of lofing it.
Thuy ari', however, charged with having no idea of a
GihI, and Come authors have laid that their language has
nut any cxprcfliun to denote a Supreme Being ) tnuugh
they themlelves acknowledge, that they arc convinced uf
the immortality of the foul, and believe that as loon as
aperlbn dies he ^ors to the land of fpirits, and thcic en-
joys the felicity ot hunting from age to a:^e j w)iile ttie
body remains behind and moulders in the dult.
'1 hey maintain that there is .1 fpirit wliich they call
Torngarfuk, to whom they afcribe a fupcrnatural power,
though not the creation of the world. The Aiigakuts, or
prophets, form very whimlical ideas of this Ueiiig, Ibme
reprerentinghim as without form or (hope others giving
hiin that ot a bear, and others pretending that he hai a
large body and but one arm. They affign him his abode
in the lower regions of the earth, where they tell you is
conllantly fine lun-lllinc weather, good water, deer, and
fowls in abundance. They likcwifc maintain that a Ijiirit
refidcs in the air, whom they name the Moderator, or
Reftrf.inci ; (or ihefe Angnkuts pretend, by his order, to
command the people to abltain from certain things, as
prefervatives from evil and danger. They alio believe
that there are fpirits who govern the elements.
'Ihcir notions of the heavenly bodies arc alfo very
whimfical ; they fay the moon was once a young man,
and the fun a young woman his filler, with whom he was
familiar in tlie dark ; but that (he being defirous to find
out her lover, rubbed her hands with foot, with which
fhc marked his white bcar-lkin coat, and hence they fay
came the (pots in the moon. The fun flying from his
embraces, a(ccndcd the air, whither the moon followed
her, and l\M continues to purfue, without beinj; able to
overtake her ; but this is probably only a fidion of their
poets, like thofc of Uvid in his Metamorphofcs, who alio
tcprcfents the loves of Uiana and Endymion.
They do not compute or mcafure their time by weeks
or years, but only by months, beginning their computa-
tion from the fun's iirft ri(ing above their horizon in the
winter, from whence they tell the moons, in order to
know exactly the fcafon in which every fort of fifh, fea-
animals, ur birds, feck the land, that by this knowledge
they may regulate their different employments. Accord
iiig to their allfonoiiiKMl fylkni, the heavciii turn aroimj
ihi puint (.( a huge rmk.
Wliat leinu moll exiraordinary in thefe people, thy,
feaied in Irozcii rf-iciiu, which might be I'up'pol'cd iq
damp the genius an J exiiiiguidi thchreol imagination it
their taltiit (or poetry, in wliieh they t.ike e.Mr.nn; de-
lii;hl. The piKiiis thtyiimipoCe are a kind of lyric odci"
the harmdiiy o( which depends both upon inynieand'
quaniiiy, th-ie being a vilible rr^^uUriiy in the number
ol fyllablesol winch their vcrfes aie coii)po(ed,aiiJ aplji,,
regard to cadence even in their manner of reading i|„„,
I hey ufethis (brt of poetry, which, all things coinlJcfj"
isas lar trom being iudc,as it is lioni being exail, toe.x-
pre(» all their paffions, (uch as love, joy, grief, but more
efpccially anger i (or when two people quuiiel in this
country, it is laid tin y th.illenge each other, nut lo (li.ht
(or that they never do but in jelf, or by way of ducriTon'
but to contend in ver(c ; and he who (irif wanti worJsto
exprcis hinilelf in this poetical duel, is held to be con-
quered, and lo the coiitiovctl'y ends without cither blood
or l.i-.v-fuit.
Mr. Kgede, who was fcnt to Greenland by the Danifh
Society tor propagating the Gofpcl, lived amoiiu this pco.
plefilietn years, wliicli he ipent with the molt indcfaij.
gable zeal and laborious application, by which means he
made a great number of coiiveits. IJe returned to Co-
penhagen in (736, and by his Iblicitation a feminary waj
founded in that city for educating able miflion.iries and
caiechids to be feiit to Greenland. 'l^hcMilTioii-college
alio lends younu 1-ids to Greenland to leain the language
and to be inlhucted by the millionaries there, in order to
qualify them for that Uatioii,
'J he Greenland trade is at prefent carried on by the
Copenhagen company, who ("end thither three or four
fhips every year, and the Dutch are prohibited from com-
ing within leveral miles of their colonies. The commo-
dities Greenland affords for commerce are whale-blubber
whale-bone, fea-unicorns horns, the fkins of reindeer,
bears, feals, and fox-flcins, which they barter for the
following merchandizes ; fliirts made of white, blue, red,
and ilriped linen, coarfe woollen cloth i knives, fawt,
needles, large fiOiing- hooks, and other hard- ware j Igok-
ing-glafl'cs, rafts, poles, deal boards, chelfi, kettles o{
copper, brafs, and tin, with other articles.
>,•' I
ANEW
*
T
Muwii, i.jitL iiiuMwiiu u\ nutiuico ami ninciy , ... — ^,,
in the middle it is not above fixty or fcventy miles
over.
It is bounded on the north by the fcas about the north
pol- ; on the eafl by Davis's Streights, which feparatts
it (rom Greenland, iind by the great Atlantic ocean,
which divides it from Europe and Africa ; on the fouth
bjr the vaft Southern ocean ; and on the welt by the
Picific ocean, which divides it from New Guinea, pro-
hjliiy another very extenfive continent, and from China,
Japan, and the caft part of Siberia.
It is very remarkable that the climates of North Ame-
rica are many dcjrees colder than any of the countncj
in the fame latitude in Europe : thus New Hritain, whi h
is nc-arly in the fame laiitude with Gn.it IJritaiii, is in-
fulFirably cold to an European ; the greatelt part of the
frozen country of Newfoundland, the b:iy ot St. Lau-
rence, and Cjpc Uictoii, lie eppulite the cuall of Etjr.ci-;
96
tude
lie
|nds
M
an
in
iti-
un-
im-
OR
I of
led
ing
uth
and
the
pal-
iaclc
I is
'lera
any
•th,
KltO
tern
four
inot
! m-
■ - , . ortli
America the great river Miflidippi, rirmg from unknown
fources, runs above two thoufaiid mik'S chitfly from
north to fouth, receiving in its courfe the Ohio, the
Ouabachc, and other large rivers, fc.irccly inferior to
the Rhine or the Danube, navigable almoft to their
fources, and laying open the inmolt rccell'es if this con-
tinent. Near the hea.ls of thefe are extenfive lakes of
frtlh water, which have a commiinicition with eaeli
other, and v^'ith the great river St Laiinnce, whith is
navigable for (hips above four hundred miles from its
mouth, where it is fa\d to be ninety nnlts broad. On
the cjllern fide of North America are the line rivcis ilud-
fon, Delaware, Potowmack, Suliiueh.iniia, and fevcral
otiv-rs ofgre.it length and depth.
But in South .-Vmerica .ire the two larg.ft rivers in the
known woild, the river of Am.izons, and the Rio de la
PJ.i;a : the fiiil rifes in Peru, aaJ, afi.r atojife ofahuve
7 '1" thrtB
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A NEW
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GEOGRAPHY.
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,!'■ i
BOOK IV.
Of AMERICA in general.
WE are now entering upon a country of amazing
extent, unknown to the ancients : a country
difcovercd (o lately as the year 1491, by the
judgment, the vigilance, theperfcvcrance, and maritime
ftill of the great Columbus, a Genotfc ; who, by this
difcovery, extended geographical knowledge, perfeftcd
navigation, opened new fources of commerce, and gave
a new face even to the affairs of Europe.
America, the fourth grand divifion of the earth, re-
ceived its name from Americus Vefpucius, a Florentine,
who W3S far from defcrving that honour, to which he
had no other claim than a few inconfiderable difcoveries,
after Columbus had led the way, and his drawing a map
cf the country ; and therefore if it was proper for it to
receive the name of any European, it might with more
juiticc have been called Columbia, from the great man
who made it known to the Europeans.
This New World, as it is emphatically called, extends
from the frozen regions of the North, where its limits arc
fccured from the obfervation of the curious by the (hort-
liefs of the fummcrs and b.irricrs of ice, through an ex-
tent of countryjn which fucccffively pnfs all the climates
to be found in .the other regions of the earth; till you
come on the fouth to the fnowy rocks of T'ei ra del Fuego.
. Ihjs the continent of America extends from about the
•f. tij;hticth degree north to the fifty-fixth degree foulh lati-
tude, and, where its breadth is known, fioni the thiity-
k-",j, fith to the hundred and twenty-fifth define of wtlt lon-
gitude from London, without includinj: the idiinds ;
(trttching between eight and nine thoufand miles in
length : but in its greateif breadth, where certainly
ki'ou'ii, three thoufand fix hundred and ninety ; though
ill the middle it is not above fixty or ftventy miles
over.
It is bounded on the north by the feas about the north
,;''■; on the ea(t by D.ivis's Streights, which feparatcs
'! lumi (jrecnland, and by thf great Atlantic oc^an,
wiiich divides it from Europe and Africa ; on the fuuih
l'» the vad Southern ocean ; and on the well by the
i'lcifij ocean, which divides it from NewCiuinea, pro-
bddy another very extcnfive continent, and from China,
i'lpaii, and the caft part of Siberia.
It i^ very remarkable that the climates of North .Ame-
rica are manv degrees colder than any of the countrlci
ni the fame latitude in Europe : thus New I'ritain, whi h
'^ ii'.-arly in the fame latitude with Great liritain, is in-
liilKrahly cold to an European ; the greatelt part of the
hi.yi.n lountry of Ntwfoundlaiid, the b.iy ot St. I.au-
reiiu-, and dp*; [jivtL'n, lie cpptdite the co.ill of Fiai-.c.
96
Nova Scotia and New England arc in the fame latitude
as the Bay of Uifcay ; New York and Pcnfylvania lie
oppofite to Spain and Portug.iI. Hence the colJeft u iiuls
of North America blow from the north and the weft, as
they do here from the north and the eatt.
This vaft continent is divided almoft in two by an
ifthmus about fifteen hundred miles in length, and in
one place fo narrow as to be, as hath been already inti-
mated, only about fixty miles over; but being moun-
tainous, it would be impolTible perhaps to open a co:n-
munication there with the Pacific ocean, which lies on
the other fide of it. All the continent to the north of
this ifthmus, together with the ifthmu; itfelf, is (Hied
North America ; and all to the fouth of it, including
that even on thii fide the equator, is ftiud Sjuiii
America.
North America is far from being mountainous, and
chiefly confifts of gentle afcents and levc 1 plains ; the
principal hilh in this extcnfive traiff are calkd the .Vpal-
lachian or Aligany mountains, which extend on the back
ot our fouthern colonies. But in South America is
the immeiifcly long and lofty chain calkJ the Cor^'lilcra
of the Andes, which in height and length exceed .'ny
chain of mountains in the other three parts of tl'.e earth ;
for beginning near the iillrmus of Daricn, they extend to
the lireights of Magellan, cutting the whole fouihcm
part of America into two, and running a length of four
thoufand three hundred miles.
America is alio extremely well watered by rivers, not
only tor the fupport of animal life, and all the advantages
of fertility, but fur the convenience of trade, andtlu-ui-
terci'urfe of the diltant inliabitants by water. In North
America the great river MiflilTippi, rifing from unknown
fources, runs above two thoufand miles chiefly from
north to fouth, receiving in its coutfe the Ohio, the
C)uabache, and other large rivers, fcarcely inferior to
tlie Rhine or the Danube, navigable almolt: to tPLir
(burccs, and laying open the iiimoll rccciles if this con-
tinent. Near the heals of thefe are ixtenfive lakes of
frelh water, which have a communication witii each
other, and with the great river St Laiinnce, vvhii.h is
navigable for Ihips above four hundred miles from its
niiiuth, whore it is laid to be ninety oiks broad. On
the CJllern fide of North America are the line riveis 1 hul-
fon, Delaware, Potovvinack, Suliiuehanna, and fecial
oth'-rs of great length and depth.
But in South .-Xmerica are the two larg.ft river", in the
Itiui-.vii world, the river of Ama'/'ii-j, and the Riu do |.i
I'i i;a : the hill tiles in Peru, and, aft. r a tojife of ahuve
7 I" three
, P
n
•! S
m
V '' 1.1
i M
Ci6
A SYSTEM OF GEOGR Ai' H Y.
M^Ji
Ifc
I
time thouf.irul fix hundred n
a prinlii;iuus luiiiibcr of navi
UlfS,
bit-
in whicli it receives
ruer*, t.ills into the
ote.m bvtweeii bialil and Ijuiun.i, 'l"he Rio de la
I'hu, or Pljte-river, rifes in the heart of the country,
and becomes lo large by the accclfion ot' other conli-
dtrable rivtis, thai it pours fuch an iminenrc flood into
tlic iVm, tluit It makes it taitc trtfli for feveral leagues
I p. nil ilic ilioie. Ijtfide^ thele there is the Oronoko, and
I'ntt.il oilicr vcrv coiiluicrabic livers.
t\ couiiti y of luch vail extent on each fulc the equa-
tor, niuit iK-Ci-li'arily have a variety ot toils as well as
tlimatts ; but if v\e except the molt noithcrn and fouth-
em patt>, wliich here, a, every where eife, are natu-
rally cold and banen ; the ie(l is an imnvenfe treafury
ol nature, producing nu'il of the metals, minerals, plants,
duns, trees, ai.d v.oods, to be met within the oth;-r
paits of the world, anil many of them in greater [uaiui-
tKs and higher ptneiStion. The gold and lilver ot Ame-
rica has fupplied Kurope with fuch immenfe quantities
of thole valuable metals, that they are become valtly
more common; fo that thj gold and filver of Lurope now
hears little proportion to the high price let upon them
before the diltovery of America.
'i'his country alfo produces an immenfe quantity of
iliamoiids, pearls, emeralds, amethyils, and other va-
luable itoncs, which arc brought from thence into Ku-
ro;H-, in fuch qusatities, as have alfo gicatly lowered
their value. 'I'o r .le may be added a great liumber ot
othLT commodities, which, though of lei's price, are ot
much ijreatcr ule. t)f this fort arc the conllant and
pleiitilul lu(>plies of cochineal, indigo, anatto, logwood,
bralil, lullick, pinn-nto, lignum-viti, rice, ginger,
cacao, or the chocolate-nut, lugar, tobacco, banillas,
cotton, red wood, .he balfams of Tolu, Peru, and
China, Jcfuits-bark, mcehoacan, fadafras, farfaparilla,
caffia, tamarinds, hides, furs, ambergris, and a great
vaiiety of woods, roots, and plants, to which, befoie
the difcovery of America, we were cither entire ftrangers,
or forced to buy at an extravagant rate from Afia and
Africa,
America has aifo a variety of moft excellent fruits,
whicit iieie grow wild to great pcrfeiSlion ; as pine-
apples, pome.;raiutcs, citrons, lemons, oranges, mali-
caioiis, cherries, peats, apples, tigs, grapes, valt num-
hef ol culinarj, mediLin.d, and oiIut herbs, roots, and
planis. Add to thi, lie furprizing fertility with which
the foil is bln!t;d, by which many exotic produftions
aie nouriracd in a^ ;;itat perkvlioii as in their native
^lour.d.
With all this pUnty and variety, the \ail continent of
America foriiierlv laboured under tiie want ot many lie-
ctif.iy and u.etui commodities : tor upon the lull land-
ing of the Luiopiaiis, they found neither com, wine,
ii'^r oil i the iiih.iliiiant, in many ;>'aces knew not the ule
ol corn, but in.i.ie their bread i.f pul'.'c or roots ; their
Uiiiik was tlic \v,.ier of the clear fpiiiig ; and, with regard
to money, tiiev were ignorant of the ufeofit. Our kind
ol ih'.'cp, goal'i, cows, alies, and hoiles, were not tu be
fouiiil iher-j, tliougli the land abo..nJjd VMl.i [ullures ;
and at nilt the fighi of a man on horfcba^-k would throw
a wiioie tro'ip ot thcfe innocent and finiple inhabitants
into a dieadfiil panic, iiut all thele annii..ls have been
hionghl hitner in luch phiiiy, and iiave incicaled fo fjit
in thole lertile patture'., iiiut the country has no want ot
Ihcin, as appeals tiom the innumerable hides, particu-
l.irly ol o.\^ :i, ciiiitinuallv exported liom rlience. Mow-
tvt-r, in the u.om oi' thele domeilK :uiim.ds they had
(■tlura no leli valuable, and to v^ln^n ue in Europe
\v(ic utter UraiiL'crs ; thcic we Ih.ll deieribe iiithccoun-
ir.fv wheie tnev are bnd.
I'lie lanii; iiuv be laid of the va't variety ol birds to
b: feieii thjK', luine of wfich grccly l^ipais .u'l tlatt are
to be fouvl in any other parts of the world, (or thtir
lurpruinjj beauty, fine Ihape, bright and glowinj co.
lours. 1 he feas, lakes, and rivers, are no lets fraucht
with the grtateft plenty and variety ot tifh.
liefore the arrival ot the Europeans they had arts of
their own ; they bad fome notion of painting, and alfo
tormed pidtures by the beautiful arrangement of fcatheij
of all colours, and in fome parts built palaces and temples
Though the ule of Iron was unknown, they polithed"
precious (tones, cut down trees, and made not onlyfmall
canoes, but boats of confiderable exttnt. Their hatchctj
were headed with a (harp flint, and of flints they made
knives. 'I'hus, at the arrival of the Europeans, they
afforded a lively pidure of the primitive Hate of mankind
in the infancy of the world. At that period the arts
the Icicnces, and all the learning that had long flourifli.'
ed in thele more enlightened parts of the earth, were
entirely unknown. Thele, which had before tr.nvclled
welt from Egypt to Greece, and from the;...- lo Rome
have proceeded in the fame courfe. and r.o ; . y gainins
ground where ignorance re.gn.u ;.-iLmp;.:..,t ; and the
time may arrive when America may become the feat of
mighty empires, and be dillinguinied by cities extenfive
aj jbabylon, and beautiful as Athens and Palmyra,
North America is divided
I. Into the dominions of Great Britain : containing
Labrador, or New Hritain, with the countries abou't
Hudfori'a-bay, Canada, Nova Scotia, New England
New York, the Jetlies, Penfylvania, Maryland, Virginia'
Carolina, Georgia, Eall and Well Florida. '
VVith many rich and fertile iflaiids, the principal of
which are Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Providence,
Jamaica, St. Chrillophers, Antego, Nevis, Dominica
Harbuda, Angullla, Montferrat, I'obago, St. Vincent
Barbadoes, the Ciianadcs, and Gran.ida. To which may
be added the Bermudas, or Summer Iflands.
II. The dominions of Spain : containing Louifuna
Old Mexico, New Mexico, and California, in North
America. With the extenfive countries of Terra Firma,
Peru, and La Plata, or Paraguay, in South America.
\yith the valuable iflands of Cuba, half of Hifpaiiiol.i,
or St. Domingo, Porto Rico, Trinidad, and Margarctta,
in North America. Chiloe, the Kin£s or Pearl Iflands,
Juan Fernandcs, and the Gallipagos Idaiids, in the Pa-
cific ocean.
III. The dominions of France, by the late peace
confined to the farther fide of the river Miffiirippi, arc
now faid to he exchanged with Spain.
The French have, however, the following iilaiids :
St. Martin's, St. Bartholomew's, Defeada, CJuadaiiipe,
Marigalante, Martinico, St. Croix, and part of H.lpa-
niola.
IV. The dominions of Portugal confiftof the rich and
extenfive country of Brafil, inSoulh America.
\'. The dominions of the Dutch conlill of Surinam,
on the continent of South America ; with the illands ot
Curadao, lionaire, and Aruha, near the coall ol Terra
I'irma ; with Euilatia and Saba, two ot ttie Caril'btc
lfl.nids.
VI. Thofe of the Danes coniift only of one of the
Caribbee Iflands, named St. 'Thomai.
\'ll. 'The parts Hill pollefled by thi- iiuive Indians,
which arc the countries north-weft of Mexico ; the
grcatcil part of Guiana, and all tne moll lontheni part
of the continent, as Patagonia, and the illand I'erra del
Fuego.
We (hall begin with the dominions of Great I'ritain,
which arc bounded on the north by the ocean and LnuU
near the north (lole, on the call by the Atlantic ocean,
on the fouth bv the Gulph of Mexico, and on the well
by unknown lands ui.'iabittii bv the native InJiins.
W' I.
C 11 A 1'
( ^^7 )
C H A P. I.
Of the Northern Part of the BRITISH AMERICAN Dcminion.s particularly
of the Cuuntrifs bordering on H U D S O N'S-B A Y ; with the Iflands of N E W-
FOU N D L A N D, CAP E B R E T O N, and St. J O H N.
f'M
' ■m
II
SECT. I-
Of ihi Countries bordering on Hulfin's-hay ; a particular
Juiunt of the Clii/mte, Soil, l^e^cubles, iintl Minerals ;
with a Dffaipticn cf the Bc.ivcr.
THK mnfl northern part of America fubjefl to the
Kiii^lifh, particularly thi- i-ouiitries boulerioii; on
Hiidliiii's-hay, wiiith arc litu.itu.l lictwcen the iihieth and
-•/. I'cvcnti 'th lit'i^rcc ot nurlh l.itiiuJc, and extcnJ between
I /(•. the fiUyfiid and onf huiidtedth degree ot welt longi-
fide, iniludiiig Hiidfim'i-bay j aie bounded on the
north by unknown lands and leas about tlie pole, on the
tall by the AtUnut ocnn, on the louth by the Gulph
ot St Lawii'nce and Canada, and on the well by un-
known lands. Wcio we to extend tiic country claimed
bv Great liritain as far as our mariners have dil'cover-
ed tc the north, we might Krctch it to eighty-one de-
grees thirty minutes norih latitude ; tor lo tar captain
Hudlon and captain Baffin have lailed, and g.ive their
names to the bays lo called ; but we are not I'olicitous
to extend the bounds ot the countries lubject to Britain
to rei'ions where no Briton has ever Icttled, and which
w'.' have neither purcluled nor conquered.
The knowledge we have obtained of thcfc countries
is owing to the repeated attempts that have been made
lodifcuver a north-weft palVage to the Eaft Indies. But
tho'jgh thel'e countries, which extend lixtcen hundred
miles in lenj^tb, areclaimed by IJieat Britain, and dil-
titi.'uHhed by Eiigliih names, as the call coalt by that of
New Britain, and the weft by that of New Nortli Wales
and New South Wales ; yet very little advantage has
been made of them, except by the Hudfon's-bay com-
pany, who have feveial lettlements on the coaft of Hud-
ibn's-bay, and therefore an accurate and diftindt account
of them cannot be expecled. With lelpcil to the climate
we fliall give foine account of it Irom Mr. Ellis, who
failrd thither in 1746, and wintered in the country on
the weft fide of the Bay.
This i^cntlenian wintered in a creek about five miles
above Vol k Fort, in the fifty Icventh degree thirty mi-
mitcb latitude, a liiuation lo far to the louth, that the
weather might be luppofed to be talcrable ; but fearing
that they might be froze to death in their (hips, they bunt
a houfe of thick pieces of timber, with the Ipaces between
llulfed with mofs, and plalfeied over with clay : the door
was low and fmall, the tire-place was in the middle, and
(jvti it a chimney to let out the fmokc. It was placed
oil an eminence luriouiuled with trees ; about a hundred
and liliy yaids troin the fioiit was a handlome balon ot
water, called tile Bcaver-cicck \ and they were protected
limn the north and noith-eait winds by thick and tall
wuocis. On the fccoiul of iNoveniber the cold was lo
intenfc, that all the bottled beer was tVoze lolid, though
packed up in tow near a go id hre ; and on the lixtti tlic
cold became infupportable abioad. About this time they
put on their wiiuti-drcls which conliflcd ot a robe of
bcavcrlkins that reached to tiicir htels, two wailltoats
under it, a cap and initiins of tin lame lined wiih Han-
1 el, a pair of Indian ftockiiij^s over their yarn ones, with
Ihocs of lolt tanned moole ot clk-lkin, under wMith rhey
Wore two or ihiee pair of blanket or thick dufril locks ;
aiid a pair of Inow Iho.s about hve tcct long and eiu'h-
tcui inches wide, to picvcnt their linking in the In.jw,
CDinpleaied their diels. This, with Ionic alterations,
is tin: garb of the Indians, who have taught it thchnglifti.
Tiiey ulu illy put at lealt an hoileload of wood at a time
into ilicit tloic, whicti was built of bricks fix leet long,
two wi.;^.', and rl.r.e i.i/h. When the ViCod w.ii iiiar
1
burnt they beat off the embers, threw out the brandi,
and then itopped up the top of the chimney. This caufed
a fulphurcous futf'ncating linell, and (a great a heat, that,
notwithllanding the levcrity of the weatner, they oltca
fweat i yet if a door or windov/ was but opened, thu
cold air rufhed in with great fury, turning the inclofeJ
vapours into fmall fnow ; nor could all the heat they
couid raifc keep the windows, the fides, and tiding,
free from ice : thofe whofe bed-cioatlis touched tiic
wall were generally froze fait to it in the morning,
and their breath fettled in a white hoar froil upon tlic
blankets. This happened foon alter the lire went out.
.As the houfe cooled, the lap that had been thawed in thu
timbers with the heat froze, fplitting thu wood in cratki,
with a nolle rcfcmbling the report of a musket.
No liquid can here withftand the cold ; brandy, and
even fpirits of wme, froze ; but the latter only to a
confiftcnce like oil. All liquors under the proof of com-
mon fpirits became perfedly folid, and burll the vellLU
that contained them, whether they were of wood, tin, or
even copper. The ice in the river was above eight feet
thick, and they could keep their provifions fwcct as lonj^
as they pleafed, without the afliftance of fait ; for their
game froze the initant it w.is killed. The hairs, rab-
bits, and partridges, which .n fummcr are brown and
grey, change in winter to white. Every animal is here
luriiiilied by nature with extraordinary furs, to rchit the
cold, which fall off" as the warm weather rei 1:1s ; and
even this is the ca.'e with the dogs and cats biought hi-
ther from Europe. If the men touched iron, or any
other folid lurtacc, their fingers were troze full to i: ; or
it in drinking a dram of brandy out of a glai's, they
touched it with their tongue or lips, in pulling it av.-ay
the (kill was left upon it. They bin led tiieir beer
twelve feet deep in the ground, on a bed of v/iilow and
grafs,both under and over it; and then covered it tuelve
feet deep with a foapy earth ; yet Ibmc of the caiks of
fmall beer next to the tides were frozen, and the ftroiig
iron-bound talks built, though the fpirituous partie-
mained fluid in the heart of the ice, and was ftrong ; bjt
the ice, on being melted, tafted quite vapid ; other tafki
were not burft.
Kiom this account of the fevetity of the winter one
would imagine, that it niuft be extremely uncomlortablc,
and its inhabitants very unhappy ; but this is far Irom
being the cafe, for though the weather is told, they have
abundance of turs to fliclter them from its violence, and
many other conveniences that in fome meafurc put thcin
on a level with thofe who live in a milder climate , and
however (ixtraordinary it may appear, iheie aie Englilh-
men who have lived in the company's tellleniems fur lome
years, who prefer that country to any other.
'Jhere arc here frequently leen parhelia or mock funs,
and halos about the fun and moon, which are very lumi-
nous, and beautifully tinged with all the colour^ of tiie
lainbow. Our author oblerves, that lie has leen lix of
ihtfe parhelia at a time. The truo fun alfo liica and lets
with a large cone of yellow light perpcndicula: to it ; iiiJ
no fooiier does it difappear than the aurora boiealis Ipieads
a thoulaiid diiiVrent lignis and colour^) over the wtiole
toncake of the fiCy, with luch relplcndent beauty, that
••vtn the full moon docs not tllace their luftre, though
tiK-y are more appaient when (lie does not iliine ; tor
(lien one may diftinctly lead by then., and the Ihauows
ot objects are Iccn upon the fnow lending to tlie louth-
eatt. The Itars Item to burn with a lieiy red, tlpeci-
ally thole near the hoiuuii.
' 111 ttie louthcrii parts of this country the foil is fertile,
( the lur:..cc biiiij; a Ivuic d.;ik n.oulj, under which an:
1 lay tit
*
628
I
A S Y S T E M or G E G fi A P H Y.
lU
i>^o\s-iu-i.
1 iml i
(if I'llKiciU Ciil.niici.! cl;iy. Near the ftiure the
kiw ..ml iii.illliv, coviied v.ilh trees of various
and within l.irni are lar_i;c plains, with liiile
hciba,;e except tiii'fs, intcrfpcrfcd with tult.s of tn-i.'s,anil
tMx lakes. In the ei.iuuiy are a L;icat variety of (luulis
and plants, with i.iariy ct thnl'.- Ici'.ov.'m in Enrcp ■, as
the vool'berry, ciiiirnt, and cranberry, thawbcnus, an-
f;«Iiva, wi'd aiiiieiilas, I'avine, niany of" the I.ipland
pljnt.v, and other-> ihat Mre in;knuwn to iis. Tlur.' arc
jitei.: quantities of \vi!d riie by the fides of the I ike-^ and
livers i th.:re ij alfo U.iifi jir.'J\ and goud ineaJciw ;^rnuiul,
and at the lae^onci r.re tn!; r.diie gardens, tipeci..llv at
10 il i '■"., .ki[-.,iiv, ai;d Mool'c ;ivci, where rii(i(r kinds
of K.nt;li!b !>ardfo-lUiff" gmw very well, as beans, peas,
i-al'b.Ties, turnips, an.l many k'lr.h of fallado. farliier
wiiliiii land 'lie country is much more (luitlul, ll.e luni-
Rurs warmer, the v.'intcrs ibovier, and lels livtie.
There are many forts of minerals here : lead-cue is faid
to b.' found in plenty on the furface ot the tauli near
Churchill Fort ; iron oic is likewiie to be niv t wiili, and
the n .-.tives who lue to the northward frequeiitiy biin^
pieces of copper to that f.id;)rv. 'I'here are likevvile a
great v.iiiety of talcs, fp.irs, and rock-irvlijis ot diit'ei-
eiit colours, as red and wbi:e, the former icIembiinL;
rubies, and the latter, wliich are very tranlparent,
ihootinc; info pciitingular pi.lms. In the iiorthcin (larts
tiiin mcafurci h well, a- always tj make the free Tul to.
wards the wator, t! t tijcy may have the lefs dilfanci- (,',
roll it, when tluy h ae cut oil' ihe biamhes. This ii^,,,,
they float it to the place appoinlicl, and thcfe pieces (hey
cut hi. i;i:r or lels to fuil tluir convenience. Si)ine;irii, i
tluy ule the trunks of l..r-e tieis, whiili ihcy Lty il,,t i.,
the water; at others they lalten Itakes )n the bottom <>( ihc
channel, and then interweavin:; Ihiall biaiu-hes, fill ,,3
the vacaiuies v, ith cl,iy, mud, -.-.i-.ti mofs, in fueh a ni.,iu
ner, as renders the dam very tiijht and Iccurc. In thef.
works tneir tails ferve them for carts and trowels, ;uij
tlieir iieih f,.r axis ; their paw? fupply the place of hands
and their leet leivc iuift-ad ol oars. '
1 he Londiuction of ilieir liouf s is no lefs adminihl- •
they are gencially built upon piles, at fome diltance IroVi
the (hore, but lumctiin^s 1 lofe to the liaiiksof ti.e r:vcis ■
the iirit make hoLs at the boilom of the water l,;r plai;--'
in^' ti\ polls, upon which each <d' their edifices is Imi »
in a niwit curious inuiiner ; their form is round, uith ^
llatroofj the w.dlb are two (Vet thiLk, and fomeiuiiCi
more ; ihiy are loimedol'llie fnne materials as ihe dims
jull ment'i/iied, and every part is I'o well linillied, i,,.ii iij
air tan poliibly enter ; about Iv.o thirds ol the e.lifi(;,_ j^
railed above tne water; in this they lodL.'e, and .ire cart-
hil to kei'p It clean. I hey have gen-rally three or !vvt
■lilfereiu avenues to e.uli houle, VN'hieli they enter un^T
nJ a t fiid of loal ; tne afbeltos, or Itone-llav, is I water. To provide piovilions a;^.i;nU t!ie vv'int
hm \
; mu
w
''I
IS iou
coir.mon here ; and alio a (tone of a black, fmooth,
.".nd fliinin;; furface, that eallly feparates into thin tranl-
parent leaves, which the natives ule as looking-glalies.
'I'he country likewife abounds in various kinds ol mar-
ble, fome Ipetkled with green, blue, and red ; and others
perfecilv whiiv".
Anionr the animals arc deer, rabbit?,, beavers, and
oilier bt'Lilh ; with a great variety of birds, as fwans,
v.ild-necL, plover, ducks, and many dhers that fly to
the nolth^^•3rd in the fpriiu' to breed, and return to the
fiiuthward in autumn. There arc likcv^'ife eagles, hawks,
p:iir.id.;es, p'leai'ants, crows, and owls.
As the inhabitants of this country arc cloathed in the
fi<ins of beavers, and as t:-.e principal trade cunfills in
thole skins, with which they have fupplied us by means
/■efieurr/- f^( ,1,^. H'ldfon's-bay company, it wili be proper to give
' 'nfeif. |]crc a defcription of that curious animal. A large btaver
is about twenty-cit'ht inches in length, from the Imid
part of the heail to the root of the tail, and weighs iixty
cr f.-ventv pounds, but their colour i> dilierent ; in Ibine
places t'liey are black, in others \^■hitc, and in others
idmult of the colour of the deer. Tne beaver lives to a
Urcat n^e ; the females gcncrallv bring forili four young
ones ata time. Their jaws arc lurniihed wiih two cutters
•and cinht grinders ; the upper cutter is two inches and a
half in leiigth, and the lower fomcthing longer. The
upper iaw projects over the lower one; the head is (liapcd
like that of a rat, and is fmall in pioportiun to its body ;
its fnnut is long, its eyes fmall, and its cars fharp and
round ; its lei;s are but about hvc inches in length, with
paws formed like a man's hand ; but the hind-feet are
webbed like the ties of a goofe. The tail is fhaped like
the blade of a paddle, and is four inches broad where it
joins to the body, live or fix in the middle, and thiee at
the e.xtreinitv : it is .ibout fourteen inches in length, and
about an inch in thickncfs. It is covered with a fcaly
skin, thefcales being r'.car a quarter of an inch long, and
fold over each other, like tliofe of afifh.
The ancient writers of natural hiffory are miftakcn in
atTertini:, that the beavers bite off tlv.ir telHcles when pur-
fued by the hiintfmen j for what t.ne phylicians call cat-
torciini, is the inguinal glands of this animal.
TheinJuftry, forefight, and good management of thefe
nnimaN is extremely I'urpriiing, and fcaicc credible to
thofe vvliu never faw them. VVhen they want to form a
fettlement, three or four, or mor. of them, afl'emhle to-
gether, and firft pitch upon a place where they may
have provdions, fuch as the b.irk ot trees, particularly
roots, or grafs, with cveiv thing ncceflary lor erecting
their edilicis, which mull be furroundcJ with wa:er ;
and if there be neither a convenient lake nrr pond they
make one, by flopping the eourfe ot fome brooK, or rivei,
with a d.im. For this purpoie they cut down tree, a-
bovc the I laee where they arc relulvid to build, and take
4
... „ ■'•r, thvy
diawthe flicks they cut liom the trees, and thruiliivoni;
end into the mud, let them lie uiilir the water im p..;.
h rve the bark green and tender for their winter pruviiloiis.
1 here aie foc.ieiimts found eight or ten beavers in uiie
houli; ; at ctiieii not nioie than three or four ; and let
tiieni be as iiunie.ous as tiiey wiil, tiiey all lad t u luii
one floor.
VVhen the fiiows ni.;lt and raife the dream, the,' icavo
their dwelling, and I'eparate nil the feafun returns' for rc-
p.iiiing them, or for building new ones, which is in (he
niomh ot July. 'I'he Indians lay traps for the beavers in
the paths they frequent, and bait liiem with frefli-cutpo >
lar boughs, which they are very fmd of. Sonutiinesilie
Indians open the iee ncai the beaver-hoiifes, at which
opening one Hands, wiiuc another dillurbs the hoafe-
when the beaver halleningto make his efcapeat t.'-.c ,ie:i-
ing, feldoni tails of having his biv.ias buit out ti'.e nioLieiit
he railes his bead above the water.
1 he beavers are excellent food, but the tonL'iie n:ij
tail are the moft delicious parts. The Indians" fir.e-
liines roall thefc animals in the fame manner as ue Jo
pigs, full burning off their (ur.
J he coal! s arc liei|uciited by fjals, and the rlverj and
lakes ba\e very Lirge llur^eoii, pike, and trout; unit
two very delicious kinds of lilh ; the one called tic, m,i:',
the other relembling m\ eel, I' otted with yellow' jad
v\'hi:e, and called by the natives inuthoy ; theC- a;e
reckoned fatted in wiiitir, when they are cau.;l.t liy
making holes in the ice, and letting down a h.!;icd
hook, at v.diicli the iifh greedily bites. At the ir.ouihi
of the rivers, cfpetially thofe nii.rc to the nurtii, .iri;
plenty of hue falmun, trout, and a fi(h called afuccr,
which rerenib'es a carp. 'I'here comes in with the fi.j.ii
tide a great number of white whale;., which might
calily be taken.
S K C T. n.
Jit Per fins, Drefi, Mtimers, Cii/km!, tin.-l RAipm (■'' t''i
Iniliuiii on the ivfj/ern Cciijl of H:i.lj-^n's kiy ; xiith a Dt-
f^iiptkn of Tiik Fii<!'jiy.
THE natives are nf the middle fizc, and of a copper
colour : tiiey have black ejes, and long, lank,
black hair ; but their features vary as in Europe. They
are of aehi.arfiii difporuion, good-natured, aft'abic, fiicnJ-
iy, and hoiitft 111 their dealings.
In fummer tiie men are clothed in a clofe coat m3i!e
of blanket, which they buy ot the Knglifh fettled in their
neighbourhood. They have a pair of leather llockings,
which leach fo high as to ferve alfo for breeches, and
they make thvii Ibues of the fame niaterials.
The
Thi;
[ll'DSON S-BAV.
A M F, RICA.
i529
Tlifftlo>"h'of th« women difFtr from tliofc of the men
milv ill their generally wearing a petticoat, that in wiiiltr
conics a little lower than th«ir knees. Their ordinary
jppirtl i* made of th; skins of deer, otters, or luaver,
with tin; hair or lur on tlieni. Tlii." (li-'cved of tluir uj)-
pcr hal)it arc geneially tied on with (hin;;s at the Ihoul-
ijtrs, l'^ '''■*' their arni-pits, even in the depth ot v/intcr,
iieWi'oltd to the cold, which they imagine c )^ti;!!;ii-'s
10 their health : their difcafts indeed are hut l<\v, nnd
iiio:« chiefly arifc from colds caught after dnnkiiL; fnin-
lujus liipiors, which they bnv of the Eii'lidi ; and itia
jmclaii'^holy truth, that thofe who live n^'jr the fcttle-
ineius of the Hudfon's-hay Company, aie, by druii-
^.-iiiKlb, become meagre, fmall, indolent, .:nd hardly
Jiie to encounter the h.irdlliips of the tonnti- ; while
[tiole who live at a dillance arc hardy, vigorous, and
adlive.
I'ni-y dwell in tents covered with moofc and decr-
kiiis l^wed together. I'liele are of a circular fouii, pro-
bably on account of its being moft capacious and coave-
tli'.y then cover him with cartH, anJ over that erciH a
Kin I (if rough niomiiiient of Hours. Such old people as
have no children, require this oflice of their friends ; but
111 this ca(c it lb 111. t always complied with.
'I licy have alio a very Ihange m.ixim of policy, which
is obliging their women to procuie frequent abortiom,
by the ule of a ccriain herh, common in that country, in
order to eal'c thcnilelvcs of the heavy Imnhen ot an help-
Icls taniily. Kava.;e a^thiscufium is, it is Id's barbarous
than tnat ancientiv jiLn^lifed bv tne polite i:nd civilized
(jrcck.i and iloiiian:;, as it is (Hll hy the Chincle and Hot-
tentots, ofeNp!)fin'; tiitir Chiiiiren, and leaving them to
perifli with hunger 111 be devoured by wild bealts.
1 hey acknowledge a JJeing of inlinite goodnels, whom
they !^i!e I Jckewma, or the Cire.it ChicI, whom they con-
fider as the author of all the hleflings they enjoy, and
hng a kind of hymns to his praifc,' in a grave and f ilemii
tone, that is not altogether difagreeable ; but their reli-
gious lentimonts arc very inconlillent and confuftd. '1 hiy
hkewife acknowUdg" another hem,.', whom they call
nieiu lor their fitting round the tire, which is in the j V\'itticcn, and reprcfent as the author of all evil ; tif him
middle. I'hey are formed of poles, which arc extended , they are much afraid ; but it is not faid that they ufc sny
at the bottom, and at the top lean to the center, where , methods to appeafe him.
an opening is left to admit the light and let out the Though thefe people fpcnd the bcft part cSf their live)
imoke. 1 hey Ikew the bottom with the top of pine- in procuring ncceirarics, and miaht talily lay up a llotc
irecs, and lie with their feet to the fire, and their heads of provifion's to feciire them againll want ; ytt (hey take
10 in.; hdcs of the tent. The entrance is generally on .little care of fiiiiirity. Kroin their natural gcnerolicy
the louth-wclt fide, and they go in by lifting up one I they are very free of their provilions when tlirv hare
1,1 [he skins, to which is lalteiied a pieceof Itick, to make ' plenty, and, except drying a little venifoii and tiOi, take
it flap dole. no care to have a fup|ily ag;iin(t winter. I he liuliauK
They have no dependance for fubfiilence on the fruits I who come in the fummer to^'trade at the factories, fomc-
pf the earth, but live entirely on the animals they take • times not obtaining the fuccours they cxpedted, have been
111 hunting or catch in traps. 'They every feafon make ! obliged to finge off" the fur from thoufands of bcaver-
j prodigious flaughter among the deer, from the ablurd | (kins, in order to feed upon the leather : but when they
opinion that the more ihjy deliroy, the greater plenty are thus reduced to the grcatefl ex:r;'inity, they behave
will fucceed ; hence th.-y (ometirncs leave three or four ■ ^^ith a patience that is eaficr to admire than to imitate,
humlrcd dead on tne plains, t.iking out only their tongues, ■ 'I'hey frequently travel two or tlr-e hundred miles,
and .caving their carcall.'s eirher to rot or to be devoured even in the depth of winter, throui'h a wide open coun-
bythe wild bcalls. At other times they attack them in try, without meeting with any h,>ufe f) rcc-'ive thc-tn,or
the water, and biing great numbers on floats to the fac- carrying any tent for their protection. At tne approach
tones. They alio live upon birds, and even feed on of night they raifc a kind of fence with bruthwood, by
cigles, hawks, crows, and owls, as well as on partridges, ^v^e (ide of which they kindle a fire, and having cleared
away the (now, thev lie down upon the ground, and
fiecp between the fire and the fence : but when they hap-
pen tr> be benighted where no wood can be obtained,
i they are obliged to lie down under the fnow, as is prac-
tiled in Siberia and fume other countries ; and by this
means they are in n great nieafure (hcltcrcd from the
iharpnefs of the piercing air.
I As York-lort is iituated on the weft coaft of Hudfon's-
\ bay, in th.' country, the manners of whofe inhabitants
i we have jult defcribe.l, and is conlidered as the molt va-
uable of the Hudfon's-bav Company's lettlement, w»
wild-geeic, and ducks. 'They generally boil their flclli,
and cat it by itfelf, dr'nking the water it r, boiled in,
wiiich they cftccm very wliolelome j and in the fame
nunncr tncy drcfs their filh.
Tncfe ignorant people have many amiable qiiilitirs :
they are influenced in their behaviour by a natural love
of reiSitude, that retrains them from all acts of vi.ik-ncc
and iiijullicc, as efteiStually as the mnit ngopnis I iws.
The chiefs of every fmiily, or tribe, who aic ;.;eii(ra!ly
chofcn from among the molt ancient of the p.ople,
ufually for their ikill in hiintinif,theirc.\..'erieii(.e in trade,
and their valour in the wars, in which tlu'v Irinn.-ntly
enja'e, direct thofe who ivlide vviili them in their dif-
ferent employments ; hut their advice is raihor i>Il.iwed
through deference and refpect than any compullive obli-
ijjti'in.
ftiall here give a de(cription of it. It is fe.i'ed on the
fouthern branch of fort Nelfon-river, called Hiys's-
river, within five miles of its fall into the fea, in the
latitude of fifty- feven degrees twenty minuter, and in ^y
the ninety-third degree fifty-eight niiiuites welt longitude. ,^^
Thev have, however, fome cuftoms wliirh muft appear I 'This fort and factory is in a clear fpace, furrounded on
icry whimfical, and others that are extremely cruel. It
ii cllcemed a great offen'.:e for a woman to ftride over the
Up of a man when he lits on the gi'uind, and thev
even think it beneath tlrom to drink out ot the fame vef-
!el with their wives. Tiiey have anotlur cultom that
niuii appe.ir (hocking to every humane mind , and in v. liich
they are in fome incafure imitated by the Hott-ntrits.
'The latter, as hath been mentioned in treating of Cali-
(oriii:i, expofe their parents, when labjuring under the
iiilirniities of old age, to pcrdh with hunger, or to be ile-
v'lured by wild bealts, and thefe wretches llrangle tlv irs ;
lot vihcn their parents grow fo old as to be un.ible to
lipport themielves by tiicir ov,-n labour, they require
;heir ch.ldren to (Irangle them, and their performing it
is cllcemcd an idl of dutv. 'Tnis is done in the following
three fides by th'.- woods, with an op.'u (r.nit to tl.c
water. 'The fort is a fqiiare builJ.n;', flanked with foer
finall ballioiH, all of thjin covered, and at prefent con-
verted either into lodging or (tore- rooms. There aie
throe (in.ill |)atteraioes placed o\\ each of the curtiiiis;
the whole is p.difaJoed : a battery of pietty large guns
commands the river, and a Iniall htealt-work ot uurf >
thioivn up bv w.iy of deteiicc of the batteiy ; but eveii
in time of war the luimhcr ol people who refidc ih.-re
amnunt to no mure than benvecn thirty and lortv. On
the (oiith-ea(t of the fort is a dock for rebuilding or re-
pairiiiij floops or boats, be ween whicti and the battery
is a piece of lanil called The Plantation, where the in-
dijiis who come to the- tacinry pitch their tents ; and
there ate generally one or two tents of (dd infirm Indians,
tr.arncr : the old perfon's grave being dii!;, he goes into i both men and women, who a.e maintained by the fadt'
a, und after having converied and fmokcd a pipe, or per-
haps drank a dram or two with his children, he inf'orm.;
:'.i'iii that he is ready ; upon which two of them put a
tnung about f.is neck, then (>ne (tan 'ing on one fide, md
t.u ether oppofitc to him, pull violently till he has expired;
.;6
from which this place is (eparated by two rows of hitU
p:ilif.uloes : between thefe aie lloiehoules, the kit-
chen, and fome wo;k-(!uips low built \ and within the
inner paliladoes are fmall (pots ((jwcd with turnips,
colworts, fallad;, and o'.her garden (tuff, But however
7 U formidable
fif-
\i
I;
ce;
•.«
?l
■ SfsJia.r
• IS
'1-
' f
> ."
■?''»-:
6jo
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY,
I ll DSON-'s Bav.
■V.
t, '
:i :
l/fil
£"'
fornilJali'e tliis unt in:i)' apjH'.ir to thr ii.itivui. It is inr.i-
p.ibie ot' Jefciice, (houlJ it happen to be attacked by
an Europiuij army.
S r, C T. III.
dfllh- I\i/.:ii, r>i:/s, Ahniu-n, <m./ Ci/Jlwii '■f fhr ili/r.r-
fit I'uli-i of Llnin:i\r<x, or lijbniiui, ^hnjii jtiiliU i" !l'f
luijl SIM- r/ i'iiiJj::i'i-tiiy.
IT winiM not be iliniciilt, in trcuiing of llic toinit; irs
w'!i!',ii l)ori;cf on iluilfuii'> b;iv, to giVL'tht" n.mics and
fitujtion of tlic niiinhiT nf little ill.imis, harbiuir,:, un.l
cifoks, but it is ntiiionilili; to uiwc a gooJ .icinuiit ol
anyt'f tbum, that will tilhcr aiilw.i the piiriiulcs ul in-
(liia'Honor cnli'itniiinient ; we fti.ili thciclotc tonriin;
ourfelvfj In tin; tlilierLiit ijihabisanis.
'I'ho [iriiiciji.il inhahit.inis lituattJ Kithc north ol tboic
jiift ililviibjil arc the KlkiiiiLaux, nhicn n.mii; is liciiVi'il
tVoiji an Iiulian word that li;;iiitii;s laters ot rawllilii ;
(u: alter tliorougli!y dryiii;^ the tKfll oC the bcalls tiiey
kill, tluv cat it wiiliciit aiiyotb.cr preparation ; and ii is
evident that to this Indian term is added » l-'ieiieli temii-
lutioii i but to adapt it to the Knglilli pronmuiation, it
fliould r.ither have been written by our authois I'.lkinuiws
Thete peojile are of levcial tribes, and we lliiU b-'L^in
with thole who live on the borders of the Iheigiits whieli
inter into fludfon'h-bay. They are of a middle lize,
robiid, and inclinable to be fat. Their heads are large,
and their taces round and fwaithy ; tlieir eyes are black,
(mall, and Iparkling ; their nofes flat, their lip-, thick,
and their hair lank and black: they have broad Ilioulders,
aiiJ their limbs are proportionable ; but thcii leet aie
c.ttiaordinary Iniall.
The bcl'.aviourof the ElTiiniows is chcarful and fpri^iht-
ly i but Ibine n.itiolis of them are laid to be lubtle, eun-
liiliL', and deceitful, great flatterers, and much addicled
tupiifet fiom flran^eis i ciiily rendered bold by eneuu-
la^eimnt, but .1, cifily fti:;litcned ; and fo attached to
thiir own country, that joine, who have been taken
jiiifuner:. by the Sunlhern Indians when they were boys,
a:.d brciught to the factories, have for feveral years re-
j;ictted their .ibli.nce from their native eouiitiy, and the
ciijoyiiitnt of what they loved when they w^re thcie :
thiit one of them, alter having been fed on J:'.n;;Iilli
diet, b^iiij; piefent wiien an Kii;;liniman was cutin^ up
a feal, from which the tiain-oil ran very pleiullully,
i'coupeJ i;p what he c<juld lave wiih his hands, -nd l.val-
lowiii^ it, cried, " An' co:nniend me to my own dear
" country, where I uuld get my belly-lull of this."
Thenien'bcloalhs are made of feals-fkins, and fometiines
of the lf.iiiS of land .aid fea fowl I'ewfd tOjiether ; their
cojts h.ivc a hood liiic a capuchin, are eli.i'e from the
breall bei'oie, and reach no lower than the middle of the
thigh; the bieechcs are clofc belore and behind, gathered
like a piirfe, with a llring, and tied about their waiils :
they have feveral pair of boots and locks wdlich they
wear one over another, to kei p them warm and dry.
The dilTerencc between the diels of the men and that of
the women is, that the latter li.ive a narrow flap behind
to their jacket, that reaches to their lieehs, 'I'heir hoods
arc likewife lar;.',er and widtr .'it the flioulders, fur the fake
of carrying their children in them at their backs ; and
their boot.«, wliich are a great ileal wider, arc comimmlv
ftuck out v.lth whalebone, bccaufe when they want lo
put a child out of tlieir arms, they (lip it iiuo one of
their boot:, till tlicy can take it up again. ,\ few ot thim
wear f!ii;':i offals bladders fewed togi tlicr. 'I'heir cloaths
are In general fewed very neatly : this is- performed with
an ivory needle, and the linews of a deer fplit fine, and
ufcd for thread. T'hev difeover x good deal of talte in
adorning ihem with ilripcs of dllfereiit coloured Ikiiis
fewed in the manner of borders, cull-., and robnigs lor their
cloths, which akogetiier appear handioine as well as
convenient.
One fin.'.tilar part of their d/efs is tli' ir fnow eyes, as
they propel ly call tlK':n. riicfe are bits ot wood, or
ivory, firmed to rovi r the ory.ms ot fight, and tied at
the b-ek of the h-aJ : in eavli piece are two ilits of the
fame lcM-:h with the ever., but nairuvrer, throu-h whi.-h
they lu: very dillnkily. Tins invention prcvrnts („„„
blindnei , a very painlul diforder, occilioiicd by 11 .
brigl,(n-h of the light lelUeled Iron, the Inow, elp.'tuliv
111 "pimg. I heir ule (lien 'thens the Cu-ht, and hec.,ii,c,
lo habiiua! to thein, that w;ien thev vvould obleivc jn
objeet at a great dillanee, tliey comnn.nly luuk i,„^i,.h
tiiem, as we do through a perlpeetive-glals. " ^
riie fame fpiiit of invemiun is oblii'vable in their m
liruments l»r lilhing and kiwling, whi^h,in (neial a-!
Ipects, rel'emble tlu.le ol the C;ieenlandt.rs. 'I'l.c r lUris
and harpoons are well made, as are alfo their boiv, nj
arrows. Theii boats, which are ealy of cariiagc, j,,,!
(piiek 111 motion, lelemble thole of the GreeiilaiiJtrs
nave il'.eii tranico made ol woud or whalebone, cuv^mJ
all ovei with leal- (kin parchment, except a hole 111 ihg
middle, which has a ring of wood er whalebone roiiiid
It, to pieveni the water running in from the deck, aliurd-
nig only room lor one man to lit in, his feet bein.r Mx^wt'.
cd lorwaid i and lometime: the s<in is laced Z\v,m hi'
waill at theab:;ve-meiitioned lim, which effectually 1),.,,^
out the water. 'I'hey rub the feams with a kind ot iiie
iiLideot (eals blubber. In thele boats they carry ttuir
litile conveniences, and their inlliiiinciits lor kil, „,,
whales, fea-horfis, (ea-iinieoins, leals, and ihe \,\J^
'I'hey .diocairy in their canoes llings and itomj, ^.^^^
which they can do execiitiun at a great dilfanee. \\,t^..
harpoons are headed and pointed witil the teciii i,| tj,'.
morle, one end of it feiving for a (pear, and llie'olher
lor introducing into the body ot the lilh a barb t; red
with iron, which remains there, while tne other p,wt „|
the harpoon re.idily dikngages iiiell arid comes oet. Jo
this barb is falleiicd a thong of the hi.ie ot the iiiorie at
the t:n.\ of which i> a leai-jkin blown up, whicn iuvcs
as a buoy, to (hew them w.ierc the wnale is whtii h-
goes down, and piodi^ioudy fatigues him m Iwiniiii ^^^
As loon as he expires, they, with their canoes, \X
Inm alhore, and llrip hini of hi. fat, which not only
(ervcs them for lood, but to bum in their laiiiii, dunn.r
winter. ' «>
/. i the perfons who travcrfed Hudfon's-bay, in order
to dilcover anoith-wellpallage, had no leifure toc.x..ininc
the countries by which they p.ili'ed, and had liMiieiimcs
opportunities ot oblerving the natives, they were enal-led
to dclenbe the latter, without having it in their power to
give much account of the former. In Mr. Kllis's vova re
which w.isattemp;ed in oider to hnd out thatpjlf.i.c ihe
jllip named the Kelolution was driven upon aiul-eof
tones, when lix boats of l::skimows came olf'with whak-
bone, which, notwithltanding their danger, thev bou-ht
ot them. Thele people, lo l.ir from taking acvaniaue
ol their diilrels, behaved with the ntmolt Vivilitv, .ii'id
endeavoured to lelieve liiem : fer whrn the tide had tioat-
ed them oil, an <dd man, who leemcd better acipiaiiitcJ
with the pl,.ce than the led, had the humaaitvto pacJ.o
belore them, to point out the flioal;, jnid uiiect tlic.r
con. (e, by keeping in .itep w.ncr : thus.hv his.llliilaiicr,
the itefmiiionei. aped being hdl, which is a lulHeieiit
prool that thele |,,-o|,le do not dflerve to be tcrineJ art-
iLiI and thievidi, linee they could not avoid beiin- liili-
b.e that ihcy woul.l have reanid ...lent advanta'-cl.v the
lols ol ih,Mbip. Our author theiclore jultly cbleivcs
th.it wh.mner others mav fay to their preinJiec, it isbi'il
julticetocnvn, that they behaved not only with huma-
nity, but with great kmdnel- and Iricndllnp. K.iilnn^
can be more adnnra.-le than the ingenuity and in.iullrv
nt thele piople, who, (or want ot iron, are trtvpieiitly
oblir,..J to make not only the baibs of their haip..onv
b'.c alio their hatchets and knives, of (tonf;, (e,:-a(,r|'e
(ccth, and (ea-iimionis lioin- ; and it i» d,die'ilt t.i'-(m.
ceive the dexterous ul'e thev make of mat, 11. di tliit Ic-ni
(o very improper lor the pnrpolcs to which thev e,„.,lm'
them. I hele (eem to be oiP;in,l!y one people with
thole jultdelciibtd; but are inoie affable and (iieiidiv
an.l hkewile more slvilluj artill<;. 'J'he b, r lers nl thtir
iKibiis are generally Inngf-d with cut leather, and are
loiiietimes hung with the teeih of lawns, '/"he w.nicn
do not, like thole of the other K'ki'no*s, (lirl: <.iit the
(ide^ol their boots with.ivhalel.une : they allndilLr from
them in wealing a t:^) made of tf.c skm of a bult.do'i tail,
which,
SON s Bay.
rouph wliich
rcvciiti liiiiw
oiicil liv 11,0
ivv, Clp^tully
louk. tiiiou^li
-• 111 tluir m-
in kicial ic-
'I'lit.r ilans
K-ir bowj „iij
canijge, jiul
LircciiUnJtrs,
)unc, cuvl'.cJ
i hulc in the
ililioin; roimj
ciicck, .illurJ-
bfing Itrctcr,.
iiccil .iliijui hii
rtcctuully lli.iis
I a kiiiJ u> luL-
iK-y carry tluir
lt> lor klli.llir
o
aiiJ iliL' likf.
,il licincb, Willi
iltaiK.'. ll.ur
ic tccili i.l the
and the other
h a barb t:;i;:i'a
IK oth.r p.iit I'l
:oiin.i out. I'o
)t uii; morn;, at
p, wbicli icivcs
lak- is wliuii lio
II in Iwinim.ng.
ir caiioi:s, tuw
A'bicti not (Jiiljr
:ir lainib ilurm^
s-bay, in order
ilurc to examine
I bad lonieliiiK.'!)
were eii.i'.'le.l
their power to
Kllii'.s voya.'e,
that pallJi^c, ihe
poll a iuli;c ot
ili'with wiijIi-
T, thcv bouilit
auvaiUaj;e
ivihtv, aih!
tide had liaat-
,ler acijuau.tCvl
in.iitv to paiJiiio
;Ik1 iliiect tilCv
hisallillancr,
h K a luiii.kMit
terinej ar;-
,iJ beiiiu l-iili-
U .ui'.auc iiv the
juttlv ebU-ivc;,
•)iiJicT, it IS but
ii!v with hiima-
Jihip. No-.limg
ily and iiu'ul'ry
are t'rei]ii.."Uly
t>clr hai;">Gii«,
lines, (i..;-niiile
dillk-iilt lu-on-
lt;li.d^ that ku'ni
it'll thcv employ
JsJtVVFOUNDLAND.
A M F. R I C A.
^ji
alt
in. ptopf
with
e an;) liieiidiv,
bi 1 Jeri ol ihtir
Uathcr, and are
i. I'lie vvMrtieii
s, I'llr!; (.lit llic
,' .illii difr.;r from
il a butblo'i tail,
v.liicii,
which, though it hai a frightful appearance, is <>f Rrcat
III' in Itcepwi • ott'ihc miislcctoes, which aic here ex. cl-
|,»,lvttoublcluiMe. Indcid the hair ban-iiig over their
,j^,.' loinewhat uhllrucU their fi;:ht, but it i*c,lily ic-
nv.ved with llieir hands ; and, was it not lor this deloiice,
iiuk- iiilc'^t'* *""''' '"= ii>l''l'l'<"'-'li''-'- 'l^'"'" ""'■;'■ ''J'''
Jiui wear them, while hantiin^; at their iiM.'.her ^ backs i
..nJ as, thus drclU-d, tluy make a moll dilm.il h 'lire, it
Lipt torailc aai.cltin- idea of the baibiiuy ot thele
h,undefs and inoHeiirwc people. 'I'hJ.- nianiui ol kiiul-
1,11 'a lire appoars very extraordinary, but r. neaily the
tame in all countries where they have no: ilr- advanta;;e
ul flinis and tied : they prepare two pie. -s oi dry wood,
and making a liiiall hole in eaeli, lit to Ovm a lictic cyl'ii-
ilrieal pi-'ce of wood, round which a thoii.,; r. put; tiicii
bv pulling tl>= ends <.f the thon^;, ihoy whii I the cylm-
jjiu'i piece about with lu.h veiociiy, that tiie nioiion
kuthe wood on lire; when lu;htin|; a little dry niols,
whiJi ferves for tiiuK-r, they make as lars;e a hie a'l tlu y
plt-ale : but as the little timber they have towards tlie
iioithof Hudlon's bay, is only what is driven on lliore,
this fails them in winter, and they are obliijvd, hn.- the
Greenlanders, to nuik': uie of their lamp., loi the lup-
iilv of their family occafioiis
' Ihcfe fimplr. people were fo fir from b -iiij. I'akms ot
tluir wives, 'h.it ihey offered then: to the En;:ldh lailors,
l.om an opinion that the children tney had by the n would
I,,, in ' veiy refpcct as much luperior to thole ol their na-
l,c as they took the Eii-l:(h to be ; lor they ima-me,
hvs our author, that in liie molt literal leiile every man
bivets his like, and that the ion of a captain mull iiilal-
libty he a captain.
Oi\ their going to fc, in order to catch hm, tnty
„fu.illy take in their boats a bladder filled with train-
oil as our people do a dram-bottle, and letm to drink
, he' contents with the fame relilh j and when their Itock
I, our, they have been lecii to draw the bladder through
liieir teeth with much fecming fitisfaaion. '1 hey are
probably convinced by cxperient:c of the lalutary cltecls
ofthiscoarfe kind of oil in this rigorous climate, which
tenders tliem fo fond of it. They alfo ute it lor their
Limps, which are made of ftonc, hollowed out with as
much arf as can well be expedled, confiderin^ their
tools. _ , .
We fhall now leave Fludfon's-bay, which, cnnhdering
its great extent, may as well be called a fea a:, the Haltic,
almolt all the roiiiury for fevcral milci from the co.ifl,
which contain .ibiiiidanee of timber lit lor lli'p and boat
buiidinj;, a.swillas fur ire.'.in^; il:ij.',e3 for turnip and
dryiivi, lilh i and beyond lluie wood-,, where the lands
are cleared, arc in many places jviod palluia^e. 'Ihe iii-
l.iiid parts oi' the countiy rife into lii;;h hills, and liiili
into bogs ,ui I fwainps ; where f.ieli parts as arc not co-
vend wi'ii wat.t, all'ord only llinib!, fpruce, and white
nioli. it however contains many hue ii\ers, lakes, and
livn'.ct", which ubniind with beaver, otters, and th.* Iilfc,
aii.l art" lid great pi;iuy ot l',.l.i:oii and other li(h. The
loiii!-: ate llored witii deer, nio.ifc, bears, wolves, and
foxe-, in great pi' iity ; but here are few cattle, llieep, or
inllcad of the latter, the inhabitants make Ule
of dogs fir drawing of wood jn.i oilier iieceiriries. 'I'hefc
they manage with great ik-Nteiiry, fixing, them in leather
collais, ;.nd yoking toi.'etner what number they ple.de.
There aie here gieat plenty of wild fowl, but the llaple-
commodity of the ifl.md is coj .llli, winch are herelarg i
and in greater abuiul inee than in any part of the woilJ
yet difcovered ; and ;i confiderabic p:irt of Kuropc is at
prelent chiedy fiijiplied with this aiticic from hence.
Great Ijtitaiii .md North Anieiica, at the lowelt com-
putation, annually employ upwards of three thoufiod
fail in th.s lilhery 1 on board of whiih, and on fliorc, u
cure and pick tiie tifh, are not lei's than ten tlioulaiil
li.iiids ; fo that it is ;it the fame time, notcnly a Vfiy pre'-
litable branch of trade to the mtrenant, but a lource i>f
livelihood to fo iiMiiy tlioul.inds of poor people, and a
iiiolf excellent iiunery to tl'.e roval navy, winch i:i heiiee
fii|)plied with a great number of able leanien : it might
tlill be greatly nilaiged ; lor notwithttandmg the great
trade carried on b- tirj F.nglifii here, the i-'ieneli aie f-id
to have by f.ir the bell part.
On thele co.Jls are al.'o t.iken a great number of
whales', f.tals, porpiiles, ,^'c. wlience abme five ilvju-
laiul barrels of oil, belides a groat quantity of whale-
bone, feal-ikins, lic. aie aniiu.illy exported tr.iin heiue
to uilf'-'rent parts of the woiM j .11 whieli ll.(lieiently
fliew the importance of the illaiid, notwitiilkiiuiing the
feverity of the ciiinate, and the roughnefs and barrennefi
ol the foil.
'i he number of Knglifli inhabitants on the illand, ii
uncertain and fluctuating. Thev are indeed very ineon-
lideiable, it compared with its extent, hut there are not
half the number in winter that there arc in funimer.
its cre,it extent, may as well be called a lea as ine nau.^, , ■ •■ ■ ..- .■^■■■■■- ■■• - ...- ..... ..,. ... ..,.,.,....
and fevcral othersth.it l.e.ir that name; and lh.dl only | 1 he capital ot the il.and, which is leated on the louth-
oblervc, that in failing to the northward tioiii loik-lort
cvcrv thing dwindles, the men become lower in llature,
and in the latitude of fixty-oiic degrees the very trees
(lirink into brufliwood.
SEC T. IV.
Of Newfound LAN D
lis Situation, Extent, Climate, S:il, mut ProJua ; uith a
em point, contains no more than between three and lour-
fcore houfes.
As filhing is the (laplc commodity of Nev.'foundlard
and the adjacent ill iiids, it Will not, perluips, bcdila;uee-
ahle til our readers, if we here give a cinicife account of
the method of cniiiig the cod, and pr;'pariiig it tor the;
market.
Tlie vclVels employed in this Inifinefs are fiiia'l fliallops,
whieii come to lliore every day, where the iiihernicri
throw the cod they have taken upon a (hgc prepared fir
I Situation, txti'it, Uimtite, o^ii, omi fro.:ua-; uiw n nn^w n.u ^v,u m^y ....vi .,,»i,i ,,|,..., .. ,i.,^i
tartiiuUr Account cf the Manner of preparing the Ccd in ] th:it purpofe. (Jiie of them, who iscalk-d the ciit-thio r,
that l/lund. 1 <-1ieiis the tith with a tw.i-ed.cd knife, and cuts (ff hi.
I head ; a fecund h:inds the li(h to the carver, who ftand*
X TEWFOUNDl. AND received its name fromCabot, ' oppolite to him at a t:ihle ereited upon the (lai;e, who
il«>
^ , who difcovered it in \i,')~. It is of a tiiaiijular
loini, and fituatcd to the calt of the gulph of St. Law-
rencc, between the forty-lixth degree forty minutes and
.• the forty-fccond degree fcven minutes north latitude, and
fJ- between the forty-tirll degree fifty two minutes and the
fifty feventh degree forty minutes weft longitude ; it be-
in" bounded toihc eaftward and fouthwaid bv the Atlan-
tic ocean, on the north by the Ifreights ol Belie;!!.', and
on the well by the gulph of ."st. Lawrence.
The coafls aie extremely fubjciif to fogs, occafioncd
by the vapours exhaled from the lakes, fwaiiips, and bogs,
with which the illand abounds; yet the air is falubrious,
and agreeable to inort coiiditutions. The waiters are le
vcre, attended with almolf continual ftortns of fnow and
fleet, the (ky being ufually overcalt.
The foil is generally fuppofcd to be barren, cxrcpt
only the banks of the i.vcis, which are toleiahiy fertile.
There are however woods of different kinds tl',iou;^hout
with a lingie-ed.'cd knile, lix or eigtit inches Ion:;, aitd
very thick on the ba: k, to cncreafe its v/eight, fiiiits t!,,-
iifh open ; when it is conveyed to Ihe falter, who pl.ieis
it With the Ikiii inidermr It in a barre', and then very
iVuhtly covers it with lah, laying the tifli regtilajy en;
upon annthir.
Aticr leaviin!^ the end in fill three or four days, and
kimetiiiies twice as bug, aceordiiit! to the I'eafon, thev
put It into a tub, vvalli it well, m.ike it up in pil.'u, and,
ill lair weather, I'pteaJ it out witii the Ikin iinJ.einioll,
I on a kind of (lage railed with wattles about two fctt
I from the gruui.d ; biloie night they turn the (kin upper-
I moll, which they alfo do wlu'iioier It rains. Wlien tbi;
; hill beeoincs a little dry, it is tailed into laig':r piles,
i where it rclla a day or two ; attei which it is again «x-
1 puled to the air, and turned aecordiii!' as there is oce:i-
lion, bcloie they again taile it into hirgcr piles, where,
after this is done, ii fometinics leinatnj fifteen d vs with-
.ll.'
!►■■
<ll»
.
■♦
*
¥
'■**i
!!i'
■I ■•< :
i'lJ
1
4
I, !
'I *\
p
1}
mt
M'
y-'i'
f .
1 )■
III
i 'Si '
rifl
4f ■.■!/• ■
Stf iff-
^V
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
out lu'ing nidvcil ; after which it i^ once more cxpofcd
to the ;iir, aiul when almoft dry, gathered together again,
in crJor to iWeat, which taker, up twenty-four hours or
more, according to the fcalbrr : it is then opened and ex-
polid to the air for the Ull time, and when thoroughly
dried, hdiil'ud.
Ki(h cured in this manner are not oiily more f.iir to the
eye, but nuuc grateful to the tafte, than tlnfc which are
partly prepared at fea ; and that cured in the Iprriig be-
fore the great hears, is gtiier.»lly the bell.
SEC T. V.
0/ C A P J. 15 R F. T o N , iiiHiil by the French L'l s L E R o Y A L .
Jti Siliinlim, Extent, Fihe cf t'\> Cmntry, C/imale, Sjit, and
Pi sduie, uilh the advantagei Frti'ue ificivat/nin it,
TH E illand of Cape Breton, which is featcd fifteen
leagrics to the fouth-wtll of Newfoirndland, is in
tlic furty-fixth degree north Intitude, and in the fifty-
eighth degree thirty minutes well longitude, it being (e-
paratcd from the continent by a narrow paflagc on the
welt. This ifljrid is about one hundred and ten milcb
from the north-eall to the fouth-wc(t. Round it arc ft-
vrral harbours and bays, which, from iti fitualioii in the
gulph of St. Lawrence, have made it confidered as the
key of Canada, it bein^ a fafe retreat for (hips bound
either to or from Canada.
It is of a very irregular figure, and fo cut through by
lakes and rivers, that its two principal parts are held to-
gether only by an ifihmus of about eight hundred paces
ill breadth ; this neck of land feparates the bottom of
I'ort Touloule from feveral lakes, which are called La-
brador. Thefc lakes difcharge thcmfelves into the lea
to the call by two channels, formed by the iflands of
V'trderronne and la Boularderie.
All rts ports open to the caft, turning a little to the
foirth, and are within the fpace of fifty-five leagues, be-
"inning at Port Dauphin, and continuing to Port
J'ouloule, which is almolt at the entrance ofthepaflagc
of Frorifa.'. In all other parts it is difficult to find an-
chorage. The northern coaffs are very high, and almoll
liiacccflible ; and it is not eafy to land on the wellern
coal}, till vou come to the paflage of Fronfac, near which,
a; we h.ne already obfervcd, is Port 'I'ouloufc, which
is between a kind of gulph called Little St. Peter's and
the i (land of St. Peter: from hence proceeding towards
tlie fouth caft is the bay of Gaborie, at twenty leagues
dil^ancc ; this bay is a league broad, between iflands and
rocks, and two leagues in depth ; but it is not fafc to
come near the iflands. The harbour of Louifburgh,
formerly called the Englifli Harbour, is not above aleague
from the lafl-mentioned bay, and perhaps one of the fined
in America, it being near four leagues in circumference,
and having every where fix or fevcn fathoms wat'"- '!'h:
town of I.x>uifburgh is fituatcd on the lbuth-wel( fide, in
latitude forty-five degrees fifty minutes, and in fifty-eight
degrees thirty-five minutes weft longitude. It was pretty
Hrongty fortified, with as much regularity as the iitua-
tion would admit. It had a good rampart, with irregular
baftions, a dry ditch, a covert-way, with an excellent
glacis, and before two of the curtains a ravelin, with a
bridge to the fallee-ports ; but the chief ftrength of the
place by land coiififted in the thickncfs of the walls, and
the impaflabic morafltis, that extend from the foot of the
glacis to a confiderabic diftancc. There was indeed one
part without any walls for about a hundred yards, this
being there abfolutcly unneccflary, the fea flowing clofc
to the town, and thcrtforc a palifailc was thought a fuf-
ficient defence : nor can even fmall barks approach it
for want of fufficient depth of water; and fhips mull keep
at a very confiderabic dilUncc, on account of the rocks
and flioals. liefides, there were two collateral baftinns,
which flanked this part to very great advantage. In the
center oftmeof the chief baftions was a ilrong building,
with a moat on the fijc towards the town ; and this was
called the citadel, thoirgh it had neither artillery, nor was
a (Irirflure proper for receiving any : indeed the entrance
to it was over a draw- bridge, on one fide of which was
aUiC
troll of
Cape BRf.To.s>.
•■}^°n" Jc Rarde, and advanced renilnels <.ri the otlu,
Within this building were the apartments for the Rovt-r'
nor, the barracks for the gaiiifon, the arleiial, and under
the platform of the redoubt a magazine always well hit
nilhed with military (lores. The panlh-church, or ra"
ther chapel, was alio within the citadil, and without it
was another belonging to the hofpiial of St. lean dc Dici,
an elegant and fpaciousllrudlurc, built with iton;,. ^il
an ifland at the entrance of the harbour was aftron.> <tnt
and ou the oppofite fide a very high lower, lerniu/ j a
light-houfe. Here was a large fortification callfj'ihc
royal battery, and beyond it was aiioiher fort built on
a point farther within the harbour. When the tow,!
of Louifburgh was lad taken from the French, it eoiii,it-
ed of only levcral narrow lanes, and had few u,\a
houfes in it, they being of wood, with a fuuiid.i
Itone carried about fix feet above the ground.
'I'here arc feveral other ixcellent ports ; which are the
more necellary, as the lea round the ifland is (u| i,,fi ,^
violent llornis of wind, with fruiw and fleet, anj („,.(,
toss that it is frequently impoflible to fee ihc len.th of
a Ihip : but v.'hat is Itill more extraordinary, tin it- f,,,,,
will, in the fpace of one fro'.ty night, cafe over the ri».
ging of fliipj with fuch thick ice, as to render thcni iiu!
poflible to be worked till it is beaten of}'; the cpiaiunj
beat oft from onlv one of the (hips crnplovr d in t.-,c c-.n-
quelt of the ifland in 1758, was computed to amount to
fix or eight tons weight; yet this amazing quantity ,vas
all congealed on the night of the fifth of Aliy, when
warmer weather might have been expeiStcd. ' Tiicie
circuinllances fhew the advantages of an ifland lilicj w,;;,
(uch a number of excellent ports, kated in fuch .1 1,^.
mendous fea.
'J'he foil and climate nearly rcfemble thofe of New-
foundland, and conlequently its produce is not V-ty dif-
ferent. A confiderable part of tlie land is barren ; jt
however, produces oaks of a prodigious fize, pinej fy^
malts, and all forts of timber fit for building. The moll
common forts are cedar, oak, afll, beech, inaple, ar)in
wild-cherry, and plane-trees. Itlikewifc produces lome
forts of fruit, particularly apples, with herbs and luot-
fome kinds of grain, with hcnip and flax.
it is obfervable, that the mountains may be cultivated
up to the tops, and that the good foil always inclines to-
wards the fouth. There are here -reat nuiiibers of fowl
particularly very large partridges, which in their feathers
refcmble pheafants. 'Fhere are here likewife airnuls
brought from Europe, as horned cattle, hogs, Ihcep,
goats, and poultry. The lakes, rivers, and ba,s, a-
bound with heavers, otters, and excellent fifli in the
greatcft plenty ; and what is got by hunting, fliontiiiL',
and filhing, is luflicient to maintain the inhabitaiits'a
good part of the vear.
This induced the French, on their being cxeliiJed from
.•\radia and Newfoundland, to begin a lettlenieii; h're
'" 1714., which they continued to cncreale, and lnititied
it in J720. 'Fhey were, however, dilVolleflld in 1745
by the bravery of the inhabitants of New KnglaiiJ,
with little afliltance lioin (jreat IJiitain ; but it was a:viin,
by the treaty of Aix la Chapeilc, ceded to the Frc rich,
who fparcd no expencc to fortify and flrengthen it. How-
ever, it was again reduced in 1758 hv the llritifh troops
under general yXmhcrll and admiral liofcawen, who
found in that place two hundred and twentyriic pieces
of cannon and eighteen mortars, to^-eihcr with a verv
large quantity of Itorcs and ammunition ; and was yield-
ed tor ever to the crown of Great Britain by the lad
peace, fincc whiih the lnrtifiration^ have been blown up,
and the town of Loiiiili.rgh difmant'ed.
The importance of thu ifland to the French nun- be
eftimated from tl'.c adviiiitagis tlicy reaped frnrn it when
in their pollelTion. Though but a finall nurrilicr ol fliips
filhed near t'lc h/rbour of Lnuiibiir;.h, in compaiifi.n of
thole employed in the French fifhenc;. on the hanks of
Newfouirdland, the gulph of St. Lawrence, and the reigh-
bourinn (hores, bays, and harbours ; vet it is f>p fituatcd,
that all their fithing-veli'els could repair to it f>n any dan-
ger, or emeigeiicv, efjiecially thidc which filhed in the
gulp
lp!i
the main, or at the norih-weft end o( New-
fouirdland, iijiie of which arc abjvi
ojie or t«() day; fail
at
iiifT^*"
'" the otiitr.
jr the goicr-
il, and under
"ys well lur-
lurch, or u-
d without It
can dc D;cii,
lto:ic5. t)i,
aftroii;. :,,,,,
'•■•rviiii; ,.sa
n called the
'Ort built on
;n the tuwii
■I', it lOlll.lt.
r^iw tclci.ibie
l'ounJ.itioii of
I,
vhich .ire the
is (lllu.'t ,0
;ct, :ind luc),
ilic lenjih of
y, thik' |„j,j
over thf n»-
Jfr thcni nu-
'lic Hiiaiuity
i in t:-,e c-n-
to iMiifJunt to
quantity was
f i\Iiy, w!-,cn
:tcd. ■|':ic;o
md liilcd witli
in fiitti .1 Ke.
lofe of New-
not v-Ty dif.
! barren j it,
izc, pines fur
g- 'I'licmoll
maple, afpin,
produces lomc
rbs <ind lootT,
be cultivated
inclnies to-
ibers of fowl,
heir feathers
wile an:mals
ho;;s, Ihecp,
and bais, a-
iifli in the
g, fhodtiiu',
inhabitants a
xcliulcd Iroin
ttlenii-'nt h.-ie
and. fill tilled
iLd in 1 745
w Kn;:laiia,
It was aj'.iiii,
the Frinch,
,eii it. ilow-
ritilh troops
cawcn, who
tv-r'ne pieces
with a very
nd was yicld-
,11 by the !a{l
en blown up,
A M !■ R I C A.
Sr. Jons.
nt mort from tbcncc , a', mi ;>lit alTo thofe veflels whicli
iiiided with mud-tilh on the banks ; wlnnte this iil.ind
was t!ic center .md proteition of tlien whole tilliery.
Aicotdin;-; to a loniputation made by perfons inti-
ni.ii'ly aecinainted Willi every branch of it, the (|iiantiiy
ol liHi they caught in the year before the lalJ war was
one million one hundreil and forty-nini; thouland quiii-
l.ijs of dry lilli, and three inilllon nine hundred tlioufand
mud bill; the value of both which, includini; three thou-
land one hundred and fixteen one (jiiarter tons ol train-
(„1, drawn Irom the blubber, amounts to nine hiindied
and twcntv-fix thoiiland five bundled and fevcnty-luven
pounds ten fhillinps, according; to the ptiinc colt ot the
(ilh It Newtoundland j and with the addition of 115
frcl;;hi to the I'evcr.il inaikets where it is lold, makes nine
hundred .tnd loity-nine thoul'and one hundreil and ninety
two pounds ten Ihillings llerling ■, and if to this be added
the eonliimption which is niaile of their courfe woollens
by the men employed in the (illiery, reckoning for each
a Idinkct, watch-coat, rug, pca-jacnet, 5(e. in the whole
thiriy fliillinj^s per man, with the brandy they conliinie ;
and alio the canvas, coidage, nets, hooks, grapplings,
anchors, i^c. that the fliips and ftiallops of this fiDiery
iiiiill expend at fea and on fliorc, the value of it will a-
mount, at leall, to one million Iterling per annum, at
which It is generally computed.
Hut in order to form a jull ellimarc of the value of this
branch of trade to the French, we fliould alio take in its
bcnilicial conli;i|ucnres, which principally cont'ilt in the
following articles: FiifV, the train-oil produced by it io
ncicHary to the French in their woollen manufactory, in
which they have already rivalled us with too much luccels;
and their I'ugar colonies abroad, which cannot do without
it, arc fupplicd with it from France out of this filhcry.
Secondly, the trade it opens for them in the iMeilitcr-
ranean, and all the Roman Catholic (tates, where they
carry their fifli to market ; and by this means torce a
vent for the French manufadures ; which has been found
fj beneficial to their commercial intcrcll, that they h.ive
been indefatigable in the cultivation of it, fparing no
pain? nor coft, and ufing every art to monopolize it.
Thirdly, the great encrcafe of their navigation and fea-
mcn arifing from this fifhcry, in which five hundred and
fixty-fourfhips, befides (hallops, and twcnty-feven thou-
farni five hundred feamcn, were employed ; circumlt.in-
ccs, el'pecially the latter, which, confidercd writh legard
to their maritime force, were of themfelves as valuable
ti France, as the revenue of the fifliery itfclf : hence
Charlevoix, in his Miftory of New France, julUy oblorves,
" 'Ihat this fifhcry was a more valuable I'ouice of wealth
" and power to France, than even the mines of I'eru or
" Mexico would be."
'1 hi; great branch of trade may be faid to have de-
pended upon the poileflion of the Ifland of Cape Breton,
en account of its affording them a convenient harbour to
fiipnly and protciit it ; but this they have fince found means
to Carry on in a very prtditablo manner to themfelves
without it. However, there are other great advantages
which the French received from their puH'eflion of this
illand. France has not one fea-port lor the relief and
Ihcltcr of her trading fliips, cither to or fiom the Welt
Indies open to them any where in North Anurica to the
northward of the river MifTiIUppi ; and conlciiuciuly the
f'Ji
whole trade inuri lor the I'uture be rxfuU-d m the r.n;.;Iil!i
prieatei-is fimii then'jrlhern colonies In tinienf war, with-
out .my (dace oi'ltrenith to which they <an ret.'c.it , hiir
Louilburj^li leived tlieiii as an liar'.'uui lor their (hips em-
ployed in this tr.ide to floit to lor woo 1 and water, t j
clean or repair, for < onvoy from tln-me to < )ld Frrncr,
and I'll account f.f any dillref;. To ail this rniilt |i-
added, that the polleiri'.n ol thi illand put it into tlieli
p.iwerto annoy the trade of the Ijntilli noithcrn coluiiis
in time of war, with their pi ivat'':i' from tlrn harbour,
to I'lK h ach-'vce, that it has evi 1 heen called be tlieLii^j
liDi the i)u!:kirk. ot North AnierlLj.
s r. c T. VI.
Of t!jc /j!.n::l/>J Sr. JcH-r.
/.•J i((/,...'.'.i.', J:.\lc>il, u:i l'i:d.i.c.
TIIOI'CJH the illand of St. John is feared i!l tha
neighboiiihuod ot (J.ijie IJietoii, and lies partly
between it and the lontiiunt, and conlcquenily has
neatly the I'anv rliinate, vet it greatly exceeds the illanOs
jufl nieiitloiied, with rclpect to its pleal'antnefs and the
lirtilltv of its foil. It is computed to be about lixty
miles III length, and has not only a comnioiiious liarboiir
tor eanyingoii the ridiiry, bntaloundi with avaricty of
ufeful timber and iiudf kindsof ganiccoiiiiiion totlunciith
boiiring country. 'I'his illand is fo feitlle, and was lo well
i'liproved while pnlitli'ed by the French, that it was juHly
Itiled tiie granary of Canada, wldch it liunifhed witn
great plenty of moll forts of corn, as well as great quan-
tities of beef and poik ; and, when laft taken, had up-
waids often thoulaiid head of black cattle, and fome of
the farmers railed twelve hundred bulhcls ot corn annu-
ally. It has feveral rivers, which abound with I'almon,
trout, eels, &c. and the furrounding fea attbrds plenty of
fturgeon, plaice, and moll kinds of fli-.U-fifii. An iHanJ
of this advantai-e was at once carefully cultivated, and
its importance concealed from the Englifli, left it fliould
induce them to make themfelves malUrs of it, and by
that means cut c.fl' the principal fuppliis from f.)^iebec.
In this illand are yet confiderable quantities of land un-
cultivated, whith, bv a proper improvement, wouid ren-
der it Ilill more viduable.
When this Illand was furrendered to colonel Rollo, it
had four tlu'ufaiid inhabitants; and, to the dTgrace of thu
governor, there were found in his houl'e leveral EnglKh
fcalps, which were brought there to market by the I'av.ges
of Nova Scotia ; this being the place where tliey were
encouraged to carry on this barbarous and inhuman
trade.
The important conqueft of the iflands of Cape Urcton
and St. John filled the whole kingdom with exultation ,
and eleven pair of colours, taken at Loiiilburgh, were,
by his majelly's order, carried in a pompous parade, el'enrt-
ed by a detachment of foot-uu.iids, from Keiilington'
palace to the cathedral of St. Paul, where they weie de-
polited as trophies, under a dilcharge of cannon, and
other cxpreffi, ns of triumph and exultation.
Jjoth this idaiul and that of Cape Breton are at prefent
under the governor of Nova Scotia, as are alio lescial
I'mal! adjacent illands.
'i .11
m
i/'l
•<*.\
(MK-h may uc
I'i'.iii it when
n-.bcr ol flilps
ompaiifon of
the hanks of
nd the neigh-
is fo fituatot),
on any dan-
filhed in the
rnd o! Ncw-
tuio d.t_vs fail
at
C II A P.
I ^
m
' isiji
m
(
'■'¥*
' J-f
* ; ■ i:
;
( <J.'4 )
Af ^r'lA.
C II A V. If.
or NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA, NEW ENGLAxNl), NEW VORk
tl-.L JERSEY S, P E N N S Y I. V A N I A, a.ul M A R Y L A N D.
lui
i ' !
¥1
Ill
s K c r. I.
0/ At' \DiA, »>■ Nova Scotia.
Ill S.I t.ili:^!, Lx I'll, Piitii.e, lii'hun, (iiu! ll'jhiy.
ACWDIA, or Nova .Scnri.i, is iht- rroll ejflcrn pait
iif the rnntiiiciit of America. It is liuunjccl by
llie til pi) of St. l,.Tvrinccaml tlic llrci^iits lit C.iii(j,
\»hich kj>iratc> ir I'r.irn C.ipe Urcton, on thctMll ; on tin.-
f'liit'i by the Atl.iii:ic ocean ; on tlic well by the bay <>'
I'un.lv an. I tlie piovnice ot .M.iin, belon;;nK; to .\Ialia-
ibiiiit-bav i an.l on the nurlh bv the river ol' St. Law
feme, whicb (liviiles it (mm Cini.la ; cxtcmlin^ /lorn
the (brty-lhirJ ilii;r^e thirtv I'.-vcn niinutes to ilie Corty-
iiinth ilojj'c' thirty niiniiics north iatituJe, ami I'r.jm tnu
fixticth (It .;ree tilt' en minutes to the I'lxtyiiimh il;';;n.e
welt loniiilmlc. It is fo indented by what is called the
bay nl' Kiindv, that the louth-iilt p.irt, towards the
ocean, forms .i tiianciilar pcniiiliila, only joined by a
fniall illhintu t.i the other part.
It IS in 1' Mieial a line country, the climate being tolc-
r.iblv tnnpLT.ite, th.iigh pretty I'evcre ni winter, wlien
the cold is (harp and the Inow lies deep on the ;;;oiind ;
but the aif is there L'enerallv clear, with a bri.;lit li.i-
(hine, and .i/urc Iky ; the l'ii;iinicr is, however, hottei
than in Kn^land.
The ln:l of this pr.>vince is various, in foms pla^';
barren, and in others exceeding; picafant and tertilc, pi:
ticularlv round the bay of FunJy, and on the rinri
which f,ill into it, where are large trach of around oa
hnth lides thel'e rivers for fifty or fixty tTi;|es into the j
roiintrv, and feveral miles from the bay, which w 'te
once marnn',but, bv being dyked, are improved to ^reat i
advantage. The eminences in this proiinee are jIIo ,
vc.-v pleafant and fruitful, proiluting wheal, rye. In lian-
rorn, peas, beans, h.nip, flax, and fi.me kinds ot (ruit
ingic.it perfection, as I'.oof. ber.i'. s, rallv,r:ie<. Ilrawbcr-
ries, which glow in the woods. Several par;i yield fine
timber, and pirtitiikuly excellent oak lit lor building
of (hips i with hr, fprucc, birch, &c. It abounds with
all the iieeellarics ot lite, particulaily a great number of
dicr and oilvr came, wi.h plenty of wild fowl, as teal,
herons, wood-cocks, pigeons, biiitar.ls, partridges. Wild-
ducks, and j;r'-at iiumlieis of beavers and ottsis. 'I he
r vers abound with lalmon and other kinds of rivcr-fifh.
Tnere are alfo iVveul fifiieries creiitcd in the (i:ri.:ent
harbours, which are carried on with nreat fuccefs.
'i he CO, lit has tli'- advantage ot many biy •, harbours,
and creeks ; and the land is enriched by many rivers,
fome of which are navigated for a long courie by the na-
tive In.li.ins. Tlic h.irbour of Chebu;tu, upon v.'hiih is
I ated llic nictronolis, may be jultly ilteeined one of the
tiiKlt in the worl.l, both for f.itctv and onvcniencc, it
h ivin;» aoid ancliorin.'-grnund, and water I'u.'ricicnt for
the larjji It men of war. Tnis is theretnrc made the place
of rendezvous for the royal navy in America, i: having a
royal dock, and convi niem es for the largelt (hips to heave
down and can-'-n. The cntr.incc into it is Iron the foutn.
With a lari'e ill and of an nregular form, IvniL' on the
iiorih-e.ilt lide, naiud (.'ornA'jIlis Il'and, from the firft
jrovcrnor of H illit.ix. 'I'nis ill ml, as well as a fmailtrr
one ihat be* hi 'Jisr un the h '.rbour, nani'-d Cjeorgt- Uland,
ij ver/ conimodioiillv btuated lor a hfhery, and lias con-
v'liiencies of all forts proper loriliyuig and curing the
filh.
( )n the svill lide of thi> harbour is featrd the town of
Hallif.ix, which, tioiieh touiided lo Litilv as the year
J -47, is now a cunfidirabic place, conlUting of above
one thoufand houfes, l.ii>l out in handfornc ftraightftrccf
and is the rapit.il ol the whole province.
There arc alfi. Itveial oilier loriinn laid out round th-
bay, and partly niliabiled j but the molt conlidci,i|,le h.,*"'
tijinents are upon tliv; bay of i'"undy, and ilii: ij^.r, (,.
foil into it.
About two miles up ilic harbour of Clitbiiilo is a
ver on llic fouih well lide, with a fni.ill h.irbour at li
entrance. Thu river, which was called by ilic firit In
tiers of H.illifax S.indwich river, is at the monili al,,,^,
as wile and de p a., the Thames at London-bikl^p, ,,nj
Is fall-water (01 .ibout four or five miles up, wli. n n \^,_
miiiaies, where a I'mall frclli w.iter rivulet f.dls int,, ^
lioiii the north. I'loni the mouth of S.indwich rivir to
the nppr.litc fide of the liaiboiir, is about t*o imles
witli ^ood anclioring-groiind loi ihe laigell ftipj m j|,v
p..ri ot It, and a fiiu w.iteiing-pl.ice on ihe nuiih.tj|(
lidc ; the land (ii both Adc3 is exceeding high, but co-
vered with wood.
lour or five miles to ihe north of the above river 1, j
narrow cntr.ince nt half a mile, into lied ford -luy, winch
is about twelve niilci in tircuuilerence, and lus fcvtul
crcckj at the boirom of it, abounding wiih the hiicK ia|.
inon in the great ll plenty : there are alio leveral iil.iii,;
•, nd on the wcdein fide of it, grow a great iiuni-
)f pines fit for malls. This bay, with the Imbjur
...-i.i i'iwich river, divide the pcninfula from the
\ nirtin-l.o'.i
Upon lli.M.p of^tc fhore arc fevcra! large rivers, anon?
I v.!o>n that r! ct | '. 1 is the moft coniiderah'e ' ,'
ten iCSf.ii. i difi i.ii iiv.m tiic giu ol Ain ..p.,!
a vti , '..i.g courie j but has two prodigious ca „.j ■
near ili mo.ith, one of tliem no kU thin tliirly latiioms
deep, whic.'i is fuppofed to be chiefly occafioiird bv the
great head of watir above, and the chaniul b:.n luit
up between two Hep mouiu.iins,
'The inliaiiianlj may be computed at about twentv
thoufand, who expert to other parts chiefly lumber, as
planks, llav.s, hoops, jiiils, and filh. The latitr i«,
indeed, t.^e llaple comr.io.lity, and employs a confiJcr-
abie number 01 haiuls.
The king of Ciri.it IJntain, wl.o is fovcreign of th:
foil, aopoiiits the govoiir>r, the lieutenant povsmiir, and
council, who lorm the upper boule ; and the luwe'i-
houle IS formed of the reprdentulivca of the people, who
arc cholen by the freeholder^.
'Thi- country was difcovercd by Scbaftian Cabot in
l-trj;, but lay long neglected before any conliderable fet-
tlcmcnt was made in it. 'The French, however, had
landed and built houlesj but in 1614, captain .\rg,il, by
order of the governor of Virginia, failed thiihir, aiU
obliged them to depart.
In 1621, king James gave a grant of this province to
Sir William Alexander, iifierwardi earl of Siiiling, and
fecrctary of Hate lor Scolland, by whom it was called
Nova-Scotia. 'The next year. Sir William lent a
nuirber of people, and all kinds of neceilaries fur bc-
uiniiini a l>tilement ; but in 1652, Q_iebec anJ Cape-
Breton, wiiich had been taken from tt-.e Kiench, were,
together with this province, ceded to them by a treaty
coiiclud-d between Charles I. and Lewis XIU. when a
number of Knglilh rcni.jved out of it, and the Kr. noli
k'p: It in their pollirnion till the year if.)54, when Oliver
Croiiiwell lent m.ijor Sed.;ewick, who took l-'ori-Koyal,
aiiil obliged the Tiench t i quit tiie country.
Nov.i-.Scctia contiiiue.l in our p"Ht|]iijn tiil the reign
of Chirks II. when ir w s again ceded to the I'reiuh
by the 'jCAty yf I5reJa. Tliey kept it without uiolella-
tiuii
A M I'. R I C
.^t \r'iA.
I ,111 lili tS-: vf.r i(<p, wlion iIk- [i-ii|)'i' of N'mv I'li/-
liinl. /iiiili'V ''"■' iiit-i'iivniiiuc ol M.iviii', flic Krciicli lo
t.-.ir i.U'iii, iitcp.iri'il .1 fictt, vv.ili .1 |ii"ii.r miniSir ol
: inJ iiirci'-, JMil "ive ihi" cfimni.imi lo Sir Willi.ini
;' i.jijn. .1 ii.itin" ol tlut proviiii-e i who (liliiii; tr mi Nihv
In.l.iii.l, od ihi; twrntv-L'ij'hlh ot April iOqi, airivcJ
i„:.i,i' I'o't- Hoy.il, ii.nv AiiM.ipolJs III M.iv tullowiii;.^ i
.,.,1 luoii rcJ'.iciii,; tint town, obliijivl ilic iiih.i'>it.iiiis
tl.i'fr, -iihI "" i''- j"l>i''' r;nr, aiiinuntinu lo iilicut lix
ilinul.iii.l, iiihcr til ton(i-iit to lulmut to tlif I'ji 'Jilli i\'>
..iiKiuiii, iH to hi! triiiilpMrt' d to Ciiii.i la : when moll
1)1 tlu-iii, lor llie like oT kc'cpiii:; ih'ir cd.iti'S ami h.i'n-
(itiiii., toiiU'iiliil lo Ik'hiiiic liiitilli luhjoC^ls ; Init looii
ihiWiJ tliil 'Ihv wiTi-" I'lll lii'l nci^iiliouii to llr; pco|)lc
ol New ^ln;l.mi In i;io qiRMi Aniii: lilh.iiini; to
ilu.: npcHtcd complaints, il-nt a lipi.idroii .mil Ionic l.ui I
loriTis iiiiJcr coloiR-l Ni'-tioliiin, who took I'mt-Rovil,
whii.il. 111 lioiioiir of tlu- ipii-in, I'c cjIIciI Annapolis ;
jltcr wliitli Nova Scotia was yielded to CiriMt Unr.iin,
bv .ill evprci':, arikic in llif tic.uy of Utrecht. 'I'h'.lc
oi the iiiii.i'jitaiUs who chol'c to riiii.iiii, wi're to become
Bntilli (uhjicls, and Ireely to ciijov their relii;ioii. Now-
cut, in oilier to leturc their olKdiciue, and kei^p pol-
IwTi 'II of the country, a i;aiiifon w.is kept at Aiiii.ipolis
aiui H I'lnall one at Ciiifo : Imt as no poveiiiiiicnt w.r. yet
ell.ihl,nu\l. nor any proper encoura!;einciit (;ivcii to the
liriulh riilijcls to lettle thcie, the iiilMhli.int>, iiotwith-
llanuini; tntir oaths (A alk^'i.ince, .illiltcd a p.iitv ol
f reach, in 1744, in ill"-' leduclion ol the I'ort at Cinlo,
and nia.le an alliinpt upon Aiiiiapo'i'i, tint wilhout luc-
ciis i that j;ariiU/ii liciii;; lealonililv relieved Iroiii Niw
tn^ilaiul. 'l"licy, however, Hill continiiel to commit
fccr'-t hiillilitics, and to I'upply and ciiciMir.ij>e the linli-
jiis III lhi:ir nciiiiihourhood to perpetr.itc tin; moll hoi-
:jj .:kU (/t crm-ltv and barluntv on tl-.e Kiii;lilli. upon
tl-ic lioiitiers ol New Kngljiul, whole Icalps, lays niijor
Kii:;trs, were cariii-d to market tn l.oiiilbnri^h, i^iclv.x,
&c."iiot only in time of w.ir, bur in peace, and there ex-
changed lor powder, ball, or whatever they vi'antcil. l)y
thcfc means there weie at the conc'nlion of the pcice, in
the hcj;inning of the year 1749, no other Knplilh in
Nova-bcotia belules the gairilun of Annapolis, and the
inhabitants who livid within a few miles round that
plac^.
'I'ne p-'.ice wa<:, however, no fininer concluded, th;m
the call of H.iUilax projected the complef? fetllement of
Nova. Scotia by the Kn>;lilli, an. I iifed his iitmoO endea-
vouri to carry it, in the moll etiichial manner, into ex-
ecution, lie, with the other lords commiliioiiers of
trjilc and pi..ntation5, havin^' pained his niajutv's appro-
baticn, they in March 1740, piiblilhcd propofals, otVcr-
in^ proper encoiiraj;''mcni to fuch of the otT.'-crs and pri-
vate men as, after the concliilion of the peace, had been
(!irmliVed his m.ijefly's i.iiul and lea lervice, and were » 1-
ling to accept of t;r.ints in order to fettle in Nova-Sco-
tia. I'lity acres ol Isnd in Ke-liiiiiilc were otlorcd to
every piivate foldier or fea man, free fiom the payment
of (piit-rent or taxes for th^' term of ten years, and at
the 1 x'.iiraiion of that time, tiny were to pav only one
lliilliiiL; a year for every liltv acres. Hut this was not all,
ev. ry pnvatc folJier or iVaman who had a family, was to
have t.ii acris fjr every perfon of wdiich his f.Hnily con-
filled, including women and children ; and fattlier grants
were t,) be made to them vi\ the like conditions, in pro-
portion as tlieir families encreafed, or fj their abilitici;
for cultivating the land.
The next care of the governor was to pitch upon a
proper I'pot for the tirit fettlement, and as the peninfula
appeared prelerable, both on account of iti commodious
liiuat:oii, and the fertility of the loil, thj able-bodied
men on board each fliip were employed in clearing
prouiid in order to build a town a: the Inuth point, at
the entrance of Sandwich river ; but manv objections he.
in;; foon louiid aj;ain(t th.it place, an ithcr fpot was ch o-
Icn bv tlie ).;overnor, at about ihe dilla.nce of a ii;:lc and
a half i|om it, on the lide ofCliebucto hnrbour, and on
the declivity of a liliiii; '^rci'.ind that commands the whole
peninfula, and wou'd llielt-r the town from thi; north-
will winds. The beach they found was a line gravel,
tiiiiveiiient fur litiall bo.its, the aiiciioia^; wJo every
''^ii
where j^no 1 ir lifj;,- fjiip.s, wltbln g'ln f!u.t of tlie tnwn,
an.l Inal bat nivijablu flvcj:, of fiiOi and whoKl'mii'
wati r iKi'.ve ; round it.
Urithuithey m.'de a frconj, and more (uec;lljl
attempt; .iiul, indeei', it vvonbl not have ben cil'v to
hiverimliii a more hippv lituaiion ; iliev there lorn leat' d
th ■ ;;r.iiind III as txpiditiom a ininiier 41 |Hi.nibIe, an. I
haviin; ire. led a l.irj;e wooden h..iile lor the iroviiiuM,
wnh prop! r lloie hoiilVs, the pround wa* laid out. 1.. n
lo lorm a ininiUr of lli.i'ulit an ! Iv-.iijrilul llii'. f ,, crodiiij
e ii h oilier at eqiid dill iiicei, upon a molt excelli 111 p| m.
laid tn have been loniicd bv theeirlol llallif.ix. I'ln
work went rn brilkly •, the pi'iplc of New Kniijaml
brought Icvcral fiiipn iaJm v. itli planks, door-c'iu. ..
doon, win.iow-framis, an.l other paifi of houl.'i ; nml
the pe.ipli bcinir employed in (!iipi companies, ih;s treat
ed an iinulation, flat le-ideic I their l.iboiirs renKi'kabi'.
lucce jiul ; lo that in about three yiar^ time, tins town,
which was nameJ H.illif.'X, I'rom that iioMcniiin t.i whom
the fettlement owed iu bc'Jnnini', was lluiflitd, an I
every lamily had a good houle of tiitir own, of whicli
the mailer wai landlord. \Vnh|i| tj.e f.ime fp,;r.'c (.f ti'w •
were all I creeled a church, and wlM|l^■, ih: town w_.
p.dlii idiiei', itn I other ftifl'licatiuiis tre'dcd : fi-mv l.inj
was al'o cleared lor a.'riciilture, and aire idy planted,
iiotwiiliil.indinL' tlie oppoiiiioii tli-'y met with lioin the
Irincli, and their tooli ihc lnli.ini
I'd explain ti-.is lall circuinlliner, it is n'Ccllarv to
ohicrve, tint in th'- beuinnint.' of the Icttl- incut, .nid loi.p
.itler the landiiiii of the K'lghlli, a huii.liel Ida, k cattle
.Old fomelheep v.rre brou .'lit them by l.nid fr. m a Kiciuli
fi tilenr. nt at Min.i>, a t'Wn abou' thiiiy nn'es from the
bottom III Uedlord biiy ; and Krenrli deputies aloeomin,;
to make their liibinilTion, it was prop .led I < cut a rud
thither, iholc depiitus promiling to ecntiibuo- hoy nun
towards cirryin;i on that work. The I n.'lil'i alio re-
ceive.l the promife ol triendniip anil airid.i'ice from t!ii-
iiidians, till ir cliieh w.iiiin;; ii|ion the lO'VCmor for thaf
purpofe. iiut thele fubmillions, and thciV promirrs, wcro
loon broken by tl'.e pcrlidy of ihe I'Vench coiiit, which
illl.ipproved ol thefe proceed. nes, and rcio'ved to h.!rra(s
ilie I'oiulilh befoie their town w.i.s built, and their forti-
ficilions eiciled. InllruiTions weie therefore corr.muni-
I ated to the defciiidants of the I-'rench in Iv'nva-Scot a,
and the fe.ne was inllantiv chan;;cd ; they cnjaj;Ld th.;
Iiuli.ins to life their iitnioll ende.ivouis to prevent the
new colony Itom prnceedin.r ; and thr year 'n which
peace was procl.d.ned, and Cape I'.retoil fell. .red, was
not expiicl, wiien the t'.iwii beL;.in to be frti]ii' ii.'lv at-
t.ickcd in t!ie ni^ht, and the bavdilh could 11 ■[ llir into
ihe adioinin^ woo.ls, without the daiu',cr of being fliot,
fcalpcd, or t.ikeii prifuiuri. Thcv ho.vcvrr prrl'ceutej
tlie fetilinieiit with indcla'.iaablc indnitry, r.nd trie town
was foon tiiiiilKd, not.vithllandir.j; all tlic C:.de.',v.;i::s or
the French to oppofe ir.
It was however impi iViblc to clear woods and pIou-.;:j
lan.ls, without leparating into fm.iU [artiis; and this
work was attended with ^reat danger; for ibo,i,^b the
French and Indians did not dan- to itt.u k .nny ciiiifider-
aide body of the i'.nglilli, yet th'-y fie(|ue!iilv fell upon
fmal! parti. » ; and tnini;;!i ili'-y had been oi'icn repul ed,
they alway,i reiiiriicd wluir ver tli.y had an opportunity
ol doing it to advantage. Complaint of this open w.ii.
in a time id' p-ace, w.\b now ma Ij to the court of I'rance,
when bis Mill Chriliian M,:jeliy pr'ipofed that comniil-
faries flvnild be appointed to lettic the bounds of Nova-
Scotia. Thi'. was done ; but thofe of the French en.lea-
vouicd by all the arts of fophiftrv to prove, tliat the No-
va-Scotia ceiled to the En^lilh by the treaty of Utrecht,
wa.s no nioie than the p-ninfula of that couatiy. The
lirilifii comn'.'fT.iries juftified our cl.iiin to the wi'.ole bv
niemoiials ti'led with ihe firongell and moll rvid.-ni
proofs; and ih- molt trifling anf'.seis being r'.iurii-d tj
thefe, adir.iial lioftawcn w.is ft lit to Icize the ] 1. ic. li
Ihips in Noiib Arnema; and Fiance tvidtmly »pp;ji-
ing to have concrne I the iiu.i.is ol' conqueiiii" all the
Hiitidi dominions en ilat continent, the Lite war w.is
entered into to prevent it. During all tbii time, the
French (d Nova Soiia continued their cruel and iiifa-
nious praiil.ceb, liil ;■.'. the beginning uf that war, v.'1-ea
' lii'.-
"ipf
TflF
^
' twii
1 '■ — ■ — r
1
■'•
■
1
'm
i t
«
1'
1
I)j6
A S Y S T E M O I- G I: O (. I'. A l' H 7.
<-'ANM>r,
li
V; I
|!f1 ':
Ihf yovfrtmidit lu'iiij ronviiiri?>l tint tlirfr Krcnrli rc-
hirl., called iidiir.iU, frmn iln ir h.iviii;', Ivwurii ;illij;ijn ■•
to iht iHivvii III Ciu.u liiii.uii, wi'ie more iiivctcralc j:iiI
«l.iiit;rroin i-ncinir'. tli.di lliiilc ulio win" iiiiilcr no Im n
•ihli^jtj.iri ; i\u,\ Hiiiliiii ili.it .ill mi'ilioili to riiulir tium
[•iio.l liitjiiMs wire imJli\'(ii.il, ihev wife loriil)ly i!f-
iiiinil (.1 ituir tll.itu, and will) ihtir taniiliti were l'j-
lijid tu Kavc llie |/ruiim.e.
s K c r. II.
O/Canaiia, «r Nl'.v Fkanip.
Ill SiHi.-thn atiil Extent \ a aiii/i /A-.iiint ef ill Kiveii,
AliU'itMHif I'e^iiiiUti, and //nimtili.
C 'CANADA, tlie I r(.;efl I'tovincc tipnii the coiiiinciii,
> It now bounded lh tlic north -e.ill In' the j^uljih ol
St. I.iwiuue ur.d tit. Jolin'b rmr i on the lou;li-
we(l hv l.inds inluliu.! ly the liidi.ins ; on tlic (ouih
ward by the piovirce of New ^'ork, New 1 n^l.ind, and
Nova .Sco'i.ij and on the iioith-we(lw.ird hy lands
( l.iiined I'y the Indi.ins. (.J^iehee, whieh is its e.ipital,
. is leated ne.ir theiditre, in lat. lorty-lix degrees loity-
S live niin. and in lixtyinne dej;. toity-ci;.',ht ni;n. will
C l(in;;iiiide ; .md the cuuntry exliii N, accordin:; to M.ijor
Rogtis, iilioul live hundred miles i|i length, lioni the
luiith-iail to the ioiith-v^ell, .md upwards ot two hun-
dred mile'- in 1-ieadth.
I he Kieiicii conipiehfiidtd under the name of Ca-
nad.i, a much l.irj;'r ttriitory, trfkiny into thiir tlaiiti
great part of the New Kn;;laiid provinces, and (d the
provimcs oi New \o\k and Nuva Scoti.i -, northerly tu
Hudlbn's-U.iy ; to the well as t.ir as the I'aciHc C\ean ;
and to the fouthward exlindui;; it to the j'.ulpli ot
Me.xiio. They even i ii Icavoured to fuppori their tlaim,
Iiy crceliii;.; a ihain r.f fortr. fioni the niouih ot the river
St. LauTince to lluir l>.'tilLinenii in Louliina.
They began the kttUinrnt of tins pro.mce in 1605
at Qiiebec, which is I'calcd on the north (horc of the
river St. Lawrence, about three hundred mdes fioin its
mouth i and about the lame time bci^an to form lettle-
incnts upon the illand of Oilcans, which is iiated in
that river, a little lelnw Qiicbec ; likewile on each fide
of the river, to it: niouih, and on Icveial Ihuller riveis
that f.iil into it. 'i'hey loon after bey.ui a fettlemcnt
railed Jccoriy, about twenty miles up the liver (mm
t^icbee, and eiiiili'd a hut at Ch.imMer on the river
^oircil, hear I'.a inHi^x into the l.ikc Champlaiii, boon
after this the found. itioiis of .Montie.il w re laid on the
iiland ol' the lame nan.c, in the river St. Lawrence, two
Kund:..J M.iur. above t^icbcc. Another f. ttlenient was
i;',adc at Iriis Rivieres, or the Thice Rivir:-, !o called
from a ri'.er difehargini; itfelf by three mouths into th.it
ct" St. Lawrence ; and is feated about lulf way be-
tween (^icbcc and Montreal, in a very delightful I'por,
tiKit afi'nids the nic.lt agreeable profpect of any in the
whole countiy. I here arc many other fettlemcius on
the banks ol the river St. Lawrence, and of thole wliich
flow into ir, as well as on the iflaiids formed in it.
VV'hile tiie above fetllem'-iits were forming Sir David
Kirk, in 1629, with the Liij;liDi under his command,
t'K.k Ciiiailj, which was tlien (onfideredas wahin the
limits of the liritifli doniinion.', aitackid Qiiebet, and
mude lli-mlclves nuliers of all the Fiench kttlements.
iiiit tluy were rcllori.J by the tica;v of l6j2, and con-
tinued in their pollelliun till September 13, 1759, when
Quebec was fuirc.-jdeicd to the generals .Nlonckton and
1 ownfend, rom;nandini: th', Untilh troops that had been
dclfined I'cr the expeilition a^'^'-nlHt the preceding fpring,
under th" eonimiiiul of i;eiicial Wolfe; and on the eii'hth
ol Scpteir.her, 17OC, all Canada was delivered iiji lo the
I.n^liih in the t.ipitulation of Montreal ; but wc fhall
give a particul.ir account of the taking of Ciiiebec, after
havin;.; deicribcd that city.
'1 he climate hf le is cold, the winfrs long and tedious,
efpcci.i'h' 111 the north e-ildrly parts of the province ; not-
witldf.indiipj; uhicli the (oil is in (;ener.d very (zood, and
in maiiv parts both plealant and fertile, producing mofl
k'lids of J.'ni^iifh grain and vcgetablis in gieat abundance.
cfpec.ally iIr ,iland of Urieani, and tl.einand, ,nd U. •
n.;4r... Which a,« KnurkaUe i.r ,h, .MolZl
IS well mltnate.l, ,t piodutes lii h ciop,. 'I he mo „„
abound with coal-m'ine.. Thi, p.olince ,,!;; ^ I''
P^tl, very excellent i.mh r, (uel, a, white pi,,,,. J/''
d.Heient kind,, and(p,u>c in ,.,rc..t al.un.'.'m.
Ihe iivcr. branchiii; throu;-,h tt.n cutenjn,! ,„.,,,,.
arc ve.y iiuine.ou I m.,ny of t'-.cn, luvii-able 4 . ,'
lidcrable w.,y , but they are all Iwalluwed «p hy ,„, , ' "
St. Lawrence. I hi» luer i, e.;;hrv indej wVje .,t ic, c,
tiaiieenitothe (ea at C.pe Kohie s, and i„ ,„ j,,^,.
ic;iins a variety ot bays, liarbmns, and illands, ,he ,,,' f
plealant and Iruitliil of which is the ifland of' Or],
jult mentioned, ,, little l.elo* O.rebec, the foil „, ^u"^''
dancc allthek.iidsol pram and v<;v.-tablci coi
the climate, it exteiidiinf twenty-one
ree or lour in bieadth
iiiriioii lu
miles ,„ |,„,,|,^
,,■ „■ , , '■ ' '"•• '■"••tith, while II,
ladUflionol this province, indullriouUy reprd, iruj ,1 '
oau^ationof the river St. Lawience lo be .li(fi,u|, ,„.
daii^cious; but the contrary has been lincc louiid tube
the tale, Ihips ot the line mcetiiu with iiu difficuliv ir.
(ailiiif, tu t^icbec. ' "
1 lie l.ind 111 general on both (ides of the river ii |„„
and levci i but oppofite to t^iehec are two tonhdrab'
mountain,, called the Lady jVlountains, which tuii|,u,„
tiRiKe luutli-wcll through the cuntiiieiit to thecountiv
ol llii- Creek Indi "I" '"> •t' ■■•'■ "•-• ' -' •• '
JWr
e
eeic
111
laiia. on the iioith parr ol the I wu
1 loridas. 111 one continued ridge; anJ wherever r icij
pal, thruugii them they rife vJry itecp on each fide to
their lommon height. I Im lidge ot mountains is called
the Ap.dachian hills.
I'lie country attords plenty of ftag?, elks, bears, foxci
martins, teirets, wcazlcs, Iquitrels, hares-, rabbits, and
otiier dinmalb. '
Iheelk IS near ai large as a horfe, but refembics the
^ ccr, and, like it, annually renews its horns, 'ihe In
dians have a gieut veneration tor this animal, and imaoi„e
tiiat to dream ol it portends good loitune and long uie
1 lie t.k delights Ml cold countries, leediiig upon ■•rafs in
(ummer, and mofs-buds, 5(c. in winter, when they herd
together. It is dangerous to approach very near him
wlicn he IS hunted, ai he lometimes turns furiouflv on hii
purluers, and tiamples them to pieces. T.j prevent tnis
the hunter throws his cloaihs 10 him, and while the delpd'-
cd animal Ipends his tury on thcle, lie takes proper mca-
lures to dilpatch hini.
The wild-cats are great enemies to the elk ; and, not-
withllanding their being v.illly inr r.or in lize, often malcc
a piey ot hini : lor he has no othei way todifcii Mgc him-
(ell iroii) them, but by plunging into the water!
I he Indians Icarcc undvitaite any thing with ' rcalcr
lolcmnity tnan huntaij; the bear; and an alliance with a
noted bear-hunter, who has killed lever.al ii one d.iv, is
moie eagerly fought alter than that of one who has'ren-
dered hiiiilelt tamous in war ; this chacc Cupplying them
both With lood and raiment. The bears lodne durin" the
winter either in hollow tiee, jr caves ; and, as tiiey lay
up no piovilions, iiave no lood during that feafon.
1 he bear is not naturally ficrre, except when wounded
or pinched with hunger. J'hcy run theml'elves very poor
in tl'.c month of July ; and it is lomewhat dangerous to
meet them till their hiiii.;er is fatished, and they recover
their llclh, which they do very luddenly. They are very
lond of grapes, and molf kinds of l.uit, \Vhen provi-
hoiis arc Icarcc in the woods, they venture out .ciimn-'
the lettlements, and m.ikc great h.'ivock of the Indi.iii-
corn ; and l^.metimes kill the fwine. I'hcir chief wea-
pons are tneir fore-paws, with which they will hu" any
animal they feize immediatclv to death.
The Ikunk, or polecat, is very common, and called
by the Indians the ilinking bcalf,'on account of its emit-
ting a diU^recable Imeii fj a confiderable dillance, when
purl'ued
IlillV
i
'2
.AncU)ut«o,
P'V^
^of
T>
ilru
L.y r !.!•
1 .SriM'LKA
iiriilin>\yl
(
liirt, in which
tne Kcrolleds h
the cathedral,
large, fii;h, an
i:H"t dill.;iicc.
vvlii.h is a fine
biiilt-houfes.
3(ii;elyllruc>un
fijjarc aie two
I'Ipitjl called
nance arc fmal
ifnd.,nt. On t,
I'lclty long (Irei
tile houles are b
tii'uiiaiid inliahil
i owns, there is|
of the river St.
country icats.
97
le river li luw
o coiiiult. Tabic
'IikIi iuii liuni
Lu tliu couniiy
t ol the '1 wo
'hcrcvsr rucii
)i\ tauh fule to
ntaiiib IS talad
Sri'l'LKAlKNT fur tJu- LAKKS
Ktiiliii>^ •f"'/'".!
. ■. ^ ♦
\ <. ;
i
••
i> rt, 111 winch the govrriior rcfiJfs, Clppofite
;■. lUrdllctls have hanJiuiiic hoiil'cs, aiiJ on the right is
tnccthcciral, which is biiilt in a mean llilc, but lias a
ljr;(;, I ii|li, and will-huilt tiiwcr, that may he icen at a
l;i:,.; ilill.;iicc. t')ver-a;!;ainll tliis is the Jcfuits college,
■.Mi.h is a fine building ; and between them arc wcll-
Inilt-houlcs. The hoiife of the Knights Holpitailtrs is
a (t.i'.eiy (Iniclure, with two tine pavilions. In the (tcond
Ajjare aie two delccnts to the river of St. Charles, an
I, ilpital tailed Hotel Dicu is in the midway, and trom
llicnee arc fniallcr hoiilis, which reach to that of the in-
ifniUnt. On the other fide of the Jefuits collcj^e is a
I'letly long llrcct, in which is a nunnery. AIniolt all
tiv- lioules are built of Hone, and there arc above fevcii
tmuilaiid inhabitants. Ik'fides the Lower and Higher
I Owns, there is another beyond the latter, on the banks
of the river St. Charles, along which arc ll'vcral noble
country feats.
97
• ■ ■ • ..iu4fjl,ili ; but
the Lnglilh admiral was directed to fall down in the
night, and protnit the landing of the forces ; thi-i I,,-
puniitua!ly peilormed. On the twelfth of September at
one in llif morning, the hrd enibarkation, confiHin ■ of
four complete regiments, the light infantrv, coinmanT.'cd
by colonel Howe, a detachment of Highlanders, and ihc
American grenadiers, was made in fl.ir-bo;tomrd biuts
undei the immediate command of the briuiidiers Momk-
ton and Murray, though general Wolfe accompiiiiid
them in perl'on, and was iiic of the liill who landed ;
and they began to fall down with the tide tn the intend-
ed place of difembarkation, rowingclofe alon^ the nnrtii
j fliore, in order to find it the more e.ifily. The b.>ats
I glided gently along without any dilnrder ; but hv the
rapidity of the tide, and the d.irkncfs of the nr'ht, tl.i /
i ovcrlhot the mark, :ind the troops landed a litOe belo'V
j the place intended.
I - '«' Th:»
,*l '[■
Mkfiai
iiic s's""
I Bay,
>'/'<*' JKn/umiMiy/'Nar/SwtJ-lMj./ivmC.iiM
«' loll: Il,ii\jir('uiuu7 l^ttifM f/Uf.
|fAncV0utAoiifl7S
As
^
ltmiit-i}fuuuuLi u hou^dsii
^' a Lut*- Unt H'n //vm. Puruj
• ■ ' *" \ i-
h- tt U'>rtfHt/.<- ryu/ui. tht\ 'iit^A
/At- t'ratr £u44V tt' //!.• R/irr-
"lWi«.;.i[/v.ii^v-.' // /nwi/uttJ
Tlmainck Statute MiUs.iatt^ a Dftffff.
J'V ^p- -uv
New KnctLanh ami Nk w Yokk ;
^ with Nova Scotia and j
iZ^ NKWroi'N 1> LAN I>.
tC Uubrrt n//// ///tJ'fi
-■iir i >| Hti i II — -r i l lM i . ■< sj^
Froin Me .r' Hubert nil/i liii!'i;-r,ituiit.
fort, in winch the governor rcfiJcs. tlppoiite the lore
the Recollects have hanJiuine hoiil'es, and on the right is
the cathedral, which is Iniilt in a mean (tile, but lias a
large, l;li;li, and well-lunlt lower, that may he Icen at a
pic.it (iiilanec. Ovcr-againll this is the Jcluits college,
which is a fine IniilJing ; and between them arc well-
built-houlcs. The hotife of the Knights Hol'pitallcrs is
aft.i;cly(lrucifurc, with two hue pavilions. In the kcond
fquare aie two deiccnts to the river of St. Charles, an
holpital tailed Hotel Dieu is in the midway, and Irum
thciice arc Inialler hoiilcs, which reach to that ol the in-
Iftitlant. On the other fide of the Jefuits collej^e is a
[iictly lonc^ ilrcct, in which is a nunnery. AInioil all
th>- lioules are built of ilone, and there arc above (even
tiuMiiand mliabitaiiti. Uelidcs the Lower and Higher
'I iiwns, there is another beyond the latter, on the b.inks
of the river St. Charles, along winch aic ((.-vcril ngble
country I'eats.
97
areu men lu ..a11.11 >.»'. inoiions ui tnac Iquadron ; but
the Englilh admiral was liirtcte.l 10 fall down i:; the
night, and protect the landing of the forces; thi.^ t ,•
puniitua!|y pertormed. On the iweilth of iscptenilHr at
one in tin- morning, the hril emlurkation, confiliio' of
lour complete regiments, the light infanirv, coniniamlcii
hy colonel Howe, a detachment of Highiandcrs, and the
American grenadiers, was made in fl.it-bottom.-d boats
under the iinmcdiatc command of the bri.;idiers Monek-
ton and Murray, though general Wolfe atcoinp.inied
tlicni in perlbn, and was i ne of the lirll who l.inde.l ;
and they began to fall down with the tide lo the intend-
! cd place of ililembarkation, roivingcKifc alon.» ihe nortti
I fliore, in order to find it the more e.ililv. ' l"lu.' huais
I glided gentiv along without any difnrdcr ; but hv thu
rapidity of the tide, and the d.irkncfs of the m 'ht, tin /
I ovcrlliot the mark, and the troops lar^'el a litile Vt\i)'>r
I the place imended.
I - V 'Ih.«
■ 'Si
t . ,:
,r
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V \
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*i
w'
(l^"l)
^f^
l>''-iH
' ■ .1
lor.k C<inai!a, whuh wa^ liicii cdniiucur. as w >
limit-, of llii; iJrilifti (ioniirnofij, aitarkcil Q^itbec, and
made ili.niltlvih iii.i(ltrs ol all the Ficmh kttlcnitnts.
lint tluy were ri.llMi\.J by ihc ticniv ot ibj7., and con-
tinuid in tluii pullilliun till September 13, I759> when
Quebic w.is hiirendeied li> the generals Mdnclctcin and
T ownfend, roni.nandini: tiie Hritifh triiops that had been
dcKined fcr the expedition a;:a:n(Ht the preccdin;^ *l'"''"s»
under tht: (unnnand o( j^riiLial W'oK'c; and on the ciL:hth
ol September, 17OC, all Canada wai ilelivered irp to the
I n^lifh in the capitulation of Montreal; but we Ihall
give a [lariaiilar acenunt ot the taking of Qiiebec, alter
haviir.c delenbid that city.
'I he elinuite hrie is cold, thcwintiTS long and tedious,
cfpei i.i'K 111 tlie nortli e.illerly parib of the provinee ; noi-
witlill.indiiig whiili the loil ik in (ji-neral very (?ood, and
in ni.inv parts both plealan: .md fertile, piodueini; mod
k'uJs of I.'nsjlilh ^rain and ve^ctabl.'s in j^ieat ^tbundaiicc,
.elf famous in war ; this chacc fupplying ihcm
both with food and raiment. 'I he bears loiioe dunm' the
winter either in hollow tree, jf caves ; and, as tiiey lay
up no provdioiib, have no food during that feafon.
I he hear \:, not naturally fierce, except whenwounud
or pinched with hunger. J'hcy run thcnifelves very poor
in the month of July ; and it is fomcwhat dangerous to
meet them till their hunger is fatishcd, and they rectivcr
their flclh, which they do very luddenly. Ihey are very
lond of grapes, and molf kinds of f.uit. When provi-
lions are Icarce in the woods, they venture out ;iinnii-r
the fettlenients, and make great h.'ivocK of the Indi.m-
coin ; and f.imctimes kiii the (\vine. Their chief wea-
pons are their fore-paws, with whicn they will hu'» any
animal they I'eize immediatclv to death.
The Ikunk, or pole-cat, is very conimon, and called
by tnc Indians the lliakin'^ bead, on account of it-i emit-
ting a dila^ieeatlc line:l fj a eonfiJetaljlt; ditlance, when
purfucJ
Canada.
AMERICA.
purfufd or lilfturbci!. It is
ha"; ". '■•!"{; ''•'"■ "( a prey
is about the fizc of a fmall rat,
colour, with two white lines
thai t'inii an oval on its back. The fur of this animal,
ttiJi that of the crniin, otter, and martin, make up what
is railed the linull ptltry.
The crniin is abnut the fizc of the fquirrel, its fur is
extremely white, its luil long, and the tip of it as black
as jet.
The martin, or fable, lives principally among the
mountains ; is as lonj; as a common cat, but very flen-
dcr : their fur is very fine and valuable.
The nuifk-r.it refeinbles the beaver in every part, ex-
cept its tail, which IS round like th.it of a rat. One of
ihtle animals weighs about five or fix pounds. During
the fummcr feafon the male and female keep together, but
frparate at the approach of winter; and each fecks a
fticlter ill fomc hoUuw tree, without laying up any pro-
vifinns.
The foxes here are of various colour*, as black, grey,
fed, and white ; who, by their craft and cunning, make
great havock aimmg the watcr-lowl in the lakes and
rivers.
i'hc country abounds with a vaft variety of fowls,
and the rivers and lakes are well Itored with falmon,
eel', and a multitude of various kinds of other filh.
SECT. III.
/ Dffnpt'ion of Quebec and Monlrtal ; with a particular
Jii'jUHt of the Con'juejl of thofe Cities, by which all Canada
I'icume juSjcSl to the Cmvn of Great Britain.
QUEBEC, the capital of Canada, featcd about three
h'.uidred miles notth-wed of Bofton, in New Eng-
l.iiij, is a handlbme and large city, Itrongly fortified.
The harbour is flanked with two baflions, which at high
tulles arc almolt level with the water. A little above one
ol tliem is a demi-baltion, which is parily taken out of
the rock ; and above it, on the fide of the gallery of the
fort, IS a battery of twenty-five pieces of cannon : above
this is a fquare fort called the citadel, and the ways trom
one foriification to another arc difKcult to pafs. To the
left of the harbour, on the Ide of the road, arc large
batteries of cannon, and fome mortars. It is encompallcd
With walls, and has a caftle on the brow of a bill, about
lurtv fathoms above the town ; but it is irregularly buiit,
and fi'rcilled with only two baftions, and no ditch to-
wards the town. It has alio another fort at Cape Uia-
n.ond of lolid ruck, four hundred fathoms high : but it
owes its greatertUrength to nature. The firfl place taken
notice ot upon landing here is a fquare of an irregular
figure, with well-built houfes on one fide ; on the back
<il which is a rock ; on the left it is bounded by a fmall
church ; and on the right has two rows of houfes parallel
ti) each oilier. There is another between the church and
the harbour ; as alfo another long row on the fide of the
bav. This is called the Lower I'own, which is moftly
inhabited by merchants ; but it is too much crowded.
lietA'ecn this and the Upper lown is a very (leep alccnt,
in which are ftcps for the foot pallcngers to go up. This
has noble edifices, and between two large fquares is a
(•irt, in which the governor refides. Oppofite the fort
tiK Rccolle>ils have handloine houfes, ami on the right is
thcc.ithcdral, which is built in a mean llile, but has a
large, l.ii;h, and well-built tower, that may be fcen at a
L;it'.it diltaiiec. Over-againll tiiis is the Jefuits college,
wiii.;h is a fine building ; and between them arc well-
hiiik-houlcs. The houfe of the Knights Hofpitallers is
.irt.itelydruillurc, with two fine pavilions. In the lecond
Ajuarc aie two d. (cents to the river of St. Charles, an
liolpital called Hotel- Dieu is in the midway, and Irum
iheiice are fmallcr houfes, which reach to that ol the in-
icnil,,nt. On the other fide of the Jefuits colles^c is a
I'litly long ilrect, in which is a nunnery. Almolt all
iliv lioules are built of Itone, and there arc above fcveii
tiH'uiand inhabitant?. Uefides the Lower and Hij;hei
I owns, there is another beyond the latter, un the banks
of the river St. Charles, along which arc fevcral neblc
cuumry feats.
97
C37
In 17 1 1 the Engli/li fltitJ out a (Ijcf, with a defirrn
to conquer Canada ; hut the expedition f.iiltd, from the
rafhncis of ihe admiral, who, contrary to tltcadvitcof
his pilot, failed tr.o near the Seven illes, .nnd thus loft
his largelt fliips, with throe thouland of his b. U f.ulors.
Hut it has iince been atta.I.ed with much bctier luccefs.
It will not be improper to give here a particular ac-
count of the taking of this citv, one of the imH diffi-
cult cnterprizes that was ever effecfcd by the united efiorts
o( prudence and valour. 'I'hc fituation of the place, and
the fortilicatiuns with which it is fecured ; the natural
Itrcngth ot the country ; the great number of vefTc!'. and
floating batteries the I'rench h id provided for the defcnci;
of the river ; the (kill, labour, fuperior force, and uncom-
mon vigilance of the enemy ; their numerous bodies of
Indians, who continually hovered about the pnlis of the
Englifh to lurprizc panics and harrals detachment'! ; thefe,
and many other obilacles, formed fuch a combination of
difficulties, as was fulficicnt to dilcoura^c and perplex
the bravelt and moll intelliaciit general.
But the fpirit of Wolfe was not to be intimidated by
danger; embarking the troops onboard the tranfports,
he palled with them up the river; while admiral Holmes
maoe a motion with his (hips to amule the enemy, now
polted along th : north fhorc. But the tranlpoits hein<>-
extremely crowded, and the weather very bad, the ge"
neral thought proper to cmton half his troops on 'the
louth lliore, where they were refrcflied. As no proba-
bility appeared of annoying the enemy above the town, it
was agreed to convey the troops farther down in boats,
and land them during the nigtit within a league of Cape
Diamond, in hopes of alceniling the heights oY Abraham,
which rife abruptly with a Ueep afcent trom the banks of
the river, that they might take pofleffion of the ground
on the back of the city, where the (ortircations were but
inditt'ercnt : but the dangers and difficulties attendiii'--
this undertaking were exceed : great. Theftieamwat
rapid; the ihoie fhclving ; i bank of the river lined
with centinels; the landing-, jce fo narrow as to b;.-
cafily milled in the dark ; and the ground fo difficult as
harJIy to be furmounted in the day-time, had no oppo-
Inion been cxpedfcd. Had the enemy received the lealt
intimation Irom a fpy or dcferter, or even fufpcitcd tha
delign j had the embarkation been dilcovcrcd in coiile-
qutiice ot the rapidity ot the river, or the iteepnel's of the
north fliore, near which they were obliged 10 row; had
only one ccntinel been alarmed, or the landing place
much miitaken ; the height of Abraham mult ha\c bcea
inllantly lecured by lucn a force as would have rendered
ihc umlertaking abortive ; conlufion would have necella-
rily entucd in the dark ; and this confufiim would natu-
rally have produced a panic, which might have proved
fatal to the greater part of the detachment. Thde ob-
jedlions did not efcape the penetration of the intrepid
Wolfe, though he readily adopted the plan, and even
executed it in perfon, though at that time aiBiited n,ih
a fcveie dylentery and fever.
Having prepared for this dangerous cnterprizc, admiral
Holmes moved with his fquadron larihcr upthe river a-
bout three leagues above the intended landing-place in
order to deceive the enemy, and amufe M. do liou >ain-
ville, whom Montcalm had det.ichcd with fifteenliun-
dred men to watch the motions of that fquadron • but
the Englilh admiral was directed to fall down in the
night, and [irotcdt the landing of the forces ; this he
pundtunlly pertormed. On the twelfth of Stpicmber at
one III the morning, the firft embarkation, conhllin" of
four complete regiments, the light infantry, commanded
by colonel Howe, a detachment of Highlanders, ami the
American grenadiers, was made in flat-bottomed boats
under the immediate command of the brigadiers Monck-
ton and Murray, though general Wolfe accompanied
them in perfon, and was cue of the fiift who landed :
and they began to fall down with the tide to the intend-
ed place of dilembarkation, rowing clofe alon ' ihc norm
fliore, in order to find it the more eafilv. The boaij
glided gently along without any dilorder ; but bv the
rapidity of the tide, and the darknefs of the m-'ht, tl.t /
overlbot the mark, and the troops landed a lit"le belo'V
th? place Intended.
: ''* Ihii
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6.^8
A S Y S r t M 1- G L O G K A 1' 1 1 y.
'Axaij,,
Tl'.is rcni?.:k;iiik' fiircds in l.imliny witluuit iV.c Ic.ill
kiiiiwlcii^c lit the ciK'iny, w.is in luinc niciliiiL owiui;
1) (lie toilowiiii; ;icci.li'nt : two Friiicli ilclcrtcrs h:iil been
• :i:ri.-J ill.' evvnini; liclori.' tlic inilMikatinn on board the
i-ii.'.Iilli l!i.-it, and linni tluni tlu- fu-jiiTal Ir.irmil th.it tlic
}:. union ot Qiitliuc fxpcctcd tli.it iv^ht to receive ;i con-
» ciy (it |ioviliuns, lent down llie river in boats, I'rom the
dt.iclin-.ent above, eomniandeil by M. de Boii^.iinvillc.
I he knoivlcd^^e ot'this p;uticiil.ir was of the utnii}ll con-
(eijiiejice, and tended to deceive thecenlineLi polled aluiiy
i'lcijc to th.il!enge boi'.ts and veliels, and jiivc the alarm
with Cii.h fpirit .iiul delil
Itood
pint.UKU.d,v,at,„n,.,seo„ld,)01f.iUf,„„
ery an.arkable efle.'L 'J he on.(r„l i,,.,' , ,
dianu'
to,
Ulan':, regiment and the l.ouilhuf.-h ".lenad
<^'''r„l hiinlcli-
m ihc warmell p.nl ol the attatk, at the h.a'j
'■•■rj, conl'tii-
, ., 1 "''lerc he u'u< iirii.)
at by the.;ncmysm.t,krnui!, and at l.ill received •, ll';
■nlmwr,lt, whah, however, o-l not obh' .e hin, to,, ,'
the held : wrappni-.ih.nidkerilnef about the wound I,
cotitrniied to give In. orde.s, without the leall emotion
liy advaneed at the Ixud ol the j-renad ers w '
fi-xed, wlien ant;ther ball uiilo '
enoiiL in the viri (':rnt ol til
and b
their b,uf:iH't
itU
I h • 111 It bo.it tnat contained tlie Kii;;lilli troops being , pierced the biCull ot the yuunu hero, who /ell at ih
fl 1', Kioiad accordingly, a c.iptain of Fralu'.-, rcginKiit, 1 ment when victory was crowwiiiii; all his lib . "^ """
•■ '' ■ had leried in Holland, and was perlteily ati|uainl- 1 fuccili ; lor at that inltant every leiNmcnt of th • M *^'
.ith the Kreiich languaL'C and ciillo.iis, aiHweied | army fecmed to c,\ert itk-ll tor the honour of hs
lii'.'Ut hef'tarion to ^n cit, v\-hich is their eh.illengiiiL', j peculiar cliaraiilcr. VVIiik- the light puOied on with il
wiih
with the Kreiich languaL'C and cullo.iis, aiilweied | army teemed to c,\ert itk-ll tor the honour of its'"""'
ivut hef'tarion to ^a cit, v\-hich is their eh.illengiiiL' j peculiar charaiilcr. VVIiik- the light puOied on with il*"
vw.iil, He 1,1 Fiiimc : nor was he at a lols to aiilwer the j bayonelt, biigadicr Murrav advanced brilklv w •! i"^
(.t"iid qutftion, which wai much inoie paiti':ular and ! troops under liis eomni.ind,'ai, t foo,, broke ilic r-' '"^
il.llieiilt. When the eciuinel demanded .7 ywiV ir:;imei:t 'f j center ; when the Hii'h'anders, lupported bv Anlh i^.''*
ti uh.it rc.'jiiKnt .' ihecaptuir, replied, /), A/ n/'w, which 'egiment, drawing their broad lword,<:, iVll in "' "^' ^
l.c knew by accident to be one of thole that conipofed them with irrtlillible inipctiiolitv, drivin ' then ' '•'"'
the body coir.nunded by liougainville. The loldiet took ' great fljiigluer into the cty, and t;it works t?K v h J ('.')
11 lor granted that this was tiie expected convoy, and lay- , at tl'.e budge over the river St. Charles, '{'he ."i*,''
ini; Piiik, alloaed all the boats to proceed without tar- | was Ids violent on Ihc Ictt and the n-ar of the Fii'.io"
tlur<.ueUi,.n. [Coloiui Howe having taken polt with two conin.,ti',s'
'I'ho troops were no foiincr lan.lid, than the boats were behind a Imall copic, ficqucntly tallied out on th ■ (1 ' '
lint back lor a lecond embarkation, which was under the ot the enemy during the aitaek, and often drove t'"'*'*
diicclion of brig.iilicr Town/hend. In the mean time '"'o heaps, while brigadier TownOicnd advanced (>l ,i' '^'"
' '" ' "' '•-■•- ■■• ■■ ■ againft their front; to that the right win^ of theViuKl!
was prevented from exicuting their lirll intention. Ilie
brigadier hinilelf continued at the head ot Amherll
fiom the landing pl.'.ce had been broken up, and render- ; ginient to I'upport this dil'polition, and overcome a
ed ir.ipjii'able by crol's-ditchcs : and in every other part ^ ol Indians polled oppolite to the ii lit inlamrv wut
the hill was lo Iteep and dangcious, that the foldicrs : tor an opportunity oi falling upon the rear ol'theliiii
Colonel llowc, with the light infantry and Highlanders,
alceiukd the woody precipice with admirable courage
and aclivitv ; for the narrow path that llanted up the lull
> fe-
me a body
It trees, growing on eacn tide ot tnc patn. In ucncral Wolle being llain, and Mr. Moncktnn I'an-
r.igc they diflodgcd a captain's guard, which dc- j geroudy wounded at the head of Lalcelles's rc:Mir.";n"
pallagc, by which alone the rett of the troops where he diltinguiflied himfeif with remarkable gaTlaiuiV
uh the tummit. After this the whole army the command devolved on brigadier Townlhend wlio
wcie obliged to pull themlclves up by the roots and army
boughs of trees, growing on each lide of the path. In General Wolfe being flain, and Mr. Moncktnn dan-
their pa"" - "' i:'i i--i ■ -• i ..-l!_i. j n.. ■
fended a
could re _ _ ^
mounted without moleftation, and the general drew up the haftcned to the center ; and findin' the troops dirord't'r'd
troops as tall as they arrived. in the purfuit, formed them again with :;ll pofTibleexpc
Al. dc Montcalm no I'ooner underdood that the Eng- dition. He had hardly performed this iieceii'arv p.irt of
lifh had gained the heights of Abraham, than he deter- j his duty, when AI. dc iiougainville, at the head of two
tnincd to hazard a battle ; and collcifing his whole force thouland frcfh men, appeared in the rear of the Eni '.lli
without delay, marched towards the Kngbfti. j He had begun his march from Cape Rouge as foi^^n as
.\Ican while tnc brave general Wolfe, perceiving that | he received intelligence that the Britifli troops had a-iincJ
the French were crofTing the river St. Charles, lormed ; the heights of Abraham ; but did not reach the held of
liis own line ; the right commanded by brigadier Monck- i battle loon enough to have any (hare in the action ■ for
ton, and the left by brigadier Murray, while colonel | this body no fooner .ipproached the BritiOi rea.-, th.sii'.Mr
Howe, who had jufl returned with his light infantry from | Townfhcnd ordered two battalions v\'ith two [■.i:cej of
taking a four-iun battery, was polKd in the rear of the , artillery, to advance ; but the French prevented an at-
Icft. M. de Montcalm advancing in fuch a manner as : tack by rctiiing among woods and fwamps, whither .-c-
Piewed his iiuention was to flank the left of the Fnglifli, i neral Townftiend, who had already obtained a compkie
brigadier 'Fownlhend was lent with the regiment of Am- viiSory, wifely declined purluing them j he having a.Nca:
;.. , ..-! iiS . . f-Mned, prcfenting a double front to the iiuinberof French ofSccrs prifoners, and being in puirei-
nu'in-, aiid wai afterwanls reintorced by two battalions, i ''"" <>f a very advantageous lituation. M. de Momc dm
'I'ne lererveconfiiled of one regiment, drawn up in eight | 'he French general, was mortally wounded in the butile'
lub-div iii'jiis with large intervals, 'i'hc enemy's right ^''^ conveyed inio Qiiebec ; but before he died wu t"e a
was compufed of hj|f the colony troops, and a body of j letter to general Townlhend, recommending the prilon-
Can.iiiiatis and Indians : their center conlilled of a column j crs to that generous hum inity which diltin-uifhes i.>ir-
cif two other regular battalions; and on the left were poll- j Britifh nation. His lecond in command was left wouin;.
ed one battalion, and the fmainder of the colony troops; | <^d on the field, and bein > conveyed on baord an Ku"-
the bunici r.nJ corn-fields in their front were lined with i 'i'h ihip, expired the next day. About a thouf.nul of
Fitcen hundred of their bell markfmen, who kept up an ; the enemy were made prifoners, includine a great num-
irrcgular gil'mg fire, which proved fat.il to feveral brave i her of officers j and about eight bundled' were lliiiion
clKcer., 'vl:o were lini'led out tor dellrusiion. Ihis fire | the Held of battle. Among the Knglifh army, it is laid
was indet 1 choakcd by the advanced poll., of the liritilh that no mote than htty men were killed in gaiiiiii" this
line, vlio pifinecrcd with the enemy lome hour, bcfoie i ""poitaiit vidtory, and about five hundred wounded •
the battle began, lioth armies w^re almoll entiicly detli- j but the death of general Wolfe was a national lols uni-
tute of artillery ; the French having only two pieces, and j vtrfally lamented.
the Englifli no more than one, which the teamen had | Ihis victory was no fooncr obtained than admlr.il
with ■.:reat difiicult' drawn up from the l.mding-place i [ Saunders, who had all along heartily airifled the land-
but this fingle p.ece, being well ferved, galled their ' force., for the auvint.ige of ti;e feivice, lent up all the
columns levercly. | boats of thu flrct with attiileiy and ammunition j and on
'i'hc enemy advanced to the charge with great order j the fcvcnteentli laiicd up with all (be- (liips of war, m
and viv.icitv, about nine in the evening, though their a difpofition to attack the Lower f'own while (he l,'i<p;i
lire was both irregular and inclKcfual. Fhe Ijritilh | (hould be afi'aulted by i;i neial Towiiflicnd. 'Miati'tii-
> ir.-(.s, on tlu. contrary, tefsrved their (hot till the French | tUiiian had eiLpioyed h.s whole time Inne the aitlnin lu
., pro xhed within toity yards ot their line, when they ] fecuting the caii:p with icdouhts ; in fotmin • a mrit</'. -
poured in a tei-riblc difcharge, anl continued their tiic j toad loi the caiinon ; in diawuv "p the .ut.llctv ; pri-
La
N A I) .'. .
IsTi-RIOIt COUNTPV.'
A M F. R I C A.
r,
J>
i(S inulil not frfil of pii,.
t- '1 Ik gcr.d-,,] liiii,lcl|-
atUtk, at tlii; li_,„] ,j,
ryl) ;;,iniJ(ii'.TS, coii(„i-
If, wniTL- h'j w:n aim'-.;|
■i at l.iU received a llj,,,
>i iiDt olifi^e him toiiij;;
et' about the wound, lnj
limit the lealt eiiiotidii
ol the grcnad cts, uiti'i
ithtr ball uiiloitiinati.!y
ero, who /ell at the iii.,-
iig all his labouis wiih
ic-i^imcm of the Ijiitilli
the honour of iti 0*,,
ght piilhaloii with their
■.iiicfd linlkly with th<;
[0011 Inoke the riu-iny's
i))|)orteJby Anllruiheis
IworJs, icil in aiiiuii?
ly, driviiijr them wi,^
;iic works they haj raiiej
. Chark». The attioii
tho ri-ar of the Knghdi.
lit with two coiup.i^iics,
fallicii out oil the flanks
, and often drove the.ii
(liciid advanced pl.itaoii-i
ght wing of the liuKii
jir tirit intention. 1 he
: licad of Amherlt's re-
\, and overcome a body
: ii^Jit inlamry, waitm '
n the rear of the Bniilh
id Mr. Monckton ihn-
of Lafcelles's rc;;iiT.c;u,
th remarkable gallantly,
adicr Townlhend, who
ingthe troops difordcrej
n with all pofTiblecNpc-
:d this neceii'ary p.trt oi"
ille, at the head of two
the rear of the En^l.ih.
Cape Rouge as foen as
iia\(h troops had gained
id not reach the held of
fhare in the aciiun ; fur
iicBiitifh rca.-, than .Mr.
on5, with two ;;i:'cei e.f
'rcnch prevented aii at-
id fwamps, whither j;c-
ady cbtaiiied a complete
thcni i he having a !;iea:
ers, and being 111 puii'el-
ion. M. de iMoiiiCilm,
y wounded in the battle,
before he died wu'.e a
:oiiimcnding the pnluii-
which diltinguifhci thi-
mmand was lelt wiainti-
;vcd on haord an Kng-
About a thoufaiid of
including a great num-
hundicd were fliiii on
Englifli arinv, it is laid
re killed in gaining this
ve hundred wounded ;
va,i a national lofs uni-
obtaincd than admir.il
lartilv artiiled the land-
fcivice, lent up all the
nd ammunition ; and on
ill the (hips of w.ir, 111
Town, while the IJpp.i
ownfliciul. T hat i" n-
tinie liiiee the adlion m
; in fodiiing amiiit/ii'. -
;; I'p the iitillcty ; V--
' p:lll..
aic
pii-iiiT batteries ; and cultiii,T off the cncny'o cnmmtnii-
J.iiion with the country, liut on the levcnteeiuli, bclore
niiv battery could be finiflud, a dig ol truce was lent
liuni tl'.- city, with propofal^ for a capitulation ; which
vere accepted and figiied at eight o'clock next niorning.
I'lv'thcx' articles it was .igrccd, that the gnriiloii flioiilJ
i;!'ari:h out with all the ivjiiours of war, and be lent to
Kiaii.-e : tl'.at the iiihahitaiU', on their laving down their
,;rnF ilioubl be niaintair.ed in the poiicliiori of their
houlc.s and ellViil', ; that the effect:; belonging to l.ic ab-
fiit otHccrs Ihould not be touched : that the cxercife of
the Koninn religion fhnuld be liillv permitted : that the
artdicfV and warlike Hores ftinuld be delivered up ; and
,he fi 'k and wounded taken care ot.
'1 luis was tlie city of (^lebcc taken bv a han.lful of
(i,,npi, :.nJ at the figning ot the peace was conhrmed
,,, (licat Ihitain.
The moll confidcr.tble place, next 10 Qiicbec, is .\Ion-
tii al, which is fcated on an illand of the fame name in
(hi- liver St. Lawrence, upwards of two hundred miles
;il"'ve (Jiiiebcr, and is nearly as large and populous as that
(,tv. The illand of Montreal is exceeding fertile, and
v.iil iniprovul, producing great plenty of greens, and
Imiie fruit. It is .ibout twenty- eight miks in length, and
1,11 111 breadth. The town is pretty well fortified, and n
imi h more picafantly fituated than Q^iebcc. Thcllrcets
rci'iilar, and the houfcs well built, commodious, and
i.reea'lile. It (lands i.y the fide of the river, on a gra-
dual ealy afcent to what is called the Upper Town,
wliencc you may fee every houfe at one view Irom the
liatbour, or from the fouth fide of the river. The pub-
lie buildings exceed thole of (J;iebec for beauty, and are
coual to them in number. The Hotel-Dicu, the iiiaga-
yincs, and the place of arms, are in the Lower Town,
which is alfo the rclidence of the merchants. The femi-
r.irv, the parilh-church, the houfe of the Rcsollcias, the
Jcfiiits-collcgc, and nunneries, are in the Upper. There
ij alio a general hofpital, and a church belonging to the
jefuits, which is large and well built. The principal
trade of the inhabitants has long confifted in the (kins
and furs they purchafe of the Indians.
This idand and city were taken on the eighth of Sep-
tember, 1760, by the generals Amherlt and Murray,
without firing a gun, which completed the conqueft of
Canada ; for by the terms of the capitulation, all the
Fiench forces in that country were to be fent to France.
Montreal has lately fulFercd by a moft terrible fire, which
cunfumcd great part of the city, the houfes of many of
the merchants, and a number ot flately buildings. This
dreadful lofs inftantly awakened the humanity of the in-
habitants of this kingdom, and great funis have been
raifed in the city of London, to remove the dillrefles of
tb- 'c new fubjcfts to the Britiftl crown.
SECT. IV.
Ofi^'i interior Country of North Ainoi.tt l'\3ud tht prrfnt
' GoVermnent ofCanad,! ; with a conajc .-tcctunt cf the Riicn
em! Liiifs, their Cataralti, amta Dejirtpl.t,:: of tl.i Coun-
tries and Indian Katiom on their Banks.
T\\¥. river of St. Lawrence is reprefentcd as running
through a conliderable number ot lakes, which
fomc rcprcfent in Canada, and others on its louthcrn and
wellern borders ; but fuuly noihing can be more impro-
per, than to trace the courie of a river through a number
of lakes of a prodigious extent, merely becaufe thole lakes
have in fonie part or other of them a communication by
allreight.
As thefe lakes arc generally defcribcd in treating of
Canada, it will be proper here to give fomc account of
them, and of the Jiidians who dwell upon their binki
T he f.irtheft of thele lakes, fiom which the river St. Law-
rence is injudicioudy fuppoled to arifc, is named Nippif-
liMi;', which in the Knglilh language fignifies a l.irgc body
ol water. It is fcated 10 the north-wcit ol Lake Superior,
in the fiftyfecond degree of latitude. The northern
bank of this lake is a boL>, or morals ncai liur hiMidred
niilcb in length, from the nortti-ca!t to thi fuuth-vvcft.
ai'd about a liun lr:d and liit; iiiii' • bi lad. To t'lu? nnrili
(ifthisbogis a ti Ige ol mountain-, I'xteiiding lioiii tli.-'
noith-c.ili to the loiitli wcH, the whole Liu'th of the
marlliy country, .ind beyond it to thi" w.liwaid ; theli;
are very high and Ibep, mA arc fuppoled to be the moll
lofty niouiitaiii'- i;i Noith America, wheiicth^v are call-
ed the Head of the country. T"o the I'ouih-calt of thefe
riles a Ifrcam, which is fuppofe I to be the nead of thi!
river St. Lawrence; on the iiortli-ealt riles ihe river
Chriftiiio, which luns to the north-eaHward, t:!l it l.dlt
into Hiidfon's-bav ; and fiom the foutli and loutli welt
of thcfe mountain, rif. s the iMilliirippi, which luiis t.) tin;
(outhwaril, and at length difcharges itfelf into the gulph
ot Mexico ; fo that by thefeiiuifs the cou.itry is d:VideJ
into fo many depirtmi nti as it were from a center, which
may be placed at the above mountains.
T he Indians who inhabit the (ountrv round this lake
arc called the Lake Indians, uiid have about five <jr lix
thouland men. T hev chiefly live upon the well, louth,
and fouth-eaft fides ol the lake, and on the ifland., it con-
tains. Their country is of conhderable extent, but of
very dilfieult accels ; on which account they have had
little or no ctjnncction with the Englil'i or Kreneh ; and
as they have no fire-arms, they hunt with bow., ami
arrows. T'hey feldom concern themfelvcs with any other
tribe of Indians, and live almoll as independent as if they
had the world to thenifelves. T"hey never pretend to
plant or improve the land by labour, but live on fuch food
as the lake and the country alFoids them. From this lako
altream runs through a rough, broken, uninhabited coun-
try to Lake Superior, having in :'i court'e fcveral cata-
radts, the molt remarkable of which is about lifteen miles
frori the lake, where the water falls perpendicularly from
agicat height. The river here is a quarter of a niilo
wide, and a rock extending acrofs the llrcani, it falls
from thence with anoife that may be heard at the diltancc
of feveral miles, lielow thefe falls is great plenty of fi(h,
cfpecially of trout, which are very large and good.
At the entrance of this river into the lake is a town of
Indians, called the Attawawas, or Souties, which dwell
all along by the mouths of the rivers that fall into Lake
Superior. T'hey can raife about twelve thouland fight-
ing men, and by carrying on a confiderable commerce
with the French, arc more improved than the Nippillbngj.
I'hcy live in huts built in the form of cones ; the bafe
is generally from fixtecn to twenty feet wide, and the
top is left open for about two feet for a chimney and a
window, their fire being kindled in the center. T'o ren-
der thefe huts a defence agiind the cold, they cover them
with mati of rulhcs, which they weave very neatly, anJ
place in luch a manner as to render thcfe dwellings,
which commonly contain ten or twelve peifons, very
warm and comfortable.
When thele people remove from one place to another
for the fake of hunting, hlhing, or any other conveni-
ence, they carry their external covering with them ; by
which means they are able, in a Ihort time, to crce't new
towns, which have all the convenience of the old ones.
T'hey generally change their habitations in Iprini; and
autumn ; Ipcnding the fummer leafcn upon the banks of
the rivers and lakes, where th y filh and raile corn -, and
living during the winter among the mountains, fomctimes
two or three hundred miles dillant, for the fake ot meet-
ing with a great quantity of game in hunting. They as
yet make but little ule ot fpiutuous liquois ; nor do they
make any kind of d..iik, except ot thcjuice of the maple-
tree : when ill health they live upon the fimple gifts of
nature, and when fick the woods and lakes furnifli them
with all the drugs they ule; in the application of which
fome are allowed to have a fu|)erior iVill, but afk no fee
or reward for their trouble. T'hey have private property,
which they transfer to one another, by way of bargain
and exchange ; which, if taken from them unfairly,
bungs contempt on the aggrellor ; but there can here bo
Utile temptation to fraud or robbery, as no individual or
family is allowed to futt'cr by poverty, fieknefs, or any
other misfortune, while their neighbours can fupply their
wants.
On the north of Lake Superior is another tiibc of the
Indians called the Bulls. T'litlc dwell round what is called
the
i
p ;|;i'ii|
i*^! '11:''
i.'if<
I ■•!
; I. n
1 I,' '/-'
I -, ->
i, ■ !.
6^(>
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY. Int:.- lo;^ Couvtrv.
■;,' 'I
t , i
tlif Norili n.iy, and ilifTcr little from the Scuitics in
their m.iiuicrs, they lieinj; oii4Liially cil' the Uiiic luiioii,
as np()fjrs by there being luch an .iflin ty bctwiiri the
two l.ingjagej, tli.it thiy r.in |icifi-i:tly unilcrlLiMil ont-
.inothcr. I hey c.iii i.ule ahcnit four thDiif.iiid lighting
nifii, and their chief tr.i(lc is to Iliidl(in's-bay, vvhcic
they ciiiy lur .ind trniiiKs in yreat abundance, and ex-
change tiieni for bl.inkets, min>, and aniiniinition.
L.ike Siipeiiijr is dednbed by major Rogers as two
thoiiland miles in cireunileicnce, and is very deep, except
near the welt end, wlieie are I'evcral illands i and near
the place wheic it is joined by the river is a large iflaiid,
fcpaiated fri'in the main by a ftreiglit five or llx miles
Wide, 'riu- Uii\ idthis illanl \i very good, and on it arc
leverai Indian towns, 'Ihs banks to the north, fouth,
.iiul call, are very high and llcep, they rifmg in lonie
places abinc two hundred (cet from the furlacc of the
water, and aimoll perpcn licular j lo th.it it ii very diffi-
cult landins, except where the livers o( this in.iiul (all
into the lake. 'I'licre are alio fimc good idands in the
north bay of tlw like, forty or tilty miles in length, but
not near lo much in breadth.
'J'nc Indian., m this teiritory enjoy the grcateft plenty
of the nectiurici, and even ot the luxuries of life. Here
arc beall-, fowl, and filh, of c cry li/.e and kind com-
mon to the climate, in the irrcatelt abundance ; and it
may beconi a rich .ind valuable country, fhould it ever
be mlubited bv a civili/.ed people. It has not only rivers,
but what may be termed a k^ ol its own, which, by its
cornmmiication with the river of St Lawrence, makes
great amends tor its inl.ind fituarion, by atfotding all the
advan'accs of tiade and commcie.', from one part ot the
cou itry to the other, by a cheap and eafy conveyance ;
nor do the Indians entirely n'.glecl this advantage, but
make Liie.it ule of canoes on the rivers and lakes. Thefe
thcv li'tni of the bark of birch, Ipruce, and elm; but
thole m.uK- of tiie (oim'rare laid to be much the largelt
■ind brff, as they are well fuitu! tr the country ; fincc
thi.y will tairv from four or five hundred to two thou-
fanJ weight, and arc lo light that a lingle Indian, on his
coming to a catar.iiSl, will carry it upon his back, till he
thinks luoper to take the water again.
L.ike Superior has a communication with Lake Huron
by a ftreight upwards of a hundred and fitty miles in
I'th.
length. The Itream is h.re generally very rapid, and
lias one confiderable cataract, round which the Indians
arc obliged to carry their canoes when they pafs this way.
'J'he land near the flreight between the two lakes is hilly
and broken, but a great deal of it is capable of being im-
proved to good advantage. The timber is thick and lofty;
iron oic is here found in the greatcft plenty ; this is faid
to be the belt in America ; and there arc ftrcams I'uffi-
ciint (or any kind of water-works.
Lake Huron, which is nine hundred miles in circum-
(ercnce, i. df a triangular (orm ; one of the extremities
point-, to the north-well at the Itreights of iVIichliinacana;
.Tniith.r to the louth, where a ilreight runs into the lake
of Kiie ; and a third to the north-ealt, where a confidcr-
abie ilnam ilows into it, called the Souties river, from
which tiitreis but alhort carrying-place to the livcr of the
Atta'.vawas, which joins the river of St. Lawrence near
Mr.iitic.il.
'1 he country about Lake Huron is "o (he north and
ni'h-wcit rocky and mountainous; but (.n the fouth-
e;U the find is low, and covered with lolty trees, as
oaks, white pine, walnut, afh, and maple. On the
fouth welt the land is livel and plain, havinr; few tiecs
u|>on it of any kind, but the foil is pretty good and cover-
ed with tail grals ; among which are great plenty of dcei,
elks, bears, and racoons. It alio abounds in a great va-
riety of land and water-fowl, and every thin^ iiecellary
to lupply the natural wants of mankind. i here area-
hnut thice thoufiiid inhabitants who dwell round this
l.cke, lix ImnUted of whom are capable of beating
arms.
(3n the well fide of the above plain is Lake Methigan,
which Is nearly of the fame form as Lake Huron ; but is
laru'Cr, and extend-, f.irihtr to the fouth. Iktween thele
lakes a conunuincatmn is formed by the llteight ol
Michlimacaii,(, which is fifteen miles wide, and (uity
in leiiL'tli. At the point adjoining to Lake Meclu.an
ll.indb our fort ol iMiciilunai ana, which is a good (totk-
aJe ne.ir twenty led high. There are in this place fome
French inhabitants, who come here for the f.ike ef iraj-
ing with the Iiuli.ms ami (or the trout filhcry, wlin:i
is here very valuable : the trout in thefe (lieights benr'
in gieat plenty; and of an i xtiaordinary fi/.c, loine hai -
ii'g been taken that weigdcd upwards of eighty poundi
1 he Indians annually relort hither from all the adjacent
countries tor the fake ot thefe (id), and yet their numljcrs
feem to be not at all diiiiin llied. On the Ibuth call fiJc
ot Lake Mechigan are tome towns of the Souties ; aiij
on the louth and well fides live the I'ottawitainics. In
Ihort, the Indians around this lake amount to about tour
thoiiland hghling men.
(Jn the north welt fide of Lake Mechigan is a (Ireiglu
about forty miles wide, and a hundred long, in wbi^li
are many iilands, fome of which are inhabited by the
Attawawas, and others by llie rottawataniies. I'lns
llreight leads into what is called the CJreen bay, a lake of
conlidciabic extent, into whuli flows a l.iige liver iJut
lies between Lake Superior and the Miilidippi, and is
called the river of Toxes. On the banks of this river
live a nation called the Kox Indians, whe.> have no l-f.;
than four or live ihoufand men.
The extended country upcm this ri.'.-r, and on the
llreight from the lakeol Mechigan to the ijrecn-ba-,-, is
unitoimly fertile and pleafant, and wants nothing but the
cultivation of an indultrious people to render r. pei.'ectly
deli^htl'ul. The timber is tall, but not fo thick as to
prevent the growth of grafs, which is here fo luxuriant
as to rife five or lix leet in height. This invites a mul-
titude ot bulT.ilocs, wild cows, elks, deer, bears, beavers
and other r.nimals, which, with plenty of wild game
and fi(h, render this a mofl defirablc region, lor the
air is ivj Icfs agreeable than the foil. The winters arc
never fetere, and, during great part of the year, the
country wears a delightful verdure. Here alio 'tow
fpontaneoufly a great variety of grapes, which area ^rec-
able to the tafte, and might be improved to confiderable
advantage. The Indians have learned that their juice
will revive the fpirits, and therefore make from them
a kind of rough claret ; but not knowing how to
manage it properly, it is greatly inferior ro what it
it might be made under the management of fkillul pcr-
fons ; and this liquor they put in their empty ruin-ke;;s.
This country likewife produces a kind ot wild oats, 'or
rice, which grows in the greatcft plenty in fluilow water,
above which it riles two or three feet. The car rclem-
blcsthat of oats, but the kernel is more like licc ; and
there is fo much of it, that canoes may be loaded in a
ftiort time. The Indians in this country raifc Indian-
corn, and have many horfes. Their cabbins rcleinbie
thofe delciibed near Lake Supciior.
Kioni the fouth point ol Lake Huron a llreight, as
hati' been alre.uly obfcrved, run'-, eallerly about eighty
miles into Lake tr.e, palling in its way thiough Lake
St. Clair. The tointry on both fides is level in{i good,
abounding with tall oaks, nia|)Ie, &c. The llreight on if;
entering Lake St. Cl.iir, or, as it is fometimcs cal.ed, I^ake
Sinclair, is divided into leveral branches, which form
five or fix iOands ol various dimcnfions. Lake St. Clair is
nearly circular, and about eighteen miles over. On the call
tide are large marllics, and at the lower en.i of that fide a
flreight ot a confiderable (i/.e enters it, Irom which, by
a Ihort carrying-place, is an eafy convcy.iuce to Lake
Ontario, uicd by the inhabitants who dwell on its
banks.
The flreight at the entrance of Lake Erie forms a bay,
below whitli is the fort ot Detroit, and the French are
li ttled on both tides of the llrei^^ht fur about eight miles.
Ilic F.nglilh fort is built of Uockades : it is about twen-
ty-five feet high, and twelve hundred yards in circum-
ference. It 19 in a pleafant lituation, the land is very
good, and the inhabitants not only raifc a great deal of
wheat and other grain, but have pb nty of rattle. They,
however, chiclly enrich theiiif-lves by their trade with
the Indians, whuh is here very lucrative.
Lake Flic exten.l": thre hundred miles in length from
the fyutb-\*'elt to the north call ; it is eiglitv or ninrtv
I
t:.- io;^ Coun'trv.
j; to I.jkc Mcchigaii
fiW\ch ia a good lloLk-
arf in this place fome
c I'or ihc lake Li trad-
: trout filhery, v/h:C\
I tlicff llicii;hts beiiii'
llii:iry fizc, (oiiic h,n .
rJs ot cijjhty poumli.
iVom all the adjacent
ind yet their nuiiilicrs
On thL- I'oulh Cdll Tide
? of the Soutics J and
c I'ottiw.itamics. In
amount to about tour
^lechigan is a Urclght
idrtd long, in whi,:li
are inhabited by the
'ottawatainifs. I'liii
; (jrcL'M bay, a lake of
>\vs a larnc river that
lie XJulidippi, and is
c banks of this river
Is, who liavj no l_fs
'I .1
*
which arcagrec-
roved to confiderable
earned that their juice
ore make from ihcni
ot knowing how to
inferior ro what it
i!»cnient of fkilhil pci-
their empty ruin-keg'i.
tiiid of wild ciat.s, or
eniy in flullow waie.-,
feet. The ear relem-
s more like rice ; and
)es may he loaded in a
country raife Indian-
heir cabbins rclenibie
r.
; Flurnn a flrciyht, ai
callcrly about eighty
ts way thioiigh Lake
fides is level and good,
c. The ftreit;ht on if,
fometimcs cal.cd, I^akc
iranchrs, which form
ions. Lake St. Clair is
miles over. Onthccaft
lower end of tliat fide a
.rs it, Iron) which, by
y conveyance to Lake
us who dwell on its
Lake Krio forma a bay,
lit, and the I'rench ate
: (ur about eight miles.
idis ; it is about twen-
drcd yards in circum-
ation, the land is very
ily raife a great deal of
bnty of rattle. They,
■es by their trade with
crative.
;d miles in Icncth from
J it IS ci[',hiy or ninetv
milf'
'13 niiiioit in i.irrii? rvni-urn I nf v il.i.ihli'
linnliii/ 'ni^nfc
■'".1 .1 1 :.L
Cf
nee
de-
rive
h;
led
the
m,
ill.
ity
er,
!rn
''J
:ne
Se.
mt
nd
hp
ho
bfi
he
».' II-
Sl-
ot
■y
>4
97
...>.. ,oons arc ot,„,ed to be carried by I are a l^w ^all ! :il<'^s;;;i;d-"ii;;;;;i '({i; Jli:::^ ^^ e);^
t • ^ fide
1).
(
*■
1
'1.
t •
» «il^
->?;
Ni.ioiiivi lvi\('r.
f h jM'ii'
lii!
fif' '
«•(. "' '•'
A\'lK W <)/■ \ I A (I A J< A I'O KT,
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NTIRIOK COIMRY.
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ff wide at the wclhrly riiJ, ami :i' ^iiit forty at Iho land, on account of the cjt.ir.iL'^ aiiJ the mmy Ivtl'cr U,,
liiwcrcnd, wliitc it taper* t'tt'lo iVvitii r li^h; niili., iicjr
iHl' ltrci(!ht wim li j'lin, it tu L.tkr < )ut.irin. At ilir ,V; Ik
iiiJ<.f the Ukc iIh' liver Mi.inn.- Pi.vs iiiio it, vlil. Ii li n
nil cal'y comnuiiiii itiiiii witli ilic ( )ti.ci by fhc tiv.r \V,il-
b.iili, thcrf liciii.; Ill) iinic tliaii liVtlvf mil's Ijivl-i.u-
iiajjc bptwcm the two riviT . At tlu' lo'itli-wcll intiu-r
III L.ilcf Kric- till' I.iki.- SinJurtcy hin a comiuinir.iii''ii
with it by .1 llrri^tit hilf a inili- liroaJ. Tliii lull l..t;i!
IS thirty imlis in I' ii/td, anil I'ijjlit or tjii \v lU'. Iiu.. it
Hows the river Sinhilky, nr Huron, upon the b.iiil. . ot
which, .iTul rouii.l ihu Sjiulull-y, the lltii.'ti Indi.iMs
havclcvtral towni in aveivpKjl nt t.rlilc i-(iiintr;' itii.y
cJii railc about lix or leveii li'iiulrel ti;hting meil, .md
Jitter It) th< ir maiiiu-rs fmrn any ol tlie inJi.iiis yet men-
tuiMtd. They build re;;iilii- houf'.'i, whill tliry cover
with baric, an I arc tlle.-nicl the richcfl lir.li.ir, u^j.m tne
whole continent, they h.ivin^ not oniv iti;iiiv li.rl'es, but
111-.;'.- black cattle and l\v;iie. They liktwile r.iile Q'c.U
(juiiniticj 111 corn, imt only for their own "iV, but ni or-
der to fupply other triln-'^, who piirchale it u; ihem. 1 m >•'
luintry extends a lumdied aud fifty miles to the wclt-
wiirdof the lake, and i'> a hiir.dic.i iiu'e' bioad. Ti e
lull is not exceeded by any in this pait ,,( the wotld ; the
limber is tall and beamiC'il ; th,- woods alnmn.i with
I'lmci licren ih:; grcatell ;il'-iity of warir-lovl, and both
me rivers and lakes ciiiitaiii a vaiicty of iilll. Inllioit,
il It was properly improved, th^' land would c'nuai tl>..t in
aiiyof the Hritifh colonics on tli'.- leacodis.
The country on the Uiiith fijc is claimed by tlic Indi.iiis
of the Kive Naiioii«, who do not iiiliabi'. it, but keep ii
tor the fake of liuntin;. 'Vh: couiuiy is I'-yel and very
tini; for t'cveral miles, havinj ir.any liieams flowing
lhtoui;h it into the lake. Our tort at Prc-!i|iie Ifle i.i on
the I'outh lide about a h'indied tniks from the e.ill end ;
and Ironi this fort is a carryin^';-pl.ice of abiiiit twclc-or
fmirteen miles, to a bramh ol the Ohio. From the call
end ol Lake Eiie a llreijht ruiii north eaflaly about lil'iy
inilcs, and nearly O|-polii.- to tlv- plj.-e where it leaves the
like IS Fort Fra-, which lias been lately built. Tlieiur-
riiit from thence n rapid, on account of the lo.ks and
lalK of the water for ali'iiit a mile j yet vcH'.l;; .irc work-
ed lip by the help of wiiLllad'cs. Lower down am I'eve-
r.d fmall iflands, an'l it about lix or fci.ii niiles dillaiicc
the (Irei'jht is divided in:otwj branch^--, which form the
Cir-ai Ifltnd, which extends alivnll to Little Ni i^ara
lurt, and contains lortv lllouf.ind acres of [;oi.d l.ind.
Near Liule Niagara fort, which i-. nothn-.; ninre tlun
a (lockade, is a remarkable caiinicl in the Ihei^ht which
runs into I. .ike Ontario, and i:; (;cncrally e.ilkd the river
1)1 St. Lawrence. Its courfe is heie foutli-lijuth calf, and
It is about half a mile wide, wh' re the rock croU'es it in
the torm of .I half moon. A'nActli'j l.ill i^ an ill.ind,
i.hout half a mile in len",th, the lower end ol whiih ex-
I'-nds to the eilye of the t.dl. The current id the lliei-ht
above the iPand is quite flow, but on its appioacliii)^ il,
i'lid being divided, it ri'm n;ote fwiltly, and, befoie it
mines to the fall, with ;;rcat violence, efpjcially on the
welt lide of the ifl.ind, where the wb' le llram ajipear.s in
a loam, for even heie the defceni is ((piil to the lide of a
pntiv llcep lull -. hilt wb-.n it comes m t!ie perpendicular
till, which is an hundred and liity feet, no wirds can
expicf> the conlkriiation of the traveller, on his fiifl lle-
ing fo ['.^at a body of water falling, or r.ithtr violently
thrown tro.li Uieh a beii'Jit upon tne rocks below, from
whichita'iin re'wnmd , appearing white as Inow. n be-
lt!' all toimrfed into lo.irn, through thcle repealed v..'-
kn: ai'itations. The noifd of this fill is frequently
heard at t'.e ililLinc- of fift'ji n mile?, ioid foinetimes miicli
farther. 'I'he vapour that lifrs from it rel'eiiiMcb a cloud,
or pdlar of fnio.ik, and i;i it may he Icin th-.- appeaiance
ol a rainbow, whenever the fun and the polition of the
ttiv.-ller lavouis it. M.my br.iiis snd fowls here lol'c
ilieir lives, bv att'-inptinp to fwi.ii ;u rol's the rapid llrcjm
jbive, and .;re found dalh'd in pieces bclov.'.
Farther down the (tream are fmaller falls for feveral
r.drs, which render fie l(rei;\ht unn.vigable. Its bank on
ihf call lid;- is thiee hiindrcvl het buh, till voii coi'lc to
iiiother Lo'jlifh fort nine miles dilfant from LitleNia-
jara ; and tins length goods arc obliged tu be carried by
or
of thollreight I'crhjpj no place in tliewoild i, (ri(|iiiiite.i
by fii'.h il iiu I, her ol ca^^lia hi tni., they bciii.; ins aud
hither by the deer, til.-., and ue.it >, wliu;> ..rj o-db-J lo
pieces,
Fhe rtrel^^rbt enter i Like Ontaiio at the foiiliwtll
eoriKi-, at which place i, Ni.i-ara loit, an baiidlum ;
wcll-hulltfortiticatwiiof tonliJei.ill.- li,e.o.-lli. I',ii,l.,k.*
IS of an (.v.il form, tiv,) bundled .aid tixtv inil.s in bn^;ili,
and a loiiidt'.-d aii.l Hfty wide m liie middle. At t- :oiiil.-.
eallcrn exir..niity ilie river Ou.-.o falls into ii, where w<i
havr anntlicr |.)tt, and a gaiLl-.i kept up of Mjolideralilj
force, ^ I'lii, I, ab-)ut two li,m liid iiiiLs fr.iin Na'jara,
The river tJIwcgmiies frt.n Like iJiuoida, wbuh ii
about (birty miles in len-lh, and has at tile call end a
royal block lioufe, whicli is (-.irriloiicd to keep iid ;i
conimiini.ation with the lak a ; at th - well end is Foit
Hrewertoii, .laother poik built for the lanii; piitiiole ; and
about ha t way hetiveeiithis and Olwc;.'o li a bljcklmu c
to command the Icity over the Sencca^ivcr,
The ountry hctvv.cii Ofwc/o and the liver St, L iw-
■•■encc is level and j,o od for fevlral miles, and belong-, to
the Five Nation-: j l.vcral rive, lio.v tl.iouc,h it, the mult
conhdcrableof wliich is the .Sable, which joini. the L ik<i
Ontirio eii;hty or ninety miles eail oi Niaj^-ira, .nul i,[.i
neir a branch of the Ohi.i. In it aic lev, ral catiraCl^,
and on.- hi ;her than that of Nia^iara. About a huiidird
and ^.|fy nnU-j up this river are it.naikablc fprin 's i-teaily
clk-em.-d by the Indiaix, as a remedy lor many d.lealci :
they arc called the oil-fpriiigs on account of an olcoui
lubltance that iHues foitli with the water, and til'.-, upon
its fiiif.i-;c. The waicr of thele Iprings is diaiik by thu
Indi..n-j as a remcJy for confuniptions^ afllimas, and \a-
rioiij intcrnjl difordcrs ; and tiicy lu'.lie in it with i;reat
luceel. for ilieiim.itic pains and drains. In the rivers
round Lake Ontario are gicat plenty of falmon duiin^
the fummer lealon ; and ut the entr.incc of the river Si.
Liwrenc-- are in the winter .ibiin t in.ie of wh.t a:c called
white filh, of wSich tlieio are laid to be none elle in Aine-
lica, e\rep- a (;w at Long I'oiui. In fuminer thcydi-
appear, .1:1 : ..re fupp-led, ilutiii- th.it fealun, 10 lie in
deep water, out ol foundings, I'hcy are about ticli-c
of .1 fhid, veiy agreeable lo the palate, and ii does not
app'-ar that there arc any of them in Europe. 'Fhc
Country round the lake is, to appeaiance, feitile, capabic
of valuable iinprov.ments, and abouiiJi with vvaicr-lortl
and variety <d j;-ime.
Fhe Five Nations h.ivc their town.'; at f.ime dirtancc
fiom t le lake, chielly up-in the rivers tint ilov/ into it ;
but of thele pe'ople wc fh.,11 heicaftcr give a jiarticular de-
Iciipiion.
■| he river St. Lawrence, on its taking leave of the
like, is tin or f^'-Ive miles wide, and has Itveral illandi i
on the iii'dl northerly of which is a fmall loitrels crejlcd
by the I'reneh, ami iio-.v kept by us. A little to the
fjuthidthi, ill.iiid It is joined by a confiderable Ibeam,
that riles near Ifudfm'j-li.iy, far to the north ; 11 ii call-
ed Olwcgoichy, and nao frequent falls, aftci alctiidin,r
it forty or lilty miles. The ahove ilLnid ia .di mt t Acniv
miles below the lake, and here the river grows naucwer.
From Lake Ont.nio lo the Cedars, the prj'ent welk-rn
boundary of ihe priwince of (j_iiebec, is about eiL'hty-
miles i and fii.m thence to Lik; St. Francis is near the
lame diiiance, and is t fidertd as the next Itai'c of St.
Lawrence.
We fli.'ll foiuliide this fubjecl with aconcife arcount
of the river Cbril\ino, which runs l.ir to the iiuith, and
fliall leave the .Mifiinippi and Ohio liU we conic to ihe
more fouihcrii provinces fubjccl to Cieat Britain.
I'he river ChiilUno is fo called from the Indian;-, who
have the name of Chridineux, or ClirifUnos, who pod'efs
the country adjoining it. Its higheft fource is on the
iiDrtb- cad of the Central inountains, called by the In-
dians the Head of the Country, where it rifes in fevcral
die ins, all wh'ch bend their courfe towards Hudfon's-
bay, and at diderent places unite, till in the courfe of
about a hundred and fifty miles from their fource they
all join, and by their ciuiMucnce form a large bay, round
whieb live a tiibe of Chridianos. Farther down the river
are a few finall hkes, and fevcral fmall itieams on each
7 Z r„l-
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A S Y S 1 I. M Of G i: O (i U A I' 11 Y
I -Tj.mon CovuTvr
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fiile flow inin iIk' livcri by wliiili niriiiH it^ w.ilcn are
ciu rcallil, till It (li(i:h.ugcj itfill in'n Hiiiir.m%-l)..y, iicir
IwnhuiiJrrd niijct to the iiuilh of Viilt IViil, uiiJ ahuiit
hve hundred irum the C'liitml m()um.llll^.
Fhc irmniry nr.ir thi> rmr i« j'/rjily liifnior to lliat
on iho l.iki'< and ilif ruer St, /.awr.iicr, it ixtiiulinj;
from the liltv-tilih to the lintii'ih ilf(;t« of north laii-
ludc. The vvintcit are lon^ ami (Ivrrr, the (now con-
liniKM loni; on th^- ^muiid, and the loil, which in cold
and barien, i.i I'catri.' c.i;iilile oT any valuihlr iniprove-
intnt«. TIk* limber here h beech and ni iple, .iiui for a
confiderable umi' ii;i llie river th;" land i^ Iti^h j and Co
thickly coMied uiih (iiriice, hemlnti;, }ic. that it is dit-
fieult to travel thr(iu:;h it, without btlnu entanj^led i but
iii-arcr the mnuntjim the Toil is better. In the river are
many kini's oi (ifti ; and heaver are taken here in great
abundance, with (ome ermines e!ki, inoole, bears, lie,
'I hcic n likcwii'e an animal which rel\nibii.'» the tnoole,
but i> much Imaller, and le:mi peculiar to lIui country.
The inhabi:an!» (iiblili eniircly on the r I'lfli and game,
fur they raile nn kind ol i;rain, nor kicp any animals,
except di)^«. The number of warrioi . m (his country
is luppofed to auiiunt to about two tbouland. They
generally cover the;r houfc or huls vviili the Ikins of
wild bealls ; and n jt only niake them warm and lecure,
but, accordin;.: to their tallc, both neat and cle,;.inr.
Thefe Indians have nearly the fame language with thole
on the lakrs ; and, accordinj; to thnr own hirtory, they
iill came round from the north into this country, indeed,
the only hi(h)ry they have is a nrb.il one, tranlinmed
fiom father to Ion j v<t they pretend to give an e\Jii.\ ac-
count (or many L-enc rations bark ; for however ncj'jigcnt
they are in the education ol their childien in almuit every
othrr relpeiit, they arc very careful in aeiiuainlirig tl.tin
with the Ibry of (heir ancctlors.
S K C T. V.
n.'i my} remarkabli B /Is nnJ BIrJi in the 'intcr'mr Purl of
Strth /tmerica.
TUF bead'; and birds we (hall here defeiibe are thofe
piincip.dly found in the norilr.rn part of the ex-
•rnlivc country of which we have ben trcatinp, and par-
ticularly thofc near the river Chnftino. I he molt re-
markable of thcle arc the porcupine, and the wolverene,
or quick-hatrh ; the pelican, the wi.ite-tailed eagle, the
brown and (pnt'ed h;Mth-cni k, and the white partridge.
The jiorcupine ol this northern part rcfcmblcs in fhape
and iV/.c the beaver j but the head has fomc refemblancc
to that of a rabbit : it has a flat Mufe, entirely covered
with hair : its mouth is armed with two teeth above and
two below, that are yellow and remarkably ihon;; ; its
••ars, which arc lliort and fma'l, fcareely a|)pear through
its fur : its l-.-.'S too are remarkably fhort j but its claws,
of whieh it has four on its (oie-fect, and five on thole
behind, are very loni;, hollow within like f;oops, and
very fliarp-piiintcd. This animal is covered all over vvnh
a pretty foft fur about four inches lonf; ; but beneath the
hair <^i\ the head, body, and tail, it is thick (v. with (harp
Ilitt' iiuills, which are white with black points, bearded,
and not cahly drawn ojt when they have entered the Ikin.
The porcupine ufually m.ikes his nell under the roots of
large trees, and (lcep> much. He chiefly feeds upon the
bark of trees, cats fnow in the winter to quench his
fhirff, and tn fummcr drinks water ; but carefully avoids
going into it. The Indians cat thefe animals, and elleem
their flelh a wholcfomc ami pleal'ant food.
'i'lie wolverene, or quick-hatch, is another very ex-
traordinary animal, and is of the fizc of a l.irgc wolf : tfie
fnout, with the upper and under jaw, as far as the eyes,
is black ; the upper part of the head whitiOl ; the eyes
dark •, the throat and upper part of the neck white fpottcd
with black ; the ears (mall and round ; the whole body
ofareldifli brown, darker at the fhouldcrs and rump,
and lighter upon the back and Odes. The (ur of the
whole body is pretty long, but not very dole : the feet
as far as the (irft joint, arc covered with ihort hlack hair;
but the legs arc brown, and the claws of a light colour •
moll of the till ia biuwii, but towardi iho n.) bufliy »„,
iilaik. Tliu crcatii.e m walking cartin his head vrr
low, I.I th.it his I'.iek fil.i aiihssile. He defends hiin-
(ell when att.ick d with -leat (.,rcT and obftiiuey, and it
IS laid will teat tt.ps and gini to (-icitj in a very fufi)„«
ill;5 manner. '
'I'he p li an is foni'what bigi^er iliin a lir^r uwt
giiid'e J the upper maiidilde ul tf.c bill is n.iirower ni ihc
middle than at cither end, .ind i> received into the lower
except towardi ihe p.iiiit, which vcijeni and reet-ivei ihc
lower into it ; tiir point i, re I, hut the upper and under
part lo.vaids the he.id are yellow: the pouch when dry
refemble* an ox's bla.M r blown, atid ii prodigioullv lace
while the creatu-e i. living. I he head and neck trr.
covered with while feathers i the bv.dy ii of a dirty jjli!
colour i Ihc (luilJ! o( the wiii«;s arc black, ami ail ih;
under part is of a dark alhcolour. The legs are (hurt'
with four tiiei webbed together ; llie middle toe is lon^;,'
than the leg ■, the claws are dark, and both ih; legi ^n,!
feet are of a dirty yellow mi.xtd with green. I'hcle birdi
live chiefly on lilli , they arc f mud in niiny other eoun-
Hies, and in lome f Licei arc much laiger.
The wnite-lailed eagle is about the bigncfi of a turltcy.
cock, flat-crowned, lliort-iiccked, and full breallcd, wiili
brawny thighs, hs winj;s arc vtiy long, and broad ui
propouion to its body; but darker on the back, jnd
lighter on the fides. I'he c|uill» cjl ilic wings are black,
and the brc ill Ip.ttcd with while: the tail when clolej
ii White both a'xive and biluw, except the very tip of
the fc.itncis, which is black or brown: the thighs arc
coviiid Willi d.irk brown leathers, through which in l.-nc
places a white down iippiars ; the Ic^is, to the very [at,
are covered with (oft lealh rs o( a leddilh brown It hii
tour toes on cacii fool, whirh are eery th:ek .nut Itrong,
lljiidiiig three (orward :uid i.iic baikward, covered wui\
yellow (cales, and armed with very flrong and (hitp
claws ot a (hining blark. There aie alfo Icveral kiiidj
of falcons, h„wV.s, and other buds o( prey.
'i'he great lie,r.ied-owl is a very lingular bird, wiih i
head very litilc iiiletior in live to that of a cat; whit
are called the horns, are toiripoled u: leathers riling juft
above the bul, intcrmi.\cd at the bottom with white, hc-
comiiig of a red lirown by degrees, and tipped with
black. The great white owl ol a bright Ihining colour,
lo as fearce to b ■ ililliiiguinied (loni the liiovv, is ah»
common in the nonlKrn put <;f ihit country, and con-
tinues tiv.ie tun ir.iioiit ti.e whole year, where it is (rc-
quently lecn flying by clay, and preys upon white par-
tiidges.
'Ihe white partridge is common in fome other coun-
tries, but is no whetc in luch plenty as in the northern
partof this near Hudlon's-Kiy. It is of a middle h«,
between that of our common part.idge and the phealant,
(hapcd very much like the forincr, except i:i tail beui^
(omewbat longer. Ihefe birds are molUy brown in luni"
mer, but in the winter become pcrfedlly white, excip-
the outward feathcis of the tail, which are black tippcM
with white. In that feveic fealon they rcpolc in the
fnow all night, and in tJie morning fly direflly up tj fluke
it off their feathers. They Hay in thefe parts all the
year, feed only in the mornings and evenings, and fan
themfclves in the middle of the day
The blown and Ipotted heath-cock, which alfo con-
tinues in the noiih all the year, is (omcwhat bigger than
an Lnglifh partr'dge ; it is likcwile lougtr-bodied, and
has a longer tail in proportion. The bill is black, co
vercd with brown leathers ; the fkiii above the eye red ;
the top of the head, the upper part of the neck, and down
the back covered with (cathcr.s of a dark brown, mixed
with a dull orange and afli-colour : the tail is ofadaik
brown, the thioat under the bill of a ycilowifh whitcj
the neck and breafl of a dull orange, with fpots in the
form of half moons. The legs from the knee joint down
to the feet arc covered with a kind of hairy feathers of a
brown colour, intermixed with hlack : the Icet arc of a
reddifh brown ; and three to s forward have pretty luiii-
and black claws ; tnefe toes arc j^fgi^td ; liut the hinder
toes are fmooth w\ the files,
S i; C 1 .
kit:
•
I..T».klon Coi.;, .'. T
In union Cuinikv.
A M E R I C A.
«>'
s i: c T. VI.
1 l>.flHHlt' D'l.'iptiin «f I'nt pofnit, Ditfi, Ch/hmiy
.If.tiNfii, Afi' ';; It, nil limirnmt'il of iht Five S'.iliim
,11,1 olhtr Indiint • /''./r Mtlhu.l if fniig I) K'lir, lln
M.mn^r in •vliuh it n cairuJ <«, ami I'tan hhJuiM, il'i.
WK flisll now more p»riiciil.trly defcribe the cudoms
mil m.iiincri ot (he IiiiJuni who iiihjhit the in-
I ti.)r part nl Aniciici. Th.y lormerly inlulmnl llic
UM-t'wlls wIkic they weri' vi-rv mimcroiiH ( hut hjve
Hiircil into tlic wtlK'ily pitd ii( the coniKry, Co th^t
, ,v (if ihrni .irc to lie riniiiil within kfn thiii (wn or
uiKC liiitiilic.l mil ■» ot the (r.i • I. r thnuj-h luaiiv "t them
hive been iiiflruLlcd in the linowli'clj;c nt Chrillianity.
1,1 p.iritlj «i( laiul have hccn nlhittiil them in (cvcral ol'
liie liiitilll cci|onii-«, where they h ivc bcin tornuj Into
1 pciLlics ; yet It has been liiiiiul that in prcpiirtinn aj tiicy
|jy by their .iiicient cullonis, aiul conlorrn to our man-
iKi ot lite, ihcy ilwimllc away, cither bi i auCe the ch.iiij;e
ii prcjullicial to their conlliliitioii> , or iiccaiil'e when
(etilcil anions the Kii:>lilli thfy have greater opporiiini-
ticj ul proeunng fpiritudu'! licjuors, of which both lexes
aie ijtnerally inordinately (oiul ; very little care beiiio;
ever taken to prevent thole who are mclintJ to lake ad-
vantage ot them in trade, from bafely intoxiratinR t'lem
tiir that iiitamous piMpci(\;: this has a wotic cft'ecl: on
their conltitutions than on our.% and loon proves fatal,
proJucin;; dilial'ei to which they were formerly llrangcrs.
Thin where a few yearj ago there were confiderablc let-
tlcnients of them, their name is alinort forgotten j and
thole who ftill remain, have, for the molt part, joined
ilunifclvcs to other nations in the interior part of the
t juntry, on the banks of the lakes and rivers.
The Indians of Amciica are tall and ftraight beyond
the proportion of moll other nations : their bodies are
Itroiig i but it has been obfervcd, that this is a (Irength
rather fuited to endure much hardfliip, and thecxerciles
of thcchace, than much hard labour, by which they are
(uon confuined ; hence it has been fald to be rather the
(tren^lh of a bcall of prey, than that of a bcalt of bur-
then ; an odious comparifon when liieakiiig of the hu-
mm Ipecics ; however, they have generally Itraight fup-
ple limbs, and the leall decree of deformity is very
rarely feen anionj^ft them. I'heir features arc regular,
their complexion fomewhat of a copper colour, or a
reddKh brown ; their hair, which is long, black, and
Imk, is as Itrong as that of a horfj ; and what is very
)iii;;',ular, is their not having any bcardi, nor hair on any
part of their body but the head.
They generally wear only a blanket wrapped about
thcin, or a (liirt, both which they purchafe of us : but
when the Europeans firlt came amongft them they found
lome nations entirely naked, and others with a coail'e
Cdlton cloth, wove by themlelvcs, round then waill : but
HI the northern parts their whole bodies were in winter
coveted with (Icins.
Amon:^ the various nations and tribes within the valt
extent of country of which we luive jull given a delcrip-
tion, the Five Nations dcferve p.irticular notice ; thcle
being dreaded and revered by all the others for their lu-
[■crior undcrllaiiding, adlivity, and valour in war ; in
wliich coiillant pradttcc has rendered them export, they
Iv.iiig generally at wai with one natimi or other, and
lomttimes with Itvcral at a time. 'I neir manners, cul-
tons, and modes of drcis, arc, as near as pnlHlde, a-
inpt-d by Icvcral ot the other nations; and thole are
rllecmcd the politift: and belt bred, who the ncarelt re-
fenible thcle. Their moll northern Iciticment is a town
called Chockonawapo, on the foutli of the river St. Law-
icnce, oppolitc to IVIontrcal ; but their largcit I'ettle-
menis are at the head of the rivers MohocktanelVe,
Oncoida, and (Jneneaga, between /.ake Ontario and the
provinces of New York and Pcnl'ylvania. 'Ihcy claim
the whole country that lies to the louth of the river St.
J.jwrence, as far as the Ohio, and down that river to the
Wabach, ffom the moutli o' the Wahaeh to the bounds
of Virginia: on the well ward they extended to the lakes
«if Ontario and Krie, and to the river Miamee : their
ealierii boundaries arc Lake Champlain and the Britilb
I
coloniei. When the Fn^liOl fird fef:le.l in America,
thiy were »hle to laiCe hiteen thoufand H|'htiiig men j
hut at pr'leiif. inclirlin{> flic Del.iw.ircs ami .Sliawancrt.
they do not amnunt ti more than hctwcen threr ;iii I loui
thouUnd. 'I bus have thry brrn reduced bv the pprpf.
iiial war|i thev b.iv earned on iigaiiill ihc other Indiiii:
ami the Fienrh in Caii.idi.
I he Mnho, ks onie the m«f\ nimicr'MH tiil/ .imone
them, ateiiiiiv thclni.dlvlli vet llill m intain a liijirnorilv
over the red, and are cunlulled ami .ippeakd to by tht
oiher* in .ill gieat emeri-enri. ,. Ahoiit a hundred vein
ago they dellrnycd tliegreatrjl put ot the lliirons who
dwell on the fiMiih lide of the Like nfC^ntiiio; and the
rcm..inder flal lor pioteitioii tothcKremh in C.mada j
but moll ol thiin h.ivc (iiKc letiirmd to their own coun-
try, and, by peiiluirion of the I'ive Nation ,i'well on ihf
lands at the welt end ol Like Kric. The Mohocks olfo
made piiloneis of the wlu.lc n.ili.in of ih'; Miaw.meei,
who lived upon the \\'.ili.ich, and alfrw.irdi, hy the
mediation o( Mr. i'eiin.at the hrlt fitllement of R nfyl-
v.inia, g.ivcthem liberty to fettle in the wclletly pirts of
that province, giving them the appellation ol'ioulint,
and allowing them to cl.iMn kindred with the Five Na-
lions, .1., iheir llnele^. I'liey abi.ut ih- f.ime time con-
quered the Dei.iwaris, whom they liroii.dit into a like
lubjeaioiij .indalfithc .Mickander:;, or .\1uhe..nns who
dwelt on the b.inks of Hu lion's river. Ih'.- tw) lall na-
tions they fullered to live in any uninhibited part of
their (outhern territories ( but the I ittrr up'Mi conditio
ot paving them an umual tribute. They alfo comiuered
fevcral nations upon the frontiers of New Kngland.
Some nations to this day are not allowed to aprcar
painted at any general meetiii;;, or congiciV, whir.-'thc
I'lvc Nations attend ; that being an exprels atticK- in the
capilulitions. 'I'he\ have been the inveterate cnemici
of the French ever lincj their firft fttlemcnt in C.inada;
and arc almolt ths only Indians witl'.iii miiiv hundred
miles that have been proof againll their folieii.itions to
turn againit us } the grcateft part of them having main-
tained thciir intcgiitv, and been our faithful fi lends and
allies. They once burnt gnat p.irt of the city of Mon-
treal, :ind put the French into great conlU-rnai in. They
have conquered moll of the Abna(|ue5,or calfrrn Indians}
and now maintain a conlhnt war with the Cl.enkeci,
Chickefaws, and Crccki, againll whom many of their
yoinig men arc annually fent i while others of them go
againll the Mil'auii i and, indeed, they I'oinetim'-s carry
their hodilitics as far louth as the iflhmus of Daiieii i
but have long lived in peace with the Indians on the
lakes and the Fweeghtwees.
'I'he Indians are far from being deficient in good Icnfe
and ingenuity, m.iny of them fli-win;,' a great capacity
lor lome art or fciencc. They have llrong imaginations,
and their memories are fo rtti^^ntive, that when thev have
been once at a pl.ice, let it be ever fo dillint or obfcure,
they will readily find it again. Thus the Indians about
Nova Scotia, and the giilph of St. Lawrence, b.ivc fre-
quently palled over to Labrador, which is thiity or forty
leagues, without a rompafs, and have landed on the vjry
Ipot they intended : even in dark cloudy weather they
will direct their courll- by land with greit cx.iclnefs',
merely by ohferving the bark and boughs nl trees ; the
north lide in this country being always mullj, an I tho
boughs on the louth fide the largelL
I'oligamy is pracliled by fome nation', but it is not ge-
neral. In nioll they art contented with one wife ; but
a divorce is admitted for tli.- f'me eaules that it wMs
allowed among the Giccks an 1 Roiraiis : but ni nation
ot the American Indians is without a regiil.ir marriage,
in which arc many reremnnics, the prineipil of winch
is faid to Lo the bride's prefcnting the biidej;room a plate
of corn.
Thoii^ih the women arc incontinent before wedlock.
their challity after marriage is remaikable. The pundli-
mcnt of the adulterer, as well ns the adultercis, is in
the hands of the huib.siul bimfelf, and is olicn Icvere,
as being infliaed by or.i: who is both the injured
party and the judge. ^ Their marri.iges are nut rein.irlt-
ably fruitful, they Itlcom proiliieiiig above three or four
children; and thcle ;Me brought lorth with muih lels
pain than our wtmun CutTer upon the like otcafioiis, and
a;e
||
64+
A SYSTEM OF G E O G li A 1' H Y.
?NTr;iuoii Cji.-:>T;'. i*.
are iinnichjtcly lulloivcJ but wiiti liillc diminutum of
tiicir ui.i.u itii;iii;tii. Tlij mo iR'ts aic lo IuihI oi llu'ir
tliiiiiiii', nut iiKv IclJum W1..1I1 tlicm iili ttr.y arc up-
WJ!U ol two ytaib 1)1,., jiui i.ii^y tiitiii on tl\iir backs
t;ll liic buidiii bi-^uiiKi iju;ie inluppdil.iMf. I'licy can
IH) luuilLi- WJlk, ttiJii tiii-y jio ai huiily to go whtii ami
vvhvic (hey plcalC) but ihcir paa'l>l^> iai<.Mu!!y iiillru.:!
thciii \iTy Ciily III ilif uli; of aim.-., aiiJ tn.i|utiu!y rtlalc
to ti'.tin lilt (.xploitj ami \^,ujt atchnM-iiniiia ol iIku an-
ttJtoi.s, ill oiilci to liMil iiKiii on lo buvc .iiul iitroiL- ac-
tions. 'I'iK-y iiitroJucc tlKiH vcrv )ouii^ iiiio tlicir pub-
lic touiKi'..-, aiiJ make tlicm atijuaiiiuil wiih the mod
important _itairs aiiJ tr:iiilactioii> ; thu lucullomi liuMi
to Itciccy, ^ivLS ihcm a conipoUtl aiiJ manly ai', iii-
lpiic:> tllcm with cinulatuiii, anJ makes thcin boM and
tiitcrpiiiing. I'hcv liliioiu cliadi:!.' tluii chi'.Jtciij (or
wiiiii they arc yojii^, tiicy obursc that they art not lul-
ficKiuly ciiJoucil with icioii ; tor if th;.'y were, they
would not CO wioii^ : when tliev are more advan.t'J in
lilc, tluy lay tnat tliey .;o not then clialii'.c liieni, be-
ca..!., beiii^ c.ipaiilj ct'ju.igiii;.',, tnty outfit to be mat-
teta ot then own Jct'.oll^, and not be accoantable to any
one. Ill the (jine manner they e.\cule any ill tie.itmcnt
thty receive lioiii a perl'oii in lujuor : " Sliould we blame
'• ol puiiilli hiiii, lay tiuv, when he has not his realon,
" and does not know what he i.'ois .'" ^ et when a mo-
tlKr le.» her dan-htLt act amils, llie generally builts into
l^.iij, and upon ii'.c otiKr einniinnc, the cuilejlhe n.d> her
iIk- lealcn, .iml tins aJiiiuintion Icldoili tails ol the dcliied
cluct.
riic India.'is do not .livavs enter into a !'orm.i! ubli-
(laiioii ol maiiiage ; bat t-ke a wiJe fm a longer or Ihorter
tune, as they pleaic ; but their childien, on ihcic oeca-
lujiis, luitcr no dil'^racc, .ind enjoy all the privilfijes ol
thole bei^otteii in niiiriaje.
Tile 11. en are icmaiKauJe t'orthrir inJo'encc, on which
they even lee, ;i to v,.lue themielve.-, laying; that labour
wouiu dCj^raJe tlieni, and belongs lolely to the women,
while t.l-y a:e Kiinied only l'>r war, hunting, and lilh-
m^ : it IS, n.jwever, tlieir buliiieb to make amis tor hunt-
ing and lines !or lilhinn ; to lorm their canoes, and to
kui:d -iid rep*.r their luiufes i but ituy frequciuly make
the womiii ..liill them in thele, beiidvs attending; all do
iiielhc arf'aiis, and cultivatnij; ilie land.
'I'he Indiiiu are ijenerally polielled with an aftonifli-
iii^ patience and equanimity ol mind, with the com-
mand ol eveiy iu:liuii except reveiij'.-. 'I'm v bear the
liiolt fuJden aaJ unexpected misfortune with calnmel's
and coiipoiuie, without utteiiiig. a woid, or the kail
change ul countenance. K\eii a priloiier, who knows
not whether he may not in a few houis be put io a molt
cruel death, leenis entirely nuconcerncd, and eats and
• Itinki with as nrjih cheailulnd-. as thole into whole
li.iiids he lus fallen. 1 heir leloluii.ui and • ourai^e un-
iler licknels and pain, is really altomlhinjj;. Nothing is
more comnion than to lee p.-ilons ot all ai'es, and both
fexc., lupportiii.: th.niklvC) with the utnioll condancy
under the greaiclt pains and c.dami:ies ; even when uil
(ier the fliocking torture to whicn priloncrs are Ireiiufiit-
IV fxpoled, triev will iii^t only make thcmlclves chear-
tul, but provoke and iiiiiate ttieir tonnenters by the moll
levtre teproachci.
Thcv tieat thole in alliance with them with an high
lieiree of luniplairance and good nature.
'1 hey are :'rave in their dep.irtment upon fetiousoccafions,
rbfervantot thole in company, refpectlul to the old ; ol a
I'.mpercool and deliberate, bv wniiii thev are never in
halte to Ipeak before tJKV h..ve weU thought ol tin- mat
ter, and fiire the peri'on wno ipoke tiel'orc tlieni has hnilh-
t'd all he had to fay. In their public councils, every man
IS heard in his turn, accoiding asms yeais, hn wddom,
<jr his fervices lo his country, hav- ranked him Not a
whifper, nor a murmur is iieard ironi the nil, whi.c he
(peaks; DO indecent commend ttions ; no ill-triied ap-
pliulc. I'he )ouiK', attend Kn their inllruclion j lor
heie they learn ti.e hillory "f i leii nation, aic animated
liv thofc v.;to celebiatc the wa iike ai'tions ol t )C,r an 1 1-
tuts i arc t.iught wti..t is the inleielt ot t.ieir country,
ami how to puneie it.
The laws of nol^itality are cAfcuied .imoni< tlicin
wi;li thi; utmoll ^enc.'olity .tad ^ood-will. I licir houivs,
t!u-,r provillons, even their young Wo;iicn, are pre tented
lo .1 giivil. 'l"o t;i fe <it their own nation, the\ arf likc-
v.ue very humane ..iid beiu-licciit. ii any tme „f ([n,,,
luccced ill in his huiitiii!;, if hk harvelt faiU, r.r his h(,i,(,
is buini, he tecli no other eikd ol nis niisloriunc, tiiaii
its ;.;ivin!', I.im an opportuiii.y to e.vpeiience the b.'iay'o.
lence and repaid 1. this countiymen, wno, lor thai pm.
pole, li.ive ; imoll every thing in coiniiicn. Jiut to ilm
•-neiiiiesof his .:ouii:iy, or to thole who have privatel"
oftended him, the .Aineiiean is implacable. H'- m-n r j,,'',
dee.; makes uie ot oallis.or liide^, nt expieijK'ii' , Inttrii-
! iliy conceals hi> lentiinent.s, till ; y ire.icaeiy or fuipr /,c'
: I'.ecan gritily his revenge. No leiigih ol time is i;iiii.'.
I cient to all.iy Ins tcleiitment ; no liillancc of plaie'i,
great enough toprotidt tlieob|ictj he cudii -^ tin- (1;^^. ,,.
. elt mountains, pieiees the moilinipali'.ible kirilK an I
I tiaveiies ihe iiioU hideous dtfails; beaiino ti,;.. ,,u.|j.
meiiey ot the lealons, the latii;ui- of tlie expedition, thi-
extremes I't hungir .uid limit, wilti patience and etlt-.u.!
lulntis, in hopes ol luipiizing his cnemv, and excicilin >
upon him the moll (hocking b.iiiiarities ; and wlien d.ij
caiinoi be accomplilhid, the reienge is left .is a Ic mcv
traiisferiej trom generatio'i to generation, trom tatliti to'
Ion, till an oppoituniry olieis of tak.ng wliat thev think
ample (atisfactie)n. Jo Inch (■xirc-..it3 do the ii.d:.,ni
pulli theii fiiendthip, oi their enmity i and mrh indeed
IS, 111 general, tne cliaraiter ol .ill unciviii/ed rutioiis
I hey, however, elteem nothing lo nnworthv c.f a ni.iiw.f
fcnk, as .1 peevilh temper, ami a pronenels toa hidden and
r.illi anger ; and tins has fuch an effect, that iiuairch
rarely napjien among them, when they arc not intoxi-
cated with liijuor.
Un the other hand, they arr highly fenfibic of the uti-
lity and plcafures ol trii iidDnp; tor oach of ihein, at a
certai.i .ij.e, makes choice of foine one ncnrly oi tne l,,mc
llaiidiii- !■! life to hi; their molt iiririutc and lii|,,i;,
Iriiiulj thele two eiiler into niu|iial eiigagi menis, by
which they oblige themfilves to br.ive any diin'cr ..nj
run any riU|iie, to al'lill and lupport each other, i lus ,it-
tachment is even earned lo hn as to overcome the tear of
[ death, which they conllder only as a temporary Itpara-
' lion, being perluaded tnat thev (hall meet and be united
1 in Iriendlhip in ihr olher woild, never to be lepaiaied
more ; and that there they fliall need one another's affitt-
, anec as well .is her ■.
j It docs not .ippear that there is any Indian nation tli.it
. has not Ibme loiile of a Deity, and a kind of religion ; bur
I this is lo vaiious, fo perplexed, and confuted, that it is
j dilficult to give a minuie delcription of it. I'heir ideai
' of tlir natuic and attributes of the Deity are virveb-
I (cure, and tome of tliem abfurd j but they all aekiiow-
ledge him to be the Creator and Matter oi the woiLl ;
1 yet how the world was created they know not, .ind have
i \arious conjectures about it, fome iniaginiiiL'. that rr,t'i
I Were full r.iined down (fom the cioudj, and that biuti
' animals delct luied with them. They teem to have fom.-
I idea that there ate Ipii.ts ol a higher and more excelKr.t
naiiiie th.m man ; and lup|ioling them to be i-yery-where
pielert, freiiucntlv invoke them, ant* endeavour to act
agreeable to their dcllres. 'i'hey likewife imagine that
there is an evil fpiiit, who, they fay, is always inchiud
to milchiel, and beais great fvvay in the creation ; this,
indeed, is the prineipal object ot their devotions j ihcy
generally adelrels him molt Inariily, bcleechmg loin to do
them no hami ; but liippilmg the others to be pr(.;)i.
liuus, and ever inclired to do them L'ood, they iniie.t
them to bellow bk (lings upon them, and prevent Ih.-
tvi! fpiri* (rom hurting them. I'o procuie the pioiee'tion
of the gooil Ipirit, they imagine it nereli';ry lo diltni-
guidl ncmielves, and that in the iirit pl.ire they niiitl
liecomc good wariiois, expert Imiitcis, and (teadv niaiK.
men
The Indians have great dependance on their dreams,
and really believe that fiom the dre.ims of yiu'h, ni ly
be collected the whole hidory of their luture lile. On
this account, .v en they arrive a- a certain ape, dreamin >
is made a kind ■. t religious ceremony, whieh i% thusper-
loimcd : they t.elmcai their lace all ovrr wilh hiaek
paint, and tart ir fevcral days, in which lime they expiCt
that the piopiiiiiis Ipirit will appear to tnein in (bin:
Ihape or otiicf while they flcep. I'hc cHcit tins lon^r
fait
Interior Countrv.
AMERICA.
64i
t.» 10 k Coi'NT:"'. i»,
u;iicii, arc prirciucc!
.1(11)11, tlK-y arir likc-
ii uiiy OIK' <.t' tin 111
L-tf faiU, f,r his l.cii'^
ins imilurtiiiif, tii,iii
liL-liinci: the 111 iii-y(i.
wnii, loi thai pm--
11111.1,11. iiiit ti) ihc
who have privati-lv
cjliif. Ilv iii'nr iii-
expitllKMi-, hiririi-
jc.itiK-iy ot (uipr :/.(■,
r.Lt,ih 111 time is i;ii!'i..
lilll.llKf l)f pl,nc II
i hi- cii.lii--. ihctUrp.
ipati'.ihU- loril^ , ami
I bcaiilitf, tiic iiule-
r the expci.itiui), the
II patience ami ihi-at-
•iR-iiiy, and cM'.-ciliiii'
-itics ; and when thu
u;i.- is Icit .is a Icjacv,
ration, troni taihn to
ilt.ni; wliat they think
•c..ii'3 do the li',d!..ni
lity ; and nir h indeed
I uneiviiized nations.
iiMwiirthv ot .1 m.iiMif
iiieneli to a ludden and
II ittect, that iiii.iitcii
they arc not iiitoM-
;hlv fenfiblc of the uti-
lor f^-ich t.f ihciii, at a
one nearly oi tnc Lmc
: iii'inutc and huicmi
t'ul cnj'.apiments, by
hr.ive any dan;;er .iiid
C each other. I ins at-
to ovcrtoine the !c.ir oi
s a temporary Icpara-
all meet and be united
never to he lepaiatij
ecd one another's allill-
any Indian n.ition tli.it
a kind ot religion ; hur
and conluled, that it is
tiun or' It. I'heir idoai
the Deity •"<■' very I'b-
bjt thev all aiknow-
1 Matter ot the woilJ ;
ki.ow not, .iiiU luvo
ie imagininii that me-i
ClOud^, and that buit;
hey teem to have loir.,-
her and more cxcelUnt
thciii to bet-vcry-wheiJ
anc' tndcivour to ad
likewilc inUL^ine that
lay, IS always mciuud
n the creation ; this
tlieir deiotioiis 1 thry
y, bereeclniii: him todu
ic others to be pK.pi-
hrni eood, tliey intie..t
them, and prevent ih':
o proeuie the piotcCtiori
It neeellity to dlltl.l-
e I'lrtt p'..ire thev mull
nteis,and llt'ady matki-
idancc on their dieini^
,lr< .ims of y ii'li, ni y
their luture lile. ( hi
1 riTtain ape, drean-.iii;^
one. whitll is thus per-
jei: all oviT with blatk
n winch time they exprit
ppcar to tnein in font:
The elicit this lorijr
fait mull naturally have on tlic brain of a young pcrirn,
IS doubtlel's conlideialilc, and the p.iicnts and otiier oid
people take care, dui'liik; the operation, that tne dreams
they have in the ni,ht be fuKlifullv lep.irtcd t.ic next
inornin;;. In lavour to fmnc conllitutions they Ionic
times limit the fait tu a llioner teim than is iieiieially
jjdf;ed nccclliiry ; however, the propitious Ipiiit beiiri
coiilt.intly the lulijeol of the perlon's wakiiij; thou^ht^,
becomes alio the lubjeet ot hi. die. ins ; at lealt ev> ry
phantom of iheii llecp is rei;aid'd as a ligure of him,
whether it be bird, beaff, tilll, tree, or, indeed, any thin.;
animate or inanimate, and is particularly rcfprilted by
them all their lives after.
'I'heir priclts often pcrfuadc tin- people that they have
revelations of future events, and aie .luthorifeJ to com
niand them to purfue (uch and lueli inealures. Tiiey al-
(o undertake to unfold the mylteiie.s nf religion, and to
folveand interpict all their dreams. They reprefent ilic
other world as a plac^.- abounding; with an inexh.'.ulUhle
plenty of every thing defireahle, where they lliall cn,oy
tne molt full and cxiiuifite I'raiihc.ition of all llieir l> n-
fes. Tnis is, doubtlel's, the motive th.it induces the In-
dians to meet death with fiieh indittjrcnce and compo-
fure J nine of (hem being in the Icalt dilmayed at the
news mat he has but a lew hours or minutes to live,
but with the greatell intrepidity lees hinifelt upon the
brink of being I'eparated from all terrellii.d thini^'i,
and v.ith great lerenity talks to all around him : tuus
a father lca\cs his dying advice to his children, and lakes
a fuimal leave of all his friends.
They generally bury their dead with tjreat decency,
and depolit in the grave fuch things as the deceafed li.id
made the preatclt ufe of, and been molt attached to;
as his bow and arrows, pipes, tobacco, fee. that lie may
not be in want of any thing wlieii he comes to the other
cuiintry. 'Ihe mothers mourn (or (heir children a long
iimf, and the neighbours make prcleiits to the lather ;
and he In return gives them a lealt.
The fcalls of an Indi.in, whether at a funeral, a tri-
umph, or a vifit, arc vciy fimple. Inlle.iJ of endeavour-
ing to make a I'plendid appearance, he makes his friends
heartily welcome, and values not fpeiidin.r the fruits of a
wh'jit I'eal'on's toil, to convince them that h.- is lo. The
puelt i.^ lure to be treated kindly, and that he (h ill ncjt be
the fubjcct of ridicule while prelcn-, nor of cniel remarks
when departed. On thel'e occafions a lervilc regard is
never paid to the dilHnctinns '' high and low, rich and
(wor, lo as to lell'en the I'pirit and picafurc of convetla-
tinn, when the company liappeiw> to be made up a mix-
ture of thcle.
Their phylicians generally ticat them, in whatever dif-
order, the fame way : they lirit indole them in a narrow
rabbin, in the inidit of which is a ftuiie red hot, on
which they throw water till the patient is covered with
warm vapour, and is in a piolule I'weat, when they hnr-
rvhim from thence ami plunge him into the next river.
This IS repeated .xs often as they think lU'ceH'Hry ; and
by this method extraordin try cuies aie fometimes per-
fiiinied : hut it alio freiiueiitly happens that pcrfons die
ill the vcrv operation ; efpceiallv where they are alflidted
with the new difoiders brought to them from Europe;
and it is partly owinii; to this nianner of proceeding, that
(he finall-pox has proved lo much more fatal to them
th.in to us. It mult, however, be acknowledged that
they have the ufe of feme Ipccihcs ot wonderful elFicacy,
the power ol which they however attiibute to the cere-
monies with which th-y arc adniimllred,
Liberty, in it.s fullelt extent, is their d.liling privi-
lege; for it IS the great and fundamental principle of
their policy, that every man is ei|ually Irce and indepcn-
Jent ; and that nothing can be a compentation for the
lofs of liberty. Avarice is unknown to them, and they
are neither prompted by ambition, nor aituated by a love
uf gold ; (or the dillinctions of lich and poor, high and
low, noble and ignoble, do not lo far take place among
them as to create the lealt unedinef's, or excite the re-
fentmcnt of any individual ; heii' e the brave and deferv-
in.;, let their circumdances bo what they will, are lure to
be ' llcemed.
I'hc gencralilTunu, who may be confidercd ai their
97
kiii.^, among alt the nr.tions who fjieak the Roundi cic di-
alect, is elettive, and his cleclhni 'S attended with liiii>-
ing and dancing ; when clioli ii he makes a panegyric
upon the peilon to whom he I'ucceeds. He is rathti re-
verenced as a tathei than feared as a monarch, lie has
no g^uaids, no prilons, no oirucrs of jullice.
Til ■ oilier forms, which ma) be coiil'i.'tred as a kind
of anfiocracics, lia\c not niDre power anu.ii > the lioi]uois
or I'ive N.itions ; there is no other qualilication ablo-
liitely iiecellaty tor their ciiiei, but a:e, wiih expirience
and aSility in their aliairs. Mowevei, thetea.-e generally
in every tiibe I'ome particular llocks, v.-iiicli thiy rcfpcct,
and wh:i .ire conlidcicd in l.inie l.irt a, th.ir ct;ie;s, un-
lets tl.ey fliew thcmfJves unuoithy ol th.it lanic ; and
indeed thcie are tome of the tubes thenifelvcs who, on
account of ilieir number or bi.'.very, lu>e a pre-cnitnence
over (he left, which, as it is not i.xacled with piide, fo
it is never dilputed wlieie due.
This gre.it council is compiled of the heads of tnbej
and fannies, with fuch whole capacity has lail'.d them
to the lame degiee ol coiihdcration. I'hey meet in,
a houfe, built in each of tlieir towns lor th it pur-
pole, and alio receive anib.illulors, to deliver I'lcni an
aniwer, to ling their traditional y war longs, or ;o cuni-
mcinoiatc their dead. In thele councils liiey propo'e all
Inch matters as concern (he Itate, and wnich have been
alreaily ihgilfed ill the fevret councils, at which nom;
but tl'.c Ilea I men aflilt. The cliiels feldom Ipeak niucli
(luinlelves at (hcle general meetinus, but iiuiult their
lentinients with a perion who is called their Ipeaker, or
oMior, there beiiK> one of this piofellioii in cur) tribe
and town ; and their manner ot Ipeakliii; is naiiir.il ani
cal'y, tiieir words llrong and expr, (live, their Ih le bold,
figurative and truly laconic, intiiing being f.od but whM
is neceirarv either to inlorni the indgmciil, or rale fueli
pairnnis as the I'ubjcCt naturally excites.
When anv bulinels of s.\inlequcncc is tranf.ifted, they
app.iiiu a lealt upi'ii tiie occalion, of whnh alim.lt tl'.c
whole nation paitakes. Upon matters of lefs general
concern, arc l.ller fealls, to which none aic invited but
(hey who are eng 'ged in that pan.cular bulin.ls. IJeforc
(lie enteit.iinment is rea'y, the piincipal perloii begins d
long on the remarkable events of their hillory,aiid what-
ever may tend to their honour or inllruclion. The
otheis ling in th' ir turn. They .ill'o have dances, ehiefly
of a martial kind, and no loleniniiy or public huliii' Is is
cariicd ini without longs and dances. Tlufe ceiemo-
nies lerve to pteferve order, and contribute to lix alt
ttanfastions in their memory.
It ought not to be omitted, that the fame council of
elders, which regulates wh.itcver regiids the external
policy of the Itates, has likewile the charge of its inici-
nal peace and order. I her I'uits are lev, and loon de-
tided ; they having neither property nor art lurtieicnt lo
render them perplexed and tedioi'. Crimin..l matters,
when fo flagrant as to become .i national concern, are
brought b'.t..re the fame jurifdiclioii ; but in ordin iry
cales, the crime is cither revenged or ceinipromilid by
the parties concerned. It a rnuider is cmnmited, the
familv that has loft a relation ptei-ares to kdl the inui-
deier ; and when this is done, tne kindled of the l.dt prr-
fon n.nn think thenifelve* as much injured, and as julti-
liable in taking revenge, as if the viiieiuc had not begun
among (lienileivcs. liut, ill general, things .ire deter-
mined ill a more anllcab^ mannei . the ili'eader ab-
lenis himfelf; and his friends lend a compl nunt of con-
dolance to thole of the paity inurdcred ; ihev oft'er ihini
prefents, which are raiely refulcd ; and the head of the
family appearing, deliveis them in a lormal Ipeech, one
hy one, I'lmetimes to the number of lixtv .iiiitles; fay-
ing, " Ky this 1 remove the hatchet lioni the wound. —
liy this 1 dry up the tlo'.ving blood." And thus, u\ a fi-
giiraiive nianner, take away, one by one, all the circum-
n.inees and coiileeiuences of the murdei. If the murder
be committed by one ot the fame cabhin, (hit cabbin has
the lull ri:;h( of judgment within Kieif, witbtnit appeal,
either to piinilh the guilty with de-.th, to paiilon him,
or to lorce hini lo give lome recompence to the wife <;f
children of the 11 lin. Mean while the fupremc authori-
louks on uacuiKcincd..
At
(
\
1
ty ot the nation
I 8 A
f
040
A .s y S T r. M O f- t E O G 1( A 1' 1 1 Y.
1nt.:iucr LuuNTr. ,
• i! ^
I
'W '
H-.
t ''m'
^r;/..f
^ "II
As t].c Iiuli in<! nrc nf a V'lidiaivo liit'iiol.tiiiii, mirc-
fl .iiMid by the ii)lliii-iR-e of rili'"iiii, tlic niiilt I. ill. 11.:
priiviir.iti"!) . Iiii|ii( lulv iO'iTl' IIriIi 10 arm-., i.li.! |.ri.vc
i.if D.-tMiioiis ot lil(MjiiilK-.l and iniiiili-r. I'luir piUy
I'tivjU' i|iarri !> aic oluii iln'i.ln! ilii'. w.i •, and ix|.iiii-
tioiis iiiidcitikni wiinoiit llu; knowled;;c or toiiiiiit
».t ,1 L'.inor.il coiin.il. I'liil.; |.nv.ite i-x|ii;Jiti.)iij uic
wiiikolal, aij.l rxi ..lc<l,;..s aincins lit kci'piii^ tlicir \i.iiiii'
nun III actii.ii, .»iid iiiuiiiij ti.tiu to tlic txiit.lcj ol
war.
lint wlicii var liucmms an.ilionil .nlViir, i: 15 cil-
teri'J iipoii Willi great iklili.raii.iii. Thry lull i-i.l ""
.llliinlily of t:i(: laiheii.s ai.d cliicl' waitiur^ , tii dc-
r I w,t!, the he.-,.!s, tails mi feathers of the moft b,,,,,:
liil l.ir.ls, !ic. 'I'lic life o; t:ie c :liinR-t. is to (moke c'
tlui tibace.), or lomeotn.r hcib ufed iiillea,! of it, nh
till vent r iMlo an alliaiicu or any fokriiii cum
11 I. bciMj. lUceiiK.i (lie nioll iacrcd oatli liui
tan 11, ilie nolaiion <.( whiih ii ih, iM.'tit to be nVpil .n*^
laniois, j'lul defeniiig fcveic (iiinilinm-nt in t!ie (,1!^^
.'ile. W JRn ihfv tjcai of war, tiiu whnlc pi;.p, an | all ,(
o.iian'tnts, aic le.l ; !oi7i.tiiiu » it is ud only on one Od '
aniMiy thr iliipni'uion ot t le leathers, Ur. a p'.Tlon ',(■'
ijiiaimcd Ki;h tli.ir cnlt.mv:, kn.iws at firll fi.Jit th.-im,',,'
ti»n-. onkM.vs of t.ic naiiL-n who preunts it.' S, 1.0.1;;, „,^
ll.c i.il iir.ft i,-, :ilfo, upon '., ;,e occalion-:, anJ |,i ;,1| ,7^ ,"
liberate upiai llic altair, and ivoiy tr.ini' ii-latmj', to it. I lies, conii lead as a facieil u iih, js a Ceal ot iheir iletre ■-
111 ihi'. Lentral coiigtefs anion;; ttie Norihcrn iiuiiaii. j and a pli.i!;^;eof their peituiiiiance of them. 1 l-.i- {i/,e !
a:'.' ths Five .\'ati,:n.-, thewonuti hjve a voiee as will deioraii.'iis of tl'.eircaliinieti are conimonlv prr,p,,nini'"
II
finvnr ;
e:in K-
a vi'iee
Is the men. W la-n th.y are all. iiideil, ilu- liiiel Ijil.uii
( r p.'el'i Jen:, propofes t!i ; altair tniy have met to coiiliilt
upon, and taliiii;; up the toni.ih,iiv|{, whieh Ins by Inin,
l.vs, '• \'.'h:> aninnc^ y<ni will 'j'j and fight ai^ainlt liuli
" a nation ? Who amoiii; you will biin^ captives
" fioni thence to replace o.ir decealid ineiu!.,, tiiai our
" wroii"! may be levenpid, and our innie and honour
" nianitJiiied, as Ion;; a', the rivers tioiv, urali (iio*.-,
" or th.- fun an. I m..on fhall endure r" llu 11 one ol
the p:iiieip.il w.irriors r line, h.i:rani;iie'. ihe whole alleni-
bly, .tml alteiwards .uKlrtriin;; hiiuielt 1,. tli,- youn;; iikii,
Mio.i its who anion;; thcni will ,10 alon;.; witn hnii, aii.i
Ii 'lit ihtir enemies .' When they geii.ially lile, one a(-
Wr .inoth.r, and fa'.l in behind l.iin, wi.iL- he w.ilks louiid
the circle, till he is ioiiud by a fiitfici-.-Mt nambe!.
On fiiv li ocedior.s iluy ha\e ukially adiei, or Ionic
othi r bv.ilt r.-alitd v.'h. le, and each of them, .i- t:iey con-
lent tnaoto war, cuts oil a piece and cits, laiil •, *' 1 hus
" W'll 1 d'vonr our enemies," iiKntionini; tlic nation
tiuv .lie goiiii; to attack. Ihis ccremonv hiiiu; ptrti'im-
cd, th.- dance be :,ins, and they lii: ; tnc war-fon^, vUiich
li.^ relaiiiiil to their intui.ied expedition and cmipiell,
or to tl.Lir own fkill, coiira.-e, and dexteiiiy n h;;htin;.;,
and the m.iniii r in which rney v/ill v.impiilh t .cir tiie-
liiies. I hen expn liioiv ate llio.i
with a tone that inlpiies terror.
Su-h i. the infitience of their women in th Ic . -.nfiilta-
ti.ir.s, th.'.t the ilVue d pends much upon ihmi. It any
i.n'e of them, in coiijunclioii wiih ihe ihieis, ha: a mind
to e.T.ilc I lee, wi'.o »loes not iniiln..liauly depend upon
th.i:;, to take p.otin tiie war, Ihir prelents, hv tlie hands
ol lome tiutly y.mnj w.iirior, a Iti n:> 01 w.impuin, ti. the
peilon wiiole lui;) llie lol.icits, winch (tldom tails of
pi.i.liKiiie'; tliec.'tech tint when tb.ey fnilicit Jii ol'.i nfue
or d-t'< i.live alliamc with a whole naiii.n, th v fen.l .oi
imbair , With a lit-c belt of wampum and a i>lood\
iiatciitt, invit 1.^ thcni tj come and drink the biuod ot
thi.ir cneno s.
'I'he vampj.-n ufi.l u;iin lh;fe and otiur occalioiis,
before their .iciiu^intanee with Ki.ropcans wasoiii\ lin.ill
Ih'-lU, >\hK!i they picked up by the lea-co..lis, and on the
b.-'nks ot tilt l.lke^, It now conl'.lli <'t a kina of cjliii-
lo the imjoitance of the otcili.m, to th- q'u..|',ty ot the
p. rfons 10 whom tiiey are prch.ntcd, and to iht' tltiiji,
and rci.',irj they have for them.
Aiioti.er niltriinient of j'leat importan.e am-j;i;' ij,.-,,,
IS [he t.-.niahawk. 'I'hi. is an ancitnt v.cipun. 'm, j'l '
them in war, before they weie tau^-jit the uie u' „J,
I and ifc I ; (ince which h.iteliets have been l"ul;iiii,|.(.,| j],
; the room ot them : but it itiU retains its ule and linpoi.
; tance 111 public trainactions, and, l.ke tlie pipe, „' ,tJ-
I (juentl) lery Ii Miihcaiit. 'I his inlhnnunt i.s toiri.i.l, i,^
1 lomc r-fpccls, like an liatelnt, haviiii; a |,i|,., ti;,||,|';^. .
I the head, which i, a loiiiid knob of luiul woo.l'^'c .Icul'ar!
ed to knocks man down, has on the other fide
bindiii); a liitle low.-.rJs the handle ; ..nd near t
tic, whvie the ban. He pierces the h^ad, another
1 point,
piojccls lurrt-ard, cf a confiderable !e
to thriilt with liKc
point
c .'cngtii, which leivci
ipear. The tom.ika.vk i. Mh
oinanienied with p.iimin;; and feathers, dilpolej mui ./;.,
liet;ated in many fi^iiilitant lorms, according loihcuc.
cahon and end lor which it i.s ufed ; and on K is kept ,1
kind of journal of their marches and molt importantti-
currineis, in a f,.rt of liieioglyphics. \\ hen the cmi:'.
cil is called to di liberate on war, the toniaha.wi; i; (, .
lointd red ; and wiien the council fits, it is laiddo-.-.i
.iiid n.-tiivtic, uttticd I by thccltufj and if war be concluded uiion, tre ciii.
' tain of tl-.e youn_' warriors takes it up, and hoidinj;it inn';,
hand, d.inccs and fiii;;s the war-foi-;;. V\h' n t!ie louri-
cil i^ over, this, or foinc other of th: r.ime kind, is Irr.t
by the hands of the lame waiiior, toevt-y liibc co!.
ceriied, who, with it, prefciits a belt of wampum, m.\
delivers his niilliifie, throwin;; the toir.iliawk 0:1 the
troiind, which is t.iken up by one of tb.c mol! cxpeit
wariiors, if they choofe to join j if not, it is relurntJ
v.itli u belt ol their wampum, fuitcd to llie oica.
lion.
]'..iili nation or tribe has its dillinil tnfi^ns, nr c ,j|, „|
arm>, generally conlillin;; of lome bcallj^hiid, or (,(h
1 hus the I'ive Nations h.ivc the bear, otter, wdf, tm-
toiff, and eai;le ; by ihc'e name; the tnlK', are geiarailv
diIliii;.oiinu,l, an.l tile Ihapes of ihcle anim.ds arcpiiikid
and punted on levei.il pait. of their bodies. Cniierall;',
when they march thro' the vv.,.ds, they, at eveiy cncanip-
iiint,cut the hi'Uic of liuir aims on tr.cs, el|eci.il|./
lineal beads, made of white and black Ihclls, which aic j
clieenied :'..;oiM^ th'.ni as liivcr and gold arc amuiijj us. | whin they have I. ail a I'uci el ul i .-.nipai rn, tf .t tr'avilhi
y know tb-y have been there i recoidin.' .iho. Ill the.r
I iie bhul. il.tv Ihii.k the moll valu.ible ; both of ihem
aic their "'Lalcll rich.-, and (.rnamciit ■, anlwcmi^ ail the
ends of niiiuv anion / iis. Tni y have the art i-t It. inging,
twillin;, nr.d nueiweai m;.' them into their belt*, collais,
biankeis. .IxC. in ten l^'jiilaiid liiiteient ti/.is, lor.'ii.-, and
li.;iiies I. la., not oiiiy '.o be (.rnamcn;.. loi cveiv pait of
.lifts, but c.\r„-cflive of uU tlieii impurt mt tr.iiiljctioiis.
'I'hev die the w.rTipuii of various cohnir, and Ih-.des ; and
as t'u . arc m.i :e tuns'! . ant of alnioll any lio'V ihey
p!ca!e, hv thef.- the.i records a:e- l;c;)t, an I tn. ir li-ou^hts
c.Mi.iiuiuc.it.d 1 1 on- ipulii.r, as ours ap: bv wm.ii;,;.
'i ti-i-. the h^!:s th.i; p.;ls l.u.i: one iiaiioii to aiiotbei, in
all iir.p.jrtant ira .. .ctii-ris-, aie careiuily pielciv-.d in ihe
, ..1 ;. n 1 of ti-.iir c.i:cts, a:;d ler-.e both .n a kind of icvohl
... h; ' iv, ..'id «> u public iICjIuic ; laiicc ll.-y arc cicr
I. : • ' .l -f.t.l.L' '•. Miiolli.
i ■■•_■ L .1:1.1 ;. ir pne ' ' p; I' e, 1: ot ti. !■ |. iiip-n-
r : .:.•, 1 • • 'i. le.s level, d ..iii>>..^ l.ie.'n. I 1 e ln.-.vl ol
I;, ■ .. , a : T-i.t.Ie id a kind ol I. .it, le! .1 .;,, c.ilily
V ■ .; .1.1 i...... 1*1.1 o!,t i the .leii IS 0! can-, or a kind
ii. . II .,1 . ', , a..i: d V. .ill Ji;.. U..I c. jui;, .;i'.J auurii-
I iii.iy Know in-y
I way, the niiniber of pnloiurs and lialps they luvel.ikcp.
I heir i.nlKaiy app-..r nee is yeiy od.l and leiiiijle,
; Thi y cut ottall their li.Mr, except alpct on ihe cn.v.,;
I ol (lie hea.l, and pluck ott tne cvi brows. 1 he luck lelt
i upon li.e hea,' is diviiled into icvctal partcU, e.ich cf
winch i l!iti.iii-d. Ill I imeniiixed with beads an. I l.-.iihei.
til various liijpes ..iid col. mis; liie whole iwilK.I .1,1
coiiiucfed to;^i iiier till it takes a lorin niucli lefeinbln,
the modern pciop.idour upon the top ol the l.eal , wlmli
Is panned red, down l) the eyeiirow., and Ipni.kled o-.cr
Willi white down. 'Ihe gullies of their cat, are lit
almoll i)uite lound, and liuii;» with ornament: ih.i:
have generally the figure of lomc bud or bealf dra.vii
upon them. I heir lu.ies aic likewile bored and hiiii '
with beads, and then (aces painted with v.mou^ cjloiir !
Oil ihiir brealls are a ^ori.,el or med.d ol braf,, coppei,
or loin other metal ; an.l by a lliiii;> which ;;oes loun 1
til " lie.ks, is lulpiil.lcd that lloilid Weapon tiic Icl^i-
ii|ui,.pcJ, thry mauh foilh, linr^inj; (heir w.i..,
!ci:g,
lie.
Ti.iu'.R CuuNrr, .
s of tlic moft beniiti-
imu't. Is to I'moke ci-
Lil iDlU'aJ of i:, «|i;'n
fiilcmn cnjn^dn-.nt ;
■il (utii ^,^■^^ tun U;
1. i!L'!it to be iiidll in-
ullmii'iit lii the olliLr
wh;>'ic pi;'r, aii I all it,
5 Hil Hilly on OIK- lid.,
■rs, &ii'. a p'.Tl'.iii ac-
i at full fi^lit t'v.-iiitm-
ireuiin It. Siii<'.i'i;in"
1 • M ^
alioiH, aiiJ in ail Iri.i-
a (i al ol ihirir ilcirec,
[it tfi^m. I l-.f (i/a- ^rti
(inimonlv prr,p,.ruiiiiiil
, lu tl'.j qiL.l.ty or thv
cd, ar.J to iIil i.1!;i.?ii
iporta;].'.- liivj.'I;' l'"jn\
icitiit v.!.npi;n, ul J l.y
taii^'Jit tin; ti!f ti' iroa
ave liccii liil:Uiii!;'.il n
aiiis its tile an I impoi-
likc tlic pipi', l^ iru-
ilhiinunt is loin.ul, m
laviiii; a liwi'^; liuii.llc,
cit I.jIuI wooilj (■ ,liula--
n tlii; otl-cr fulc a poiiir,
dk ; i.iiu iK'ar I'.z c.,.
he luaJ, another |,i.iii:
Ic !tiij;tii, which kivc
riic toiTi.;ka'.vk ii alij
■aihtr'., ilil'cul'cj ami v;--
is, according to the w-
jd i and on it is liipt i
and molt important r.i-
liiics. When the cmi:'-
ir, the tonialuwi. i- c , -
nil (it?, it IS la;J duv. t
nciudi'd iip:'n, tri; i-p-
It up, anil noidiii;;!; nMv.t
i'ur-^. V\'lr n t'a; ioj:i-
if tli; fam-; kliiJ, is lir.t
lor, to tvt'Y tube con.
a belt of waiiipuni, an I
the tomaliawk i':i tile
oni; of the nu.l! expert
if not, it IS relurnej
m, luitcd to tlie otca.
Itii\3 tnfi ;ns, nr ro,.ti nf
,e bcall, bud, or f.fh
bear, utter, wtlf, tui-
tlie tfilic. arc i;eiier3'ilv
hclc aiiim.ils are piiikij
luir buJiCi. dierallv,
, they, at cvriy encamp-
ni5 on tr. cs, cli icully
.-.mpaiirn, tf-.t travilUi ,
rceotdinj al:.<, m thc.r
d iLjlps they liavc tikcn.
\tiy odil and leiuble.
cpt alOLS on Ih.'. crt.v.,;
,-1 I. row-,. 1 hi: luck lelt
icictal parcel*, each t^
d with beads ami liMiht-i,
; inc wlioli; tvVilKd ::..l
I lorin n.utli rikinbbi.^
; top ol the bead , wbuli
TOW., and lj)riiil;lcd c'.cr
ci of tiieir eat, arc lit
1 with orii.iinent: th.i;
nil- bird or beall draa-ii
liiiiwifc bored anJ hiin;
ted «it!i varioui cjlour .
niec'.il 111 bral), toppei,
IliiMi', winch p.o'"' •'»'»'
uiiiid wcapuii the (c.lp-
' *b, finding tlicir »•":-
ici;t.
/ r A/<'//i /If r.r//f)///iil f/n '///)'/
-//.
V
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f
Wt'
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i
■■■»•■■'■ ; ■•■
lifi:M^:
4
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i.'i llll
:i III'
i!'i.'ll
wli.
Illiui
lul
th
Interior Coi'n irv.
A M U. R 1 C A.
<'!7
fiii;, till thPV Infc fight ofthvir v'.ll.i •■■ ; ainl are t'/ii''-
i.illv lolliiwcd liv their wDiiicii, who allill Okiw In t.irry-
lii ' tlu-ir ha;',i;;i;;i', ivhcihi-r '..y l-mJ tir v/.ilvr, hut co.ii-
iiioiily return bclijic Ihi'y pioi'.-i'il tu a(;iinn.
; hey h.U'f };oiRT.illy one i.mini.iiulir fur vviy ton
niLii i anil it the nuMilier aniDUius to one huii ireil, a j;e-
licr.il u aiipointe.l dver tli? ntiiers, ii"t proiH'tlv to eoni-
ni,:n.l, hut to I'jve hib ii|iiMinii. They liavr no (l.iiej
rul'-'s i)f ihlVijilinc, or (ixei! nictlvuls (.( c.irryin;';on u w.ir ;
l)iit niikc llivii ..itatks in as maiiv ihli'ercnt ways as there
are occal'mns, but i;enerally in (lyinu; parlies, ci|uippej
tiir that purpol'e, with a thinh'',iu (hLl's, ul'nally cunlill-
',ii,T (if iHithui^ inure than .iliiiii, and loiiictiines they
arc aliiioil n ikeil.
Tiie weapons ule I hy thnfe wlio traJc with thf Knp-
tifii an.l I'rench, arc eommuniy a liiehnk, hatciiet, ami
lealiiMi^^knite; but the oihen ul'c bows, toniih.iivks, ami
pikis. As the ciunmanJei ui ehiet covcnis only by ad-
vice, ami ean neiilier riw.iid nor puiiilli, eveiy private
nun may return home when he pleiil'es, williuut airiLiii-
m^ any realon lor it, or anv number may leave the
iii.iu\ body, a[ul carry on a private (.spediiion in wh.i:-
ivcr manner thry pL'.:fe, without b>iii^ tailed to an ac-
louiit fi r it.
Kveiy niornii'!; the rnttimr.nder liarransues his de-
luiinient, and ;;ives his adviee for the c.inihict of alFairs
during the d ly. If he wanis lo detai h a party on any oc-
ejliin, he propof-s the .i(ra:r, a'ld "ives hi, opiiiii.n Mow,
and by wli.'t nuniln'r, it (IiomIiI Ic perloimed ; and it fel-
diini happens tliat ho is oppokd in any ol Iiia in^-auiHS.
l''i;r fo [',iea:lv are thf Imli.iiiJ inllinnced liy a fuiCe o!
liDiioui and love ol llieir country, tii.it upon thefc orca-
liuii^ they are in no n-cil ol penal laws to reltiaiii them :
l,iit then It mull heohkrvcil, that the <)ualifiv .iti-sn'j iie-
ccll.ity to reconunund a pirlon to the chii I conimand,
ate his be ini^ h)riini.ite, brave, and dilinterelb'd ; and liuy
caearluUy obey a petlon in whom they believe that all
tliole (pialilii aiions are umted.
Whm the Indians return from a fuccefsful campii'sn,
they manajic ilie'r march lo as not lo appidaeh their uij-
|i.;etill towards the i'v<n;ii^. 'I hi v then lend two or
tiuee forwards to ae.'uaint llieir ihi.t, and the whuit
villa(;c, with the mdl ma'.eiial cirenmltanccs of (iic cain-
paisrn. At day-light m xt morniiif they pive their pri-
lonerJ new cloalhs, adorn then heads with leathers, paint
their faces with various colour;, and put into tlieir hands
awhno Italf, tolieled round with the tails of deer. 'J'liis
hum; done, the war-c.piain Uis up a cry, and i^ivcs as
many velK as he has taken priloneis andlealps; and the
w;;olc villa;'e alVeinble at ih.- waicr-fidc. As loon as the
wairiors appear, four or live of their youn^ men, well
ilothed, git into a canoe, if they come by writer, or
(thcrwile march by land : the two hift, ci;ryin|; each a
talumet, inies lin;'ing to learch the ptifoners, whoih
they lead in triumph to the <a'ihm. where they arc to re-
ceive their doiSin. The owner ot tins cabbin huthc
pjwer ol deteiniinln'j; their late, thoii_;h it is ofi'-n left to
fin e woman who has loli her imlhimi, brother, < r fun,
ill ihc war ; and wht n this is the cafe, Ihe generally a-
dipts liini into ih'- pl.iec oflh't d'ccafed. The prisoner
his viiituals imnudialely j;l\en him, and while he i> at
this repalK a conliiliaiion i> held ; and il it ho refoUcd to
live his iiie, two yoiiiii; men untie him, and lakinj; him
be the hand~, lead him to liie tadnn of the perlon into
whole family he Is to he ado|.t^d, ,ii\.\ there he is received
uiiii all inu^'.inihle marks of kiiuliuis, lie is treated as
a liii-iul, as a hiothcr, or a> a Imr.aiid ; and they f on
hue him with tlic fame tendtin.L a» il he Ifood in the
one ot thofe tclatioiii to th-ni.
Iiiit if the leiiti nee be de.th, how ditl", rent llvir cui-
dtiil ! ihifc people, who b.have v ith Inch ililinteii ilcd
atliCtion to each other, wiih furh tend-rnefs to ihofe
wlkim (lev ad -pt, here lliew il at thcv are truU favaje\ ;
tin- dieadlul leiitencc is no luoe.er pali.-d, than the whole
\illi»e let up ttie death-cry, and, a, if there were iv. me-
I'oiii. hetwci n the mo'.f ueiKiou iiieiidfllip and the moll
mhiiman cnieltv, the execution of him whom thtv ha,l
lieliiatcd whether he fiiould rn iiav: a tender telaton to
th.iii, is no loni;cr UetVrreii than they ean make the nc-
ctli.rv pieparatioi s for lioting in th- moil diabolical
i-!i:il;v. i'h-v hrll (trip Iri'', .>!i 1 li.\i'i.-; two pod^ in
nvil nfii:'l n^eih.cu! of miir.'erin:; their
fonirii.ir."i they lalt'ii iiiem to a liii'^h;
at other times they
the j;roiind, filleri to them I w.. pi-..-'s f:-,;n <^:.c to ine
other J one aliniit t.vo feet from tf.e ^'loiiid, ti.eotiur a-
h.nit five or fi\ fcj: lii/her: iIilmi oMi.;ini; the unhappy
vulUni to nioiint upon ih,: lower crnfs picee, they tie ht
le.s lo it, alii:le aiiiii ler : hii handcar:; cvteij.leJ an ' licd
to ilie an '!e. for ned by the upper piece. In tliis pofturu
t iry hum hiin all over the body, fometimes lirll diiihing
li'iti vv.tii j.it.-h. _ I'lic wnofj villarc, men, wonie.i, and
e!iiK;reii. alleiiil'' t round him, evcrv one t );t iriii'^ him
in whit inimier they pl.afe, each (tiiviny; to t^ \-e 1 th.e
other in iiueliv, as ion;; a- lie ha? life. Hut if nune of
th'- hye-llanders are Inclined lo len^jlhi n out his t;.r.net,t-,
he is either lliot to de.itb, or iii-|.,l'ed with drv hjik, t >
whieli tin y (ct liie ; tin y then leave him mi the liain:,
and in the eveiiin ; run fioni c.dibin to cahhin, 'fupcr-
llitloiilly llrikiiit; wiili linall t.vi'^., th.' fiitiiiture, walL,
and roof-;, lo prevent his Ipirit Irom rem liiiiii.; there ti»
take veiik;eanee lor the evils comniitt-'J on tils b niy. The
remaind; r of the I'ly a.r.l tl;e ni-ht IclluAing is ip-nt in
rejoii in '.
Tllis" n ih
priljiiL-rs, but
Itake, and h'liid .1 hre louiid them
cruelly man 'le Iheir lit'ibs, cut idf th ir fin.-eis an I to.s,
joint liy joint, and at ntheii feald tli:m lode.illi.
\V, M i-- nvdt exiraordiiiarv, if tlie f;ilte:er h-' an Fn-
di 111, tiiere ft ems, dinini; ttic whole tiirt ol his execution,
aiont-ll whi.h Ih.ill exceed, they in in!ll:liii^ itie moif
h )rrul piiiis, or he in endurini; them : not a i.-toaii, not
a li^-h, nit a d'flortion ot countcninec efeajics him, in
t!ie iniilli of his loimeiiis. It is even fail, tiiat he le-
counts his ov.'ii e?pl ii;s, infirms them wha cruelties lu;
has inflicted upon tiv.ir coiintiymen, and lh:eiteiis them
willi tiie revcni;e that will attend his lie.ith : that he even
reproaches ihem for their ijMior.inceof the art of tornicnt-
iiw i polntioiit nulho 's of more rxipio'ite toiliiie, ,niid
more lenr.ble parts of ihe body to be affl cted Miit per-
il ips thel'e iiil' ,nces of intrepidity arc foinewhat e,\a_'iH'-
rated. However, th-.y frequenily kill their pnloners on
the (pot where they have tak?ii them ; or in their way
home, wdien they tin 1 it inconvenient to ea^ry t'lein
farther, or h ive anv fear of their ifeape.
Thel'e inllaiice.i fhew the iiiconfillencics to which Ini-
mati nature r fubieef,aiid the h/nttit thel'e people would
receive from a divine revelation, breathini; an unihirm
hii'iiMiiitv, and the fo-givencl's of their en niies ; for had
they tlicfe di!'politioiisaiid weic tf.cy tiu.'jit to treat their
cneinl'-s In liie nianni'r our holy reliL;i ,ii inl'|);res, huw
Confident, tiow aiiii.hie, "ould be their character '
S F C T. VH.
0/ N r. \v V. N i; I. AN' u.
Its S;'.' (,t.';s«, £xU!;l, Qiiihitt, I't^elJjUi, P„n/h, HirJ,,
f'l/'rs, aiij Riven ; '^vitli ii /,aitia.Iii- lh/i:ilfn:» of
M.uz.,\ Of Ir.Xtun Cjni ; tiiiJ, uiniin- !);■.■ A-an.i,'.,. r.f iht
Ah Jr. " ' '
Nl-W FNfll.ANI), Ihe mofi powctfiil ,:olony In
Ninth America, is litu.,ted between the lorty-firll
an I foity-thiid ile,;rce lifly minutes not, h latitude, and
between the fixty fourth decree forty minutes and the
feven-y-third degr -e well lonj^ltude ; it hciin; bounded
on the north rail and cult by Nova .Scotia and the bay of
Kuiidv, on the north-well by '„anada, on tlie well by
tile piovince ot New '\ork, en ihc foil li by the Sound,
and on the foinh-cad by the Atlaiuie ocean. Its extent
fioni Keniieb"c river lo the fouth-cill boundary of New
\'ork, aceording to the late Key. iMr. Ne.i'le, ihies
hundred and ihirly miles, liom the fouth-well to the
eall-norlh-e.id is lour hundred and eighty miles, and it
is a hundred .iiid ninety miles broad Iroin Cape Cod to
the notth-ialt hininds of New 'Vork.
The funi ■.ler-feafon is here wanner thanniirs, and "c-
nerally aeroiiipaiiied for two months together with a clear
(ky, which rend, rs the ciuintry cxtren'.clv wdinleiome ;
lo that none of our pbnta'lons are more ajrceable to thj
conllitutions of the l'',n«lilli , yet the winters of New
Kncland arc much levcrer than oiirsi and, tho-ph it lies
euiiliderably lattlicr to th.o fouth, the Irulls continue
longer.
^
^ i
um
64S
A S Y S 1 K M O I G E O G K A IMI Y.
New ENoiAvr
! 1: U
loll 'cr, ;mJ .uc much fiurpcr than with u':. TIk Iuii
nits .It HjUoii (.;i tliL' Kiiigi il (lay nt twciiiylix iiiinutis
ultcrloui 111 the morniii;;, .ml IlIm at tinny Imir iiiinuti.',
alter (even in tiic t-vtiiiiii; 1 and on tlu-ir (hurf It iljy it
rilis at ihirty luc mimitis .ittcr (even in tlic mcirnnii;, .met
kts at twcnty-lcvin niinutis aticr tour in tlu- ali^riinon ;
tliiii. ihcir longclt J.iy is about tiltccn houij, aiiJ the
flinricll aliout n\ne
i'nc land next the k.» ij generally low, and in fonie
pi.tj niaimy, but fartlur up it riCes into hiilj, and on
tlie nortn-ealt i.i rocky and n.nuntainuu*.
I he toiinuy abounds Willi mines of excellent iron,
and li.r.c ot Mpp^i ; in ine woods and Ivvaoipi io piciiiy
ol good limber . oaic, i.iin, aili, ey;>reis, pine, ciuinut,
WJl;iui, ce.iar, li ..^h, al| 'n, and laiiJIias, aie eoniinon
here J as are alio (.late and tii I'l.s, win> h are of an
extraordinary fjowtn, pro.Jucii.j.' pitch, i.ir, rohn, and
tuipenliiu', with nult>, yaids, and planiw', as the uak
does otiur ihip-tiin;icr ; lo tliat in.jic Ihifia are l.nd ic
have hien built in inn piovince tiK.n in a.i the other
parts 01 Aiiieiiea. 1 he dvkarl oak giows wild here. It
likcwil'c a^.iundj wit;i fruit-tro • ; M tint 11 is eafy for
a piant.r to nu»f a nundi.d hii.'.nuailj ol cyder in a fea-
fon. They hue hefides as j'/Kd hemp and flax as any
in the ballic J great pl.nty of roots, as turnips, parlmps,
carroti;, i.idilhes, nricn larger an I riclier tnan ours,
though their feeds came originally Irom hence ; witli a
great quainly of onions, cucumbers, fqualhes, pumpions,
and water-melon..
When the liij^lifli arrived here tlicy found 3 variety
of fruits that g:ew wild, particularly Lrap-.s, cuiranis,
ralberrics, llrawh: rrics, 5ce. and Mr. Dudley, one ot
the council in New England, obfervi' , that the peaches
here arc very large, all ifaiidards, and the fruit better
than ours ; and tn.it they commonly bear in three years
(irom the (lone. 1 hey have likewife a great vaiiety of
plants different from thofe of England.
Nothing IS I'd much planted here as Indian corn, wriidi
in fonie part) of AineiKa i-, e«lled maize ; it hasaiieax
a (pan long, containiiii; eight lows of grain, or more,
accoidiiig to the goodnefs of the foil, and about thirty
grain, in .x row. It is ot almo(t all colours, Cometirues
in the lame lii Id, and even in the (ame ear ; but the white
and yellow are the niotl common. The (blk» grow hx
orfi:ven leet high, are jointed like a cane, with long (lags
at cvcrv joint, yielding a juice like the ("ngar-canc, tiom
whence .1 fwtet lyrup has been olten exiraited. Mr.
IJudley lays this corn generally produces twelve hundred,
and otren two thouland grainj for one ; that fix quarts
of nr.iiri will pl.nt an .urc ; and that an acre of good (oil
commonly produces hrty bufhels.
New Eniiiand pioduec5 great plenty of beads, both
tame and wild ; among the t'ormeratc eows,fheep, goats,
liogs, and ho;fes, all o.iiinallv hniught troni hence j but
their horfes af; gencially Imaller than ours, though
lat'cr than tl.c \Ve!(h, and arc t:.trcmcly ferviccalde.
.\inoiig the wild beads a:c ilicr, elks, racoons, bears,
wolvo, whiJi are only a k nvl of wild dogs, and if taken
when young m.\y b^ made tame ; with ounces, foxes,
hares, rabbits, (.juirrcis, opoliuins, fables, beavers, ot-
ters, minks, and martens. Onj of the moll fingular
animals of this and the neighbouring countries is the
moo("*, of which there arc two furts ; the common light-
.'rev moolc, which relembles the ordinary deer; thel'c
herd lo.nctimcs ihirty to_;ci!i..,- and the large black moole,
whol'v; hair i^ ten or twelve inches long on the ndge of
his back. Of this fort there arc fei Jom more than four or
live to 'Cthcr. This is made niucl. like a deer, as i: parts
the hoof, clicws the cud, huS 113 gall, and his e.irs are
large and erect. A (faj-inoofc i.. bigger than a large
hort'e. The horns, when full grown, arc ab ■■ut four or
live feet from tlic head to the tip, and have ttioots or
hranche' to e.tch horn, which generally Ipread about fix
feet. When the horns come out of the head they arc
round like thofe of an ox, but at about the didance of a
foot hegin to grow a palm broad, and farther up arcftill
wider i and ol thele the Indians make good ladles that
will hold a pint.
VVhcn this animal goes ihroiifh a thicket, or under
(be boughs of a ttcc, he lay < his horni back uii his iiecK,
not only to place them out (,f his way, hut lofeeure bin,,
(elt tioni being fcratchcd in the woods j and llieie ptuj,.
gioci? burns are (lied every \ear. This .iiiiinal Joes nor
Ipriiig or rilj in going, like a deer ; but a Urge one i„
Ills comnion walk has been teen to ttep over a i-.\t^- (.1,.
teet liigb. When a inoote i. nnhaibouied he will rim 4
coiiile ot twenty or thirty niiU., bJore lie turns about or
comes to a bay i but when ehated he geiieially t.ikts (o
the w.itir. He is, however, nut to fwift as the lom-
nion deer, though he runs much farther. As the muofe
is tall, and lias a (hurt neck, he dots not graze like other
cattle i lor when he eats grals, it is only the top ot that
which glows very high, or on (}eep iifmg-grounds.
I heic animalj are fond of water-plants, for which tlieJ
will wade far and deep. In fumnier they alfo feed iipui,
otner plants, herbs, and young (liiubs ; and in winter
live upon the tops of bulhea ami young iiees. 'I'hc- (),;(],
of the nioofe is very good tood i it is more fulillaniial
than common venilon, and will bear lalting. The iiufc
is admired as a great dainty.
There is hardly any where greater plenty of fowls as
turkeys, gcele, panridges, duck,-, widgeons, dapper*
twans, heath-cocks, hi ions, Hoiks, black-bird., all lof,'
ot barn-door fowl, vatl tlighis of pigeons, which conic
and go at certain (taluiis of tiie year, cornioranti, ravens
Clows, bats, &c.
\V'itli tefpcef to the difagrecabic reptiles, there are
rattle-lnakes, frigs, and to.ids, which Iwarm m (he- uii-
cleared part of tlij country, v.heri, with the owls, they
make a mod hide.ms nolle in the fummer evcnii:" ,. IJ^t
whvrcvcr the country is jdaiued by the Engliih, it is
pretty well freed iVom at! noxious animals.
1 he tea and rivers altord ;" vail abundance of excellent
(ifll, as (lur^i;ei-n, (.dmon, cod, thornback, niaek.;r..'l
herrings, lampreys, wlialei^, grampufes, porpoilcs, teals
fliaiks, and other li(h great and fm ill. The bed niontln
(or hthiiig are iVJarch, April, .Miy, and June.
Tiitic arc (ew countries better watered with Iprincs
rivers, and lakes, though the latter are much On.dlcr
than ihotc to the north and wed. Of its rivers leven
are navigable, thefe are the T hames, which riles from
a 1,'kc to the nor:h of Manachulci's country, and luniiin?
diredtly foulh falls into the (ea below New London.
The river I'atuxet, which rihng in the nonh-wcd
runs fouth-ead througii I'rovideiice plantation, ami falli
into a noble bay of the (ea, near Swantey. I'he river
I'ifcataway, which runs (rom wed to cad, and falls inu
the fea near l'orl('mouth, in Hampthire, with a meuih
that refeniblcs an arm of the fea, and is capable of re-
ceiving the larged fllips ; the Cafco river, which runn
parallel with the former, and falls into a bay of its own
n.ime ; Conne£licut river; the great riier »\lerti.:nc;
and the river Saco, of which wc (hall give an account
in treating of the rivers which flow (mm the White
Mountains in the province of New Hamiidiire. 'I'otht
cad of thetc are many other conhderable rivers, which
riling far to the north, run alnioll due Couth, and fill
into the lea to the north-ealt of Cafeobay.
It is owing to the convenicney ot fo many r.ne rivers
that this "juntry is lb full of laige and populous towi^ ;
and in tnc country between the rivers is (uch plenty or
(prings, th.it there is fcarce any phice wh(, :; water may
not be had by finking a well to the depih ol ten feet.
SEC T. VIII.
0/the Divifum ef Nnu EnglanJ, anil u pii<tic:i!t;r A^-.wt
of thf Mannir in luhkh its firjl StttUmenU v.t't fortncd.
THIS territcry is divided into four didinff govern
nients ; tiic mod norihcfly, which was (orni'-r-
ly called the province of Main, and now the com ly 01
York, is under the jurildii^tion rf Mafr.nhulet's-biv ,
next to this county, and between it and Madachiili t'.-
bav, is the province of New Hampfl.irc ; next to tlir
bay government is the colony of Rhode Jlland ; t > the
Couth and well of thcie is the colony of Cnnneclicut.
Thefe (eveial didricU took their rile tiom the firit fc:-
tlemeiU made by the Ln^liih in thiv igur ., which wat
the
Inw Enclan;
Init to fi'furc liiiw-
i ,1I|J tlllflf piuJi-
s •iiiiiiial duL'S IKJ-.
)ut a Idrj'^c (tiic \\\
|) ivir ;> g.iti.- t.w:
[ijril he will run 4
lie lunis abuul ur
HCiKially t.ilccs to
\vift as tlic coin-
er. As the ITlOolc
ot graze like other
nly the top of th.;t
■xp nling-i;r(iiinas.
Its, lor which they
hey alfo ti-eil upon
bs J and in winf, r
^iiecs. The flelh
IS more fnMlaiuul
faltinj;. The iiufe
plenty of fowls, as
^'idgeons, dapperv,
uclc-bird», all tort»
;ci.n!., whith coiiic
;oriiiorai:ti, ravens,
reptiles, there are
1 Iwjrin III the ui\-
\Uh the owls, they
mor cvcni;:- .. Mut
■ the Lii^lilh, it is
limals.
iiiJance olexce'ilcnt
iriibaclc, iiiaek.uol,
lis, porpoiles, leals.
The belt mumtu
and June,
uleted with fprings,
r arc much fn\,llcr
Of its rivers leveu
s, which riles from
oiintry, and lunniitg
New London,
in the nonh-wcif,
plantation, and t'allt
wanl'cy. The r;vi;r
() call, and falls imj
hire, with a mouih
nd IS rap.'.ble of tc-
o river, whith riinii
ito a bay uf its own
at river Mcrii.;i.'.c -.
II jTivc an aeeount
w troni the White
ani|ifliirc. To tht
rable rivers, which
ue fouth, and Ijll
•bay.
fo many fine rivtrr
ml populous to>vn« -.
s IS futh plenty nl
e whc, .; water iiuy
epih of ten Icet.
II
I.
./
n ptirticnlur Au-.uxt
lunti vjirt foniuil.
uir liidiniJt povcin
which was hTrnvr-
now the coiiity 01
iMair.u-hulet's-biV ;
t and ManachnlVt'i-
pfl-.irc ; next to tlir
;de llland; t i ihc
ony of Cniiiii ' .-lit.
fe Irom the fiTil le;-
luji ., v.hicli was
the
R
>Jew England.
A M !•: K I
A.
O + y
the colony of PIvmouth, feitcd near Caps Cod, which
niiw, as will as' the prnmicc of Main, is incorpoiaied
into til It of M.ili'.chiilet'.s hay.
It will not, tUirefore, b' here Improper to Rive fome
aLtoiint of ih" let'.b Hint of tlii-> colony. Iii!t)i4 tin-
I^jith Viij-.niKi coiiipiiiy rmployinj, captain John bniith
aiiJc.^ptaiM I Iviinas Hunt to lilli on tins eo.iit, the loi-
iiv.i went on iliore, to.ilc a particular view of tin- loeii-
irv of tlie Mailaehiifeis. .iiid had f.mie iKirniillus with
111'- native* i .ilter which he ordered limit to .liipolc ol
luslilh, and tlu 11 return to I'.iiglaiid ; but Hum iK.iche-
p.iully iiiticiri;'. twenty-leveii of the liuiiaii-. uii b'liid Ins
ih.p, lit fill with tiiein to.Malavi, and liavl the viUiiny to
liii •.hem to tlu .Spaniards loi ihives, keeping only .in l"
iJiaii called Siiiiaiiio. 1':
This infant colony was annually rcinfiirccd by frcfli
adventurers from the inotluT touiitr), diivcn lliiiher by
the (pirit of petfecution ; fo that by the vir l02.-i their
number and improvements were confi Icr.ihlc ; and tl'.at
ye.ir thcv obtiii.d a j,raiit Iroiii the Noiili \ ireinia coii-
paiiv ol this cnluny, and another of aK the lands within
time inilcs north of Mirriniac river to three in. Us fou'h
ot Charles liver, whcie it tail . into the lea at the holt m
ol Mada^hufei's-biy : and th.- next year (ix ftiip.s wi h
tniee hundred an I lilty paHenaers arrived at Sal..,. i, wi'.h
a lar,;e Itjck of cittle ol all foils, and otliei lie eil'arics.
I Ills iiLweoloiiy, winch letih.! the town called S.ilem,
was fupporte.l with the fun.: fpiiit and vi.;our as the f n-
. ,. '"'•■'■) and (oon all! r obtained a patent Iroiii kinj; Cliailes
ou'.rai^e was lo !i lulled by j 1. whc.-eby they were imoipoi.iu-d bv the name of the
I'le Indians, that .dl commerce lietween them becaiiie im
iiriJicable, and in tlmuii'.ifs wue er.tertaiiie.l of iliikin|i;
,„i) fetlleiiu lit there tiiraconir.'e..atioii id liiownJh, "f ^
|;i.ie,aiideiits, wi.o had been pcileculed in iMighmd, were i fcience In .n_^ granted tj all wh;j would leitle ilui
(i;.li^ed to fly 11" llu'daiid, wliere ihey loiined the delii;ii ol numbeis ol Uii'le whj could not obtain that pi
litknig an illablillimentin theNew World ; aiidliamig,
ty means ol iiUerell,o:itaiiicd tiie content ol kin^ James 1.
niii;r.u:lcd Willi Ioiik met^haiits lor a lettlemeiit on the
banks ot lludf.'ii'.s river.
1 Ills coii.;i..g.iluiii fold their cftalcs in order to make
ac.annuiii b.uik to carry on the undertaking ; then hii-
tJ a Ihip Ol one hundred and eighty tons, w;iich they
lie..'iitiJ with piojier goods and inerchaii.:i<'.., and the
wliJie cciiTiiiaiiy, lonlilliii ; ot one huii.lrud and twenty i;,|. ||(n..rty „( conlcicnce in favour of tluinfelves, bcc mm
|)-,rfjiis, with .Vlr. Rubii.loii their miniiler, fnlt retuinca i a^tjjt^d with that Ipirit ol pi'ifecution which had driven
i.)f,iij,Uiui, embaiked on boar I their veil', I on the lixth ii,,.,n from th'ir native country, and .Mr. Roger W'll-
elSep'Ainber lO.'i, and fcl. i;i with cape Co.l in Novem j li.tins, aminilt.-r of Salem, a Ivaiiciin; lomc reli.iioiij kn-
bir loilowiii^ i and liii.liiv^ a lafe liaiboiir, fixed upon the tiineiits contt.iry to thole whieli nad been generally rc-
riaic lor tiieir prefent (ctilcmeiit, c.died i'l)moutn lioin ceived, and relulin.; to recant, tliele p. opic were fo vo il
iiie place ot their embarkation, which name it ilill re- . of (.h.4iity us to expel the miniifc! ai.d h;s followers f.i m
t.:■!l^ i .iiid as this was out ol the limits for which tli'.y 1 MjHachiifet',. colony; up.iii which they built a ne.v
h.ul obtained a (;iaiir, they all'ociated ihcmUlvcs into a | town, which they called I'rovidcnce, upon Newportrivcr,
imJ,. p.iliiic, by a tor.r.al inllruineiit i in which, having | near Rliode Iflaiid.
governor and lompany of Malful.ufci\-bay, and wore
iinponcred to m.ike buvs lor the good ol the plantation
iiot rcpiiMi.int to thole of Lii^jlaild ; and liberty of con-
', preat
ege il)
Lii;.'land went over, and in a little time new lettltnmits
were made, p.iriicularly one Itilcd Cliailcs Town, on
the fouth livle ol Cii.irle- river, and that i f iJorcbelter, at
t!u- bottom of iM.ill'icliufct's-bav. Soon alter p.iit of the
iiili.ibit.ints of Cliailes Town, pafliiv; over 10 the oppo-
lite (liore, elected liullun, the prefent cap tal ol New
I'.ngland.
Ill tlu mean while t'.iole who had llieiuiouflv ronten.leJ
OLYiaied tiieiiilelves the fiihjecls of tiie crown ol l'-n^laii>l,
(,i y lolemi'.iy ciii<;,iji d Uibiniinon to the laws tliit Ihouid
hum time to time be made tor the good of the country.
I be planters who a:',recd to Itay in this phue wue a-
lout one luindicJ, iiiciiiding women and children, and
ul thele tl'..re were o.ily nineteen families ; but lutli were
tiic latigues eildur.d by this intant colonv durin.', the Inn
winter, tliat hity perioiis out of the bundled died within
t,.e Ipace of two inontns ; and had the Indians attacked
t,".im, they had piobably all perilhed.
i'he advciuureis, however, law none of the natives
till the niiuJie ot Maicli, when one of their chief, came
III mem in a frieiuilv manner, made them undeiltaiid that
tiiey were welcome, and that his people would be -lad
ti) trade with them. Tiie next day comiii;.; again With
iitlicr Indians, he made them underltand that ,\rallalio.ct,
ihur fachem, had h.s relidence three days march to the
iMithward, and intended them a vifit. He accordingly
anuedalew da\s alter, attended by fixty people; and
Uiiii; received by captain Staiidifli, was conducted to a
kiii.i ot throne prepared for him. His tacc was piinted
ri-d, and Imeared with oil ; he had a deei I'm! m.intle ;
his tiieeches and liockmgs, which were of .i pince, weie
ol tae lame niaicrials, aod his arms were covered with
^^■lld•cats Ikins. His attendants were drei'ed i.: the lame
niaiiiier, and there appeared little dilliiK'Uou oetwecn h.m
and his followers. I'his chief had not !-eca lusj leat.d
when Mr. John Carver, whom they h.sii c.-.oie.n govcr-
lier, came in with a guaid of mulkctecrs ; upon vvbicli
MilLilloict rofe up and killed him, and then both fitting
(1 Avn, an entertainment was provided, of which no part
,i;';icaied mote acceptable to the faeliem than the brandy,
ul which he drank very pUniilully.
In the retimie 1. 1 this chief was S<|uanto, who had been
caiticd to Kngland by Hunt, where he had been treated i enact lucli laws as (hould be molt advani.aj;eous to the
kiiidlv ; and, after living; lieio feveral years, had been j colony, provided they were not oppolitc to thole of
broMjiht back toll!' couiitiy. He hadentertai.icd an ahec- j Kn^iland
tiiMi hir the Knsliih, and from his favourable repreleii- j 'j'he perfecution of the Proteft.'.nt di'lentcrs in Kngland
ntinii the lachem had made them thij '.ilit, in which, | flill contimi' ig, gr"a.- luimherj of people removed to
bv li:s means, w.is concluded an oft'enlive and dcfenlivo New England ; and the oid colonics being overllinked,
a.iiancc \ which beiii-, founded upon the mutual intcrelts there was an abfv'luic necrlHty of forming new pl.inia-
ol the conttaitii'ig i'.arlies, was inviolably maiiitaircd lor tioivj ; and fu'ieiore, in it).i7, 'i'hcophilus Katon, tfq;
many vars. I ''">' '''^" '^'"■'' ^'^ Davcnpon, lindin" there was nut loom
■9S
llitheno they had not been in the Icaft molelled by
tho Indians, but now a nation called the Pciiuots, who
lived til Connecticut river, committed foinc murders ; on
which It was coiihdered, that a town .nid lort on Loniiec-
ticut river would make a good frontier on that li.Ie.
Ai'i-nts were therefor.; lent to vi'w the country, who
made luch an adv.iniag.'ous leport of the fer';lit\ ..f l!ie
fjilj.and the largencfb ol the rivci, i% in luccil many of tlie
planters in feveral o: the towns where thev w.--re llrei^hi-
ened for rooni, to reiiuwe thither. Mr. Hooper put h:m-
lelf a: the he.id of about a hundred of thele new adven-
turers, who let out in the iniinth ot July, .md tra/elliii..i;
oa fo. t wi'.li their children and b.igjage, they anivel a:
tlie banks of the river, wnere thej began a towi-. whicn
they called Hartfotd. .-Mter thcfci came another dr. u ;ht,
who built a little town which they called ^V'mdior ; ;i
third deiacl.mcnt built Wc.ithcrsheld ; and a lourth
Spr.nglield.
In it)j5 no lefs than twenty f.iil loaded with goods niil
palVengers arrived at ILillon, with whom came Mr.
Henry Vane, afterwauls Sir Henry Vane, ititcnding with
thele people to '.legiii aiiither fettleineiit on Connecticut
riicr; but being choleii governor the year enfuiiig for
the Mairachulets, be laid afide the deligil of beginning a
new colonv fir the prefent ; bet the next year he bein;»
inclined to favour ilie HaptilT, th:y left nim c>ut, and
cliole their old governor Mr. Winthrop. Upon which it
was thought evpedient for both parties to make a fettle-
nuiit upon Connciiticiit river, anil towns were according-
ly built on botii iides of it ; but this being init of the
limits <l the other colonies, they formed tlie.nlelves into
a feparatc governmenr, and for that purpol.- o'nained .1
chartei from king Ch.irles H. authorizing them to eleul
thur own governor, council, and magillratcs ; and to
M*
J
I'fl
I \
H »
at
OVJ
A S Y S T I. M
t- ' •
;f
at M.in.nliiilVi'
UiuN )y)iig on
O I
h.iy, piirtlLiTiil frnni iHl- l;i,li,iin
llic fcifoill lidwcfn Coiincilmit rivit
afiil HiLltiMi'i, iiv.r, wliiT.- tlii-y bmll ;it()*ii, aii.l n.iriK'l
itN.w ll.iMii, liiMii wIkikc lliu tuUmy Jtiivcil llu
11 :mi- 111 ilicNi'v ll.iviii iiiloiiy.
WliiU' tiK- (diiili-wtlt iMiib of N> vv Ivinlml were
thus tilli'i;; witii piih ibit.iir ., other?, in luci d l>y ilu' (ii.i.
riis anljii.', Irotn tin; (iir-ii.iilc, fi'ttUJ in liii.' noilti-i. 11
Intwifii till' rivci Mi'iri" ic iiml Kirinibtr, (orni ii'Iao
ililtillCt (oloims one imhriI New ll.iiii|iilliie, ,oiJ U,<j
oiher, Kill (..rilur to the c.iHwJiJ, vvji talltd llie pio-
vincr nl M.iin.
riiii'. in llu- f|iirc (iC .iSmit twi-iKv ycirt Niw K.ii^-
laiul n.i I dtiuvo tolly towns, ainl llic Kni;liltl li.id Liktii
poll, lli Ml ol tlii> r.jiintrv troiii tin- iivir K..iiii'-'.kl- on tin-
iiorili-.jll aIniolJ lo lludlon's nuTuiitlii- lo'iiliwiil, m
fxtfiit of upwji.U o| lour liuiiilri.''l iniksoii liic ici-ioill.
SiK-li was tlitj liid rill.- ami oM.;in ol the Nnv Kii;;! .nil
coloiii''., wliicli, lioiii ili'lf ini.ill hc-^iiiiiiiijj», uic now
bcciMiR" full aiij ol |;n.'jt iiiijioitaim.-.
G r. U U R A 1' H Y. NiwFkciam,.
(irt-at cm- is l ikni of tlic cJiaatiniiofi hil.lrr..
.1^ I. ..; I. i.i.ii,..,i 1 . . "'
tl
s K c r. IX.
Ofllv Priv'n:.-e if MaffiuhujifiBiiy ; ill Siiiiuli.i
Silt, l'i:tt„y, auii Uct't-rnmfil , n'llh u U'j>.
tht '/oil III of ll'yij.i iin.i C.ril-i i,i, ,
THK proviiue of .\).iirj':lm(ci's-bJV roiit.iiiis wh.it
were forindly the coloiii-s oi I'lyniouili, M.dl.i-
chiiCet's b.iv, .mil ihi- county ot Y'orit ; tne latiir of wMcli
is r.pjrit! il Mom llicolhci. by Njw lljiii)il!iirf, wliieli
runs 111 bit Weill tin ni, and i^ about ihiiiy iiiiks wide up-
c.n ibe lea Ibat p.irt of (his piovince called the pro-
vince ol .\l.iiii, or ( ounty of Yoilc, is bounded on the
wellward by New ll.:mpnii:c j on ilie northward by Ca-
nada i on the norih-c.illw.ird by Nova .Scotia ; on the
iouth-e.dlw.ird and loutbward by the (ca l.r near two
hundred inile^. I'heother p.rt of this province is liouii.l-
ed on the north by New I iampfhire ; on the call and louili
by the l'e.i ; on the fourh an i welt bv the ccdoiiu!. o(
khoJc llLiiid, Cuniicdicut, and the province ol New
Yoik.
That part of the province called the county of \ a\V.
h.is a very cold ful, :.'re:ii part of i( tow.irds Canada bc-
iiv^ moiiiitainous, .nid eniueiy unlit for ii^'rieul.iir» ; and
th.it tow.ir.Js the l'ea-ro.ilt is l'>w, coveted with Ijiruce,
white iiti 1 yellow pines, riid (onie oaks, exiejit niar tlie
b.itilts of till- many r.vers which l.ili .:.ini the mountains,
on wh'cii a g'e.ii nirnber of (aw-nidl'. are erected ; and
(in their banits is p'eiitv id oik, alli, and maple. I here
areleveial lali: and convenient hHihoiirs alo.i.; the lea-
C'.iaft, the prmcip.il of wbiili is Ciko lay. I'liij pait
r.f the province is well Hoied with wild game, an i (loiii
II arc exported confi lerable quaiitiiies ol lurs and Tims
I h' othei pan ol the p.iivince lia^ a v.iiuiy ol lo.l,
bcii! .' ill lome pi .ccs verv baririi, and In ollifis exlrtine-
!y leitile, produciiijr j'.rcat quantities of liidi.iii corn, rye,
oats, barley, peas, fl.x, and mi the wellerii pat t. wheat.
'I'hi- fii.;ace is geiier.iKy rc.cky and uneven, except near
the river'., wheie aic l.)inc plealair. fields. .Stvcrul liflie-
fuaf
Inc
molt ol I
>n.
-(vhoids l.eiii'; cll..l.lil!ied ami luppoiied by
ir lOHIls, WNU.I aiC Ji:
c nialU'is ; and at Can liriil <,
ijoiloii, is an uinveirny, oi i u( In hmi
l"-'al.y llip|.|,c,| will,
'""It fix lllllc) li,.i,|
liion, IS an uinveiliiy, oi puMn liiniiiaiy.
I nib col .ny is divulnl into (cvnal 'o.niiies : ihir m
the divilion llikd New I'ly uth aie ihe ciuiitv ,,| )lr f
t .1, the county ol i'lyin.iutn, .ind ine iiarnit.,bie oum. '
III .Maliaihulel I'loper aie the touniies oi .Suit.. lie, .\ ij'
■-Iclex, and Kllexi lo wr.i.-h mint be aided ti.e cuumy
ot tone, aireidy nn ntioned, and in tacii ol liiele couii-
lien aie levcral conlubrable towns.
fioltoii, the capital of iiis |)iovince, is (V.ited in the
county of Si-lloh., in i\\- piounce ol M .lliiji,,!,.: •',.
I'liper, III ine lorty-ltcond i!en;ice twenty-one niii,u,,s /.» ..J
norm lat:tui.e, and in the leventv-iiril Jij;ree welt I ,n .
^jtude, at ;i.c tioi.i.ni of a line bay in t pe'iimlula a'i,„n
l.iur iii..ej III i iicu.iilcit:i;e. At t.'ie ciitr.uitc o! tins h.y
-le levcral locks, which appe.ir above wi'er, and up-
.v..rits <)t a doieii I'iimII idiiLis, loiiie ol wlmh aie inli.d).i-
cd. I lure ,: liii one late thaniiei lo ,
,'P''"-'H> the ha..
Hour, an.l ih.it lo narrow tnat two (liijii can Ic.w.e i.„i
t.-.rou^'h a-lircJlt ; but within the nam mr iherc is roi.iii
I.. I Ir.e hull, II. J Mil tu lie at aii.-:ior. I ne eii!i«iice i,
Fxl.!i\ diitiidcd b) (he c.ilili: ot Kort \\ il;i.i,-n, one of tin In,,,)
./;,-« (.J pieces of imlitaiy atcbitei-tuie iii biuilii .'\nuiitd, n i^..
iiMluroiumlcd i.y acoveii-w.i.', and joincl by two bin
ol coiiiiijuiiicaiion Iroiii ilu mam ;Mia(U (o a leloulu
I lie callle is deieli.led by a himdied yum, (Wentv of
wiiich lie on a platioriii level wuli the wjter ; lo m;; „
IS Itaree poibble lor an eiieiny lo pal'., the calt.c. \ ,
pri lent luijiii/e, tiicy nave a'^nnul i)l..red on or.e oi i,,i.
rocks at aliout two l..i^;iaj li.itance, lioiii wheiiic ili y
m.ike hgiiali to tiie callle, when ,iiiy (liips come near u.
I heieis ail.i ab.iitery ot ijrtat yuiis ai ejili end „t (,,_.
lowii, tl. ihe t.re ot whi,.li an memv wouid iie i y y. „
il he Ihoiild be lo lor.unale as t,. j.als the cjll.e'. /u
till botlom ot ilie bay is .i pier near mo (houi.iid leit m
i.n|;(li, with waie houles lor the niereii.iius on (i.ciiortfi
li,lc ; and lo (iiis pn r llii|)s ol the pr.Mtelt buitnen m^y
come and unload, \m:Iioui the help ol boats. I heeie.it.
lit p.:rt ot II, e to.iii lies round t,.c h.irbour in the ly.m
'It acrel.eiiti theiouiitry Dcyoiid it iiliiig (^laduailv, aiij
atroiilinj; a ilel;j;l;tful pi.ilpeCt ll,.m Uie (ta. 'I>.e town
li.ia kvei.il llrecis liiile ,iiitrior to the belt in J, .ill. mi,
ihe chiet ,t whi'jii tuiu liom ilie pi,r up to the tuwn-
noHlc, a haiidtonic buildin,;, .villi walks lor tiie me.-,
eliaiii,, as in Uic Royal hxchjnL|,c in London ; ..i.j ;«
this editice au not only tiic courts ot jullice, liu. i,;;
louncil-rhaniber and the houle o: rejirer iiiaiivis. I nr
.own contains hetwten lour ai.d hvc ihouland iioui?.,
whuli ..re in .■eneral well liuilt ; ai.J levcral ol ttie ...ji,.'
Ik ll.uctutcs .lie icry lpaciou.s .!.-,,l cligant. h li..s Umi-
ueii chinches, or places appropii •tcu to Duiiie u.ilhip.
I he epilcopal church is haii.tlome'y built and ai.i.iiji.j,
t i itu\ the cin
lid. riv
rie.iuon IS l.ml lo ..niount to ahout a tiuij.
laliil. 1 he . huich-luriiiture, and |, iiic |ieiea ol i L,t,
w.'ic ('iveii by kii.g \Vii;,..mi an.l ipiten Mhiv j k ii.u..,.i
oi;;.in, and iheie i> a nufiiiihieiK kat for ilie guvcrii, ;,
when ne ha| pMis to be ol the ilnireh oi' lMit;land. I ;,i
!;ovcriior has alio a vuy tine l:,.,iie. Anions; [<ie oilui
rici are rained on to i;rc.it advantage from the fea-co.dls j i,uikim;;s is Kaeniuelh.ill, thus named liom .Mr. i-.ui.
ol this province to the banks ot .N'ewlnundliiiid, the
illi: of Sable, &c. cIptiLdiy liom the town ot Vlailile-
hcad, where i.i the molt cJm'.derablc t'.lh.i,' in .New
Lnulond.
ills liiiMiiiiic niajelty appoints the ;;ovcrnr)r, li?ate-
11 ■liI'l'overii,ir, lecieta,'v, and olli, ers ot the a ..niialty in
tins province i and tlie licehuldcis elect a houle of rtprc-
(entativcs, who thoo'e a fpcak,.r .ilid (ouiicil, or U|'j)ei
houle. riwvev.fr, the;'.veinor laii put a ni j;.r.ive on
their choice ; jet both ti- and .ill the oificer in the pio-
vince, except the comptroller of his iiinje(ty'i iuII.his,
receive their lalariej by i 'ote of the two h'luiVs, wIm
liave never yet been p' rtu.nled to fettle a i..l u y even upoi
the j;overiior, who has i! !;enrraily in nis inlliuc-rioitr
frofii the km.; to iiifid upon their doai/ it. Thev, How-
ever, commonly grant nun one thouland pound, itiliiij;
per aiiiumi.
■|he elt.ihli(h"d reiiiimii i< that oT (li,- I, .Icpui leiit.i ;
but theie ,ire a iiiniiber ul chiirclies ol ihe eiiil'.cpal p-.'r-
iiiuei, vvli,. was its loiMider. lie (liijipinL' of tiii< p.in
was lome y ars a^o com|iuted at between lix and levin
huiwlrcd. I lie m.atntanis ot t!u town amouii; tojb;ut
iweiity-tive thoulnul, and ibue is laid to be two bun-
ilred ihouland in tin province.
Caiiibriil^>e, the pimcipil t'l.vn of the coiiiuv o) \\..\-
dleicx. 111 lue. pio.ioce, is Ici J on the nort,.' br .ncli „!
Cti.'iks iiv.r, lix iniKs to the north-welt o! Holton, an;
ii.is l.vttai line iiouicjaiid good Itreets. ,'t wa» ori ;iii.di,
ralkd New I'own, but on f'oundini! the uniurl;:,
rhunjed its name lo Cmibiidjc, aiuj eoiitains (wo l|..-
called by the names of I iaveilord-coiie.
Clous lolle,
and Sloug'iton-hall, wii'i a p^.blic libiarv, r..i,l to be t.ie
belt tuniilhi.d Willi bo, k of any in that pan ot (lie wold.
It coiililU ol a pri r,Jiiit,' lie,; tell. iws, ami a tiealu.ei.
["he ("oierii'ir ol tl.r proiin e, deputy i>ov(.rnor, .nid al!
the magJlr..tes ol tne Vl.ili'irhukt's colonv, witu ih.
mimltisof tin iiei.<libi.uiiiig towns lor the time beiii..,
are villi, ji^. I l.i» u.-.ii ;.lHv nn er coiiJciK J aoy dej,4e
* ' af.'.i:
Ni w I'nci.am).
education of chitilrcn,
liippiiiidl by 1.1 w III
iiLi,il.y lii)>|>liC'l Willi
■tlilllll llX lllllo llnlll
li iiiiiMiy.
1.1I ' II. Hint's : thii< m
lie &.:■ n.iimy ol ltr,(-
Ific ii.iiiul.ilvi' i.iuiiiy.
mils (11 Sutt.ilk, .\.iJ.
t In- ailili-il die cDUiily
111 ctcli u\ tIK'IC CIIUII-
vincc, is fi-atcd in the
ue ot M illiichiiU;\.
L- twi'iity-oiic niiiiu 1 , /,)[
-lint ill .',rti: wcltlui- '/.MJ
y 111 * jiciiMilulu .iSi.iil
tiic cntr.mct o: t.iib b v
;ibiivL- IV I'lr, uiid u|)-
le III whii.li Jic inii.iti.i-
II Id .iiiprtiJin ilu' li,»,-
•vo (!ii|ib cm Ic.i.i' 1...I
: naro iiir ilarc i> ii.tnii
■iiiir. I nc i'ii!uiii:i.- i>
;l;i.i:il, onv ol ttli liii.d
liiiiilii .^iiu'iita, II iic-
jiiil joiiuJ l>y two liii.^
III ;',ii.ml 111 :i uiioiilri.
iiiiIk'iI ('.ui'^i IWciUv <i|
lUi till-' wutcrj III lli.it II
.0 pal.! Ilic ijlt^c. i .1
.lul i>l..riil on ui.c ol t.a-
uitc, iKim whiiiic ill y
I ,iiiv Ihipj (oiiic iiL-jr II.
L'iiii> <ii ciiii end ol lii^
iiiMiiy would ill' ly, ui li,
I to ^,dli the caltiv. i\l
icir two ihuui.iiid Ifii m
■ nicr<.ii.in.t on li.c norci
lie [^■r.MtcIl buitftiii iiijy
tip ol hoalii. I hi- git.ll-
1,0 li.ulHuir in the lumi
lid It iiiiiig giadiwlly, uiij
i,.ni tl'.e lea. I f.e town
to the hell in l/iui'Kii,
the pi'T up til the tuAii-
Hill walks lor tiic IliiT.
iii.;e ill 1,'iiKion ; ..1.- :n
ouit> ol jiiiIki", liu. :;..;
: reprei' iiialivis. i lie
live llioiilJiid liouh-. ,
and leveral ol the [Xiii-
■i.lcligant. ll h..'. Uvin-
111 'ted to Diniie v\. ilhi|'
mu'v hunt and ai.oiiK.i,
;.iiioiint to al'iHit a Iliuj-
.iiii !• ine (ii-ies ol j U.t,
iineeii ivlaiv i it lii^ ;.ii
...Hi leit for the g'jurii. ;,
l.ur.-li 01' l-.ii;;l.iiid. I lit
lioioe. Anions tne oiha
1:, named lioiii .Mr. l-'.in-
Ifi- f!,i;>pinL' of tiiii piirt
.11 b-.iwoen lix and lena
i:;: town amount lo-biut
ic IS laid to be two hull
vii of the county ot M .'■
,1 d on the iiorii. bi .nth '!
north-we(t 0! liolhm, an;
ll Urect'i. 't was ori Mii.d:;
foiindiiU! the univirl:;,
.liic, and loiitains two Ij.j-
liaines ot I iaveilord-iuii'.'. .
ii: library, f-id to be i n'
;iv' III th.it part of the Wo ;j
' ie;l.HVb, and a tu-aiu.ti.
f, ..Kpiity I'ovirnor, and all
chuU'.'si' c:iloiiy, witii ih.
towns lor the tune b;;M.',
never conieiud -11) deij.t
New l:'.M.t.ASU.
A M !• li I C .\.
C.i
above that of niiftif of arts, till it obtained a new thar- ,
It'i Iroiii Jtiii); VV'illiaiii and qiieui Mary, by wliieh it lia.l j
the |KJ 'er ol cieaiin;^ duitturii ot divinity ) but liat kl-
d 111! itiaile life ol It.
s 1. c r. v.
Of tilt Prrjlrht of Kew Himt>Jhire \ I'l SUlu^ilhii, I'xlftil,
S^il, ii'-il II piiil'hul.ir P.JLti/ilioii ef'llii'lt'hiu Xliiiiiuiiii<,
and ti'c Ki:\i{ lh,it Jl,w /rim thtin : Hi t'ruliifi, UitUi-ni-
mciil, unit u DiUi ipiijii oj the 'I'uMn uf Pjttjiiiiil'i.
''|~*HK ptovince of Ni w Hinipfhirc is bojii.led on the
X foulh by Mall'itliiile'.'s biy, on the writ by the
pioviiu lol New Yolk, on the noiili liy CaiiMila, and on
the noith-ealt by ihecuuniv ol ".'oik, luviii ;; only iliiily
mile* ot le.i-i.oalt.
The fiil IS various, and the northerly piitvnl it ate
niouiilainoiis and barren. Ih. moll eoiiluu iible ino.iii-
lams in this province, and indeed ot all the iJiuilh donii-
iiioiis lu ir the coall, .lie called the Whit' .\loiinain>,
lioni til.. II appearing lik'.- In )w, they being ^.'iiLr.illy (up-
poled to conlilt of a while lliiit, lio:ii w.iu.i the n iKc-
lioiiol the fun is veiy biilli.int and da'/./.Iing. I'loin their
|.|odi>;ious blight ihev .ue to lie feen at a v.'l'yjjiea; i!il-
t.iiice, and it a, not certain tli.u any p.tfoii w.itciei on
the lop of to. in. .Vl.ijiir Ri) jers fayb, that he ha^ olteii
bc'.n odd bv the Ind'ans t!iat th'V have fieipien.ly at-
tempted tlleni in vain, on account of the chaiijje ol an
thev nu't with ; which, he fay>, he i^ iiKliiied to he-
heie, he liai'in.; afcemled t.'ieni hinifell till the alu ration
of air was very peieeptible, th<iiii;h lie had not advanced I
hdf way up, and vet ilie v.illevs bilow weie toiicc.iieJ |
ironi hii view by the clouds. The halls of tiKie nioin-
tains is atiact about hld-fue miles fipure, Iroiii wheii
they rile in cra|;u,v hiadsoiie above another, in an irri-
nulai inannei all the way tolhe top. Kor th..' Iiill huir
or live miles as you aknid them voii find hti'eli, li'iii-
Icick, .Old loine while piir,'. ; hijdiei up ihe grontli is
chielly black Ipiuce tor fix or Icvcn miles, then tlielides
are cloathed with a white iiiol'j ; and if you ailv.iiuc Itill
larthcr, you hiid fc.ir. c any thiii;i; j'rowing, wiiKhaionc
would leiidci the allcnt very dilhcult, the muuntaili be-
inH Oitieniely Itrep
"Many Itriams of water -^ufll out of the fides of ihcfe
mountains, whith rundown wilh gr;'at rapidity, liidted
the largelt and belt iImi^ in New l'!n.dand iile lioiii l.ime
part ot tlieni. Saco rivi r liles from the foiith m leveral
linall livulets, which join in the couife ot .1 lew miles,
and run tniough the county ol Yoik, filling int.) the
lea between Cape Poipoile and Cape Kli'/..ibi ih. On the
banks of this river aie lome fine meadows ami fuld-,
which are annually oicrllowcd when the liio» s melt,
and thereby nreaily enriched. Tiie rivultts th.it |)ie.ck
out Iroiii tile loiith-wilt ol the mouniains, afar vnioiis
winCiniis, tall into a Like eallcd \Viniii|il'i;>kc( , out of
which illues the river ^'lerlimac, which, Iro.iitlie w.iters
th'at join It, loon beeonii s a c'nhdei.ible itre.ini. Upon
It are leveral vales, oveiHowed and enriched like tie tor-
nuT. I Ins livir luii^ thr'ii''h the pro.incc ol New
flwupOiire, and par; ol the M.i(l.ic!iiilets, dilclvir.;iiig
iili'l into the ka beiwein Saiilbiiiy and Newheiv I'lom
t'.e north and welt pan 1 of thele mountains rifes Conmc-
tlcut rini, whn ll runs to the fouthw.nd acrofs the pro-
vinces of New Hanipiliire, the .Mallaihiifits, and Con-
necticut, till, alter ii:niiing a couile of at leall two bun-
dled miles. It empties iifelt into the fea, or lour.d, be-
tween Ciuinecticiit and I.onii^ lllaiid. This ruer, liLe the
olhers, annually oveiHow. its banks, and ciiriehts the
a.liaecnt nelds, which in loiiie places arc vciv cxtmlive,
p.iiticularly through a trait lalled the C0I1.11, in New
llamplhne, twenty miles in leinMh, and fix in bn .idth,
w.iirh fill its lertility and beauty may be llile.l ihe garden
of New l'!n,;land. I he livei Kennebec, winch i^ a con-
liderable Itieam, likewife ri'es on the ealt lide of tliefe
iiio'intanis, runnliii; tmoiigh tile county ol "I'oik, and is
eiuio',ved i*itli tne lame propel lies as the loinier Ano-
ther liver riling Iroin the north of them run; inio the
province ol Ci;icbe.-, and lallii into the liver .r. Law-
rence. A part, ot the t;\er ^heduii alio iilei at thefc
fiiountjins, and joins the riv.r iit. I. twrencc twelve ifnlet
above (^lebic.
In the priivini '.• of New Mamplliirc are rail.. I cicit
ipiintiiiis of Indian com, lye, oats, and peai, ii bein^;
loo cold lur wheat. It likew'ile pio.linei lo lie hemp and
Hix. It has ;.|eit pliiiiy and i.ni.iv ol timbtf, and Us
loads aboim I vvilh all kinds ol )j;.;;iie loiiimoii In the
cliniile. There aie li.ic likewile bred Hack i.itlle,
hoiks, flvep, ^'.e. but in no (.ie.it abnidniee lu
liveis abound in lal.iioii, lliid, lloiit, eel,, \'.'. Some
fillieiK's are tarried on in the leapoiisi Imt lis Icaiuv
liiniis on the fia pa'iint.ihe iiihabiiaiiis eiigfinj; fo loti-
lideia.dy in Ihe lillicry a, th. Ir iKij.'lil r». "^
The goviinor, Ii. ui. ii.iiii-iiovi mor, louncil, an. I fe-
creiaiy, wiihihe ollie. 1- , if the .idiiiii.ilty m this piovinee,
are ip|ioiniid liy liis iiLijilly, vs'ho is .ibloliili fov. iei;;ii
ol tiiL- (oil. The feveril towns and dilliiiJIs ihoiife their
leprel'entatives ; but all t le in/eiior oOic.rs of the txCkL-
ii\e power aie .ippomt d by ihc govcriLir, with the ad-
vice of the council.
I'he leli-ioiiof this province is the fame as in Mad'a-
cliiifet's-bay, ;in,l tbei,- js only one epil':oiul ihurcb creel-
ed, whnli is at I'.iif iioutli.
The town 01 I'oitliiiouh, the nietrniioliii of the pro-
Viii e, rontaiiii a'loiit leven liunjred dwclliin; houle ,
;iiid is pleafaiuly feate.l on I'lfeataiiua-b.iy, hiving a falc
and fwiivenient harb.iiir, where the Lr^;. It (hips 11. ay ride
leeurcly, an.l live jilaee. of r.ligious w^iilliip. lle.'e tin:
courts of juilne are held ; but as tlii, is the only pl.Ko
where caules are tiie.l in this province, and it is k jtel
0:1 one ot its extreiinlii- , tlie inh.ibit.iiits are lo'iieiinu";
obligi-.l to travel a hun.lied aii.l iilty or two huiuled mil^'j
on any triilin ; orealioii. Kroni this p.Jit anmi illy fail
.ibout two huiiilii'.l vellels, loaded ihieflv vs'ith ti.nbei,
pi,ie-;lavis, hill, ii-:. lor tne Well Indies ; which h.i.-
ing dilpofe.l ol,tli(y loadthire, and ('loced lio:n thence
to I'.urope, wlieie t.iey iell both then veilels and cargoes,
.ind the inariiieis return p..neii.,;ers.
1 ll • othi r piiikipil lowiii lor tra.le in this province
arc lljinpLoii, CoeheJii, Kxettr, .nid London, lerry, all
inlaii.l town iibout lli:rty-Hve miles fio.ii I'orili.iouth,
w;iich is I liU'Hy people.l with the natins of Irclaii.l, .ind
!;.is a coiidJ'.iahlc manut.icture ol linen. I'nc iiiiin:H'r
of inh.ihitants in this province amounts to a'lout leventy
thoiifand 1 tliefe have been grea'ly increak.l fniee tne
entire reduction of Caiia.ia, lettUnients beiii.; anniiall.'
begun .ind iie.v towns (ornied where formerly they d.t
nut dale to attempt it, lur tear ot llie Indians.
s i; C T. XL
Oftrt- Cihii ofCiirUi'l'uiit ; its Si:u.ili}ii, Ex!.>:t, Prcdu.i,
Ti\i.U; and Goj.n.in.iit.
TWV. colony of Connecticut contains not only the
oii^i'ial I oiiiiiv ol the fame name, hut that ot New
Haven, t.iey being in. orpor.iied into one in 1692, and
llill letains, by the ch.irter then grained them, all the
privileges of their ancient charters ; but ever ("nice their
union ih' V have kept tip two leils of governinent, n.une-
ly, at Hailloid and New Haven, at whieh places men
geifral court, or aflemhiy, (its al'ernaicly tor lianfact-
iiig the atiairs of th'.: colony. It is bouiid'-'d on the 1101 th
by the .M.iiia-h.ilct.s, on the call by Rhode lll.ind ..ml .i
part of .XLiUjehiilol's bay, on the loutb by the Sound,
.ind on the well by New ^'oik, exiendmg in leiigih
fioni Stonilon to Rye, in the lurdeis of NcW ^'oik, .1-
bout a huiih'd iiiiU'>, and in lue.dih from Siybiook !o
the borders 01 New liailiplhire about I'eveiliy.
Tne foil of this colony is v.iiuu,, a ureat deal of .c
being uneven, rocky, cold, aii.l bunen ; but In other
fiarts it IS lertile and exceeding plc.lant, part;eiil.iiiy on
Connediiut river, where the h;'Kls pr.idiiec all kinds of
'.'lain and Irirt i.iminon to fi e climate in great a'lun-
dance, kl.lom dilapooiiitini', and liei|uenily cm ceding
the hope'- of th.; hiillijn.lin.n. In I'os cloiiy ;irc br. J
great iiiiiiilii IS of black cattle, b.irles, and Iwiue ; .ml
ihe iiitiubita.its raife a coiifideiable ipiantiiy o' ll.x ani
h.'inp. .'X I'lwii i.dl.d We.itheisii. Id, (Vate.l on tht:
riiei Cui.n>...o. ut, is ieii..iika le r .' the piijdu.^tion o;'
onion i.
. 1 .1 !i I
i^l'
I'V:
\ \
lij;
\ \
■ -.'i
'! »
fl
I, :' , il . n. ;
'^i'iillii'lli
651
A S Y S T I M OF G E O G R A I' n Y.
rn'iiii«, with which it iiniiiully lo«J» kvcr.il nflll» to
the iici.'t.bDurin;^ proviiHiM.
I hi' iiih.il'itjiitH III ihi« ciiliiny Ciirry i>ii a very inrctn-
fiilirahlc tra.le in luiiijin p..ti5, thi-y l>ciii;; chi< ily lup-
|il t.l with li)iii,;ii iiitiiiiKiilitn.". Irimi iliifluii iinJ Ntw
I'urlci in ixih.uig.' I'lir whiiii ihi-y (n.l bci I, |i-irl(, llax-
fi'.l, on oils, A;.. Ill this ciili'iiy aii- f'»iiK' imri works,
vliich .ir»: t.iiiii il Mil til jjHMt .ulvjiit.i^'i' , diiil they (liip
diiiu' hoik's ,111,1 luiiilnrto the Will liulir., wiihiuii-
liilu.iMc i|,i intltii . ct ('.iiralrai to Imi^LuiJ .mil li.>!Ijiid.
I lie iiihabi! ml', of ihi. iinuiiicc liavf the pruilcgc of
Nr.wYj;..i.
The principal towiii are Newport, which ii pleafjntiv
U-it-.l oil Rhode in.iml, and hai a Uk and ^1,0.1 lurlx.ur
lor fhipi of a moderate burthen, with its tnttaiice (l( lend
id by 4 fort, on which arc planted time huiidreij Mg,„ '.
ami I'rovidincc, whuh h alio deli'-htlully featej „,i ,
river of the l.imc nanii', and is a thriviii|' town, with a
ronndcrabk' trade.
I'hc chief commoJiiirs exported from hence are horl-i
fticcp, cheel.-, and the pioJuce ihcy procure Irom ttx;
neighbouring provmcej, ai lumber .md filh In.m tiie
MalFachuletj and New H.iriiplhire ; heel, pork, ,:nd Hour
animaily ch'iilini; th.ir own L-oiernor, licutcnaiii-^ovcr- j iVo-n Coniic^iticut, N.w 1 ork, aii.l I'luladclphia, «IikIi
11 ir, .illiilaiits, a!)il iriir.Uiil.riv <, by who;n all cxecu- i they commonly piv lor in rum, luj'ar, ,iiul mola'lK , ,,,.
t.^e offiveis arc a| poiiiti. I and aiithori/.^d. Thej gene- ported lioin the Wilt Indies. 'Ihiy iae tharecd 'v.iili
rally a low their ^'.cu'eriior a very handlriiie (alary, and ; cariyinj( on an >" 'it trade wiih oiii uuniies in limi,,,
hay • .■iiod luiid. lor iilhrr public ixi.^cnciei. ! wmi, by carr^-ii , beef, poik, and flour to the Krcndi
I 111' rijjgKni-; piiliialiiim lure arc trie l..rTic a, in the ' illaiid. ; but this !■. no mme than ha« been pttlu
cth;T N\w Kii^lan I povi-rnnuiit-, but there arc more , the merchant tif (irc.it liritaiii.
f.ople ol the tltiirch ol i:iif;l.iiid than in all the others. | \Vc Ihall Cuiitliidc this account of New KnglanJ «.|,i,
'.ntici.lar care is here uken in thi* cdueation of their Ifivini; a curlorv view ol ihc romnwii i> i^f ilur
pttlormcd liy
r.ntiti.lar care is here laken in the cdueation of their
C liMitii ; the fevei.il Imviij being provided with tchooli,
JuppI.ed with .ibic iiialUr<
giving a curlory view ol the commerce of that proiiiKc
in general, which cxtriul: over a great part ofAimm-j
and hutope. I'roin fience our fugar-icilomcs are In.
I his toluiiv has m.iiiy line towns, agreeably feated niflicd with (i(h, cattle, diicd bci I, bamii, boards, lioi, p.
on the liver Coniiccliut .md aloiii th'- Si •'ind, the pnn- pipe-lla\e<, bark, fkins, butter, chetle, ml, to', .nij*
c^p.il ol wliii h for ti ide ,111.1 I- iniineric are New London, torn, apples, lurpeiiiine, i^ic. and that in luch v.ill .iliurj.'
Hartloid, and New ll.iveii : the latter is featel 011 New dame, that it ii computed the illiml of llaibaduet alone
II. veil bay, .md is fl'';:antly laid out in fe;;ular Itreets, take, oft to the value of two lumdicd llioiifand poiinj,
h.ii ill:; a beaiihful iiiradc in the ceiitrr. It contains a- every year. I'liey .le.d with the other liig:»r-c<i|iiiiii.s
bout two hull Ired dwelliiijihoul' s, befides public build- 1 fomelimcs with the liencli ; laij^ely with ilie .'^panunij'
iiijIH, amoni; whiih is acolle{;e that inakci a ic:y hand- : and fliip oft' prodi ;ious nuanlities of lifli to llalv, isjia n,'
jipear.ince | and I'mlugai. I hey take liom us all kind ol iiicrcirv'
goods, linen and woolieil cloths, Itutl'i, (liiekini;s, fli .. -
fail-cloth, coidai^e, habcrdaihcry-ware, vcll'ls of tin mj
copper, hardw.irc, and a valt ipuntity of other ihin^s ;
in return, they build a prodigious number of (hips lor
S K C T. XII. our iiicrehaiits, and export to Kngland a great deal of
iron, and a valt (|iiaiiiity of mads, planks, and yards lur
Of ih C.iii) of Rl"!/I( Ijlamt; iti Slttmlisn, Sail, PreJuit,' t^i: royal navy i and alfii pitch, tar, turptntinr, llin
f.
The iiiiinlur of inhabitants in this colony is fiippofed
fo amount to no lilS than two hundred and ten ihouland.
(»;,iv nmfiit, urij Tiiiilf,
furs, oil, whale (iin, lui^wood, fallatris, and other lum-
moditus.
and I'l
S F. C T. XII r.
fJf N F w \' o R K.
Jiriptisn of Ling Ijlami, and Jrcnal t':-r IjLindi nit/.m
/''.i Prsvime ; uiith u concijt /lujutil r.f tht City ef htw
tori, ill 7riid(f (JiVtriimoilf and J-iijniy.
NKW York is fituated between the fortieth anj
lorty-fourth degree ol north latitude, and luiwecii
'"r~MI.S rolonv cont.iins oiilv Rhode Illan.l am) ITovi
JL iliiice, whitll H;ie iiiuleil by charter about the
f line time as the colony ot Connciaut, and like that
the iiihah,tant> retain the rights and privilegrs at tirll
planted them in tliiir lepirate Slat-, having alio two fvats
01 ^ovi iiiiiuiit at Newiro.t and Providence, Vkhrre their '" Situatim, Climiilt, Soil, Prtiluic, ami Rivtrs. .1 l)t.
i;enii.il couit is ait rnjtely held. This colony has but
a rmali terr'tmy, it KiiU lomewnat in the firm ul a heart,
aiui i-, bour.Jed on the ninth ani call by .Mall'aehulelV-bay,
I 1 the fouihward by the ocean, and to the wcllwartl by
L.''nnci.'tu;ut.
I he cli'iiite of Rhode Ifl.ind is much more favourable
tliaii th.it of lliillon, lhou;>h it only lies about lixty-fivc ' the fevcntieth .ind feveiily-lixth degree of weft loiUMiuJe,
iiilcs to the loiith of that city : it being much warmc in it being bounded on the call by New Kngland, on the
the winttr, and beiii^ furroiiiulcd by the lea, is led at- north byCanaiia, on the nuith-wcft and welt by part u;
letted in the lumm-.r with hot land breezes than the I'enlyivania and the lands of the Five N.ition>, and ;ii
pi i.es on the oppolite continent. ■ the fouth and louth-wcll by the province of New jeriey
ri;c foil 11 jeneially low, rocky, and ftony ; yet, , and the Atlantic ocean ; extending two hundred mile. 111
whin properlv improved, produces Indian corn, rye, oats, length Irom north to fouth, but not above twenty-' ve in
p IS hemp, tlax, and fmie w'leat; with moft kinds of, breadth, particularly between Conncfticut Colo .y and
lint eoninion to tlic climate in ureat perfection, efpccially 1 Jerfey.
on RiioJe llland, which for its beauty and fertility is | As this country lies to the fouth of New Engb d, r'.e
iniieb a liiiired, it bein^ exceeded perhaps by no Ipot in climate is more temperate; the foil is unierally p, ifaiit
N-.-w Kiigland. Ihev raill cattle, (hecp, aud horfes in and fertile, producing in great abundance all i'oru
'undance, and the I iiter is clleemed the beft on the grain and fruit common to the climate, particularly
cnntmeiit. They likewil'c make confidcrallc quantities
of liuf.cr and checfe.
The lonn of government is in every rcfpeft the f.ime
a. ill the colony of Connecticut ; and the number of the
iiiliabitants are computed to amount to levcnty thoufand
wheat, onebufhel of which is (aid to have produced heie
an hundred. The many fine, large plains on the banks
of Its extended rivers are remarkably fruitful.
The principal river of New Yoik is Uudlbn's river,
which rifcs within twenty or thirty miles of Lake Cha'n
Liberty of coiifeieiRc i, hire granted in the (u. left ex- , plain, and runs fouth (or about (itty or lixty mile^,
tent, hut the grcaiell numhi r ol people here arc Q^iakcts. : crofTuig In it-i way (bme lakes, the moll conlideiable of
Here IS lo little bi;!otrv, iliat every man is left to think ' which is at Scanderooii ; then bcnda more caiterly to th-
an J act lor himfell j ami, while he obfervc; a good moral 1 Carrying-place, where is Fort Edward, and tbcn.'^Juth-
conduct, no body give tlirmlelvcs any trouble about his i ward till it difcharges itielf into the fca at Now Yoilf.,
f li.'ious principles, lor which he is only acco-jntable to ' or Sandy-hook. This liver is navigable for velliils of one
(ioJ. There are here alio a pretty many Jewj. The i hundrrj ton, as high as Albany, and (ballops may tj'-i
eiliK.ation of children is, however, f.iid tube not much ; upright or ten milcj higiier.
.itt'iided t0| there beiii^ not one free-lcliool in the whole j The next conliderable iiver of this province is the
■"•loiiy.
.Mohawk river, which riffs i:i liic .Muhawk cuuntiy, ■iwi-
I b ID
!•.'; tt YdS'K.
A M 1". K 1 L A.
N':w Yoati.
which II |.lcaf,,nilv
*><-• and (.„,„| l,,,,!^,,,,
h itstntraiicc (l( (rnj-
tlinc huiiJriil ^unj •
f-'lutillly fcjti.J ,11 _,'
iriviii- tuwii, wall 4
roni hfiiccarphorf"i
:y pruturc Irum tlit'
•in. I hlh (lurn the
hcfl, |i,)rk, .ml Hour
l')i:ljilcl|ihij, wIikIi
'I, liltl niuljllr, i|„.
y ..re chjrm'd tvith
I 1111 mil's III iline |,f
II. im to the I'rencli
iiicti iitilormcd by
f Ni* KiiglanJ will,
i-iic (>f that pr.jiiiico
rcat part '■/"AiiKtica
»Hi-i-.i|iiiiK's are (i,r.
5*. .ill, liojrds, li(i(,p,^
rlutlc, ml, t'i'.,H\a*
lat ill Inch n.ill .iliun-
111 of It.llbaddCi; jIcjiii;
ilic.l tliiuifind ptHiiidi
ithri lii.;\r-c<i|iini(;j j
/ wilh ificSiuiiur.ij,
f lidl tu Itulv, b,).iii,
.ill kind ol iiuicirv
H), (K)i.kiiii;s, fti,x-,\
I'jic, vtlirls o( tin .ind
itity ol other rhiiijs :
s iiiimlier at Ihijii lor
;ljnd a {.-ri-at deal oi'
planks, and yard* lor
ar, lurpintiiic, lkin<,
.ilraii, iiid uther iuhv.
III.
R K.
, tin I River I. A Dt-
tal ti:r IjUindi witi.in
uiil r.f tl't City ef \iw
i tlijUiy.
een the fortieth .mj ,.
latitude, and heiwccii ^
;rce o( weft loiiiMlude,
sew Kn(;l.iiid, on the
I'll and welt iiy part n:
Ku'c N.itions, and jii
oviiicc (if New Jeriey
two hundred niilc> in
It above twenty-' ve 111
jnne^ticut culu ly and
of New Englj d, t'.e
1 is Hi iierally p. ifaiit
ibinulancc all ion..
cl.niate, particularly
to have produced heie
;e plains on the bank>
y fruiiliil.
jrk is Hudfon's river,
miles of I-ake Cha'ii •
fifty or fixty mile..,
; moll conlideiablc i<f
lb more cailcrly to \\\'-
vard, and then .""ouih
he fea at New Yoik,
jjablc for vcH'cIs of one
and {ballops may ^u
this province is the
Vlohawk country, and
b 11
II ii4»i«ablc, <:.r,'l wKne th.ic ate f.imc (jIIj, fi.i l-t ;c
huaiS upwaid> ui an hundred iiiil.b'. it imii i.ill ii\,
and lii> •111 >it lijnk% in:iiu' tine piuii.., paiiuitl.irl; lliai
Liiled ihe (iiiiii.ui-i)ati, Iniiii lli Icin^ |. itlcJ l>y IlK
viirmaii^, and cxti'iiil> ..Km^ thu livci li.'ty mil.s in
).i. til, and aluiiil two in lii'a.llli. I'hit t.act I'.rx-
ii\di.d by nine in Aiiurua, it luin,; cilily cultivaleJ,
iiiid prii<lucili(', 111 the gre.ilcit .ibiiiiiLiilce, Mh..'.il, bailc/,
I L'j«, III nip, uiiJ K..X. I'liii mcr diiv.luri:e< nkil .)
I v..! il iii>'iit!<i« called tlu .Spoutb, nil 1 i liidf m'. ilvcr,
.liout eij',ht mile, above Alhanv i and about two iiiil>:'
uhovc It:, coiill iiiicc with tlut liver II hat a cataract,
while the whole liream UlU perpcndu'iilaily about Icvcn-
1) uil. Ihis p.iit I I the priiviilck abounds with law-
ii,.!l., it havin^' plenty ul limbir,
riii-lc iivti. aiM uii.i ill i.reit plenty ul' lifti ; uiiJ in
Ihik p.irl ut the pruvincc ,ire icvcral exullent inuiwuikb,
l.iin. ol which aic laid to iiiaiiulactuiL: the tielt nun 111
.'Vine. I. a,
I'iicic ate very fine landi upon the l.alt river, ur
.Siiuiid, though It IS \ciy roiky, sis indeed are mult ol thi
In li laud., ol iliib province on tiie luniineiil ; llieic lie-
111,. nioiiul.iiniiui, and at preUiit haul to Lultiv..te, but
ilurwar.!'. they iKJily rew.iid ilic Iabii;ii ol il.c hulh.u.d-
niaii. 1 licic arc lii^cwile f vei.d plealant and liu.tlul
.ll.indt bclontMiiL; to tin. piuviiice, .iinon;' which Lonjj
idand r. ttic iindt wotlliy ol iiutice.
Lung lllaiid i . about a biiiuliej and lilty mile . in leii^Mi,
and in tome |dac«^ twcitt, but jiciu rally about twelve
nnicb broad ; t!ic middf.- ol it ib indeed loni' what bar-
len, but boili en.lb ha\e molt excellent I..1I, which [cr-
haps w impiovcd to as j^reat a.lvaiit.i:;p as any laii.l. in
AH'Ctica i I ruducin^ coin and Iruit Ui gieat pirlectioii,
and abounding in huili-s, covn, llue|>, and twine, nioie
than awy other pait ot the province. It ib even laid th.it
the produce ol lornc lin^'Je air^s at the well end, which
IS convenicmly liluatcd for them.irkLt of New York, an-
nually amounts to near a hundred pounJj Itwiling. In
the miilll ot the ill.nul is a ccLbrati .1 plain li.\teeii iiiil-.s
liinj;, and fourbroa.l, to whi.li they h.ive i;,i\en the ii.inie
ol .S.dilbury-plain, from itb having as line tint ai th.it cl
Salilbury-plaiii in Kngland. Ab tlicre is an excellent
breed cl horl'es in the uland, they have races heie eveiy
feafon, to which the gentlemen ot New Kn;;laiid and
New York rclort, a. pcuplc do hue to Ncwinark.t.
'I'here aie indeed fivcral other ill.uids beloni'iiig to the
provinc: not at all inlcii.jr to this in ple.ifamnels and fer-
tility of loll, thiiiij;h tht-y are ot nmcli lels ixieni, as
istatcn, or Strei;;hien lli.ind, whiih is oppjfite to the
well end of I.oiif; Ill.ind, and forms the narrows or
Itriights throu;;h wimh lliips p,i(b that aie hound to or
from the fea to New ^'..ik : lilherb Illaiid lies in the
Sound between Lon;-; llland and the colony <d' Coiinei-
ticut i and .Man ihatt.in, upon whiili the city ,if Ntvv
^'ork lb built : iheie aic lever.il oiIkis both in the bay
..:id Sound, one of wl.iJi, called IJain lllan.l, about
twenty-hvc miles from New Yoik, has l.itcly obtained
a I hatter (or cicctini; a city.
I'hib piovince is i!;vidcd into ten counties, which, [uo
ccedin'.; from imrth to louth down Hudfnn's rivei, lie in
the lollowini', order, Albanv, Ulll.r, I 'iitchels, ( trance,
Kin:;'s-countv, C'I.elt.r, New 'tori;, (J^ieen'b-coiimy,
SulKdk, and Uichmond couiitie., whiih abound in laiin-,
but hive not inanv gieat t.r.vns ; the principal are th-
city <d New Yoik, S.hcnectcda, Albanv, and Well
Chel'.cr.
New Yoil: is extremely well fituatcd fur trade, it hav-
ini^ a lafc and commodious harbour, accrflible three dif-
ferent Ways for (hips of loiiinon burthen, iii.inoly, by
way of ttie Sound, b\ the llrci^lUs between Lolii; Uland
and Staten ((land, winch is the molt iifual and eal'y cn-
fr.Tnce, and between Slatcn Ifland and vhe lliore of Jeil'cy.
There are alio eafv conveyance . to it by watei fri.m the
rivers and laKC-, except a lew carrMiw-places, tioib to
Montreal and vj^icbec on the noitluvaul, an.l to the lakes
I'.rie and Ontaiioon the wcltwaid, lor (ix hundred mile.s;
and upon the fc:. it has not only the advjiita-^e of if.
coufts, but alio of Connecticut nnd the Jerfcv!, their
trade in a ;;reat nicalure centering; here, wliire tl.'v ex-
chanrrc their fevcr.il com.nit'tiili'.s Iit toreii;!! i;oid,.
.<
'I his city li I'calcd 111 the foiiict'i Ji';i;|..e ('.,j|; ii,,„„(j ^.uc
ni.Hh latitude, and ilic loitvlivclh dJuree l..,iii mii.ulu Lf .f/i.
well lorij nude, at ih.? loutli en I ol Vi,rk loiinly, in an
illand ..I iiic ii>..uili ol llii.ll.m'i liver, about iiiur.eii
iini.s lonii, kii.l ihi.c huMil. It il.nJj up-n an emi.
niiice, and contain. bi'tv\ein tv.-o ai.il th;e.: tluiuUml
lioulcs, (;cner.dly putty will built witii brick and lluiie >
liut the llricts aic very irie;;iilar, defcndid by 4 wall and
lort, whuli arc tormtd lo as to aniwer the jiuipolej both
o'l.riiiiiunt .iii.l detiiicc. It lu.^ Icvei.il lp..v ...ut public
l-.uildn.'s, ainon,; v^hicli the c..llfi<e, iiic ccun-houle,
and the governors houle within the Ion, atu the iilult
confidtr.iblc Hence there is Uarcc any (own in Noiiti
.Am. rita tliat makes abcttu apiicaran. I'ublic wor-
(hip is every Suii.lay pciioi.r.cd in ddlu rt chuiehes in
tiie Kii^lilh, the Utr.nan, the IJucch, ,11. d I' rciich Ln-
i'.uap'.s. Iniieaie two haiidfjnu cnuahis beKiiij.iiijj
to ihoie ul th'.- ihuith d Kn-laiil, wi'.h otheis beliiiij^-
iii;> to the bvsiOes ol th.; Lutheran perfualion, to the
Ouich L'aivinilt., to tlic raii..h ictu^'ees, .md th; l.ii'.
lilll dillciileis ; till. J..W1 ha/c alio J I) liaLV)(',ue.
i'ht lity IS ^oscmed by aiii.iyui aod aidtiiiien, ,iiid a-
b^iUlld^ Willi wialtliy nuuli.ints, who ti-de \ci\ lairclv
to lotci^ii I aits, an J aie iihUrn:.! to deal very nuiih iipoi'i
hjiiLUl. I Ik trade troiii .New 'lork to ll'.e lu/ai illaiidj
IS very coididuable, and coulills in com, ll.jur, beef,
poik, baioii, Iniokidbe. I, p..a>, apples, onions, ll.ivei,
plank i and to \ i.-lan I fav-lecd, pig and bar iioii, with
Ionic copper. Ol laic |jieat eiKourj;:em'.iit is j.'ivcn to
levcral luanufaitor.is, cipeti.illy ihat'i.l hiii.p, the i.;;l-
111;; ot which i« cncoura"e.l by a bounty [;iicn by the pro-
viiiic ; and in the city o; Niw York a fjtiety'is lurmcd
t . . .inlu't 11 cdiuds lor pioniotiii^ the vai.ous braiichtj of
II. .dc and hulli.indiy, an.l the iLanuliCtuiiii,; ot iron,
wool. 111. ,.11, &c. c jiilidiiablc piciiuuins Leiii;' alli.wed
to fuch as c.\ccl in thtle biaiuhos, whiili has doubtklj
a tendeniy to prefervc the ciedit ot this prc\ inic, lo m.
tieli thj iiilubiianti by iiaic.ilin^ thiir c.vpoits, ai.d ij
lender tliem le:s dependent on other ccuniiies.
The iie.\tconlidcrable placiii this piovince is Albany,
which ib Rated on the wilt tide of Hiidiuii's livir, ,1 hui,«
died and lilty niilcb to the iiurih of New \'oik ciiy, an J
has a hirt iiecled fur its deleiiec. It coiii.iiiis ncr luuf
bundled noufcb, and her.' the chiefs ol the I'uc Nations
uled to meet the [;overnuis ol the noilhtrii coloniis.
The number ol inbabit.iius in the whole ptuvinee a-
niounts to about a liundieil .iiul liliy ihuafaml.
ills majtlly is.iblohitc I'lUCKi^ii ol the lull o<'tlii:. pro-.
vinte, and appoints the goieniur, lieutcnaiit-;;oiernur,
lecrct.iiy, aim coimcil ; but the Ireihuldeu ol the levcial
counties elect ilun own lepiel'ciuatiie.^, in ordei t.i I,. mi
a le^^illalive b,..ly Willi ihe others. ']'he titiciolNc./
Yoik aii.l Albaii) ban: likewiie by their charters the pii-
vilenc ol nuking bye-laws fur thcnilelves, provid-'d tlicv
aie neither ineoidilieii'. with the lawj ol the privince, r.Jr
ol thole ol KnijIanJ. Thefe by,' laws are enacted by the
in.iyor, aldernn.11, and comni.jii council of the lefpcc-
live citKs, aniui.dly eledtcd by thclVecnun of each;
llicic alio luriii a touit ul judieature, called the mayor's
court.
Ihc relij'jous perfuafiuns in this province are pretty
iiuinerous, there tuiny Kpilcopalians, Lutherans, Ihipiilts,
I'lclliyteiian?, Morasi.uis, t^iai.crs, and J^ws, who [lei-
loan religious vsoiihip here in dili'ereiit languagcj.
Learning li..^ lately been muJi oncuuruj;ed in this pro-
vince, in whi.jli lb cliablillicda coilCj^e under tliegusein-
nient of a prthdiiil, protellors, and lutois. It has alio
a yood library, and b.,th the 1 iiy and country in i;cneral
are well turnilh.J with Ichuols.
'I'bc Kn^;lilli have a double riliht to thii pr.nincc by
dilcoveiy and coiuiuelt. Ihc coalt ua. full viewed by
Scbtdtian Cabot, and in the reign ot i|uecii Lli/.al.tih u
was conrideicd a.s a part of the piovince of \ it:;inia.
.■\ltctwaids, in 160b', that famoiij iiavi,;atjr Ilin!iu:i
difcoveicdth. riier that beat', tiis ii.inu, with tiie aJjaciitC
luuntry, which he alterwaid ., without any legal aiitlio-
litv, told to the Dutch, who lovind foiiie Swedes fettled
here ; and beiii^'; icinfoieeil troni lltill.mJ, funn bccin.c
'.he ltton[V-lt pally, and oblij^ed the Swede:, to ackm.v.-
kdge them as tlic fyle pioprieturs «t the country, living
b C v.v
W '.I
viM
t>.
A
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-3)
4.
M/a
1.0
1.1
1.25
\ii Mm
^ 1^ 12.0
1.4
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1.6
Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
m
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<^
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>
23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 872-4503
A
Y s r r. N'
G L O G K A r 15 Y,
?•• !■ W J f. R s 1; V .
• i
! ■ : I
i (
;:)■
h; Ik- ;' ■ ' ■
11 Lingular form ; i: hciiig lioiinJcJ on tl,e iK.rth liv
HuJ:oii'5 linr, v.h:.-ri te|-.jrnifs it ntiiri tlic piovin -c oi'
New V(.rk i »n ihc r.^lt 1.^- tl,r Atlaniic ncc.m. win, li
wnl.'u's us c(u(f, I,.., 11 ilv mouth ot Hiidliin's livcr t!>
til,- mouth ot lJc;..vv,iic mci ; uiid on the lijmiiwaij •,,,',1
wdl.v.ir.l hv l\M!ylv.aii.i. it iiti l,.;tw:iii the t'liiry
iiimli ;iti(J i.irt.ct:, il.'jdcc north Uiitd,;.'. v.\t,-iu!ni. L
Ii'iifith, on ihr h.a-c().;lt an.l alio aloiii.. Hiia(oi,\ ruvr.
ii!)(nciili liuinini; iirJ twu.tv iiii.ti, aii'ii hxiy i,i btcMtsi
lioni call to welt.
■| ill: (u,! oi till; priA inrc i? vrry imiform, niul proiJuc( s
wheat and all (iiiar kinds of hii.-lilh torn : u likev.ii;
..imunds III all (uiis of iiuit pijpvi to lix climate and
IS laid to iHodute tlie bell cyur ol' any pl.icc on ihe'tur,'-
I tie timher )-i tail, and tdc o.ik
i ..re eiteonnd
I "I'.'./aiH to tlio (lain: cf the Knjidi, whi; i-.ad nntoily
•'i'lv"Vfc;il, out tiail'd to ithtt-.iie. Iliey were, how-
••'., lo.>ii iiltci dilpnllelll'd by eaptaiii Ar_ul!, wiio was
i-ui lo: that puipol'- v.'itli a piopvi lorte liy the ViriMiiia
len'fiany. Upon this the D.iti h Well India comi'air,
h-^'jcd prriinliioil of kiliy Jaiiiei 1. lot lome ot lueii
I'toflc 10 ftttle in tlie e(Hiiiiry, pietendiM>; it's bein^ eon
VMiii^nt tdi tiien Ihips to call at lor rilVclliiiient In then
(Mfla^e to anj (ro.-ti •.lie liralili, uhieli then beloiititd to
mem.
J iie king granted their rr(|nell, upon condition tliat
the people vvim lenlrd there ihnnid ackilowltdgc thcin-
lilvrs luhject? ot the king ot Kngland. Thi.-. they did
lor !ome ycirs; but takin- advantJ~L;e of the troubles that
urolc in the reign ol kni:; Chavle.s 1. tile llates of Hol-
land gave their Will India e-onipanv a loi.-.ial grant ol
the country, and under this j;,!.".!!! they appoiniej t;i*er-
iiors, erected Torts, and called it Nova Belgia, or ilie
New Netherlands, and altcrwards leliiled to pay to king
Charles It. the lum they had paid to his lather and granu-
tathcr lor Ica.c to hfli on the coali ol'Great Hiitain. I'his
Uid not oecalion an ininiediaie rupture ; but loon alter
kin^; ChaiKs II. tnade a j;rant ot what is now the pio- ' paiticular is wiaked to (;re.it advama^'C, leveral f;,.
vnue of New Voik, New Jerlev, and I'enl)lvani.i, lo eltates having bei a (.btained lioin it.
his brother Janu^, duke of Yoik, who, in 166.;., ' 1 he l.inds 111 ihi.s piovinee are ehiclly taken up and
lent a Heet under the tinmiand of Sir Robfit Can, nnpiov^d , lo that tliey Inn e but iiule wilJ game uf any
with a lulHcient nuiiibd ot land forces, to take poliefrion kind,
of tlie country, who foon reduced the furts the Duteii ' 1 here arc no rrni.-.rkahle rivers that extend far int.>
h.-dcrce'led there, and obli-cd thciii either to becon-.e the proiinccj that named I'all'aick, wiiith dileharrcs
Ihitilh lubjecfs, or to leave- the countty. Tiic people itiell into the lea to ti.e northward of it, has a renuik-
gladly accepted of the former, and hence many ol tiie able cataract aioiit twenty miles from its mouth, wliuc
hell lamilies in New Voik appear by their names to be ot . 'he river falls, like the cataract on Hudfun\ riv.r, itum
]Julch cxtradlion. Hence New Ainiicrdam, which was ' -ilieipendicujar rock about leveiity or eighty lect.
made the metropolis had its name ehangcd to that of! I liis province has a coiiliderable diladvaiitage, which
New York, in honour of the proprietor's title; and from prevents the inhabitants thriving fo inueli as ini:',ht lie
the name of the city the whole province received the fame cxpecltd horn the goodnels and fertility of its lod, and
appellation. OraiiiC-foit alio received the iiameofAl- '"
banv from the duke's other title.
Sir Robert haviiij; thus I'libducd the country, took with
him the grcateft part of the land-forces, leaving colonel
Nkhols governor, and as the States General teemed to
fiive up ail pretences to it, many people removed thither
tincii!
lor Ihip-buildin,'. Jt ah.iui!iis 111 ilreams of water, wlihli
i.hoid great lomenuiKc lor miii-, tuinaces, and aiVv
other kind ol watei -works; and as it alfoids great qujii'-
titiCi of lion, it has hver.il luinacc,-, and iron-works, be-
hdes one lli!iin,;;-niill. 'J his piovince is alio luppoied lo
b. rich infilverand topper on-, f mis ol both kinds h.iv-
iii.j; been (ound in leviiul parts ; and one copper mine in
tluir making iho:e improvements of which the eouiuiv
IS c.npable. 'I'liis is tne great uncertainty of then title.',
and the continual difputes and law-liiits which on this
account arife among the inhabitants ; hence it is faid,
that no people here grow rich lb fall as the gentlemen of
'.'"^ i-iw- ii"fides, the inhabit.ints fuf}"er t.-.c I'.inie Lite
tiom tngland ; whence it foon became a very flourilhing 'lo.ni I'liiladclphia and New Yoik, that thole of thecolo-
n'lonv, ^lr. Nichols making it one of his firlHludies , ny ol Connecticut do lio.m New Yoik and liollon ; lor
to enter into .-x treaty of peace with the Five Nations of "« tlicy have no tonliderable foreign trade of their own,
" " ' ' ' ' ..-■.-., tin-y txchange their commodities at thofe two pljcci
i lor foreign gooods, and conlequently give them tiie pio-
I fit wnich iticy might enjoy anion:; tlKinfelvcs.
! J'he piincipaUxpoils ot the Jufejs are wheat, fleur,
timber, copper ore, pig and bar iron, and black eattk!
the Indians, who hive ever fincc continued faithm
lie:, and been of great fervice totiiis province.
in the year if-; .;, when a war broke out between Eng-
land and th;- States Cicncral, the Dutch fending a Heet,
reduced this colony to their obedience ; but they kept
poirdlion of it only a fhort time, for it was ceded to the 1 ^^'''■'■''i they drive in great numbers to rhiladelplna, on
crown of Cireat Britain by the treaty concluded the next ^''i"'<: rith pallurcs they are generally gia/.ed lor foni:
year. Kver lincc that tirne it has oeen under the En!>- i "","-> heiorc they are lint to market aiidkillcd.
iilh goiernment, and the people have Ihcwed thcmlcKcs I -^ '"'^^ province has the Hiine form o'. government nn
peaceable and obedient fubjecls, ready upon all oecarMii? i ''^'" '^' '"^ w "^ ork, and the religious periualions are 110
■ ' ' " ' Icis numerous. Here is l.kewile a college founded at
Piinee-town, about thirty miles from the city ol I'hila-
delphia, much reforted to by the young gentlemen i,i'
this and the neighbouring provinces.
'I'his province contains Eall and Weft Jerfey; the for-
mer of which is the largelt and bell iniiabited, and i^
divided into Ilergen-couiity, Flfex, and Middlefex, on
the (outh fide of the river Karitan, and Monmouth-
county on the fouth. Well jerlev contains the lame
iiumber of counties, which are iiurlninton, Glouceder,
Salem, and Cape Mai v. Thefe were o'rigiiullv two pro-
vinces, and in the hands of dilt'erent propnetor.s ; bur,
on the twenty feccnd of Apiil, 1702, the pioprictuis
made an aflignmciit of their lights to the crown.
'1 he chief towns in the Jerfeys are,
I'trth Amboy,thecapit.i:ol the county of Mlddlefex,i;i
Kail Jcrley, which is pleafantly fealed at (he mouth ot
tiie river Karitan, and is lo commodioufiy (liu.iicd for
trade, that (hips of three hundred tons may
one tide and lie before tne merchants doors.
Turlington, the capital of the county of the fame
to txert themfelv.s in defence of the rights of Gre.it
Hiitain, p.utieularlv in oppohng and repelling the en-
croachments of the French fettled in Canada, willi whom
thcv have bad various engagements, in which they were
aKvays affillcd by the Mohawks, with three hundred of
v.'hom, and the l.ime number of Fnglini, colonel Schvler,
in the reign of William 111. obtained acomplcte victory,
mar the river St. Lawrence, over feven hundred French
terular?;, and an equal number of Huron Indians, com-
niandcd by the governor of Q;ifbec. The fame brave
(^fJirer repitllVd them again in 1716, and dellroyed a fort
they badereilcd near the lake of (.)n"nu.!20, in order to
cutoff their communication with Lake Ontario. Soon
ater our fort at Olwego was erected, where has fince
been earned on the grcatell Indian trade of any in
America.
SECT. XIV,
0/ N F. v.- J i; .1 2 E V.
, Ex,-i:t, Proihice, and Expirls \ In Siii-iiiii-
■iitikular DiUiil't't:,)! ',f Path J'liiny, and Uui -
/in^tcn i UKd a iorcfje Hijtiry cj the Pnvime.
HF, entire province coiu.iiiiiiig the two Jerfeys, is [ Fhiladclpt'ia, in Penfyivaina. 'I'I.e houU.i
T
lip IP
nam
the midiile ol the
e. and of all Wed }-.<x)-^ is fcatcd on an ilbiul
er I),
Katid between New York and l\-niylvania, in a furnelv built with brick, and laid
JWare, to Llie noithw rj of
arc hand-
aid out intolj.'iicious iirict'.
with
r^-.w J,
KM-
iitw y.vx'.zv.
A M E R I L A.
0:1:
'i-.i OM tl,e iK.rth l>v
iKHti i!ic proviiK-c in'
itljiilic occ:iii, wiiirli
ot lliidloii's livtr (.1
(ill the tuutinvarj ;iinl
l.'nvv-:in ihc t.'iiity-
jijtiiili'. v.v'niiiin^ m
., ajid liMv in lifc.iJtii
uniform, a;ul proiJuci >
lilh t(jrii : It llkcwil;
1 tu tnc climate, .ukI
.my |)l.icc on lliccuii-
tnc o.iki ..re I'ltc-i'tTn-.l
Ucainb ot"\va;(r,v,-i)i>:i
i-, hiiiiacfs, ;iiij nijy
It .ilKuds great (juin.
;.•. and iion-worki, bu-
iKc is alfo fiippolcd to
lie ol Loth kuiJb h.iv-
id one c.'jiper iiiini; m
Ivania^'C, leveral fin;
it.
cliiclly t.'.ken up an.i
iulf wild game ul a:jv
that extend far iiit)
ek, wiiieh difLhar(.;ej
I ol it, has a remailc-
Din its mouth, vvheic
Hudlun'j riwr, tiom
or eighty (eet.
: cliladvaiitage, which
io much as iiii:',ht be
itility of its R'll, and
of which the toitiurv
tnaiiity of their litlti,
w-lliits which on this
ints ; hence it is faid,
i as the gentlemen of
i Cufter t:-.c f.inie fate
that thofe of thecolo-
i'oik an.i iiolion ; |,ir
n trade of their own,
at ihofc two pLicLi
y give them the pio-
tliemlelvc!.
)S are wheat, flour,
n, .TnJ hl.ick cattli,
to riiihuic'lphia, vi\
ily ;;iazed lot fome
and killed,
ol governnicnt r.«
perlualioiis arc no
CO lege founded at
ini the city ol Plnia-
young gentlemen i.i'
iVcft Jerfcv; the I'or-
:il inliabited, and h
and Middlellx, on
n, and iMoiimouth-
comaiii.i the lame
iiigton, (il.mcellir,
oiiginallv two pro-
nt proprietors ; bur,
','., the pioprictoii
the crown.
inly of ATludlefex, in
ed at the mouth oi
jdioufiy fiiualed fiu
nns may come up li'
doors.
;oumy of tlic fame
ted on an itUiul n\
tlic iiotlh« rd i.|
houU s arc hand-
r.et<.
Willi
with coninioJious qn.iy-, riinl w'naifs, to whidi (liipi of
two or three hundrc.l tons may come up. It has like-
wife a haiiiMomc market-place, a town-houl'e where the
fourt' ofjullice were formerly held, and two good bridges
mer the rivi r, one called London-bridge, and the otiier
Y.>rk-bri(l;-'e. It has hkewife an cafy communicaticn
bcih with I'hiladelphia and the ocean, by means of the
rivrr Salem, which lalh into Delaware-bay ; but though
ihefe pl.ieci have the priv ilcges of a city, Iliey are nenlier
.•iiiiark-ble tor the niimler of their inhabitants nor the
irroatneis of their trade.
'I'I'.is province, like that of New ^'ork, was firll fet-
tle.! by the Swedes, who had three lown.s here, named
C'hriftina, Kllinburg, and CJottenburg : they, however,
rn.ide but little pro^refs in their plantations ; while the
Dutch, who bail fettled in the northern part, had greatly
the advantage, for this country they included under the
name of Nova Belgia. It was alfo contained in the grant
made by kin;'; Chailes to his brother James in i60j,
who the following year made a grant of th.it part now
called New Jerfey to lord Berkley and Sir (jeorge Car-
teret. Thefc two proprietors fent Philip Carteiei, Klq;
as ;r'VCrnor ; and the lands bein::; granted to the (ettlers
fur iix or fevcn yens free of quit-rents, induced many
ol the Did'enters of England to fettle in the countiy:
thus the inh.ibitants being a mixture ot Swedes, IJutth,
and Knglidi, were far from agreeing about the lorni ot
govcinment, but continued to behave within fome bounds,
while they were exculid paying quit- rents; but when
th.it indulgence was no loiuier allowed them, and they
became confiderably in arrears, tlie proprietcrs iii looner
infilled on their payment than they broke into open re-
bellion, dfpofcd the governor, and fct up a kind of go-
vernment of their own, under which they continued till
the year ib'J ^y when they were attacked aad conque.'cd
by the Dutch ; but the country being again reftored to
the crown of England by the treaty concluded the fol-
lowing year, Mr. Carteret returned to his government ;
and the proprietors making Ionic conceflions, the inhabi-
tants continued pretty quiet for fonic time. Lord Berk-
lev foon after afligncd over his right to Mr. William
Peiin, and three other aflignces, with whom Sir George
Carteret agreed to divide thf; country into two equal
parts, by running a line from the fouth-eaft point ot
Litlle Epg-harhour almofl: due north. The calkrmofl
part of this divifion was allotted to Sir George, whole
f.imily was of the iflc of Jerfey, and from this circum-
(hincewas called Eaft New Jerfey ; while the other part,
which was allotted to Mr. I'enn and the other proprie-
tors, W.1S then dillinguinied and Hill retains the name of
Weft New Jerfey : and thus they became lor fome time
two feparate and diftinil governments. After Sir George's
dcith his trullecs fold his right to Mr. I'enn and eleven
other purchafets, and they not long after fold a part of
theirs to the carl of Perth and eleven others. Thcl'e di-
vdions and fub-divifions caufed the land to be branched
out into fo many (liares, that the refpcclivc owners
thought them fo inconfiderable that thsy took little or
no concern about them ; and no proper care being taken
to fettle and fix the boundaries of their cllatcs, it became
difficult, if not inipofTible, to afcertain their refpedtive
rights ; which caufed great uncertainty of property, the
people rofe in frequent mobs, till the proprietors being
(juirc wearied out, furrcndered the entire government of
buth the Jerfeys to the crown, only rcferving to thcm-
fclves their other rights and privileges, and flipulaiing
for fome privileges in favour of the people, which were
to be given in charge to the governors appointed by the
crown as part of their inftruclions.
Upon this furrender the crown annexed the govern-
ment of the two Jerfeys to that of New York, in which
llate they continued till the year 1736, when they be
came one government, and Lewis Morris, E(q; was ap.
pointed their tiilt governor ; but thev flill retain a feat
of government in each divifion, at which their allemblv
nnd fupreme court of judicature At alternatelv, namelv,
.1; liurlingtoii in Welt Jerf.y, and a: P:;:h .-^mboy in
Eult Jerfey.
SEC r. XV.
Of V E N - -,- I. V A N I A,
/rj Siiiiili:/:, I'.vtintyCHwiilr, I'.v.laliht, .'ii<imi'.,if .1 kiwi.
'I hi' Dr.' Ji.m t,f the Cuinij; wish ,1 /) jlri'tl-.u 'f Pii'iii-
ihlphiii, ihc clhi-r To'Mi.s in this Prcjii.u, iii,d aicihtje
.'lueu-tt of its Ciiiaiieiii',
PKNSVLVANLA w.is alfo crtecmcd by the Dutch »
part if Nova IJelgi.i, and as I'uch was lupp.dcd to be
inciudeil in king Charies the Second's grant to Ins bro-
ther Janus, duke of York, in the year ifjOj. Iti.leat-
cd hrtween the thiity-nmih and forty-lecond d(gne_7f/ -^^i..
north l.itiiude, and between the feventy-lecond and's^ — w.
feveiity-ei;;hth degree wi It longitude ; it i.eing bounded
on tne noith-eall by tie Jtrlcys, on me l.iuth by Mary-
land, on ihe well by the Apalachian mouniains, and on
the north by the lands of the Five N.i;ioris-, e.\tending in
lenj>th about tluee hundred and thirty Uiilc, and "two
liunnred in bicadlh.
'1 he air i,-. hcie fwret, ferine, and clear. .'Vulumn
begins abrnit the twcntij'h of October, and lafts t:ll ths
beginning of Dectmbcr; after which fioify weather is
very common, and (oinetrmes the river Delaware, not-
witnltanding its breadth, is frozen oier; but in fuch
feafons the air i.-. dry, clear, and agrcruble. The Ipiing
lalts from March till June, during which the weather is
more inconlfant. In the fummer nionlhs, Julv, Aii^ull,
and Se|)tembir, the heats are very great, but are alleviat-
ed by cool brcfzes that render them vcrv tolerable. Dur-
ing this f..afon the wind is foutii-weil; ; but in fpiing,
autumn, and winter, it is generally north-v.-cll:. 'i"hc
earth is extremely fertile, and caly to be cleaied, as thi
roots 01 the trees lie near the firface of the e.rrtn.
Penfylvania produces almolt all forts of trees, which
arc in lome rcfjicct ditt'erent from the European, though
they arc called oaks, beech, walnut, red, white, and
black a(h, Spanifli chefnut, cyprefj, and red and white
cedar; but the mod durable are gum-wood, hickery,
fall'afras, and poplar. Tncy have alfo apples, pears,
pines, cherries, grapes, cranbciries, mullc-nielons. and
fever.-il other fruits j with all forts of corn, as whc.it,
barley, oats, rye, peas, beans, Indian corn, and likewife
hemp and flax, with fnake-root, i'arfapaiilia, and many
other medicinal woods and roots. There are here alfij
a great variety of garden plants, and of thof; prc»pcr for
the kitchen.
Among the animals they have fuch plenty of horfe?,
cows, and fliecp, that it is common for farmers to have
four or five hundred of the laiier in a flock ; thev have
mocfe deer, rabbits, racoons, beavers, and a ^'rca't num-
ber of other wild bcalb. Among the reptiles ;.re fnakes
of feveral kinds ; and among the fowl they have line
buHards of forty or fifty pounds weight,' phc, 'mts,
heath-cocks, partridges, fwans, gcefe, te'il, fnipe, brain-
des, pigeons, dunghill fowh, ducks, and a great variety
of fmall birds dilbnguiflled by their beautiful plumage.
The filh are (lurgeons, herrings, perch, eels, fmelts, i<c.
with oydcrs, cockles, mufcl-.-s, and other fliell-lifh. In
Ihort, no province on the eonrinent is lefs dependent on
its neighbours for cither the necell'aries, conveniences,
or luxuries of life.
The largclf river in this province is the Delaware,
which rifcs in the country of the Five Nations, and fl.jws
into the fea at Delaware-bay. It is navigable lor near
a hundred and fifty miles up, alter whie^h it has fome
falN j the fettlcments upon this river extend a hundred
and hfty miles frt^m the city of Philadelphia. The lands
on Its banks are excellent, and generally reward the la-
lour of the hulbanlman with great profufion. Its courle
is nearly fouth-eall, and it aftords great plenty of rill fuch,
tiih as are common to the climate, cfpccaliy llurgeon
wriicii are here cured and fent abroad in greater ribun-
daiiCL than in any other part of .Viiu-rica.
The Sufquahanah riles in ti:e f.imo country, at the
diiliiKcot about ninety miles from the Analachi.ni moun-
tains. .Hid runs neaily parallel to the Delaware, till it
liifchsrgcs itfelf into Chefapcak-bay in Muryl„(id. '1'^;,^
rivr-f
t#
%
cnr
i J
* ;'!il
iii;a I
■fi
A
V .s i' L'. -vJ O !• C !". O G Jv A P II V.
V
I'!;U
:|iN: jSi
if!,- /.i* y
) ■ ■ ■ .
liver i» l.kuvlfi; ii.uijMMc a ;;r(Mt w.iy \ip t'.i iiuciior
cunnlry, aii.l, it p.iili'.'U', i-xici.il. iIk- <jilKr in the pl.u-
i'lntiiti', iiiid Icililiiv ol lilt loll im iih banks, wliicli
|"-('...'nct» In tic.it ;;'iuiul..i;i.-;.- .ill l.>ili ol torn, iCncciallv
whr.it. 'I li.s cxtraor.linaiy plfiity i:. not conlincil ta tht
pl.mi.s near the b.mki ot illi: rivers, K.r ihc inttrnKiiia;!.
l.iii.l. arc L'cncralU' fruiil'iil an,l fxiiuincly well im|irovti! ;
tney lici'iij ilivi.lej anu.n^ llie l.nmcra in luth proprr
t!!):ii as. Mu-y arc alilc to niaiiaiic lo iiil\ antaye, lor wlK(.li
il'.fv pay an annual qiiit-icnt to tl.e piopnctor.
liut we oi!;;litnot to omit lo mention llto ii\i.r Sclloo!-
kill,orScluili^ill,wliieli has .illii il> liniiceinilieiame eour.-
try.ninnir.i; alniolt paiallel t ) the iwo oihe, livers, till at
iiii;.tii It r.ills into the iXl.uvart, near llie tily ol Hhila-
lielplii.i, above which it is navij^.'i'le loi bj-tb at lealt a
liui drill miles hi^-her up the country.
'riull' livers, with the mjmerous bays anJ creeks in
Delaware-bay, capable of containini; the larj;elt Htctb,
riiu.'er this province ailmiiably luilej lo carry on a )o-
f'.ijn trade. The couiitiy alio:,bour.i!s in iheanis fit lor
mills, and all otl'.er kinds ol' vvoiks invented tneafeihi
I ibcur of iii.in i hence there is here nianelacluu J ilic
j.'ie;:tell ijii.intity ot iron of any piovinceon li.e con-
tiiii lit.
'Vh'.> i'aiiioiis lettlcment is diviJeJ into tliree up(>tr and
tlvie l.iwir counties. 'I"he three upper aie tliofe ot
iJi;ckingli;;:ii, I'hiladtliihia, and Cheller ; and the lowei
touiuies are N'cuc.iftle, Kent, and ouir.'X. I'he three
firlh'.rc ib.ol'c .Mr. I'enii obtained by a grant Iroin king
Ch;.rles 11. and the thiee kill by a grant from James duke
of York.
I'mladi.lphi.i, the capital of this prm ince, is featcJ in
the county of the lame name, in the fortieth degree fitty
minutes north latitude, and in the (evcnty-fourtli degree
well loiwjtude. It is built upon one of the fined plans
that ever wa.s formed, it being laid out by Mr. I'cnn
Irnilclt, and far excels any oilier city belonging to (Jrcat
Britain in North America. It is featcd between two
iiaviiiable rivers, the Delaware on the north, and the
Scho(dkill on the foiith, which join each other a few
miles below, and is near a hundred miles above the bay,
into which the river difch.irgcs itfelf. It is an oblong of
near two miles in length, extending nearly to each ol
thoi'e livers, where the front facing each is a mile in
len'iih. The (trccts are wide and Ipacious, U'ith a dry
ilcfenJed walk on each lule, and arc CNadlly llraight and
)iara!lel to each other: the hcufes are in general well
built, and make a l-.aiuifonie appearance, efp.ecially fcve-
ral i.f tne public buildings, which arc not exceeded by
unv in the country. Ttic High-rtreet, which runs the
v.-licile leiv.;th of the city, is a tiundred feet wide, pjral-
Icl to which run eight llrccts that aie crolFed by twenty
more at right angles, all of them thirty feet wide. Every
Mwncrof a thouland acres has his houle in one of the two
fronts facing the rivers, or in the High-flieet, running
from the middle of one fiont to the middle of the other.
Jii the center of the city is a fquaie of ten acres, encom-
palild by the town-houle and other public buildings,
and in ea-h ipiarter of the city is a I'quare of eight acres,
iseveial canals are let into the town from each river, which
iid.l to the beauty and convenience of Ihc place. It has
noble barracks for tl.c rercption of the king's troops, and
the fincll maiket of any on the continent, it being of a
prodiilinus e.xtent, well built, and as well regulated and
iupphcd. Its quiiv is two hundred feet fijua-e, to which
(hips of four or five hundred tons may come up, and lay
th-.ir broad-fides clofe to it ; with wet and dry docks to:
building and repairing-of fliip;, bcfidcs inagri/.mcs, ware-
houfes, and all other conveniences for exporting and im-
p'.'rtiii'; of merchandize. The propi'ictor's feat, which is
the iifiial place of the governor's lefidcnce, and is about
a ii.ile above the tc wn, exceeds any private building in
Uritifh America, both in its magnificence and the plea-
fantiicfs of its fituation. In fhort, fVarce any thing can
appear nir^re beautiful than the city and the adjacent coun-
try, which for fomc miles may be compared to a fine
and flnurifhing garden. The city cont.nns about four
thouland houfcs, and about twenty thouiind inhabitants,
among whom arc many very wealthy mtrchants, who
carry en a coiifi'Jcrablc ludc v.iih li.e Lugli'ii, rr'.n(.h,
SpanifTi, rnd_ Dutch colonifi in ,-\itirrica j wuh the
Aioiij, tlic Canaries, and the M.ii!. ira iflands ; alto wicii
Ijicai Hiitain and lieland, .Spain, I'ortugal, and Hollai.i;.
'I'hc other piincip.il town, in the county of I'liiLtdd.'
phia are Ciirman-I'oivn and (Jxlord ; the furnier 4
thriving and populous place, chiefly inh.ihiud l,y t|,^
l.iern'.aiii, who there Ipeak and tuiilacl their bufiiufj ij,
tlieir o'.vii languai'f. in the laiiii- couiii) is likewifc thj
tityol i<.iiiiioron liic foutli-fideol t^ihool-kill liver, vvlinii
i~ the capital cl a large diltricl pi inted by the \Vcllli.
I o the loulll of the county ot I'tiil.i.Jelphia, lies that ot
Cheflei, the capital of which is ihe town of Clie(t;r, fe.i:..
id on the riv,r UeUwaie; uiid lo the louih'.v.ud o;'
Cheller lies the town ol C.'liichelier. At either ot ih .i^-
two Ult towns are ports fufliciuit t.j leceivu and I'.eui,-
the largeli fleets lioin florniS. 'Ihe eouiity of Ncvi,.!']^-
I;es fijutli of that of (.'IrILi; its capital of the lame luuie
is remarkable for the bnlkiiels of 113 trade, and has aho
an iion-njine in its neighbourhood. The town 01
.■\quoipiiiieniimk i> feated on the rivet Di l.uvare, fuuthnf
Newiallli-, and has a good trade. Kent l.es foutli of iht
l.ifl-meiitioned county, and Dover, it.s chief town, li.is ;,
verv commodious port. The mott fi.iitheiii countv ij
th.it of Sufle-x, the capital of which is Lewes ; 'tj,,^
town has a f'ccure haibour, and alio carries en a euiili.
dcriible trade. (.)n the oilier fide of the proviiic.-, J,,,,,,
calfer, which is about lixly or f'eventv miles from i'.iil.i.
deiphia, on the road to I'ittlburg, m.iy julfly be lerl.uned
the fecond town in I'enfylvaiiia, it being near .n ]..ly^.
as ti.e titv of New-\dik.
The number ol inhabitants in the whole province of
I'cnfylvania amounts 10 upwards of three hundred .iml
iil'ty thouland. 3Sa^r,\
't" ■• tude of this province is cxt.-nfivc, large, ai;,|
val' .iLiIe, no lefs than three bundled fail annually el-.-t-
iiig out liom i'hiladelphia alone to liuropc, the \\ elt-
Indies, ^'c. 'Their trade into ihe interior country v,.;;|i
the Indians is likewife very cxtcnfive and lucrative ; of
them they take the fkiiis and furs of wild beafls ; whiJc
the Indians in return receive fhirts, blankets, ainv., am-
munition, rum, and other fpirits. Tlieir tonniurcc to
Europe and the W'eflTndics chictly conlills in lheire,\-
porting all forts of grain, as wheat, rye, Indian com
barlcv, oats, peafe, and beans ; b.el, pork, fahcd ap.J
barrelled tilh, horfes, furs and fkins, with pig and bar.
iron, hoglheads, pipe-ftaves, hoops, anil llax-fecJ. In
return for which thev import from the iflands and othtr
places, lilver and gold, I'ugar, rum, molalles, fait, wme
^■c. and fiom Gieat Uritain cloathin.r of all kinjj
hard-ware, tuoh, toys, furniture, ^'c.
SECT. XVT.
A Ill/hiy cf ihc f.n'l Selthmtiit of PerMliwiii, c.rj its
(J oViniauiit .
WE fhall now give a concife account of tlic U\[\!.
ment of this province, which was the bell pro-
jefled, and is the inoff fbmrifhing of all our color.ie'.
Hut it is necell'aiy juft to obferye, that the Dutch were
the full planters heie as weil as at New'^'oik, and liv-
ing near the bay in the neighbourhood of thit province,
ajiplied ihemlelvrs chiefly to trade. Afterwards fon'.c ef
the inhabitants of Finland fettled near the I'rellics if
Delawaie, the country being fo called above and below
the falls of that river fora coiiliderable Icng.ii ; tlu'rclh-.y
applied themfcvcs to liufbandry, and had a !;overnor :■'■■
pointed them by the king of Sweden, their ovvn fiveiei:;ii,
Ketwccn thefe two neighbouring fettlcmeiits there liap-
pcned frequent difputcs, till the Dutch becoming ton
powerful for the S.vedes the latter fubmittcd to their
ifropger iic'ghbojrs, and the Swcdifti governor made a
formal furrenJer of the country to the governor, for t'dc
.States (leiiei.d ; after which this province continued fi.'.i
jvift to that republic till ti'.e Engliili drove the Dutch cti;
of New WiA.
.admiral I'enii, who, in cnniunction with colonel \'
iiabler, C'lKiueied the nlind of Jamaica, an.l wasaltt
wards knighted, being in high t.'cdit with king Char!.?
Hi.:^ „
TuN-5Vi.-, an;'..
M AMiCrii-a ; wkIi iho
u!. ir;i ilLimls ; iillo wuii
l'ortu_7.al, and Hull.ii.u.
tiic county ol I'hil.ioel
ixlorJ i the luinii 1 a
hiffly inh.ibinJ ly ll-.c,
laiilacl tlicir Iniluuli i,i
n: tmiiiij i:. hl.vwil'c i\:z
t-ilioul-kill livtr, vvhiiti
pi iiUcJ liy till.- Wtllli,
ic town lit Clud .T, Ici;-
J 10 the (ouihw.ird ut
Icr. At tiilRi lit ihi'k
It to itJti'ivi: .iiiii iVcui,;
'he coaiity it Newciltli;
.-.ipit;:! ol" the (jnii: lume
1 Us tr;nie, and lias ;ilio
rhood. The town ol
nvei Dcl.uvare, (uuthot
. Kiiit l.ii luiithul lilt
er, ii» chkt' town, li.is a
iiolt luulluin C0'j;i!y u
which is Jjtwes ; iluj
I alio caiiics on a cn:,!;-
e of the [novim-;, i.ui-
jvcnty miles tVorii P.nl.i-
;, may jiilHy be iccLoncJ
1, il 'hcini; near as large
II the whcic province of
ds of three hunilied and
is cxt:nfivc, large, and
idic.l fail annually d.r.r-
ic to Europe, the W ui[.
the interior country wiih
tcnfive and lucrative ; of
urs of wild beafls ; while
lirts, blanket!-, aims, am.
its. 'i"licir toninicrcc to
hicfiy conl'ill'i in their tx-
vvheat, rye, Indian corn,
; b.el, pork, I'altcd ai;i
fiiins, With pig and bar-
loops, and tlax-fcci!. In
"rom the illands and othtr
urn, tnolaltes, fait, wine,
cloaihioT of all kiuJ),
, &c.
XVI.
tt of Pf!:f}hiV:i.', C'J in
'It.
ncife account of the fott!:-
which was the bcfl pra-
ifhiiig of all our colonics,
ve, that the Dutch wcr-j
as at New'^'ork, and liv-
lourbood of th.it province,
rade. Afterwards foirc < :
ttled near the Vrdlics (,;'
:'o called above and bi'Io'.v
liderablc Iciig.ii ; there liv^
V, and had a ^;ovcrnor :.; •
jvedcn, their own fivtu'i'ii.
ng fettlcmeius there liap-
thc I)ut;h bccomini; ton
; latter fubmitted to their
Swcdifh governor niadc^ a
try to the povtrnor, fnr ti.
'lis province continued fi.';
igliih drove the Dutch oa:
niiinclion with colonel \'- ■
A lamaica, and wasalft
h credit wi'h kin^ CharK^
I'LNSyLVANlA.
AMERICA.
;in.l the iluki: of Y.irk h.ld the pniniie of a grant of
coun;ry Irom tnat kill:; as a lewiril tor his pall
fcrvr.'es i
and f juil- y^ais after his deatii, his fon Ihenu-
ciiilK' folicited tnc promil'Ml L'raiit i wiiieh, as the king
,,W' d ciinl'iderable liiins to his lather, he obtained in the
Ml! i67'l, and t;K ori,.iinl patent was dated tne tourth
iii.Mnen, i08o. Ml I'-'nn .iltervvarils, as hath been
alieadv intiinateil, obtained part of Nova lielgia, or New
^ ork, vvliii h was added to the country ho had acquired
bv the liilt j;raiii, ami hoih together, lioni his own name,
he t tiled Feni'ylvania,(M' IViin's country.
Mr. Peiin, whu luid turned Q^iaker during the life-
time of his I'aiacr, had the more earnelHy folicited the
a'HPVC L'tant on aeeouut of the perfecutioii nl the DilKn-
(iT* ; and particiilarlv of his fi lends ilie Q_iakers, who
Wire harrali'ed all over Kiigland hy the fpiritiial courts,
I e liiinfclf being many times thrown into ptil'in both lor
|. aeliiii;;, and for hemgoiiiy preleiu at their ad'eiiihlies.
i iiaie wcie at this time a few F.ii^lifll in I'eiifvlvaiiia,
n\:v whom ha placed as {.'overiior, colonel Wilaam
Mi.kha.ii, his lu-phrv.', t) whom hoth the Dutch and
t-.v.-fics fu:mi tted. Mr. I'.nii, lieiiig coiuinually uniler
tl-.e hand of pjn'i-euti ui, rclblved now to put himfell at
the head ol as miiiv as would go with him, and remove
t!i this country ; but lirif T'ot over a body of lettler,
liiiin Fvondon, Liverpool, and ijrillol, vvdio purchaled
C(i;i!ideiaM-- quintilies of lan.l at the rate of twenty
piu.ids f.ironc li-.oufmd acres, and paying a fniall iiuit-
renr. The male and temale I'erv.mis were to have liity
acres when their ticie was out ; and the owners ot land
(iity acres per head foi as many fervants as they carried
over. In order to fecure the riev,' planters Ironi being
ni:ile(lcd by the Indians, he appointed commiflioneis to
con'cr with them about the land, and to confirm .i league
of fieaee : hvthelcliilf .idvoiitiirers, he alfo fent a very
aff ctionitc and frien llv letter to the native Indians, and
the fauie year went to Penfylvania hi.iif If, taking with
hi;n a !:reat numbi^r of people, who, with thofe he had
lent before, and that immediately lollowed him, amount-
id to two thoufand (lerfons.
As loon .IS he arrived, he took the r^overnment into
h'S own hands ; entered into a treaty ot peace with the
ii-.diai) chie!s ; and, inlfead of immeiliatcly talcing .idvan-
t';^ of hi i Daieiit, purchafcd of them the lands he had
( I'laincd hy his graor, judging that the original proper-
IV and tldcll right was veiled in them ; and at the fame
1 lie en„'agid the I'evcral nations oi Indians, inhabi'ing
0' claiming this territorv, to promil'e that they would not
It 11 ordifpofe of any of their lands but to him, or fueh as
fuould be authorifed by him to purehale them j giving
orders to his agents not to take polVciTion, or I'ufi'er any
pcrfon to take poirffion of anv lands, till they had firll
iiLule a fair purchafe of them from the Indian--. This
'.■encrous bciiaviour not only recommended him Itron^ly
to the natives, who cimceived a very high opinion of his
honour and inteiMity, but laid a foundation for a lalfing
peace with them, and effectually prevented manv of
ihofe tragical cal.iniiti s which feveral ot the American
piovinccs lutKered in tiicir infant ftatc.
He then fettled the conditution and laws of the coun-
try bv the content ot the Inhabitants, who unanimoutly
acreed to the fun 'ann-ntal conditution of Penfylvania,
which he hi;iifelf hid drawn up and pubiithed in Kn:i-
l.nd. That none who believe in the exiltence of a God,
jnd live peaceably, fiiall be molellcd on account of their
nliijioiis feiitiments, or b'' compelled to freiiuent or I'up-
port aiiv reli.'ious wotdiip contrary to their declared
opinion; and that all perlinns who prolel's to believe in
jefus Clirirt, fliail not be incapable of ferving the go-
\crnnient in any capacity, on account of any particulari-
ties in their religious opinions, they folemnly promiling,
when reoiiired, allegian, e to the crown of (ireatTJritain,
and fidelity to the proprietor and governor of the pro-
vince.
He likcwife determined that no laws (hould be made
there, nor money raifed but bv tiic confent of the inha-
bitants, w\\n Were empowered to enadt what laws they
pleal'cd lor the profperitv and fecurity of the province.
He cllabliflicd courts oljullicein m cry county, with pro-
per officers to prevmt law-fiiits and contentions, and
that three pcace-makei:. tliould be chofen by cvciv cuuii-
ty-court in the nature nf nmmnn arliirrator;, to hear
and put an end to all the dillerences that aroic between
man and man : he alio ordained, that every fpring and
autumn an oipbin's court fliould be held in each county,
to inljject and regulate the alKiirs of the widows and or-
phans. <.
iMr \Vi liam I'enn ibid (here tvi-o years till he had
lettled every thing to his own and the p'jople's latisfac-
tion, during which he betiavcd in fuch a manner to the
Indians, that he infpired them with the molf extraordi-
nary love and etleem both lor him and his people. Their
deken.lant; received from them the fimel'entmiciitsof this
bcncvtdent man, and llill Ipcak of him with the greatcil
gratitude and att'cdtion ; and whenever they would cx-
prefs ^n cxtr.ioidinary regard for anv Englilhman, they
l.iy, " We elfeem and love you as il you were th.it good
" man Willimi I'cnn himfcf,"
" VVhat crowned all," .""ays an ingenious author,
on fpeaking of the inh.ibitants who foi'med this fettle-
mcnt, " was the noble charter of privileges by which he
" made them as fret- as any people in the world, and
" which has lince 'hawn fueh vail numbers of lb m.tny
" dilte.ent perfuafions, and Inch various countries, to
" put themfelves under the protcilion of his l.iws. He
" made the moll perfect ireedoni, both religious and civil,
" the balls of tnis ellahlilhment ; and Uiis h.is done
" more towards the fettling of the province, and to-
"• wardj leitlintr it in a ilroiig and permanent manner,
thai ilie wilell regulations could li.ive done upon any
" other
plan.
I'ne iiniiounded latitude given to liberty ofconfei-
ence in this country, has occationed its being inh ibiteJ
by people of almolt every religious fentimcnt in Europe.
Here you fee '.Quaker,, people of the church of England,
1/Utnerans, Catholics, I'relbyterians, Independents" Bap-
tilts, Moravians, and the Dumpk-rs, a fort of German
lect, who live in common, forming a kind oi' religious
lociety, wearing long beards, and a habit refembling that
ol Iriars ; but marry and live in a peaceable nianner by
cuitiv.Tting the earth : in fliort, the diverfity of the people,
religions, nations, and languages, is here prodigious, and
the harmony in which tiny live togetliir no lei's edifying.
Wlien there is far from being an union of fentimcnt,
nothing can be more amiable than an union of alFection :
It altorJs a beautiful profpe.it to fee men take and give
an equal liberty ; to fee them live, if not as belonging to
the lame church , yet to the fame Chriilian religion ; and
il not to the fame religion, yet to the fame fraternity of
iiiankind.
Wc have already mentioned the terms upon which
Mr. I'cnn fettled this plantation ; namely, twenty pounds
for a thouCand acres, referving only a ihiUing quit-rent
for every hundred acres, and this in fomc of the belt fitu-
ated parts of the province ; but it is nccellary to add,
before we conclude this article, that now at a great dif-
tanceirom navigation, land is granted at twelve pounds the
hundred acres, with a quit-rent of four fliillings refcrved j
and the cleared lands near Philadelphia rent for twenty
fliillings an acre. In many places, even at the diliance
of fevetal miles from that city, land that has been culti-
vated fells for twenty years purchafe.
SECT. XVII.
0/ M A II Y I, A N D.
Its Slliifilion, Extent, Climnte, Face of the Country, Sii',
Prcduce, will Rivers. Of the Trade of this I'rroinee,
with an A-^:unt of its Trade and Settlement.
T
HIS province is bounded on the north by Pen-
fylvania and Delaware bay ; on the call by tl
I'N^
'.'I;
Atlantic ocean ; on the fouth by Virgini.i ; and on the
well by the Apalachian mountains. It it fituated be- ,
twcen the thirty-eighth and fortieth deg. noithlat. aiid<^j'-
bctween the forty-fourth and forty-eighth deg. welt ^,J,
Ion;', extending in Icn/th fiom north to fouth about
one hundred and forty miles ; but its breadth is not lo
conridcrable. This country is divided into the eallcrn
and wellcrn divifions by the great bay of Chcfapcak.
Though the air in fumnicr is cxcelfive hot, and in
8 D VI inter
4.1.
i '
I i! i
'' U
f'*)-'
658
A S Y S 1 r. M OF GEOGRAPHY.
M
ARVI.ANI).
winter very colJ, wliin the norili wind blows, yet their
heats are (cidom very tiuuldi liiinc, and only in a
perlcct ci'iu, whicli I'lIJuih happens aliove two or three
days ill the year, and then but a lew liours at a time ;
whi'n this Inconvenience is rendered very tolerable,
by their cool (hades, thiir 0)ien and airv rooms, arbours,
and i;iottoes. In Iprinj!; and autumn trie weatner is as
plealant as can be wilhed , even the winters do not lall
above three or tour months, and in thel'e they have fel-
dom one month's bid weatlur. Duiln^all the rdl they
have a clear air and a biight fun, and are fcarce ever
troubled with fogs. They have uideed (uiiietimes hard
frofts, but they lall no Kjiigcr than while the wnid blows
from the north and north-well points, w.iich is feldoni
more than three or four days; and at other times they
have no frolk at all. Their rains, except l,i the depth of
winter, arepleafint and refrefhin^, an.l in luminer con-
tinue but a few hours. However, tiiele fuminer (llowers
are very heavy for the tim.- they lalh 'I'lut p.iit of the
country which lies on thcb.iys id' the fea, .uid ihemouilis
of the livers, is certainly hot and nmill, but biijher up in
the country the air is more agreeable, elpetially lince iheii
lands have been cleared of wood. In the beat of lum
iner they have howcvci dreadful thuiukr, but as it cools
and refreflKs the air, the people rather widt for it tb.m
ftai it.
The face of the country may be divided into the low
lands ne.\t the fe.i, the billy countiy tow.irds the heads
of the rivers, and the Apalachian or .Mle^any inountains,
which are exceejin:;ly high, and extend from the north-
eaft to the fuuth-well, paiallel to the Atlantic ocean.
The lo* lands foriiKily conhlled of luamps covered
with woods, and were in a manner a continued foielt,
till the Knglifli cleared part of it, either to make roojii for
their plantations, in building of (hips and I'.oules, or the
making of tobacco-caft;s and pipe-Haves for exporta-
tion. All thcfe have, at length, made fuch havock among
the woods, that the people begin to want timber j cfpeci-
allv near their loits and rivers, towards tiie heads ot
which is a mixture of hills and valleys covered with .1
variety of timber and Iruit-trees j and where thefe are
wanting arc large favannahs, or meadows, where the
grafs grows to a furpiiling height.
The foil is here as fruitful as iii any o;her CMintry,
the princip.il part being a large plain inteifperfcd with
hills of I'o eafy an afcent, and of fuch a nio^ciate height,
that they rather feem an artificial than a natural orna-
inent. An abundance of rivers and brooks ditfufes fer-
tility throu:;hout the country, and there is no tree, plant,
or grain that giow! in Virginia but thrives as well
here j and as the animals and every thing clfc are the
fame in both countries, we (hall avoid repetition, and re-
fer our readers lor thefe particulars to the defcription of
Virginia.
I'his country is watered by innumerable fpiings, and
matiy fine rivers ; the principal of thefe are I'otowmac,
which, rifmg in the mountains on the north-well, runs
to the fouth-eall, fcparating Maryland from Virginia, and
then falls into the middle of Chefapcak-bay. Potowmac,
which idues near the ocean, runs directly fouth, till turn-
ing to the well, ic falls into Chef.ip'-ak-bay, r.car W^t-
kins's point. The river Fatuxent rifes in .Arundel coun-
ty, and running to the fouth-eail, falls into Chelapeak-
bay, about twenty miles to the northwaid of the river
Potowmac. The Severn riics on the north-wed, and
runnini! fouth-c^'.il falls into the upper p.irt of the fame
b:','. S.dfafras river rifes in thi- iiorth-eHll, i.nd running
almoll due weft, difehargcs itielf into the 1101 th of the
fimebiv. VVicomo-nver rifcs on the eallein (Iiorc,
runs to the Ibuth-weft, and falls into the lame bay, al-
moll oppolite the mouth of Potowmac river.
There are many other rivers capable of receiving la:c
(hips, Willi h with the numerous bays and creeks wheie-
with the 1 iiid is on every fide indented, allords the ad-
vantage of biinging veflels to the very doors of the
planters.
Maryland is divided into ten counties, «i' which the four
following arc on the call liile of the bav, S >nienet, Dt-
chiilcr, 'I'al'jot, and Cecil county. Thofc- on the well
fide of the b.iy arc St. Mary's cuunty, CiuiL's county,
Prince (Jeorge-county, Anne ;\iunJel-couiity, and |;.i|.
timorc-coumv.
The cpiial of the province is Ann.ipolis, which i--
filiiated on the Severn; but though the ;,'overnor uli.les
theie, and the courts ot julliec, with the 'j,rner,d alleni.
blies, are held in the town, it does not much exceed a
hiiniind lioiif.-s ; lor, throughout the wliole Colony of
Maiyl.md, the I'.nglilh live in their feveral pl.iniatioii.;
which are almoll all liiiiated upon (()uie ilivigalile crt.-lt'
or liver withwhuh the prnvince abound:.," hy wiiuii
nuMii-. the planters h.ive the conveiiienee of lliip|,i„,
their own piodiiee to l-.ngland and oiner pans, au.l 1,^
being fupplied iroiii thence with ti reiiin coinnioaii.es.
lltnce all tile town^ are extremely fniaii ; indeed
plantation is a little town ot itielf pioviJed v.-ith
evuv
pr,jn'.
lions and neceffirics, a conhderable planters wareiicui,:
being a kind of (hop, where be not only luppbei luj
own family, but inlerior planters, Icrvants, and ialuiur-
ers, and h.is commodities to baiter lor tobacco and ,,;her
goods, there being but little money in the p:(n,n, e,
and but little occaliim lor it, tobaeco aiii'wenn ■ i.i
the ufes of gold and liiver ; and indeed there aie but
tew Ihopkeepers who live entirely bv l)u\ing and lellinir
The tobacco of this province called Oruc noko, i,, ((.fj
togie.it adv.iniane, and the plaiueis 01 M.irvlaiid fimi i„
good vent lor 11 in K.reign markets, that leverul hi.n.iie.l
Mil ot lliips are annualiy employed in the coinnierce be.
twecn CIreat Hiit.iiii and ttiis country. Trie nuiijl.er
ol inhabitants amount to about cigh y-five thi^ulauj
whites, and twenty-live tbojfand iie^ro lla^e^.
Maryland was eltecined a part of ViigniM till tlic
year id]?.-, when iiing diaries 1. made a gr.uit ot all tlic
countiy not then planted on the north of I'otoHnue
river to lord iialtimore, a Koman-catludic iu.hiem.iii, auj
his heirs J and the countiy was called iVLirvLuid 111 lii-
noiir to iiueen M.nv, confort to king Chailes. Hs
Undlhip lent I.eonaid CaUert, I. .in with loine pupich
genrb-men and other adventuiers, to the nunilerof tv.u
hull. 'ltd, to take poll'ellion of the country j wliu, f,;:lii; .
trom hngland in Novi niber 163J, arrived at the mcjutii
of Potowmac liver in March following, and having lixei
on a proper pl.ice loi beginning a Uitlement, purel-.ai.d
the hwiil of the natives. 'I'he place they clioie w.is luar
a fmall b.iy at the nioirh of tiie above river, ai,J wjs a
town belonging to the Voa^iiaco Indians, wlio, luviiii;
been dele.ited by the Suli.|uahaiia ind.aiis, h.id relolveil
to leave the town and retire lartiier into the eomitiv.
The Knglilh arriving at this happy jundtuie, and lullil!iiii»
their agreement, wire iinniediaiely put into poileiiija ji
one lialt of the town.
The Eiiglilli having thus by piirchafe become m..'.;.,-,
of a fpot ol cleared ground, they luit only beg.m to Ihi.1,1
a to.vn, which they calieii St. .Maiy's, but to pl.u.t c.in ,
they alio puichaled all the corn they could of the n\.
d,..ii.^, by which means rhey iiaJ icry luon a plciKiinl
fui'i'ly ; and as they prudentiv t.iok c-re to cultivue a
fiieiiufliip with the Indians, they avoided the diltrel'.W ;,)
which the neighbour. i:g colony of Virguiia bad ctte.i
been reduced. While they were cultivating ti.e trouiu!,
and railing large qu.intities ui Indian corn, the nativis
went cvciy day lino the woods to bunt for L'anie, hriiij
ing veal. on and turkies to the Kiii:li(li colony in suit
plenty, lor wnich they receivej k;iive. , toois, .md t >^^.
i bus bo.h iia;iuns lived in tl;e gieatell l.i; li.iili p,
doing mutual good offices for each other, till Uvue
ot the Englilh in Virginia envying the bappinefi of this
thiiving colony, had the bafcnefs to fuggel! to the l.i-
dians, that thcfe flrangers were not re.dly lingiilli, .s
they pretended, but Spaniards, and v^ouid enllave th.'ii-.,
as they had done many of their countiymen. Ihv
i-.ig thus fowed the feeds of fufpieion and eniiiity in f.e
muidi of thefe inofleiilive people, who now made p'e; .i-
r.itions to attack tluni, the new plartcis prepared to eo-
lend themfclves, built a good tort with all expeditien,
and took every otlu r nec^ll'.iry piccnition for their ee-
linic; but continued to treat the Indians wi'h fii h
kindiiefs, that paitly by the tfl'ttt this liad iipon tluui,
and paitly by tne awe ot their arn.^, t!,e ill deiigni u:'
their encmiea were defeated.
/ Belli:'
[',•■• ■"l 1.
M
AKNl.AM),
iJel-couiity , ami iial-
Ai\n.i'|iiilis, wliirli is
1 tho :j()viTii(ir iiliili-^
nil t'.ii; m'lRT.il alli-m-
s lint niiicli I'xi'CL'J 4
thf wiiiilo ciiloiiy ot'
■At Itvcial pl.iiiiauoii';,
1 Ibiiic riivi^j.ihle crejk.
u' al)iiiiiul?, I)y wnuli
iiivfiiK'nic ol lliippin.)
Ill citlK-r (.MHS, aii^l cil
tiiliimi coiiinioJilk's.
^ rm;rh i imlti.'d, cviiy
I piovijcd v.'itli pr.ju
lilc ulaniciN WiinlKmii:
luit <Jiiiy lupi'lui lui
, I'crvums, ami i.iluiur-
r lur mli.ieco ami i^iIkc
iKijiey 111 the p;<u ,ii. i-,
tobaico aiilwiiiii; .i^l
I iihltcJ mere an; Imi
• by l>uN iiig ailJ lilliiii;,
■i\\:d t)iuMi(iko, i; ItM
CIS i)t M.irvlJiul film i.i
IS, lh.it (tvcial Iii.iiJk-,!
.J in ill'." ccMiiiiRTic b.'-
L'ountrV' I ni-' nuiiil.^r
lut cigii y-five thi^uUnJ
iJ iitvro lla\c>.
art ot Viigmia till t'lc
iii.ulc a i^r.int ol all tbi:
tht iiiirili "I I'dtiiwniac
-t.illuilic lu.lilcman, anil
called M..I viand iii li )-
to kiii'^ Ciiaiicb. Hi
I'^.ill with (iJiiic pupiiii
H, to tlie riunilerol iv.n
le country ; vvliu, la;!;i;_j;
5j, arrived at the niuuiii
dowiii;^, and having tixj.l
; a leitlement, puni'.aljd
)|jce tliey ciioie w,.< n.ar
J aliove river, and was a
CO Indians, who, liav.iig
ana InJ.aiib, had relolvnl
laitlier into the rniiiaiv.
ipy junttiitc, and luliirini;
leiv put iiuo p.jliclH.i I ji
pnrchale bicume m..',;.;-.
not only bi'T.m to Im,!,!
\l,u', 'b, I'Ut lo plai.t cm ,
rn they eouid ol the ii' ,
d le'ry luon a plenri;Hl ;
t.ii.k. c-re to cnltiv ite a
voidcJ the dilheli": '..)
V ot V'irj;inia had ilti^i
cultivating the trouiu!,
Indian corn, the na;ivts
to luint ior Lnnne, hniiJ
;iii;lini colony in 2itat
k iivt. , tools, and t n>.
the-- guatell li; ii '111 p,
taeh other, till lo'iie
ing the l.appincfi ot tliiii
tif to fiiggelt to the Li-
re not really l!n;j,iiHi, ■•■
ml would cnllave th;;:'.,
heir countiynien. Hav-
Ipicion and enmity in t'C
"e, who now made p'e| a-
w plarteis piepared toec-
tort with all Lxpeditimi,
pree^iition tur their le-
t the Indiani wi'h lu-h
ll'ict this had iipoii tin 111,
arm., the ill deu^n^ o:'
Bern;;
VlKClNIA.
lieing thii» happy
A M r RICA.
^•9
thev
pnpiOi (ami
1
y ill thf ciijoymeiit of peace and plenty,
loon received rcinlorceinents l.mn I'.iigland, many
lies of lanlt and fortune reiitiiig thither to a-
Id ill • lien il hiws which were at that time made a-
i(t ilieni i' l:',ngUiid. Alter the king's ilcath, C'rom-
.1 depiiveil the proprietor of his lights, and Maryland
Kinaincd iinJer the governors app niited by tlw parlia-
ii.eiit and Croiiuvell, till the Uelloraii in, when lord lial-
tiiiiore was reinllaled ill his former polieirions, which he
iiillivated with his ul'ual wildom, ran-, and moderation.
No people could live ill greater c.ile and feciirity ; and
h,s lordOiip, willing that as many as poflible (hoiild eii-
the benetits of his mild and iiuiitahlc adiiiiniilratioii,
gaVL his conlent (o an act ot ailemldy, wiiicli he had he-
liiie promoted in this pioviiice, for allowing a free and
unlimited loleiation lor all who piol. Iii;,! the CIniftian
riligion,of whatever denomination. '1 his liberty, which
never liolatid, encouraged a great number, not only
ol l^iigl.md, but ol all kinds of didlnicrs.
wa
ol the cliu
M
to fettle in .Vlaryland, which belore tint time was alinolt
wholly in the hands of Roman catholics.
Though this nobleman was jiuiltv of no mai-adminif-
Iration in his govenniunt, though he was a zealous Ro-
man catholic, and liinily atta' lied to the caul'eofking
lames 11. this could not prevent his ch.irtcr being iiuel
tinned in that arhitr.iry rcign, .ind a fuit b'iiig rnrti -
menred to deprive him of the property and jmiM'^lioii
ol a province granted by the ruy4l favour, aii;i peopled
by hinili It at a va(f oxpence : but it w is the error of that
weak ri ign neiiher to know its friends noi its cnemic-.
I'poii the Revolution t'le lord U.il'.iiiiore had no r.;.f(in to
expect ,iiiy favour, yet he met with iiior,' 'h in kln^ Ja'iics
hinifelf h.id intended him : be was indeed deprived c;f his
jurifdietioii, but was alhiwed ill- prouts o' his provii.cc,
ivhich were far from being inconiid r.ible ; aii.l when }ri
iLfceiid.mt- conforme.l to the chur'h of Kngland, they
weic lellorcd to all their ligiits. At preT-'iilbut a fmall
jiart of the province is velKd in lord IJ.ilti'iiore, he h.iv-
ing conveyed toothers thi;greaiill pnrt of it.
I'his colony and I'enlylv una were for a long timefne
fiom being harralled by the cal.imity of any war, •i|faili\c
or defenfive, with their Indian neighbours, withwhjtn
they always lived in the molt exemplary harmony, in-
deed in a war which ihc Indians made upon the colony
of Virgini.i, they by miilake made an ineuifion into the
bound, of iM.iryliiid i but they were foon lenhblc of
their ci ,1., .Mid atoned for it. The late v/ar, however,
change,! every thing ; for the Indians were then taught
by the French to laugh at all their ancient alliances.
CHAP. III.
Of the Southern Part of tlic Britilh Colonics on thu Continent of AMERICA, pir-
ticubrly of VIRGINIA, CAROLINA, GEORCHA, anil FLORIDA.
S V. C T. I.
Of Virginia.
Ill Slliialion, Extent, C'imite, miii FiUe of the Country. Of
CInfiipcdkh.iy, tvUh the Riven and S;il of I'i'^^iiiiii. Of
the re^eliibL:, eontuiuin^ n f),fii[itiin of the Tolmeco Plant
and iti Piejiaration ; of the Flower i\ the Myrtle- berry,
a'lii iheCimilhs niiiile of the ll-'ax extra,1id from them ; the
li:ild h'ruili, their KilJ'eii-Giirdeiu, and ti general I'ieui sj
the Beauiiii of the Country.
VIRGINIA contains a very extcnfivc territory, it
being leated between the thirty-lixth and thirty-
ninth degree north latitude, and between the leventy-
fourth and eightieth of welt longitude; it extending a-
bniit two luinilred and foity miUs in length from north
to louth, and about a hnmlred and twenty miles in breadth
IVoiii call to welt. It is bounded on the north by the
liver rotowmac, on the call by the bay of Chef.ipcak,
,.n the fouth by Carolina, and on the well by the Allc-
.■aiiv mountains.
With rel'pcCt to the climate, the heat and cold both
here and in Maryland are governed by the winds ; the
north and north-welt winds are commonly cold and
dear ; but the fouth-eaft moift, h.izy, and very hot. In
winter the air is dry and clear; and though the fnow
falls in great quantities, ii. feldom lies above a day or
two: the trolls are quick and (harp, freezing the river
over, though three miles acrofs ; but do not continue
long. Their fpting is fomewhat earlier than ours j in
April they have frequent r.iiiis; .May and June are vcrv
plcal'ant months, the h it being greatly tempered by
cooling breezes ; but July and Augult are generally very
fultry, the air fomeiimes Ljrowing in a manner It.ignint,
which produces dreadful thunder and lightning ; but
even then the heat is rendered tolerable by the letielh-
ing fea-brc.'.'.es ; and in September and Odober the rains
fall, \i\\vn the innabitants become liable to agues and
iiiteiiiiiiiin:; .>ers. The weather is changeable, and
the ch.iiigis fuJden and violent. Their winter trolls
come on without the leall warning: thus, alter a warm
day, towards the felting in of winter, fo intenl'e a cofJ
olteii liieceeds, as to treexe the rivers in one night ; but
thefe tVolts, as well as their rains, arc r.uher i iolent than
of long continuance.
The whole face of the country is focxt'em.ly low to-
wards the lea, that when yon come within lifieen fa-
thom founding!,, you can liardlv dillinguilli land froin
the mall-head. All this coafl: of America has one ufeful
particularity, that you know your dillance exactly by the
foundings, which unifornily and gradually diminilli as
you approach the land. The trees appear fiift as if they
arofe out of the water, and afford the itrangcr a very un-
common and not dil.igrceable view. In failing to Vir-
ginia, or Marylind, you pifs a llreight between tw.>
points of land called the Capes of Virginia, which opf-iis
a paflagc into the bay of Chefapeak, one of the lar"-elt
and fafcll hays jicrhaps in the world ; for it enters the
country near three hundred iiiilis from the fouth to the
north, having the eaUcrn lide of Maryland, and a fmall
part of Virginia on the fame peniiil'ula, to cover it from
the Atlantic ocean. This bay is alniofl ei::hteen miles
broad lor a conliderable way, and (even vN'here it i* nar-
rowell, the water in molt places being nine fathoms
deep. Through i-s whole extent it receives both on
the caflerii and wellern hde a vail number of line navi-
gable rivers ; for, bcfidcs tho e of .Marvland from the
lide of Virginia, it receives James river, York-river, the
Rappahannoc, a;id the I'otowmac.
Thefe, in the order they aic here mentioned, difcharge
themfelves, with leveral fmaller ones, into th" bay of
Cb.'laiieak ; and art not only naiig.ble themfelves for
very l.irgc vclleU a prodigious way int.> the couinrv, hut
have lo many riceks, and receive luch a number of lmal!er
iiavig.ible riveis, as renders the ccniniiiiiication of ;dl
parts of this countiy ii. finitely n.orc eafy than that ol any
other country. Tlie Hot.iwm.i.: is iiavi,-ahle for iv ar
two hundred miles; it is nine mil-s bioad .it itsmmith,
and for a vail way not his ilian I'evcii. '1 he other thie-;
are navigable iipivarvls of eighty ; and in the windin'.'^ of
their leveral courles approa. h one another fo ir. arlv,tbat
the dillaiic* between them is in lome parts not more than
ten,
Mill
f
,'5-i
»^ M
Cl.o
A iiYSTEM OP
wii^ii'mi'.M
ten, aiiJ fi)niciitn(.'s not Amvc five miles j while in otlicrs
tlicrc is litty iniUs Intwiiii c.ich <il tliik nvT^. I he
plaiitcTs, as III M.iryl.iirl, lo.iil . lul iiiiUi.ul villi'Unf great
burthen e.icn at his own door ; which, a.s their cuniino-
(hticb arc ot' linall value in proiioitKiii ti> iliiir bulli, is
a very hmiin.ue eiuunillaiKe.
The liiil ill ilie low grminils of V'iri;iiiia is a Jark tat
nioiilJ, which lor iiiaiiy years, witliout any niaiuire,
yields |ilciiiiliillv wlute»er is coiiiiiiitled to it. The loil
as you leave tlie liveis licioines li^iit and laiiJy, hut,
thou^jh looner exhauitcj ih.in the low loiimry, yields
corn and miiacco extieniely well. The land higher up
the rivers, tlirou^liout the whole country, is j;cnerally
a level ground, with (h.illow valleys, win. h abound with
i'piin^s and llreiins ul clear water, mere beiiu inierlperl-
td fo:ne (in.dl hills and extenlivL- vak's. The lands next
the riveis are (loied with I iii^eoaks, wahiut-trees, hickc-
rits, alh, beech, poplar, and many oilier lorts ol timber
of a (urpii/ing lize. Towauls the mouth ot the rivers
the Kind has a inuift and tat ni..-jld, lor the moll part
well Itured with i^al.s, poplais, pines, cedars, cypiel.-,
and tweet L'ums ; tlie trunks are oileii thirty, loity, and
lome lixty or t'eventy leec high, without a branch or
limb, it liki wife produces great variety of evergreens,
as the holly, !'vv. et mvrtle, and many oilurs. I he heads
of'therivus atKird a mixture ot' hills, valleys, and plains,
adorned with triiit and timber trees.
'I"hcre are alio louiid great v.irietv of earths, as anti-
mony, t.ilc, yellow and red ochre, fuller's earth, and
tobacco-jiipeclny. In thefe upper pans are likewile coal,
ll.ite, flat p.ivintr-llones in valt i|u.intities, and likev\'ile
pibbles, thoii^;li lome travellers have laid Ilicic is not a
ifonc in the country ; bclidci, near the falls of the rivers
are vail i]u,inlities ot Itoiie hi tor all ules.
Theie is no better wheat than what is produced in this
province and in Maryl.uid ; it alio produce:, other lorts
cf Engliih grain, as bailey, oats, rye, peas, Soc. but the
cultivation of t'lbacco employs all tluir attention, and
almoltall their hands; lu that they Icirctly laife corn
enough tor their own conlumption.
As thegre.it produ; c of thiseouniry is tobacco, and as
\'irjiiiia 1'. celeb.Mted lor producing the bill, it will be
proper lute to give a patticul.ir ac.ount of the manage-
ment ol this plant 1(1 well known in I'^nglaiul. This plant
at Its lull height is as till as a common liicd man ; the
Ifalk is (ir.iighr, h.iiry, .uid climniy ; the leaves alter-
nately (if a f.uled yellowilli urccn, and towards the lower
part of the pl.int of a great hze. The tobacco teeds ate
firll town in beds', where having remained a month, the
young I'prouts are in the firlf r..iiiy weather tranljilanted,
and the earth railed about them : within tiic tpacc of ano-
ther month they grow near a foot hi^h ; alter which the
people tup them and prune off the bottom leaves, having
Only fcven <n' ei^ht on tlu Ifalk, that they may be the
better led ; alter which thcfe leaves in fix weeks time
come to their full growth. The planters piiins off the
fuckers, and cle.ir them of the hoinworin twice a week,
which is called worming and luckeiing. This hitt work
lalls three weeks or a month, by which time the leaf,
from being green, begins to turn brownifh, and to fput
and thicken, which is the (ign of its ripening. I'hcy
cut the plants down as f.:i\ as they ri))en, heap them up,
and let them lie a night to fweal. Tlie next day they
carry thun to the to 'acco houfe, where every plant is
hung up at a convenient diflaiice Irom each other, for a-
bout a moiitn or lix weeks: they take t lein down in
ir.oift wc.itiier, ell'e tiiev will crunibic to dull. At'ter this
they are l.iid upon Iticks, and covered up tlofe in the
tobacco-houfe tor a v\eek or a foitnight to fweat ; and
then opening liie bulk in a wet day, they arc ffrippcd
and fottcd, the top leaves being the hell, and the bot-
tom th.- \v:,:i\ tobacco. The lalf work is to pack it in
hog{he;;.K, or to Snn^dle it up, which is al o done in a
wet feali'ii ; for in the curing of tob.cco, wei feafons are
as n-'-celi-iry as dry to tender the leaf pii.ut.
There is no commodity of fuch adv.uit.'ic to the re-
venue as this, for while it produces a valt inn, it feutis
to l.jybut .1 very inconfidcrable bmtlicn upon the people
in Jingland, all the weight in reality tailing ujion th ■
p'.ntci. N'.ar tiine bun Ired thouf.Hiid pounds Ifcrliii'/
pei ai-,i;uni is received h\ tiie government lor the du;y on:
G E O G l< A r Jl Y,
this article
y I It '; I
NI.-\
tllf
ily -, ami ilie exp.iru-d I .b.iceo, the fjr
-realer part ot ti.e protlis of whiili come in the lirmlh
inerchani, linngs almoll as nreat a liiin .inmially lo th •
kingdom.
I lie country i, all over intcrfperfed iviih a furi-iizing
v.iriety of iiniuus pl.nits and llouers. j jicy h.iVe a loit
ol bii.irgrovvnig lomewhat like the laifap..iiil., j ijn; i,^,.,
ol which is a,, hig as a pea, and of .i bii^ht criiulunio.
lour, very hard and liiiely polillicd. I lie tluwers :.|ow
Ipontaneoudy in a fuipiiling variety: anion.. tlKl"is .i
inolf be.iutiful crown inii'enal ; the c.irdni.il llo'wei, wluth
IS ot a iicautilul fcarlet ; the moccilin ll.iwer, and a tli.;a'.
land others ; for .ilmoll .ill the ye.ir round the levels and
vales are beautirieil with llowers of one colour or another
whicli render the woods as fragrant as a garden, l-ru,,',
thele ni.iteilalj the wild bees make vail i]uanti;ics i,|
honey; but their iiiigayiiies arc oltcii rilled by Ijcar
racoon^, and the like. Ih-re in alfo lound the 1,,,^
tuliji-be.iring Luire!-trte, which has the p e.ifjiitelt Imcil
in the worlu, and keep, bUdlciming and f cding (ever.d
months together: it delights much in the gr.ive'ily banks
ot the brooks, and perlunics the very vv'ouds witli us
odour ; as dues alfo the large tulip tree ; the locult, whicli
lelenible. the jcllaniiiie ; and the periunnni^ crab tree
during this lealon. With one tort or other ui thele, anj
by many otli.r tweet lluwering-trees not nieiuion.j
woods aie almoll every wh.'re adoined.
.\i the mouth of the livcts, and all along upon t!ic
banks ol the tea and bay, and likewile near many ol the
erteks and Iwanips, grows the myrtle, which ii^a., j
berry ol which the iiihibitants umke .rhard britile w.^
ol a be.uititui green colour, which by ri.liiiing becoi-iei
alniolt tr.iiifpaient. Of tins they make candles, w!iicn
.ire never greafy to the touch, nor melt with lyji, j,,
the hottell wcadur; nor does the In.ilt ever ol}eiu'°ti.'.
Iniell, like that of a t.illow c;:iidle; but inltead ol b.iu'.
dilagrceable, if a candle be put out ic yields a pL-.;i.iiK
iragraiice, which is dillufed all over the ro(4n ; lo t;im;
nice people liei|uciuly put tliem out oh puriio:e to iuk;!
llie inccnle <il the cxjiiiiiig Inutf.
'The melting of thcfe beriies is faid to have firil lj;^^(.„
difcoveied by a l'uri.,eoii, who pertormcd woiideiiul ili:i) i^
with a lalve made ol them. The iiKtiiud of iiiaii,i..in,,
thele berries IS by boiling them in water, bywliicir,ih
of them diirolve, except the Ho;ic or leeil in the mideic
wiiieh .imouiiis to aituut half the bulk of the herrv the
biggcit of which lb fjmething lefj tli.iii a pepper.cu:r..
Cedar berries liave been found to yield the lame lort i,f
wax ; but their beriies are as much larger than peiiii.i
as thole ot the nurtle are lets.
I'he liuits n.itur.il to the country arc in great abun-
dance, the leveral fpccie.'; of whicli are produced accord-
ing to the dlHcrenct ot the foil, and the various lituat.ou
ot the couiurv.
iieclarincs, and apricots, thatgrow upon (fa
am:.
Peaches,
ard ttees thrive here e.xtieincly ; .inj of the t»o Imt
there aie finer foits than in J'iiigland. The belt loit ot
thefe cling to the lloiic, and Mill not come olF cle.u ■
are they c.dl plum-ncularines and plum-peaches. .Some'
of thefe are twelve or thirteen micIks in coiiipals. 'I hel;-
forts of Iruits are raik'd to cafily tiieie, that fome "ood
huRxinds who live at a dilt.ince tfom the woo.l^ .njiit
large orchards of them purpofely tor fhcir hoi's ; and
others make a drink ot them, whiiii they call nio:ii,',
and either drink it like cyder, or in.ike brandv ol it vv
diltillation, it making the bed fpirit next to (-laucs.
Of the cherrico which grow wild in the woods thue
are at leaft tiirec lorts, two of which grow upon tr,es ,n
larg'j as the common Knglifli oak ; the fruit of one it
them grows in bunches like gr.ipcs. IJoth thefe Ions
aif black without, and but one of ttiem red within : th ,
l.dt is more palatable than the Knglifli bi.iek cherry, .t
not having its bitternels. Tho other, which han -sVii
the branches like grapes, is water-colouied within,°o| a
famiiili fwect, anil is greedily dcvo'iicd by the (iii.ill
bn.l-. The third fort, which is called the Indianchenv,
grows high;r up the country, and is commonly fou;, I
by the fides of rivers growing on linall llender trees t!i ,:
aie fcarce able to fupport them ; but this is the moif d.-
licioiH cherry in the world : it is of a dark purple when
ripe, and grows upon a finale lla.'k !ik.. the En^liiii
'herr.' ,
Virginia
t.iliAcc-n, the I'lr
LUiiic ui ihf lintiMi
im .iiuui.illy 10 ilu
1 wiil> A Uiipiizin!;
, I lay h'lVt J liJit
'jp..iiil.i i tlii: liiiiy
I lii^lu triiulonu)-
I lie tloWLts I^KIW
: aiming ilitk is .i
nluial llciwci, whuli
1 ll.nvcr, aiiJ ailvju
ruiiiKl tlic Icvili, .nut
K cuUuir or ui\i)tlur,
as a ijardcn. Kium
c valt iiuaiilhics uf
oltcii nllcJ l3y bcirs,
all'ii iDUiiJ llii; lliiu
the p c.ir.umlt liiicll
r ami r L Jiiv^ Itvi-T.il
'ill iIk ^i.ivcily baiiki
very wooJ^ ^vitli Its
rtfi tlii; lociiU, whicli
[K'ruimiiiu; crau trti',
or utlicr ui ttiulc, aiiJ
.■s luit mciinuiuj, t;i;:
iJ all aluM.; ujion tin;
i;wiic mar luaiiy ul tile
iiyitie, w'uth li.aij a
ilic .ihaul I'ntilc wax
h by rJiiiiiig liccoi'ici
,■ mak'- caiiJli;s, w.iii.ii
nor nitlt with \yir_^ i;i
ic Inalt i-'^''-''' "ff^iiJ n."
c i but inlteaJ ut li.ui,
out li yields a p!v-..l,mc
over the r"iim ; lu t;ut
out on purpole to iiiiiil
VlKCM.-.'IA.
A M E R I C A.
66 1
is fa'nl to liave I'lrll been
•lormc.l w.MiJeilult;i;ii^i
;ic iiiahuJ lit inaiiat;!!!;;
in water, by wlueli .ul
or leeil in tl"C niidi'.!.,
le bulk, uf the hetiy, the
leC. than a iiepper-coir..
to yield the lame lort i.t
uieh larger than [Kpi):!,
in (;teat abuii-
Juced aecuid-
nitry
lieh are proi!
and the vaiioui lituat.uii
ots, that <;r(iw upon ftano
1, ; .uiJ of the twi) liilt
land, I'lie- belt k)it nt
will not come olF ile.n ;
lid plum- peaches. .Some
cli. i ill tumpals. 'I he!.:
ilv fieie, that fome |iocid
': tVom the wockI-, pian;
ily t ir rticir hogs ; .ml
v.l.r. 11 tney call m"'. h..
i,r make brandy ot it w
Ipaiit next t.) grapes.
wild in the woods thire
which grow upon tr^es as
hoak ; the fiuit of uneil
Both thele lotis
grapes
of them red within ; lli >
e Knulilh black ci'.eiry, t
he otlier, which han^s c n
atcr-colouied within, ol a
devoiicd by the hn.ill
IS called the Indian chert v,
iiid IS commonly lou:, I
■r'on linall (lender tree-.t;i':
i ; but this i' tilt "'"'^ ,'*'•
t is of a dark, purple whoa
■ le llalk lil^- tli'^ Eniiu:.
'herrv,
cherry; bni ii very frji il!, TI.eyarf, however, Co t^rcir-
ihly devmred by the (inall bird., that they leldoiii remain
ion'.; iiuiiij;h i.ii the tree to ri;-i n.
'I'hf ihiins which grow wild are ot' two I'orts, the black
mill the murrey plum, both whu h are rnull, and have
liuirll the Luiie lelidl with the dliiiriilt
The perhmnion is a kind ol liiili.in pliiin nt" feveral
fr/.'.'S b.vwcen the bignel's ot' a darnlin and a liurp;amot
pe.ir ; bur, till they aic fully lipc, the ta'te- of them are
I'o very r m^h as not to be en lureil : however, they are
plealant Iruit when fully ripe. 'I'helc, like niolf other
irjit', I'row as thick upon the trees as lopes of onions j
lo that t.c branches .ue often broke down by them
.\n incredible variety and plenty ol ;.i;rapes j;row wihl,
f.iine ol which arc very lAcet and plealani to the talte, and
others v.ry harlh an.l rou^h. 'I'liete are two forts ol
them as l.:r'^;e .is the Dutch |;,o deberry, which are very tine
c.ituit; ; one fpecies of them is while, the other purple,
but both of them arc much alike in ll.ivour,
We oil rht not lure to omit the honvy and tii^ar. tree,'.,
whicli I'K.w iicir the hea.ls of the rivets. The honey-
tree bear.s a Uiick (wcllinu; pod full of honey, appearini^
.It J dilfaiice like the bcndini; pod oi .. Iiean or pea. The
luj.ir-tree yield,-, a kind ot lip, <jr juice, which hy boil-
ing IS made into fu\!;.ir. The juice is drawn ott" by ni.ik-
lii^ an in.'ifioti In the trunk of the tree, and placing a
leceiver under it. The Indiair. make one pound of lu-
;-.:r out ot e.j^ht pounds rt th.' lii|uor. This i'u:;ar has a
l..iL;e full ^'rain, and its iweetnefj refcniblcs that of ^^ood
niuicov.ulo.
■J liey have n:ifl;-mcl.>n'!, water-nulons, pompions
Cudiavvs, macoas, and j^oiird-.. I he iniilk-imlons here
refeinble the l.iri.e InJi.in kind, and ;,;eiierally till tour or
five quarts. I'ne watei-nielons are much larL'cr, and id'
leveral k:iids, diflinijuiihed by the col.jur of their meat
and feed ; fome of them ars exfcednii picafant to the
t.;lle, and very beautitul. i)nc fort has the rind of a
livelv prccn, llreaked and w irercd, the meat of a carna-
tion colour, and the feed black and lliiniiig. Their pom-
pic.ns arc much larger and iiner than thofe in Enjiland,
'i'heir cuftiaws are a kind of pompioii of a hluKli green,
(tre..ked with white when lit for ufe, and laiger than
the poinpion. 'I'rie macoas arc a fmaller fort of pompioii,
olwliidi there aic inany forts, all of which are here
called by the Indians by this n irne ; nut by the more
iiorthein Indians they are called the fuualh. Thele be-
in,; boiled whole when youii;; and the (hell tender, and
milted butter or cream poured over them, ate very good
v.ith all forts of liutcher',s meat.
'I'lierc are here great variety oT berries, all very cond
i;i thtir kind. They have three torts of mulberries, t*o
' l.ick md one white, of which t!ie Ion;; black f.irt are
Ti'.ebelt; thele b-in;; about the (ize ot a boy's thumb.
I'll; other two kinds are of the (hape ot the Kn^lilh niul-
beirv, but .ire of a f.jinlifii fweet, v.'ithout any tartnefs.
'I'here i;row natur.illy two I'orts of currants, one red
■.:;d the ntlicr black ; but thcl'e- are far more plcalalit than
t.Tole cd the lame colours in hngland.
The wild ffrawherr es arc as delicious as any in the
w.-.rld, and grow almalt every where in the woods aii.l
lulds, where they are fo plentiful, th.it few jierl'ons t.ike
c.:rc to tranfphint them. Here are alio wild ralherries,
rranbcrrics, and hurts with various kinds of nuts. He-
li.les thcfe thcv have all the otr.cr Iruits common in
l-.uj..nd.
.'\ kitchen-g.irden thrives no wheie better or faftcr ;
t'l.v have all the culinary |ilants th.it grow in England,
■•I tar greater perieiilion, vvitli many others that will not
;'.)•.,■ tiiere, JSehdes thele they have manv medicinal
;-!ants, roots, and wood lit tor iiitdiciae and dying. Tlie
tiake-root here is a great antidote m all pelihaiiial dil'-
teinpeis i the raitle-inake-root is tl'.e molt admirable le-
itieiiv ever difcovered tor curing the bite of th.it reptile,
which has foineiimes been nior:al in two mif.utes. If
iliis medicine be early ajiplied it prefei.tiv removes the
iahction, and in two or three liours rcltores the patient
1,1 as perfect healt.'i as if he had never been hurt.
.'\ii author born in V'irgini.i, after (hewing that the
ii:,;iealthinefs of the climate aitiibiitcd to this country is
fi.lelv owing to the loUv and indlfeietUm ol thole who on
their tirit arrival from I'.urope e.v- 1 -.',ea'. '.i'.e::;i'c!ves, uiu!
99
then tal.e a futrcit with ^Tcedily catitig; their ikliciinii
fruits, t;v dunking lo'd water (ir iaw cydir, aihi.s,
" Here the pr.ple enjoy ell the bcneiits of a w.irin fun,
" and liy the (liaily j;ioH.a .:ie protuM. d I'iom it, incoii-
" vciiHiiie. li:,ie all tHcir kiile.-i arc cnltrt.iin .1 willi
" an inii:efs fucceirioii of native pleafuicj. 'I'heir eyes
" are r.iiolhed with tl.ebeauiies of nature, tluii ears are
" fereiiaded witli the p.ri). tiul murnoir of brooks, and
'* the throiigh-b.d'^ which tf.e wind jil.iys when it waii-
'• toils th.(Hi_„h tlie treei ; the merry ldrd> too join their
" plcaiiii'; notes t.i this rural c.incert, vlpccially ilm
" nioi k- birds', vvho love focietv I'o well, ih.t whenever
" they fee m.iiikind tin v will perch upon a twig very
" near iliem, and I'lig the fweetelt wild airs in the world ;
*' but v\ h it is molt remarkable in tin .'i. melodious aiii-
" mats, tlicy will Iretpiently Ily at Imill dillances belore
" a traveller, warbling out tiieir notes lev er.il miles an end,
" and by their niiilic make a man forget the fatigiiis of
" his journey. I'liiir taite is regaled with tile niollde-
" lieious Iruits, which, without art, tlnv have in great
" varietv and perfection. And then ihei,- Imcll i> re-
" liedud Willi n eternal fragrancy of flower, an! Cweets,
"• wiih which nature perfumes and adorns the woods al-
" nu it the wh de year round.
" I Live )'ou pleafiire in a garden.? all things th.-lve in
" it molt lurprilingly ; you cannot walk b\ a bed of
" llowers, but, b hde,. the entertainment of their beauty,
" youi eyes will be f.ilu'cd with the charming colours of
" the hummiiij-bird, which revels anion:; the flowers,
" and lucks ott" the dew and honev from their tender
" leaves, on which it only t'eeds. Its fize is not half
'' fo huge as an HnJiHi wren, and it! colour is a glo-
'• nous lliining mixture of fcarlet, green, and gold.
" Colonel liird, in his girden, wdiich is the hr.cll in that
'" country, has a fumnier-houle let round with Indian
" hoiieyfuekles, which all ttM: I'ummer is continually
'* full of fweet llowers, in which thcfe birds delight ex-
" ccedingly. Upon thele llowers I have (i:cn ten or a,
'' dozen of thefe beautiful creatures together, I'port a-
" bout me I'o familiarly, that with their little wings they
" often fanned inv face."
SECT. II.
Of the .'^utiilntpc.!s of Firginia, paithularh thi P,inther,
the F.i\ir, the EU\, the Rucoon, the Upojjum, an.l the Fiynij^.
Sfiirrel. Uf the Binls, with ci piirticuiar Defiipti.n
ot the Huiniiiiin'-Ki)(l iiiiit the Fijhiiii; ILiiik. Of tl;i
R,pt:/e> itiht Injt\'l>, with ii very pm tieu/,iy JlCOU'U of the
liiittle-Sihike. Of the Fijhes ofFir^inici,
Ir has been already obferved, that there were neither
holies, cows, Ihecp, nor hogs in America before they
were carried thither bv the Europeans ; but now they arc
nuihiplied fo extreniely, that many of them here run
wdd. The hogs in p,nticc'ar arc very numerous, and
in general liiid their own ' • ..rt in the woods, without
anv care of their owner, . ■■ is well if the proprietor
can hnd and c.itch the pig ,■ any part of a farrow,
when they are young, in ordc. .o maik them; for if there
be any marked in the herd, they determine the propeity
of the relt, bec.iiile they I'eldom mils their gangs ; for as
they are Ind in compaiiv, fo they continue to the end.
There are alio many liort'es foaled in the woods of the
uplands, and are as fliy as any wild creature. The vouiut
men take great delight in hunting thcfe wild horfes, whicli
they purine fonietimes with dog.5, and fometimes with-
out ; lor as they have no mark upon them, they belong
to the lirlt who take them ; but they are to fwiti, that ic
is very difiicult to come up with them.
Among the animals originally tound in Virginia are
jiaiitheis, bears, wolves, elks, red and fallow deer, ra-
coons, wild-cats, the opollum, &Ci
'1 he panther of North America is of the cat kind, near
as large as the tyger, and much of the fame (hapc. It
is of a pale reddilh colour, finely mottled with finali round
black Ipots, and the hair is Ihort. The eyes ofthtCe
animals are large and of a greyilh colour, veiv tierce aiiJ
fparkling. Their tails are exceeding long ; und they are
very llrong limbed. They pur like a cat, u:id will cl.mb
i) E trees
,^ Ml
■
(,r<i
A S Y S T I'. M O F G F. O r. R A I' 1 1 V,
V
I" MM \.
' '
imwm ^'-
fill 1.
%
) !^
:(' ^'1
;:ii:j;.lMi,i'in>
ilfr
m
^^ .1
,fi JlllkB ,-ii-:,i
lii'ci with tllP (-^riMtcd JcililV iiii.i;'in.ilili' ; I'lii iirc I" wilil,
tli.it <\ivy ciriMiil lie l.miril i vi ii wlliii i.iliiii v>>iiilj'. I ln'V
iliKiiii KvMU', iliit, (ir any ulln r ift.iliiit' liny cm itultiT,
I'lit liMdiii .111.11 k tii.lllklllil, i'Mr|it ilifv itr tlir.i!V''l I'V
!ii-iii ; wdiiiiJdl : It !■, cvtii l.iiil tli.il ,1 lni.ill iln • will ni.ikc
llnni like 111 .1 lire, wlini- tiny "iiicr.iHv titii.ini till lli'V
..II' 111. it hy Ihr hilllllllicll. Till' llrdl limits ,!■, WrII .i'. .HIV
III iiiiliU'H iiir.it, ,iii<l I', iiiiii li .iilniiii'il.
7'liP lir.ii'. .iir mil viiy lili'i', Imf, tlmiiyli tliry (ccm l.i
tluiiily, lliL-y cliiiili tree. viTy iiimlilv, .iml in Kiiiiin,"
ildwii .ilw.iys |',o with thi- t.iil loinMnd. I liiv .iie JJIu
very ili'xtciiiii'. .iml i'X|icit in lilhiii|',. Ii i^ iriii.iik.ililf
Ih.il till- (ciii.ili: iiiyci .i|)|ir.iis alnu.iil «li.-ii vviili yniiii;'.
lieu hunt 1 11;; i^ .irniiiiiiini ilivcirKHi Imili witli tin C'lii il-
tl.llls .Hill lllill.uis, till- IdfllUT ll.lVMl;' .1 hill. I 111 llll.'.l lit
C.rc.it iiitur.ilill Ml |:,v, whii.lilWJpJ,,,,,. ,.rih<-fr „ii.
if.il. Iiiiiiull, .Hill ml. inns i|.,, th.n ,;,„ i.ilf,. |„ n,, , ,„,.
"Illy uinir. Ihc ,1111, ii.il li,,.,, n„,„||i| |„ „, , ,,, i„ ,,,.,, ,,1'
I h«-k' .iiiiitiiilK arr In hjhl |m kill, (hit wlii'ii ilitiri; ,,11'
.III- iii.illi.il .111.1 hri.k.n III |ii ,,.,. ami ih-y |a,ii i„ hi"
«|iiii.' .I..1.I. yri III a l.'W Ilmiiii tti,.j» w,\l iin.vir „„l
I lifji .iliDii! a;'..iiii.
I h II- . Iff hiL- two I..II., ..I l.iuiir. !•., f.iii- trv an-l
c.iiiiiiiiiiily larjicr than a 1 iM.u, ImU Ini.ill UU- .j (,,^
VU aie coiiil to (Ml. Il i. iiiiiwii.iiily i,| a^'iry nil, mm'
y"^'' '""" I'Vi.l. aii.l liiim- wliiir, ml, ami lil 1. I; '
ni.-|lviM|',-li|iHiu-| IS nl a|.,i,y(,r li -hi .luii i,.I„„
.111.1 IS lih Ihaii iUr Kiirjilh. Il h,., a iiiio iI.mi 11; „ ,„;
tailili.l,., invi-inl with h.iii l,ki- ih,. nil „| ||„. i,,,^,
ail. I r.\li ii.iiii^f liiiiii ill,, li.io Int - ^ . . •
III thi.
till-
liiii,li'
I,
till ill. It l|uiit, who li.iik ami lii.i|i ai liiiii till lir iiiniiiifs | wliii II liiiiiy. th' in upas thi'y Ijinii . Iinin (im: ii.r 1.1 '
.1 Hit ; wliiii, hy thr iuiiIl- dI ill.' il.i.s, thi' hililtlimil
rcji.iii ti) tlu- |il.ui., ,111.1 I'liii'i.iliy (liiMii iMii- al'lfi aiKilhoi
till liny kill him ; Im ih.ni.'li the hi.iis ,ir.' ii.it naturally
lii'tn-, thi-y will (irht iimil ilrljifiii, ly whrii winiii.lc.l.
I'hiii II 111 is gDii.l, iioin 1(111111.;, ,111.1 ii.it mill ill! Ill l.illf
t<i till" liiii-ll [Kirk 1 the paws aic a. idimic.l the h.ll i.it-
in;.'. I'll.' yiiiiii;^ i iihs .lie a mull lUlii i.iiis ilifti ; tin'
pl.intris pivliT ihr llilh tii th.it <it any inhfr nuai 1 it
liioks.is will as il cats, tlli-ii l.it hi-iii;^ is white .is laow,
mill till- Iwii'lid 1)1 any irr.itiire in the woil I
The ilk is a llrniu', anil Iwilt he.ill, Iiij'iht th.in a
hiiili, .111,1 ex.ii'tly like a ileei. I'hey li.ive two I.H(',e
li.niis, which wen;h tw, Ive or lomteen poimils, lliiii
iieik is (hint .111.1 tliiik ; hut thr e.if. aiul link aic very
Ion;;. Iiie.iliiiir they iilinihlr .1 hut; hut lliiii iKIll is
not near Id Iwiet as that ol the laltow ilcer.
(he lai'Doii is ol a il.iik .;rey eulniir, .111. 1 in (liape ami
(i/e p.iitlv nil iiihlis a hix ; hut ha. lar;;:- lilaek eyes,
with gie.it whilkiis like a cat ; the ii.ile iiliinhles ih.it
• it .1 pi;., ami the leel are I'lMineil like thole ol ,1 monkey.
The t.iil is roiiml, ami ciuirileil with .iimiil.ir Dripes like
lh.it ol .1 c.il. It m.ikes iil'e nl its lore-lei't iiillie maiiiier
ot h.iiul.-, ami will rim up a tree to the yery en. I ol llie
|ioi|.;lis. This- animal is yery I 'ml of eiahs, anil it is l.ii.l
tli.il when he wants to c.iteh tluin, he will ll.in.l hy the
li.le ol the w.ili r ami let his t.iil h.inj; m, win. h the cr.ili
t.ikiii!.; 1.11 a h.iit l.illeiis his elawi in it ; upon wim h the
i.u:oon IpriiL's hirw.iiil a eonh.ler.ilile w.iy hi'iiii the l.iii.l,
'''■';'''"'o ''"' ''•''' alonn willi hull, win. h no Iooikt
l:nils ill.ll out ol its eleiiiint than il Kts |.o iis hiil.l, .iml
the Lieoon lei/mi; it iroHWile in his imniili, .hyoins it.
'rheiipoiriim is a yery extraorihiiiiiy animal ol the li/e
ol 11 eal. It h. Ill;; almolt ei;;htren iiiehes m lenj;tli ; the
heail lel.nihles that ol a lox ; the eves arc lilile, roiin.l,
ile.ir, aiul lively; and the e.irs Ion;;, hro.i.l, liiiooih, llim,
tr.iiilp.ii. lit, ami pla.e.l eu'..'!. The loie-li;.'s .iie llmii,
ami 11.1 more than thiee iiiehes Ion;; ; Inn thole hehlml aie
riioie than lour, ami the leet ri knihle hamls. Its h.ak
is eoveie.l with long hair ; hut on the lui.l, neck, uii.ler
the hilly, .mil lej;s, it is putty Ihoit. The t.iil ismiiiiii,
an.l .1 loot l.iiHS with which it l.iys hol.l ol i.'ie hraiielies
ol trees, ami thus riilpemls itlill. It is hairy licmi the
ni..t to the I ni;ili ot lour iiiehcs ; hiil the oilier pan i.s
iiakeil, .iihl r.-.ile.l like a fn.ike, which ii iie.iily rereniMes.
'I'he whole hack, the fides, an.l the upjier p.irt ol the
t.iil, aie chiefly hlack ; hut under the neck, helly, ami
tail, it is of a yell.iwilh colour. This anim.il has one
pcciili.ir propciM' uhich dillinf;iiiflK'S it Ironi nil iitliers
111 the worl.l, th.- Iiinale haviii;; a f'alle helly, or h.ii;,
hair'iii;; hi low umler the other helly, with apietly l.iij.e
.ipeitiiie at the end, towards the hiiider-le;'s, Witlun
this ha;;, on the iiliial parts of the cdiiimoii helly, are
ci;;ht teats, ami, wh.it is very extraoidniary, upon tliele
when the female conceives the youn;; aie loiniid, and
there li.in;.; like Iruit upon the Ifalk, with all their
iiiLiiihis lompleic, till they grow in hulk an.l weight
to their ap|ioiiite.l li/e; ami then droppin;; oti, are re-
ceived in ihe lall'e helly, from which lliey ;;.> out at
plcaliiie, ,iiid III which they tike r.lii;;- when any daii-
;;er llireatciis. The lalle helly is h.iiry within, and the
;ipertuie, which is hiu; cnou;;h to a.lniit a hni;eoiangc,
ihuls up pretty elof'e, an.l cannot he \v. II opened with-
oiil vi.ileiice. Impioh.ihle as this mediod ol piopa.;a-
Imhi may appear, vet this account is e.mhriiie.l hy a cui-
liilerahlc iiuinbcr ul aulhyrs, utid paiticulaily by that | loriiiidahle repnie ; hut it is her
•ire lit
' heaiKiliil III.],,
oilier, and 1 n.ihles them t,i take a mm h more lAtcnliyo
Icip than .my other l.piiiiil ; tin, is nie.! Ilyiii ..
Till V havi all 0111 (.iris ..I wil.l ami tame li.wl iii"i'.pi,|
perle. Ii.m with us, ami lunie whii h we have not, w Ih ,
vall ininih.'i ol hud, .,| yaiiou, kimls y iluahle l.ir ij,, ,,■
h. .iiiiy or lluii r.iiie. The whiL-owl ol Viij.ini.i is nun i,
lai.;,i than (li.ile of lMi;;Iaiid, an.l is all .ivu „| a hii .;,,
I'lver iid.iuicd pliiin.ige, ixi.pl one hl.itk Ip.ii ujioii ii,,
hre.ill. The Vii;.iiiiaii m;,liliii;.i|.- 1,, a heaiiiil.il |,u,|
whole coIiMiri aic (riinlon an.l hlii.'. The imickin ■'
hii,l IS liippole.l Id excel all others ill iheliiieiiel'si.l itsn,,,;
.111.1 is lem.iik.ilile lor iinit.ilin;; the iioles nf ,i|| ,,i||,,|,/
The Id, k hiid is very liiciahle, and he. I.icieiy ven' ., '
pjeiMhh hy the Iwi iliief, iil Ins niude.
The hiinimm,; hird is ihe lealt ol .ill the hiuls ,,.,
kiid«n, ami li.is this lein.ukahle peciili.uiiy, ih.ii n,,,,, .|,
it IS le.ithereil like a hiiil, it fM'ts its liviiii; like the li,-,-
hy 111. kin;; hdiicy li.iiii ihe H.iw.is, I liele hi
ilillei. Ill colours ; hut the cocks .lie moi
the hens, and ,iie lim |y tiii;;id with leil, gieen, ,ii„|
g.'lil, ,is hath Ihcii ,ilre.idy ohkiv.,1, wliieh heiie; e.s|„.|
III to ihe luii-heams (lime with won.leilul liitlf.' I iaj
li.ive Ion;; hills , mil t. ills, coiilulciiiig tln^ir (l-/,e, an I in
tome dl the l.iiiM-r lloweis ihev dlieii hiiry tlniiil. K s_
.md .lie ipiile eoveie.l while liickiii;.. to th ' hmi.nn ,,|'
tliein, hy which means th.-y are olt'eii caught hv cluU
iheii. I h.v Hy very mr.ihly, hut more like'inricts il, i„
hiids, lidiii IliHv.i idlldwer, in.ikiii;; a hiimmin . ii,„|,.
himewhal like ili.it ol a hce. Tiny hieediliiiin; |i;e
lie.il ol liininier; Inn wli.il hecomcs ol iheiii in thewii;l..r
IS 111. I known. Their mils are a gre.ii ciiriolitv, .un|
iii.i\ he lai.l to h.- mie ol the rniill jueies of woil.m.i,,.
Iliip the whole Ipecies ol wiii;;ed .inim.ils i.m Iheu' ; tur
It lommoiily li.iii.;s on a lin;.'le hn.ir, .in.l is in.ili .udd .
. i.ill\' woven like . I roim.l hall, Willi a linall hid., i.i „,,
III an.l out. Within it the hen lays iin.l hatches lier
<i';.,s, will, h aie ov.il, and 110 hi.ji;-r Ch.in a lin.ill p,.i
There are here leve.al loits ofe.i-ies and li.uvks
lillliiii-hauks .ire very e,i;;rr in c.il'chin.; of lilh it ilieiy
lull coming in ihe Ipiiii r ; and ih,- luld e.i:;le mi fiioii, r
p.rceivcs a li.iwlc th.it h.is i.ikcii his prey, but h.- inmie.
di.it.|\. pinliics an.l llrivrs ly get above him in the air j
whiih il heeaii once iitiaiii, tiich.iwk, tor le.ir of hem.'
torn hy him, lets the (ilh ilr.ip, and thus eompoiiiids f,„'
his own l.ilcly ; hit the lilli is no I. inner lo.ile Iniiii
the h.iwk's taloiri, thill ihiT i.igic fliools with fiuh liiimi-
ceivahle Iwillliels, that he catch, 's it in ih.. .m. It,,
laid tii.it the lilliin- h.iwks m iiidie pleniihil f.-iLins
will latch a (idi .iiid loiM ahoul with it in the air, in
01. Kr to h.ive a ch.ice will) ,111 ea);le ; and when he .l.ies
not appear loon en.,u|.,li, will m.ike a mule .is iii(<,|..|itly
delving him. I Ins is laid to ha
Iccn.
The trouhlelomc reptiles an.l vermin ,'f this eoiiniry
are liog , (iiakes, inulkcttos, chinche., I'eed-tuks, i,r
red-woinis. I'he mailhes, fens, and watery j.roiiiidi
are lull ol frogs, whi..h make a dif.e.Ti .• ihlc i'm.ikiii;>
iioiCe. In the Iwainps and iiinnlng II1..1111S are iro(.s ol
an incredible li/.e, which aie e.dled hull- Irogs, irom
their bellowin;; nolle Th.le are f.iiJ to be fre.iuemly
li.\ times as large as thole m Kurope ; but there are no
toads ill the i oiiiili ;.
The i.illle-lnake uliially AlU ihaiii-cts wiili t-fror,
who aie 1111. Icr gieat appreh. iilioi.s of hcliiir hit hv this
I'll.
fl'Cipuwilly
>-• vciy rarelv
lecii, .ml
liuii
\'l 'I MM \.
C.I olli- of lIllTr mi .
ini l.illi" In llv I ihu
III III.' I>) hi' M'liiil.
I ir wlu'ii (litir IkiiH I
III I ih v It' I" I' !'!•
."/ will t' iDvir .iiiil
III' !■:, filir , ti'V .Mill
t lin.ill liki.' .1 !'>\ ,
y 111 ii ^'ic'v loliiirr,
ii'il, ami III. I. k.
II' II 'lit iliiii ii'liiiii,
s a hiu' lliiii Ik II nil
ii! ri'lt 111 ilii' Iki IV,
to ihl! Ililllkl ll.l,
liinn mil.- in r in ,ii|.
mil h ilinii' r\li iijivo
IllCil dvIM',.
A Mill- Inwl III I i|<l il
wi' h ivi: mil, w.ili ,1
III;. V llll.llik' liil' ihi II'
I III V'ii|'iiii,i I', imuli
ill UVU III .1 lllli'.llt
: lil.ick l|i<il ii|iiiii Un
1... ,1 lu'.uril.il llll.l,
liir. rill' imnkin...
licliiiiMicrsipl Its ii.it •,
1' ilnli'H III all <itlli'|.,.
ul Ills liiticiy viTv .1
iilir.
1)1 all till- I'luls \,'t
ciili.iiily, ili.il lliiiii 'Il
IS living liki- ilii' 111','
. riuli: IliuU 111' lit
re iiioK' licaiitiliil lli.iu
witli iril, };k'i'ii, anil
1, wliii II lii'iii;', cspul ■
imlciliil liilltL'. Tiir/
iij', llu'ir li'/.i', aihl III
lii'ii liiiry tlniiili'U.'s,
ill|', to tl) ■ lllllllllll lit'
oIlL'ii caiif'.lit liv I'liil-
I1IOH' likr mil cts lli.ni
iiiiji, a Imimiiiii;': imili;
'111 y liK'i'il iliinii;,'. Our
s 111 ilu'm ill ihc wiiiUT
a uri'.il i-iiriolitv, ..lul
II pIClfS lit' WDll.lll.lll-
uliiiiaK i.ui llli'vv ; lor
i.ir, .111. I is mill; .iriili ■
Mill a liii.ill liiili' 111 :'ii
l.iys .lliil li.iti'lu's lui
ji',-r tli.in a I'iimII |v i.
'.i;;lcs aiiil li.uvks. I hi-
.Utlliii'.; ol lilll It llu'ii-
V.' li.ilil I' i;'.li; mi liiom i
is picy, but 111' iniiiu'-
aliiivc liim til the aii )
ll.Uvk, till ll'.ir (ll 111 111 r
ml thus I'liiiipoiiiul'. tor
nil luoirji liioK; Ir.un
hllDlS Ultll lir.ll l.HOU
t's It 111 till' .111. Ir IS
moli; pli'iitiliil r.'.il.iiis
with il ill thi' air, in
(ill- i ami wlirii lii' ilm-s
iki- a iiiiil>: .IS mrnli'iiiW
have been fi'Ciiufiitly
vei'iiiiii ,'f thi'i I'.mniiy
liiiiclu:., rreil-tii'ks nr
s, ami waiery ;;ri)iiiul'i
a iliLi'iri e.ibli; cio.ikiiri
iiiU' III. .i:ir.i aie inu's ot
c.illeil biill-!tii;;s, ii.mii
re f.ii.l to be rreiiiicmly
irope ; but there an: lu
i rtraiiL-or^i wiili t:'Mi;i,
uiis iif bciii:: bit by ttiis
[e veiv i:m Iv U'tii. .in I
\v .i.lMA.
A M I'. U I (
r,6i
, III,. Ill ilnci llic ll .ill mill hill', iiiili'l. ymi nib r tn
|iliiiliit< •mil by ib'tt nil. Ills [iii'Viike It In lute III it i
..ii .ll ll lire i aiiiltvi'ii tlnii it iii'Vii laiK In |;ivP lair
mill', by iii.ikili". .1 iinile with its latlle, wliiilimay
I 1,1 ml at a (iilillili'i'ilile ilill.iin <'.
1 he raltb' lii.iki is In lallnl liniii the laltbs at ibe
I ,,(, 111 thi'ir I Ills, wliiili II a riiimei linii nl piini , witli-
, , iIhii I iiveiiiii' ill ,1 liniliy lialiiH', '\'h- iiiiiiibct nt
ul , III latlli ', .lie mueilaili, belli;', mine or lei ae-
,i..liii,' til llie .i|ii' III ibe llliki' ; liiilie autiiiirs alii .,ii;',
in,itiii''V Ve.ll Ibete is ibe .iil.liliiiil nt a new r.ltlle, .iii'l
lli.il till h ill' I'll' bi'i'iii In I'lnw nil lliey .lie ibiec yi.ii .
,.{,1, Ml, iJriikill iiilnnii . 11., lb.it lie li.is lei II line with
i,,,iiv i.iille... M. Deih.mi .iml nihil i li.ive nlileiveil,
, ,,i I'l.ivi.li'lue ll.is Wllely ;mvi ii ibele l.illli'. In llir. pni-
I .i',,:i. ll ipi lit, that ibe iinile iii|ii,lil be a watniii;'. to iii.in
,i, I hi.ill III avniil the appin.ii Inn;', il.in(Ki. Sonic nl
II -1. II ptib'. ;',iiiw tn the linrlli ol lix m ieveii leel, ami
|K ',' ,iie ,ibiiiil llie lliii km Is nl iIh' liii.ill ol ,i man's le^i.
I lull Ikiiis aie all over (iivniil Willi linn ri,ilis, witb a
. i '. iliiniii'b ibi' imililli' III' llinii, ol an omii|',i t,iu'liy ;
I!,, i; II 111 tlii'ii I'.ii k ,iie I'l'iifi.illy ol a blaekilli mloin
1, luiiailly imitikili .iiiil ibe bellv "• 'in a(li enlnur, iii-
, „,i.i 111 le.iil. Ibe lop ol llii' 111 111 is ll.it .1, 111 tliu
.,, I, .iiiil by ibi' pinliibeiaiii e 111 llie |.iws luiiRwIi.il rc-
I liiliK . .1 111 .iiileil .mow ; it b.e. Iwi imlliils, ami ili eyes
,1^ iiiiiiiil .mil vi'iy bri|.<,bt .iml lliiiiiii;>. I'lie iiUHilb ii
,,n |.ii|ic; its tiiii;'iir III .ill n IpeJIs like lll.it ol aviper,
nh'ili ll il.iils out .niiJ leiiuls .i|',.iin wiib ;',ir.it aj'.ilny.
I l.r male ise.ililv ilillmiMiidii il linm ibe 1. male by .i Ipot
iiiilu be.iil leliinbliii;', a pall ll ol bl.irk velvet, ami In.
h ..,1 IS liiiiller .mil liiniv'r. I'bey li liloni iii never bile
n(ipt tluy all' piiivnkeil, ami tins tliey eaiiimt iln till
iliiv I' ilhi'i ibemlilvi'H into .i eoil, ami then will Ipiiii;',
,(.i .111 1.1 ill Ham e to bile wb.ileverpnivokes or iiijiire.slhi'iii ;
„lluirtilij liny aie mull pi .lei.ible eie.iliires, .iml iievi r
jli,uk iir iiioUll any niie. Ibi y liivc level, il IiiliII teelh
liii.iih i'lw, wliieb liive lliiiii li'i lalebni" ami ret.nmiii',
lliiii liiiiil, vvimb lluy .ilw.iys Iwallnw wliiilei ami be-
liil.A ihi'I'e aie llie pijiriiiioiri lan|.',s, wineb .iie plaeeil with-
mil ihe upper jaw, Inwanls the bire put ot llie nioiilh,
riii-le lani's ulii.iHy lie iimler a Uronji; tnenibrane, or
HiliIIi; but .lie en I'leil upon oei .ilioii, .iml theicare only
miMiii e.ieli liile ol llicir iijiper j.iw. 'riiel'e.ire bn(ik''il,
liil III all ol lliem is a bole. In Inr.ill that yiiii can but
inll )iei 111 the piiinl ^la bii.ill lieeille; tiiw.mls tlir piiiiit
I, .1 plain Ibi, anil i Inle to the jaw a li.i;', lilleil Willi vemiiii,
whieh illiies out nl the bole when this lei pent bile';. 'I'lie
iiiiiM, wliieh is 111 a W'ller-toloiii tiiUM'il with yellow,
,jiii| .ilw.iVH of Ibe C'lnie Iniee, il Inni', niiill pniliimiiis
II the liiittelt weatbei. 'i'liiire wbn have been bit C.iy, '
ili.ii ll Items as il a llalli of liie tan ihioiii'h ihi ir whole ]
IhrIi'Js : but the Inili.nis have h.ippily a lemeily, by wbitli
ihi V e ilily euie ilu'iiilelves il bitten by .ii i uleiit, wbii b is .
U ehewnii', a bit nl ibe lalllr lii.ike ronl, Iw.illnwiiiy, lome
fill I 111 the jtme, ami applying l\\- rell to the wnuiiil,
Hiiii.li peileillly eiire'. ihnle wbn are bit iii a lew niimiles.
|)i. liriekiU oblerves, lli.it the liiiliaiis Ireipieiuly pull
mil tlule poirminus r.in;',s, wliieh is e.illly ilnne by lym:';
,, hit ot leil woiillen eliilll In the upper eiiil ol a liiii;i, liol-
liuv eaiie, prnvukin;', the latlle liiake to bite, ami then
luilili Illy liiati bin;', it aw.iy, by whitb means the teeth
„:i' I'miml lliekin;', I'.iH in tbe cintb.
riu'ir enmninii biiiil is Iro;;^, giniiiij mice, criekets',
.■i,i(li.ippeis, ami (ilbei infedts ', ami the rattle-lnakcs
i.uiiilelves lervc liu tonil In bears, and even hogs will
i,.t iheiii witbont baim. 'I'liey arc viviparous, and ;je-
iiir.i !v brill',', Inilb .ibmit twelve yoiiiiii oneii.
Wi Hull iinw (uiil'uler tbe eH'ecIs ol llie rattle- I'liake's
n'.,liiii, ol whitb we have Iniiie extrannlinaiy iiillaiu es
, ivtii us by captain Hall, who beiiiL; in Soulb Ciiolin.i,
ivlirie perb.ips tlu'i venom may be bniu'wh.it more vinluit
•h.iii 111 ibis province, ami where ibey are at li.ill iiinie
HiiiiKTims, pill, nied aline bealthlul rattle lii.ike, .mil,
wiih one \lr. Kulwell, a luriieiin, and lliiee or lour oiliei
.•iiuleiiieii, made leveral expeiiiiunts. 'I'liey i^iot tlnee
I iii-ilii'";, the l.iii'.ell no bi;;p.er than .i cnmiiioii hairier ;
.111,1 ihe iiiake beiiii; tied and pinned down in a i',ial,s plai,
Ouv iniik the lati.'rll ol ibe do;;s, ami liavin;;, tad a tiird
MiiiiJ bis neck. In as m>t to llian;:le hiin, the eaptam
htlj one end, and another perlon the other j when pul-
llll ■ ihr il.i;; iivei till I'niK'', lIll" I ill'T till' d Innifell' hear
lwii|i-ct, .ml bii ibe ill;', .11 be w.i< juii'iiin ^ 'lliiiiln;.'
yelped, by wliu h the i.iplinii peicuveii In w.i liilleii,anj
piillin.', ibr do;'. In bill) as jail a', lie loiild, lie Imnd hiii
I'ves lixe.l, 111', tnii .lie between his teeib, and, in llmrt,
III' w IS ipiiie ill' nl III a ipi.iit'T ol a itiiiiiii' ; but as lliey
(iiulil neiih. r p'.ri ''ive ihe line, ilnr any bl'ioij, I'iry or-
ileinl Inni'.' hoi w.il* r, iml |i iilin > nil l he b.nr, ilil. . i 'irj
only line pum'tuii', Willi a bluilli I'.ic ,i i nlmir , pp arm;;'
n liille tniiiiil ll, belwi'i'ii Ills lure b'; s .'lui bicall.
Il.iir an linin alter ihey lonk a leioml doi;. Ilia, wai
roiiuAvhal liii'iilei, ami briiiiiilit hi it in iike i,i ,im i ovie
the Inake, wbn li bit liiseai, In I lilt a'l lb' i iiinpiiiy
I'lWil. riie dii|'^ yeljied mm ll, ru'led .in I It.i.' ^ereil a '
liniit i'nr rniiieiiim', then lell down and Itril ^'rh d ai iC
eoiivuUed, and Iwn or ilin'' iiine . ;;ot up, iliil w.i;.';;i(ln
bis t.iil, lliiiu.'li llnwly, eiiiKavoiiied In li'llmv .1 iii.'|>rii
boy, who uled In in.ike mm li nl hiiii. lb y put hiiii
inlii ai Inlet, and niilired llie buy li look lilei liiii, wliLt
twn liiiins aliei biniii'.lil wind lli.it the iln', wa i de.id,
Ab'iiit an liniii alter the lecmid dii;> w.is biiteii, tliey
IniiK Ibe ihiid in like m.iniici , wbieli lln' lii.ik bit oit
the li;'Jit bill' ol llie In lly, In lli.ii be diew lilund. Tin:
do;; lor abiiiit a iniiiuli' did not leeiii to be bml ; but waj
dead the next moimii;',,
I'liur d.iys alter liny "ot IWo dii(', , ,is bi;; .'s lom-
iniiii biill-iln;;ii } andliie liill v/biili llie In.ikc bit, mi tin:
mlide of Ins lilt tli);:h, died ex.iilly in ball .i iiiimil", ae-
conlin;; to the w.ili be:, ol two i;entlemt'ii prelent, tliiii.'b
noblniiil wa'. dia'A'ii. the li'eiaiid w.is bit .ibiiiii .in hour
.ilier, on the oiiili Ii: of ibe llii.;li, whiie tlii:y peucive.l
blood at twoplaii., .mil be dierl in liiiir miniilei. Ai
liny iiii.ii'iiieil the venom w.i . not ipiiie Ipiiir, iliey iint u
(.It, whii ll he bit an linuraltei ; llie w.is veiyli. k, aiij
was liiiiml dead llie m-xl innrniii;',.
The I. ill e,\peiinieiit the i .ipi.mi made wi'li this I'n.ikt:
w:r. to try il his poilnn wmild lint piove iimri.il to the rep-
tile biinleU. In order lo ibis, be b'lnged liim in lucli ;i
inamiir tli.it be was imt .ibnve ball' ills lein'lh on ih':
^>,iomid, and then In iriilali d him by piu km:; .mil li r.iteli-
m;', him wilh two medles Lilleord lo the end ol a Iln I:,
that III' lonii bit himlell, aliri bavin;', lever.d liini".alleiiipt-
ed lo bile ihe link, lb llieii let liiin down, and In- was
ipiiie dead in cr.'lit or ten minules. 'I'lie In. ike wa', tlieii
(III into live pieces, and [;iven to alio.;, the head-paiC
firll, in the light ol leveral people. 'Ibi' lio!' i.it up .ill
the III. ike, and ten or twelve d.iy.s alteiw.ml. the ca|.laiii
law the hn|; alive and lieallblul.
Hut beliiles the ellci'l ol ibe poiliui, llieie are oilier",
atliibiiled lo tbe eyes of this lerpent, lli.it apj.i ir iiniih
iiniie luipri/iii;; ; .iml we li.ive many a.i oiiii; , lii " ' nn
lo prove ib.it the i.itlle-rnake, by li.yiii;^ iis c •' . ,'iy
Imall .niiiiial, as a biul or bpiiirel, tlMii_;!i rnini;.^ m . ..ij
br.iiich of a lice, can In dilurder then .inim.il ('iiirits, i;i,:t
ihey b.ive not ibe power to lly but lall ilowii, and aru
Iwalloweil by th.it diciillul reptile. 'Che billowin;; iii-
(laiice j'iveii by i olonel lievei ly caiimii (.nl ol bei :; hijlily
a;;reeable to the te.ider.
The above geiitbniaii, wilh two olliei prrliins iiiconi-
p.iiiy, Itoppini; at an orLli.inl by llie lide nt a t;\:\, one
ol the cnmp.iiiy rearihm:; Inr the belt iherriei elpied a
h.ire, better lliaii b ill liiown, liltiii ; ; .ind thoa'^h lie '.vent
clole bv her Ibe did not im.ve, lill hi', nor lulpectiiiLr tnc
iiecalion 111' her l.imenels, g;ive In i .i l:ilh . ith bis wliip ;
upon which Ihe i.in three or tour yiir'.ls, an ! I'at down a-
gani. The ;>,eiiilLmaii not tiiidin;: the Iruit ripe, iiniM. .
dialely reuniied the laiiie w.iy; .iiid near the place whcro
he lliiick the baienbbrved a i.illle-ruuke. Not (ulpeilt-
iiig the tliaim, be went b.u k almiit tw.-'iity y.irds to a
hedge to get a Ilii k to kill the liul.e, ar.'d at Ins nluiii
fiiuiid it removed .mil coiled in ihe Lime pla'cliom wluiice
be had removed the h, lie. Ibis made liiiil look .ibout b>r
her, and he louii elpied her abnul nn leet ibll.ini Iroiii
the (nake in tbe place to wliii :li (he bad ll.iricd when In;
wbipiied her. She was now lyin:.', down, but would li.imc-
times laife heileiroii her lore-feet, (liugglmg as ix were
tor lite to get away ; hut could luver lail'e her hinder
parts tinin the giouiid ; and iben file would I ill (l.it nn l.cf
fide again, panting vehemently. I he bare and Inaki;
weic ill this ci.ndition when on: :ii|lhnr was called, wbu
fay*, th'at tbuu^b all three went within five yards of tbt;
?. Iiiakc
•I
t'
1
'i
il
1
l<
't\
u
1 1
I I
64
A s Y s r I'. M !■ c; i: o g k a :• ii r.
Vuc
'vu.
fnskc to have .1 full v'^w nl ilif wlinl.', tlic In ike ilul ri'it
fii iriiiih ai gWe a ('Lime iii.v.irils iluiii. Tiicti' tl.i'y
flood at U'.lli lull an liixir, fhc I'lukc not alti-riii.' imii:
ji)t 1 but the h.irc iifiin (Inr- 'li .1 In jji t up, an I k'll 1
f'.liii on its fi.lr ( till .It l.ilt 111 • I. IV llill ,ii it ilc.i.!. I'tiv
I'li.iki.' llicn Miiiv',! out >>r liis cinl, uikI IIiiI jivntl,' .iiitl
ruKiiitlilv tow.inls thi! h.irv, llii iiilour-. ;it lli.il iiill:ilil
Jliiniiii; ten timcH nioru lui;ht than .if oiluT llini.'>. .\i
thi- rn.iko iiiDvcil .iUmi;', (Iip haro h.ipiwin- J t<> n).iko ano-
ther Uru;;'.;li', iijHMi wiiii.li till' I'li.iki' niaJ'' a (lop, lyin;'; at
his Icnglii nil (lie vv.H i{uii't, .uiil then aiU.iiuc.i till ho
came up til Ihf h.uv'. liniJir p.irtn, v/hkh in .ill ihi- pni-
cp|> hail liecn tinv.irjs the .iiiki'. 'I'lu'ic In.' Ciirvcyci the
rvrr f!> f'liik up^i any put of ilu' tin.],', nii I arc 1,1 i',, \\
thai ih.'v can I .ini'y ho pi-rni.ol i hu i; n.jtii,,, , \ .
iloM'j to riTn.ve th.Nii, ihc itiliii-^; ihi-y hcjImh ii.c", 1,1
A'j\' In tv^'(l il vi limo
_ N'l) j.la.:v ..liMMi.l< «iili I'.M and nur (',||, iiuiri; ili.iri
\'ii .'iiiia, Iiilvhiii i\', .March, April, jii.l .\t ,(^ (], ,'^
'it lu-riiri.'s i-i'iii- up into ihi-' very hi.Kik-, linilcni 1 ,j
ll/.i'ofi'uri 1 hut limit lit' tlicrli ai" niiii. Ii |jri;ir, I'l,' ,,.
arc alio plciitv ot'ifiil, ami II nijr ili, atilh|ivi nliir luilm
CiiuMtiv, 111 i- illi'ij ticiin its Ir.ivinj; a (liii;; In iti fail ) n ,,
hinvoviT, ilii'Miii'd :;niul fmil. jii tin' riviTs .iie llr... ,,,1'
"IJ-wlt'i-, ti'.v- Oui'p'.s-Ikmi', an cxflli'Mt (ilhi lr■'u^,
L'ri'fiit^.lh 111 :;rc.it plvniy , allij plaice, HimiidiTi, J ,
in;;-', f.irp, pikv, nuilld'-, anJ pvr. h i and lor (h ll.;'..;i,'
L'ri'ciir.iii 111 :;rc.it iHcntv , allu iiiaicc, MimiidiTf. i.i.
hare all over, raifini» pirt of his body ahnvf it ; thin
liirr ng "IV, he vviiu to chr iiofc, and alter thit to 'lie can-, 1 ih.'y li.iii- cr.ilis, oyllcr'-, cuchlrs, r.iul Ihrimps, (.'f i||,'.'!
which he touk into his inoMih one aft'-r aivthor, work- that arc not eiitrn, hvre lln'y h ive 111 thf lias Hlnff ,,,'1
in^ thi'in as a nun does a wafer m nioiilen it, lie then do •.fl;li. il re ii all'oa lilh called tli; to:;.|-fi/li, u,,,^
returned to the nofe, aiiJ took the l.ice into his mouth, ! Iwclliii'.; iTuiiillronllv whcii taken out lit the w..!
Iliaiiiini^ aiiili;atheriiii;liislips fomctimcsoii onetiJc fume- I likewile l!i • riu-k-lilh, loine (pccies of w'lich nrj pi„r,
times on ilu' otlii-r. At the (hnulders he v^•as a loiv' tunc I iiuv, th mi di oiheis, which ait' nut talily dilliii iin;
pui/.lid, often pulliiitr and llretchini; the hare out at frutn theni, are verv '.vliolelome l.iod.
Ieii.j;th, till at l.itl he (lot the whole body into his tiiroat. Annu.illy in the nimith of June theie :{re luic v
1 II,
i .11. 1
'I'hc fpCL't.itiirs then adv. meed, and our author tak;ii.; tlic
twiU-b.iiul otr his bat made a iiool'e, and threw it ahout
the lii.ike's neck. Thi- m.ide him very lurioiri ; but
having fccured hiM, thcv put him into one end ol a wal-
let, and cairied him on horlehaek live miles to the houfe
win re they lodi'.cd that night, and killiii"; him the next
ni irniiig, took the ha'cout of his bellv, 1 lie head lie-
g.m to he digclled, and the h.iir to f.ill oil', haun_^ laid in
the fnakc'< belly about ci;;;htien hours.
Sir Hans Sloane endeavours to loUc the nnllery, by
fuppofing that when Inch animals as are the prey ol ihcic
fnakcs, as fiiudl ipiadiupeJ.-i, biub, ?<c. are fiiipi i/.ed by
them, they give them a bite, and the poifnn allmvs them
niinibirs of wr.nns, which enter the botioim of (l,, ,
Hoops, and boat:., wherever I'lev liiid the eon ofpi'.,'i,
tar, and lime worn oil" the timlier, and bi'deirecsiMt il, !
planks intii cells like tliolo of an hoiK\coiiih. I'li...
will ms coiuinue upon the luilaieof the w.iler Irnin t!i ■■
rife In June till the liill |.;reat rains, after thi nuuMlf ,i
July i but after that do no pteat daiiia!>e till ilie next Iim,.
inei feafoii, and never peiietra'f; l.irllier than the rLn-
upon which they tiill li\. The ilain.ijie occafiuntil b.
ihcf' woims maybe prevented fever.il ways, a:, bv l.ci-
iii;^ liie coat of piteli, lime, and tallow \\ h dc u(i,m n',
bottom of the fhip, or vellM j by ■aiicho.-iii:^ the l.u •
vcdels in the (lreii;;fh of the tide, diirin,; the Worm Itali.Ii
time to run a little wav, or a bird to lly into the iv .\t tice;l an. I Iraulini; the fnialkr on lliorc . bv iiin
where the fiuke:> watch them with };ie.u cariuiliiefs till
they fall down, and then lickiii;; them over with their
fpawl fwallow them ; but this does not feem fully to ex-
plain the ditlieulty, hnceamoiii; the Apiirnl, buds, and
other aiiim.ds fretpiently foiiiul in theii
el 111
it does not
nin_» up mtu th;
fielhes with the (liiji cr vtliJ ; foi they nevi r dn j,,,^
damage in frelli water : aiiJ by hiirnirr^ and rleaniii > i,.,l
mediately after the worm-leaf, n i.over; for ilieii tluv
have but jult (hick into th;; plank, and have nut l,utii.\l
themfelvcs in it.
appear thatanv of them were wounded; nor could they have
anoppnrtunitv of ever biting; them, if it be true that they
nevu bite with their poifonouj fangs without hill giving
warning by rattlinj; their tails.
'I Iny have fever.d other Inakc; which are more fre-
fjuciuly fccn, fnie ol v^■hieh h.ive very little or no hurt
in them, as the black-hiake, the water hiakc, and the
corn-fnakc. However, the blaek-viper-fnake and the
coppcr-bellicd-fnake are (aid to be extremely vcnomuus.
Tliele three poifonous fnakcs bring t'orth their young
alive, whi'e ttie other three lay c.;gs, which are hatched
afterwards. There is here alio the hnrn-fnake, which is
fo called from a fliarp horn in its tail, with which it
ailaults any tiling that olfends it with fuch loree, that it
will (Irike iis tail into the butt-end of a niulket fo far as
to be unable todifenga:;e it.
The mulkettos are lef^ djn;:erous, but more trouble-
fomc, on account of their being more frequent, 'i'hey
arc a kind of loni;-iailcd gnat, and arc only found in the
low gtounds and marnic^.
The chinch is a kind of flat bug, that lurks in the bcd-
flea.ls and bedding, and is very troublclbmc in the night ;
but every neat houfe-wife contrives to keep the bed> clear
ofthcfe lerniin, by fcarching lor them early in thefpring.
Seed ticks and red-worms arc (mall infecls that are very
troublefome by day, as mulkcttos and chinches are by
night. The feed-ticks arc no where to be found but iii
the track of cattle, upon which the great ticks fallen,
and fill their (kms fo full of blood that they dropoff;
and wherever they happen to fall, proluce a kind of
egg, which lies about a fortiiii'ht before the fecdliiigs are j but the fortifications ate negleot.-d. the inhahitai'its tliiii
SEC T. III.
Ofli'C Dhifom, Kiiinher rf InI'dhitmts, nr.:! I"(/tv>:s '.ri'.,.
gi>ii(i: .1 Charii.'ltr cf the PtipU : 'Hi I'.im 'f ij'ji'n;.
ment, ami Tiaik.
VIR(iINI.\ is divided into twcr.'v five coun-in,
namely, James county, wdiicli is (eatej 011 1,,:t
fides the river James, I'lincc (Jeori'e coimtv, Hcivii.)
county, Chiiles County, ."-'urrev, Ifle of Wight, N.i,.
famond, Norfolk, 1'riiici.fs Anne, '^dik, \Varwr k, r!li-
zab.'ib. New Kent, King William, and vjjiecn, (il ,1.
celler, Middlefex, J-Jl'',\, Uichn.oiul, Stilr'.rd, W ,\.
morel.ind, [..ancaftcr, Northumberland, North.unt ::,
and .Acomat counties.
The number of inh.'.bitants in this prov;n-e i' :!v,;;
two hundred thoufind whites, and it is fup'nifed then arc
half that number of (laves ; vet there are only t.votir.viii
in thcwhidc cnuntiv built by the Englinijthefe are [.aiu,,-
town and Willianilbui.r,
James-town, which Infore the building of Willi jmf-
burg was cllecmcd the t.ipital, is feated on a pcninlu!i
formed by J.imcs river, about fcrty niilcs fioni its mouili,
in the fcveiity-fixth degree well longitude, and the tliiiiy-
fevcnth degree thirty niintitci north latitude, niid coii- .
tains only about eighty or a hundred houfes, the ine.-.tU:
part cf which are taverns or public-houfcs for the ciue:-
iainment of mariners. Its fituation is naturally llton •,
hlitched. They then run in fwarms up the next hladc
of grafs, and the fiilt thing that bruflics the i.'rafi gathers
oft' moll of thel'e vermin, which Hick like burs upon anv
thing that touches them. Ked-worms lie only in old
dead trees and rotten log?, and without htting down up-
on them in the midll of fuinmer, no perfon ever meets
with them ; but a little warm water immediately brings
»IF both the feed-licks and red-worms, thoujjh thev be
ing themfelvcb perltiilly fecurc from enemies fo far up
the river.
Willianifburg, now the capital of Vlr;',inia, is featiJ
feven miles fiom the above town, between James river
.ind Yolk river, in the thirty-fevciith dcfrec twcntv mi-
nutes north latitude, and the feventv-(i\lh it:':ta thiity ft
minutes wcil longitude ; but though it is the leaf of t;i?
g':vern.T.?nt, where the gcner.il aliembly or parliament
mu't,
3
*m^,
■-m
ViR
re
VlllMMA.
A M 1. k I
A.
OMJ
(111- 'on.I/, nil I arc t.i li,, ,11
■fl.t'l 1 Ivtt u li.illlu 1 , J
lui _; ilii'v iiC.alioii ,i.c, ,t.
I .111. I tivir filh ninri; ihm
;\y, Ajir.l, jti.l .\ln, |1, ,, ,
vi'fy lifi'dli', L.til^' II, I ,,
1 .11" nuuli |jr';ir. I'|,.i,.
urilii .1 hlh pi'i iili ir loiiii,
itt.1 ii (linn ill it. till I It |.
In ilif livi'n .lie IliiiM,,,,,
I cxu'lliiit Hllii ir<iui", ,11,1
III) pLiici', fiuiimifr', w'l;;.
iJ pir. h 1 ;iiiJ Inrlh l|.:i;;,
lr>, ;'.iul ihunips, (.'ttlnit-
h ivf ill tlv.' I'lMH wiriti.' .,ti,|
lllcJ ill.' ti):;.|-ti/li, (r,ii., ,,,
licii (lilt lit tliP w,it ; I ,11, 1
|it;i'ii''t of w'lidi .nr.' pinl',,,,.
10 not c.ilily ililliii_,iiii;,,,|
II? I.iiul,
f jiiitc tlii/ii' urc liiTc \ „(
tcr llu' bitiiiiiM 111 !lii , ,
hfv liiiil tlif cDit iil'pi'.iii,
I'lcr, and l)yiK';irrcMM( ili..
ril' an hoiKNCiimti. I'll.;,.
,i(P ot ihc w.i'.ir inim i!;.ir
t r:iiiH, iil'iiT ill': niiii.llc ui
;U djiii,i;^c till ihv iifxtlii,],.
ra-u l.irllK'r tli.ui the p'.u';:
riu' (1jiim:',i; occirunii ,1 [v.
J (".■viT.ii w.iys, ;ii by l.c,':i.
ii'il liillow \\h i!« inioii til;
'li i by i'.iichuriiij tlic j.-.i ;
iilc, diirin,; ill." worm Ituli.il,
irc . liy iiim.iiuMi;) into ih;
111 i for they iK'vi r iKi any
ly hiirnin;;! and rlcmiiw m,'-
il, n i . <iw-'r ; fur liicii ilv.v
libnk, :,nJ li.uc not Lunt^i
HI.
(ilntanti, a:iti Inwi:! ',fl ,,.,
'copU : The I\rm r.f Uy,;, ,.
into twenty Hvc roviivin,
wliicli IS (i-ati.'.l im 1 ■•••\
(iccri'c county, Hcii'l,,)
TLv, -11- of Wight, Nm-
,niu-, \ oik, \V.irvvi k, rJi-
iiliani, and v^nccn, (11 i-
ic-lin.oiul, St lit', ril, W A-
•jnibcr'aiul, Nortll.ini; t ■::,
IS in this provinre i' ^Ii- ;■
ind it is fiipjiofcJ ttu-ii n:o
■( ; there arc only t.votcuviii
u; l''.n:;lini ; tliefo arc J.jn:.)-
(hc bnililinc: of Willijmf-
1, is fe,ued on a pcniiiUili
l.riv n.ilcs fioni its mout!i, ,
11 l,;iigitiide, and tl'.c tliiity- J,'.
■i north latitude, and coii- 5^
lUndreJ houles, the ;;rc,\tell
lublic-houfcs for the ciiter-
:uation is naturally liio.'i ;;,
v't^-d, the inhabitants tliiii!.-
rc from enemies i'o lar up
■,ilal of Viri'inia, is fcatcJ
town, between James river
-feveiuh dciTce twcntvnii-
fcvtntv-fi.vih de;/:ec thirty yc;
thouL'h it is the leat of tii-
alii-mbly or parliameti;
nn'-'t.
met, it 1 jfiv r.'iiijiii* fi .ly li' uf, It hut a l.iwn-
i-.i.ae, an I J haiidlimv; tolliiti; rrultd fir the ciiiiraii'in
,,i the Iiih.ins aii.l alio foijij workt i. fed for ii* dc-
1,11,1'. The tihovi: rolte ;c lonlilh ol a prelideill, liK
p iiill'jr', JiiJ oiii.' hiiiidud tludenli \ ..nJ (or cniluwiii;;
11 kiilj U illiaiii not ii.ilv ;!,ive two if ufaiid iiounJ-, but
,;riiil<.-l iw.'iilv ihoufind .i' fen of i.,ii.l, nini niiv penny
ri, I p,iiiii.l I'll all tubaci-ii mport.'.l. Il han iikcwilc tc-
,'iived fiviral mher v.ihiahlc ilimiiioin, ati.l u upon the
vjii.ilc oiii' III the riilii II ndli'c.n in Aiiicriia.
ill V'ir ;liiii, h.it III tlul pa,t of Nor;'', Cuiiiiiii winch
iiiimcilutily hinder, upon it, I ii; ({icat air \'J Awt
K ihifh, when thu immiry wa» full inaJ.' knnwii to tli i
I'.nnlilli, la* how .iilv.intai^eoii', it nii;hl he iiwJo toihr,
kin^diMii, He Was ihc hilt man in Kn^laml whu haJ
a n^tht 1 oneepiioii of the ai'uiiitagcn of liittlcinciic., /.
broad, the mi'v pcrfon who ii.id a lhoiou,;li inli^ht iiitii
trade, and who law rlc.iily the proper inellioil, >,l |i.,j.
motin;^ i:. He applied toioiirt, ami lornuil a cuiiipany,
coinpofedul fcvtral pfrlim'.ofdiltiiidliijii and fumeciinij^iir
I'nc iiihibitaiiu of Vir;.;inu lUC a rheaiful hfji'pitahle ' merchants who 3',^rceJ to fettle a culor.y in that pait ot'
|M.n,de, .Old iiuiiy of thiiii (Miiuel, vain, and ollenta- I the world, which, in honour of ipieeii Kli/.iheth, hi)
i:riis I lluy liie liuiiiioulle, and cciu'rally le.ive all kinds | named Virginia. The ill luccef, tint .ittcndeJ the tiill
jt L.'iour U) their flni'>. lint ilio,ij;h there are nut many ] attcmiiti fecmed to jjivc little hopci ol their ever being
lull plaiuem III this piovinii', llu le iiifiar.c a iii in lo
|i„ii as to lie reduced to a ll.ite ot brj>;',ary ; hut it .my
,11- happen, to be difahled by af;e oi fn kiief. Ir.ini work-
III', he \i ipiartere.l upon (onie luhllmti.il planter, vvh.'ic
iL h pleiuiiiillv provided for at ilie publie exp lue.
1 ne wonliiiiilion ol tiie V'lij'inian ijovinMieiit relembles
ilL.t ot (iuat Uiit.iin, The :;iivi'iniir npn luils ih- kiii^,
1 , whom he i^ tholeii i tlie toinuil anlwii'. to the houle
ut peers \ and tlie repieleniaiives of the peonle, eledled by
i:,c iieeiiKii ot every count v, aie th.ir houle ot commons. , _ ^ „ ,. ^
I'licie ate only three piil.lle iilTucr. befides tht f^ovcr- condition to IJnj^l.md, wi,eii jull in liie mouth ol C'liela-
1101, wiui have their coiiiinitrinn iinmciliat'l'.' from liis peak-bay they met tho lord Delaware with a fipiadroii
ii:.i;elty, namely, the ainJitor of the revenue, tiie receiver- loaded with provilioiis, and With every thm^ n. cellar/
ral, and the leeiiiar\', in whofj uffiee i.i kept the fur their relief and defence, wlu pcrfu.iJed ihcni to le-
comtlited ; ne.n- half of th t'nii colony w.ii detlroycj hy
the indi.iii!, and the rc(l, ^onfumed and worn out by fa-
tii^uc and famine, returned tiome to their native louiiti y:
the leciiiu! colony wai cut off to .i man lit a manner uii.
known 1 but was fuppolcd l'.) be dtllroyed by the In-
dians ; the thud had the fame iinliappy late; and th;
fourth ()iiartel!in;; anionj; themfelves, iienIicTJ agiicul-
ture to hunt fur gold, and ixaiperaling the In li.in, by
their infiilent bcli.iviour, loft feveral oi their people, and
the poor run.iiiis of thcni were r'.'tuii.iiig in a taiiii|li;ni;
ee 1.1
^.ublic tecoidn, ai.d all ile.d. and other wntio'M are th'.rc
|ii,ned. The tre.ifiner of the province is chofen by the
-tiicral adembly, and receives the money railed by tli',;
...1, of lh.it .illeiiiMy.
.\o oilier lorccs are kept in Viii'inia but militia, of
wiu.h the j^overnor is by ins comnullioii lieu;enaiit-ge-
iiaal, and appoints in each county a colonel, lieutenant-
tulontl, and all oth. r rommillioned olhcers. All Iree-
iiKii between the a;;c3 of I'lxtcen and lixty, not otherwilo
txeuled, aie obli;;ed to bear arms and attend a [Kuicral
iiiuller once a year in the county where they dwell, and
leur times a year in Imaller parties or fiULile companies.
The public teveiiues arc a rent refer'.ed by the i town too olien treated ill, and whom he now fo.ind very hauuh-
(1 .ill landi granted by patent; a duty of two fliillin^s ty and aHuminii; on account of the niiferable iLr.c to
a lio.'lhead on all tobacco exported ; a duty of (i.\-pencc which the I'jv.'jifh had been reduced ; but by tome well-
aliead lor every pallcn;;cr brou;',ht into the country ; tines timed and viL',orou ;, though cruel. Heps, awed ihein into
.iiid lorfeitures : duties on Haves and firvants imported, very peaceable difpol'itions ; and haviiii; I'ettled his colonv
aiiJ on torei n lupiors ; money raifed by aiU p.illcd in in a very thrivini; condition, retired home for the benehc
[he allembly, and the heavy duties laid on tobacco when of his health, which, by his coiillant attention to buli-
ixported to Uieat liiitain. ! nefs, and ihe air of an uncultivated country, had been
Their county courts have the power of cenfurin;^ and impaitcd ; but left his fon, who had his lather's fpirit, aa
turn.
This nobleman endeavoured with the utmoft zeal and
alTiduily to chiiifli and fupport the Irowaid inlaney of
this unproinifiiii; colony. After he had prevaile.l on thj
people to return, he eomloried them under their misfor-
tunes, pointed out their caiifes, and uniting the tcndcr-
nefi of J father with the (leady fevcrity of a mapiltrate,
healed their divil'miis, and leconciled them to authority
and goveinnicnt, by niakiiij; them leel by his co.'.duot
what a lilclliiii; it could be made. Ha\ in.; fettled the co-
lony within itlcll, his next care was to put them upon a
proper footiii'' with regard to the Indians, who had been
pimilhing all niallcis that do not provide their lervaius
juod and wholefome diet, eloatbm;;, and lodgini; ; and
inel'e courts have power to redre's any grievance fervants
may have icafon to complain of.
Tlie ell.ibldhed religion is that of the church of Eng-
l.uid ; every paiilh has its miniller, who lias a houfe and
'ilebe, with abi'ut the value of ci^jhty pounds per annum
'i.iul him In tob.icco, which the church-wardens colledt
lur him. 'I'lie ecclefiallieal affairs arc under the iii-
i;;.ction of a commillary authoii/.cd by the hiOinp of
l.i-nduii, who preliJes over all the crdonies in religious
iiii.ttcrs. liut though full liberty of confcienee is allowed
to people of all perfualions, there arc lew dill'entcrs from
the elt.iblilhcd church.
The chief exports from this province arc iron, beef,
pork, pipe-lhives, and other lumber : but, as hath been
a'ready obferved, all the other commodities of this coun-
try are fwallovved up in tobacco. It is computed that ge-
nerally one year with another two hundred large fliips arc
I'rei.'jued with that commodity, and tliat a hundred thou-
faiid hogfiieads arc annually exported, each weighing four
bundled weiglit, out of which it is fuppofed th.it forty
tlioulaiul hoiiflu.ula are confumed at home, and the other
fixly ihouland exported from Great Uritain to foreign
iiiaikets, alter iiiolt of it Is manufaffurcd at home.
SECT. IV.
A cmcifc Hylcty tf il>c Sttiltment of I'ir^hili.
!RG1NI.'\, v\'hich was difcovered by Cabot, is the
V
tempts to Icttic a colony were not, Kricily ipe.'.km;^, muJ;
99
his deputy, and Sir Thnmis Gate*, Sir Cieorge Sum-
mers, the honourable George I'iercy, Sir I'crdiiunJ
VVenman, and Mr. Newport, for his council.
Lord Delaware on his return to Englan.l did not for-
get the colony. For eight yeais together he wa., inde-
fatigable 111 doing every thing that could tend to the
peopling, the fupport, and the g'lod government of this
leitlemcnt j and dh ,1 in the purfuit of the fame objoifl in
Ills voyage to Virginia, with a I.uge laiiply of people,
cloathiiig, and goods.
The colony of Virginia took f ; li vaft root under thu
care of lord Delaware, that it was enabled to (land two
terrible Itorms, in which the injured Indians had nearly cut
otf that colony, and to fiibdue them fo as to put it en-
tirely out of their power to give the Eiiglifh the leall
dillurbancc for niiuiy years. Alter the death of Charles I.
Sir William Berkley held out for the crown, till the
province was reduced by the parliament.
Soon after the Reftoration a rebellion arofe in the pro-
vince, from mifmanagemcnt in the government, the de-
cay of trade, and exorbitant grants, which included the
fettled property of many people ; thcfc grievances railed .i
general dil'coiitent among the planters, which was mado
to blaze out into an aflual war, by a young gentleman
named Hacon : be bad a graceful pielence and winning
behaviour : he had been bred to the law, had a lively and
fluent cxprcflion tit to fet off a popular caufe, and to in-
fluence men who were ready to hear all that could be
laid to colour, in a proper manner, whatever was already
llrongly drawn by their own feelings. By a fpccious, or
V
4tlf
noil ancient of our colonies ; though the firit at- | perhaps a real, regard for the public good, finding the go-
vernor flow in his preparations at'ainlt the Indians, who
SJ l " wcru
A S Y S 1 !■: M OF G L C) (i R A 1' J 1 V,
Ifiil;
hmiii
mm
\\ir^
:if-j(>
vvcrc th'.'li r.'.v:;,;;ii;; thr rnnuiiT^ of tliL' pr;)viiKo, lie toi.k
U[t arms withnut .niiy I'oniniiDi n\ to :i-t :i;j..iiiill the ciii;
my. When he !i.ul liiirici-.-iit lorce for this piiriiole, lie
toim.l himlofr ill a coiuliiioii not only to ni.ikc licaJ a-
gainl! the InJiins, hut to !;ive law to the (jovciiior, ami
to f'v.rrc him to give a faniilmn by his authoiiiy to ihoCe
proc-ccilinys, with whiili he intemlcil to ikllroy it.
liacon at l.'u.^t'n, arnicl with the eonimiirMii of a i;e-
I'iCr.i!, inarclud agaiiill the In.lians, followij by the
whole lorcc uf the; coKiiiv ; when Sir William IJeikl.y,
the uovtrnor, being freeJ from the imiiuJi.ite terror o!
his liirtes, procl.umcd hini a traitor, anJ illuevl a rewarJ
for apprch.-iuiin;; hi.n. Upon thii the peojile were uni-
vcrfally infl.iincil, ami lulhcreJ to I'acon, while the _l;o-
vcinor, who was uiiw.llin;_' to tempor;/,e, or yielJ to the
Itorm, rctircJ over the river I'jtowm le, piodaiineJ all
H.Kon's adherents traitors, put biinielf at the he.iJ of a
/liiall body of troops, whii.h he railed in .Maryl.md, and
el fueh Virginians a.; wvre fjitlifnl to him, and wrote to
Kniland for fiipplics.
Mtan while llacon mirehin ; to the capital, c.illed an
ademblv, and fur h\ months lo^'.ether difpofed of every
thiiKi according to hi., own pljafuie. Thiiij;s were now
brought to a etifis, and ha'tenioi; to a eivil war ; wluii
lUddenlv the pii'dic tr.iniiiiiliiy wis relhned by IJacon'.s
dyln:^ .i natural death ; for the people being unable to
aili without a head, pi opofed terms of aeeoniinodaiion,
and peace was lelforcd lu : foimich hy the rcmo\ al of the
grievance.s complained of, a.i by th" arrival of a regiment
Jrom hngliiid, whieh remained a l.,iig time in the coun-
try: and it mult be obl'ervcd, in honour of the mudeia-
tion of the (;oicrnmcn', that no pcilon flittered in his
life or citate for this rebellion, which was the more ex-
traordinary, as many pco,^le weie then very earncllly
folicitinii !;raiUs of land in this country.
S K C T. V.
0/NoRrn <3«// South Carui.ina.
Tl'tlr Silunlion, Extent, Climate, SjII, and iuit of the Csu'i-
try. 7ht' Kjny Spciic's cf Ciin, I'LinH, tvutlrfcs.
TWV. provinces of North and South Carolina, iviii'^
between the thiiU'-firft andthiry-fixth degrees of la-
titude, are upwards of four hundred miles in length, and
in breadth to the Indian nations near three hundrei.'.
North Carolina i-, bounded on the cail by the Atlantie
ocean, on the foutli by South Carolina, on the well by
the Apalachian mountains, and on the north by Vir-
<;.inia. The ccifts are extremely broken by bays, creeks,
and rivers, in the openings of whieh are many bars and
flioals, v\'hich rciuK-r the n.ivigation difficult tj llrangers :
there are, however, fevcr.il fafc and good harbours.
The climate and foil of both Carolinns arc not very
different from thofe in \'irginia ; but y.licre they ditl'er
it is much to the advantage of Carolina, which, upon
tlic whole, may be ronfidered as one of the li.ied climates
in the v^'orld. Indeed the heat in i'ummer is very great,
but it e.xccids little th.it in Virginia, and has the advan-
tai'C of having the winters milder and ihorter. However,
the w.Mther, ^hoUfjh in i^eneral fereiie, and the air healthy ;
yet, like all Ar,^crican weather, makes fucli quick changes
Uj obliges the im;ibitants toobferve more caution in their
drefs and diet than \\'e are obliged to ufc in Kurope.
Thunder and lightning is \ery frequent, and tlufe, with
the fouthern colonies, are the only ones we have on the
continent that aie fubject to huriicanes ; t,at they are
|j. I e very tare, and not ne.ir fo \ iolent as thofe ot the
Well Indies. Pait ol tiie month of March, all April and
May, and the gieaielt part of June, ate here inexpieinbly
tniperutc and agreeable ; but in July, Augulf, and for
almoll the whole of September, the heat is very intenfe ;
and though the winters are Iharp, efpei.i.-.lly when the
nonh-welt wind picv,.il,<, jet the cold is iLl.loni I'cvcrc
enough to freeze any conl'iderable body of water. It is
chiefly felt in the murnings and evenings ; for the froll
lias never fufficient Ikength to refift the noon-day's fun;
fo tli.'t iriaiiy tender plants,, which do not Hand the win-
I.T of Virginia, flw;jrilh i.i Caiulina.
^.\ROLl.NA.
'Ilie whole ountry, wlurc it is not clcan.l hy „,„.
pi mteis, IS in a m.inner ine loult. 'J he trie, .ire ulnmit
the l.inie in eveiy refpcil with ihofe produced in V'lrL'iiii.i-
and by the dillcient (picies i t lii. le the quality of the \in\
is eafily known : thus the ground whicli bc.iis the oak
the walnut, and the hickei), are extremely /iidL- ; \[ |,'
ol a dark land, intermixed with loam ; and .is all ilu;
land abounds with nine, it i; lung belore it is i >.l aiili ,\ '■
Inr here they lu ver ufe inaiuiie. What is c.ilKd n,^
pine-barren i-, ihe woilf, it conlilling of a while land
yetnatuially beats the pine-'ree and oilier ulelul plants-'
tliole tiecs yield good pndit in pitch, t.ir, and tu:p:nt:ae;
when this land is cleaied, it produces for two or three ye.iij
t.jgether toleiaule crops of Indian corn and p as ; a:, d
whin it lies low, and is Hooded, anfwcrs well fur nee •
but wh,;t is of greatell advantage to iliis pioviiue is, th.it
the worlt Ipccies of us land is lavouiabie to a Ipecies of
one of ihe kinds of indigo, tl .■ moU valuable of all us
products. There is anotlicr fort o( ground w.'-.ieli Im
low and wet on the banks of foiiie ot the riveis, and ij
in lome places ulelels \ but in oil.ei.s i,s fai the rielielt of
all till ir grounds, it confuting ol a bl .CK lat earth t..at
bears their great rt-ple lice, which requires a ticli nwilt
foil.
'i'lic country near the fea, and at the mollt^ ■' the
navigable rivers is much the woill ; for molt ol .... land
there is a pale, ligiit, faiidy coloured ground ; hiir tne
Country on your advancing farther into it coiuiiiualiy
improves ; and at a hundiea miies diHance lioin t-iiarles
Town, where it begins to grow hilly, the loil is e;;-
ttemely (ertile, the .lir pure and whoicfoine, and taj
lammer he.its much moie temperate tluii in tiie llaicoua-
tiy ; lor Carolina is forcighty miles tiom the ica an eve.i
pi.iin, in which is no loll, no rock, and leaice even
a pebble to he lound. Wliencc, licni this (anicmls, it
mult want the line etlect which its beautilul p.ojuds
v*ouId nave by a more variegated and advantageous eJil-
pdition ; but nothing can be imagined iiioie aeliiliiiul
than the back country, and its truitluli.cl:, is ainiclt in-
credible. Wheat glows extiemtly well there, amJ yieldj
a prodigious increafe. In the other pails ol Carolina they
laife but little wh.eat, it being apt to n.ildc'v, aiiil ir.end
itfelf in ftraw ; evils which the planters take very iV.iic
taie to redrefs, as they luin their whole attention lo ihe
culture ol nee, which is more p'olitable, and in wl-.icli
they aie umivalled, they being lu plied with what wiie.it
they want, in exchange for this ; .un iioni Fenl;, ivanu
and New "i'ork.
'1 he l.md in Carolina is every v -re eafily cleaicd, as
there arc little or no under-wood, i he lorelts mellly
conlilt of large tiecs at a conlideranli itance from eacii
other ; fo that they can clear in Car na more kind in a
week, than they can do in the toi 3 of Europe in a
month. Their method is to cut thf about a loot iroiii
the griuind, and then law them iiit lou'ds, or eonvcrt
them into heading, itaves, or other I ies ol lumber, ac-
cording to the nature of the wood ir the der..;;-. '; of
'the market. 'The roots foon decay. '' iietore iha; h.m-
pens, the) find no inconvenience Ir . them, y.'ntrc they
have liicli plenty of land.
In the two provinces of whieh Car un.a is r.inipofed i^
ten navigable river;, tnat have a very k.n;^ eouile, and a
(»reat number of fmaller ones that fall into them, all a-
t^ounding in fifti : but in molt of the great rivers there
."ire falls fifty or llxty miles from the kji, and as you ap-
proach their fouices t.'iefe become muie frequent.
We fliall now, after dwellini'. fo long on tie foil,bei'!n
with the produce ol this province, and tiiit wiih the
con..
'I'he wheat, |)ar!ieu!arly of North Carolina, is very
good, and the Hour extrenntly white; rye thiives very
well, but they low veiy little of it ; barley grows much
better than might be expected from the ina.nier in whuh
( it is man.igi" tiere ; oats alio do very well, but the v;i)t
plenty of other giain prevents its being piop.ig.ited ..i
many places.
Here are Icveral forts of rice, fume bearded 2nd others
not, befides the white and r!ie red ; but the white is the
belt. The rice of Carolina is clt,-emed as good as any
litoui;lit to liurope, and iiicrc»lck le) prodijjiyully, that
onv
Carolina,
it not tlcin I by out
'J liu trie .iif aliiMill
i: prtuliittil III \'irijiiii,i ;
(.- tlic iiii.ility (>r the lial
1 wliicii 1)0.11.1 tlic (i.'.k,
iMiiiiR-ly liililv- ; a i>
1 liijiii ; aiiJ .1'. all iln:
iKkin.' it lb llliilllli' il ;
What is c.illiil the
Itilij; of a wliili.- laiul,
.11(1 oilier uli-hil |.'l.ims;
1), t.ir, .inJ tiiip.iitiac;
citor twii or tlui'L-yi-.u.;
in torn .iiiJ p .is ; a;. J
iinfutrb well tor ncc;
to lllli plOVilKC IS. th.it
vourabic to a l|Kc'ics ot
iiicli vjiu.UiIl' ot all lU
ot ground vvl'.ich i:is
lie of tlic rivci.s, ami is
l,i.rs 1.1 I'.ii the ricn..'lt ot
I a bl iCK lat lariti i,,ut
th rcuuirtb a lua inuiit
iJ at tlie m'nll^ '" ihc
II ; lor moll ol .... land
KaircJ grouini ; 'xir triv
ihcr into It tuiuiimaliy
cs dilLmci; lioin t-iiarki
ivv hilly, the toil lb c;;-
nd wlH'lfloinc, and tiij
r.ilc: than in tin- (Liicoun-
iilcs tioni ihi: ici an i:vl;i
1 rock, and kaice even
, licni this lanieiuls, it
;h its bt.iulilul ii.o.iucls
■d and udvantagi-oub dil-
imas-'.iii'-'d more lii-li; iaiul
truitliilncla is a';ii;i.lt m-
cly well ihcre, and yieljj
thtrpaiiioi Carolina tluy
ija to ii.iMc'v, and Ibcnj
pianterb take very Iralc
whole attention lo iho
iihtable, and in vvl'.icli
ilied with what wluat
am iiom Punluvaiiu
Cap.'.iin" ^•
A M F. K I C A.
66y
I V
id.
Cat
toi
the
iiii
r I
K
ood
av-
Ir
re calily cK-arcJ, ns
I'h.- loreits inoHW
Hance from c.:cli
na more bind in a
3 oi Europe in a
about a lout iroin
loii'ds, or tonvtrt
ieb ol lumber, ac-
ir the di'p-....'. 'l ot
i' helore tha; h.ip-
. them, where they
h Car >iii...i is r,,nipolcd is
veiy Icn^ ..-ouilc, and a
t lall into them, all a-
ot the great rivers theri;
the lea, I'.nd as you ap-
e inoic Irequent.
lo loiii' on i^e toil, bcj'iii
ince, and lir'.t with iho
North Carolina, is very
white; I ye thiives very
,1 it i liarley grows much
roni the ina.nier in whu h
very well, but the vi'.tt
its being propagated ..I
fomc bearded end others
red ; but the white is the
clK-enied as goo.l as any
ile> Ij prodii^iyiilly, tbit
oil';
on- iiieafiire fo'.vn \LU1. from ei^hl hiiiidin! to a tliini-
l.iiiJ. It j;ri)W> belt in the wet and wild land, that has
never been cultivated or broken up bel'ore. This an-
.liiitly loriiicd ilie ll.ip'e of this provinve; but while the
ii|ioin ol the a''l of n.ivijuion oblij;ed the planters to
lend all their ri.ediieclly to l-',ii;'laiid, lo be le lliiiijied
lor the miirkets of Spiiii and )'ortu<;.d ; the cli.irges
incident to this regulatijii l.iy fi> h avy upon the trade,
ili.il the ciiltivaiion of ri.e, cfpecially in time of w.ir,
vlieii lliel'j charges were greatly increafed by the rife ot
the lrei;.;lit and infiiranec, hardly anfwLrcd the char^^cs
III the jilant'. r i bat now the le;;inatuie perinita the inh.i-
liiMius ot C.iolina to fend their rice diitclly to any p'aee
1,1 the foulh'.vard of Cape Finilterre ; this has revived
me lice-tra.le, and this branch alone of their rommeice
I. at the lowclt cllimation worth a hundred and lifty thou-
faiid pound.s Itcrlinp, a year.
InJian corn, or maize, proves a mnfl: ufeful "rain in
ihele part., it b 'iii;^ in great plenty all over the pro-
Miice. MiHct alf) does very well here, c'pccially in
li^'iu and loofe i^iomid : they fow it in April and M ly,
.111,1 it profpers bell in niuill and rainy weather; but the
pi' nty of other [;,rain prevents theie beiiij nuieh ot it
lown, it being only ufed in Caiolina for fatieninj; their
poultry. Ciuiiua wheat likewife thrives very well here,
and lervcs lor the fame ule as the former.
'I'herc are feveial forts of piilfe in this province, as the
baliiel-bean, fo c.illed Iiom one bean producing a bufhel ;
the miraculous-pea, wliich is fo called from itb long pods
and prodigious increafe ; the bon.nis, calivances, nanti-
cu.K-s, and fever.il other kinds, all of which are excellent
fjod. 'I'lieie are likewife kidney-beans, and the laigc
f uropean bean ; but th':; lall degenerates : yet there are
Icveral lortb of i'uropean peas, which come to as great
pcrlciltioii a.i in inoit parts of I'lirope. ^
Here are likewile a great v.iriety of gardcn-rootf, pot-
herbs, and falhdj ; with pompioiis, calh.iws, fiitialhes,
aiid many others.
Among the medicinal plants .ire afarabacca, carduus be-
neJidus,ipecacuhana,farfai)arill.i, ballard tlnna root, and
a i;rcat nunibei of others: with the valuable indigo plant,
and others ufed in dying.
I'he fields and woods are adorned like thofe of Vir-
ginia, with a valt variety of flowers, among which are
iii.iiiy of ibofe raifed witn great care in our gardens, and
others peculiar to America.
The forelt-trccs arc likewife very numerous ; among
ihcfe arc many kinds of oak, the a(h, fycamorc, the
Cm, the beech, four forts of pine, the fervicc-trce, the
iiKnle, horn-beam, and tlie cyprefs. 'I'bis lalt is not an
c\ cr-rcen in Carolina, the leaves turning red in winter,
and not recovering their verdure till tf.e fprin^. They
arc the tallell: and tliickelt of any trees in this part of
the worKi, fomc of them being ahov' .'ii'ty-li.\ feet in
eirciimfercncc : the nuts they bear yic'd an odoriferous
b..liaii ufed as a cure in all new green wounds, gonor-
ikicas, and old uleets ; and, being drank wi'h Alicant,
l!o') all kinds of lluxes. The planters an. I Indians com-
meiily make their peria:;uab and canoes of this wood, and
Mine of thcle pcriaguas arc fo large that they will carry
iliirty or forty baireis of pitch or tar in them, though
f .raied of one entire piece of timber. Of thefc trees arc
likewife made curious pleafuie bnats.
Here are alio in the hirells the iiuilbcrry, the hickery,
which is of the walnut kind, and is of three forts, the
white, the red, and the flying-barked hickery, fo called
Irom its brittle and fealy bark ; the black walnut-tree,
the chefnut-trce, the honey-tree, and the fugar-trce.
'I'be palmeto-iree, when at its full growth, is forty or
fifty feet in height, and .iboui two feet in diameter. I'bc
leaves grow only in great duflers on the top, and are cx-
aitlv in the foim of a fan.
'Ihc fwcet gum tree rece'vcs its name from a fragrant
gum it yields in fpriiig, by making an incifion in the
bark and wood. 'Ibis gum is ufed internally as a fove-
leiijn remedy tor feveral internal dilorders, and outward-
ly lor cutaneous complaints,
' The black gum-ticc bears a wcll-tatled black berry,
nnd the wdiitc gi'in tree has (Io*crs in bunches and its
wood beautifully veined, whence Icveral kinds of curious
lutiiitu'c arc made ot it.
Thece.!ar-trcc is iicr;' of two llirt.«, tl.e red and white.
The re.l cedar is encnmpali'eJ with a valt number of
branches, whicli gradually (lioriening as thev approa.h
the top o! the tree, form an exadl pyi.imid. Theleaics
are (mail and round, like thole of the pine, butiliorter
.iiid not fo Iharp-po.iued ; it bears berries all the year,
which aiefweet and pleafant to the talte. Ot this wood
tables .iiid other t'uiniture are made, rooms are wain-
leotted with it, and of it arc made coffins for the dead.
It is admired for itJ fragrant fmell, and its durableiiels,
lor no woims will touch it.
'I'he tulip-tree gro'Vb here to fo large a lire, that the
trunk is loir.tiines above twenty feet in circiimfeience.
Some of thefe trees bear white tulips, and others thole
that are party-coloured. The wood mikes bandfoine
tables, t^c.
'I'lie bay. tree, and the bay tulip- tree, arc beautiful
evcr-gree.i-.
'I'he faflafr.'.s is very common, and the trunk is fomc-
linics tv,'<; Icet indiaiiuter. The wo.id, which is light
and durable, is, noivvithUjiiding its medicinal virtues,
made into bowls, polls, and oilier things in.ide to Hand
in the ground.
The fumach-trcc grows about nine or ten feet high,
with foft and hairy leaves, indented on the edges, and a
led ridge lunning through the inidll of them. I'he
llowers which come forth in July are of a greenirti
yellow, and grow v/ith the leaves in long red Italks in
chillers, alter which follow linall reddith feed.s in bunches
like grapes. This tree is of great ufe in Europe in dref-
fmg (kins, and cfpecially Kpanifll leather.
Many of the fruits of Great IJiit.iin grow wild in the
woods, and of thefe are all the kinds we have ineiuioneJ
in treating of Virginia ; with a nuinber ot other American
fruits, ol which we fliall only mention the following:
'i he papau-trec is only about eight or ten inches in
diameter, but has the broadell leaves of any of tiie trees
in the wood, of Carolina. It bears a fruit about the
bignefs of .' hen's egg, which rcfcmbles an apple, but
contains a large (lone within ir. When it is ripe it is ot
a beautiful yellow, and as foft and fwcet as any fruit
can be ; of it the planters make puddings, tarts, and
many other didies.
'1 he Indian-hg, commonly called the prickly-pear,
is an admirable p ant, which grows in great plenty, and
feems to be nothing but a multitude of leaves, or a tree
made of leaves, without trunk or boughs ; f ir a leaf let
in the ground takes root and produces other leaves, g ow-
ing one above another till they aie pretty tall like a tree,
the leaves (preading out like boughs, I'liefe leav.s aru
long, bro,id, thicker than a man's han.l, of a deep g.-ei a,
and fet full of long, Uurp, and ilenJer prickles. From
ilie tops of the leaves rife long yellow flowers, lefembling
thole of the pomcgranale-tiee, after which is proilucetl
atruitwhich relembles the common fig ; but within is
full of red pulp of a blood colour, very fweet and lulcious,
but occafions fuch atimiturc in the urine of thole who
eat ir, that it feems like pure blood, and yet is perfectly
iiniocent. The tops of thefe figs arc encircled with I'caly
leaves like a crown, in which are contained (iiiall grains
that ;.re the feeds, which being (own bring forth plan*?
with round bodies like the trunk of other trees, with the
leaves growing on them like the former; but if thefe
leaves are plucked oli" and planted in the ground, they
bring forth trees of only leaves. Upon this plant grow
certain cxcrelccnccs, (roir which are laid to proceed the
cochineal infcft, fo much valued for dying the richelt
fcarlet.
SECT. VI.
Of the Ciitt'e of Ciiyclinu, anJ thi Manner in whieh they
are tnanav.ed ly the Planters. Ofthtuitil Bea/h, anJ
Infills. /I Dijcription of jiueral remarkable Birds; and
oj the Fijbes on the Caiji tii:d in the Rivers,
HORNED cattle, horfes, and fwinc multiply fur-
prizingly, there being as great numbers here of
each fpecics, as in any province poU'efled by the EnglilK
in .'Vnurica. The veal is very good and wbitc ; but they
^%
Li
A S y S T E M O !'• G L O G R A i' II Y
n^
I !
1 !
Im' i!
i' I
( ! >U
i'i'ii^i.,lly )iu,;:i\^ Uiolr cilvcs ti) a l.:i-cr f,ro\vth, ;ui.l
tluTctorc kill Lw tor the iii.irkc:. The plaiuc-r » ni.ikc
li'l.ls .I'li.iiciit ti> thiir li.ibit.itions, in v/hicli thoy (iiill;
tl-.rlr coivs rvi;i\ morning r.iid cviiiin:: ; aftt-r vvliiclitiuy
tinii iIkiii into thi- vvodils, wl.i-:t :1kv tctj all d.iy. When
thcv return a: rii;j,ln, tluy CircJiillr ihi.t u;) tiicir calves
with a few ot" thu cows ill thole fol.i;, to pro;cct tlurn
(rom the wolves, aiul other voraiioui o. il.l hearts. 'I'lie
calvoH puicrallv fuciv tlie Jiiir. all the lime thcvare piiik-
iii^', othcrwile the cows wouhl lu.t riiff.:r aiiv one to touch
tliejii. Their inithoJ o! killing the lila. Ic c.u;!e is gcne-
r.illv to (hoot them in the litlils or in tl.e IblJ.; ; thoy thin
cutciKthc hfail.iiiil lect,aiiJ take out thcciura.Ii, which
tluv lliKnv away as ulclefs, except the lat. If the cattle
lie UiliereJ lo live to a proper a ;:c, the hcet' pr.ivei as lar_:!e
an.l as fat as any in the nci^'hboiiring colonics. Thjy
kill a great number of horned cail.e m October anJ tno
other cool months, el'pecially when th.ce intend tnem tor
(altiiiL; and exportation ; for thei- arc then in their prime
ot'flilli. 'I'he ixpor:a-ion ot fait i t.t io one of the great
bi jiicots of tr.idc of North Carolina.
It IS furprifinj; tliit thev have fach flocks of cattle,
while tlurc are fuch mimbcrs of wolves, tv^ers, and pan-
thers ; biit tlK!e arc far Ircm bein.: lo ravenous as thofe
bcalls ill A;;ica ; and it mult be obfeived, that they very
leldoni d_re to attempt to kill either calves or foals, for
tear of their dams, who vigorouflv defend them. When
a cow lees a nolf or any other ravcnijus bead near, file
gives a lignal by belknvinj, upon wi'.i.h all the black
cattle within t.er hcarinu' come to hrr airi.Kince. There
are great numbers of horned cattle ;',nd horfes that breed
in the woods, and you may fee great droves feeding pro
milcuoudy in the lavani.as anioiig the deer, fifty or iixty
miles diltaiit from any hab;:.;tion.
The horfes arc well-fliaped, fwift, and generally
about thiruen or fourteen hands high ; thev will travel
incredible journies, though th'.y are iKver fliod, on ac-
count of the foftnefs of the ground, wliich is covered
over with gral's without any gravel or Uones, yet the jilant-
crs generally nfe them vcrv ill ; and iVldom allow them
corn after loii;; jourr icj. They frequciuly tie the;n to a
tree tor hours together, and fonietimes tor a day or two
withotit thinking of giving th'.-m any fubfiltence, on which
account thev fometiines break loofe, and run into the
woods, where they remain for weeks together with
the laddies on their backs. The horfes which they kiip
in the inclofures, and fonietimes feed wi;h Indian corn,
are very I'ervice.due in jyiirnies and h.inting.
When the pl.niters nunt the wild lorfcs in the woods,
they 20 two or tliiee tigtlheron h.irf^bae.:, and as foon
as theycfpy a wild horie, purfue him; and indeed their
horfes are fo well trained, that they will neither hurt
thcinfclves nor their riders againft a tree, and will go lull
fpced for hours together till the \\i!d horfe (lands l':ill,
when one of the luinicrs alights claps the bit into his
ir.cuth, anil a fadiile on his back, and rides him to his
own, or the next plantation, wheie he is fed with Indian
corn and (alt, which in a little time renders him as
tame as any in the plantation, and fit to purfue bis
wild I'pecics in the woods at the iie.\t hunting-match,
or for anv otiier ule.
The flicep have j^enerally two or tlirce lambs at a
time, and are ne.er fuJ-i'ered, like the other cattle, to ram-
ble in the woods ; but are kept in mclofures in the
plant;.:ions, Ironi whence they come every evening to
the pLnters houfcs, and at night are put into their
tolds to defend them from wild beails. The mutton
IS ucnetallv exceeding fat, and as wcU-relifhed as any in
Kurops. Their W(.ol is fuic, and elleeiiKd a good com-
modity.
There are but few ;;oats in Carf lina, they being fo
jiiilchievous to gardens, orchards and other trees, that
the planters are iiot (ond of keeping many of them,
ttiough they areas fat, and their fiefli as well reliflied as
any in Kuropc.
The (wine are exceeding numerous, and the pork is
faid to excel ill goodnel's any in Europe. The plenty of
icoriis, nuts, llrawberries, and other I'ruit with which
the woods naturally abound, gives a molt agreeable tafte
to thci.' Il.'ftl. Th; plaiiteis export valt quantitiei ct
;:ul: t:i the W'eft-Indies and lev.
CrtltOI.ISA.
-''• lilaces where-
provilions are learee.
Among the wdd beafls are bulTaloe?, e'ks, (tag-;, f^;.
I.ivv deer, hears, and jackalls, p.inihei,s, ami tyej.-,.
'I'he Ameiican tvger is (aid to be tne iiereel't aiii.iij
of thiscountiyi his ikin is of a fallow colour, molt
beautifully mottled wit.'i feveral kind, of (pots, and i,ir rcr
than a greyhound. 'I'hele anini.ds ate large, (iionu
and (wilt; ihcy are never to be met witii in the lettlcl
nunis ; hut niore to the wellward. The .\nicileaii ty.,, r
ha-, a great i- Icmblaiue to a cat; the t.i.l i-, ver\ Inn,
.uul ends ill a point : its eyes ate blight ; and when hm"!
grv it will leir neither man n.ir bej(t.
The other aniiii.ds are the aumntain-cit, the wild cu
tiie polecat, the minx, the woll, tl.e racoon, ti,c
ol-odiim, bj.ivers, otters, r.ibbi;.-., (ipiiircU of (evei.-l
km Is, mufk-ials, iVc. fe\iral kinds ofmn.e, alli -aui:"
toitoiles, or turtle, (eveial forts of li/.uds, the ^ittlt-
iiiake, horn-fnake, water-l'iiake, and iiuiiy oiliers ol th •
lerpeiit kind.
Among the infects are plenty of bees, not only u,
hives but in hollow tiees in tlie woods, wherein .ire
Ircijuentiy four.d valt i|uantities of honey and wax.
Tne lire fly lives in the open air, and is fo caTed fmni
its app.-aring at ■•igtit, like a iliining fpatk ot 1,^-
I hele are as long as tiie drones anion-; i he bees, |ii,t
much tiiicker, and of a browiiiili colour. 'I'heii b,.|it ,
under their wings, and at lirlt light appears lii-hta,! ,J
*(i..ngeis, though thty have no inannerof harm in them.
Dr. Urickeil lirys, that l.e has liequently taken thcni'
.md breaking olf' their wings, placed them on a book in
a d.iik room, and whateier \v.\y thev wte.t, lie cuulu
plainly fee the letters. Ti-.ey ajipcar' in .May, and re-
ni.iin mod part of tt-.o fummcr, w.ien they aie fometiinci
fo numerous that the wood,, feem co.ered with f-iarks
of lire. They are .icvcr fcea in the day, but fly all ni 'ht.
The fpider is here a poifonous inlect, which hurts^by
flinging. Of thcfe there aie many f|iecies ; but : e molt
remarkable is the mountain-fp; der, which is :' ' i, yi
tijiind any-whcre but in the woods near the momua.i.i
Scleral Ibrts of thefe fpid rs make their v.'cbs fo iiiun -
that they oftenentangle linall nirds; thofeperfons whoh.vc
'he iiii, fortune to be flung by them are afflicted with dif-
ferent diforders, according to the nature of Ipideis, thjt
have cominunicatcd theii poifoii. Some have viuknt
pains at the heart ; others fhortnefs of bieatli ; others
trembling, cold Iweats, and vomiting; others lau-hiii'
linging, with a number of other I] mptoms that Irciiueiit-
ly end in death.
The birds ofCandina, arc the bsld, the black, and
the grey eagle; the flfhing-hawk, the fparrow hawk,
the ring-tailed hawk, the gofs hawk, and the heriui'-
tailed hawk, foc.illed from its beautiful forked tail , tins
I ift is alio named the fn.ike-hawk, from Its feediii:; on
fiLikes, it managing with great dexterity, the larje'lt in
thefe parts. It is of the fi-ze of a falcon, and is a^'niuth
longer bird, of a fine aurora colour, with the pinions ot
the wings and end of the tail of a jet black. Thev lu-
ver appear here but in fumnier, and are very familiar.
They will fly for hours toge.ne.- near the place wlier.
the (nakes are, till they have an opportunity ot killin,-
fome of them. They I'eize it in their t.dons near the
head, and fly and drag it fome diftance before thev tear
it in pieces, and then devour it. On account of their de-
flroying thefe pernicious reptiles, the planters will not
fufler them to be killed.
'I'he p.irakceto, or parakeet of this prmincc, is afpccies
of the parrot, generally about the (1/c of a (ni..ll pigee-n ;
it is for the mofl part of a fine gieen, only the head and
part of the wings are of a bcautilul orange colour, and
they have thick beaks exactly lefembling thofe of a
hawk. They build their nefts in hollow trees, in low
fwampy ground ; but never appear abroad in winter.
I'hey arc very mifchievous to orchards, and peck the
ajiplcs, to cat the kernels ; they are \ir\- f.it ni mul-
berry and otiier freit-time, and are cxielient food, far
prelerahle to any pigeon. They aie often tak°". alive
with traps, and bird-lime, and in two or three days bt-
comc tame and Caniiiiar, but ate not lo apt to Karn to
(peak A', a pariot,
Thcttt
C/iUOI.ISA,
.i.i! i.t'.u: places v.hc.-i:
ralic?, t;ks, H.1'4'-, fa),
iitliti.s, anil tv^vii.
be tnc iuTci-lt aii;nui
a i'alltiw colour, inutt
,i:iJw ot (jjot!', and i.ir^'ur
iijis ate l.irgi.'. liiijiij
met witii 111 the Icf.ll,--
J. The Aiiieiii.aii t^;.. r
t ; the tail ii verv Ion.;,
lili,;lu ; iiu.l wlieii lun,,
,,i'l)LuU.
nnl-iia-c.l, tlie wil.l i,,i
wxill, tl.e i.icodii, ti.e
iia, (iiuirieU of kneuU
iiJs of iiiKe, allp4jt,n,,
;a c.f li/aiils, the lattli.-
aiiJ iiuiiy oiliLfs ot tlie
y <>l bi'L";, licit (inly m
lie wooJs, vvliercKi ..j^'
of hi'iK-y and wax.
lir, ami li fo c.illed finni
,1 (liiiiMi;^ l'|iarlc of |,;c.
.•5 aiiiiiii'^ ihi; bees, \nn
ll col, ,111. 'I'lifil l|.>lit 1,
light ajvHars liiyjii.u! i„
manner uf liariii in ihcm.
lu'iliieiitly taken thcni,
aceJ them i.ii a bijok in
ly they wi :;t, lie cuu'.u
appear in May, and re-
,v:ie-.i they a:e (i)n-.eti:nL-i
ee;ii to.crcd witli fp.uks
the day, bu: ily all ni^ht.
b iiile^t, which hurts by
:iiy fjiecics ; but ; e molt
pj.lcr, whieh is :' ' j. i:i
loJs near the momua.i i,
ake their v.'ebs lb !l;o:i :,
is 1 thufe perUms who h..i o
n are aftlicteJ with iht-
e nature of fpiJeis, tlut
)ii. Some have violent
tiiefs of bieatli j others
litinij; ; others l.uii;hiii_',
iMIiptonis that tri.i|ijelit-
the b.ilJ, the black, and
iwk, the fparrovv h.iwk,
hawk, aiul the heriiii;;-
eautiUil lurked tail , tins
»vk, from its feedmn on
dexterity, the lar^ell in
a falcon, and is a niuth
our, with the piiiiiiiis ol
■ a jet blaelc. 'I'hev lu-
and arc very familiar.
er near the place wh.r.
an opp.irtnnity ot killni.;
in their t.ilons near the
JilhiMce before thev te.,r
On account of their ilt-
s, the planters will nut
fthis province, is afprcies
he l:/e of a lni..ll pigeon ;
jjieen, onlv the head and
ititul orange colour, and
y lefciiibliii^ thole of a
1 ill hollow trees, in low
appear abroad in winter.
) orchards, and peck the
ley ate \, rv fat in tiiul-
d aie txiclleiit food, far
ley ait often tak"". alive
ill two or thiec days b'-
,11 e not lo apt to karn t,>
There
C.iiiOLl.VA.
A M i: K I C A.
(,{,■-,
'}
Tlierc are licie falcons, vuious forts of owls, the
ciitkow, the rail, j.ickdavv, wood-pecker, and niagpye,
rooks, crov/s, Iwallows, bats much larger than thufe in
Europe, iTianiiis, nighting.des, wrens, larks, gold-
linches, wood-piekcrs, and alnioft all the finall birds
Lonimon in Kngland.
Tlh re are (;rcat plenty of wild turkeys, fonicof which
uiigh about forty pounds. There aic two forts of fwans,
tl;e larLi'.ll of which are called trumpeters, from the
iioife ihey make. 'l"hey come in winter, and remain
i;!l Tebiuary, in fueh flicks that each tide of the frefli
water rivers an>l creeks feem at a dillance like land co-
vered with fnow. About Chrillmas they are frequently
Id fat as to be fcarce able to fly; they arc larger than
(hole in t'uropc, and very pood meat. In fpiingtiicy go
111 tliC northern hik:'s to b'etd. The fecond fort arccal-
Kd hoiipcrs, from the iioife they make. There are likc-
vv.le three foitsof wild ducks.
Mere are pheafams, woodcocks, fnipcs, cutlcv*', the
;ir.fii plover, the grey, or wliLlliiig plover, partiidges,
tiiitle doves, wild [ligeons, tile will- whiilet, which is fo
i.ilicd from its cry, and relenibles the curlew; the cat-
liiiJ, thus named from iiiukin^ a nolle like a younc; cat.
Till' inoekiiL^ bird, whieh receive their name from imitat-
i I iheiijics of other b:rds, L one of the fiiiell finging
biuls ill the world. I'hete aie two fills of them, one
hi, fcaihirs nuichof the colour of our LTcen plover, with
white in the wings, like thole of a magpyo. This hiis
a more melodious and loft note thdii the other, and is ge-
luially of the lize of our lliriifli. I'hey aie fond of the
u.vellings of men. and fuquer.tly refort thither; but
tliiMigh th^y are bold and hiilk, yet they are of a tender
Cjiillitutioii ; for thev neither fliig in winter, nor in the
niidfl of funimer, and it is with gicat diflieulty that anv
or ilum tlut are brought ovei, will live in England.
1 luy may be brcl up tame, and will fiiig in cages, yet
the planters (cldom lake them, cxc ept it be to fell to
tliolo trading to Europe. They toiiimoiily make their
ncfls, and breed in oichards, and other places near the
e.velling-houfc.';, fecdingoii mulberries-, and feveral other
berries and fruit. 'I'he other fort is called the ground-
leoeking bird, and is of a light cinnamon colour; itfings
(xceeding well ; but does not refort to the houfes, it de-
lighting to live among the myrtle ticcs, where it breeds
its voung.
'I'here arc two forts of red -birds ; the cocks of
both are of a pure fcarlet, and the hens of a dulky red ;
but (ine fort has a fine tuft of le;irkt fiaihers on the head,
and the other has none. T'liey h.ive ftrong and thick bills,
find are neai as large as our black-birds ; they whiflle and
ling like a ihrufll, but more melodioufly. They feed on
Indian corn, and feveral forts of berries and feeds pro-
duced in the country, and, when taken, may be tafily
i,':;,lercd tame ; but it is faid that when they arc fliutu|)
la eiigcs for fomc years, they become milk vhite, and
1,1 lliipid that ib.ey fcarce know how to feed them-
f Ives, wliich is never known to happen while they arc in
t'lc wooJa.
Ikre are alHi the fiekirarc, the tliroflic, the whipoo-
will, fj called fiom its frequently repeating thofe words ;
the vellow-wing, whofe wings relViuble gold ; the crane,
till llork, the kiiig'a-fifher, the pelican, the cormorant,
.aid many (ithcrs.
Among the fidi are feveral fpccics of the whale, the
piirpoife, the fvvord-fini, the (liaik, fh,' pilot-fifli, the
Civil i;(h, i'o ca'ld from a large pair of horns, and beim'
••I a nionilrous li/.e and llrength, the boneto, the druni-
Idh, of which there are two fpccies, loek-fifli, mullets,
plaice, foals, (li.id, (kate, thornbacks, eels of feveral forts,
Inulf:, herring?, fturgeon, trout, gudgeons, perch, carp,
d.ice, &c. with many forts of fliell-liftj.
SEC T. VII.
OftrcPfrfm, Mivmirs, and Cu/h/m cf ik- Inhnli/Mts of
CtroiiiKi ; thi'ir Dipnffs, ll'uy of Life, Houfi, Divcy-
Jhiv, twJTraili ; t'lM-ir AlflhuJ rf fr.p.n :ng huiigo, Tur-
frKt'nie^ R"/in, Pitch, iinilTiir ; withtli. Go:ids thry impsit
J)'.m E>i^.',infl.
'"i'^ II K dcfccnilant5 of the Europeans in Caiolina are
X a rtr.Tight, tall, well-limbed, and active people,
whafe children are leldom troubled with rickets, or with
the manv oihcrdiflenipeis v.itli which liie Europcani; aic
99
.iflliclcd. 'i he men wiio li, qiieiif the woods, :::.■{ l.i-
boiir out of donrs, have a brown eoiiiple.'<ion ; but as for
ihc women, who do not cxpnfe themfelve. to the weather,
iliey aie lieqtiently very fair, and wi 1, f.atured ; they have-
bright fparklingeycs and arc as finely fliajjed as any wo-
I icn in the world. Red hairtd people of either lex are
fe.'doni born in the country.
The women generally marry very voinig, fomc at
thirteen or fourteen, and thole that continue' unman ied
till they arc twenty, are reckoned old maid", which is
here a very indifl-'eiciit characlcr. The women are verv
fruitful, mod of the houfes having a number of fmall
children ; and manV women from other places, who have
been long ni.iriied without having the bLlIin.r of chil-
dren, have f'oon after then ren, ov.il to Carolina become
joyful mothers. They leldom mifcarry, and have very
eafy labouri.
The children at nine months old are generally able to
walk
and run about the houfe, and ate as apt to
as any children in Europe. The girls are, lor tie molt
part, h.m.llonie and well f.-atuied ; thev are uiu.illymore
forward than the boys ; and arc not caiy bred to ttie nee-
dle and fpinning, but to the d,iiry and'domeftic aft'airs,
which many of thcM, thou;i,h vety young, maiia >c with
a great deal cf prudence, lioih fexis aic very dexterous
in the manapen.cnt ol the canoe, to which they are bred
frnni thiir infancy.
The plan'ers, from the rii hnefa of the foil, live in the moll
eafy and pleafant manner, and you fliall leldom hear them
rcjiine at any misfortune, except the luls ot their friends,
till re being here plenty of all the neceliaries of life. Po-
verty is here an entire ilrangcr ; the pi inters, v\'ho live
well, arc the moll hofpitable people tliat aio lo be met
with, to all ftrangers, lo thofe who by any nii-forlune
have lolt the ul'c of their limbs, or become unable to
work, and to fuch as have no viliblc way to lu;pjrt them-
felves. 'i'o fuch objects the country allows fiitv pounds
a year for their fupport ; fo that there arc no be'L'jars or
vagabond-, in the country.
Tlie rr.en are very ingenious in building their ca-
noes and houfes ; but, for the molt p.irt, live in an in-
dolent and luxurious manner, which occafions manydif-
cifcf among them.
The principal difeafes arc agi'cs, the cachexy, ihs
cramp, white ai;il bloody-flux, the venereal dile.ile, the
yaws, which is of the venere.il kind, faid to be brought
iicrc by the negroes from Guinea, and communicated t >
fcvcial of the Europeans, by cohibiling with the blacks,
by which means it is hereditaiy in many families. The
colic, or dry belly ach, which is often attended with
fuch violent convulfions that the liml-s, efpceialiy the
hands, arc fo contracted, that thev have continued in this
conJitiun all their lives. Thj prickly heat, wiiich ibme-
times romes in the extremity of the hot weather
that fuddenly follows the cold, and is atended with
extreme itchings all over the body, tfpeeially the lc.rs
which if fciatchcil immediately become infi.inied, and
turn to fores and ulcers.
ThecltabliMied religion is that of the church of Eno--
land ; belides which there are Prefbyterians, B.rptifls, aiij
Roman-catholics, liberty ofconfncnce being fully al-
lowed. Hence the planters live in the greattll har-
mony Imaginable ; no difputcs now ever'arife about
their religious principles, they treat each other with
friendlhip and hofpitality : yet, withnfpect to morals,
they have in other lefpects their (hare of the corruption?
of the age ; for as they live in the greatelt cafe and
plenty, luxury of confequcnce predominates, which is
leldom without its attendant vices.
Their hollies are built after two ditVerent manners : the
mofl: fubllantial planters generally ule brick and lime
made of cyder- Iliells, there being no ftone fit for th.it
purpofc at a diflanec from the mountaiiu. i'he meaner
fort crctt theirs with timber, and the outfide with clap-
boards. The roots of both forts of houfes are coveted
with fhingles. They have generally lalli windows, and
large decent rooms, with cood clofets and are fond of
lnving a beauii/ul profpcil by (bmc noble creek or river.
Theii liiiniture, as with us, ccnhfis of tables, chairs,
pewter, biafs, &c. imported from Engl.md ; and thofe
in afHucnt citcumflanccs have tolerable quai:iities of plate
with other ornamcms and valuable furniture,
8 G Tbe
'I
ASYSTtM OF GEOGRAPHY.
-AROLIVa,
i!
:|i tfil,
tlA
'li
The cloathinj; ufcd by the nun coiifids of Engllfli
clotl), diiiggcts, durois, grtcii limn, &c. Ihc women
have li'k!>, calicoes, printed liiicn, calain.in:'<>i.'i>, ami ail
kinds it' ilutt's, lunic of which aic manuuctuicd i.i the
province.
Tl!;ir diet, as with us, confifts of beef, mutton, pork,
vjciilon in abundance, wild and tame t"owl,lilh of leveral
lielitate forts, Irui:, leveral kinds of fallads, good bread,
butter, milk, cheeic, rice, and roots. Their liiiuors are
principally luiii, branJy, malt liquor, which tney iin-
poit, cyder, perliiion-beer, made of the fiuit oi that
tree, and cedar-beer, made of cedai-btriies i they alio
make beer of tlie green ttalks of Indian corn ; but the
coimion table-beer ia made of uiolalles. I'hey alio
urink chocolate, tea, and coffee.
The principal diverfions are flfliing, foiling, and
hunting wild beafls, as deer, heais, racoons, h.ues, wild
turkeys, with leveral oihei anini:ili. Triey aic very fond
of horle-racing, whi.li it perfoniieJ in a very odd niaii-
ncrj for near each town, and in many parts of ihc coun-
try, they have what is called race- pains, which feldoin
exceed a quarter of a mile in length, aiiJ only t-.vohorfis
ilart at a time. They arc alio veiy loiitl of gaming, tl'pe-
cially cards and dice, at wliich ihey play very liigli.
They (ircatlv admire cock fi^ihlin
rim of the veficl in which it
this violent leiincntatii;n od is
13 cor.tained : to j!!.iy
. . .... , , i'rown in a^ the trotn
riles, which inltantly links ,t. Wnrn this beatii.. h ,s
continued twenty, tnirty, or ihiity live minutes, .i|,„all
niuddy grain begins to be formed i for the l.ihs and oth.-r
part.clcs <tf tlie pl.mt before dilfilved in the water are now
te-united, and begin to gram.l.ue. When this ii corn-
pleated they let in lome lime water from an adiacent
vefl.l, gently llirring the wn..le. 'J-he indigo nov/ [rra-
nul..tC5inorelully, the liqu ir allUmes a purplifh coKii.r
and the whole is lioubL'.l and muddy ; it is now lulfer-
ed to fettle ) then the clearer part is permitted to run off
into a fucceflion of velllls, (r.„ii whence the w.itrr u
conveyed aw..y as fall ..s it dears at int- fop, till Jiothiii-
remains but a tliick mud, which is put into bags of coarie
linen. Thelc are hungup .md left In,- fome tirre, tjn
themoilhire is diaincd dlf", and to hnifh the dnin.-'tft,
mud is turned out oi the h:i-s, r.n.l wori^ed upon bo.m''
of a porous timber with a woojci. fpatul.:. ji u .afj ,„;.'
qucntly expolcd totli.- moiiiin.; ;\nd e\eninguiii, hi:t lor
a fliort time only, and then put into box^s or tiauv,
where it is again cxp..|Vd to ine |un in the f.nie Cdut'io'u'
manner, till with great labour and .ittention the o;.c;aJ
tion IS tinifhed, anJ that valiubie drug ( a:ieil in bgu tiucd
ley greatly admire cock-fighling, and piocuie cocus j 'or the market. I'he gre.iicit P^ili ..ad cjre is leipii eu m
from En-land and Ireland. I'hey are aJfo very fond ol tvcry part of the procels, wnhoiit which thc.e
dancing, at which they will fpend many hours logeilu-r.
They have an annual feall at the wheat h^irvell, which
danger of fpoiliiig the whole.
Ill all paitb ot C.irolina, but cfpcci.i!ly North Carolina
is celebrated in the beginning of June, when the planters the ptopie make great quanti;ics of turpt- mine, roiui tar'
let eadt other know that they delign to reap [hat grain | "od p.ti.h, whieh are ail proJu-'ed Ironi tne pine. I'ur-
on a certain day i fome fend their negroes to aiiilt, and | pcntine is draivn by merely cutting iiicifwns in the tree
others go only to partake of the lealt i aivd it is not uii- j lorniing feveral channels wBich meet at the bottom in 4
ufuiil I'or people to come twenty or tiurty miles on this j point, where a receiver 13 placed. Thcfe channc.s are
Gccafion. 'i"he entertainments arc grand, and the wnole 1 <-'ut as high as a perlon can reach with an ax, and the bark
'Will
fcene pleaf.;::t and diverting. 'I his annual revelling is
veryexpenfivc to the planters ; but as it is cuftomary lew
emit It, nor have they ever thefe public divcrlions at
reaping any other grain but the iiuioptaii wheat.
'rhe produce of ihis country for exportation to Eu-
rope and the illands arc rice, indigo, pitch, tar, turpen-
tine, roliii, tobacco, peas, beef, pork, tallow, hides,
detr-lkins, furs, cotton, horfes, wheat, Indian corn,
potatoes, honey, bces-wax, myrtle wax, feveral forts
of gums, faake-root, marts for fhip-, planks, and boards
of mofl forts of timber.
We (hall now gi\e an account of the principal manu-
faiSures carried on in Carolina, and fhall begin with in-
digo, a dye made Irom a plant of the fame name, which
was probably lo c lied fiom India, where it was firft cul-
tivated, ..11 1 fiom v;hcnce we had for a confideiablc time
the whole of w lat was coufumcd in Europe. This plant
when grown f lembles the lern, and when young is
hardlv diliiJigiiilhable from lucern-grafs. Indigo u ge-
nerailv p'! mied after the firrt rains fucceeding the vernal
equinox : the fiied is put into the ground in fniall ffraight
trenches, about eighteen or twenty inches afunder, and is
(it for cutting the beginning of July. It is cut again
tovvaids the end of Augull, and it they have a mild au-
tumn there is a third cutting at Michaelmas. I'he in-
digo latid mult be weeded every day, and the plants
cleanfcd from worms. Each acre yields il.xiy or leventy
pounds weight of indigo, which at a medium is worth
fifty pounds.
The indigo when cut is (irft laid in a vat about twelve
or fourteen feet long, and four deep, to the height of
sbout fourteen inches, to macerate and digert. Then
this vcll'el, which is called the ftecper, is filled with water:
jhe whole having lain about twelve or Ibiteen hours, ac-
cording to the weather, begins to ferment, fwell, rife,and
grow inlenfibly warm ; at this time fpars of wood are
run acrofs to prevent its riling too much, and a pin is
then fet to mark the highcH point of its afcent ; when
it falls below this mark they judge that the fermentation
has attained its due pitch, and begins to abate ; upon
which the manager opens a cock, and lets off the water
into another vat, which is called the beater ; and the
grols matter that remains in (he iirfl vat is carried off to
manure the ground.
When the water ftrongly impregnated with the par-
ticles of the iiuli;o has run into the fecond vat, they agi-
tate It till it hc.its, froths, ferments, and riles above the
IS p', eled off fro.ii thole parts of the trunk that ar; expofcd
to the fun, that its heat may the more ealily f< rce out the
turpentine, which flows into the receiver. '1 hii turiiin-
tine being boiled in kettles becomes roliii.
Tar is made by preparing a circular floor of clay, de-
clining towards the center, from which is laid ilopm^ ^
wooden pipe, which reaches about ten feet without oie
circumlcieme. Under the end the earth is dug away,
and barrels pl.tced to recuve the tar as it runs. Upon i.'ie
floor is built a pi.e of dry pme wood I'plit in pieces, and
lurrnunded witn a wall 01 eaith, or clay, wr.Kh covers it
all over, except a little at ihe top, where tlie hie is at
hirt kindled. When the fire begi.ii, to b..rn thev tovu
this opening likewile, to preveni there being any' fl,.ni.,
and to leave oaly fufStient heat to torce tnc tar down-
wards into the pipe in the center of tbe tiour. Ti.e
heat they temper as they pleale by thrufting a liick
through the catlh and letting in the a:r, nras many
places as they think proper. Pitch is made by boilini' tar
in large iron kettles let in furnaces, or by burnin • u in
round clay holes made in the earth. °
The commodities they receive from Europe, in ex-
change for all the above articles, are linens of ail forts
p.aiticularly blues, brown and lljniped linens, IJlnabru-'.'
men and women's apparel ready made, broad cloth, bUie
and red fluffs, calimancoes, druggets, kerf"ie.<, camblcts
all light llufis for men and women's lummer wear, ha-
berdalhers goods, llockings cf all forts, a few cl'ovcs
thin wigs, linen caps, tobacco-pipes glafi (or" lalh-'
windows, looking-glalUes ; all loits of hard-ware, i-s
knives, forks, fcu'iars, law;, h.itcheis, chiflels, bills, li'oes,
fhovels, wedges, nails; and ail manner of tools for cai-'
peuters, Ihoe-maken,, and coopers; locks of many Jit-
terent kinds, traps of all forts, 'rnndftoncs j all mmner
of whetftoncs, gun.s poweer, nail, fliot, flints, paper.
ink, laddies, briUies, filh liuoi.s of a ! forts, lansn ck-
laces, beads, ribbon:, thimh'cs (boc- buckles', but
tons, iic.
SECT. VJfl,
0/ thf Dhifior.s cf CiinH^a, ar:il its T.vms ; /'■» put:'::
RteJi; ktsultitiins ,r/.tthis ti Ddur,, thi truiilpuicii
FiUns, and Slaiia. '
THIS F
videu
province, as wc h:ive al.-eadv obfervcd, i? di-
U into North and South Caiolinaj the f,.rmct
extendi Mbou: three h'.xn>:r;-d ntiles ..long theleaeoilt.
^^^,
Cauolina.
is co;,t2incJ : to :,!l.iy
lifown III as the trotli
VVncii this licatiii;; h.is
ty livo iiiiiuiies, .i iiuM
, fur the l.ilts and oth'jr
eJ in the water arc now
e. VV'licii this is coni-
vater trom an adjacent
The indij^o iiov/ gra-
imii a purjililh coliii.i,
uJdy ; It IS now luljer-
t it i)ermittcd tu run nli"
III whence the water ij
at me roj), till iiotliiii
> put iiiLu bagsofioarli;
I h'(t to,- Ibnie lime, till
111 hiu(h tiie 'iivni;; mi^
II. I wnr.^rj iiiion b(j in'i
, fpatul.i. It IS „ir.) tre-
nd c\eniiijj I'un, hiu ii.'i
into b.ixi-s or tia.n:,,
lull in the l'.,me caution,
and at'entmn the oj.eia-
ru^ la'.led inligotiueit
ill uiid cjre is iei|ui:ed m
ut which ihe.e is [.re.it
■pccially North Cardljna^
uT turpentine, roiin,i3r,
J Itoiii ine pine, i'ur-
inj; iiicilujiis ill the tree,
meet at the botioin in 4
cJ. 'I'hefe thaniie.5 are
with an ax, and the bailc
he trunk that ar.- expoftd
mure eafily l( rcc out the
receiv'.r, '1 h;i turpm-
iics ndlii.
ircuUr flcjor of clay, ilc-
I which is laid i1opui>^ a
out ten feet without iiic
the earth is dug away,
t.ir as it runs. Upon me
wood (plit in pieces, r.iid
or CUV, wfiKh covers it
top, where tlie hic is at
.1^1. IS to b.itn they eovtr
II tnete being any fl.:mc,
t to loree tnc tar liuwn-
ntcr of the iloor. Tl;j
lie by thruftuig a Itick
in the a;r, 111 as many
ch is made by boihnij tar
CCS, or by burniii;^ it iu
irlh.
e Iroin Kuropc, in cx-
, arc linens of ail for;s
,nipeJ iinens, CJl'n.ihiu;^-,
made, broad c!uth, blue
ggets, kcrfies, caniblcts,
len's lummcr vve„r, ha-
all forts, a few gloi't-:,
jpipcs glafs for la(h-
lorts ot hard-ware, is
heis, chillels, bills, lioe;.,
manner of tools for cai-
le.-s ; locks of many dit-
rnndltonci ; all manner
nail, fllot, flin:s, paper,
of a'l forts, lans, nek-
e., iboc- buckles, biu
VIII.
•:d it: T.ivns j I'l fui,'.':
Dt-itirt, tbi tranjfirieii
alrcadv obfervcd, is di-
tli Caioliiia J the fiTinct
iiles iiluiig the (en colli,
I and
Ca^SLI'^ >•
A M E R I c .\.
f//.'
iinJ ii fcp*rai^d Imm Sinth Carolina by an imiginary
li,i,; drawn in the thirtv-lourth degree tiom ihe Atlantu
..^e.iii t" llic Apal.iehiaii mountains. It is fubdinded
.,,•,) iuurtcen towiilhips. The principal rivers are Ronoae,
,,r Albeniark livcr, the river Neufc, and Clarendon river,
,1 )oii whi>h aie fea'eJ the principal towns in the pro-
vince, nam' Iv, \Vilniinj;ton, on Clarendon river, which
, the largilt town in the province, and has much the
'leatcll trade ; Neuborn on the Neufe, and Edertton on
•ji,- river .Mbeniarle ; at whiih three places the general
..f inbly ot North Carolina fit alternately for making laws;
hut the planters being dilperled over the country, none
v{ thefe towns are worth mentioning. The nutiiber of
iiih.ibitants are cenipuled to be about feveiity thouland
willies, and twenty thtsufaiid negroes.
The bounds of South Carolina are much reduced from
their oriii;inal extent, Georgia being taken off to the
f.Hiihw.ird, as far as the river Savanna, which runs in a
iiiive iDuiid the fouth and weft part of the province, out
(,i North Carolin.t. The extent of the province upon
the .Xl.iMtlc ocean to the ealk is upwards of a hundred
iiiiles, and well from the fea upwards of two hundred.
I lieie is no doubt but that the lilk-woim might be cm-
phiyid here to great advantage, here being his natural
fi.uj ill iieat |ilenty : indeed loine attempts that way have
been made with good fuccefs.
The only town in either of the Caroiinas worthy of
notice is Charles I'owii, one of theiineH: in North Ame-
rica for fiz", beauty, and trade. This is the metropolis
01 South Carolina: it is feated between two navigable
rivers, Aftilcy on the weft and fouth, and Cowper river
:;.,. on the eaft, in the thirty- fecond degree thirty minutes
north latitude. Theftreets are wide and ftraight, inter-
fering each other at right angles ; thofc running eaft and
weft extend about a mile from one river to the other.
Its harbour is good in every refpeiit but that of a bar,
v.'hich hinders veil'els of more than two hundred tons bur-
then from entering. The town is regularly and pretty
ftrongly fortified by art and nature. Here are two very
handlome churches built with brick, befides feveral other
cdihccs for public woifliip belonging to different fedts of
d llenters. Near the center of the town is a neat mar-
ket houfc, and at a fmall diftance li the ftate-houlc,
a handfome and commodious brick building. In the
uei<'hbourhood of the town are convenient barracks fuf-
fiiirnt tor a thouland men. Charles Town contains a-
bout .1 thoufand dwelling-houfes, four thouland male
inhabitants, and fix thoufand negro flavcs : it is the feat
ot the "overnor, and :hc place of meeting of theall'embly.
Several handlome equipages are kept here ; for the plan-
ters and merchants arc rich and well bred, the people ex-
penfive in their drcis and way of living, and every thing
conf'iires to render this the liveliclt and politclt place in
Norm America. However, great part of the town was
burnt down on the twcnty-tirlt of February, 1741, by
wuieh much valuable .iicrchaiidize wai entirely deltroy-
cJ. It has alfo frec]ucntly fuffered by inundations and
unhealthy feafons.
The town of Beaufort is fcattd on the ifland of Port
Roval, on the borders of Gcorcia, in the thirty-firft de-
/. iree forty minutes north latitude, and a hundred miles
iouth of Charles Town ; the iHrnd and continent forni-
iii' a tine capacious harbour of fuch depth, that it is
ci'mIiIo of containing the whole royal navy of Kngland.
The idaiidon which the town is feated confifts of near
a thoufand acres, and is navigable all round for boats and
pcriagiias, and one half of it for Ihipping, where large
vellUs may load and unload from the (here. The town,
however, is not yet confiderable, but bids fair in time for
becomin" the tint trading town in this part of America.
The number of inhabitants in the wii;.le province of
j.wc. South Carolina amounts to about (ixf thoufand whites,
•rrr, and above double that lumiber of blacks.
The loads are as good iis in moft pans of the world,
and travfllin'' as pleafant, being made broad and con-
venient for all foits of carriages, as coaches, chaifes,
wa-iiToiis, and carts, efpeciallv for horremcn, th- lands
i"M»;.illy Ivini; level, and the beautiful and delightful
profpee'ts atfoiding a high entertainment to the traveller.
Jt is a general rule throughout all North America, that
wheiever vou coire to any ot ihcle roaJs, with the trees
nuikcd or not h.d cm ca. h fi.!.', 1: h a furc fi^n that it
IS a puhhc ro.d from one ClirilliHii town in aii'ithei.
We (ball now give U^me account ul feveral n-gul;;-
tioiis relating to Carolina in gemrid, and niu.'e paru.i;-
laily to North C.ir.ilir.a.
In this country lew or no dclitoi: an: confinc^d 111 p;i-
lon above twenty-four houis ; for the flicrift' !;ciierally
takes them home to h-s hoiife, or ukes their v.xrd fcr
their appearance at (he next coiiit, to beheld in any if
the precini'ts or baronio-, wlierethev feiit.iice him to'be-
Ciime a fervant to the creditor for as long a tiiiic a-i they
im.igine the debt delerves ; but if the peilbn has been .t
planter, and has coiitr.icted debts wiiicli hi, misfortunrt
have rendered him unable to pay, or is in years, the;.'
frequently make a collection amoii^ tli':nifc!ves, by whicii
means they difehaigc the debt, or iatisfy the creditor j
and by thefe means none are b.ubarouily kept in coii-
fincmeni, and rendered a iifel ;fs burthen to the public.
To prevent people s Ipending tlteir time idly in a pub-
lic-houfe, it is enacted by the laws of tlie country, that
iioperfon ftiall be liable to pay above forty iliiUaigs tor
liquor drank in any public-liouf;.
No vagabond or inferior pcrfon H fufFored to travel
through tne country without a pal's from the governor,
or loine of the jultices of the pc.ice ; a regulation that
IS in (c)me meafure iiecelliiry, to prevent tiie tranfpoiti
trom hurope running away fiuin their matters.
I lie convicts traul'poited to thefe parts f:om Europe
are indentured for a limited time, d'nr n:; whirli they
lervc as lervaius, and are more or lefs regarded ai cordinj
to their behaviour and the reafoii of their being traui-
ported. As loon as they have fulfilled the obligation of
their indenture, their matters are obliged to give eacli
man-fervant a new fuit of cloaths, a gun, powder, (hot,
ball, and ten bulhels of Indian corn ; and by the law>
ot the country they arc iiuitled to hfty acres of land,
which they feldoni take up, but dilpolc of for tiilles.
I hole who have ailed with prudence, care, and good
conduct while they were fervants, if their matters nave
no employment for them, recommend them to others.
I heir bulincfs is then to mark all the calves, foals, anJ
young pigs with the planter's brand j and this being hi.<
chief bulmels, heis allowd for his fervice every feventh
call, every feventh foal, and half of the voung pias bred
during his (tewardthip ; and likewife the'feventn "jiart of
all Ions of grain and tobacco produced on the nialtcrVs
plantation; and whatever quantity of corn, riee, or t.-
bacco he plants by his own indultry .it hic Irifure hours,
is all his own property. Thus, in thiee or four years
time, with good management, he niav have a fulEcient
itock of cattle, gram, money, and ill other nccellaiics
to enable him to turn planter. But this is the cafe of
very few of thole tranlpoiled hitlter for tiicir crimes,
tney being moftly a dillolute, debauched, and indolent
people ; and if they rim away from their nialtcrs, they are
obliged to (erve double the time thev arc abfent after the-
expiration ot their indentures.
l-ew mafters of ftiips wirt venture to ctrry any ou
board their vellels witi.out obtaining a futHcieiit feeurit/
that they are freemen and not in debt, and therefoe obl,<'e
them to publrth an advsrtilement, tome time before their
departure, requiring all perfons to whom they are indeb'-
cd to come and receive what is due to t'leni, which is
fixed on the court- houl'e door, for all perloiis to penile ;
but if the mafter of a fliip takes away a perfon hound, or
in debt, without tirit taking thefe precautions, his pjif.,'ii
and Ihip are liab'c to be feiied, and he is cbli:^ed to pay
whatever the creditors can make appear to "be due to
them, or any other lotles they have fuliained, by his tak-
ing them away. Noiwithltanding the feverity of thetb
laws, fomc ot the Iranfports run avvav ; but if they aro
taken they have neck-\okes put on them, like thole worn
by the negroes, which thev cuiitiaiulv wear till the) have
given lutlicient tcllimonies of tneir good behaviour.
There are a great luiniber of ncnro ll-.vcs born in the
country, who prove more iiiduftrious and trav'lable than
thofe brought from the c-a'.t of Africa ; at lealt beinc
born in (Uveiy, they have never imbibed that love cJt'
liberty which is apt to m.ike men relllve andttubboin
under the galling yoke ot opprcliioii. «• I Imve fnciuent-
" ly ('.-en thciii w-iipp-d, fiys cur author, rg !h..t dei;rec,
" tHa!
i:H
;/!(
^ :i'5
m
' »
iftt
H Wh
kr i! ■
K\.m
:^i
fcS
I' :j 'i iA«
Kl ',
i
lli : 'i^
i-:':
1 'hi
i
ill '
A SYS T E M I L, !■ G I< A I' 11 )r
^■'•foi i:-.
" '.li.ll i.irj.t |)Rcei iif ilicir Ciii liiive bci-n iKiTiijirT! ilinvn
*' lli,.l;li.ii l.s i yi't 1 iii'vcr obCdVtil one of th-.in flicJ a
*• ti'.ir, wIikIi pliiiiily (hi'ivn them lo be a prnplc ot'verv
" li.iidi .iiiil liiihborii i!if|ioliti()iis :" hut ini'iht he nut
r.ithir lay, that it llieu-s thciii to be polVclIccI ol ii;viM-
tihitf I'mir.ii^o ami inai.'iiniiiniity ? The laws agaiuft t.uCc
iiiih;>i>|<v btiii;.--. of our <;vvn tptxics are cxtitnicly rigo-
rous j (o that if a ru-^iii cut or give the fliphlcll woun.l
to his matt'.T, or any oiht:r ChiilHaii, wilh an uiilaAful
wc.i|:nii, as a fworj, fcviiutrir, or even a knife, ami then'
IS bh)oJ flitJ, if it be kru'Wii anioniMhc I'lamc-rs, theyim-
iia'ili.itely mctt and orilcr him to bj h.iniiil, whit his nl-
MMVs [iirfoniKcl by aiidhcr nc^ro j ■•mJ |;enernliv ihr
planter' bring molt of their b!,nk5 with th.m to behold
thfir fellow-negro die J ami it is not even m the power
of the mailer to favc hmi. Indeed he fullers nothuif; by
ilie Idfb (if his (lave, for the proviiu-e is ohll!;e(l to pay
him til.- full value of what the unhappy wretch is judged
to be worth.
There are fomc Chriflians fo charitable is to have the
nci^roes born in the coiiiltrv baptized, and inlti united in
the ChiiiH.in faith in their inf.mcy i but this does not in
the leall: exempt them fiom lervitude, and tliey are alttr-
warJs as far from beinj at their own liberty, as they
would have been had they never been entitled to the ti.ime
of Chnllians ; nor docs it appear that ihey afterwards take
iiiucli care about their being an ornament to that pro-
felTion.
Their m.irriagcs are cciierally pciTormcd wilh little
cercinony ; for the man makes the ivonian a picfent of a
brafs rill!:, or fome other toy, which if ilie acccepts of,
flie becomes his wife ; but upon anydifgii!), fhe returns
his prefent, and then the nrirria^c is dilVolved. If after
cohabitin;.; with each other for a year or two, a wotnan
has no children by the lull hudiand, the planters oblige
them to take a feconvl, third, fourth, oi tilth ; a fruitlul
woman beln;; much valued by the planters. All the chil-
dren go with the mother, and arc the property ofthe plan-
ter tovvhom (he belongs.
Theirchildren are carefully brought up, nnd provided
for by the planters till they are ;ible to work in the plan-
tations, vvlierethcv have convenient houfes built for them,
and they are allowed to plant a fufficicnt ciuantily of to-
b..cco for their own ufc, a part of which they fell ; and en
Sundays they ufuallv gather the fnake-root ; with th s
and the tobacco thev buy hats an>l nectdarics, as li-
nen, bracelets, ribbons, and other toys for their wives and
mi(lrefi"c5.
The children of both fexes wear little or no cloaths,
except in the winter, and mjnv of the young men and
women work naked in the pl.mtations in hot weather,
except bavin'; a piece of cloth about their wailf, and
then fore the planters are !it no great expcncc'^for
thfir doathing.
Several blacks born in the country can read and write ;
others are bred to trade, and prove good artilh ; and
others are very imiulfiious in improving the plantations,
planting rice, corn, and tobacco, and miking va(t quanti-
ties of turpentine, tar, and pitth, they being better able
to uiideri'-o fatigues, in the fultry heats of fummer, than
the Europeans. The iil.intersat their death ufed to inake
Come of their negroes Iric ; but it is now an eftablilhed
k'.v in fomc of the provinces, that if they do not quit the
country in about eleven days aft r they have thus obtain-
ed their freedom, thev become the property of the (irlt
perfon who feizes them. Hence, belore the expiration
of that fliort term, they generally either leave the coun-
try, or voluntarily become fubjeifl to a new ma(tcr. But
it would certainly be more confilUnt with juftice, with
the laws of humanity, and with the fpititof the Chriftian
relij'ion, to fuficr thcfc negroes, who have from their f:Ood
behaviour, and the bcii'-volcnce of their matters, obtained
their freedom, to become planters ; to become united to
the Chrillians by the bands of Iricndfliip, and by mutual
?ood ofKccs i and to be allowed all tnc advantages of
freemen. I be profpcdf of fueh a reward might have
a happv effect on the flavc:, by nraking obedience and
fidelity the :;uides to liberty, wealth, and honour ; and
the Itron^eil defence of the whites, by having a number
t(f the blacks firmly united in the fame iiiterclt with
them.
S L C T. IX.
/f C.iiii/i- Uijhry if Ca-'jliift, mid nf U, StU.'iV-i/' ui ■
Proguj\. • ■' '•
TH K e^ttcnfivc territory of tlii- two Carolin:.= an.J
Cieorgia are a pait of the dilcov .riy ni.id..- by l.;,i'h„'.
in 1407; but no a.ivanrage haiiiig been t.ikcii by th.^.
fc-nghlh in confequencc of thisdilcov .-y,liie Spaniaids iu
l^iz attempted a fettlemcnt; but n)t luccceding, ;i|,,.,.
doned the country, ahieh lay ncgL.'tcd by the limi,.
peans. (."batilloii, the celebrated I-.i^itr ol'the l^,)t^;
tants in France, who was not only a i-reat adnii.a! Iiui
an able llatelman, procuicd two veillU' to be fitted n,,;
for difcoveiies upon that to.il! ; p ob ibly imemJin • ti'i
retire thitlier, with thole of his p-rluaii'on, (houid hu
brave cndiavouis to pielirve their li:)erlieb fail. Itm-
(hips faied in the year I3!)5, under the co iii!:a;)(l , f
M. Ribaur, and in two months ar-ivcd on the o.lt of
Florida, as all thi< country was then tailed, lio.u ,•
abounding in flowers.
Ribaiit binded in fever.il places to the north of Alta.
maha river, taking poirellioii o( the country in the njim-
of his malKr, and calling it Cm lin.i in honour cf
iiis fovereign Chailes IX. He at lall fettled at tlie moutii
of Albemarle river, and giving ihe Indian' to iin.lei-
Itand in the bcft manner lie was able, that lie and tliol,.
that v\'cre with hiin weie all eiiemies to tiie b'>.iniirtj.'
this fecurcd them a friendly reception, and the gond (,.|'.
lices of the inhabitants ; .iiid !ii; theie ercilled a fur t.)
whicli he give the name of Cliatles-loi t. iiut liiDii .ii.
ter a civil war breaking out in Frame, he was obliged l,ir
the want of fupplies, to abandon the lettlemcnt ; ami
had he not been lb happv as to meet with an Eii:dilh
fliip from which he procured provilion, both he and hu
people would probably have pcriflied by famine.
The admiral, not difcouraged, was lo we'ifatislied with
the account they gave him of the country, that in uiji
he fitted out five orfLic fliips in order to make another ,iiT
tempt to fettle a colony. Tiiis was accordingly done at
the place of their landing in the fiift expedition. The
Spaniards, who had intelligence of their procecdinis
difpatched aconliderable force to attack the colony, wlm
not fatibfied with reducing it, barbaroully put all the
p-ople to the fword, after having given them quartc.-.
Notcontvnt with this they committed great outra.-cj up.
on the natives, by both whirh they paved the way for the
vengeance that foon after fell upon them for theie uime-
celiary and unprovoked acts of cruelty : for nntuMn-
tiiiiding the admiral and his party were by thistmie de-
ftroycd in the dreadful inali'acre of St. Bari.iolomcw, and
though the defign of a colony died witli him, one M. de
Gorgues, a private gentlem.iii, fitted out Ibine Ihips, and
failed to that coalt merely to revenge the murder i,f hi^
countrymen and friends. The Indians gladly embr.Kut
the opportunity of j->iiiing in the pun;(hment of the com-
mon enemy. 'I'he French and tiiey had laid (ic^e t'j t^'.^)
or three forts the Spaniards had creeled there, tuukiiieni,
and, without mercy, put the wholcgariilbn iiuach totlu;
(word. 'I'he adventurers, fatisfied with this action, re-
turned, and h.i.ppiiy for us, the French couit, blinded in-
their bigotry, did not undcrilaiid the advantages that
might have been obtained from giving America to the
I'rotcftants. Had they taken tliis (tep, wedumld probabiy
have had either no fettlemeiits in America, or they mult
have been fmall in extent, and precarious in their
tenure.
After theprcnch expedition^ Carolina rcm.i.ii^cd unno-
ticed by the Spaniards, Fiemh, and Fn^-Iifli, till SirWal-
ter Raleigh projected an ellablidiiiiciu tlieic, which w.'.s
afterwards fixed i.t Virginia, and it w..3 not till the ye.ir
1663, that any fettled refolution was taken for tixii'ig .i
colony here. In tliat year the cail of Clarendon lird
high clianccllor of Knszland, the duke of Albemarle, the
lord Craven, the lord^Berkcley, i.jr.j ,\(hli v afterwards cail
of S-haftc.T)ury, Sir George Oartertt, ■Sir'Willi.im Berke-
ley, and Sir George C(^lleton, obtamtd .1 riiarter fiota
king Chaflc3 JI. for the property am: juiii'diction of that
country from the thirty-firit degree ol I'luith laiiiudeto lii^
thirty (ixth, t^iid bcmi; invtii^d wilhlull pov.-crto fettle ^.nd
^eVLia.
V-
\-'!vn:,.
Georgia.
A M E R t c A.
'i/J
had the model of a coiiftitutinn
X.
a nf il, SeU.'iU'-i,;, ,;i,
•liir two Caroiin;.' an.l
(cDitfiy ninj.- hy CXnoi
iij; liciii t.iktn l)y liu-
:i)V'..-y,tii'j Sp.uiiaiJi in
n')t lucccL-diiig, ;ih.i:i.
eg'u-acd by tiie hum-
lt:,ijtr ot ihi- I'um:
y a i/rtat nduij.al, liiii:
'cll'ili to liu tittcd ouc
p obilily inteiidin.r to
p-riualioii, ihoul.i liu
ir li'.KTtle!, Ijil, ] im ■
ndcr the to iiii'.and i f
afivtJ (III ihf n'.lt „i'
tliL'ii cjIIcJ, lio:ii r.a
to the r.ort'i of Alta-
ic country in the n.irif
^.iK.liiia in honour i,(
iail IfllKNl at thu niouili
iht: liidi.in' to iiiiJcr.
abk', tiiat he and iliod;
ni;i.s to tlic i)j).nnirj-,
iiion, and tlic pocul (jt-
lliciif cruilU-d ;i f >;t, M
tlci-loit. Hut loon .il-
am c, he w.is obliged li.r
n the Ittlknicnt ; a'nl
meet with an Eiii'Jilh
lilion, both he and hij
lic'd by famine,
was lo wc'll'atisfu'd with
e country, that iji 1564.
rder to make anotluT .11-
^as accordingly done at
fiift oxpcJitioii. The
; of thtir p;'ocecciiii;s,
attack the colony, wlio,
barb.iroully put all the
ig (Jiven them quarter,
iiittcd great outraje^ i:p.
y paved the way for tne
II them for theie umij-
ctnelty : for iiotwitn-
tv were bv this time Jc-
f St. Bartriolomcw, and
with him, one M, cie
t>.d ()'.it tome lhip>, and
e the murder of lii>
dians jiladly enihraeid
lumCiment nf the eom-
:y had laid hcut to t\Vo
ecled there, tooktiieni,
ler;ariifon intaeh toilic
with this action, re-
rciicli to'.iit, blinded h/
,d the advanMges tiiat
.jiving America to tiie
ftep, wellionUl probably
.■\meriea, or they niull
id piecarlous in their
'ar6l:Ba rcmalrcd uiino-
ndI-;nplifli,tillSir\V.d-
imcnt il'.ere, which w.'.s
I it w.s not till the year
was taken for fixing ^1
catl of Clatendon lord
duke oi Albemarle, the
rd Allihv afti-rwards call
lit, Sir William IJerke-
jhtaitied a riiantr iioi.i
and )u:n"dl(liion of that ,
ccof iioilh laiiiude to ili^.'^Z ■
;th:i:lliiov.'crtofett!e^.[id
gnvCMi the ronnlrv, ihcy
(rained, and a body ol lundainental lawj compiled by the
cekbuteil Mr. I^o, ke.
On this plan the loids proprietors th' nfelves ftood in
the place of the kin ',, and gave their all .nc or dillent, as
they tiioiij^ht proper, to all laws, apjioiiitcd all officers,
and bello'.ved all titles of dignity ; and each lord in turn
aJed lor the leil. In the proviiuc they appointed two
other branches, which in a great nieafure refembled the
legillature in h.iigUnd. They conlfitutcd three clafies
of nobility : the iuwelt compofed of thofe to wioin they
had made grants of twelve thoufand acres of land, whom
they (tiled baruiis : the next (.rder had twenty- four thou-
fand aeies, or two baronies, with the title of cafiiques,
wlio were to anfuerour earls : the third had two caffi-
«uielhip>, or forty-eight thoufand acres, and were called
laiiilgiaves, a tiile analogous to a duke. This body
f8rin..d the upper houfe, The lower houfe was formed
js it is 111 the other colonies, of rcprefentatives from the
fcveral counties and towns, and the whole was called not
^n allembly, but a purliameiit.
Their lirit fettlement was at .1 point of land toward
the foulhward, between two navigable rivers, called
/\(hly and Cowper rivers, where they laid the founda-
tion of a city called Charles Town, the prefcnt capital
of the province. They expended about twelve thoufand
pounds in the liill fettlement ; and the lords proprietors
oblerving what advantages the other colonies derived
from opening a harbour for refugees, and influenced by
the humane dilpofition of that excellent man who form-
ed the model of their government, gave an unlimited to-
ler.uion to the people of all religious perluafions. This
induced a great number of dilTenterf, whom the govern- ■
mcnt, contrary to julHce and all the laws ot policy, j
treated with a very I'evere hand, to remove with their 1
fortunes and families into Carolina ; and hence they
foon became, at lealt, as numerous as the church-men.
Hut they could not preferve thcmfelvcs from the jealouly
aiid hatred of thofe of the church of England, who had
brought a perfecuting fpirit with them (rom their native
country, and having a majority In one of their afiemblies,
attempted to exclude all dilTcnters from a right of luting
there. This produced daily diUcnfions, tumults, and
riots, which for many years hindered the colony from
making that progrefs which might be cxpeclcd from the
fincnels of the country. T'hc people alto fell into dif-
putes with the lords proprietors, and provoking the In-
dians by a feries of unjnit: and violent actions, gave oc-
cal'ion to two wars, in which, however, they were vic-
torious, and fubdued almotl all the Indian nations wiih-
in their own bounds on this fide the Apalachian moun-
tains.
Thefe inteftine diftraflions and wars kept the colony
fo low, that an ^t\ of parKamcnt was made to prevent
the ruinous confeipicnces of thelij divifions hy putting the
province under the immediate care of the crown, and the
lords proprietors accepted a rceompencc of about twenty-
four thoufand pounds, both for the property and jurifdic-
fion ; except earl (irenville, who kept his eighth part of
the property, which comprehends near half of North Ca-
rolina, on that part which borders on Virginia, T'hcir
conllitution, where it differed from that of the other co-
lonics, was alicred ; and the country, tor the more com-
modious adminiltration of affairs, was divided into two
cidincl independent governments, called North and South
Carolina. This happened in 1728. Soon after a firm
peace was eftabliOied with all the neighbouting Indian
nitions, the province began to breaihc and obtain tfiength
on the return of peace and tranquility, and its trade has
annually advanced lince that time vvith a rapid ptogrcfs.
SECT. X.
0/ Georgia.
//; S'.tuat'nn, Extent, C'.imaU, Pi iJulY, p>iiici['al Tswrn,
an J Number of the Inhabilaiih .
GEORCjIA received its name from his late majefiy
tieorgc II. It lies to the fouthward of Carolina,
from which it is I'eparated on the north by lire river Sa-
Ie;o
vanna ; it has the Atlantic ocrnn nn ihf fait ; ihc rlrcr
of St. John, which divides it tiom Ivilt Elorida, on the
fouth i and on the weft it 13 bounded by Lnuiliaiia
lately ceded hy the French.
What has been faid of the hc.-.r, thunder, and lightniiu';
of Carolina, may he faid with prnpnety of them here,
Georgia lying Itill more to the ibutir.vaid. Vnc planteri
t'ometiines fuffer hy thunder and ligiitning deftroying
their timber and lioules, and it:, killing their ilaves and
cattle.
T'hc land lying low near the coaft is woody, hut at the
dillance of twenty-hve milei, begins to rile into liill-i,
which at length terminate in the /Vpalaehiaii or Alegany
mountains. From the foot of tliel'e niountains to tin;
coail the country is level. Ihe river Savanna is of fucli
a length, that canoes may fail up it i\\ hundred miles,
and boats half that way. 1 he coatt of CJeorgia is de-
fended from the lury of the Atlantic ocean by being linej
all along with a lange of ifl.mds, and both ihefe and thc-
contincnt being thick let with trees, tender the interme-
diate channel very pleafaiit. About feventy mil -s from
the fhore of Georgia are land hanks, and the water
flioaling gra.lually till within fix miles of land, the banks
become (o fliallow as to be impafi'ahlc, except in the
channels between the bars, which were formerly thought
a (utricient fecurity from any attempts of an enemy's fleet,
till the Spaniards palled thefe channels in 1742, and
landed in the ifland of St. Simon, which would have
inevitably fallen into their hands, had nut their feheine
been fruifraied by general (Jglcthorpe.
After pairing the bars, lliips find a fccurc and commo-
dious harbour in the mouth of the river Savanna, and
fouih of it IS a ftill more cap.icious road, named Teky-
Suiid, v4-hcre a large fleet may ride in between ten and
iourticn fathom water, being land-locked, and having
late entrance over the bar. T he flood-tide on this coart
mofily rifes feven feet.
1 his province abounds in cattle, and with a multi-
tude of wild hearts, birds, and poifonous reptiles, which
are in general the fame as in Carolina.
Rice is faid to grow here rather better than in Caro-
lina, which, with corn and indigo, may be elfeemed its
principal commodities. They have made fome lieginnings
towards cultivating the \ ine ; and great cxpeiSations have
been long railed, of their producing large quantities of
filk i this was one ot the principal viewi of the trudees
at the firft fettlement of this piovincc ; indeed both thefe
branches may hereafter become coniiderable, the climate
and foil being proper for them, as hath been fufficient-
ly proved by a variety of experiments.
The principal towns in CJeorgia arc Savanna, the • 1
capital, fcatcd in the thirty-firlt degree fifty-eight minutes 3/ <T.y-
north latitude. The houfes and vvare-houfes arc built
at a dirtance from each other, to prevent the fprcading
of fire, and form fevcral fpacious fquarcs and wide ftrects.
The town is extremely well (ituated for trade, as the na-
vigation of the river Savanna on which it (lands, and t'rom
which it takes its name, is very feciire, and iliips of
three hundred tons burthen may lie within fix yards of
the town, where the worm does not eat into them. Irt
the town is a church, a mceting-houl'e, a whatf, and
fome other public buildin^'i ; and near it the orphan-
houfe, founded bv Mr. Whitfield, which is converted
into a college for the education of young men for the
miniitry.
About four miles within land from the ilver are the
villages of Mighgate and Hamplle.id, which lie about a
mile diflar.t from each other. The inh.ihitants fettled
there apr.ly thenifelvcs chiefly to gardenini,', and fupply
the town of Savanna with greens and roots.
Two hundred miles farther up the liver, which is na-
vigable fo far for large boats, is Augiilfa; which (lands
upon a fpot of ground of the greated fertility, and is i'o
commouioufly feated for the Indian trade, that from the
firit eliablifliment of the colony it has teen in a very
iljuiifhing condition, and very early mainrained fix hun-
dred whites in that trade onlv : for their ira.le with the
Creeks, the Cbickclaws, and the Chcrokecs is very coii-
fiderable for (kins : they alfo deal with them f.,r a feiv
,'urb ; but thefe are of an inferior fort ; ii being obfcrved,
that, bv a wile difpufition of Providence, the animal*
i \
\ '^fi
i':: 'II
V4
A SYSTEM OF G C O G R A P 1 1 Y.
I I] .'
f
):'
h !
ilif I' '^
ri . i!i
i.i
■1 ^i^i
i'l
I, in 1
'i;.:;
1]' t
that lir.ir fiir h.ivc it iron- thick, nm! ot a folur :i!i:l hiifr
kuul, iji |)i(>|iiiiliciii as you ajipuMCh to the nortliward ;
lor the griMtii thrcolJ, ihi; biMtr: liity ait- iloathcd.
The inhabitants fl this province, wlio are ;i mix-
ture i)f Epilcdpalians ami Dilll-iitets, amount at prcTcnt
tn ahnut eight thoulanJ Mhitt.>, anJ twenty ihuulanil
ncptocs.
The governor is appointcil by his majcdy, ami the
form of govcrnmrnt is the (ame as in tin? oihcr royal
povtrnnunts, and paiticulailv the two Carolinas, Vir-
[jinia, New Jerlcy, and New \oik.
S K C T. X[.
'// Hi/liiy of the Stttkmcnt 'f the Piiiince of Garcia.
THE province of (i.orgia was divided from South
Caiolina and a (elllement htgiin theie in 1732, in
conCeiiucncc <>i a repriCentatioii made to his late majilty
CJcorgc II. by fome generous and iompalli>iiiati; nohle-
nien and pintU-mcn, who ohfcrviiig that a eciiliderjblc
number of people in ihefe kingdoms were, by a vaiiety of
misfortunes, reiulered incapable of fublirting in fueh a
way as to bo uieful to themlelvcs and the community,
formed the defign of lettling that part of America which
properly formed oiir frontier towards the Spaniards and
French; and though within the hounds of the province
of South Carolina, was in reality no part of it, as not be-
ing at all fettled, and therefore rather a burthen than an
advantage to the province to whi-li it belonged. They
therefore applied to the crown for fufficient power to fet
this undertaking 011 foot, and meeting with all the en-
couragement they could expefl or defire, eafily obtained
a veiy c.xtenfive charter. Their next care was to raifc a
fund fuflicicnt .0 fend over a confiderable number of
people, and provide them with all kinds of necefl'aries,
towards which they fubfcribed liberally themfelves, ob-
tained confiderable funis by way of colleinion, and had a
grant from the parliament often thoufand pounds.
In formini;; the plan of this frontier fettlcment, it was
refolved to confider each fettler in the double capacity
of a planter and a foldicr, and not only to provide them
tools for the cultivation of the land, but arms for their
defence, and to have them taught the ufc of both. It
wai alfo refolved, that upon the Hril fettling of their
colony, towns fhould be laid out, and lands allotted all
the men for their fupport, as near thofe towns as poflible.
It was agreed that every lot of land fhould confilt of fifty
acres, and that it fliould be granted them in tail male, as
the propertft tenure for the colony in its infancy; and,
with rcfpcft to any hardfhips that might arife from this
tenure, thcv determined to remedy them occafionally,
till fuch time as the condition of the colony (hould ren-
der an alteration necclTary. They alfo refolved to pro-
hibit the ufe of negroes, which they confidercd as abfo-
lutely intonfiftent with the defign of forming a frontier
colony, and in many refpeds both inconvenient and |
dangerous. !
Having concluded on thefe difpofitions, it was refolved
to fend over a hundred and fourteen perfons, men, wo-
men, and chi'drcn, out of fuch as were in low tircum-
ftances, and on that account unable to follow any bufi-
rcfs in England, and who if in debt had leave from tbeir
creditors to go ; and of fuch as were recommended by
the miniflcr, church-wardens, and overfeers of their re-
fpcdlivc paiiflics ; and James Oglethorpe, Efq; one of
the trultees, generoufly offered to go and form the fettle-
mcnt at his own expencc. At length the people being
examined whether any of them had any objections to the
terms and conditions propofed, they declared they were
fully fatisfied Vrih them, and executed articles under
their hands and IVal-, tcltifying tlieir confcnt. But four
of them defiring their daughters might inherit as well as
their fons, and that their widows dower might becon-
fuletid, tlietrurtees refolved, that all who fliould defire it
(liould have the privilege of naming a fucccflbr tothe lands
granted them, who, in cafe the pofleiror fhould die with-
out ill'iie male, (hould hold the fame to them and their
heir~ for evi r ; and that the widows fliould have their
thiid. as in Lnglund : this refulution was immediately
Geo,»oia,
romnuiriicatcd to all the people, wiio now exprefTed
thcinfelve^, fully latihid. I'lie truHets then prepared ,
(oriii of goveriiiiitnt, and cllabliifed under their f^ji j,
court of judicatuie lor trying tau(' s, as well criminal a^
civil, in the town ol Savanna, the ii..nie I'lven to the f.rlt
town to be lailed: they alio appoinu-d a'bailitF, a recor-
der, two coi.fl.ibles, and two tythingmen out of fuch of
the fettlers as appeared molt dilerett and prudent.
Mr. {Jglethoipe fet out fioiii Giavefcnd with the co-
lony,and arrived at Carolina on the titteenth of Januarv'
*7.ii- 'hat gentleman chufe a pleafant, convenienr'
aiiU healthful fpot ten miles up the Savanna river. While
the town wa^ building he kept a ftricl difcipline, allow-
ing none of the people to Iwear or get drunk ; they were
debarred the ule of fpirituous liquors, and indead of rum
had hngl fli beer. In the mean time lome of the land
was ploughed up, and part of it fowed with wheat. Two
or three gardens were alio fowed with pot-hetbs, iVc and
(ruit-trees planted. The limits of the town were pa|.
liladued, and every thing went 011 with the utnioA re-
gularity.
Things being in fome forwardnefs, and every man
being appointed his proper llaliun and eniploynieit, Mr.
UgUtnoipe went to Chailes iovim to folicit fuccours for
his colony, where both the allembly and people in ge-
neral contributed largely to the affillance ot the new-
comers. 1' ive hundred pounds of this money he laid out in
cattle, and having given direiitions for whatever his leo-
plc might want at Chailes I own, returned to Sav.iuna.
On his arrival he found that the chief* of the Lower
Creek Indijiis were come to treat of an alliance with the
new colony. He received them in one of the new houfcs
and ill the moll amicable and fiiendly manner cunduded*
a treaty of alliance and trade with them.
This treaty being concluded, Mr. Oglethorpe return-
ed to England, taking with him a number of the Indian
chiefs and principal warriors, who were prefented 10 his
majefty, and afterwards took a tour thiough the king.
dom. They here defircd the truflces that the weights,
meafurcs, prices, and qualities of goods to be purchafed
by them with (kins, might be fettled : that no body
might be allowed to trade with them without a licence
from the trullees, that if they were injured they niinht
know where to complain ; and that there might be buc
oneftore houfe in each Indian town for fupplying them
with the goods they might want to purchafe ; and that
in each the traders fliould be obliged to furnifhthcm at
the fixed prices, alledging that the traders had often, in
an arbitrary manner, railed the price of goods, and de-
frauded them in their weights and meafurcs, which had
frequently created animolities between the Englifh and
Indians. In compliance with this requell the trullees
procured fcveral afls of parliament, among which was
one for maintaining peace with thefe Indians, and ano-
ther to prevent the importation and ufe of fpirituous li-
quors in Georgia.
Things being thus fettled, two embarkations were
made the fame year, cliiefly of Saltzburghers, who, with
others that went before, built and fettled a town called
Ebenezer, upon the river Savanna. The next year the
colony of South Carolina lending over a memorial relat-
ing their danger from the Erench and Spaniards, the par-
liament granted the trullees an extraordinary fupply of
twenty-fix thoufand pounds, and very confiderable bene-
fadtions were made both in Great Britain and Carolina; on
which account great numbers of people were lent, chief-
ly confifting of perfecuted German Proteitants, and others
from the north of Scotland.
Some Highlanders arrived in Georgia in 1735, fettled
on the river Alatamahar, about fixeeen miles from the
ifland of St. Simon, winch is feated at the mouth of that
river, and there built a town called Darieii, which name
they afterwards changed to that of New Invernefs.
On the fixtli oi February following arrived four hun-
dred and fcventy perfons, under the ilireilion of Mr.
Oglethorpe, and were fettled upon the ifland of St. Si-
mon, which is about forty miles in extent, has a rich
and (ruiiful foil, and is lull of oak and hickery trees, in-
termixed with meadows. 'I'lie Cr.ck Indians upon this
occafion came down, <^nJ claiming a tight to the land,
were treated with and prevailed upon to agree, that tha
En,'lilh
AMERICA.
GtORC.lA.
Kii^lifli (IkhiM pofllTs it, aiiJ nil the ailjicent iibmls ;
which III |) bcini; tjlcn, the I'iiiglifll built there thi town
ol FreJorna, In called Irom ptiiicc I'lCilcric, his prdciit
Hi.ijelty's r.iihii. AiiJ ihis being then ihc lomhein bir-
ner, a regul.ir rcirtrcl's was built there, llrcngthenej with
lour balJi.iiis and a Itrong battery; other foitiCieations
were alio raikd in ditfeiept place-,. 'I'he colony now
became I'd conliJerabIc, at to excite the jcaloufy of' thi.-
Spaniard,.. However, the governor of St. Aiigiilhne
concluded an amicable agreement with Mr. Oglethoipe
and the Kiiglilh colony, upon very fafe and aJvantageouH
term')-, hut it loon appeired that thii governor was not
in the lecrct of the court of Spain ; fur the Spjiulh nii-
jiilliy dil.ipproved of the treaty, and prepared to atta.k
tJeorgia ; on which a regiment of fix hundred men wa'i
(int over for the defence and protcdtion of the place, anil
as an eiicoura^;inient tothefe foldiers the trullee: allowed
t.ich of thfiirtive acres of land, and after being I'even
yeais in the fervicc they (hould have a regular dileharge,
and be entitled to a grant of twenty acres.
la the bejriiiiiing of the year 1737, the parliaitient
granted the trullees twenty tboufand pounds more lor
me f.irthci fettling and fccurin.', the coloiiv, on which
the trullees made r.nolhtr embaik.ition of perlecined Gcr
man I'loteKants, and all the towns laid out in (Jcorgia
leceived guat I'upplie.J.
Ill the nie.in time the truftcr?, by their letters and in-
ftriictions to the ni.igilhatcs, hid conltantly exhorted and
eiicourajjed the people to cultivate their lands ; but in
17 jS, liiidiii;^ that many contiiiued in idlenels, they gave
orOeis that none who ncglci^tej to cultivate their lands
fhould rLi;ei\c fupplies from the llores. Soon after a part
of tne people i\:i\'. over a memorial, complaining of the
want of a fee limple in their lands, and of their not be-
ing permitted the ul'e of negroes. Hut thole who were
fettled on the frontier, and were coiifequently molt c.\-
poled to the Spaniards, having by their indultry improv-
ed their plantations fo as to draw from them a comlort-
able I'ubfilfence, fent over a counter memorial, in wbi. h
they reprefeiited the difadvantages and danger^ that would
arife from the pcrmiflion of negroes. However, an al-
niolt general I'pirit of difconcnt loon prevailed ; and tho'
luch great funis had been expended, and I'uch prudent
regulations taken in the fetilement of this colony, its
progrcfs was far from anfwering the cxpedlations ot the
trullees and merchants. The prohibition of rum, tho'
f')ceiousin appearance, had a very bad eft'edl, the lettlers
wanting I'omething to fuppoit their ftrength and fpirits
■under the extraordinary and unufual heat ot the climate,
and where its dampnefs in fevcr.il places expofed them to
ii.rucs and fevers. Hut what was worfe, this prohibition
in a manner deprived them of the vent they had for the
onlv commodities ihcy could fend to market, lumber and
corn, which could fell no where but in tho fugar iflands;
r.nl with this reftriction of rum they could take very
little from them in return. They were obliged to work
themfelves, while the natives of Virginia and Carolina
v.-erc in amuch eafier fituaiion, and had their labour per-
for.-ned by their ilaves. Indeed Virginia and Carolina
were originally fettled without the help of negroes 1 but
this they did not confider, and they were unwilling to
fulmit to extraordinary hardlhips, while they lound tneir
iici'hboiirs in a much more e..ly fituation. Many quit-
icd'^thc laborious life of planters to rehdc more at tncir
cafe at Savanna, by the cxercile of their feveral trades
imd profefTion?. In (hort, horl'e races and other divcr-
)• .ns v,-:re loon let on foot, and luch a I'pirit of idlenels
1,,.:t HI to prevail as ealily accounted for their cagcrnel's
iirdcfiring the ul'e of negroes.
At len;'th a Ipirit of dil'content almoft generally pre-
vailed ; tlicy iiuarrellcd with one another and with their
magiftrates ; they complained ; they rcinonllratcd ; and
obtaining no Catisfailion, many ot them lett (leorgia,
ani difjierfed tlumlelvcs among the other colonies ; fo
that of above two thoufand propic, who had been carried
thither at a great expence I'lom Europe, in a little time
'tis f..id that not above feven or eight hundred were to be
found in this province ; upon which the trulkes, in 1752,
lurreiulered their charter to the crown, and the govern-
ment took the country under their own c.ire ; annulled
all ihc particular [e;^iila'ions that had been made ; allowed
cyj
them the unlimited iil'e of nr.'rous wuh the impnrta'lni!
ot rum, an.l left (ieorgia cx.utiv on ihe fame lootin;;
with Carolin.i ( Unit whi h time it has lieeii (.'ii lualtv,
but llowly, tncrcalin^ in iht number of its inhabitants.
f^/
F, C T.
F I. o It
XU.
I II A.
/ll Siliiilliun, fulfil), Ci'inml', .">'»'/, nnil Picit:t,f; vilh a
luiriiLuliir Pi-J^iil'li-jii rifthi (jii!ih'i.\tirct, ci>i:i u comijf //i'
iiiint ofilie ijiih 01, 'I iviliJ //iiiiiiiili.
TFIK roiinlry to which the Spaniards hav; given the
name ol l''lorid.i, aii'l which, liy tne laic irtatv,
W..S ceded to (jreat lliitaiii, w.is lirll difeovcred by Se-
ballian Cabot, in l,|<)6, eighteen )iMrs before it was
kiMwn to the Spaniaids, Th.it nation j._ave it a vriy
great extent, indiidniT under the name of Flonda all .. '
the country from the twcniy-rilth ilej-ree lix minulei lo" if it.
the tbirty-iiinth degtec tliiriv-right iniiiuiei north lati- yff'3if-
tilde, including Viijonii, Carolina, and (leoroa; but
what is properly called the peninl'ula of Florida is bound
ed by Cicorgia on the nurili, by the MifTidippi and the
gulph of Mexico on the well, by that of I'lunda im thi;
fouth, and by tli-- channel ol Kahania and the Atlantic;
ocean (ui the call ; extending from (leorgia to Cape ,
Florida, between the tweiuy-fifih degree lix minute.; ii""*-
and the thirtieth degree fifty eii^ht minutes 1101 th latitude, O^ifi-
and its moft calUin coalt lies in about the eighty-fiil!: ,fr.'jfci.
degree thirty minutes welt long'tude Iroin London.
File air, though hot, is pure and wludelome, and the
foil remarkably rich and fruitful, freipiently pro lucinc;
two or three crops of Indian corn in a year, and, wiill
proper cultivation, might be male to bear <very loit of
grain, lie. It abounds with all kinds of timber, parti-
cularly oak, cyprcfs, palms, cedar, pines, and chelnut-
trees ; but above all falVafras is found in the grca'.i.ll
• plenty : excellent limes, mulb.Tries, orange;, p -aches,
cocoas, and pliiiiis, alfo gro-A- here in great abuiuLuKc,
with many otner fruits of a delicious flavour ; (dives anu
vines likewife of various forts arc the natural pioduce of
the country, and the land is thought to be a? proper lor
the cultivation of the grape as the warm countries of Eu-
rope. Cotton alio grows wild Irre in great abundance j
hemp and flax are alfo very rommon.
One of the molt lingular trees in tiiis or any other
country is the cabbage-tree, by foiue authors called the
palmeto royal ; " and well, fa\s the reverend and learned
'• Mr. Hugtics, may it be called r.iv.il, I'ltjni its great
" height, majeltic appearance, Hiid bciutv of its waving;
" foliage : neither the tall cedar of Lvbannn, n ir any of
" the trees of the forelt, are equal to it in height, heauty,
" and proportion." The trunk b.dgcs i uc a little near
the ground, which gives it the becoming appearance of
a fubltantial bafis to fupport its towering height. It ii>
generally as ftraight as an arrow; and fcar-e '^.m a pillar
of the nicefl order in architecture be mor. regul ir, cfpe-
cially when it is of about thirty yeais growth. It rifes
above a hundred feet in height, and tiie trunk n--'ar the
earth is then about fix or fcveii feet in circumference, the
whole body growing tapering to the top, The colour
of the bark refembles that of an afli-trie, ai d is faintly
clouded at about the diltance of evcrv f.-ur or five inches
with the vclligia of the fallen-oft" branches : thii colour
of the bark continues till within about twenty-live or
thirtv feet of the cxtrem.ty, where it alters at once frjm
an aih-colour to a beautiful deep fea green, and thu:!
continues to the top. About five fee: above the begin-
ning of the green part, tiie trunk is encircled with its nu-
merous branches ; all the lowermoft fpreading horizon-
ta'ilv with great regularity, and the exiremeties of many
ol tlie hig'ner brandies bend wavering downwards, like fi>
many plumes of le.ither-'. I'hefe branches, when full
"rovvii, are about tweiuv feet long, and are thick let on
the trunk, rifiiig gradually fupenor one to another, and
the lop is terminated by a beautitul upright green conic
fpire. Fhele branches are decorated with a vtry great
nimibcr of screen pointed leaves, fome pf them near three
feet loiiz, and an inch and a half hrojtj, growing nar-
rower towaids their points, 8s well as griulually de-
creafmj
\
it:
i-
* li'f
Ak
WW
A S Y S T I: M O K (i I'. O CJ K A 1' II Y.
I'l,
!'!( il
ai: I
Pi
if! ! .;:
fri '
^' :
rrr.ifinj; iii lfii)'lli tow.inNlhr cxirrniitiri ul tin luiinlirs.
Il IS iil)l(iviil lli.it ihf liiwnimill iM.imh iliii|i-. iiiuiiiliU
(ri)in tlic tnr, lanvm^; with it .m cvlnli.id-il iiiiilu
l.imoii ol llii- ;',ici'ii p.iic lit (he lice IHhii llic li-liin); "ii ol
(IhIm.iiu Iu'i til ihf .ilh riOdiir |i.itl. riiis, .iikI ilii' Ihhu Ii
to will' Il II IS .ilw.iys lixPil, l.ill io|vil\iT. When thcl.i' .
I'l lliii Inwir lirJiK'li li.i|i|ii'iis, llir preen rniiu' (pin,
wliiih ill'ii.s i'loiii the- (ciiirrol lid' iip|>ninnll lii.imiu' ■,
aiiil Mil". Iiipoii.ir i()4ll, liiiilK, .111.1 lliinwi linin il. lnli'
A viiiiii;', In.iiuli, whii 11 loiiliiiiiis ilii' iippriiiuill, till .i-
luitlu-i III the Iiiwciiim(1 Ih.uuIu's iliopH nil', tlini tin'
Ipiic len.h l.iiili .i",.iiM .iiiiiilii'r lii.inih liipciiui in liiii.itioii
t'l llii' I..II. riiiH iIk- Inls 1)1 the I'Miulun lii-Kiw is liip-
pliiil liv llmic .ibiivo.
I'lu' iiiluli' tixiiiic of the liMvcs .ippe.irs to he In m.iny
li'ii.'iduliii.il tliri'.i>l like liLiiin'iits, wliieli, In-iii.; Ipiiii, .no
iiU',1 ui in.ik.ns; idiil.ii't; nl cvny kiiiJ, .is will .is lilliui ■,-
net'. Wli.it i< r.ilKil ilic r.ililvip,!- In's in niin\ Inn,
while, tniiile ri.ikes, whiili h.ive loniilliiii^; ol ihe l.ille
cH ihnniuj., .iiiil when lioiled h.is rniiirwh.il the l.ille ol .1
l.ihh.ijU' J Init is Iwfiier .iiiil niiiie .iL',iee.ilili'.
riu' le.i eo.ill i: \eiy ll.il, l.niilv, •mil lull ol lllo.ils ;
mill on the Uvi I (lime are ,i pimlii'.ioiis niiinliei ol o\llii'.
•iJhemii; to the in.iii,'.i<ivc trees, with wiiii li the liiiillui n
to.ill is loveiej. Aiiiiiiij; the more pui ions pio.lui'lions
in.iv he leekniieil iiiehine.il, of whnli theie .s hoih ihc
Willi .iiiil llie iiiliiv.iUil ; hut the l.illi I is hv ''I the moll
»iilil.ili|e The iiiiliiMi pl.ini jonwsvei v |)'.eiililiillv in in. my
«il the lout hem p.nis ol the piovince. AiiilH-ii'.ine is like
wile (rei|iiiiiily to he met Willi on the lo.ili, Iroiii llic moll
(biilhein eape ol I'loiuhi .is l.ir as Mexico.
Animal looil is lure in I'.ie.it plenty, .mil very [\twii in
its kiiiil, parlkiil.nly heel', ve.il, .mil million. I he loun-
try alio leeih a miillituile ol Iwiiii', the llilh ol vyjn. h is
vciy j;ooil, there Inini; no w.int ol .leoins, elii liiiits, .m.l
fiirh (ooil .IS is priiper lor iheir nKiiiilliment. lloil;'. .iie
alio hreil heie fii (or ihe Culille .itiil ilMiii'hi, ami In ilie.ip,
that they miy lie piiulialcd (ot any tulle [nought Ironi
Kiiropc.
The wilil beafts foiiinl in the cminlry arc the panther,
bear, caiamoiint.iin, luill'.ilo, ileei, liaie, (joais, lahbiis,
beavers, otters, (oxes, r.uoons, flyini; (i]miiils, the
armaililjo, warrc, cipoHniii, guano, aiiil (i veral kimls ol
Inakcs.
Fowl arc here in great plenty, as ti.iiie'i, wiM (>ee('e
anil ilurks, herons, turile-ilovev, p.iiti nl|;es, ilnnlhcH,
jay.s, hawks, .mil eiows ; the miol.ie, the man.iw, the
buiniiiing-hinl, ami an almoll iiirnnte mimlier o( other;,
lome of which have their pUimaf^e eleirinily vaiiej^.iteil.
The rivers ahinin.l wiih ti(li, ami alio with that ilcllrut-
tivc aiiiiiial the ^lli^'aiur.
s I: c r. xiri.
l:,i/l ml U\l) Fi.tihi fi,M,il<-li iixfiUifi. 'Ih,- Hiluiiliitn,
.ilf.iiii, !<;,■>, jiij I'^ijiiilii.inliioii ofemh.
TWV, coiinliv ol riutiila is lunv ilinile.l inio tivoilif-
tiiii-'t ijoviimiiencs, iiiiili t the ii.imes ol Kail ami
Well Kloriila, ainl we (li.ill lie;.>in with the lorilier, on ac-
count of II.S tieini^ eoiiii('iiiiiis to tieorgi.i.
Kail Kloiiil.i is Iiohii.IliI on the noitli hy (leori'ja, fioiti
which It is (epar.iteil liy the river St. Jnhn ; on the e.ill
by the Atlantic ocean ,iml ihe I'.iilph ot I'loriil.i, winch
lall leparate.s it from the Hahania Iflai.ils ; on the (oulli
by the !;ulph ol Iloiiila, which theie feparales it (roni
the ill.iml of (.'iib.i ; .mil on the well hy the !^;iilpli uf
Mexico anil Well I'ioiula.
The eallerii ami fouthern part of K.ill I'loi iili ronlills
<if about twentv-lonr illaiiils ot pretty I.ii;m' extinl, aiiil .1
Itill j'jeater niiiiilnrol fmaller ones, all lomiiil hv nariow
llreii^hu niul hats, which run in (rom tlie well and join
cithers from the lonlh anJ the call. Ihele llieii;lus arc
improperly ealleil rio.s, or rivers. One ot the ptineipal
ofthehaysis n.ime.l Laguna del Kipiitn Santo, or the
lake ot the Holy Ciholl, which extends from mrili to
foiilh .iboiit twenty levcn leagues, and is iic.ir c;ght le.ii;ues
wide : it lias leveral communications with the b.iys on
the wed (iJc of the peniiirula, as well ai. with the gulph
ol I'loiiJa.
UKIIIA.
naliLt lie Caili s, or Cliarles', ii.iy, 1. (^.^i.-J on (he
Wi (I I o.ill.exiendmi', .iboiit Iniiilti n li ai'iie, ijloioll (miih-
c.ill honi Its ciilume, an.l i« uli.nit live le.i);ii(-( over in
ihe 11 dill p.iii i but lias only tin •!■ (.illi,.mi' wmut. |,
h.it (evtial opimn)is lielwei n the illaiid ., ijir 1 hief ol
whii II (oinnimm .iti s witii the l.a ;iin.i del Hpniiii Sinto
lull dekiil" d. '
I hi- ll.ihi.i del I' Ipiiiin S.ml.i 1 , about lour lea|Mir^ to
llie iioilh I all o( the ll.ihi.i di I'.iilos, on the vvilleiii
co.ijl, anil n a laii'e and nohle b.iy 1 \\i iiilm!> above tweiiiu
lea ■,m> in leiif.ih, .iiid (ix in lucidili, wlieir I'loidid
liannn tiom live to levin filhoni'. w.ili 1, exi epi al ih,'
oullct ili.il i',oes mill the l,i|<iiii.i del l'l,iiiiiii .S.nilo
wheie It Is no inoie lli.in two l.iiliomn, Tins b.iy, wliu li
Ins liiun loiilli loe.ill, 11 in .ilnnil I wenly |i vrii diyu, ,
tliiitv niiniilis iioiili l.iiilndi', .ind is i.ip.ilde ol reenvmit
till l,n);i|l 111 el that e\ei w.i . 1 nlleiled in I Ins put ol ||,,.'
woild j .iiid may, in i.ileol any iiiplini, I e 01 pieal im.
poiianu 111 I be cnnvn ol Ciu ii lliiians loi llie p.il c iiia m
ihiii pall.i;',! Iiom Vcia Cm/, lo llu- llav.inii 1, .iieolih,..
ed, by lealoi! "I Ih.ir iioilh lall tiade wiiid.», tolluuii
.iw.iy III the noilhwaiil, and I'enei.illy kup .is ncai ih,-
mall ol I' liiiida as pollilde,
Cn till (uulb e.ill ol I'lmi.l.i is .1 laij'i- ih.ini il'in.iiids
.ind nil ks, eallid Cayos lie loiMailyns, wlm h rxi. ml
III aciuiil.ir lorm, in iwenly lour ilej^iem loity lunniiei
iiotili l.i.iiiide, .It ihe dillaiue ot tlinteu) ba^'iieH luun
i'lmi.i i' Ion I.I, llie moll lnnihcin ponii. In 1; {{ a lleet
III Imiileen eallrons, on thru icliiin lliroiiidi the ^iilph
ol i'loiid.t till I )l.l .Sp.iiii, lan loul of tliele onks, imj.
fioiicd by ilic i^iioiaiiev ol the idmiial, D.iii KiidiiH.o
de roires. (.Jie.'ol ihc lapi.im:. dilobeymn tin adinn.ii .1
IlLMiif, by that incur, avoided ihe d.iii{Hi, and laved Jm
Ihip ) but the ollui lliiil. en wen i nliu I) Inil, with pu.it
pail ol tlicli liialuic : and lor many yi.iis aller iliic
loiks wciemuth In (pniiied by llu Sp.imlli .ind iiiili.ni
divers, who Will- olteii lo luicUsliil a.s to lecovei (jnat
ipianlilies ol dollars.
I he loil ol I .III rioiida in I'rnei.il is iioi lo good as lliaC
in (ieoi|M.i , lint ill. iioilh p.iii ol It a.lj.iient lo .euii'Li
IS much like il, .iiid iii.iy be impiovel lo the (.inie pui-
polcs .IS Cieorgi.l, loi iaillii,;ot inril, 1 n 1', indij;o, and
lilkj anil III the will put ol this piuviiiee is nine veiy
good land, capable of In iiij- nmirovi d 10 gie.u aiiviiil.i^e.
ilowevir, {^le.il pait ol Hk cu.iiI, boih ..I tiie (omineiil
and the piodigions tlullei ol illands iiiiliided in K.iit
I'lorid.i, IS very landv aii<l b.iiniii but lailhei wiiliiii
l.ilid It IS l.iid lo be vei y li ilile.
riieic aie lome (uiod lililcnirnfs bcniiii In this pin-
vince under the diieilion ol lulon- 1 (ii.inl, tlu: prelnil
goveinor ; there is u piolpect ol its 1. 1011 liiconnii|', a
lloiirilbing province, and a:, inhabitanl'i are at tin. iinic
Hocking to it Ironi lever. il ciiuniins in lumpe, n will
doiihllels be III a limit tunc a pl.ice ol ci:nlidi lahie euii-
leiiuentc.
St. Angulline, thcprincip.il town in this prm ime, is
(rated near the boideis ot Ciuiigi.i, in the twiiiiy-nmlh
degree lilty iniiiuti'. iiorih l.iliiuile, .ind was biiili by the
Spaniards, who fiiiiendered it at the l.iie pi .11 e. Ihc
city runs along the Ihoie at the loot of a picaf.int hill,
adorned with tiees, and is ot .111 1 bloii;', f mii, divided by
lour regular llicels. tiolling each other ai light an;;les.
Down by the lea-fide, about three qiLiiiers of a niilc
foiilh ol the town, (Unds ihe (hurth and moii.illery ol
St. Aiignllme. The bill built pait ol the town is on
the noitb fulc leading to the eallle, whii h ii; called i'ort
St. John. This is a Iquaie building ol full Hone, (or-
tilied with whole ballions, a rampait twenty liet liigji,
w ith a p.iiapet nine leet tlnik, and is ca/.cmated. I In;
town is likewilc (01 titled Willi ballioie, and iiitloled with
a ditch ; the whide well luinilb'd v\iih cannon 'I'lio
harbour is toinicd by llie nuiili end ol Santa Aiiallafi.i, an
ill.ind nine Ic.igms in length, and .1 loii[> point ol l.iiid
iluided Ironi Ihe colli ineiU by the river St. \Iaik, whitli
tails into the lea a litile above the lallle. At the en-
trance of this harboui .ire Ills iimth and foulb breakers,
which torrii two chaiiii.la, whole b.ns have Iroin eielit lt>
nine feet water over if em at low tide. On the north
and I'oulli are two Indian towns williout the city w.ills.
The exports a' prelcni Inmi K.ill i' lorida aie bul liii.ill,
the piuduce uJ their trade vvuh t.ie Indians being tlic
tliief
VI .
iiv, i. (.•.(inl on (lie
I li'ii'iii'.aldiiiit iiiiiih-
t live l('.i|,iii 1 over in
>■'' titli'iiii, w.i'rr, It
iII.iimI,, (hr .lii.i ,„
iiii.t ilcl M|MiiiiiS4nto,
. .iluuit loiii liMjMiri ti,
iil<i'>, mi tin: widiiii
<•' iiiliiiii .ilnnc Irti'iily
i.llli, wli.ir Imu.mIiII,
w.mi, i-Hnpl .11 til,.
I lUI ll;>llMII S.inlci,
in. Tins l..iv,wliul>
I iwriily U Mil ilijii,, , .<! ^
l« i.l|i.ililr III ti'i(inii|.
It'll III lllls |l III III III,.
ii|'iiiii , I r o' I'liMi nil.
l.iii'.liM lhi||.ilciinin
ir ll.iv,iiiii 1, .lie iililij,.
l.l.il- Wlllils, til llllliil
Lilly liir|i ,is 111,11 111,.
I l.iijv ill. nil if in.iiiiU
.111)11 1, wliii li rxi, 11,1
llctl,Ulli liHly IIIIMIIICI >, ,,,1
lIUI tl-i II I.MJ'IH-H Ikiiii
IIHIU. Ill I, (( II lint
III tlir.uii'.li liii' niilpli
ot |Ih-(i' iiii.k«, im J.
Iiiiiial, D.iii K.kI. iij.o
iliiluynin ''" .iilinii.il'^
■ l.ili|'.( I , ;iiiil l.iviil III]
iitni I) lull, with I'u.ii
ii.iiiy yi .11 ■. .ilur ili ic
II S|Miiilll .mil iiuli.iii
liiil .i.s III iccuvci ^iijt
II it tint III l',(lllll ,K lll.lt
It .I'lj.lll'Ilt ((> ■I'Oll.'l.l
iivlnI III the I. lino pm-
nlll, ill l', lllillj,!), ,l|u|
|iiiivilii:i; Is oiiii- vi'iy
III 111 (',11'. 11 .I'UMMI.Ijll*.
Illllll l.l tllC (Olllllll'lll
ll'ls lllllllllcil III I'.lll
I , tun Uiilu'i wiiliiii
ts licuiiii ill till'. |iii).
'I (ii.iiil, the plrl 'III
Its I'luii liiciiiiiiiij', a
it.iiit'. .u>' .It till, nine
» III I'llllipi', 11 will
(ll i'i;iiliili i.ililc toil-
II ill tins pii>\ nil c, is
III lln. tviriily-iiimh )') .i,<
.mil w:is Illllll by the
till' I. lie pi .11 ('. riic
ml (<l a jilciilJiit lull,
nil;', I'Miii, iliviili'il liy
itlui ;il ligllt .ill:',l('s.
r i|ii.iiii'is 1)1 .1 iiiilc
I ll .iiiil Illllll. illcry ul
C (ll till- town lb im
wliidi 111 (.illi'il I'oit
lit; ol liilt (liiiic, tiir-
ait twenty li it Ini'Ji,
IS c.i/.cinatnl. I In;
iir , .111(1 inclolcJ Willi
Willi caiiiiiiii I'liij
ll Saiiia /Viullali.i, .iii
.1 Imi^ point ol I. mil
vc'i St. ^laik, wIiilIi
alllc. At the cn-
I anil I'liuili bic'.ikcrs,
lis liavc Ironi cirlu to
uli'. On the iiiMlh
lioiit the city w.ill;:.
MoMila uic but liii.ill,
Mi: iiiiiiails bciii|; llic
tllR'f
l"| OH III A.
A M I'. UIC A.
^•77
illirllhrv lilVi* to Ip.lir ; Inr ni llll' liiiinliv was liiill
^, HI .i|<ii .iliiinll I'lilin ly inniilliviiti'il, .mil ilirn' an' Iml
l, IV iiilialiliaiil<., nil |<i(.il iiii|iiiivriiit iil , i in yil h< t'\
iliil.
\Vi ll I'liiiiil.i I . liiMinil ll Mil lln r.illw.iil by I ill I' In
Mill, I'll llic liiiilli I'V till' |"ilpll I'l Ml iiiii, nil till' will
111 llll' iivii \1illilli|<|>i. .iiiil nil llll' iini ill by ill'' (iiiinliy
" I hr. tir.vn ii I'xi i'rilin"ly In .nilihil .in. I plr.ilinl,
" ll.iniliir', on the llopi' nl .1 hill, .nnl tub i.ihly ici'ni.ii
" Iniilt (-1 lloiii', cxirpt fniiii' Irw lilMi.i-.. Ildi'.irr
" iwo riinvriii», one nl Irliiils, .nnl ilir nihiT ol li.ni-
" I lie, 111. : llll' rxli'iior p.irls ol ihi' lown ai«' (oiiilii'il m
" lln- Spaiiilli iiiiiilr, r:ilhi'r:is :i iletrni c, I I'lippoli-, a
" I'^.iinll til'' n.itivri, III. Ill the l'',inop,-.ii|.,. I'loni iIr-
" cxcclli'iit anil ci'iilial polilion ot ihn. lim' port, il < ar
" in-, on a pood tiaile in its own liver, and llir iinirmr
" pull as r.ir as the Ap.ilarhlan iiioiiniaiiis. ll ri loiiki'il
" upon to carry on niiire roiiniirrco iliaii all llic oilii'i
" |i:iili'meiits in 1' lornl.i put toj'rlhi'r.
" t'liiiolily indiiii'il im: one ibiy to lake a journey ol
•' ri'ilit or nine miles inio the ((iiinlry. I loiiinl alum
" iliiiec o( cxiieiiic line iniilhcri y trees, l.ni'ir ill. in .niy
" I ever (aw in Italy : the li'avii arc well kiiowii lo he
" ilu' looil 111 the i'llk woim, the I liinatr ami .ill oilnr
" iieceHarici heiii|' ail.ipte.l bir Iheir iioiiiidiinrnl ; nrv. i
" tlielel;, it re ni.iiiii'il iiMie^iirJeil by the Spaiiiaiils,
" lluMi'',h it has proilii' ed, ten yens a;>o, I'llk ai jniod
" as any in I'iiirope. ( )n my retiiin to the town ol .'ii.
" Maik d' Apal.u he, I inel wilh exi|uilite pr.ipes iiiier-
i' Iperfeil up anil down, exceedini'; ihc miiltadinc in
" bulk, .md Willi rniiiethiiii'; of iheir H ivoiir."
'riierc .111' at pn'lcnt in this province ahmit fix thoii-
riiiil iiih.ibiianis; but iheir mimher i.i imrcjliiij; very bill,
II liiin;"; inorc healthy and iiivilin;- thin Kail I'lorida,
ilpi'iiallv in the wellern p.iri-. iie.ir the bank of the
\Iilliirippi ; and it is not to be donhieil but tint in a (i:w
yean tlii. will be a rich .nnl tlomilliin". provim;".
The principal town in Welt I'lorida n IVnlai ola jiif)
iiiriitinind, I'l'.ited on the id.iiid id S.iiita Rol'a, whi.li i,
tliiity-ttuec miles in leiipth, .md lepariited lioni the iiiaiM
bind hy rv ehaiiiiel hall a Icipiie over, but only iiavi|;.ible
Inr Illllll boats. 'I'lie lainliini;pl.i( e is williin the b ly in
very lli.illow water, the town beiii"; (eate I on a laiiily
(hore as white a'l (iiow, that can only be approached by
Ini.dl vdVel-.'. The load is, howevei, one ol the Irll in
•iiU the |;<ilph of Mexico, in which vtlRl'i ni.iy lie in
ICO
bill ly il'iiiid evi'iy kind of wlinl, The biiiinin alloid',
rxi rlliiit ainlini Jiie i and ilie Iri, wliii ll ii in vel j.'it.iled,
oil aiiiilinl ol III lii'iiip, liiiiniiinli ll by llie btinl on i veiv
li'b', IS I ip.ilde ol ( iiiii.nniin'. a I'te.ii iiiiiiibci ol lliini.
I 'en 1. 11 (da Wis I. Ill' I y ili b iidid hy .i I in. ill but liiiiiniinieij
by Him I .nliii'i, .md llic piiiii ip.il lioiili' is the p.neiiini',,
wlinli 11 .1 vciy liaiidliinii' liiidilni ■ .i.Iiimh-.I ■■..>1i .........
'I
■,. — - -...- -..- ....- i iiiintu.
I he .Sp.iniards, aceordiiifr Id their iifiial ciilloiii, < liaijic
ibi'iii with many viirs, in order lo « .ill ai lair a lolnur
.IS they ( .III ovi t llien inliimi.m In liaviiiii lo the liidi.nis,
both ol this and olln i loiintiiis, whom iheyliill bm
(III led, and then lepieleiitcd as lavai'c iMihaii.iii,, m
Older lo pilli 111' llie iiimr, and in foiiit ile|Occ aj)olo('r/(;
ioi bull ( iiiel piocei'ibii;' s.
riieii (n oiioiiiy, Willi i''j>aid to the rtianafiemeiit ami
dilliihiiiinii ol llidi rorii, whii ll is acioiiiiied the (dm-
nion Hock of the piildn , is woitliy ol iiotiie. I he crop,
wliK ll I . ( al( iilali d to (eive only b.ill llie year, is tollei'.t-
I'd mill f^raiiaiies .ippomlcd Im ili.il piirpule, and altrr-
waids ic)'iil.iilv lb liveicd out toevi'iy (aiiiily, m propm-
lion to llic iiiiiiibir 111 perloiis it loiitams. The Iml r,
iiiili'i'il i .ipabii' ol atlordiil;' liiiu ll mole (Oin lliaii they
are able 111 (iinbmie. Inn ilieyihoolc lo low no niurc
than will lerve llieiii lor that lenii, rciiiinp^ (or ihe i"-
m.iiinler ol the yeai into the deep iicell':. i>l the loiells
where they build huts ol p,diii-trei'>,, and live upon
roiin, wild (owl. and nlli. I In y .iie .illo very fond of
the Ib'lli 111 .illinators, the ynim|; ol wbiihaic (lelicionsj
but liav- a Itroiii', iiiiifky biieli, 'I'heii iiie.it is dreded
III the finoke iipnii .i pruliroii iii.iilc of (lick«, and
waii'r ferves them lor their coinnion diink.
llie people are in peiK ill fatcli'd Willi one wile ; but
the einel . are indiilfCil with mole, thoii;'ji the children
of only one ol llieiii liici ecd to the l.itliei's dignity.
The I'ovcriiment ol the I'lorniansis in the hands of
many ( liiefi, who arc calbil calliipies : they are (:>enerally
at v.iriaiice and .it WJi with each other; bm this is far
Imni beiiij^ c.iiiied on in an open niaimei ; on thecon-
tr.iiv, they iiliially make iile ol liirpri'/.e, oi Itiaiai'em,
exercifini', I'.ieat cruelty iipuii liieh a. they take pril.mcrs,
yet I'pare the women and childieii, whom tliey cairy off*
and lettle amoiii' them. When they have obtained n
vu'iory, they at their return hoini; ulieinb'e all their
II lends, and feafl- three days and iii)'li's, (p-iidmj; the
lime in finj'.inf', and daiicin)j. in ihrir wai like cxpedi-
tioii'j they ( ;irry with tli':m liyncy and maiic, and lumc-
a 1 tiinci
A SYSTEM Ob G K O G K A I' II V.
' (i
( f
IS !
lit!h:cil
H'liilt'll 1 H'
il
>Jil
'ml
§
m
_ 'y ' ,
"' 1 mn
• il
11
1^-ki
-i"J*
tJ;Jl»;iffl|
:fi|ii'«i
fe!
Hi
m
wInE'B
6,6
rrrafine in length tnwariltthr extrfmiiic!i of thcbranc)icj.
It IS iibfiivcj (lut the iDWtrrinolt lujiuli ilri)()i immt'tilv
fro'il thi- tici', carrying with it an txlolialf.l ciiulu
l.inicn of the grtcn p.irl ot the ttrc I'liuii llii- (i;tii'ik' "" "I
the brjiiilicj til the alh-coloiir part. Thi'., iin.l thr \i\mu h
»i> wtu' Il It il always fixjil, lall ti)(;ithi.T. When the lull
III tliii lowir branch ha|ipciii, the green ctmic (pire,
R.ihia .II- Carloi, or Cli.iili.".'i.l).H', i, feai,.j „„ ,,„
w H cd.ilt.cxleiidinj^ ahoiit luuiliin IiaiMii-, i,l,ii„(j f„u,(,.
I- ill lioiii it> ciiirame, an. I it ali.mt five Icanup, over In
ihc hroaililt pail ; but luioiily tht 'i- l,.tli nn, w.i'cr. It
liai (iveral opciniij^i lielwei n the illaiid ■, the thief of
which ciininiuiiic4lc» witli the Luguiia Jcl fclpirim Santo
ull lUlciibiJ. '
Th- Mihii ilrl Fri.irilii 'liiitd i. jlmiit Cnir l«i™,,», ,
armadillo, warrc, opoiium, guano, ano uverai kiiijj oi
fnakcj.
Fowl are here in great plenty, as cranes, wiM pecfe
and ducks, herons, turtle-doves, partridf^cs, tlimlhcs,
jays, hawlcs iuid crows ; the curof.ic, the niacciw, the
humming-bird, and an almoft infinite nijnibi.T of others,
feme of which have their plumage cicijiiitly varie;;itcd.
The rivers abound with (ill), and alfo with thatdellruc-
tivc animal the itlii'^atur.
s i. c T. xiri.
Kojl aii:l Jr<ll FLri !a f[i.irat,-lj iinftl-rtl. Tl ,■ Sittnition,
.l.lvjimi^i-ii miJ Dijiiilj.inlii^ii of/iiih.
THE coiinlrv of Florida is now divided iiuo two dif-
tinift L'ovfiii.n'nts, iiiidir the names of Fait and
Well Florida, and we Ihall begin with the former, on ac-
count of its being coniigiHiiis to Giorgia,
Katf Florida is lioiiii.li.d on the noitli by Geor;;ia, from
which it is (eparated by the river .'■'t John ; on tlie ealf
by the Atlantic ocean and the fjulp^ of Florid.;, which
lall feparates it from the Bahama I funds ; on the fouth
by tlic ;;ulph of I loiida, which there feparatcs it from
the idaiid of t'liba ; and on the weft by the giiipb of
Mexico and W'elf Floiida.
'File callern and fouthcrn part of Eaft Florida confills
of about twcntv-foiir illands of pretty large extent, and u
ftill greater number of fmaller ones, all foinud bv narrow
freights and bavs, which run in from the weft and join
others from the louth and the ealt. Thcfe Itreiehis are
improperly called rios, or rivers. One of the principal
ofthebayjis n.imed Laguna del Kfpirtu Santo, nr the
lake of the Holy Gholf, which extends from in r;li to
fouth about twtnty-leven leagues, and is near e:ght leagues
wide : It has Icveral communicatliuis with tlic bays on
the wed fide of the peninlula, as well as with the (julph
of FloiiJa.
iim; . iiu Millie weir pan oi tins pioviiice i, uuie ,ciy
good land, capable of lieing imMroved to gieat a^Jv.inta^e.
However, gieat part of tiie cn.iit, hoih of tiie eoir.ineiit
and the prodigious duller ol illaii.ls includeJ in Fall
Florida, is very landy an. I baireiij but larlhcr witlmj
land it is laid to be verv letliie.
Ihere are lonie gooil litikni'nts I eguu in thi:. pro-
vince uiultr the direction of ciilon^l Grant, the prci-nt
governor; there is a pi ' ect of its l.ion becoming a
floiirilhing province, and a:, inhabitants are at thli time
flocking to it (roiii leveral counirns in f.uiope, it will
doiibtlels be in a Ihort time ,i place ol conliderablc con-
letiucncc.
St. Auguflinc, the principal town In this province, is
' fiated near the borders of Gi.orgia, in the twenty-ninlh l'/.
(Ii'grec Hfty minutes north latitude, and was built by tue
I Sp.iniards, who lurrendered it at the late pe.ice. Fhc
I city runs along the fliore at ttie foot of a plealant hill,
adorned with trees, and is of an cblong foim, divided by
four regular llrccts. crcfTing each other at light angles.
Down by the fcafide, about three quariers of a iiiile
fouth of the town, (lands the church ami monaflery of
St. Aiigullinc. Fhe belt built part ot the town is on
the north lidc leading to the caltle, which is called Fort
St. John. 'Fhis IS a Iquate building of fuft ftone, for-
tified with whole ballions, a rampai: twenty feet high,
with apoapet nine Ilci tiiick, and is cazcmatrd. Ihc
town is likewilc foititied with baltloni:, and inclofed with
a ditch; the whole well tumilh-d with cannon The
harbour is formed b) the north end of Santa rtnallaria,aii
idand nine leagues in length, and a long point of land
divided from the Co.'itinent by the river St. iNlark, which
falls into the lea a little above the callle. At the en-
trance of this harboiii are the noith and fouth breakers,
which form two chann.ds, wliofe bais have from eii^ht to
nine feet water over them at low tide. On the north
and fouth are two Indian town; without the city walla.
'/'he exports at prelent Irom F.ilt I'lorida arc but linall,
the produce ol ttieir tiaue wuli t'.e Indians being the
chief
i, i. kituii on (h<
lt'4l>Ul- iilllicift fouth.
five Icinur, over in
I' l-tliNiii, w.vtr, It
ilUiiJi, clir ihicf of
ru Jci l!.(t)itiluSaiUu,
»nrtllf rmip \fttnnmm tn
I'l.ORIIM.
A M I', U I I' A.
'■•77
[IIOVIIILL' li uillc vciy
111 (II yic.it a.-iv. Ullage.
both I'l tae e(iii:iiii'n(
iiilb iiii.liult'J 111 Ljil
I ) but Idilher wiiliiii
ts I C'tJUU in tlli:. piu-
-I Gr.iiit, tliu (iri'i-nt
Its l.;oli lucomiii.; a
itaiits :uc .\t ihii nine
i III Kuiupi-, It Will
: lit C(;iilulciable cun-
n in this provinrc, is
in tliw twtiity-iiiiith ly.,
I ;inJ was built by the
thf Kui: piMCf. I'hc
:jct lit a plcaCiiit hill,
lun^ t'liiii, divided by
ithii at light un_:;li».
L' qiiariiTb u( a niilu
ch and monaftcry of
t ot the town ib uii
which is called Fort
ny of fuft ftune, fur-
lait twenty fctt hi[;h,
I is cazematt'd. 1 hu
JUS, and inclufcd with
with cannun The
iif Santa Hiiallafia, mi
a lung jioint of land
vcr St. iNIaik, which
cadle. At the en-
1 and luiuh breakers,
IIS have from eiiiht to
tide. On the north
hout the city wallj.
idorida are but linall,
t.'.e Indians being tl.c
chivf
jhiff Ihry have to Tpjr* i for «i «hc country w«i four
\cati *'il>' alni<il( entirily' iineullivaled, imd there ar'- hut
ii'W inhabiiantii, liu i^uat iiiipiiivcinenis imii yet h'. ex-
|.Vtul.
WelJ Flnriil.i i^ li'Mind ■•) nil ihr rallward by K dt KIu-
rida, on the Imith liy tlw ivilph id Mtxiio, on the will
liv ihi' rivtr Milliiripin, nid mi tnc north liy the ioiintry
III tne Chuket.iwi ; and i. a ii.iir.pw llip eXMuhii', Irmii
rilt ti well aloiijr the roalt of the hay iil .Mi <(|< n. Ii
rtjH liiriil ii|i'm by tin' Kiciuii, who Iuimiii a i 'tih imnt
It IViilacol.i III ITio, and mju.eil it till the treaty ol
I iiiitainble.iu in I :f {.when it waiee.led In hit Miilalinic
m.ijilly, who loriU'.d it iiuo :i ihlliii,t I'oyi nmiriit.
Capiaiil Robilil'iii, Wli" took a view nt thi ' ouiiliy fo
Lilelv ui t\v V'.ir i;')^, lays " llie country all loiind i»
" wonderUilly d( h 'lul'il and liinle, .iiid about t'enla-
•' col.a alioiinihi wi'h vatioii-i i.iibs, flinib , ev<Tj;re<ns,
" and niiM''j.vi well (Kuk 'il with c.ilile. I'lom /■ nla-
•' fnia, he . 'd', 1 dialled < .iltw.irdtorl-'o hundred ini
" in a br |:a. 'mk', to Jit. M.irk d' .\p,it.u ii , I'earcely ev^r
" loling li^^iit if land. \'' e were bccainu,' t'~> dole to
" the lluire a* to he alilf to piti h a bilcnit up "i near
" torty miles call of I'eiifaio i, the lirmament ftein^j
" very lerem-. In this (Uic 1 lln id tonleinplatini' <m tii ■
" rkh Hid bouiildjl hand of naiiii' : lookiiu', which
" way I pleafed. I wa- c(|iMlly attr.i.lid with a view of
" the moll ranlliilij' pridpicN. 'I he fliore hv.l, rilili;'
" ;'r.uliially mil) eininenees, cloalhed with the lincit
'• viidure .ind fpontaivouv prodii.'.lions intcii|Hrled pro-
" iiiilciioiidy, a< iniilbi rrn .1, cedar, coco, vanilla, inoho,
" cabba[;..-trees, Uc. the lalf towering; their round top'i
'• above the rc(l,.isi( confcinm of their fnverei;Mi (li;rnity.
*' About lixty milei tarlher ealt wt were ai^aiii impeded
" ill our voyaiv' by the fame caiife, dole to thi: pleafant
" little town of Saiit 1 joleph, W^c made no Ifay here,
" bv icafori I'.ie wind was up very loon, but the lace ol
" me country is as beloie debribed, only a few mileu
" round St. Joleph it is Ibmewhat more inountaintnis.
" Soon afti r we arrived at St. Mark d' .Ap.dache, the
'■ ficond town in Florida, on ti.e northern extreme ot
" Apalarhy-bay. Fi failin;; aloiif; to the above pl.iec,
" the coalt was much the riinc a^ .ilready rnentimied.
*' Fhis town i^ cxceediivdy beaiiiifnl and pleafint,
" llandin; on the (lope of a hill, and toleiahly regular
" built of ftone, except fome few baracas. Htie are
" two convents, one of jefuits, and the other ol Fran-
" rifc.il):. : the exterior jiarts of the town are fortified in
•' the Spanilh mode, rather as a defence, I luppofe, a-
" ^ainll the natives, th.in the Fiiropeans. From the
'• excellent and central polition ot ihii. line port, it car-
" ries on a good trade in its own river, and the interior
" part? as far as the Apalaehiaii niount.iins. It is looked
'• upon to carry mi mire ronimerec than all the other
" fettlements in Florida put to;;ether.
" Ciiriolit/ induced me one day to take a journey of
" r'"j)\i or nine mile< Into the country. I found abun-
" (I nice of extreme hue niulberry-lrces, larju'r than any
" I evrr faw in Italv : the leaves are well known to he
" the food of the filk- worm, the climati- and all other
" neceiriries beinp adapted for tneir nourinimeiu : nevi r-
" thclcfs, it remained unregarded by the Spaniards,
" though it has prodored, ten years ago, (ilk as pood
" a-, any in Kurope. On my return to the town ol St.
" Mark d' Apalaehe, I met with rxquilitc grapes inter-
>' fncrfed up and down, exceeding the miifcadine in
'• bulk, and with foincthing of their fl ivoiir."
There are at prefent in tliis province about flv thou-
fm-l inhabitants; but their luimhcr ii increaling very fait,
i: bi-iivj; more healthy •iiid inviting than Kalt Florida,
rfprciallv in the weltern parts near the bank of the
Nldliirippi i and it is not to be doubted but tint in a few
years thi; will be a rich .ind floiirilliin':; province.
I'hc principal town in Well Florida is I'enlacola ju(t
mentioned, feated on the ill and of Santa Rola, which is
thirty-thiee miles in length, and feparated from the inaiil
luid hy a channel half a league over, but only navigable
lor I'm ill boats. I'he landing-place i> within the bay in
very fliallow water, the town beiivi; feate.l on a Tandy
(hore as white as (now, that can only be appro.ached by
liii.ill vtlllls. 'l"he road is, howev:M, one of the b'.ll in
all the gulph of .Me.xico, in which vcllels may lie in
fafety agaiiill fvrry kind of winJ. Tlitr bntfotn irt'ord*
exiellent .inchoiii;,>c i and the u.i, wliii.h it never a^'itatrd,
on account id iti being fuiroiiiided by llie land on every
lidi', II lapahlu ol coiiiaiiiin ', A (^real riimiber ot (hipi.
I'enlaiola was la'ely dileiidid by a liiiall Inl lurroiinJed
by lliucadoci, an I the |irinci[i.ii houfe ii the g ivcrnorN,
v*hii h it a very handloni.- hiiilJiii ;, adorned with luiict*
on the top, Ai m.iny ot tiie Fieiuh who nihahited thU
town hetore the trv.ify have i hofen tu bee.ime llniidi luh-
jiOl-, lor th- lake ot k;:,')iing their etlate., lliu wid con-
tiibnte to ttic Ipcedy p''opliii,; tins provinte, whtie there
are livii.d other fmall towiii ; thr inhabiianti gjre.idv
rairy on i conlidciihle ii.id • with tli' Inuuns, .iii.l ex-
port jiriMt i|uaniiiit:ii of lkin« , the Fieiicli inhabiianti
alio lailu .1 i^reat d.al ul rue.
S L C T. XIV.
Iff Ptrjiiii, Driji, Atunntri, n-iii Cir/ji/n if tli InJ'uini
»/ IhiUa,
THK Iiidiaiii of Florida are of an olive cotnpIexioDi
their bodies ar« rrbiill-, and finely proportioned \
but both nxis go naked, except hnin..- a deer ikin round
tlieirwailt. I hey (fain their (kin with tin' iiilce of plantsi
anil have hl.ii k and long hair, whn.h tiicv have a n; thod
ol twillin, and bindin;Mipon the head (o as to render it
vi.ry becoii. iig. Ijie women, wh'j aio bandlume and
well (liajiil, arc fo adlivc that they will climb with (ur-
pti/.ing Iwiltnefi to the tops of the blghetl trees, and
fvyiniacrolj broad rivers with their children on their barks.
I he men in ike ule of hows and arrows, which they
manage with j^reit dexterity ; the ftriiigs of their bows
are made oi the (iiicw; of W.vi, and thiy arm the end of
their arrows with (li.np Hones or the teeth of lifhis.
With relpeiSt to their religion, they worfliip the fun
iind moon, and have an extreme aveifion to all ChriUians,
which is the lets to be wondered at, as the horiid cruel-
tie. exertiCed by the Spaniards on the natives of the .id-
j.icent illaiid ot Cuba, and other pl.ic.'s, tuuld not tail of
exciting the utin ill abhorrence and dread in their minds.
I'he Spani.irdi, according to their ufual cullom, charge
them with many vices, in order to c.ill as fair a colour
as they can over their inhuman behau.jur to the Indians,
both of this an I other eouitiies, whom they firif but-
chered, and then repielented as lavage barbarians, in
order to palli ite the ciime, and in fomc degree apologize
for fuch cruel proceedings.
Their irconomy, with regard to the management and
dKhibutiiin of thcii- corn, which is accounted the com-
mon (lock of the public, is worthy of notice. Fhe cro,
which i. call iilatid to lerve only half tlie year, is collect-
ed into granaries appointed (or that purpo('c, and after-
wards reguliily delivered out toevery lamily, in propor-
tion to the nuuiber of perlons it contains. The (oil is
indeed capable of affording much more corn than they
arc able to conl'umc, but they chool'e to low no more
than will lerve them for that term, retiring for the re-
mainder of the year into the deep receli'es of the forcfis
where they build huts of palm-trees, and live upon
rooi«, wild fowl, and rilh. 'I'bey are alio very fond of
the tleOi of alli'iators, the young of wliich arc delicious,
but hav- a (frong mufky (mell. Their meat is drcfl'ed
in the ('moke upon a gridiron made of flick:-, and
water ferves them for their common drink.
The people arc in general fatisfnd witii one wife ; but
the chiefs are indulged with more, though the children
of only one of them luceeeJ to the lather's dignity.
The government of the Floriuans is in the hands of
many cliiefs, who are called callii]ucs : they are gencn'lly
at varianc- and at wai with each other; but this is far
(Vom tiei'.g carried on in an open manner ; on the con-
trary, they ninally make ul'e of I'urprize, or Ifrata.gem,
e.xere''ing I'.ie.it cruelty i.poii luch as they take priConers,
yet I'pire the women and children, whom they carry off
and fettle among them. 'When they have obtained a
vij-tory, thev at their return home al!'einbie all their
triends, and feallr three days and nights, fpending the
time in fmging and dancing. In their war-like expedi-
tions ihcy carry with them iioncy snd maiiCj and iome-
ij i timej
. 'i|
l \
A S y r, T E M O F G F G R A I' M Y.
:\'! .1
V fi;i^
'ill cs fifli .'rii\! ill th'.' ('un. 'I Irj ciiiif nuirclics ut tliLir
lu'.nl, c.irrving a cl'ih in <iiif luuJ .iiul ;{ bow aii'i ;iiiciws
ill tlie otiiiir ; lii.> quiver h,ia,^.>. at h:.i li.ifk, ami tin- n.ll
foliouv tijniuitiioiulv with 'lie i'jnii; arnis. 'Ihev m.ikf
tlii'ir attacks with a Imrnhif lioilu, not iiiiHkc the war-
whorp o.'thc liiji.ins i.S the Six Nation.,.
They, however, attenipt nnthinti; ralhly ; hut prcvi-
ouflv holil a conrih.itinn, having; a Ibrt ot toiiiicil, which
!■■ iU'rts ol' twelve or I'ourieeii rlHircii iiicmhers, ■'
h.ni- remaikalilv diftiniiuilhed iheiiirelveh by their brave. ^
111 war, an.; h.ive a coiiliii-rable influence upon that ae-
fo'iiit. 'i'hey alTenibie daily at the hut ol' the thiLt,
who has a hi;'her 1 -.it than the rill, entering atcorcling
to llniori'y. aivl with their hands thrown aliovc their
beads eac'i tiiij; their //'j .(i- y:i, while the leit join with
//i hit ; ,ft-r \vluch they all take their f''ts. It the
111. .tier in debite be ol ^;roat nioiiiint, their prielts, who
aic alCr) : Ic.r,' of toniniers and [ihylicians, with all who
are dilti!i^u.,;i..i l.v their great age, arc called in, and
thr.ir opini .IS p. -•' 'il.irlv alked. Then the canique
c.i:rics louiiil a < .\'. : !'i|uor like our tea, made by the
iniiilion ni tno lean-- m a ' ertain tice.
The b 1- la) of a dete.i,;.! cafiiipie is cell bratcd among
'iicin Willi iiTi
Flo
RlllA.
tiirki,', and another kind of wild-fowl, much lu.M-r -inj
nearly as tall as a man : they run very fwift, but'taii'not
lly, except it be from feme emmeiKC, and a fniall uu
Cinre at a time.
This fertile muntry is at prefent inhabited by a n.ition
called the White Indians, /rom th< ir haiiii- a rimeh
taircr coitiplc.\ion than any other of the oiigiird inhalii
taiits of the continent. This nation is fo Munierous as
I to be able to raile between twenty and thirty tlioul'at-id
men. They ul'e no weapon but bows and arrows to-
mahawks, and a kind of wooden pikes ; on which ac
count they frequently fufJ'er greatly in battle, when at-
tacked by the ealtern Indians, wiio have the ufe of fire-
arms, and frequently make cxcurfions aga.nit theni, kill"
ing and taking prifoners great luir-bers ol thein. Ther-
Indi.ins dwell together in large towns, and have coninu,'!
dious houles ; thiy raile liuli.m com, tame the wil.i
cows, and uie both their milk and llelli ; they keep
L'rcat number of dogs, and are very — -
• ;eiiii.ity : they place nn in his tomb
the bowl out of which he was accuHonied to drink, and
flick innumerable arrows in the earth around liim, be-
wailing his dc ;th for three da,s with falling and loud la-
nicn;ations : tlic gcnci.dity of them alio cut ol.'' their h.'.;r,
as a lingular t-ltinviiiy ot tiieir I'oirow. Their chicitains
a'!o Itt tire to and conluiiic all the arms and houlhold-
/urniturc, fogetlier with the hut that belonged to thcde-
cealed ; after which foine old women arc deputed, who
every d.iv
noon,
diiriru; th" l|uce cf half a year, at morning
and evciriiL;, bew.i.l hii , with dreadliil bowlings :
acuftom that has been formerly pradtifed among foine of
tlM molt i-ivili/.ed nations, pjrticiil.:rly among the Ro-
mans, who IrequcntK hired women to weep at the fune-
rals of their friends and relations.
SECT. XV.
Of the Coi/tilrv w thf liack Sfltlt-nictili &tl tl>e Banks of tht-
A/'J/ifi[>(ii, Ihe A/iJiwris, und the Ohk.
Till',' liver MiiliiTippi riles on the fouthcrmoft part
of the Central Mountains already defciibed, and
lias a coune of three thouland miles before it enters the
gulph of Mexn I). Itrifesfroin a lake of a confiderablc
lize, opptdite to which Is an opening in the mountain,
from which a large ilream flows to the Like, carrying
with it a red fjlphureous fubdance, by which the water
IS ti'ipfd, nnd on this account it is called the Red I^ake,
I'his Like hason its fouth and fouth-ea(t (ides a fine fertile
country.
The -M.flirtiiipi runs nearly (outli-wcff from this lake
fur upwards ot Iao hundred mile, where iris joined by
a fmall llreain from the weltw.ird ; and then turi.ing
nearly fouth-caft for above three hundred miles, is join-
ed by the Mu idy River, and before that by another not
io large, flowing to it from the north eaft. 'I'he Muddy
River fifes from the fouth of the Central Mountains out
ot a large boi:, .ind runs fouth, inclining to the weft, till
it meets the .AliirtiFippi, which, after its juiuiion, is near
two miles will;'. '1 current tiom the head to this
place is geneiully pretty rapid, and has frequent and large
falls i but the c jiury on both tides of the river, and of
the branches th.it flow into it, is exceeding tine and fer-
tile : the timber lolty, but thin, and the trees I'cattered at
adillancc from each other: the plains large and beautiful:
the air and climate, cvon quite to the head, moderate and
agreeable ; the winters fliort and rarely fevere ; though
farther ealKvaid, in the fame l.ititude, they are quite the
rcvetfe ; and the f.itther you travel to the wcflward, the
more mild and temperate it grows, and the country is
more agreeable and fertile. The lakes and the rivers
here abound with fifh, and the wild oats, or rice, grow
here in great plenty. On the wide extended pl.iins are
a multitude of wild cattle, and great plenty t.f dcr,
elks, and buftalocs, with lomc beavers, liarcs, and pan-
tiicrs. Here are wild fowl in abundance, ilpteially I
iiatiun
'.y
to the
rapid cuiieiit :
, , ,. , - y "I"-'" 'II huntin.r;
out have little or no commerce with any ether na °
known to the I.urcpeans.
The Mitn/lippi, from the place where it i* joined
the Muddy River, runs near two hundred mile.s
louth, with a ftrong and in (omc pl,:ces a ;
it IS then joined by a large river trom the wel>, which
rifis four hundred miles from the Central MountJi.ii •
its waters chiefly rife Ironi the north and north-cllcrlv
i^ait of the Milauri lidg-, a double chain of mountain's
fo called, that extend towards the idhmus ol|).ii;cn
i'his is named by the Imli.ms the Hk-ody Rivei, on ac-
count of the long and bloody wars that have h.ip|„.|,i.,j
between the Indians here and thofe to theeallwaid. Four
hundred miles farther down, another river flow, m lr„ni
the north-weft, lli.it rifes near the liloudy Riicr. Ihe
twol.irt rivers are both inhabited by the Illinois Indians
wiio likewil'e poflefs the wcftcrn banks of the Miinilippi
lor levfral hundred miles, till you come to a river tliat
flows imo it from the ca(t, and rifes near the Green-bay
having but a fhort carrying-place to the ftream that dif!
charges itfilf into that bay, and to another that f.ills inM
Lake Melhigan, near l''ort St. Jol'cph. The ciuurir
near tliii branch of the Mifliflippi was once inhabited by
the Illinois, but they arc now mollly retired to the well
fide of the Mifliflippi, only a few ftill icmain at the
mouth of the above river, where the French had likewiCe
begun a fettlcnient, which extended fifty miles alonu the
Mifliffippi, and a confiderable way up the river Illui,jis.
There they r.iifed excellent tobacco, and carried ou a
large trade with the Indians up the MifTiflippi and on
the lakes. They likcwife raifed excellent wheat, bar-
liy, and other corn ; and had formerly a good fort here
well garrifoncd for their protedlion. Since tlii^ place wa'
ceded to the crown of Great Hritain, the I'icnch fettled a
garriloii on the other fide of the river, where the greatcit
part of the inhabitants have retired ; but as there were a
confid rable number or Ciermans among them, they chofi-
today on this fide, and become 13ritifti fubjec^s.' Nc.u
this fort is a village of Indians, but their largcfl I'oitl;--
ment is on the weft fide, foine miles above this, win:,
tiny have a town, in which arc contained near eijht
thoufand men. They have alfo many large towns on
the blanches that fall into the river fium the wefl.
Thcle Indians live very coml'cirtab'y, h.-.ve pretty "nod
liouCes, and make great ufe of horCe. ; their coumry"il!'j
abounds with buftaloes, deer, elks, iS^c. 'I"he Ib.l and
air ate agreeable and picafaiit : in Come paits the trei -,
are tall and handfome, and in otiier parts, for feveral
hundred miles, there is fcarcc any timber to be found.
About a hundred and fifty miles below where iheMu-
fiffippi is joined by the Illinois on the e.ill fide, the
Mifauris falls into it on the welt. This bill river lifr,
from the call and fuuth-calt ol the .ibove Mil'.iun ndgo
of mountains, in many dittenuit ftreams, for near a thou-
fand miles on this fide, which unite with each other at
dillcrcnt places, and, after an ealleily and louth-call. ily
courfe of near two thoufand miles, flow into the -Mil'-
iilTippi.
It is pcihaps iinpofTible to find a finer country in any
part of thee.irth, than that which is extended on ea,:h
lideoflbe Mifauiis, with rcfpect to the falubiity of the
.lir or the feitility of the foil, 'I'herc arc in thi.' cuuntiv
Flor
IIU.
[•'UaKlUA.
A M !•: R I C A.
679
1-fow!, much lir;vr and
11 very fwilt, but tainiot
lincnce, unci a linall uu-
nt inh:ibitcJ by a nation
m th' ir havin;^ a hhh !i
r <if the oiii;in,il inhaM-
ition is fo niinicro'js ;is
my and tinny tlnnjCuid
it bows and arrows, to-
;cn pikes ; on wbicli ac-
atly in battli-, when ai-
k'iu) have the.- nfu of firc-
irlions ag.iiiill thcni, kill-
up'bers ol thtni. ThcA-
owns, i\i\i\ have comnii-
,in coin, tame the will
and llelh ; ihiy keep a
very expert iji huiitin.; ,
:e with any other ii.it:n;i
;c where it it joined I^v
two hundred niilcb to the
le ph;ces a rapid eiiircnc :
:t troni the wel>, which
the Central iMounuiii. ;
north and north-t.illtilv
uble chain of momuain';
i the illhi-niis ol D.iiicn.
the BLody River, (Jii ac-
wars that have h.ippi-in.-d
lofc to theeallwjid. Four
iioiher river ilow, ni Iruni
the Bloiidv Ruer. I he
.d by the Illinois Indi.inj,
n banks of the Miirillippi
you come to a river tliat
rifes near the Grecn-'.iav,
:e to the ftream that dif-
to another that falls iiuo
H. Jofcph. The couniry
ipi was (riicc inhabited by
iiollly retired to the welt
few ftill iciiiain at the
e the I-'iench had hkewili;
nded fifty miles along the
way up the river Illinois,
jbaceo, and carried oh a
ip the Mifliflippi and en
"ed excellent wheat, har-
brmcrly a good fort here,
ion. Since thi^ pLice wa .
itain, the l'"rench fettled a
river, where the greatell
red ; but as there were a
s amor.i; them, thev chofc
Uritifh fubjce^s. Ne.n
but their lari;tll feill;--
; miles above tins, win:..
are contained near ci.;lit
lb many lar^;e towns .jn
iver fiom the weft.
ortab'y, h.'.ve pretty p,ood
lorle. i their country alio
elks, .Vc. 'I'he fod and
in fonic paits the trees
other parts, for fever.il
ny limber to be toiind,
es below where the Mif-
b on the tall fide, the
:lt. This l.dl river rifci,
the above Mifiuri ridge
llreams, for near a thou-
unile with each other at
aileily and fouth-ealb ily
niles, flow into the .Mif-
iHl a finer country in aiiv
h is extended on each
t to the fjliibiitv of the
I'ticrc ate 111 ihu cuuntiv
ncir
iie.ir a thoiif.md Indian town", the inhaUitanis of which
aie called the Mif.iiiti Indi.im, and aie able to raile a
Mie.it number of fij^htin..'; men ; thefe p.nple have neativ
ine fame manners and rulloms as the Illinois, who are
alio verv nuiierous. The i;oodnefs ot the (oiiiitrv thev
boih inhabit, mull ren.ler lile ealv and a:;reca'iii: to per-
(ons who, like them, arc content with L^atifyin;; the
deii.mds of nature, wilhout endeavouriiv_; to encreale
t'lule demands, by lludied nliiienenii in diel,, criiiijiji;e,
or tiie mod'S of living. Health, joy, peace, and plenty,
feeni here 10 take up their abode ; while c.sre, an.\iety,
.inibition, and ilie love of j^old fecm banillied from this
hippy rciooii.
I'lie Millidippi, after bein > ;'i;:ied by the .Mifauri :, is
about fix mi'ei wi le, and ciMirinoes its ourfe foutliirlv,
no confiderahle llrcam fallin.; into it after this, tor be-
tiveen two and three hundred miles, when it is joined by
the Ohio. The rountr^■ on each fide the Milliiuppi to
this place is exrecdinj; fine, nearlv refembliiiL; thatjufl
defcribed ; but it enjoys a fomewliat warmer clini.ite. It
is claimed by the Tvvee^'htwee.s, or Ycahtanecs', on the
e,\fl fide down to the ( )hio, and c.dlw..rdiy from the
MifiUrippi as far as the Wabarb.
I'f.e ( )hio riles in feveral branches, one of which is
near Prei'i)uc Ide, within fi.v miles of the l.,ake Ontario.
About ten miles down this branch Hood Kort I)ii lleaiif,
f.oiii which pi.ice it i-. n.iviir.ilil,; for canoes and finall boats
(jiiite to the mouth. The i-ourfe of this branch is f juther-
ly for fcventy or cii'hty miles below the lall-mentioned
tort, where was another fort called Venango ; bur both
this fort, with that of Prer.|ue Lie and Fort IJu i^e.uif,
were all dellroyed by the Indians in 1765. About
twenty miles above this laft fort arc fevcra! little towns
<if the Min.ios, who now belong to the Five Nations.
Oppofite to Venango fort this branch is joined bv another
larf;c one from the north-c.ift, which rifes in the coun-
try of the Five Nations ; and about halfway froin thence
to Fort i'itt is another, which joins it from the north-
f ilf, and after their mectiiu; it is called the Ohio, till you
come to Fort I'itt, where it i^ joined by the Monongahehi,
which rifes fiom the weft fide ot the .Allegany mountains
in a great number ot' fmall llreams, that foon unite and
form this river.
Fort Pitt ftands upon a point of land bctwccii the
rivers Monongaheia and C)hio, and is a rcgulai well-
built fortrefs, kept in good order, and well gairifon-
cd : it is a very neccflary ptjft for the protedHon .four
fiontiers ; and indeed there arc none in this cciintiv
more fo, e.Kcept Niagara and Detroit. Near Fort Pitt is
a good coal mine, made ufe of by the garrifoii for fuel ;
but what is a iVIl greater adv.intage, the country is ex-
tremely well watered by fprings and rivulets, an<l has an
cafy communication .vith the f.a down tlie iMillilfijipi,
and with great part of the interior country of No'tli A-
mcilca by its feveral brai.ches, the VVabach, Mifauris,
"\'e3htanccs, the Ohio, fc:, and with the great lakes by
the way of Piefquc Ille, where, at a fmall cxpcnce, the
waters of the lake might be turned into the Ohio; and
even at prcl'ent the carrying--dace extends but a fmall
iliftancc.
From Fort Pitt the general courfe of the Ohio inclines
to the fouth for near a tboufand nnles, according to the
rourfe of the river. At Fort Pitt it is a mile wide, but
orows much wider before its juniti'Mi with the Mifliflippi,
it being joined by feveral (hearr.s in its couife thiihcr.
The country between the lakes and the juiu'lion of
the Ohio and Mifliflippi for fever.d hundred miles, and
.dl the country between Fort St. Jofeph and the (Jreen-
bav, and between Detroit and th ■ Illinois, and even
mticb firthcr north than Detroit, is level, and has ex-
cellent foil ; the climate is healthy and agreeable, and
the winters fliort and moderate : its natural productions
are numtious and valuable : it is fufliciently, but not
too nnich, covered with tiecs, which are tall, beautiful,
and fit for building; and, in (hort, no country in the
woild is cap.iblc of richer improvements.
Eelovv the livci Ohio on the call fide of the Mifliflippi,
down to it. motiili, the co^intry is pifTei'e.l for ne.ir twJ
hundred miles to the calKv.ud by tlie Chicketawi, a na-
tion that cuii railc ten thoufand fighting men. Thii
country i^ indeed fandv, and inferior to that jiill deferib-
ed ; but it pro'.hiccs rice and indigo in great perfection,
of which the French have made fiifiicient proof.
The C'hicketaws generally dwell in large towns ne.tr
the tiankj of the Ohio, on the llreams that fall into that
river on the cad. 'I'lieir hotifes, though not verv haiid-
loine, are pretty compact, in order to iVcure them a-
g»inll the .\liilketoc3, which at fome feafjiu of the year
are very troiiblefomc. They keep cow... hogs, and horfe.; ;
and the h'tter in great abundance. I'hey likewil'e raile
plenty of corn, beans, and potatoes ; but have little
L'.ime, except deer.
The Cherokees dvvell at the fiuth-weft end of the
Apala-hi.in mountains, from the liead of the river Ta-
nefee, whii h flows into the O.iio, about a hundred
miles belijie its conlliin.'e with the Miinifipjji. Tneir
country extends in Kngth about four hundre.i mdes from
the north-call to the footh-well, and is ahou^ two luln-
dred miles wide. It i; very inount-iinous and diflicult of
acccfs every way. They live in as goo I order as anv
In.lians on tlie continent, building their houl'es with
wood, an.l Covering them with clay mixed with llraw, in
fuch a manner a' to render them clofe, warm, and com-
tortablc. They have manv fmall towns difpert'ed amonj
the mountains 01; the br.inehes ofthe rivers Tanefee and
S.ivanna. They h.ive great plenty of horfe«, foine black
cattle, and many fwinc. 'I'hefe people raife a great deal
ot corn, and fence in their fields, which is praclifed by
no other Indians. They have alfo orchards of peach-
trees, and keep poultry. They attend to gardening,
and are likewil'e very famous for hunting, their country
abounding with deer, elks, and bears ; and they have
plenty of turkies in the vallies between the mountains.
The Cherokees can raife about two thoufand tit>-htin'»-
men. "
The river Tanefee is cntiiely uninhabited below the
mountains as far as its confluence with the Ohio ; yet
the country is claiined by the Chickefaws, a brave war-
like people, who have only one town, which is featcd on
a plain, by a fmell creek that rifes about thirty mileg to
the fouth of the Tanel'ee. Their town is picquctcd in,
and defended by a t'ort. Their houfes are built in much
the fune form as thofe of the Chicketaws. Vheie peo-
ple raife a great deal of corn, have fome black cattle anj
lwinc,and .1 ccuihderahle number of horfes ; but can only
raiio five hundred fighting men.
To the fouth- well of the Cherokees live the Creek In-
di.ms, who are feated partly between them, the Chick"-
tiws. and (Jeorgia, in a level country. 'I'hey ran raife
.ibout two thoufand fighting men, and live in the fame
manner an I h.ive the fame commodities as llie Cherokees
and Chicket.iws. All the country ofthe Creeks arc In-
felled with alligators and fiiakesof a very largo lize ; and
at certain feafoiis of the year they are much pla-'ucd with
the muflcetoes.
The foil is gnod from the Mifauris down to th: well
fide of the Mifliflippi, till you come near irs mouth. The
French had lately a fetilement a little above its confluence
witli the Ohio on the well tide : about a hundred milel
farther down another fcattered fettlement of theirs begun,
and was continued for near a hundred miles, from whence
to New Orleans it is better fettled. The produce of thi's
country is rice, Indian corn, and fome wheat. The ifle
of Oilcans is a very beautiful and fertile fpot, on which
the French had, if they hive not Hill, a confiderahle
town ; and their number in this province is laid to a-
mount, at the time of the late peace, to about a hundred
thoufand perfons. The negroes are alfo very numerous,
and the foil towards the foutli proper for pioducing rice
and indigo, and towards the north for raifiiig wheat.
Having now defcribod the provinces of North America
fubjaiil to (Jreat Britain, we (hall proceed to the Welt
Indies ; but (hall firit give a Dcftription of Bermudas, or
the Summer IflanJs.
C il A P.
( CSo )
CHAP. IV.
Of the BERMUDAS, with a Dcfcription of the WEST INDIAN IiLuul.
belonging to GREAT BRITAIN.
''^f •
T'
itii
tr- r'M ■
li(
isl
■M
\\k
SECT. I.
0/"//;^ Bermudas, »r Summer Islands.
7'/}fir Ntimc, Sitiiiitlan, Number, Extmt, anJ CUmali ; a
pattic'liir De/inf^tiJio/'theSai/, re^ctahUi, imd Atiimtih,
pnrtiaihiifyofihe IjlmJofSt. George ; with tin Muimcrs
t.f the Inhabiltihti.
^HK Rermudas, or Sutiimcr Iflands, rcceivcJ their
lull name tioiii their being dil'covcicJ by John
Bermudi.-.~, a S|).iiiiard, in the yc.ir 1503, after which
thi-y were fretjuL-ntly touched at by his countrymen in
their padaic to tiic Welt Indies. 'Ihey received their
fecondnaiiic iVom Sir George Soniniers, who was fliip-
wrcclced upon them, with Sir Thomas (iates, in lOog,
in their pairat,e to Virginia. Thefc iilands are very nu-
mcroii.i, bat lie pretty contiguous to each other, and arc
fLippoled to amount to about tour hundred ; but moll of
, them lb fmall and barren as not to be habitable. 'I'hcy
jj:^^ lie in the thirtv-lecond degree twenty minutes north lati-
.', j^iftuAi:, and, according to the molt accurate obfervations,
in the fixty-fourth degree forty-eight minutes welt lon-
gitude. 'I'hcir greateli extent, which is from the north-
call to the fouth-welt, is computed at about twenty miles,
and their greateli brc.idth about five : however, I'carce an
eighth part ib inhabited. Their diftance from the Land's-
cnd is computed between fifteen and fixtecn hundred
leagues, from the .Madeiras about eleven or twelve hun-
dred, and :'iree hi nJrcd from Cape Hateras in Carolina,
whicli is the n arcll land to them. All thefe iilands, ex-
cept St G orpc's, J". David's, and Cooper's, hive only
a few houfes Icatt.rc 1 up and down.
St. George's, the largeft of thefc iilands, is only a-
bout fixteen miles in length, and not a league over in
the broadell part : but is fortified with rocks every w.iy,
extending far into the fea. To its natural llrength the
inhabitants have added feveral good forts, with batteries
and other out-works, cfpecially towards the call, where
It lies mod uncovered, fo well difpofed, that they com-
mand the feveral channels and inlets on that fide. There
are only tu.o places at which fhips can fafcly enter, and
the rocks lie fo thick that, without a good pilot from the
(horc, a vclR-l of ten tons burthen could not find the
way into thele harbours which being once known ti.-
largeft Ihips in the world may enter ; but they are io
well fortified, that fliould an enemy, alFilted by the moll
fKilful pilots, attempt either of them, they might be j
eafily kept out. Indeed all the iflands in general are fo j
environed with rugged and dreadlul rocks, that they |
fc'cmto threaten all the ftiips that venture near the coalt |
with pref.nt deflruction ; and fomany have been wrecked
upon them, that the Spaniards gave them the name ol
Los Uiabuk)?, or the Devils.
I'he air of thefe ifl.inds has been always cftcemcd ex-
tremely healthful, and the appearance of every thing in
St. George's ifland, and the other tertile ones, is per-
leclly delightful, whence people have been accullomed
to remove thither from the other colonies, in order to
repair their broken coiillitutions. The heat in fummer
is very fupportable, and with relpect to winter it is here
unknown ; fjme even affirm, that there is but one feafon,
and that there is here a perpetual Ipring, in which the
trees never lofe their verdure ; fur though th.- leaves at
one time of the year fall olT, others have firft budded
(Kit ; but, notwithllanding the finenefs o( the climate,
thefe illaiidb are fubjecl to fturms of thunder and light-
niiiLt.
The country is moflly mountainous, but has fome fer-
tile plains. The earth is of various colours, but the
brown is ellecmcd the rirhcft ; the whitifh, or fandy, is
8
reckoned the next; and the rcddifh the word. \]<ma
the whole, the foil, though thin and very Iti.nv, i; rich
and fruitful ; but their water is generally brackilh, except
what falls from the clouds, and is preferved in cilkrn-.
Maize, which is the principal fupport of the peu )ie
is twice reaped ; for what they low in March, thty
reap in July: in a fortni.;ht alter they low .igain, an.l
reap in December. They alio raife fome tobacco, Th'.-
cedars of thefe iilands are laid to exceed all thofeofti.e
other parts of America, particularly in tluir fra^raniv
durablenefs, beauty, and the hardnels of the wood; aiii
they are here in fuch plenty, that this wood anUvers t:\
all rcfpciits our oak timber ; for they not only build th.;:r
bell (loops, brigantines, and other vellels with it, liut
fome of their houfes, churches, and other public build-
ings. Their palmeto, which is a kind of wild p.dni n
no Icfs ulelul and common, its fiuit, which in colour
Ihape, and U/x refembles our damfin, is verv delicious ■
the wood is fervicoable for building and fcwel, and the
leaves, which are generally between eight and ten feet
long, ferve to make a very good covering for their houlo;.
The date, or palm-tree, likewife yields a fine fruit, and
their forelts abound with variety of odorifercus and m;:-
dicinal woods, fome black, others yellow, and (..niCKj.
The berries of thefe lall trees have the llyptic qual,:v of
alloc, a.id arc much ufed by the Engliih to cure tiic
flux, which they frequently get by eating the lul'ciujs
palm-berries, and other rich fruits. All Kuropeaii and
American trees arc faid to grow here in grejt pericciion,
efpecially the mulberry, olive, laurel, ISarbarv p:ar,
and orange-trees, which arc peculiarly excellent ; itic
fruit, in point of fize, fccnt, and flavour, far ixcuj
thole either in the Eallor Well Indies. They have alfr)
a very fingular plant called the Summer Ifland red wocij,
the berry of which is as red as the priekly-pcar, a.ij
gi"es the /ame kind of tindture ; out (<f it come worm;,
which turn into flics, that arc foinewhat larger than tae
cochineal fly, and have a medicinal virtue much exceed-
ing it. They have alfo a plant called the poifuimu--
weed, that grows much in the fame manner as our iv\ ;
but this is the only no.\ious thing in .iny of tlic.v;
iflands.
With refpcdl to quadrupeds, there were none In th:
Jierniudas but hogs, when Sir George Sommcrs was fli:;i.
wrecked there, and thefe he found by fending out tivj or
three ol his own to feed, which rambling home, a hu";
wild boar followed them, and being killed, was found
excellent meat. The hogs they afterwards killed uiic
all black, whence it is concluded that the Spaniard* leiL
them theie to breed, they being of the fanu- kind wiili
thole they carried to the continent of Ameiica. 'l'h.;v
have alfo all the other fpetics of European cattle, Lui
they are not very numerous.
'i'hefc iflands abound with a prodigious variety ul fou ',
as fwans, widgeons, herons, ducks, fiiipe. teal, moor-
hens hitterns, ofprays, baldcoots, curniorancs, and luwk-i
of all forts ; bats, owls, and other b.ids of the night aic
alio very common, and there aie niultituues of fmall
birds. 'I'hc Englilh at their fitll tomiiig lou.id a kind
of water-fowl peculiar to thole iflands, called cowktes ;
they bre^d in the holts of tlie rocks, and in burrows ';ke
rabbits. This bird is ol the fize of a lea-mew, and be
ing of fo gentle a natuie as to be calily tauL'ht, and be
ing alfo very good to eat, fuch numbers have bcL-n taken
of tluni that they now arc bijconie I'carce. Ilotc au
likewife found the tiumpct-biid and the penilico, tli:
Lilt of v\dlich ii feldom feen in the lav-time.
The infects in thefe iflands are gcnciallv the fame ..>
in our other plantations, except the Ipider, which i.
thought to be larger here than in any oiher ccuntry iu
til-
«M.i.
DtKMfDAS.
A M E R I C
A.
CHi
INDIAN Iil.u
IJifli tliL- word. Upon
|aiul very lh,nv, is ridi
iitTallybrjtkilh, except
|s prelerved jn ciiitrni.
liipport of the people,
y low in March, they
l-T they iow again, a,, J
Jile lonie tobacco. The
exceed all thole 0/ the
irly in their fragranrv
nels of the wou.l j a,;]
t this wood anrHcrs ni
Iheynotonly build thc;'r
vefl'els with it, but
mil other public builj.
.1 kind of wild p.il.ii, li
fiuit, which in culj'ur,
iiilin, is very ddicioo •
ni; and few'el, aiul tlie
een eight and ten feet
uvering for tlicir how.i-,
yields a tine fruit, a,.l
of odoriferous and me-
s yellow, and (..meuj.
'cthc Ityptic ([u,tl,:y of
he Enylilh to cure the
by catnip the lufeiujs
ts. All European and
here in gre.it penrctij,,,
aurel, J-"arbarv pear,
culiarly excellent; li;^'
ind flavour, far ixcijj
ndies. 'I'hey have alfi)
mmer liland 'red wooj,
the prickly- pear, and'
out of it come worm--
inewhat larger than the
lil virtue much exccej-
: called the poifuiiou^.
line manner as our ii\ •
lin^r ill any of tht.J
here were none In t:::
rge Sommcrs wa^ flu i.
I by lending out twj 07
jmbling home, a hu>^;
ing killed, was found
ifierwards killed weic
that the SpaniirJj leu
it the fame kind with
of Ameiica. They
European cattle, but
!igious variety ol fo^i.',
s, liiipe, teal, inoor-
)rnioranis, and hawks
j'ldb ot the niiiht aic
' multitudes of fmall
eoming lound a kind
nds, called cowkeci ;
•. and in burrows l:ke
t a lea-mew, <ind be-
alily taucMit, and bi-
ibers have been taken
lie Icarce. Here aie
lid the pcmlieo, tho
■lav-time.
siiierally the fame a»
;he fpiJer, which i,,
»iiy oiher cmntry iii
'tii-
ihctterldi but the bcaiitiful colour with which they they joined together in making diuovcrios. In one o:
aie .iJo""-"'' •*'<.'-■* <>rt very much from that dillalle wliieli their expeditions they (ound a large piece of ambeiorif.-
(,,;;.., V lie tnc light of creatures ol this kind, and of lo among the rocks that wei;_;hed ei:;hty poundi, bendc .
tnoriimus a fize, would naturally oecalion. [ other fmaller pieces. 'I'lnl trcafure made them almolt
It h.is been already obfeivcd, that the miinber of thcfe bclide ihemlelves and in order to obiain an oppnriunity
lllji,,', i,s uncertain : the principal of them are Si. Ge.jrge, of makin.; tile of it, they rcfolveil on the molt defper.^to
I,;. l)aVid, lil.md, Someilet, I^oiig-illand, Hird itland, attempt tint men could lorm ; wliich was to build a boat
Cooper, and NonliKii. VVe have alfo oblerved that the alter the belt manner they could, and to fail either to Vir-
lirllul'ihefe isthe molt confiderable i it is ttie.elore here gjiiia or Newfoundland, julS as the wind hnppcn.d to
proper to add, that it is divided into nine dilhicts, called . liiow ; but before thcv could put their proji a in ex, cu ■
I,, the inhabitants tiibes ; namely, St, Oeon^e's tribe, | tion, they were prevented by the ainval of a lliip from
Haniiilo"'-'* "ibe. Smith's tribe, Devonlhire's lube, I'em- ' ''^ 1 ■ ■■
broke's tribe, I'aget's iiibe, VVarwicii's tribe, Soulhamp-
toii'3 tribe, and Sandy's tribe. All the inhabitants of the
'filer ill.inds ate ranged unlet one or other of thele eight
tribes, and the number of people in ail tiie ill.inds is coin-
put.d at atout ten thmifand,
St. Cieorge, the capital town, is fcatcd at the bottom ot
a haven in the idand ot the fame name, and is deleiulcd
tiy leveii or eight forts mounted with about feventy p.c-
CCS of cannon. Tiie town h.is a liaiidlbme chiircn, to-
t-thtr with a fine libiary, with a noble ilate-noufe for
the meeting of the governor, council, and alicmbly, and
about one thouland houfes more very neatly built.
liie government is like thalof Virginia, Carolina, Ho-
riJ.i, Jie. the crown appointing t!.e governor and coun-
cil, and the reprefentatives of the people compoling the
.•.:i'.nibly. 'I'Ir.-y aie laid to have fewer bye-laws than
aiiv iif our fettlemeir.s, which may be imputed to the
liii.dlnefs of their trade; tor this country produces no
coiillJer.ible commodity by whii.ii the iniiabitants can
obtain riches ; for t.icir commeree chiefly conlilfs n tim-
hiT and provifiniis, in building (liips, LUid lending lome
lobaeco lo England.
The people of the Sunimer-inands fecm to content
th'.infelves with the pKnty and plealure of their country,
.1,1 1 with enjoying a late and qiiii't retreat from the trou-
bki and cares o; the reit of the woild. Indeed the in-
h,ib;tants have conllantly maintained an excellent repu-
Lition, and ti.e li;.rinud.is have been C(|iially remarkable
IM the beautvol the country, and the integrity, fimpliei-
IV, rind hoiuily of the people. The beauty and the health-
(ij'ii-'.a of thele iflands, and the amiable cnaraiitcrs of the
Eii_:;l.ind; for c c|it.iin Matthew Soinn.L'-, Sir Georges
broiner, had promifed to come to th-m, or I . leiul a
velfel to their relief. J'his fliip ha 1 lixty p.ifoiis on
hoard, lent by the ncw-fo.-med lie.midis company to
m,ii;e a fitilement, of wii:.!; Mr, Mooi^: was governor.
I hat grntleinii pitcheu upon a pl.un m St. Ci. urge's
iflaiid, an.l there biilt a rabin of palmeu' Icivei, l.>it'C
enough lor his wife and family; and tht reit of the a'i-
veiituiers following his example, it loon grew into a town
olconftderable ext.nt. This is hoa- Str'u.orge's town,
jull delcribcd. Mr. M-.ore proved an e.\cellent"governor,
and in 1614, dil.ippririted tlic Spaniards in an attempt to
conquer thele ifl.in.is.
1 his gentleman was ficeeeded in the government by
capt.iin Daniel I'u.lier, who navin ; a b<-iter education,
and greater experience, ertablillicd 'le-ular polity, tra-
ced out plantations, and obliged evjry man to build uni-
formly in the town, and to lay out re;:ular plantations
m ttie country; by which means the liLitius \/r;rc nme!;
improved, and the export.iiions to Eiigl.ind laere.ded.
He likewife eilablithed a milr.ia, and pl.ieed the
dlmds in luch a pmhirv" of del'en.e .i-.. to put it out
ol the power of any of their enemies to bun thu
colony.
However, the fcverity of cjptain Tuckei's govern-
ment gave great difgult to tlie licentiou , and live of thein
executed as defperate a deiign to elcape, as Waters and
his two companions had propoled. Ih.y were leiilible
that tlic goiernor w.iuld not give them leave to reliiin to
EiigUnd, and theieforc hearing that he had a gieat de-
lire to go a filliing out at lea, but was afraid ordoing it
becaule leveral fi;hing-boats had been dm en off by the
inni'.bitants, induced the learned dean Merkelcy, afier- 1 weather, they propoled to build a boat of two or three
w.:i !5 billiop of Cloyne, to erect an academy at the j tons buithen, with a deck, and lo titled, that i!u (lioulJ
]j'r.mid.is for promotin:.' ufefiil learning and true religion :
ill the Weft Indies, and ihe Society for the Propagation of j
ll'.e (.jolpel aflilted him in procuiing a patent from king j
(ie.'rge I. for erefling a colle;je there. That gentle- i
man and three fellows of Trinity-collei;e in Dublin,
live in ail weathers. The governor conleiuing to this,
they b-gaii to build in a private place, un.ler tlie prc-
tenee ot its being convenient for getting ti.mber and
launclLiig the boat. One of thefe live was a gentleman,
another Had contrived the delign, another was a Ihip-
with feveral of the Doctor's relations, embarked on this ' carpenter who undertook to bui.d ihis little veli'el, and
iiiulertakin:; ; but were ilivcn by a florm to Long-ilbmd, j the other was a common f.iil.r who piomif.d to navi-
in trie province of New York, from whence the Doctor, j gale it. They finidied the bo.^t fooiier than was cxpeit-
wiih his companions, went to liollon and feveral other j ed, and ihc governor fending tor it, in order to go on
towns in New England, where they preached ; but the
defiijn of eretling acoUeue being l.iid ahde, they retuin-
eil home, and loon after dc.elorlierkeley w.is promoted to
the fee of Cloyne In Irel.md.
SECT. II.
/} ondf: Hijliry of the Sdl lenient cf the RermuJas.
WE have alrcadv obfervcd, that Sir George Som-
mers was wrecked on ihefeiflands; but he here
caufed a veflel to be built in which he purfued his in-
tended voy.ige to \'irgiiiia, but left two men who had
committed fome crime fiir which they would have been
put to death, had they been broii;:htto England. I hefe
were theie when he afterwards returned to the iflands,
tbcy having lived on the produetions of the place, and
built them a hut on St. (icorge'.s ifland. Thefe men,
whole names w<re Chriflophcr Caiter and Edward Wa-
ters, alio fl.iid behind Sir George's fecond company, and
even perfuadcd one Edward Chard to remain with them ;
and now Carter, Waters, and Chard, though the folc
lords of the country, foon i]u; 'relied, when Carter, tho'
he hated boih, not liking to be alone, prevented their
li.;hl.ng, by threatening 10 declare againlt the man who
Ittuck tirlE At lall ncctflity made them fiicnds, and
ICO
Ini.ird a (liip that was ready to fail to Eiighmd, the men
on coming to the plaee could neither find the bo.it nor (he
builders, .Old all lh.it tliry could hear ot ihcm was, that
the boat 111 ill.; finillied tlie night beiore, tnole who ouilt
it went off to lea in order to try how it would fail ; but at
lat( they f niiul, by foivie letLers they left beiiinJ, that they
had let fail for EngUnd.
1 iiefe ralh adventurers had, on foiv.c |)rctence, borrow-
ed a compafs-dial of a neiglibour, and men going on b )ard
the (hip bound for England, cxchjnged Inch ihingj as
they could fparc for provifions ; and one of them, at part-
ing, told t'.'.ii manners, that though they were torbiiden
logo with them, they hoped to ! .■ in England b';fore
them, at which the mailer of the lh;p laughed, and ..way
thele fearlels adventurers failed with a l.urwind and wea-
ther ttiat l.dted twentv-onc days. Ihiy then met with
a llorm, which continued forty-eight hours, and drove
them a little out ot their courl'c to ihe weitward ; but the
wind coming fair again, and continuing ten days, they
wenton cheaifullv. In thattime they met with aErencIt
privateer, and went on board to beg fome reluf ; but, in-
flead of airittance, were plundered of all the little they
had ; the Ereiieh had even the inhuin.imty to take aw.iy
their compafs, and then cruelly turned them adrift. In
this milbable condition they failed on, growing every
day weaki-r and weaker. Their pr<wilions were almolt
(pent, then lire-wood ijuite gone, not a drop of fVeOi
S K ■ w..tcr
I i
i
I .
632
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
\'¥
'I ill
.EK
■If iS
water left, nor foo,! foi above a ilay, when at length, to
tliL'ir unlVt.ik.ible joy, they ni.iile laiiil, which pruved to
be Ireland ; wlierc going on (liote in the comity of Cork,
they were nobly entertained by the earl of Iliomond,
to whom they related their extraordinary voyage, which
lartcd forty-two days.
But to return, in 1619 Mr. Tucker rcfigned to cap-
tain Butler, who arrived with four fllips, in which he
brought tivc hundred padengers, and there being as many
Englifli btfoic on the idand, the colony bewail to make
a conliderable ligurc. This governor divided the iflands
into dilhiili J and now the government, by a gi-vernor,
councd, and allunbly, was eltablilhed, it belore confilling
only of the governor and council j .ind the laws ot tiie
country were fettled as much like thol'c of Kngland as
the ciicuinliaiices of the place would admit.
SECT. III.
0/ ihc BAHA.\tA, or LUCAYAN Ijl.wjs.
JIlcKc- the U'.ll India okiilncd that Ni-me. Tin Sit nation
ami I'ixliiit of the liiihuiiia Ijliindi, uith a Cjiuijc j-lcioioil
of Biilhiir.ii <ind Providence IjhindSy and an Auiunt of their
iettLmeiit and Revolutions,
WE now return from the Bermudas to the Britifli iflands
near tlnniiddleof the continent of America, where
all the illandi havcobtaintd the name ot VVeK-Indies, from
the opinion the great Columbus had entertained, that by
lailing to the well: he fhould difcover India, and be able
to bring from thence the rich Ipites, wliich for a coiifi-
deiable time had been brought by the way of the Red
Sea, carried by land through Egypt, and there fold to
the Venetians and other maritime republics in the Medi-
terranean, who obtained immenfe wealth by fupplying
all the rcll of Europe with thcfc articles of luxury. Co
lunibus was righ' in his general idea ; but thcfe iflands,
wliich he imagined lay near the coalt of India, were fome
thoufand leagues to the well of th.m ; nor was he pre-
pared lur fuch a voyage. It was with difficulty and great
danger that be reached thefc ; the mariners, at that time
never areuflomed to fail far out of fight of land, were frc-
c|ucmly inderpair,and dreading left they ftiould perifli in the
bour.dlefs ocean into which hehadcarried thtm, frequent-
ly, in the niidll of their terror, intrcated him to return ;
and at length refolved to throw him over board, and then
endeavour to fail back to Spain. But Columbus, bold
and undaunted, railed their hopes, by (hewing them at
onetime, weeds floating ir. the lea j at another fmall
bird", which he obferved could not fly far from land ; and
at lafl a caiu', v.ith a (taff, whii h had been evidently cut ;
a,;d at length they landed in one of the Bahama iflands
we arc now going to defcribe, where the mariners no
f loner got on fhore, than they fell ptoltrate, and in a
tranfpoit of i(jy kill'd the earth.
The Bahama illands are fe.ited to the caft ard fouth-
rafl of EliJiula, and the noilli of Cuba, flretehing from
thi; north-ealt to *.iie (outh-wefl between the twenty-firit
and twciitv-ei^hth degree of north latitude, and between
the feventv-l-eond and cightv-firlt of well: longitude.
'I'hcfe in.inds aie very numerous; but tlurc are ,.nly
twelve woithv of notice. Between them and the conti-
nent of Eior.Ja is the gulph of Bahama or Elorida,
through which the Spanilh galleons fail in their paflage
to Europe,
Bahama, from whioli the reft of thefc iflands take their
name, is feati-il in the twciity-li\th degree fuity-fivc mi-
nutes north latitude, at the dillance ot ..fteen or twenty
lcaL!UCs to the ea(( of Elorida, and eight or ten to the
well of the illaiid of Eucaya, from which it is divided
by a channel, which, notwithllaiiding <ts great breadth,
is vcrv dangerous from its being lull of rocks and lands.
Bahama is about iilty miles in length ; but fcarce any-
wiv te fiMcen miles in breadth, and in many jilaces not
hi'.U li> broad. It is however very pleaf,int and fruitful,
the air I'erenc and icinptrate, and the foil remarkably
rich, it being watered by a multlttide of fprings and
brooks of (r. (h w.iter. It loriiicrly produced |iKtity of
^uaiacum, I'lll'.iNas, farfapirilla, and red- wood ; but thefe
were all Jellroyed by the Spaiiiaids i lo that its chit!
B.'iHAMA Islands,
prnduce at prcfent Is Indian wheat, fowl, and a particu
cular lort of rabbit ; the rcll of their provilions aiidnth-r
neceflaries they obtained from Carolina and Florida 2 A
the people both here and in the ifland of Hrovidenc'e ar
able to aflilt the (hips tlut are diiven upon their coaftb»
the buifterous winds and impetuous currents, whirh ,.
Iieie very violent.
petuous currents, which are
Providence ifland is feated in the center of fome hun
Iredsof thefe iflands, fume of them many miles in leni>th'
and others are only fin.ill rocks rifing above the water '
lb that it is extremely dangerous for (hips to be forced
in among them by a tempeft. This ifland lies in the
twenty-tourth degree thirty minutes north latitmle
and is about twenty-eight miles long r.nd elcveii
broad, where it is wideiE It is a beautiful little iflmd
abounding with trees, plants, fowl, and n(h. Ihj
mod conliderable profit iorn-.erly made by the "planters
arofc from the misfortunes of luch as were (hipwreckcd
and whom they relieved ; or Irom thole who in a winter
voyage to the continent ot America were driven toih-
Bahama iflands, and put into ProvideiKc for provifions''
where the traders who purchal'cd them from Carolina
kept (lorc-houfcs to fupply thole who wanted, and thefe
artoided great relief to the unlorlunate mariners, i ncy
likewife made ionic advantajjc of the wrecks that weie
thrown in upon them. The principal produce of the
ifl.ind is fait and bral;letto-W(Xjd, which they carry to Ca-
rolina. They alfo fow peafe and Indian wheat.
The other iflands, notwiihllanding fome authors reckon
that they amount to between tour and five huiijied are
hardly worth defcribing ; at lealt we have no particulars
relating to them that can engage the attention of the
curious reader. The moll conliderable of thein, befides
I thofe jufl mentioned, arc Eleuthcra, Harbour-IHand
Lucaya, Androfs, Cigateo, wliich may bu termed of the
fecond magnitude. Thofe of the third are Cat-Ifljnd
the lirft land difcovered by Columbus in Attierica'
Yiimeta, Samana, Mayaguana, Yuma or Exuma, Yna-
gua, Caicos, and Triangulo. As to the reft, they are
rather barren rocks than lUands.
With rcfpedt to the hiftory of ihefe iflands, they were
I the firlt-fruits of the New AVorld difcovered by Colum-
bus i we have already obferved that he landed in Cjt-
ifland, which was then called CJuanahani ; but was called
by Columbus St, Salvador, and it owes its prefeiit name
to theEngli(h inhabitants. The native Indians, a limple,
harmlefs, inoft'enfive people, received the (itft dilcovercrs
with the utmoft aftonifliment, flocked in crouds to the
European vcfltls, and admired every thin» they law ;
but though they behaved in a moft inoffenfive man-
ner, the Spaniards after Columbus's time, not think-
ing thofe iliands worth making a fctt'emcnt upon, to the
dilgrace of humanity, extirpated all the natives they
tound, though they were very numerous j and thus
wantonly murdered ni.iny thoufands of innocmt per-
fons, without any advantage to thenifelves.
Thefe iflands lying out of the courfc of (hips bound
to the continent of America, it was long before they
were known to the Eiiglilh : but in 1667 captain Wil-
liam Sayle, in a voyage to Carolina, was forced anions
them in a florin, and had an opportun'ty of examining
them carefully, paitieulaily a large iflanti to which he
at (ltd gave his own name ; but being a fecond time
driven upon it, gave it the name of Providence.
On his return to England he let the proprietors of Ca-
rolina know the lituation and circumllances of thefc
iflands, obfcrving, that in cafe they were fettled, they
might not only be a great bfiielit to this nation, but be
a coiirtant theck on thel'reiien and Spaniards, if a breath
(hould happen hitween either or both of thofe iiatloni.
Thefe realons being mentioned to king Charles il. that
prince made a giant of the B.ihania iflands to George
duke of Albemarle, .Anthony lord .^fhley, John lu d
Berkeley, William lord Ciaven, Sir George Carteret, and
Sir Peter Colleton.
TheHrd governor fent by the proprietors toProvidence-
Ifland was Mr. ChiUingwoith, who failed thither about
the year 1672. when feveral people from England and
the other colonies went to letrle there; but living a li-
centious lile, and Mr. Cliiiliiigworth endeavouiiiig to
biiii!> them to realu.i, tiKv alivnibled in a tuniultuous
1 nuiiiner,
:vj|.;
f'M.
Bahama Islands.
'heat, fowl, and a particu-
f their provilions and other
Carolina and Florida, and
he illand of Providence are
diivcn upon their coaft by
tuous currents, which ui
in the center of fome hun-
hem many miles in lennh
cs rifing above the water *
0U3 f(ir (hips to be tWeJ
. This ifland lies in the
minutes north latituJe
miles long r.nd eleven
is ii beautiful little id .iid,
IS, fowl, and n(h. j^J
eily made by thi- planttrj
fuch as were fhipwrcckcd
Tom tliofe who in a winter
iiicrica were driven to the
l-'rovideiK'c for proviliuni
al'cd them from Cnolina
ofe who wanted, and thele
fortunate mariners. J heu
: of the wreelis that wcie
principal produce of the
od, which they carry to Ca-
ind Indian wheat.
anding fome authors reckon
four ;uid five huiidfej, are
leall: we have no particulars
igage the attention of the
infiderable of them, bcfides
^leuthcra, Harbour-Ifland,
liich may be termed of the
)f the third are Cat-Ifland,
y Columbus in America,
a, Yuma or Exuma, Yni-
As to the reft, they arc
ds.
: of ihefe iflands, they were
"orld difcovered by Colum-
ed that he landed in Cat-
(luanahani ; but was called
lid it owes iti: prefent name
he native Indians, a limple,
eceived the fitft dilcovercrj
:, floclced in crouds to the
ed every thin| they faw ;
|in a moft inottenfive man-
umbus's time, not thiiik-
, a fcttlemcnt upon, to the
|.itcd all the natives they
pry numerous ; and thus
oufands of innocmt pcr-
|to thenifelves,
the coutfe of (hips bound
, it was long before they
but in 1667 captain Wil-
rolina, was forced anionj
opportun ty of examining
large iQand to which lie
Ibiit being a fecond time
11: of Providence,
let the proprietors of Ca-
circumlfaiices of thcfc
k'e tliey were fettled, they
Llit to tliis nation, but be
I and Spaniards, if abriadi
both of thofc iiatioiii.
to king Charles II. that
lah.inia illands to Gcnrj^e
lord .\fhley, John lo' d
I, Sir George Carteret, and
I proprietors toi'roviJence-
who failed thither about
I'op'ie from hiijiland and
|tlc there ; but living a li-
iijMVortli eiidtavouiiiiii; t<J
[.iiibled in a tumultuous
iiKiiiiK'r,
Bahama Islands.
A M E R I C A.
68j
manner, and having feizcd him fliippcd him olF for J.i-
niaica, and tlu-ii lived as tlicy thought proper. Though
a colony fo unruly afforded little encouragement fur any
ilian to put himl'elf in their power •, yet, fix or feveii
years after, the proj rietors made Mr. Clarke governor,
v/hofe f.ite was much worfc than that of his predccell'or ;
for tne Spiniards, jealous of every new Kngli(h colony
towards the fouth, landed in I'rovidence-lllaiid, dcllroycd
all the ftock which the inhabitants coiiid not carry ofF,
and burnt their houfes. Hut what is llill more cxtraor-
ilinarv, Mr. Trott, one of Mr. Clarke s fucceiVors, al-
ways afl.rled, that after the Spaniards had killed Mr.
Clarke, they roalK'd him on a fpit. This is indeed very
injprob.ible •, it is however certain that he was killed,
and that the people removing to other colonics, the
ifland teiiiaiiied uninhabited till about the time of the
Revoliiiion, when a number of perfons removed thither
from Lurope and the continent of America, and the
nroprieiors appointed a new governor.
About ten years after Providence and the adjacent
iflands contained near a thoul'and inhabitants, fonie to-
bacco was planted, a fugar-mill was fet up, and other
iinprovemeiiis were made; but in 1708 the Spaniards
and French landed, furprized the fort, took the gover-
nor piifiMiei, pKiiidtred and ftripped the Englilh, burnt
the town of Nall'iu, together with the church, ruined
the fort, and nailed up the guns; after which they car-
ried oft' the jiovertior, and about ha:f the blacks, tlie rcll
favini; thenifelves in the woods ; but within about a
niontli tliey returned, and took molt of the negroes who
were left. A'ler this fecond iiival'ion the Englilh inhabi-
tir.ts oi tiie Bahamas thinking it in vain to (lay any
loncer, dil'perlVd, removing to Carolina, Virginia, New
l-,n?land, and o'hir places. Mean while the proprietors
apponitid one Mr. Hirth to go over govi riior, who I.iiul-
iii4 in Providence, a.ul finding it a defart, did not give
hitiifell the t.. aiile to open his comniirti'in ; bii' after re-
maining there tw.> or three months during which he flept
in a rent crcvled in the woods, he returned back, and
left thj place uninhabited.
Tht Hahiima illands at length becoming a receptacle
for pirates, the houfe of lords, conriJering that it would
be of fatal confequeiice fllould they tall into the hands of
an cncrii/, addr.lild her majelty tiiiecn Anne, that the
illand of Providence might be put into a polture of de-
fence; but this a.lvice being luglcifed, their 'urdlhips
four years alter addrelled king George I. on the fame liib-
]( lit, who wai plealed to give direiSlions for dillodging the
pirates, inaking fetlKments, and erefling a fortification.
Captain W oodes Rogers, who was now appointed go
vernor, tailed for Providence in 1718, with a naval furce
for fubduing the pirates. In the mean wiiile colonel
Ueniiet, governor of the Bermudas, lent a fluop to the
illaiiJ, ordering them to furnnder, purluant to a late pro-
clamation. Thofc who were on Ihore gladly accepted
t:;c in.Tcy offered them, adding, thattliry did not doubt
but their companions who were at fea would follow their
exanipU". Accordingly captain Henry Jen;iiii;;s, and Mt-
teen others, followed the Hoop to the lierimidas, and
fiirrendered themlelves. Soon after fdiir other captains,
vvitli a huiuliid and fourteen of their men, likewile fur-
tendereil. But Vane, one of the captains of the pirates,
kiioxvin."; that taptairi Rogers was eoniing to reduce
til .le loidnrs by proclamation, or by force, fet fire to a
rreiich fliip of twenty-two guns, which he had taken,
in order to bum the Rofe frigaf,', which had jull ariived
at Nall'au : however, the Role got oft' by cutting her
cables, and though llie governor, wa\\ two men ot war,
ths 11 entered the iiAriuiur, Vine, and about fifty of his
null, niai'.e oft' in a fioop ; and, iiotwitMl.indiiig the go-
vernor lent a velkl alter them, they made their ticape.
Mr. Rogers haviiu; taken pofTelTion of the fort, caufed
hi^ majcfty's coninilflion to be read in tiic prefencc of the
olli ers, foldiers, and about ihree huiulreil people, whom
h, louiul there at his arrival, and v^dio hid bcenalmolf
duly exerciled ill arms (or their defence in calc ot an
attack from the I'rcnch or Spani.irds ; and the goveinor
hioui'ht with lilm above a hundred icddieis, who, with
the otticrs, weie judged lufiicient to (ecure tlie illand.
1 !e li'L'aii to legiil.i'e the govi.rnmeir, and noinuiaicd
li.\ ol tiK adv luurcrs v.lio tame with hii.i to Le of the
n-At-
coiincil, to which ho added fix out of fuch of the inha-
bitants that had never been pirates. Two hundred mom
ol the pirates loan alter lii'tendered, and a few y.'ars r.rtiT
the number of the inhabit ints was compute 1 at (iftcea
hundred, out of whom were formed thiee co np inie^ of
militia, who took their turn every nigl.t in the town gu, r 1
at Nallaii. The face of att'airs being thus change 1, the
town of Naft'au w.is rebuilt, and plantatii>ns laid out.
Soon alter the neighbouring illand of Eleuther.i was li,.';-
wife fettled i about fixty families fixing theinli Ives there,
ereiled a I'mall fort for their defence. The like w.is done
in Harbour Illand, where the pl.intations foon grew inoro
coiifiderable, and a larger fort was built for the protec-
tion of the inhabitants. Cat Ifland was alfo fe.tlel. Cap-
tain Rogers likewile defeated the Spaniards, who, af.er
three feveral preparations, attacked him with two thou-
l'and men, which force he rcpulftd, and burnt two of
their (hips of war in their retreat. At leiigtn .Mr. Ro-
gers returned to Kngland, and was fuececued in his go-
vernment ny captain Kit/.-VVilliams ; and ever fincc this
lalf fetileinent of thele illands they have been continually
imptoving, though they advance but llowly.
SECT. IV.
Of Jamaica.
Iti Silunllon, Exitnt, Fmc of tbi Count- y, and C'imate.
JAMAICA, the largcft of all the Britifli iflands in
America, was named by Columhus St. Jago, which
it retained while in the polieflion ot the Span. aids j but
after its being taken by the Kiiglilh, it obtained itsancienC
name. It extends from levemy-hve degrees fifty feven y^.f^ —
minutes weft longitude from London 10 the feveiity-
cighth degree thirty-feven minutes weft longitude, and
f'lom the f'evcntcenth degree forty eight minutes to the
eighteenth degree fifty minutes norih latitude; it being i^./;f>.
about a hundred and fixty miles in its greateft length
from Point Ncgril on the well to Point Morant on the
cafl, and fevcnty in its grcattff breadth from the Pitch
of Portland on the fouth toCjallina Point on the north ;
but crows lefs towards each end. It lies near four thou-
fand hvc hundred miles fouthweft of England, a hundred
and leventy leagues to the northward of Porto Hello and
Caithagena, twenty leagues fouth of Cuba, and twenty-
four to the wefl of Hifpaniola.
The ifland being within the tropic, has the trade wind
continually there : it is on the fouth ftdc of the ifland,
and is called the lea breeze. It comes about eight o'clock
in the moining, and incrcal'cs till twelve at noon, and
decreafes as the fun groi\ s lower, till there is none at four
ill the afternoon. I'he land breeze begins about eight
in the evening, blowing four leagues into the fea ; it
continues increafing till twelve at night, andde; il'es a-
gain till four. Thus, as the land-wind blows o'ght,
and the fea- breeze iluring the day, no (liip 1 come
into port except in the day, nor go out but reak of
day, or foon alter.
The whole ifland is divided into one contiiuu J ridge of
hills, which run from eaft to weft through the middle of
it, and are geiieially called the Hlue .Mountain-, on each
lide ot which archills much lower. The mountainous
part is very fteep, and theliigheft hills on the north and
fouth fides are fui rounded by very deep channels made by
the vii.'lent rains, which alinoft every dav fall on tin;
mountains, and firft wearing a fmall chaniul for their
paflage, and afterwards carr)iii;i all before them, make
ttieir channels extremely deep. .Moll of the lavanii is, or
plains, cleared of wood and tit for pallure, lier.cirthc
louth lide of the illand ; they refemble our meadow lam',
and a perfon may ride feveral miles without meeting wi li
the leaft afcent : fome of thcl'c plains are within land
enviMMied with lulls ; afier rain they are very green
and fertile ; but liter a long drought look yellow and
[larehed.
'The principal harbours in the iflaiul are Port Roval,
whiih is fine and capaci.ms ; Did Harbour, which lies
levenor eight milis Wift i.f St. J.iiio ; Port Morant, M
the call end of the illan.l ; and Port Xc^iil, at the well
end : bclidcs which ilure arc ftvcial oihus on the louth
i?»d
.ft-
P
X *
41'"
i
■%i
,v !'!f|l
m
ei;4
A SYSTEM OF G L C) G K A 1' H Y.
Jam
ri m
■ ; t
.iiiil north fiJcs ; but it is dangerous npproaching the
call wifliout a pilot on account of the corjl rucki, with
V. Mich it is almott t-ncompalli J.
With i(('pcdlto tlic rivcriol Jniiaii.i, they arc I'aiJ to
amount to near ahunJitil, yet none ol th.in aie navipahlc;
tor liCin^ in the niount.iinb in ihe niidJIe of the illand,
they prttipitatc tiirnil'cives ilinvil the rocli:. to the noitli
;in.l louth, I'allini; into the k.i belore they li.ive rim many
miles, trcijuently carrymg down with thL'ni I'lri^e tree
uiul great pieces of roclc., ; and Ceveral olthele rivers liave
cataraills filtj or I'lxty feet hi-h. However, in dry years
water is very fcarce in the favannas at adillance fioni the
I j rivers ; Co tnat many cattle die with diivinij to water.
{ I It is reaiirkable that fonie of the rivers in the mountains
! J in feveral places rife above and finli under ground, and
j I in particular the liio d' Oro falls and rifes two or three
I I times. Another peculiajiiv is, that fonie of the Ipiin^s
) I and rivcrj petrify their channels by entrultinj; them wi.h
.T cement which unites tlie ^lavel and fand in their bot-
toms.
, j 'Ihcio arc ahb feveral hot f;rin;;s and many others
! ' that are lalt and (orm lakes, partieul.irly Riotio, a laKe
that receives a yreat deal of water, and yet has no viluiie
difchar;ie. In thele, and in ponds (ormed by lea-water,
gieat I'l-nty of f..lt is made, by the iieat exhaling the
nioiilure,
Ihe mountain?, and indeed the grcateft part of the
iflind, are covered with fine woods that never lole their
veidiire, but look for ever !;rcLn, and aie gay in every
ieafon. The btautirs of December equal the bloom ol
April : you fee a thoufand various kinds of trees adorn-
ing the brow of every hill, iireyulaily mixing their dil-
ferent branches, appearing in a gay kind of coniulloii,
forming I'rovi.s and cool retreats ; the ced.ir, the maho-
gany, the lignum vi:x, and iinnnmhercd others mingling
tlieir boughs ; fomc reaiing their lofty heads, and otheis
thriving under their friendlv fliade. Nor arc the beau-
! ;i ties of the better cultivated valleys inferior to thefc ;
i;|i they too wear the verdant lobe of nature, and pleafe no
r [I lefs when they arc laid out with the nieelt art and care,
and produce the richelt plants, as the fugar cane, the
ginger, pimento, and others, which atu more valuable
to their owners than a (hare in the nii.-.i 5 of Potoli or
J'eru. They likewifc boaft of the fined orange and
lemon-trees in great plenty. Fruit is fo common that
few reg:!rJ them ; on the way fides you may pick the
citron, the ibr-applc, the guava, and the mainee ; and
every thin.', refembles a kind of paradife. Hut ihefe ad-
vantiigesaie baLnctd by many dif.igrecablecireumllanccs;
the rivers coiitain the dreadful alligator, the fens and
marflies the giiina and galliwvlp, with nmiibeilef's I'nakts
and noxious animals. You are cxpofed duiing great part
of the year to the feorcliing heat of the lultry fun, and
I. ^. the vr-arm climate iciulers the illand fiekly.
3—//. The longed day in fummcr is about thirteen hours,
.".nd the .Oiortell: in winter about eleven. '\t nine in the
f.'ieii'ion the air grows intolerably hot, and could fcarce
be endure-! were it not for the fea-breeze alreadv men-
tKjiiecl. Inileed the hot and nmift teiiiperament yf the air
would foon bring on pcrtilcmial difeales, that would in .1
fliort time turn all to a ilefjrt, had not the wife Con-
triver of all things prepared thofe trisndlv gales, the fea
and land breezes, to teniper the a,r and render it fo rc-
frelhing, that none need be afraid of going about their
lawful employments.
The nights aie fimetimes pretty cool, and the dews
arr b great wiihin l.uul, that in a morning the water
dri._ I'rom the leaves of the trees, as if it had rained ;
and a man riding in the night «ill find his cloaihs ami
hair very wet in a (hort time. Thele cold and piireiii'
dews, which happen every night af'ter the pores have
been op.encd bv the extraordinary heat r f the day, art
juftly reckoned extrenieiy imwholeloir.e, and new-comers
wlio cxpnfe themll-lves to their jnfiijencc leldom efcape
without a fevere fickiie'..
Inllead of dividing the year into fpring, fummcr, au-
tumn, and winter, its only div, "ions an: ilic dry and wet
feafons ; nor are thele regular, but vaiy in m, ny pans of
the illand. Thus abouL the Ijlue Mounta n v.llcy, and
fcver.il liiily places, thev have more or le!., i.iin every
day in inc year, and plant the fugar-cane at tht Umt
7
MCa.
time they arc cutting others for ufr. On the north fide
the lealons ate prtity r.gular; they begin u. pl„m 1,1
Augud, and continue till Cliiillni.is, all which time
iliey are luie of ram ; after that till the end of M.,rt||
they have none i but il-.cn it begins again, and contimus
duiing the months of April and May. Si vvr.il p,,ris of
the Illand, which weie ciice the choicell .uul riiluft
lp>its, and had line fugar- works, which iik-d aniiu.iiiy n,
pioduee many liundred hogfhcads of th.it valii.iblt com-
modity, are now only lit lor gia/.jng catile, tliey bein<.
dry lur almolt nine iiionths in the year. Tins is alciiliiil
to the cutting down of ihe woods ; f,r the tiees giiluuj
and retained great iju-.iitities of vapours, which were dit-
luled ill rain. The months of July, Augiilt, and bcp.
lember, are called the huii c.uie monihs, becaule iln-,,
they have been obi'crved to liap|)i n moll l.'eiiuentlv.
it lightens almoll every night, but without inueti' thun-
der, which wlien it h.ippeiis is very terrible ; it lojrs wiih
alion.lluiig loudiief.., and the lightning in iliefe vicleiit
Itoinis lieijuently does a great deal of damage. In y^.
bruary or March they expeiil earthqiiai;c.i,'whii h have
loinetimes been as dreadful as any refolded in hiiturv •
ihefe we (hall hereafter liave occ.ition to ni -1111011. l'„I
deed the inhabitants obfcive feveial days in (he year in
a folemn manner on account of Itorms and earthiiuakes.
According to the belt obfervatioiis, there is not one-
third of the country inhabited ; there are in lied | luna-
tions round the ifland, but none at any great diltancc
from the fea; and even thele are fo far from being cultna:.
ed, that the greatelt part of the ground is nut cleared, bm
is overgrown with wood ; for a gentleman who has j pj.
tent for tbiee or four thoufand acres, has perhaps twe
hundred of ihein well laid out and impioved, and tlic reib
i.s ulelefs : yet the foil is in fomc places fo exceeding Itr-
tile, that one acre has been kno.vn to yield feveral ho --
flieadb ot fugar.
SECT. V.
Of the Vcgetabbi of Jamaioi, tvilh a parl'uuldr D<firlpt'r,!i
t.f thi&ugar Plants its Culliiri, and the Alaimn of viak-
'"S •!i'"i'<"' i the Pimnito Ttcf, the diaw or Ch,\c/,ite lite,
the -,v:/ii Cinnaniin Coffee Tree, iimi Ginger ; -xith a cm-
iife Aeoiint of the Bcujls, Birds, Injcc'.s, and lifim,
NO forts of European grain grow here ; tfc'y have
only maize, or Indian corn, Cjuinea corn, pt.Je
of various kinds, but none of them refemblmg ours. w.:h
variety of roots. Fruit, as h.i'h be'V.i already oble.-.LiI,
grow in great plenty, citrons, Seville and China oranjc:,
conimon .md Iwett lemons, limes, (liadoeks, poniii'ij-
nates, mainees, fourfops, papas, pine-apples, ciilLird-
ap|)les, liar-apples, prickly pears, allicada pears, nieloni:,
pompions, guavas, tamaiinds, and levera! kinds of l.ei-
lics, which are every wheie to he found 111 the roads.
The lugar-plant grows in a long llaik, or cane, di-
vided by ioints, two, three, four, or five inches alunJer,
and aboat lix feet high ; the fprouts and leaves at t;.-
top riling (o as to make it near tight feet in all. '1 he
body of [lie cane leldom exceeds an inch in diameter, the
col jur of its tops is a puie grafs-green ; but the cine it-
felf when ripe, yellowidi. It is cr)vered with a thin Ikln
or bark, and is of a white fpongy fubllance full of juice,
which th.' fervants and others luek ; and notning is plea-
l.iiiter and more nouiilliing when it is ripe, and taken
with moderation. Upon this occa.'ion, they cut th?
rind, and put the fpongy part into the mouth, wl'cn
the juice will come more Ireely than the honey out of the
comb. This (weetnefs is extremely agreeable, and fur
from being furleiting; the juice isalitiL thicker than ir.ui
of an apple, and without the L-.ift ill t.illc. Ul tiiisjtiifc
are m.ide lugar, ruin, and mol.ilies.
The fcalon lor plantui;' iug.ir •■■u. '. ."rom Aimud ti
the beginning ol Deceini'er, .nui '1 y do not arrive tn
niaturit), till they have iieen . yeat and a half in the
gi.iund. Their manner id growing is in fprout--, thiM,
four, i.r five Ironi one root. Ttie c:ine-t<>ps make mtv
gMod fo'.d for herle and black cattle j but the folul cane';
aie carried to the mill.
Thev
A M V. R I C A.
J.AM.MCl.
r. Oil tilt rujiili fulj
icy bcj;iii to pljiii III
;ni.is, all wliith tiiin;
till ihi: tiul ot M.ir(.li
3 aj;aiii, ^iiiil coiitimics
Vlay. Si viral pans of
c tlioicilt anil riiliill
/liich iilcil aiiiiualiy tu
1)1 that valiiahli: funi-
,ing cattle, ilii-y bi-iiijj^
)iar. Till' i> .iIciiIh.I
; lur the till''! ;;atlii-u.l
ipiHirs, which wc'ti- iii(-
iily, Aiigiilt, aiiil bt:[).
In(llllh^, lic-caiilc ihiM
11 limit lrci|ui.iitly.
lilt without imich thiin-
ry terrible ; n lojts with
litniiit; m ilic-ri; viL-l.-nt.
mI (it ilaiiiagc. Ill I'L' •
arthqiMKCs, which have
ny rccoiiicJ in hiltury ;
Mlitiii to ni.iuioii. Ill-
cial days m (he year in
tonus and carihiiualces.
itioiis, there ib not onc-
thcrc arc in lied il.uita-
ic at any great diltanco
fo far from being culiua:-
i'lound is nut cleared, but
gentleman who has a ju-
J acres has perhaps livn
nd impioved, and the lell
c places fo exceeding fcr-
lo.vn to yitid levciai hog-
. V,
ith a parlhular Vifcripihi
t, ami Ihf Ala'iun- of miik-
the Ctaio or CbiuliileTiit,
., ami Ginger; uitbaan-
in grow here ; th'y have
corn, Guinea corn, pc.ile
hem resembling ours, w.'.h
a'h bcv.i already obler.cil,
Seville and Cliina oran^;c~,
,inus, <liaiU..cks, pomeijia-
pas, piiic-apples, cultaul-
ars, alhcada pears, melons-,
, and levera! kinds e.t l.ti-
D bo found 111 the roads,
a lonir, itaik, or cane, di-
lur, i« five inches alunder,
t iprouts and leaves at tr.e
•ar ci^ht feet in all. '1 lie
■OS an inch in diameter, the
ais-gtecn ; but the cane it-
t I-, covered with a thml:;.ii
i,n<'y fubllance fullof juicc,
, fifek. ; and iiotnin'r Is ple,i-
wheii It is ripe, and taken
lis occafion, they cut the
,art into the mouth, when
.•!v tlian tnelioneyoutot the
a'rtmelv agreeable, and 1^'
CO 1-^ a I'lttK thicker than tr...i
|,.aft ill t.ille. Uftiiisjuiri-
IiUdll's.
„,„■ ,■ ■, . . .rom Augult ti
, .iiui 1 y do ""t arrive to
:'i) . ycaf and a half in the
•rowing is in fprouf, thru,
The^cane-tops make very
ek cattle ; but the folulcanii
'I'hev
; tor
■ roes
y.A.MAICA
I'licy are plmtcJ by di;;.iii;» lon;» trenches in the earth,
ab.i.K li< inche, deip, and as many broad, layiii"; a
iliiuule low of canes alon^ in the tiench, one by anotliei,
tlieii tlie cai'.h is thrown in, .mi anoilier trciuli dug at
;,hiiUt i*ij fe'.t dilhinec-, till ail ihe Ian I is pl.mted by
luiiig the canes a!',iig. '^l^ll^ they piodiice the gre.ilcll
iiiiiiiovi of fprouts; lor this way a braiuh ilmois out ol
iiL-ry i')int of the cane. I'lv: lirll planteis iiled to thrulf
apiece of cane pcrpeiuliciilarly mio a hole, at certain
dillances, which yielded no (ho.it but from the lop, and
having time or fourf|>rouls whole whole weigat ilcpend-
idonone ro it, when t!.ey i'leA' tall and iieavy, the
iioinis loi. fined the roots ; but bythi,iieA( way ot pl.int-
lii ■ tlic root I, Icciired, and lli' inoduee iiicreali.l. I h'.-y
(•„iie up lo 111 after tli/y are pl.iir.cd, and in about twelve
viceks they grow two leit hijh,
I'hc next care of the plaiilu is to weed the cine., and
to dung them ; but this lall is uojie ciiher when tiu y arc
planted ur wIku they aie giown two feet liigu, and ilii>
IS the gie.itelt iroulde and cxpeiue the pl.iiiter is at
was It not tor tiiu dunging, a third part ot tne iie_
v.uuM do Ins Ijlinefs,
VVlun tne canes are ripe tliey :;rc tut doivn, tiripped
(,i their le.ivci ani tops, biiii.lled up in la^go^s, an.l
turned to the iiiili by iiiules,or in caii.i d;a-.vii fy uurles.
'1 he iiiilis aie tuiiied by oxui or lioifes ; and loiiie lub-
lljnti.il p!antc.s l;»vc . icCLd w.nd-niiiis : tlieie the juiee
IS pi-cllnl ou> by woodi n toilers cafed with non, and at
tae bolloin ol tne mill is a liollovv place which icceivcs
tiv.' julc'-, iroin will nee it Is conve)ed by lead -ii pipes
into a ciltein near the bo;lni--lio,ilV, wiiere it iiiiilt not
ibuve oned.i), lor i.arit Ihould grow I'.mr. I'rom
ed taroiigh a gutter lixed to the wall.,
ol ti- billing houie to the' cl. rilying-coppcr, or boiler,
ana tiuu: boiled till all the grof» matter riling to the lop
i. i!v,.iiiii-d olK. It is then c.iiiicd into a feeond, and lo
into a third, fourth, liitli, li.Kth, and fcventh ; and is
cunt;iiu.i".y kipt liming and boiling till it comes to a
conluliiiey ; and y-t an this boiling would only reduce
i: to a thick ei.uii.ny fubllance ; but to turn it to gr.iiii
tiiev poui' in fomc lime-water, on which the lugar begins
to riie up with a tuibuleiit ant ungovernable lury, oc-
calioned by tne feimeni..ti'in of the li.pior Iroin tiK lime-
water ami the vehement heat of the hie ; when, to p.'c-
vtiit its running over, they tliro^w in a Imi.l piece ol
t..ilow no bigger than a nut, which loon makes it tall.
The liciuor is .it length emptied into a cooler, where it
remains till it is tit to be potted. Tne pots are wide at
tne top, t'.iey t.iper downwards, and a hole la kit lor the
iiio!.;li'-3 to Jiain. In refining the fu^ar, the full degree
of purenels is permitting the mohdli-.s to dram away with
the top of the pot open, by which means the air hardens
t.ic Ui-,.ir, before it h.is time to reiiiie by fepar.ition. I he
Je^onf degree is i:
6«.-
remain
t;i';iii- It IS coiiveyi
v.'itli ■
red by covering the pots at the top
cl.iy° the firll reijuircs but one month to rcline, and
We Ihall now dcfcribc the principal trees, and fliall
b- 'ill with the pimento, which prodiice> Jamaica pep-
per, or ailfpice. It is as thick as a mtiii's thigh, and
rues Itraight above thirty feet, covered with a vei\- fmooih
I'l.in of a grey colour : it is branched out on ev^iy hand,
havi.-v tlie end of its twigs let with leaves ol feveral
li/.es, the largel> being foiii or live inches long, and two
or three broa.l in the middle, whence it deertales in both
extremes uiJing in a point. The ends of tiic twigs are
branched into bunches of (lowers, each ftalk fullaining
a tbwer bending back, within which bend are many
ilar.iiiia of a p.ile green colour; thef'- flowers have a
br.mcn of ciowned beriies, the crown being made up ot
four I'mall leaves, at lirll grcenith ; but when ripe is
black, I'mocth, and (hining, containing in a moift green
a-.omatic puip two large feeds feparatej by a membrane.
'1 his tree grows in all the h:lly parts of the illaiid ; but
chiefly on the north lide. It fl iwers in June, July, and
Aii^ull, and the fiuit foon ripens. There is no dillieulty
in enuring the pimento, or Jamaica pep-per : they climb
the trees, and pull the green unripe Iruit, which tliey
t.\poic to the fun till it becomes of a brown colour, aiul
is tit lor the market. According to Sir Hans Sloane, this
is the belt, the mcft temperate, mild, and innocent of all
Ijiiccs.
'I'lie body of the cac.n, nr cho:-olat(!-niit Ir.'R, is com-
monly about tour i'lches in diaiii'ter, and it ij about
twelve fiom the ground to llic top of the tree ; the cho-
colate-nuts grow in pnds, or long fliclls, (hap'.il liken
cucuiiiber, caih havin; three, four, or fi'.ekcrneli ot a-
boiit the iize of chelimt^;, fep.iratcd iVoni e.ich otiu r '■y A
pli.if.int te^lielhu:;; white (ubllame, neai!)' of tli^' <oii-
l.iience of the pulp of a roailed apple, moderately fharp
and facet. y\ bearing tice j;eneially yields from two tu
tight puund, of mils .i \ear. The manner of curiii;;
th.iii IS to cut them down when ripe, an I lay them in a
Ir.ap to fweat three or fotii d.i\s in the pods; after this
the po.l.i are cu', the nut. t.iken out, p^.it in atuugh,
and covered with plantain K uvcs, where they fweat a-
g;iin ab^iiit lixtceii Ol twenty d.iy3. After this they aru
put todiy three or iVrir week's in the Ciin, and then lb"/
beco.iie iif a riildifh d.iik colour. Tin. po.ls |Md\v only
oiitoft'.ie body, or great Ii nbs and boughs, and at the
(.line lii-.ie theie are Lloll'.ms, witi' yo'.iiig and ripe fiuit
on the lame t;.e.
The wild cinnamon 1-i about twenty or thirty fe'tliigh.
haviiiir many bianclies and twigs Ir.iiging downward,
whirli form a very hnidlirne top. The b.'.ik conl'ilh of
twn p.irt;, one oiitwiuj and aiiutlicr inward ; the out-
ward IS tliin, of a wiinilli ^Mcy roloiir, and of an aromatic
lalte: the inward bark is much thicker than cinnamon,
p.der, and of a much mon: biting and aromatic tade,
fometliin^like that of cloves. Th ■ leaves (hoot out n'ar
til'- ends of the twigs without any order, (fanding on foot
italki, each of them two inches in length, ;m.l one in
breadth. I'hey are of a yello'.vlfli gieen colour, and are
Iniooth and lliiniiij,, without any incifurcs about their
edg'.s. The enJsof the twigs aiebianchcd into b. inches
of fcarlet or purple flower.s' wiiich falling ofV, are (uz-
<-ecded by clufters of roiighifli green berries, of tl;? li/.'J
ot a l.irge pea, that contain a pale i'.reen th'n pulp, and
lour black lliining feeds of an irregular figur:. All the
pa;ts ol this tree, when fnfli, are very hot and aromatic ;
but the inward b.iik of the tree is what is chiefly in iifc
iiotli ill the tnglith plantations in the Well Indies and in
Europe, and it is ealily cured by only cu'ting ofF the
baik, and lettiiv^ it dry in thefh.ide. The ordinary fort
ofpe^'ple in tiie Well Indies ufe it indead of all other
(pices, it being thought very good to coiifume the immo-
derate huiiiiJity of the llimach, to help digeltion, and
e.\pcl wind. Rum loles its dilagrecablc fiiiell if mixed
wr.li this ba.-k.
CoiKe is now niu h cultivated here : it is a large
{hrub, with le.ives of a daik green ; the berries grow in
^;;eat chillers, .mil one biilh will produce llveral pounds.
I'h'-- berry is inclofed in a line fcarlet pulp, which \i
too lufc.ous to be paljtable ; lur.vever, many cat it.
When it is lipe it turns black, aiul then they gather the
I fruit, f.parate the berries from the hiifk, and cxpofc
I them to tile tun till they are well cured and lit for tlie
: maiket.
Here arc alio the cabbage-trcc, the cedar, and the
mallic tree, which grow to a great height ; the maho-
gony tree, 'he cotton tree, the manchlnecl, and a great
number of others. The ifland likewife abounds in a-
b-.in lance of dyers woods, as fullic, red-wood, logwood,
and others.
Among the drugs and medicinal herbs are guaiacum,
china root, farfaparilla, caHia, vanillocs, ginger, ^'e.
Gmger flioots I'oith blades from its root not unlike thofe
of wheat. I'he (iaik feldom exceeds eighteen inches in
height ; from its fides grow ftiarp-pointcd leaves about
live inches long, the extremity of the llalk ending in a
(ijh pointed fpire. When the plant is dug up, the roots
arc races of ginger, which are fcrapcd clean, and dried
in the fun. The ufual time of planting this root is in
May and June, and of digging it up in February and
March.
Among the animals are the land and fea-turtU", and
the alligator. Here are all forts of fowl wild and tame,
and in parti-iilar more parrots than in any of the other
iflands ; b'.fu!es parrokeets, pelicans, fnipes, teal, Cjuinei
hens, geeie, ducks, and turkies i the humming bud, an.l
a L'reit vaii-cty of others. The rivers and bays abound
with fidi.
b' L With
n^
lir
ill
'1 ^ ■■:,
685
A SYSTEM OP GEOGRAPHY.
.I'MAIC.A.
. 'l
'i
J:'
If
i! I
I' . ?'i
■|;r
With refpeft to the reptiles anJ Infers, the moun-
tains breed numberlel:i adders and other n(ixiou.s animuh,
as the fens and marlhes do the f;uan.i and );]lliwarp ; but
thefe lad a'e not venomous. Among the mfedtn are the
ciron, or chegoe, which eats into the nervous and mcm-
branoi:s parts of the fltfli of the negroes, and the white
people are fometiines plagued with them. They get in-
to the toes and eat the flclh to the very bone. Thefo
infedts get into any part of the body, but chiellythe lign
and feet, where they breed in great numbers, and fliut
thcmfclves up in a bag. As foon as ever a perfun feels
them, which is not perhaps till a wcelc after they liave
been in the body, they pick them out with a needle or
the point of a penknife, taking care to delhoy the bag
entirely, that none ot the breed, which arc like nits,
may be left behind.
S E C T. VI.
The Food, Drefs, IhtilJiiUfS, Learning, Coin, Di/!tmpin,
Alunnen, an,i (^u/hmi ofthi Inhahilants ofjinmiiio ; tl>tir
Treatment of their Servants, and their Oueity to their
S/avts.
THE common bread here is plantain, yams, and
caflava ; the full is ot an oblong form, groivs in
clullers on the tree, and when pulled green and roaltcd
eats very dtliciouHy. Tlie yams are a kind of potatoe,
but of a much larger fize, fume of them weighing fcvi.-
ral pounds. Cailava is the root of a (hrub taken and
fqueezed, the juice being a mortal poilon, though when
properly prepared it is very wholefome and agrec.ible
food ; when dry it is grated and put in water, wht.e it
ftands a confiderablc time; the water being poured oft,
and the flour dried, it is made into cakes, and baked
on a griddle over the fire, 1 hefe cakes are white and
crifp, and are preferred by the Creoles to any other bread
whatever. Thefe fcveral kinds of food are not peculiar
tothisifland, fincc they are eaten in moll of the other
iflands and on the continent of North America. 'I'hey
do not want flour, for this they obtain from New Eng-
land and other of our northern colonics. In cvtry houie
they have an oven, and bake as they find occafion.
There arc I'uch plenty of hogs, that many plantatians
have feveral hundreds of them, and their flc(h is exceed-
ing fweet and delicate. Their beef, however, is tough
and lean i but the mutton and lamb are toler.ible ; how-
ever, the cattle bred on the ifland are but very tew.
The (heep have their wool refembling the hair of a goat,
and they fecni to be of a larger fi/.e than ours. I hey
have variety of wild-fowl, as well as common poultry i
and the tortoife, or turtle caught on the coalt are
much admired. They havealfo fait cod t'rom Newfound-
land, and a great deal of fait beet from Ireland and the
plantations on the continent, for the fervants arc feidom
allowed frefh provifions.
The common drink for pcrfons in affluent circum-
flanccs is Madeira wine mixed with water; while thofe
of inferior rank drink rum punch, which being frequent-
ly drank to excefs, has obtained the name ot kill-devil j
for thoufands lofc their lives by it, e'i;ecially thofe who
arejuft come to the idand ; for they cannot drink it to
excefs without expofing thcmfeives to imminent danger ;
as by heating the blood, it brings on fevers, which in a
few hours fend them to the grave. They have alfo ale
and claret, but they are extravagantly dear.
With relpeiil to drefs, the heat renders many cloaths
infupportable, and therefore the men generally wear only
thread itockings, linen drawers, a vefl, a handkerchief
tied round the head, and a hat upon it. Wigs are never
ufed but on Sundays, or in court time, and then gen-
tlemen appear very gay in coats of filk, and velts trimmed
with filver. The fervants wear a coarfe linen frock,
vrhich buttons at the neck and hands, long trowfers of
the fame, a checked (hirt, and no tlockings. The ne-
groes generally go naked, except thofe who .Tttcnd gen-
tlemen, who take care to have them dreflld in their own
livery.
The ladies make as gay an appearance as any-where in
Europe i they drels as rich, and appear with at i^ood a
grace. Their mornin;; hibit is a loofe nijtit-cnwn, care-
lefsly wrapped .ib<iut ihim i betcre dii.iitr they put otf
their didi.iliilK', .ind (how theml'elves in all the .ulvunl.i'i'c
of a riih, neat, .iiid bLXoniinKdrel'<. Thi- f'livjiii-ni.iiris
have geiRT.illy a cotn.n ur lliij;e I lliii'm.j gown, aiut
plain head-cloalhs. .M.iiiy of the negrS vvoiurn in the
country go ipute naked ; for tlicv do not know what
Ihaine is, aiij are furprized at an Europe.m's b.ilhtiiliii.r, •
but in the towns they are obliged to wear a i;iiid of ptt-
tieoat, an! (oiiie of lliein are iicitly dredid.
The geiitlenuii's houles are generally built low of on;;
ftory,aiid eonlill ot tive or fix handfome apailiiiciiti beau-
tilully lined and floored with mahogany; ihcy have no-
nerally a piaz/.a, to which is an ad nit by (uveral (leps
and this leives .is a fcreeii ag.iinit the heat. In the town'
are leveral houfestwo ftories high ; but this i.s d.fapprovcd
ot, beeaul'e they are feldoin known to Itand the (hock of
an e.irthi|uake, or the fury of a (torni. Th.- lu'i'roes ha\e
nothing but a parcel ot poor milVrable huts Duilt with
reeds.
There are few gardens that dcferve noticL' ; the chitf
curiolities they produte are Eiiglilh peas, cabba"cs, (omc
kinds of Knrope.m fruits, and others peculiar to the cli-
mate. 'I'he apple tree fildoin comes to any perleetioii
and bears but aveiy liiv years; the fame may alio be faid
ot other fruiis th.it thrive with us : indeed the plants and
tVuils which flouri(h there would alone be fuffitient to
render them more delightful than can be imagined ; bin
they delpile thi' orange, the lemon, the cacao, and
pumegranate ; and prefer to the Hue lliade ar.d fragrance
ot thefe a number of flirubs that arc of no nunntr ot
ufe.
Learning is here at a low ebb : there arc indeed a fev/
gentlemen well verfed in literature; but the gciieiality
le-.-m to have a greater atfedlion (or gaming than for ufe-
ful learning. Indeed thofe whole fortunes can allow it,
trequently fend their children to (Jicat IJritaiii, whcr.-
they have the advantage of a polite and liberal education ;
but in general a boy, till he is (even oreight years ot ai-e,
fpends his time with the (crvants and negroes, acquires
their broken way of talking, and their manner ot beha-
viour. He then, perhaps, goes to fchool ; but youii^
maifer nuilt not be correcteJ ; if he learns it is well, n'
not it cannot be helped. After learning to read he goes
to the dancing-fchool, commences beau, and then vilits
and rakes with his equals. Some of the ladies read; they
aieall fond ot dancing, but take little care to improve
their minds.
The current coin is entirely Spanifh, and Englifh mo-
ney is feidom lecn, except in the cabinets of the curious.
'I'nere is no place perhaps where filver is fo plentiful ;
they ufe tio copper, and the loweft piece is a ryal, which ,
here p.iires for (even pence halfpenny ; but a halt-penny ;/;
in Britain will go faither. You cannot dine for lefs than
a piece of eight, and the common rate of boarding is three
pounds a week. The difference between their money
and Uritilh is twcnty-(ive per cent, thus feventy-hve
pounds fterling make one hundred pounds Ja^naica
currency.
The common diftempers here arc high fevers and the
belly-ach. The fevers are generally extremely violent,
and a few hours wil carry off the per(on afHifled by this
difordcr. Few mil's it on their firft arrival, and for this
reafoii many die as foon as they come to Jamaica. The
belly-ach, or dry-gripes, is perhaps the fevereft pain that
can be endured ; it frequently takes away the ufe of their
limbs, which are never recovered. 'Ihc common reme-
dies for thisdifeafe are gentle doles of phvfic and dyllcrs.
Alter they are I'omcwhat recovered, the cold bath proves
of great u(e in rertoring them to their former vigour.
'I'he phyficians here generally make fine eftates, and Ja-
maica has had (everal of them who have made acoiili-
derable tigure in the learned world.
This idand contains three forts of inhabitants, matters,
fervants, and flaves. Some of the gentlemen arc ex-
tremely polite, and ufe their inferiors with a great deal
of good nature. However, mo(t of them have a hau-htv
difpolition, and require great fubmiflion ; but a (franker,
who knows how to apply to their humour, generally gets
into good bulincis ; yet, thofe who arc fo unfortunate
astoniillake it, mav look forbufinefs in another place.
The
♦i-t^4;,;
Jama
ICA.
AMERICA.
The fcrvanti who behave well are rtfpcLlcd and en-
couraged i thole who are (ouiiJ hondl, jiid worthy ot
their irull, fomctiriies not only Jiiic on the lame provi-
liuiu with their nialier!i, hut wear as good cloaths, are
allowed a hotle when they ){ii abroad, and a nigro hoy
tu attend thcin. Jiut olherM, who are either Itupid or
ru>'ui(h, arc hardly ufed, oticn put in the Kocld, and
beat very leverely : their (alt provilioiis are wei^ned out,
jnd they have nothnig hut what the law obliges tnc matter
tojjive. The lervants labour is not very hard, it bein.;
inuch lei's th<<n thatot thi- day-labourer& in Ci.eat Britain.
'I hole who have no trade, by which thc)' tan be ot ler-
vice to their nialter, are only employed in lookin;; alter
the negroes at worK, or in uverlucilig tlie boiling ol the
lugar.
I'hc condition of the blacks
indeed much worfe,
their I'ervitudc being perpetual, and they ire ob'i^cd to
toil lor thc bcnehtot others wnliout tnt: lealt advantage
to themlelvcs, and the molt tiivial erioris punilhcd wn;i i "
a terrible whipping. " 1 ii» inc'inud to touch the hard- ! ♦'
" ihips which tiiele poor creatures liitfer in tne tendercit
" manner, ((ays our autiior, who icems to be a perloii
" ot judgment and candor) Ironia particular regard whicn
" I owe to ni.ii\y ot their inalkeis ; but 1 cannot conceal
" their lad circuinltances entirely. 1 have I'een lonie ot
" them tcouiged in the moll crutl iiunnei tor no other
" re.ilun, but to laiisly tnc brutilh pleaiure ot an over-
" leer, wlio nas then puiiilhineiit nioltly at hu dilcietion.
" I have leeii their bodies all in a gore ot blood, tne tkni
" torn oil their backs with a cruel wnip, besten pi-pper
<' and lalt rnbued in tnc wounds, and a large Itick ot
" Italnig-waxil.oppcd Icilurely on them. It is no won-
" der it tne horriJ pain ol' luch inhuman tortures iiiLline
•' them to rebel. /Vt t.ie lame tune it mult be tonlelled,
" that they are generally perverie, whicli i-. owing to
" the many diladvaniagcs tliey lie under, and the uad
•' example they daily lee " VVe couiJ w'lh t.iat it was
pollible to diipiove this accdunt. I'nere .i.e no douut
many perfon^ of humanity in Jam nca ; but wneii thc
lafh IS committed to abandoned wiet^ncj mreahbie to Hu-
manity, and who have been tr imported trum iinglaiid
for their crimes, it cannot be wuii.leicd at, ilut athcucs
likethcfe, when railed to power, Ihould prove lavage and
inhuman tyrants,
'I'hey, however, are not the only perfons guilty : the
laws themlelves are in the extrcmelt degree inhuman, and
no country in thc world exceeds them in tne cruel methods
by which they put thele unhappy negr.)es to death. A
rebellious black, or he that twice itrikcs a white man, is
cundei-.incd to the flames : he is carried to the place of ex-
ecution, and chained Hit on his belly, witn his legs and
arms extended ; then lire is let to his feet, and he is
burnt gradually up. Ut.'icrs they Itarve to Jcatli, with a
1'mI hanging before their mouths. '• 1 have feen thele
" unfortunate wretches, lays our author, gnaw the Hefh
" oti' their Ihoulders, and expire in all the trighttul
" agonies of one under tlie molt horrid tortures. Per-
'■ haps indeed, he adds, luch fevcrities may be in tome
"■ lort ex.-uled, wnen we conlidcr the Itate of the couii-
" trv,and how impoliible it would be to live ainidit luch
*' luiiiibers ot (laves, without vvatciiing their conduct
" witn the greatelt llrictnels, and punilhinjj their faults
" with theutmolt leverity." A nciu Hijtory cf jLimiiica in
t'jii Itiii Letter i to a l-yund.
lint lurely luch iniiuiuanity can be in no cafe neceflary.
Wecaiinot here help borrowing the words of thejudicious
author of a work Litdy publilh^.l, entitled. An Account of tlie
hunpcun Sctllenienti, who, alter obferving, that, notwith-
Itandnig the great care taken to make them jiropagate, the ill
treatment they receive I'o Ihortens their lives, that inltead
ot encrealing by the couile of nature, many thoul'ands
are annually imported to I'upply the place of thole who
die by the hardlhips they receive, then adds, " I know
" that they are Itubborn and untradable for the ivolt
" part, and that th' y mult be ruled with a rod of iron.
" 1 world have them ruled, but not crulhcd with it. |
" vkould have a humanity exerciled which is tonliltcnt
" with (teadinefs. And 1 think it clear, from the whole
** courfe of hillory, tliat thofe nations which have be -
" haved with the greatelt humanity to their Haves, were
" always bell I'erved, and ran the lealt hazard front their
6ti
rebellion;. And F .nm the mo'" convinced ofthcnc-
celTityofthefeiiidiilgentics.as llavci caillMt go through
lo much worn aslreemen. The inuid I'^uesagreat way
111 every thiinr j and when a man know',' ihat hi. labour
IS lor hKiilell, and that the more he l.ibours the niori:
he IS to aciiuiie. this conl'.ioulnefs carries him through,
and lupports him beneith the fatigues under whicirhi;
would have otherwife funk.
" 1 he principal time 1 would have refcrvcd for the
indnlgenie 1 propofe to be granted to the II ivcs is Sun-
d.iy, a d.'.y which is profaned in a manner altogether
kandalous In our colonies. On this dav 1 would hav>:
them regularly attend at church ; i would have them,
paiticularly the children, curclully inllruotcd in the
principles ol religion and virtue, and dpccially in tho
humility, hihmimon, and hnnelty which become their
condition. The relt of thc day might be devoted to in-
nocent recreation, 'I'o thele days of relaxation, ami
with the lame exercifcs, Ihould b.- added lome .l,iys in
'^ tlie grand feltivals otChriltmas, Kuller, and Whitfun-
' tide, and perhaps four or live days in the year befides.
" buth methods would by degrees habituate their matters
'^1 not to think them a foit of bealts, and withou' fouls,
1^ as lome ot them do at prcfent, who treat them accord-
int;ly j and thc Haves would of courfe grow more ho-
aiits ; unlets the
. „ . - precepts ol morality, and all
the habits ot an early inftitution, be of no advantage
to mankiiid.
li
...j,.; , uiiu iiii; inves woulU ot courle
" nelt, tractable, and lefs of cye-fcrvai
" lanition nf religion, the precepts of n;
SECT. VII.
77'f Muitmn and Cujlims of the Ncgtois,
THE owners of thcfe (laves fet afi Ic for each a fmall
parcel of ground, and allow them the Su.idays tu
cultivate it : in it they generally plant maize, Guinea
corn, plantains, yams, cocoas, potatoes, &c. This is the
food which fupport! them, unlefs lome of them, who are
rnore iiiduftrious than others, raife a (lock of fowls, which
ihey carry to market on the Sundays, the only market-
day in Jamaica, and fell for a little mont v, with which
they purchafe (alt beef, tifh, or pork, to make a dilh
which they call pepper-pot.
Thefe flavc?, on their lird arrival from the coaft of
Guinea, .arc expofed naked to fale : they are then gene-
rally very liniple and innocent creatures, but they'foon
become roguifli enough; and when they come' to be
whipped, t.xcufc their faults by the example of the
whites.
Their notions of religion are very inconfiftcnt, and
vary according to the dittcrent countries from which they
come; but they join without diitinilion in their folemii
lacrifices and gambols. They generally believe that there
are two gods, a good and a bad one : the good god they
tell you lives in the clouds, and is very kind and favour-
able to mankind ; for itwa.s he that taught their lathers
to till the ground, ,ind to hunt for their lubliltcnce : while
the evil god fends llorms, earthquakes, and all kinds of
inilehicf. Hence they love thc former, and fear the lat-
ter. They have no idea of heaven, farther than the
pleaiure of returning to their native country, whither they
believe every negro goes after death. This thought is fo
agreeable, that it cheers thc poor creatures, and renders
the burthen of life eafy, which would otherwil'e be quite
intolerable. They look on death as a blefling, and it is
(urpri/,ing to fee with what courage and intrepidity fome
ot them meet it ; they arc quite tranl'ported to think their
flavery is near an end, that they fliall revifit their happy
ii.itive /horcs, and fee their old friends and acquaintance.
When a negro is about to expire, his fellow-fl.ives kifx
him, wifli him a good iourney, and fend their hearty
good wifhes to their relations in (Juinca. They make
no lamentations ; but with a great deal of joy inter his
bodv, firmly believing he is gone home and happy.
VVhen any thing about a plantation is mifTing, they
have a I'olcmn kind of oath, which the eldell negro al-
ways adminillers, and is by them accounted extremely
facrcd ; but this they never take without thc cxprefs com-
mand of their malUr or ovcrleer. Thev thcnrangethem-
fclves
.M
iliJ.;-. ,
A S V S T V. M OF G !■ O G R A V \\ Y.
*■»
I r
m
M: ■ '
f.lvcs in the f))ntof trrdiiiKl ;i;i|'i(>pri,itcil (or ilv: liuryuv;-
j-.late iiCthe ta'^idc?, jinl nni- (,ftlioin()pt.'iis a -.nivr, wtu-'ii
tic wild .ich till.' piiilt takes .iliitlcnt thcf.iri!i, .i:i.l |);i;.
it iniDi'viry one of tlirii in. mill-., .ui.| tlifv im l,Iik- ia.it
if any h.is liccn guiiiy tluir btlly will Iwcll .iiia"oi:c.ilioii
tliclr ilcaili.
Nunc of them are, illnwcd tn touch any iirnr.iinleC-. hy
their milter's coiiiinin.l ; or to v^o out of ilie liouiuU ol
tir-' plim.itioii to which they IkIoii:;, wilhoiit ,i (pn i,il
permit ti ineJ by iJielr owrivr or the chief overle.'r. I'liey
Hrc k 'pt in (uch nwf, that they arc afriiJ to let even th.-
le.ilt thmi;ht of lihirty appear; and when they fee th:
whites miiller and exeieife, they are Ihiick witn terror.
'I his itklee.l iu not the i ale with th-- Creolian negrofs,
who all of them I'peak I'.nglifti, and .,,c (o far from tear-
ing a mulL'r, that they are very lamiliar with ii, »iiJ tan
excrtifc extremely wtii.
S K C T. VIII.
Tlh' Divifi-ni ip:.1 prl>u:f\ilTiivns r,f "faimncii, lis Goirrn-
rurnt, ii<i I -Jhiiif ; nil'j a lart'uukr JcMoit r.f the Liif-
uiclCiiittii itith.- liityif Hvi.luxti, ami t/jt 1 radi lanud
en uith l!:; Sli.i'ncrd, :n ,-/i/i:iit.l.
TUK whole iiland is divlJeJ into ninctc."n diftriels,
or parilhes, each of which fends two members to
the adiniiil.', and al!ows a compclent inaintciiance to a
tiiinilt.r. Anciently l'...c Royal was tlie c.ipiral of the
illandj it (loud iiiion ilie very point of a Ion ', narrow neck
ot land, winch towaids tlie'iea lornnd pait of the bolder
of a very nohle harbour of it.s own I'lme. In this har-
bour above a thouland fail of the lar;_;efi: (hips could
anch'T with the ^leateli convenience i;nd faf.ly ; and the
water w.is lo deep at the qu.'.yof I'ort Koyal, that veliels
of the grcatelt burthen could lay their broad-iidi-s to the
wharls, and load and unload at very little txpence or
trouble. This convenience weighed fo much \\ith the
inhabitants, that they chofc this fpot fur their capital,
though the |.lace was a hot dry land, that did not produce
one oiihc ne>eHjiies of life, and not even lafh water.
However, this .idvantagcous fituatioii rendered it a con-
liderable p'aee, and it contained two thouland houles
very handfomely built, and that were lett at as high a rent
as thole of l^uiidon. It grew to nil this in about thiriy
years time, and there were few places in the world which
(or the fi/,c could be conip.ired to this town lor trade,
wealth, and an eiuiie corruption of manners.
Ho.vev> r, on the ninth of June, 1692, an earthquake,
which fiiook the whole id.ind to its loundations, over-
whelmed this city, and buried nine-tciitl.i of it eight fa-
thoms under water. This earthquake not only deniolilh-
td the city, but made a teriiblc devaltation all over the
ifland, and was followed by a contagious difeale which
was near giving the finilhiiig hand to its dellrin^ion.
The city Was rebuilt after the earthquake, but it w'as
ajain dertroyed ; for ten years after a terrible fire laid it
in allies; )et the extraordinary convenience of the har-
boar induced the inhabitants to rebuild ii once more. i3ur
in I ~ 2.2 one of the mott dreadful hurricanes on record re-
duced it a third time to a heap of rubbifh. Warned by
tliefe extraordinary calan.ities, the cullom-houfe and
public olHces were removed from thence, and the princi-
pal inhabitanti fettled on the oppniitc fide of the bay at
the town of Kingfton. Port Ri^yal has, however, three
or foui handfome Itreets feveral crofs lanes, a tine church,
a;i hofpital for i'lrk and dil'.ihlcd foldicrs, and a yard for
the king's naval lUirc;, with conveniences fu- the work-
men employed about his majeily's (hips of war. '1 he
hiiSour is guarded by one of the (trong.^lt forts in the
Well Indies, which has a lin: of near a hui.dred pieces
of cannon, and a gairil'on of I'oldiers maintained at the
expence of the crown.
Kingdon is commodloufly featcd for frefli water, and
all manner of accommod.itioiK. 'Ihe (trects are broad,
perfectly irraight, and cut each other at equal ciiffanees
and right anghi- It is about a mile loni', and contains
above a thoulind houfes, many of them h.indro:iii ly
liuilt, tliough low, with porticos, and every convenience
J\ .M
AJt f
!..r aronfiaiable habit ition in tli.lt ilin'.Ue, litre th
inferior courts lit, and the ieceiver-[;eneial, lecr.iaiv, ji„|
lurviyji, are «ibli;;vJ lo kcepolheeia. It h.u iineoi'twii
churches, the Jews |i,.vc two () n igogiie-, and thjOii,^.
<rs .1 meeliiij; iiouie. The foiiiireatioiii uf ilie li.,ri)„ur
were greatly inipi n:J by th.; late ^.'o, .• uc.r Knowlts.
No: fat troiii liLinjlfun'ih.- riv.r CLIne-, u ioniidciai;i'
hut not iiavitajlc (heam, I..IU into the lea; ;Mid iiunj'i ,[,
banks itands at. Jago de l.i WfA, or Sp.nnlli I'uwn,* ihj
fe.it ot the govciiniun;, and tlie pl.i.e w.'.cre ti'.e couni
otjultico aie held, .■ii.l toiife.puir.ly the meiirpolii „(
Jamaic.i, though it is infcii.ir m li/,e to K ngltoii. How-
ever, though It has l> Is biilincs, it has iV.oic gaieiy,
lleretelide iiiaiiv | erlons ot l.ip^e loitunes, who make ii
very Iplendi.l ligiiie. It is lu.pr/.iog 10 lU- i\c. iiiiinb.r
ot coaches and chaiit.ts peipctu.dly pl>iiip', lieli.lcs thole
belonging to pnv.ite perloiis. lleie is a re -ulai all'.inl,;,.
il thcalie, in vvhicli pl.iy, aie acted, and u bun:- the ic-
lidence of the goveinor, and the pniuipal ofiic.as oi i;>c
/.ovirnment, who have veiy pfifilalile plaees, all ^Jii-
Ipite with the genius ol the inhabit.nits which lucluui
litem to an oltentaliouiand evpenfive w.i</ ot l,k, i,, n,,.
der it a very fplendid and ag:eeable |daee.'
We (lull now proeeed to give a I'amma.-y accniint of
thegovtrnmentof Jamaica. i he king ol Oreat iJiitaiii'
as ill all the other to)al governments, appuii'.tj til .t ,vir-
nor and council, while the rcprel.ntativ^s of tliep.ii-,;u
arc chofcn by the lieehuid;ts. 'I'he (o)vernor Is ea .taui-
gener.d, admir.d, and chancellor of t.'ie ill.nd ; has|oivir
to iliiic out all lints of commuTi'.ns I l.j (uiiiinon jiul
didblve alteniblies i to make co nicllois j to p.nJun ail
crim.j, exc.pt trealiin or minder, :ind even loi tho.t; u,
gran; jrepiieve; to plac- .iii.l cifplico all oflicers w!i.»
are not by patent : in aw.)id,lo.iCt with lovcreign autl-.o,
riiy under tiis m.ijelly jand has a negatue voice in all a:tj
of the allembly. As lie is chanccllot, he is impinvciel
to g:ant adminillrations and cxecutorlliips of the eltaui
or pcrlons dying intellatei and this lal* nnng, in a coa-
(iderabie proht. His (ianding fdaiy is two tlioulaiid luc
hundred [ounds a year; the ali'vir.li'y v.,.e the governor
as much nioie, and thi-, with the ul.-.- r tweat pioliisuf
hi. olUce, make it in the whole little in:e " n :o ten thcii-
faiul pounds a year.
'1 iie council, who are twelve in number, arc g^nerail.-
men of tiie bell: ellates and quality in the country, and u'c
appointed by letters of maiiilanius from ihj king. IJ.i tliij
death or dnmillion ol any of thcle, the goi ei nor nomm.i-.i 1
others to Cupply their places. It is tiuir duty 10 aui.ie
and alfilt the governor, and even to be acheck upon hnn,
if he exceeds the bounds of his commiinon. 1 his bci/
toinis the upper houfe in tlic allembly, where it has tue
fame power as the h-'uft of peers in Lnglaiid.
The grand court, which takes cognizance of ill civil
pleas, as well as 01 crimes that merit corporal puiiilh-
ilient, (Its four times in the )car. Their Icliion is limit-
ed to twenty-one days, during which they treqi.cnily dif-
patch a -reat deal ot buiinefs. The chi. t jultiee iias tiy.
afTillants, who are generally men of the greats 11 know-
ledge, and of the faircll churacters. There are many in-
tenorcouits, who decide cautes of lefs th ui twenty poiinJi
value, andjutticc is generally impatliaily diUr;bu[ed,and
without delay.
The militia is under the dircclion of ofTiecrs appointed
by the govc lor, and all Irom lixteen to lixty are oblig-.l
to enlilt.
The revenue of the idand is rcckoiied to amount to
feventy thouland pounds, out of which are paid a giejt
number of public officers, who have very large falaries.
'I he trade of Jamaica principallv tonrilu m the lol-
lowing articles ; rirll, (agar, 01 wiiuli tr.ey imptiited in
'753 twenty thouland three iuindied and h:teeii hog-
flu-ails, tome fo large as to be a ton weight ; which ea::-
not be worth Id's in Lngland than four hnn Ired twenty-
lour thoul.in.l (even hundred and twer.ty-hve pounds
llerling, moll of which comes to London and lirillol •,
and loll, e part of it is Cent to North Aincii.:a, in r.tiiin
(or the corn, peas, beet, poik, cheel.-, plank, (Lives,
pitch, and tar, wiiich they obtain fi(;in [hence. I ii ■
lijcond IS rum, of which they export ah.iut loui thouland
puncheons. The third is molalles, in which they make .1.
;Fi;;,'fK
Jamah I.
li.1t ilIiiMte, Here Ih
i-gtiKial, liiri'l.itv, Jill!
.I'lli. U ll.n iJMUill lu,>
l;j;i)^(li-!, ami tlv,' t^ij^.
iK.ltK'lls 1)1' lllc |l,irlli,ui
tc ^'(I'.i: iiur Kiiowks.
r C..1-.I1.', ii (.iiiiiiilci.i.!;!
II l\w. Ic'.l ; liiiil iipiiji II,
, ur Sii.miili I'uwii, UK
|il,i..\; w.-.irc li'.f loiiitj
Lii'.ly tlu: iiiclirpolij i,i
i/,-- to K ngltoii, llow-
^, it lui, iiiiiic g.iiciv.
: loitiincs, wlui nuke a
/.MIjT III lU- I'.U lUJlllll.l
ly |'l>iiio', lu-lhli, thuic
uic IS a fi-.iil.ii ■ili'.iiiblv,
;i.'J, ami ii I'uil; ilic a-
pniu i|mI ol'iiLt i:i iii ii>e
"lit.iMi; places, A\ i.iiii.
iliii. lilts, whicli iiiiliiui
iilivL' w.iv ot I. If, III rui-
; a rimiiiu.-y accnimt d!'
le kiii^ ol tjrc.it liiiu;ii,
iiir>, .ipiiuiutjtli ^ A'u-
I. lU-ti.vS ijt' i!ic (..yp;c
ri:c Rovirmir Is c:. ,.1,1111-
ot' t:ij ill.ifiJ i hasjuwir
iiiTi'>ii« i I'j lumiium ,iiul
Illil.ll'il'' i til p.llJoIl .III
r, :iiiJ cvi 11 till tiio.i; ti>
ililplice iill (ifliiiTs wli'i
iCt vt'nU laviiti^;!! uiui-.u.
I lu ;;,aini; vuicc 111 .ill .i.'.l)
.illor, he is ini|]invi.;c-i
cuturlhips lit tlw cita'.ii
this l.il^ iiiinj;. ill a ca.i-
'al.ity i!i iv-o tli.iuUliil lui:
llailily \-i.^ the governor
the ut.v.i Cfcat piolus of
littk' 11 V.' 'i to till tlicu-
in niinibcr, arc g--i\cra;iy
ty i'l llv.' ti.iiiury, aii.l u.^;
Iriini tliv- kiii^;. OiiiliO
•, tlie j.'ini-iiiiii lioiliiii.iui
It is tlKir July 10 din.ii;
I to be a I heck upun hiiii,
Miiniiiriuu. 1 Ills bj.ly
leinbly, where it has tiu
ill LiigUiiid.
.■s ct)^;llii;lm;e of :I1 livi!
,at merit Cofiioul puiiilh-
'1 heir leliiuii is limit-
k-hith they tVtiji.eir.ly dil-
I'lie chi. I julliLe lus h>:
rn of the iV'-Mt-l' kii.i'.i'-
'I'lier.; arenuny la-
fid's thiiitweiKy pouiiJi
iip.utully iliiUibuteij,aii'i
clion ofiimicts appnintcl
ixtecii to lixiy .ire obli;;..!
rcckoiicJ to ammiiit to
f wliieh are pai>l a i^ieac
have very l.!ij;c l.ilancs.
Mily (.uiirii'ts 111 the lul-
whiili tr.ey impniteJ in
lumJiei! a:iJ lilutii liog-
uou weight; wliitbiai;-
h.iii four luiii !rej nveiity-
auJ twer.ty-hve pnuiii'.s
s til LoiiJoii aiul lirillol ■,
Jorth Ameuvia, in r.tuiii
k, checl.', plank, ilavcs,
bt.iiii I'loin thence. 'I ii"
:x;-.iirt about (our thnulanJ
llLs, 111 wlii.li ibcy inati' 3.
grsj".
Jamaica.
A M E R I r A,
ureat part of their retiitn> fnr New Knulaml, where there
i.re griMt ilill.lleiies. TIkIo arc all me piodiice of their
riaiul lliple the liigar-taiie. The loiiitn' is loltuii, of
whu h they lenJ out two iluiiifanJ li.inn. The lilth are
v.iriiiiis ilrui"), as cacao, lolfce, a coiili.lcrable ijiuiitity
(if piiiH-iitii, [.Hiigi'r, Iwcetnieats, ilriii;-, lor ilvers an.l apo-
ihee.iries, mahojiany, an.l niaiiehaiieel pl.iiik. Some of
l.ie moll lonliili-rahle artieles ol their tiaJe are w.th the
continent of New Spain .iiul I'eria I'iriiia ; lor in the
Inniicr they lut ;;rcat quintities ul liigwoml, .iiul both in
the (ornier ami latter carry on an txtreinelv prolitable
irale in iieirroes, ami all the kin.ls of tutopean ;/oods
canicJ thither fi(im Spain by the Hota.
lloih the |oj;wiiod and coiitrahaiiJ trade hive been the
fiibji til of much contention, and even the taul'c of a war
between iMii/Jaiid and Sjiain. The cuttiiijr of loj>w(iod
in the bay ol Honduras on the fouthern lidc of the peiiin-
fiila of Jiic.itaii has been long claimed as a riiiiht by I'iii;-
land, and this privilege was conlirmed to Ins Itiilainiic
mijclty's fubjccls in the moll cxprefs terms by the laic
treaty of peace in 176 J.
I lie logwood cutters arc chiefly compofed of vajialionds
and fu.;itive3 from all parts ut North Ameiica, and their
wayof'lifei? fuitable. They live in a kind of lawlefs
manner, thouu;li they eleiil one among them whom thiy
call their king, and to him pay as much obedience as
they think tit. riic country is low and extremely marlliy;
the air molelled by mulketoes, and the waii r dangerous
with alligators ; yet a life of licentioufncfs, a plenty of
rum, large gains, and a want of thought, have reconciled
them koth to the hardlhips of their employment and the
iMiwholefomcnefs of the climate. They go always well
aimed, and aic laid to amount to about one thouland live
hundred men. This trade in I'ome years employs near
fix ton ot (hipping, finds employment for a number of
Ceam' n, confumes a grot deal of our manufadtures, and
the value of returns itre faid to be about (ixty thoufand
poim Ii iKrliiig a year. This trade is generally carried on
by vellels fioiii New England, New York, and Penfyl-
vaiiia, who take up the goods they want in Jamaica.
I'herr is dill a more prolitable trade carried on between
this ifl.ui I and the Spanilh continent, which has alfo been
the tauie of mmh dilpute between the courts of England
and Spain. A (hip from Jamaica having taken in negroes,
and a proper lortment of goods there, proceeds in time of
peace to a harbour called the Grout, about four miles
from Porto Hello. A perfon who uiiderltands SpanKhis
directly lent a(hore to give the merchant.s of the town
notice of the arrival of the vclFel j the fame news is like-
wife carrieil with great I'pecd to Pai,,ima, from whence
the merchants fet out dil'guifed like pcafants, carrying
jars almoft (illcd with filvcr ; but the top covered with
meal, to deceive the officers of the revenue. Here the
fliip ficiiuently remains trading five or fix weeks toge-
ther. The Spaniards ufually come on board, leave their
money, and take their negroes, and their goods packed
up in parcels fit for one man to carry, atter they have
b.:cn fiill hiindfomely entertained on board, and received
pruvifioiis fufficient for their journey home. If the whole
cari'o is not difpofed of here they l.ear otf'eallward to the
Hrcw, a harbour about five miles from Cartliagena, where
ihev foon find a vent for the reft. 'I'here is no trade more
profitable than this ; for they are payed in ready money,
and the goods fell higher than at any other market. It
is not on this coall only but every where upon the Spanilh
main that this trade is carried on ; nor is it by the Eng-
lilh only, but the Fiench from Hifpaniola, the Dutch
from Curall'ou, and even the Danes have lome iliare in
It. However, when the Spanifh guarda coltas fei.'.e upon
one of thcfe veflels, they make no fcruple of confilcatiiig
the cargo, and of treating the crew little better than if
they were pirates.
SECT. IK.
y1 cn:ifi Hijiory of Jamaka.
THE ifljnd of Jamaica was dilcovcred by Columbus
in bis fecond myaic, in the year i 544 ; his Ion
Diego was the firit Euiopean governor oj' the illanJ, and
ICI
6S9
built the city of St. Japodc la Veg.i, now Spjuidi Town.
On the lirll arrival ol the hpaiiiards the Indians appeared
in aims, and bravely reliilved to maintain their liberties
Ui^ainlt thele bold mtiudcis; and had certainly been luc-
celsful, at leilt lor awhile, had not the Spaniard'; at
leii'i.th taken the advaiilaue of their fiinple natures, and
deluded them by fpccious (lieuvs of peace and well con-
trived pioieltations : but tliey in a Ihoit time felt tli;
diliiial ill'ecis of giving faith to tiie Spaniards, who were
111) fooner in a condithin of putting their bloody deliLMiS
I ill practice, than ihi y benan a horrid mallacrc, murdered,
I butchered, and dillroyed, in a lew years, 10 the amount
I of lixiy thoufand of the iiaiive', and fearce leli one alive.
Some too'K leluge in tiie wools, and retiieJ to the caves
and faltnelles, whither they were putlued .ind hunted by
thole favaue tyrants, and eut to pieces. IJeloie this dc-
(olatioii, Jamaica was one of the bell peopled of all the
Antilles 1 but luch was the deftruclive (laughter whielj
i the Spaniards made, that the very name of an Indian was
in a lew years rooted out, and none left to prefeive t.ic
memory of that once IfuriOiiiV'; people.
This illand wai poU-ili-d by llie Spaniards till Olivet
Cromwell being leiifihle of the advantages they obtained
; from their provinces in America, lent a conlidrnhle
fijuadron of men of war, cummaiided by the niner.ilu
■ Peiin and Venables, in 1054, to take the fine illand of
1 Hifpaniola, Thii thev attempted, but being repulfej
I with lofs, the piiiicipal commanders fearing tu return to
I'inglaiid without fiic els, wifely rcf'dved to try what
I could be doneagaiiill the iflaiul of Jamaica, before the in-
I habitants of that illand couKl receive cncoiirajjemeiit by
the nev, ., of thtir dcteat in Hifpaniola.
The fleet and troops loon arrivins^ at Jamaica, they
feverely punilhed the officers who had ihewn an ill ex-
ample by their cowardice, and ili'ucd orders, that if any
man attempted to run away, the next man to him (houlJ
put him to death ; and if he failed to do it, be (liould be
liable to be tried for his life. Eor.ificd with thele rcl'olu-
tions, the troops were no fooner landed, than advancing
towards the lort, they made themfelves malKrs of it with
little lofs, and the next morning, when the fun arofe,
marched towards a favanna near the town, when fonit;
Spaniards advancing to meet them, dcfircd to treat. But
this Venables refuied, unlels they would fend his men
a confiant fupply of provifions, of which they were in
great want. To this the Spaniards confentcd, and hav-
ing performed their promile, the following articles were
agreed upon : That all tlie forts arms, ammunition, and
necellarics of war, wiih all the fliipping in the harbours of
the illand, and all wares, merchanJizo, &c. fhould be
delivered up lor the ule of the proteiitor and the common-
wealth of England. That all the inliabitants of the
ifland, except Come that were particularly named, flioiilj
have their lives granted. 'I'hat thofe who 1 hole it llioulj
have leave to ftay, and the others be carried to New Spain,
or fomc o'.her of his Catholic majclly's .\nicri' an domi-
nions ; together with their ajiparel, hooks, ,iiul papers.
That the Lommilfion officers alone (luMild bepciniitted t3
wear their rapiers and poniards ; and th.nt the artificers
and meaner fort of people Ih.iuld be pern.iited to remain
in the illand, and enjoy their goods, piovidcd they con-
formed to the laws that fhould be ell ibhiliej. 'I'iiu.s tlu
whole ifland was reduced, and the conquell was confirm-
ed to (ireat Britain by a fiibl'eiiuent treaty. However,
many of the S|)anilh negroc, retiring to the mountains,
maintained their ground there, and being afterwards join-
ed by feveral other fugitives from th'- Eiiglifh plantations,
became very formidable ; nor could they he I'ui.ducd,
though a body of regular troops were lent over to the
alfiltancc of the planteis. Howcvlt, uovefnor Trelawnv
entering into a treaty with them, it was aiienl that they
(hould remain an independent ft ite, and be governed hy
their own niagiflratcs, on condition of their iiarbourin.r
no more fugitivis. 1 hey are laid now to luc in a very
friendly manner with the Eni;lilh, and, in cafe of an in-
vnfion, fome imagine they would coiitiibuto ^rcatlv to
the defence ot liie illaiid ; while others luppofe thatthefe
negroes are not v^^^t to be triilled, and for this reafon f ime
of the bell lauds in the illand which lie in their neigh-
bourhood ate not cultivated.
8 M After
' .1
I
Ji^-I
fl8
A S Y S T F. M O F G E O G R A I' 1 1 V.
Cahibiih Iuandi.
'•if
11
ii'ii}
Aftfr llif Ri(1.ir.)ti.iii the S|i.iiii.iiili ccilnl j im.iic* tr» hive tlic lulnim jiil horn I iiinie ol'miii c.itcn. Klc»cii
the k.iij; 'it l'ii,;lin.|. iStimc ol ilic tioup. t.iii(.l>ivi;il in nl thrlr ill null, Willi tlic (iraii.iilill<i<, ill o( wliidi 4,a
ill rcilu.:li>)ii li.iil Iriiloil there ( niJMv n| ihc rcv.iliiti, *liii (uijII, .111 l(.mn' ol thim viry iiiccnilulcrjhle, bilDnuiu
ha,, hcui iiniMly .it hi me, h.i.l ( iii.'lii an .ilU iin in ihn tne Kii;li(h i thcU: ute Aiiniiill.i, ILiiliuilj, St. Lhnld).
ill,inJ, .ml 11(11 . 1 It w |>'.iiiterN (u>ni lUili.nluc. w ic mvit- pher'j, Ncut, Amcui', m Amii);ii,i, Mi. nil' ir.it, Dumj.
fi! lliithcr bv iIk' ixlr.iiinliM.iry lutility ul the luii, .iml niij, St. Vniinit, lt.iibjiJ<m, I oh.iiMi, (ii.nujj .m,!
the (iilur aiU.iiit iM i wliiih It .iiriTilcil Thf LilU'r Liu^ht the (ir.inailiius, or (ii.in.iJilloi. I he tiili (i,, vy|,f,
till' li'fincr (ilt'iu ilr; nuniiir it Mifiiii the In .',:ir-rjnc, I'mto Kiio, ( iii.iil,iliiii|)f, \i, are .illii iruiicj I,ifw,trJ
ailJ ni.iKiiig lii'iri fur at liilt t'ay hid wholly .i|iplicil ifljli.h i iiiul ilu: l.iK, wilh M.iiuiiiui, .<ic. jiv luriiij
thcniliflvis to ill-: Liilinn tit c.icjn, an iho S|i.ini.iril» had , W'iiulwJul lIlaiuN.
doiii; hilme them. It wai very happy lor ih 111 rlut they | \Vi' Ih.ill licniii with Ain;iiill.i, or Sii.ikc IHanJ, a Imij
f(ll iiiin ihi:i new piactiiv, for the giovf. ol ill • cae.io ' and ii.iirnvv tr.icl win liiif; loiiiewliat in ihc m.iiiner ol *
treci pl.iiitcil hy t:ic Spaniardi began to tail, and the new
pl.inl.ilinii- kiia nut .luuver.
What t' ivc trilhlite to ihii fi'tllem-nt, nnJ at ontr
railed it to .1 luipii/mi; pit^h otdpiiUnri', whu'h it ha.
fiii-e h.iriily cqiiJllnl, w.i>. the rcrmi tint ler ot ili/ piiaie..
called ilu' I! n e.iiieeis j men who loii;.,nt .vith tie nii.ll
ililjieraie luaviry, inil (p..nt iicir plunder with ihe molt
linlli cxtravaj; ui.c, were Wi.li'o!iic ^uelh 1.' Uniaia.
'J hey cltiii [r. .'i.ilit th;ec or lour hun.lied thonian I 1 i'. ei
ot'ci;^llt at .1 ti.ii'f, which were inmiedi.itrlv li|iijn !eud
in e.xceflj. c _ .i.iiij;, wine, and women, i'hu:. v.ilt lor-
tiines V.M.; ni. .1-, , and tiic tciiiriii ol trealure to l''.ii^;land
were proiii;;! I'lll,' i;ieat. Hy tlin ine.ins the inhabii.int>
had r.mVd (in.li liiiiJi, th.it when the rourceol'thij we.ilih
wa^ llopp^l up by the liippieinon ot the pirates, shey
w re iiuMed to mm iheir iiidiiltiy iiit.i bcUrr channel ;
im.i llu-y iiK-reile'l In lalf, liiat it wai toiiipiitcd ilurewere
tixty t.' (iiil in.l whi:ei and a hundred and twenty thuulaiid
lirrr les in ; le ill uul.
jJiit wliile thf iiih ihit.ints were filled with the Rayell
hopes an. I walloiviiv^ in 11, hes, they lult'ered one ol the
mult vii.lent e.irthipi.iki'i that perhaps w.is ever lelt, Ol
this w,- h ive ;..ki 11 nonce in tieatin|j ot the d..llr.ii.ti<jn
ot I'ort Rov.il, in wliii'h ciiy two thoiiland whiles and
bl ick, pnilhed. It will he proper luie to add, that the
houies .ill over the ill.in 1 woie thi.iwn down, an. I the lur-
vivin;^ inh.ihil.ims l.ireeil to dwell In huts. Two i^ie.it
moiiiitains tailing (hipped thccourleol a ri'.er, that was
Jry ttyiii that pl.ice lor a whole day, by whieh iiuans
vait quantities ot tilh were taken up, to the great relief
of the ililtrell'ed. An hi^^h muiintaiii was fplit, and pitt
of it falliiiLj into a level plain, covered I'cverjl leitle-
ments ; .nni alinott .dl the ihips and fl.mps were loll in
th? harbour : hut we have not room to del'eribe the ter-
rors ol this dreadful iVeiie. A general licknels loon fol-
lowed, which alio earned off a great number of the in-
habitants.
The enemieii of Cjrcat liitain were not idle (pecl.itors
of lueh a dreadhil evi'iit j the Kreiiih prepofed to make an
talV comiuell ol . I ruined ifland, where poverty, ficknels.
(iiakr, will nee it reeeive.l iis nine. rhi>, whuh is the
nioil northerly of the Caribbee lll.ni.K poliided by the
KncJilli, ij leated in ttie ei^httenih dc;.,'ee twenty tni-y.r W
iiiitei north l.ititude, and it tea leat^ue* in length a„J *
tlir^e in hie.idth.
I'liij illmd IS w.indy, but prrlccllv level, hi elinutc
is nearly the lime wiih iliatof Jainaiea. It ahouiuli with
tame cuttle, with wliuh it has been lloeked by the Euro-
peaiis 1 .ind alio with the oji.illiini, iiiulk-rat, adia.itor, and
oilier aninuls eoinnioii in the lame ttim.iie, Ihc jji^.
lilli lettlcd here in 1O5O, in a truitlul I .il, where tCey
applied thenileKes to tue planting (.f tobacco, the railin .
ol coin, and the bleeding ot cattle, lor whlL-h purpole they
hriUjiht a Itock wi'.htheiu At prelViit thty chielly lull-
hll by hulhaiidry, and make a litlle Ii..; ir. I'hey aic
titlioni being renuikible lor their imiuliry, or iluir
nunihers ; and have been lieiiuently pilla^jnl by the
I leneh, who in 1745 made a delcent on the illnul, tu
the iiiimbci ol 4 tliinil iid men, wh n lix hundred of them
lu.iri hill', lip to ait.uk abiealt woik, wcie to Wi. 1 1 re-
ceived by the continual lire of u hundred men polled
tlieie todi lend it, ili.ii ihey weie olilified to return witll
the lots of a hundred and tilty men, belides Come of llicir
colours and tire aims.
Uaibudais fiMted in the Cevcntccnth degree forty feven ;•' >
minutes north latitude-, and in the Cixiy-tirlt degree forty..^; '
hve minutes welt lonritude, iliiriy live miles to the north '"'
of Antigua, titty-thiee nuith-ealt ol St. Chriltopher'j,
and ninety fouth-eall ol Anguilla. It extends tiv.nty
miles in length, and twelve in breadth. The land is low
and fertile : on the welt lide it has a good road well
(helccred, and clear ot rocks; but from the iiorth-welt
and louth-well points twothoals of (and run above two
leagues into the lea.
rhis illand produces citrons, oranges, pomegranates,
Indian hgs, grapes, pine apples, the (enruiveplaiii, cocoas,
cotton, pepper, ging.r, tiiniainon, callia, liralil wood,
an. I ebony ; with tobacco, mdigo, maize, putaioej,
yams, with other roots .ind drugs.
Here are plenty of cows, flicep, goats, and fowl j the
changed. 'I'h'.-v invaded the ill.ind wiili (inn hopes of
fuccel's : but tnoii.;h the iiiii.ibitants had lo m.iiiy dilRciil-
ties to (tru;!!'le with, they (till retained their pnltiiic
fpirit and native courage ; the invaders were repulled,
ami only eighteen of thein left to carry the news of their
defeat. I hei'. lollcs leem not yet to have been fulfieii'iit-
ly repiired. It is faid that at piefent the white inh.ihi-
taiits fcarcely exceed twenty live thoulaiid fouls, and yet
the bl.ick^ are computed 'o amount to near ninety tliuu-
fand, an amazing dil'proportion !
and every haril(lii|. now prevailed j to much was Jamaica j breeding ot all which is the cnicf employment of the in
habitants, who make good protit of felling them to tliR
other ill.inds ; the Englifl) here living nuuh alter the
lame ni.inner as our (armcrs, and have no immediate
trade with England. Hireaie likcwile I'erpcnts cf vari-
ous kinds, (bine very large and not poifonous, but are
of fcrvice in dellroying rats, toads, and frogs ; but the
biteof otheis is incurable, ifarcmcdy be not immediately
adminiltcied.
1 his colony was pl.mtcd as early as any of the Lee-
ward lllands, cxce|)t St. Chrillophei's : but was lb often
dillurbed by the Canbiu-cs, that the people were frequent-
ly torced to delcrt their plantations j lor there hardly
pafli-'d a year in which they did not make one or two in-
curlioiib, and that generally in the night, fir they diirlt
not attaek them by day ; (u that the LngIKh g.-cw weary
of dwelling in a place where they were lb much cxpofed
to the fury of the natives ; and therefore dcferted the
illand ; but the Caribbcos diminidiing daily in number,
and the Europeans in the other illinds increafmg, the
Knglilh again p.illellcd themlelves of iJarbuda: in a few
years the inhabitants amounted to five hundred, and
ibey ate now increafed to about thuteen or fourteen
hundred. It is lubjcill to a gentlein.m of the name
of C'odrington, who chufes the governor, and enjoys
the tame prerogatives as the other lurds proprietor* in
Amvrica.
SECT. X.
Of lilt CARtnnFE Islands.
J cincife Dtjlriplh/i of /inguil'a and BwhtiJj ; their Situa-
tion, E.xleKl, (luit Product-
WE now proceed to fuch of the Caribbee Idands as
are liihiect to (Jreat Uritain. This name I'ecins
to have been given to fome of thele idands before they
became lubiect to the Spaniards ; who, to colour over
their mallaering the inhabitants, pretended that the name
of Caribbee ligiiilies cannibals, and that the inhabit.uits
of ail thele idands were eaters of human fledi : but it does
not appear that there ever was a nation cither here, or
in any pait of the American continent, that dcferved to
S K C T,
>uinnct ItLANDi.
i| mill c.itcri, Klcvcii
illiH, ill III wlljcll 4,„
niidilcrjlili', luloii^ lo
iiilni.lj, Si. Chilli,,.
II, M.iiil.ir^t, Dcinii.
i)li.i;',<i, (iiJiuilj, .111,1
I Ml- liilt l\x, Wild
!■ .,llo Ifimcd I,icw.ir,|
lUKO, .Vc. 4IU lUlliiJ
If Sn.ikc IlljnJ, a limij
u Ml I he in.iiiiui tit i
riii<, wliiih i\ ihc
l.iii.K luilllllL'd hy ihc
nil ilij'/i'c twenty ini-/.i
Icjjjiic. Ill liii^jili ami
Hv level. Iti climate
K.I, It almiiiiJi Willi
lli>i'»ij by the Eiiro-
iilki.it,,iilig.iior, aii,l
CHiii.iic. Thi: jjig.
itlul I 111, wlicri; tlHy
r tiilijici), the r.iilui.;
iir wliivh piirpole ihty
lint ihty cliiefly lull-
tiic d',; ir. I'hey nu
eir iiuliiltry, or iluir
.■Mily I'lllaijnl by iliu
Icciit nil til;- ill.iiul, tu
II lix luiiKlicduf tllClll
folk, weic lo Will rc-
liuu.lreJ men pulltj
>'jli);eil lu letiirn witU
I, bcllJes lumc ul ihcir
inth degree forty fevcn r'
lixiy-lirll degree luriy-^,
live miles to the iionh
ol St. Cluillophct's,
It txieiuls tAMity
dill. I'he land is low
h.i3 a good road nell
t (rom the iiorth-welt
if fand run above two
anprs, poinegr.inatcs,
; Ichlilive plain, cocoas,
I, callia, liialil wuuJ,
^o, nuixe, put.uoes,
g03tj, and fowl ) th:
empKiynient of tin- in.
of lelling tlieni tu thn
livin_:^ nuith alter the
J hjve 111) immediate
kcvvile Icrpcnts of van-
lot poifonous, but arc
s, and frogs ; but the
:dy be not immediately
!y a? any of the Lcc-
ci's : but was lo often
: people were trcqucnt.
oils ; for there haidly
t make one or two in-
: night, fir ihey diiill
le Lnglilh g.-cw weary
were lb much cxpoleii
therefore dcferted the
ling daily in number,
ill.iiuls iiiereafiiijj, the
ot Haibuda : in a few
to five luiiiJrcd, and
; tliiitetn or fourteen
ntlcman of the name
yoveriior, and ciijo)S
! lurds proprietors in
S K C T.
5[. CiiitisiorniR'i.
A M !•: K I C A,
C^t
8 r.
S K C T. XI.
C II K I I I a r II t R '«.
Ill A'fKril/in, I'.JiUut, .■{it, Stil, <md F/ict »f iht CtNifry t </'
I ,j llH,:, iiiiii J'liiiiit. ill Inhiihil. mil, 1111,1 iht lull
III I. ,i I'll ihir Oijtiia, uilli a lKjitipli.il tj iht J'tux
,j U.ijK 1,111
Til K idaiiJ of St. Chiifli>|.b'r, cnmmonly railed by
mil lailoii bl. Kitt't, Iki biiwii'ii Ihe Uviiltieiitli
dc.'Ke tell iiiiniili^. ami the levenin inli ile^ree lorly nn-
ii.iu ' iiurth I iiitiide, and the middle ol the ilUiiil u m the
lixly Iriond di^rec ioriv niimiies welt loii^iliidr Iroiii
l.jiidiiii, it biiii^ about ten tiiilo to the mirth ol Nen,,
and liiiiiti'eii |ra;:uei liom A'iti|>'i.i. It cki, luN tweniy-hve
niiles .<ihl .1 hail in liii^tli i uui its ^rcateU bieadlh i> no
more lliaii leveii.
Tiie air n exceeding hot j but pleafar.t, pure, and
heullhlul, and .i^creahly tempered with cool breezes. The
ilayj .iiid iiijjhti are aliiiidt ei|ual duiini; the whole ye.ir,
and It wiiiiiU leem to be lonltaiii lummcr were ic nul lor
Itie riiiiy l>:al,>ii and the hiiiiicinci.
liithelhkk wixuls, wliKUaie plentifully Docked with
cab.'.i^e tr.rk, ate Iw.irms ol nioiikies, who venture out
in the ni^tit to lli .d put.itues and other pinvilioiis. At the
top uf till' L'oiioiihce hills, is a pl.iiii nut three luimlreil
yjid^ wide, tiuliiij; .It the id(;e ol a cavity ol a prodigious
dejiih, and .I'miit a mil ' in cneunilen ikc, containing', lul-
phur, fioiii wiiu h iile continual cloud', ol lleain. A lur-
loir: to ilu foiilli e.ilt is a larg.; roiky hill, calleil Mount
Miier', lioma rllt mm, who attempting ti alcciid a
pieci,)ice, kii li.unwards, and was kilbil. I'his is the
1> , ,klL jioiiit of land oil ."It. Chiiltophei's, and it is laid
tu life aiiout a mil. uiM 4 halt pi rpcndieular from the
lea. In t e f>t:,i!|iiieou4 cavity abuveinciitioned, are
two or thr^'e rouhd ludes in the earth, viil.>aily called
till' Devil', Coppi rs. They are two y.iiils aluiuier, ami
each .bout thue leet in diatiicter. The reverend Mr.
Smith lays, tliat wiieii he law them, they boiled tiercel
thjii ever he law a luj'ar-cipper. Dii this hill, there is
a great (|uantity of pure biimltonc, and on us top is a
powiltr iiiag.i/ine.
at. Chiillopliei's isreprefcntcd by fome writers as one
of the molt lUliglulul ill.iiuls in the world, lis niouii
tains, notwitliltandiiig ibeie ure drcadlul locks and thiik
woods bitwei n them, rile one above another, and aie
alorned by rows of trees t'lat wear a perpau.il ver,liire,
iiiteriiiixtd with hamllome lioulcs covered with lliining
(late. The luil, which is light and fandy, is not only
piopcr lor the cultivatitui ot tobacco, but for that ol Ui-
gir, cotton, giiiL;er, an<l tiuitof all forts. It is well I'up-
plied with Iprings, and at the foot of the mountains on
the loiith-wcll part ol tlie illaiid has Ionic hot ones pro-
per l(M baths : yet in fome pl.ices the vv.iter is fcarcc.
The valleys and tides ol the hills ate very fertile ; but the
nio'iiitains ate kfs (o ; yet for the mult part are over-
grown with palmeto, cotton-tiecs, li.'.num-vitif and other
trees. There aie notices in the illand like ouis, except
I'uch as originally come from hence. The foil abounds
with maize, pine apples, prickly pears, with two Ibrts of
pepper; one tliai grows in a little red luifk about lour
itii-hes in leiigtn, and the other in linail pods. Here are
alio niallic and loeiill trees, bana, mulk-mclons, water-
melons, the papa, the m.inchanceltree, and many others.
It piincip illy ab.iundswith lugarranrs, an.l is t'uppofcd
to produce about tenthoulatui lioglheads of lugar one year
with anotlier, with .i coiili,lerable ()uantitvot rum. The
illand alfo .illurds a great deal ol fait, which is produced
in a fait lalcc, fuppufed to contain about eighty acres,
where the fun exhaling the water during the hot wea-
ther, leaves a crull of fait at the bottom that exactly re-
fembles rock- cry ll.d.
The animal.s are generally the fame as thofc In the
other Caribbee iflaiids ; but the molt remarkable of its
hearts is the roiket, a kind of lizard, whole Ikin refembUs
a withered leat, with yellow or blue I'pots. It has fpark-
ling eyes, always holds up its head, and is in perpetual
motion. Its tall turns up towards its back in a circle and
a half, and when purfued it puts uuc its tongue.
The mod ncied of the birJa, bcfiJrt thtile rmnmon tu
the Caribluis, arc the 0111101.1 eagle and the ii.iw fovl.
The Icatluri ol the loimer arc 4 li({hl grey, tuiioi,|1y ili-
veilihtd With blaek Ipots, anil ihcinds ot the wii.;s nul
tail aiv ycll.iw. It attack > only luih biuN as have iionkul
l>eak> and Iharp ulon> like iiMl, and always leixit them
ll)iiilf,
Thr craw-f(.*l, which ii as h\^- iis a lar/e dui k, !•
a(ll-ci/loiiied, h.is a gie.it Iliad, fill ill eyes, and a (h irt
neck, under wliii h is airaw that will liulil two gall, iiii
ot water, It lives upon lilh.wbnh it watches from ireci*
"11 the (hole, and |,)nietillles duo 111 tor lllein aimve a fa-
thom under water. It it fo iiileiil uil its picy (hat It II
calily (hot I but is not lit lor loud.
1 heir nther buds .iie a lew fwaiH, a fmallliimlof
(ireei.li luvU, niountaiii-tliiufhis, no.l,li, ,, fpooii lulli,
pelicans, hoobus, and cimmuii pig mi., I>eli,l.s iwo or
three wild (uri», gtound-dovn, nuiliiiiiim b.id., amj
lunie batti,
Tho' no bees arc blvrd, either here or in the ill, nul of
Ncvis, )ct theie IS a great deal ol Imni y piiilu' id Iv. thu
wild- bets ; but It will nut make mead, on account ol tho
wainith id the climate.
Till' inhabitants aie computed to amount to about right
thouf.md whites and ei|;htii n thouf.ind ne.'iocs. When
it Was inh.ilited hy the I'rin.ii, they dwelt neater to-
;;elh rtlian the Knglilli, wholiie feattcred up .iml d.iwii
thecoiiutiy lor the convuinni'e of planting i but have as
finehoules as any in Aineiica, they being ol icd.ir, adorn-
ed with walks and iiovej ol oiangiai.d lemoiitreei.
riie lurtihcali ■IIS ot the ill.iinl « o ,i |,iit ere.ted on
Uriiiilloiie-hill, (aid to he impregnalile, and plant, d with
lorty-nine pieces ol cannon. C'haiUs foit, which is fur-
iiinied witli lurty pie, es of oidiiance, and a (iithcient
qjantlty of Itorcs j a ; I.'indondcrry.lort, on the talt-
liile ol Ifjlle-Teric. There arc alio lix batteiies lailej
11 io many landing-places, mounted with forty-three can-
iiiui in all.
'I'he iflin,! is divided Into the piiiflics of St. |iihn,
l-'hrilt-chiiii h, and bt. Mary on the north j St. Anne,
St. I homas, and riiiiity, on the fmith lides i and lit
each is a handlome church, wainfcottcl and turnifluj
with pews, wliiLli, as well as the pulpit, are of i bony,
ccil.ir, red wood, bra/.il, and other precious forts of
wood, ot abeautilul colour, and Iragraiu (cent.
Halle-'l'erre, the capital oi the illand, is a line towa
built hy the I'rench, under the canm n ol their imt. The
houfes are ol good bruk, Iree lloiie, and timlHr; and
among other buiMing-, are a tuwn-houle, an holiiiial,
.iiid a largo church. I'hey erciiled their cllle on the call
lide of a high mountain, lliaded with lofty ever-green
trees, about a mile and a ball from the lea. This e.iltle is
built of brick and frcc-lloiic, has very noble halls and
apartments, w.iiiifcotted with cedar, and a tine profpec'l
ot delightful plantations of the fu^;ar-canc aiul "liver
with a long valk of lemons and orange-trees,
leading to a laigc coiiit beloro it. This" caltic,
which was defemled by live I'conccs, mounted with can-
non, has a chapel on one tide, and on the other great
Hone cillerns, into which water is biought by pipes un-
der ground. Uetwccn the place and the mountains, ig
a large and beautiful garden, that produces the molt ilc-
lightlul Hiiwcrs and plants of Kuiope mid America, and
is adorned with a tountain.
The illand has a militia confifling of one regiment of
foot, a troop ot horfe, and.ino:berotdragoons, amounting
in the whole lo about one thuufand three hundred and
forty men.
SECT. XII.
Of till ScttLmint 'iid Revt:luth>ii thui havi hi'J'peueJ in the
IJland (./ St. C/irijUp/itr
ST. Chrirtophcr't was difcovcrcd by Chriftopbcr Co-
lumbus in his tirit voyage to America, who ..avc it
this name from the figure of its mountains, there being in
the upper part of this illand a very high mountain, bear-
ing on its lunimit another of a Imaller fize, as St. Chrif-
typhcr
"fflrUff
I'
»
^4
i i ^!:
V I
1 »
■ ;
■ vl
■1,:,
, :',.■.
1
^^^ii'i
iii, ■■''
. ;
mi
i::.
695
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
tophcr i': p,ilii(!f! like a eiJiU carryin;^ our Saviour on
his baik. Sir I'liciiiias Warner, jiil^ii^liih ailvciniircr,
and M. Od'nanitiuc, a l''iL-iicti gciuKin.iii, wl.o loiu-
niaiidid fur (lie frciicli in Arri-Tica, arrived at St. Cliril-
tiiphcr's im the Cann.- day, and both took poUdTion ot tlic
illand in tin- names of tacir reipcdivc nialUrs. This hap-
p.cntd about the year 1625. h was then inhabited by the
Caribbees, and the Spaniards tiled to put in there in their
\Vcl(. India voyages, to tike in trelh wat.T, they being on
f lU'h giod terms with theC^arihbecs, that they lomctiines left
their liek on (l)(;re, ol whom tiic natives tmik great care..
The abiive i^cntleineii leaving Ionic ot their menonthc
idanJ, returned to their iifpective countries lor recruits,
when their mailers appioviiig of their conduct, I'eiitUnni
biick in 1626 with fuppiies of men and proviliuiis, and
with comniiirions 10 the governors of the new I'ettle-
nienls. .M. IJeiiumbuc arrived there about thenioiuli of
January, 162;, with about three hurulied people, alter a
long and fickly vovage. Sir Tiioiiia.s had as many men,
and had proceeded a good wavin his f.ttlemeit betorc the
arrival ol the Krencii. The two governors, ,'hercforc,
to prevent aiiv diiputes about the bufincfs i.( their re-
fiiectivt territories, let boundaries to their fjveral divi-
fions, with this paitiv ular regulation, that hunting and
fifhi.ng (ho'ild be equally free to the iiiiiabitants of both
nations; lh.it the falt-poiids and moll valuable timber
fliould be in common, ti>gether wiih the mines and ha-
vens i they even concluded an olVenrive and defenlivc
league agamll ail their enemies, after which ti..'y pro-
ceeded with great harmony.
The Englilh, hovvcver, receiving fupplies of men and
provilions from London, throve better than the French ;
and not only became Ifrong enough to ki ej) what they i
had, but to Ipare men lor fettling plantations at Nevis,
of which Sir Pliomas Warner took polleDion, and left
a fettlem^iit ihere in 1O28.
JNEVI5.
Antigua, and at the fame time had pond houfes it s
CliMllopher's, with wives and famil.e-;, j but lew m th"
l-iench mariied, or took much pains about luin.li,,, ,
themlelves v\aih many of the accommodaiirms „| 1 ,'"
M. Uefnambue died about the year I'lj;, and an \m^"
riean rompanv, which he had cauled "to be fa ,i„ ''"
h..nee, continued only till the yc.ir l()6l, wlan 'tiJi'I
ihar.'o! thic 1.1.1 th,. ,.,1, ., Ill ... I - /■ 1 I _ , "-T
of
.uiee, continuea only till the yc.ir l()6l, w)itn the
-ire o! this and the other illands w.is fold to thf kii, h!'^
.Malta, of whom in 1 O4, they were boutht [,,.',i*
\Veft India com
)■ the
paiiy. Sir i hoinas Warner did i,„t|„,,,
liirvivcthc 1-ieiich governc-r ; but, before his death, tlw
colo
ny was gtcaily cnenaled
.About ih
between th
time of the Kcvolutii
ion, animnfities arcf-
two nations, and were carried to a -i J
height. The I'lench, even befoic war vi'as di.cl:iifd "
ther in Kngland or i''iaiicc, entered the tii-1 jh
and deltioyiiig all before them with tire and
forced the inh.ibitants to flv to their fort?
pa.e,
(\*o,J,
- '"r f.ifeiv
vvnich, however, for want ot timelv fuecoiirs, tlu^ '
obliged to lurrender, together with their p.u;
illind. on the 20th of July ,b^tic,, and could obtain
better trrms than being removed to Nevis.
'I"he French, howiver, had not been above cig'it months
fo!e iiulters of the idand, when a moll dreadiul cai
quake dellroyed their p<j|llirions ; the earth in m,.
of the
no
opened nine
..ny
iitii-
leet, dellroyed their fuL'ar-miUs andVoui'^
ovcrtiiriKd their J.fuits college, and all the oili'.r Ihiiif '
biiildings. 'I'he next year the KiigMli, under tolonL-I
Codrington and Sir I'imothy ■rhornhill, reeoverec
ill.ind, and leinaiiicd fole iiiafters of it, after h.ivin
moved one thoufan.l eight hundred French nun "
their families, to Hiipainola ; and tho' the l-rcrii..'. wire
lelKired to their part of t:ie Hand by the treat- of \{^.('.
wick, yet in 1702, upon .e breaking out of f)ic.i,
Anne's war, Codiiiigton again attackeil" the FrenciTkt-
tleinents, .ind drove every man out of (1
i l..ie
; re-
W!;.i
nian out of the illand ; aiij
J"he Spaniards being in the mean time alarmed at the the country being yielded to ihe crown of Ure. i-i)rit.in
progrels ol the J-^nglKh and the French, in the Caribbee- I by ihe peace of Utrecht, all the French terriior.-
illands, thiHight the fafety of their own plantations \ fold for the benefit of the public, which mud
required their preventing thole nations fettling in their ] duced a very lariic I'um, lince eighty thouland pnundVof '^'
neighbourhood, and therefore, the next year, lent F're- the money was in bank till the year 1 733, when it was
dene dc I'oledu with twenty-four (hips and fifteen Iri- | appropriateil by parliament (or the mainai'e portion uf
was
nave pro-
SMiJ.t
j,itL,, to difpoll'tls the Fnglirti and French of St. Chrif-
topher's. IJcn Frederic fei/.td lomc Fnglilh (hips near
the ill:' of Nevis, and then anchored under the cannon
of a tort called IJafie-'Frrrc, commanded by M. Roll'ey.
Neither the French nor LngIKh forts were then in a con-
ilitKui to oppofe fuch an enemy. Rt ll'ey, after a fmall
oppoht on, aliandoned iialll- Feirc, and retired to Cabes-
'I'erre, aiiolher Tort lominanded by M. Del'iiaiiibu': in
pcrlon ; but neither could prevail en their men to de-
tend themlelves there, nor to rrtire to the inouiiMins,
where they might have been able to oppofe a great a; n|v j
and ru'thiiig could latisfe them hut emb::rkiiig i:iid leav-
ing the place, and wiih this Mr. Dtfnambuc was obliged
10 comply. In the mean tim.' the l''ngliih, being in
great conlternation at hearing the news of Defnambuc's
letiriiig with his colony, feme cnd.-av'oured to cicapc by
lea, others fl. d to the mountains, and all who were left,
tent deputi'i-s to treat with the Spaniards. IJjn F"rc(leric,
who had them now in nis power, roniiiianded all on
the iil-ind iiillantiy to depait, on pain of iieing put to the
I'word i and to lullen their going, lent them the F^ng-
!i(h (liips l.c had tik'Jii at Nevisj but thefelhips not hav-
ing roiin for all the people, with their families, he con-
feiited that thofe who could not embirk, fhould Hay till
they could be removed. Don iiederic now weighed an-
cho.-, t, iking with him tlx hundred of the Englifli who
were Httelt lor his fetvice. Jiut he was no fooiicr gone
than trie Englilh who were left, rclolved to go on with the
lettleme;u ; when the French, who had gone no farther
than to Antigua and. Montlerrat, finding a Ihiptor iiitelli-
gciice to St. Chtiltophcr's, and being Inlorincd that the
Spaiiiaids were gone, and the Englilh bufy in rebuild-
ing and planting, rejoiced at this n..j,py and unexpeited
turn, and tailing ba . to St. Chrillopner's, relumed the
jjolUlTioii of then former habitations.
'File Englifli now coiitiiuieJ carrying on their colony,
and enere.'fed lo fait, that in i6j2, ihiy fpured more
men lor new Icitlcuicats uc Liaibuda, iMomler.'at, and
the princel's Anne to the prince of Oraive.
SECT. XIII.
0/ the Ijh of Nevis.
//( Siluatioi, Exioil, Cumiilt, S:i/, an't Plants; ivlih a
D/lai;>lioii of the Diddl: hi Tie-. Of the Cat)!/, a-.d-xiU
Ammah, is tlejc-ibe.-l the Land- f ike, the Ss.'dur SiuJ
the Fly Cuteher, the Lar.d- Ciub, and ethers. '
THE illand of Nevis is three or four miles fouth-
calf of the fouth-e.dl point of St. Chrilhiphcr's
whence they are full in fightof each other ; and from hen e
may be d^ltmctly perceived, in a clear d..v, the illands
ot hultachia, Saba, St. H„nh(>lomcw, Antigua, C;i:.iJa-
loupe, .Montlerrat, and Rcdondo. It is only lix lejuues
in circiiniierence, and has atii.?h mouniaiii in ti.e mi'cl^lle
ot It, (aid to be ex.ictly a mile and a half perpendicul.i
and is covered with plantations .ind trees.
'I'lie cimi.cte is ('aid by (ome to be even bolter than that
of IJarbadoes, though the latter is much nearer tu the
line. Fevers are very rite here, efpeeiall) in Oetob.r,
when the trade winds veer troni the call to the noitli.
The land is very lertile; EnglKh beans blollom in the
mountain plantations, but never pod ; vet famphirc, cu-
cumbers, common lettuces, kidney-beans, cellery, aii.l
nalluitiums, v<v:c. are excellent. Among the tr^is is o.e
called the diddledoo, reft nil. ling a codling ine; bui wi:h
narrow thin leaves. It bears^a lovcl/ blollom of ii'.e
(iiielt yellow and fearlet colours, and is elleenieil a iove-
rtigii lemcdy agaiiiihhe green- licknefs.
Ihough tiic vallies aie fiuitful, tlie riling ground is
llony, and the plantations grow woi(e in proporti, . as
ihey rife towards the lummit of the mouniain. The
produce o( this is much the Came as in the other Caribbee
Illands: thiy have oranges, limes, and lemons ! bu.
luijar, whidi is the ll.ipic conimodily, aniwers all tho
puipoles
,
I'-'!
Nevis.
A M E U I C A.
Ncvis.
mc hail poni! hoiifcs ;if Sr
ii) I'aiiiil.c^ i Init li'vv oi tlic
ucli lUMis aliout lui:i,l|iij|,,
iL- acccimmo.laiions di ||(°
lie year :6j7, aiul an Anie-
aJ c-aulcil to bu la uji ,,,
the year 1O61, wIkii 'their
laiiJ;. was Cold to th/ kjiijhts
, they were hoiit;ht riy iliu
hdinab Warner <lid iii,t ]„„ ,
i but, before his death, tlu
(evolution, aiiimnfities ar.-f^
iiid were carried to a ;.|.at
bcfotc war wai declared ti-
', entered the Ln-l lh pale,
hem with tire and lnoj'
ly to their torts lor l.iictv
t timely liiecoiirs, thiy wiio
her with ihcir p.u; of' tlm
lOJiQ, and could obtain no
ovcd to Nevis.
I not b.'eii above eip'it moiitln
vhen a molt dieaUiul eaitii.
)ns ; the earth in m.jny [ili. fu
[heir fuL'ar-millb and liou! •>
lege, and all the o:hLr ll.inf '
the Kii:;l;lh, nnJer toioiu-]
ly 'rhornhill, reeovered t,ie
laliers of it, alter havin.. re-
luindreJ French men, wiin
; and tho' the lTcni.r. wtrj
Hand by the treaty of \{y(.
.J breaking out of C) ,cjii
tin attacked the Ficncn kt-
iian out of the illand ; and
(he crown of (jre.t-iJrit.an
I the Krench terri;oi,' was
ublie, which mult nave pro- ;■
:e eighty thouland pounds of j';)«j.l
the year 1733, when ;f was
tor tlic mairia^e puniua u(
ce of Orange.
XIII.
Nevis.
Sill, and Plants ; uhh a
''te:. Of the C.\itt,'e,u\.i :liU
.aiiil-Fih\ the SoUiir SraJ,
i\ib, iiriU ethers.
three or four miles fouth-
pomt of St. L'hrill(ipher's,
I each other ; and from htn e
in a clear d,.y. the I'.laiids
olomcw, Aiit:gua, C;i;ada-
ndo. It is only lix leagues
rh mouniain 111 the nnil;;lc
and a liaif perpendicula ,
s .iiul trees.
to be even hotter than that
tier is much iiearei to tlie
re, efpecially in Ojtiih^r,
m the e.ilf to the north.
'lull I'can, blullom in the
::i pod ; vet laniphirc, cu-
iviney-beans, celleiy, and
. Amonjr the tr.is is o.e
If' a codhiij;; Ireej hu; wi:li
s a lovely blolibm of llie
rs, and is eltcemed a lo\e-
■liclcnefs.
ittui, tilt; rifin;.; ground is
)W wuile in pi()porti( ,• as
ot the mountain. The
ie as in the<iitier Caribbec
limes, and lenuuis ; bin
mmodity, aiilwers all ili.;
I'uij'.-jles
■i.
69J
purpofcs of money, •iiul .ill ilie trade of the iflaiid is ma-
naged by It. I n ir Ini^ar is lor the moll part niufcovado;
tobacco, c ii.on, .in I jMiru'r, were forin'.rly much culti-
vated ; hut .11 ilK'fe W,w: been negleot'.HJ to make way
for the fug.ir-t.me, whien produces lueh plenty of I'ugar,
th.it tilty or li.\ty fhips Iwu'e been laden wi:h it, in this
(mall idand. .. itiuil a year for Kiirope.
As no h.i^ IS made here, their (addle-horfes are fed
with grafs wee.i.d out from among the fugar-cancs, as
aifo with tlie rreeii bla.les of Indian corn, (.iuineacorn,
und New I'.iigi.iiid oats ; but their null-hortes, alles,
and mules, arc generally fed iap.ltures, except during
the I'ugar haivil, when they live on the fugar-cane tup.,
and the fknn.nings of the fu^Mr coppers. I'he (licep ol
this illam: have: neither horiii nor wool ; but are liauy
and Imooin fkinned, and have ^nierally fniall red or
black fpots like thole of a tine Ipaniel. I liey breed twice
a year, il not otieiur, .iiid have jenernliy two, thiee, or
tour lambs at ati:ne,and even fuekle them all. The laiii;:
are of .1 pale red, witn a thick row ol long, Itraight, led
hair lianging do>vn from liie lower jaw to the breal*, as
tar as the ioie-L;',s. 'i'heir twine, which teed upon In-
dian corn, Spanilli potatoes, and the Juice ol the lugar-
canc, arc exceeding l\vect, while, iiid tat. They have
rabbits, and Ionic black cattle ; but their fait beef, lianis,
pickled falmon, ilurgeon, and oylters, arc brought to
them from Europe and the northern colonies. 'I'lie lowls
and the turkeys, which are ted with the lame diet as the
i'vvinc, are excellent food. Sonic of thefe, togjtiicr w.th
the jjeefeaiid ducks, are brought from the noriherii colo-
nies, but they li.ive plenty ot Mulcovy ducks <jf their
own breeding. The ground-doves arc here about the
flic of a larkjofachocolate colour Ipotted with dark blue:
their heads rcfemble thole of a robiii-red-bicalt, and their
tycs and legs are of a fine red.
Here are levcral forts of li/ar.ls, fomc of which are fo
large as to be five feet from the head to the tail, which is
of the fame length.
The land-pike is fo called from its refembliiig thefifli
of that name j but iiiltead of hns it has four feet, which
are fo weak that it crawls lluwly dong, and winds its
body like a pike frefli taken out of li.e water. It is about
fixtcen incties in length; its ikin is of a lilvergrcy,
covered with little Ihining leaks. In the night they make
a nolle under the rocks more nideous than the croaking
of frogs and toads. They are leldom fcen but in the
evening, and have been frequently told upon pretence of
their being falamandcrs.
due of the molt extraordinary animals is a kind of
liiail called the foldier, becaule having no fhell of its
own, it creeps into the fticlls that are drove to the iliore,
in which it accommodates itfclf like a foldier, who take
lip his quarters ill other people's houfes. As it grows big-
ger it gets into larger (hells which it finds empty, and
appears of fcvcral fuims and figures, according to the diver-
fity of the fliolls of which it takes polleflion. For its de-
fence it has fomclhing refembliiig the claw of a large
crab-fifli, with which it doles the cntiance ot thefliell,
and thus fecures its wlu'e bo.lv, all of which, except the
bead and claw, is very tend r. This claw is jagged
v^■ithin, ami takes fuch firm hold of whatever it taltens
on, that it t.tkes aw.iy the piece. 'Fhis creature marches
latter than the common fnail, and does not mark its track
with any llimc- When put near the fire it forf.ikes us
quarters ; and if its ftiell be prefented to it to enter it 1-
g.iin, it goes in b.u-kward. M. Rochefort lays, that
when 'here are many (d' thefe met together in order to
change their qu.irters, if they liiid a Ihcll whicli feveral
would be glad of, they contend lor it wiih great eager-
iK'fs, and an obltinatc engagement cnl'ucs, in which iliey
grapple with one another, till the weaker being lorced
to fubmit, the victor takes pollcnion of the thell 111 Jif-
pute, and peaceably enjoys it in right of coiKpietf.
Here is a pretty litlle Hying infect, with lour legs, and
of various beautiful colours, called a tlycatclier ; lor it
comesintoro;)m.s,and prcfently cleais iiot all the Hies and
other vermin. It alio lies down on planks, waiting for
llic tlies, and puts its head into dirt'erent pollures on its
leemg them fhift their plac'es. It Irequently Hands with
lis mouth half open, and when it Ices an .idvanlage leaps
dircdly on its prey, which it felJuni niilles ; and ii to
131
lame, th.:t it will come on the table when peopL- arc
eating, and catch the Hies that crawl on their hands or
cloatiis.
1 here arc here Lind-crabs much fmaller than our fea-
crabs ; thefe make little burrow^ like rabbits in the woods
high up the mount lins ; but come down every year to
the le.i to wafli and flied their (hell-, and then areeafily
caught at Might by torch-light. Their claws are long
and (lender, which cnables'them to travel pretty Uik,
I he only venomous creatures here aie centipedes and
(corpions.
Here are different fort! of fliell-fini, and in the ponds
near the lea are crabs of a beautiful fky blue, with a
brownilh yellow (li.-idc all round the edges. They aie
much lei, tli.m our European ones, but finer Iliaped both
111 the body and claws ; yet the line colours of their (hells
vanifh wiih the lite ol the creaiuie.
SECT. XIV.
Of the lnh.:hlt,!>tts of Nrj'ss; its priml^atTc^Dii ; the Xejrces,
and li<: Luils made a^ait:jl them. The Grjernmtnt of
the Ijhind, the I'a.'iie if Ahmy, and the Revenue of the
Clergy.
THOSE of the inhabitants that arc defceiided from
the Europeans arc computed at about three thou-
land, and the negroes at three times that number, of
whom at h\ill four thoufand .ire employed in the lugar
irade. The militia is computed at about three huiidreJ
men, but theie is only one fort in the iflami, which is
mounted with nineteen guns.
I'hough much (liipping comes to the ifla.id it has not
onegool harbour, norany tolerible anchoring except on
the Ibuth-welf fide, where are feveral rncLs and llioals,
between which (hips tide in fafety ; but in cafe of an
hurricane they put out to fe.i, and if polTiblc run into
Antcgo.
The only town in the itland is Charles Town, which
has large houfes and fliops well ttorcd, and is defended
by a fort. The market is kept here every Sunday, from
the rifing of tho fun to nine o'clock in the morning. Mr.
Sniith lays, the gentlemen both of this illand and St.
Chrillopher's purchafe iroii-wood and lignum-vit.x- from
the illands of Santa Cruz, St. Hariholomew's, Defeada,
&c. to I'erve as polls to the fiigar- houfes, mills, 5ic.
T he negroes arc here gcnerallv ted with fait herrings,
maize, and Spanidi potatoes. Some of them are fond
of eating gr.ifshoppers, as others are of cane-rats, which
they wiap up in banana leaves, and bake in wood em-
bers. During fugir harvetl they work almoin incell'mitly
night and d,iy, and on Sund.ays bring to the market In-
dian corn, yams, and gardenihitl'of all forts. 'I'he laws
are here no lefs fcvcrc with reljiect to the negroes than
in other parts of the Weft Indies, they being fcarcccon-
fidercd as men. Hence a negro cannot be evidence a-
gaiiifi a wliite man. If he (trikes one, the law condemns
hini to lofe the hand he firikes with ; and if he flviuld
happen to draw blood, he mull die. If a white man hap-
pens to kill a black he is not tried for his life, but the
law obliges him to pay thirty pounds Nevis money to
his mi.ltcr for the lot's of his fl.'.vc.
'I'hcrc are here three public annual fafts, namely, in
the firft weeks of July, Augufl, and September, to beg
that Cjod Would prclerve them from the hurricanes that
too often come in thofe months ; and if they cfcape, they
have a public thankfgiviiig in October.
'I he government of Nevis i.s bv a governor, council,
and alleiiibly, who can make any law that wi'l lalt twelve
months ; but not longer, unlei's it be confir.iicd by the
king.
This itland, with St. Chritlophcr'r, Antigua, and
Montleirat, are under one governor, who has the title of
captain-genera! and governor in cl.ief of .ill the Caribbco
Illand., Irom Guadaloupe to Pi.rto Rico. His port is
vvorih about thicc thoufand five bundled pounds a year.
Under him each itland has if p.irticular deputy-gover-
nor, who h.is a I'.ilaiy of two bundled pounds a year, and
a leparate independent Irgitluiiic, conllHinif of a council
and an all'embly ol the reprelent itives.
8 N The
fP'^lt^
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f
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2.
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W\:.i.
694
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
An
TICUA.
II?
Eli: J ' k
Tli; faUrios of the clergy amount to fixtccn llioiif.iiid
poumlLi wcij^ht of nuifcovado I'ugar cjch ; the fees lor a
i'uiicr.\l ffrmoii are thic- pound, or f;ve huiiJrcii pouiuls
wci^lu ot I'ugar ; anJ for cvi-ry chrilleniiig, marriage, ami
burial twelve iliilliiigs and fix-pencc.
This is the ohiervlition of the Rev. Mr. Smith, rcflor
of St. John's paiiflt in tliis ifland ; but he obfervei, that
;in Englilh (hilling goes here for one (liillin;; and fix-
pence; and that the French, Spanifh, and I'ortuguel'e
coin bear near the fame proportion. He adds, that the
king gives twenty pounds out of the K.xihcqucr to every
clergyman lent hither by the hifhop of London to vacant
parifhes, to defray the charges of the voyage.
SECT. XV.
A Hi/liiy of the JjUnd of Kcvh.
THK fitfl: colony was fettled here in 162S by Sir
Thomas Warner, v.'ho alfo planted St. Chrilfo-
phcr'?. At firft there hardly paflcd a year in which the
Caribbcans did not make cut or two iiicuifions generally
by night ; fothat the colony was feveral times obliged to
quit the idand; but, notwithilanding this, it throve at
length to fucli a degree, that in twenty years they ton-
fifted of between three and four thoufand men, who lived
by the trade they carried on in fugar ; and about the year
1688 it was fo improved, that it was fuppofed to contain
ten tho'jfand white;, of whom near two thoufand were
fit to bear arms, hcfidcs twenty thoufand negroes ; but
the next year half of the men were cut off by a dreadful
mortality, and on the fixth of April, 1690, was a violent
earthquake, which inftantly levelled wilh the ground
all the houlcs in Charles Town built either with biick or
ilone: in feveral places the earth clove about a loot a-
fiinder, and hotftinking water fpouted out of it to a great
height. The lea left iis ufual bounds feveral times tor a-
bove one-third of a mile. The earth was in many places
thrown up in great quantities, and thoiilands of large trees
buried. Some fpacious cillerns, of which almolf every
houfe had one for faving rain-water, threw it out by the
violence of the earthquake eight or ten feet high ; and fo
ftrong was the agitation of the fca at the fame time, that
floops felt it between St. Lucia and Martinico : others
pafTing by the ifland of Redondo, fifteen miles north-we(f
of Montferrat, found the earthquake fo violent there,
that great part of it tumbled into the fea, with a noife
as loud as that ol the difcharge of cannon, accompanied
with a great cloud of duR afcending into the air.
In ijcG the French under M. D'Ibberville made a
(lefcent both on this ifland and St. Chrilfophcr's, and
having prevailed on the negroes to lay down their arms
by giving them hopes of being fet at liberty, they march-
ed to attack the Englifli, who being overpowered by
numbers fled to the mountains, where thcv capitulated,
and confented to remain in the ifland as pril'oncrs of war,
till a like number cf I'rcnch pr'.foners were rchafed by
way of e.-icli.uige elfcwhcre. In the mean time they
vcre to be ufed civilly, and their houfes and fugar-works
prcferved ; but the French, with the ufual regard to the
f.iith of their agreements, treated them very ill, burnt their
houies and fuiar-works, and forced feveral of them to
fign an agreement, promifingin fix month) time to fend
a ceruiii number of negroes to Martinico, or money in-
Itead of them. Afier this they left the ifland, tempting
three or four thoufand ncgoes to go oft" with them, on
th'' promile of an eafy life in the French iflands ; but
■•cltiallv c.irricd them to the Spanifli Weft Indies, where
they lold them to work in the mines. (Jne of thcfe
ne.;rocs happenin;: to cfcape when they got aOiorc, found
ineans to iiilorm his.countiymcn, who were left behind
at Nevis, how bafely the I rcnch had ulcd them ; upon
which they took arms, fell on the French who were left
in the illand to fee the capitulation performed, and cut
tlu-m to pieces.
The ajcntj at London, both for this ifland and St.
C'hrilfopher'.s, now applTed to the lords of trade to have
a tonfideriition fir thiir lolles, which they reprelented
as amnuntiiic to fev.r.il hundred thnufuul p'lunds ; and
in ordci to tiiis the coram iffioncs fent ojieol their clerks
to the Leeward Ifland.s, to take an cxafl nccount of what
damage had been fullaincd by this invafion, Uoth co-
lonies alio fending an .iddrefs on this fubjee^ to queen
Anne, it was re.'erred to the houfe of common;, wlu,
gr.uited the fulferers a hundred and three thoufand twt)
hundred and three pounds to enable them to fettle there
again. In the mean ti'ne the people of the iflanJ inc.
with an enemy even more terrible and detirue^ivc ; tor in
the year 1707 they were reduced to the greateft diftrcfu
by a hurricane, which threw down their houfes, tore
up the trees and plants by their roots, andalmoft entire-
ly dcltroycd their fugar-works.
This colony has not yet recovered from thefe calami-
tits ; and it will perhaps be many years before it will be
fo populous and flourilhing as it was fixty years after it;
liilt cllabliflmient.
SECT. XVL
Of Antigua, or .Am trgo.
hi Siiiiation, ExUnt, Hiirboun, Ciiriute, Soil, Preduci
PanJIiii, 'Tozuiis, ami Uijhry.
THE ifland of Anti;/ua is feated in the fevcntccr.th rvjc,
degree thiity minutes noith latitude, and in about r /:;, ■■
the fixty-tird degree (orty minutes welt longitude, tj the
ea(t ol Nevis and St. Chriftopher's, and is lomcwhatof .\
circular form, about fix leagues from call to v.eit, tT:
(aine dillance from north to fouth, and about fixty mile;
in circumference. It Is rr.oie famous for g.jod h;irbours
than all the other Englifli iflands in thcfe Vtas ; )ct is jo
encompafled with rocks, that it is in many parts cf dan-
gerous accel's, cfpccially to fuch mailers ot ihip> as ai^;
not well acquainted with the paflages between thefe rocks.
The principil harbours are VVilloughby-bay, near two
leagues to the fouth-eaft of Green Illand ; Nonfuch har-
bour, alpacious bay at the caft end of the iflanJ ; Five
Ifland harbour, on the weft fide of the ifland, fo called
Irom five little iflands thatlie tothc weitof it; St. John's
harbour, due north from the former, and about twj
miles Irom it by land, is a kind of double li.ubuur, which
IS leaily the belt in the ifland, yet a fandy bar runs acrols
the mouth ot it, the decpelt part of which is at the (oatli-
welt end. This harbour is defended not only by a fort
at the mouth of St. John's river, mounted witii fourteen
guns, but by (even other batteries raifed for the defence
ot fo many landing-places. Falmouth haibour is de-
fended by Fort Charles and Monkfliill fort. Here are
alfo Englifli harbour and Carlifle harbour.
The climate is here hotter than that of Barbadoe:, and
very fubjec^t to hurricanes. The foil is fandy, and mu.h
of It overgrown with wood : the ifland has iilto but tew
Iprings, and not fo much as a fingic brook, fo that its
chief depcndance for frefli water is v.'hat falls from tlic
clouds, and therefore the inhabitants are fometimes dif-
trelled for want of it : yet, notwithllanding all thefe in-
conveniences, it is a thriving and very conliderahle plan-
tation. It produces much the fame commodities as thr
other Caribbee Iflands, particularly fiiizar and tobacco.
Tlicir fugar was, however, at firft lb black and coarie.
that being reje;fted by our fugar-bakers, it was generallv
(hipped olt'for Holland and Hambur.^h, where it tctchul
only fixtecn (hillings per hundred, at a time whc;i other
nuileovado lugar fetched eighteen or nineteen (iuilings ;
but the planters have fince lo far improved their art, tlia:
as good mufcovado (u^ar is made here as in any of tt",.-
fug.ir iflands, and they have alfo learned the art of clay-
ing it.
Ihis ifland contains about fcvcnty thoufand acres, p.nJ
produces, one year with another, lixleen thoufand hi..;-
(heads of fugar. They plant but little tobacco ; but wh..C
they do plant is better than what it was formerly.
i he ill Hid has more vcnifon than any other of th:
Caribbee Illands, and has a cnnliderable number of black
cattle and fowl, with molt of the animah common to tho
other iflmds.
The ifland is divided into five parifiies, and his tlie
f illowing fmall towns ; namely, on the noith-wcft p.ir;
lb St. John's town, the capital, wtiii.li is cnc of the nicil
regular towns in the Welt IiiuIcj, and has the mott com-
ir.oJiuui
Antigua.
il account of what
valion. lloth co-
i luhjciSl to nuccn
5f common., wli')
lirix- thiiulanil two
hem to iVttle tlKio
; of the illanJ nun
I deluiickive; for in
the ureault iliftrcfi
their hollies, toro
, anjalmoll tntiro-
1 from thefe calami-
:nrs before it will be
i fixty vcira after it;
'I.
M I i;go.
'UnuU, Soil, Piccliui,
Uijhry.
cd in the fcvcntcenll\ /•• ■.'-
latitude, and in abuur t;:;, '
well longitude, to the
, and ib iomcwhatot a
from eaft to v.i-rt, th?;
, and about fixty mile;
I'ous for '^ood h.irbours
in thele'ltasi >et isi..
in many parts ci dan-
mallcrs ol lhip> as ai^
.esbetv^centhelerocub.
lougUby-bay, near two
1 Uland; Nonluch har-
-nd of the ifl^md ; Five
of the iftand, to called
ne weft of it; St. John's
■ormcr, and about tw.>
f double h.iil'uur, which
t a fandy bar runs acri.U
,f which is at the louih-
nded not only by a tort
, mounted with fourteen
[les ralfed for the dctcncc
'.dmouth harbour u de-
untfhiU foit. H^r': ^'^■
i; harbour.
in that of Barbados;-;, and
foil is fandv, and mu:h
- illand has aUo but tew
Vuv'.c brook, fo th.a its
r fs what f-iUs from tiic
itanf. are fometime, ci\-
withftandin;j; all thefc .n-
,d very conhdcrahlc plan-
fame commodities as the
jl.ulv fuaar and tobacco.
tiift'fobhKk and coarfe,
.-bakers it was iTci'.craov
iibur. h, where it Ictchecl
ci at a time whcnotncr
en or nineteen iadUnb^ ■
.•nproved their art, that
lierc a-, in anv ot th.-
earned the art ofclay-
Antigla.
A M E R I C A.
^9t>
n\c
Ic
■vcnty thoufand acres, and
ier lixteen thoufand ho^-
t little tobacco i butwh..t
lat it was formerly.
than any other of th:
nUder.ible number of black
he atiiiiiah common to th;-
fue pailllKs, and hostile
Iv, on the noith-wclt p.irt
. wi.ia. i.<-.neofthemcu
ie„ and ha. the inoH com-
ly
{"
modioiis harbour of .iny of the Lcjward Idands ; but toii-
I'llls of only two or three hundred houfes. On the loiith
tide aie I'alinouth, I'arham, and liridge town ; and in
tlie center ot the ifland is St. Peter's. The people here
ate CdiKputed at about leven thouland whites, and thirty
ihoulaiiJ blacks.
I'liis illaiul is laid to have been firll difeovered by the
r.ii >li(h ill the time ol .Sir'l'hnmas Warner, already men-
tioned, and that lome linglilh families lettKd upon it in
ifjjOi but the tiiltf^r.iiit ot this ifland lioiii the crown
appears to have been made by kiii;» Charle., II. about the
year ibOj, to Willi.im h>rd \\'ill.uiij;hby, ol I'arhaiii, who
nianved a colony thiie about the viar it)66j he was made
•'ovcrnor of the Carilibec Klands, and lolt his lite the
laine year in a hurricane near Martinico. But it does
not appear ti-.at .-Vntei^o made any confiderable fi^iuie a-
niong the Leeward lllaiids till the year i6bo, and it Hems
that Its improvemen; liiice has been chiefly owin^; to the
tareof C0(0nel Chiiilupher CoJriiigton, the deputy-yo-
\crnor of liarbadoes, who removed hither ; and atier
ilantiiii^ a (HK)d p.iitofir, made this illand the leat ol his
j;oveinincnt, when he was captain-general otall the l.ee-
uard Illaiids. This tendeied Antego populous, rich, and
flourilhing.
In 1681 the inhabitants fullered greatly by aterrible
hurricane, and alfo by another in 1(389, when molt ot
the houks, lu:;ar-works, and wind-mills were thrown
down. I'lie Indians in the iicighbourmL; illands, in
league with the Krench, came hither in their pcriaguas,
and landed more than once in general CoJrington's
time ; but alter killing a few of tlic inhabitants, who
lived near the fea, always retired. This colony, in re-
turn lor thel'c vilits from the friends of the trench, lent
three hundred men to Marigalante, drove the French in-
habitants into the woods, burnt their town, nailed u|)
their guns, demolidied thiir fort, and brought away , le
plunder they had obtained. I'his illand had aftcrwaids
trcquent quarrels with the governors, anil at length, in
October 173b, a general ilop was put to all bulincis, oc-
calioned by thedilcovcry of a plot by which the negroes
iitendcd to murder all the white inh.ibitants. It was to
have been put in cxecuiii;n on the eleventh ot that
month, the anniverfary of his late majelfy's coronation,
when the governor ulually treats the gentlemen and ladies
of the whole illand with a ball, which happening then to
be poftponed to the thirtieth, on account ot the death ol
the governor's fon at St. Chrilfopiier's, proved the pre-
lervalion of their lives. The chief ncgioes in the plot
were three perfons named Court, Tonihoy, and Hercules,
who belonged to three dilKerent planters. The firlf ol
them was to have been kin;:, and the other two his ge-
neral?. During the intended ball gun-powder was to
have been conveyed into the cellar in order to blow up
the houfe. At the tame time Court and hi' two generals
were to head a paity of four hundred men ach, one Iroiti
the call end of St. John's Town, and the twootheis
i.oni Otter's and Morgan's paftures, all armed with cut-
lalies, to fall on all the white people, women and chil-
dren, in the town, at the fame time that the lioiile blew
up, which was to have been a general fignal to other
parts of the ifland, to be conveyed throughout the whole
bv tires lighted up on certain eminencci. The negroes
of the feveral plantations were then to rile and dellroy
all the whites in their refpeilive diltricls, and to make
thcinlclves mailers of tlie whole idand. But the three
ncLiroes above-mentioned being fufpcflel, on account ol
their former crimes, were taken up, and evidence being
daily brought againll them, were convicled on the nine-
teenth of O.'lobcr ; and on the next day Court and his
two generals were carried to the place of execution.
Court being llictched out on a wheel, after being expofed
an hour and a iiuaiter in that liiuatioii to the fun, b-'gged
leave to plead, and conlefTing every thing that had been
allcdi'cd ..^ainll him, he, with his two g>'iierals and two
others, were all biokc on the wheel. Four more ot the
principal coiilpir itors were burnt the lame day, as were
livcn on the next; fix were hung alive in chains on
gibbets and llarved to death, one of whoiii lived eight
ilays and nine nights without I'ulb-nance ; after which
their heads were cut off', fixed on p'des, and their boditvi
baint. Fifty-eight others were at fcv.-ral times chained
to lUkes and burnt alive.
R A T.
s F, c T. xvn
Gf M O N T S E It
lis Silimti')!!, Extent, an J Pioduce; with a Difcriplionof
the Mujk-Ueih, iind tin Tree i.u!Ud li\n-!'/'jiid ; with a
etmiift Hijl'.iy if thi If.tr.J..
THE ifland of Montferrat was difcovercd by Colum-
bus 111 1493, who gave it this naf.ie, trum its re-
fembling a mountain fo called near Barcelona. It lies
twenty-live miles alinoll foulli-fuuth eaft from Nevis,
forty north-wefl from GuadaUupe, t'A-enty well-lbuth-
welt Iroin Ant 1, and two hundred and forty from
iiarbadoes. It ; loinewhat of an oval foim, about nins
mile, in length, the fame in breadth, and about eightcea
miles in compals.
its inauatams arc covered with cedars, cyprefs tree,
acom.is, and the mufii-herb, which grows like brambles
without thorns, and bears yellow Mowers that after-
wards tuni to pods full of leeds that have the f'meil of
111 u Ik.
In the mountains is alio the tree termed iron-wood,
which docs not exceed thirty toe: in height, and the
trunk is, in proportion, fonuvvhat flcndcr. It is covered
with a wi-.itifli bark, but that upon the upper branches u
of a redJifii grey. The leaves, which are fmooth, and
ot a ycllo'Aiiih green, are two inches and a half long, and
above an inch b:oad. The .lowers arc many and white ,
thete rile in gioiip^s upon one common pedicle, and are
lucceeded by fiiiall berries half an inch long, whole out-
ward te 'ument, as well as the inward pulp, is of the
Itnell red, interfperfed with Imall feeds. This tree has
the name of iron-wood from its hardncfs, its great
weight, and the clofenefs of its grain. It is fo heavy,
that It will fink in water ; it is pioof againll all weathers,
and, in fcvcral ages, fcarcc fullers any decay.
The valleys ol this ifland are well watered and fruitful :
climate and foil are much the fame with thole of the other
idands, as are alio its animals and trade. Its chief jiroduce
is indigo, great quantities of which ufed to be exported to
Great Htitain. The inhabitants likewife make f'ome
fugar, which is faid not to be fo fine as that of Jamaica
and iiarbadoes.
This is, in fiiort, a well planted ifland, pretty tnuch
frequented by (tip?, though it is I'urrounded with rocks,
and has no place that can be properly called a haven ; fo
that on the appp'oach of a hurnc^ine I'uch fhips that hap-
pen to be on the coafl arc (ibligcd to put to lea, and w.th all
polTible expedition to fail to St, Chiillophcr's or .\n:igua.
No f'cttlement was made upon this illand till the year
1632, when Sir 'I'homas Vv^arner, the full governor of
St. Ci.iilfopher's, fettled a fmall colony here. It at firll
flourilhcd more than Antigua; but the latter illan.l has
fince got the Hart of it. It is computed that it has at
prefent about four thoufand whites and one thoufand
two hundred negroes. They have two parifh churches
lined with cedar, whole pulpits and pews arc alio of '.hat
and other fwcetlcented kinds of wood.
In 1668, when the French had taken Antego, they
attacked thi^ ill.iiul with a confiderable force underM. de
la Bane, and atter much lot's took it, together with fixteen
cannon, agreat numberof negroes and cattle, and took the
governor, with above three hundred Fnghfli, priloners
of war. The Fngiilh had made f'uch a gallant defence,
and killed fuoli a number of brave French ofEcers, that
the coiujuerors werefo exal'perated, that inflead of admir-
ing and clteeming them for their courage, they incanjy
let lire to every thing, except what belonged to the Irifh,
who were the fiifl that fiibmitted ; fb tdat above forty
fii'V-ir-houfes, and fcvcral ware-hoii!es filled with rich
merchandize, were delt.-oyed. M. dela Barre left five bun-
dled Infli, who took the oaths to the conqueror, and with
their tamilies made up above two thou!ai-.d fouls ; and
then carried his priloners and booty ti) M Chtill.jpher's.
"Fills ifland was however afterwards reltorcd to the
Knglifh.
Ill the late queen .Anne's war, three thoufand five hun-
dicil French, under M. Cnd'art, landed at Car's bay upon
tins illand, and loon made theml'elves mailers of it, ex-
cept Uodyn lott on an inacceflibic hill, to which the in-
% habitautj
'!"
K
m^
■7 S\
M
A SYSTEM OF G F, O G R A IMI y.
Dominica.
h I •
! S'-i'
!i r.
.. ij;|
'3 ■,:
n/ • ■' ■
f!'V
h.ibitanti f.cj wiih tlieir belle fK-fls ; but the French, filter
lijviiig I'peii: ten J.^j ni pliiiidciiiig tlic ilUiiJ at plcadirc,
tttiiriuJ 11' Guad.iloupc.
The iifi.iirs oi this injiiJ aftiiril nothing remarkable
after thi<, cxce,)-. a JrcaJlul hurriciiie which l).ippjiieil
ill I7T;i, and blew down ihrec t'liih'. of the hciules in
the ill. lid. A canle niill-houl'c, which wci^^hcd at
leafl twcn:y thuuland pounds, was carried fonie diiiance
iriiin its lituation, and broke into ten thoiif.iiid lliivers by
the force of the tall ; and a large cupper that wuuUI
hnld two hundred and forty gallons was carried over a
high wall, and tiic hdcs jammed clol'e togctlier by the
force of the fall ; but the greateil: lul's was the de-
ibuiSion of the fu^'ar canes, and the whole dainajic, ex-
clufiveof the fhippiiij;, was computed at nolefs than lifty
thoufaiid pouiidaol tiijircuiiciic).
SECT. XVIII.
0/ Dominica, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent.
T,:ar Situalim, Exunt, Sj'd, Pmaucf, and llijlmy.
DOMIXICA, which owes its name to its being dif-
C(i\cred by Columbus on a Suiidav, is the lalt ol
thofe called tlie Leewutd Caribbre illands, according to
our maps ; but the Spaniards conlider it as the moil iiui-
theilyot tlie Windw.ud idands. It is feaied in the iit-
tccnth degree tucnty minutes north latitude, and in the
iixty-liill: degiee tweiily-four minutes Will kingituJe,
about half the way between Guadaloupc and Martiino,
.■ii'.d iii'tccn leagues from each. I'his ifland extends about
thirteen leagues in length from the north-well to the
fouth-eall. and near as much over in its broadell pait.
Dominica is divided into the Cabes- Terra and UalTc-
Terra ; that is, into the high and low- land part. Tne
foil is good, and the (ides o;' the hiils bear the hneft trees
in the world , and, according to fome authors, it is one
of the bed of liic Caribbee iflands, on account of its fruit-
ful vallies, large plains, and fine rivulets, h is watered by
fcvcral rivers abounding v\'ith fifli, and produces maiidioca,
call'iva, bananas, and the (inert (igs. It has alio pota-
toes and ignamas, with a great deal of millet and
Cotton.
Here are great numbers of ringdoves, partridges, and
ortolans. The inhabitants breed hogs and poultry ; of
the former arc two forts of wild ones defcendcd (rom
fuch as were (ir(l brooght from France and Spain.
The Caribbcans letiring hither for the mo(t part on
the. r being driven out of the other iflands by the Eu-
ropeans, ate therefore mo(l niimcrous here. 1 he trench
liaving frequented the ifland more than the Fnglilh, ate
laid to be bell beloved by the natives. The French
alw.ivs oppofed the attempts of the Englifh to fettle
heie, becaufe it would enable them in time of war to cut
oil' the communication bc'wen Martinico and Ciuada-
loupe ; the Englifh, however, frequently made u(c of it
to wood and water. Hut this ifland was, however, ced-
ed to the king of (Jreat Britain, in exprels terms, by the
late treaty of peace.
'I'hc illand of St. Lucia received its name from its be-
ing dil'eovercd on the day dedicated to the virgin martyr
St Lucia. It is fituated in the thirteenth degree forty-
five minutes north latitude, and in the (ixty-(it(l degree
well longitude, lying about fix leagues fouth o( Marti-
nico, and iioith from St. \'incent, and is twenty-one
ii.iles to the north wed of liarbadoes, which, it is l.iid,
iii.iy be i\:^:n from thence in a clear d.iy. St. Lucia is
twenty-three miles in length, and twelve in breadth. It
has (evcral hills, at the loot of which are fine plealant
valleys, which coniain good land, well watered with li-
vers. In thefe valleys are tall trees that afford excellent
timber.
The air is cdccmcd falubrious, the hills being not fo
bij^h as to intercept the tiade-winds, which always fan
it to the tuft, and by thde the heat of the climate is mi-
tigated. It has alfo (ev^-ral t^ood bays and harbours,
vvliich afford gooil anchorage for (hips.
The Englifli firif fettled on this iftand in 1637, and
lived here without any diiiurbance (rom the natives or
any others, till the year lOjij, when they were diivcn
out by the Carihbccs, who were cxafpcratcd againll
them; fo-an Fngldh vellel being becalmed before iJo.
niinica, (bme of the Caribbcans ot that illand, ihinkiii •
her to be a Frcni h (hip, from her bearing a (lag of thut
nation, went aboaid wall tlieir fruit, arJ drinking' freely
of brandy, the mader hoiited his (ails, and the\;arib'.
beans (ulpedting his defign, endeavoured to recover their
canoes ; but beirg hindered, leaped over-board and f«';:m
to the illand, except two, whom the villainous ni.iUet
of the vc((el put in irons, and fold for (laves. 'Ihofe wiio
cfcaped complaining of this trea :hery 10 the natives of
.Marimico and St. Vincent, they m.ilTicrcd the Fn^luh
at liarbadoes, Antigu.i, and others of the new iet;lemnit;-
then coining to St. Liii la in the night linie, lurpii/.td iljj
Eiiglilh in their beds, killed the governor and iiiolfof the
inhabiiants, plundered their w.ire-houles, burnt then
habitations, deltrovtd their provilions, and in Ihort did
incrciiihle milehief, which obliged thofe who cfcaped to
(ly to Montlerrat. This affair (o terrified the Englilh,
that tiiey gave over ail thuui^hts of fettling again m the
illand.
In 1644 M. dc Parquet, governor of Martinico, fent
about forty mcri from Granacia, under M. de Ruu(iLlaii,
who took polleflion of the ifl.md, erected a forr, which
tiiey tonilied with cannon and pateraroes, cncompalLd
it with a palifado and good ditches, and railed a hue
habitation near it, where they planted vegetables propir
fur food, and cured tobacco. As Roiillelan was well be-
loved by the nat.ves, on acccunt of his marrying one of
iiieir women, the French enjoyed a pcrfedt tranquility
till the )ear 1654, when he died, and was fucceeded by
la Riviere, wnocxpLCling to live with the natives iipuii
as good terms as his predecellor, creeled a fine habitatiun,
where he had nut lived long with his family, b' fore the
Carribeans formed the barbarous defign ot allalfinating
him. 1 hat la Riviere might not fulpecl their delign,
they paid him leveral vifits, in order to fell him truuj
alter which they one day came in great numbers to his
houfe, where he gav: them a friendly reception and plcii-
ty of liquor ; but, while he- lufpeiiled n )tiiing, they
treacheroully murdered him, with t.n of hi.s men, aiiJ,
alter plundering his houle, carried oft'his wife, two of his
children, and a negro (lave.
He was (ucceeded by M. Haquet, who took all proper
precautions not to be furprized by the Caiibbeans, yet
could not cfcapc 'he fnarcs they laid for him ; fir in
1656, on the pretence of (elling him a confider..ble quan-
tity of turtle, which they had lelt upon a hill lu.i half a
mile from the fort, they decoyed him thither, with only
three foldicrsto attend him ; and, while they amuied the
foldters, threw him from the hill into thf lea : yet not
being mu'.n hurt he got fafe to bind, through a fhowcrot
arrows, and taking out one 01 his pockt-t pillols, tlicy
were to frighted tnat they (ell on the ground. He laz-
ed that opportunity to clcape to the fort, but juiUicfure
he reached it, one of them (hot hmi in the tlank with
an arrow, and he died three days after. M. I^arquet,
the governor of Martinico, fent \1. Ic lircton to fu. cecd
him, who hawng been formerly his lady's footman, the
garrilon re(blved to alfaflinate him ; and one of them
Ihootii'g at him when he was without the fort, Ic Breton
thought it his bed way to take (hclter in the wuodj,
where not being able to find him, they were in fear of be-
ing called to an account for their crime, therefore dnp-
ping the fort and the governor's houfe, feiied avcflel 111
the road, and efcaped to the Spaniards.
Eleven days after a French vellcl pading by and '.nd-
ing the colony gone, but the guns, patcraioes, aivi apart-
ments in good condition, the captain left four ' f his fea-
nien there, wilh animunition and provilion , to keep
the fort i and as he was letting fail M. le Breton made a
fignal to him trom an eminence, on which he was re-
ceived on boaid I113 vellel, and anotl'.er girrlinn u.ms fjcn
alter lent.
in 166 j the Englifli purchafed this ifland from the ni-
lives, by a ticaty cniKhidcd with tin; Indians by i\lr.
Warner, the Ion of Sir I homas by a Caiibbean woman ;
and the Englilh fending a conlidcrable force in 1664,
had the fort delivered to them without rcfiUance, on con-
dition that the French governor, with the garrilon, can-
I noil, arms, and bagg.i^c, IhoiilJ be f^iit to M.utinico.
Fourteen
Dominica.
re cxaTpcratciI againll
g bccalnii-'il hilbri; iJu-
it that ifl.iiid, thinkiii;;
■ iK-aring a (lag ot'thut
iiit, iii'd driiikiiK; iVoclv
i (ills, and ihc Ciiib-
vourcd to recover llui,-
rd ovcr-bo.ird and \w:.m
1 the villainiiiij ni.dlfi
for (laves. 'Ihofc who
:h'.rv to the iiaiivi s <ii
in.iir.icrcd the Kn^jlilli
of the new I'etikmirit.-;
ight liiMC, lurpii/.ed the
overnor and molt udtie
lire- hnuli-'s, hiiint ihcn
lions, and in Ihort diJ
il thoic who c(eu|Kd to
J terrified the Kng'.ilh,
ot (ettliiig again in the
:rnor ofMartinico, font
under AI. de Ruullll.in,
1, creeled a I'urt, whxh
palcraroLS, Ciicomi-;:ilLd
tchcs, and raile'd a hue-
anted vegetables propi.r
b RQulli;lan was well bc-
ot' his marrying one of
^cd a perfect tranqudity
, and was lucceeded by
/c with the natives upon
erected aline habitation,
ih his family, b fore tiie
s defign ot allalfinatiiig
not Culpect their delign,
order to L-ll him Iruit;
in great numbers to his
.•ndly reception and plcn-
lufpedted n itiiing, they
ith t-n of his men, and,
ed ott'his wife, two of his
juct, who took all proper
J by the Caiibbc.ini, yet
ey laid for him ; lor in
;'him aconfiiieraU'iequaii-
elt upon a hill nut half a
ed him thither, with only
id, while they amuied the
hill into thf Cea : yet not
l.ind, through a ihowerof
his pocket pillols, they
on the ground. He I'eiz-
3 the fort, but jutUicfote
ut him ill the flank with
days after. iM. Parquet,
t IVl. Ic Ureton to luxeed
ly his lady's footman, the
: him ; and one of theai
without the fort, Ic Ureton
ke (belter in the woods,
m, they were in fear at be-
icir crime, therefore (tup-
's houl'e, feiicd avcdel Ml
:)aniards.
vellcl pairing by and ''.nd-
^uns, pateraioes, aiv! apart-
captaiii left faur'f hi, U'a-
I and provilion , to keep
r fail M. le Breton made a
ncc, on which he was ic-
1 anotl'.'-T " irrirnn w;)'? Ijotl
lied this ifland from the ni-
with the Indians by Mr.
IS by a Caribbean woman ;
onlid'crablc force in 1664,
without refinance, oncoii-
lor, with the garrilon, can-
lould be feiit to iMartinico.
Fourtcei!
tU
S'. . Vl.SCE.NT.
A M ERICA.
C9;
; guii'i, iVe. Howeeer, in ipgthe
li'iib ill.iiid to the iiuiUmI <le Ltree,
to pol^er^, fettle, and nl it; on
Kourtcen or fiftetr. himdrcJ men ..ere iiowf ttl.'d on the
illand, but th-.-y bung I'ojii after Ceized with the bloody
flux, fix hundred of them died in lei', than thrcj months,
among whom was the governor and principal officers ;
upon which tliofe who I'ureived abandoned the illjiid on
;he lixth of January 1O66, after fetting fire to the fort,
and difperfed tbeinfelves into the other Englilh colonics.
Though the illand was d^fertcd, it was llill conlidered
as a part of the Uritilli dominions, and was accordingly
i;i ludcd in every cunimiirioii of the governor o! Barba-
ii ■t:-, who fuuietimes allijited his jutilUictioii o'.vr it by
g. i!g thither in pcrloii with great pr)mp, difpl.iyin;; the
HI ,n s colours, lirin
Fr-nch kin^ grantc
who lent a colony
which the EngliHi amballador at I'aris re :.ted the
uffair with fuch (pint, as a violation of t: r'lofhis
lir. tannic niajedy, that orders were lent to : e marlhal
de Ltrec's colony, to evacuate the iilind ; which they ac-
eoro.i.gly did.
Tlirec years after king George 1. granted this illand
and that of St. Vincent to the duke ol Muiitagu.^, who
Ijttled a colony here ; but loon after a iliop arrived troni
iMarlinico, tne m.ider of winch broujiu a copy ot a man-
date Irom the king of France, in v\'l ich it w,.b declare >
mat neither St Vincent nor St. Luca belonged to the
liinc of England : that the hilt of tliem ought to eonti-
nue'in 'he polledion ol the C.iribbeans, and that the fc-
eond belonged to lie king of France, who had been
willing, however, at the nqueliot the kin^, ol I'-'V;-
l.,nJ, to fufpend the fettlenient of tliaiifle.di and llia^
the chevalier de Fougui re, goecrnor-gai:ial of the
idand'. (hoiild finnmon them to ; tire in fittecn days ;
and if t le) d.d not depart, he illould compel them to it
by force of arms.
Mr. Uring, the gnvcrnnr. took every prudent ftcp to
fccure the colony, by fending to the governors ot the
other illaiids, and the captains of the men o! war then
ftationcd there, to procure their afTiltancr ; hut tney de
clining to act in a holtile ma;:ner againlf the 1-reneh in
time of peace, who fent between two and tnrec f.-ioufand
men againft him, he was obliged to I'lirrcnder ; when it
was agreed, that the Isnglifll nii,;lit re-embark al! their
cannon, Itoresainis, and bagga.;e, witnout nioleltatioii ;
that the French Ihould alfo evacuate the plaec ; and tiiat
the ifland (hould rem.iin inhabited by neither the French
nor Knglilh, till the difpute between the two crowns re-
iatnig to it was d.cided ; but that tlie (hips of eitlier na-
tion lllould be at liberty to frei|iieiit its ports (or wood
and water. It w.is loon alter determined by both crowns
that this ifland, with that of St. Vincent and IJominica,
(hould remain neutral. However, the French before the
readily furnifli tlicm with cadavi bread, fruit, and c.tli.-r
provilions, in exch.ini;e for knives, hatchets, and the like.
We (hall now proceed to Iiarbadoes, an ifland better
known, and of which we are able to give a mote accu-
rate and circuindantial account.
SECT
0/ B A »
XIX.
il A D O E S.
Ill SUuation, Extent, Face of the Qwitry, and Cvnntr : t,j
the Land jliding from the UiUs into the I'a.'.'ies ; uitli a D,-
Jhiplion of Cole' i Cave, the fFuter, and hituniMus r^pli
in the IJluiid.
THE ifland of Harbaboes ext;-nds from the thirteenth , , „ ,
degree ten nilnutts to the thiiteeiitn degree t ■. nty- /J^lf-IS'to-
three minutes north latitude, and Irom the (iity eighth , , „
decree foif\ nine minutes thiee qii.utcisto the titty ninth jf Hj-'t''
■ ■■ ' ^i-i>^.jo-
late war began to fettle thefe iflaiids ■, but, by the iate
treaty of peace, icrigiied all claim to the.n to his lintaii-
nic inajelty.
'l"hc ifland of St. Vincent is featcd in the thirteenth
degree thirty minutes north latitude, and in the fiMy (i:d
degree weft longitude, fifty miles to the north w II of
B.ir'oidoes, and ten leagues to the Ibiith fouth-ealf ot St.
Lucia. It is about twenty-lour miles in length, eigliteeii
ill breadth, and (ixty in compafs.
This ifland h.as a deep fat foil, capable of producing
every thing proper tor the climate, and has abundance o(
rivulets and fprings of excellent water. It has leveral
mountains with plains at the bottom, which, if cultivat-
ed, would be exceeding liuitful. There arc here large
rtraight trees of all the kinds produced in A nerica ; to-
bacco has been cultivated hrre, and is edeem 1 excellent;
together with mandioca, 'Furkey wheat, pota oes igna-
miis, gourds, and the lined lar;;e melons ; indigo alfo
thrives here remarkably.
It is faidthat the Caribbcans, the original Inhabitints
of this ifland, people only apart of the ifland, there being
alfo a great number of negroes, feme of whom are dc-
fcendcd from a dip load of Africans cither driven or run
aflwre here about ninety yens a^o, and many fugitives
from Barbadoes and the other iflands. Thefe are now
numerous, and have many villages, where they arc faid
to live well ; both thefe diil'eient people are tenacious of
their libertiei, and jealous of foreigners, thoui^h they
102
degree two r niiutes and a half wed lun;'.tudc In. in Loii
don dreteliing in iti j'rcated length Iron. Goulding's-
gr.ei,, .11 St. Lucy's pari!!;, to Ananias-point, in Chr.ft-
. ti'ir.. II parid), twenty miles three quarters, and its grcat-
. Il hrcadtli from ls.irtrige's-point, in St. I'h lip's parifh,
to a ,.oint in St James's paridi, thirteen miles three quar-
ters, an , iiv cireumfrcnce of the whole illand from tome
of the liirrounding principal points is almod liliy-luur
(' itiitc miles.
its fird appearance to the Tea cadward is fomewhat
hilly, but to the fouth wed and the north-wed is more
level. The furfacc in general appears covered with an
..grecable verdure, variegated wiili lofty trees, and large
buildings, .iflordiii'-, ma \ beau' lul piofpc<'ts. The high-
d part o the .fluid e- a rockv lift', whole perpendicular
altitude is nine hundred and fifteen feet above high-water
mark.
The atniofphcre is in general ferette, clear, and id-
dom cloudy J and from the total abfelicc of hail, fro.'K
or fnow, it is never liable to thofe many and fuddei- •, 1-
e:(ritudvS to common in the climates more to ttic Ibuth-
w.iid and noi til waid of the tropics. 'Tne ..ir is in general
\. y healthy, which is chiefly owing to the regularity of
the trade-winds, and to its having neither bogs nor
marlhes, i;i which the dagnated waters being exhaled to
vapours might pio.e pernicious ; nor !a,-ge loreds, wtiich
not only obil'-udf the pad'agc of the winds, but gene-
rate a n:oid an, caufed by the great qii.tntity of vapotira
which perfpire through the leaves, as well as titnn the
(haded moid foil.
'I'ne foil in the low deep lands Is chief , black, in fhal-
lower paitb fomewhat reddifh, on ti.e hiiU frequently 01
a whitidi, ciialky, and marly nr.turc, and near the fea it
is generally fandv. iiy this variety i'lovid.ncc has wifely
ad.ipted diilereiit foils to the diireieiU nature of the feve-
ral kinds of trees, dirubs, and plants. Where the foil is
black, .is it imbibes the ravs of the fun, .'.nd reficits few
or none, liie ciremnambiciit air is there not near Co lior,
as whcit the foil is fandy or gravelly. As the fertiliiy
of this, as well as others of the Wed Iii.lia iflands, de-
pends upon feafonable rains, a longch.-.in of hiils, inter-
I'pcifed wiih deep vallies, are prnvidentally lituated to the
cadw.ird of fome parts of the ifl.-.nJ, to intercept the
clouds and vapours. Hence that part of the ifland called
The Thickets, in St. Philip's parifh, being low land,
and having no hills nor high clilt's to the callward to
make any refidaiKe to tliefe clouds, is often fcorche.l with
drought, when the middle and more hilly parts of tlic
iflancT ate rcpleniflied with rain.
It fometimes happens that large pieces of ground plant-
ed with canes, and even land with plantain and banana
trees growing upon it, have fli.i down to the vallies from
the (ides of the hills. This happens in very rainy feafons;
for as the foil upon thefe hills is commonly not abovo
eight or nine incliesdeep, and of an oo.'y anti fopy nature
underneath, it eafily feparatcs from the next immediate
fubdratum, which is of a flippery chalk, flat ftones, or
loofe gravel. When rhe ("oil flidcs in huge pieces, its
motion is Id's violent than when it is confined in narrow
chafms in the meeting of two hills, efpecially if the fitua-
tion be very deep ; for theie the collfilic'n of water bcin^.
8' Vi confi.leral.le
[1
^M
. 1'
J- kA
'W. ''
>< j
il'i
Ki '^''^
C98
A SYSTEM O 1- G i: O G R A IMl Y.
ARn.MJOC;
confidcr.ible and licriv y, iiiftsad of cJidiiig Ibfcly lictwci-'ii
thi: twi) (Ir.it.i, ir liic.iks out in did'cront plaCL". at i.rKi-,
and ihcn runs down the prtcipice a niingled torri-iit ui
curtn anti w.iur.
Thf biMutiliil proCpcinj from fcvcral hills over the vales
below is i[iiiti;i'iu-hanting ; wi; ought not hereto omit
H.ici<!i.-t()n'h clilf, where nature at one view dil'plays a
^rcat variety oT l'urpri/,inL^ lundtcape:-. Heie the hirh
irnpendiiii; rocks vii'M a dreary rueful appiaraiice : the
leveral Jetpchafni. belovv', over which they pioj.-ci, arc
inibrowned with the thick IoImsjc of lofty irees. J'hc aJ-
iacent lleep declivity conlUlb of irrcgul.ir precipices and
broken rocks, the wlicde view terminating^ on the fea,
over whole craggy ihorcs the foa;ning waves inctllanily
break. l"he view appears I'.ilemnly awful, evcept when
tlie eye is relieved by aglimpl'c or fometimcs a lull view
of the neighbouring plantations. To complete this un-
tomniun contrail, a deep rapid river runs through the
valli.s at the bottom of thcle precipices, which though
in the dry fealons is almoll without water, yet in the rainy
months of June, July, and Augul}, it often overflows
its highell b.inks.
The illaiul abounds with caves, the moft remarkable of
which, called Cole's cave, is fituated almoft in the bot-
tom of a melancholy hideous gully, or a deep chafm
made bctvccn hilh by repeated torrents of rain. This
;ni!ly is aboi't a hundred and Tixty-Hve feet deep, from
\vheiHe you can fee nothing above you but the tops of
high rocks i\-"\ impending clilFs, through the gloomy
branches of lofty trees. 'I'hc defccnt towards the entrance
ol this cave 13 by ^ fleep craggy precipice of gieat
height, where your fccurity from falling depends much
upon the good hold you take of the roots of trees and
branches ot underwood. Having rather (lid than walked
down in this manner a conl'ulerablc way, you are ludden-
ly within an inclolure of very high perpendicular rocks,
where the light of the (V.y is admitted by two holes in
the roof. On the weft liJe of this gloomy apartment lies
the mouth of the cave, which is of conhder.ible iize.
Upon your firft entrance into it the light of the day begins
to grow we..k, and proves but an uncertain guide.
Twenty y.uds tarther it appears no ftronger nor brighter
than the glimmering of a liar in a dull ha/.y night, and a
lew iieps more envelops you in total darkniffs. " From
" hence, with the aflAltancc of a candle and laiuhorn,
'■ fays the learned and reverend Mr. Hughes, from whom
" we have taken this account, I began my fubterraneous
" tiiur ; and, (con after my entrance, turned upon my
" left hand, to take a view of what is called the Dry
" cave. 'J'his has the top and roof crowded with
" innumerable petrified icicles hanging downwards.
" The fides of the cave were likewile in fcvcral plaies
" thick fet with them, efpecially where there was a
" cavity ; there they grow from the upper to the under
" ihelves of the rocks, like fo many balultrudes, but
" more in number, irregular, and fomctimes in two or
" three divilions. The next thing remarkable in thele
" lubterrancous apaitnicnts is the \Vct cave, which, near
" its firlf fcparation from the Dry alrcidy defeiibed, i^
very fpacious and lofty ; but its bottom much furre,;
" that the laigcll of tliern diil not exceed mv littl? fineer
" in len.'th and diameter. Tui- pl.ice, diiiani near a
" 4iu,.rter of a mile fiom tf.e entraiicr, w.is my /.v /i/.vj
" uliiii, being fo much fatigued, and wanting \:',i j„
" much, that I diiill not, vvithout prefumption, procetd
" farther."
'l"he illanJ hasfeveral fprings, •■"J ^ fjw rivulets. The
inlubitaiits of St. Andrew's, and fomc part of St. Jofeph's
pjrif):, are plentifully fupplied v. :li fri fh water by"di"-.,i„„
holes in the fan>l, from ten inches to three feet deept^anJ
thele are ahiiolb inllaiitly fupplied with frefli water p.^-
culated through the fa.id ; but in other parts the inha-
bitants are obliged to preferve rain water in refervoirc
which are generally du,; near adefcenr.
Among the fuffils the moft remarkable are the follow-
ing ; An oily bituminous exudation iduing from fonie hilL
in St, Andrcw'aaiid St. Jofeph's pariflies, of a dirty black
inclining to a green. It is procured by digging a lu;lc „]
trench in or near the place where it ouf'es out of thecarth:
this by degrees fills with water, having a thick film or
cream of this lii|uid bitumen fwimming upon the lur-
face; from whence it is fkimmcl olF, and prelerved in
earthen jars or other vell'els. The moft proper feafon for
gathering it is in the niinth of J.inuary, February, anj
March. Jt is of fo inflammable a nature, that it ferves
to burn in lamps. As to its mcJieii-.al qualities, it i;
uleil with great fucccfs in paralytic and nervous difordcrj
and in the cure of cuta-'-uis cruption>'.
There is another fpecies of bitumen of a folid fub-
Hance, called here munjac. This is dug out of ih-
carth atdiftcrent depths on the fides of hills in St. John's
and St. Andrew's pari(hes, and nearly refembles that bi-
tumen found in the Dead Sea. If by accident aiiv of
thcfe veins take fire, tli-'y continue to burn a lor::; tir.ie,
though in a dull fl(jw manner, lor the veins being fur-
rounded with earth it crumbles, and falling into the
flame, ftifles it.
In St. Geor:;e's parifli are often dug up lumps of a
tranfparent lelinous fiibftance relenibling refin, from which
it is chiefly diftinguillied by the fr. grance of its fmell, aiitl
upon compaiingit with the gum uf the birch gum tre. it
appears to be of the fame fpecies.
S E C T. KK.
Of the I'e^tltiblis ofBarbaihei ; uith a pirl'uular Dtf<ril>t:.!s
of the falm-Cht'Irci, ihi Bui^unut lie,; the Firb'uUtii-
Fruit Tree, the GluVii, aii'lihe MauJ/mtelTree. A:n-ihs
the An'inmti are def riled the SHrin.ttn S^srpiiu,anti u p,ir-
liiului A^ecmit if a Uattle Letuteii a isaiUr and a Shark.
T'^
UK trees of B.iibadocs arc vallly numerous ; that
ich ;
and torn up by the repeated torrents of rain, whic
wet fealons run through it. Soon after our cnteri,,,,
Jllcd the palm oil tree grows about fifty feet hi'^h ;
its branches Ibmewhat refemble thofe of the cabbage-tree,
but arc much lefs uniform, fliorter, and iefs verdant : the
middle rib of each le.if is thickly ftuJded with fharp-
pointcd prickles, each two inches long. The fruit is iii-
clofed in a pod, which opening expofes to view many
fmall nuts covered with a bulky tegument of ayellowifli
colour, containing in its many inierftices, when ripe, a
confiderabic (|uantity of fine fwcet oil, which the fl.ivcs.
It, we were agreeably furpri^ed with the murmurs | after the whole fruit is firftroallcd in the embers, greedily
of a diibnt ftream, which a little f.;rther we found a 1 fuei^- \Vhen this outward hufky covering is taken off,
confider.ible fpring of the moft traiil'ijarent water, ili'u- I the nut appears, which is of a fomewhat blunt conic
(hape, and the infide tilled with a white kernel.
The biirgamot-trce refembles that of the orange, but
the fruit IS fomewhat larger ; it has, however, vciy lit'le
juice, and what it yields is exceeding four : what is molt
valuable is its oil, which is extracted by Airing the out-
ward Ikin, and fqucciing the frrit into a glafs, on which
the oil immediately feparates f.om the juice, and fwims
vfi>n the furl ice. This bci.ig carefully drained olFaiid
prelerved, is what alone ought to be called the genuine
burgamot oil. The I'ortuguefe have a method of mak-
' inj from a large projedled rock, or rather the impend-
' in J fide of the cave. The roof near this place 19 re-
markably pitted with feveral holes, reprefenting fiiallow
cones, of diameters from nine to twenty inches ; but
their greatert depth did not exceed twenty-four inches.
Thefe holes probably owe their origin to large cavous
icicles which formerly hung troin them, but were
broken off by fome convulfions of the earth, 'i'he
fpring hc.'c made a fmall bafon or bathing-place, and
from henceforward the cave gradually lellened in
height and breadth, and the icicles hanging fiom the
top and irregular lides were more in number, but lefs
in magnitude. Here I began to want air, and at lall
the paliage became 1 > narrow and low, that I was
obliged to ftcop much, and the icicks were fo fmall
fnulf-bcxes of the rind, which retain for a long time
the grateful fragrance of ilie oil.
What is hcie called the foibidder.-frult tree has the
trunk, leaves and flowers like thofe of the orange. 'I he
fruit, when lipv, i'; fomvtliing larger and longei i"iari thi"
fiiiclt
BaRDADO!-'J.
A M !■; R I C A.
Tn.
cJ with Ircdi water
i'liicll oraiiL,c, which it .illb cxcccilj in its delicious tafle
and riavoiir.
Ihru .lie alio thi; four orange, the Uuinc.i orangi.', the
goiJi.li oraiigr, locail;:J Iroin ita hein;; ot a iIc>-[) vc'IIoa'
wnli II i the IhaJuoc, the citron, the Jt. Helena lemon,
ihe ;ii).iiiil!i lemon tree, anJ tne lime ; the poineijraiiaie
and tlie girava tree.
The latter is diitin;;uii)]ed into two foitii, the wliitc
aiil tne red ; and tnele, with regard to tht-ir Ih.ipe, iiiio
the muiid and tlie pear-talhioned, or puUuiicd guav.H.
Tfi-: latter have a thicker rind, and a mure delicat; talte
than .iiiy other. 'I'lii:* tree, it caretully cultivated, grows
to aliuut eighteen tett in height, has a very (iiiuoth
!)ar:>, of a rcddilh ).',rey, with llMrp-pointcd leaves and
wtiite Huwers. I'he perlnnied guava is round, and a-
boiit the iize of a lart;e tennis-ball ; the rind, orlkiii, is
gtiuiaily oi a nilla itained with red, lineil with an
appie nice luhitance, as thick as a crown-piece. I'he
liilKie i3 lull oi M\ agiee.ible pulp ini.xed with innuni''rable
linall white feeds. Tne rind, when llewed, is catm with
nulK, and preferied toany other IK-wed fiuit. l-'romthc
lame pare is niau. m.unuiade, and from the whole tiuit
tiic hneit jelly perhaps in the world.
B'-lid'.j the trees alieaily mentioned there arc the pine-
apple, and .1 yreai variciy ul oiiu-t fruits, with many trees
adiiiir.d foi' tne beauty anJ liiiidity ottne wood, particu-
larly lij^nuii vilx, leil wood, iion wood, and many others;
we ih.ill only .idj rne loiiuwnig, whien is one of the niu.l
iemaik,.ble of the /Vmetican tiei-.-, .ind is found in inott
ot tlie (Jaribbee ill.nids, a» well .is Barbadoes.
'i he nianciianetl tree is remarkable for the beauty of
the timber, and us juice being one of the Itrongelt
poiloiis yet clilcoveied. Hilloriaiis have, however, ex.ig-
gtrated the accounts tlicy have given of the poifmous
nature of this tree i (or it has been pretended, that the
lieads 01 tne pcrfons who (l.ep under it.s (hade I'wel:, and
they become blind ; that if the leaves but touch th; naked
ikiii, they raile pultulcs, which caufe deadly pains, unlefs
helped with wat.r and fait, or falting fpittle. This,
however, is not true, nor is any ill confequencc to be
feared trom the leaves touching thj naked body, nnlcis
tiiey are bruifed, and tlie white milky joice they contain
IS lulteied to peivadc the pores ; which if itdoes, it railcs
Blilters like thofe of the conflu'nit kind in the fmall-pux,
caufiirj; acute pains j but limple drops of rain water tail-
ing hoiii thole leaves upon the Ikin will not have any baj
elicLt, which Mr. tlu.^hcs tells us he has experienced
upon repeated trials.
r.us tree is of a very qultk growth, an'i is ftldom or
never found growing to any p^rlcc^ion, but in a l.i of.-
and fandy foil, near the (ea or other water. The trunk,
when full grown, is generally from twj feet and a halt
to !hr..'S feet in diameter, bancnmg, molt coinmonly,
Iroin three to liltetn leet high from the ground. The
heart, which is very fm.ill, in pioporiioii ro th.- bulk of
the tree, is very hard and Inlid, of a pale yellow, with a
grcLiiuh calf, intcrfperfed with Imall blatkiih veins, the
Lri.iiii Imooih, and cne wood durable : the bark is of a
il.'ck ivhuidi grey, the branches many in number, and
covered with thick, fiiioot!i, (Inning leaves, among which
-re long pendulous caikms. It hears a fruit of tne fame
make -s tMe round fort of crab-apples which we have in
i'lngland, and is of a beautiful colour and Iragran? linfll.
'[\\~ pulp of thele manch.nieel apples does nut exceed
rne-feven:h of an inch in depth, the inlide being a hard
Ituny kernel, in wliich are iiKluded the feeds. '1 he juice
of tr.e apple is ot the fame colour and quality as that of
the leaves, and yet the reverend gentleman jult mentioned
cblL-rves, that h- has Known a woman big with child, who
longed for thtm, to have eaten of them, withmu any
.^ppaicnt bad etf'ciS; but adds, he cannot fay tl. at the
l!.:graiico of the fiiicll, or their tempting looks, have in-
duced others to follow her example by fo d.-Migcrous an
experiment: yet if fonie of this crude milky ju.ce doci
tut fall Upon a horfc, the hair of the pait all'eilt.d foon
t.dls oil', and the fkin riles up in blilters, which v.'i!! re-
quire a long time to heal. Formerly no one dared to cut
itovvn thefe trees, without firit having made a large liie
round them, in order to burn the bailc and dry iij) the
fpry and juices that fly from t:ic:n in cutting: but now
li.;t.;d iiegioes vciitur'; to cut th.':n down, 'j:i!v ulip'.'ilie
caution of previoufly rubbing ll>, u wliole bodies with
lime-jiiic?, which prevents the lap from corrodnu' or
ulccKiiing their (l.ins. liruilmg and maihing iho tend-.r
leaves and boughs, and then throwing them into (i(h-
ponds, has often beer, [iraehlcd by vilbuns to dcliruy tha
lilh, which loon alter glow llupid', lloat with their bellies
u|)wards un the top of the waier, and frequently die.
•Some forts of fifh that will cat thele apples, are often fcuml'
dead in the water, and if taken while alive and eaten
olteii piove puilonous j even the l.irgc wiiite crab that
burrows in ihe fand is not, if near theie trees, to be
made ule of for food. We lliall conclude this account
with mentioning a remarkable inltance of the goodnels of
I'rovidence, that v.hcrever a niaiichaneel tree mows,
theie is lound either a white wood or a li;; tree iitar it,
the juice of cither of which is an infallible aniidote a-
gainil the poiloii ; fait water is no lels efficacious, and
.IS tnele trees grow by the fca-fide, thii remedy is aid,
ne.ir at hand.
.Among the vegetables of a lower growth are fjuinea
and Indian corn, and a vail variety of p'aius, t'-,c molt
valuable of which is the fugar-cane, and many ineJiciiul
herbs.
With refpei^t to the animal;, the fhcep bred here arc,
as in the oiher Caribbee ll'ands, hairy like goats ; ior to.
be covered with wool would b'j as preiudiciai to tnein
in thele hot climates as it is ufeful in cold countrie.s, for
(lielier .ind warnuli ; yet as cloathiiig is necefl'ary, ef;e-
cially in the rainy lea'oii, to tl'.e iiihabitans, the want of
v/ooi IS abundantly li'pplied by the cotton tree, of which
there are here leveral forts v.-hich .'•;...iially fupply the in-
habitants with the tincll wot,! in the world.
I hey have coacn-horles from England, raddle-horles
frcin New England, and others for caiS and common
iifes fiom Bonavilta, the Ca^e Vcrd Illands, and Curafou.
They have alio a Incei! of their own, which is mcttlefomc,
Iwift, and hardy, but not ll.'ong enough for much I'er-
vice. 'I'he lirll planters brought black cattle from Bona-
uliaand the ll'e of May, and a k\v of their breed (tilt
continues. They have afle.s v;hich are of extraordiiu'y
ulc, beeaufe they can carry buithens where horfes cannot
pafs.
Among the number of animals, cither peculiar to or
brought to this ifiand, there is not one that is mirtally
venomous; wl ileniany of tne neiuhbourirg Frencli illands
.ire inftlted wish vijicrs, and otiicr poifonous friakcs.
I'hcre are heie but three fpecies of reptiles that can he
properly called vennmous, the bl.-'.ck fpidcr, the forty-
leg, and the Suiiiiam fcorpion.
A full grown fcorpion id' the common fort is about tea
inches long, the (kin loft but Italy, and of a dull copper
colour. 'Itic reverend Mr. Hughes oblervcs, that tha
very young ones are furprifingly preferved from danger ;
loi when this threatens, the parent fcorpion opens her
mouth and fwalh.ws them, and afterwards voids them
when the danger is over.
The Surinam fcorpion is, however, only three inches
in length, (rom the head to the extremity of the tail.
From the foic-partof the neck rife twoclaws, about three'
quaiters of an inch long, divided into three joints, each'
claw near its extremity ending in a long, flender, whitifli
forceps. It has two eyes, which are "black, fmall, and
fliining, with four pair of l-^s, tne uipdermolt being the
longelt: each joint of the legs, as well as the back, is
marked with leveral faint whitifh lift:;, the intermcdiata
fpace being ot a ruUet colour, mixed with blackifh lpot«.
oints, and at the extremity
The tail is divided into (ix
of the laft appear two fmall horny crooked itrings in the
fofm of a wide extended torccps, the upper being double
the length of the lovvcrmoft : the longcft coming Tiom the
upper lide of the lalt joint of the taif, the other from the
lowci molt part, the intermediate fpace being flcfhy. When
this fcorpion walks or runs the generally curls up her tail
in a ring, and when provoked extends it to its full lenoth,
and withaquick motion darts it into hcradverf.irv. Thofe
v.'ho have trie niislortune to be Itung by them, endure very
acute pain for leveral hours, and the flefli near the wound
generally turns livid; hiit the wound is not mortal. Thefc
Icorpions are chiefly to be found among old boards, old
books, or other loofe papers. 'Fhey"^ never bear an/
young but 'jiice : the female carries h;r young upor> her
'> back,
i!
1 1
M
:!♦•■
'I'll
u., r 'm
;?oo
A S Y S T E M OF G E O G 11 A P H Y,
B
VREADOES.
ft;,; ,
f.\l' u\
;■.? -,'
;f
Pi
^^1 7:
bjck, and as thefc grow in Iheir^th the parent dcc.iys
Monkeys are not very numerous in this ifl.iiid ; they
chiefly rciide in inacceflilde gullies, cCpecially where tlicie
arc many fruit-trees. 'I'hey do great milehiet to the
neighbouring planters, by digging out of the earch tlicir
yam^ and potatucj, and fometiines breaking and carryiii;^
off the ripe fugar-cane. liutas a premium is granted tor
deltroying Iwth thele and the racoons, they ratlK-r decreafe
than multiply.
The mort delTruLlive q ladrupeds, with refptdl to their
(ugar-canes, arc the rats, which arc fo numerous that the
annual loft to the inhabitants of the pariflicsof St. Jol'eph
and St. Andrew alone is computed at no Icfs than two or
three thoufand pounds.
'I'he birds of this ifland arc not very numerous ; there
arc none of them remarkable for their notes, nor (or the
beauty of their feathers, excepting the hwnimMi?; bird.
The tame fowls arc much the lame as thofe in KiiglaniJv
befides which they have the tJuinca fowl, Multovy
ducks, a<id rumplefs fowls.
The fhorcs afford a great variety of fhcll-fifh, fome of
which are exceeding beautiful, and a variety of other
produflions. " We arc no fooner, fays (<ur author, ad •
" vanccd to the fliore on the welt lide of the ifland, but
" we are, efpccially in calm mornings and evenings,
" pieafed with the light of groves of corals, fea-feathers,
" and fea-rods i the former grow in thick clutters, yield
" ing an embrowned (hade, and remain, as (furdy oaks,
" unmoved ; the latter, with their numerous pliant
" branches, wavingly bend with the undulating How
" motion of the water. The interfpctfcd, vacant, fandy
'• fpaces refenible fo many bright lawns, which pleafe by
" a kind of regular confulion."
Among the mote extraordinary kinds offifli arc the
flying-fifh, the toad-fifh, the ink-fifli, which is fo called
from its diicolouring the water with a black liquid when in
danger of being caught, by which means it becomes in-
vifible tothe enemy ; thecal of nine-tails, and the fcuttlc-
h(h, both of which, as well as the ink-lilh, cjcil a black
liquid i the old-man, the old-wife, the dolphin, the mud -
fifh, the ftar-fini, and the (hark. This lall filh we have
already defcribcd in the courfc of this work ; but we can-
not forbear mentioning a very unequal and hazardous
combat with that voracious animal by a common failor,
which may perhaps be conlidered as heroic an inllanccof
difintcrellcd fricndfliipand perfonal bravery as any record-
ed in hiftory. The account wc find in tne reverend .Vlr.
Hughes's Natural Hidory oi liaibadocs, and (liall give it
in his own words.
" About the latter end of queen Anne's wars, captain
" John IJeanis, commander of the York Mercnant, ar-
" rived at Karbadoc'i from England. Having difenibark-
" cd the lalt p irt of his lading, which was coals, the
" failors, who had been employed in that dirty work,
" ventured into the fca to wadi themfelves ; there they
" had not been Ions;, before a perfon on board efpyed a
" large (hark making towards them, and gave them no-
" tice of their danger ; upon which they fwam back and
" reached the boat, all but one ; him the monltcr over-
" took almolt within reach of the oars, and griping him
" by the fmall of the back, his devouring jaws fooncut
" him afunder, and as foon fwallowed the lower part of
" his body ; the remaining part was taken up and carried
" on board, where his comrade was. His fricndfhip with
" the deceafed !i:id been long diftinguilhcd by a reciprocal
" difchargcof all I'ucli endearing ofHces, as implied an
" union and iynipathy of fouls. When he faw the fever-
" cd trunk of his friend, it was with an horror and emo-
" tion too great for words to paint. During this atf'ciit-
" ing (cenc the infatiable fliark was (een travcrfing the
" bloo.ly furface infearch aftcrthe remainder of his prey;
*" the reit of the crew thought thcmlelves happy in being
" on board, he alone unhappy, that he was not within
" reach of the dcftroyer. Fired at the fight, and vowing
" that he would make the devourcrdilgorge, or be fwai-
"' lowed himfelf in the fame grave, he plunges into the
" deep armed with a (harp-pointed knife. The (hark
" no fooner faw him, but he made ''iTioufly towards hini;
" botli equally eager, the one of his prey, the other of
" revenge. The moment the (hark opened his rapacious
7
Mws, his advtrlary dexterm:"!/ diving, and grafni,,,.
^^ Mm wilh Ills lelt hand f.jiuewhat below the u\m",
hn;, luceclslully employ* Ins knife in hi', right h iiul
II giving him repeated (labs in the belly ; the eiira rnl
^^ (hark, alter many unavailing efforts, linding himfelt
overmatched in his own element, endcavuuia to dif-
II engage himfelf, fometimcs plungin;; to the bottom
^' then mad with pain, rearinii; his -iiKouth form, now
^' (tamed with his own Ihtaming blood, above the fo.in,.
" MIL- waves. 'I'h-ercws of the furroundinir vdrj', U'v
" tilt,- uiaqual coinhat, uncertain (loin winch of the
" combatants the llreams of blood ill'iKd ; till at len.-th
" the (hirk, much weakened by the lofa of blooj, made
" towards tlie (liore, and with him his conqueror ; who
" flulhed with an alluranee of viotury, puliies hib to'-
" with redoubled ardour, and, by the help of an ebl.in .
" tide, dragging him on (hore, rips up hu lu.wcls, an'j
" unites ana buries the fevered carcafs of hisfiienj i'liu,,-
*' holpitable grave."
This (tory, our author adds, is of fo extraordinary a
nature, that he would not have dared to (;ive it Ins itadei
had he not been authori/..J by t)ie teitimnny of a veiy
credible gcniieman, who was r^ady to conlirin, by oit /
the iiuthot wDat is here lelated, *
SECT. XXJ.
0///v (lifcrtnt Inkibilanls, t!;j D'rj'fivn of i' t Ijl.n.i, a^i,:
(I p(iriuii.\ir DfjunpiiiiH of Lr.dgc 'Iran, tlh-C.ipii.i! ; nit,,
til Govanmmt ur.d ■I'ta^tc if HurkuLa.
THE inhabitants of Barbadocs confill (,f the mailer;,
who are either on finally i^n-lilh, Su.ts, or lull),'
with a lew Dutch, I'leiich, Portuguele, and Jew. • the
white fervants, and the black (lives. '1 he mailer,, who
conlill of the mcrt hams and pi. niters, both cler;;v aiiJ
laity; lawyers, ph\ ficiaiis, &i-. live very elegantly, hai-
ing a number of (ervants for ther plantations and houlhulu,
rith equipages, hue liveries, and the molt wealthy of theiu
have plcalure- boats in which they make the tour of the
illand.
The white fervants are either by covenant r.rpurcliaf-,
and arc of two forts, fucli as lell themklvcs in Great
IJritain or Ireland, for tour years or more, and lucli a
are tranfported thither for their crimes. When the term
of the covenant-fervants is out, the Hritifli fervants have
each five pounds, the others but loity (hillings. Their
work i« not fo hard as that of our day labourers, yet
their en cjragcnient is greater; and if they are good for
anything, they may be employed upon their own terms
when their time is expired. They arc not allowed near
fo much fltfli as thofe who are emjiloycd in our couiiiry
farms, yet they do not want; for the'plantcis give them
i.ngli(h bifcuit, which the negroes have not \ and tiie
chief of them arc lupplied from their mailers tables.
'I'he fervitude of ihe blacks is perpetu.il, and thwfo
mailers who aie men of humanity have a double iiitcrelt
in taking care of them, becaufe if a negro dies the o.vmr
lofes forty or fifty pounds ; whili; b\'tiie death of a white
fervaiu he only loles the wages he j;'.ys to anotl.er to lap-
ply his plate, during the remainder of his term, '('he
buhnefs of the blacks lies mollly in the field, cxccjit
thofe who are taken into the fugar-milLs, (Icre-hoult:,,
and dwelling-houfcs, where the handfonielt and neatcll
maids are made menial fervants, and the clevcred fellows
lacquies, roachnien, and grooms : others are frequently
employed as coopers, joiners, mafons, and the like.
A llave who is a good mechanic is v\'oith a bundled and
fifty or two hundred pounds, and even much more ha-,
been given f<;r a boikrof fugar. The net',roes are piir-
chafcd out of the Guinea lliips, after be^ng all viiwcd
naked, and are frequently allowed two or three wives, that
they may inereale the planter's (lock ; fiir their po'.ieiity
to all generations are flavLS, iinlefs thi y are rclloicd t<»
liberty. The women are very confiant to the man wiui
pafles for their hufband. Their choieell fare is pldintanc-.,
which they bo:l tr roalt ; and tiny have twice or thrice
a week either fait fi(b, mackarel, or fait pork, with fome
bicad made ot Indian corn u! ,;.e (.Todui.t of tlie tountrv,
letdied from Carolina.
Ever.,-
'«^«.,;
Bardadols.
vIml!, an. I grai'ping
It lieluw the upper
u ill hi'i right lv\ii(l,
hclly ; lilt: iiiragcd
)rls, liiidiiiL', hiiiilclt
fiulcavDurs to dil-
;iiU!; to tlie bottom,
liiKoiith torni, now
lud, ahovt the loani-
roiinclintr vitHll'. law
(roni which of the
iirmd ; till at Itngtii
; lola lit' blooJ, nuiic
hii cnnqufrnr ; who,
turv, piillifs hib toe
the hcl|i of an cbhin^;
s up hib howcls, and
li'ici Ills tiiLiid iuon^
of fo extraordinary a
1 to j;ivc it hij iLaJti ,
; tcttinii>ny ot a vciy
' tJ conliiMi, by oatii.
XI.
•/ii;ii of I'f IjUn.i, m:
I own, tli;Ciipil:il; lfi(.->
; confill i'( the mafteri,
i-lith, S>.oi>, ur lulhi
ngucli', and Jew- ■ ilii;
cs. The mailer-, who
liters, both i'!er;'.y an 1
ive very clct;,ant!y, !u\-
laiitatiinis and hoiithoKi,
le molt wealthy of them
y malcc the tour of the
y covenant or purchaf ■,
I themfilvcs in Gnat
or more, and lueii js
inies. Wncn the term
he Hiitifll fervants have
loity {hillings. Ihtir
jur day-labourers, yet
,nd if they are good lor
upon their own tcrnu
jy are not allowed iieai
Tiplovcd ill our country
r the'plantciii t,ive theni
ocs have not ; ind tl.e
their mailers tables,
is perp'Mual, and ch .ie
have a double iiiteu'll:
a iic;^ro dies the owr.Lr
in'tne death of a white
i -'.ys to another to fup-
"er of his I'-Tin. 'riie
;ly in the tield, except
,^,ir-niills, ilc.re-houfei,
handfomell and r.eatdl
aiulthe tievcrell felbws
, . .iihcrs arc fnquen'.iy
mal'ons, and the VXv.
is worth a bundled anJ
,d even mucli more ha-.
The iiet;,roes are pur-
, iiiter being all viewed
two 01 three wivrs, that
ock. ; for their poilciily
lets thi y are rclloicd l'»
onllant to the man \vhi>
hoiecltfarc i, plaintar."--,
In y have twice or tlirice
, or fait pork, with (ome
rodurcof the country,
Uarbadoes.
A M E R I C A.
701
I »■' "'
Every nrgto family liai a cahbin built with (licks,
withs, and plantane leaver. Tliele itand round the
planter's lioule, witli a (;arden, where they plant y.-nns,
potatoes, c.dl'ava roots, &c. and breed goats, hogs, and
towls, for their own eating or lor tale. The negroes
born in Uarb.idoei are much more uictul than iholo
brought from GuMica, and tliofe that come children from
Africa make much better I :rvaiits when they .,re .>rown
up, than thofe that come over at )cais of niaiurity ; but
,t i's reckoned that a fourth part of the negroes die in
fcaloninj;. ^ ■ .1 1
Kvery plantation has a chief ovcrlecr, who i-, allowcvl
a hundred <ir one hundred and tiliy pounds a year, betides
two or three under him, with accoinptaiits, and other
officers. The country being too hot lor hunting and
hawking, the planters and ether gentry arc obliged tor
ihemjllpartto divert thenileives by plaiing at cards,
dice, tables, quoits, and bowling ; likewile by relort-
ilig to balls and concerts.
I'he principal dileafes of this iflm I arc the dry-crripcs,
fo called from its alRding thit part of the body with
great collivenels and pain; but this dreadful dleale was
fornurly much more trcqiieiit .iiid fatal than it has been
of late. There are liktwlfc other kinds of colics the
yellow jaundice, hyfteric difordcrs, diarihu;.is, and dy-
ieiiiciies ; fluxes arc alio very common, tipecially in the
rainy leafons, when by catching cold the perl'piration is
mterrupted, and what fliould have been exhale.! through
the (kin is thrown upon the bowels ; they are alio cauled
by eating immoder.itely of fruit. The yellow lever is
another fatal difcafe, as are alio the fmall-pox, the
meafles, the leprofy, and the yaws. The latl appears in
fleftiy knobs as large as a thimlile, covering the taee,
breall, arms, and other parts of the body.
The precindU of this ifland, with their rclpcc^ive pa-
riflies, are as follow :
In the fouth part of the ifiand arc St. i^ichacl s or
Bridge precinct, containing the parifhes of St. Michael,
St. George, and St. John. In St. James's, or the Hole
nrecina, are the parifhes of St. Thoma? and St. James j
and in St. I'eter's, or Speight's precinct, is the parifti ot
St. Peter, with All Saints cnapel.
Ill the call part is Oftine's precinct, which contains the
nariflics of Chrift church and St. Philip's.
In the north is St. AnJrcw'.s Overhill, or Scotland
precinft, which contain the parifhes of St. Andrew and
St. Jofeph.
In the wefl is only the parifli of St. Lucy.
Bridge Town, the capital, is reckoned the fint-fl: and
the largcft in all the Canbbcc lllands. It is feated in the
fouth-well part, in the thirteenth degree north latitude,
and in the lixtieth degree well longitude, and was at tirll
called St. Michael's, from the name of its church ; but
received its prcfent denomination Iron, a bridge eredted
over the waters, that after rains flow fiom the neigh
bourin" inatflies. It is fituated in the innermotl part oi
Carlifle'-bay, which is large enough to contain five hun-
dred (hips. The houfes, which are of brick and (tone,
arc lofty, and aiiiount to about twelve hundred ; they
have glared windows, and many of them are faflied : the
(Ircets arc broad, and one of them, named Cheapl'ide,
has the rents as dear as thofe of the houfes of Chcapfide
in London. The vvharls and qu.iys are very neat and
convenient, defended by I'cveral (orts. The firlt to the
weft is James fort, which is mounted with eighteen guns:
the next to this is Willoughby's, built on a (mall iierk of
land that runs out into the fea, and is mounted v\'ith
twenty guns
Ei'.
there are three batteries between this and
is'eedham's fort, v/hich is alfo mounted with twenty
(rui.3. Above Needham's, and more within land, is the
Royal citadel called St. Anne's. Charles fort is built on
Ncedhani's-point, and lies out in the fea to the wind-
ward of the bay and town. I'"rom this a platform runs
to Ormond's fort. On the eaft fide of the town is a
fmall fort of eight guns, and a maf.r-i7ine built offtonc,
where the powder and (tores of the iflaiid arc kept under
a (Iror.g guard. In (hort, this is both the (tron:cll and
richell :own in all the Caribbccs ; the ltore-hoiili.-s and
(hops being generally as well furnifhed astholi: in London.
The church, which is as large as many of our cathe-
drals, has a noble organ, a good ring of bells, and a
102
curioui clock. In the town arc alio lar^re taverns and
eating-houlcs, with a poft-huiife, pai.ket boats being
eitabli(h''d by the government to carry letters monthly tu
and trom tms place. 'I'his is the leat of the governor,
council, and aflembi/ j and alio of the court of i haiiccry.
The number of militia for this town and St. Michael'it
precinct is no lefs than twelve hundred men, who are
called the Royal regiment of foot gu.irds There is here
a (ullege tiiuiided and well endowed hy the libiraiity of
that great man colonel Chriftophcr Covlriiigton, who v^is
a native ot this iflaiid, and was dillinguillied by a great
number of amiable and ufefiil qualities. The town has
alio a convenient Irec-fchool, and an alms-houfc of
twenty poor widows.
I'liere ate leveral other towns ; but they arc fmall :
ind^'ed every p.irt of the iflaiul is ilrcwed with gentle-
men's houlcs, encompafled by fields of fugar-canes, and
the bluoni .ind fragrance ot orange, lemon, lime, and
citron trees , giiavas, papas, aloes, and a vaft multi-
tude of other eiegaiu and ufeful plants, tven the negro
huts, though mean, contribute to the beauty ot the
country j lor they (hade them with plantane trees, which
give tncir villages the appearance of lu many beautiful
groves.
The government of this ifland refembbs that of the
other:., and the inhabitants fupport the cxpencc ot their
own elliblifhnicnt, which is very confider.ible, with great
credit, i'lie governoi's place is worth at leall five thou-
f.iiid pounds a year, and the reft of the otficers have con-
lider,tble incomes. The people provide very handfomely
for their clergy, who are of the church of England, which
is the religion eftjblifhed here as it is in the othtrillands j
and here are very few DiiTentcrs. There ii in general
a gieater appearance of order and decency than in any
other colony in the Weft Indies ; and there is no place
comparable to Barbadocs, in the number of the people,
the cultivation of the foil, and thofe elegancies and con-
vciiiencies which refult liom both.
The ifland can raife five thouland men of its own mi-
litia, and has generally a regiment of legular troops,
though It i'i (eldom complete. It is fortified by nature
all along the windward iliore by the rocks and (hoals j
fo that near two-tmrds are utterly inacccffiblc. On the
leew.ird tide it has good harbours ; but the whole coaft is
protected by a line of feveral miles in length, defended
by twenty two caftles and Ions, and twcnty-lix batteries.
All Ireemcn here are oblij;cd to enter themlelves in the
regiment of their own dittriit, and there is a law here
obliging all perfons who dcfign to leave the ifland to give
notice of it at the fecrctary's office, three weeks belore
their departure.
The number of inhabitant,'! amounts at prefent to
twenty-five tlioufand whites, and near eighty thoufand
negroes ; and there are fliipped from hence above tv/en-
ty-live thoufand hogfhcads of lugar, valued at three hun-
dred thouland pounds; befidis rum, molalles, cotton,
ginger, and aloes ; an ininieiil'e p-.'opling and produce for
a country that docs not contain above a hundred thoufand
acres of land.
The inhabitants of Barbadoes trade with New Eng-
land, Carolina, Pcnfylvania, New York, and Virginia
for lumber, bread, flour, Indian corn, rice, tobacco,
fait beef and pork, fifli, pulfe, and other provifions ; with
Guinea for negroes ; with Mjideirafor wine ; with Ter-
cera and Kayal for wine and brandy ; vi'ith the ifl-.s of
May and CuralFou for fait ; and with Ireland for beef
and pork. The other goods which they import from
Cireat Britain and Ireland arc Oi'nabrugs, which are the
chief wear of their fervants and fljvcs j linen of all forts,
with broad cloth and kerfeys lor the planters, their over-
fcers, and families; filks and ftutts for their ladies and
houfhold fervants j red caps for their flavcs of both fexes ;
ftockings and ihocs of all forts ; gloves and hats ; miUi-
ncry-waru and perukes ; Laces for lir.cn, woollen, and
filks ; ftrong beer, pale beer, pickles, candies, butter,
and chcele ; iron-ware, as laws, files, a\es, hatchetj,
chillels, adzes, hoes, mattotk.s, gouges, planes, augers,
nails ; lead, powder, and (hot ; brals and copper-wares ;
all forts of India goods and toys, coals, and panti'es.
The voyace is commonly live or fix weeks outw'-.d-
bou;)*, and fix or fcvcn homeward. The olante-.i f;nd
8 1' 'to
\
M ,1!
^
m
/Oi
A SYS T K M O F G V. c) G U A i' 1 1 V.
I'S I ''
•f
!P!|
?f- :'M
TonAfi(T,
C'lns, twivvdiT, hall, (Hrpi-tuanas, h.its, aiiil 1 royal p.irty were trcateil, iinw (il)li(.'P(l fnvcrjl t;(-niUiiiui
oil)L-r wciuiii'j; .ipparcl, wlilch they have Iriiiil l^nt;lanil, ot very i;o(iil taiiiillfs ti) liulc' In the i(l,iiid, wtixOt w(te
<iii(J (li(,i.'.'cn lin.ijl vcillls thiihcr to biini; llavt-s I " ilicir | ur hum bcuig (itcipled lue Icvi-r.il othiT ciiluiiir:, |iy lu-
jjitins, aiul pcrliMH in unluppy i irciiniHaiKTs. AUi
pl.int.uii)iis, which mull he rLcniitcJ enry V'''>f willi
twenty (ir ihiity iiei^mcs to ivery four or live hiiiulrcil
acrts ( (o th.it, ni twitlillnulin ; the iiie.iiis iiieJ to make
the fl.ives priip.i;; itc, this illand alone is laid to receive a
(npply <>l a hundred thniifand negioes every thi.ly years ;
-and let at thechd i)t that tnnc tlieir nninhcr was never
fiiund to he inrreal'ed. It cannot be h^re improper to
nuiition, that npon a pirli.unentary cni]iiir> in 172S, it
appraiid, thirin three vejrs only the nnnher ot negroes
lenr to Itirhalois, Jamaica, aiiJ Aiuijjua alulie ainuunt-
ed to tortv two thi'Ul.inJ,
I
S K C T. XXII.
A znnciji llijh'y of the Ijland of liarbaJ.cs.
1' is not dillinctly known when this iflaiid was iirll
dilcovfrtd fliid I'ettl-d, hut it was probably about the
year 1O25. When the Fn.;lifl\ hrlt landcJ heic they
tuiind the cniintry extremely wild, it haviir^ not ine Icalt
appearjiire ol its ever havin;; been peopled even by
lavagci. 'I'here was no kind ol bcalt ol pulture, nor any
marks of cultivation j yet as the climate was good, and
the ioil appeared feitile, fomc gentlemen of (inall lor-
tuiie> ir. l-,n'j;lainl rifolvcd to betomc adveniunis. 'J'l".e
111 It planteis had not only the dilolatenels of the place
and the extreme want of (irovil'mns to ltru[;;;le with, but
tnc trees were gcnrrally fo large, ol a wood lo hard and
Ihibbotn, with wide Ipreadinj; tops, that they proceeded
111 tlie neeeliary work of clcarint; the ground with a dit-
hculty that mult have fiibdued any ordinary patience.
And even when they had tolcr.iblv cleared a I'niall Ipot,
the hrlt produce it yielded lor their fublidence, probably
tor want ot lowin;; the feed in a proper Ioil. was lo Iniall
and ordinary, at tne lame time tncir fuppliCb hum Kiii^-
laiid were fo flow and precarious, that nothing but aii
invincible coui.iiie, and a hrnincfs that cjiiiujI be lutfici-
ei'iV cominen.!ed, could have carr.ed them through tHiu
d" oiiragcii'.ents they met with in the noble work of cul-
1, . .,'ing and ptopling a dcfcited part (d the eaith. Hut
be ile^rees thiiio> wore a more lavoutahle alpcil ; fome
ol tne trees yielded fultic for the dyers ; cotton and indigo
were found to a^-rec well with the foil ; tobacco then be-
tom'ng ladiionable in Kn^^land, anfwcred tolerably ; and
the country gradually began to lubmit to culture, and to
lay alide its lavage appearance.
This h.!ppv change, and the ftorm that fome time after
began to gather in tngland, encouraged many to go
over ; but Kill the rnloiiy received no encouragement
from the government, which at that time underllood the
advantages id colonies hut little; and the court took no
other iritice of thii illand than to grant it to the earl of
C.irlifle, which proved of no advantage to the Icttlcmtnt.
However, as this colony had the hardieft breeding, and
the mtdt l.ibnrious intancv of .my of our fcttlements In
this pan of America, fo it w.ii far Ihonger, and grew
with greater fpccd, even to a heijiht that Icems incre-
dible j for in this fmall ifland in the year 1650, which
was little more than twenty years after itsfirlt eltablilh-
uicnt, it contained upwards of titty thoufand whites of
all ai;cs and I'exes, with a much greater number of blaik.s
and fiulnn flaves. The former ol thefefl.ives they bought;
b::t thi- latter thee icqiiircd bv the molt bafe and dilho
noiirable inethojs ; for they fei/.ed upon thofe unhappy
people, without anv pretence, in the neighbouring
illand:, and rairied them into (lavery : a practice which
rendered the Caribbec Indians their molt inveterate ene
mies.
The fmall iflind of Barbadoes, peopled by upwards of
3 hundred ihoul'and fouls, was not yet above half of it
c I'tivated, nor was the induftry of the inhabit.iiits at a
Itand. A little before the period jult ineniioiied they
learned the .iit of m.;king fugar ; and this enlarging the
Inhere of their trade, they grew prodigioully rich and
numerous.
I he (Tovernmcnt in Knsland being about this time in
di- hands ol C'romwi 11, confinel the trade of IJarbidoes
to the mother countrv ; for before it had been ciitiicly
nianagcd by the Dutch, The fcverity with which the
the Relt.iraiion it continued llill nHvanciiig by veiy hallv
iltidcs. K.iiig Chatles II. foon after his akendiii" the
throne, treated thiiteen baronrtj from the genth nn n <i(
this ifland, lomc of whom were worth ten tliuuland
pounds a year, and none fo little as one thoufand.
On the thirty Iirll id' Aiigult, lfj;5, the ifland wai
afHiCtcil with a molt dreadful hurricane, which it is laid
was not inferior in its deplorable confeinienccs to tlie
earthijuake that h.ppeiud at Jamaica ; for it left iievtr 3
hoiile or tree Itin'ing, except the lew that were flulter-
ed by fome h' ighbouring hill or ditt" .Some hours be
lore the Itorm began the heavens were overc.dt with
thiik clouds ot a fda--k rrdJilh hue; the air i ilm, tnii
lultr, ; an. I tie more it lolt its cxp.uilive h>icc, the 1 luli-r
tie clouds tondenred, and the blacker they appeared. In
theafternODn, when the viuleiKe of the llorm beg.m, n,,:
w:n I was high, and vatyiii;; almoll in an inltant to cvry
|)oint ol the coinpal's ; but letik-d chiclly at north, being
attended with drcadlul ram, thunder, .iiid li.'litiimi;. The
fca, where not gua: did with high chit , overiiowcd its
banks above an hundred yards, and during the daylight
nothing was to be leen but one ruclul Ipectacle ot jlmolt
univeilal luin. The night as it came on was ullr rnl in
wi.h a continuc.l rumbling noile in the air, with the in-
cicale of wind, rain, thunder, an. I li htning ; erpici..lly
the latter, which now mth redoubled force darted, not
with its ufiial fhor;-!ivcd flalhcs, but in r.pid fl.ime«,
Mmming over the furfacc of the earth, a.s well as mount-
ing to the upper regions. I h" ii' xt morning, wlitn the
Itorm was , b.leil, the whole illand, fays our author,
ati'orded a lively but teriihle i.'ea ol the tenth Irgyptian
pi igue ; for thrre was Icarce u houte but lamented on«
dead in it, or in general fumething iqiial or woile. .Se-
veral t.imibes were cntiiely buriiO in ti.c ruins ot ihtir
houlej, and th'ie were .^.w that elc ped but with the lot's
of fume r latii n, liiend, or aupi lintance.
This diea.llul cilamity happened in the meridian of
this fettlcment, when t'leir whites were computed to be
much more th.m fifty thoufand, and their flaves were
increaled to upwards of a hundn-d thoufand ol all kinds.
riicy employed four hundred l.iil of (hips, one with an-
other of a hundnd and hlty tons, in their trade, I heit
annual pioduce, conlilliiig of fugar, indigo, ginger, ex-
ported cotton, 5ic, amounted to upwards ot tnree hun-
dred and hfiy thoufand pouiuls, and their circulating ca(h
at home was two htindied ih uifind. Perhaps no coun-
try in the woild was ever peopled in the lame proprrtlon ;
nor has land of the tame dinientions which produces any
thing like the fame prohii. liut fuice th.it time the
ifland has been upon the decline, 'I he growth of the
French fugar iflaiids, and the fettl.-meiit of Antigua, ,St,
Chriltuphei's, Nevis, and iVIontferrat, as well as the
greater citablilhimiit in lamaica, have drawn awayavalt
number of the people. A teriible contagion attacked
the ifland in the year 1692 ; 11 ragidlike a peltilcncc ;
twenty have died in a day in their principal town, and a I
parts of the idand luH'eicd in proportion. This ficknels
contiiui"il, with tome abateniciits, for fcveral years,
and is f id to have rendered the climate lei's he.dthuil
than it w.is bet'ure. At the tame time with this dilleni-
pcr war raged, and the II .rb idi.ins, who railed a good
number of nun, lilt many ol them in fmiilels expeliti-
ons againtt the French iflands. All lliefe caiif s contri-
buted to reduce the number and opuleme ol this cde-
hrated ifland ; but It is or.Iy in compirilnii viith itleU,
that it can be conlidered in .loy ctiier tliaii the molt H au-
riniing condition, even at this day.
S t c r.
l)f Tabauo,
XXllI.
•r Toii.'.tJO,
//. ^itliutisn, hxttnt, Cl^mtite, SJ/, FruliiCf, part'n'iliirk ii;
z-iihiiiiile Spiifs, an Jicjunt -J ils Animais, and a c!t:i:jr
Hijliry vf it^ fiVinit Reu-jluti-jiiu
TAB AGO, the n;o!l eafteily of all the Cariblcr
Ifl.mJjjis ieatcd in the elcveiit.) dijueten nii.utes
2 Ii.nlh
TonAorr.
;r(l r«vrrjl ;;rnil<'rin.ii
he in.ind, wmili wt >e
other Cdliiiiirs liy lu-
nrcuniltaiicrs. AUir
lv.intiiig liy vi-ty h.ilty
ttr his akenJiii^ the
Vom tlic i;rntli rill II ot
worth ten thouUiid
IS iine ihoiilaml.
lO;5, the ifl.iiul vai
iiMiic, which It ij 1 1 111
CdlllcillU'lKlb lO (He
ici ; lor It U'lt lavt i :i
• t'rw that win- Ihtllci -
tlirt" Sonic hiHiis he
s were ovfrr.ilt with
mil- ; the .iir i ilni, hut
i.inlive l(>ri.r, the iU.Iit
rker they rt]ipe,trL'd. In
i)f the llorni heij.in, tiv:
II III <ili iiiltjut to cv ry
chiftly .It nortii, hiiiig
Icr, .iiul li^htiiiii;;. I he
ih dirt , overiluwej jm
iiul diirini; the (l;iylii;ht
iKlul l,)ectacle of ^Imolt
came oil was iiih' red in
III ih'' ;iir, with ihe in-
n.l ll hilling ; I'lpi ci-lly
juhlrJ lutcc dantil, nut
.s, hilt in r.pi.l ft.inic^,
earth, as well us ir.ount-
III \t niorntiit.', wlirn the
ill.iiiil, l.iys our .uuhor,
i ot the leiith Ir ay^tiJii
hoiilo but l.iiiK-iuciJ on«
iiij; tqiiiit or wotle. he-
riiil 111 ti.c ruins ot ihiir
, cic pi'd hut Willi thcluls
[Uiint.iiice.
leiud in the mcriiliin of
ites were computeil to he
id, and their fl.ives were
ii-d thoiifjnd ot all kinds,
ill of Ihips, one with ii;i-
in their trade, 1 heir
ar, iiuli^v. ginccr, ex-
to upwardi ot tnree hun-
iid their rirtiilatiiij: rath
find. I'crliaps iiocouii-
ed in the Ian. c prnputinn j
lions which produce;, any
Hut fince that time the
The growth of the
feltl-n-.ent of Antigua, St.
ntl'errat, as weil as the
,1, have drawn away a \ alt
ble contai;ion attacked
t ragid like" a peltilcncc ;
cir principal town, an.l a 1
roportion. 'This licknels
iiKiits, for fcveral years,
he climate lefs he.ilthiul
nc lime with thi<. d:llem-
di.ins, who railed a ijood
them in tViiiilefs expeiiti-
All thefc caul's roiiiri-
and opulenic ot this cile-
iii compirilon *iih itlelt,
y otiier tliaii the iiioH H )u-
day.
X.XllI.
cr To II. \ GO.
.SviV, Hruliiu, pai-tiifii(in\ in
f III /liiimti,!, ami a i:>ii:ji
-vlli.
•afJeilv of .ill the C.iriWc-
.vciit.l di "uC ten nii.iito
i..„:h
ToBAr.f>.
A M F. K f
7'^J
ihirlh latitude, sliout thirty- fivr lf.ii!;iifs to thr fouth-
e.dl ot.St. Vincent, Inriy hagiii-i eall of GicniiU, twelve
ha^iirs north cart of Ttinida I, and hctwerii thirty and
tiiriy iiiiitll eaft of the .Spanifll Main. It is thirty-two
rules 111 lengili from the foutli-eafl to die north- wtif, and
alvmt nine broad from eift to wefV, the whole being above
luenty miles in compif> ; (o that it is rather larger than
B.ibadocs, nt indeed than any of our Leeward Iflaiidi.
/\! a lin.ill diflancc from the north-call extremity i.i a
Irrull illand c.illtd Little Taba>jo, which is two miles in
lui;f(h and a mile in breadth.
f'ne climate of Tab.if;o is not fo hot as niij;lit be ex-
pciflcd from Its being fcitid fo near the equator ; and it
I. faid to enjoy one favour.nhle circuniftaiice, wh ■ h is of
tnc greatclt advanta;^c, this is its lying out of the eourfe of
thole hurricanes that have foitietiiiieb proved fo fatal to
the other Well Indi.i illaiids.
The furlace of the idand is agreeably divcrfifi.-d with
hills and vales j iis nonh wed cxtreniiiy is iiiouniainous;
b It no part of it is ru^iged or impallabie. its foil is ot
diftu.-nt kinds; but in general its mould is Mack, rich,
and proper lor prodiicin;^, in the greaiell plenty, what-
ever is raifcd in other pans of the Well Indies. The
many Iprngs on the iflaiul contribute to its healthtul-
nel's, and its bays and creks are fodifpofed as to be vciy
c Miiinodious lor all kind offtiippiiig : yet Its fituation re-
quires lortiticatio:is,cfp(ci.i!lv as the natural richnel'iot the
iil.ind fcrvcsbut to render it the more invitin;; to iiiva.lers.
I'hc valuable trees wh ch I'/ow in TabaJO are perhaps
its richell produce ; fir, betides its proliicing the dilLr-
cnt kinds of wood to be found in the Weft India iflanJs,
the Dutch, by whom it was once feltled, alfirm, that
both the true nutmeg and the cinnamon tree, with that
wnicb produces the red yum copal, grows upon this
illand. The Dutch can inJced b': fcaicely luppofed to
be deceived in the nitutal properties of thofe valuable
trees, which they acknoA-lcdge to 1 c, in I'ome relpcdts,
dirterintfroiii thofe in th' ir plaiuations in the l.aft Indies;
yet a great doubt remains, wlKtlur they are the original
productions of I'abago, or whether they ha.l not been
imported ..iid planted tlieic from the Lall Indies. Tho'
the latter is the moll probable opinion, yet as the fadt
iilelf, wlihh is iindifputed, evinces that thofe rich fpices
n.ay be cultivated upon the illairl, it renders it an object
highly worthy the attention of th;; public. This illand is
alio laid to produce five ditfcreiit kin 's of pepper, the
Ion.', the cod, the btll, tho i.nind, and Jamaica pejiper, all
whicii we aie told grow upon the illand without ciiltiin .
The foil naturally pro.lure^ I.uliaii and Guinea corn ;
but no tn^lirti giain, excpt peafc and be.ins, can be
railed tiiere. The fi^-;rees produce as good fiuitas thole
of Spain and Hortu.al. '1 he pomegranate, the pine-apple,
the banana, the prickle apple, oranges of two forts ; le-
mons and Imu's of both kinds, four and fweet, are found
ill plenty upon this ifianl ; and the marmalade made of
its ;;uavas is inferior to none. Plantanet grow here of an
excellent kind, as do tamarind.., grapes, the cutlard-apple,
the tour-apple, the papaw-apple, the ma;iimecapplc, and
the yellow plum are plentilul here. The cherries that
grow upon the Idand are but inditFtrcnt. The cocoa-
nut, of which we have given a defcription in treating of
Alia, grows here to fuch perfcilion, that the Indians call
it God's-tree, as producing both meat, diink, and cloatli-
ing. Cucumbers, niutk and water melons, ponikins,
and gourds, likewife thrive here. The inhabitants have
alio potatoes, yams, callava-roor, onions, carrots, piit-
liiips, and turnips.
Hortes, cows, afTcs, flicep, deer, goat.", and rabbits,
were probab'y introduced by the Courlanders and Dutch,
an.l their breed are ftill to be found on the illand. Here
are alfo the pickery, whicn refemblcs a hog, armadilloes,
and guanoes.
Its Ihoics are flored with excellent fifli, particularly
with turile ot every kui I, and mullets of a mofl delicious
tjllc, with other fdits unknown in Kngland : no illand,
perhaps in the woild, can boafl of fuch'vaxiety of fowl.
We fhall now give a coin ife hil^Vy of this id.ind,
whuh was fiill difcovercd by CoIiimFus in 149H ; but it
does not appear that the Spaniards ever made any fettlc-
mtnt upon it. At length, in 1628, William, carl of
Pembroke, obtained a grant of this ifland from kiiij^
Chailcs I. but dyiiiji f^'on after, the defigii of peopling it
dropped. About the year it'ij/, tome /talaiidcru tiading
in ilirfe leas, took fuch a liking to tins idaiid, that upon
tlieir leliirii home, they cngagrd the coilip.iny of nicr-
chants, to which they belonged, to fettle it; and it re-
ceived the name of New \V alchcren, from one »( the
largcll iflaiids in the proviiuc of '/ealaiul. The iiewco-
biiU'loon eneriMfed to about tivii bundled; but being at-
tacked by the Spaniaids and Indians, they were all uf
them externiinaied.
Some years after, James iliike of Courland fent a colony
of his own (iibjeih to this idand, who leiiled upon what
was after wards called Couil.ind Day, and crcded a Imall
regular fort, with a town in its neighbourhood. Here
they lived fo innirinfively, that they remained unmulelled
either by theCaribhees or the Spaniards ; and tound the
loll lo good, that the colmy ftion made an excellent ap-
pearance. I'hcy were lupplicd trom their own country
wih all kin !s of uteiifils, and flourifhcd to fuch a decree
.lb to awaken the jcaloufv of the Dutch, who revived their
claim. In 1654, .MefT. Adriin and Cornelius Lainpfm of
tlulhing, two Dutch nierchants, fitted out fu .le Ihips,
and landed foine men on Tobago ; but findini? the Cour-
landers too powerf ll to be oppolcd, took potVeflion of a
diftcrent p.irt of the ifland now called Rockley-iJay, ac-
knowledging thcml'tlvcs under the pro:e£lion uf the duks
of Courland,
ISiit the duke, havin:; given umbrage to Charles Guf-
tavui of Sweden, bad the misforluiic to be taken priluner
in 1658, and to be cariied to Kiga. I hi- news re,tching
i'obago, the Dutch befieged and tojk ti.e Courlanders
tort, and thus became mailers of the whole ifland ; but
piomifcd to rillore the (ctl as foun as the duke iLould re-
cover his liberty.
I'he court of France loon after Infcrting Tabago
among the other illands granted to the French VVctl- India
company ; and the Dutch pUiiters, thinking this a fa-
vourable opportunity tor ellablilhing thtmfelvcs under to
powertul a proteclion, Lamplin, in 1662, applied to the
court of France, wheie lie had luch intereft, that he was
created baron of Tobago, and becoming I'ole proprietor of
tr.e idand, under the crown of France, fent over M. Hu-
bert de lievercn as governor. 1 he new governor called
the town his countrymen had built, Lampluiburg ; and
gave the fame name to the harbour, and alto to a regular
fcirtrifs he ereiSled at the fame time. He likewife built
Fort Hevercn ; and betides railing fcveral other forts for
the lecurity of the colony, laid the foundation of a new
town, which he in'cndcd to call New Flufliing. Mean
while the planters piocecded with great fpirit ; thty laid
out cacao walks, which ferved equally the purpol'es of
bcuity and profit ; creeled iuMigo- works and fugarmills ;
and T'obago fcemcd as if it would loon rival the moft
floiirifiiing of the Englifh Well India fettlemcnis.
The duke of Courl.md, being at length rcllored to his
liberty by tnc treaty of Oliva, den.andej of the States Ge-
neral the rclloration of his fort on the idand uf Idbago ;
but not meeting with any fuccefs, he applied to
Charles II. king of England, who granted to him thlt
idand, on confidcration of certain ferviccs relerved to the
crown of Great Britain ; this only lervcd to put the
Dutch at Tobago on their guard : but loon after, in the
tirll Dutch war, thcF-nalifii piivateers deftroycd the Dutch
forts and colony of Tobaj;!) ; however, in the luccceding
war carried on by the French and Dutch againlt l.ngund,
the Englifli were, in their turn, difpollblled of the illand,
and the Dutch leinllated in it. It atierwards frrvcu as »
rendezvous for the tomhined fleets ol the two nations,
who by this means did prodigious damage to the Eniilifh
trade ; but before the end ot the war, jir John Harman
attacked and defeated their joint fquadroiis, and totally
dellroyed the remains of th.'.t of Fran.;e. The Dutch,
however, ai'ter the defeat of their fleet, and that of their
allies, not only kept poflllTKn of Tobago, ijut in live
years time fortified it with t.ucc lining torts, and a nu-
merous artillery ; to that it was conlidered as impregna-
ble ; yet Sir 'I'obias Hiidgcs, in 1673, made a defccnt
upon the illand, which he i.ot only plundered, but car-
ried away four hundred of ihc ir.habitanis prifoncts.
The peace which took place the next year between ths
En;^l Pa and Dutch, left the latter once more in pod'cf-
• ■' i|
I.'-
m
;'^+
A S Y S T i: M O '• G L O G R A I' H Y.
<"»RAKADA.
t !'
r»m of itiis iflan) ; .iiw! ihcy i veil ronqiiercil (mm the
Kruuh 'h; idaiiJ i.l i:jyiiiiie. They ke^it it howevc
hii' ., Ihott time i for the cniintor D'Eirtej, vr e-ailiniril
of I''i.iiKr, fi«m afttr rei'ipiiriiicrrd Cjycmic, and .ppi'JicJ
hctorc 'riib.iRo. J.inii'i Hiiikrii, the jtlmiral of Zealand,
wn^ ihiMi IviMij^ in Clrr.it Kocliley harbour, witli » Orong
^Hu.ulrrm of Dutch lliips, whiih the count ati..cl(cd by
fri .iiul Ijnd, on ihr thiril ol M.irrh ih;; ; when, jficr
a ill tpirate cngi,'.ftncnt, the Cilnncux, the lount'i (hip
t)f (i'vonty "litis, wi:h frvci.il othrri, bein^ blown up, he
wu ohIitJC'l to retire, li.iving hrU detlioycJiii the ciii>agc-
nidit grcit part of the iJutch fiiu.idioii. f'ownr.ls the
em! (jt the year the cnunt wa? reinforced with .i llionwcr
fi]ualr n, when limln; hit nun, he re)riilaity inverted
the principal fort in theifl.inl, which he found fn Ihonj;,
th.it he w.u obliged to bombard it; but the tliird boinb
that was thrown fell upon a niaj;j/.ine of powdi i, which
blew up the (oitnis, tdi^ethcr witli adiniial I'ltikt,, and
the gre.it'-rt part of the otRcers and gariiluii. I'hc count
then completed the rediu'lion of the iHand, and on the
twenty- fcventh of December the lame year, tntire'.y dc-
(troycd the Dull h (oloiiy.
After this, the Kofjidi puUliflicd propor.ils for feltlinn;
the ifland ; but thcfc were nfvcr earned into execution :
unci at the peace v\ .\ix la Chaiiclle, I'obano wa< one ol
the four ifl.mds that were declared neutral. Notwith-
ftandlnp 'his, the marquis de Caylus, pDVcriior ol the
French iflands, feiit fruopi and tnin to fortify and leitle
it ; but the Bntfli court warmly rciiionftrailng to the
court of France, at;:iinft fo maiiifeft a violation ot the
peace, the French dilavowed liis proceedings, ordered
him home, and the foftlemrnt to be difcontinucd. In
thi.s (hte it reiii..iih'd till the definitive treity ol Kon-
tainl'lcaii, by which Toba^io was ccdetl todrtat Hritain ;
after which the government of it was ^'iven by his pre-
fcnt majellv to coloiul Melvil, and mtalures taken to
Tell the land iit Ihaies, and people thu country.
SECT. XXIV.
fy(?KANAl)A,(jn(///i«GRANADILLAS, orGRANADINES.
/i I'lffiriptiort of Grenada, or Gmnada, and ef tin /mailer
//lands ; iheir Situation, Extent, Produce, and Hjloty.
THE chief of thcfe {(lands, named Granada, or Gre-
nada, ii fitujted in the twelfth degree north lati-
tude, Tiiil in the fixty-firft degree forty minutes weft'
longitude. It is the lall of the Vvindward Caribbees, and
lies thirty leagues north of New Andalufia, on the con-
tinent. It is faid to be about thirty milc.^ in length, in'
fome places fifteen in breadth, and about fixty-fix in cir-
ciimferenco. [
(ir.mada and thcGranadines produce very fine timber ; ■
the latin tree, which grows here, has a tall body, and its
leaves, when tied together, fcrvc as thatch for houfcs ;
r.vpcrience has proved, that its foil is fit for producing
fiii>ar, tobacco, and indipo ; and upon the whole it car-
rie.. with it ^11 the appearances of becoming as flourifh-
ing a colony as any in the Wert Indies of its dimcn-
fions.
,'\ lake on the top of a high hill in the middle of the
ifland fupplies it with ftreams of freOi water, which rcn- '
der the foil extremely fertile, and it abounds with wild
game ; among the fowl are wood-pigeons, thru(hcj, and
p.irrots ; and among the fi(h are eels, mullets, and cray- j
lifh. I
Several hays and harbours lie round the ifland, fome of|
wl.rch mi^nt be fortified to great advant.ige; fo that it is
very convenient for (hipping, and has the happinefs of
not bein^ fubjc>?t to hurricanes. The chief port, called
Lewis, is on the weft fide, in the middle of a large bay,
with a fandy botnm ; and it is (aid that a thoufand vefllls
from three hundred to four hundred tons may ride fccurc
from itorms, and that a hundred (hips of a thoufand tons -
each may be moored in the harbour : befidcs, a large
round bafon, which is parted from it by a bank of fand,
if dit through would contain a ronfidcrrilile number of
flii( ".. At ptefi-nt large fliip<, on account o( ihu (.mj.
b.nik, pal. within eighty pact i ol one of the mountain
tli.ii lie at the mouth of the b irhoui \ the uppolio' nioini
tain lyiii^; at about hull a inilc dillaner. Uiie of iIkIc
nouniaiiis, when the Fnglifh reduced the ill.md, wj i
Humbly fortified, and nii^ht have made a good dekncv
but lurrcndeted without (iiiii^ a i;un.
With relpeift to the hil'.ory of tliii ifland, it will h,
proper to obleivc, that in i() JK the lamoin M. dc Touuy
attemptini; to make a lottlenunt here, w ij driven nil hy
the Caiibbtei, Altcrward* M. I'ariiutt, ^'.ovein it oi
.\tartinito, carried over two hiindre.l nun (roni i;i,t
ifland, furiiifhcd with prelent.s to piMcuie the lavom >,(
the natives, uiid with aims to I'ubdiie tluai, IhouM ihty
pi(<ve untr-iJ^lalile. 'Fh'" number of the licnih ate laid
to have ftighled the lav:i;',e» into fuhinilli iii , and u'e aie
told that thtir chief not only weUonicd i lentw liiilu
but, in eunlidiraiion (d tlieu bciii;; prcl'ciiteil witli lonie
hatilieii, knives, feilfars, toys, and the like, yielded t j
Faiquet the property of the ill.md, only lefetvin^jto tlietn-
lelvis their habitations. Fh.' Ifcncli began v.'illi radm.
tobacco, which ptoied leni.iikably good j but tliey h.ij
learctly j!ot in one ciop, when tlwy began to dileovti
th.it ;ill the ('.cniiMn lomplalanct of the natives via, dii-
(unbltd i who now look every oppoituiiity of cutting ^It
their newi;iielU. This produced a war, and the cuioiiy
h.iviiii; iinr.id a rciiiforecmeiit of three hundred men
from Mailiiiieo, diot..' the natives to a mountain, where,
having exhaulkM all thtir arrows and other weapom,
they rolled down trunks of trees on their enemies. I'hi/
were fooii after joined by other favages from tlicnii|^li.
bouring ifland:., and attacked the Fieiicri with ficfh vi.
gour, but were ag.iin defeated ; yet wcie (o liefjierate, that
forty of them who had efeaped the (word, threw them-
felves from a piecipiec into the fea. 'Fhe Fiench then
vented their lagc on the habitation'; of the nitivi's, levelled
them with the ground, and dcftroyed their provilions.
Fre(h fupplies ol Caiibbees however arriving, the war
was renewed, and they killed many of their enemies j on
whieh the latter tame to a r.lohition of exterinin.itiiigihe
whole race upon the ifland, and a hundred and li'ty at-
tacking th-ni by furpnze, inhumanly muidered, not only
the men, but the women and chililren i and likewile let
fire to their canoes, to cut ofl'all communication between
the furvivors and the Caiibbees of the neighbouring
iflaiid.<. I'hc French were here the favagLS, and nut the
Caribbees.
'I'liefo barbarities rxafperated the Caribbees ftlll mor-:
againft the Frenth ; tl^;)' became their irreconcileabit
enemies, and by their frwuent 0|ipofition at lall obliged
Parquet to defirt from his Jifign of peopling the illaiid,
his property in which he fdtd to the count de Cerillac in
1657 for thirty thoufand crowns. The count feiit thither
as governor a perfon of brutal manners, who by his be-
haviour nude the better foit of the French abandon it ;
and foon after he was (hot by thole that renuincd. In
1664 there remained no mote than a hundred and fifty
planters out of five hundicd, who, w^cii the count bou^lu
it, were fettled on the ifland j yet he fold it to the Frenth
Weft India company for a hundred thoufand crowns : bur
in 1674 they were obliged to furrendcr all their rights in
it to the king.
After this the ifland continurd to be inhabited chi;flv
by the French j but was 1. ver fully fettled. In the lalt
war, when Granada was reduced by the F'ngllfh, thi-
French inhabitants, who were not very iiu.-nerous, were
fo amazed at the reduction of Ciuadaloujie and.VIartinico,
that they loft all fpirit, and furrciidircd without inakini;
the Icaft oppolition. Afterwards the full propeitv of th.
ifland, and of the (.irenades, which bear neatly tliL' I'.nm;
produfts as Grenada, were confirmed to the ci own of Great
Britain by the definitive treaty of 1763, and aie now in
part fettled by the fublefts of Great Britain.
Wc have now concluded our account of the Britifh do-
minions in America ; anamaz'ng tract of country, much
improved, and ftill capable of immcnfc improvements.
8
CHAP.
( 705 )
Iff
CHAP. V.
i'
Of the FRENCH AMERICAN Dominions, pirticuhirly LOUISIANA,
iiiul iIr- 1- R i: N C n WEST INDIAN Illandi,.
s K c r
(9/" I, o 1) I 1
[.
meiilc improvements.
Ill HilUiiliiH, lirl/nl, anil Piinliuf ; with it ctnuff D/f.rip
IHH »/ f^tui <)i leant \ and fimi Ohfnvatitni will) rigaril
n ihi FitnJ) I'oluy, ivilh ttfpiil /a ihtir CoUnin.
T ()U I SI ANA w»j, till lately, cnnfiilcrcd at a
I J much mdie I'xleiit'ive cinintry tluii it \-i H prulciit i
\1. lie Liflc exliii.liii); it on tlic north to Can,ul.i \ on Uic
ttA\ to the provincri of New York, Pcnfvlvania, V ir-
uniia, Carolnii, and (i<.<>r;;ui on the louth to the
(iulph of Mexi.o i and on the wtll to New Mexico,
New Sp.iin, and unknown cuiinirlcs iiduhiled by In
inani. But by the Icvcnih article of the late treaty o(
peace, a j;rc.it part ot this (ountrv, contamiiij; all on
the rart-ftile the river Miiliflippi, WJS ceded to < irtat
Dnt.iin ( and of this we h.ivi- already niven a» accurate
an .mount a^ it wai pollihle for ns to ohtain.
The rnuntfy at prdint named Loiilfiana, extendi
from the tweiitv-ninth to thr torticih degree of north-
laiitudc, and troni about the cijjhtvei^^lith to the ninety-
lixih or ninety ievenih dej;ree weU-lonnitiide from Lon-
don. The loll IS very iiulitlcrent near the mouth <il the
Miiriflippi i but the tuuntry contaiiu a great deal ot ex-
cellent land, well Hocked with a variety of trrei, planted
by the hand of natiiie i the foil on the (outh is adapted
to the cultivation of indigo, coiton, lobai co, and rice,
and the north, to that of wheat \ hut fevrral Ipots of
great extent, on the eallcrn fide of the MlfTiflippi, are
no lefs fern It'.
With relpedl to the vegetables, and the wild animals,
they arc, in (general, the fame as thofc we have defcribed
in treating of Virginia, and the other Hritifli planta-
tions. The M flillippi, with the many finallcr rivers
that water this country, abound with a variety of fifh \
but their banks arc much InfLlUd with alligators, and
fnakes of a very large fizc \ as the air of the low-lands,
near the rivers, is with mufketocs.
The idc of Orleans, at the mouth of the MiflilTippi,
is a very beautiful and fertile fput of ground, on which
the I'rench have a runfidcrable city, named New Or
leans, which is the capital, and indeed the only city of
Louiliana. It is fortified in a regular manner, and ac
corilin^ to fume French authors, has about Ax humlred
himllome htiules, and five parifh churches ; with (Iraipht
an. I handfonie ihects, that crofs each other at ri^iit
.T.tjles : but the buildings are chiefly of wood, and nut
leinarkable for their beauty.
I'he French have feveral other fetilementi in the
country, and are fuppofed by major Rogers, to amount
to ah lui one hutidied thoufand ; the negroes are alfo very
numerous ; and he obfcrves, that as the number of the
inhabitants iiirreafes verv f..lK it may in a fhort time
becoint a very furniidahle colony.
Before we proceed farther, in the defcription of the
French colonies, it will give Come fati^faiilion to the
leader Jo know the plan rif conduiSl which France has
purfued, with regard to this inlcrelUng and important
Uiuieiit 1 hey are I'-nlible that as the mothtr country is
ultiiTialely tu receive all the benefits of their labours and
acquiiitions, the profperily of their plantations muft be
cteiived from the .ittcntion with which they are regarded
.Tt home : for this reafon, trie plantations are particularly
vmhIt the carp and mlpettion of the council of com-
merce, a heard com|»)leil ' -eKe of the mofl con
liilcrable ofTicirs of the crown, afTillcd by the deputies
of all the conlideiable trading cities and towns in France,
who are chofen out of tiie rich'll and mod ititcliigent ol
tendance at Paris, from the fundi of their refpeflive
cities. I'hii roijnr il lits once a *<•■ k, when the depu.
tici proiHile plans for redrefling cvirv grievance ni trade \
for raifing the branches that are fallfn ; for ext-ndinii
new ones i for fupporting the old ; ano in fine, for every
thing that may improve the working, or promote the
vent of their mantilafturcs, according to their own
lights, or the iiiHiucfmns of their conftituenti. Tliey
have a watehtui eye upon every article of commerce j
and not oniv propole imprnvcmenti thcmfelvcs, but hear
the propolal;. ot others, which
rejedttd, nor raftily received
are neither UifJamfully
J hey neither render the
accels to them ditficult, by all'dting Hate j nor admit
the vexatious practice of fees, and perquifites, in their
inferior ot^iccri ; nor fuller forms and methods to load
and inciiinhcr that bufineri they were folcly intended to
.livance. I'hcy fummun and examine thofe who are
luppoUd to be the moft competent judges of the matter
bctore ihcm, even the meanefl artizans; but though
they cx.iiiiiiie theic- men, they are determined by thnr
own opinnm. When they are fatisfied of the ufefulncft
of any regulation, they ptopofc it to the royal council,
where their report is always received with particular at-
tention. An edivil to enforce it accordingly iflues ; and
i> executed with a punauility that dKfinguilhej their
government, and which alone can render the wifeft regu-
lilions any thing better thin fcrious mockeries. 7"o
this body the tare of the plantations is particularly en-
tiufted. '
'Fhc government of their feveral colonics is in a
governor, an intendant, and a royal council. The
governor is inverted with a great deal of power j which
on the lide of the crown, is checked by the intendant,
who has the care of the king's rights, and whatever re-
lates to the r:.venue j and on the lide of the people, it ig
checKcd hy the royal council, whofe ofHcc it is to fee that
the people are not opprclTed by the one, nor defrauded by
ih,' other ; and they are all checked by the conftant and
jealous eye which the government at home keeps over
them J the officers of all the ports of France being
charged, under the fevcrelt penalties, to interrogate all
captains of lliips coming from the colonies, on the re-
ception they met with at the ports to which they have
failed? how jnftice was adminiflered to them? what
charges they were made liable to, and of what kinds ?
I'hat the colonies may be as little burthened as
poflible, the governor's falary is paid by the crown : he
has no perquifites, and is Itriaiy forbidden to carry on
any trade, or to have any plantations in the iflandi, or
on the continent ; or any inteteft whatever in goods or
lands within his government, except the houfe he lives
in, and a garden for his convenience and recreation.
All the other officers are paid by the crown, out of the
revenues of the mother country; the fortifications are
built and repaired, and the foldiers paid out of the fame
funds.
In all the French idi'nds judges of the admiralty are
appointed, to decide in a fummary manner all difputea
between merchants, and whatever has any relation to
tr.ide. Thefe judges, before they are appointed, arc
Itriiitly examined as to their (kill in the marine laws,
which have been improved and digelted in France, with
fuch care and good lt:nfe, thjt all law-fuiis are quickly
decided ; though in other rtfpeifls, the pradlice of the Jaw
admits of as much chicanery, and has as many, if not
more delays, than with us.
That the colonies may be properly repleniflied with
people, every (hip that fails from France for America,
is obliged to carry a certain number of indented fervants :
their traders, and paid a handlome falary fur their at- ' thus all vcirds of fixty tons, or under, are to carry
joi y Q. three
%
n
s .
Mm
I! !'
706
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
II
|'.pan;o'
tlircr ; from fixtv ton luimlrtvl, four; niid from ;i hiiii-
drcil am! iipwarcls, lix (irv.iiU'!, ot ('(uiiiJ niiii ihoii.:
b').ii.s, liciwccn the :\'j_v< of clj;htccn .ind t'orty. lit Inrc
tlicir di'p.irtiirc, tlicv iirc (•x.iiiinif'.l In' the cifliccrs <il
the .idmir.iltv, 10 Icf whi-thcr tlu'v ;ire the pvilnns n'-
qtured hv law; as ihi-y arc alio by the rommilVary, 011
their UnJiiii; in Ainerira, where thev are to lerve three
years. 'I"he avarice of the planters niakci them alwajs
pielcr negro (livri!, becaiife tlicv are more in liil'jeeiion
than the Kiirnpi'ans, mav he more worked, are liib-
iillcil with lefs (lirtiriiltv, and are belides the entire pro-
perty of tliLir mailer, whieh woiiKI in time reiuler the
i'afety of the coloiiv extremely precarious. The planters
nre therefore oblii;ed to kci-p .1 certain nimiber ol white
firvants in proportion to their blacks ; and the rxeei!
tion of this law is infoiced by the commillarv, who ad
jiills the price, and forces the pl.inters to take the nimi-
to the twentieth dej;rce iinrta latitude, and from the
fixty-lcventh decree thirty live minutes, to the ft-vriitv.
tourili de^'.rie filtei'n niimiles w lllon|ritiide ; it inin'
about lour htmdied and tw^ntv-lix miles fidin ^ifi ,,i
welt, and almolt one hundred and twen'v- lour «l>r\;
broailcit, from north to fuiith. It lies in the middle
between Cuba and Jamaica, on the north-will .i,,,)
(oiith-well, and I'or:o Rico on thecaH, and is leparatid
Irom the l.itter only by a narrow channel,
■|'he chmate is extieniely hot, but coolcj and refreflu'd
by hreeres, yet the air i, not reckoned uiiwholefoiiK' ;
lor limie oi the inhabitant* are laid to live to aliinc [
hundred years of ai',e. Its f.dubrity is fiid to ho owiiij> Jn a
I great nieafurc to iis beautilul variety of hdl. and v.illic,.
I woods and rivers, wliicb every wliei'e prclent thenilclvLs
] to the view.
the
'-"■■•'j-ij
■J'his illancl is albiwed to be the moll fruitful and the
ber of feivants leipiired by the ordin:'nf;-, who would j plealantcll in the \\'e(Undies ; its forells rontain ciblvi..,-.
othtrwife He a buriien upon the itialbis of (liips who; trees, palms, elms, <);:ics, pines, and oilier treis, luUt
hiought them. I .ind larger, with mote beautiful and bettir tade.i li,iit
As to lire ne::'oes, tney arc not left, as with us, with than in moi! of the other illaiuls, particularly nin'-.
ipp'es, bananas, oranges, Ichkmis, citrons, limes, jv.ipc
their
I'lani
bodiis aiivl fouls wht)lly at the dif rction of the
IT. Their mailers are obllfiiil to hive thetn in-
llriiJb.'d in the principles of the Komil!) religi(>n. Me-
thoiU are .illb taken to protecl the llaves lioiii the cruelty
of the planters, and to preferve the colony from the ill
crt'eets that ini;;ht aril'e from treating them with .. leiii'y
not coiilillent with their condition. In IViort, the Code
Noir, and other ordinance^ rel.itive to thefe unli ippy be-
ing., flicw a very jiid and fenllble mixture of Inimanily
and lleailinefs. Their planters, however, as well as
our;, have the Common eiior ot working tliele unhappy
creatures in a manner not fuitable to then conltitutions,
and the nature of the climate.
We fll.ill only add, that all debts, though contrailed
by the planters in Kiance, arc levied with great eafe ;
for the procefs being properly autliLiilicited, i^ traiif-
mitted to Aineriea, where it is admittnl as proved, and
b lied on the planter's ellate, ol whatever kind it be.
Care i^ however taken, that while compulforv methoi.'s
are iili.il to make the planter do jufliee, the (btc fliall
luH lole the benvlit aribiig from the indultry of an iileful
meniiier of the community ; the debt is always levied
according to the fiibHancc of the debtor ; in fiich a
manner, th.it one of the parties is not facriliceil to the
otli 'r ; the creditor is fatislied ; the debtor is not ruined ;
and the ciedit of the colonics is kept up at home, by
the fure m'th'ds that are ufed for rcco\eiing all demands
in the plantat ons. '
Sruiie of thefe rcnilations, for whieh we are obliged '
l,.,l
i..ites, and apricots. Here .iic alio all the Minis coinni,,:,
to the Weltlndies. In the fav.mnas, or meadows, aie
innumerable hcrils of black cattle, that run wild in ilu;
country ; liorfe* enough in the I'rench part ol it to lim-
ply all iheir neighbouring colonics, lielides wild huri'cs
and wild hogs ol the bieed brou'dit over by the Sp.iiii.iriN.
The hunters /lioot the beves lor tiuir hides, as l,,evdo
in Cub.i ; beliilcs, there is f-arce .1 country in the woiKI
better watered, either by brooks or navigable rim
which aie all lull ol lilli, as the coalt is witti turtle. In
the lands ot thefe rivers gold-dull is found, and it had
fornutly niiius of gold, lilver, and copper.
'I'he duel commodities of the illand arc hides, fufjir.
Indigo, cotton, cacao, cotl'ee, ginger, tobacco, iait'
wax, honey, anibergrife, and various kinds ot drugs
.and wood lor dying ; but it produces little corn. I'hc
French here are laid to equal, if not outnumber, the
Spaniards, who both together lall very fliort of what the
extent and fertility of the ifland is capable ol fupportiii;'.
This country was trc.ited with the iitmoll leveritv iv,-
the Spaniards, who in battle and cold blood deltrojcd no
lefs th.m three millions of men, women, and ch'ildrrii, -(.ViL-.v,
and eiitirelyextirpated the inhabitants, by many of whom, '
at their lirll lltilimcnt in this idand, they h.id been
treated with kindncfs.
We have already mentioned the Spaniards atten-.ptiti"
to ruin St. Chnllopher's, when divided between the Kn;;'-
■ (h and French ; hut by this unjiill .nil they brought
to a judicl'uis work lately puhlilhed, entitled. An t\c- ; on themlclvfs a vciy feveie revenge : for iVveral of tiie
count of the Furopean Settlements in ,\mcrica, would I'reneh inhabit.ints, who were expelled from St. Chrlllo-
doubllefs be of great ufe, were they to be introduced pher's, being reduced to great indigence, bi'gan to iliinlc
into our colonies, efpeciallv the iflands, where proper ot defperate courfes. 'I'hi-y betook themfeives to pi.icy
regulations arc much wanted, and where thry might be ' and uniting with fomc Fnglifli, ].)uti.h, and oti-cr rcfi-
liite kllows, they rcfoU I'd to begin a piratical war with
the Spaniards. At full they fatisficd themfeives with
taking their fllips, and dellrnying their trade. 'I'hii
they did efi'et'lually ; but lc>.in emduragcd, and llrrngth-
cncd by this fuccefs, they landed upon the coiitinem of
New Spain and Terra I'iriiia, burmng and plundering
calily rendereil conlormab'e to the mode of thofe ro\',il
rovcrnnicnts.
SECT. II.
Of IIispANioi.A, or St. Dominc.o.
X,mf, Sitiialiin, Extent, Climate, and Prsiiu:e.
CD'iiiie A.ciu'il if the Buaaneen, and the
~ \(ime
'f
IjU
''.!•''
Aliiiiiiei- in
3 //'!• French.
Ti'eir Tr.i ie ; the phti ipal Pliues in the IJIand ; vjillj ,
{•,n;ifc Accitnt cf St. Ltwii, and cf the IjU of I'ai/r, ci
CilVi- Ijland,
with their fueceis, they aiicnibled and look fomc of their
Itrongcd fortrelles ami opulent cities, particularly I',.:!.,
liello, Campeachy, anri Marncaibo ; they even took the
ity of 1'.
anama by fhirm, ami burnt it, afi
er dcfeati
w
F, (liall now proceed to the idand oi Hifpaniola,
St.
Do
which was
red b\
Hif
aus in his fuft voyage in 140?.,
him ca
[•la; but afterwards building a city, which he
called St. Domingo, in honoui ot his lather Domimc,
file name w.is full extended to that quarter, and at length
the whole illand was called St. iJomingo, by which
name it is as well knnwn as by that ot I lilpaninl, .
This ifland, pait of which belongs to tlw Spwii.. H*,
the larg'.ll of all the Antille
xt to Cuba, it
tcndin^; Itoni the feventeenlli degice thirty-feven minutes
an army which came to its reliel. In all thefe pl.ices,'
and in the others they had taken, lli-y gained an incre-
dible booty, and committed the molt unheard of crueltii's.
Another p.irty of tliele pirates pafTiiig the llreighti ol M.i-
gcllan, and enteriiiL^ the South Sea, rendered the whole
coall of Peru, Chili, and the coall of Mexico one fcene
if defidatic
while they were every where
attended
with fuccelf, becaule they every where ailed with the
bravery and comluiit tha', in a more jull caiife
i.ivc merited the hi.'liell honours
aid
I'hele pirates, whom we improperly call liiiceaneers,
the French denominated Flibulbers,' from tlie IJutcli
fly-boats, m which thiy made their fit It expeditions.
The Uuccanc' rs arc peiloiis who hunt wild cattle in A-
I lit
IIlSPANIOL/,.
1 latltuili-, ami from the
■ miinitcs, to tlic- ffvri.tv-
w ll loii|riiinU> ; it lu ii,,,
iiy-lix niilfi 111, 111 eill ,.J
I .iMil twoii'vlmir ubc ^.
1. It lies ill the niidill,;
on the nottli-will .|„,|
tin- c;iH, :iiui is Ic-jvtratnl
V cli.iniu I.
, Ini! fiolc,; nm! rifrcdu'd
rctkoiK'il imiwIiuU'Umm' •
(hill to live to iil)ovc ,,
ity i'f.ii'! tol'c owiiij. ill ,,
:irirty of lull . ;inJ v.illic..,
uhcic prclcMt tlicmltlvLs
llic moll friilifiil an,! il;c
s fonlts contain calilia:.c-
, and other tri'Ls, laili.f
ll ami lulti'r tallrd limt
iaiuls, particularly pm.;,
IS, citrons, linu's, j^iapi ,
Ho nil till- hirds conininn
annas, or nRMdo\v<, arc
tlo, that nm wild in ilu;
]''rctich part ol' it to in.,.
n;cs, bcfidfs wild hoiici
jit over I'v the Sj)aiiian!s.
■ tlu'ir hides, as i.nv do
(■ a country in the wniM
ks or iiavii'ahlf riven
coalt is with turtle. In
ll is foiin.l, and it had
nd ropjier,
illaiid arc hides, fufjir
}.',int»er, tobacco, fait,
various kinds of drug's
duces little corn. I'liu
, it not ouMiumhcr, ihi;
I verv fliort of wh.it the
! capable ol fiipportin:%
the iitnioll feveritv I17
:olil blood ileltroyed no
women, and chil.lrni, ;(,v,v,v-,
ints, by many of vvhoiii,
illand, they had been
le Spaniards attrniptim-
ided between the Kn--
It .irt they brouijht up.
n^e : for feveral of tne
cil from St. Chrillo-
;.;cncc, bej^.m to tliiiilc
themfeivesto pi. .icy,
itili, and oti'er ri'l,)-
a piratical war vvitli
fied thcinfelves vt'iih
; their trade. 'I'his
oiirapcd, and lli,-n;;th-
ipoM till' coniinent of
nn;; am! plinulerin'.j
ul boldiiefh iner'Mlinjr
ml took (onie of their
.'S [VUticuLirly I'l,:;..
; they even look the
nt It, after dcfeatiitj',
In all thrfe pl.ires,
i.'y t^.iined an incre-
i iinlieard of cruelties.
j^thellieightsof ,M,i-
, rendered the whole
of Mexico one fccne
very where attendcl
vhcie atted with the
ore jult caul'e, would
eriy call Hiiccaneers,
rs, from the Oiitcli
eir (lift expedition*.
Hit wild cattle 111 A-
incrica
iTlM'AMOt.A.
A M F. R I C A.
70;
I.','.''
iTierii-a for tlielr hides and fallow: fonie ol' wh'im joim-d
the l'li'>iilliers In their full expedition*, and Ironi tlieni
the );ii;;ll(li i^ave the name ol liiirianeers to the v\'hole
liody. I'hele people freijiieiitlv brought their pn/esand
pliitv'iT to Jaiu.iiiM, as we h.ive alieadv ohieived, by
whuh ihev ureatty enrielie,! that ill.ind. Other, hndin^
fli.it the Spaniards were Co weak 111 I Iiipaniol.i lh.it they
h.ii\ in .1 ni.inner deferied a conlidirable part of the ill.iml,
made it a pi. ice ol renile/.vous. I hey who huiiled the
c.iitle loimd the del'-rts lelt hv tile Spaiiilli lyr.inny .1 pro
per place lor excriiliii;^: iheir proper proklhoiis. I otliele
two forts of people wire ad.)eil a t,iiid, who were lonie
of the French in the I.eller Anidles; who liiuluij^ how
iiuich nui^ht be pained by fiippKiii|; men who were l.ivilh
111 their expellees, and not very cxai't in their bar;:aiiis,
and perceiviMi; tiiat no p.iit ot Auurica al'orded a lielier
(oil, palli'il ovir to the illand, ami exerciled the employ
nient of planters and mereh.ints. 'I'liefe three lorts ol
people, who were mutually of ufe to each other, lived
111 verv good liarmniiy. Indeed ihev W're fcvcral limes
(lillodiied bv the Spaniards; but tliev diH returned with
new Itreiigih ; fo that it w.is witn ditficnltv that the Spa-
in. irds wiie a'lle to ret.iin one part of the iiland.
The I'remh court beheld in (ileiice the progref; of
thele people, and whenever cceiiplaiiiis were nude they
difivowed their pioceedinps : hut when thev at length
(oiiiid the Kreneli in I lifp.iiiiola iiumiTous. (hoiijr, and
wealthy, they owned Iheiii as fiibjee'ls, lent them a go-
vernor, .iiid regular forces to deleiid th'-ui in what they
h,u\ dine : the old method of piracy w^s Hill ciuinived at,
while the iraileof (kins inciealed .iiid the plantations ex-
leniied. At length the I'leiu ll obl.iiiied .1 legal riOit by
the ceirion which the Spaniaids m.ide the-n of the iiorth-
W(ll p.ut of till- ill.ind, by the tieatv ol Ryfwic in lOg;,
i!ie hell and moll feride part ; and this is the principal
fetllcment of the I'reiich in the Well Indies, and in all
Aiiieiica.
'I'his leitlement begins at a large plain called Bahaia
<Mi the north I'lde ol the ill.ind, about thirty leagues call
of Cape Francois, extending all .ilong the coall ; Iroin
thence to the weft, reaching on the fouth fule as l.ir
as Cape Morgon ; it being two hundred leagues in
circuit, and, including the windings, about a hundred
more
This colony, if it may be fo called, has fincc met
with great eiieouraiemcnt from I'rauee, which in 172O
bad no lefs than ihiiiv thoufind while-, and a hundred
Ihoiiland nejaoes ; they inadefixty thoiil ind hojflieads ol
lug.ir of five hundred weight e.xii i the i:idli;o w.is hall
a. much in value as the fugar ; they likewife exported
laige quantities of cotton, and alio feiit .1 Cvmhilcrable
cpiatitily of cac ao and L'inger 10 I'"r.ince. Since that tune
mey h.iveraif'd coU'ee here to a very great amount, and
a'l the other br.iiu hes of their commeicial producls have
(iiicethat pciiod iiiercafed to an allonifliing degree. A
Spanidi writer of great judgment, who was well intorm-
ed, and who wrote about feventeen years ago, reckons
the produce of the plantations near Cape Francois, ihe
capital of Frencli ililpaniola, and which were expnrlcd
from that fiiuile town, at thirty ihoufand tons in fugar,
tobacco, indi'.;o, and lofl'ce, which at the lowed calcu-
lation cannot aiiioiint to lefs than fix hundred ili.nifand
pounds (terliii!'. If to this be added the exports of the
two confiderable ports of Petit (lu.ivis .iiul I.eogane, and
the other inferior ones, which are luppofed to lend out at
h-all as much as thecapital, the exported pioduce of the
idand mull be aniiu.dly woilh one million Iao liumlred
thoufand pounds. Tiice is another branch of trade of
extraordinary advantage to the niother-eounlrv, which is
tlial they carry on with the S|Uniards wholly in the
uifartures nf France, and lor which they receive
in filver; ami this article alone is (aid to
V 1(1 F'rame no lefs than two millions ot
m
their
returns
bring annua
(loll.ltS.
The principal places in the iflan,'
M-hich is fituated on the northein
French nlicn e.vlled iheC'ajie, by way ol eiiiuieiico. It
('amis ill ih'- ninctceiuh dcgice ihirty-five minutes north
Ulitude, and in the lixty-cigtith decree torty-nuie niinule.s
are Cape
part, and
Francois,
IS by the
wcR li-'n[>.itiide, an.! contains about ci/ht tliouf.in.l whites-
and blaiks. In the middle of it is a fp.uious lipiare, a.
bout three hiin<lred oiices in leiigih and breadth, at which
I, veil or cigjit (tuet, terniinate : but this town wa-.de-
llioyed in Hie bcginiiui!; of the rcii'ii of kinu' Wilji.ini by
the I' nglidi and Sp.mi.uds in coninni'lion. The town
IS neither walled nor paled in, and is fiid lo h ive only
iwo batteries, one at ihe ciilrance of theh.iihour, ami
the other heliue the town.
I.eog.ine, on the well fide, thour>h infctlor in point of
fi/e, iiagood port, a place of I'onfulerable ira.le, and
the (eat of the I'remh government, which is in .he hands
of the governor ami an iiiten.lant, who are mutually a
check upon each other. Fhere are befides two other
towns confiderable for their tnde, I'eiit (jii.ives at the
well cud ol the illand, and I'oit Louis on the (oiiji-wcft:
put.
'File capital city bclnn:'.inL' to the Spaniardi li St. Do-
mingo, litii iievi ill the eighleeiilh degree feven minuics re i7
norih latitude, and in the lixty-ninth degree tweiitv-feveii ftj^l"
minutes v\'e(l longiiiide. It is a large well biiiit city,
with a '.'ood port, and has (cveral magnificent Itruclures,
partieid uly the lioufes of the king ol Sjiain's colicdjors ;
with a line cathedral, (even large monaltei ies, and two
iiuniieiies; helides a mint, and .1 college, which has arc-
venue of lour hundred iliicats ; an univertity, and an
hofpital t mlowed with Iwentv thoufand ducats a year.
Fhis city is the (eat ot an arehhidiop, and the refidciie.c
of the governor-general of the Spanifh Indies and of the
judges ol the loy.il courls. Ihe greatctl part of the Ut-
ile trade the Spaniards have in this illami is cariicd rui
from this port, which has fifteen fathoms w.iter at the
b.n, is large .ind fife, it being d; tended by fcvcral bit-
teries and a ciltle, with other fortific.itioiis. 'I'he town
IS built o( (buie alter the Spamfli manner, and has a large
lijuare market-place in the middle of it, about which are
ihe cathedral .ind other publiek buildings ; and from this
lipiare the principal llreets run in a direct line, they bc-
iii:' croll'ed by otiiers at right angles. Fhe town is al-
nudl of a ipiad angular fiirm, and its fitnation very de-
lightful, betwci-ii a large navigable river (Ui the well, the
ocean on the fouth, and a fine fruitful country on the
north and call.
In the French partof llifpaniola are the two following
idaiids.
St. I.nnis ir, about fix leagues to the north cad of the
idc of Vache, and is fcarce half a mile long and not a
ipiaiter of a mile over ; but the French have here a fort.
I'his illand is jult high enough not to be over-flown at
high w.iter. It is leparated fiom llifpaniola byatlreight
not till :e ipiarters of a mile in brcadtii, wliete fmall vcl-
(cls ride in deep water dole to the (liorc. There is not
a drop of fredi water in the ifland, am' .ne rain (oaks
through it iiiinicdiaiely as if it were .; licve ; fo that
thole who live upon it fetch their water every day fioina
little river in llilp.iniola, at the diltance of a mile and a
half. In 1737, an hurricane in this little Idand levelled
a town with the ground, except the church and two
lioufcs: fcvcral ilweilings about the fort were alfo blown
down ; the diips that were at anchor under it were call
iipcin the coatf,or driven out to lea ; but fome vcllcls and
1n.1ga7.ims were burnt by lightning, fcvcral perfons weic
drowned, and all the fugar-canes and cotton trees in the
ifland and ils neighbourhood were dedroyed.
Vache, or Cows-Ifland, is about three leagues from
llifpaniola, and five or (i.\ leagues in length. 1 he (oil
is \erv good, and it has two or three tolerable pons, one
of which is able to receive Oiips of three hundred tons
biirtlicn. 'Fhe illand is conveniently featcd for a trade
with the Spanidi colonies on the continent of America,
.itidtor ni.uiitaiiiing an iiiiercourfe with the iflandof Cay-
enne, the only French (cttlemcnt on the coall of South
Ameiica. It received its name from its being uled (ur
the gracing of black cattle and hogs, and here the IJuc-
laneer. uled foimerly to rendezvous to (hare the fpoils
they took (rom the Spaniaids.
'I'hereaie many other fmall idand? round llifpaniola,
mod of which are uninhabited.
s i; c T.
-k.
ill
■ :i'^«
7o3
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
CiL- AI)ALO\
■'
( , I
\.^i
SECT. III.
Of St. Bartholomew, M ar k; a i. ant e,
and D E .s E A D A.
Tneir Silitation, ExienI, anil Prediae ; xvith a fiort J'itw
of ihtir Hijhry.
ST. Bartholomew'!! is fituaced in the eighteenth degree
north latitude, and in the fixty-fecond Jcj^rcc thirty
minutes weft longitude, twenty-five milts north of St.
Chriftophcr'.s, and thirty north-caft of Saba ; it is reclcoil-
ed only fifteen miles in circumference, but produces to-
bacco and cad'av.-), and is covered with trees that give it
a delightful appearance, as the fope tree, the calabafh
tree, the caii.ipia tree, which yields a very pleafant and
filutary gum, iignum-vitar, and iron-wood. On the
(horc are found the fifli c.illed the (ea-ftar and the fea-
applc ; and has alio an infinite variety of birds. It has,
however, no frefh water, but the rain laved by the in-
habitants in cifterns. It is cnconifafTcd by foniany roclcs,
that it is dangerous for (hips of great burthen to come
near it. The harbour is, however, a very good one, and
from thence in time of war the French greatly annoy our
trade.
This idand was peopled in 1648, by Poincy the
French governor of St. Ch llophcr's j and as the foil
was thought but indilFerent, the French were fufFcrcd
to enjoy it without moleftation till the year i68g, when
Sir Timoihy Thornhill landed upon it. The inhabi-
tants had, during their lon^ tranquility, fortified their
idand with batteries and breaft-works, which extended
over two acres of ground, and ■ ore double palifadoed
round with (lakes fix feet high. Sir Timothy however
made himfelf mafter of thcfe works, and after ravaging
the idand, carried oft' about feven hundred of the in
habitants with their c.ittle and effccls, fending the men
to Nevis, and the women to St. Chriftophir'b. The
and landing their men, tonli ihc town and fort witho, 1
oppofition, made the governor and his lict.tonai.t p.i
loners, and ruined the plantitions. Since tint t,,„,
Marigalante could fcircely be called an objcdt of „„llt ,rv
operations, and tlie Engl.fh became twice mi.ll.rs ol'u
exclulivc of its laft fubmiffion, without rclnfanc.-, ,„j
by the late definitive treaty it w.is ri-ftor<-.| t„ Krann-
IJefeada, of Defirada, tnat is, The Dcfi.cable 1(1 ,n'!
received iti name from Columbus, it biin.. the firll ui
the Caribbec Idands he difrovered in his l^iond vov.icc
in 149 j. It is filuated in the fixteenth dc 'rec i«l,vm''jj
minutes north latitude, and in the fixty'-lirlt rif,,,, '.<:,->
twenty minutes weft longitude; about tweiiiy mil,' lo * '
the north-e..ft of Guadaloupe. It extends fixteen nulis
in length, and two in hieadih. Some part ot it is vir-
fertile, the foil being proper for the cultiv.ition <.f Uu, ,r
and cotton, of which hilt it produces the bell in all "
l-rench ilLuids. Dcleada was of miportamc durin..
late war, on account ol the convenient ftaltir its "
afforded to privateers i it was however then .....,„ ,
the Knglifti; but was reftored to France by the dcliii
tivc treaty of 176J.
me
the
; pints
'■'ken hv
Hill
S K C T. IV.
Of G U A n A L O I' P E.
Its A'limt, Situation, Mtuntiiini ; with u particular fie-
fcription of a i'tLano, ailiol //■<■ Mount of Sulphur.
The Climatf, Vegttables, and Animali. // ;//) a ana/'e
A\nint of thf^ littlt Ijlimds called Xaintti, or Ail S^iin,,.
A Hijiory of Guadaloupe, and an Account cf in TuhU.
TH E ifland of Guardaloupc, or (}uidaloupe, was
thus called by Columbus, from the refLinolincc
ol its mountains to thofe of that name in Spain, it is
litiiated in the fixtcenth degree fix minutes north l.iti- ,>'.,t
lude, and in the lixty-fecond degree welt lon<itU(!<-,A» (>(>.
Flnglifli government thinking this procecdiiin too fevere, i ^bout thirty leagues to the north-welt of Martinico, ana
fuffercd the inhabitants to return to the idaiul, but they 1 '■* •''f largelt, as well as the finclt ifland belonging to
were to polTefs it as Knglifh fubjei^ts. However, at the ' ^^^ Irench in thofe parts, it being about forty-five nTiks
peace of Ryfwic it was reftored to the crown of France. ; !" length, and thirty-eight in breadth ; and is diviJcd
During the firft war with France, that broke out under | ''"° **" ?•■"■" by u fmall arm of the fea, or rathe
Georgcll. this idand was ' . - -—
for privateering, that abov
r ranee, tnat oroice out uniier " •■"" »■•'■" uy a 1111.111 ann 01 uic lea, or rather a
fo ccrvcnicnt to the French | "^f"^ channel, through which no Ihip can venture j
'e fit-v Enclifh ftiips were ''""he inh.ibitants pals it in a ferry-boat. The country
earned into its harbour j and th reforc, two privateers
from Antigua attacked the French by furprize, and re-
duced the inhabitants before they had time to defend
themfelves, making near four hundred white pcoole
prifoners, of whom one hundred and forty were fit to
bear arras, and alfo three hundred negroes. It was how-
ever reftored to the French, who have retained the pof-
refEon of it ever fince. Its chief productions for ex-
portation are dru!>s and lignum vitz, with lime-ltone,
which the inhabitants fend to the neighbouring idands. , . , ,^
The ifland of Marigalante is feated in the fixty- firft , which fertilize the foil, and enable it to produce a -.'rra!
degree weft longitude, and in the fifteenth degree 1 1"^"'i<y of fugar, cotton, indigo, tobacco, and cadi
on the eaft lide, which is called Grand Terra, is deftituie
ot frefh water, which abounds in the other divilion,
and is defended by fort Louis, with a redoubt whicr.
commands the road. The weftern part is called H.iilL-
Terra, and here the metropolis ftands, which is de-
fended by a citadel and other fortifications.
This ifland is encumbered with many high mountains
and precipices, to which the inhabitants uled to convev
their moft valuable efFeiils in time of danger : here are
alfo many beautiful plains watered by brooks ami r'
forty minutes nofth latitude, about thirty miles north
eaft of Dominica, and forty fouth-ealt of Guadaloupe :
it was difcovered by Columbus in 1493, who gave it the
name of his own (l>ip.
This ifland, which is about fixteen miles from north
to fouth, and four from eaft to weft, is full of hills ;
alon'.; the eaftern (hore run high rocks, fo perpendicular,
that they leem formed by art, and give fhelter to a pro-
digious number of tropic birds, they bein^ as full of
holts as a pigeon-houfe. On the fouth-ean fide ot the
ifland are black rocks ; but tiie weftern fiore is plain.
The ifland has fevcral large grottos, wi.b many little
ftreams and ponds of frefh water : it is covered with
trees \ and particularly abounds with tobacco, and the
wild cinnamon tree. Its produifi is the fame with the
reft of the Caribbee iflands, and the plantations are on
the louth fiJe, At the time of its bein^ laft reduced by
the Briiifli arms, it annually produced no more than a
thoufand hogfhtads of fugar.
J'he French began to fend colonies hither about the
yenr 1647 ; and, after a long couteft, remained in pof-
felfion of it ; but it was afterwards twice plundered by
the Dutch ; and in 1691, general Codrington and com-
modore Wright failed thither from the Leeward iflands,
2
bananas, pine-apples, rice, niai/.e, ginger, manJii
and potatoes.
In thii ifland is a hill, called the .Mountain of Sulphir,
which riles to a gre.it height ; the top of it is bare,
with nothing upon it but frrn, and fonie lorty (hrub-,
laden with mofs ; but it affords a fine view of Dom>
nica, Marigalante, Martinico, Montferrat, Nevis, and
the other neighbouring idands. Upon the higheit part
is a rugged platform covered with burnt (tones o!
all fizcs, and from feveral clefts and chinks ilTue fmoke.
On the eaft lide are two mouths which open into a pit
of fulphur, oneof which is an oval hole of about a hun-
dred feet ill its greatelt diameter, out of which alfo fre-
quently rifes thick clouds of black fmoke, artompan;.d
with (parks of fire, fhe negroes who fell brimltone
fetch it from this mountain. About two hundred pa.ci
below theloweftof thefe mouths are three pimls of vi-rv
hot water, lour or five paces Irom one aniiit>i,r ; that .f
the largeft is very dark coloured, and limlls like (he
water in Imilh's forges, the fccond is whitjfh, and li. .
the tafte of allum ; the thud is blue, and has a vitriulic
tafte. fHere are alfo feveral Imall Iprings, uhich uniiin)/
their ftreanl^, foini lever.il toirenis. I'he mi>«dlr a-, J
bottom of this burning mounlain aic extieincly d tfi r. i.r
iri.i:
f"
G V A I) A LOV ;■ V .
:own anil fort without
lut \w lictitcnaiit pi I
lis. SllHC th K tlilll
<l an objcdt i>( iiiiiit,iiv
ne twice mallcrj ol ii,
'ithoiit rc'litliiiii't', iiij
ri'lli>ri'il ti) Kraiuc.
The DdiiciblL- Idinl,
, It bcini; the lult ui
d in hii li.ei)nil vnv.i^c
xteciith <ie^iic twcm .• M ' ^,i
the lixty-llri} (ie'^ii^ftie-
about tweniy miW- uj
li extends tixteen miles
Some part <>t it is vit'
he cultiv.itioii ipf fiii;ir
utcs the belt in all mo
iniportanie diiriiij' the
veniciU Ihclier its pmts
>wever then t^kcn by
France by the dcliiii-
IV.
I I' P E.
will) n parlhular Dt-
tl'i' Mnuiil of Sulphur,
nimiili. IP ill) a cjniije
•d Xaintti., or /fil Siiin,i,
n Auount iif lt> TiiiM.
c, or GuaJaloupe, was
, from the refeiiiolantc
t name in Spain. It i> ,
fix minutes north l.iti- /v.i/
degree well longituile,«i Cf-
-well of ^4a^tinlCo, anJ
lincll iilanJ belonging to
ng about forty-five miles
jreadth ; and is diviJed
of the fea, or rather a
» no fhip can venture ;
;rry-hoat. Ihe country
jrand Terra, is dcllituie
s in the other divilion,
, with a redoubt whicii
crn part is called Halle
is Hands, which is de-
tifii'ations.
;h many hii^h mountnins
abitants ul'ed to convey
ue of danger : here are
•cd by brooks and rivers,
ftle it to produce a •ireit
>o, tobacco, and caflia ;
i/.e, ginger, mandioca,
he Mountain of Sulphir,
the top of it is hare,
and fonie lorry (hrubs
s a fine view ol Domi-
Montferrat, Nevis, and
Upon the highelf part
with burnt (loncs ot
and chinks ilTue Imokc.
IS which open Into a pit
ival hole of about a hun-
out of which alio fre-
ick fmokc, accnnipanicd
oes who fell brimltone
\boiit two hundred pa>es
IS arc three piMils of very
)m one aiioihtr ; that •■!
rid, and lintlls like ihe
I ond is whitilh, and li.^^
blue, and has a vitriolic
II (piings, which uniting
irenis. I'he mii'dle and
11 «ic cxtieiiicly d tfi f nf
tcvni
Gl' AD Ar.OlTE.
A M E R 1 C A.
(rnni the lop of ir, tliey hcinj cov'^rcd with tali trees and
lurliage, watered by a number of rivulets, and cultivated
V. itli all pofliblc lare and indullry.
Near the little illaiid of (loyaves arc found fprings that
are boilin;; lint, and are fiid to contain many ineJicinal
p;()perties, pariieularly in the cuie ot dropfies.
In the ( Jraiid Tcrre are fever.il indentin_". made by the
k'.i and the land, capacious enough to (li.lter veli'el;,
Ir.iin (tornis, and (haded by pilmeto trees, to vvliiih tliey
ni:iy be (alU'iKil. 'l"hat c.ilkd the Circ.it Col de Sac af-
liinis excellent riding for fhips of all biirtluns.
The air is clear and faliibrioiis, and among the vege-
tables are the cupau tree, famous for Its f.inativc balfjin
iir oil ; the milk fluub, from whole fibres a;e prelt a
lupi'ir that lelenibles milk ; and the corli.ivy tree, whicli
heirs fruit eovere I with afliell, within which is a downy
pulp of a lart'ion colour, that yields a gum, wlii;h being
JKirdencd m the Inn becomes very clear and I'olid, fo that
the native Caribbees formerly ufed it lor bracelets and
other ornaiiu-iits.
The moll remarkable bird is one fail to be peculiar to
this ifl mil and Dominica, though it i-^ a bird of pillage.
It is called the devil bird, from the blacknel's of its plu-
mage, and is of the fize of a young pullet. lis wings
are long, its legs fliort, and its leit, whicnarc like thole
of a duck, have llroiig claws : its beak is crooked, fliirp,
h.ird, and in length about an inch and a half; its eyes are
l.irne, and ferve to dillinguifh fi(h, which it catches at
jii ', It in the fea ; but it is unable to bear the light in the
day-time when flying; fo that thefe birds often rulh upon
iiuerpoling objects and fall down. After their filhing in
ihe night they repair to the Devil's Mountain, where
they lodge by p.iirs in holes like rabbits. They continue
iliiic duiing the months of October and November, tlio'
ihey are ken lingly in other months ; but all of them
ilifappcar in May, and are never feen again till Septem-
ber. The negroes of the ifland have a peculiar way of
huiuini; thele birds with dogs and hawks. 'I'heir (lelli,
when cured of its fifhy talle,is good and nourilhing food,
and, during their feafon, the negroes and pour of the
illand luhtill upon them.
Th'. !;uli)hs on the coafts of Ciuadaloupc contain
turil.s, Uiarks, land-crabs, and many kinds of fifli.
Tni bics of Guadaloupc are eniiiily diflercnt from
thole ol Kurope, they being black, Imaller, and without
llings. 'I'hey never hive but in hollow trees, and their
wax, which is of a dark purple approaching to black,
is too (oft for candles, and cannot be bleached, Thefe
hces, inllead of making combs, depofit their honey in
Madders of wax, of about the form an. I (iie of a pigeon's
I la: : but this honey is (aid never to haulcn, nor become
ot .-.ny other confilhncc than that of olivi: oil
The illand is pelhred with an infi-,Jl called a ravet,
(liapcd like a May bug, of an oftenlive fmcll, and prey-
in" upon paper, books, and furniture ; and whatever
they do not cnaw is difcoloured by their ordure. Thefe
cHenfiye infects, which are very numerous and appear
chiefly by night, would be intolerable, wire it not for
a large fpider which entangles them in its w.'b, anJ lakes
all opportunities of (iirpri-iing them, on which account
ihe inhabitants are very careful not to offer the leall in-
iury lo thele fpiders.
Under the government of Guadaloupc are compre-
hended Del'e.ida,iult deferibed, an! thcilLinds of Xaiiites,
or All Saints, ("hefc hill are three in number, and their
I'lil is pretty much the fame with that of (luadaloupe.
'I'he weliermolt illand, which is the belt, is about nine
miles in comp.ils ; but none of thele ill.iiuls leim ever to
have been propeily inbabitcd, on account ot tlicir being
diilitutc of trefh water, though they produce all the
other iiecedaries ot lite,
Wc have no account of the hiftory of this iflanJ from
the time of Columbus to the inititution of the French
general company of the American iflands in 1635, who
being unable of themfelves to plant or cultivate their
iilands, empowered M. St. Olive, their lieutenant-gene
i.dof St. Chiillophct's, and M. du Plrlfis, to contraiil
v.ith (onie mcichants ot Dieppe (or fitiluig Cjuadaloupe.
riie telinious dill'ei'ilces in France loon produced ad-
vnturers", who, beluies the induciment ot enjoying li-
berty of coiilcieiicc, weie lliinu.attd by viewb of intercll.
lOj
ammuniiiuii,
Thofe merchants contrafli'd v.'iih four huiidnd iiien,
who were obliged to le.ve them tour years, but ni.iiiy
ol the pioteltant adventurers were tar trorn iiiiaginmg
that thj new fcttlcment w..s under the diredtion il car-
dinal Richlieu, who Cent with them four Domniieau
Iriars, provided with lull powers lioin pope Urban VIU.
Ihe adventurers happened to make an unfortunate
choice ot the pl.iec on which they landed, for the foil
wa. bad : as an addition to thi» misfortune, D'Olve
and Du I'ielfis dilagieed in the partition of their com-
mand, and had been guilty of an unpirduilable ovcr-
(ight, ill not being provided with fulTiCient (lores; lur
on examining th-in, they (ound no more left than could
maintain them lor two months, on which the two chiefs
dividing them, as well ,is the men and
agreed to iep.ir..te.
Ihe iiaiue,, lo f.ir from (hewing any dillike to them,
aldlted tlK'ii 111 raifing their huts, and not only furnifhed
them with callava b.ead, but with (eed for railing to-
baeco, cotton, and peafe ; and taught them to catch
turtle and ri(h. Ihe French probably made an un.'rate-
lul return tor this kindnel's, fmcc they were ('oon°al'ter
aUlicted widi a dreadful famme, of which many died :
others rciiud to St. Chrilljphei's, and ihofe who re-
mained were reduced to the horrible neceffity of devo'ar-
nig even the dead bodies of their comp,.nions, which
they dug l.oHi their graves. Mean while a (liip arriving
(roin Dieppe with one hundred and forty men, landed a
months piovihon ; but that being Ipent, the famine
and moitaliiy Itill continued. However, by fjme means
or other, loiiie of them lived (or near live years ; but
their bodies were reduced to luth a (late of weakncfs,
as to be unable to clear the giound, or raife cither coin,
plants, roots, or fruit.
Amidlt thele caUimities Du Pl'.ffis died, and the com-
mand devolved lolely on D'Oiivc, whol'e infatiable avarice
and cruelty eiiuaiied the affiictiou of the famine.
D Olive bioke with tl.: natives, numbers of whom he
m.dlacred, as the leadiell means of procuring fublillence.
I ney applied to the Catibbees of the neighbouring
idamls, who attacking the French, fueh numbers were
cut off, that thofe who remained (carce deferved the
name ot a colony. During this period it appears fcveral
reinforcements were (cut ihem both from Europe and
St. Chriltophet's ; but the French writers tell us, that
all their convoys of provifions niifcarricd. Mean while
D'Olive's ambition for command would not even futfer
him to entertain the thoughts of religning this milerable
colony i and he lent over a Dominican, as his agent to
the court of France, which was filled with conrplaints
againll him, to lolicit fpecdy fupplics. 'Fne Domini-
can reprelcnfjd the colonills as rebellious heretics, and
D'Olivc was appointed lole governor of the colony.
1 he governor on receiving Ins commifiion, all'embled
his ofliccrs to hear it read ; but while this ceremony was
pertorming, the Dominican church, wiih all its rich
lurniture, was confumed by hrc. D'Olive's repeated
applic.itions for fre(h fupplics were now without efi'ed,
and the dreadlul (ituatioii he was in ati'Lcled his brain ;
and beeoming blind, he went to St. Chiillopher's, where
he was put under an arrell by M. de ToiiKy, governor-
general ol the French iflands. Supplies of men wert
now lent to Ciuadaloupc ; but their olficers behaved with
lucb tyranny, that the men broke out into rebellion,
and M. de Poincy wab obliged to (end over live hundred
men trom St. Chnllopher's'to reduce them.
'File colony alter tnis futfered greatly by other bad
governors, by huriicancs, and by (w.;rnis ot catei-
pillars.
It WIS afterwards under the New Weft-India Com-
pany ; but ill 1674, was t.iken into the king's hands,
whole niinillirs aiiopted a Commercial lyllem, and it ("^011
became the moll tlomilli ng colony (uL'je.-t to I'raiiCv.'.
It was tortitied with lorts and icdoubts, which were in
lo good a condition in 1702, when admiral IJembow made
a d.lcent upon the iflaiul, with a conliderajle body of
laud forces, that he did not llinik proper to attack
them ; but was fati^livd with di.ltroyiiig many of their
plantations and open vi lag-.s.
However, in 1759 a llwct of ten men of war, befides
Irigatrs and buiiib-Kctciies, uiidei the ctmunind of com-
8 R modtrfie
«■ .,
'f*"
it
r '1
\i
ID
A S V S T !■ M O F C I", O G R A P I' Y.
MA:\TiNiro
lilt I
fl
n: r
14 I
in."
pi i
mo.liirc M.i.-iif, wMi ,1 bojy nf I.m.l forcci. C()!!iir..in,!- J
by ;,.•!!: r::! t!op:',)ii, ;i'lcT iii'.ikliu iii\ unlucci'f..t'ul utt.Kli
oil M.Kiir.ici), 1.1, i,.-.! lor tJj,iJaloii;'C\ lliis lijuaJniM
luy.ui to bon;bjiil t^ic town ;iml cit.ulcl of Ualii; I'crii,
iiikl ii>,:v,itli(L,i ;in,; inanv Ivitteiies irccKJ on the (horc,
liic- liuuits ail.! ciuiicai'5 wore tint iiii^ht every wntrc in
ri.iint.', UU.1 ilii; po*ilcr *it ilic nia;;.i/incs biown abi ut
thi- I'Mciiiicj t.irr. I'ne luxt il.iy iIr- l'jii;lilli l.iiiJi.d,
nr.ii timnJ Uiiii tbc town uiul citaili-1 aii.mJoiKil, biu
tlK- ilU!!.! wub Ur !:i>ai b.'nij; i;ikiii. 'I'bc J'rciicb, willi
tlitir arr.icd Mgroon, ihriw ii[\ iiuitm-iiim-nis u,i ibe
ruKiii;.;iii.-, ami bravely rcl'.ilv>d lo dncnH (bunkivis
n.. l';ii^.is i).ii;i..|e. aoo'ii alter gi-iKi..! Ibiplun .licJ, aiiJ
tl;j coi.ni.inJ ui.\'olvciJ upon ni.ij'jr '.',i'ni.ral I5ariiiii;ti,ii.
'llic /■iijlilli were lurrallcj bv pciivtual alarms, aiiJ
tstijui'J vtfuli toiill.mt duty ; tiicy lunvtvcr gainvJ one
pala aficr aiioilur, ..iki 11:11' advnnccJ, alort m ihi; lioui
ot cau'.ii.n, anj inviiKiblt' wlu-iicvcr f fy aitad.i-J.
'I '. . . iVciiuoiiily iuti.r;d ironi toiiccalcJ liits out ol the
v.o , . ..J )io:n iuiiing paitifs ol .irniiil ncLioi-i, tb^t
v^oulj i.u; bv,J , i ( v.!. " /\t len!!tli the I'ltiuh g(jvfrii"r,
J'uicirg a'lKlill.iii I- vjii!, knt a'd.ig of truce, l.y wiiit.li
U'.C.i.^ (Jii,iilulo;:pL- was luircililtred to the liii-lilh.
Alt. r the l-iuicn liing took c;ii.iil..louiic un^ier bis im
fl .w the i!aii> and favannas, there are ten livrrs that ate
r.nerdr), wbieb iiin fro.ii the iiu.uiuala.'. into the k-a
and K.im.tiiuc.'. overflowing tlair baius, cariv away tree,
and luiiil'e.s. Some of tiic bill:; ate cuhiva'tt.!, and en
t;u;r llecp afceiitb yrows lob.!ci;(i, v\hieh ii, betici ihan
iha: in the valleys : oiher biiis aij overprow'n v.iih tree:.,
Uiat altMidlhelter lo wild bi-alLi. jiid abundance oflni!u->.
'I'be ollur (iroduee of the lil.ind is much tbu f.iine Wiib
l:ui: Ol Uarbadocs, namely, fu^iar, cotton, indigo, gm^ci,
aloe4,pinitiuo, Indian (i;;s, bar..i;i.'.5, pine appie.s mcli'in;.,
cjIVi.i, iii.;ndi.UM, pi.t.ilues, and other louts, \7iili re-
!j'e;L to liie fnit, it is computed tb.it here are made, on-.;
)e.ir with another, ten tliiHifand bogfticads of lug.ir, caerv
v^ei-hiiig about fix bundled j
>ou:uls wi I
l^lit. l he ebict
pUMlUMii, belides hogs, are (iuiiiea pi^s, lurkic", wuod-
I'l.'vons, oitjl..us, fiMgs.and li/.ar<!.-. I lie coall abounds
4>iiii coiiiniodiuusbays and baibouis, in whicii aie pl.iiiy
of turtle.
Mariinico is not only ihechitf of the French Carlbbce
lllands, but the tcfidence of the governor-generai and an
iiUMidant. It lb likewife the ie.u of a lovei..igii eounci;,
which fuperintcnds all their oilier illinds, aiiJ evui ilie;r
i.-iiUinenib in Hilpaiilola. 'I'liis tojiicil cunliUs ot the
g"vernor-geiieral, the intend. iiit, t.'ie governor ol tlie
niedia:c proieclioi), i: kcanie incoaipar.ibly the niolf pio- Inland, an auo'.ney-gcneial, the lautenant-goveriior lur
ht..ble colony beloii:;iiu to t.-.at noun. Many nurcan- |theirowii, and twelve couiil'ellors. 'I'i.eir power is veiy
iiiC writei;, ot great cedit, wIm were iip<-n ihat irtand,
iilte: lis bJi)^ toiiqucred bv the Knglilli, conlidently
iiftrnie.l that bifne that peiiod, it produced mote fugar
tnan all tlit liitiilli fug.ir illaiids put to^etiicr : fome have
r."l^d the cuiaiitity annu.dly e.vp'nted from Guadaloupe,
and Its dcp'.ndciici-.s, t;i til..' inciedible iiumbL-r ot one
tiuiiJred and fitty th.uifand hogfluads ; but more niode-
r.tc calculatitms have lixed tlleni at one hundred thou-
laiid, biiid-.s its co./ee, cinnamon, and other coin-
ui.'.diti.s.
t).:ice the French bv the treaty of 1763, re-entered iii-
e.xtennve, for this council judges in the lalt reloit upon
ull matters brought by way ot' appeal. 'I'he guveriioi-
gciK-ral, if upon the iliand, is prelideiit of the council, o.-,
iluring his abfi lice, the inf.njjnt. If both are abieiitthe
eldelt eouiilellor then piefent colledts the votes, and pro-
nouiKCs the kiitence of the court. Tiie other ol^lcer.^ uf
the illand are two lieutenant-governors, one for Capes
1 erre, and another for Ballc Terrc, w ith a feerctary ot
the niarine, who has a very c.Mciilive cumniiffioii. llus
ifland, before it was fubducd by the Liiglilh, could rai;e
ten tboiiland white iiihabitaiits'lit to bear arms, and a-
to poirLlTi.'ii of this illan.l, they' leem'more fenlible than ' hove loity thoiifanJ negroes. Btfides this loice, fome
ever ol it, importaiKC, and h.ive<ende.ivourcd to bring it '• compjiues ol regulars were always ijuartercd in theiflanuj
nearly to the conltitution of a Spandh colony, by pub- '. '" ''''it the French pretended that it was imrre;^nable.
Iil!u;ig an ordinance that no I'ouign vcllel lliould iiavi- ; ' ^^ principal places in Martiaico arc St. I'lter's ami
g-i'.e iie.irer its coalls than the dillanee of a le.igue, or I 1 oil Royal.
lend any boat ailiore, without a written permiliioii from ^t. l-'eter's, tile capital of Martinico, was built in
i:'.e iniendant, on the penalty ot the conlifcation of the j l&t>5> i" "idcr to overawe the mutineers of the nlaiul,
ycti',1 and eaiiio, paving three hundred livrcs, and full'ei- who rebelled agaiiilt its pioprieturs, the fecond Weit
; a year s iinpriloument.
0/
SEC
M .\ R
T. V.
r 1 N' I c o.
lis Siltnti:<-, L..!i-nt. CiiiKdU, tin Face of t!'f Qw.try, ml
its Pi'j.lii.i. lis Cji£iiimc/il, piincipai Ti'ivni
MARTINICO is n -.t o;-!y the chief, but the
Urgelk v( the French C.iiihbee IflaiuU, and is
iituatcd between the fouiteei-.th ami fifteenth degrees ol
north latitude, and between the lixt.eth degree thirty-
three minutes, and th^ fixtv-lirll d;giec ten miiuiles
well longitude, about twenty leagues north-well of U.ir-
badoes. It is near fixty miles in length troni the norlh-
Wi.ll to foiithcafl i but is of a veiy unei|u..l breadth,
and abiiut one hundred i-.nd thirty miles in eonijiafs.
The air is b.ittcr here than at (jua.l.daupe, but hurri-
canes have iicither been lo trequciit nor lb violent as in
that and fome of the other Caiibbee illands. Though
.M.irtinico is generally laid to be he.ilthful to the people
teitled upon it, yet it is certain, that the great quantity
of water tliat runs throu;;h it, cre.ites an humidity, very
noxious to the conllitutions of the inhabitants. The
ifland IS likewife much fuhject to epidemical difeafes,
which are chiefly brought over in (liips from Afu and
Afric.i.
The country is hilly within the land, and at a diftancc
refcmbles three dillind mnunt.iins. Alio on the iioith
fidjaie three rocks, lb lituated, ihatatf"a, they give it
the appearance of three feparate iflands.
It IS fiid to hive no lets thiii forty rivers, fome of
wlii..h are navi::..ble .; great way up the couniry. Hjw-
cver, btlides the dreams, wliich 111 th; raJny feafun cver-
India company, who were at the fame time the propiie-
tois ot all the French Antilles. 'Fhe town extendi along
the fliore, and a battery, which commancs the load, f;
erected on the welt fide, wiiich is walhed bv thciiur
Royohiii, or St. I'etcr. I'he principal entry to ib.e fort
is trom tie call. Upon the high g-ound, wiiich over-
looks the town, is built a wall, whicii extends thiriy-fivc
lathoms, is well mounted with camion, and has a large
tower at each extremity : this lortiHcation commands
the parade and the town. 1 he tort has neither ditch nor
coveii-way ; but the walls ate four leet and u half thick,
with a parapet and battlements of Itone ; andlheLMtis
..re delended by Ihong palifadoes. 'I he p.irade is a lijuae
which extends each v/ay about three hundred fecr, and is
lurrounded on three lides by houf.s, from which run live
llreets, and on the other lidc is the tort. The town is
divided into three war.li i the middle, which is proper!/
S;. Peiei's, begins at the fort, and runs v/eihvard to the
Ij^ttrry ot St. Nicholas, which is mounted with eleven
guiis, .i"d is leated on an eminence. Under the walls
of the leciiiid ward (hips at anchor ride more fecurely than
under the loit, on which .iccount this ward is called tli.-
Anchorage i it extends from the battery of St. Nichcdas
to tl.atol St. Robert, which bounds the town on the welt
fide. The third ward, called the G.iilery, extendsalon;.;
the fia i'ule from Fort St. Peter to the Jefuits river, ami
IS the moll populous part of the city ; but the loitifica-
tions, lormulable as they appear on paper, made averv
inadecjuaie defence againit the luiglilh when they reduced
the ifland. The lioufcs ol St. Peter's ward are neat, coni-
modiou;, an] elegant, paitii ularlv thole ot the governor
ol the illand, the intendant, and the other officers, 'ill'..-
p.irifli-church of St. i'etcr is a m.i-iiilicent llo.ie buildini;
belynililig to the Jeluits, a hundred and twcilly feet Iohl'-
and thirty-fix wide, with a noble Irontofilie Done oidrr.
Fhe ehur h of the Anchor.ijje, wlii.J. bclun^- to the Ja-
■^HiVi,'
'!!'
Martinmco.
A M E K I C
A.
7U
cobiiic friars, is likewillof (ioiK, aiul is ninety feet l.'jv-
by thiivy. There are aUo two chapels btkmgirn; tn i.ieh
tliurch. Nolhiiij; cm be more delightful than the w lik
(rom the yard m wiiich this lalt church llaiids to the
Jacobinu convent. It is funned by two rows of fine
urangc trees, auJ crollcd by two others half a mile in
k'.) 'Ml. The kjtchen-^ariieii of the convent is furmll'.e.l
Witil all kinds of delicious fruit. 'l"he Jefuits cloyllei ij
built witir marble and free-done, and commands a VLiy
fine profpcct over a great variety of gardens and vine-
yards.
Fort Roval, the next place of (^rcn confcriucnce in
Mirtinico, is twenty-one miles dilhnce by land, and
twentv-feven by water from Fort St. Fctcr, but the road
is fo very inco.nmodious, that travellers la-iierally clmle
to I'O by water. 'Ibis fort is built on an eminence hf-
tccn fathoms above the furfaec of the fea, by which it is
almolt furroun.led, there being only a neck of land about
fifteen fathoms over ; fo that the fort may be faid to be
built on ail ilthmus. It is cpf earth, and defended by two
fnuU demi-bailiuns and a balf-nioon,a wet ditch, a glacis,
and a covert-way palifadoed. On the fljnk of one of the
demi-ballions is tlie harbour, from vvliich a flight of fteps
leads up to a fortilied platform. On that fide the tort is
flint Uji by a double wall, and towards the fea is a parapet j cent, by which means theKienili becmi.: mailers o( C..;/;s
with lorn-- poit-hules. The foil on which the town is ; 'I'crre, and at lalt ot the whole ifl.md.
built is a kind of quiekfand, but though it contains re- In 1650, the old Weft-India ci.mp my fold Mirlinico,
gular llreets and a large church belonging to the Capu- St. Liici.i, Cneiiada, and the Oienadines, to I'.niiuct,
chins, it is faid to be much inferior to St. Peter's. lor fifty thou:and livrcs ; but in ifab-j, Lewis XI V. ob-
Cul de Sac Robert is feated in a large bay almoft two ■ taincd the poll'irion of this liland, and praiued it to a
Ieat;ues deep, with two final 1 iflands at its entrance, which, , new Well- India conip.mv ; but ten vcdn, alter (uppiell'ej
bv breaking the force of the waves, render tiie bay a fine, ' that company, and all the above illan.is became pa;t of
faie, natural harbour ; for it will hold many of the laigcit his domain. .Vlter this Martinico was attacked by the
produce, I an inriire.''lio:i that wa'i qnellcJ by the de.itli
of the chief inijileaders. About this time the l\)rtu.»ucfe
recovering from llie Dutcii the poll' flion of Drafil, (he
lorm.i landed at .Martinico with fome rich Jews vvhoot-
leied to fettle theie, whicii wai llrongly oppoled bv the
Jtfuits, on the pretcn-e th.it ilic-y would introduce Ju-
drtilm and hcrefy into the illind ; but the wealth with
which they were pod'ilied, induced the governor to al-
low tluni a fettleincnt ill a fcp.irate quarter. However,
the climate not aL^rceinj with them, manv of them died,
while oilieis removed fioni tb.e ilbind, and the lew whii
ftjid (el lip public-lioufes, by whicn they acquired lor-
tuncs.
At this time the Caribbce" took arm', and nothin;^ but
the nioft horrid m.i(ricfes enfued ■ many of the more
dill'nliitc ainoni; the I'rcneh fpnited up ihe natives, and
l'.iri|uci, who was then govrnor, was befie;;ed in liii
own houle, where he mult l.ave pcrillled had not fome
Dutcli (hips aniied, wli') feeing (everal p.irts of th«
illand in H.mu:., I ni'le.l three liiiiuired men, and defeated
the natives. This nave l'ari]uet an op|iortunitv of tak-
ing the field, and the oiiginil inhabitants, t;igether vvilli
th^ negroes v/ho had joined them, were evtry wlicia
flaiu'hlercd or obli'.'.ed 10 flv :.i Doiiiiniea and St. \iii-
Ihips, and thefe may in leveral places reach the ihure by
a plank.
Fort Trinity lies at the bottom of Trinity-bay, and
is formed by I'oint de Caravel on the call fide, and on
liie welt by an ilUimus about tivo hundred feet broad.
'I'he lieutenant governor of Capes 'Ferrc has his reli-
ilence in Trinity I'own, in which arc a confiderablenum-
bcr of merchants, and, for its convenient lituation for
the European trade, ami the filety of its port, is become
one of the molt thriving places in the illand, it having
famcus Dutcii admiral Oc Ruyter ; and the Fn.'liili
made many iinluccef->ful expeditions ai^ainftthis illand.
Ill 1 700, ihc French fettled in Martinico were com-
puted at hiteeii hundred, befides the negroes they em-
ployed, and a great number cf Ciribbcis, who were rc-
adm:tted into the idand, but were obliged to work as
daves, and to live among the French, that thev mighc
have no opportunity of formm j; plots and conlpiracics.
1111727, v.'as a dreadful carth(]uake, which, with dinrc
intervals, laited eleven hours, .niJ threw down St. I'lter's
very confiderab'ic manufactures of cotton, fugar, cocoa, fort. Many people loft their lives, and belides clrarches,
and other commodities, the produce of the idand being
much the fame with that of liirbadoes.
In 1637 .VI. d'Kfiiambuc brought from St. Chriftopher's,
which men belonged to the crown ot France, a hundred
foldiers to Martinico, all well provided for lorniing a co-
lony. He landed at liali'e Terre, whicli lies on the well
and I'outh parts of the idand, and it is faid the inhabi-
tants yielded up all that coaft, on which he built a tort
called St. Peter. The natives retiring to Cape 'Icrre,
the new colonifts applied themfelvcs to the cultivation ot
potatoes, cotton, mandiaca, and tobacco ; and d'Elnambuc
retiring to St. Chriftopher's, left du Pont, his lieutenant,
governor in Martinico. The French pietend that the
inhabitants forming plots againll them murdered them
whenever they had an opportunity, but by their own ac-
counts they were the ..ggrellbrs. llollilities daily mul-
tiplying, they give no ijuarter to the natives, who fend-
^hbouring idinds, were joined by other
convents, and other public buildings, above two bundred
fug.ir-works were ruined. CJiie mountain was le\elleil,
another cleft in two, and copiou:: ltre.;iiis of water ill'jed
from the chalm. However, a few years recovered the
idand, the inhabitants having the Guadaloupe I'ugari
diipped l'')m hence, with many othei' advant.iges.
1 h' Engiilh had in vain attempted .. ' 'Ite Martinico,-
but in 1761 the court formed the refoliition of fenling
an armament againft that illand fuperior to anv that had
ever been ll-ew in thofe feas. Eleven battalicins were
drawn from New York, a conliderable draught was mada
from the garrifon of Belleifle, and all the troops that had
been cantoned in the J^ecward Idands were ofdeieJ to
rendezvous at Barbadoes : general Monckton, who had
bravely dillingiiiflicd himfelfat the conqucftof Qiiebec,
was appointed to commiind the land forces, while rear
admiral Rodney had the com.mand of the Hicr.
On the fevcnth of January following the whole arma-
ment arrived at St. Anne's-bav in .Martinico, where Sit"
iiig to the iiei^
Caribbees, to the number of fifteen hundred, who landed
from their canoes under their lort. 'Fhe French gover- 1 James Douglas, a captain under Mr Rodney, filcnced
1101 had removed all bis men and provifions within his lome batteries th.it were raifed on the (hore ; but in this
intrenchments, and the Caribbees, imagining the fott to fervice the Eni'lilh loft the Rail'onable, vet all her men,
be abandoned, advanced within pillol Ihot ot the walls. ; guns, and lloi-.s were fivecl. After h.ivuig lound a fafe
'I'his was what du Pont had forelcen, and watching bis landiiig-'pi.ice, and having filenced all the batteries, th
time, he poured upon them a full difcharge of his can-
non and mud;etry, which killing one-half of them, the
furvivors fled to tlieir canoes. 'I his fecurcd the French
the quiet pofi'elTi.m of their lettlements, which they great-
ly enlarged, and foon alter the natives (ued for peace.
The French ir..w divided the ifl.md into five wards, or
paridies, each containing a church, or chapel, an aimoury,
ftore-houfes, uwelling-lioufes, and other conveniences.
.'\t IciiTth they learned from M. Poincy the art of cul-
tivating the lugar-eane, from which they foon reaped
great advantages.
About the yc.ir 1646 many of the inhabitants refufed
t« pay their impults to the Well India company, whi^b
troops l.iiided without oppofition. Several (kirmiflies
padird atter tiieir being on (hore, to the difadvantage of
the French, and the F.nglifli encamped upon the heights
above theCasde Navires; but upon examining the coun-
try they found the grounds interfeclLd with gullies and
ravines, with livulets between litem, and wheiever they
were p.ifl'..ble the French had ereJled batteries I'or tlieir
defeiu e.
'I hough the I'rencb regulars were not very formid.ible,
yet llie militia, the null iitocs, and neiuoes, all ot whom
were in iinis, wen: numerous, br.ive, an.l well difei-
plined. Tiie Eiijlifli bapjiencd to l.md at a place where
ih'eie w'.regreaiei cL'llructiuiis than »iiy-wherc c'.fe 111 the
Illand.
1
.' .i
; 1
c 1 '-
i ii
li
:| :i
Hi'
i n
. b
, .'■«
t.*.
u
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A I' H Y.
illui.l. I tic vicw(.f thciriny was hnunilcj by twoprciit
CMiiKiUiS, Miiriii' (> iriiKT an.l M.inic I'oitLiiliin, iioth
111 thciii loiiilnJ with ihc utn.iit c.r.', thou^ii iiK-y k-cm-
i.l .ilmnit iii.ucillilile byn.itiirc. .Mi)riie I'Diiciirtui wis
ti.ll 1.1 bf .iu,!Cici-il, aiul b.itUTns were r.iilVil to (.IcIciiJ
ine liiui(h iroops in thrir ivilliii;; .1 very wide |;iilK'y, lying
iKtwiiM ihcm mill it. 'i'nuc lin'iHiluiuiis were ni.idi.' tiir
tie .iti.ick It w.is bi'i;un by tbc j;ri:iiailiiT5 iiiuler major
(irant •, brii^.idiir RuLine, with hib ilivil'mn, alUltcJ by a
tiiuiifaiiJ iVaiiKMi in fl it buttonrcj brials, till upon ihw-
fimnii'.s r-.'i.loiibis alunu the Ihnre ; and brij;adier W'allh,
with his bri:;ad>-, and the lett iiilaiitry under colonel
Scott, after attaekiiig the kit of a plantation, weie to
tndeavour to j;et round the rneiiiy. All thcltf operations
were pertoniud with allonidiin^ iiiipctiioliiy and luccels.
The iitjclc bej:an at break of day, and by nine in the
niornini; the enemy, havn ;; been ilrivtn Ironi pult to
poll, w'ere obliged to abandon Morne rortenloii to the
Knylidl, who were to the lalt degree ania/.eJ, upon view-
in/ its ilrengtli and fituation, at the dangers they had
iurniounted, and the numerous redoubts of thclrcneh,
all of them nioiiiited with cannon. I he enemy, alter
ful^erinj; fevcrely, fled, part of them to Momc Gamier,
and part of them to Kort Royal, the IJritifli grenadiers
(Hiifuing them to the bridge of the lall ineiuioiicd place,
where they even made fome priloners.
General Monckton took pollellion of certain pods pro-
per for carryint; on the attack againd Morne Gamier,
;ind erected batteries on Morne 'I'ortenfon tor carrying
on that agaiiid Kcrt Royal. Some days after the French
prefuming that their enemies were entirely dif..ouraged,
and wanted only a pretext to make the bed of their way
back to their fhips, attacked the HriiiiTi light infantry,
and colonel Haviland's brigade, who, with the utnioft
ardour and intrepidity, repelled their enemies, improved
their own delenfive fituation into a rnod vigorous charge,
and being well fupported, purfued the enemy acrofs the
ravine, where they feized their batteries, and took pod
even in the enemy's redoubt ; and happily improving the
advantage, Morne Cjarnier was by nine at night, with
all itj woiks, in the pollcinon of the Englilh.
I 1 iieral Monckton now prepared to batter the citadel
"' rt Royal, from the eminences he had gained, which
th. .Jiiiv perceiving, on the third of February beat the
cli . .;aJe, and accepted of a capitulation.
I ;ij conquelt of Martinico in a manner clofed the
optrations between the Knglilh and French in America,
liiiririg the late war. It even Itruck the court of Verfaiiics
with greater conliornation than they had even felt for the
lofs of Canada, and the rather becaufe their miniders at
foreign courts had, in no very decent term', reproached
that of lyOiidon with want of judgment in fitting out an
.irniamcnt againft an ifland, that might fecurely bid de-
fiance to all their power, by its artihcial, as well as na-
tural drength, and the number, fpirit, and martial difpo-
fition of its inhabitants. The people of Martinico re-
mained with great tranquility under the military govern-
ment of the tnglifli during the (hort time they held it,
and even fcemed well pleafed al their change of madcrs.
In Ihort, this ifland was reflorcd to the French by the de-
tinitive treaty of lyb'^.
We have now riiiidieJ the dcfcription of the French
Caribbee IHands, only it is necedary here to obferve, that
St. J.utia, which, by midake, we have placed among the
illands ceded to Great Britain, was delivered to France
bv the late treaty of peace, and ought to have been placed
here.
St. Croiy, or Sania Cm?., another of the Caribh.-t
ill.iiids, has, ii:i very lately, het n tonliJired as belon;.iii„
to l'"iaiK-e, ami is tlicieioir placed among the illanci-; (ft
that iiaiion in Salmon's {iraiimiar, ;ind all the oilier
geugrapiocal works in which it is meniioned ( hut be-
ln^ il.-l.Ti.d by Fiance, it was (ei/.ed by the late kin^of
IX-niii.uk. ^
s K c r. VI.
O/' CaVEN'NF, ir KtiLiINOCTIAI. FRAS'tE.
//; Situalimt, Lxttnt, and Product ; iiilb a mnafe Defcrip.
tion cj the IjU of V.tiytiint.
THK country wi- are now to defcribe lies on the
coalt o; 1 ena Firma, and coiifilts of a part ot ti.e
contiiK-nt, and an iflind cjbed Cayenne.
Fquinocli.il Fiance is fealed between the equator and
the huh degrc.- of iiLrili latitude, and between the Hfticth
and htty-hlth degree of wed longitude, extending two
hundred and forty miles along the coalt, and three hun-
dred miles wiiliin land ; it being bounded on the north
by Surinam, on the t.ilt by the Atlantic ocean, on the
louth by Aiiia/onia, and on the wed by Guiana.
All tiic coalt is very low, but within land there are
fine hills very projur lor leitlements ; the French have,
however, not yx extended them fo l..r as they might ;
but they railc the lame commodities which they have
ironi the Caribbee IHands, and in no inconliderable ijuaii-
iities. With refpeCl to the i lunate, vegetables, and ani-
mals, we diall give a particul.ir account ol them when
we come to treat of Terra Fiima.
I he ille ol Cayenne is feated at the mouth of a river of
the lame name, in the filth degree north latitude, and i>
about ti>rty-(ive milts in circumtVicncc. 'I'hc anchorL 'e
tor yelLls is between Cape Caper.. n in the illand and that
otCorbin in I'crra Fetma, where above a hundred diips
may ride Iccurcly. The illand is excclfivcly unhealthy,
though not fo bad as formerly. It has fcveral plcafaiu
hills, very convenient for fettleiiients, and is almolt cut in
two by a river of lalt water, which affords an eafy commu-
nication between the levcral plantations, and facilitates the
tranlportation of merchandize. The idand is alio water-
ed by feveral fprings proper for drinking, and for turn-
ing liigar mills. The French have a fort oppofile the
road, on a little rifing ground at the point of the illand ;
but though it is pretty conveniently fituatcd, it wants
Irelh water, of which they can have none but the ram
they fave in ciderns. There arc in the idand feveral
meadows which produce very pood grafs. 'Fhe principal
commodities of the ifland are lugar and roucou, for they
have ncgleited the cultivation of indigo. However, (incc
the year 1722, they begun to plant coH"ee (hrubs, and the
coffee berries are brought to be full as good as thole of
Arabia. 'Fhe French who fettled here about the year
1635, built the fort which they called St. Lewis, 3nd
near it is a fmall town of two or three hundred houl'es,
inhabited by the foldiers of the garrifon and by :ill forts of
tradclincn. About four leagues from the town to the
north-cad of the fort is a villagecalled Armirc, feated on
a riling ground, the lower part of which is in.nabited by
Jews and negroes, and the upper part, which has a chapel,
is inhabited by French and negroes. There are fcveral
other plantations of French (cattered up and down the
ifland, with fome other fortifications belides the fort
already mentioned.
CHAP.
'I .'I
her of the Carihhi-c
ijiiluktcd as tH'UiiiiMiii!
ainont; the ill.iiicls iit
r, villi all the oilier
i mcniunRil i hut he-
,eJ by tile late kinj of
/I.
TIAI. KRANtE,
will) a amife Dtfcrip-
iiyrrin/,
J ilcfcribe lies on the
coiililts uf a part ut tl.c
lyeiuie,
rtwteii the equator and
aiiJ hflwecii tiic hlticth
ijiltuiic, cxtciuling two
• c'oalf, and three hun-
hounded on the noiih
\tlaiuic ocean, on the
veil by Ouiana.
within land there are
;iits ; the French have,
fo l-.r as they might j
lilies which they have
no inconlidcrable i)uan-
ic, vcuetables, and aiii-
aecouiit ol them vvlicii
t the mouth of a river of
;: north latitude, and it
icnec. The anchoru^e
,,n in the illand and that
c above a hundred iliips
s exccirivcly unhealthy,
it has fevcral plealant
nts, and is almoH cut in
aftbrds an cafy commu-
itions, and facilitates ihe
The idand is alio water-
drinking, and for tuni-
ave a foit oppofite the
he point of the ifland ;
:ntly fituated, it waiiti
,avc none but the rain
re in the ifland fevcral
id grafs. The principal
and roucou, tor they
ndif,<i. However, lince
coffee (hrubs, and the
ull as good as thole of
led here about the year
called St. Lewis, snd
three hundred houl'es,
rifon and by all forts of
from the town to the
ailed Atmirc, feattd on
which is innabitcd by
lart, which has a chapel,
ics. There are fevcral
tercd up and down the
ations bel'ides the fort
( 7^3 )
C II A P. VI.
li' 'i ;
Of the AMERICAN Dominions of the DUTCH and DANE S.
S K C r. I.
0/Sf. EuyiATiA, Saiia, (intl Si. Matmin's.
mir SUualion, Ext.nt, Cllmou, ,'■>'.■ f tk' CyM,y, P'O-
duct, Tiuii, itiul liij^'j'y.
ST. Kullaiia is fituated three lea nts nortliwclt of St.
Chriltophei's, and is only a iiiountaiii imii,; o.it oi
„„ lea like a pyr.imid, but aiinoil louiid. "■•^ •>■'■ •-
whokloiMe, l.ut the Illand is ful.j-ct to Icrr.Me Ito.nr ui
thunder, hurricanes, and eatlh-i i.kcs. Iu due' prtnUue
„ tobacco, and the Dutch are I a>. l-hau luie t.>e thuu-
land white people and lilien. ...oiiiaiiil i.erioes. Us
„„,;„„.,n renders it the itrouiell .! all th. CariMKc
lll.uuls there b.ii.g buto.u t, •"' -'"J""> l""-'^? "*"""
ni.v bceafily .irlu.dal by a uw men, anu uie luvu. i.
commanded by a tart mounted vvitl, guns. It is only lU.
very top of the nioimta.n thai is eoveied with wooJ ; l.-t
iliou.'b It is f" liiiall, and iiK^mve.. utiy laid .".t by iia-
ui,e,°the indulhy ot the r)utci, .,...•. n.aue it Mn. out to
veiy rood account, and it is f>.!ly lK^,>le.l j itie li>!.> ot
thenuVaiitain arc duuled and lai.lout into :i(.ai .i.-
f.-ns, in which tl.ey laif.' lu^..ir .udtoh.icco '■'■■'^
,„„n„it 1. a pretty h.rt^e jv ,in, wl... .1 h..rbour. ;V.!d .eJlv
In this, as well a. in fevcral ol the adjacent a..iiu.., <.ni.
■ue n ■liber r.vei> nor li.riiij,s ot f.elU water, I Jt UK in-
habitants are lb caicful that tiiey never .•■■..ik i-rope, .u^-
plies of waierlro.n meir ponds and cilteii.s winch re-
ceive the rain, 'l-heie aie fevcral H -re-hoales v/el, lup-
,,|,ed with ...11 ,KeeiraiK>,andpaia.ula:,y with I,ur,.pe,n
commuJiiK., whi.h tiiey fell to 'neir .u.4iil-.o>,rs at a very
hh'h puce, whenever iliey a;e di .■,.,.""">='' ^^'"' '''n'"---
Irom Kii.^Uuul or Fianc; ; an<i tu.y a.io cai.y on a eou-
trabanJ M..de wiih the .'.pani.ui.s. .
The Duttb irok pollLllioii oi tins illand in i JJ, an.i
the Stales granted it to certain inerch .nts ot i i..:li.ii,:,
who loon letiled a colony up>m u of alvait li.K nutiaica
f I'lulies. In 1O65 it was conipuied by Mie hnji li, Inii
WIS fooii after reta'cen by tiieuni.ed lor.es ol the I'.eiieh
•Hul Dutch, after whuh it had a trench garrilon ; h.i.
U was lellored to tlie Dutch l) the tr^"^")' "' 1^'-' ' '"
■ ■ the I'reii. .1, l.'.m vvnom 1
was taken the very next year
iOSq it was coniiueied by the hreii.
' ■ ■ hy ihc hng.ilh, under ."ir
Twnothv Thornlull, who allow.d t... ia.ic. only their
; ..-s and their ba.^age, and is laid to h,.ve had on y
., .St of his own men kided an i wounded 111 the aaa.k,
tnluigh the (on was mountea by Uxte.ii j;re.U g""S;Mi-
.-.aiipalled bv a
CHAP.
roll.' double paliCido, and dcteiided on
onHlde by a deep duch a„d a narrow biid.e over it 10
,'u- -ate, whirl, adnutted ..nly o,Tr man .it a time. 1 he
i.'.uul was aoain rellored to me Dutch by the tie.ay ol
Kylwc, and iliey have ever h.lC- rcinaiiud 111 the quiet
nollfliii-il of il. , , . .. ,
Siba IS a linall but pieaiant Ulind, ihiiteen mi.es nor 11-
,v<ll of tullatia, and tniitv loulh-well of M. Baiinolo-
,„ wN. It is lour or hve leagues in eompats, and is
Hilto have fcrmerlv belonged to the Danes. At hrll
), lu i, frems onlvaroik, but a Dui-h co.ony (em
tium St Kullatia to mamir.: it, tbuild in it :i valley lul 1-
criit to employ and iubhil in.iiv i.imilie>; hut. 11 has the
,„,slortune of having no [ort: The tiilung about it,
nn viallv (br the bonclta, is veiv plenulul, and it is in
r .' wantof other necellary reirell.mcnts. 'I he lea on us
,.M!h IS lb (li.dlow, tbatlioi.CMi.ay hefeen at thcbot-
fMT,, and notbm,; I'Ut Hoops can conic nea', nor even
ti . l,.,t at a Imall land cie U on the Ibulh lidc of the
• llui'i, 10 which the iiihalitaiits draw their cinoes.
'Ihcie r, a road cut from the- top of the rm k to the bot-
t,.-i i but it is (o Ikcp, that It rtli'emblcs an impre^jn.iblc
toiiiluMiKm, foimtd by the hand of naf.uc. 1 he in-
habit.ints for their preatcr fecurity, hive in many places,
by the tide ol the rock piled up heaps of IbiMcs on leaf-
lolds, lo difp.leil, thai by only pullini; a rope the ( at-
loKls fall, and iiillantly dikhaiL'e fuih a lliowci ot
Hones, as are enoin.'h to rrulh a whole army to piiccs.
'I'he I'Veiuli HucciiHcis liirpiiled, ai,.l tho i;^,bt to havi:
iiialtered this i'Liiid in i()!JS, but mil .nii; d l,;ih it l.iys»
wneii he w.is here ill 170 1, the illand was divided ilitu
two pans, toiita: linj; no moic th in about (i'ty families,
who lived -.11 geiiKcl, convLiveiit, and will fuiiiillic.l
iioules, b. I traded tor tiie niolf p.nt in (Irns, by making
.^hich, and railing indi .i and cotton, they pu'chafcJ
fl.ives, good lurnitiire and were in cafy circunillaiiccs.
1 iie iiinabitams live in j'rcat li.iriiionv, .'lul are (aid to
m.ike It a pi.^e'ice to dme at one another's boules i lor
there beiii^. no (liambles here, as in the- other nioic coii-
liderable illaiuls, th' y kill their c.ttle in tu-n.
[ St. r.lartin's is feated in the eighteenth digne fifteen
minutes n.irili latiiude, between .Xngnilla on the north-
welt, and S;. iVirtholomew on the Ibuth-ealt, about
lilteen miles from cai h, and is twenty one miles in
length, tvveive in breadth, i'.nd ibitviwo in circum-
ference. It has cotiiniodious bays and roads on the noitu-
weit fide, wiiii tome j'ood fall pits, an I 1 ken ot fait
waier, wIulIi run a f.x.\l way within the land, and
abound wii;i goi)d iilli .'nd turtle ; but has no (refh
water, except what comes froni the clouds, and is faved
in cilterns.
Ill this ifl.-ind arc fc/cral tren, from whence diftil
vaiious gums ; with p'cniy of the caiulle-wi.od-trLC, the
ii-.Kill ilirics of which when dry, are lighted up iiitlc.id
of cndl's, and yi'.ld a very flagrant fmeil, luilnig from
the gum runt .ined in the wood : but iti tob:' co, which
IS elteeiv.Ld the I. it in the Cirildiees, is tae chief com-
iiii.dity tiiaieniplo\s tr.e care of t:,e inh.ibitants.
l-ieit are gieat (locks ol the birds called flaniens, par-
rots with .lit number, turtle-doves, and many other
fowl.
Formerly the Spaniards kept a garrifim here, to pre-
vent other nations fettling oa the illand ; but about the
)e-.r ifso, they blew up their fo:t, deliroyed their
eillerns, burned their liouiVs, and ah indi.iie.l lb • place.
Then came the l'"rench .ind Duieh, and (:i ring the
ill.in.-l between them, lived vciy tiicndly to:;eliic r, and
ti.id their paiiieular churcliCs in ih'.'ir r •fpcctive (piarters.
r.ie Freiicii ha.l that part iie.\! Anj^'iiilhi, which wis in
every relp.-et the bell half, and the otii. r I'ldc of the
illand. 111 wliieli the Spanifh (01 1 Hood, leinaincd to the
|).!;'li, by virtue of the partition treaty made between
tae two nations: hut in 1744 (bme laiLjlidi, under the
dcputy-.;overnor of .'\ngiiilla, afiilKd by two privateers
fioui bt. Chriltophcr's, drove the Freii; li out of their
h.ill of the illand,' and took pollelfion of it ihemfeUes^
(iiiee which time it has belonged to tiie Fnglilh and
Dutch.
SECT. II.
Of CuRAssou, or Curacao.
Its Siliuitlcii, Extent, Pioduit, Trade, tind the ^reeit Jd-
vi<:tire< the Duteb receive from it. Jt^ilh a e-^ncife De-
knytiin of the Ijhndt of Bomire und Aruha.
Til!'. i(1an 1 of Cur.ifl'ni, or Ciiiai;ao, is the only
place of importaiue polTellcd bv the Dutch in the
Well- Indies. Thenortheriuo;! poiru isfctlled in thetwelltli
dc'.n e forty-five minutes north latitude, about twenty-
live leagues from the continent, and it about thirty miles
b S long.
|m
\ '
'■il
r tl
I.M
r'4
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Dutch Guiana.
U I
i(;
imii'u
f'v'P
it '•
loiij;, and ten brojd. At ilie c.ill enl is n ^ood harbour,
called Sania Barhara ; but tin- ciiitr 'n.irbi)ur is about
three leagues I'rum the fuutli-uall fiiil, wlicri: the Outcii
have a M.ry puod town, and a (tujnu; lort. Ships bound
thither are obligrd to keep clofe tii the harbour's nmuih,
and have a rope ready to fend one end afliore at the fort ;
for theie i» no anchoring at the entrance (jf the harbour,
Biid the current always lets to the wcrtward i butbein;;
fl'it in, ic IS a very (eciire port. At the call end ate two
nils, hut the rtll of the latid is pretty level.
ThoUj^h it is naturally barren, it produces a confider-
able quantity both ol fujiar and tobacco ; and here are alio
vtry urtat Ijh-woiks, which fiirnifli a good deal for the
Englirii iilands, and for which there is a confidcrahlc de-
mand from our colonies on the continent ; hut the trade
for which it is cliirfly valued, is the contraband, con-
llaritly carried on between the inhabitaius and the Spa-
niards, and that carried on between them, the Englifli,
and the French in trme of war.
The Dutch fhips froi:i Europe touch at this idand
for intel!ii:iiice, or proper priots, and then proceed to
the Spanidi roads for trade, which they force with a
Itroni; haiul. it being very difficult for the S|iani(h guarda
codas to take ihcCe velFcls i for they arc not only ilout
fhipb, with a number of puns, but are manned with large
crews of cholei\ featrcii, deeply intcrcftcd in the lafety of
the vefl'els and the fucccfs of the voyage. They have
each a diare in the cargo, of a value proportioned to the
(Kition of the owner, fupplied by the merchants upon
credit, and at prime cod : this animates them with un-
comiiion coiirag.', and they fight bravely, bccaufe every
man fi';hts in defence of his own property. Befidcs this
there rs acondant intercourfe between this ifland and the
Spaiiilh continent.
CuralTou has numerous ware-houfes, always full of the
commoditiis of Europe and the Eaft Indies. Here arc
all forts of woollen and linen cloths, laces, fllks, ribbons,
iron utcnfils, naval and military ftores, brandy, the fpices
of the Moluccas, and the calicoes of India, white and
p.^ntcJ. Hither the Dutch Weft India, which is alio
tncir A -lean company, annually bring three or four car-
goes ol :'i.'.ves, and to this mart the Spaniards themfclves
come 111 liiiall vdllls, and cary ofF not only the bed of
tlie rUjirocs, for whom they give a very hrgh price, but
t;rcat ijii.intitics of all the above forts of goods ; and the
fvller ha-> tiiis advantage, that the rtfufe of ware-houfes
and mercers ihops, with every thing that has crown un-
fafhionable and unfalcable in Europe, go od here ex-
tremely well, every thing being fufficiently recommend-
ed by its being European. The Spaniards pay in gold
and filver, coined or in bars, cacao, vanilla, jefuits baik,
cochineal, and other valuable commodities. The ftiips
that trj'ie directly from Holland to the Spanifh continent
not only touch here, on their outward pallage, to gain
intcir^tncc or aflillance, but on their return put in here
to complete what is wanting of their cargo with the fu-
;; ir, tobacco, ginger, and other produce of the ifland
itlUf. ,
The trade of Curadbu, even in time of peace, is faid
to be annually worth to the Dutch no lefs than five huii-
ilrc.l thoiil.ind pounds ftctliii;;; but in time of war the
profit ii dill ;;ieater, for it is then in a manner the com-
mon cmpoiium of the Weft Indies : it ad'ords a retreat to
Ihips of all nation!, and at the fame time refufes none of
them .urns and ammunition. The intcrcourfe with
Spiin beinj then interrupted, the Spandh colonics has
fcarrc any other market from whence they can be well
fupplied cither with Haves or goods. The French come
h.thcr to buv the beef, pork, corn, flour, and lumber,
which the Englilh bring from the continent of North
/\mcrica, or which is exported from Ireland ; fo that the
trade of this ifland lluuri(hcs extremely.
This is lar iVom being owing to any natural advantage
whatiotvcr ; for it feerns as if it were the fate of the Dutch
to be every where obliged, both in Europe and America,
to exert thcii ingenuity and patience in oppofing an un-
friendly foil ; for the ifland is not only barren, aiui uc-
pendent on the rains for its water, but the harbour is
natur..!ly one of the worft in America. 'I"he Ilollandeii
have inil'-cd entirely remedied that dtfcilt ; they have
hjiuii tlir^ hatbuui one of the largcft, and by far the moll
elegant and rieanly townti in the American iflands. The
public!; buildings are numerous and handlomc, the private
houl'cs commodious, and the magazines large, conveni-
ent, and well (illid. Ainu. ft all kinds of labour is here
performed by engines, fome of them fo admirably con-
trived, that (hips are at once lifted into the dock, where
they are completely careened, and then fiirnidied with
naval ftores, provilions, cannon, and every thing proper
either for v*ar or trade.
Uonaire is feated in the (Ixty eighth degree ten minutes
well longiiude, and the middle of the ifl.ind is laid down
in the twelfth degree fixteen minutes north latitude, it
is about twenty leagues fiom the continent, and is fix.
teen or feventccn lea;;ucs round. The road is on the
fouth-wed fide near the middle of the ifland, where a
pretty deep bay runs in. The inhabitants arc chiefly
employed in raifing mai^c and Guinea corn, yams, and
potatoes J and alio in grazing.
Aruba, which alfo belongs to the Dutch, is feven or
eight leagues to the weftward of Curaftbu. The two lad
iflands have no tr.ide of confetiuence, but arc chiedy
employed in raifing frcfh provilions for the principal
ifland, and for the reft efliment of fuch Ihips as ufe thole
feas.
The trade of all the Dutch American fettlemcnts waj
originally carried on by the Well India company alone.
At piefent fuch fhips as go upon that trade pay two and
a half per cent, for their licences; the company, how-
ever, referve to thcmfelves the whole of what is carried
on between Africa and the American iflands.
SECT. III.
Q^ Dutch (Juiana, or Surinam.
Ill Situation, Extent, Produce, TraJ,; and Gavtrnmini,
DUTCH Guiana begins at the river Maroni, in the
fixth degree twenty minutes north latitude, and ex-
tends to the mouth of the river Oroonoko. The mouth
of the river Maroni is fo choaked up with fand banks,
that often Ihift their places that no vtiiel of above twenty
tons can enter it, and even thofc not without danger.
The river runs modly from fouth to north, it is about a
league broad, and all the coaft from Maroni to Surinam,
which is about fifty- five miles, is low and commonly co-
vered with water. This country is generally reckoned
unwholefome. From the end of November to the month
of July, the weather is pretty temperate, on account of
the clouds which fhelter the people from the fun, the
great rains that fall at that tunc, and the north-ead
wind, which continually blows : but during the red of
the year the weather r. lultry hot.
The climate \> however grvatly improved, and ren-
dered much more f.dutary than it was formerly by the
indudry of the Dutch, who lave cut avenues throu'di
the woods, and made pan'a:;e.i for currciiti of air that
carry oft' the unwholefome e.\h.ilations that proved fatal
to the firft colonids; and notwithdanding the inconve-
nicncics under which it once laboured, the LTeat nuiiiher
of Dutch whr have plantations here, have r.iifed this co-
lony to a very flourilhing c<iiidition, fo that it has ex-
tended itfclf thirty leagues above the mouth of the river
Surinam! but it will probably never be extended much
higher on account of the catarafts, which render it iiii-
polfiblc to navigate the rivers, and the rocks which pre-
vent their penetrating tartlicr into the country; and
even thefe have the advaiita:;o of forming a rampart for
the fccurity of the colony, .ii:a:iid the inroads of the In-
dians who inhabit the mountains, and who cannot be
civilized.
The chief fettlcmcnt is at Surinam, a town built upon
the river of the fame name, in the lixih degree fixteen
minutes north latitude, and this name now exteiula to
the adjacent country for above a hundred miles round.
Of this didrict the liollanders regard thcmlelves as the
lovcreign, and ate faid t.' behave with the haunhtiiiei:.
peculiar to that nation wbetcver they have pained the
fuperiorlty ; a conduct, fais a modern writer, b) no means
agreeable to the phlegm ol that people, or the wifdom of
the tonditution, lincc by i;iiniii;j the dcteitation of liie
njtivej.
Dutch Guiana.
Vmrricaii iflaiid;i. The
[id hjndliinic, tht private
;;a/,ifies larj^f, conniii-
kiiids of labour is here
luni lu admirably coii-
d into the dock, wIiltc
id tlu'ii fiirnilhcd wiili
and every thing pruinr
[;hth degree ten minuica
the ifl.md is laid down
ites north latitude. It
continent, and is fix-
The road is on the
of thi- ifland, where a
inhabitants arc chiefly
uinea torn, yams, and
the Dutch, is feven or
Jurafl'uu. The two lall
|uence, but arc chiefly
lions for the piincijial
I'uch fhips as ufe thule
mcrican fettleincnts wai
I India company alone.
that trade pay two and
s; the company, how-
vhole of what h carried
ican iilands.
III.
cr Surinam.
'raJi!, and Gtvtrnmint,
he river Maroni, in the
s north latitude, .md cx-
Jroonoko. The mtiuth
cd up with fund banks,
10 vtiicl of above twenty
oic not without danger.
h to north, it is about a
am Maroni to Surinam,
low and commonly co-
y is generally reckoned
November to the month
mperatc, on account of
.•(i|)le from the fun, the
nie, and the north-eatt
: liut during the red o!
>t.
illy improved, and rcn-
it vva.s formerly by the
;ve cut avenues throii;;li
for eurrciiti of air that
lations that proved fat.il
thft.mdiiig the inconvc-
ourid, the great luiiiilHr
lere, have r.iifed this co-
ition, fo that it has ex-
e the mouth of the river
never be extended much
ft?, which render it iin-
iiid the rocks which prc-
iiito the country; and
if lormin;;; a rampart for
iili the inroads of the In-
ms, and who cannot be
riiiani, a town built upon
1 the fixth degree fixteen
lis name now exteiul.-. to
-• a hundred miles tounJ.
regard thcnilelves as the
ive with the haughiiner;.
ir they have pained the
adern writer, h) no means
people, or the wildoni of
iw the dcieUation of the
riat;vej.
Sr. Thomas's, &c.
AMERICA.
natives, they furnifli the means fo any eiiterprizing Eu-
mpian power to fupplant tlum.
The planter! and traders ol this place t.tkc the name
of the focicty of Surinam ; the lettlcnimt being the juiiit
property of the Dutch Will-India ciurpany, liie city o(
Ainllcrdam, and the pitiprielari' <d S.iinelulyek : but in
what manner their dift'eunt lights arol'e, ui lunv they
were fcriiud, we cannot le.iin.
'I'he colony is now in the nuill nourifliiiig fituution,
and a prodigious trade is carried on, not (uily with V.u-
ri'pe, but with the \Veft-India iflands. The liver of Su-
iiiuni facilitates commerce, and the Dutch have been
caielul to improve the natural fituation by all that art
,i!id indultiv could beftow. They have a fort called
Zelandia, built with brick, about two leagues from the
entrance, and .ii a little diftaiue from it, a fmall town
called I'aramairamba, containing about four hundred j
houfes. There are no lels than feven or eight inland
towns, all of which aie rich, populous, and commercial,
which evidenlly proves the afTiduity with which that nation
improves every advantage they have once obtained.
I he chief trade of the colony ci.iiliHa in the produce
ol the country, as lugar, cotton, gums, tobacco, coffee,
fl.ix, llcins, and wood for dying. For the tilling of the
ground the proprietors have Haves, whom they purchale
of the Weil India company, who carry thither every
year a certain number from CJuinea.
The country is under the command of a governor,
who has under him a commandant, and is appointed by
rhc direflors of the Weft-India company, but mufl be
approved by the States (Jeneral, and take an oath to them,
as well as to the diredlors. The governor has a (bvcreiun
authority in their name over the whole colony, both in
livil and military affairs. Yet in thofe of moment he is
obliged to aflcmble and confult with the political council,
of which he is prefident, as he is alfo of the court of
jullice i yet he haS only one vote in each, and is obliged
to determine according to the m.njority of voices. The
political council is compofcd of the governor, the com-
mandant, who is the firft counfellor, and nine other
members. The council, or court of juflice, confilfs
only of five counl'ellors, a fecrctary, and a bailiff or
mayor, bellues the governor. This great officer has the
dilpofal of all vacant employments, civil and military,
till fuch time as he can receive orders from the court of
dirc(5fors ; and forms fuch regulation as he imagines
mod conducive to the fecurity of the colony againll at-
tacks of an enemy
deep,
refugees from K.urope and the iflands. Mo(^ of the houfes
arc of hrii k, luilt and tiled after the Duti h manner, but
only one (buy high, on account of the badntfs (j/ the
foundation ; for before they h.ive dug three (cct dc
they meet with water and ipiickfand.
'I'he illaiid produces oranges, titrons, lemons, guavjs,
bananas, inaiidi.ica, millet, potatoes, and moft (iirts of
Iruit and herbage, partieularly fugar and tobacco; but it
is much infelled with multetoes. Theic ifl.inds, (o
long as they remain in the hands of the Danifh Wefl-
India conip.iiiy, were ill managed, and nothing like the
proper advantage was made ot them ; but that wife and
benevolent prince, the late king of Denmark, bought up
the com|iany's (lock, and laid the trade open, and fmee
that time the ifland of St. Thomas has been lo j^reatly
improved, lh.it it is faid to produce upwards ot three
thinilaiul hogfheads of fugar at a thoufaiid pounds weight
each, and otheis of the Well-India commodities in toler-
.ible plenty. In time of war privateers biing in their
prizes here for fale, and a great many veflels trade from
hence along the coalf of Terra Firma, and return with
money in (pecie or bars, and valuable mcrchandiie.
St. Croix is about Hve leagues call of St. I'homas's,
eight from Porto Rieo, and about thirty welt of St.
Cnrillopher's. It is leatcd in the eighteenth degree north
latitude, and in the (ixty-tifth well longitude. It is
about ten or twelve leagues in length, and about three
on the ealt fide where it is broadefl. The air is ex-
tremely unhealthy, but this will probably continue no
longer than till the woods, with which the ifland is at
prelcnt almoft covered, ate farther cleared, and room
left for a proper circulation of the air. The foil is black,
eafy to be cultivated, very fertile, and produces feveral
fine trees proper for the joiner and cabinet-maker, with
fugar canes, oranges, lemons, pomegranates, citrons, a
fort of papay called mamee, which is faid to bear once a
month excellent fruit, fhaped like a woman's bteuft, from
whence it takes its name.
A large bay on the north fide has a bafon and a fmall
ifland, and in another on the fouth fide oppolite to it,
the country is indented by the fea with fo many inlets,
that it fcems one continued marfh, intermixed with a
number of fmall iflands, whence it has been called the
drowned country.
With refpeiS to its hiftory j the Spaniards deftroyed
the natives, and, as in other places, foon after defcrtcd it,
after which it lay for a long time defolate ; but it had
afterwards feveral maftcrs in a ftiort compafs of time ;
The troops kept in pay for the defence of the colony i the Knglifli and Dutch, after difputing the (ole poffeflion
coiihll of four companies of foot, each commanded by
a captain, a lieuteiKUit, an enfign, and two I'erjcants, and
of which the governor is colonel. IJefides there is a mi-
litia compoled of eight companies of burghers.
SECT. IV.
St. Thomas's ami St. Croix, cr Santa Cru/..
T/ieir Situation., Extent, Pr::.'iiu;; anl Tiaiic, with the RcM-
lutions that have i.nplnited in the laji ij'.iiut.
ST. Thomas's, the principal ifland fubjeil to the
Danes, is lituated in the fixty-fourth degree twenty
minutes weft longitude, and in the eighteenth degree
thirty minutes north latitude. It has a fafe and commo-
dious harbour, in which are two mound;, that feem as
if formed by nature for raifing batteries upon them.
Though the ifland is only fifteen miles in circumference,
it is fubjeit both to the Danes and llrandcnburghcrs, but
the latter are under the protcdlion of the former. Al-
moft in the center of the harbour is a fina'l fort, without
ditch or outworks, and about fifty or fixty paces to the
weft of it begins the town, which chiefly confifts of one
long ftreet ; at the end of which is the Danifli faftory,
a large building with convenient warehoufes both for
the rtowage of their commodities, and for the reception
of the negroes, in which they trade with the Spaniards.
On the right fide of this factory is the Urandeiibiirgh
quarter, which confifti of tvyo little ftreets, full of French
of it, (harcd it between them; but, in 1649, the Englifh
being moft numerous, ejedted their neighbours, and v/erc
I'oon after turned out themfelves by the Spaniards from
Porto Rico, who in a defccnt burnt the houfes, put all
the men they found in arms to the fword, and fcnt off
the left with their wives and baggas^e to the ifland of
I5arbuda. Some Dutch from St. Luftatiaand St. Maititi
hearing that the Englifh were expelled, and imagining
that the Spaniards were alfo gone, came thither to re-
poflels it, but the Spaniards being itiU there, and ten
times more numerous, attacked them by furprjze, and
forced them to (urr^ndcr prifoners ; but while the Spa-
niards were preparing to carry them to Porto Rico,
Poincy, the French commander, came with a fuperior
force, upon which the Spaniards were glad to quit both
the place and their prifoners, whom Poincy carried back
to St. Fuftjtia; and the next year, which was 1651,
having reimburfed the Dutch merchants at Flufhing for
the expcnces they had been at in fettling the colony, he
made an acquifition not only of this ifland, but of St.
Martin's, St. Bartholomew's, and feveral others, for the
ufe of the knights of Malta, of whom he was grand
mailer. This ifland was l.'terwards purchafed of thofe
knights by the French Well India company ; but the
French abandoning it in i6()6, the Danes obtained the
pofl'eflion of it, and it belonged to the Weft India com-
pany till it was purchafed by his late Danilh majefty. It
was however then a perfedt dcfart, but it has begun to
fettle very fall, for feveral perfons from the Englilh
iflands, and among them fome of great wealth, have gone
to fettle there.
We
\
'i 'i
•i6
A S V S T L'. M () !■ CJ 1, O G R A F H Y.
B<
' ']
fi
ill!
:i
I.
1
I
1
1
:- !
11
1'
1 I'
H
t !-
sr .''
H'o hue fio'v I'luc il\r.-ir:h tlu- i "'iiiirii ■. -mJ ill.iiuli
ill AmiTici ivi(l,-lltJ l)v the Kii-lifh, Kiriuh, IJiiich, aiiJ
D.iiK's ; ih'j irrnHiniiig |) irt !ii.'li>ii;;5 in I'liriiiijul .iml S|i.ijii j
biK, hihire wc lu-'nii with thirir ilniTiiniiMis, wr 111, ill i-im-
(liiilc this (-h.iptrr .vi:h thccli.ir.ioti i» nt ihr ll-vora! Kiiri)-
pviii ii.itidi.s, ,.:, ihcv rcgjiJ Aiii'i'HM, wMcn wc (h.ill
I Nlr.itil (Mm the iri/ciiimn .mthir (it a VTi.rlt iiuiilc.l,
All Acciiont ()( th,? Kiirnpcin Si'ttli'inoiits.
" I h' re If iiii>, ( .vH hi., lo be .i rc.Ti;ir'.::ibh provi-
" ili'iur ill the c.illiM^ Ow p.irK, it I iiny ui'e th.it c;<-
" J reffidii. ot the feviul Kutopeaii mtiuiis who ai't iip-
" ^) 1 tiij ll i;!i; ol Aiiiciica. The Sp ini.ir.l, prnuil, l.i/.y,
" ami iiij(;ni(kcni, li.is ;im ample w.Jk in wliuh to cx-
" p.iti,iif i .1 liiH thi:..ii<r to in.liiUe his Itne of cife i
" .iM ! ;i pintiiiiuii ot I'ulil aiul liKfr tn [.ronire him all
" fhi-le liixiiites hi.. p;nlc deiuai'.J:, but wliicii his la/i-
" mi', wii il,| ridilc hini.
" The l*ortU!;.icre, iiuu;i!ly in'i;tnt at home, and
" ciilripiiziii.'. latnei tluii iiniullriiiu.'. .ilircaj, ha', gold
" .111 I (li.iii)iiii.l-, •l^ the .Sp.iiii.ird h.:., w.niu tiieiii ;is he
" J M-., hut poll' III., tllciu 111 .1 more iillliil, lhou;;h lels
" flKiitatiou^ iii.iiincr.
" I'ht Kii^lilh, lit a rcafonini; il: V >fitinn, thdiight-
" fill ami rii.ii, .ind men ,if biilliiu^, i;i her than ot
" j,ii',ii iiiJ .;lu', impatitiu o; muili fiiiillefs l.iboiir,
" .iMiDneiit ot riiiiltraiiu, .iiiJ lovcra ot' ;i couuliy iile,
" have a lot which iiiJtti! proJucti iieiiher j^oij nor
-iMr..
I " li' v r i bur ihry hiivp a Iirr-c traJ> <■( ;i fu.c cnntinni' ,
" a ii'.lile li.|,| tui ihi- i.irrnle of a7,rieiilti.re, ami imli.
. " til it t.. t'liriiilh tliiir II lie witiiowt layiiii; tlu-m uii,j,.r
" Itre.it i!iiH.ii!tiei). Iniole.aiit .is ihcy iiic""!)!' the nu:i^
I " uielul i(.ilr.i:iit«, th.ir lotimiirvv HmriUiea Irom ih.J
j" iretilniii IV" V 111.01 Imh ot puil'iiiii,' it a.'cnr.liii-r (.,
" Ins own I'le.i^, and direeliii •, lii, i,le allir lii.tn'.i
" la(hi..n.
" III!' rrMidi, aflivi-, livly, ''M'erp'i/.ln ;, plij!,|..,
" and polit.e i ami tlioii.'Ji ih.in.jiir.; tmir pm i,.ii;. „|.
" ways piirliiin'^ the prii nt olijecl " wuli cajj. rm Is,' ,„ ;
" iiotwithlt.indinj; ir.i^table and obclitiit to riilci ;ii,,|'
" l.iw, which biidle their dilpulitioiH, and wild ,.ii,|
" turn them ?o proper courl'es. This people ii.ue .:
" Country, wi.ere more is tu be cdecled b/ maiiiion"
" tlie people tii.ii! by culiivatiii;; the jjroiind ; wh' le i^
" pedlini; eomr-.erce, that require, eoiiltaiit niitipfi
" llouriihes nioie tli.m a Hn-'i'ltnre and a re^ul.ir li..:li, '
" wheie th'jy h ive difHculties whieli keep tlieiii .n. ,/
" .Old where tlieir ohi'diencc ferves iheiii tor prii .,|,;|'
" wifloin. Ill the ill.iiidb tile whole IS the woikoftlieir
" pidicy, and ot a right t.iiii their goveriimeiit hji
" t.ikcn.
" The Dutch h.u'C got a lor k or Hvo on wlii. h to dif.
" play the miracle< ol Irir.'.ility .iiid dil,[;en<e, vv.iuh ar,;
" their villi:-., .iiid on which ihcy have txeittd tl.tlc
" virtues, and Ihcwii thole niiraelcs."
C II A P. MI.
or P O R T U G V r: S E a M E R I C .a, containing B R A S I L.
s F. c r, I.
fis .V..v;,v, fUtiintiin, E>lei:t, F' of tin; Ccuntry, Climate,
/'•Xi'i'dlii, anii Al>:,i.ih ; ii;, i pnt'uiihir .iicouiit cfthi:
Ci:lianl Dliiiiniiih c/" Hi\ft!, l!:,: JLin'ur in kIjuIj t/:ey
are ciljinetl, niul tin Ri-^ulnlians in nmliin /j llu'iii.
Till", Portugucfe, by whom this country was fi;ft
difcovcred, j;avc it the name of the Holy Crols j
but It altjrwards obtained the name of iiuilil, or lirazil,
from liie ij;reat iiuamity of lirafil wood which i;rows tlierc,
whicii was known in Kuropc and c.dlcd bial'il, b.foie the
dilcovery of the extciilive country tiiat be.irs its name.
lirafil i. featcd between the mouth of the great river of
the Am.izons under the eijuator, .ind llie river I'l iia in
the ibirty-hlih degree liuith l.ititude, and b:.t.veen the
thirtv-lilth and tifty-tirll dci;ree of well longitude ; it be-
ing bounded on tiie north by the mouili ol the river
Amazon and the Atl.intic ocean, on the ell by the l.iiiie
o,,e.ui, <)M the foiith bv the river J'lat.i, and on tlie well
by a chain of mountains wiiieh divide it fiom Spani/h
Ametica and the country of Ama/ons ; it bcm^ two
tlioui'.iiid five hundred miles in lcii:;th along the co.ilt from
north ;o louth, and ii'iiuit nine bundled miles in breadth.
The fcttlimciits ol the I'ortu^uefe, however, reach but
i fiii::il diiiJiicc within land.
With tefpPiH to the coall of llrafil, it i-i proper tn ob-
fervc, that, be^nnniiii; at the mouth of the river of the
Amazons, it runs ealfward as f.ir as Cape St. Roipie,
which is thirteen hundred and hity miles, trom whence
It winds to the loutlr.vaid quite to the Spanilh piovime
if I'ara^ua, fo that almolt the whole country lies under
the torrid -/-one.
As to the t'ace of the country, the land near the coaft
IS, in general, rather low than hi;:h ; but extremely
plcafant, it beiii'z interfperfed wi'.ii iiicddov.s and wood.-,
the trees ot which are, for the moll part, ever-grcens ;
but on the well, far within land, are mountains in wnich
are iiinumer.iblc Iprings and lakes, fro.ii whence illiie a-
buiidance of rivers, that fall into the gre.it rivers the
Amazon and th'.- I'lata, or run acrofs the country from
weft to caft, an'! fail into the .-Vilantic ocean ; thcfe I., ft
ate very nunicious, . nd of gri'at life to the I'ortugiivle m
turning their liigar-inilh, and meliorating their laiid>,
which (hey .inmially n-.crlh'V.
The 1101 lb ol IJralil Iv .. , almoft under the c(]iiaior,
this, like other countrifs in the fame tiiu.r.ion, ij lul'jea-
to great rain.- and variable win. is. paiticul.iily in M.in.h
and Scptiiiibtr, when they h.u..'luch to ri.nt3 ofr.'ii,
with (loims and tornado,'., i,-,..t the eouniry is overHow-
ed, and tne air at th: i Ic.lbn rendered unlic.'.ltli;'. lint,
with rel,,cel to t:ie ii. jre louthern provinces, no country
within the tiopicj has the licit mori rolrablr, or the air
more healthlul, it being C"nllantly relVelhed with bie'.z.:s
lioin the fca, and in the irland pans tne viiii'ls from tee
inountains are Hill cooler ijian t.iofc mat blow from tiie
ocean.
I'he foil (if lirafil is gciurally gooil, prodm iii'' very
large trees of various foits, (it tor any iile. Their lavan-
iias, or mcadiiws, arc covered witii gral. and herbs, and
where cultivated produce every thini; proper for the cli-
mate, as (Uj^ar-cancs, tobacco, cotton, indigo, i.uiive,
and Iriiit.
The chief (if the foreft trees are the fqii^-ra, the vcv-
miatico, the coiiimclierie, the guitcha, and the fcrrie ;
Ipeckled wood, three kinds of mangrove tree;, and the
mancbineel.
Tiie lapiira is a very tall tree, wliich h.is goo.l timber,
made ufe ot in building houfes ; the veniii itico is alfo a
tall llr.'.ight-bodicil tree, of which plank; arc made twi
teet broad, and of the trunks they likewile make canoes,
they being only (looped hollow and fliaped foincthin '
like a boat at tlie head and Hern ; though tlicy arc h nar-
row .i; fieinuntly toovcrfet, yet they t.innot link, and the
Indians, who excel in Iwimming, make no dillieulty
wiv.-ii they are ovcrlct to turn them up again.
1 he guitcba and commell'erie are cliietly uled in build-
ilig of (hips, and are as much citeeiiied for that life a;
oak is with us, and are even (aid to be a more hard and
dur.ible wood. The ferric tree rciembles the elm, an.l
is veiy durable in water. Their m.ingrove trees arc red,
white, and black : the icd arc ufcd in tanning leather,
3 '' of
ii i.f .1 fiiii" cniitinrii* I
jjriciiti'.ri.', iiiiil lul!i-
iiut Uyiiii; thiTii uii.i'T
ihiy luc i)t the nu:i^
'■ H'iunllii'3 Irnm lU;.-
ruiii;' it a.ciir.lijtg I)
ii:i l.lc :itur III , own
ril'fr[iti/.in;, plijM'',
in:'; tiair )>ui luii^', ,>|.
d v:irt iM^jrncfs, ,ii.;
ilieliiiic ti) fiiU:( ui,.l
ItinlH, UmJ Willi! .111.1
Tins I'CdJlll. Il.lvi' .;
flK-ch'il li/ m;iiiUMiij/
thl! [MlllMul ; will IL- d
ire* ciiiilt.int iiiothiii,
;inil ii ri-^ul.ir li..:li. ;
liiili ktx-p tliuiii .i|. i;,
Vl'S iIkiII I'll pri! Ml il
lie is the work ol iiicir
llicir ijovoriiinciu hjt
I two on wliii h to dil'-
ul ilily;i-'ni I', v.'.iu Ji 111,;
icy luvc txctlui.1 tl.Lic
I'S,"
lis/ MI.
A M !•: R I C A.
7'7
AS IL.
untie occ.in ; thcfc ! ift
ilf to the l'>irtu<.;mli.' in
iitliotaiiiig their l.iiiJ:,
(> miJer the c<|uat()i,
u\w. (uuv.Uiw, ij liili;c\t
, p.itliL-ul.irly ill M.u(.h
Inch f r^nts of r, n,
!rj couniry h oveiHow-
lUrcJ uiihc.'.ltli;'. I'ur,
jirovinccs, iio coualiy
in iol' ■.^b\i , or the .lir
ri-l'r'JlUc'l with biw-.v..:s
Its till.' « ill-Is from tnc
oL tM:it Mow from liic
onil, produi in-' very
:111V ii''^- Their lavin-
ii prill' und herbs, ami
liiii'.; proper for the ili-
tluii, iiiJigu, i.i.i./r,
•c the f,ipi.-r.i, the vit-
.iitcli.1, ami the I'crrii; ,
m^rove trcej, and the
viiiih h;is goo.l timber,
lie veriiiiitico ij nld' .i
I pliiiiki are made twi
ikewile make canoes,
nd flijped fomctliin;^
hoiii^h ihev arc h iiar-
y caiiiiot link, and the
;, make 110 diiUeulty
III lip ai^aiii.
I- ( liietiy '.ileil in btild-
ceiiied lor that ule a;
I, I be a more hard and
Liembles the elm, an.l
mani;rove trees .rrc red,
fed III tanniiij leather,
of
of the white tlicy tiidkc ntirt., nn.l y.irdj for their baik<,
und ol the hl.iik good plaiikb ; both the while and bliek
lainn miH h larger than in the ('ulpli ol Mexico. I line
|.r r.vs licicallo A wild co>oa nut tree, neither lo tall nor
i 1 larj;e as tliole ill the halt or Well Indies, nor are the
nuts a (|uarier I'u big, hut are in elUi in for nialcint; beads
jjr riifaries, bowls of tJ-acto-pipcj, and other toys. At
tlie top ol the tree aiiioni; ihe branclus grows a lonj; foit
lit bl R>; thread, tcfeniblmg boric hair, but mueli loiigei.
Oflhele they make ta'des, that ate veiy lloii[;, lalliiiy,
and fervie.a'jle, lor tli'y will not rot like eahlea made ol
hemp, thou^ib they lie rxpofed lo heat and wet. Ihey
li.ivc alio three loilvol lolion tiecs, but veiy little ul
tile ii,>,ht Wut India lottuii Ihfub ut which cotiuii ilutli
il in.ide.
With rclpeifl to fruit", they have fevcral kinds of Eu-
ropean grapes, < r.in.; s, leiiioiis, pominrjii .lis, and
poiiKi itiuii-, whidi Were tranlplaiiied limber by the I'oi-
tu"iicle I In y have alfu j. inpahs, p«p.iUb, (.aflu ws,
liiuilops, cull lid iipplif, cabbjj^e It t., the true coioa-
llUt, guava-, b,iiian;|.', and plaiiMiies.
Thejenipih is a kind ol liuit of the calabaflt or jjoiird
kill. I, (it tlieliv'.c of a di'irk e.^;, (onuwhat of an oval
Ihripe, and of a j;rey colour ; but the lh> II is neither lo
thick nor lo hard as lint ol the ralali.tlli. It is luil ol
a wliililh pu'p mixed e.'illi fmill (1 it feeds, and both the
iiulp .ind k'..l4 aie t.ikcn into ilie month, but on fuckiiii;
Ihe pulp ihry l,jit out the Kc;!j. It is ol an agreeable
ili.iip Lille, .111 I veiy iniio-ent. The titc that bejrs it
I. as lome iclVmbl.ince lo the a(h, ii Itiai^ht bodied, and
ol a f;iiod heig'it, clear lioiii limbs till near the top, where
the branihi' put fvirih a fnu'l head.
The I'uiiifop is a flint as large as a man's head, of an
(ival ihipe, ,ind when ripe ;;ieui lui one li.le and ycll-jw-
il!; on the other. The coat or outfide i. pietty tlmk,
and very i.iii^h, witll .V.iall fliarp kiiibf, and the inlide
is full of a fpoii^y pulp, with black keindi ol the (h.ipe
;rnd llze c( pumpkin-lceds. 'I'he pulp is very juicy, of
a plealant t.iiir, and wholcfome. 'ihe tree or fhrub
that bears this frait, is only ten or twelve fci.t high,
witii a fm.ill fliort tuink, from which the bianches guiw
pietty ilr;'ght up. This fruit alio gows both in the
t.ilt and Well Indie?.
Jjefidcs thife here arc m.iny forts of fruit not lobe
jTiet with any where clle, as anfahs, meiicafahs, peian-
{;c);s, lie. The arilah is an excellent fruit, fomewhat
lugger than a larjje cherry, sind (liaped l.kc a Caihaiinc-
pe.ir, it beiiiM; fnullcr at ihe lUin, and fwellinj; bigi!.-T
towards the tit. I. I'hey are of a grecnilh colour, and
have fmall lecd.s, are lomewhat tart, yet very plealant
and ■.vholcl\imc.
T!ie mericaCah Is an cxiellent fruit, of which there arc
two tons; one that jrro.xs on a Imall tree or flirub, which
IS accounted the belt, and the other growing on a kind
«)f vine, which h nl'ually planted about arh.Hirs for the
i.ike of tlie filide* they h.iving ma:.y '.noad haves. The
fiuit is as lar^e aS a Imall oiati^ic ; it is round, green,
and when iipe it is loft, and full of a white pulp, mixed
with litt'e black Itf-'ds, and is very tart, pl.^^.ilaiit, and
wholelome.
The pel.ingo is a fmall red fruit, that alfo grows on
fmall trees. It is of the fi/e of a thcriy, but not li)
roiiivl, bavinj one flat fide, and five or fix fmall ridges.
It is a very plealant urt fruit, and has a large flattilli
llmie in tlic mid.lle.
ri'.c mungjroo is a fruit as large as a cherry, red on
one lidc and white on the other, and contains fmall feeds.
The mulleran de avo is .1 round fruit, ol the fi/.e of
a l.irr;" h.ifie nut, covcr'd with ll.in biiitle (hells of a
blackdh colour. It h.is a fmall (lone in tlic middle, in-
doIVd with a black pulpy (uhllance.
They have likewife plenty of eallavances, pine apples,
wiit.r-iiielons, mufk-melons, cucumbers, yams, potatoes,
cafiavas, cabbages, turnips, onions, leeks, and a variety
of lalladin.:, with fcveral kinds of drugs, as lallafras,
fnakc-ro'it, kc.
No fort of corn thrives in I'rafil like maize, for wheat
and rve grow too rank, and run up into draw. Their
tUd time is at the beginning of the rainy feafon, and
their h.srvcft a litile alter it is over. The trees and
fliiubs propel to the country bear leaves, blJlbins and
1C{
fiiiit all the ye.ir round ; and the f.imc !■ tihlervCd of lluir
oranges, limes, and Ionic other friiit« that have been car .
iicd ihiilur. It IS 'aid that iliolr who would hive ripe
Hr.iprs all the year, only prune llieir vines at dillerent
tiiiKs to t\\'icl It, and iliiy pioducc a line iufcious gra|'e
as Iweet as honey ; and yet they can make ii.i wine here
that will kei'p.
<\s to iheir minerals iliey h.nve gold and fomefiKet; ,
and lieie ..le found plenty of lith di.iuionds, jalper, eme-
ralds, and other piecioiis llnnri.
Ciold was firii loiiiid ill the mouiitaiiis whah be ad-
jacent to the iiiyol Kio Jaiieiio. I'hc occaliun dl Ki
difcovcry IS var.oudy rclati d ; hut the common anoiint
is, ih.it the Indians on the hack ol the Hortuguele lii ■
ilenifnts, weie ublervcd by the lol.lier;. emp'oud in m
expedition agjinlt tliein, to make ufe ol liiis inital h/t
ihiir fiOiin;' liooksi am! their manner fil pro-uriir; it bein",
cnijuired into, it appe.iud tli.it great ipi.iiitilics ot it wi le
anniiallv w.illii d trom ihe hill.., .ind lelt .imon'j the fand
and gravel that icm.dncd in the v.itleys alter the run
niiig oil', or cvaporaiii.n ol the water. It is iiiw litile
more thin fixtv yiais lince any (|iiantitics of gold worth
notice have been imporied Iron iiralil lo Kiir.ip.' ; but
lioiii that time the annual ir. irts (rom tliince hav
been coMimi.illy aU;;mented bj the dilcoveiy of places
m other provinces, where it is lo be met with as plenti-
lully as at full about Rio Janeiro. And it is now f.iid,
that a fmall Heiidcr vein of it fprcads through all the
couniry, at .ih.put twciiiy-four feet from ihc lurl.ice ; biif
tli.it this vein is too thin and poor to aniwer the expence
ol digging, ilnwevei, where the rivers or i.iins haie
had any courfe for a conliderable time, there rold miv
always be collecled, the water having lep.irated the
nutjl from the earth, and dcpolitcd it in the laii.ls :
wiiC'ice it is idecmed an iiif.dlible method ot piocurin;
it, to divert u Itream from its channel, and to ranlack its
bed. Indeed there are properly no goldmines in ilrafil,
all the gold being cidle^ted cither from rivers, or the beds
of torrents alter Hoods.
The (laves, who arc principally negroes, arc kept in
great minibeis to examine the bottoms of rivers, the
gullies of torrents and to wa(h the gyld found in them
trom the fand and dirt. The regulation of the duly of
thLic (laves is very fingular, for they arc each of them
obliged to lurnini their mailer with the eighth part ol an
ounce of gold every day ) and if they are either fo for-
tunate or induftrious as to colledt a greater quantity, the
(urplus is generally confidcred as their own property, and
tluy have the liberty ot difpofing of it as they think (it :
lo that it is (aid fomc negr.ics, who have aecidentallv
t.illen upon rich walliiiig places, have thcmfclves pur-
chalcd flaves, and have afterwards lived in great (jilen-
dor, their oil^in.il ni.iller having no other demand on
them th.iii the d.iily lupply ot the above eighth part,
which, as the I'ortiigucfe ounce is fomewhat lighter than
our troy ounce, may amount to about nine Ihillinss
(lerlin-.
The (|iiantity of gold thus collecled in the Br.ifil-, ami
annual'y returned to Lifbon, may in Come degree be
e(l;matc.l from the amount of the king's hith : this hai
bun computed one year with another at one hundred
and liliy arioves of ti.irty-two pounds Portugucfe weight,
which at lour pounds the troy ounce, makes very near
thr.e hundred thoufand pounds llerling ; and conl'cquent-
ly the capital of which this is ihc fifth, is about a million
and a half flerling. The annual return of gold to I.iiboii
cannot be lels than this, though it be difficult to deter-
mine how much it exceeds it. It has been fuppofed that
the gold exchanged lor lilver with the Soaniards at Hue-
iios Ayies, and what ii privately brought to Europe,
amounts to near half a million more, which will make
the whole annual produce of the Brablian gold near two
millions llerling ; a prodigious lum to be found in a
country, which at the i lofe of the Kill century was not
known to furnilh a tingle grain.
As to diamonds, the dilcoverv of thefe valuable Hones
is dill more reiciit, it being (carcc forty years lince the
fiifl were brought to Euiope. They are found in the;
l.ime maimer as the gold, in the giilleys of torrents ;'.nd
beds of rivers, but only in particular places, and not t\>
univerhdlv furead ihroui'h the country. Thcv were
ST ' ■ " ' ' frc
■I A
?v.
m
i3
A S V S 1 I. M OF G P, O G R A I' 1 1 V.
Um
•»'.u .
i'U
';• h. .'
■ li.
t'iri|urnily fniintl in tv.^niin;; ihc gulil, hcforc thcv were | cjihtrwiCc to«i (hort Id contain it. lie livt, u|)iiii .iiit>,
.Hill wlii'ii he ti.K luiiiiii aiiv iif itu'ir D' IK, lie upciit liit
ti|<|u r ji.irt III (III III with III! d.ivV', lli.il lie iii.iy have
iiii'iii III |Mi( ill hi« (mini aiiJ )ir> (i<ii).'uv : ihn n U,
lllK.IK'll Mill) ,1 llllliy Ik|Ui>I, illlll it lullll illVtIl'll unit
aiili, whin he di.iwt it into lii> tiiuuili .iinl lw.illu»>
llit'iii. I'luH he tt'iK'.il.i Ji I'lii^ yi (lay Mi!l mil liilu U>l
Unie lii.irr. The l.iil iil lint .iniiiul in 1 im: iiKMruie
riUiiihU-. ilut of a lii\ t it is Knier.illy iwn lut l><ii..',i ul-
nii'll ll'it, ,iiiil covcrcil with luir Iroiii 11111.^11 to ivvemy
IM' 'ill l»n^' i il i> hirfli, vi ry (Iron;;, .uul he cm iiiiue it
lull J^ he (ilealeH ) wli' n lir turns it ii| mi liu h.ali, it
entirely n.vir'i it, .uul Jerviiilj hirii fruni ilu um, whii.h
hr ;;re.itK' ilifiikts.
I lie .iriii.i'iillii h.ii liii hr;ul, hotly, and tail, cuveriil
n itii ,1 lliie'il III .1 biiny lubll.iiKi, luuiiiMg moll he«>ili|ii|
liik'.. C)ii the ii|ip,T puit or ilie ii^cli .ire I'.^.i j-ints
ih.ic he lii.iv move tus lie.ul, .inj on thv Lul^ lev<ii ilivi.
luiin, wiih .1 yellow (kin hetwei'ii ejrli. I lie leet uiu
C(i\>rcd with .1 thinner (liielJ, hut ihe lower partb ut tlic
I'lijy .ite Witiiout thi-, roveiiin;. 'I'Ko hi.id is like th.it
of 4 hiy, with .i(1l.ii|) liiout. lit liu.. Iiii.ll eyesluiik
ilv': p ill the hrjd, aiul .i ii.ii'ow puiiiud loiij;uc, i he
ears are inked, htown, anl Hunt, uiid the teeth ui ,t
mi. Kile li/e. The feet nlemhle h.iiida, wilh t\\<. liiUHTj
.iiul louiulifh iia.l>. T he t.iil iit ihi root is iieur loui'
Miches ihiek, hut i;rows j.M'adii.illy lel'h to the end, vvheie
It leriniiulea in a pn.iit. U live:, upon miloiis, pc.t.iti-es,
.ml oiher roots, hut will not eat H.lh, an. I j;enii.ilr, lu'.
hiJ III the ground, whieh he tur..s up «iiii the .nout.
This nnimal lus a quiek leelmir, and will roll nni.l'eli'
up like a ball. T"he tielh !> vvhue, fat, and deluiite, Imt
lb hell whc'l lealbiied with Ipiies to ipiieken the lalle.
Their fowls .irc niaceaws, parion, pairoiputs, ihi:
qiiam, the ciiralor, the bill bud, the toekiicoe, ihe
ef.ih c.itiluT, the fifliin[;-hattk, ami the luimmin^ l.ird ;
euilieus, pariridg s, wood-pi.!eons, herons, and p^lnaiis ,
they have .illb great varietv of fintiiii^ birds, feveial Ipe-
ciis of wild ducks. Wild gcele, and enmnion pouhry; aiiil
there is nit any fort of the latter in Kiirope that lia^ not
bicn eaiiied thither by the I'ortuguefe Huweit;, ni
tlitfe hot climates fowls of .ill kinds .ire dry meat, nor is
their mutton very ^'ond ; the pork is elleinied the belt
Ihfli, and is here thought of ealy digellion. Ail the
horles, cows, Ihecp, alli;s, hogs, and eats, were biou^^ht
hither from Luropc.
In fome parts of IJiafil the heat of the climate is thought
to favour the generation of a great variety of poil'oiious
inledts and reptiles ; and it is tcrtain that no country
produces a i^re.itcr variety of fcrpcnts, fome of which art:
laid to be of an incredible length. The ratilc-l'nake and
other reptiles of the fame I'pecies grow to an enoniious
li/e, and the Icrpeiit called ibihaboea is affirmed to be-
leven vari!~ loii'j, half a yard in circumference, and pol-
fiUVd of a poiloii indantancoully fatal to mankind. In-
deed the accounts authors have given of the inoiiftioui
li/.c of thcfe reptiles i;i this country are fo very iinpio-
b.ilile, that it is dangerous to give any ciidit to wlu.t
they fay. That they are large and nniiierous is noc
doubted J and it has been iuftly obferved, that Providence
has thought fit to dIvc an allov, by thel'e inconvenun-
cie., to the many advantages of this invaluable eounii\,
in order to dilpenfe her bleirmgs more equally among the
inhabitant.', of the earth in general.
Here are alfo fcorpions, centcpcc, (|iiders, and otl'.cr
infeiits that arc venomous and of an extraordinary fi/.e.
T'hcir ants arc almoft as trouhlefome here a<; in .■\inea,
marching in great bodies, and devouring every thiir^ in
their way. Here is alio the fire-fly, which fecms to
differ but little from the glow-wcirni, except in h.iviiig
wings : when a number of thcfe fix on the boughs of
trees, they in ijie night appear at a fniall diltanee lil:c fo
many (hir'j. T'here are faid to be here twelve feveral
forts of bees, fome of which have valf nefts in holl.iw
trees in the woods, and others in holes of the roeki, and
yield great quantities of honey and w..\.
With refpcifl to the amphibious ^:. .;.i.s, ihey have ih"
three kinds of turtle, the hawks- hill, the loggerhead,
and the green turtle j whiib lift is nioff excellent 'im.I.
The lakes and iivcrs alHuiiid wiih cioeodilr;, and tiiey
have a creature whieh ih': l'otuiL;u-fecall cachoiade a^ua,
of
kii'iwn to be iliamondH, and weie coiiftipientiv ihiown
.n*av vMih the f i, I arid gravel fip.iriied liom ii. It i.
will iniuiiilured that nun hem ol vi rv I n '' (loius, that
would ha\e tiiiiehed ihi polUlllirs, han pilled iiniegaided
till lugh the haiuN II' tholV who afleiMods bore with
ini,Mtience the miitrvnig rrflivilion. Iluwevet, .iboul
foriv vears ani » ptilon acquainted with the appearance
lit loujjh di.iiiinnds, imattiiied th.it tliele pebbles, as they
W( ir then elticnud, were of the l.ime kind : but it is
(.lid there was a unfidf ruble interval between the lirll
Halting ot this opiiiinii, and its being rruilirmed by pro-
per tiuK, It being dit>ieult to p rlu' '■ the inh.ib f.inl ,
tliJt W'h It they had lien long .le, ultom.d to d.ipile,
could be ol fueli imporlance as this difcoviry lupp.ilul.
;\iid It is (aid, th.it III this interval a I'overnor of one of
their places procured a gond iiiimbrr of thel'e ftunri,
whiih he pietfiided to make iilc of in pliyiii', at card^
iiillead (it counters. Hut it was at l.dl eontnnud by
(killul jewil'ers in Kurope, who were cniihiliei' on ihr.
icealion, that thele Itoius were real diamonds, and m.iiiy
(>l them not inlerior, either in liillrc oranv other qualit),
to thole of the Kail indiei. Upon this detetmin .tii'ii
the I'ortugu^le in the neii^hboiirhood of th" pl.'Cis where
they had hem found, hei-an to (eairh fnr ih' ni wiih great
iiffiduity ( and thev had even hopes of dilcovcrine; con
liderable malles of ihrm, as they pereeiied large lorks of
ri vital 111 niaiiv of ilv niounta;n. fioin whence the Iheanis
came that walhed down the dnnionds.
It was however fooii reprelenled to the kin!» of Por-
tugal, that if fuih (dtiity of diamonds rtiould be found,
as their fansinne eonjeflurcs fecmcd to indicate, this
would III dib.ile their value, that befides ruiniiiL' all the
l.uropeans who hail any ([uantity of Indian diamonds in
their polUilion, it would renda the dilVovcry itfelf of no
importance, and prevent his majcffy from receiving any
advantages from it. On tliefe confidcrations the king
thought proper to rcllrain the general (earch for dia
inoiids, and for that purpofe cre£ted a diamond company,
with an excKifivc charter. T'his company, in confuhra-
tion of a luni paid to his majeffy, is veiled with the pro-
perty of ail diamortdi found in Hralil : but to prevent
their collecting too large qiianiitics, and thereby reduc-
ing their value, they are prohibited from employing above
eight hundred iVues in fearching for them. And to
prevent .my of his other fubjcilts from afliiig the fame
part, and to fecure the company from bcu g defiauded
by intirlopers, he depopulated a large town, with a
ronlidirable dillrii^ round it, and obliged the inha-
bitants, who were laid to amount to fix thoufand, to re-
move to anolhir p.rt of the country ; for this town be-
ing in the neiL'hhoiirhoodof thcdi.imonds, it was thought
inipoffible to prevent fuch a number of people who we.-e
on the fpot, from freiiueiitly finuggliiig.
SECT. II.
fiflht Pi;7jls, liiiJi, RtptUcs, Infeili, amph'ihUui Animals,
unit Fiji'/ s, of Hnijil : coiitiii<iing aparlicuLr Dfjciiptim
if tit Jnt-Buir tiriii Jrmaiiillo,
TH K be.dls that were found in this country on its
bein:; firll dilcoverrd, V'crc in general the fame
with thole ot Mexico and i'eru, particul 'rlv the Peru-
vian iheip, tke pecaree, called by the luiropeans the
hog, from tlieir hearing fome rcfemblance to that ani-
mal, a great variety ot monkeys, deer, hares, and rab-
bits, fome lions ai'.d tygir^ ; but thefe arc neither fo
large nor io fiirce as thol,- of Africa; the ant-bear, the
]iorcu;iini-, tlie racoon, ni:d ffying fquirrel, the armadillo,
the opoll'ai, the guano, and the floth.
The ant bear is as long and as tall as a middle fized
do;;; his hind legs relemble thofe of a bear, but his fore
legs are more flender : his fore feet are flat, and divided
into four toes, armed with long claws ; but thofe behind
have five toes. His head is long, with a fharp fnout,
fmall round black eyes, and very black ears : the
tongue Is faid to be upwards of two feet in length, bu'
lery llcnder : he is oblig.ed to bend part of his back
when he keeps it within hib mouth, the jaws being
Bl«AML.
M E k I C A.
7'9
or ilii' W4icr-il»i, It i> »% bin »t a n,.\AiA', in covcrrJ
Willi Iwlr ol aJjik I'liloiir, uiiJ 114. .1 I'm; nc^i willi lour
Ihnri U'^t : hi' liV'i ui lulii >\jIi.'i uk^i^iiJ |)<iiiJi » buc
loiiitt »<) fli'irc to tun hiiiilcll, ^nJ is UiJ cu be gixiJ
tutiJ.
Thiir I'lMi, liliri, iiii.l iivi'M Jii' lull dI excilIiMit fifh i
the liMii H> Ih »l iiii wlulci, III will' h iiu'ic an- jiUiity iii\
ihii cuJlt. >> wjU'ii by III' II ivi'< jiiJ piHii p' n^iK iii iSi.ilil.
'I'lit: titll lilli till 'iiL' null n Ihu iii.in.ilto , vviii'l) 1^.1^
Uij^c M .III 'i\ I hry li.ivo ullo ihi- Iwuiil hill, thr ilhci,
I'juciiihI, Lavall), 'ilj-witc, |;.ir-li(li, iiiiilU't, nuckaut.
liMok, tiir|>'i<iii, (>ylKr'>, irjln, iliiiiii|i , |ii.i.vii<i, aiiJ
othri Ihi'il lilli. I hill bi'ltnvir lilli uli inliU'i mir |Krcli>
jiiJ tiicy have ullicd iiu( unlike piku iiiij c.ii|>.
S K C T. 111.
\UA III' iliu llreett are, however, fu ftccp ai tn be ini-
pilllililt: liir iiuchi.1 (ir cluim, lu I'lipiily which iIiIlvI
iiiv iKh cMUlu tiunilclvi'i til be (iriuii imt in .1 kiiiit of
ciiiliiii li iiMiiiiii >, i.illei'. Icrpciiluic'i, wnkh uu bmii' 011
(he iu'i;riiei Ih'AiliJci'i by the h !p ol 4 b.nnbiiu, uhiiiit
twelve or ttiurti'en Ivit luiijr. MM ul ihcle luinitiini*
aie hint', uMil J loMiel With Imii,'ii of ihi- lame inluur i
(hey h.ive u velvet pilluw, aii'l .ibxvc the iirnl d kiml iil'
iill'r with cuitilm, 1) ih.K the I'eilmi uriii'il c.iiiiiui bu
lien, unklk he pU'jIi'. ( but ni.iv eitnrr lie il'>wn ur lit
ii|'i IcanliiiJ 111! hi.i pill'iw. W'l'iii ho h4^ a 111 i nil tn be
li 1 II lie piiif by ihi' Liirtiim, .inJ lilules his u' qiMiiU.inrc
whi'iii he iiieci-i in the irei'ti ( lor thcv i.ik*' a piiJe ia
iiiiii;iliniinliim e.ii,!i .ilhcr 111 their Imiiinuvj, an.lwill
1'vi.ii liiKl I'liii cDiilcr nets in ihcn in the llrctij ; but
then the ivv 1 ll.ives wli'i i.irry thini nv.ike uie u( .1 llionjj
will-nuJe It ill, Midi 411 nun h.rk at th • iipp'-i uiil, iiim
puinitU beltiw will) irun i tlm ihiy llli k UH
in thi!
Oftht Dlv'iftmi rf Hni/il ; ruilh <i D,fi>l[<li)n ef ily Ciiy cf ;',riiiiiul, ,y\.\ i,it ih, ii.ui.liij,,, m pi.j,', in ,vhich thi h.im-
Sl. Salvuiijr li.,; Ctipiiul^ UHii till Aliinmtt of ilt ithi- nine ii hxnl, mi two ol thele, I'll ilieir iii.ilKi - i.nlinelii
lilunli.
B
RASIF, Ij udully diviileil into Ji'teen provinces, or
e.ipl.iiiilhip>. III which ei^ht only are annexe. I 10
Hie iiown, ihe lell bein,! Iieli iiijJe over to l.inie of the
nobility on aeemint ol their ixtraonlin .ry letv.eei, wh'i
ihi little mure nun aeknowKtl ;e llie liiVirLi^inlv ol' the
king ol I'ortii ;al, ,inJ his leprd'entilive the vieeiuy 01
l\m llinvever, the AhoU ;;ivea the (iile ot piiiveto
the puliimptive heir to the crown ft Hiirtu.;a!. Theie
eaptainlhipi .lie, I'ari i, M.irj;ii.iii, Si.iri, I'.ili'J. or
Uiijf ii.iiiile, I'.irivlii, ram.ira, Kin.imhiico, Streijipp-,
ji.ilria lie loJo'i Santos, IIIK'<s, I'orio .'m'-ioo, Spirito
San^lo, Rio Janeiro, S(, Vinunt, ami D'.l Key.
or cninpliiiHiit he over, St-iuc any nun i.t f.ifhmn, or
any huly, vmII pj|. the llreeti wiihuut beiiii; ea:iiel in
tlii3 nuiincr.
'I'hv lower clali of the pcoplf are Inlnlent, and the ful-
ilicr.s (-iviii to all niannrr of vice 1 .md lonie ol litem aru
d.iiit^erDUi .illalliiis. The woni'-ii ne morclhktly wanh-
ed tnaii in I'mlu/al, yet lijiiieiinu s (iiul nuani tn cluilu
the n-ilanec of their Kiejieis. Hii.vevir, the hiilb.inj',
nuke no Uiuple m ll.ib or puil iii tlieir wives, il they
I'uid thcin lalle.
I'hc chief methanie trades in this city .ire h.ittet'i,
I'iniths, ilinem,iki.rs, lawyers, t.irper.ierj, rnpeis, lay-
lors, and Initihers. All thile buy luvrne't, v\'huiii they
tram up to their leveral tiiiplt'vniin's I'licfe flavis arc
The piiniipjl city i.> St. Salvador, .illo i .illnl the city ! alloveiy uUlnl a. p.'rttr^, lor as there i> he'e 1 u.- at tr.ide
of IJahia, which is in tlie pioviiice nl the lanie luiin' ,
and wa!> thus calir.- Iioni tiie eoininoiliuiilnei'i of its har-
bour. It i:. feated H\ a hill, ill the twelfth de/rce eleven
iniimtej Inuth lat tuJ '. it i> populou., m.ii^nilieent, and
beyond coniparilnii the tnolt ".\v and opuiciit city in all
Brafil. The tride i .luied on hi.re is prii.lii^inusi the gen-
try are polite ; but the vul;;jr, who have acquired we.dth,
are inloierably infolent and lirutal. In this city are no
lefj than twelve or loutteen tnnufand I'ortu^uefe, with
three times that number of nejiro s. The harbour 1 .
capable of icteivin.; (hips of tlie ^reatcll burthen, and
11', entrance is gu.irded byullinnj; fort called St. Aiitonv.
There are other fm.dl torts th.it coniinaiul the li.it limir,
line of which is built upon a rock about hdf a mile In ni
i!ie Ihore. Clol'e bv tin. lort ali Ihip^ mult pals th.it an-
chor here, and mull .ill.i ride within lull a mile ol n, bi -
tween this and anotlur lort thai It.ind:, on a point at the
inner [lart of the h.irlmur. Heli.ks thefe there ii another
Inrt on the hill upon which the town Hands.
Heie arc about four hundred folJiei:, in j;arrifon, who
commonly diaw up .\iid exeicile in a large p.irade belore
the jiovernor's palace, and many of them atteml him
when he 'joes abroad. They aie decently drcH' d in brown
linen, whi^h, in tliefe h.Jt countries, is far more agree-
able than woollen.
The city conlills of ah'iut two thoul'and houfes, the
gieatell part of v\'hieh cannot be I'een I'roni the harhimr ;
but as many as appear in lieht, heiii'^ intermixed with
trees, and placed on a rifinij; hill, all'ord a line prolpcct.
The houles are h.iiulloinely built, moltly ol bri. Ic or Hone.
The chiirchi-., nuueiits, and hol'piials, are not only built
111 the moll femptiinu-. manner, but adorned with every
thing rich anJ coIlK , pariieulaily with tine p.tintiiiL's.
The upper town his m.iny fplendid llru.-'tuie^, particu-
1 uly the cathedral of St Salvador. The church which
Liiely belon:;cd to the Jefuit.H co!lei;e is very m.igniheciu,
and built ol marble Inou.'ht from Kiirope ; ami that col-
Ici'e is a tine edifice. I he viceroy's palace is a moll lump-
tuous buildiiiir, a-. i« .lUo the pal.ice of :he anhbilhop, the
cnurib of judicature, the hofpitals, &c. I'l'.e princip.d
by lea, and the landing-place is at the foot ol ihe hill
too lleep Inr the pali'.i^M' of cart-^, there I- great 11 cd of
(lav s to c.uiy the gno.l, up into ihe town : hut th'- m^-r-
chants have the tiiiueniLilce ' I cr.ines with ropes, one
end ol whit li gofj iij>, while the other is let down. The
li'iule 111 which the Lime is Itailils IH^ the brow of the
hill lowaid, the le.i, and there arc pl.inki let flielvin" all
tlie w.iv up, aiMinlt which tlie goods Hide as they ate
huilted up or let down.
S 1; C T. IV.
Oflljf (i:_fi':nt liihMliDils cf lli,i/il, ll'i'ir Mantifn at:!
Cujhmt ; ■^i.ith u mn c partuiiLr ,1^^ount of the Hi .fiiatii.
THK prefent inh.ihitants of IJ.Mf.l r P.irtir'ucfc,
Creoles, .Mellizes, Ne'Toes, ;md Hiaiilians." I h;
I'oituguile of l!iiiope, who ei.joy tne pla es of trull and
pr lit, are the lewell in nuniber j tie Creole., or thofc
born ol I'ortuguefe parents in lir.ilil, are in re iniine-
rous i and the .Melli/es, or ini.NctI brmi, .m. (I >| in.)re
uumeroui than cither ; for lew of the l'ortu,;uefe have
been without black or tawney miilielles, and iheilTi .f
thele having interm..rriiil the :re multiplied extienu ly.
The Negroes are alfi very numeroin, and thole ll„ves
are much nintc v.ihied than the lir.illlians, hey being of
a moierobutl conltitiitioii and tirte; for labour ; Inr.i.s ey
come from the coall ol Aliica oppniite to Br.ilil, which
is much ho'.icr, they endure laiiaue in the hoi leiiim
better than the oiiginal natives ; nor ire th ■ l.it er very
numerous, the Portujuele in their invafi.in of the loiin-
tu, like the Spani.ird.s 111 their com|iirll., dcllroniii; '.he
unfortunate natives by all the cruel ways they couIJ
invent.
I he portrait I'iven u« of the ninnncrs and culloin> of
the I'ortuguele in .Ameiica by the moll judiei ni;; tr.ivel-
Icrs, is very far from beiii'_; I'avourabL-. Trev .i;e dc-
fcribud as « people who, while funk in the moll ilV. mi-
n.ite luxury, praclile tne moll delperatc crime' : of a
Itieets are l.irge, and all of them p.ivid ; there .ue alio temper hypocritieal and liiHemblini' ; of little lineerity in
fcviral fquari;', and neiiiy g.irdens, both within the city converl'ation, or hoiv.llv in de.iling 1 lazy, | ri-ud, ! nJ
audits iieighbourhoi ;1, in which are a great variety of cruel. In tr.eir diet penurious ; for, like the nhabitanis
fruit-trees and flowers, falladinti,,
kitchen.
and plants for the of molt Ibutheni climuc^, they are much m re fend of
I [hew, talte, and attendance, than of the pleai'ure.-: of tree
iueiite,
I
A SYSTEM or GEOGRAPHY.
E.ia::
[t '^
m
■ 0j
w
1
■p tSt
'if
1*1
'.H^'
li
rM
Ci.iL-ty, ainl of a {;i)od t ib!c ; yet thtir fcifts, which arc
fi-lJimi iiLiJc, arc extrav.i^raiitly I'umptuous.
'I'lic priiit, iiidok-nci.', Iirxiirv, JiiJ crucltv <'f 'hi-
maltcis has, .-imdM;^ ottier -lufcs, been a'.'.riiiiitfd ic tlicir
bting breJ up anion;; (lavts, whc! pcriorm all thr biili-
r.cfs; and to tlii'ir btiiig; ivrinittud to ki-t-p a proi!K;l.)US
tUMTibiT ot' negroes, luit nicrely to woik in ibc 'iciil, nor
lor domellic eni])loviiirnts, but (olciy I'oi fUtc, toaa^nJ
their iierlL'ns, and t'oriii ihrir tr.oji. I'hflc beeoiUi.' as
I'oriupt as their inalK-r.s, who make them the iiiltruincnt
of their < times ; and giving them an unbounded and Icaii-
tlalous licence, employ thoni as bullies t.r nirallini when-
ever they are difpoled to terrify or feek revenge. ludceil
uothirii; ran be conceived more adapted to" create the
worll diforders than the unnatural junction of llivcry,
idlcnefb, and a licentious life. They arc futlereil to ^;o
uriiied, ail J there .ire \.i!l lumibeis who have nieiited or
bought their /lecdom ; and this is lult'ered in a luiiiiiry
\\licie the luvroes arc hud to be ten to one of the I'oi-
tllgiiefe and Creoles.
However, this pidure is ptrlups too highly coloured ;
it at belt dues not tcleinlile thole in the northeiii cap-
iainfhips, nor tl.ofe In the molt fouthern, by ihc Jiio
Janeiro, who arc far from being (o eltVniinate and cor-
JupteJ ..r, thole of St. Salvador, which, bclides being in a
liiniatc IjvDurable to indoUnee and deb.iucheiy, lo the
cajjital iity, and in all lelpccis worf. than the others.
licfore the rociiigiicfe plained Bralii the country was
not divided into jiroviiues, but was all one great common,
every trihe and fanuly inhabiting and cultivating what
part iif it they thouglit lit, and removing their dwellings
wherever they pleafcd ; luilv every man was conlidered as
the pn'piieiii: of the giound he planted, till he removed
and kli it lor another place he liked better. 'I'heir towns
iifually conlilitu ot five oi lix ureal boufes.each ol which
coiitau.cJ two or three hniidied people, and lometimcs
many more. (Jvu ilieic the head of the tribe or family
prelideJ. 'I'heir houlci were built of long poles, reeds,
;iiid p.i'meto leaves ; and their liiiiiiturc onlv conliiled ol
hammocsol cotton iie:-work fadcned to poles, in which
they llt-pt ; fomc earthen pots and pans, and their gourds
and culabaflies, which being cut in half, I'erved thcni for
pails, tubs, rtiui driiiking-cups ; for they have them of
a!) li'.-.es bel'ijes which they had balkcts, in which they
carried their provilicn^. The ornaments of thtir lioules
were then bows, allows, (pears, and ciherarms.
In tills cxrciihve couniry were ab'j (omc nations that
had no Icttled abode; but living in tents, continually
removed fro n pL'ce to place ; an j both thefe and the
lornicr fl-.-pt.->s often without doo:s as withi.i, tving their
liamniocs to the boughs of trees, and making lircs mar
i(:eni to pievent the' ill effects of the loKI dews that leli
in the night, or to keep olF the wild bcails and noxious
vrrmiii.
I he I^)rtu.^:e|■e .ind Diiteli wiiter-; call the nrafslians
who i;ih.i!it the rvitth part of the country Tajiuyeis, and
t^iole who dwell in the loiiih 'I'lipiiumbes ; but divide
tli^-le into fever..l petty nations dilleiing in language, tho'
vtrv liitlc in tneir maniurs ami culloms.
'I he I'apuyers ..le of a good Itature, and of a daik cop-
per colour i their hair black and hinginuover their (hoiil-
tiers; tint thry have none on ibi'ir boJics or laces, and
go alnicll luked, the women only wearing at their wailt
a (li.;ht coviiiiig ol leaves. Their ornaments are glit-
lirlng lloiies hung upon their lips or nollrils, bracelets
111 lealhiis a'>out their arms, and ;> circlet of feaihers up-
on their heads. Some paint their bodies of all manner
of ich'urs, whi'e oiheu rubbing them v/ith gums Itick
b.-rnitiiul feaihir. iijMin them, which makes them at a
liittance look more like fowls th.in human creatures
The 'I'lipinanibes, whoinhahit the fiulh of Hialil, are
f^a moderate (lature, ai>d of a lels dark complexion than
their noirf,ern ncighSuurs, who lie iie.ircr the line ; but
IK -.her of them are fo black as the Alricans in the fame
iatitiide, for there were no ne'»roes in Aineiica before
fliev wcie tr.mfj) irted thither by the Spaniards and I'or-
tii ;ucrc. ' liele people have however fiat nofe^, which
arc not nntur.il, but made lo in their infancy; a Hat nole
there being elleenicd a be.uilv ; thiv have alio blarlt
lulled liait on their head,, and pauitthcmlUvci l.ke the
ituitheril UiJlllians.
The general food of all the ]'rr.filiji-.s was calVav..
bread, ot which they made calces like our lea liieuit .
they alio uled to lecd on olhcr loots, liuil, and herb,,
vviin Inch venilon a. they to.ik in hiimiiig, .;mi with til!,
and oil. '1 hey liave been leprefenicj by many wniei,.
as canibalb, and .ill itie Hrahli.in . have bicn chaigej v\ub
eating human flelli ; but this appears to be nothing liioie
than a llander nil upon iheiii to give a colour 'to the
cruel treatment they Have met with Iroin tlieir coiupicr-
ois. 1 he geiieul liijuor draiik by the nanus ;, ipim.r
water, of wIikIi they have the bell and tue greauu
vaiiety in th.' wcrld ; but they have other kinds oi l.ijuor
made ut the juice ot their Iruits or honey, with wiiictl
they loiuetinus get very drunk, litting whole days and
nights over their cu|>s. I'hey were formerly ac(]uaintcd
but with lew arts, except fpiiming, weaving, and lorin-
ing their bows, arrows, lames, darts, and building then
lu,uli.s, which did not want any great contnv.mce. Tlie^
had, however, lome knowledge of the viituis of (eveial
herbs and drugs, which they liei|ueiuly adininiltercd with
luccels to the lick, ilunimg, lilhing, .iiid fowling, were
rather their buliiuf:. than iliverlion, ihev being necellity
lor the lupport ol their lainilus, in a country wr.eie ihev
had neither corn nor t.ime cattle. I^imkmg, lingiii",,
and dancing, were their principal diverlions ; thefe thev
practil.d on their rejoicing days, on a victorv, or till-
biith of their children. I'hey are idll great Imjakeri,
and take the firongelt tobacco-, their pipes are a hu-lv.v
cane or reed, and the bowl a large nut ihill, that hel :
aliiioll a lianJiul of tobacco.
'1 he i'ortuguefe will not allow that the IJrafilians had
any kind ol religion, and yet confefs that they had
priefts, and admitted of a itate of rewards and punilli-
meiits, accor.lmg to their valour or cowardice. I'lic
prevaihng notion among them is, that after death th.-
good (hail vilit their ancellors, who dwell in a delightful
place beyond the Andes. They believe in ce-tain i:u i-
lible beings, the dilpcnfers of good and evil, the rewai
ders of viitue, and the puninurs of vice. As to then
having no temples, this may polTibly arile from th.-ir pro-
lijund reveience ol the Deny, who is not to be circum-
l^ribed by time oi pl.Ke,or worlhip|)ed in \\k meanhoul'es
erected hy human labour, but under the gloiioiis canopy
ol the heavens.
Nor is the opinion of their liun^ without any regaid
to g.ivcmment inoie agreeable to limti ; for even ihofe
v*-iiiers w-lio deny that they had any policy fpeak of their
king;, chlef^, and generals, and even adiii.t that there
Was a Icale ol lubordinaiion among them. If one in^.n
injuied another, he was obliged lo mak,- him lati- faction
III kind it poflible, and no people on earth dilplay nioie
holpilaliiy and civility to llrangers, which is acknow-
■d.
by the i'ortuguefe writers themfelves, even w-hilo
they aje endeavouring to lligmatr/c thoCe giiuroiis peu-
jjle witl. the odious appellat.on of cannibal-,.
I he rites oblervcd at funerals is a faillrr proof o,
iheir belief ot a tinurc llate. Ttie friends and lelations
of the deccaled fet up a lamnit.ible howl, prailing alicr-^
iiateiy the beauty, virtue, llrength. and t.ilenti of their
depaiteJ relation, trying out in the moil mclamholy
viiKC, that they (hall never lee him more till they dance
with him bcynd tne mountains. When thefe lamenta-
lions had lalltd for the Ijia-.e ol fix hours, ptepaMtion
was made for buryirg ot ihe corpfe in a fitting pulhire,
and a dome eitcud over it by way of vault: here ihev
depefiied meat and drink, his "inis, and whatever nas
ukful to liim will n alive. As .o the mailer of the fa-
milv, his tomb w,s ufual'y i i thr mi Idle of h.s own
hoLile, and his inoiiumcnt was generally adorned with
liie moft beautiful leathers and other ornanii nt,.
Such, according to the moll aulhmtic rcl.ticii', were
the ancient lii.dilians, and Inch, wilh very liule vaiialion,
are ilie nioiiem race, where the ir.iiincis of the I'oitu-
guefe ami thole ol the negroes li.r. e not min_;led with
their original ciiflonvi.
In (liort, the native Iirafiliaii; arc at prefent a trainable
and ingenious people, leady lo learn any art or fcieiici-
ihe I'ortugu- le wilt tr.i> h them, and take iiuihinp fi
ktiullv of the priells as thi ■.- ii-llriKtin >. their r'-ildren,
wliich has given th-.-m an cppoitu; ;'v ol nuking inmy
lunvuits .
''MM.u-
15rr.filijns uai c;ili!iv,.
fs likf our lea liiicuit .
io(ii5, liui;, ami tn-rb,,
1 liiiiiiiiii, .iiui with (ilij
.■kiili.J liy iiuiiy wrilii.
have litcii iluij;cj witli
I'arb tu be iiothiih' nion;
^ive a Kilour (» tlic
iili Iriiin tlifir loiiiimr.
I<y llic iiutivi > :, l|ji>ri'r
• belt anJ tiic ^rcu^it
ivu otl'.cr kinds oi liijuor
or liuiiey, with wiiitti
lilting wh(j!c days ani!
ere tornu-rly aiquaintci!
ilg, weaving, aiKl toiiii-
arts, ami building the;;
;reat eontriv.ince. Tlu-i
jf tlie viitui'. ot levetji
.Kjuly admiMiliered will;
hing, and tDwling, were-
)n, they being neeellny
fl a country wf.eie tiu",
c. )>nnking, iingm-^
1 divcrlions ; thele thev
I, on a victor'., or th-.-
re Itill great linjaket,.
their pijies are a hoil r.v
gc nut Ihdl, that hei;
/ that the Brafilians ha,!
contirs that they h.i.i
f r;:waiils and pun;ll, .
r or cowardice. Tj,;
is, that alter death i!i ■
ho dwell 111 a delighitu!
believe in C';"tain i:n :.
)d and evil, the rewai
1 ol vice. As to the::
bly ;irile from lli^;ir pro-
10 lb nut to be cireuiii-
ppeil 111 lire mean houli.',
Jer the glorioiii can'j;y
n,; witiiout any rcgaij
tin ill J for t veil tuoif
iiy policy fpcak of ttiLir
even adm.t that th.re
ng thcni. If one ni,;n
) nijk' bini lati-factii.ii
• on earth dilplay niD.e
ers, which is ackiinw
thciiifelvev, even vvli.L-
fC tllolc gllKIOUS p».u-
caniiib.iU.
s is a laitlicr prouf o,
ic friends and lelatinn,
le howl, praifing alici-
h. ,111.1 t.iKiUi of then
the moll iiiclamholy
in iiiori' till they dame
W ben tliele lair.ema-
fix hour-., prepai.itii.ii
pfe in a fitting p.dfiiri ,
ay ol v.iult : lure thev
ins, and whatever wu,
) the mailer of the fa-
he mi Idle of Ills own
gcrer.illy adoriicd with
her oriiaim nt-.
tlunlic H l.;ticii'-, were
illi very liule vaii.itiuii,
m.:nncis ot t!ie I'oitu-
i.i', e in,t mingled w'Kh
re at pri feiil a (raeTabli.'
am any art or feieim'
, and take iK^ihinp fi
:iulin; their r'll.iren.
Ut.ity ul making m .n)
tunvoit'- .
KiiAiU.,
A ,M ERIC A.
It
cnnv
erts ; tliofe whi live iimlcr
tin
I "itii ;,;i-. if fr-ncra
Kiiilorm to thi ir c \ilt;>iii> in e.i'.ini', drin'.-..
Ily
:d cloalli
, and lew of ihele
akcd.
or •'.:■ G'.zv
S \i C T. IV.
'..•.'.v;;.', I'trccs, iind I'l. i.u- cj" Ih;//!!.
1
i ' II E !'ovrrnnu-nt of Iji.ifil is
in the V KT-rnv, who,
we liiive .miaiiy obl..-ived, telides at it. Salvador.
\[j lias two ci.iMieilf, one mr ciiininal
th
e oilier tor ii-
|.i.ji
iiiiiii
J-.'
IIS, in In ih wliiih he ]Ki.lidis: but to tiie intinite
:<i the
(itll'iiient.
,il the
Mied
rhn ami\ , aiul
e.\|itiKe5 imu' nt to the wi
II
II
illi hue i
practiieu hy the iiiull cuiruptid I iwvcrs.
■d
jl the
lloii-
at the lame time th:.t
11;.
is 1j telaxec-
lliat the greattll eiiiiies are often liitlcrtd to pals v.itli
iir.|.un.ty.
1 In- I'oitii'.MKre ill I'r.ilil arc fi.flirient to main';!!!! the
doiiiiiiioii ol that country
h.ive a I'ood nun
Di ]•:
ly other powi
thi
their hides, of whieli no lefs tli.in twenty thoiifaiiJ are
ally fei
colifid.rabl
lined in Anil
iitu K:
part of the pold brotipht from Brafil
th
■ coined at Rio Janeii
be. rs an !<., and that which is lltuck at .St. Salvador, or
the Hay, is marked with a H. Of the diamonds, there
is fiippof'-d to be returned to i.urope the vnltic of one
:"i,!
the
the reinambuca
bundreJ ami tl.irty tbi iifand poui.ds
l\i.',:;r, wl'.ieh is princi|i:.:ly the u.rgo ol
leet, the tobacco, th: hide-, the valiiab'e drugs lor me-
of the im-
.it to all the
dicines and maiui.'aiJIures,' mi
ponanee ol this tr.Ki-, not only to I'ortng-i
trading powers oi l:,u ope.
'I'hc chief cciiimoilitiej the Enrnp;
f]'.
|-s rrr.-y tli
are n. t the tilttcnth pr.rt o! th.e preduee of Pcrnigal;
ihcv cor.lillof ihe
woollen i-oi
.Isot ;
k:ir. s o:
f K;
and Holland :
Ih
e liiiv-ns an! laces of t!
i'rance, .nnd Cjeim.iny; the filk of Fiance and lialv ;
li'k and tbr'ad Hocking', liats, lead, tin, pewter, iron,
all lolls ol iitenfiis wtmii .bt in thcfe metala
l:oi
.iiid 1
as we 1 1 as
ll.mr, fait filh, bcel, and >
heele
uiopean icgiiL.r inip-, llie ii.i-
iiiia loo Is li'gui.'.led, among whom liiircare lome 1 odies
(il liidi.ii.s and Irce ne[;roes. On the other hand, the
ortu^iiele
.\lelli:
N
11. V liive oil Irom Si
;nn : wine, w
nil II me fruit, is
c'/iovj, aiul
;;;c now III a iiianir r one people, llifir religion
the f I
i;J tneir bljod
d b
hew
.ver the\
dif
y mariiages ; all
i tb.erelore.
.igrec aiiuina ibemfelves win
hi
ve no ei'.env to coiiti.nd with.
ibev
aid
-• th;y
allibly
unite againll ...I liie relt ol the woild. 'Ih
li IS an auv.m-
iiu h 1:
loili llie Spaiii '.III
lave over the b.ii^lilii in Aimtic,
the lutivcs ati
thtir own r-.i!
bore
th.
I he
:)itii;!iicf.',aiid the Kiciich
i; lor ilu V always make
ots where they b.ave any power, ol
and thJc, in a lliort lime, diteover
:h 7.i.al f.r tlnir fupeillitioii as ti.e l^!rtugllel'e
" ' who
Ivi s anion".
theirl-.ivcs, who would neur bear that any |ii
name ill lieietics fliould phnt tbctnki
nor I-. the cncu
idl.
incoiilKier.
.ble
tlieic
pie to unite a^^aini
1 It
•«>■
IIk
11. c ot marriage ami alliance
hgations upon all pco-
is, and this the
-li(h d(
not tiiuugli coidi.icrj when ihcy prohi!-.it their pe< pie
neaily all ibey are lupphed with liom I'orliigal.
I hough tiie pioliis in tl.is fade are gieat, few I'or-
tii.Mieie meicliaiils tri-.de upon their own llock ; they :\:\:
generallv f ledited by the fortign mcr
■lilts, w'ii'jie eom-
noditiiE tliey fell, d'pceially by the Ent^lifh. In (hort.
tbonL'
ey
in I'ort'.igal as v:
!1
in Spain all trad.; with
tiKir plantations i
like
Itiictlv
orbulJ
to Ih
et.
all other r-gulaiions lliat eoiitiadiit the very inten-
tion |r,r -.vhicli ihev were made, they are little attended
to. '1 he I'ortuginl'e is. Indeed, only the tniltee and
lactor ; but bis li.lelitv is cipial to tlut of t!ie Span'fli
me c .ant, and that has ii.iree even been (iiaken In' any
nr private caiile.
'Ih
is !:• e.xtren-.'jiy lurpri.:;ng in
ortugiiefe, who in al other refgedts aie far from
remarkable li;r tlieir integiitv, and is a linking in-
' how fat a cudoni or
igiii.i
!v bn,!t upon
|>le«, .iml a confeipicnt reputation built upon that, will
able to alfcel in Imcillion men of \erv dilfercnt natural
niaiehiiig w .th the
natives or ne.
es. Indead of tiii
neat the l.ititr wiih "re.:
whoaie lealt d.lliiigiiilhed for their humanity,
they gnierally rem.iiii in a feparatc intviell, .I'ln
ol Uivmg their malteis laiiiilully, are evtr conf;)
■ crnilty ih.'n thole nations
Heutc
inftead
cut ibeii tliro..ls, or to el.
'1 ,,e trade ol I'oitii
at of their hands
13 eat tied on
clulive plan obl'eived by tlicothir \:
the .'Xitieiiean coluiiiei, and refcm!
tlmd in not lenJing out liiij^lc fluj'"
the fa I
u:;);Kaii nations w
ith
cters and morals
hnul.iiid is at prel. nt mod iuteielled in the t;
of
i.il, both for hinie conhiniptH.ii, and wlMt thev
want tor the ufe of the llralib
lid delerves to je molt
al.
11 Ir
the feivices the Kn^lifii have al-
ways don.! iliat Clown, and from ti
lii
pulatiuns o:
f trca-
th
of the leveral
mer
;hant
plaees, ai
e .ip.inilli me-
as tl'.e convenitnce
.d the jmlg.nent of the Ivur.ipean
bill h
at Itateil ti.r.es .'loiil I'oiti
to as n.aiiy puts in
al P.e i:
whiea lail
b(
liralil.
ind compoL- tiirec lli.ias
to I'l
the
iheiii p.iit, to RioJane:io at the fiuiiheri
MKiiiity, and to toe bay of All Saints in the mid. lie
wl'.eie IS llie cjjai.il, of
lion, i.iid there .dl me lie
wiiicn we h.ive given a livkii
leiidezvojs on ilisir rttu
l'oiliig,.o
'ihe tiade of Hrafil is verv
year ; w iiieli is the
leis fl
great.
f.'i
and incrcal.'s eveiv
irpriling as ilic I'ortuguet'e have
jppoitunities of fupplying tl'.cnilelyes with llavts forth
l.vct.il woiks at a nun .i tl'.eaper laie ih.iii any oti'.er l".u-
iipean po'.vc
r that has kt:l.:r.eiils in America ; th. v be-
ng the laily Kuiopcaii r,.Udii that has ellablinMl coin-
iiies in Alric.i ;
ihi
being very coiili
both
l.ir their extent ,ni.l the iiumln-r ..f their ir
id
abitants, they
have ol couric advant.iges in that trade which no other
nation cm li,ive, and every year draw lioni thence into
lli.ilil between lorty tiiul fifiy thoufan.l negroes ; and for
thu the fitu.ition ol lliali'
lifarrr to .iliiea tha
lies, as fri ni the coiifideratioii ihat no other people coii-
fiiiiv'S fo niiuli ol the produce of I'ortiiffil, lluweverj
the I'l.iuh b.ive beeomit very dan;",er,ui, livals to us ill
other branches of tra.le.
i.'iieli li.ivi
aj in many
s i: c T, V
St. C
A I II .\ 11 IN !•: s.
//i S/iiialion, li.\li<il, /Vi.r of the Ccwit'y, VenftMd, Arii-
'i:iils, i!:i.l Ci
B
I-, 1\)RK we take I avc of Hrafil, wc (\\A\ lake no-
tue ot St. C.illiaiiue's, the piiiuipal ilLind on the
CI. alt ol the foiitbern p.i.t of this coimtiv. It is no where
above lix milts in bie.iuih, lhou;'.li about twei
ity
leven lit
length, ixicn.ling Iroiii ibe iwrniylVventb decree thirtv-
tivc n iiiute^ fouili l.itiiiiile to th.- tweiity-eiihth, and ly-
ing ill the folly iiiiiih viegiee foily-fiie minutes well Ion-
Hide fioni l.oiiilon,
Thoiii'li it is of a ecttfi,
leia'.-i
leh
vight, it is fe.ircc per-
il lieing then oblervej
ci ivab.e at ler. leagues dillaiie
under the continent of lliahl, ihe olher mountai
verv ccr.vcr.ii nt, it bi
It IS
iiy otiier part ol A'licrr.a. Ilenee
piincipally that lii.^nl is liie iicliell, iii.ilt (l.)unlliiiig,
and L'lowtii'
ell. blilliitiriit 111 all /\ii
The f
iit'.ar
cxpiiil..! Iiuni t.Miicc lb very gicat, and it is finer thin
what aiiv ot our., ihc I'lemli, or Sp,inilli fiijir planta-
tion, fend Us. riuir tob.tco is alio remaik.i'tily gooil,
laige ipi.iiitities as in our A.iie-
tho
ti ii.it i.uled 111 fuel
In. Ill colonub.
lii.lil
'llie nortlKiii .Old feuth'.rn pans of
I I Willi hoinv'l latll' i tlisfc arc hunted for
lo^
ns there
tiling exceeding l.igll ; but on a iieaier approaeli it is
cafily dilimi'iiilheil, and may be known by a nuniVcr of
Im 111 iflands lying at each end, aii.l li altered along the
c of i;. The liaibmir is delciule.l by leveral torts.
flv
calHid
The f vil is tiuly liixiniant, Ipont ineouflv pro.lucin
fruit of 111 my kinds, and the ground is covered with one
continueil lorell of tuesof a perpetual verdure, whieli
from the cxubcranre of ihc mould aic lo enraiigled witli
briars, thorns, and titiJerwoo.l, as to form ,t thicket ;ib-
f.iliitely impi-ni liable, except by l.mic nariow p
which the inhabitants have made lor their own com
aths
S 1!
Th'.le, VMlli I 'Hie Ipotj tleatsd lor planiatio
Ml
'11
ri!
A S y S T L M O f C, I. O G K A JMl Y.
Bf
{ Mi
vH
'•long llic flmic
loviicj pjif, ol
failng tlir ccuiiiiiU, fnm llic onl,- iiii-
ol' llic ill.in.l. I'hu' woods .iic (xmiin'iy
irjijr.irit rr;>iii tlir iranv aromatic trccb :iiul llirii'.is will)
which llu-y .clioiiml ; and tl'.c trui:5 and vtjciablfb ol nil
cliiiutc!. thrive lictc, aliiioli \viiho;it cultuic, :uid ;iri- lo
be piocured in rrcat plmtv ; lo lh.it hcic is iii) w.iiit iit
ur.ii!i>es, Ivnioiis, iiiroii>, pnicajijilcs, piMcho, iipritnis,
im.!;'nv,anJ piani.'.in^ ; there arc .illu abundance ol oiiionj
and potatoe;.
Trc flclh piovifions nrc !i'.uvcv;t much infciiur (o llic
vci;ctabic5 ; ilUTi; arc iiilcid to I'e purciia'.cd (:iiall wild
cattle, I'oiiKwhat like hullalDcsj Init tlr.'le arc vciyin-
(litVcreiit laod, their (lelh l-ein;; ol' a luofe c<'iUe\ttife,
and ^enei.iliy ol a dila;;rirjhle flavour, owin;.: peih.!;!-.
to the wild calalialli on wniili tiicy leed. 1 here aic
alio ^rcat pVnty of ph.-arani-, hut thcv are far inlenor in
talle to thuic wc have m l!n.-lan 1. The o;hei pio\ ili •
(Ills arc ir.or.kev^, pa.-rots, and lull of v aiiuu^ lortj, wiiii h
abound in the hai'jjur, aic cxticmcly ^ooj, and calily
cauiiiit.
I'iic w.ttcr bo;h on tlic inland an.l the oppcfitc con-
liu.nt is tx.i-llcnt, and pKlervci at fca as well as that
ol the ThaiiK's, lor alt-r it has been in the ia!k a day or
two, it pur;:cs itfelf, Ifiiilvs molt iiit dcrably, and 15 ioi'il
to\.ted wall a jirccn Iciini, whuh In a lew davs luniides
lo llie boll. 1111, leaving the w^ilti a» tlear a^ civlial, ..nd
pciiecily lv\cct.
riuie ate the adv.!ntJ:!rs of th.e ifland ; but it has fc-
vcral iiiconvciiicncies aitciuiiii;; ii, pariiculaily with ic-
Ipict to the climate i for the woods and hills which hit'
round the iiarbour, privcnt a fiee circulation of air; aiivl
the \i_4ori'a. vc^ctatiiMi which conliai.tlv tikes piaie
llieie, fumilhcs Inch a produi^.ui quantiiy ol vapour,
that all the nijiht, and a gicat pait of the iiuiinini;, a
thick lo;; covirs tlu- whole couniiT, and continues tJI
cither the fun ■.;jthcis llreiif-tli to dilnpaie it, or it is dil-
pcrfcd bv a bnik lea bict-^c. This nndcis the place
clofc and humid. .Str;ui^cit ate litre alio much pellcicd
witn a niuliitude ol niulki !io>, which are all day ex-
tremely troublclonie, and at iun let, when they retire,
they arc Licccedcd by an iiil'.n le ininibet of lar.d-ll.cs,
whicli tlloui',h Karce puccivaSIc to tiic naked e^e, inuke
a _i;rejt huv.zin;', an.l wherever ti;ey Lite, raiic a liiiall
bump ill the tUlh, which is loin attended with a pai.-.lul
i'.chiiig, liki- lli.it aril'inj lioin tlu: bile of an Liichili lur-
veil: buj. This illaiul i> liiliie! i.i a };oveii,./r ap;.(m,t-
cd by the king of IV'itu^ai, and haj a j^.iriiLn ol IciJicis
l.ir its defence.
dominions.
lenmh accominod.ii. d by a litaty, inwhidi
acrecd, that the t'oitiinuel'.- fliould p^.ticis aii ,:
between the river of the Ai:ia/.oii5 ar.J t;
./.
\>'..,,t
. C T.
//;,•:■ 1
VI.
UlU,
,7.
BRASir. is laid to have been iint dif. ivcrcd !•>■ Amc-
licus \'elputi(), a Moicntine, wno had tn.- good
t.jii'.ine to be honoured with izivinj; his naii.e to tii" im-
iiienfe loiitiiient lome tune bcf.ii.; lound out by Coltiill-
bus. I hia w is in the year i^yS, but he fen failed no
tarihcr than t<> the hfili dcijreL ol louth latitude. .'Xuer-
habiianls. 'i'iiis feltlcmiiit likcuife nut ■,v;:h romcin-
lerrupiinn fiom the court ol .Sp.iin, who (onlidcred the
couiiiry as within their dominions. However, the ..i!.,
was ' '
was
coiintir lyiiis!
river 1'l.ii'e.
'I heir ri;;ht beiiui; thus conlirmeJ, the I'.irturti.cfc -lur-
liicd the fetlli Muiit with L'.reat vigfiui ; eontideralile ■.■raii:s
were m.idc to thole who vwn- inclined to b'-Tome a'dven-
liireis ; and many of ihe nohil.tv of l'ortu.:al procured
an intcrell in a country t.-.at proiiuled Inch treat advan-
M:Vs. The natives wer.'in niolf parts lubdjed, and tic
iiiipinvenicnt of the ccdoiiy advance-d ap.icc. in a liiile
lime llic crown became attentive to fo v„!:iaSle an ae-
i|iiiriiioii ; the government was new modelled, nianvcx-
oihaant i.r.iiits recalled, and every tliiii;.; Ictiied on 10
.uKaiila;.eous a looting, ili.it ail the fea-coarts fir up-
wuids ol two ihoufind miles were in fjinc incafar-- let-
lied, to the great benetit of the mother ciuntry. Thj
l'oitu;.;uefo comiuelis on tliecoalt of /XfriCu "rca'Iv for-
warded this fetilemcnt, by the niimbrr of ncgrocs'it al-
Ic.rded the leltlers lor their works ; and this w»s the tiiil
iiitroduclion of negroes iino .'Xmerica.
JJut 111 the very n.cridiaii of the profocrity rfihePor-
tujueie, when they weie in pollcllioii ol a ii.oit cxten
live empire, and a flourifhin; ir.idc in Aliici, Arabii
India, the illaiids of Alia, and one of tlie m.dl valuabi-j
parts ol America, tbvy were llrui k by one ot tno.1- blows
which iiiliant'y decides the fate of kingdoms. l>on Sc-
b.illi.in, one ot ihcir firratilt piiiues lift his life in an
expedilioii againit the Aloors, and by that ivciit the I'or-
liigiicle loll their liberty, Pu.-cugal b'ein^ abforbed in >i-.
Spaiidh di>miiiions.
boon alter the fame yoke which ijaiied the necks of
the I'oriuguefe, becoming inlupportal'lf to the inhabitsr.ts
ol fie Nethcilands, levcn provinces fnook it cf; and
not latisficd with forming themlelves into an inJepe.-dcn:
ll.ite, and fupporting tli?ir mdepeiideney by a fuccchfel
eieleiilive war, with aniazini; ardour purfued the Spi-
iiiards into the remotelf recelie, of their cxf^nfiie tcrri-
toii s, ami grew rich, powcrlul, and terrible I v the fpjiL
ol ilu ir lorincr aiicclKirs. 'I'hey particularly attacked the
polUiTiuiis of the I'ortugucle, took almolt all their for-
'.icli'es ill the I'^all Indies, and then turned t'leir arrr.^
up.yii IJialil, iinpro'.ictcd by the Sp.iniardi, .Ti;d betrayci
by the cowardice ol the governor iif the jniiicipal citv.
Thiv w..u!d have conquered the whole ifland, hai notD.':!
iMiC.iacI de I cxeira, tlie aichbiHiop, who was dilceiidcd
from one of the iiohlell families 111 l'ortiig.il, belieicj
that 111 fuch an tmcrgencv ihe danger ot the country
Uipeileded tlie comtnon obli'jations ol hi> profelfioii : h.-
taak arms, and at the lic.id of tiic monks, and a few ka:-
ti red troop:, put a Hop to the ci>ni|ui lis i>l tb.e Dutch,
nuking a g..iiant Hand till fnieoiirs aiiived, and then re-
ligiicd the commillinii, with which the public nccijVri
and his own courage had aimed him, into the hand> 0!
a pel Ion aiipolntcd by authority. Hy this llan I he laved
levcn of the captainlhips out of fourteen intowliith Ural::
divided, the relt falling into the hands of the IJuicii,
wards, beinj employed by'thc king of Portugal, he faded I who coiu|ucrcil and kept th;m with the utmolt bravery
;,-;ain to Urali!, and extciuie.! hi. oifcoveries to tlie hlly-
Iccond dci'ree eit louth latitude ; and the lame year his
l'ortui;ucle inaj^'liy lending a Hcj: to the K'll liiel.e^ under
ihc admiial I'eter .Mvaie/. Capraiii, he Ihndii.^ out to
le 1 to avoid the calms upon ti.f coall of Aliica, tell in
xsitii the continent of .'^oun .\:iier ca, and Ijii.ling in
t ;e leventeenth degree ot louth latitude gave the eoiimiy
IhJ ii.imeol Santa Cm/., which, z% we have alieady fiid.
It loon alter loll, and obtained the nam: of IJralil. Tn'.'
admiral lent one of hi:, ihips b.ick 10 Portugal with an
.icc.iuilt ofth:s difeovery, the ticliiiciV of the couiuiy, and
Its a;',ieca;ile liiualion ; an I wiih the rel! cohtinacd his
voyage to India. His in.ijilly, plealid with the acc.iunt,
relolved to fend a colony tliiih'.!, and the lull letileiiunt
was made; but this was pertornied in a \ery iinp.oper
iiiamier, lor it was only bv bai.illiini; thither a iiunilur
ot ciiniina!" ol all kinds. 'I'his introduced an evil dilpo.
tition into the hrll pr.nciplc'i id the colony, and nude the
l.ttieniint extremely .liffieult, trom the difordcrs they iii-
t.-jduccd, and the oticnc- tli-y gav. tj the orig lul iii-
aiid cunduCt.
'I'o the brave count M.iurice ifN'.ifi'ii the Dutch owed
r.ycral of thefe coiupielts, the < ll.iblillimcnt of t.':e:r co-
lonics, and the a.lvant.igcous pciieby wiiich I'.iey were
k'cuied to iIkih. I!ut as it i, n.ituul lor a mcrcanti,.:
people to be deliiousof I'uddeii piolit, and as th:.. colony
v.ai not under the immediate •.•'VArnnient e.f the llaie-,
but lubjecf to thcDuteii \Vc!( liidiac i.iijiany, tli, y, froni
principles narrowed by avaiicc and mi an leii(imenT<, cniild
not bear the prefcnt protits ol ilie eolony Dionld le li-
ciiliced 10 its lutiiie Iccurity. The [ riiirc itejit up .110, c
tioops an.l rrcdcd more fortreflis ih.iri liny were w.llni •
to allow him, and thcr: f ne treated l.i.a 111 lueli a man-
ner as oblip.cd hint to lelign.
The fcheiiiis ol the company iio.v |..ok place ; fevcral
pel fins weio lent over who weie lo have the inana/e-
Ill-lit 01 the colony, and who by tlinr pailimoiiy were to
leinib'.irfe the co'iipmy the luiii, ihe colony h.'.J coif.
Ihc ehief of the illiillrioiis peil'ons who were the I'ucccf-
l,i;s of til.' gf.-at ,.c".int Mauiic'.-i>f Naiiau, c::.- of tn«
.bl.ll,
BCL
A'i-,.
uill nut .vi:Ii fonic in-
ain, who conl'iJcicd ihe
IS. However, the ..ih r
y a Ircjiy, in whi<li .
'.• CiDulil |i'/fli;;s u!; n r
uf the Aiii;./.vii^ a;:J t; c
ilCi', the- l'.irtuiM,cri- ;<iir.
;"Ui ; ii.nli.lnalili; grjii;s
.-liiitJ to Iv.-conie ajvcii-
tv cil' l'i)rtu^j| [irocurvl
miilcJ liifh treat .;.ivj|-.-
i [virts liiiul-icii, aiiJ t/ c
i;iCL'J apicc. in a linx-
■e to fo v_l;i.ih!L' an ac-
icw nioJclUd, nianv ix-
irv tiiHi;^ littiej on lo
I the fiM-cuarts for up-
.re III iJiTie mcjlar." ict-
motncr ouiitry. Th;
all (it Afri(.i ^rca-!y lur-
iiiin:l)rr ot ntgroci it ai-
» ; anil tl.ii w-i tlic lull
icrica.
le profiicritv "fthoPir-
lii-llioi) (•! a iTixlk cxtcii •
Ir.ule ill Aliii i, Arj-in,
nil- of liie mM valuabi-
I k by one ot tncfe bl();v>
of liini;ilcn-.s. Don Se-
liiRc:, 1 ift his lite in .in
mi l.y t.^at ivciit the I'or-
mI hem' abforbcd in th-
lich iiaiitJ tlic necks ci
ortj'i'l'.- to th-j inhabitants
i;;ci-s fnoult it ifi"; and
i-lver. into an :n-Jcpe.".:'cr.:
L[iei;dcniv by a f»cccf-.fi;l
r.lour purfucj the Spa-
uf their c\f. nfive tcrri-
aiul tcrr:blc 1 y the fp^il.
particularly attacked the
:ooic alnioll all ilicir fur-
tlicn lurnid their arnv.
Sj'aniarJs, ar;d bct.-jycJ
ir of the principal tiiv.
while in.inJ,hai notlXn
ip, who v.ai dtfcciided
in I'oitiig.il, btlit\fil
danj;er ct the country
IS ol hi> prof.lfiun : h?
monks, and a tew i\ii-
imiuilU ot til'.- Dutch,
rs aiiivcJ, anJ then rc-
ch the pii'.iic netdliri
hini, into the hands o;
Hv this tlan I he favtd
iirtccn into which iir.il:;
he hands of the Dutcii,
with the utmolt btaviry
f N.ifUii the Dutch owcJ
llahlilliincnt of tneirco-
• by wiiich tliey were
n.stiii.il lor a inercantiic
|ini!it, and as lh:s colony
ivirniTK-nt of the iKitr?,
diac ):ii[>any, t!i. v, from
d nil .111 (tiiti:ticnT«, coulJ
ihi' (iilony DmiiIJ he fa-
he I ruire kept up nio.e
I lli.iii tliiy were w'.lliii^
teJ hi.ii in Inch a iiiaii-
nn.v t.iok place ; fevcial
ic (i> have ilit- inanajc-
tii'ir paifimor.v were to
1 ilie lol'Miv haj colK
s who were the futccf-
. 1 1 N'alU'J, (.::-• < t Itia
-ll.ll.
Cuba.
A M E R I C
m
:iliUlf, bravi-ft, and inoftuiiilhy nun of that familv, fo
laiiioiis for producing' heroes, weic Mr. Haniel, a iiier-
• hant of Anifleril.nn ; Mr. de liafiis, .i ii.oldfmith of Har-
'..■ni i a..' Mr. liullLlliait, a taipeiuer ot Middlebiiri; ;
..]] men of iviil f-'iife and jire.it liileliiv to the company :
!)iit unrortiiii.;flv' lor the republie, as well as their mailers,
ihey nndeiltood trade belter than the art of government.
Th.'V lent over lo iiu'.land the produce ol thole lands
which count M.iiiriee hid ani,'ned for mainlainiiig the
lorliticatioiii, whuii in the mean time ran to ruin. I'hry
gave licences upon vi rv <alV terms to ihe foldicr3 to re-
turn home, which l.lfined ihcexpence of the army. Tlie
1 liari/c of a court w.is rttienehed, llie debts of the cumpanv
exacted with the ulnioll ri.'onr and feverity, thiir f;aiiis
now inereafed cent, per cent, and in their opinion every
ihing was in a molt llouiilliing ftate, liut in a lliori
time all thcfe fine nppearan'"ei! cnJeJ in the toi.i! lof5 of
the countrv, anJ tiie en'.iie ruin id' ibc Well India com-
pany. 'I'he hearts of the fuhieets wiic lo!t by their (n -
iiuiiou-' wav of dealin;;, tne f.verity of their piiReedinjs
and iheir rigorous exaclirui!. ; lliofe of the I'oitusMiife who
had ber:n loin; leillr! in the eomitrv, and had lubini'.ted
lo tb.e Dutch i^overiiment, were now treated vviili vciy
little ceiemony : tliev thLrelure purchafcd fire-arms ani
amimiiiitiuii of the |;oveinii;ent, and as they paid a vet V
hii^h price, thi y obtained vvh.itever thcv wanted ; jointil
the I'oriUiiuefe whin:.:iie fioni Kurope to their .ifliltanre;
by ilei^rces r.'covercd all the town., the llullanJer.i wer;i
111 polii flian ol, anil in lOi;). drove tlieiii entirelv out of
theiountrv; linec wKi. h lime it ha> continued in th;:
polknion ol the eunvii i : l'oriuy..l.
C H A P. VIII.
Of the S P -\ N I S II A M E R I C A :: Donunion
S E C T. i.
0//'v Jj!j r.f C U 1! A.
hi SitUiitim, Extent, Face of the Country, CUimitr, S-.ll, I't-
pcliihUs, ami Jnimals; '.vith a '•artiiuLir DcjWipiioii of
the Huvanmi, the .X'lar.ncn and CujUmi cj the People, ami
the Uyiory cf the IjhiJ.
OUR liefire to place the American dominions of each
of the (ever.d I'.urnpcan powers in one view, made
It ncceil'ary to le.ive the Weft India IflanJs, to which we
now return, and (hall i;ivc as pcrfciil, and at the fame
time as concife an account of them as we are able.
I'he illaiid of Cuba is feated between the twentieth
i!c;'ree north latitude and the tropic of Cancer, and be-
tween the fevenlv-lourth and eighty-filth degree fifteen
minutes weft lonyiiude ; ite' 'ends fix hundied and fixty
miles in length, ironi Cape St. Antonio on the well to
Cape .Mai/.c on the call, but is very narrow in propor-
tion, it being I'.enerally fiom thirty to fjrty
breadth. It is leated twenty-five
I then the mnrning Is much the hott^H part of the day, fo?
towards noon the lea hrie/.e begins to blow pretty brif'Jv,
and thus continues nil the evening. I he trade wind lO
thefe leas blows iVuin the norm eaft. At the full and
change ol tiie moon, Iri-m October to Ajiril, thev have
brilk norili or north welt winds, which in Decemuer ami
January f:e;|ucntly become liurnis, though this h ufually
called the lair leaUin.
This illand is laid to have in general the btil l"o:!,fof In
large a crjuntiy, of any in .'\ni . a, and to produce all thn
Commodities known in our .-Xi lean iflands, partirulai-
ly ginger, long pepper, and o. .er fpice?, cidia hiiula,
malte, and aloes. Here are large cedars and other odo-
riferous tree:', oaks, pines, p.ilm-tiecs, plentv of l.irgc
vines, and fine cotton trees. Tliere are two forts ot
fiuit here, called cainitor and guanavana ; the liift rd'em-
ble; a Cnina orange, and grows on a tree which has a
le if green on one tide, and of a cinnamon colour on the
other. The other is in tiie iorin ot a heart, L'teen with-
out, and with fonie thoiiiv piickles within; it has all >
fome llones, and a tart juice. Their other fruits aie
id Jamaica, fixty miles to the well of Hupaniola, and a | plantanc-, bananas, giiavas, lemons, .?cc. here arc alio
hundred miles to the fiiuth ol Cape Florida, coniniand- l main large walks of cocoas. The countrv produces to-
ing the entrance of the gulphs of Mexico and Florida, . bicco and fugar, laid to be the bell in the Welt indies,
and of the windward pallage ^ , ''" "^ ' " '"
The natives h.id i-.iven it the name of Cuba befotc it
was difcovered by Columbus who at firit called it Ju-
to
I'iues
miles in
to the nmtii
anna, from Don John, and afterwards i'erdinandiiH',
Iriim king Ferdinand \' . who was king of Spain wh;':i
this ifiaiiii was dil'^overcd i hut it Conn after recovered its
American name ot Cuba, which it It, II retains.
A ridge of mountain;, inn almolt through the illanJ
(loni ealt to will, in which .ire minis ol copper, which
lurnilh the Spaiiilli plantations wi'.li the metal lor all
their bral's gun.; and gold dult being foiin.! in the lands
of the rivers, it is conjecluied that there aie veins of
d, if not of I'llver, in the mountains. Ihefemouii-
tjiiis are (liaded witn tiees, but the land ni ;n tleJ lliore is
lerally a pl.iin eh;;ni;).ii;;ii country. Abundance of
tj
en
iivulcis lun Iriun the noith and louth lides ol thele emi-
nences, but none of them are large, for they fall into the
fa alter a very (liort coutfe. No place in the world
liai better hailuuif, th? chief of which are the liav.inni
on the north we';, which is one of the lin.l! .md moll
coiiniodious havens in America; and that ot St j.igo,
whiili is .It the bo'io;ii ot a laige bai, at theeill end ol
llie Illand.
Fhc rainy feafon ii in the months of Jul',- .niid A
iiguil,
when the fun is veriical, and ionlu|iientiy liie weailur
wouhl be extremely h;)t was the fiiii not do'nle I, and the
4ir relrelhed by the lorrrnts of ra:n whicii ili-ii tail. Ti.e
/audi Icaioii is will. I the fun is latintl !ro.:i tl.cni, and
I
tb.ough in r.o great nuantily lor w.iiit jl hands to culti-
vate the canes, but iheit fu(jar wcrks have both wa'.er
mills aiiJ hoile miils.
The black cattle forrr.erlv brought hither by the Spa-
niard;, have multiplied to lucli an t\traordinaiv degree,
lliat nuniherr. have run wild in ilie woods, and lor wane
of people tj cat the flefli, ni.my fine fat healls aie killeit
run le for their hides, and lelt to rot on the grou .d.
liowcver, a great deal of (lilh is cut iiito pieces, and
diied in the lun, in order to fene tor (hiiis proviliiin .
There .ire heic alio hoiKs, inulis, flicep, hogs and wilJ
boais, wild and t.unc fowl, parrots, and pirtridges with
blue heals; the ilivtes aboun.l with lea fowl, p.irticu-
laily with a fort of cranes tli.it uie white when youn,:,
but ol leveial eoloiirs when old. Here arc likewile lais;e
till tie, and iheie is no pl.KC where the leas and riveis
aboui.d nioie wi:liallii>a;or-. Tne lilh are chivily baib.l
and Iliads.
I his illind is lar from be'.;ig inprovcd as it niigl;: ;
f.ir heie, lays our authoi , are nmi- i huiches thin plaiitu-
liuiis, mole prielts ilim planter: , and mote la/v bigort
ih.iii lab'iutef-. lo this it :, owing, that this lariii;
illand, vvi'.h a luxuri.int 1 .11, c.i|)abL- i.l producing abun-
dance of load, ..::d wi.i.h is peiilaps cjfier proviiied ami
obtained Iv.re ihan in anv cnhi.- pait of the vv.iild, here
being fiiKli , w:,.cli, l;.!i:is the c.ittlc jull niciitioiied,
.rlfor.l pill. IV 1. 1 vciiifin; vitd'ies n.jt |iiolu..e lor ex-
o.-itaiion, u.iludir'.i tv.:; '.:'.':.r f.idi.. :.:id t '.Lw, iheir
, 1,1
■LiA
)li
.■(i
li' i ;
i h ■
}r^
A S Y <:• T F. M O F G F O C, R A T II V,
■ I HA.
Iii'nr
U>\:
iiiiii rnull', m iu tlu- vj'kc uC our liul
111'
)r Antit'
II
ere .11 L' n'.;i!v CdiiliiliTablc t.iwiis.
Me
U
l;iiHi.;ii
Ihll
llie iianiL- (if the ctpitj!, it is LTt.uU jir-
luiur to llic H.ivai;n.ili, whicli i.i by tar the i,iii.lt titv ill
tllL-
r
H
iv.'.iiiiali is fc ;tr.l on the nonh welt coa
i;'..iiiJ, 111 the twcn'y tH:i\l (U'i'r.-e twelve iniiiuns p.irtii
l.ititui!;-, .iiul ill the eit^htv-lev-diul <!cL'U'e thii toen iivi!u:i s
miuiilf. It w.i> huilt hy JJie:;a ilc \'(
un.te.l here in ill
e iH'innnilvj
111 (lie tuteeiKii
tiKV uiih thiee hiiiKli\il Sp.miaril.'.
.Ill
J with t!
e .ijlilt.iiue
i/l li^
)iiicw (le l.ib C.il.is (niuHieicJ Cuha. The l-ll
■ ir'i.r.i.-.ii, alier tiirniiv! a
U.i
111 lii.ir, was mule
that 10 tl: ■■ \\\{[ Hariavaii'!. Tlicfe forts Imvc in tht whole
Diie hiiiuliiii anil twenty guns.
Tills eitv is iif more ini|ji)ttance to the S|uniarils ihan
.mv olhtr in Aiuerita, it r:
th(
lace <il icnd' /.v
ler all their llcet.s in lluir return Ironi
that
(;uartiT ol the
Ituip o<
/ Ch
lap.
sew .Si'ain,
:.| <liil
111. U I
,itiv liy h
..I
in tiie eauie o
I lui
Ihed I
iini
li.'in liiiii ue liaie ilie hillory of the Spaiiilli tni<hn<,
both lure and in oili-r paits of the Will liuliei. Its fort
laid to le the moll fiei|U!.nted, as well i^s the hell
world tnSp..iii ; and iVf'.ii its Kin;' at iheritdiith of tl'.i
ol i'lurula, ihrounh whieh lluy are .ill obliged to pals, i;
has he. n r.dleil by the Spaniards, the key <'f the \\\H
Indus. Iliie tides the navy o! the kiivvf Spain; an. I
heie iiHv t ill 8i-p"eiiiber the merchant ihips lioni liveril
S[iaiiiili port<, both i>f the eont:nent and ilb.n.ls, to tin-
ruMiiber ol lilly or fiMy f.iil, to take in proufKin': aii,|
water, ill order to reiiiin to Spain in a body. W nliin
the tiiy is a eoiuimial lair til! iheir drpartvre, wiii' h is
grnei.illv bilore the end cf the nioiith, when proi laina-
tion ii ind?, forbiddi.'ij; any that b: loii^ to liie (1 et to
II
wainm.: !_uii, tlic) all itoon '.o.uj.
av in the town o.i pain of d.
II
and
Jil litiii
r
lie iii;iabit..nts are ptncr-l!) more far.iili.:r than at I :
:dl the illiiuN, and oiv. of the liiiell in the woildj it be- Vera Cruz, and the wo.r.'^^^n in particular have i;;
ill;; I > lar^c, lh.it a ihoiiland l.i
■if blips m.'.y conin.o-
biity, I;
y, but do ni.t I'o a '
.J wi;
at th;
ve.ls
AWi li,
ully ride in it in the utniolt f.itety, without cither ] ot them fpe.ik Freiuh, and drefs alter the Krenrh
iMaiy
mod.'.
r *»r c.uile, no \\ in
d b
[lie to liuit tile
fome of t:i.;t natic.n haviiii? f. tiled there fiiu-e Siv.i i K|| i
lo d>ep, ili.ii 'he l.ir;;ill veliels an..hor at a f.r,..li dil- , the hoiife of Iim;tl'oii. '1 he diet moft in iile arc h i
ill ih.' fiiipi conip.Lte their II,
t.-.nte Ir.Mii (lie
to ..blliiiCl it.
The entrance, which has no bar
turtle, wirh wl
V a cliannel
!e in lcn;;ili, but fo nairow, that only
lut three quarter., i.l a t't provilions.
Th
e pak 15 clteem
cd vcrv
•iflii
fli
ip CMi ;;i
o contra
ry to that <if other countti:'. is 1
Th,
111 at a time. The h.nbnur into which it bads at the the lb (!i (f (l,e tin tie into I
Olio
111
iJ I!
y CMC
eenier. Is a I
north wa't
the other tliiee comers fomiin;; three creeks or b.
ci:v It.inds in the nudt fertile part of the
'lb
on the well liJe of tii
cvten.ls a'oiig the fliM
two bran.his of the
I'nua.-c Kinj north and l.iuthi "^-r tlum, dry t
iiin;; three creeks or ba'.s. pn tly ilie.i|i, but
thi.ni in
the
r.'win^ I'dt
he wine lure k
prov
ill. Ills aic 111 i>crei
d de
efl
wheat bii.id, whiili is li
eiitlv lidd at a iv i
pecial'v
lur, in a del|i;htlul plain th .t ounce, parliriilarly whin the ^vil'e
oils iiie 1 tr
P' nnv an
tills 1$
ba- kv
it i.l walhed bv aliilbcd to the want of wheat, which d."'s not thiUt
I he
'>■
id" an
her-
therefore all thev hai
ini'orlid from -..bi k,].
I al form, and bei;iiis about a iiiM't'.r of a mile from] The inhabitants, howevei, in c n r
n a<e u!e o!
the nunith ol the harbour. The binli
II
d:M"s, V. nie
h are of , made of the cllava root While the fleets are ht
I'leaJ
one, aie vciv
..le natioiv
but
but not lofty, and th
Mere are iliven churches and portion, fo that a
fowl fells for a noble, an.I fruit and other thin.-s in pro-
fe,
monalkries, two handfonie hofpit.ds, and a fine lipi.irc in c'^^ht ,
the middle of the town, enconipalled with uiiifnrm buiM- ' The
e live fer two ji;e;e.s if
ihe
■d, the
jnlie
■.hieh
idled 1
.'iiilKcnr, are lichlv
cr princij-nl f^wns in
the iflan I arc Snnta
aiiil
Itar?, bcin^r o( pcd I ..nJ filiei. Sn
iff
iliich is Irated liNtythrcc rnib:s to t!ie ra|} of the
oriumeiits
the Havannah, on the faine e.).:l}. and Ins a v;
ft:
\( r lan'.p? ol
.1 r
fin. ire, (
n the fame co.ilf.
niofr curious workn.anlhip, arc l.i lar.'C as to wci.;li tv
at th,
har-
lanJj
cc hi
'.1 miles foiith call of the Havaiinah ;
l-.jiidtd maiks, each ni.iik bcini; li.df a pound. The it was fornurly a rich town, an' wa.s t:iken bv the Riir-
III till
Lif the Rccollei^ls has tw ( Ive be iiitilul chajicb-, and c
'ter ,1 llo'.it nfillance. Nvar it arc feme f;:r!;
eir moiiillery aic ce;is for (ifty ,'a'hfrs. St. Clare's ol bitumen,
church has liven altars, all adorned with plate, ,-ind the , St. [a:;o is fea
iiiii'.ncrv contains
a 111
i.lred
women ai'.'i lereants
The
nntth
of ihe .\ii^'.iiini < has thiitetii altars, and th.it if mimlt^.^
ill
.ihn de l)...u r.ii'.c altars, with ah fpital fi r foldiers, on the foiith rait lidv of the iflind
n tb.e twentieth ib-;>re? two miniitfj
1 the fvcntv tilth di'urc? fottv-. '".rn
lie, at the bottom of a Ipariomi bay.
alioiil li.\ miles
has a revenue ot ti'. eve
thr
oulaiid jiK-Cis of ei(i
ht.
the lea. The
lice lo the bav i~ n
Ibe cilv en the lard fide is enconiii.dl'd
defended by balii; i.'
nil a w.ill it aie
fm;
illands, which flielier it from ilom
an, I w:'li:ri
a call !c on ll.c fide tmvards liu,- lorni a eonimodifuis h.irbriir. It Is a bilbo
fe.-, aM I
tiarboiir ; at the h.ubour's mouth are alio two other llron:; his a callii
it h
lid (>ncc alio a j'l
id II
taltlt> lo dell
lines, which
entiance : the Itrunecll <d thele h-s ii'-w rcnv ved to the llav.mri.ih, and ihmi.di tl c .-'tv b.
id to the calllc full mentioned.
lur
ildic!
ii;i) ever lia
if tile illand, it has dwindled al;)i..ll
lalitd the Moid lott: it is biiill on a rock at the loot of iiotb.inj.
too hills, in which ir cut a deep ditth, filled wi^li fi' i I liou;.h this i(l.-.iid was Jifcovrrcd in i.jg:', il w
The
arc of a trian;;ti!ar form, with ihrt
large baftions planted with forty l.iavy c
annon.
1
';r,| b-t. Iv c',i:<iu
. re treated w:tii
d t.ll the year 1511. 11
lr I'.r'VI 5
;.ll th
e CHK
this
allli
c run', a one niountc
J with ivvtlve prodij^'ioiis offav.!;;ib
ifot; ,
Iu
;y that the nnii. d p.
ill,-
loni piece.; ol cannon, lying level with the water, eaih
rarrviii" a ball ril thiitv-lix pounds, and th. fe arc bv w.iy
ol eminence called the twelve apollles. At the point bi -
iween ihis cattle and the {\:J is a 1','Aer, wiili a round
(titinn, and avari'C couKI
inv ril i
and it is fail that tome millions of iheni wire cur of?,
and that ai I, ill orders were fenl lioni iKe curt of Spain
lo extcrniiii.ite the few nniaiiis ol i's oiii;'n.il it, habit-
iiiit', wlii.li w.;s aceonlinalv i .'.''eut-d with barbar.iUs
Liiihorii at the top, where a man c( nfnu.iliv watches to piincluality ; I' that the hilb ly of (.'uha is no 1 iher ih m
a ivl.ition of the moft horiible maliaires, v.hi, !i were in-
dultrioullv lonce.iled by th'-" Spani.irds ; d r th. fe nior.ll, ,
lindiii^ gold upon ill;; illaml, r iicluded th it it mull i.'nic
Irutn concealed mines, and thereloie nuturid v..ll loini-
beri, of the na.iie., to mal.e them dikovir where ihtfc
niinrs lay; and it is f..id, that in l!,e (iii.ile year when
the v.oieiiior V'elalqili /, anived on the i|T iiid, no I ever
than fix luii, 'ted thmibiiKl of the iiatues weie' p^t lo
death.
'Ihe iioui'e-; r- ihc Ilavinn.h were nt firll of no bc;;cr
materials than wo(>d, and that town was (o inconlid'-r-
.biir in I 5 j6, th.it it was t.ihrn l.v the crew of a French
pir.ite flrp, who obli^'cd thr inhabitants to pae I'evn
f.iindrcj ducats ;o favc it t'ri-tn b'.i:'^ burir;. i he very
lee wliat thips are approaching, of which he gives notice
by putting out as nuny 11 :;;s as thee are fiiip.s. The
fccond cf the catties at the tiarb.ur's mouth is ealird llic
Puntal, and Hands < ri a plain ground on the l.de of the
entrance, opp.ifue to the lormer. It is a regular f.mili-
ration, with lour );ood baftions well planted vviihean-
iioti. The third lort, which w.is ih.,t lirit nicntiomil, i«
tailed l'!l I'uerte, or, The Foil, by way ol eminence: it is
a fir...ll but liroiig work towards theiiil of the narrow
thannel, •,yith four regular baiiioii>, and another platform
moorU'cJ with ab'nil li.\ty lai:;c heavy bials cannon.
3i''fides thele three lorts ilnie aie two oirtcr.s, each of
twelve guri', which lland in liic (hure 'our or five mibs
from the peit That to tb.e clt i'j ull'.J Cn.x.'mar, ard
4
Ci n.\.
forts lave in tht wholi
c to tlic Sp.ini.irils than
lie I'l.ici- 111 icnd' /.viHis
rem that qunrnr ol ihc
,it ilic month ci the gulf
i. .ill oblijt J t(i pals, i:
, the- kcv (if ihf \\',(t
liL- kiiijf i^t' Sjiain ■, aii.l
liaiu (hipi. f;oin I'cvfril
ftit aiul ill..ii.ls, to the
aki; ill prdvifiiiri'i aii.l
in in a hody. \\ itlim
•ir ili'part'.-ri;, wlij' h is
onih, when proi !a;ia-
t b- lijii^ to iht: n -et to
r.Ii, aikl up'jii l!:in ■ a
i_ "
ore far.'.ilijr than at I ;i
aiticiil ir liavc !.;. !,■ ji-
ut tlirir ve.h. iM.n v
lt!-r the FriMifh nin;|r',
ihi-rc lini-r Sp..i i l,l| t,>
. nuift in lilt! aro h t •>.
ipi conip.l^-te thoir (l.m-
.d vcrv nnurifliinj;, ai\l
hir.Jin:;. Thcycit
liecs, aiiJ Itr.'win^ (Mt
J. The wine h.re i-:
rri-er.il .Km', d'j-i-cial'v
V (■'M at .1 ]!' iMiv aM
I'eniis .:ic I tT ; tiil> IS
.\hich il."'v \'."t &.\'.\t:
!;:i:ii)rtu! lunri ;.l<i •:..]
\.iA n a'<e iili- c' 1 i.aj
; the tlicts are hire, a
111 iither ihiiij^s in pr.i-
e Inc t'l.r twu pices , 1
the iflan I arc S:inM
mil's to the cart of the
i! h IS a virv (tumiI har-
iie lame co.ilf, liiDi'^
calt of the Havarnah ;
u-a; taken hv th? Iliir-
S'ear it arc fcir.e I'prin.. ■;
■ih I'e^re:; tv.'.T mir.nfr;
fifth lii-fjce foitv-;: -.cn
;tiim of a (pari{ lis h.:\ ,
lI, aliiMit li\ mile'. ( < m
' is narrow, an,l wl'ivn
:i ir fii'in il'irp i,, ;;r.i
: is a hil'.iop's fe-, a:i 1
a j'ikhI trn'!f, \vhi>h '. ■
iml thtMiL^h tl c r'tv h. s
has iluimlk.l al;ii..ll to
rci! ir, 149'', il w.iv p"'
ar 1511. 11" n.ivvt «
that tlie llilil'ii paiTi :;«
J avari'-e cuilil inv lit ;
r.f ihiiii v\i ru lilt (i(7,
'rnni the (."iirt of Spa'ii
it its oiitiinal ii.ha'.>it
/•ci!t--d Willi harb.-.r.iji
f (ii'-a is no Mher t!i n
dial res, v.hirli were ir-
arJs i 11 r th.fe nioii|!i ■ ■
liided ill It it im;ll i. nic
lure tiiiiurid v..lt iiuiii-
m (iilvovir where thii",:
n the (iiijile year »licn
in t!ic ill nut, m> I wn
lie nam IS weie p;.t (.<
rerc at firll uf no hrfcr
iwn was (o iiiconid i-
,v the crew of a French
I'la'iilJiits to pae levn
•'.ii'^; i>uin;. 1 Ik- e.'iv
Cud/
A M L k I C A.
7U
^t
^s
t*3
'y(
^v
-'^
^
fl.«
% .
■y"
^lll
1
tW
m
1 i
l-#- --
11 !i
M: .:
f:i'l' '■"'"' ■'1
*iw.,i;
CunA.
A M li, R I C
A.
(lay afier the pir.ilii departure three Spanifh (hips fmtn
Mexico arrived at ih; ilavann;i, and having uiilDJdiil
iheir iarj;'n's, (ail'.d m purluit <il' the pirate (hip ; hiii
(iiih WIS the cowiirdici: of the Spanilh oiHecr.s, that the
niiaii: tuolt :dl iliiir three diip'., riiiJ returiiinj; to ihe
H.iv.mnao'iliiieJ the iiih.ihilarils lo pay th.ni I'cven hun-
dfidiliuais iiMiic.
I'd prevent the like accidents tor tlie future, the iiiha-
liltmis ot the llavano.i built iheir hnule-i of (tone, and
rill up * hirt at the rnouili ol the harlioiir : but as tin
town WIS Hill open on the land liile, the l.n^'Jith irui-
.>crs paid it leveral unweleonie vilils, and mure than
once drove the Spanilh inhabitants inlollie woods, while
they plundered tlie place Duriiij; the war bm^ecn
ilcniy 11- i>' trance with Spain, a iJieppc (hip, with no
nmre than niiuty men, plundered St. Jago, and after-
wards attacked the Havanna ; but the Spjiiiirds had been
f„ often uled to ihofe vilits, that they had retired to the
woods i lo that the I'rench found n.) inhabitants iheie.
After reniaininij; lor foine lime in the town, learchiii;; in
vain for pUiiiJer, two Spaniards ramc to Ihcni, l'ceinins;ly
lo treat of the ranloni of the town, but in reality to ob-
ferve their inimbers. The I'lencb ilemandod fix thoii-
fand ducats for ranfoin-nioncy, which the two deputies
pretended was more than the inhaliitants could raile, and
took their leave. Upon their return to thi ir countrymen,
ihe iiKijoiity (ame to a refolutimi to furpn/,c the Krencli
(worl ill hand, and accordingly a hiindied and hfiy o!
the:Ti came, under cover ot me nii^ht, to cut them o(t
whdealleep; hut tlie French, afiti lofini; four of their
number, ttood to their arms, and Inon put the Spaniards
to fli"ht. After this, by daubin-j the windo*s and dours
ofthehoufos with pit. I. and tar, of which they f>m;id
irrrat plenty, tluy let tire to the town, and afterw.iiJ.
pulled down the walls and the fort. In the year lO'xj
llie Lii'iliih Huccaneers under captain iMor;,', ni took the
citv of Havanna, and would have kept it could they have
Ivid the king of hngUiid's pr.jreodion.
li, July 1741, admiral Vc. 110,1 and general V\'ent-
worth landed at W.dtheium harbour in the l<>uth ealt
part of the ill^nd, with a fijuaJron oi fli;ps, made an
encamvnent, and i reeled a loit on tlie fh'ire, to which
thi'y p ive the namt of Cumberland harbour and fort.
'J hey continued there till almoll the end of November
f'dl i.vinz, when the ficknefs ul the mcH obliged them lo
ab.inJ in tnc illanJ.
1 he i iiporiaiue of the Havanna to the Sjianiards was
never thoroughly ui.deillood till a:ter the (uccedion of
the boufe of Uoiirb ui to the laioiie of Spain, and then
nothuii! was wantiiiji, tha; could contnbutc tj render ic
impi equable.
\Vncn the amazing (uccifies of (neat Rritain in the
late wir united the three branches ol the houfe of H.iur-
bon, France, Spjiii, and Naples, in what wa. called
the Family Cimpacl, the miUakes of the formei plans ol
war .igainU Spun v\'erc obfervcd, and it was rclolvcd 10
beiiii the operation, by the attack ot the Havanna. I'his
iivimentous pan depending; tj cnti.ely upon military
knowled.;r, liii niij. lly reUrred, in a preat meafure, the
execution of it to his iin.le, the late duke of Cuinher-
l.md, wh jfe Ion; experience in tne anny undoubtc lly
rendered him the belt judge of the abilities of the officers
who were to be empii yed in the execution of it. The
chief com nand was given to the cirl of Albemarle, the
t'lfciple of his roval highnef> in the art of war. Admiral
Focock, who had aci|iiuted himfelf to mu, h to the ho
nour and interell of his lountry i i the Fall Indies, hid
the command of the fleet, and Sir James Doii_;las
WIS orJeied to reinforce him with his lnuadron from
Martinico.
1 h' main fleet failed on the tidh of March 1761, and
was joined by Sir Janus Ijou^lis with his reintorcement
on I le twen'y f vmth of May ott' the north-well p.iint
of Hifpaimda J the whd' arnianicnt thtn conl.llaii^ ol
luniteen (hips of the hii •, eiiiht en fin.dler fliips ol war,
and a'lOiit a bun. lie 1 and hiiy iranfporis, with ten thou-
land rciMil ir lio 'ps on b.Mrd, which were to be joined a-
Lout the tine th • operations wer- to commence by four
thoufaiid tioips more, who were order ;d from North
Ancrica. Th" ahirrd, prell'-d by tine, relolvel to run
a;«n ! the northern Oiorc ot the liland, through the old
IC4
ftreight- of IJjhama, which foim .i n-irrnw paflage, bound-
ed on e.teb fide bv dangerous fands and llioals about
nine bundled miles in length. 'I'his the appro.ichol the
hurricane leal'on rendeied in tome nicjt'uii' nectd'aiy, and
ihe admiral haviin^ procured from lord Anton an exccdleiu
chart of thole tliei iht>,eon lucK'.l ilivir p.in"<igc with fuch
fuccifs, that they got clear of all danger by tht (ilth of
June.
Fourteen Span fh men of war, hi fi,|es fmal'er fi-A-i'-.,
were Ih'-n lying in 'hj bal'on ol the hub >iir of ll.'.v.inna.
I'hc adiiiiial, with twelve fail of the line, hiiie away t,)
blo'k them up, and t-i make a ('ireifmn on one lide,
while the landing w.is ill'ectcd on the other, between the
two forts, Harcarans and Coxjin.ir, the lirll of whi>-h
was taken p-illellinn of by the Mertury nian of war, and
the other by the |)ia;'oni their I'.irrifr),-., which colifi't-
rd id armed peai. i:s and negioe-, flyitiriuto the wooiK.
Mean while the earl of Albemarle, fa,..-,ured by the lirj
ot the Dragon, palle.l the (Ji..-<amar livcr, and the army
lay under arms aliii;; the fllore.
On the eightii ol June lord AllH-maih mar.-hrj to
(luanamacoa, about lix miles fioni the lari.ling-plicc,
and fa w fix thmifaiiJ of the enemy, drawn up vciy ad-
vantageoufly, as if they intended to difputc liis pallage
to that village, but tluy were foon diljierfed ; the next
day his lordlhip formed the army iir.o two holies ; one
commanded by geiural l.ll.ot lay'towards the fouth-caft
ol the hubour, extending conli.lerably into the tountiv,
in order to cover the hege, and I'ecure the foraginj parties
lent out f M proviiions. 'Fhc (.ther was cnmmunded bv
general l^eppel, mid was ci ployed in the attark of
Aloro callle, while rnlunel iinive w.-.s pofled with a de-
tachnu'iit to cut oft ihc comniunication hctwicn the
town and ti.e country, and krep the enemy's attention
divided, 'i'he hardlhip' the Knglith army fiiftained in
carrying on the liege of the .M-sro cilHc, were inexprcf-
lible : the earth was every where fo thin, that it w.!S
with gicat ditliculty they could cover thcmf'elves in their
appiojihis. I'jRii' was no fpring or river near them;
It was ncell'ary to bring water Iroin a great dillan:i,
and lo prerarioiis and f,anty was thij fupply, thjt they
weie ohiig d to hive i; brought Ironi thtir (hips: roads
lot cominunication were to be cut through thick woods ;
the ariilleiy were to be drawn a vail way over a rough
iock\ (h )te, and leveral of the nie.i droppid dov\ii dead
with heat, thittl, and fatigue. In (hort, the fiegc of
.\]oro caft c was carried on v\ith the iitnudi difficulty ;
and the fire continued with cipial fury on buth fides. To
give the grc.it r ilfei^t to the batteries, the Dragon,
Matliioioiigh, and Cambridge, laid their broadfides
agamlt thj north talt part of the Moro, an 1 a moll
.ireadlul cannonading eiifued for leven hjurs, both from
the loris .iiid the l^.\ ; but the litua'ion and ftren rth of
the cattle give it great advantages over the (hips, which
wcie terribly fliatteied and (.bligtd to fiiccr of\'. 'i he
enemy in the tort, who kept up a communication with
the town, had landed two dotachm'iits of grcnaliers of
live hundred men ea;h, with a great number of i.egroes
and mulattoes, to attack the woiks of the Fiulifli on ihs
right .ind left ; but they weie def a-ed wilhthe lofs of
above two hundred men, and a gteai i,ur.*u.-r umn led.
At length the batteiies trom t le army r.ad OiljilaLcd ..1 my
of the ciirmy's guns j but when it was thought that a
Ipeedy peri, id would be put to the immenfe labours cf
the bvdiegers, the ('rand battery tock tire, and wi'h it
vvas cor.l.im.d t,ie la'.iour ol i\\ huiid.ed men for fcven-
leen days.
Siekncfs, the ba.lncfs of p'ovifions, and the fear itv of
water, with tiie heat <.f the clmiate, h.id at Iciu'th killed
or rendered ultlefs two-thirds ot tie army, and the f-a-
men were in very little better condition, while th.- grow-
ing dilteiTipjrs ol the leal'on, and the e.ypofed fitu ition of
the iliips, threatened deitrudtion tioth to the land and 'ei
force,. Alter inexpreirihle tod the befiegers bat'.eries
again took fiie, and they had now notjiin;; to irult to but
the ai rival ot their reinforcenion s fr'.>m North America,
becaufe whatever luflls t.ie Spaniards fuftained in t'le
day ti'i'.e, wer» repaired in the night. At Icnjj'h the ar-
rival ot the J ,maica fleet inlpired the troops with frefh
hopes. On the iwentylecond of July, a vigorous I'aliy
of hlieen tiundied ttieii, divided into three paties, was
8 X n.aJ;
;i(>
A SYSTEM OF G F. O (i R A 1' H Y.
POPTO UlCO.
hM:
made from the t^wn, but they were rcpulfcd with the
\vU of four hiiniri') mm, wtiilc that ot the bcfic^ers diil
not exceed fifty men. Thedi tli which Iccurcd the calUc
was cut 111 tne rncic about frvcmy fti-t deep, and loity
^*'ide, an! though the enemy lint two boats and a float-
ing battery out of the haibour, to fire grapo-lhot and
fitiall arms into the ditch where the miners were at work,
they were not only repulfcd, but a mine was fprung,
which threw a part of the wall ii)t<i the ditch, and left a
breach, which though fm.ill, tht irimps were ordered to
ilortJi. The gamfon of Spanuriis wiihm the calHc
was ftil! confiderjble ; but the foIdiL-is mounting the
briach, entered the fort with fuch ama/.inn intrepidity,
that the Spaniards, who had been nvularly drawn up to
rcfift them, lolt all the fpitit they had btlore exerted.
Four hundred of them were cut to pieces, or peiifhed in
the water ; fuur hundri-d threw down their arms, and
received quarters. The mari|uis de t ion/,.ili s, the fecond
in comiiiJiid, Was killed while endiavouriiii; to Hop the
ftlanicful lli;ht i.f his men : Ijon [y.-wis dc Velafco, ilic
governor, with about a hundred of the garrilon, bravely
defended their colours till he was killed, to the extreme
regret of his generous conquerors. The .Spamai.Ii. then
diredcd their tire a.;ainll Aloro callle, now in ihc pof-
fcfllnn cf the Knglifli. Nev/ batteries were ercdU.i by
the bcfiegcrs, who bjttered both ilie I'untnl and the
town from forty three pieces of cannon and ci^ht mor-
tars, with fuch fucccis, that flags of truce appeaieil m
all quarters of the Havannah, and .1 li.elienjer wi'^ I. in
to the Hr.tifll camp to letilc the capitulalimi, whu i ". ".
figned on the four centh of Augult, by whii i ' ■: men
cf war in the haibour, as well as the forts and !:■ town,
were del.vtred up to the Englilh. And ihu^, lays our
author, a prophecy which had been long current with
the Sp.iniar.N in thofc parts was fuitilled, namely, that
the Knglifli llioiiid one day walk as maflers through the
rtrectb of the Havannah. llowcver, this impoitant con-
quefl w.s reltorcd to Spain in the nineteenth article of
the definitive treaty of 1763.
SECT. II.
CyPoRTO Rico,
fit ,V/w/, Silt.itim, Extent, Fact of the Country, Climate,
S'il, I'i^iti:! Ics, end Jinimah. A Defirlpiioo if the City
cf P^rt) Ric7, and a omife hijhry of the Ijland.
Til V. next idand belonging to Spain, is that cf Hif-
paiiiolj, but as the moft valuable part of it belongs
to the French, we have placed it among the American
iflaiids fuhjecl to France. We now tKerefore cumc to
Porto Rico, the laft of the great Antilles that remains to
be defcribcd.
This ifl.ind, which was difcovercd by Columbus in
i4(, 5, received from him the name of St. John ; but the
chief t'jwii being afterwards built upon a harbour called
Rico or Rich, as is fuppofed from its excellence, the
whole ida-id has fince obtained the name of Porto Rico.
it is litu.'.ted between the eighteenth degree and forty
niiiiui's iK.rth latitude, and between the fixty-fifih and
iixty-fcveiith degree weft longitude, lying 'bout eighteen
leagues from the north call point of Hifr.-.,iioIa, extend-
ing one hundred and fifty miles from .alt to weft, and
between ,urty and fifty in breadth.
The .0 1 is beautifully divcrfified with woods, vallirs,
;:i,d pla n , and is extremely fertile. It abounds with
nne iiieaJi ws, and a ridge of mountains runs through the
.ila.ul fr jni eaft to weft. The north part, which is more
h..rren tiian the fouth, has been reprefented by travellers
.IS h.iviii[. mines of quieklilvcr, tin, and lead, with fome
of gold nd filvcr ; but there are none of the latter
worked prefent. It is well watered with fprings and
river;, ; there arc reckoned no lefs than twenty-three
tnat fa! in..- the fea on the north or fouth fide.
riu rainj which ufually render the feafon unhealthy,
gcp' ...lly fall in June, July, and Auguft, which would
'.merwifc be extremely hot, the fun being vertical, and
the wind is at fouth eaft, while at ntli'r \\mt% it is at
north eaft. From eight in the nmriiing till four in the
afternoon they have a lea brceye, but In, 111 (ix in ihi:
n.orning till this itfrelhing gale fprinits up, the airn
very hoi j but the moil fultry p.irt of il;e iljy ii ai five
in ihe afitrnoon, and llic coolilt trom three in the morn-
ing till fix.
I he foil produces a long cnirfe araf'', on which tlie
cattle feed, but the iiihalii.ints never m.i'. e it into h.iy.
It bears good fliip timber, and v.iriety of (nut lieis, p,,.
licularly cocoas, pine- apple;, maiuirefs, guavas, papahs,
bananas, plantancs, palms, mulk-inrlons, or.4nges, Imi'v,
pomegranntcs, citrons frapes, plums, li;^^ |jni.iii i
pepper, fpeckled wood, cdn filliila, the leiifuivc pi wit,
and the baftard cinnamon, together with rice and Irdi.m
corn ; but they itiakc niuft ot their bread of the eaflava
root. I he coninuin luiucir here, be fides water, is m.ui.-
of malaflcs and Ipiecs mixid together •, but the hcitcr loit
drink a liquor made of (picej aliuie, and all the wine i<
brought from abroad.
The ifland is well ftocked \\'y\\ wild cattle, which
were originally of Spanifh breed, with goats, hi';s, and
fliecp. I .'.cir pork is excellent, as is "alfo the tielh ol
their k.d- ; but their mutton is poor diy food, lifi,.
are great Hocks of pirror-, wood-r;gei)n:i, and other wild
■111 I tame fowl, with .til uunncr of turopcaii poultry,
.11.-1 plenty of filh.
The inhabiiantj are faid not 10 exceed ten thniifand.
"I I.... illaiid might, however, be tendered one nf the moll
niivrifhing of all thu Spanilh colonies, if it wis not for
the mifchitf to whicli It is too liable from great droughts,
hurricanes, and the defcent of privateers, by which .ill
the lea-ports have been freuuently mined. The princi-
pal commodities exported Ir im hence are fugar, ginger,
hkles, cotton thread, raw cotton, caflia, maftic, 4(c.
They have alfo great quantities of fait, and make con-
fiJerablc profit of their oranges, lemons, and fweetmeari,.
The inhabitants have many good vtftels, in which they
trade to various parts of America,
The city of Porto Rico is featcd on the north fide ol
the ifland, in a pcninl'ula which joins to llio continent by
a caufeway in the eighteenth degree twenty minutes north
latitude, and the fixtv-fifih degree thirty-five minutes
weft longitude. It is well-built, populous, and both
the feat of the governor and the fee of a bifhop. Ih'-.
cathedral has a monadery belonging to it; butihc heat
of the climate renders it inconvenient to make uf: cf
clafs-windows, and their c.invas and wooden latliecsdif-
figure their buildings. The city is defended by a citadrl
andacaftic, and is the center of the cnntrnband trade
ufuaily carried on by the Fn.'lifh and F'rench with the
(ubjedts of the king of Spain, notwithftanding the kveriiy
of the laws, and the extraordinary precautions taken to
prevent it ; hence it is large, and better inhabited than
moft of the Spanifli cities in America.
When this illand was taken by the Spaniards, it is faid
the natives amounted to no lefs than fix hunitred thoiir.in.l,
and had the charailer of a luave gallant people ; but the
Span ards, by the advant.ige tlicy had over them in the
ait ol war, with much dilficulty reduced them, and have
liiire by degrees quite extirpated them. After which no
more gold was to be found on ilie ifland ; though the
natives had a great deal of ir, and on that account were
murdered, that the Spaniards might have it all to them-
felves.
In 1505 Sir Francis Drake burnt the (hips in the har-
bour of Porto Rico, and three years after the town was
reduced by the earl of Ciitnbcrlaii J, who fitted out a lleet
at his own expcnce, in which were two regiments id
queen Elizabeth's troops. He coiujucred the town with
great difficulty, and had thoughts ol keeping it ; but loliiig
four hundred of his men, who died of the bloody flux 111
a month's time, he abandoned it, after demoliftiing the
forts, and carried oft eighty pieces o' brafs cannon and
a I'teat quantity of plate. In 1615 it wio taken ..nd
plundered by tne Dutch ; but they couM not take the
caftic, which is now in a better conJinon than cver,'a'»
are alfo the other forts.
SECT.
Trinidad.
A M E K I C A,
H7
SECT. iir.
0/ihe Ijh'tdi of Trinidad and Maroaretta.
Thiir Situatian, Extfnt, and Produce ; with fome Ohfrva-
limi on tilt CinUu't of tbt Spaniardi ■with rtjptil la thtii
lyejl India Ijhtndi, and tbi Cmlininl,
THKRK are (fveral other fmaller ifl.indj brlon;;iiij; to
:i)).iin in this Tea, particiiluily I'riiiidJcl, or rniii-
dada, Wiiii:l< ij feated m the (cnih dcgnic thirty-eight
miriutei nxi'.li latitude, and in ihc lixlicth degree twcnty-
feven miniif' well longitude, lonning one tide ol the
ftraights ot : .i.ii, or Uocca dc Urjj^o, and New Anda-
lufia, in T II.. i'lrma. It is abcjut (ixty-iivo miles in
length, and fort/-five in breadth. 1 lie Toil li truitt'ul,
prodiicin; lugar, fine tobai.-eo, Indian coin, variety ot
frui:, anil lunit cotton trees. It was talcen by Sir Walter
Raleigh in iSOji and by the Ktuiieh in 1676, who plun-
dered the illand and extorted inuncy from ilic in!iabi-
tants.
About five degrees to the wcllward of Trini.lad is
Marj^aretta, which is fcaled near the northern coalt ot
New .\ndalulia, fro'ii which it ij I'eparated by a (Irai^hr
twenty-four miles broad. It Is fifteen leagues in length,
fix in breadth, and, as it is always verdant, ali'urds a
very agrccahic jirnliie^t. The ifland n very fertile, ii
abounding wiiii ,ialhiies, maize, and fruit; and has many
groves. A great number of l)oats were tormcrly employ-
ed here in fifhing fur jicarls ; but this filhery is mucii de-
clined, if not difcontiiuird.
There are feveral other fmall ifiands near the laft of
llttl; confcuncncc, at lead lo the Spaniards, whofcemto
have paid but Imall attention to the cultivation of the
larger and more valuable, and wc do not find any thing
relating to them worthy the obfervation of the reader.
Wc (hail therefore conclude this re£tinn,an I our account
of the Spani(h Weil India illands, with fome oblervations
on the conduft of the S|ianiards, with rcgird to their
icttlemcnt of them.
The Spaniards, by a leriti nf ihi- iroft inhuman and
impolitic barbarities, having cxtcrniiiiated the original in-
habitants of Cuba, HifpanioLi, and I'orto Rico, nave left
them comparatively fo many dcfarts, and deprived ihem-
felves of a thoufand advantaL^Cj they might have enjoyed
by an equitable trade with the natives. The com.-nerce
between the idjiids and the Spanilh continent is carried
on by the liarltvento fleet, confiding of fix fliips of good
force and burthen, who annuallv make the tour of Cuba,
Ilifp-niiola, Pirto Rico, and the coad of Terra Pirma,
not only to e.irrv un the commerce between them, but to
ilearthe Tea of pirates and illicit traders; and now and
then a regifler Oiip from Spain is bound to one or other
of them. I'ne .Spaniards have hitherto fecmed to ke'p
polleflion of them, rather to prevent any other nation
growing too powerful in thofe feas, than from the pro-
tit they cxpcdled to derive from them: for it is certain,
that (hould any other nations obtain the puflelfion of all
thefc ifiands, the trade of the American continent, and
perhaps the continent itfelf, would be entirelv at their
mercy. The Spaniards have, however, lately taken
fome rteps towards the better fettlemciit of Porto Riro ;
and are br(»inninp to open the American trade to fome
other towns in -Spain belides Cadir.. They have made a
diHetence in point of duty betwein their own manufac-
tures and thole of foreigners j and arc opening their oyei
to the true mierelt of their country.
" Hitherto, fays an injjenious author, the tide of wealth
'• that conltanlly flowed from America into Spain ran
" through that kingdom like a halty torrent, which, far
" (rem enriching the country, hurried away with it all
" the wealth it foiiiid in its pallage. No country in
" hurope has received fueh valf ireafurcs as Spain. In
" no couniry in Kiiropc is feen fo little money: for
" from the time that the Indies fell into the hands of
" Spam, the affairs of that monarchy have been conftant-
'' ly goin;.; backward. In Amerca their fettlements were
" tairied on conformably to that genius, and to thofe
" maxims which prevailed in their government in Eu-
" rope. No nieani of retaining their conquers but by
" cxiii paling the people ; no fchemcs for the advance-
" mem of trade; no attempts at the reformation of abuf-l,
*' which became venerable in proportion to the inil-
" chief's they had fulfcred by them : in government,
" tyranny ; in rejiijion, bigotry ; in trade, monoply.
" When the Sp.iiiiardj tciund, to their ambition, which
" was bouiidlels, tliut they had joined a treafure which
" was incxh.iuftible, ihcy imagined there was nothing
" too vail for them to compafs. They irmbraccd athou-
'« (and projedls at once ; many of ihein noble ones in
" theory; hut to be executed with different iultruments
" in dirt'erent p.irts of the world, and all at a vaft ex-
" pence of blood and treafure. The wars, which were
*' the refult of thefe fehemes, and the Iiidit?, which
" were to (upport them, were a continual drain, which
" carried oft' their people, and dcflroved all induftrjr in
" thole who remained. The treafure which flowed in
" every year from the New World, found them in debt
" to every pait of the Old ; for to the reft of their reve-
" nues they had forgot to add that, which is a great
" revenue itfelf, and the great fupport of all the otheri,
" occonomy. On the contrary, an ill order in their
" finances at home, and a devouring ufury abroad, fwal-
" lowed up all their treafure, whilft they multiplied the
" occafions for it. With the beft fc'icming heads in
" Europe, they were every where outrivalled ; with
" brave and well-difciplined troops, they were almoft
" always defeated ; with thegreateft treafures, they were
" in want ; and their armies were ill provided, and ill
" paid. Their friends cxiiauftcd them by trade ; their
" enemies by plunder. They faw new ftatcs atife out
*' of the fragments of their dominion!- ; and new mari-
" time powers ftart up from the wrecks of their navv.
" in flinrt, tticy provoked, troubled, and enriched all
" I'.urope ; and at hit dclillcd through mere want of
" (Irength. They were inailive, hut not quiet ; and
" they were enervated as much by their lazinel's, during
" this referve, as they had been weakened before by their
" ill-juJged activity. At prclent the politicks of Spain,
" with rcp.ird to America, loein to be to prcfervc South
" America, and particularly the navigation of the South
" Seas as much as polli-^le to themfelvcs; to deftroy
" etfecluallv the contraband trade, and to encourage the
'« export of their own manufatlurei "
he (hips in the liar-
I 11
CHAP.
I,;'*
( 7*8 ) U *. . '•
C II A P. IX. .. '
Of tlic SPANISH Dominions on the Continent of AMERICA; ;iiul fnft of
NEW MEXICO, CALirOKNIA, and MEXICO, or NEW S I'AIN.
y-k
!i '.'i'
W
s r c T. I.
Ofiht Sfanijh Dtminlmi on tijf Amtricai Ctnliitnl in gtnt-
ral : ihtir Situalii'i, Extent, Climalfi, tnd Prtiluer :
with /me Rtjitftuni en ihi Ctndufl tf tl't Sfianiiirili uiiih
rifpt^l f f'tpu/nlitn, and thi Mannir in whiih Spain te-
camt impovtrij/ml / v t/jf //> j« fitian tf CoU and Siturr.
E now come to the rontincnt of Spjriifh Ame-
rica, which is <)(■ an .im;i7,ing extent, it reaching
from the ihirty-fourlh ile^irec of north to the fifty third
ilcgree of fouih latituJe j extending from Cape ScbaiHan,
the moll northern point of Cjlifornia, to the Itrcights of
M.incllan, a fpace of between fix and fcven thoufand
miles, the whole coaft of which \% on one fide entirely
Spanifh J hut on the other i» Hrafil, and a comparatively
inconfiderahle French and Dutch (rtilcmeiit. A great
part indeed of this country is poill'dcd hy the natives, and
fonie places lie dclolate ; but Spain cl.iims the dominion
ot the whole : however, it mull bi; confttlld, that
only a very (mall part of it is really culuvatcd by the
Spaniards.
I'he climate in fo great an extent of country mud dif
(cr according to the latitude, and other circiimltanccj j
and thus the gener.il opinion, that the SpaniHi American
dominions are unhealthy, is, like many other general
propofitions, at the fame time both true and falfc. J"hofe
colonies within or near the tropics are in many places
exceeding hot, while others are rcinarkablv cool ; lome
"here the climate is exceeding hot arc both healthy and
picalant, while others have an almort peltilential air. Se-
veral of the provinces in New Spain ajid Peru are blelU-d
with almod every adv:ini.igc, and no country aH'urds
more delightful fpols than are to be found in New
Mexico in the north, liucnos Ayres in the fouih, and
fevcral other countries on both fiiles the Liiic in the tem-
perate zones. Where the lands have never been clear-
ed, where the foil is maifhyand fwampifli, where perio-
dical dcliities of rain pour down (loni the heavens, we
may ealily believe the climate mull be unhealthy, and
■dl thel'e meet in fomc of the Spanifli dominions in
America.
I'he foil differs no lefs than the climate : fome conn-
tri;s tonfiil of the moll beautiful lawns, paflures, fields,
and meadows, watered with fine Itreams, (haded with
proves, and variepated with hills and valleys ; while
• ■thers only prcfent to the eye dreary defarts, dreadful
locks, and mountains of a ftupendou*. height, vail torells,
and the moll tremendous fccnes of wild, rude, and un-
cultivated nature. Several of the Spanilh plantations
aie wonderfully rich and fruitful, ahouiidinp in corn, the
mod beautiful paflures, trees that afford fruit, (hade, and
ornament, odoriferous flirubs, medicinal plants, woods,
and roots, wi*h flowers delijihtful to the (cults ; in fliort,
almolt every thini; that nature or art produces, in aiiv
quarter ot the L'Uibc, mav here he found prowiiiL' fpon-
taiiLoully, or raif'd by I ihour, in its grcated pcrti iftion.
In the ho(nin ot the earth have been lound imnieiile trcj-
(urcs of gold and filver, and in Ihort, this extenlive ter-
ritory alii) produces emeralds, pearls, rich drugs, dyeim;
Woods, tobacco, ginger, coPce, cotton, and (weitme.iis :
and fur the convenience of navigation, it is furnilhed with
the nohlell rivers in the world.
If we take a view of the coiintrv with refpei^l to its in-
habit.ints, wc (hall fin I the realon why thtf.- colonies
have prov..-i! of litile fervice to S;iain. The impolitic ex-
pullion ot the Miors proved an irreparable blow to that
ntoiiatcliy.i jmA trie coloniiition tjf America increalcd
the evil. Yet ihmijli Spain wiis atmnft depopiitatrd bv
the conllant migrition of her p«-ople m the lontincnt of
America and the V'/ifl India iflimls, dill the number was
very in.ideijiiate to the pnrpole of r'-nderinp the planta-
tion populous and fliMirifliiiic, elprciallv as the cruelty of
the lirll coiKjurro'-s had alitioll extirpated the natural in-
habiiaiits. When Amirica was (ird rrdiired, ir wii
thought necf(l!irv toellablidi gr(at numbers n( ecrlida.
flics in the country, for the iiillruiilion of the natives |n
the Chridiun religion ; and ihefe have fmce multiplied t<>
fuch a degree, as lo li ive ihe mod pi-rnicioiis eflii'l upon
population. I'vC'V piovinre is fillrd with m'liadrriri,
nunneries, nnd perions condeinnid bv f'lpcrdilion to ccli-
bacv, and doomed by the tvianny ol tlie r lioreh to I"-
denied the gratification of the mod natural p'dlm. The
(pirit of avarice and oppredion which reigns air-rsoj ,i||
the officers ot the rro>vn, who are gi-nprally i h"fi'n out
ol families of ddlnu'tion oi broken (ortunes, fenfiblv al.
teds the date by prrjiidirin;.' th'- revenues, dlfronra 'in '
indiidry, an I exiiiiguilhing public fpirit. lint what is
ol dill more irp^rtaiice i*, iliat the findrels the Spa-
niards have (hew ii (or gold ,ird fihir, has been eijiMlly
prejuil cial t) the colonies, and to the mother country,
liiicc it has not only prevented tholl- commod ties iiiij
manufaiturcj wtiich in themfelvcs woiilJ prove more v.i.
luable than the riched mines of goM and lilve-, but has
ditfuled fuch narrow and fordid principles ttiKiiit'li the
minds of the people, as are vilibly pioductive ol the ninit
fatal efteas.
I'he judly celebtatcd bamn de ^tontef^]uiell, in hl»
admirable work, intitlcd, I'he Spirit (d Laws, after o' .
lerving that from the time in which the Spaniards dif n-
vered the gold and filver ol America, Spain has been in-
cellanily declining, adiN,
" Ciold and filver are either a fivlitiotie, or a repn-
" fentativc wealih. liie repielent itive figns ol wi-alt*!
" arc extremrly durable, and in ih-ir own iMt'ite but
" little (ubjeil to decay. Hut the more thev are iimiIii-
" plied, the mote thev lofe their value, becaull- the liwer
" are the things ihev iepr< lent.
" The Spaniards, atier the cnt] i»fl of M.'x!.-o an.)
" Peru, abandoned iKeir namril riclie!. in purluit ol a
" reprelent.itive walih, which duly degrided il(.|l
" (iild and (ilvei were extrenielv iVarce in Kumpe, and
" Spain becoming liidenly midrrls ol a prodnooiij
" ipiantilv ot tliid;- inctais, conceiv d hopes to wlii h
" die never belore alimrd. I he wealth found In the
" coiKiuered c.iuntries, jireat as it was, did not, how-
" ever, eipial thitof t'uir mines. Ihe Indians e ui-
" ceal-'d a part; and helides, thele pi-ople, who ma le ro
" other iil'c- (i| "'old and filver than to give nia^'inh 'ence
" to the teinpKs of iheir po l>, and to the p.da.-es o!
" their kings, (ought not for it with an avarice like ours.
" In (hoit, thev had not the I'ecrct ol drawinir the me-
" lals Irom every mint, but only from thofe in winch
" the feparation might be made hy fire.
" However, it was not long before the fpecie of K i
" rope was doubled ; this appeared from the price ut
*' commodities; which was every where doubled.
•' I he Spaniards raked oilo the mines, froop'-d O'!
" mountains, invented nuchuics tod>aw out w<ter, to
" break the ore, and feparaie it; and, as ihey Iporied
" with the lives o( the Indians, they (oiced thtui to Ji-
" hour without mercy. As the fgecie of Eiitj) e fonn
" doubled, the profit of Sj.ain dimimflied m the f.ime
" proportion ; and they had every year the fame qiian-
" tity of metal, which was become ly one hall lefs pre-
" cious.
" In
K.
The land i* biMutif illv iiuerfpcrfcj with rifiiig prouiids
ami Icrcilc plains covficd with Ifcis, Come ot wiiich aic
fit f;)r tiiiib?r, and oihcib produfc v.iriniij Icimls ot liiiir.
H^re nrc (Aii ti> bu toiimi gold and filvir, turcjii'iiCi",
cnitralds, mid oduT (iricimn Itonts. IKti,' arc A\ kiiul.
of wild and tanii; i»tik', d'iJL'cially cowb, witli a pn.dijji-
oils vaili-ty of (owl ; and tiio nviTs arc- aliuiid.nuly HokJ
with (he moll dcliciuus f.lh. In (hoit, it is affirmed to
be one of the picaf.intift, tichell. and nwdl plcmiiul
coiiiuries in America, or in any other part ol the wnild.
N>.w Mexico is divided by Ionic ;;cographers into iif-
tccn province'!, and bv maiiv of the Spanidi writers into
cishtecn, of which ilicy ;',ive w, the names.
Santa Fc, the capital, is a handfome well built town,
feattd near the fource ol the Rio del Korte, in the thirty-
fixth degree lorty minutes north latitude, and in the one
hundred and firft dciMce tittccn minutes wed lonyiiude
from London. It is reaularlv bni't, and is the fee of a
bifhop, fuft'ragan to that of Mexico, and the feat of the
governor of the country, who s-nioys his poll five years.
'I'nisijovrrnor is enioiiud to ma.nt.iin aconftani force of fix
hundred horfc, Iwliof which iiinnb;r, lays our author, is
104
V^ nidi dominionj on the continent of America, in-
ivards the Pacific ocean, received the name of New A\-
lion, from Sir Fr.mcis Drake, who took puliifiion of
't 111 the nunc of i]u?i-n Kli/.ibiih. It is alfo called bv
lonie writers. Id is Carabitjs. This province was for .1
I'W}, timecoiifidi-rcd as an il'and, hut is now found to bo
a priiiiifiil.i in the Pacific ocean, ifl'uing Ircin the north
loall of America, and exiendini'; from Cape Schaltiin, ni
(he forty-third dC!;rco thirty minutes north latitude, to
(hi- fi.iiih eaff, wiicre '. is terminated 'by St. l.iicar, in
th- twcnty-focond d^'irrtc thirty two minutes nonh lati
lude, the whole pcninfula being eight hundred miles in
Icnp.th.
It is divided from Mexico by .1 gulf, in wliich arc
mnnv iflanJs. Tiic pcninfula is very unnjiinl in breadth;
towards the north it is near two hundred miles wide,
I'li; at the foutlvrn extremity it taptis awav, and i.s
fc.irrely fifty miles over.
'Ihuiigh it lies for the moO part in the temperate eonc,
ihecoaft is very hot in dimmer, but the inland part is
more temperate. In win'er it is very cold, but healthv.
However, in fo (Xiecilive a country there mult Lie
l^,rcat vavi.\tiyns, but!i cf foil and tVrr:-.l'-- ; and Califor-
S Y iiiii
I
„..l-t '
,■ .'''j5 ' >'"h Imiiw.niirnU, '/Zr'.yl / i.V 14
Aii/ft/(/ II' /f('/H /,0*t./f$fi
cw^SVf"'"'""^ .
^-^' ^■" ^'<' V ^"- ■'^' ' ^- /' 4
/ .' 1 >>l,-f^ Kf,-^, /«a»]
1
^iid the molt ircmcndoui fccnes of wild, ru Ir, and iin-
ciilllvated n.iture. Sc\eral of the Spiniili pLintatiuns
.111: wondcrfiil'y rich and fruitful, aboundnp in corn, the
molt beautiful pnlhircs trees th.it artunl fnm, fliad.-, and
ornament, o.ton*' rous {liriib'i, niediciiul plants, woo'i^,
and roots, wi'h .lowers d-.'liahtfiil to the lerifis ; in flinrt,
ainioft cvrrv thin:; that nature or art pro.luccs, in any
quarter o( the cl'i'^e, "'av here be found prowini_> fpon-
taiRoully, or raifed by labour, in its ijreatcit pi-rtrtlinn.
In llu- bofoin o,' the earth have been lound iniiiieiilc Ina-
(urcs of gol I and filver, and 1.1 iliort, thi, cxtentive ter-
ritory alio produces emerald*, pearls, rich driiys, dveini;
woods, tobacco, pinijer, coPce, cotton, and ( *ei tnicits
and fur th'- cunvciiience (d navigation, 11 ib fuinilhtd with
the noblell rivers in the world.
If we take a view of the coun'rv with ref|)<\'l to its in-
h.lbit.ints, wo fliall fin I the realon Wiy thtl> colonies
have provei! of bttle fervice to S;)ain. !"he irprdilic ex-
pullioM ol the .M lors proved an irrrpardile blow to that
niuiiarchy!; oud tnc culoni^it.un of America incrcaicd
ever, npon ,.,...
real '<! a part', and belidis, thele people, who made no
other life ol "old and li'ver than to ^live niajinti encr
to the leinpl - of iheir pn)<, and to the nala:e> ol
tficir kind's, louL'ht not for it with an avarire like ourj.
in (lioit, ihcv had not the fecret ot dtawinj; the me-
taK trom every mine, but only from thofc in winch
the f-paratjon niiijht be made I'y hrc.
" However, it was not lonj; before the fpecic of Y. \
rope wai doubled ; this appean-d from the price ol
cocnmoilities; whuh was every where doubled.
" I he Spaniards raked into the mines, fi oop"d oit
mountains, invcnied niichmes to d^aw out witcr, to
break the ore, and feparaic it ; and, as they Ip'iri-d
with the lives ut the Indians, they to'crd thc^i: to Ji-
hour without mer,.y. As the fpetie of flur..(j'e foi n
doubled, the profit ol Spain dimlniflied iri tne fime
proportion \ and they had every yeai the fame quan-
tity of metal, whicn was become ly one hall Kfs pre-
cious.
" In
\
mM
M ,
I ; I
i: .
«nj the niolt ircmeiiJoiib fctiies of wiM, rule, aim iin-
ciiliivattd nature. Several of the Snaniih pi.intatinn'i
.lie woiidert'ii'y rich and fruittul, abouminp in corn, the
nioft hcautitui palhires, trees th.it afiuni tniit, (liadL-, and
iirnamcnt, odonf-'roiis fliriilis, medicinal pl.inH, w(iivi.<,,
and roots, wi'h flowers delii;hitul to the (tnl'es ; in (li'itt,
alnuiH evi'rv thin^ that nature or art produces, in aiiv
quarter ot tlie l'I'i^'C, tnav here be touiul prowini; Ipon-
taneoufly, or rail'd by j.ihtuir, in its f:reatell pc-rti ctmn.
Ill the bol'iin o! the earth have hern lound iniineiilc irra-
furcs of gol I and filver, and in (horf, this extrnlwe ter-
ritory alii) producci emeralds, pearls, rich driiL's, dyemi;
woods, tobacco, gini^er, coPee, cotron, and I vettnuMt.
and for the convenience of navigation, it is luinilhcd with
the notdtif rivers in the world.
It we take a view of the coiinirv with refpf.'l to its in-
hihitanis, uc (liall hn I the realon why thtf.- coj.inies
have proved ol btile fervirc to Spain. The i'rpolitic ex-
piillioii <it t^c .Miors proveil an irreparible blmv to th.it
nion»ttliy.i •insi t.le culonuit.on of A:nerici increuii.d
ever, i>|.in ,
real.'d a part; ami helidrs, thele people, who nia le vn
other life ol ''idd and li'vir thin to ^'ive ma jii'ti -encr
to the fmiil.s (it iheir irols, and to the p,ila,-es ol
tneir kind's, IniiL'ht not for it with an avari'-e lilceourt.
Indioit, ihcv had not the fecret ot diawiiiL- the me-
tals trom every mine, but onK from thole m winch
the f;-parat:on miuht be ni ide hy fire.
" However, it was not loiij; before the fpecic of I" i
rope VIMS doubled i this apprarfd from the price ol
commoitities; whuli was every where doiilded.
" I he Spaniatd'i taki il into the mines, tioop-Joit
mountains, invented niichmes lod'aw out w..ier, to
bre.ilc the ore, and leparaie it ; and, as tliey Ipori'd
with the lives ul the Indians, they loicrd then to li-
bour without mersy. As the fjiei le of Fiir^fClonn
doubled, the proftt ot Sjjaiii diiniiMflied iii tne ('.me
proportion ; a' .1 they had every yeat the fame quar-
tity of niiial, v. Inch WJ> Iccoine ly one hall I'fs fre-
ciuus.
" In
Nlw Mtxico.
A M K R I
A.
" In iloiibli' 'lif time th'.' fpcde dill iloubliil, jii I tiu'
•' priplit diniiiiiflicil aiiDtliir halt.
" li ilimin.lhcJ even nioic tlun one lialf: Itt ui (i.-c ;;i
«' wh.it maniRf.
" I'o L-xtr.itt the gold fioiii ihf ininc, in nlve it the
" rL'iiuifite prep;'.raii<)H«, ;'nJ l.i irii|)iir( it iiit'i Kuroj'c,
" mull he attenJeJ with (miio certain (X|)eiicf ; 1 will
" ruppiife this to be a* imc lo fixty-IV)iir. \Vh:ii the
" fpctic was onct ilouhlril, and i.nii(;qiK'ntly lH'c..inK'
" (ine hall le(s prti ions, iho PXpcnie was as two to lixiv
" lour. Thus the f/alh-ons, which hrmi;;ht to Spain
•• the fame i|uantily oi loKI. brough' a thiip «hieh v.W'
" really of 1. is value hy one hal', though the expinic-
• ' ;iiti-'iidini» it had bci'ii one half hiuhtr.
'• If we proceed ilouldiiig ;imi doiihl.ii;:, we fliall find
" in this proL'reflion, the caulc of the iinputeiicy of ilie
" wealth of Spain."
S K C T. II.
Of N I- \v M t .\ I c o.
//) Sit'itilion, t'xtiiily (.'limnti, l^tvers. Face nf Oe C.'.unlr^
iiuil Piodiici'. /i i lutjc JiiKUt f ill (i:reniment, uml
tf iti hiiluvi Ji:lkiliiliiiiti.
II K province of New Mcxi o will nf't admit '•'
^ ' ■ ' t, hi..
the lar
'"I"* II K province of New Mcxi o w
X our leiiii; very i \plic;l in our acrniint ol it, hi
ils fiiiiiidaiies arc by H'' means akett.iined, am
pi atelf put of it i\ l!dl in the handb of I lie n.ilivcs, wIm
h.ive the happineS lt;il to enjoy that invaluable bicniii.'
thiir liberty it is however f'appofed to extend bctwi n
the twenty-ii_'hih and thirtv-e'Lilith dej'ree of noiih l.ai
tude. On the iioith it ib boiin 'ed bv very hgh moiin
tain;, and a country uiteile unknown, and never pcr-
vadi'd bv Kuropcns. On the call it hai the fp.'.rious
country ot Loui'.iana ; <<n tlie will the C'.ililornian lake,
and trio river Colorado ; while on the fouth it is bounJid
bv me provinee i ( .Mixieo Prop.-.
A' It lies in til'' III dlt ot the temperate 7,"ne, it enjoys
a virv pleafiiif ilinian;. Vic fimiren, indeed, are Veiv
waini, and Hi'- win'ers pretly Ihirji; b\it then the loiiii' t
are luiinir liin.n;' nor unrealthv, nor ilu- 1 itter intenfilj
cold, or deiu^eil with Hoods ot tieavy rain, but the aii
is clear and latubiiiius. I huj eai h f afmi is wlia; is
very d. liraUlc, and i.Mrcnie'.y I'.^ree.illc to an iMirojeaii
conltitulion.
This rouiitrv is lit- •■'•.■ wafrcd vvith rivers and rivule;.",
thou^'h tew ol i!y fe .lie large or naHj;aMe. The Rio
h'cd.ido and the Rio del None alone deferve notice ; the
jail ll'jwin:; the wimlr length of the counirv, an.l tlien
niakini; .i (weep e.illw.ird, runs thiougn the province of
New l,uiii, and dilcluri'is iti'elf into me ^■\l of Mi \ic-o.
There-arc ado feveral (mailer livers that tall into the .Me-
xit an le.i, and lomc hays, ports, and cieeks, on that
coalt, which mii!ht cd'ilv be loiivei.td into exrtll.-i.i
harlioiiis, h.nd fie Spaniards any (liare of th.it dili.rciu.
and toitimeicial (pii: which aiiiniatcj the other mariliii;.
powets ot K.uiope.
The land it be.iutif dlv intcrlpcrfid with tifing groiiiiJs
and fertile plains, coveieil with Uees, tome ot which aie
tit f.ir timber, and oiheis produce varicnis kinds of Iriiir,
H.'.e arc fji I to be lound ;'o|d and filver, turqiioife-,
enieialdM, an I o.her preciou, (tones. Mere arc all kind,
of v\ild and tame cat'lc, cfpi'cia'Iy cows, vvith a prodigi-
ous- vaiiety (d (owl j and tiie rivers aie abuiid.mtly (toie.l
with the moH delicious fill. In (liort, it is affirmed lo
be (iiie of the picafantcft, liehell. aiv.l moll plcntitiil
f( iiiuries in America, or in any other pirt ot the world.
New .Mexico is divided by Ionic ;;tographers into lit-
leen provinces, and bv nianv of the Spanifli writers into
tighteen, of which iluy I'lve us the n.imes.
Santa I'e, the capital, is a handdim.- well built town,
fi'atul near the foune ol ihe Rio del Norte, in the thirty-
iixth dcrree tortv minutis north latitude, and in the one
hundrrd and firlfdeioie hticeii minutes welt In'- i'ude
from I.oiidoii. It I. rei^ularlv bni't, and is the L of a
biftiop, (utlraf^an to that of Mpxici', and tlie feat of the
govetnor ot the country, who vnioys his pod five years.
rniiL'overnoi is enjoined iDtna.nl.iiiiaconftant (otee of fix
bundled hort'e, iuif ul which i-.uni'j.r, (j)si.iur author, is
1C4
(ildom kept up, t!.>ir pay polnn, iiitn f'.c jr,v. rnoi'-i
po' kel, whii h .ilrne would make a confid-raWe (aliry,
no le('. thill fi-iir hundi.d an.l tifty pieec; ol ei^'hl beiii;;
allowed fur ilii' aiinii.il (upport of evuy ln'oi'i.
The native, an eafV, yencroiis, and p.ieiiie, y<l ev-
ir. Miely formidable on account of the dexteiiiy vvith
winch they h.indb.' their bows and arrows They are
better provided for tlieir di fen e than iMiy oilur iiihal. it-
ant; of the m w w. rid. When the Spiniar.!,^ lirlt en-
tered the country, lh''y r-"jiid the natives w(!l eloatlied,
Ifeir lands cuhivated, their villa -es neiit, an.l their towns
hiiilt of (biiie, in vvhuh they (hewed loin.' knowledi'C
in iirchitcYtiire not diawn tioin ihe lulcs of art, but thu
convenience di Ian I by nature. Their (locks of cattle
weic iiiimeioiis, and iluy ti emed to Ive in a nry com-
f.'.t d le ni.inner. W'c are iiiKI, that they weie lo (killul
ill (hootin;^, that at a ei nlideialde ((ill. nice, they would
di'.chargc an arrow fo true, as to (li..ke the I'r.iiii out of
a iipe ear of Imiian corn wiOiout brrakin", it. I'licy
wer ■ great lovris of mules flcfh, and upon .hat account
(ieqientlv feizid the mules r.t the S|aiii(h travellers,
leaiin; their ciiells of filver upon the road, hecaule tht-y
fet no V due up'ii that metal. They worfhippe.l the fui\
,ind moon, hut dif I'vered a c'reaier re.adinels to einbractf
'he iloitrines of C'li'lliaiii'y th.'i am othiro; the A.nc-
■ieaii lufions, expn dill'; no oner dillike to it, but a tear
that It would obI'L'e them to part witn their fried im,
'o wliicii ticy ,.re ixtrenielv attach d Their pi' .
vere iitll- more ill ,n th le.id ts ■ '. their .■Iinics, e ■■ ud
at the ple.iluf of thf p opi , for ti'i t v.''''.';n or val'iur.
Ihe Spjiidli wrifeis f.y, il.at New M-xico is iiiiia-
bite.l by a i;r 't 'an-tv of diti'erent nations, in iieiv un-
eonnceted with va h other i but the pr n ipal aie the
.\paches, the f vril tribes of whom .re (Ml iiijioftied hy
rh-ir towns and (itti mi nts. Th y a-e a h;a.e, warlike,
lefoiiiie people, food of liberty, and the ii.vctriate eiie-
ini'-s of nr iiiny and onpretlir n, of whi h the Spimardl
lia I I'll d experi; lu e to'.var.'s tile dofe of tlie Idl century,
whin ihey took arms -mil rivai^ed the country planted
hy the Sjiani.vils At leiiLjth they w.re ra her app-alcJ
than fiihdiied, ml ever fince have remained the allies,
but net tl'.p lubjeifls of Spui'i. This is .11 tfe account
we are able to pive of th'; prefent ftaie of New Mexico,
trnm authors that deli rve any crc.lit. Tlie Spaniards
have been very (paimr; in thiir acccuivs of this country,
W'lieh is piob.ibly owiji,; either to thiir in.lolence or cau-
tion. Ilowi V. r, they have proh.d ly but f.w towns hen-,
eii'l an inconlid rablc p.rt of the ccuiitry is cultivated,
> omp.Mcd With its txtcnt.
S E C T. III.
0/Califor ni a.
Ill !\ilii,itit>ih L.\U':t, Ciiir.iiti:, Fj;r ',f!l ,• C :r:l>\, I', •et.:li',:.
ii'i.t Aiti
II !lh an A..iwit of the Mai.ncn and Cu,
Liiii if tl;i Niilli;i:s.
C^ AI-irOR.MA, the mod north 'rn pr-.rt o! the Spa-
J nilh dominion., on the continent of .America, to-
wards the ['aeihc ocean, received the name of New Al-
lion, Irom Sir Kr.mcis D'.ike, who took pufiefiion of
't in the n.iine of queen l',li/..ibeih. It is alio called by
iipie V'liters, in IS Carabiias. This province was for a
loii^ timeconfidered as an illand, but is now found to be
a ,1-nliifiila in the Pacific ocean, ifliiing Ir. ni the north
1. oalt of .America, and cxtendini' from Cape Scbalti.in, in
the frly-third de.;rcc thirty minutes north latitude, lo
the ('.uth catt, wluie it is terminated'by St- I-uear, in
th" twenty- C'cond dfjree thirty two minutes nonh lati-
tude, the whole pcniiil'ula beiiiy: eiyht hiindrcd miles in
lcn"th-
It IS divided from Rlexico by a gulf, in wliieh are
many illands. Tbepcninfula is very uiuciual in breadth;
towards the north it is nt.'.r two hundred miles wide,
lilt at the foullvrn e.rtremity it lapeis awa\ , and is
fcarrely filly miles over,
Tlioujjh it lies for the mod part in the temperate r.one,
ihc c.iall is very hot in (imimcr, but ihe inlaiul part ii
more temperate. In winter it is very cold, but healthy.
llowfviT, in (o cxieidivc a couiuiy there miiif be
l^;rf:>t vaii.itioiis, b^i'i cf f,.i| ,ind cl rr.'.e; and Culiftr-
i* Y Ilia
*-t ' >,
I' m
m
• ^ '.1
I-
'IP
A SYSTEM OF G E O G R A P 11 V.
CAtlfORM/
;,i
■ ii
.^■] r
■h .
i!M
' . «
Ilia luis nut only funir ol the iiicll bf.iuiifiil lawns but
has many ot the moll iiihii('|iita(>li; dcK^rtj in tnc uiii
vcrli'. 'I'hi; l.ipuls to the wdiward <^t' tlie tinT CuloraJo
are liv^l .uul tnii;tul, iiUi'iipcil^-d witli lii-liL^'itlul ivcjoili,
cDol iLiVtlhii:.; !()rin!;s aniJ r;viilcli, aii.l the moli cn-
thaMtir.i: (lalturii aiiJ ir.cad(.ws. Upon the whole, though
Caliturnia, on u jjuicral view, appears raihtr rough,
rragL'V, and ii!"|'ri'niiiing, yit wc are al]'iircil, that with
One culture it luiii'llies every neceliary ot lilo.
Calilorriia innJiitts lari^c (juantitns ol timber lit for
/liip liuilJin^ 1 an. I amoni; the nirii'.-b is one called pita-
hay.i, which i» laiJ to be peculiar to Calitornia; its bran-
chti are lincly ilirieJ, and riCc vertically trum the item,
lo as to lorm a very beautiful top. The Ihiiib beais no
leaves, the fruit growing on the boughs, without fliaJe
tir Ciuer. It rtlembles a hoile cheliiut, but contains a
pulp, which has I'o'iic rcfemblancc to thit ot ,i ti^. In
lome it is wliite, in others yellow, and fornctimi.. red,
but always exquifriclv delicious, it being a rich Iwett,
tempered with a ^.raielul acid. This ptiiiinula liaj alio
moll of the (runs lo be lourui in other pans of America;
;iiid what ij pieltv extraoidiiiary, there is heir a Ipecits ot
man la, fiippoltd to fail with thj dew, and to become
iiifpiliaicd on the leaves of the trees. Father Pinoio
(ays, that without the whitcnefs of refined fugar, it has
all the iwecliiifs. liotanilK .ire now a_Tecd, that thi,
manna is a juice cxfudatiiig from the tree, though the na-
tives firmly believe that it drops down from heaven.
Ciliforuia hus likcwile all forts ofdomcliic animals
that are ccmimonly ufed in Spain ami Mexico, as horfes,
mule-, aties, oxen, (h'.op, hogs, goats ; and all other
quadrupeds imported, thrive and incrcafe in this country,
.■inioiig the native animals ia one called taye, which is
of the tizc of a young linl'cr, and greatly rclVmblcs it in
itsfliapci but the head is like that of a deer, and the
horns, which arc thick and curved, rei'cmbie tho;« ot
a ram. 'I'he hoof of tiiis animal is large, round, and
cloven ; the Ikih fpottcd, but the hair thinner, and the
tail fliarpcr than tiiat of a deer. The flefh is greatly
tlleenied.
Father Torijucmado dcfcribes an animal fomething
like a buffalo, of the fize of a llccr, and nearly of the
figure of a (lag . its hoofs are cloven, like thole of an
ox ; its neck is long; on its fi.rchead are horns, branched
like tliofc of a Hag, and its hair is a quarter of a vaid
lung. The tad is a yard in ieiigtii, and half a yard in
breadth.
With rcfpict to the feathered race, bcfides the birds
produced in other paits of America, there are faid to be
many peculiar to this country ; but wc have no dcCcnp-
tion of any of thefo, the natural hillorv of Cdliimnia
being )et in its infancy. It is ( nly rreaiionrJ, that the
coail IS plciuifuiiv liucked with peacocks, buftards, gecfe,
cranes, vultulej, gulls larger than geife, cormorants,
mews, qu.iils, nightingales, larks, linnet.', and moil of
tl.e bi'ds found in i.thLT p.irtoof the wuild.
!:i;vcls fwarni here, as in moll other warm countri'-s ;
!"Mt ihev are neither fo numerous nor fo troubletcme, I
Oil iiccouiu of the dryncfs of the foil and ciimate.
1 intlc are caught in ihe utmofl pitnty on the coaft, l
and the multiiude and variety of I'lih with which the |
»u!f of California and the I'-cific ocean are fupjiiied, is
almoll incredible. Salmiii, turbot, ba.bcl, fiiate, m.ic-
'<arrl, pilchard, ihi">rnb::tk, bonctos folci, and all the
red of the fiunv l.in i arc caught here with wry little
trouble, log th;r with pearl oyllers, fine eating oylhr.',
Uibllers, and a \ariity of other txeclKi.t fheil-hlh. On
the ccaft of tir; I'aciiic ocean is a fmal) fhell-tilli, which
IS perhapo th. mod beautiful in the world ; its lullie
fiirpafling that >A the tiiKil p;arl, and darting its ray
through a li.iiilpiieiit va;ni(li of an cleg..nt vivid blue.
California is inh.ibited by leveial Indian nations, who
are in general handfimie, ^.fiiteel, flron_', vigorous, and |
robull ; of a liealtliy couiiti. nance, but very fwarthy ; ,
but the paint with wliiih ibey daub themfelvts, and their
making holes in tfieir cars and iiolliiU, are great dil.id- ■
yant.iges to their appear, nee in the eyes of an European,
thougii dtein(d X great beauty in their own. f hey fay
that their ai.v Lltors vam; liom the north, which mi.Jit
be rcafun.ibly inreired Mom their fitualioii, Calilo.iiM
'j-inij liiirou.id'.d I . thv fe.ijiACcpt jii the iiuith, where •
cafe of a ruj>'uie with
lor
it joins the continent. Tl.ey particularly mention tl •
caiile of their coining thither, alUdging, that r. urui
from a ipiarrel at a banquet, at which the chiefs of a ,
tlir nations wire piefeiu. This wis followed by .i bloo«i.
batlle, when the defeated party fled to the fouili, to ci
tablifli kttlcments in a dillaiit count: i, v.lierc the
might at le.dl avoid kivitude and oppieliiur.. The/
aie ac(|u.iliited with no divillons or piJilcliions. On the
lirll airiv.d of the nulTionaries, thev weic divided int.-
tribes, wliich acknowledged no chief wlio had a richt to
tiibute, homage, or ixtcinal ceremonic. KvciyVaihc
was th;. prince of his o.vn faniilv, but the authority or
pirents over tluir children cealij as foon as they v/ttn
.ible to provide fi r thenilelves Vcr, in each tribe were
two or moie perlons who gave orders for gathcriii" ih-
produi'tions of the earth, iliri. Jed the hfherits, and in
ni.;jhl)ouring (Ian, hiadedthc
This itignity was i.. t acquired by blood, del-
cent, or fenioiily : he who V. .IS the mod brave, expert
and e.'npii nt, was promoted to the coinniand ; but hii
authority was limited by thufc who fubmiited to his di-
rections. This oc.aliMial leader coiuhicied them to
the lortfh and fea coalts, in quilt of food ; he fin: and
received mefl'igcs to and fro.ii the neighbouring nations-
he gave the e.irlielt notice ol any impending dancer; he
Ipiritcd up the rlan to reveiig;.- injuries ; he directed the
execution ; and he headed the pciple in their wars. In
a. I other particulars, every one was mailer of his own
liberty.
Their hoiifcs cnnfift of wrctcl-ed huls, built near the
few dreams, wells, or ponds, fmind in the country. A:
they ate under the nccclliiy of Irequcnt migralic-ns in-
uarch of food, they eahly lliilt their rclidcncc, it requir-
ing only the labour of a few hours to build a little habi-
tation httcd lor all thi ir purpules ; and it is ufual with
them, in tf.e feverity of winter, to live in fubtcrraneous
caverns.
V\'i!h rcfpiil to their drefs, it confiffs of a girdle
with a clutli round their waill^ and a fjw ornamcnti
about thiir hair, as (Irings of pearls, which abound on
the coall, and intrriveaving their locks with beautiful
leathers. Some "tar lilleis of neat net work. Ihcir
arms are likewifc frequently adurned witii ret- work, or
llrings of pearls, in the lorm of biacclets 'Che (nd.aii.
ol trie noith wear their hair 111'. it, and iiirti'ad of [trini;^
ol pearl, decorate the head with a fplendid kind of tiara,
made (jf mither of pi-.irl, deiathe.l fiom the Ihell bv a
flint, and finely polilhed on both liJcs. I'hough manv
of the women go .is n.ikcd as the men, Viit they Ihcv/
great rcgajd ;o t.'rat decency, fo ncceiTary tii the lecuriiv
ot virtue. Tl.iy generally, indeed, wear :\ kind <,f pet
licoat, made of palm-leaves ; and all ciuiully conceal
thole pans which deicnev teaches them to liido. A love
ol oinainent prevails among the women mot; than ttio
men.
Their grcatcll ingenuity appcr.rs in their fiiiiins-net-,
which are made wiiii admirable :k.!l, ul v.iiious loio-jrs
ai.d fuch diverliiy of n xtuie and vm rkmanlliip, ascannw
be defciibed. Fatlur Toravjil la\ . he can .itHrni, that cif
ail the nets he ever f i v in Kuroiie and Mexico, none at'j
conipanible to thefe, ..ither in tiie mixture of the colour,
or the llringth and wiirk.aianlhi;', in whuh ihev rfrc-
fent a great variety ot lijures, Tltc nets are u.«en by
the men, but the wemen fpin .'.nd prepare the materials
Irom plains, and a coarle lort ol thread made fr.,m the
palm. Some of them adorn the head .ind r'.ecit wit'i
th-. Ic nets ; they are likewife uli.l f r hold.nt; fruir, and
the vegct.iblc produiliuns ot the carthf as well .-.3 tor
catchin.' h(li.
They have a high l-fliva! at the gather. ng In of th-
fiuits of the earth, when they rtilgn tlienileives to lead-
iiig, darning, .iiid nirlh. U'liuie nights are thm fpcnt
in jollity ; they arc even (aid t.i act a kind t.f coinediei,
and to be very IkiituI in immickry. Their dances ate
parliciilarly extolled, and ate faid lo be of viri.'us kindi;
their peiturni.is acquit thcmlelve; with agilitv an.)
gracelulnel,, reprclei.nng the diit.rent motions v<i war,
tifhing, hunting, nuKjing, an.l whatever ii of moir
impurtaiue among i.'icm, by g. iiii ulation and dumb
fllew.
•
T'l;
C ALIfORMA
ticulaily ir.tntioii i(,r
iiigiii;', thai i; i.,01.
lich the c!iie(> nf a ,
lollowed b) a bloou-.
d to the foutli, toil
:ount:v, v.herc the.
d oppieliioi-.. Thi-v
piiilVllionj. On ihii
;>' Wfie divijcd int.
;(' ttli'j hid a right to
lomc. Evciy lather
but the authdritv or
a I'uoii as thiv vvcri-
t, ill each tr;be uci.-
crs tiir gathering ih-:
the tiOicrics, and in
tiiiC", tiaii, hvadcd the
[uitLil by blood, dcl-
e ninll brave, export,
c command ; but h 1
} fiibdiittcd to his di-
comliKitd thtm to
it" lodd ; he i\ nt an J
righbouring n.it!ons;
r.pmdin;; dancer; hr
rics j he liitccti-d the
le ill thi.'ir wars. In
s matter ut his own
hills, built near tbs
in the coiiiitrv. A^
qtient migratiens m
rclidciicc, It rc»|uir-
lo build a little habi-
and It IS ul'ual with
live in I'ubtcrrancous
confifis of .1 pirdic,
id a Uw ornament!
s, which abound on
locks with beaut. tu!
It iKt work. 'J'hur
d witii ret- work, or
:Jets 'I'hc (nd.ait,
inJ irlt'.'ad o!' Ilriniti
.lendij kind (,f t:aij,
fioni the fh-ll bv u
s. I'hou^h marv
icn, y>;t they flicv.-
i'ary to the lecurit-,-
/car a kind of pt(
M t.iittullv cfincea*.
II to bide. A loic
nun nur; than tn<-
;i their rfiiinc-r.et',
V.1110US loio'jrs,
kmaiiilitp, ascsnnoi
tan .ilfirin, that vi
^ .MEXICO, none at--
xture of the cclour,
V. hi.h ihcv reprc-
iit ti are uoieii by
rfj-aie the maceria's
ad made !r. m the
ead .Tr.d r.ecit Wit'i
1 I'.olding t'riiif, and
rthf. as well ;:j to.-
a;hci.ii'4 in of th'
tlitnileives to feaft-
^ht . air thin fpent
kiml of comedies,
Ihtir dances ate
he ot viriiiin k.nds;
with a!;iiitv an.!
t motions cf war,
/iKiievir i? of molt
ation and dumb
t
MlMCO.
A M E R I C A.
The Jel'iilts, wiiohave :;ikin inlefcriptiun (jf tliiscoun-
t:y, have intiuduced lo many ablurd and lidiculi lis cir-
ciiinltiiices, that it is, perhaps, iiiiponible to ilillMiijudh
tuilli ironi ticlion, in the account lliey ^ive of the leli-
tioii and culloins of thel'j people.
Alter all tiiat has been laid of this exlenfive countrv,
it can hardly, with any projiriety, be laid to be fubjcct
to S,)aiii. Tlic Jefuit mifli iiianes have indeed endeavour-
ed til propagate the Roinifh relijjion, and a niimbrr of
them have fettled 111 the country, but at preleiit a little
Spanilh town, ne.ir the Cape of St. l.uc.ir, is the only
pl.ice that can be ItncHy called fubjefl to Spain, and that
is made no otlier ule of than a. ,1 plate of relrefluneiit
lor the Miiiilla (hip, and its beiii^ the head rtfiJence of
the inilDuimne;.
S 1; C T. IV.
Of .Mi-.Mco, cr N K w Spain.
la Sitiitllion, KsltKt., Clhniili; Sa//, aiirl .Mint' ;/r, parti-
,u.'iii/y (Joitl mil Siivir ; its I't^etahUi, Ue.iJIs, Jhiil,,
liilalSy wiJ t'ljhi!.
MKXICC), or New Spain, the firll valuable acqiiifi-
lion of the Spaniards on ih ■ continent of America,
I \uiids Itoni the fevciuh de.^ree thirty mmutci to tne
t liitieth degree forty minutes : it is bounded on trie
I < it 1 call by the iilhiiuis of Daricn, ami on the north-
v.---lt by New Mixico; it is walhed by the giilph of
.M'.'xito and tlij Norm \\:i on tlr: call, and on the louth
(inJ welt by the I'ac ilij . •eaii, or South !e:i. 'I'nis coun-
try llietcm ■. alon:^ the I'aeifie ocean above two thouland
indes, and the co.al towanli the Ailanti-- ocean cannot
c\:cnd Ills than fiMeen hundad ; but the breadth is vi ry
unequal, for to the north well it is (uppoed to be be-
tw.-.i; fix an 1 (even hundred miles over, while towards
th; (outh-eall the biea.lth caniidt much exceed lixty
iii;!li.
Aithe ;.;rcatell part nf M.'xico lies within the Torrid
/me, the air is ixceilively hot ; but the heat is quali-
tii I with reliilhini', fliowmiii the hottelt months, and
wr.ii land and (ea breezes, which blow altcrnaiely ; in
Ij.iie parts thevapouis iifiii;; Irom a i^reat number of lakes
and riv. IS cool ihe air, uiul lender it mild, folt, and plea-
Uiit. ihe irreatelt heats are during; the months ol I'e-
bruary, March, and Ajiril, wiien ihe fun is ftldom ob-
liurtd by clouds, and t'l:- waters are fo dried up, that m
many places it i-. diltici.lt to procure any. The lainy
lealcHi br(.'liis tow 11 Is the clofc ot April, and continues
till the month of September, and is always preceded by
t.nipedi of thunder and lig'itninj, which increafe t'dtbc
month ot June, at whicli time the lains fall as il a fecoiid
ilelii.;e was t.i enluc.
On the eallcrn coj|}, where the land is low, niardiv,
iv.\ .c-n;{antly lloo.h-d in the rainy lealon, it is ex-
tier.cly unhealthy ; the coall is far Jio 11 bcini; pleafant, it
bill.; tor the molt part encumber /d with almolt inipene-
t.abie woods ot iTiaii;i0 trees, ot a bare and difanieeablc
aip.ct, atid which extend a confiderablc way into the
water. The inlan! country, inde ', allunuvs a more a-
j;r-.' -a'-le a<pci't, and iIk air is rr ,c tempviatc ; here the
ti ipical Iruits !;row in gicat jbundaiue; the land is a-
^■r.-.at!y variegated, 1', id uie foil r rcmely lertile. On
tn ■ wetlerii tide the land is "■ fo low as on the
cai'.ern, is i-.iuch b ttcr in o'la.ity, and abounds with
1 1 iiitations.
The Spaniard^ probably cho.e to leave the eaftern mail
in is pielent (late ol rudencis .md deldlation, judging
!'..i'. a tu^^sjed and unwholelone tiontier is a bitter defence
.:iintl an European army tiian lointieatioiih and armies,
that an niaintaine.: at a vail e.xpeiicc ; or the rtrcnj;th
ol ths inhabitants, leiulered by the climate clFemnU'e
.•.i:J pulill.inimou':, and kept fo by policy. Indeed it
would be next to in.p' (lible to make anv conliderahle
i.'ditililhment on that coalt, that could ctt'.itu.tlly aiifwcr
the purpofc'-. of any priwcr in Europe, witho,^ itru^jiling
witti the grcatcit ilitticultics ; and as (or a ludden inva-
!! '11, the nature of the ciuntry itfcif is a good foitilica-
tio'i. In i^cner.i! lew loimtiKs under the tame alpciil of
li: • bvavcni ciiioy more of iIk bviKlhs uf n.iuire, and the
73'
necellaries of life ; but, like all the tropic.l countries, il
is more abiuulaiu in fruit than in com.
in almotl all the accounts of Neu- .'^n.iii. we nre toM
that .nines of ^^old and (ilver aie (ound in mull of its pro
viiices. It i. la.d that iheie are no fewer than a thou-
land dift'eient mines o! tilvci, but gold only in the pro-
vinecof V'crjgna and Nv.w Ciranada ; ihi ughthe latter i-.
iiidetd in I ciia Kirmii, but 1, tonl'idcied as a province
ot iVIexieo, from its bcin;"; under the jurildi^.icn of the
(anie viceroy, (juld \, tound e.tlier in grains, at the bot-
tom of running llreani , or in mines. Acolla aflitiii«,
that he has leeii grains of pure gold that weight I
two pounds, thougii in general they feldoiii exceed a
twentieth part of ili .t vveii;ht. The gold in the mine,
runs in veins throtii;ha hard Ifone, and it requires a great
deal o( labour and CApence to leparatc it, elpecially as it
is generally incorporated wmi filver or copper. liolh the
mines of gold and diver are iilually found in barren rotk-,
mountains, and fuch places as arc entirely unfit lor pal -
tiire and tillai'e ; us if nature had wifelv old iin d that a
tertile toil, lit lor producin.; ever\ thing neeellaiy to the
life of man. Hi mid n.it be lenlcred ulnels bv f. ircliing
tor thofe nieiais, wh eh tVequ ntly tuin to its prejudice.
Some o! the nnnes are ol an extraord.nary deptn ; p.iiti-
cuiarly that of l^jcluica, whicn is above three hundred
)ards deep, and ab .ve a lh..uiand negroes ate continu-
ally employed Ml it. I'rom the minecalled the i'riiii-
daJa no lels than forty millions of pieces o! cignt wen:
drawn into the loval treafury, fite of all expeiices, in
the fpice of ten years.
VVnocver difcovers a mine of t;n'd or lilver is at liberi'.
to work it, puiii.', tlie kii;^, p.nd liniituig hn.ile f witiiiii
lixty yards round the place upon whuh he has fixed.
Beyond this Ipa e another pcrfoii may open a mine,
leaving live v.i !s betw en, to (erve for a partition. All
the gjid ,!nd lilvcr, either du^ or louild in grains, ought
tube eineied in the royal exeheqiicr ; and it is laid that,
though great quantities are conciale.l, no kfs than two
miUi'iiis ol lilvei miike, each wci.^l.ing eight ounces, art:
annually entered, out of which they coin leven l>undred
thouland mark, into piece > ot eight, half piece-, of eight,
quarter pieces, royals, and half royals ; the value ot the
latter bein^ about three-pence llerlni;;.
We cannot here forbear extraiHiug fonie oblervation-.
from .111 in;;enioti.- work we have often quoted, entiilcd.
An Account of the Kiiropean letilemmta in America.
" (Jl the plenty of gold i.iul lilver which the mines of
" .Mexico at'.'i.rd, r/eat things have been laid, and with
" jullice ; as this, with the other Spanilh colonies in
" .Vnicric.i, in a manner lurnilh the whole world with
" lilver, and bears a i>reat propoition in gold to the v( hole
" ot what the worl.l produces. A late very iudicious
" collee'tor ot voyages lay', that the revenues of .Mt\ico
" can hardiv (all fhort of iwenty-four millions ot our
" money, lie founds tins upon a return made bv the
" bilhops of then tenth-., which, without doubt, were
" not ovei -rated ; and that thrle amounted 10 one n.iU
" lion and a half (leiling ; that thtfe arc about a fourth
" of the revenue; of the clergy ; and jhat the cllatcs ot
" the cici'.^v are about ihc lourtli part of the whole re-
" venues of the king, which at thij rate amount ?o
" tweiuy-four millions Kngldh. lie takes another me
" thod ol computing the wealth ot this province, which
'• is by the tilth paid to the king of the gold and lilver
" dug out ol the mines. 1 his he obfervcs, in the year
" I 7 j2, a.iiounted to one million of niaiks in lilver, each
" mark equivalent to eight ounces j (o that if we coni-
" putc this filver at live fliillings per ounce, then the in-
•' habitants receive tioni their mines ten millions iit
" money. Kor my part, I neither dirtrull the caiidcr
" or good fenfe of this writer ; but ! tan hirdly avoid
" thinking he mull be mdintofmcd in the accounts up.n
" which he has- built his calculation. It New Spain
" draws from her lilver and grdd nuiies ten millions an-
" mially, I'eiu, even liiice the decline ot the mines of
" I'otoli, haii Icaite ever been thought let's ricn in lilvct
'* than Mexico, and niull therefore be rated at the lama
" pioport.on, and ii'lowcd to yield ten millions morean-
" iiiially. New Mexico abounds likcwilc in very rich
" lilver '.nines ; butthit we may not exceed, we will
>•' alloy,- for \hi: province but vno millions, which, allow
H
'ht
4
¥
I
,fli
■ ir
7i^
A iJ Y S T E M 1-
o i: O C; K A i' H 7.
M;
.v.i'o,
^ m-'
ki I
# i
7! ;
I
1^
«' ing fo.- (lie large proJucc of New Spjin, is ccriuiiily
«• not ahovc tin.- proportion. Clilli 1115, in.lcfil, mi in
«' cor.fiJcr.itilc ii.inr, oS lilvtr, but tlicii ilioic ot i>ol,l arc
«• by lar tnc u. lull in tin; world ; and t.ik.nj mc uoiii-
•' parjiivc WL.ilcli ot tills proviiicf witii tnc othcis, it
*• CJiinot be Ids than two niiliioiis, il we adit ti) it what
" is produced iii I'erra I'lriii.i ; 1) that thei;nld aiiilfilver
" railed in the Spinini <:oloiiii.s cannot be ellmiated at
" Icfs thnn twenty lour million:, yc.iily"
Mexico has alio (|u irne.iot ialpir, poipliyiVi -"iJ beau-
tiful marble J and here alio aie iuuiid peail:>, eiueialdi,
and turijijoilis.
No Country abounds more with grain, dilitious fruit,
roots, and vegetabUb ot every kind, many ot winch .ne
peculiar to the country, or at leall to .Anurica. The
woods on the tops and declivities ol n ountaiiis conlili
fillicrot tine torells or delit;htful groves of large trees of
1! Iides the bclN alie.idy mcniiined', whiji they b u,-
1.1 toiniiioii wit.'l U', they' have (eveial kiiiu'a o( iij„i.j
tallow deei, han.s, r.iLbifi, li|uitril;, loxi-, i tt-rs, wil,:
cits, po'e-iats, poicupmes, jack.dl-, uioiiki. ,, ili!,,^,,',.
lee, tiievia'iii, the guano, tlu- i;..tn, the armaJu'K, il",^
lacoon, and ounce. '
I'he picaiee is a lit'lr, hl.i, k, (hotr-Ie-'V-d .nninial
that has fonie telcnil'l.iiice to a ho >. '1 li'!le hvr.l lo-e-'
iher in great droves ; ;;i;d, what is uwtt. lemarkable, u.e
navel is laid to grow upon lis b«> k ; r.nd if it Iv n ;i
cut oirasliionas thcpecJHe iskilltd,!; nnlnntly C'..tui,;.j
the wiitde c.i'caf?, wnirh is otherwile very ■.•,■'■,4 .fiod. "'
I Ive waiioci'ilels ih.in tiie pe^an-e, v^h»cil^t nra'Iy "rc-
leniblcs, only its navel is in liu' ulual pl.i. e. i'lie 11,
il thuk, .111,! c iver.d wi:h h.;r,
liir. li.i.h liic pecarce an I w
that they will
ir, tn.a lo,.ks Uke a (o.it
iriee are |o wilj and j'leici
Hill
t.:
. . I '"•" 'i"7 will engju'e eiiinr ni.iu oi bealf. The li,di.iil
\aiiou.s kinds, unciicunibeied with brufli-wooj ; lo that : l.iint them iluvvii wah t.it..f di>-;s, and then lliootork."
a traveller may pal.^ throu.'.h iheni on hoilthack without ; t.ieni with I'jears.
unyinconvcnKnce. Among the p.inlt i iirious Ipecies of 1 I'lic g'.i.iiio i.^lupcd likj a li/.wd ; the ho,') is as ',>; -
wood> in this countiy arc the cedar, bluoJwood, iiiaho, ' as a man's liiz, butgiows tnpeiinr t., wards Oeend o Vm
ol whith the n,iti»is make ropi s and cibies, ligl t.vood, tail, which i> v>iy fniu)!. 'i'nty li..ve tour lliou (c t ,v,\
and other trees ; ol the fruit-trees and (hiubs are the taii-
bage, cacao, or chouilate nut, the veiiilla, plantain-i,
capadillo, avogato-pcarr, m^'iiniee, maiiiniee-lapota, the
piickly pear, hihhy, tamarind, and hn nil tree; the c.i-
iabafh, gourds of a prodigious fize, grapes, and many
others, i'o th fe m.iy be added the gienadillo dc China
creeping piant, and the niayliey, wliiih lurmlhes then
and
claws, aie of various colour-., .ij of a d.
blown, ol a J.nk and liulit gr.-t n, lome <if ti.eni yellow,
and otiieis Ipetkled. Til v ii;o in w. iter as wjil as ujii,n
the land, and iioili their {» ih and e ;^-. aie very gond J»ji,.'
The lloih is about li;e lizc.f a latgc (paiiTcl, h.,;, j
round bead, fniail eyes, iin.l \i.i\ Ih.irp iritn .,ii,l chuv-
l.e feeds on the leaves of titcs, -iiij fuquently ki;u
tivts with thread for linen and cordage, and alio with a ihcni, not lea»in • a hngle leaf on me tree he vili.'s; tut
balfam and liquor, which when fermented is as pleafant he is lo ni.m/ day, in getting do«n oi-.o iice an,)
and Ihong a, wine. ; climbing imoi.iet, that ih.iigli lie b,- fat wln'n he c mitj
J'lecb .ire all il.c vcar in leaf, bl.ilTom, or fruit; and (lo.vn, he grows Kan btl'oie b^- laii git to the to , ot
every month pn fents the mingled ajip-arance of fpting, the ne.xi iiee. lie teciivcs his n.i i.e li.iin the flown...
fummcr, and autumn. I oi Ins motions, f,)r he is faid to I e leveial it.iiiutL', m
iitfides maize, or Indian coin, the native gr.iin of, moving one of his K^s three inches, ni^r will bloa i
Mexico, the S^ianLirds have cultivated wheat, bailey, make him ivu nd his pace, fir he fccnis inlinriblo of
peas, beans, and other coii>, which, with roots and ve- lliipes, and can midier be fiiL'l.tened nor provcio.d.
etablcs, are now lound growing ui ivciy province. I Hue i' .oi ..uin.al calitJ a qu :li, winch is b:j:-vr than
ICC glows abundantly, and (kiuriihcs, on aeccnint ot the
long wet fejfoiis.
Among the valuable commodities of New Spain are
the lollowirg drugs ; copal, amme, tacamahara, caianiia,
liquid amber, oil of amKr, balfani of I'erii, which is
found in Mexico, as well as in that countiy Ironi wiiii li
it take] its name, i^uvaiacum, trie to'il nieciioa. an.
ac.vt; its head relemli.s that of a to.\, wi'.ii (hurt ea.,,
and a Icnj; iicfe ; the l^i^s ate fiiort, and it tuns u>
trees like a cat; tlie body is toveied wiiii a line yello.v-
hair, and the ii.lli IS viiy gi id meat. Tile yoiiiw on.s
iiiav be tar.i'.d, an I are as u.veiliii;; as» monkey.
1 he nil i'.!ie;,5 of Ca.npeachy aie very u_'ly ; they arr-
much laig:r than a li.ue, uiiJ ii.;\. ir.ils t^eo feet and .i
uppir part o.' th.- tail
China ro(it, and farlaparilla J all which are known in the haJ! long ; the body ai
Ih'ips ol our apothecaries, and are ol gieat ulc in a v.iinty , veied wnli a loatfe, K.ng, blacl: hair. I'.-.ey kec-> to-
nfciilkmpcrs. The other ccinniodities ot New i:.p.i'n gether twei.iv or llinly in a coir.p.iny, r.i,:;- itr- oier tr, ■
arc cotton, fiigur, cotbmeal, chocolate, leather:-, hmuy, vvooiii., leaping fiom tree to tier, and if tl',ev meet v. i;ii
balfam.', dying woods, fait, tallow, hides, tt,ibai.io, ' a fingh- perl, n, he is in dang-.-r of beii"; torn to "iejcs
ginger, amber pails, precious Hones, gold, and lilvtr. ; by l.^.^ni ; a: k.ll they chattel and m.ike a titrdile nuilc ,
A coiilidtrabie quantity of lugar is railed in this lomc thiow th ngs at him, while oth.t. Uatter their wa-f:
country, (il that there arc more fug. r. mills than in and duiiu" ab-.iut his iar>: ihty hang theniielvc! by t k-
aiiy p,;rt of Spanifli America; but .ill the fugar is , *•"' on t:ie I otighs, and icim to tlii.-aien him all il-,c way
ulcd in the country, and particularly in the monaMerie,?, in • he paircs , but wile r i\vl> or tluec j^e )j-,lc a;e toi'ciher ihi ,■
<ho..ola?c, fwcctmeatsptefcrvcs, and conlecfioiMiy wans. ' ulu.iily fcannjei aw,iy.
There is alio a :;ieat homt-tiade in goo.is manulicluted ' ^^ ith ri|pe;l to the iVaihered r.-.c;, \vc ft.-iJ in .M .'tii.-*
of cotton. I'hcy have the belt indigo in the world, and I t.:me poultry, tuiku-s, p:g'ons, p-iir..ts, pa:.;k.e;-, iiij.
the trade in tf.T and ciKhintal is managed entirely hv I caws, quams, cuiaioes, coikri.oes, iiili-birds, hum. nin • -
the merchants of Mixico and Carthagena, who export I biida, blaik-bir.Js, eagles, vuliure-, p lican.i, cor.iioranisj
ihcm to Kurope. In the prov.nce ol tiuaxaia and baits, and a multitude o| uthe;~
1 lie niaciw is (hij el much like
ope.
Guatimai.i they rail'e the belt and gteatelf ([uantity of Iii
ot any country in New S(,ain ; but it is here only pre-
pared for the needle. Cotton here is vei^ 'i'J<^y M\<\ in
great plenty : it is manula.;tuicd l.iri;ely, lor as it is light
«vear, luitable to the climati, and ail other dotiiint^ he
ing extravag.intlv dear, it is generally worn by the cuiii-
mon people ; ti'c woollens .md linens of Kurnpc bci.i-;
rather luxuries woin onlf by perlims of lome r.uik.
The number <.f their horned cattle is in a manner in-
finite ; many of them lun wild, and a very confiderabie
trade is carried on in their hide» and tallow. Shtep aie
Humerous in Mexico, but it does not appear that wool is • Ihcy aic ulcd to tlieir luiules, Inll'.r them to
an article ot any tonhdeiatioii in their trade; atid it is
not probable that it is ot a good kind, as it is iLaicecver
found ulclul between the tropics, where it is coarfe, llioit,
and hairy, excipt only in I'erii, whnh cnioys a < Inn. He
dirf'tieiit from that (t all other countiic. bwinc arc
equally iiunieioiis, and their laid is much in requeft all
tivtr the tciuiitiy, whctc ;t .i ulcd ililtead i f bultei.
a p.Trrnt, tut is twic;
as large ; in- f. allur, of th..- hi.l-,' arj of levc;,i| biii'ht:
and lively lo'oiir-, p.irtitula.ly i:J, hlui', and go-en: ic
has a budiy tail, with two o; thric long (iraggliiig tea-
lher>, ud or blue; the pinio.is of th-' wings ol I'/mc of
iheiii aie rid, a'jd of otiiiis blue ; and thei; beaks yellow
they i>iakf! a j^rtat noil'e in the nvir.-iin;;, relrmbiiiig; h
hoarlo human voice ; they will imitate not only thi:
voices of the Ineiaiis, but thiir wiv ul lin ing, and ^\ »
mimic the ncife of »:mull any liiJ or aninial ; an! may
be taught to talx. 'I he natives time them, and, when
(ly to :h?
woods in the davtiiiie, among ilim • that aie wild, and
thiy return in iheevciin^ tollio i.oufcor pl.intation th:-v
beK.ng to. There aie gieat jilentv of thelc !>::.!» i.;
Mexico; and they ate II. t only CMticimiy bcai^iful and
eiitttlaiinng, but Ih-t .n.lli, 'th. y'l "..l;..:.d piwily
t< ugh, is wilJ tailed.
M .v:;-a
iiicJ, whuh thrv !; u,-
n-i.ll kiiiJs oi kJ «i.1
, loxf, I tt-rs, « li,;
-, iiiuiikiw, iIk |ic>,i-
in, cliv ariiiaJiiiv. , ilu
llidit-IcL'gcil animal,
■. 'rii'.lf hvr.l logi;-
iiuifl iiMiurk.ibii-, i|,e
ik ; r.uil if it l-L- n It
rd, i. mitnmlv ciiruj.i'i
« no vtTv lV'-mI fi oJ.
If, wiitiii It nra'ly r.>
Ikul pl.l'.C. I'lli; Ikiii
i.it louics Uke i> (oatij
aic I'll wilJ aiKi i'u'ut,
I lic-j|t. 'I'r.r li.Ji.i 1,
aiiJ llicii (lioot ur kul
>1 ; (Vf lin.'y is :ii ;.,;,,
tow.uu-, c iml 1)1 III
H four l!ii)ii ti" t vv.'.,i
ol .1 il.'ik aiul 11 J, .t
lorne dl tru-ni yelluu ,
w.itcr js '.v'.'il <is ujii.ii
;^',. a;c Vfrv rooJiuj,,!,
.1 l.iU'C liLiii.!.!, Ii..» u
.'h.;r,) tc-iin ..nil il.uv~ ■
, inJ tu<iiit-n(ly ki.j
itiv: tree lie \ili.$ i tut
.;,i»li tif.c Iter, an.)
■ li.- r.it wlien he ttiiiitj
I a:i ^1 1 ti) il)>; lo^i ui
I i.c ti.iin the fluwti. i>
le levL'ut (t.iiiiit.'i lii
kI'.cs, iic.r wiil bluA i
lie lecir.i in!ln!:blo ut'
:ii'J nor prm'i,i:'.(!.
1, wiiieii is b'j.j;' r than
1 ItlX, W.'il (hoit CJ,:,
fn^rt, iHi.l it luiis u,>
eJ wiiii a '.iiic yi.'lmv
eat. The younjj uir.i
1^; Us S Miiiiikey.
le very u 'ly ; ilicy .ir"
c Ir.ilo t'io kit an 1 .i
lart o.' tiK- tiiil arc m-
Ijjjf. I'r.ey keep to,
.-.iiv, r.i::'.'- ling oier ti; •
;»:i.l i! tl'.cy nieet v, i:ii
if luiii;:; kirii to jiie t>
I III, ike a Ii irilile iioile ,
ih. I. I..a;ter their w.Tf :
.iiifi themlc'ves by t ii.-
ir.Mlcil hiiii a!l il-.i; wiv
-t jj-.lc a;e toj^ciher iln /
-.c?, \vc fr.nJ in .M xkn
iiir,.t"i, pj;.;k.e:-, uu-
,, bili-biiJs, hiim.iiin ;■
:, p lica:i>, cor.r.ijraius,
' a p.Trrn!, tut 1> t'.v!i,;
•J ara of lcvc:.il b::.;;;c
.1, blue, .iiid ;j;!<Mi ; i:
It Ion;.: l.rai.'t',i:ng lea-
: tlv- uin^s 111 I'l'inr of
and ihfi; iv.Ml;-; yellnw
IV 11.1:11:!, relrnilvii'g »
inmate not oiilv ihi:
.'.IV li! Iil^'ln(^, all J •.! i>
J cr anini.ii ; aivt ni.iy
inio tbciii, diiil, when
iilf.r them to lly tci :h.>
hni ' that a!..' wiM, siiil
i.i'ud: or pl.iii'atmit 'Juv
iliv <-l the'.c ti::.!j i ;
rxtiemtly bcji 'iful 3r..i
I • '1 ' ' ..'«• ..i.vl 3i:;ty
Mlxico.
AMERICA.
731
'I'hc qtiam is a wi'J l.n.lfiiwl of the (i/.e of a hcn-
tiiikey, whicli it refeiiihle'i in it.s bill j tlie leathers arc (t
a dun colour, the lall is lluirt, and darker tli.in the rell ol
t! e I'eaihcis. It feeds iipun berries and other Iruit, and
t.it fl.fli is very good looj.
J'lie curaloL is larger than
the
the lan;e (ha
iju
but
the coek has aeroun of bl.iek or yellow
te.r.heis 0:1 his hca..'
it!i rwd luolc fl-ih on his neck
l;l;c a turkry-tock ; but the ften has neither. I'hey h.iv
a big grofs voice, whicli the natives think nieludiou;
fit!
1 IS tole.'.ib
■y ^'^
but the bones I'o nuxii
S E C T. V.
Of the three Audii-tuis of M^xUo, with iL-h.ittVcr is moj} re-
ntiirktil/le in each, i>i(/:uli»^ a Drfcripiion of the Cilus and
'Irar/e r.f Afixico, Ampuho, Loi Angeloi, La Itra Cruz,
and Giiiitima/ii.
N order to give .1 more difliiifl idea of this cxienfivc
country, it will be ncrediiry 10 dtfcribc it under its
ihrce grand divifions, called a "
Me ■ •■ -----
I
exico I'lcner, and G
uaiimal.i, a
of which ate
tb-.t the natives bury thun, and will not fuficr a do^ to
c.t ilu-ni.
The cockricocs are of the colour of a paitridgc, but
fiimewh.it Id's, and their legs longer. I'hcy lielight
i;i creeks anil watery pl.ices ; are rcinarkable fi.r their
calling one another iiiorniiigaiid livenin;/, and ure elleeni-
cd delicious fi od.
They have two forts of pheafants ; the one of a dark
coluur, with bla.k wings and tail, which they call gri-
tones ; and the ether, much larger, called royal, Irom a
tuit which appears like a crown upon its head. The
batts of this country are as large as pigeons.
In all hot count! ics there are abundance of poil'onous
and troublefonic reptiles and infects, as fnakes, Ico.-pions,
ccntipccs, fpidcrs, toaJ.s ants, and mulkettoes.
Among the vaiious kind.'-- of feipcnts is a yellow I'li.ike,
as big as the Imall of a m.nn's kg, and fix or (even ket
long. 1 his is a hzy animal, lh.it takes little pains to
hunt for its prey, but lies concealed, and furprizes tlie
li^aids, guanoes, and other finall animals pafliiig by.
There is alio a green I'nakc, about thethieknels ot a fmall
care, and four or five feet in length : ihel'e lie among
bulhis and trees, full of leaves, and prey chieHy on fmali
biiils. Here is alio a dun-coloured I'nakc about two I.CL
long, that fictjuents hoiifes, and kills mice and other
veimiii, and is fo haimlels that no body endeavours to
kill it. There are many other fnakes, fliid particularly
the rattle- fnake, of whicli v,c have already given a very
particular account.
']"he lueull is an infeifl that brings dcftrudiion wherc-
ever it comes, and is moll found in hot countries, where
they ioiiutimcs apjicir in Inch clouds as to hide the luii,
and daiken the bri-'htelt day. They are nuuh like the
piafshopper, but hirgcr, and have wings. While Mr.
tjage was in Mexico, a cloud olthele intccls vifited that
p.irt of the country where he rehded, lighting upon the
trees and Handing corn; and in one night devoured '>oth
the Iruit and leaves of the trees, and cuiilumed the com
in every ticld where tluy fell. The high-way.s were co-
vered with thim, and neither the pUnlaiions of fugar or
indigo efeaped. Upon the approach of this winjjed army,
all people were commanded out into the fields with
tiiiiiipets, bral's pans, kettles, anil every thing that would
irake a noii'e, to frighten iliem away.
On the coads and the banks of the rivers arc caught
.iliigators, feveral forts of tuitle, with oyllersan.l inuKles
ol a prodigious fi/.e, lob(leis,ciabs, and lliiimp'.. Among
the other hill are the puacoad, which is al'out three feet
and a half in leii;;th, and it is laid will attack a man in
the water. It is a fiim well tafttd fi(h, but l-mu ol them
have been found iiiuvholefonie fond.
The gar-filli iclenililes the former, but Is Icfs, and lias
a long (h.irp hone in its liiout, like a Iword-filh ; only
the fword-fifll's boiii: is llat, and indented like a faw,
while that rif the gar-li(h relcmbles a fpear, it being round,
Iniooth, fliarp at the end, and about a toot long. Thele
filh fwnn very Iwi.t, frequcnily leaping out of the wati r,
and Ikiinminj', as it were, jult abote the fuilace, kir
twenty or ihiity yards ; then wetting their fins, fpriiiL'
forward again, darting themlelves with Inch loree, that
they will llrike their long fpear thioiigli the fuljs of a
canoe, or tlie bniy ol a man, if they meet with him in
the water. Thele are tttecmtd well tailed, wholefome
fcod.
Mullets and fnooks are very plentiful ; as are alfb
Spaiiifli mackerel, which refenible ihofe of Kurope, but
are abi.vc a yard in length, an I nine or ten inches round.
Utic are alio the old-wife, the i avally, the turpom, and
feveral other kinds of lilli. In the lakes and livcrs are pike
and carp, with plenty uf others that arc exctlleiit fuoJ.
105
.ijara
mule
the government of the fame viceroy, and are fub.iividej
into fever.il provinces.
Guadabjara, alio called Galicia, is bounded on the
1101th by New Mexico, on the call and fouth bv the au-
dience of .Mexico, and on the well it is wafhe.l by the
.South fea and thegulpli of Cilil'mnia ; cnntai.iing a Ijiaci;
o; eight hundred miles in Icngih, and above five hundred
ill breadth. It is divided into (ev.-n provinc"s, and beinir
the nioft temperate divifion of the empire, is generally
pleafant an.l hcjlihy. Thele provinces are Guadalajara
l^roper, Zacatccas, New Bilcay, Cinaloa, Culiacan,
Ch.imetlan, and Xalifco.
The Capital, called Guadalajara, is the fe.it of the
royal couits of judicature, a bilhop's fee, and is pleal'intly
leated on the north banks of the river Bareinja. It has
feveral churches, befidcs the cathedral, with fome mo-
nafteries and nunneries. This audience is celebraf d for
the richiiel's of tlic lilver mines and its fertility, in each
of the provinces are feveral towns, and that of Cinaloa
is rendered cxlremely piclurefciue, by a number of beau-
tiful calcades falling in (treanis down the mountains. lit
this audience is the lak'; of Chap.ila, which is laid to be
forty leagues in compafs.
The audi.nce of Mexico ]-, beyond comparifon the
moll valuah' ; of the Spanifli doniini'ins 1101 th of the
eciuator. On the call it is bounded by the gulph of
Nicxico, on the foiuli -call by t!ie audience of Guatimala,
on the fouth-weli by l!ie South lea, and on the north-
wcfl by the audience of Guadalajara. It extends about
fix hundred miles in length, and in fome places near as
much in breadth ; yet it is only about fixly leagues in
breadth lioni fen to fea acrofs the pioviiice of (juaxaca. t
'i'iiis audience, in rich coni'iiodities, gold, filvcr, and
precious Hones, lar lurpalles all the rert of the empire,
as it likewile does in its fpacious extenfivc Vulliis, the
fi;rtility of its a:abl; lands, pallurage, and variety of fruits.
The great lakes, livcr., and fea-pcrts, vvith which it a-
bounds, not only furnilh the inhabitants with pKiity of
excellent fill), but give them gn .. advantages in trade,
both loicign and domeflic. It is divided into nine pro-
vinces, namely, Mexico Proper, Mcclioacan, Paiuici,
riafcala, Gua.\..ca, Tabalc >, Ju^atan, Chiapa, and
Socmufi 1.
'I'he province of Mexico I'roper, whi^h greatly cxccedl
the tell, contains the capital, which 's of the fame name,
and is leated in the lake of M.xico, 011 the ealt fide of a ,
valley, at the foot of a range of hills, in the twentieth U/'-.''^.
degree north latitude, and the hundred and fiift degree //f.'/iT'.
ten minutes wed longitude, about a hundred and fevcnty
niiles well of the gnlph of .M-xieo, and a hundred ami
ninety north of Acapulco. This is the capital of the
kingdom, the refiJcnce of the viceroy, the feat of the
fiill audience or chaiiil er of jiidiee, and the fee of an
archbifllop. T bis is thought to be the moll regular-built
city in the world, it is a peilect fipiaie, each fide ex-
tending half a league, and cou'eqwentl; the whole is a-
bout two leagues, or fix miles in circuni'-rciice. Theic
is a great fipiare in the middle of ir, from whence the
llteets run in direct lines, either north and fouth, or
ead and well, croiling each other at right angles; fo
that the length and breadth of the cit/ may be diltcrned
at the corner of every (Ireet. There are five entrances
into it, but it has neither gates, walls, nor artiliery.
The houfcs are built veiy droiig of biick and done, but
not very high, on acco.int of its being fub'icc'l to caith-
cpiakcs, and great pait of the town danding iiprn a
moriifs, this occafions the louiidationt of f.ime ol them
to fink ; but what is 1*111 worle, it is fubjeil to iiiuiid,.i-
tions liom the dreams which (low dn.vii from the moun-
tains into the lake, lo (bat it ii oft. 11 in dancer ot being
8 Z li-erP.jweJ,
I- li:
i.fi'ill
II N
S-t'
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7H
A ci Y S r E M O
GEOGRAPHY.
M
B;'i
'j. I
oviil'xvf I, mi iii'Ifc.l nvmv of ihff h'Mir^'? am! iiihahi-
iJiits luvc li'C'ii aitii.illy I'wrpt .uvjy liy llnnjs, though
they hjvr Hicii at 4 v.vit exptncc in m.iit 11115 c.liuli,
JyiCfs, an.l n Mccs tn cirrv "It the water ; I'o that it lias
often birii ilrh.ifcil, wticthir tht-y fliouM not ahaiulon
tile riti, nil. I linikl another ii|>('n better proiinJ. All
III'; biiiiiiir-.rj .irc cirnvcnifiit, and the p'ibllc c-.litices ni i;;-
rirufiit. lit'rc arc twenty- iiiii; iMlteJrali a'ul chunlv.-s,
mill twpi'ty-lwo O'c^n^iflfrie^i an I nunneiic-, of the wcAJth
of whith we may fotni foiii;.- jii.l^meiit from tlic tcveniie
of the IT 111.1 cailviltal, whiiti amounts to near eighty
thoufin.l |inii.ii|s il'Tliii;; a yeir, out of which the aicli-
bilhi'p h 1^ lifntn tlimifimi pmiiuis, befiJes vail (uirs that
aiifc bv ["Tii'iilites. The cathedral is a niau'iiiticetit
pile, buili in the foriTi of a crofs, whiih, with the cloy-
ft'Ts am) J.vellinj;? of the cltrj-.y .u'j'miin^ to it, take up
n larije (pare of ground in the c:ty, and was fixty years
in biiililiiij, at the cxpcncc of above two millions uf
piercs of tioht. The paintings ijilding, an! carviirjjarc
extremely tiiR-, and it cnnt.iins abiin.ian'.c of beautiful
alt.irs an 1 chap^is on each li.i • ; the high altar, whi;.h
iKinds in the middL- of the choir, co!t titty thoufaiid
pietis of (i-ht. The im.ijc of the Virgii: Mary is of
m.iHV filvrr, adorned v/ilh iiiSiesanI pearls to thevalue
of thirty thcuifand pieces ol ti>,bt,aiid is once a year car-
ried in procidrion, wh-n a iiu'iber of mauts ilraw lots
for ihne hundre>' pieces of eight for their marri"L,'e por-
tions. 'I"he chalice for the ordinary fervice is worth
eleven thoiifiiid, being of c'ld, chafet^, and fet with
rubies. J'he boll is here citrieJ to the fick perfons not
on foot, as in other countries, but in a coach drawn by
four of the (incll mules that can be had from F^urope.
The uicat fi^uare, or market, in the middle of the
city is extremely magnificent, and has piazzas on one
C\iic, under which are fonic of the richcll (hops in the
woild ; and on another (lands the magnificent palace of
the viccrov, the principal front of which laces the fquarc,
and is not infctinr to the palace at Naples.
The pnl.ice of the maniuis dc V'allc, as it is called, is
one of the nnhlcll pieces of architCLiure any where to he
met with. It is built on the verv fpot where formerly
ilood t''- palace <if ,N'oie/,iinia, and takes up neaily the
(.line fj>icr,
BeT ' ih-: churclv-s .ind monafteries thTe are feveral
hcfpitils li'Jily rnd.'.'wed ; amon^ the rell is one (or
M-iins nn- ' whri.-iir. left orphans j thefe are liandforr-ly
niaint.iiiK.. vvhile they live fin:;le, and are allowed five
Inindieti pieces of ciybt when they n'arry. There is
aiioilut hnfpi'al erected for ibofe who have venereal rom-
pl.Tiits, wlrrh h:'s a revepuc of thirtv-Hx thoufand pieces
(iriT.'.nt per ni.nuiii ; and a third for li.K priells.
'I hef-vcral trades h.ive th'.ir refpciiUve llrcets : a very
fp.iri ins one tha' runs 'rom the (quare belongs to the
j'oldfmith', and has the (hops furmlhed with furh a va-
ti' tv of II cndls aiiH orn iments of gold, filver, and jev\'els,
as is not to he parall'-Ie I In any city it the wor!tl, ( ar-
ficiilarlv wiih s;'t plate in fervires and fets, and with vaft
r.nr, titles ti rubies, rmeralds, and pearls, 'fhr !l;eet
o' St. Aiillin, where the meters cvpofe th-ir rich filks
to fale, has a very grand and beautiful appearance. I he
iheet called Tacubii, where the tradefnien ,\ ho deal in
brafs, (leil, atid iron r'-f^de, i> vry lon<; and fpacious.
l)Ut Eagle- firee', which is inhabited by the nobility,
neture, and gnat lawveis, is laid to excel all the red in
niagiiificence.
'1 he eitv Is fiipplied with frefli water from a hill at
three rndes dilLoue, to which an iqiiedrill fupportcd on
ar- 'les e.\i. iid« Iroiii the city,
riurc is 2,"le<iljnt pi'k well plant'-! and .adorned with
foiinljiii^ and ither wat' r-works, whitlur the quality of
l)oh fe.Xrs .Mid the g.'V part ol the town refort every
cveririJ, foint in coacnc-, and others on horfrback ;
ai.d here tlic vouilj! cavaliers endeavour to rec'immend
Tlienifelvrs to rhc lailies by feats of ajiivity a'ld hnrfeman-
J!i p. ^e^^lal hun>'rcds of roaches are (r'quently feen
|iiii., wi;h iiiiiniroiis retinues of bljrV ,1 ives. It is faid
ih.ii the rciio jiiils who run by the coaches of the ladies
V tai Iri-.i c!.ts<.l g )lil, pear! nrrkl.ire«, and jewels m their
r..r- i wlii.e the blacK ttjot- boys are covcied with lace
iind miLioiJtrv.
LXico,
; Though this city is no fea-port. nor has a cnmmuni-
ration wiih the lea by any navigable river, it has a pro
I digious commene, and is itCelf the center of all the luJc
j earned on between Ameiica and Spain on the one han |
, and betw-en Aniciica and the Ki(f Indie; on the other-
! lor here the principal merchants rofid- 1 here the greatelt
p.irt of thebiifineCs is negociated, and the goods thatpji;
Irom Arupuico to La V-.^ra Cruz, or from La Vera Ciul
to Acapulro, for the life of the Philippines, and in .1
great meafure tor the ufe of Peru and Lima, all pjil
through this city, and employ an iiuredible niiniher of
horfesand mules in the rarriage. Hither all the gold and
hlver romes to be roined ; hoic the king's fifth is depufit-
ed, and here is wrought all that immenfe quantity of
iitcnfi's and ornamenti in plate which is every year feiit
into l.iir.ipe.
Oncol the principil diverfions of the citizcni; is fi(h.
inL' in boats upon the lake, whither they carry wine ami
cnl I prnvilions to regale themfelves with upon the water.
This lake, on the welt fide of which .Mexico is lituatejj
is about fifteen miles in length from north to fouth, but
the breadth is very unequal ; however, in the broadelt
pait It is fomelhing more than twelve miles, and thi:
north en lof itisfcarcc fo broad. lothcnorth of this lake
are three others that have a communication with it by
canals, and on the fouth are two other lakes, divided
(rom it only by a caufeway.
The neighbourhood of Mexico Is rendered extremely
pleafant by the numerous palaces, rountry feats, monat-
teries, and villages either on the iflands in the lakes, or
on the banks of the feveral I ikes within view of the cif,,
to which the citizens refort in boats, when they are dii-'
poled to retire from the hurry of the town.
It cannot be exactly afrettained what number of peo.
pie *rc in the city ; it is certainly very confulerable, and
IS by many computed at feventv or eighty thoufand. The
bulk of the people are blacks ar.d mulattoes, there having
been abundance of black (laves brought hither, who have
obtained their freedom and married with thcnativcr, and
their defcendants are very numerous. There is alio a
(Irange mi.xtiirc of Sp.iniOi and Indian blood. The pure
.'spaiiiaids, and th(de dtfrcnded from Spani(h ancellors on
both fides area very (mall number, both here and in the
other towns of Mexico.
The port nearcit to this city is Acapulco, which is
alio in the province of .Mexico Proper, and is a cclcbrat-
rd port on the South fea, in the feventeenth degree north /yfi.
latitude, and the hundred and fecond degree of wtrt lon.«i ft.
gitude, upwards of two hundred mles diftant from the
capital. It has one of the deepcll, fccuref}, and mod
commodious harbours ' • the South fea, and indeed .ilmn(t
the only good one upon the wcdern coa(t of New Spain.
The entrance of the harbour Is defended by a caltle of
tolerable (trength ; but the town itfelf is ill built, and
makes but a niil'crable figure except at the time of the
fiir, when it entirely changes its appearance, and becomes
one of the mod confulerable marls in the world. About
the month of December the great galleon, which makes
the whole communication between America and the I'hi-
lippines, after a voyage of five months, arrives here, loail-
ed with all the ricft .ommtMlities of the Laft ; nutmr^v,
mare, cloves, p'-pper, cinnamon, china, Japan ware-,
eallicoes plain an.l painted, thints, lilks, mullinsofali
loris, pteeious (h.nrs, and rich drugs. At the fame time
the annual (h'p (rom Lima arrives, .ind is computed to
bring not lc(s than two millions ol pieces 1,1' eight in fil-
ver, befides ^uirkfilver, cacao, drugs ""d other value-
able commodities to be laid out in the purrhaf- of Kail
India golds Srseral other ftlips from dilfcient parts ril
Chili and Peru ni-et upon the fame ocrafion j and, b' -
fides the traffic for the Philippine cninnir^diti'-s, this taulei
a V( .-v large dealing for every thing ihofe countries have
to exrh.inge with one another, as well as for tl:c piirchjd*
of all forts of Lutopeiii goo.ls The fair fometinu^ lalts
for thirty days. I he gotn's are no fuoner dilpodd of
than the galleon prepares to fet out on f.er voya'e 10 the
Phi ippines, witn her returns chiefly in lilver, bit with
fome huropean goods and .'\i:icih an commoilities.
When this fair isover the lovi'n isconiparativtly def rt
rd i however, it remain* duriosj the whole yi ar the mo(t
2 confiderithle
r:
Mlxuo.
;, nor has a commuiil-
nblc river, it hu ;i prci-
ic center of all the tr.iJe
Spiiiion the one hanJ,
I't Indie-, on tliL- nihcr ;
ofiJ- ; here the grcitdt
I anJ the goods thatpal.i
or t'roiii L.i Vcr.i Ciui
Philipiiin>.'s, and iii ,i
tni and Lima, all pjla
II inircdiblo niinihir ot
Hither all the gold jnj
1C king'!> lilth is depolit-
t imnienfo cjiianiiiy of
fhich is every year lent
of the citizens is lifh-
her they carry wine and
es with upon the water,
hich Mexico is fniiatej,
rom north to fouth, but
)wevcr, in the broadrit
twelve mites, and the
I'othcnorth of this lalcc
■nniimication with it hv
vo other lakes, divided
o \i rendered extremely
1, rountry feats, monal-
; iflanils iii the lakrv, or
within view of the (it;,
oats, when they arc dil-
th"; town.
?d what number of pco-
y very conluleraMe, and
ireichty thoufand. The
muiattocs, there having
irought hither, who have
led with the native?, and
icroiis. There is alio a
ndian blood. The pure
om Spandh anccllors ni\
:r, both here and in the
is Acapulco, which is
roper, and is a celcbrat- ^
vcnteenth degree north /•/(>■
ond degree of well lon-wi (<«,
m les dirtant from the
pell, fccureft, and nioft
fea, and indeed almolt
rn coall of New Spain,
defended by a caIHe of
itfelf is ill built, and
ccpt at the time of the
ppcjrance, and becnmi-s
in the world. Abinit
galleon, which iii.iki-^
America and the I'hi.
iith'^, arrives here, loaci-
of the Kaft ; nutmrg.,
, china, Japan v.aie-,
, hiks, mutlins of ali
'•n. At the fame time
, .tnd is computed to
( pieces i.r eight in fil-
S and other value-
n the purrhaff of I'.all
iKim dilK'ient part?, ril
wv -ircalion j anil, be
ni.iinoditi'S, this caufet
thole countries have
well as for the piirch»fe
I he fair fotnetinus laff«
no fconer dilpofed of
t on her voy,i;>e to. the
rfly in lilvrr, bit with
an comnioilitii.s.
is-cotiiparativtlv def rt-
he whole yi ar the moft
cor.fider*l)lc
Mtxico.
A M E R I r: A.
?ii
confiderable port in Mexico, from whence what cxcecdi
iheir own cunliimpiion is lent by land-carriage to l.i
Vera Cm/, to p.ifj over to Tcrfa tirma, to the illands,
and a find! quantity even to Spain.
In the province of I lafrala, or Lo« Angclos, which is
faid to be the bell peopled by Indians of any in Mexico,
is the city ot I'liebla de los Angelos, or the city of Ange-
lo<, which is fcatcd in a Hue valley on the banks ot tlic
/y.7<'. 'iver /aeatula, in the nineteenth degree of r\ortl) latitude,
twenty-live leagues to the caftward of Mexico. I he
buildings arc principally of itone, and, like the other
S|ianilli towns, has a beautiful fquarc in the middle, from
whence run the principal llreets in a dired line, whieh
are crollird by others at ti;;ht angles. On one fide of the
fquarc is the cathedral, which has a inagnilicent fiont,
wnile theotherthree fides have handfonvumlorm piazzas,
under which arc the (hops of the principal tradcfmcn.
'I ncre are here many beautiful and magnihccnt paiocliial
and conventual churches ; with fcvcral rich monaltern's
and nunneries. The city is the fee of a bifhop luiirag.m
to the archbifhop of .Mexico, and lomc judgment may
perhap,s be formed of the wealth of the inh.ibitants from
the revenue of the bilhop and chapter ; the former has
eighiy thoufand piece.i of eight per annum, and there are
two hundred ihouland more annually paid to the canons
and oihccrs o( the church. The people of this city in
general arc exceeding wealthy, though the laiiy in this
part ot the woild cannot pretend to vie with the clergy
either in ellatcs or influence.
In tne province of I'lalcala is alfo the city of La Vera
Cruz, which is featjd in the gulph of Mexico, in the
lo'v/". nineteenth degree ten minutes north latitude, about two
huniltcd miles fcuth-ealt of .M xico. It is lituatcd in a
barren fandy plain, but is coniuii-iable on account of its
excellent harbour, which i« naturally deUiided by rocks :
but on one fide the town is ccpoled to clouds ot dry
land, and 0:1 the other to the putiid exhalations of bogs
an>l marlhes, which impregnate the air with the molt per-
nicious vapours. The town extends iroui ealf to well,
but is not more than i.alf a le.gue in circumteienee. I he
walU ae of little ufe, the lands being in many places
level ■'. lih the tops oi ilicm ; but ttie calUe and torts are
fo liiii.aed, as to be a defence to the fhips in tne harbour.
The town is very pool, mod of the houli:s being no
acconling to Danipicr, remains under water fi;.' 0; fcven
months, during which the logwood cutt^rj ufually work
up to the knees in mud and watir in felling the treck,
and can fcaicc find a dry fpot to build their hut. uii. (.»ii
the coall are almoll inipenetrablc thicket-, of mangroves
and bamboos ; but larilier tip the country are line lavaii-
nahs and genile riiiiii; hills, adorned .wiih variety ot fiuii-
trces, and the banks of the river labalco are iliaded wiili
large ticcs, particularly cabbage trees a handled feec
high.
The province uf Jucatan is a peninfula featej in thu
gulph of Mexico, between the bays of Cainpea^tiy ..iid
Honduras, and is generally flat low land, with fcarceany
hills, unlels on the wellcrn part. It i: thinly inhabited,
for the air is cxceflive hot, and the lands near the coall
frequently under water. Its chief produce is logwood,
cotton, and fait. The only Spanifli town In this extcn-
live coal! is Campcichy, feated on the well fide of the
peninrula facing the fea, and has 1 hue appearance, it
being built of Itone, and encompafled with a good wall j
with a Itrong citadel mounti'd with fcvcral pieces of
heavy cannon placed at one end for its defence.
I'he audience of Guatimala forms a very tine country,
capable of great improvements. It is bounded on the
north- Welt tjy that of Mexico i on the notth-ead by the
North (iia ; on the fouth-c.itk by the province of Darien,
or Terra Firma ; and on the iouth-welt by the Soutfi
fea; thus enjoying ciery advantage of lituation with re-
Ipecf to conimeicc. It is about a thoufand miles in length
from the noith-weU to the fouth-calt, but fcarcc hall lo
broad in any part, and in foine not a hundred mil.s in
I breadth : it is luhdivided into the fix following pioviiices:
(juatim.da I'roper, Vera Paz, Honduras, Nicaiagua,
Lolla Kica, and Veragua ; the two lall provinces aie,
however, placed by the learned Don Antonio dc Ullua
within Terra I'irma.
This province is mount.iinous, filled with voicanoc)
that have dreadful hery eruption^, and fubjei£t to earth-
quakes. It has, however, ricn and fertile vallics that a-
bound with coin, and pallurcs that teed an inctedible
number ot cattle; with mil drugs for dying, tome filvcr
mines, and lu::ar plantations. Great quantities of bees-
wax are alto exported out ot this province.
St. Jago de Guatimalaj formeriy the capital ofthcau-
M
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i
iiininguilbc^
yn
Y s r V. M o
G K O G R A I' H Y.
M
LXir,,.
>: i|
■ I
lUii-
\ ¥'■' ■■} [
oviili'vr I, 111! inlip) nii.iv iif ihc h'Mik-i .iiii! iiihalii-
Ciiiti liivi- li'iMl a.liMlly Iwipt .nvjy hy llnriJ', thouiih
thry hav- h,cn at 4 v.ill cx|H'Iu-c in mAkiim ciiLili,
Jyicvs, .111.1 n iicrs to cirrv ort ihc water ; lo tiut it liai
oflcfi hull lit liKr.l, whcllv r ihoy fliouM ii<it aluiiilnn
tile cin, .in,| |)iii|j 3iiii!liiT ii|icii lv.'lt;r crouiul. All
til": bull. nil,;. ,irt' innvi'iui'iit, aiiil the p'lMic cliHrcs m i;;-
nifiiriit. Ijcicair lAcnlyiiiii'! im I'.cdraU ,rul churi h'-i,
mill twi'iiiy-iwo n>cMi.i|f»rir>, an ! miniieiic^, of thi* wtijih
of which mi; may fotni fiviv- jii. lament trfim the revenue
nf ihc IT ml c iih' ,li-(l, whiili amiiunis to near ri;;lily
lhoiif.111,1 ji.iiiMiK i1"iliii;5 i \v:r, nut nt which the aich-
hilhi'p li i> liJtiiM iliDuliiiil puuiuls. KliJes vail lutp-. that
anlu hv pTipiijifs. The lathcilral is a nnu'intKent
pile, I'liJi III the (cim i)f a crols wtiisli, with the ilny-
ftiTH .in.) d'vc'linL."! i)l the tktj'.y .i.'juiiin;; tii it, take up
a lar.ir (p.ire of j;i.),iiij iniheii'y, anJ wa') fixtv years
in hiii!iliii_', at the cxpeiice of a'lnve two millions of
pieces of c ii>ht. The paiiilin;;' , ^'ililing, iiirl carviii:; nte
extremely linr, ami it ci.iit.:iiij a'.iiin.iaiv. c of benutifiii
altirs an I cl.np.'i on each li.!'.' ; the high altar, whi h
IKiiiils in the mi. III! ■ of the chcur, colt tiltv thoufatui
pietis of ri:;ht. I'hc im.ije ot the Vu.jii; Mary is of
rn.illv filvrr, a.l'irne.l wnh tiiSie'ianl pearls to th-vaiuc
of thirty thi'iilanil pieces o; i.i 'ht, iii.l is once a yrat r:ir-
ried in prociiriun, wh^n a n in tier of mai.ls ilracv lots
for ihrie huiiilre.l pieces of tijUt for their mairi.it;'' por-
tions. The chilice for tSo onlinarv fervicc is Worth
eleven thriiir.,n.l, hcim; of L''M, chafei', and let with
riihies. 'I'hc holt is here cartie.l to the fick perfonj not
on foot, as 'n other countries hut in a cnnch drawn by
four of the finelt mules that can be had from Kurope.
The ijicnt fijii.ire, or market, in the middle of the
city IS extremely mignificent, and has piazzas on one
fid.', under which arc fome of the richtll (hops in the
woiid i nndcnanothir llan.ls the mn[;nirtcrnt palace of
the viccro'.', the principal front of whii h faces the fqiiarc,
and is ni.t iiifciir.r to ilie palace at Naples.
The p ilace of the minpiis i!o V.illr, as it is called, is
o'le of the n'.hlcit pieces of architei;ture any where to he
met with. It is built on the verv fpot wh' re foimerlv
iloo.l I''- n.ilacc <i| Moie'/.imia, and takes up nenly th.;
(.ime fyice.
I!e . ■ t'l-; church's and nvjii.illeties th're are fevoral
hrfpitds li'hly endowed ; aiiiony the rell is one for
Miini- m.i;:!l who;in. left ornhms • ih-''> i.„«.ir.._-i..
•luiniiiy of
is every year lent
: Though this City is no f.a.pnrt, nor ha« a commum
ration with the (.a by any n.visable river, it h„ .. ,„„.
] di^ioiis commerce, an.l in itlelf the center of all the tr i 'c
rarrird on beti.'icn Ameiica and Spain on the one hali )
an. Ibetwrn America an,l the K i(t (ndic; on th- oihcr •
1 (or here the pincipal merchants rcfid ' , here the i-rciicn'
p.irt ot thebiiliiK-fs is n''-;ociatc'd, and the -o.uls thatpn
Irom Acapuico to I,a Ver.i Cruz, or from l,a Vera lVu/!
to Acapiilco, fnr the life of the Philippin.'s, and m i
i;reat nu'afurc tor the nfe of |\ru and Lima, all p,u
throii::h this city, and employ a,, in.icdiblc niiiiihcr „t
hoik' I and mules in the carriage, Hither all the oo|,| ,,„j
liK er comes tci be coined ; hie the king's tilth is^lcpiVit-
t.l, srd here is wroii.:;ht all that imnienfe
u:cn(il-. and ornamenn in plate which
into lur.ipe.
IJneoi the principil divcrfioni of the citizens ii fifh.
ill'; in boats upon the lake, whither they carry wine ami
cnl I provili.ms to resale th' mfilvcs w'h upon the water
This lake, on the wclJ tide of which A'exico is lituatej'
is about tiltecn milc.i in Un-th from north to fouth, hue
the breadth is very iineiiual ; howtvcr, in the broadcit
part It is fomethiii'j; ninre than twelve miles, and th-
northcniof itisfcarcc |o hro,id. rothrnorth of this lake
are three others that have a communication with it hv
canals, and on the fnuth are two other lakes, divided
Irorn it only by a raiifeway.
The n-'ighhonrhoodof Mexico is rendered c.vtreme'y
picafant by the numerous pal ices, country Hats, mon if-
teries, ami villages cith-r on the idands in the lakes, ,ir
on the banks of the feveral likes within view of the (it.
to which thi- citizens rclort in boats, when they arc dil-
pof"d to retire (rom the hurry of the town.
It cannot be exactly alecttained what number of pen.
pie ire in the city; it is certainly very confiilerabic, jnd
IS by many computed at feventv oreii-hty thoufand. The
bulk of tr.c people are blacks and mulattocs, there having
been abundance of b ack flav s brou;;ht hither, who h.ivc
obtainrd their freedom and married with thcnativt.% and
their deli.e;u'ants ar- '.eiy numerous. There is allii a
llrange mixture of Spi-iulh and Indian blood. The put.-
.''^paiii.iids, am! tfiofe dcl'ccnded from Spanifh anceliors on
both fide^ are a very liiull number, both he.-e and in the
other towns ot Mexico.
The port nearell to this city is Acapuico, which j.
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A M F. R I r: A
7?!;
» 1
i
I iii.'iolibli.' nuiiihur dt
Hillur all the j^i.KI .mj
le kmi;'s (ilth is ilepulli.
liniiR'nfc ciiMiiiiiy 111'
liich i< every year lent
if rfniiered cvtrcmr'y
is Acapulco, which jj
CDiil'iJerable port In Mexico, from whence what exceed,
their own cunriiiiipiiDii is lent by lanil-carri:ii;c t'l I.i
Vera Cm/, (u pill ovei in t'eri.l I'ltma, to the inaniti,
aiul a ImiiII >|ii.iiility even ti> ;i;)aln.
Ill the prnvniee (it 1 l.iuala, or Loj An;;clos, which n
faiil til he the hell piiipleil by liiluns ot any in Mexien,
it the ciiy (it I'liehla de los Aniiehii, or the city of An^e-
hx, vvliieii is liMted in a hne valley on ilie banks ol me
fi tC. river /aeatiil.i, in the niiuiecntii dc'ireo nl nonli l.iiitiule,
iweiily-live leagues to the e.ilKvard (it Mexico, I lie
btiildin;^s are prinripall/ ol ibiiie, aiul, like the other
Sjiiiiilh towns, ba-i a beaiiliful lijuarc in the niiddle, Inmi
whence run the principal Ihects in a direct line, which
are crol|i.'d by others at ri^ht angles. On one lide ot the
Iquare i« the cathedral, whien has a ina^nilicent lioiit,
wiiiie thcotherthree lides have haiKJIum-uinlorin pia/i.i.,
under which are the (hops ot the principal tradefnien.
'I ncre are here many beautitui and niaj'jii'icent paiochial
and conventual churches \ with lever.il rich nion ilKii.s
and nunneries. 'I'he city is the lee ot A hilhnp luiitaf'.m
to tlie .uchhifhop ol .Mexico, .ind loine jud^meiu nay
perhaps be formed of the wealth of the inliibitants from
the revenue of the billiip and chapter ; the lornier h.is
tigliiy thoufand piecci of ci^ht |)er annum, and tiiercarc
two bundled ihoiiiand more annually paid to the canons
and oilicers ot the church. The people ot this city in
general .ire execediiig wc;.llb), though the hiiy in litis
ji.irt ol the woild e.iiiiiol pretend to vie with tlie cleryy
cilhcr in elliites or intlueiicc. I
In the province of I lalcala is ;:lfo the city of La Vera 1
Criii, winch is I'eat.d in tlie i;ulph ol Mexico, in the ;
,0' j^" nineteenth def;rec ten minutes north latitude, about two i
huniltcd tnilcs louth-ead of Al xico. It is lituatcd in a
barren Undy plain, but is coniuiLiablc on aciount ot its
excellent harbour, which is n.nurally dek nded bv rocks :
but on one lide the town is expoled to clouds ot ilry
land, and on the other to rh • puciid cxh.datiuiis of boi/s
and mardies, which iinpicijn ice the air witli the molt per-
nicious v.ipours. 1 he town extends innii ealt to well,
but is not more than i.all a le. guc in circuinleience. I r,e
walK ..re of little ufe, the Ian. Is being in many places
level Mih the tops oi ilieni ; but the ealUe and torts are
I'o bill, lied, as to be a defence to thelhips in t.ie harbour.
'I'be (own isvtr) pool, mod of the houles being no
better than ihaiJieil cotta^.e'i, inhabited by hthermen j
but the Spaiulh garril'on conliHs of a troop of lixty borle
and two conipaiiicb of foot. !• rom this port the wealth
ol Mexico IS poured out upon the Old \Vorld, and from
this port they receive the iiundii rids luxuries and iiecel-
laries that the Old World yields them in leturn. I he
annual fleet from Cadi/., cdled the Hota, arrive-, about
ihc latter end of November, and then valt multitudes rc-
fort to La Vera Cruz from all pans, living in little huts
or tents while the fleet remains theio ; their valuable mer-
rhandi/.c being dcpnfited in warr-lioules built lor thr.t
purpofe. I he fleet tlays theie duriiii> the winter, and
ii'ion its departure all the people ot lu.iltancc reiiie on
account of their health. _
This fleet, which fails only from Cadi?., ronfifls of
about fourteen or littecn large nitrchant Ihips from four
hundred to ; thoufand tons burthen, under the convoy
of three or lour men of war. i bey are loaded with al-
moll every foit of goods which 1 Europe produces for > ■
(Kirtaiion i all forts of linens, -.voollenb, IiIks, vclve'.s,
laces, cutlery, pla's, w .tchcs, clocks, quiekfilvcr,
wrought iron, horle-turni . e, lhoc^, (lockings, buoks,
piutures, military (lores, .'.-.ne, .iiul Iruit \ lo that ail the
trading parts ol Lurope a e highly inteielled in the cargo
ofthclleet. Spain iLiidi out litile more than the wine
and Iruit, and this with tlie height and commitTions to
the merihaiits, and the iuty 10 the king, are alnult all
the advanta"es th.it kin( iom denves tioni her commerce
with the Indies. The ,aie-houles of La Vera Cru7. are
roiillantly lull of Liiinpean goods and commociilies, .nul
lis trade may be reputed nearly equal to all the commerce
of .Spanidt Ameiica, thruigh it is chielly conlincd to the
tin;e the flota llays tluTe.
The province ol I'abafeo, wbieh Is waflied on the north
bv the bay of Campeacby, is the plate wheic logwood
piincipally grows ; the land near the coall is generallv lb
flat ai.d low, that i' rami nine months every yea', and,
accoriliiig to Danipicr, remains unlet water fi;' or liveii
months, (luring wliieli the logwood cutl t.i ulually work
up to \\\". knees in mud and wat r in I. Ilin.; the irect,
and can fc irce lind a dry fpot to build their hut . on. ()\,\
the coall .iie.ilinod iiiipv netiablc thnketsol inangrovcs
and b.imliod. ; but laiilirr up the country are line lavaii-
nalis aiivl gentle iiiiir' lulls, .idoined .iviiii variety ol liui:-
trtcs, and ilic banks ol the river I'.jU.ile'i are lliaJed wall
large trees, paiiicularly cabbage tries a hundud feet
high.
I'hc province of fucatan is a pcninlula ftatej in tlnj
g.ulph of Mexico, between the b«ys ot Cainpeadiy ..iid
rl'iiiJuras, and is generally ll.it low land, Willi Icarceaiiy
bills, unlets on the wellern part. It is thinly inhabited,
lor tne air is execflive hot, and the lands mar the coaik
lre(|iientlv under water. Its chief produce is logwood,
cotton, and fait. I'he only Spa. iifii town in this exten-
live coall H Cainpeaeliy, leated on the well (ide ot the
peninlul.i fncing me fea, and has 1 hue .ippearaiice, it
being built of Hone, and encoinpalled with a good wallj
with a llrong citadel mounted with levcral pieces ol
heavy cai.non placed at one end for its delencc.
I'he audience of tJuatimala forms a very tine country,
capable of great improvements. It is bounded on the
1101 th well by that ot Mexico ; on the noith-ealt by the
North [ci i on the fouilic.ilk by the province of iJarien,
or Terra I'irma j and on the louth-well by the Syuin
fea; thus enjoying every advantage of lituation with re -
Ipecl to coiniiieice. It is about a thouland niiL's in length
from the noith-well to the foiith-eall, but fe.iree hall lo
broad in any put, and in foine not a hundi.! iiiiLs 111
hre.ulth : it is lubdivided into the lix following piuviiiLes:
Cjuutlm.da I'ropcr, Vera I'az, Honduras, Nicaiagua,
t olla Rica, and Verasm.i ; the two lall provinces ate,
however, placed by the learned Uoii Antonio de Ulloa
within Terra I'lrma.
i'his province is mountainous, filled with volcanocj
that have dieadtui liery crii|)tions, and tubjeiSt to earth-
(juakes. It has, however, n(. 11 and fertile vallies that a-
boiind with loiii, and p.illurcs that teed an ineiidible
number i>t c ittle; with iidi drugs for dying, Ionic lilver
ininrs, and lii::ar plantations. Great (|iiantities of been-
wax are alio exported out ol this [iruvincc.
St. Jago de CJuatinialai formerly the capital of the au-
dience, and one ot the linclt cities in New Spain, was
delhoyed in I 54.1 by a dreadful earthquake and a neigb-
bouring volcano. Never appeared a more terrible and
awful Icene : the d.iy preceijingit a prodigious noile was
heaid from a voU anu leated in the mountain above tlie
city, which was fuccceded 111 the night by a furious ex-
plohon, as if the inounlain, lays our author, had dif-
charged all her bowels This mountain has two tops,
trom one ol which illucd (ire, and I'roin the other a tor-
lent of water, which fwcpt all before it, and cariicd olF
the houles and inhabitants. The honor of tins Icene
was heightened by one of the molt dreadful earthquakes
ever felt in any part of the globe ; and a hundred and >%f^e>e<
twenty thoufand Spaniards and native* loll their lives.
New (iiiatiniala, the pielcnt capital of the audieiK'C
and pioviiice, the reHdence ol the prefident and royal
courts, the fee of a bifllop, the feat of i\\ univeility, and
the ce.iter of the trade of thele parts, is fituated in a beau-
tiful plain at a good ddlaiue Irooi the f.ita! volcano , yet
all their precautions cannot lecuie it againlt the drcjdiul
1 arthqu.tkes lo Ircquent in tliij countiy. It is luverthe-
lel's well built and inhabited i the cathedral and p.i:ilh-
cliurche> a'c exceeding lich, and heie are two veiv hue
nion.ilteries, a nunnery, and an bolpital. The ciiizenn
trade latgelv, nit only with all the provinces of Mexico,
but even \»'ith i'erii.
s K c r. \i.
Ofthf difffifrt Rmiks nf Ptcpte (tm^iig tli- prtfcnt Mtx'tu;!!!;
zunh ihi Miiuiiirs, CujUmi, iiKii ^.iivtii.inerrt cf I':.- ^f^a-
rudtJi anit C't eelii .
MKXICO is at prel'ent inhabited by a mixed people,
conlilling ol thenativ,' Indians, the Spaiiuid.-, and
the iicjioe.s ; am! the delci nJants ol theie are divided and
d,lt:ii(;u!!iie4
If
ll
7S(^
A SYSTEM O !•• G I . O G R A P 1 1 Y,
M
if.' ^ nil
ill rIM'Hf '
mmfm
i!i(?iii|»iiirticil bv various njmM t »• theuni*lx«l J«ft'nd-
ants nt the Spaiiijr In, who uro call«d Crculi, •rCirt!(il«(
thr Mcltizi-s, or liilic of thp Spmiiard* by the niti»e It»-
iliaiis i flu- MelliiT.rs of the imie of fucf* iflue \ ihe Tcr-
cfnions ilcz fn lie;, or Ihe children of the lad rAarried
to Sp.ini.iriN ; anJ ilic Q^nirien.ons de», Indiei, who are
Ihiir (l.l'coiidantJ, ;<nd iiri; allnned ihf fame priviUgei ai
true Spjniardi. The ill'.ie <it .ui European and negro ii
calli-vl ;i trnilattii ; bffiilf vvhirli there is • mixed breed of loofy and avarice in thii, aa well u in every thiiigVlfe
IX I CO.
Umc* to lh« parliamtnis in France, fhtn to our cnurti of
juftice. J'he riceroy himfcif prcTidei at the brad nf (ha
cbiaf of thefe cbambern, when h« Irei fit, .His cmplny-
ment it nne of the ^-rcMtft the kin^ of Sp.iiii has in his
(;ift, and his is purhapi the lichcll gnvernnicnt entrullrd
tu any fubjcif^ in iha world. All t'rTiployiiii:i)ti here are
held by none but native tipaniards, and by thrn\ only fur
a limited time, which muft nut exceed three yrari. Jea-
ne:;r(ii', and Inili.iiis, wnii.h IS generally deemed the loweft
rank ol the pi npli-.
The whiten arc cither l>orn in Spain, or Creoles: th«
nati\<; Sp.iniArdn are n.oldy in offices and in trade, and
have the lame charaiflcrs and manners with the Spaniards
iif Kiir ipe i the lamc i';raviiy of behaviour, the fame na-
tural la;^acity, the fanii.' nidolciice, and a dill greater
(hare ol prile and flaflinefa j fo( they here confider
their being native* iil Old Spain as a very honourable
ilillin(fli(iM, and arc, in return, looked upon by the
Creoles with no fmall (lure of hatred and envy. 1 he
latter have liitle of th.it (Irmnefs and patience which
diltiiigiidhrs the native Spaniard. They ate dellitute of
rnuragr, weak, and effeminate. Living in an cnervat-
iiij! heat, fnrteitcd with wealth, and fpending their
whole lime in loitering and ina'live picafuifs, they have
iiothiru', bold and manly, to fit them lor making: a figure
in ailive life, and very few have any talle for the latil-
laclioiu ol a learned rctiremen. They arc luxurious
without cither variety or clcu-ancc, fond of fliow aiui pa-
rade, teinpciate at their tables .\i\S in their cups, and
inerclv from tonltiiution and idlcnefs make ihcir whoL-
bufinef< amour and intrimir, whii h they carry on in the
old Spaiiifh talte, by doin j; and faying extravagant thing',
by bad mulic, worfc poetry, and excclTivc expences.
'Ihe ladies are little celebrated for llicir chaltity or do-
nicllic virtues; but ixert all their genius and abilities
in conibating th: rellraiiits which are laid upon them.
It ib allowed by the moll judicious authors that the
prierts, monks, and nuns of all orders arc upwards of one
(if;h of all the white pcn|ile; but the clergy being here
generally too igiiorant to inllrui^t by preaching, and too
debauclied in their manners to reform by their example.
ft !
that has a relation to the Indies, influences all public re-
gulationsi and every officer, from the hightft to thelow-
eli, has the avidity which a new it\ii luciative poll in-
fpiresv rtvennus becaui'e his lime bis Oiort, lie oppreiret
the people, and delraudsi his fuvereigii) anolhrr I'ucceedj
him with the famedifpofitionsi and no man takes care to
elbblilh any thing ufeful in hi.s olEc*, knowing that his
fucccll'or will trample upon every regulation that is not
fublerv iiiit to his own int>.rel(.
There are fome troops kept in Mexico, and a good
revenue appropriated for their mjinteiunee, and for
the fuppnrt of the fortifications; but the foldiers are few,
ill-cloathed, ill-paid, and wo.fe difcipliiird. Thus the
military keep pace with the civil and ccclcfialli a| adini-
nillration, and the wholi; form onir regular lien.; of rapa-
cioulncls, piide, arrogance, and opprciliou.
SEC T. VII.
0/ thi Ptrftini, Drfft, ALnnfri, Cujlomi, Iltuf,!, f'ot.l,
an J Ftjlivuls }f till Mfxitani, parliiularly of tlwjc v.ho an
dtliiihtJ /rem iht SpaniarJi, anjjliil ttijay tLiii Likrtj.
TH K original Mexicans, like the oth:r Americans,
are in jteiieial tall, clean, well proportioned, and
handl'onie, ailive, nimble, and renurkably Iwilt of
foot. I hey arc of a deep olive complexion! their eves
large, lively, and f,uiklingi the fate lound, and the (ea-
turcs ulually agreeable. J'hey wear their hair, either
fljwing loole, eir. fhort, or twilled and plaited on the
head. Some nations within the limits of this vail coun-
try, dill'ir widely from the general appiMraire ami man-
ners of the iclli a fei* detni (lit nul s tie great.-fl orn.i-
thc people aie liitle better fur their numbers, wealth, or ment, and early flatten thole of their infants, to [iroluce
influence. M.my of them arc faid to be only adventurers i that be.iuty on the r (aces \ while ctlicrs mould ilieir thin
from Old Spain, who without the lead regard to their | tendtr llaills into a coiiir.al or py.Mmidical lorm, by means
charadltr or their vow?, diiecl all their (ludits to rail'e a of compreflion. Many ot the Mexicans disfigure thein-
luddcn fortune, by ahuliiu' the ignoranee and extreme, felves «ith paint, or rather daubing, and reniil'ent on
credulity of the people. Much attention is paid to mere ■ the body the figures cjf various birds and bcallsj or, in
mechanical methods of devotion. Moral duties are fcldom | tune of war, paint their laces red, to give thcni a war-
mentioned. An extreme veneration for faints is ilrongly
inculcated, and forms the general fubiecl of tlieir fcrmons,
which are rather defigned to rail'e a 'upid admiration of
their miracles, than an imitation of the fanctity of their
lives, llowtvcr, it mud be acknowledged, that there are
fome of th^ clergy who piactife the duties of their Kation,
and arc Jillinguiihed by their learning and the purity of
their manners; but ibefc are very lew.
As to the laity, it is faid there is not a more bigotted, or
a lewder people upon earth : a prefent to the church wipes
ott the odium and the punifhment of the greatcft crimes.
The principal way in which they are initru"ed in rcli-
gion, is by theatrical entertainments in their churches,
'ihcrc is Icarccanv part of the (iolpel, but is the fubiccl
of a play, which the lowcll of the people are here taiiglit
to ait: one peifotiates our Saviour, another Pilate, a third
Herod, and fo on : as ibeir churches are e.xquilito'y tiiir,
fo IS their mufic, both vocal and inllrunu ntal. 1 ne
clergy collciit the mod h.irmonious voices, and have I'lcm
taught to ling not only anthems, but merry foiigs, ajid
in tneir tloilters arc niadjues, daiires, and all the enter-
tainments in which the laity inciulgc thciTil.lves ; and
yet the people have iheir feaions for penance and mortifi-
cation, particularly in Lent, when ihcy not <.nly keep a
rigorous i.iit, Hut in tlieir proccffi nslalhi'i ■ml.'Kcsunmrr-
cifiiliy. This is the exi nife of tne holy vcrk licloreEaKer,
and 111 c.>fe ot an earthquake, famine, or other general ca-
lamity, they 1 ndeavour by thefe aullcriiies, lo appcafe the
wrath ol heaven,
'I he civil .'overnnienr, admininrrcd by tiibunals called
aui'ienci ', C'ln'^lls oi a lerrain luimb.r ot lU'V''-"' divided
into dilierent chair.beis, wuich hate a gieater tekm-
kc aii.l bloody anpearance: they alio anoint thcr bodies
with oil or fat, to prevent tlitir b.ing birbv mini|ucttoes,
to prelerve the Iklii a jaiiill the intenic heat ot the (an, and
to render their joints Icpple and pliant.
T he people are ho.vevcr in general cl'i.uhcd, though in
a very dilierent manner from the Spaniards; bi.t in tlie
province of Veragua, it is faid there is a naiinii where
the men cloath nothing bclides the penis, which the vul-
gar aie contented with wrappiig in a leal, while the i'ie.,t
indole it in a cafe <d gold or lllvcr, ot a conical lour,
ailnrned with jewels, letting the fctolum Lll under it, in
lull view. I his circumdanie, iiTiproba.>le as it iippears,
is ineiuioncd by llveral authors; butwi^fi what dcerceof
tiiith, v.c will not pretend to deierniine; yet it is (a il that
even thefe people, on feilivals and other lolcnni occafion',
!iave a white or black cotton garment like a ploii'.'hman's
frock, that rear lies down to tneir herh. ; and if an l^ro-
pcan gives them a fhirt or any otncr cbailiing, ibry im-
mediaiely put it on, and reckon themfclvcs very fine.
In geiural the Indians are fond of pendants, braci-l.ts,
and iietkLiccs. The men wear a thin plate ol gold or
filver hanging over their upper lip, of an oval figure, in
the lorm of a crcfcent, the p.iints of whiCT gently pinch
the bridle of the iiofe, ana (;:.!en it on; the m.ddle is
about the thic itnefs of a guinea, and it urows gr dually
thinner towaids the edges. The woni'-n, initial ii( a
plate, wear a iing, which g" s ihrougii the bridle of the
nofe, and by its weight f mi' tu'ie.s draws d iwii it to the
mouth Thele llrange kin is ol ornaiiM-nls tii-y h.ive of
various fizes ; the largvr tort tti y lay alile at their enter-
■aininents, an I the im.illcr do not himier their eating.
I'ncii gieat i imi iikcwife wear two gold plates of the
4 iliape
iii:-^-'
Mix I CO.
1 to our courti of
t ihc \\fM\ iif the
t. -His cmpli»y-
Sp.iiii h;ii in hit
imniciit cntruikcJ
oymi'itti hctc ato
by thfin only for
Urce y*rj. Je»-
1 eveiy thing clfe
1C" all puhlic re-
ightft to thclow-
uctative poll in-
hott, he (.pprellea
anolhrr I'uccetdl
man lakes cite to
knowing that hit
ilatiou that i> not
ixico, and a good
iteiuiKf, and lor
tic rolJieis are few,
^iliii< J. Thus the
cccUTiiilli al adini-
:uUr Uen.'of rapa-
;l&on.
Icmi, Iliuf'i, Aj».'.
:l(irlj of thsje v.'ii art
trijay ihtii Lil/trtj.
le oih-r Americans,
11 jiropotlionfil, and
.•nurk.'.lily Iwilt of
npUxion; thiir eyes
lound, and the lea-
)r their hair, cither
and pUiled on the
its of this vail coun-
ijHie.ifjn; c and mau-
.s t;ie grea(-il orna-
r iiifaiui, to pro luce
hers mould uicirthiii
Jical lotm, by mean*
icans di.sfi^ute thciii-
ij,T, and rcpiUcnt on.
s and beafh; or, m
to i;ive thcni a war-
fci anoint th!;'t bodies
j> birbv iniu'inicttOL-s,
c heat ol the Tan, and
mt.
cl'Uthcd, though m
paniarJs-, but in tii>:
re is a natimi where
enis, which the vul-
.mI, while the uie.,t
lit a conical lour,
itiirii lull under it, in
,. , ...lie as it ;ip;.ea:5,
t wit.'i what decree of
,iiic; yet it is la d that
her lolenni occafion',
... jike a phiip.'hman'i
,ce!s ; and it an l^iro-
r clraihin?, th'-y im-
.mlelves very fine-
il pendants, hraccl.ts,
thin plate ol i:"ld or
uf an oval fvure, in
it whic-i pcnily pinch
it on; the m.ddle is
lid It throws j!t durilly
. wonKi), initial "I a
rmr.'li the bridle of the
.lra>vs d iwn it to the
rn.niu'iils tlify have of
av ilile at iheir entcr-
>t'hiiider their eating.
wo golJ l>liil« of •''*
iliapu
_ ' '.i,i/i/t,i//l //.iti/ /// ///I /J/i.ifi till,'
tne caul-' Il n,.t dilficult t.) br .it!i 'ned \ ilvir tcmi'le.) ami
iiiia(;ii,iin v.liicli tluv :ail Uvilli il all the pnweis nt art,
h-.iii^', ill llr .yi ', rhenilelVi'S refuted to a It Ite o( leni-
liide, and cmtti JMud to lahout in thj minis, to i^ratilv
t ic avarue I I their niw mall r» ; it is no wond' r they
were etiectu.illy dil'.(iiiraj;C.I In. in ciiliiv.itind talentv, thit
ciiuld only turn to their oillruiition, .mil i;aii< ihiin Itiijus
in!!i.ad of rcwaiJi. HuLlts, the ininijiiction of l-iiropean
alt , nianuf.ulme', and the luipleniini^ of meeh.inies,
male the IiuIi.kis deljuli. the inUiiority i.f their own, all
kiliiwlidge 111 *hii:h they I.. mi I.timh, wilhiiiit hciii'; able
I.) tcqiiiie any iJej/ine ol ikill in the mher, tn the druil^^eiy
aii'l lowii brai.vhes ot ul.ieM thi y were tonhned. Jo
what piirpoft's then (h.nil.l an Jinlian labour to improve
l.ilents that tail on'y le've to render his boiul.ice ninri-
llrve lo areuiiiulale that
(h.iil be ll.ipped by his
iiKfoim ? or why (huiild he
se. .illh, (d' which he kiiuWs h
;.iMtrarv m.idu ?
Thole IiiJiar:; who hue prel'crvi'J their fieedoni In the
/uiiuntaiiK and I'l ne ulh':i p.irts if the eciuntiy are llill
a hi.ive, ;;"iKr'Mn, .iiid humane people, enliiely unlniiu-
I I with the fiudid \iie. and coriiipt iniiiners ol ihu in-
liiliitanls of the Sj'aiulh niies and tnwns. 'I'hey Ipcnil
their lime in huntuij, lillnni'. and field e.Ncrcil'es ; tul-
livatc but Utile (.111, low aiiil plant «hat i. jult liilHeient
t.) anl'wcr the iuirp;.l'cs of ii irurc, and allow norhing fur
t^.c nr.ititiration of .i|-piii!i.s lonnded on luxury.
The biifineis of planting i'. peif 'rm.'d by the wivnen,
..tr the men have cUaitd the ;;riunid. The lemales
Ilk wife execute ill the doniellli- otriee<,fpin, weave, and
(!i I. cotton and linen eloihs for their own or their liuf-
I.iuJl' apparel. They are obedient an.l relpectliil to their
l.ulbamls, who r. luin a mutual alteclion. this is nt
halt the picture ^iveii us hy I'.nizlilh and f rench travel-
i' IS, thou;4)i the SpaniauK, peili ipi to palliate their own
lOiiiluJl, (peak V'i. favourably of tlv.in.
Thefe Indiani live in thatched cnit3^',cs, and obfervc
ftile ifgulatily in llu ir towns ; their houli ^ neither Itand-
iiij contiguous, nor 111 any Older, but are difpei fed here
aiiil there, onlv they have one eomnion i;uard-houle, or
fort, feated on an uninence, to which thev retort on the
approach of an enemy, or when they allemble in council.
'j"hey ile\er lay any deep fmiiKlations, but let up fmall
polls feven or eij;ht (eet hi.;h, two or three feet afunder,
ind doling up the iBtcieds cover thein with clay. They
make the root like that of an ordinary barn, and ufually
cov r it with palmetto leaves. 1 he building is about
tweiuy-fi.iir leet lohi;, and twelve broad j the hearth is
in the mi Idle, and they have a hole ever it, to let out the
liiKike : ihcy have only th;t gmund-flour, and ufe no par-
titions, fothat the whole houle Ibrnis but one looin. In-
(tcadofbcds thay ufc hanmiocicf, which arc hung from
JC5
ire 'heir only
< 111 i-irliiell
to hold llieii
s, dait', an. I
nicirs rouii I
d ih r'v fcrt
i; or tin ('••"
vciiiy ti ft III
1 lii'-y have
•lice tiiey can
*ru fea'rd, a,
he gioMiid i«
• round, that
tows, or any
doors to de-
• y burn tin iti
Imetto leaveri,
fedivi' , and
heir lilicMie,,
pi'ched alii
irs, or fiiiiii
(ilh. 'they
eck or a fort ■
him hii b.iw
knife. Kicli
iMt for j^ inic.
itir prov ilion i
, b.ilkot.1 of p.iichcil
1 h.' b alts thev iiuiit
>, of
111 i. illeil pliiitiin>, y.imv, pofito'
liiiban corn, an! a few iiteiilih.
at' chi', fly the peeaicc in. I wiriee, a f irt of wild h.
wliiih wu liave ^iven a defer. prion. Thev alio met wiili
a v.irieiy of fowK. They IuiI'm' at niLdit wherever they
h.ippen lo be at fun-fet, eontrivin;' 'o be near lomi' river.
Ihey hill.', up their haiiim leks between the ues, anil
have fi aree my other covtrin.; but a plantane leaf. Th'-y
hi;.'in theit huiitlni; ■\;;\\n at lun-riling the next nnunin^;;
Their iMme, jult nierilinned, are not I Aiilt of lo'it, aii.l
lO'ually i;o together in drovei of two or three hull. Ired \
but they lometimes huii'. a whole day wiihout meeini ; any.
When the healt ii tiied witU the purluit, or wminde-l, he
will llan.l at biy with the do^-, till the mailer ronej
up and (boots lii.n i he then Itiiltcs bis Ijiear into the
ceature lo let out the blood, cmboweK hini, and ctittinj
li'in in two pieces tarries them on a lluk laid acrofa his
111 lulder to a place where the women are appuiii'e.l to
w.iit '. here they cut oti the h.ad of the animal, quarter
an. I fl.a it ; what th..y int.'nl to prcferve they b.irbecuc
hy laying it upon a woo len grate, unkr which is \
HtJ 111 wood coals, winch is kejit up till lb'-' meat is as
drv as .i ehip ; and thefe pieces will keep a great while.
\V iieii tJiey h.ive niu.h game, the men aHift the women
in cai tying it home; .ind when their Itock of pro-
vifions IS almoll fpcnt, they 5) out ajKiiii to look for
more.
Whether ti.eir flefli be dried, or frefh killed, they cut
it into Im.iU pieces, which they put into a kind of pip-
kin, ad.limt Ionic roots, green plant.ines, or other fruit,
with a (ireat deal of pepper, Itcwini; them together in
water leven or eight hours, and not fiitFcriiig them to
boil, which reduce* all th.: inai-'dients into a kind of
pulp ; they then piuir it into an earthen difll, or calabafli,
and letting it upon a wood'ii block that fervcs them fur
a t.ible, lit round ii on lefl'er blocks, all having a calahalli
of water llaiuling by their fi.ic on the ciound, into which
they freipienily dip their fmgr.-s while they arccatinp.
They have leldom more than one let meal in a day, but
thev eat plantanes and other fruit raw or roattvd almoft
all the i\\s.
'There is fcarcc any flefli, fifli, or fowl, but what the
natives of Mexico eat either llewed or broiled on the
coals ; it does not appear that they ulecilher knives, forks,
or Ipoons, but till their mouths with their h.inds, an 1
tear the broiled flefli oif the bones with their teeth ; but
thofe who are among the Spaniards conform to their cuf-
toms, and every thing they cat is high fcaloned with pep-
per. Chocolate fervesboth for meat and drink in almoll
every province of Mexico, both among the free and tholi:
called the civilized Indians, it they can obtain it ; but it
\% To much ufed by the Spaniards, and fuch quantities arc
9 A exported
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IMAGE EVALUATION
TEST TARGET (MT-S)
1.0
I.I
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2.2
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Photographic
Sciences
Corporation
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23 WEST MAIN STREET
WEBSTER, NY. 14580
(716) 873-4503
'^ Y S r F. M OF G E O G R A P II V, _
Mexico.
difthiaiiinitilli;/
anrs ot the S|vjii
th? Mcilizis, or
i!i.ni, i tlic Mert
cerooiis ilc/. In I
to S|i.uii,irils ; ai
lluif il.fcciulant:
true Spiniard'i.
imIIcvI a mulatto i
nt'Lirors and InJi,
rank oi the pcop
The wiiitcs ai
native Spaniards
have the lame ch
of Eiir.ipe ; the
tur.il l,ii;acity, I
Oi.irc ot pride a
their being nati'
ditiindlion, and
Creoles with no
Ijttcr have litt!
diliinguiihcs the t
cour.ige, weak,
ini; heat, riiitc
whole time ni Ic
nothing hold ani
in aftive life, ai
faclions ol a le
without either v:
rade, temperate at ttieir tanicb .uij in incir cups, aiiu
merely from conftitution and idlcnefs make their whole
bufincfs amour and intrigue, which they carry on in the
old Spanifti taltc, hy doin:; and frying extravagant things,
by bad mufic, worfe poetry, and exceffwe expences.
The ladies arc little celebrated for their chafHty or do-
mcltic virtues; but exert all their genius and abilities
in combatiiijj th- reftraints which are laid upon them.
It is allowed by the moll judicious authors that the
pried?, monks, and nuns of all orders are upwards of one
fif[h of all the white people; but the clergy being here
generally too ignorant to inllrudl by preaching, and too
debauched in their manners to reform by their example,
the people are little better for their numbers, wealth, or
influence. M.iny of them are faid to be only adventurers
from Old Spain, who without the lead regard to their
character or their vows, direct all tl'.eir ftudits to raife a
i'uddcn fortune, by abuling the ignorance and extreme
credulity of the people. Much attention is paid to mere
mechanical methods of devotion. Moral duties arc feldom
mentioned. An extreme veneration for faints 's ftrongly
inculcated, and forms the general fubjccl of their fermons,
which are rather defigned to raife a ftupid admiration of
their miracles, than an imitation of the fanctity of their
lives. However, it muft be acknowledged, that there are
fome of the clerpy who practife the duties of their (lation,
and are diftinguiihed by their learning and the purity of
their manners; but ihefe are verv few.
As to the laity, it is faid there is not a more bigotted, or
a lewder people upon earth : a prefent to the church wipes
oft' the odium and the puiiifhment of the grcatcft crimes.
The principal way in which tlicy are inltru£ted in reli-
gion, is by theatrical entertainments in their churches.
There is fcarce any part of the Gufpcl, but is the fubjcft
of a play, which the loweli of ihe |)cople are here taught
to a(!t : one perlonates our Saviour, another FiUte, a third
Herod, and fo on : as their churches arc exquilitcly tine,
fo is their mufic, both vocal and inltrumental. The
clergy collect the moll harmonious voices, and have them
taught til fing not only anthems, but merry fongs; and
in their cluilters arc maU|ucs, dances, and all the enter-
tainments in which the laity indulge themlVlves ; and
yet the |)eciplc have their fealons for penance and mortifi-
cation, parliLularly in Lent, when ihiy not cnly keep a
rigorous i.ul,but m their proc;fli nslalhthi'nu'.'lvcsunmiT-
cihil'y. I his is the exi rcife of tl>e holy week hi loreEartcr,
and ni c.ife ol an c.irihquakc, f.iniinc, or otlicr general ca-
lamity, they endeavour by th^fe auitirities, to ajipcafe the
wr.ith I'l heaven.
I he ciVil j.overnmenr, adminiflered by tiibiinals rallid
aui'icncc ■■, cnnlilti oi a lertain number ol ju'lces divided
into dilicttnt cnan.b;:5, wnich have a gieater reltm-
MtdclhJ Jrom thi Spiiniards, undjiill enjoy their Liberty.
TH K original Mexicans, like the oth:r Americans,
are in general tall, clean, well proportioned, and
handfome, adtne, nimble, and rcinarkalily Iwift of
foot. 'I hey an; of a deep olive complexion; their eyes
large, lively, and fparkling; the face round, and the fea-
tures ulVilly agreeable. J'hey wear their hair, either
flowing loole, cut fhort, or twifted and plaited on the
head. Some niticms within the limits of this v.dt coun-
try, ditt'ir widely from the general appear.iine and man-
ners of the reft; a few deem flit nol'.s t;)e gre.it.'!l: orna-
ment, and early flatten thot'e of their infants, to produce
that be.iuty on their faces; while cthets mould tlieir thin
tender fkulls into a conical or pyramidical form, by means
of comprcflion. Many of the Mexicans disfigure them-
felves u ith paint, or rather daubing, and repttfent on
the body the figures of various birds and beads; or, in
tune of war, p;iint their laces red, to give them a war-
like and bloody appearance: they alfo anoint thtir bodies
with oil or fat, to prevent their bing birby miirqiitttocs,
to prefervethe (kin aTainftthe intciife heat of the i'jn, and
to render their joints fcpple and pliant.
The people are however in general clnithcd, though in
a very diifercnt manner from the Spamards; but in tlie
province of Veragua, it is faid there is a nalinn where
the men cloath nothing bciidcs the penis, which the vul-
gar are contented with wrapping in a lent, whiL' the (jrct
indole it in a cafe ol gold or lilvcr, of a coiiicu! forrr,
adorned with jewels, letting thefttotum full under it, itj
full view. 1 his circimitt.iiue, impri)b.'>ble as it :ip;,ea;sv
is mentiuned by I'ever.il authors; but with what dcerceof
liuthy we will not pretend to determine; yet it is (ad that
even thefe people, on leftivals and i>ther lolenin occafioii',
have a white or black cotton garment like a ploughman'*
frock, that reaches down to tiielr heels ; and if an liiuro-
pean gives them a fllirt or any other ch-atliing, they im-
mediately put ic on, and reckon theuilclves very fine.
In general the Indians aie fond of pend.int5, braci-l-.ts,
and neckl.ices. The men wear a thin plate of gold or
filver hanging over their upper lip, of an oval figuie, in
the form of a crelcent, the pjiits of whiCT gently pinch
the bridle of the nofe, ano (: .'en it on; t.ic m:ddle is
about the thiiknels of a guiiici, and it jrows gr dually
ihiimer towaids the edges. The wompi), in(lia) ot u
plate, wear a iing, whuh g"' s through tlie bridle of the
nofe, and by its A-eight loiii' tn'ies draws d iwii it to the
mouth- Tliele lliaiige kiinis of ornanu'iits tli-y luve of
various fizes ; the l.irgir tort tti'^y lay ifrle at their eiiter-
•aininents, and the tmdler do not hinder iheir eaiiiif.
I'iieii gieat la'.ii llkewife wear two gold plates of the
tf ili.tpe
I'M
.1 .. t iii
Mtxicd.
/ tnjoy thiir Liuerty.
the oth-r Amcricins,
cU |iroportionecl, and
iciiuirk.'.lily Iwilt of
>mplcxioni tluir eyes
e lounJ, aiiJ the tea-
tar their hair, cither
d and plaited on the
nits of this v.ill coua-
ainicar.mie and man-
>rs tiie grCJU-ft orna-
;ir i;ifants, to proJucc
ithcrs mould tneirthiu
lidieal form, by means
xicans diifiguie thcm-
iiic, ;>nd rniielent on
rds and bealts; or, n\
to "ive them a war-
llfo anoint thu:r bodies
ngbirbymufquettocs,
ife heat of the fjn, and
iant.
■al cl'i.uhcd, though in
Spani.irJs; bvit in the
here IS a natinn where
icnis, which ihc vul-
a le;if, while the ore.,t
'cr, of a conicu! lour,
_ otum f-11 under it, in
nprobpble as it ap,.ea!S^
liut with wirat decree of
tmine; yet it is fad that
other lolenm occafion',
nt like a plini-hman'i
hee!:; ; and if an l.uro-
,„( r ch:aihin;',, they im-
hemlelves very I'.nc.
, of pendants hracilets,
a thin plate of i:old or
ip, uf an oval fvu'C, m
of whicT gently pinch
.;n it on; tne middle ij
and It urows jjr dually
le womrii, iniUa' <>' ^
\\xmv>\\ tne bridle of the
L,s draws il iwn it to the_
oinani'Mits th-^y have ot
V lay nfile at tlieir enter-
„.,i hind.-r Iheir eating.
■ two uolJ i>laieb o( the
1
Mv.xicii.
n
A Tvl E R I C A.
737
pe of a h.Mr;, n i'p.in lon.^ at each car, fiflencd to it
fy a gold lin^;, uhieli llretuiet the ear to an nnnicdcraie
li/e. 'I'lu-v alfo wear a kind of coronet or band,ij;e < f
fold or hlvir .ibniit tne head ii:;!u or ten incries broad,
and indented im the upiier fidej others have only a hand-
iiL'e ot cane painted red Ituck roi'iid with beautiful i<:.\-
llurs, Itaiid ni: upriuht, and inoit of the Indians of both
(exes wear linng-i of heads, teeth, lliclis, JiiJ other toyt,
hanciiij, Irom tne neck down * ■ thr biealf.
Thol'.- liulians who livt- in die Sp.iiiidi town? wear a
(hnrt waideoat and wide lireeclu-s, with a lliort cloak of
vaiiou.-. col.iiirs, refemblin^ the SpjiiiHi drels ; but their
K'ij^s arc hare, and only a dw cover iheir f<et with laii-
(bls. The women v/tar a (hurt jacket of cotton or linen,
runr whiili Hows a Inofe robe, or a Itr.iinht petticoat, and
loinetimi s hnth. Iliere arc, however, fuen vaiietics in
drefs, d. fcn.'ing iipmi euUom and fancy, that it would lie
ciidles to enter up.ui particulars.
With rti .Lcl to tlie genius, temper, and manners of
the Mcxic,ui.->, they feeiii to In; trreaiiy dcjeneratud fince
their bting eoiupieied hv the Sp.iniaids. Ihev wcie once
ingenious, hoipitable, ci.ili/.ed, ami generous except in
the article ol l.u nan [.u rihei-s ; but ni)W thofe who live
ainoni?: th. Spnnards aie faid to be cowardly, treacherous,
and Itiipd. 1 u^ huildin^s, ima_'es, paintings, carvin'js,
Citron cL>;hs, i....niiiaclun;d fealheis fr.nned into beau-
t;;i;l piciure^, m\A many other pieces of art, evince the
genius ol t:.e .mcieiit .\lexieans ; and the loi's of thefe is
a di inonllration of the dicline of that (renins. Indeed
the caiife is acX difficult to be alii.Tned ; their temples and
images, on e.liich thcv i'.ad lavillud all the powers of art,
hein;^ dilln.yed, thenifelves reduced to a Itate of fervi-
tnde, and eonltLiiiud to labour in the mines, to L^ratilv
t.ie avarice (d' their new malt rs ; it is no wondrr they
were etlectii.illy dif.ouragcd hoin ciiliivating talents, that
could only turn to their eillruclion, and i;ai|i. them llripes
in;!cad ot rewards. l^ilV.'es, the iniroduetion of I'.uropean
art-, rnanut.ietuie', and liic implements i^( meehanics,
male ibe Iiiuuns delpifc the inh-nority of their own, all
kiiowledi;i; of which tliey loon forgot, without beiii" able
to acquiie any decree ol ikill in the other, to the drudgery
and lower liMn^bes of whieb they were conhned. Jo
what purpofcs then (huuld an Jndian labour to improve
t.dents lh.it can only fe've to render his bondacc more
iikfome? or why Ihoiild he tlr;vc to accumulate that
wi-.ihh, of vjbicli he knows he .'h.di be lliipped by his
.Mhltrary matUi ?
Ihole Indians wiio have prefcrved their freedom in the
xnountaiiis and loine other p.irts id' the country are llill
a biave, '^^vneroiis, and humane people, entirely untaint-
id with the foidid \iics and coriupr nianncrs ot the in-
li.ddtants of the Spanilh cities and towns. They I'pcnd
llieir time in liiinting, liilimg, and field cxcrcifes ; cul-
tivate but little fill, low and plant what is julf luffieienr
to anfwcr tde piirpcjfes of nature, and .allow nothing lor
the gratitiration of appetites I'otinded on luxury.
The hiifineiS of planting is perf'imed by ihe woinen,
liter the men have cleared the ground. The (einales
likewile execute ;dl the dotnellic othces, fpin, weave, and
ihels cotton and linen cKiths for tlieir own or their huf-
b..nds apparel. They are obedient and nfpccti'.il to their
l;Ulbands, who ntuin a mutual alfeclion. 1 his is .it
lealt ihcpicfure given us by Knglilh and French travel-
lers, though the Spaniaids, peili.ipn to palliate their own
toiuluel, fpeak h-is favourably of th.m.
Thefe Indians live in ihatc-hed cottages, and obfervc
little regularity in tluir towns j their liouks neither Itaiid-
ing contiguous, nor in any older, but are difpei led here
and there, onlv they have one common guatd-houfe, or
(ort, fcated on an iminence, to which thev rel'ort on the
approach of an enemy, or when they allenible in council.
Thcv never lay any deep louiulaiions, but let up fmall
ptdls (even or eight leet high, two or three feet at'under,
ind ilofing up the iutcrv.ds cover them with clay. Ihcy
make the root like that of an ordinary barn, and ufually
cover it with palmetto leaves. The building is about
twenty- four feet long, and twelve broad j the hearth is
in the midille, and they have a hole over it, to let out the
linoke ; ihry have only the ground-tloor, and ufe no par-
titions, 111 that tbu whole houle forms but one room. In-
(tea<l of beds ihuy ufe hammocl:?, which arc bun|; Item
l'J5
the prim ipal beam, and bio;ksof wool are their only
le.'ts and tab|i-s. Their furniture conlill'. of i-artiieii
VI Ill-Is, wiih calabaflifs of an unioiiniion fize to hold their
bipior ; and theirarms, b'.v.'s, arrows, lances, dart-, an. 1
ipiiveis, with their tools, are hung as orr.amcirs round
tne collage.
Thr ir guard-hoiife is about a hiin'red and thrtv feet
long, an I twentv-Hve hru.ij ; the w.ili* nnc or ten fe-":
high, and the ridge of the roof a'.iout twenty h'et in
heigh*, and thatched with palmetto leaves : they have
niiro-,v lo:)p holes on the liijvs, tV'ini wh.ncc tiiey can
repulfe an cncmv with their arrows ; they are fcated, a-,
huh been obl'erved, on an eminence, and the ground is
cl-.-ared of wood and Ihrubs for a ;;oo I fpace round, that,
an enemy may lind no fhelter fio-n their arrows, or any
plaie to li'; concealed. '[ hev liave (hong doors tr) de-
fend the entr.mce ; but the S;i\ni irds cafily buriitlv.ni
down by fnooting flaming arrows into the p.ilmcttj leaves,
which aiifwir the piirpole of i^atch.
We (hall now treat of the diet, exerciles, feliiv.ils, and
divcrhi.'iis of 1001- Indians wl; i llill enjoy their lioLrties.
Thi'ir principal food is eithe,' Indi.m corn parched and
gin ind into flaur, and mad-,t into thin cakes, or fiuii,
root,', wild hogs, deer, ^''ce. and fonutimes h(h. Thev
freijuently go a-huntiiig in companle-i a week or a fort -
nitilit togr-ther, every man c.nrryin.^ witii him hi; b.iw
and ariow,, a f;",ar, a hatcf.et, and a lonp; knife. K ich
man alio takes a dog or two with him to beat for gimc.
Some women alio go with tlicni to carrv tluir provdion;
ot r'lalleil pi nitaiii'^, yams, potatoes, ballccta of parched
Indian corn, and a few uterilils. Ihe b.alfs they hunt
ar- chiefly the pccaree and warree, a fort of wild Ix gs, of
wiiieh v'u have given a delcription. They alio meet with
a variety ot fowls. They lodge at night wherever they
happen to be at fun-let, contriv in:' to be near (ome river.
They b ing up their liainmoeks between the ;;ees, and
have fence any other covtring but a plantane leat. 'I'hey
begin their hunting airain at fun-riling the next morning.
Their game, jiill nieiuioned, are not f*itt of foot, and
(U'ually go to:rether in droves of two or three bundled ;
but they lometimes huii'-awholeday without meeting any.
When the bealt is tiled witU the piirfuit, or wounded, he
will (land at bay with the dogs, till the mailer coines
up and fhoots him ; he then (trikes bis fpcar into the
creature to let on', the blood, embowels him, and cutting
him in two pieces carries them on a (lick laid acrofs his
fli luider to a place where the women arc appointed to
wait: here they cutottthe head of the animal, fiiiarter
and (l-a it ; what they intend to preferve thiy barbecii!;
by laying it upon a wooden grate, under which is a
lire of wood coals, which is kept up till the meat is as
dry as a chip ; and thefe pieces will keep a great while.
Wiicn they have inu.h game, the men allift the women
in cai tying it home; and when their Ifock of pr. -
vilions is aliuoll (pent, they 50 out again to look for
more.
Whether their flefli be dried, or frefh killed, they cut
it into fmall pieces, which they put into a kind of pip-
kin, adding fomc roors, green plantanes, or other fruit,
with a threat deal of pepper, (tewing them together in
water (even or eight hours, and not I'ulFcring them to
boil, which reduces all the ingredients into a kind of
pulp ; they then pour it into an earthen dilli, orcalabafli,
and letting it upon a wood''n block that ferves them for
a table, lit round it on leHlr blocks, all haying a calaballi
of water Handing by their (ide on the jiiouiid, into which
they tVeiniciuly dip their lingers while they arc eating.
riuv have feldom more than one let meal in a day, but
they e it plantanes and other fruit raw or roaltctl almolf
all the day.
There i,s fcarcc any flefli, fifli, or fowl, but what the
natives of Mexico eat cither (tewed or broiled on the
coals : it does not appear that they ufe cither knives, forks,
or (poons, but hll their mouths with their hands, and
tear the broiled fiefli oft the bones with their teeth ; but
thofe who are among the Spaniards conform to their cuf-
toms, and every thing they eat is high feafoned with pep-
per. Chocolate ferves both for meat and drink in almoft
every province of Mexico, both among the free and tho(e
called the civilized Indians, it they can obtain it ; but it
is fo much ufed by the Spaniards, and fuch quantities are
9 A cxportiii
|ii
■ t
r.
A
"r. Tf^
738
A SYSTEM OF GL-iOGRAPHY.
TePK A FlUM.s,
\im
i iii
'!-«
rxportcJ ro Kuiopc, tli.it it is pretty Iliucc ;iiTioir' tlu'
fui- liiJiaiis,
'I'lify li.iVL- agrfat v.'.iii-tv nf liij'inrs ; tlic iTiod <iriliii;nv
clriiik is w.itiT, widi tlit- iiuur tit' Iii.luii ciirii mlulcii in
II, ninl Jfirk (/O' piclaiily. 'I'lii? Cci vcs ici Icl'i|) iIkiii
iilivc u(i a m.ircli, wlu'ii tiu'V cm j'ct no ntlici |>roviliuns.
riicy li.ivc; a liipior n.inicJ inil'l.uv, ol wliith llicy have
two lortb J one rnaik- dl plant.inis iVcdi j'.atla'icJ, and tlu-
othir o! plaiit.inrsilrird ; tin; firll llK'y in. ill, and, piclinj;
tuTiliL- rin.l, nia(!i ihcni in a IkhvI ut watir till t'.icy arc
liiil'oKtd, and iliLMi dr.iik tlu- niixtuic \ On- dtlitr is niadi;
ot'caiiisur pljiitancs dricil over a (low tiie : tlirs tlicv
lairv with thciii cm journics and diink it dilluUcil in
waiLT. As their pinc-.ipp!c< art Dill.- ot' tiKir innll dili-
ciuii.s ('ruits :.M infiilion ol' tlicfo tlit-y ar;j vciy loud of ;
and iiidcid they malci- an inlnfion of alinull all manner
of fruit.-, avl.lins Iidir'v to thcni at their cr.t<.Tt.iiniin nts :
but the country affords no wine, lor grapes will not ripen
kindly in the rainv fcafon, and the heats at oilier tinieh
render the liquor lour ; for this rcafon fcarcc any country
bctveceii the trnpici ..ffoids !;i.od wiiif.
The lndi.ins fcarce undertake any bafincfs of coiij'e-
il'ience without an cntertainiiient. If tliey propole cn-
lerini; into a war, cither with the Spaniards or any Indian
union, cheir chir!.- iivc funimoncd to a conl'ultation, and
cat and drink pleniilully lv;''ire thcv enter on their de-
hates. A huiitin_;;-niatch, which ulually l.dh fome -.weeks,
is alio preceded bv hard drinking. At weddings and other
joyful o'caiioiis thev have their leads, where they con-
liiuie drinking two or three davs, till all the liijnor is
Ipcnt ; and as they are very ()uarrcll'oiji8 in their liipior,
the m.iiter of the houfc aUva\> fecures their arms hcfore
they he.;in to he nirrrv ; for thcv never go without them,
if it he but to the next door. 'J'hey iifually iict lo drunk
as to be unable to liaiid, and haviivj; llept till tluy have
becnnif I'ober, return home.
Ilie men drink to one another at mc.ils, but never to
the WiHiien, who always rtand by and wait upon their
hulbands, uhilc thev a.-c eating and drinkini;, ferving
them will! liipior ; even when at home the wilo does not
tat till the luiflxuul has done ; but the females lealt among
themulves, when they arc as merry as the men, and as
little afraid of drinkiiv.; to cxcefs ; they, however, take
care to keep fober till their luifli.mds are recovered, and
iiideed 110 I'uuner perceive them in liquor, than they take
tlieni up and put them into hanmineks. IJoih fiNes ate
alio loiid of finoking tobacco.
'I'l.eir principal exereifes, or rather emplovmentii, a,
hith bec.i intim.iied, arehuiiiing, ihootim , and (ilbii >;;
whiih they iH;ilorm in order to provide for their ...n.ilir!
(-.very man breeds up his foil to thele exercifes, at whnli
they .irc fo de,\terous when chil.lreii, that it i.-. faid a bov
of ei<.fht years of a;;e will fplit a caiie fet up at twenty
yards liiltance, wiili an arrow difehargcd liom hi.s bow
and kill a bird Hying. Jiut the moli (.■ pert cf a'l the In'
d..'ns of Mexico aro the Alofipieto In.ij.iiis, who dwell ia
the province of Honduras I'liey arc tali, well iii.idc
lliongaiul nin.ble, hmg m'aoed, h.ive a Item look, ai,^
haul l.ivoured, and have lank black h.iir. Tiieie pco.!
pic, who inh.ibit the le.i-(hore and the h.inkT ol livers, an:
I'led to throw the lance, hiirjioon, amld.iit ; diaw tlieboiv
liomthiir iiiMiiLV, aiul they will tiiin alidc any miltsc
weapons thrown at them with a fmall cane no big!;ei th...'i
■i giin-ltiek. Their principal cmploymeiir ii> 'itrikm,.
liili, particularly the manatee ,ind tiiitle. 'I'he Kn;;l,Pi
piivaieers, when they crui'/.e on the MeMc in coail, lia\^^
uliLilly one or two of thefe Moltpiet.! men lo Itiikc the
li(h, and they will take enough to mamt.iin a llnp's cuny
ot a luinJied men. When they ferie the Imi-KIIi ihi y
learn the ule of the gun, and become c.nitc,iin>' :n;oii
m.iikl'men ; they arc alio extremely daring in tight, uni
never give back while fupported by the party that enter-
tains them.
liut to return to the Indians in general, who have their
dances and mufic, if it may be called by that name, fueh
as wooden drums, and a kind ot pipe made of a cane or
reed, but very difa-jrecable to an European ear ; for they
love every thing that makes a nolle, how dilagrccablc
foevcr be the found : they will alio hum over fomethin r
like a tunc when they dance, but it does not appear that
tluy have any thing like longs or ballads. They dance
thirty or forty in a circle, ftretching out their hands, ami
laying them on each others fhoulders j flanip, jump, and
ufe the nioft antic gcfluies for feveral hours together, lill
they are heartily weary. Sometimes one or two of the
coitinany Ifep out of the ring, to divert the reit by (hew-
ing tiicks and feats of adtivity, throwing up their laiicis,
catching them again, bending backw.irds, and fpringin;,
forwards with gieat agility.
CHAP. X.
Of TERRA FIRM A, or NEW CASTILE.
('if
m
T
/ .'■
S E C T. I.
7Lr Situiil:i!i, Exttiil, ciiid Diuifiom of Terra Firma; with
II p.iiliiu.'jr Difcnplion cf the Silualian, Exl,rit, Riven,
Fii^e ^iftheCoiiiitiy, anU Ctimati of Terra Fiinui Proper ;
ai U cf tie T.-wni cf I'crto Utllo iind Pan.ima : likiuife ait
Auctmt :f the Pe.irl bijhcr) ,-.tar the hjl City ; iind cf a
S::ts i':.';.Vv«K/ cii the (kail of Darien.
ilK province of Terra Firma, or New Caftile, is
_^ a very cx:enlive country, it being bounded on the
north .indt-afl by tiie Norili lea ; on the fouth by part of
Gui.-.r.a and the country of the Amazons ; and on the
welt by the South da, wlicrc the illhmus of Daricn alfo
divides it liam Mexico. lis greatcll length from the
Suiuii Tea to the mouth of the river Uroonoko is upwards
cfthiitcen hundred miles, and its greateft breadth is a-
bout liKven hundred and fifty j but in other places it is
much pent ia by tlu: river Oroonoko, lo that it is not
above iialf that brcadih, and towards the mouth of that
fiver not above a hundred and ei;^hty miles. It extends
almoll liom the ecpiator to the twelfth degree tliiriv mi
liules north latiiiiJe, and from the lixty-lcc.m ' t.* tlu.
^iphiy thiid dr^iee of wdt Iclij^itudc.
Terra Firma is divided into the following dirtri..1s, ..f
governments: the ilthmus of Darien, or Terra Eaiua
I'roper, Carthagena, Santa VLirtha, Rio de la Hach.i,
Venezuela, New Gianada, New .■\nd..luiia, and the pro-
vince of Popayan.
The molt northern of thefe is the country lying be-
tvrcen the gulph of Darien and Mexico, alonii, the co.!!":
of the South and North ica, particularly diftingui/hed bv
the name of the ilthmuj of Daricn, and by fome writei
called the ifthmus of Panama, It divides North and
South America, extending between thf eighth and tenth y /'
degree north latitude, and between the feventy-cighth and vv ,f;
tighty-feventh degree welt longitude, in the form ot 3
crelcent, round the bay of Panama for about three hundred
miles in length, and lixty in breadth, from the North fca
to the Pacific ocean. It is bounded on the tart by thi;
river and gulph of Daricn, which leparates it from Car-
thagena i on th? fouth by Popayan and the Pacific ocean,
or South fea ; and on the weft by the fame ocean and
V'eragua.
I'hc larKl has almoft every where ait equal futf.ice,
and is diltinguillied by hills and valleyj of great varictv
lor height, depth, and extent. I'lie valleyi ..re gene-
rally watered with rivers, brooks, and pereimial fpiing.,
fome
' '^^M.:
iiocki. Iiotli ft\'J5 a;;;
iithcr (■mployiiicnta, ;i,
, ihootiiu , and lilhii ^- ;
oviJc lor thuir ..iii.ilu ■.
htlj cxtrciks, at whiili
CM, tli:it It i;. f'aiil a biiv
tunc lit up at twcntv
'Lh.irf;cJ l.oin 1m^> bow,
I'll (.■ pert c:r a'! the liv.
J Iniii.Mis, who liwL'II ill
L'y aie t.il!. wtU hkhIc,
have a (k:n look, ;i;i;
ack h.ii:, iiv.'lf pvj.
I the: h.inki ol rivtrs.aii:
aiiilil.iit ; Ji.uv the bow
I turn al'ulc aiiv miUjvc
nail i aoc IK) biy;;i:i thwii
L'm| lovmtiit is Itiikui,.
iJ tiiitk'. The Kii,;l,|'i
he Mv>.ic 111 oiail, li.iv .-.
i;cii-tii imi\ to itrike '.ix-
o iiiaiiit.iin 11 lliMi'i cii'\»
I'cri c ihi- Imii;IiI)i ihi y
)^'Comc fXitf.iMiJ vy.ijii
cly daring in ii:^ht, nini
by the party that cntut-
jrcncral, who have their
illcd by that naim-, fuch
\ pipe niadi' ot a caiv.or
European car ; for they
noil'f, how diCagrccabIc
I'o hum over roinethiii:^
t it does not appear that
)r ballads. Tliey dance
in;^ out their hands, ami
Mers ; ftanip, jump, anil
veral hours together, till
nies one or two oi the
divert the rdt by (hew-
hrowini; up their lances,
ickw.^rds, and (pringin;;
Ti;!t'.'-A !■'::•. M.\.
AMERICA.
73 9
. E.
ic foiL)\viMg dilhiJls, cf
):irien, or Terra I'iinia
rth.i, Rio de la Hacha,
Andaluila, and the pro-
is the country Iving be-
Mexico, aioni'. the coal*
[icularly dilHn^uilheil bv
icn, and by lonie writer.
It divides North and
cen thf eighth and tenth .V
;ii the feventy-eighth and •/*
itude, in the lorm ot a
1 tor about three hundred
idth, from the North fca
ided on the tart by the
h I'eparatcs it from Car-
an and the Pacific ocean,
by the fame ocean and
where »!» equal furface,
I vallcyj of great variety
The valleyi arc gene-
:s, and pertnjiial fpiingi,
fome
lii.nc of which fail Into the Nnrth and others into the ,
;,oiilii lea: niolb of them lile lioni a chain ot higher hilli j
tlian tl'..: rcll that extend the length ot the illhnius, in a I
maiiini parallel t > thi' flioie, and l;i in moll parts nearelt
t:ie Nouii lea, tr.;in wliicU it i; l.:!dom above ten orl't'tcen
nnles ilillant. (h\ the north tide of thij main rid^^e,
vvMnh is a continuation of the Andes, there are either no
lidK at all, or oidv ^tnlle dcehvitie;. This fide of the
loantry is evcrv wluie fo covered with woods, that it is
all one ccmiiiued torelk : nor is tlie main rid;',e itillt ear-
ned on every wiu'ie wiih acojitintieil top ; but is ratlur
u raiijie ot ilillincl hills, and accordingly liastieiineiit laige
valleys disjomin;'; the leveral eminenies that compote its
leiv'th i and f mie id tliem are even to deep as to ^iMr. a
p.ifl'a^e tor rivers.
Some of the livers that water the country arc pretty
lar-j;c, though t'evn of them are navigable. (>n the uwith
Coalt they are for the moll part Ihiajl ; for as they gene-
r.dly rile fro. 11 the main ridge, which lies near that Ihore,
ti'.ey have but a fliort coiirle. 'I'hc Uaiien, from winch
the lltlimus is fuppofeil to take its name, is indeed a veiy
l.ir'C rivei, but its depth at the entrance is not anfwer-
able to the widene's of its mouth. T'he river Chagre is
pretty confideiahle ; iV.r tlmugji it riles from the lame
rid'c it has a long bending courl'e from the louth and
cad put of the ilihiiuis. 'I'he river Conception is alio
conli lerable : tlKle thiee fall into the North lea. into
the S.iu:!i lea fall the .S.mta Maria, the Congo, und the
Cheapo.
In il'.e river Chngrc aie bred a great number of alliga-
tors ; and. all the ioiells and woods near it are full of wild
bealls, efpecially dilFereiit kinds of monkeys, of various
coloKis, .' blatk, blown, .ind reddilh ; there is alio the
l.ime diveifuy in their fue, loine being a yard long, others
lulfavaid, and others fcarce a foot. The flelh of all
thefe ililiViiiit kinds is highly valued by the negroes,
efpecially that of the red ; but liowever delicate the meat
may be, fays the learned Don Antonio Ulloa, the fight
of th-iu is enough to n.ake the appetite abhor them ; for
v.'lieii dcid they are fcalded, in order to take ofF the hair,
whence the (kin is contraiiled by the heat; and when
thoroughly cleaned looks peilecl.ly white, and greatly rc-
fembles a child of about two or three years of age when
cryiii' : yet the fcaicitv of food in many parts of Ame-
rica rendeis their fiefli valu.ible i and not only the negroes,
but the Cieoles, and the Kuioiamiis themfelvcs, make
no fcriiple of e.iting it.
liut to return, nothing can excel the profpciTls which
tlic rivers of this country exhibit. The moll: fertile im.i-
uination of a painter can never eipial the magnificence of
the rural lanillcapcs drawn by the pencil of nature. The
groves, which ihade the plains, and extend their branches
to the rivers ; the varitius dimcnfions of the trees that
cover the eminences ; the texture of their le.ues ; the
figure of their fiuits, and the various colours they exhi-
bit, form a moil delighil'ul Icene, that is gieatly height-
ened by the infnile variety of creatures with which it is
(liTcrfifud. The dilYcrent fiiccics of nionkies fkipping in
troops fiom tree to tree, hanging from the branches j and
in other pl.ices, fix, eight, or more of them, linked to-
gether, in order to pal's a river, with the dams carrying
Tli'-ir young on their llioulders, throwing thcmfwives into
odd gertures, and making a thn.ifand grimaces, will per-
haps appear fiflitious to thole who have not adually ken
if but if the birds arc confi.!ered, our rcafon for admira-
tio'n will be greatly augmented. Thefe, from their great
abundance, fccm to have had their origin on the banks of
the rivers, while the beauty and variety of their various
plumage confpire tocliaim the eye. Here are all the va-
rious kinds of parrots, parroquets, cotores, the tulcan,
the g.illina/.o, the wild and royal peacock, the turtledove,
the heron, and many others.
The weather is nuuli the fame here as in other places
of the torrid y.one, iiu lining rather to the wet extreme.
'I'hc rains begin in April or May, and are very violent
during the months of June, July, and Auguft : it is
then very hot, whenever the fun breaks out of a cloud,
there bein"- no breezes to fan and cool the air, it is all a
glowing heat. About September the rains begin to abate,
but it IS November or IJeceinber, and perhaps the be-
ginning of Jaim.iry, before they arc quite gone ; I'o that
the rainv weather lalts tw"-t!iirds of the year. Tl'.r-v firll
come, like tnir liiddeii :\\iu\ (liov/ers, one in :i day i at
l-iiji:i a (hower fills aliiiod in'f ry hour, Irttjuently ac-
K'liipanieJ with violent thunder and lightning; during
wliieli the air has o;'ten ,i fjint fidphureoMs fmell, wdiere
pent up among the woods. After thi* v.ui.ible wea;l.er
there will be, lor about a month or fix wh:ks a litiled
continued ram of I'ever.d dav:, and niglil,^, witli-.at thun-
der and lightning, but extre-nuly vcluiiirnt, coiifi.lering
the length ; yet .it certain intcivals, even in the v.-ctteli
part of the fe.d'on, aie intermixed fevcr.il fair d:'.;.', wilfi
only lorn.iJoes or tliunJir Ihowcts, and that loiv.etimes
loi a week together. Th'-fe thunder fliowers ulually
cauie a lenlibK- wind by the clouds prefling the atmof-
phere, which i; very rel'refliing fr ,v.\ its mo~.!erating tiu:
heat i but as it (hakes the trees of the foreft, their droji-
ping is as troublel'onie ai the
itfclf. When the
Iho-.ver IS over, you he.ir a great way togelher the croak-
ing ot trous and toads, and the Ivjmming of mulkettoes,
wnieli ehielly infelt: tlic lo'.v fwampy grounds near the
rivers. I he floods cauied bv the li.avv rains often be it
down the trees j to that they frequently bar up tli, livers
till^ they are cleared by another flood.
1 he loll ol the inland |)irtof tiie country is generally
very good, and for the moii pa-t confilh of black fruitful
mouiil. 'I he bills aie every where fertile to the top,
tiioiigli mo. fruitful nearer the bottom ; but even the
tops ol the m.iin i:dge aie covered wiih very flourifhlng
trees. Indeed the fo.l feems capable of producing all the
vegetables proper to the climate; \ct the trees on the
j tops and fides ot the hil'- in the inland country are verv
; diiterent Irom thofe in the fca. 'i'he woods on the hill's
loimiig a large forel'i uf limber trees, or a delightful
I grove of trees of leveral kind-., are verv tall, with litt!;
; or no underwood, and placed at fuch a diitance from each
I other, that a horfe may gallon among them a great way,
; and eafily avoid them ; their tops are generally very large
i and Ipre.id ng, and it is piohahly their'lhaJe ini dropping
I which hinder any thing ell'e growing in the rich grnun i
I among them ; lor in the open fivannas, or where the
■ ground is cleared by indullry, there is great plenty ot
I tmallcr vegetables. On the fe.i-coall, where the foil is
hequcntly fwampy drowned land, cl'peciallv iie.ir the
mouths of livers, the trees ure not tall, but flirubby ;
conlilliiig of mangroves, brambles, bamboos, &:c. not
growing ill the manner of groves, but in a cun'.inueJ
thicket.
The trees on the ifthmus are many of them the fame
as thofe in Mexico, and they have alio many of the fame
animals.
The principal towns in this province arc Porto-Cul'.o
and Panama.
The town of St. Philip de Porto-Bello is fituated in
the ninth degree thirty-four minutes thirty-five feconds, S:^^,
north latitude, and in the eighty fecond degree five mi- .^j,,^,
miles, wed longitude, from London ; and (lands on the
declivity of a mountain that furrounds the whole har-
bour. Molt of the houl'es are built of wood ; but in fomc
the firrt itory is of (lone, and the rert of timber ; but they
amount only to about one hundred and thirty: moft of
them are however large and fpacious. It confifts of one
principal (Ircct, extending along the ftrand, with others
Imallcr crolTing it, and running from the declivity of the
mountain to the (hore. There are alfo fome lanes in the
fame direction with the principal ftrcet, where the ground
admits of it. Here are two large fipiares, one oppofite to
thecu(lom-houl'e,wbich is of (lone, adjoining to ihc quay ;
the other faces the great church, which is alfo of tlone,
large, and decently ornamented. Here are alfo two other
churches, one called Nucllra Signora de la Merced, with
a convent of the Lme order ; but bjth the church and
convent are mean and ruinous ; the other i . St. Juan de
Dios, which is a fmall building, in no better condition
than the former.
At the eaft end of the town is a quarter called Guinea,
where the negroes of both fexcs, whether Haves or free,
have their habitations. This quarter is much croudej
when the galleons arc here. The mulattoes and other
poor families alfo iciiiove either toCiuinea, or to cottages
ereiSled near it, or built upon the occafion. Great num-
bers uf artifisers from i'an.>ma, who flock to Porto-Bcllo
la
N
liil''
)■•
\m
kl
f
;43
A SYS T E M O i- I. I. O G K A I i i Y.
I\'\
t.|
;:iH'
HII
n\ii
Ti.fii'
'.1 iv'.'iiV:
■ III c|iMt
It ihc'r iT'";ir.nivc liuriiufli.'S lilccw'.fij luj^'c In
• r li r chcip'u Is, 'I'niA.iiil-. the Ci-.i is a l.iiijc
ti ;. I iHtvviMi I'l.c tdnii .111.1 ( il.iii.icalll ', v.hciu li:iir;u''i
re ir. t;r.', uui ;'.rc piirciji.iKv lillcJ with ll)i,isLicws whii
kf; ji lK:lls ( t' Ivv ct-nr.M's an J othi r citalilis lir<piiL;ht Iroin
>|'..ni : bi.'t :it the r<'ntli'lIofi ol tlie t'.iir llie iliij"^ (nil to
('•,.1, ani! a'l tl'.vf; biiil.linjis arc taken ilown ; aUcr wliitli
the Inv, M ritu!n« to its 1' initT liaiH|uilliv.
'I'Ik' n.i nil' III this poit 11 jniij ini; 1 mil- I'oit, or 11. u hour,
Mu'ira'is lis li.iiiM con M'oilious loi ail ^^lps ; an. I thou;.;ti
OS I iitr.UH'i' is viiy wii'.'', it is wrll iltlon.k.l h\' I'ort .M.
I'liil p. On ihc loiilh full.' (if the h.irbdiir, oppoiltJ lo iho
iMChoiinj; I'.laco, is a larj'e ralll.:, c ;illi'(l .S.unt Jas'inli' la
(.iiori.i, to thfc.ilt I I whi.-h, at the ililUnri; ot two hun-
t'u'.) vu.l^, bfinnv the town, li.ivinj; luforc it a point of
Ijn.l pioii-iiioi; into the h.nhour, on x^hich Itno.l a I'mall
l..it, lallcil .St. jcrom. All thil'c wen; ilcnioliCjcJ bv ail-
. liiM.".! V'triion, i;i i-;o, uitli only fix fliip'i un.lii- his
< miinan.!. Ar.on,; tne n.ount.iln-, which lurr.nin.l the
uhole h '.iV..ii'.r, is one at i;s nt.i olt extiemilv, leniailsahie
I. It its r.ip-fi.-ir height. Its ton is always coveted with
iloiiils, (it a i^nluv an.! ilaiknel's d l>loni fiin in tlioie of
tlvs atmoiy.here • ivhin thtfe thiiltcn, ineteafe in lilatk-
iiL's, an.l li;.N ! iLnv their iihial llaiii)n, it is a I'uie lign ol'
a teir.relt ; uf.i!'-' ell the other h.m.l, thoir clearnels anJ
aie.iU .'.s eit.iinlv in.lientc th.' applo.icii of t'.iir wea-
ti:tr. 'i'hLi'e ch..n^es, h;Avcver, au \Lry Irn^uwit .nJ
lUJ.'en.
The to«'n i'l nn.!cr the jnril'.livO.ion of a governor, who
has the titli; of lieutenant L';.-'ncral v he i.s jIwjvs a !.'cn-
tle.iian of the army, an ! ha5 nn !e! him the coniiiiari.l-
aiits of the forts that coniniaml the harhour. I'o thele
his MirilUieti.in is limited, the neighhourir.g rrinntry lie-
in.: full of 111 nintains covue.l with inipcne;rable foielb.
The incKinencv' of the climate of Porto IJello is cx-
creiiin:^ 'jre It: the heat is c.vceffivc, it bein;!: a.ii^ment-
lu hv the litiKitinn of ihe town, which is I'urro'.mJed wiih
hi_:h mountains, without any interval to admit reirelli
inj; winds. 'I'hctrcis on thefe iiiouiuains IKinJ lo thick
a. lo intrrc ^'t the riys cif the fun, and confequently pre-
vent tlieir iliv ni; the f.irth un.ler their branches; hence
arile copious exii.ilations, which form lar.^e clouds that
i,\'.] in violent tortent.s ol rain; but this i.s no ro.inerovcr,
than the i'un breaks foith afrefli, ftiinin;; with his former
ipiendor; iiut has I'carce Jri'jd the finface of the ground
no: covtred bv the tries, than the fun is a:;ain conceal-
C.I, and tVcili (howcrs fall. 'I'hcfe torrents lit rain, which,
by t.'uir I'ud.icnnefs and impefuufitv, fe';iii to threaten a
kcon.l d.hi.!e, arc accomp.inied with fuch dreadful tern-
pclh of thuiiiier an. I |i;.;liming, as mult daunt even the
mod reroime Kr.ini^er; ^i'''\ this drea.llul nolle is pr. loii;;-
td by the echoes lioni the caverns of the niouniain', and
the howlings and ihruki ot the many kin.is of n-,onke\5
which dwell in their forelts: but what is llill worfe, the
air is fo unhealthy, that the a.illtons, or other Kur.ipean
fhips, whicn Kay here any time, I'eldom leave it without
burying hall", or, at lealt, one third nf their men : hence
it h.is hirn t.-rmed the grave of th.' Spaniards. It is iiiii-
verla'dv allertid in that town, that the animals from other
climntc=, on their b.in ; brousrht Troni I'orto-lielln, ccafe
to propagate ihiir fpcries ; thu, hensbroUL'ht I'rom Panama,
or Cartiiaceii.i, imni( di.itely on their arrival, lay no more
e.'i;s. The horned cattle lent from Panama, after bein-.;
here a fhort tune, lole their tl' 111 lo as not to be eatable,
thou,!!h tntre i^ plenty of palture; and it is certain that
liorfcs and alics never breed here.
'fh? nnr.-.ber of ii'.h ibitants from the inclemency of the
ilitrale is v.tv inconri.lerablc, an'l the f;rca'.cll ji.irt of
thcfe are negroes and niulattocs, there bein^ fcarce
thirty White faiiilici , (or none (lay at I'orto-Iiello but
th'ji'; wr.oie emplfivni 'nts <ibli;_'e thini to it, as the t'over-
luv, tir.- comnr'.nders of ihe lorts, the civil offi.-r.rs of
tirj cru.vn, witli the olTiOfrs and (bidicrs o( the gar-
nl'in'.
Pi'ii.u.eis are fvaK", and eoiifequenlly de.ir, particii-
!..riy liming ir.(r it. v (I the ijall.ons and the fair, when
mere is .■. necfliry tor a I'npply fr.ini Caithageu.i and P.i-
iiami. 1' roni 'he fonmr are br.'iu:;ht niaizj, rice, caflava
bread, li'.-.'s, puulirv, and raots ; and from the latter
catile. i he only tuiiiL' m pkniy here is Hill, of which
thcie i'j a 'itc'.'.t variety, an. I very irood. The adj.iccnt
7
1' (.;.:< .\ ;■
I a:,d thiv
(UM ,.
n.a.ti!
ciMinlry ai.o ab.iun.l. iii lUj^nr-ciiit-,
l.igar, iiKdall'es, and tiiiii.
Sn^.kis aie cMuimly iMmmi ir,, ami llie toad- innu
mei..li|e, fwarniiii^ not only in tlanip and n aUl.v pl.itis
as in other coui.tr.ts, but tvm in the llreets, unm, ,,l
h.iufcs, and all op; n places in f;intr,.|. 'I'lius, v. I;cn ,i
has rainul in the leght, tlie Itiuts and ftiuans ,„ ,(„.
moiniin; feem pavid witii tliuii ; fo that vnu cnnnot l!i|j
withoui tie.idingon th( in, which is lnii;ei'.iiiei pr( dueiiy .
ol tioiiblelome l.ites ; (or iicfldes liicir [-.o:'!.!!, itu-\- a .•'■(,
Iiiiie ih.it ll.eir tieili are leviidy (Vlr. I'tiiy ,.,,. \ „'.'
i..lly .iliout lix inches buij',, and notliiM", can he w .•;.•■•■ K
more dilni.d than tl.i :t cio.ikiiuis, dni.u^ t':j i.i ! • '
ail paits oi tl-.j tiiwn, the wiu I,, ..ii.l "c utiii, i i ",■ "•
nii'jntairs. "■'
As ihe (.irrfls aliiKifl borili r oi'' the Imur..-, ||,,. (.^ .., .
ollen eiilir the It m els dm in.; the iii^ht, cairyin. ,,(j' f,),v,,[
dogs, and (,thei doiiiiltic animils, and l.pinil'iiines evi li
bey., have tallen a picy to tluni. IMi.lcs the In ires ufuali''
l.nd lor them, the iii -.ijocs and miiUltoes who fell w<i(.,|
in the l.'.relh n! the niount.nns aie ve.y (!l■xterou^ in tu.
eouiiteiiii',^ them, ai.d foiiie ov. n (lek llum in their ic-
tr( ais. Their arms .^re only a I ;ncc, 'w.i ir ihue yards
l-Mi;,', m.ide ol a lery llroiu' wood, wiih the point h.iriliii;.!
in 111'-' lire, and .i l.nge fc;,"nieMr. I ln;s aimed, iluy tj.I
till he (lies at their lelt arm, wlikli h.l, Is the lance, an.l .a
wiappc-d up ill a (li..r: clo..k of bai/ ■. .Scnieiimei th :
t\:;.r feems to decline the combat, but his ant i^oni.!.
proiokes him with a ilii;lit toiidi o( ihe l.iiiec, winch he-
llo fonncr (eels than he gralps it with (lie of his paws,
an.l with the other (tiikes at the aim which |i,,Ids it!
upon this, the ptri'in nimbly aims a bl.nv u ith hi, feymc-
lar, which he kept concc.led in the oilier liaii.l, an.|
h.imilrings the creature, which immeJiauly draws liaii.,
cnr.iged ; but retiirnini; to the char.'e, reccves another
Cuih Itroke, by wliieh he is deprived uV his moll dangerou-,
weapon-, and rendere.l incapable of nuivinu : afterwhidi
the perlon kills him .it his leifuie; and Itiipping idt tl!,-
Ikin, cuts olF the head, with the fore and hnui lect, an.i
leturns 10 the town with the trophies ol' his victory.
To return to Porto-lJello, wdiich thou di fo thinly in-
habited, on account of its noxious air, becomes on ili-
arnal of the galleons one of the moll popul.ius places in
all South-America; lor its fitnation on the illhmus, l-c
twecn the North and Soviih Sea, the i'oodnefs of ii.;
h.i.'bour, and its fm.ill diltance from Panama, have I'jven
it the preference, fur the rendczi'ous of tlic jf.int com-
merce of .Spain and Peai.
'I'he inhabitants of Carthagcna no fooner recrive ad-
viic that the Pern llect has unloaded at Panama, than the
giilleons fet fail for I'orto-IJello, where the concourfe of
people is imincJia-.ely f.i urcat, as to riife the rent of a
middling chamber with a clofet, duiiiig the fair, to a
thouland crowns, and feme lar-c lioufcs are Ijt ('...r that
I'eafon for (our, f^.ve, or fix th<niland crowns.
No I'coner arc the (hips moored in the har'inur thrin a
tent is erected in the I'tjuare, «ith the lads n( the (hip .,
lor receiving their cargo, and tliithcrth,- bales are drawn
on (ledges by the crew of every lliip. While the feameii
and iuiropeaii traders are tlui.s empK vcd, the land is co-
vered wilh diovts of mules (roin P.ina'nia, ca; h dicvccon-
lilting of above a hundred, loaded with chciis of i;oI.i
and ii'ver, on account of the merch.mti ol Peru. Some
unlo.id them at the exchange, and oihcrs in the middle
ol the ft]u.ire ; ytt amidil the hurry an., confufion of ("ncli
crowds, no iheft, lofs, or Jiliuibance is ever known, lie
who haiilceii this pl.ice durin.; the folit;.rv time when it
w.is poor, and a perpetual I'dencc rei;;n(d every wlier.-,
while every place wore a mel.incholy alp..i!l, niull'bc filled
with altoninimcn' at the I'udden change, lo ('.-e the biift-
ling multitu !(f, .-veiy hnul'j crowded, the I'lpiare .in.I
lire ets encumbered with bales, and with chclls of ^oM
and (liver, with the harbour full of (hip, and Imaller vei-
l-Is; and, in fh'irt, this a'-.mdonci town become the
Itaple of tiie lichesol the C)jd .uid New \V(uld.
AUer tiie fliips are unloaeled, and bo;h the merchants
ol I'eru and the preCideiit of Panama arrived, the fair comei
under deliberation, and ihe d-pnties of the feveral j.rsrties
rep.iir on boird the commodoie of th? galleons, wheie,
111 the piebnce of the commodor; and the prefident of
Pai.ami, the former as patron of the Europeans, and the
iUttcr
Ti;'.'.a.\ I'm MA.
A M E R I
7'.t
1 I i, :< A i' \-X M ,,
:•, aiitl thiy ii.,ii;i!
niul iliu tii;iJ- ii^nii
I .11. il II .irlli\' pl.n.1',
ii; Uiii'ls, i(niii> It
,.1. 'I'hus, v.l.iii If,
.Tiul (iiii;iris in ttii;
tliiit Vdii cr.iniiit !l,i)
nn.fiiiiic'i pn ilih'liv ■
ir pci'dii, inc.- :i .■ id
1 hiy ,.!i' :r.ii •■
lid", (..111 lie I'i' i.'ir.r.l"
!iii.iiji; tV;- 111 !.;, ji
IC ilOllH"-, 111- f, ■,•• ;
It, i.iiiyiir' I'll' t'l.v ',
ami loincliiiivs ivm
.Its ilic 111 111", iifuall"
.AitllCS will) IcU WdCil
n'. V iliximm^ in tn.
tk iluin ill tlicir \^-
r, uv'i rr thue v.irils
ill till.' |iiiiiit li.irili.ii';.l
|ii;s iiiiiud, I'uy III
inUlo the l.inti', .111.1 ,j
li.' ■. .Scnu'riini-i til ■
:, hi;t his aiit;';;'iiii.'.
I ilii; l.iiii'C, winch he
1,'ith (iiii; ol his p;i\v5,
mm wliitli h.ilJi it ;
bl.nv with hii fcyiTie-
llic (11 her h.iii.l, .111.1
r;-.caiin.'y ilr.iWb hail-,
ir^'i', ri'vc.vcs aiiothii-
lit' his molt ilaiigiri'iH
f nuiviiit; ; al'tcr whk'h
and Ihippiii;^ iilF tli,-
ire ami hiiui Ictt, uii.l
ci (il his victory,
h thou 'Ji lo thinly iii-
Is air, bi.i'omcb on ili-
oil populous places in
1 (ill the illhmiis, I'c-
, the cooJiicrs of if!
1 Panaiii.i, have given
ous of the j':i:it tom-
no fooiicr rccrivc ?..!-
;it Panama, t'nan thr-
here t'lie concourl? ot
to riife tile rent ot .i
mill;; the r.iir, to i
ufes arc l.t fr tiiat
rrowiis.
n t'nr; hat'.iour I'lnn a
■■. r.iiN of the Dili'.,
th ■ ImVd are ilra« n
W'liile the I'tanirii
vcJ, till: land is co-
.nia, ca; h dicvccon-
with chcils of goi.i
,;r.tj ol I'crii. Some
o;l'crs ill the niidJh:
ru. conlufioii of Inch
: is ever known . Ik-
oiit:.rv tiir.c when a
r,ni d every whcr.-,
l|Va,niulH'C ii'U\l
,;c, to lee the Ini'l-
(kd, the I'ljiiare .in.l
witli ehclls of ^oM
hip. and Imaller vcl •
■ i town hccome ttie
lAV W'oild.
both the mcrcliar.ts
iti\ed, thef.i;r comci
f the fevcral |.:irliei
th .' j.'alleon5, wheir,
and ihe prcfiilont ot
I.uroiie.ini, and the
latter
l.itt'-T ol' the I'eruviin;, th:; pric.-s of thf fevcral kinds of
ni'.'ich uidr/.e ari: f.tileJ, an. I all preliminaries beini; ad-
jull.' I 111 three or lour meetings, the cuiiMaits are lijjned
aii.l iiLide puhli.', th.it eVvTV one mav mnlorm to them in
thj fall' ol hib eltecli. 'I'hiis all fraud is precluded. The
piirtli.iles and I'-ilea, with the c.xchan:.;e of money, arc
tr>iiila:led liy broker.-, both from Spun and Peru. Alter
tliii every one be^Miis to dil'piil'e ot his L'oods ; the Spanifli
biakers em'.iaiking their chelis of nioncv, and tbol'c ot
Peru lending away the |;o<ids ih.y ti-ivc purchafcd la
velVels cilled chatas, and hon.'os, up tlic river Chajjrc,
»nd ilius the fair of I'orto-liello ends.
With relpcit to the hilUirv of this town, few places
have been more unfortunate : in 1505 it was taken an<l
raiifimed bv Sir Fr.incis IJr.ike ; in looi it was furpriled
tiyc.ipluiii Parker : in ltH)() it was taken liy captain Mor-
g.iii ; in 1678, by captain Croxou ; and in 1739, by ad-
iiiir.d Veinon.
l"anania, the moll important pl.'.re in the provlnje, is
;^f buiU on the coall of iheSouth ^la, in the eij;hth degree
filiv-levcn minutes lorty-eight Iceonds, norih latitude.
But with regard to its lon;;itude, there a'c various opi-
nions, noii'J of tile allioiiomcrs were for a long time able,
I'rom the obfcrvatioiis made on the fpot, to afcertain it ;
1(1 that it was duubtlul whether it lies to the ca(t or weft
of Purto-licllo; but Oou Antoiilo do Ulloa has with great
care determined the ililpiite, anil proved that it Itands
.JO..'/"- lliiriy nimutes vi'elt o! i'orto-liello. The houfes in ge-
iicr.il are of lioiie, but are only one (tory high ; however,
fioni the fymmrtryof the windows, they make a handfome
appearance. Without ihc city walls is an open fuburb,
lar^'.er than the citv itklf, and the houles ot the fame nia-
ttnais and conltruclion. The decorations of the private
houles are elegant, but not collly, and though there are
herj no pcrfons of I'ueh inimcnl'e fortunes as in I'ome other
citie:. ill America, yet it is not dcltitute of wealthy inha-
bitants, and all of them have a fufTiciency.
'I'his city had the mi-fortune, in the year 1670, to be
facked and buined by John Morgan, an EnglUli bucca-
neer, who had before t.irC-n Porto- Bello and Maracaybo,
and retiring to the ilian.ls, every where publifhcd his de-
liiMi of going to Panama ; upon which he was joined by
many adventurers. He firit filled to the river Chagre,
wbeie he l.tmleJ I'ome of his men, and battered the cattle
with his fliips ; but wher. he began to think it advili-ablc
to relriat, on account of the great number of his men
killed .mil wounded by the fort, an extraordinary accident
gave him fucrcfs. An arrow fhot from the bow of an
Indian, lodged in the eye of one of Morgan's compa-
nions ; who b-iiig rendered defperate with the pain, with
a rcmaikable tirmncfs and prcfence of mind, plucked the
arrow from the wound, an.! wrapping one of its ends in
cotton or tow, put it into his mulkct, which v^as ready
loaded, and difchargcd it into the fort, where the roofs of
the houles were of thatch, and the fides of wood. The
arrow fell on one of the roofs, and immediately fct it on
liriT, which w.is not at liill: ohfcrveil by the befieged, who
were buly in defending tlu phicc ; l)ut the fniokc and
flan.15 l.)on informed them that the fort and magazine of
powder were c-n the point of deftruiilion. Such an uncx-
pei'ted accident tilled them with terror and confufion ;
and every foldier, being eager to d^ii^ himfelf, abandoned
the works, in order to tl'cape the double danger, of being
cither burnt or blown up. The commandant, however,
rcfolving to do all in his power, (till defended the tort,
with fixtcen or tv\'enty Inldicrs, till he was flain ; and
Morgan obtained the loit, which was loon laid in
alius';
Having furmountcd this uilTiculty, he, with great part
of his men, failed up the river in boats, leaving the Dfiips
at .inchor ; and havin|: laiideJ, marched towards Panama,
and on the Sabana, a Ipacious plain before the city, had
tevcral fkirmifhes, in whi; h .Morgan always gained the
aJvaiitage ; fo that he made hinilch' matter of the city ;
luit found It al.Tioft fotlakcn ; the inhabitants on feeing
their m-n defeated, having retired into the woods. He
now plundered it at his Icifure ; and after flaying fome
days, agieed for a large ranfoni, to leave it without da-
maniii,; the buildings ; but al'tcr the payment of the mo-
ney, til'' city was fet on fire by accident ; a misfortune that
undere;! itablolutciv nccilf.iry to itbuild it, on whittl it
was removed to its prcfent lituation, which is about i.
le.igue and a halt fiom the former, and nuiih more cuii-
venieiil.
In this city is a tribunal, or royal audience, in which
the governor ol Panama refukii .aid to ihi-s i niployinciii-
is annexed the pott of capt.iin-gcneral of Terra Firiiia.
The city lias a court of iiiriiiilition, a c.ill.iJr.il, and ■*
chapter, confilliiig of a bifliop, and a minibir of piebi'ii
ilaries. The cathedi al and convciiis an. of Hone ; the Ijttei
are thofe of the Dominican;, l-'raneilcins, Auj^ullini. .,
and lathers of Mercy ; a coll.'ge of Jtluif;, a iiuniier'.
of the order of St. Clara, and an hofpitul 01 St. Ju.m dn
Dios.
1 he harbour is formed in the roail by tl'.c flKltir ot
fcvcral illands, where th- fliips n^ veiy fafe. At the bot-
tom of the fea urea gre.it number of pesrl-:, and the oyllet;;
in v.'birh they arc louiul are remarka'. Iv delicioi;s, 'I'his
kind of tifliery is of great advmtnge to the inhabitants of
all thi: illands ; and of this tifliery wefli.i!l give a partica-
lar defcription in treating of tlie trade of Pan.uiia.
The inhabitants aie parlimo. lions, Jcligiiing, intldlous,
and Itop at nothing when profit is in view. The fanie
fellithiicl's and parlimony reigns tijually among the wo-
men, who when thcv go aiiroad L..',in to imitate the diu'.
of thofe of Pen:, which confills only of a gown and pet-
ticoats nearly rcfmllinr; thofe worn in Sp..in ; but ic
home, on vifits, an. I fome -pirtKular ceremonies, their ihilt
is the only cloatliir.^ Irom the wailt upwaieis. Ihe
llecvcs are very Ion-', iToail, and i,uite open at the wrill ,
and thefc, like thetiof iin, arc adorned v.ah very tine lace,
the chief pride of tli.: lidic; of Panama. 'I'hcy wear
girdles and five or li.'^ eliapii is of L-ads about tl'.c ir necks,
tome let In gold, I'oiiie of cr.il mixed wiili fi-iiall pieces of
gold, and others lei's coltly ; but all of dittcrent fizcs ;
bcfidcs thefe, they have one, two, or more gold chains,
from which hang fome relics. Round their arms they
wear bracelets of gold and tombac ; alfoflrings of pearls,
corals, and bugles. Their petticoat reaches only from
their wait! to the calf of their legs, and I'tom thence to
a little above their ancle, a broad lace hangs from their
under petticoat.
The land in the neighbouring country is left entirely
to nature, nor does the leatf veitiges remain of its being
formerly cultivated ; whence the inhabiiants are under
the nceellity ol being fupplieJ with every thing, either
Irom the coall ;f Peru, or dillant places in its o«n jurif-
diclion ; and the fliipi; of Peru are continually employcil
in cxpoiliiig goods and provilions from that country, as
the coalling barks are in hiinging the produce of the fe-
vcral places in its iurifdiiSlion ; whence P.inaina is plcnti-
I'ullv furnifhed with the bcft wheat, maiv.e, cattle, and
poultry, and the inhabitants arc .ir.t 10 meagre and pale as
thofe who live at Carthagcna and l-'orto-RclIo.
From what has been faid of the commerce of Porto-
Bello in the time of the galleons, an idea may be formed
of that of Panama on the fame occafion j this city being
the tirlt where the treafure from Peru is landed, and like-
wife the llaple for the goods brought up the river Ch.i!;re.
This commerce is of the greatefl advantage to the inha-
bitants, both with regard to their letting thei: houfes, the
freight of vcli'els, the hire of mules and negroes. The
city, during the abfence of the armada, is never without
a great number of (trangcrs, it being the thoroughfare for
all going to the ports of Peru in the South Sea, as alfo
for any coming from thence to Spaiji ; to which miifl be
added the continual trade cairicd on by the Peruvian
fliips, which bring variety of goods; as meal of ditterent
forts, wine, brandy, fugar, olives, oil, tallow, leather,
and the like. The (hips from Guayaquil biingcac.io,
and iiuiiu^uina, or Jefiiit's bark. 'I'he coafting bark'i,
which make fre(]uent trips from the aJj-cent ports, lup-.
ply the city with hogs, poultry, liiing-tecf, hog's-lajd,
plantains, roots, and other food. The oearnefs of provi-
lions in the city, and its diltridl:, occaaoned by the great
dilLince from whence they arc brouglit, is amply coin-
penfated by the multitude and value of the pearls found ia
the ovilers of its gulf, particularly thofe near the iflands
Del Rey, Tabaga, and others, amounting in the whole to
forty-three in number, forming a fmall .".rchipclago. At
prck'r.t they arc found in fiieh plenty, that there are few
piifi r.s of lubllancc near P.mjma who do not employ \
9 B part
! ■ K
m
A SYSTEM OF G R O <1 R A P H Y.
I i!
■■'t-
It
f(( '.
It ji.
U
74 J
pa;t {■..' tl.c-ir T.ivts in iliin tiihcry, wIi'kIi is pcrlurmcJ in
:..'• folli)v/ii iiiiiiicr :
'I'hc i)\v I < of iic|i,roc.i cijiplov h:h as are lio'h c\-
jifri iWinim^.a, .iivi jrr cjpiililc nt' holJiiii; iIkii hicaih a
lur.j ti m' : iUjU- they fciiil to tla- illaiuls, whrrc ihiy li.ivc
I. til"! b.iiU l'i)r their loJjihgs, anj bout:, ih.it l\(ilJ I'l^Mit,
ti-ii, i>r (ivciily nirgrowS, umlcr the cumiii.iiiJ iit'an otTiter.
Iji tlulV lioais llicy p) to Inch part3 .15 are kimwii tu pro-
Jure p ails, where the ilcpth ni' the water does iiot cxcccJ
isvdve or lifie.-n taihunx. Here they nmie to an aiiehor,
:ui I tile iiigroej lavin^ a mpe t'allciieJ i(j\inJ their ho-
llies, aiiJ the olhtrUil to the Fu! c of the bo.it, iliey cairy
With thiPii aCin.ill wei^'jit to actelcrate t'leir rmkiiip. C.)ji
reaching the bult.'m, thiy take up uii ovit' r, wluli ihey
put iiiiiler their Icit aim, a fecoiid they hoUl in tl.e;r IcU
iljiiJ, aii-l a tliird In thci; riyht ; with tlufe three oyllers,
anJ frequently another in their miiith, tbey rife to take
''i.ath, ajul put thun in a ba^;. When tiny have rdled
theiiifelves foine time, and reeovcrcd their breath, they
perform a f.xoiid diving ; and lliiis eomiiii''' till th'-y h.ivc
toinplcf.d their t.i(k, or their linngtli fail-. Kaeh ol
thelj divers is obl.ped to deliver daily 10 bis miHer, a cer-
tain lix.d miniber of pea U ; fi> that v^■hen they have the
proper nimibcrn) oythr.i in ihtir ba;;, iliey bt;'in to open
th'm, and de!;'. er t'le p;at!s to the ofiUer, till thty h.ive
coniple:cd the mrmber required ; and if tiie pearl be but
Kirmed, it is t'utHeieiU, without anv ri;'aid 10 il^. beiii^
fma!l; and the remainder, however large or beautilul. are
the negro's own piop.crtv, the mailer not havini; the Icall
claim to them, the il.-.ves being aJlbwed to fell them to
U'bor.i tliev pleafv, thou.;h they are generally purthafed
at a \cry fmall priee bv the maiicr. i he negroes cannot
^lo\^cver cvcrv day make up their number, and" therefore
aie oM':;cd to fupplv the deticienry.
llefides the fa'i^ue I'f this filhery, frotn tlie ovflcrs
tttor'^lv a.iherin^ tt) &.v rocks, tin v .110 in no fmall d.in-
ger from leveral kind-> of li(h, whieh tiiher fuze on them,
or crufh thfm by their weight agaiiift the boitom. The
fidierv oh the whole coalt is oijnoxious to. ihi: fame
danjci' ; but theff ti/h are much more frequent where
fiieh lichcs abound. I'hc tiiitoreras, and taburoncs,
which arc of an enormous fr/e, feed on the bodies of thele
unfortunate tilhermcn ; and the mantas or quilts prcfs
them to death. It wraps its fins round a man or any
other animal tint come.s within its reach, and inime-
Ciately deprives it of life by this prcdure. 'I'hi.s lifli,
thou 'h ot a prodigious fizf, in fliipc rcfcmblci a thorn-
back;
Mvery ncrro carries witli him a ftiarp knife to defend
himfelf aL'ain'.t thefr filhes, and if one of them offers to
nllault hii.l, he anempts to Ifrikc it, on whith the fifli iii-
ftantl.' retires. ThL- odiccrii keep .1 watchful eye on thclc
voracious animal', and on difcovering them, fliake the
rope (.illeiied !o the ncgroc's body to put him oil his
guard ; and many upon leciiig the diver in danger, have
thrown th.mfelves into the water, and dived down to his
afli'.t'anee : but too often all their de.\teritv and precau-
tion are incapable of preventing the diver being devoured,
or his K't'tig a leg or an arm ; and though feveral fehemes
have been tried to prevent tlufe mclancho'y accidents,
they have bith'-rto failed of fucccfs.
'riv-' pe.uls ot thtfe tifheries arc generally of a good
water, and lome remarkable lor their (hape and C\7.r. A
few of them are fent to KuVope, but the ^uatelt part are
carried to l.im.i, where the demand for tliem is very great,
they bein^! not only nnivcrfally worn there hv perfons ot
rank, but from thence thev are fciit into the inland parts
iklore we take leave of the Ifthmus, we oij;;ht not to
emit obferving, that near the north-welt point of the
gulph of Darien, a fettlcment was attempted by the Sco's
in l(.'49> who built a fortrelV, whirh they named New
j\dinburgh, and denomiiialed the furroundiug toaiitiy
New Caledonia. Several Englifh and Hamburgh mer
chants cniajed deej ly in the .idventure, «nd they were
not only alTiited bv ail aifl of the Sctiis parliament, but by
letters piteiit from king Willi. ;m III. '1 he teiiitory of
which rlie adveniurcis took polleffloa, was govtined by
eight Indian chiefs, then at war with the .Spaniards, who
joyfully received the Scots, in hopes of biiiii^ abl.-, bv
the.r ailillance, i« t.xpul th?ir cnciiiie;.
CAirrn..niE\.r;
For fiimc time the nrw colnny flouriflied extremely,
but their i^ood fortune loon laifed the je.ilouly of tho
l.njtlidi Kilt India lompany, and the complaints of the
court ol .Madiid. 1 tie lormer reprefinted this .n an in-
fringement of their charter, and the l.uter as a viil.ition
ol the treaty fublillinn between Spain and (Jrc, it liiiiain.
Unhappily the I'.nglifh parliament inlerpoli.d, and .id-
dreiied his majelly to va ate the charter granted to the
Scots tompanv. iJut though the Scots ilefemled their
rights with all the ari^unicnts tt re.ifon and jiiKiec, tlm
influence of their advirf.iries wai too powerlul, and all
mrafures wen' taken to ruin the infant ftttlement. I'ha
Hainbiir[>luis were prevailed on to withdraw their fuli-
fcriptioiia -^ the merchants of London were even thicat-
eiied with tlie minllleriiil difple.ifuie ; and oidei> were
fent to the Kniilidi plaiuatiens to deny tht colonills pro-
vifioii.s and allillanr.e. In (hurt. Inch wa, the power of
faftion and private intetelt, that tile union w.is robbej
of the biiielitof one of the moll ufcful oll.iblillimeius
ever projecfed, the advantage^ of which miilf h.m. tuby
iippe.ircil whenever a rupture happ'iied betwo, n Kni',1 iiij.
and Spain j for while tlio illhmiis eoiitinued in the pollcl-
fion of the colony, the Spanilh ttc.ilures mult either lui-j
been detained in .Ameiica, or li'.v. I.dl.n into tho lianJ
of the Kiu'lilh.
S F. C T. II.
0/ C
A R T 11 A <; r N A
IhtSitiuitkn, Extei:!, Hut cf the ('.c:inti\-, l',j,t.-iU-s, ar:.i
Aniiihiis (,/' thiit li:,ii'nimt'it : tis Ciimiiic, tiii.i ibf J)/i,.i^,s
of lI'C li:lijliituiih : ,1 piirtuuliir lltj^r'ijtiiil of tht C.Hj if
Ciirih.i^eiM, i'i '1 iiiilciiiiil kii'ci.uis ; uiih tin Aljiiiiti t
mid Ctijtoms of the liihul/itti'ils,
TlIK government of Carthagena his the rivir of
Santa Martha on the tail, winch par;-, it from the
province of that name ; it has l'o|ay.in on tlie foutli ; th'j
river and gulph of D.iricn on the well ; and the Noii!\
fea on the north-well and north.
The country confills of hills and valleys, covered vvii'^
thick forefts and groves. It is iiiipollihlc to view with-
out admiration the rich and perpetual vculure of thj
woods and plants it naturally piudutCb ; but of thefe ad-
vantages the natives make little ufe, their iniuite llmli
ami indolence not allowing them to cuhivatc the giltj
of nature, which here feem to be dealt out to tln-in with
a lavilli hand.
Though Cartb.igcna luis not the convenience of bcin.;
furnilhed by its foil w'ith the ditlerent kinds of Kuropeaiv
vegetables, it is In no want of others that are far (ron\
being contemptible, and of which tne inb.'.bitanis ca-.
with pleafurc ; and though the l^uropeans at llrll fceni
to dinikc their ordinary food, they foon become fo well
accullomed to it, as 10 forget that ol their own countrv.
Thus,, though the coiillant moifliire and heat of thij
climate will not admit of the caltlvaiion of wheat, b.ii-
ley, and other Kiiropean gr.iin, it produces ixcillenr.
maize and rice in fuch abundance, thatabuiliel ofm.iiii'.
ufually produces an bundled. I'r.im this grain they
make the hollo, or bread uled in this couniiy ; and alio
ufe It in fcciling hogs and fattening puultry. The me-
thod of m.iking it is to foak tb.e ma,/,e, and aftctwaid ;
bruift it between two Hones ; it is then put into l.irgo
bins filled with water, where, bv rubbing .uid (liilting it
Iroiii one vellel to another, they clear it from it-> hulk,
and afterwards grind it into a pall-', and wr.ippiiig it up
In plantain leaves boil it in water, and ulc it as bread ; but
in twentv-lour hours time it becoaies tough, and has a
difjgreeable taltc. In f.iiiiiiies of ditiinction the bollo ii
kne.iJcd v\'ith milk, which grcailv improves it. Tbeyalfi
make of the Hour ofm.ii/e levei.il kinds of paltry, .nil a
wiiictv of foods equ.illv p.ilatabic and wdiolefome. They
have likewile callava bicad, which u common among tii'i
negroes.
Wheat bread is not uncommon at the city of C.iriha-
iicna ; but as the flour conies from Sp.iin, it is too duir
for the common people, .ind is only uled by the l.uto-
peans fettled at Cartliijeiia and a kw Creolc<, and h'l
•Jicu
^*«.i,:'
CAirrrrAaENA;
oiiridKil tytrcmc'ly,
tlli; j'.'.ilouly (if the
le tdnnilaims 1)1' the
I'tntcd iliis ,H an in-
I.iUlt iii .1 vi')l,»ioii
II and Ciic.it Ililuiii.
liUtrpiil'tJ, and aJ-
artei c.i anted to the
Scots di.rcmli.\l ihiir
ifon and jiillicc, til's
lit) |ic)wt.rlu!, and all
mt fttikniiMit. The
vvithilraw thcii luh-
-vn were cuvi ihtcat-
ire ; and ordois were
riiy tht culonilli pro-
h vvai ihc junvcr ot
L" intion UMs tiililnj
ulcliil cllablillniifiui
chilli nuill haM.' I'lili'/
u'd bituc, n KiiiH 11,1.'.
lIltlillJLd III the pdllcl-
Uiiii mult I'ithiT ha> 'i
r.ill.ii latj ill-; liiiiU
EN/.
Vm.ift', iiil.l thf J)iit,i(is
l.tijliiH cf thi C^ly if
ics ; Uitlj tin AluUhCi s
cna h.s the rivir <(
/hich par!-, it Imni ihi:
lyan on th^- foiitli ; th'i
welt i -"id iho Noi:!\
I valleys, cc)\crcd v;'i:'\
por.ihlc to view with-
pet.ial vtidntt: ui tli:
iicea ; Inil of tlielV .'.l-
ife, their innate lloili
to culiivatc llic giltJ
dcak out to tlii.ni with
c convcnicnrc of bcin.;
rent kind-, of Emoixaiv
ihers that are far from
eh the inli.'.bitams ca-.
;uropcans at iirll fceni
;y foon liecome fo weH
t ot their own coiur.rv.
fliiie and he.it of ihij
Itivaiion of wheat, b.ii-
it produces txcillen':
, that abuiUi:! ofni.ii/.i-
I'rom this "tain they
thib countty ; and all(»
ivr poultry. 'I'hi; nie-
nia,7,o, and afterwaidi
; is then put into larj.'0
tubbing aud (luftiiu; it
,' clear It from its hulk,
Ite, and wr.ippinL; ii ui>
ai\d ufc it as bread ; but
onies t(iU!;h, and has ;\
f diiiinclion the Ih.IK) is
y improve^ it. 'I'hey alf>
j1 Winds of paftry, and :i
and v.iliolefoine. 1 iiey
;h IS toinnioii among liVJ
on at the city of Cartha-
■oni Sp.iin, it is loo diar
only nfed by the Kuro-
l a few Creoles •"»' ''''
CarT'ac, . r:.^.
A M E i; / C A.
74, t
I'.ufc only with t'l ir ch""ol.t,' .in I ennferves. At all
liiricr I11--I.' ihey hy cuIIjui picfer hollo to wheat luejij.
In thi^ eii.iiiuv ill.' Intnwoveii bi .nelies of the trees
toiin a Ih.ltcr nui.rneira'iie hot;i to Ik'.u and light. J'he
tiees are not only laigi' an.l lofty, but ot an ailinirablc
vaii'iiy, mi 1 entiiiiv ili.Terent Irom ihoie ot liurope. 'rile
niineip.il of thefe for diin'nlions, are tlie ae.ijoii, thj
ledar, ihe maria, and ta.- balfim iree. t)f the fnltate
nude liie veil' Is u fed f^r liMfiij;, and for the eoalt and
liver tiado wiihiii (he jiirildi:ii.i:i of this noveinment i
and the wood IS vompict, fraarant, .ind he.iutilul. I li>.-
ledar ii ol two kinds, wmtc and redditli j but the lalt is
nioll elleciliel. I'iie inaiii and t!ie baW.im tiee, behdes
the ul.-fiilne;'. of their tinib^T, ililil ihole a.lini;.iliie b.il-
f.i.ns ealle.t niaiiaod, and bali un of I'olu, fo called Iroiii
a vil'a'e, in tlie iie-l^hb lurhoil of whieh it is tound in
tlu' gieat-lt p'oiiiy, ;>iid of a pteuliir exetlhnce.
Uelides ihtff tr..ei here arc alfi trie tamarind, the med-
lar, tne I iputc, ihcp:;pah, the ciiTi.i, the |nilin, and i he
m.inthhieel. The p.lni tK.», nlii!^ with th.ir tulieil
heads abo.c the bun.he. ol the oiturs, forin a guild
petlpeclivc on lii.' mountain.. ; tiie.e are ot l.-veial kinds,
and pahn wine is extratl.'d l.-oiii ihcni all, by b.jring a
liolc in the tiuiik, in whivli is plaicd a tap, with a
V.llel under it, lo receive the li.pi.ir. 'iuaiaeum and
eliony trees aie npially conmio-.i, .ind i\v.'.' hardnefs
jieaily approathes to that ot iron.
Ile'ieaic alfo ni..iiy cotton trees, fome planted and
cal'ivatej, and tlieie 'are the bell; o;heis Ipontaneoully
pioJue.d. 1 h.- cot'.on of both i> fpun and made into
fevcial fo.t, of itutfs, V, hi.;h are worn by the negroes .wid
tlie co-i-.:; V liuliois.
Tlie ca.ao irci; alio ^.rows in gicat plenty on the banks
(if th; iiv.T ALi^^dclena, and in oihur (ituations, whic;i
i:ie tice dell Jus in j but t^iofe in the jurifdictioii ot Car-
tiKuena "rcativ excel wnat are to be found in other pans,
boi"ii in tnc fi/e aid the goodiicu ot the fiuit. The cho-
colate in.ide of i: is htlle known in Spain ; for as it is
more eileenied than ih it of other countries, the greaf.ll
part of It is coafamed there, or lent lo other parta of
Aniciica.
Tnere arc here a vaft number of delicious fruits that
cvi.leiule difiday the exuberance of the foil, lome rcfcinh-
lin^' tho'fe oi Spaai, and others peculiar to the country.
'l'h..lcof the fame kind with the ,^pallllh fruits are melons,
water-melono, grapes, oranj,ei, medlais, and dates. 'I'lie
grapes are not equal to thole of ."^pain ; but the medlars as
lar exceed them. With rc-ard to the rell there is li:tle
tJitVeicncc.
Among thofe peculiar to the country, the preference
coubllefs" belongs to the pine-apple ; lieiiee its beauty,
finell,ai!d t.ifle have acquired it the denomination ol ipieen
of liuits. Many of the oihers have been mentioned al-
ready, and here ate alio plaat.uions ot fuiiat-canes.
We (hall now proceed to the animal,', lome of which
are tarn', and cniu.ibute to theufeaiid pleafurc of th- in-
habitants ; otheisarc wild, and of fueh dilFercnt kinds
^ad qaalitiej, =s dil'play in a fuiprilin;^ manner the wonder-
ful variety of the wurks formed by the Author of natuie.
'l"he quadrupeds and leptile? ficipieiit the diy and dcfart
places, and are diltmguillitd by the prodigious variety of
fpots upon their Ikins; while the vivid plumage ot the
feathered race glows with exquihte beaut., an,l the bril-
liant fcales (if oneclafs of reptiles conceal the molt aiilive
poifuns. The only tainc animals are horned cattle and
ho"S, of which there are the grcatclt plenty. Though
thc^becf 15 not abfoluti ly bad, it c.:iuiot be faid to t.e
paUt.ible ; for the con'.taat heat of the climate renders
the beat lean, and deprives it of that fucculcncy it would
otherwil'e acquire i but i.'ie pork is delicate, and exceeds
any in Kurope. 'J'here are here wild boar?, deer, rab-
bits, snd ty^-ers ; the lall make great havock not only a-
inon? the cattle, but among t!ie human fputies : their
Ikin^is very beautiful, and lome ar; as large as fmall
^^o\ks. . ,„ r ■ , I
Here arc alfo leopard?, toxes, armadillos, Iquirrels, and
many other^, beliilcs innumerable kinds of monkeys, fome
rtmar.;ab!e for their fi/e, and others for their colour.
The lo.>;'s artifice in defending itfelfagainlt dogs, or other
aiiinu'.., by whom it is purlued, by voiding its urine on
its o.vn t„:l, and fpriiiklm- it on them, htie cttedtually
anfivers its intc.'iti.iii, the fmell beiiv; fo fetid, that tlio
do,;i are ijreatly dilordei.d by it, by which means the
lox cfcapcs. Indeed the lleiich is lo great, ih.t it may
be fmilt a quailer of a league Iroin the place, and \af
often for half an hour after. Wnat is here called the f.ix
is l.ltle bi;r 'cr than a lar^'e cat, but dtlKMlely (hajied, and
\\.i a very tine Ikiii ct a cinnamoa colour; the laii is not
very bulhy, but (he hiii is fpon^y, and loiais a bun(.l«
proper lor ihii method of deleiice.
The bird'i teen in tlii> hot climate ,ar fo very nuiiv.--
rinu, that it is imp.jllil.le to ^ivea lull idea of the beauty
and brilli.mcv of their varioiH plumage ; but the rue,*
and croakings of iome dilturb the pleafurc that would
aiil'e Irom the warblmgs of others. Uctc w I .- .ai iii-
llance of the equiiy uiiferved bv nature in diltributinjj
h'T lavours, the p!iima;;e ol thofe buds b'ing the ii.olt
beauiibil whole ntiile is the innlt olFenfive ; while on tlia
other hand, thole whole ippe.irant^; li.is n,):hmi; re naik-
able, excel 111 the I'.veetnels of their notes. This is par-
ticularly evident in the ;;ua. .mav.i, ih • beauty and liiftie
of whole colour:. ii;e ahlvlutelv initmtabl,- by painting, and
ytl notliing can make a more fhtdl and difajrceal lo
found.
1 he mud extr.iordinary of all the bir.ls fceins to be
the tulcan, or pre.ieher. It is abjut the liz'. ot a com-
mon pi.^eon, but it.^ legs much larger j its tail is (h irr,
and its plumage o a dark colour ; but fpottcd with yel-
low, purple, tjlue, and other c doiirs, tiiat havcaUeau-
tiful eli'ect on the daik ground. Its heal gie:Uly excecdj
all proportion with refpccl to its body ; but it would not
otherwifc be able to fiipport its bill, which is at leall lix
or eight inches Irom the root to the point : the lower
mandible doles with ibe upper throu.;h the whole length,
.ind both diminifll infenlibly to the end, when it fud(Jen-
ly bends, and terminates in a Itiong (liarp point. The
tongue is formed like a leather, and, as well as the infide
<.f its mouth, is of a deep red. The bill is variegated
with all the bright colours that adorn the plumage of
other birds ; at the bale, and alio at the convexity, ic
is generally ot a light yellow, forming a kind of ribbon,
half an inch in breadth. I'he lelt is of a tine deep pur-
ple, except two ttreaks near the root of a rich fcailet.
I'he name of preacher h.is been given to this bird from
Its rullom of perching on the top of a tree ubove his com-
panions while they aie alleep, and making a iioife like
ill-.ir.icu'at-d founds, moving its head to the right and
le.t, iii older t) keep orl' the birds of prey from feizinjj
c,;i the otheis. They ate e-lily rendered fo tame as tJ
run about the hoiife, and come when cailcd. Tlicir
ufual loud is fiuit i but the t.-ime cat other things, and
in general whatever is given them.
Another extraoidinaiy bird is the gaUiiiazo, which is
about the fize of a pea-hen ; but the head and neck
lijiiiewhat larger. From the crop to the bale of the bill,
inftead offeai.ers, it has a wrinkled glandulous rough
Ikiu, coverid with fmall warts and tubercles. Its tea->
tiieis are black, which is alio the colour of the lliin •.
its bill is well proportioned, itrong, and a little crooked,
rhele biids are fo numeious and tame in the city ot Car-
thagcna, th.it it is not uncommon to fee the ridges of
ih ■ houfes covered with then: "''hey are alio ol great
fervice on account of their cler , / ''ac city from all kinds
of tilth, greedily devouring iHy 'd animal, and any
thin;; molt otlenlive. They have 'o quick a Icent, that
they will fmell a dead b(jdy at the diltancc of ten or twelve
mile?, and never quit it till they have entirely reduced
it to a ikeleion. The multiplicity of thefe birds found in
fuch hot climates is cf the utmolt confequcnce, as other-
wife the putrcf.iclion caufed by the cxcctTiire heat would
render the air lafupportablc to human life. At their (irit
riling they fly heavily, but foon after dart out of light.
Tl.ough their legs are llrong and welt pioportioned,
tl.ey hop along on the ground m a very aukward man-
ner. I'hey liavc the toes torward turning inwards, and
one in the inlide turned a little backwards ; (o that the
feet intcrlering ocealions their hopping and walking in
the above manner. Each toe has long and thick claws.
There is anothci fpecies of thefe birds, lorpewhat larger
than the former, but only to be found in the country. In
lome of thefe the liead and part of the neck are red, iii
lome V. bite, and in nthci; a mixtuic of both thele co-
lours.
.! ,* Hu
'^
i . ill
■■■!
t '
■ i
:V.:i
"•: t
744
A SYS T I: M O f' G l", C) G 14 A I' 1 1 V.
<.
,i t
'"Hr'. At .1 fiiull dilljiice linni llic cr.ip ilicy h.ivc a
iurt'iif white li'atlirrs i .iiul at.' t;.|ii.illv lu'ici; amlt.u-
iiinTniis Willi iIk" r..riiKr ■ tlicic .iic callt.l ttii; kini;. lU'
tlic ;Mliiiu/.ii4 i pr(.l)al)|y liccjuli- the nuinbiT uf tlicm i .
luit (iii.ill i and It IS oblcrvi'.l, tlvit when one of tlicle
liiril:. lias falJciu'J <iii a ilcaJ hu lO, none nt' the oiheis ap-
pruaih, (ill he lus firll caitii the evo, which is yciwrallv
the jiail lie be;^iin with liilf, ami is gone toanolhir
|il.ice, when ihiy all floek tothe|irey.
Il.itts are very mmnifin all over this goverimiciil ; l';it
l-'arlhai'cna i^ iiilelleil with fiich .in inhnite niiiiilu-r dI
iheiii, that an..- luii-tet, when they be>.'ui iii llv, ihcv
iiiav, without cxa^i;.ratiiin, he laid to oner the llreeis
like cimids. I'hcy aic the nmll dexienim bleeders huth
--'I nun and cattle j lor the inhaliitaiits bemt; (ihlii;ed, by
the cscUlive heats, to leave the windows ol their chani-
lurs iipcM, the bitts gtt in, and it' they liiid a pctdm I
.illcip Willi the foot b.iie, tlicy inlimiate their lonili into |
* vein, with .dl the an (fa niollexpcrt riirf;eon, fuckiii;^ j
the blood till they ate I'atiated, alter which it Hows out
ul the Ol ifice to the j;ri'.it danger ol the pcrl'on'.s hie. I ho
tcalon why the pnniluic is not felt, is attnbuled to the
;;eiitle ami rel'reftiin^ atit.iiinn of the air by the ball's,
win;^", iliiowin^ the jicrlon into a deeper Ikep, and thus
picvenliii;; his feilm; the llii>ht pniichiie. This alio
happens to horfes, mules, and alii.:i ; but be.ilb of a
thicker (kill aie not Co much expoled to it. This aecouni,
which is cxtrai'led Irom the learned Hon Anton, o dc
Ulloa, ij confirmed by M. Condamine, who oUfeives,
I' I II ,li i-. V,\
they
, cill v.liiter, tlictt I .in;; a lontiniia) Cutt i flio i ('a
lluinder and itmpefl', the iloiid. prciipitatiiiM iii- j,,,,^
with luch iinprniofity, that the ftieet<<d the i aplt.d la.i
the appe.irame of rivtn, and the toiintry of iin r.rr.in.
I li'- inhabiiaiiti make iile of iIiik oppintunity t.i hllin^i
their ullerin, this bein;; llie oiilv Iwrit water tlicv t«n
procuic. From the middle ul Diiuiditr to the end o;
April the ra ii.A ceair, and the wiatlicr bi-ciMiiC! antnahl.'.
the heat bein •, loiiulhin/ alutcd bv the nnith. calf Wiinl..
'riiis leal'on ihev esll fiininier ; bili.les whicii there ,-.
an. iih'ir called the litile luinincr of .'-t. Jjhn, a» aboi;!.
ihr fellival ol tint liiiit the raiiii are inierniiited, ain)
rdrtlKun; ;>,.ile3 brjjin tri blow, .:n 1 coiiliiuie a'jcu'. 4
month.
'I'he almort li-varial!e contir.'.i.incc td' the i^reat i.iat
without any li nlible dirterjiice l-etwrcn nij'ht and d.i',,
iKcafions dull profule perl'i'lratMni, that ti.e wan .iinl
livid comp'i'xion of the inhabi'ants would in.ik': adum.i
lulprit then liiin;; jult riLcntr.d from lomc 'rrnbl.' dil
temper. In .ili iheii motions t!ie:e is fomi tiling lelix mnl
(lii:i|;i(li ; it tv 'ii all'ccl" their ipieeh, whicli I', loli ap,,'
lluw, aiulth.ir wouh (;on.r.;llv brukiii ; \'.t, notwith-
(laiulitij.; thele ajipearaiiees ofrirknrls and dibilitv, llu-'-
enjoy .t good itate of he.iith. Str.iii'a,' fs fmni J'.iirope vi-
iieially retain their Hreiu^th and iiiddy complexion al...ti:
three or four nil. mils ; but .ifn'iwaid, they are no Ln/rc
lo be dillin;^uil!ii.d liy their counleii.mces I'luiii the oKJ
inhabitjiits.
The fingularitv of the climate ii piol'aldy the cauCe of
that there are fomeof amonllrous (i/e ;and that they hav ; the fingulaiiiy ol leveral dileal'es wimli lieie iiillicl iii.in •
entirely delhoycd at Bnrja, and other plaees, all ihe black kind: fonie of thefe aiisek only the I- urope.ins newly
cattle which the milHonaiies Sad inlroJuced there. ^ laiuleJ, and others are common lo tl'e inhabiiani?. 'I"),,;
The great number of reptiles and inl'ccK is not on!y Hrll kind cirry itfa muhitiiee of piople, and cxtrcnul;
.III inconvenience to the inhabitant?, but they are even thin the crewn of KurcptMii (liips hul Uldom lall, abuio
very dangerous. The moll common of the In.ikes and three or four days. Tney are caufed in Ibine perlbn, liy
at the fame time the moll poilonous, are the coral-liiakcs, , cold, and 111 others by indigellion, which foon hrin^ n \
the rattle-fnakcs, and the willow-rnakc. The fiilt,
which are ;j,eiicrally between four and five I'eet in length,
and an inch in diameter, make a very beautiful appear-
ance, their fkin beins; variegated with a vivid crimfon,
i;rccn, and yellow. The head is Ion;; and flat, like a
viper. Each mandible is furniftied with a row of pnint- ]
cd teeth, through which, durin;> the bite, they inlinuale
the poil'on. The pcrfonbit fvvells to fuch a degree, that
the blood giiflics out through all the orjians of lenfe, and
even the coats of the veins at the cxtreinilici of the fin-
gers burlL
'I"hc willow-fnakc rcfembles in colour and form a flick
of that tree, and as they frequently ban;; from the bouidis,
really I'eem to be a pait of it, till a too near approach un-
happily difcovcrs the miltake. Thoii/h their poil'on is
lets aitivc than that of the others, it is mortal, uiilel's a
remedy be I'pccdily applied. 1
Scolopendra not only ('warm in this country, but are
of a nionliroub fize, and are the more d.ingerous from
their brec.'.ing in the houfss : they are generally a yard in
length, ami fome a yard and a quarter, with about tive '
inches in breadth. The hack and (ides are covered with
hard fcalcs of a muft; colour tinged with red ; but I'o ar
ticulated :'.s not in tl'.e leail to impede their motion, and | is always carel'ully gunrJcJ. 'I'hcy live
yet fo ftron£ as to defend them agaiiift any blow ; Co that ' der this diHemper, and as it grcitly
the black vomit, which very few reco'.er. Some, when
the vomit attacks them, are Ici^cd with fuch a dciirium,
that, were ihey not tied down, thcv would tear them-
('elves to pieces, and expire in the midll of the molt twr-
rihle phrenl'y.
The inhabitants throughout the whcle cxl-nt of the
government cf Canhageiia are very I'libjeil ti the leprofy ;
and, in order lo put a (lop to the cont.igion of this dif-
li'iiiper, there is without the ciij it.il an horpital calK ,1
San l.a/ iro, in which all perfons of both fexes laboMrin;^
under this didempcr ate confined, without any diliine-
tion of age or rank ; and if any rel'ufe to go, thcv arc
forcibly canied thither. Hut fi 0111 ihcncc the di(tenip"i
is fuftercd lo I'pread i for their allowance beinj; too I'niall
for their I'ublill.mcc, tliofe who have no iithcr lupport ar'.-
permitted to beg in t!u: city, and from their nitercouri'c
with thofe in health, the number of lei;ers never dc-
creal'es. The hofpital rel'embles a little town. Kverv
perfon at his entering it, where he is to continue duriiiix
life, builds a cottage, in which he lives in the ('ime
manner as before in his ovyn lioule, none going out unlel .
toafkalms. The giouiid on which I'lC hofnit.d ll.nids
is encompalTed by a wall, and h.is only one gate, wtucU
a loiiT time uri-
afes the n.ittir.Tt
vou can only kill thetn by (friking them on tl.e head.
'J'hcv art very nimbK, and their bite, without timely
application, proves mortal.
Scorpions are not lefs common, and of diftercnt kinds,
as black, red, mul'K colour, and (oiiie yellow.
The ioldicr-fnail, of wivich we have already given a
del'cription, is here alfo dangerous for the gripe which
it givc^ with its two claws is attended with the fame
fymptoms as the Ring ol a f'corpion.
There are here an infinite number of butterflies,
which, though th' v diH'er in their figure, colours, and
decorations, it is difficult to dettrminc which are the moll
beautiful. Hut whatever plealurc there be in feeing of
theftf, it is tar from • .pialloig the pain which arifes Irom
the numberlcfs midkettocs, of which there are large
cloud; of four dirt'ercnt Ions, all of them extremely
troublefomc.
The climate of Carthagena isexccflive hot. From the
dilirc of coition, to avoid the dil. ideis that woiiM rtdilf
from this, vvMch is ainioll iinpofljlile to be ccntroiiled,
ihev are allowed to marry.
'I'he itch and herpes are equally I'mqurnt nmonc fuch
Europeans as .ire not feafoned to the climate ; and it
neglciited in the be'inuing, it is dan^Tous to atte;Tipv
a cure.
A more fiti'ular and lemarkahlc diliemper, though lei',
common, is the cuiebrllla, or little fnake, wdiich is per
haps a tumor caufed by malignant humours ftttled loji^i
tudinally between the membr.ine of the i'..in, and liaily
increafing in leiintb, till it ferrounus the part altee'.ed,
which IS ul'ually the arm, thigh, or leg. The cxteiiM'
iiidiiations of it are around inflamed tumor, a quaiter ol
an incti thick, attended with pain, hut not vchcnient,
and a numbiufs of the part, which vr.vn ends in a mor-
tification. The natives, who firmly l-elicve it to be .i
fmall liiakc, are very Hvillul in lemoving it. They firli
month of May to the end of November is the fcal'on 1 examine where the head is, as :hcy call it, to which they
I app!,.
/
.r III
na
Olitilili:il rucufl'.o I ol
rtili|iit.itiii;> It.c trtiii
tl,<,l tin; <;ii);t,.| |,iu.
C'liiiiiliy ol iiii rifr.iii
ipli;)iiiliMiiiy <.r (illii.'i
Iwrit w Iter ll'.cv t«i.
L'liiiiliir Id iKl tml 'j:
icr boccKiics ai;iu,ii)l ■.
tlic nnrth-iMit Willi! ..
icliili". wl.icli there i-.
[)t ^t. Jjlin, in, abiMii.
1 urc iiiicrniltti'ii, jn«}
.'.II 1 cciuiiiiuj j'ji'ui A
lice (jf the p^M l.v'M .
fwi-di iih'lit jnJ (1,1V ,
oil, tli.it ti.e w.in .iiiil
iwoiilil iii.ik'' .1 diaiij.'. 1
iVoni liiini' 'iTiibl'' ilii
.■ ii Ibimtiiiiig lol.i.s ;iiiil
oh, ivliich it Itilt ;iii>
lirokiii -. y.'t, nuiwith-
Liirl's iirnl ikl'ility, llu'i
111';' n liniii J'.iii-(i|it' M^i-
i,!dy ciinu'lcxiiiii .iIimhc
luU tlu'y are no Lii/rr
iliii.mccs liijiii (lic ukl
ii pidl'aMv till' caurc ni
wiikIi Ik'ii.- :.iUi;l iii;in .
y tliii )• iiropiMiis newly
I) the liihahiiaius. 'I'ln;
f ptcpU', ami ixtrciiul/
, hut liklom lall, ul'no
iR-il ill Ibiiie inMlbii, hy
1, which loon brill:; oi
recover. Some, when
.1 wiili lueli a il;iiriuiii,
thc-v wiHikl tc.'.r them-
e miJil ot Cliu molt ter-
he while c\t -iit of llic
rv fubjeil t'l the leproly ;
■ coiit.ii'Jmi of ibis ilil-
;j it.il an luifpital c.\Vu.\
ol both fe.res laboMrin:.;;
J, without I'.ny ilidinc-
y refiife to yo, they arr
111 ilu'iicc the ililteiiip"!
owaiicc iK'ir.j too lni.ill
ave lU) :)ther lupport a:-,-
tVom their imereoiin't-
er lit lepers nc. er ilc-
ii ).;t!e town. Kvete
e is to continue (lur!;i;x
he lives in the I'iine
le, none "join'.; out iinlel.
ieli I'le hol'nit.il ll.uii!'.
s o.ily one i^^.ile, whicU
.■y live .•» loiiT time w:i-
ly ii'.ei:afcs the r.unr.it
Jei:i that wniiM r( lull"
fljble t') be controulcJ,
Irfquent r.monp fuel-
to the climate ; and it
Ii (.lan^jTous toattcmp;
Ic i!!f!cmper, ihoiipih lei',
.tie fiiake, which is per -
t liinioiirs futleil lo;ini
of ilic i'.an, aiiJ dailj'
.,iiin;i. the part alie^led,
or leg. 'I'hc cj.teiiu'
oned idinor, a (iiiaiter ot
Klin, but not vehement,
ich oiten end5 in a nioi-
fiiirly believe it to be .i
lenioviii:; it. They hrl!-
1.CV call It, to Vfhicb they
jpc''.;.
C\U TI!.A<1-:NA.
A M i: R I C A.
74 J
r.-tf-
apply a fnn'.l I'.ipp-jr itive pVif r, .-.n.! frntly foment the
whole tumor v> nh oil, I lu ir xt day ilie D.in uiiler ti.e
plillcr IS loiiiui dni led, .iiid ihionjjli th" orih.'e apptus
a kiii'l of white h'me, .I'l'mt the ii/ ; of mirle lewiiij;
tiiead, wniel) they (jnliilly lalhll to j tloead of lilk,
and wind the oilrr end id ii about .1 caid, roli.d up
Lite a cjl.ii ler. Aliertlili lli>y repeat file t'liiKiit iii'ni
with oil, ,iiid the lollowiii/ d.iy eoiuiiiii' to w "I .ihout
liiiejliiuliie card the part of tlii.s I'null (ibre t.l . .ippeais
III liMi!, and in this in.inil r pioeced till the whole i. ex-
(1.1.-I0I, and tiiu path lit eiiiirely cureil. Uiniii^ tins
iiperaiKiii llieir chief care is not to break th'- eiilebrilla,
luciiiie, (ay tlnv, it wouM ihen eaiile a humour to
tpiejil iliiough th..' b.i.lv, and I'rodiicv ,1 .Meat quantity ot
luih little lii.ik .•;, as they wid li.oe them tu be, wntiiee
the cure would be.diiie e.Mrvi.ely diffi. jlt.
I lie city ot Caithai^ena is lituated in the tenth Je^',ree
twenty-ti.e minutes toity-eijint leconds north l.ititu.h:,
and III ihe leventy-leventh Octree twelve iinniites welt
luHL'itude, three hundred and tiveiry nuks (ontli ol Port
Ko)al in Jamaica, on a r.iiiJy plant, which tonus a ii.ir-
row paira(;e on the liuih-weti (n a put called TKira
li'imba, as tar a'i Hocci L'luca, The foriilieations lio;h
olthe city and lubiiibs are coiiftrudled in the modern
in.inncr, and lined with tree Hone. The gariiloi;, in
lime of pe.ue, conlilU of ten comp.uiics of re^julars, e.Tjh
toni.iiniiij; leventy-feven nun, iiieludiii^ the olHcr.-, bi'-
lides kveial companies of ir.iliti.i. I'lie city and Uibiiibi
are well laid out, the llieets being lttai^;ht, broad, uni-
form, and *ell pived. The houl'ea aie built ot Itoiie,
except a lew of brick, but chiefly coiilill of only one
itory above the ground-floor j however, the apartments
iue well contrived. All llie houl'es have balconies and
lattices ol' wood, it beini^ more durable in this clim.Ue
than iron, wliicii is loon corroded and dellroyed by the
moillure and aerinv.mious quality of the nitrous air, from
wiieiice, and the linoaky colour of the walls, the outliJc
of tlic buildings make but an inJill'.reiit appeaiance.
'I'here are here a cathedral, a church dedicated to the
'I'niiity, and a ch.ipel of cafe. The ordrrs that have con-
vents arc thole ot St. Kr.mcis in the fiiburbs, St. Au-
guttiiie, St. Dominic, La .Mereed, that of the Jacobiiics,
and the Recollciits, a college of Jeluits, and an holpit.il
of San Juan de Dios. 'I'lie iiunnericb are thole ot i)t.
Cl.ira and St. T'.rela, I'hc churcnes and coiuents are
fulHcicntly capacious, but not much ornamented in the
intide,
Carthagcna, together with its fuburbs, is equal to a
city of the third rank in Kiirope. It is well peopled ; but
inoll of the inhabitants are dcfcended from the Indians.
The governor refiJes la ihe city ; it has alfo a billiop,
whole fpiritiul jurifdiftion is ot the fame extent as that
of the military and civil govcrniiicnt : there is alto a eoui t
of inqiiiCuioi,. lielides inefe tribunals, there is a lecuLr
magiltracy, conhlting of rcgidores, Irom whom every
yea'r are chofen two alcaldes, who are generally peifons of
ijreat diliiniliuii ; and likewil'e a trealury, in which all
tlie taxes and money belonging to the king .lie reeaved,
'l>ie bay is one of the belt not only on the coaif, but
in all the'kno',vii parts of the country, hextindstvvo
leagues and a half from north to foiith, has a lutfieieiit
depth of water, with gojd anchorage, and is to Imoolh
that the Ihip-.; are no more agit.ited than on a river.
However, the m.iiiy fliallows at its entrance make the
afliltancc of a good pil'jt necellary. The tides in this
bay are very irregular, whieb is the cafe wi;h aliiiolt the
whole coalt ; it liung often feen to flo'.v a whole day, and
afterwards ebb away in four or live hours ; yet the great-
ell alieralion obfeived in its depth i> two teet, or twoteet
;ind a half. 1 be bay abounds with a great variety ot
whoktome palat.ible lilli, and a multitude ot large turtle;
but it is gre.uly inlelleil wilb lliarks, which are extreme-
ly dangeious to teamen, as they immediately feize every
perloii they dilcover in the water, and loinetinies even
xeiiture to attack them in their boats.
in this bay the galkons lioiii bpain wait for the arrival
of the Peru fleet at Panama, and on the firlt advice of
this fail away to Porio Hello, it is the lull place in
Ameriia at which the galleons are .dloweJ totoucli, and
thus it enjoys the firlt-liuits of cuinmcfce by t!ie public
falta made there. The falcs, though not attended with
IC'J
thefimc formalities a? ihof.' of Poilolie'lo, arc iny coii-
ti.U'rable : lir Ihe ttadeis 01 iheiiiljiid piovinci ■. ol iji'i'o.
Piipjy.ni, and Santa Ke, lay out great luiii. lor k»eial
torts of goodn, aiiil tlioie ipeiiesol provilioiis that arn
niott wanted ill their lelpe.live couiuii'.'s. Tiie iiaderi
bring gold and lilver in Ipeue, iii,;ots, and dull ) as alto
emerald, i tor beli.les the lilver mines worked at Sailt4
Ic, which .lie VI ry numerous, there are oilieii which
yield the fnull cnu'ialJs. The lair ot Carth.ig'iia occa-
lioii . a great iiuaiitiiy of fliops to be opened, and lllkj
With all kinds of ineielundiie. 'I'lii^ is a tiiir.' of uliivei -
lal profit i to foiiie by letting lo.lgin^'S and lliops | 10
otiiets by the incieafe of their refpectivc trades i and to
others by the labour of their iie^rij (laves, wnole pay
during this buly lime is pioportion.ibly inciealid ) and it
IS not uiicommoii lor llaves, out ol their laving'., alter
paying ineir inilleis, and piiniding themfelvis with ne-
ccll.irics, to |i iicli-ile tlieii freedom. 'I'his commercial
tumult tails oli'y while the galleons continue in tlie bay i
lor ihey an; no fooiar gone ihan fikncc and trani|uility
relume their former place ; for, vviih le^iaid 10 the tradJ
Can ieil on with the other goveriimi ills, it is nut very ton-
lldeialde.
I he inhabitants of Ms city may be divided into dif-
feient tribes, who derive their orii'lii from a coalition of
whites, negrois, and Indians, I he Euiopeaiis ,ire not
numerous ; moll of them, alier acipiiring a competent
lortuiie, cither retui n t.i Spain, or remove into the inland
provinces, in older to Incre.ile it. I'hc huiopeaiis and
Creoles lettled at Carthagcna cairy on the whole trade of
the place, while the other iiihabitan.s arc indigent, and
reduced to have leeourfe to hard labour fir their lublitt-
«iKe. rhedrel.ol ttie whites, bo'.h men and women,
dillcis but lit'.l'j Irom that woiii in Spain ; lor perions in
high polls have habits of the fame form as in Liiiope,
i but with this dilterence, that they are all very li;ht, tiio
waillcoats and bieeche-. being of line linen, and the coat
ot foiiie other thin llulF. Keekeloths are very uncom-
mon, the neck ofthelhirt being adorned wiib large gold
buttons, which generally hang loole. On their he.uls tiiey
generally wear a caji ol fine Imeii, and others go entiiely
tiaie-headed. l''ans aie worn by the men : tliele are inadi;
ol a kind ef pain-., in the loriii of a ctelcent, with a ilick
of the lame wood in the middle.
1 be Spaiiilli women wear a kind of petticoat made of
thin lilk, without any lining, and on their body a very thin
white wailtcoat i but even this is only worn in what they
call winter, it being infuppoitable in fummer. They,
however, always conceal their brealls. When they go
abroad they wear a mantelet, and on the days of precept:
go to the nial's at three in Ihe morning, and icturii be-
lore the violent heat of the day, whi>.h begins with thi;
dawn.
'1 hole v.omcn who arc not pcrfcilly of the white clafs
wear over the above petticoat one of talfetv, of anv co-
lour they pleale, except black ; this is piiikcd all over,
to Ihew the other they wear under it. On the head is a
cap of hue white linen covered with lace, in tlie lliapeof
a mitre, well ilarched, and terminating forwards in a
point. They never appear abioad witliout tins and a
m.intek't on itieir (boulders. The ladies and other iiativo
whites ufe this as their uiiJrefs : inltead of (hoes they wear,
both within and without doors, a fmall kind of flipiiers.
In the houle their whole exeicile coiillils in litting in their
hammocks, and Iwingiiig themrelves for air. In thcl'e
they pals the gie.itell pan of the day, and men as well
as women olten lleep in them, without regarding the in-
convenience ol being unable to lie at lull length.
lioth lexes poll-Is a gieat deal ol wit and penetration,
with a genius proper to excel in all kinds ot mechanic
arts. This is particularly confpieuous in thole who
apply th'-'mlclves to literature, who at a tender age (hew
a judgment which in other climates is attained only by
a Ion.; leriis ol year;. This happy difpofition continues
till they are between twenty and thirty years old, after
which they girieiady lieeliiie .is t.ill as they role ; and
frequently beluie tl.ey .Tirive at that age, when they Ihould
begin to reap the advantage of their Itudies, indolence
ciieeks tneir piogrels, and tiny furlake the Icienccs,
leaving the lurpriling ctteCls ot their capac ity iniperfcdl.
This IS doubtlels owiii^ to live want ot proper ubjecis for
9 C txercifing
i^l
iii
\' \
745
A S V S T I M O F G K O (J K A 1' 1 1 Y. Sxnta Martha.
1; 'I
tNcrcifin; their t>il i>H, aiiJ iho (mill linpri i>f ln'in;» ■
|lt.'lVlli'>l IX -iiU' (lull anlWct.ibli.' to the paim tin y h ivc
tJlki'M. Iliiwuir, lli.n- ilic (ilirii (cell hrio [ntlnpi'. nC
( xtiiifivi: i.iU'iits ^>'tli ill the IJKitil.uivL' ami |ii,iclaMl
(> iciu I >, whu ri. tjiii tliciii ill all ihcir vijjiiur to u viry ;uU
vdi ciil .ij;i'.
Cliint) ii aviitiu', in which the iiili.il'it.ints o('C''ar-
ili.iMcn.i triiMik.ihlv i\ccl ) anJ iJi.l tlu'v ii<>t ixtrt it in
lli< iiiolt ['/'iK'iDiis ni.iMiirr towaidi the Kuropcaiii whu
ci'ini' lliitlii.r t.) (cck their rnrliiiio, they would odiii pc-
nlh Willi liikncl'i .iiiit p.ivcily.
Ihj hinili-. ot p.Tl'i'i.s ol wealth aiiil ilifliiu'lidn aic
Cervi'.l witli ^rcat d' liiMcics i moll ot ilif ililhcs aic JkIFiiI
ill the maimer (if the Knintiy, and I.iik' nt tluiii arr In
; ;rtiM''l", that forri-^ncii are iid lili pU'.idd wiili ihi'in
tli,;ii llu' naiivci. Cue iil their faviuiriu- difhc - h tlu'
ajii.u'o, there belli'.', lV:irecly a 'ienteel family without it.
'I his i^ eoiiipoled lit pork fried, biid^ of (i vcial kitiiK,
plant iiii», r.iaiitc, pilie, and (cver.il oilier things lii^;hly
ieafniu',! with pi'iii l.t".
The inliahitaiiti of any (i^ure gener.illy make twi
nu. il - .-^ day, hcliJe? a (lit;ht repalt. Their briakfalt is
iiliiallv coiiipofed of d iii^' died dUh, paltry ol mai/.c-
llt'ur, I'ldlowtd by rhi'icniale. 'Their dinner confilU of a
much greater variet\ ; but at night thev have only a
flight legale of luiie I'wietmi.its and chocolate. Some
families indeed atleel the K'lnpiati tult'im of having; re-
j,iilar fupper-, though thry are generally looked upon at
Carlha^'.;n4 as iletiimeiual to health.
The uff of brandy is fo eoniinon, thit thf mod fobcr
people never omit drinkin!^ a glafu of it ,it about eliven
o'clock in the morning, alleging that it (hjiigtiiens the
(lom;uh, v.ealteiieJ by the conllant pcilpiratmn, and
creates an appetite. Chocolate is fi common that there
i:. not a nemo (lave but conltantly allows himl'elf a regale
of it afur breakl.id, and the liei;ro women (ell it ready
made about the (litets at ilie rate of a cpiarter of a real,
or n.bo'.it tivr fartliings a dilli. 'Thi«, however, is mixed
with mai.: ■ flour ; but that ufed by people in gond cir-
vuiiiUance.' is neat .ind worked as in Spain. 'Tnii tlicv
alio conltantly drink an hour alter dinner, but never
without catin.' fonvjthingwith it. Thev alfo make i^reat
i;!e of fweetnieats and honev, never drinking a glals of
water wiiliout prrvioufiy eating fonie fwietmeat.s.
The p.'flion lor (moaking is no le('s iiniverfal: the ladies
nnd other white wnmi n fnioke only in their houfes ; but
the women of the other calls, and the men in general,
re::aid neither viinc nor place. 'This ciiltom the ladies
learn (rum their childhood, piob.ablv fiom their nurfes,
who are negro (lave- ; an.l it is lo common among pcrfun-
of rank, that thole who come from Euro;ie learn it, if
they intend to niaki' any conhdcrabic day in the country.
'Tlie natives are fond of balls, which in hoiifes of dif-
linClion are conduced in a very regular manner. They
rpen wiih Spanifll dances, and arc fuccLcded by thofe of
the country, which arc not without fpirit and gracc(ul-
lie('s. ■The('e arc accompanied with finging, andthepar-
t.es felJom break up before day light : but the balls o(
the pojiulacc are intcrmi.xcd with indecent giduies, and
2 contiP.u.il found of drinking, which frequently produces
quarrels.
Tiieir burials and mourningi arc alfo fomcthing fingu-
hr, .mJ in thefe they endeavour to di('play their gran-
deur. If the deceafcd be a pcrfon of rank, his body is
placed on a pompous calalaico cteited in the principal
.'.partment o( the hiufc, amidd the blaze of tapirs.
'The corpfe lies there tweiity-(our hours, or longer, dur-
ing wl'.ieh it is vifited by the acquaint.ince of the family,
and the lower clafs of women, who come to lament the
deceaf; d. 'Thefe women, who arc ger.erallv dreded in
Mai k, eome in the evening, or during the night, into
the apar'ment where the loipfe lie?, .iiiil throwing them-
felvcs on their knees, rill' and e.xtend their arms to cm-
br..'-e it , then in .i doleful tone, nn el with horrid cries,
they It in ih'.ir l.imentaiions whi'h always conclude
with thi name of th'' deceafed. Afterwards they begin
in th' fame difngice.ilde tone his bittory, rchcarfing all
his .id and b d ou.dities, not even omitting his amour.s,
fill at lenpth, quite (pent, they withdiaw to a corner of
the apartment 'inred with win!" and brandy, on which
they never l.ul plentilully to regale themfclvci. No
(i oner ate tl ele departtd Irom ilia body, thin ulhera
Imiied, till the wnnuii have t.km their Imii. 'Tho
(ami- i atfeiwaidj repeated liy the fervants, (laves, and
.uquainiance ot ilic laniily, which ciintimic« without in-
termilfion dunn.; the rem, under of the iiipiht. The (ii.
iicral ID alfo acionip.inied with the like noily l.iinint.i-
tioiis, and el en alter the corpfe ii depolited in lb. grave
the mourning is coiiliniied in the houl'c lor nine da; ■» i
dining which time the niournerj mver Itir Itoin llio
apartiiient, wheie they nceive the ciim| liineiits of con-.
doliiue, and in the night aic attended by their relations
and intimate (iiendi.
IKlotc we ciiiiLlude this article, it will be proper tr>
give a ci'iKil'e aicoiint ot the bi.lldities this city b.iu
liirt'ered I'lom louigners, by whom it h.iibeen fiequently
.ittackiil, taken, and plundered. I lie tiid iiualiun waj
111 ado in 1544, loon afti r its edablilhment by certain
i''ieiich invaders, condueUd by j Corficm pilot. In
liS^ it was t.iken and .ilnioll dellroved by Sir Tranrii
lirake, the leourge of the newSpanilli (eltliments. M,
de I'ointis came hilor'- it 111 I5(); with a friadron of
privileers, under the prote^lion o( ih- Trcneliking j and,
alter obliging; the fort of llucca l.'hifa to furriiulcr,
whereby the entrance of the bay w.is laid open, be l.iiuU
ed bis men, and beiiegul Toit Ta.'aro, the t.ikiin; of wliielt
was tollowed by the (urrendcr of tl'.e city i but llie ea.
lutulation wa. no fccurity agaiiill the rage of avaiice,
which had conii ;ned it to pill.i_'e. 'This eonipnd has
been attributed to ,i private corre(puiideiicc between the
;;overnor and I'ointis J and what iiiciealca the fufpicioii
is, th.it he eiiibaiked on board the i'liiich fquadiun, at
his departure, t.iking with him all his ticilures and
ittciits, none of which had futfered by the general cala-
mity. In 1741 it (udained .1 long liege from the linj.
lilh under admiral Vernon j but they were obliged toie-
tire alter they had made tlicmfelves mailers ot niult of
the lorts and harbours, which was principally owing,
beiidci the llreiigth of the pl.ice, to the great inoM.ility
among the troop;, and the ditf'ereii.es that arofe betwcin
the admiral and general,
SEC T. Ilf.
// am-lfi AaciiKl cflk- Gah-rnmcnt of Siintn Mtiriha, Rh dt
1,1 ilacha, I iHizKf/ii, Ww Anilj/ufiiy iin.l Ktu) (.Iranadii;
ll.'tii ^ituatii'i, Exknt, Cliimiki, Pntliui; tinJ piiiuip^i
TFIK government of Santa Martha is bounded on tlie
ead by Riode la Hacha, on the (oulh by New (Jra-
n.ida, on the wed by Carthagen.i, and on ihe north bv
the North (ea ; extending about a hundred and forty milt-;
from cad to wdt, and about two hundred fiuin iionh :o
fouth.
The country is extremely mounlainous, and fume o!
flicfe mountains, cfpecially that called .^aiii.i .'Vlarilu, i;
(lid to 1 e higher than the pike ot 'Tenet id'e. Tiom beiu-c
refult conliderable advantages to ihc iiilubitant-, the .iir
being cooler and more whoi .I'oirie th.iii in fomc otier
parts of America near the equ.it. ir. 'The air, however,
is extremely fuitry by the (ea-co.id ; yet the muuntaini
ui the interior couniiy arc covered with (now, and tlii;
cold fo iiKtnle, that while the people in one place are
(Vorched with the fuii-bcams, othir> at lixty milis .!i(-
tanee ate (liiveiing wuli the rigours of the I'eafnn. In
rains very iiiiich in tiic months of Septcn.bei and October
inth.it p.irt ot the country which lies towards the fea-
toalt i but there is little rain in the otlur montbi, becaufe
the e.id and north winds which blow there di('|)er!e and
drive aw.iy the clouds. The vallvy.; of thi» country .irc
exceeding fruitlul, and produce oranges, lemons, pine-
apples, grapes, ,iiid m.my other fruits. 'I'he country
abounds in rich gold mines, and in the mountains arc
found fapphires, emeralds, jafpcr, and marble mod beau-
tifullv veined. At a le.igue ami a hall's didance from
the city of Santa .Maitba are iair-poiid.-, wheie they get
very good fait, which i^ e.xpoiicd into the nei.hbourmi;
provinces.
The city of Santa Mirtha, which i:ivc5 nnme to tlic
piovincc, ik fnuated on a bunch of tl:'. Ivio Uratidc near
7 ih-.:
\NTA
Mah
riiA.
lioily, tlnii uthcri
I tlicir iiuii, '1 1)0
rvaiils, ll.ivi's, und
ntiiiiica without in-
10 iiij>lu. I'hc (ii-
liki' iiuUy l,irni.iil.t<
piiliU'J III itri' ;'ravo
lul'c hir iiiiic Jjyit (
rvir llir lioin tliu
[>iu| liiiii'iilH 1)1 con-'
.cj tiy tluir rclatiuiit)
it will In; pre>iHr to
lita'1 thi^ city li.i»
ll.n been ritiiia'iitly
\L' liill iiivalioii WJi
li(hiiieiit liy tcrtam
Coiricin piliit. In
ovcil I'v Sir I'r.niria
iilh rfltlinuiut, M.
with a lii'Ltdton of
.- I'lcniii liiiii', i anil,
l.'lura to furriiiilcr,
s liiiJ opi'n, hi; liiul-
.), tl'.ft.iliiiu', lit wliicU
l-.v; city i lull ilio c.\-
the r.igc ot' aval ice,
This iiinnmrt h.i>-.
oiiilciicc iKtwuii the
icicalci tbc fufpiciou
I'uiich li]iiadKiii, ui:
all his ticalurcs anj
1 hy the general cala-
; fie^^e from the l.ii]-
ey were ohligcd to ic-
;s mailers of mull of
'as principally owin",
to the great inuii.ilny
i.ts thai arofe bciv.xi.!!
II.
fSantn Mirlh.-i, Rh .U
ml Sell' iiri»tinh;
rtha is liouiiileil on the
loiilh by Nc\v(iM-
aml on the north hy
jndr>;d anJ forty inik-;
[iunJri.J fiuiii north ;o
ntainoin, ami fomc ot
illtd .-laiua Manh.!, i:
i-nirilK'. l''roni lienrc
li_ iiiluliilanis, ihe air
th..n 111 lijmc oti.cr
i'he air, how>'vi-r,
.ll ; yet t:ie niountaini
il with liiow, anJ the
cople in one place are
,1 r. at fixty nii'i-, dit-
..uri of the feafnn. I'.
Siptcn.hcranJOc^olier
lii-'i towards the fea-
o;ln.r months, bccaufc
low there difpcrie anJ
•.vi of this country are
oranges, lemons, pine-
fruits. 'I'he conntry
ill the mountains are
and r-arhle moll hcau-
a h.il;'s dillaiue from
-pi.nd-s where they get
ii-.lo the nei.'hbourin^
o
VKNEZlftLA, &C.
A M i: U I C A.
747
,viiif!i ::ivc5 n^mc to the
of ll/. Kiu Grande near
ih-i
the mountaiin of S.iiiti Mirth 1, in th- lU-vemh decree
.,' y., thniv-lour intimtei north latitude, Fo. iicrly th • city
w.ii (loiiriOiini; and populous | hut ii mu^ M dcciye I liiice
the Spanilh lUeti no loiij.;er loueh th ■ e. Tiie iiilialn-
lants amount to about thr^e thoufin t ih, includiii ; all
degreri ; it is honoured with the 'ih Icnce ot tli<' jjouiT-
nor (it the province, and is the Ice ul a hiOiop, liitlVanaii
to the metropolitan ot Ncvv ( iraiu la, The houli s are
Imilt with canes, and covered with p iltiu'tn leave i; and
foiiie with pantiles. 'I'hu town h.i> lrei)ueiitly lutlLred
In' holtilc lleets t tor in 15;; it waj entirely tuiiie I by
Sir Krancis Drake, and the next year was |i!uiidereil
by Sir Anthony Shirli'y J in lOp it was taken by the
Dutch, and was alterwirds lrei|iiuitly pilhij^ed by the
Uuccanetrs.
Oil the cad fide (if the Rio fjrande, about twenty miles
from the capitil, ii feated the town of liaranciiM Mi-
lambo, a place of coi/eiiuenee on account of the bull.
indc carried on by the irih ibitaiits. 'I'lie mercliaii'li/e
of New (iranada is bioii'^ht down hiilvr in biuts, and
convevcd to the bay about torty miles below the town, or
rile direittly to Santa Martha by a branch of the Kio
CJrande.
On the fouthern tmntier otSani.i Martha i^ feated the
little province of Rio de la llaeha, in the loini of a pc-
iiinliila, between the I'lilph ot V'encyuela on the e.ill and
a h.iv ol the Ninth lea to the we(l',vaid. The couiitie is
plealant, tolerably healthy, and excieding lertile. The
laiin aie not I'oviolcnr as m Santa Martha, though there
are frciient tornadoes and ihuiidir Ihowers. in tt'.e mid-
dle ot the province aie fmie mines of jilper and chalec-
doiiv, aiid on the coall a veryriili pearl-tilhery, in which
the livJi 111' are chiLlly employed, and, notwithil imliii:^
the viiiilance of the Sp.ini.irds, reap the ihiel protits.
The inhabitants of the open country llill enjoy the blef-
ling of liberty, and lorni a iiunicrou., tclolute, and brave
nation.
Rio dc la Hachn, the cajiit.il, which sivcs name to the
province, and takes its own troni the river, at the month
of which it is lituated, was foriiurly called Nucllra Se-
rora de los Reniedios, and (lands in the eleventh degree
fix minutes north latitude, about a hundred and twenty
miles IV'iiii the city of Santi M.irtha, and contains only
about a liundred hunf'S The town was tormerly rich,
but It vv 1 f) ofien taken by the Hucc.ineers, that 111 16S2
the Span. arils abandoned ir, but were alterwarils iii-
dujcd to return, an I defend it by bmlding llroiig for-
tincations.
V'ene/iiel.i, the next province, is bounded on the call
by New Aiidaliifia, on the fuuth bv New (Jranada, on
the well by Ri'i lie la Macha, and on the north by the
North lea, and indud' s the dillniil of Caraccas ; ex-
tending, according to lo'ne authors, lour hundred miles
along the coall of tiie North fca, and near three hundred
into the interior rountry. The cliiriate is moderately
tcnijjcr.ite, and the iml fo riLii and fertile as to produce
two harviffs every year, and to feed great herds of black
cattle and flu. ksof Ih-'cp. The famous lake of .Maracaiho,
which IS eighty leagues in comp.ifs, adds equally to the
beauty and convenience of the province ; but thou'_;h the
water of the lake and the rivulets which How from it
are drank, yet thev arebrackidi and unwholelome, and
the natives ate in great want ol frelh water. The inha-
bitants ol this province an laid toexcecd ahundred thou-
fand, iiicluding Spaniards, ni ilattoes, and negroes.
Vcnc/.iic!a, or Cora, the capital of the province, is
feated on the north -e.ill part of the pcniiifula, on the
banks of the North fea, and Ik-, in about the tenth degree
" i<f foitv minutes north latitude. It is the relidence of the
govcimir, thcl'eit of tlic court-, of jufticc, and the fee of
a bifliop i but is 11.. ithcr lem.iik.ible for its commerce, its
opulence, or buildings : its liiuation alone in the rnidll
of the waters enaaces .itlentron, and from hence it is that
It has been callid Venezuela, or Little Venice.
The town ot .Maracaibi, thong 1 interior in dignity
to the loriiier, is more ilrgaiit, plealant, and wealthy.
It front . thelake of the fame name, and has a great num-
ber of Ipleiidid buildin;;s, adorned with b.ikonies th»i
command a profpcct of the lake at ;i ureal diftance. The
inhabitants are rtckon.d ij exceed tour thuuland, eight
.^1*
liundred of whom irr* f.il.i to b: capalile of bi'iring .irm-i.
Here m a ttoveriior d. p iident on thr ••o\ei nor ot the pro-
vince, and itconiiiii. .1 large p iiidi-cliurvh, tour cori-
venti, and an li.ilpitil Sriiili vrlleh ate i oiitiiiu liy
tridiiig to till-, plui' with the ..lenhandi.'e and maniifac-
tiiies of all the town . i .uitii.'Uoiii to the gfe.n I ik ' ; par-
ticnlaily with tatao, or chocolaii', indigo, liiivir, lob.uco,
.nid green hidiii. Mara* jiho ii .ilfii 11 cclebiated port lor
(liip biiildin •, l.ir whii h it i, very loiivenicnt.
vViih rcfpi'ct to the ciiuniiy ol Cirace.r., it cxten U
as tar a.s Cape lilaiu o i but the coall is ro; ;. y .iiil moun-
t.iin.iUi : it i:, hiwc.r, n.teitperlvd with liiull iVrtilir
vallevi, which are luhiecl, it certain fcifons "t th.' \e.-r,
todiy lumh-will winds I but is in .eieral bklled with
a clear air, and a whoUrmie ciiinate, A vetv txienfiva
illicit trade istirricd on with this co.ilt by the Knjilh
and Dutch, nntwilhlt indnig all the v i.',il.,iue of tin ^pi-
ni.iids, whili.ue t'ct.uts perpttually employed, and breatU
Work , railed ill all the \.ille)s. ' . ,
Caraccis the thief town In the iliftricl, i. fitin'.r.l /O K' ■
in the tenth de/ree ten minutis north latitii !c, at .1
coiilidirable dill.in.-e from the le.i, it i, (aid to b; lar 'e,
weililiy, p.ipuloii , .iiul extiemtly ditB'-ult of accL-fs, 011
.iccoiiiit ol the deep and craggy hill,,, over which an
ciuiiiy mull march to it.
I'orio Cav.illo is a fea port town on this eoart, whi' h
w.is iiiifucctl'sfully aitaik'.-d in the late war by admi..il
Kmnvlis.
New Andalufia i 1 alio vi d to be a pr' tty large prnvincc,
the b iiindaries ot ^^hicll .ire not c v. nil I v known. How-
ever, It hasapaito; (niiiri and NewGranadi on the
loiith, .illo part of New (jian.ida an. I \'ciK/.uela on the
well, ilie North fea on the ii'irth, and th • river ( )roonoko
on the cart ; including the dillricts of C.iinani and I'arii,
It e\iends, according to the moll reafmut'le liniiis, Kvc
hun.lied miles troni noith to foiith, and about two hun-
dred and leventy tiomeatl towell. 'I'he iiitei ir conntry
is woody and mountainoii?, variegated with fine valleyr,
that yield corn and palliiragc, I'he proJuce of the
country ciiiefly cuililts in fiigar, tob.icco, medicinal roots,
gums, dying drugs Uratil wood, and fomc valuable
timber. To thele may be add.'d pearls, for which the
Spaniards (illi along thecoalt.
Cuniana, or Coinaiia, the capital of New And. ilufia, ,
to which It fometimes I'ives its name, Hands in the ninth ^:SS-
degree fifty-live minutes north latitude, and in the lixty- g.-.^o-
huh ilegrec thirty minutes well li'iigitude t'rom London,
about nine miles from the North tea. It was built bv
the Spani.u.ls m the year 1520, and Is defended by 'a
llrong callle, capa'de of making a vigorous defence, as
appeared in the year 1(170, when it was aftai.ltcd by the
liiice.in'.ers, who were ivpiilfed with great 11 lughter.
Nev\' (iranad.i, (iimetimcs called Santa Ki , and Caftclia
del ( )ro, is '-ounded onthenoiih by S.inta .Martha, Rio
de la H.icha, and Venezuela; on the call alfo bv Vene-
•/'lela ; on the (ouili by l*eru ; ;uul on the welt by Po-
pavali. 'I'lie whole lounl.'y is I'uppoled to include a
(pace of three hundred and thirty (lk miles in length, and
near as much in breadth.
Thou-h it lies between the firft and ninth degree of }"-~^-
north latitude, the clim.itc is remarkably tempcr.itc ; Co
that fev'.ral writers afHrm, that tln-ir Cipiality of day and
night is iindidurbed by any variety of leafons ; but, upon
a (tiie't examination, this dois nut appear to be (liitlly
true, there being in reality two famniers and two win-
ters, 'i'he country is beautifully variegated with hil's
and valleys covered with verdure. PHe mountains con-
tain gold, filvcr, and emerald," j and the valleys are en-
liched with .ill the necellaries of life, as corn, cattle,
roots, and truit : they |iniducc likcwife great quantities
of guaiacnm, gums, balm?, drugs of various kind;-, and
other valuable aiticles of commerce.
The capital of the kingdom, as it is called, is the city
of Santa l''e de liognta, feated on the banks of the lake
Ciatavita. It is the relidence of the royal audience, and
of an archbiihop, who has lor his fiifVragans ihe biUlops
ol Carthagena, Santa Maitha, and I'opuyan. The city
is large, populous, opulent, well built, and adorned with
magnificent palaces an.l tine houl'es ; but as we can meet
v.iih no paiticular dtlciiptioliol il tyr kl's tli.w a century
paft,
A S V S T n M O F
G f^ O G R A V H Y.
it contains
TOPA
V.'W.
ii '■ *
M :!i'
m
Ml' !i
Ik M V'
fl'Sl
i,m^
iil ^
I'l!!, w- ni:'.v rc:if,)n..!i!y coiiclmtc lli.it it isnuitli rl-, iin;-
••.' fim-!.- th.it tiriu'. I'lkTC :iri', Inli.lcs the c.ijiitjl, 1 uili.i,
Mjiu!.:, riiMid.iJ.i, .iiid Truxilli).
S K C T. IV.
Of the Vi .-,;-ni»ici:t r.f i'ui'AYA V.
\ti .'i.'l:ui:,'o'i, Exiiiit, Pi't'i/iorii, C.ii!!i:i:i\ Sill, <)rhi Proiiiiif,
nllh ii piirliiiilii l^f/ci iplioi cj li'r I'iiinl id.'.'eii Cum (vul
//■:■ M'fii-mpii, tl'f :h,\iJ/)i! Infi:t mimed the (y.)i', wii
/''.■ Min'iei- of ihiiiinhi; Lhlil ftom the Miiifi. .1 Pe-
fnftijii i.f t''e Qiiy nf Popn),!'!, iimi ill (.iovennntiit.
WV. nr.w conic to the ^nvuinmcnt of Pi'piv.ui, whicli
is liivjndcd on the n'ltth bv tht' j^uVLTiinKMU ol
C.irtli.i:;tiia ; on t!ie c.ift hy the kingdom ot' New Cira-
nada \ on tlie |i)i;th by I'l-iu ; and on the well its ancient
boundary was the South lea ; but it has lincc been con-
trailed by the new ^^oveinnient ot Choco ; fo that only
a part oC it reaches t.i the (ea. Its extent is not prccillly
deteimined ; but it is from call to well about eighty
leaguej, and little Kl's from north to louth. This go-
Ncininentis divided into iw.i jurndictions, of which that
on the north .md eaft belon- to Santa Ke, or New Gra-
nada, while ad thoie paits which lie towards the louth
jnd well are reckoned in the province of Q^iito.
The climate varies accordiir^ to the fmiation of places,
Tome being more cold than hot, othtrs the reverie, and
fonie throughout the whole year enjoy a continual (pring,
p.iriiciil.iily l'o(ia\an the capital. Ihefrtineniay be laid
of the I>>|1, whicli produces in j'reat abundance the corn
and fruit proper to its litiiation, and the farmers breed
gieat mmihtis of horned c.ittle and (liecp. Tlie jiiiil-
di-'lion of i'opayan if, however, fubjecl to dreadful teni- I
pells of thunder, lightning, and earthiniakcs. I
Amon^ the plants of the country of I'opayan <5rows ' 'or beture they oHcr to touch the herbage with tlieir lips,
the cuca, an herb fo cneemed by the Iiuli.ins in fome j they blow on it with all their force, in onler to difptrle
provinces of Peru, that they would part with any kind j ^"ly ot thel'e pernicious vermin ; and when tin ir fmell ac-
1 f provilions, the moll valuable metals, gems, or any I i)uaints them that they are near a iiell ol coyas, they
thill" elfe, lathcr than want it. It grows on a weak ! immediately leap, and run to Ionic other part. I'hu's
Hem, which for funport twills itfelf round another Uronger I 'hey lecure themlclvcs from the venom of thefe iiifeih,
vegetable : its leaf is about an inch and a half or two ; though lunietiiiies .i mule, alter all his blowing, has
inches in length, and extremely fmooth. The Indians \ ''^'''" known to take in lomc with his pallure, on which
make ufe of it for chewing, mixing it with a kind of ; •''ff Iwclling to a frighilul dcgiee, it cxnires on the
chalk or whitdh earth, cihed mainbi. 'I'hey put into i 'P°f-
their mouth a few leaves of cuca, and a proper (pia.itiiy tvcrv part of the jurifJiflioii of Popayai ibounds in
of mambi, and chewing them together, at lirll Ijiit out ' Tlines o'' gold, preat numhcrs of which aic dl workeil,
the t'aliva, but afterw.uds fwallow it ; thus moving it | •""■'J "ew mines arc daily ditcovered. In thi old iiiii
Its common name is rnyn, or coyba : it Is
Ih.ipi.l like alpider i hut is much let's than a bug.' It,
col.Hir is of a liery rtd, and, like the fpidcr, is generally
louiid in the cor,.ers of walls and among the hcrhr.ge.
Its veiinm is Id extrcmi ly nialignint, that on fquic/ing
the inlecl, if any of it h.ippens'to fall on the ikm, cither
ol man or healt, it immediately p-.-nctrati.-s into the ll (h,
and caufe.> l.iigctumours that are loon fucceeded bv death.
I he only remedy hiiherto known is vu the rirll appear-
ance of a I'lvellmg lo finge tlu p.iriy all over the body
with a (lame of llr.iw, or the long gr.ifs growing in ihoie
plains. In order to this the Indian'i of tii.it country lay
hold of the patient, Ionic by the feet and otheis by the
hands, and with great dexteiity peiform tlie oprratinn ■
alter which the p^rlon is thought to be out ol dinger!
However, though this iiifeiit is to v, ry naxiims,'"y(.t
liiuet/iiiir It lietwcen the palms of the hands is attend-
ed with no confequtiice, the callous |-.rrventing ttic
vermin le.iehing the blood ; accotdingly tt'e Indian mu-
leteers lijuee.:e them between the pahiis id' their hands
togiatily the ciiriolity of the pallingus ; but (limild a
pel tun (if a delicate hand make that tiial, the eliect
would duubi'elb be the fame as on any other part of the
body.
1 he people who travel along tlicfe valleys, whe.-e they
arc to much in danger Irom thefe covas, arc warned bv
the inJiaus who attend them, that if they feel any thing
Hinging or crawling on their neck or lace, to be cirihi]
not to icratch the part, n<ir even fo much as lift up tlie.r
hand to it, the coya being of fo delicate a texture, that
it wotild immediately hurll : and as there is no d.inger
while they do not eject the humour in them, the pcrion
acqu.-.ints tome ol the company with w-liat he fecN, and
points to the place, where if it be a coya, the other birnvs
it aw.iy. The be.ills who are inc.ijiablc ol luch wariiin.-,
are by inllirdl taught a precaution agaiiill ihc danger ;
from one tide of the mouth to the other, till its I'ubllancc
is quite drained, when it is thrown away and immediately
replaced by frcfh leaves. This herb is fo nutritive and
invigorating, that tiiey labour whole d.i\s without any
tliini; clfe, and on the want of it find a decay in their
tlringth. It alfo preferves the teeth found, and lortilies
i,u- Itomach. Great qu Mitities of this herb are cultivated
by the Indians in the toutlurn provinces of I'crii, and it
makes no I'mall article of trade ; a vail deal of it is in
particular carr-cd to the mine towns, that the owners of
the mines may furnilh the Indians with it, wh.xitherwil'e
could not be brought o w ;iik, or would not have llrength
to uo throULrh it. Thi; pl.int is the fame with the betel
of the Kail Indies, and it is ufed there in the lame mnn-
ner : the KaUcni naticnr., .:s the reader h.is already (ecu,
ate '.'xcelVivcIv fond ot their betel, and the Indians of
I'erii and I'.ipavan are no let's to of their cuca.
In the moll uiuthcrn dilliiih of I'opayan arc certain
trees w'liih yield a refill called niopa niopa, ot which is
made a v.irnil1i. which is not only exiiuilitelv beautitul,
but will bear boiling wati r, and even acids. The me-
thod of applvii'g it is to ditlolve fume of the n I'm in one's
i>n)iith, and tlv.ii -vet the pencil with it ; afterwards it is
dipped ill the colour whii h is to be laid on, and whiii
diied has all the lullre of the Cninel't lac j but with tins
lip-rior quality, that H ni.vtr wears c.fl' nor becomes
nniill, tliough lulibcd with fpitlle. 'I'he cahinefs, tables,
and other turnittiie made by the Indians ol this country
me carried to (^n:o, where they are highly valued.
In the valley; of N'eyb.i, and nihcrs within this jurif-
(',i ji'in, i'. an iiifecl extiemilv remark.iblc lor the venom
in thele parts the gold is not incorporated wi. tlone or
other heterogeneous bodies ; but is toun I dil fed and
mixed with the earth and graul, as {.m^.h . found
niinglrd with earths ol ditt'eii lit Inecies. Thus 'whole
diffi. iilty conlllKs in fepar.-.ting the grains rd' • d t'rom
the earth, whicli is cahly done by timii'ing c Juiu ot
water.
The manner of cxtraifiing the gold thro lOut the
whole jiirilliclion nf I'oji.iyan, is to dig out t. i -.ui of
tiie mine, and lay it in a retervoir made forth purpoie;
;ind when this is liKcil, w.iter is conveyed into hrou'ji
a conduit. I'liey then ttir the whole, which I., i,. tuiii;
to mud, and the lightell parts are conveyed away ;liro'jgti
another conduit, wliu li lerves as a diain, and thi-. .s con-
tinued till only the moll pnn.l'-rous paits, as little Hones,
land, and gold remain at the bottom, I'hey then go into
the retervoir with wo iden hjcl. jts ni.ide for that purp ile,
in which they take up the tedniient, then moving tliem
circularly and uniloimly, and eh.ing,ing the water, ilie
lei's poiideiou- pails aie lepaiated, and at latt (he gold
renianis at the bottom ot the bucket clear liom all
mixture. It is generally tound in grains as I'mall as tlmle
of land, though loinetimes what are called tecds, aic
lound among it ot ditterent lues ; but gener.il'y they run
I'mall. I'lie waicr iliuing Irom the liill rel'ervoii is Hopped
111 another a li;tlc bencth it, and there uiidergoi-N a like
np'-ra iiMi, in order to lecure any Ini.ill paiti. lesol gold,
wlich from their exticme minutenels might be caiiu-d
off by ill.' ciirrint of the w.itir bemg mixed witli the
earth, and oth^r fublLinccs. And lailly, tliis water it
palled into a third lel-.rvoir ; but the lavitu 5 here arc
+ g.i-.erally
QlMTO.
A M E II I C A.
749
PoPAVAK.
: rnya, or rciyba : it is
li k'ls lluiii a bu^. Iii-
the fpiilcr, is (.Tciicraliy
J anidiig tlie bLibiinc.
ml, that on fqua'/.iiij^
Tail on ihi; lt;;n, either
fiictratcs iiu.i the tl lli,
>un UictcL'ilcl by I'.c.ith.
is (ill the tirll appuar-
larty all over ihL- l)i),lv
; glal's growini; in thole
ii» of tliat country lay
I'cet ami (.theis by ilie
icilorm tlu- oprraiion ;
t to be out ol J uii;er.
li) V. ry ^l]xiou^, yet
f the hands is atleiul-
alUius |-rivciuiiig the
iilini;Iy the Indian niu-
c palms ol thi'ir hands
dl'inj;! rs ; but llKmid a
,• that tiial, the elFect
>n any olh^r part of the
Iicfe valleys, where they
: covas, arc vvarmd bv
at if the;' feel any thing
k or face, to be rariful
h much as lift up tiic.r
delicate a texture, that
as there is no danger
)ur In them, the perlon
rith what he feel-, ;ind
a coya, the other blows
apable of luv h warning-,
ion agaiiill the danger ;
herbage with their lips,
ce, in order to dilptrio
ikI when tin ir Iniell ac-
■ a nell of coyas, they
jmc other part. 'I'hus
venom ot thele inieits,
r all his blowing, has
1 his pallure, on which
gree, ic otnires on the
of Popayai ibouiuls in
' which arc dl worked,
red. In tht old mn.ei
jrporated wi.
iioiie or
is toun i dil
fcil and
1, as lands .
found
pecies. 1 hiis
• whole
he grains ot ■
d trom
by running c
Juiu ut
le gold thro lOut the
to dig out t, 1- ';iii of
r made tor th iuirpole ;
onveyed into lirougli
I'liole, which lu >,. tuiii.
conveyed away fiiro'jjjh
a drain, and ihi- >s con-
us pails, as litlle (lonei,
om. They iIkii go iiUi>
ts made for that purpiie,
ent, then moving them
ehaiiging the water, ilie
ed, and at lall the gold
bucket clear tioni all
n gr.iins a^ (mail a- thole
lat are called heds, aie
; but generally ihey run
le In it reiervoir is liO|i|U'd
iJ there uiidergol'- a lii.e
y Im.ill paiti. Ics ot gold,
itenels might be caiiiej
.r beiP!; m;)>ed with the
\nd laitly, this water it
jut the lavinjs here are
[jLiierally
:i!l'
generally inconfidcralilc. The labourers arc negro (laves;
lomc of whom are employed in walliing, while others
bring earth ; Co that the wafliers are kept in continual
employmtnl. The fineneis of this gold is generally of
twenty-two carats, lometimes nu)ie,eveii to twenty-three,
and ir is feldum below twenty-one.
The city of hipayan, one of the mod ancient in thefc
parts, (lands in u large plain, which on the noithl'idc
affords an uninterrupted piofpett of the country. It is
("itiiatcd in the fecoiid doj^rce twenty-eight minutes north
latitude, on the ca(f fide of a mountain of a middling
height called M, from its refcmbling that letter, and
being covered wiih a variety of trees, atVords an agree-
able profpii!;^. The city is of a middling fize,with broad,
ftiaight, and level (Irecth, which, though not everywhere
pave I, are cciually convenient. The foot-path near the
houfes being paved in all parts, and the middle of the
ftreels being compofed of hard fmall gravel, they are
never dirty in rainy weather, nor dully in dry. The
houfes are built with unburiit bricks ; thole of note have
one (lory, ind the others only a ground-floor. 'l"hc
church was erected into a cathedral in the year 15.1.7, and
is the only parifli-church in the city. Here arc likewife
convents of I'rancilcans, Jiominicans, and AugutHnes,
with acollegc of Jcfults, all of whiili have cliiirctics; .iiid
in the latter is a grammar.fehonl. Here are alfo two
nunneries. Trom the mountain of M iH'ues a river, which
by running through the city, befides other conveniences,
carries away all its foil. Two bridges are ereded over
It, one of wood, and the other of (tone; and its waters
have a particular medicinal virtue. In this mountain is
alio a fpring of very fine water; but it not being fuffi
clent to fupply the whole city. It is conveyed to the
nunneries and the houfes of people of rank.
A little above a league to the north of I'opayan runs
the riye'r Cauca, which is very large and deep, its cur-
rent rapid, and fubjci^l to dangerous fwcllings in the
months of June, July, and Augud.
The inhabitants of Popayan
, . , where t;;e nei'_roes a.
bound, are chiefly defcended fiom the m.>rriages of the
whites and negroes, fo that the number id' Iiulians here
aic in gencial very (ew. 'Ibis governn.ent, however,
has many large villages of -hcni, and it is only in the capi-
tal and other Spanilh towns that they arc (o greatly out-
numbered by the negroes. 'I'he inhabit,inlo of I'opayan
aie coiiiputid at betwein twenty and tw.nty-five thou-
fand, and among thele are many .Sp.niKh families. W'hild
other towns fee their inhabitants daily riecre.iling, l'opai,aii
conll.inlly increafes ; for the many gcdd mines worked all
over its jurildidliun aft'ord employment to the indigent,
and conlei|ULntly occ.ifion a gieat refort of peojile to
thele pints. Tlie city of I'opayan is the conilant refi-
deiice of the governor, whole o'flice being merely civil,
it is not iKced'ary, as in many oiher places, that he
(hould be acquainted with militaiy allair-. : however, with-
in the jurifdictiiin of his gnvernment all civil, political,
and military alKairs arc under his diredion. lleisalf.j
the chief niagillrate of the city, ijclidcs whom aie two
.ilealdes annuiiily thf.fen, and a proper number of legi-
dores. Here is ach.m.berof fin.jr.ces, into which are-
paid the feveial branches of the royal revenii", as the
tributeof the Indians, the duty on good*, tlielif.li of the
metals, and tue bke. The ecelelliillicjl chapter is com-
pofed ol the bilhop, whole annual revenue amounts tei
tix hundrid t!ioui,in I dollars ; the dean, who has tuu
hundred ; the aichilea'-on, chanter, ictor, and trca-
furer, who hive eiith lour hundred, 'i'nis fee is a I'uf-
fragan of the urelihiihop of Sdv.iA Fe de I! ijrota. Ai
I'opayan lies within the jurifdi^lion of the imjuirition of
Cartiiagena, it has a commiliary ("rom thence. Here is
alio anotlicr of the croifade ; but the auihoiiiy of thele
jiidjies docs nut extend beyond the dioLcfe, whi'h is (ar
lets than the extent of tlie gov. ■rnment, a conliJerable
part of it being under the jurildictioii of the archbidiop of
Qiiilo.
CHAP. XI.
Of P E R U, including QUITO, LI M A, and LOS C II A R C O S.
M.S'c'-
{} It.
,■•■ sr
SECT. I.
0/ Q. IJ I T o.
The Situation and Extent cfPcru in general^ and of iiluita In
fia'tuular. Of the Clin.ule, Diftafes., Sail, and Pndtiee
of ti'C latter ; with n Defciiption of fomi of the mijl re-
tnurkable Fruits ; as alfo of the City of ignite, the ALini:ers
and Cujhms of the Inhabitants., and their Trade.
I'^HE great empire of I'eru is bounded on the north
by I'opayan, laft defcribed, on the call ! v the
Andes, on the foutti by Chili, and on the wefl '<y the
I'acific ocean ; extending between the equator and the
twenty-filth degree ten minutes fouth latitude, and be-
tween the fixtieth and lighty-firft degree of well longi-
tude, that is about eighteen bundled miles in length,
and its greatell breadth docs not much exceed three hun-
dred and ninety.
This country is divided into three grand divifions,
Qiiito, I/ima, or Los Reyes, and Los Charcos, As to
its climate, mines, (oil, and produce, they dift'er greatly
in different parts of the country; we (hall therefore treat
pf thete in defcribing its fevcral didridls.
The cxtenfive province of Qiiito is bounded on the
north by Hopayan, and includes a part of that govein-
mcnt, and alfo by S.inta I'e de liogota ; on the (outh
bv the governments of I'iura and Chaehapoyas ; on the
rafl it extends over the whole government of ^laynasand
the river of the Ama/ons to the meridian of dematka-
tioii, which divides the Spaiiifti from the I'ortugutfc
106
dominions ; and on the weft it is bounded by the South
fea ; extending, according to Antonio dc Uiloa, fix hun-
dred leagues in length, and about two hundred in its
grcateft breadth ; but this greatly exceeds the computa-
tion of all other of the great geographers. He, however,
' obferves, that it mufl be owned a great part of thofc
va(l dominions are either inhabited by nations of (ava;:c
, Indians, or have not hitherto been fulliciently peopled by
the .Spaniards, if indeed they have been thoroughly
known ; and that all the parts that can properly be faij
to be peopled, and aflually fuhjcil to the iipanifh govern-
ment, are thofe intercepted by the two Cordilleras ot"
the Andes, which in comparifon to the extent of th '
cnmrry may be termed a ISrcct, or lane, fifteen leairucs,
or (ometimes more, from eatl to well, which is thedil-
tance intcreepted between the two Cordilleras: but to
this mud be added fevcral detached i^overiimcms, fepj.
! rated by very cxtenfive tr.i^is, inhabiud by free Indians.
' In order to form a right judgment of the happy tem-
perature of the air of f.)^iito, it is necel'aiy tocorreil our
ideas of the heat in latitudes elofe to the equator ; for ex-
perience here diews, that in this refpei.'^ the climate of
Qiiito differs from all others, fince in the center of the
torrid zone, or rather under the equinofUial, the heat is
' not only very tolerable, but even in tome places the coKl
is painful ; while oihers enjoy all the advanta;;es of a per-
petual fpring, the fields hemg condantly covered with
verdure, and enamelled with flowers of thf nod lively
colours. The mildncfs of the climate, dec fiom the
extremes of h at and cold, and the conilant equlity of
' cj U • tht
[• If
t-'
^m
'.';*
I ■ III
!i'i! I '
:f !l,;^-
!':>
r,Q
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Quito.
f • :
f.
!,,?!. g
. \
1 1
i f !|
■I. h' M
'5™ 'Mi'*:
membraiia ot the flefli, where lucking the blood they
form a nidus covered with a white and tine tegument rc-
Cembling a flat pearl, where it depofits its eggs, and as' the
number of thcfe incrcafcs the nidus enlarges. There is
an abfolute ncceflity of extrafting it, for otherwifc it
would burft of itfdt, and thus fcattcr an infinite number
of fmall nits, which becoming niguas would in a manner
undermine the whole foot. Thefc caufc extreme pain
efpecially during the operation of exirading them ; hi
fometimcs they penetrate even to the bone. 'J'hefe in-
feils are very common at Carthagena, and many other
places, as well as here.
Though the plague is unknown here, and in every
other part of America ; they have other difeafes that have
many fymptoms of it, as malignant fpotted fevers and
pleurifies, which, when they prevail, fweep away pro-
digious numbers. Another difcafe here is called vicho
or mal del valle, which is a kind of gangrene in the
rcdtum, and to which perfons afHiacd with the flux arc
moft liable. '1 he venereal difcafe is fo common, that few
the Hay and night, render this country, which from its i the fight. They live among the dud, and indnuate them-
fitualion might be thought to be parched by the conllant felvcs into the legs, the foles of the feet, or toes and
heat of the fun, an:l (carcely inhabited, both pleafant | pierce the fkin with fuch fubtlcty that there is nobein?
and fertile ; for nature has here fcattered her bleflings aware of thcni, till they have made their way into Ihu
with lb liberal a hand, that this country in fevcral relpcits Ikin, and taken up their lodging between that and the
fiirpades thole of the temperate zones, where the viciffi-
tudes of winter ami fummcr, and the change from heat
to cold, caufe the txtrenics of both to be more fenfibly
felt. However, in ditferent parts of the country the air
is very diif'ercnt ; in one part are mountains of a Itupcn-
doiis height and magnitude, with their fummits covered
with fnow. The plains are temperate, the valleys hot,
and, according to the high or low fituation of the coun-
try, are found all the variety of gradations of tempera-
tuic pciflible to be conceived betweenthe extremes of heat
aikl cold.
Q^iito, the capital, is fo happily fituated, that neither
the heat nor cold is troublefomc, though both may be felt
in its neighbourhood ; and what renders this equality
more delightful is, that it is conftant throughout the whole
year, the difterence between the fcafons being fcarce
perceptible. Indeed the mornings arc cool, the remainder
«)f tlicd.iy warm, and the nights of an agreeable tempe-
rature. Thefc being almoft the only variations, the in-
habitants mike no difference in their drefs during the
whole year; for though fome wear filks or light ftutis, | perfons are free from it, and its commonncfs effaces the
at the fame time that others are drefled in fubftantial i difgracc with which it is attended in other countries,
cloth, the former are as little incommoded by the cold. During the continuance of the north and north-eaft
as the latter are by heat.
The winds, which are healthy, blow continually, for
the moft part from north to fouth ; but never with any
violence, though they fometimcs fliift their quarters, but
without any regard to the feafon of the year ; and were
It not for fome inconveniences to which this country is
fuhjeft, it might be confidered as the moft happy fpot on
the earth : but when on the other hand ihcfe difagreeable
circumftances are confidered, all its beauties are buried in
obfcurity ; for here are dreadful and amazing Kmpcfls
of thunder and lightning, and the inhabitants, in the
midft of their feturity, are often furprized by deftruiSlive
earthquakes. 1 he weather, during the whole morning
till one or two in the afternoon, is generally extremely
delightful i a bright fun and a clear and fercne fky are
commonly Icen ; but then the vapours begin to rife, the
whole aiiLolphere is covered with black clouds, which
bring on luch dreadful tcmpeftsof thunder and lightning,
th.it all the neighbouring mountains tremble, and the
city frequently feels their dreadful eftefts. Soon the
clouds dil'chargc thcmfclves in fuch impetuous torrents of
rain, that the tfrcets appear like rivers, and the fquares,
though iituated on a flopc, like lakes. This generally
continues till fun-fet, when the weather clears up, and
iiature.igain puts on the beautiful appearance of the morn-
ing. Sometimes indeed the rains continue all night, and
thty have been known to laft three or four days or more
fucceflivcly. On the other hand, this general courfe of
the weather has its exceptions, three, four, fix, or even
eight fine days fucceeding each other.
The diftindtion of winter and fummerconfifts in a very
minute difference : the interval betweenthe month of
September and thole of April, May, or June is here
called the winter feafon, and the other months compofe
the fummer. In the former feafon the rain chiefly pre-
vails, and in the latter the inhabitants frequently enjoy
whole days of fine weather ; but whenever the rains are
difcontinucd for above a fortnight, the inhabitants are in
the utnioft conftcrnation, and public prayers arc offered
up for their return. On the other hand, when they con-
tinue a fliort time without intermiffion, the like fears pre-
vail, and the churches are again crouded with fupplicants
for a long drought produces
rain, without inter-
vals of fun-fhine, deftroys the fruits of the earth.
It is probably owing to fome unknown quality of the
air that the city of C^iito is entirely free from mufkcttocs
and other infcds of that kind, which in hot countries
rtndt r life almoft a burthen. They are not even known
to the inhabitants, and even a Hea is feldom fecn here,
nor arc the people moleftcd with venomous rcptilej.
The only trcubUlome infedt here is the nigua, or pique,
i very fniall iiiicct fli.iped like a flea, but hardly vilible to
for obtaining fine weather
daiuerous difeafes, and a continua
winds, which are the coldeft, the inhabitants are afflidted
with painful catarrhs. Canine madncfs is entirely unknown
in America; but there is here a difcafe that in fome rc-
fpefls refembles it, and in others the fnull-pox; this
difcafe few or none efcape, but having once had it, are
never more afilictcd with it. The iymptoms are con-
vulfions in every part of the body, a continual endeavour
to bite, a delirium, and vomiting blood. 'I'Uofe whofe
conftitutions are unable to fupport the conflidls of this
'.liftemper, perilh ; but this is equally common throughout
all South America.
The fertility of the foil is incredible, for the fruits and
beauties of the fevcral feafons are feen her» at the fame
time, and the curious European oblcrves with a pleafinw
admiration, that while fome herbs of the field are fadin:°
others of the fame kind are fpringing up ; while fonTe
flowers lofe their beauty, others blow to continue the
enamelled profpea : thus, when the fruits of the trees
have attained their maturity, and the leaves begin to
change their colours, frefh leaves bloflbm, and fruit are
fecn in their proper gradations in fize and ripenefs on the
fame tree. The fame incefl'ant fertility is confpicuous in
the corn, both reaping and fowing being carried on at the
fame time. That corn which had been lately fown is
coming up, that which has been longer fown is in ear,
and the more advanced is pcrfedlly ripe ; fo that the de-
clivities of the neighbouring hills exhibit all the beauties
of the four feafons in one iinglc view. Thoucrh all this
is generally fecn, yet there is a fettled time forlhe grand
harvclt : but fometimcs the moft favourable feafon for
(owing in one place is a month or two after that of an-
other, tliough their diftance does not exceed three or four
leagues. Thus in different fpots, and fometimcs in one
and the fame, fowing and reaping are performed tliroui>h-
out the whole year, the forwardncfs or retardment natu-
rally arifing from the different fituations, as mountain?,
rifing grounds, plains, and valleys j a»!.!t the tempera-
ture being different in each, the beft times for perform-
ing the fevcral operations of hufbandiy miift alfo dilfer.
The only article of food of which there is here an"
fcarcity is pulfe ; but this deficiency is fupplied by roots.
The principal ot thele arc the camatcs, arutachus, y.itas,
ocas, and papas. 'I he three former are the natives of
hot countriti, and culii\ated in the pbnt.itions of fu^ar-
canes, and in the Ipots called valleys .'.nd yiiny,ai,°the
lormcr fignilying hcie plains in a bottom, and the latter
on the fides ol the Curdilleras ; but both in a hot expolurc.
in thefc arc produced planian s, guincos, Guinea pep-
per, granadilLis, and others iiatur:'.l to warm climates.
The cold parts produce pears, peaches, apricots, nedta-
rines, melons, water-melons, qu.iii.unbos, and aurimelos.
'I'he parts which can neither be denominated hot nor
cold produce f'utillas, or Peruvian lirawbcrries, 'I'he
fiicculeiii.
Quito.
I, anil inlinuate thetn-
:he feet, or toes, and
that there is no being
de their way into ihu
between that and tho
eking the blood they
and fine tegument, re-
fits its eggs, and as the
IS enlarges. There is
i; it, for otherwifc i:
ter an infinite number
las would in a manner
le caufe extreme pain,
extra;'.>ing rhem ; for
the bone. 'J'hefe in-
ena, and many other
m here, and in every
)tl,erdifcafcs that have
ant fpotted fevers and
I'ail, fweep away pro-
: here is called vicho,
d of gangrene in the
died with the flux arc
s fo common, that few
jmmonncfs etf aces the
d in other countries,
north and north-eaft
iihabitants are afflicted
;ls is entirely unknown
feafc that in fonie rc-
i the Ihull-pox ; this
iving once had it, are
le iymptoms are con-
a continual endeavour
blood. TUofe whofe
rt the conflidls of this
y common throughout
Ible, for the fruits and
feen her» at the far.ie
^lerves with a plcafuiij
of the field are fading,
ging up ; while fonie
)low to continue the
he fruits of the freest
1 the leaves begin to
)lofl°om, and fruit are
zc and ripenefs on the
ility is confpicuous in
being carried on at the
been lately fown is
longer fowa is in car,
ripe ; fo that the de-
xhibit all the beauties
w. Though all this
cd time for the grand
favourable feafon for
two after that of an-
t exceed three or four
and fomeiimci in one
e performij tlirough-
or retardment nacu-
itions, as mountains
a>>,^^ the tempera-
tinics for pcrform-
y miifl alio differ,
ich there is here any
' is fupplied by rooij.
tcr, arucachas, yuias,
r are the natives of
plantations of fug.ir-
cys .'.lid yuiu^.T^ the
attoni, aiij ttic latter
oth in a hot expolure.
uincos, Guinea pep-
to warm climatej,
:hes, apricots, neeU-
iibos, and .Turimeloj.
enoniinaied hot nor
lirawbcrric'i. 'l"ho
fiicculenl
Quito.
AMERICA.
ft
:3S.
fucculent fruits which require a warm climate are likewif"
here in great plenty throughout the whole year, as China
and Seville oranges, lemons, citrons, limes, cidras, and
toronjas. Thcle trees are full of blolTonis and fruit all
the year round, equally with thofe that are natives of the
climate, and abundantly fupply the tables of the inha-
bit uits.
\Ve fliall now give a particular account of fome of the
nioft remarkable of thefe fruits.
I'hc chirimoya is univcrfally allowed to be one of the
moll delicious fruits in the world. Its dimenfions are
v.irinus, it being from one to five inches in diameter. Its
figure is imperleiitlv rou;i,l, flatted towards the ftalk,
wlier.- it forms a kind of ii.ivel j but all the other parts
arc nearly circular. It is covered with a thin foft fhell,
whieh adheres fo clofely to the pulp, as not to be fcpa-
r.ued from it without a knife. The outward coat is
rrccii, variegated with prominent veins, forming all over
It a kind of network. The pulp is white, and contains
a large quantity of juice refciiibling honey, of a fwect
talle, mixed with a ^a-ntle acid of a molt exquifite flavour.
The feeds are forme I in f-veral p.irts of the pulp, and are
fumewhal liar. 'I'lic tree is high and tutted, the (tern
l,ii^:e and round, but with fome inequalities full of elliptic
le.ivts, teiniinaiiiii; in a point. The blolioni diflers little
luiiii the colour ol the leaves, which is a darkifll green ;
and though far from being beautiful, is remarkable for its
incompar..Me fragrance, and are therefore fo much ad-
mired by the ladies, that they purchafe them at any
price.
The granadilla in its fhapc rcfembles a hen's egg, but
is larger. The outfide ol the fhell is Imooth, glolly, and
of a faint carnuion colour, and the infide white and folt.
The fhcll contains a vifeous liquid fubltancc full of very
fiiiall and delicate grains, lets hard than thole of the
pomegr.imte. T'.iis medullary fubllance is fcparated from
the fhell by a fine and tranfparent membrane. This fruit
h.is a delightful fwcetnefs blended with acidity, very cor-
dial :ind refrefliing, and lb wholefoine that there is no
djnger of indulging one's appetite.
'I he laftof the fruits we ftiall mention is the frutilla,
or l'cruvi.Tn ftravvberry, which is very different from that
1 ; iiurope in fize ; for though they are hero generally not
abjvc an inch in length, they are much larger in other
parts of Peru; but their tafte, though juicy, and not
unpalatable, is not equal to thofe in Europe.
The city of Quito is ftatcd in thirteen minutes thirty-
three fcconds fouth latitude, on the eallern Ikirts of tne
weft Cordillera of the Andes, thirty-five leagues weft of
the coaft of the South lea. The city is built on the ac-
clivity of the mountain of Pichincha, which riles far a-
bove the clouds, and furrounded by others of a middling
height, among a number of breaches or clefts, fome ol
which arc of a confiderable depth, and run quite through
the city, fo that great part of the buildings ftand upon
arches: this renders the ftreets irregular and extremely
uneven. Near the city are two fpacious plains, one on
the fouth three leagues in leiinth, and the other on the
north about two le,i;.'ues in extent ; and both being in-
terfperfed with feats and cultivated land, greatly aud to
the profpcct of the city, they being coniinually covered
with a livclv verdure enamelled with flowers. This fcene
is beautifully divcrfified with a multitude of cattle feed-
ing on the eminences. Thefe two plains contract as
they approach the city, and at their jundion form a neck
of laii I covered with thofe eminences on which p.irt of
Q^iiio iKinds. It may perhaps appear ftrange, that, nol-
withftanding two Inch beautiful and extenhve plains are
lo near, the city ftiould be placed in fo inconvenient a
fituition ; but the firlt founders were fond of building it
on the fpot where Hood the ancient capital of the Indians.
It was formerly in much greater repute than it is at pre-
fint, for the inhabitants now daily decrcal'e, and whole
flrccts of Indian huts are entirely forfaken.
The principal fquarc is fp:icioii<, well built, and fur-
niQicd with fome very magnificent buildings. On one
fide of the fipiare (lands the cathedral, and oppnfite to it
is the epil'copal palace ; the third fide is taken up by the
town h lu'e i the fouith by the palace of the audience ;
and ill the center is an elegant fountain : but the fquarc is
rather disfigured than adurneJ by the palace of the au-
dience, the greateft part of it being fufFercd fo run to ruin,
and only a tew halls and offices taken care of. Four
ftreets terminating at the angles of the fquarc are ftraight,
broad, and haiidfome ; but at the diftance of three or
tour bundled yards from the fqu^irc becin the troublefom--
declivities, which deprive the inhabitants of the ufc of
coaches or any other wheelcarriaf^es.
Excent the four ftreets above mentioned, all the reft
.ire craoced, and dcftitiite both of order and fymmetry.
borne of them arc croftl-d by breaches, and the houfes
Itand on the liJes of their winding, coarie, and irrcular
prujeotions. Some parts are fituatcd at the bTtom of
tliele breaches, and others on their fummiis. The prin-
cipal ftreets are paved ; but thole which are not are a!-
moll impaftable alur rain.
Hefides the chief Iquare there arc two others both very
Ipaeiows with levcral others that are fmnller. In theia
the greatcft part of the convents are filiated, and thence
make a very handfome appe..r.uicc, their licmts bein:r
adorned with all the emheliiliiments of architeaurc, pa-'I
ticuLirly the Francifcan convent, which is built of free-
Itonc, and from the dif|Kiliti. Ill of the parts, andthee'e-
gant talte of the whole, ,s laid to be equal to the mofl:
admired bui..lin,,. i„ Europe. The principal houfes are
very Urge, and lome of them li.ive fp.icious and well con-
trived aparuncnis, though none aie .above one ftory in
height, which i.feKlom without a balcony towards the
Itreet; butUieir doors and windows are 'very low and
narrow. They are built with unbiirnt friek, cemented
oy a mortar of uncommon hardnefs that w.s in ufe a-
mong the ancient Indians.
1 he city is divided into feven pariflics, including the
cathedral, which, befides the richnefs of its furniture, is
Iplendidiy .adorned with tapcftry and other cohly decora-
tions ; but others of the parifh'-churches are mean; tho'
the chapel del Sagr.irio is very large, built wholly of Hone,
and Its architciiure executed in an elegant tafte.
I'he convents cf monks are thofe of the Au(»uftines,
iJortiinicans, and the faihers of Mercv, who°are the
heads of provinces : befidcs thefe there is another of Kran-
cilcan Recollcas, another of Dominicans, and another
of the faihers of Mercy ; a college of Jefuits, and two
colleges for feculars, in one of which is an univerfily
under the patronage of St. Gregory. Here are alio fe-
veral nunneries, as that of the Concep-.ion, the orders
of St. Clare, St. Catharine, and two of bare- footed
i herehans. The college of Jefuits, as well as all the
convents of monks, are very large, well built, and fplen-
did ; and the canrchcs belnnLiiig to them magnificently
decorated, efpecially on folemn fcftivals, when the valt
quantities of wrought plate, rich hangings, and coftly
ornaments expofed to public view, are really amazing •
and ihe nunneries, though they do not exhibit fuch riches,
exceed them in the elegance and delicacy with which they
are adorned. Here is alfo an hofpital under the care of
the order of Our Lady of Bethlehem.
i'he cathedral chapter confifts of the bifhop, whofe
annual revenue amounts to twenty-four thoufand dollars;
a dean, who has two thoufand five hundred ; an arch-
deacon, chanter, treafurer, and a doftoral, who have
two thouland a year each ; three canons, who have fif-
teen hundred each ; four prebends, who have fix hundred
each; and two dcmi-prebends, each of whom has four
hundred and twenty. In this cathedral the feftivals of
Corpus Chrifti and the Conception of Our Lady are cele-
brated vvith amazing magnificence j but the fingular
pomp in the proceffion of "the hoft in the former o"ught
not to be omitttcd. All the houfo;, of the ftreets through
which it paftes are adorned with rich hangings, and fupcrb
triumphal arches aie ereifled, with altars at ftated diftan-
ces that rife higher than the houfes, on which, as on the
triumphal arches, are piled up fuch immenfe quantities
of wrought plate and jewels, difpofed in furh an elegant
manner, as render the whole even more picafing thaiTthe
altoniOiing qumitity of riches. All the pcrfons"^in public
offices march in niagnirtceiu drelies, and a number of
Indians in rich habits, with bells on their \citi and plav-
ing on the ta'jor and pipe, attend the ceremony with their
dances.
With refpeft to the courts hcK' at Qiiito, the principal
is that of the royal audience, which toiilifta of the prcfi,
dent.
I r:
'?':)
75«
A SYSTEM O 1- G E O G K A 1' n Y.
/I' I TO.
ii
I ■*:!.'
ii 1: '■ ^1
dent, who is governor of tlic province, with ro^cinl to law
ali'airs ; tour auditor-, wlio arc at the (.\mv time civil anil
criminal iu.'i'cs ; arov.il til'cal, who, beliJcs tlio c.iuk^
brought hi tore the auili<.'iu-e, takes cop:ni/ line of cviry
thiiisi relatin:; to the revenue ; ar.u an olfucr (tiled Hie
proteclor of the In.li.ins, who folieits for them, and
when they arc injured pleadb in their ikli-iice.
The next i^ tlK tre.ifury, the chief oHieei- of wliieiiarc
an acconipt.int, a treal'urer, and a roy:d lil'e. I.
The trihunal of the Croifade, wl'.ieli has a coiTindVary.
who i? i;ciierally fonic dignitary of the churcli, and a
treafun r.
Here is alfo a trcafury for the c(Fei5ls of peifons de-
ceaffd ; an uifttution ellabliflicd all over tht Indies, lor
rceiiiing the coods of thofe whofe lawlul heirs weie in
•S'-a n, inoniei to lee u re them from thofe aeeideiita louineh
tlitv niijh: he Ii4de in private hamls.
Here is likevvife a conimid'ary of the iiupiifitinn, wi;h
an <il,;uazi!- major and familiars, appointed by the iiupii
litic'ii .".t I^im.i.
The corporation confirts of a rorrc^idor, twooidinary
ale.ildes, ci'.oAn imnuallv, and regidores. T'hefe (uper-
iiltcnd the ekciion of the alcaldes, whieh is attemleil with
no ln'...ll diituihanee, the people being divided into two
parties, the Creoles and Kuropcans.
This city is very pi)|iii!.nis, imd has among its inhabi-
tants Ibnic families ol high rank and dilliiitlion, dcfeend-
cd cither from the original coiujiierors, or peilons who at
different limes (anie from Spain invelleil with l.'ii.e
lucrative polf. 'I'lii; number of great families is however
but f.iiall.
The commciultv mav he divided into four clafics, the
Spaniards, Mellizds, Inrians, and Negroes, with their pro-
geny ; but the lall are not ne.ir io numerous in propoition
to the rtii, as in otlur parts.
The Creoles are well made, of a proper (laturc, and of a
lively and agiteable countenance. The Melli/.os are alfo
in general well made, often taller th-in the ordinary Cm:,
\ery robud, and ha\c an agreeable air. The Indians,
both men and women, are communiy low, though iliong
and well proportioned ; but more natural defeets are to
be found among them th-in in any of the retl. Some .'ire
remarkably fliort, fomc ideots, dumb, or blind. T'heir
!-;;;r is generally thick and long, which they wear lool'e
< :■, tlicir fliouldLrs ; but the Indian women plait theirs
b liind with a nhbon, and cut that before a little above
the eyc-brow5, from (-.ne ear to the other. T"he greatefl
c!if:;race that can be ol+lreJ to an Indian of either fex is
to cut off their hair ; for whatever corpora! punifhmcnt
their matters think proper to iiilliift on ihcm, they bear
with p.'.tience ; but this affront they never forgive ; and
aecoidingly the government has interpofed and lin'.ited
this piinifhment to the molt enormous ciimes. Its colour
is generally a deep black : but it is lank, harfli, and as
coarfe as that of a horfc. On the contrary, the Mcliizos,
in order to dirtinguifti thcmfelvcs from the Indians, cut off
their hair ; but the women do not imitate them.
T"he countrv is obfervcd to abound more in women
than in men, which is the more remarkable as thofe ciufes
which induce men to leave their country, as travelling,
roniiiicrcc, and w.:r, naturally bring over mere men from
Fuvope than women. IJut there are many families in
wliic.i there aie .i number of daughters, without one fon
amoi:.' them. The women enjoy a more vigorous il.ite
of htalth, which may he owing in fome mealurc to the
cli.nate, and more particularly to the eaily intemperance
and vchiptuoufnels of the other lex.
The whites iray be confidered as one fixlh part of the
inhaba:<nts, and the Alellixos, who are the del'rendants
ol the Spanii-i-is and Indians, may be reckoned a third.
The next clals is the Indians, who toim about another
third, I'nd the others who are dcfcended from thefe are
about one (Ixth. Thefe, accordmij to the molt authentic
accounts, amount to between filty and fixtv thoufand
perfons of all ages, (exes, and tanks. I'he Spaniards it is
naniral to think arc the moll eminent for riches, rank,
and power ; yet it mult be owned that many of thcni are,
ill [irop:,rlioii, the moll poor, miferable, and diftrrdcd ;
for whatever be the r circu.i.iiaiiecs, thev dildain to ap])ly
themfelves to any mechanic bufincts, conddering it as a
diOace to that quality ihcy lo highly value tlienifelves
upon, which C(mriH-. in thrir not being b'.tek, brown or
ol a copper colour The Mcttizos rradily a).ply them-
felves to .MIS and trades ; but chufe thofe of the "rcatell
repute, .IS painting, frulpturc, and the like, in'whicli
they parti, ul.irly exrel. Some of them have arnuircl
great reputation ; and fome of the works of <,.nc t.f the!-
Melli/.os have been cairied even to Rome, wlieri.- they
were hrnoiired with the unanimous applaiife of the vir-
tuoii : and what renders their cxquifire perforniancrs (fjM
more adiiiitaiile, is their wanting the tools tli.ir itii -ht (,»
thought necetiaiy to perform them with any tolerable Jc
greeof accuracy : but they arc exicdivelv indolent ml
lloihful. T'he Indians, who arc generally thoeni iker.;
bnckhners, v.eaveis, and the like, are not more i„dul'
trioiis. Ol thffe the moll aftivc and tractab'c aie tl '
b.irbeis and phlebotomiMs, who equal the molt' ,.,„(.'!
hands in humpe. T'he fhocmakers, on the other I, mj
are (oTIotliful, that you have frequentlv no other wjv
lelt to procure the fhocs you have bifp, ke, than to pur
chale th',; materials, and lock up the Iiuliin till the.,! jjj
hnifiud. Thi- is chiefly owing to the cullom of n.yin^i
for the work before it i- done ; for when the Indian h-w
got the nioivy, he fpends it all in cliicha, a kind of ale
made of nialzr, and is never fober wh le it lafts, and he
is aficrwards unwilling to work for whnt he has fpcnt.
\\'iih refptcl to the'drefs of the inhabit 'Uts, the Spa
niards-, w'ho wear a bl.uk cloak, have under it a Ion- coat
with a dole (Iceve open at the fide ; and along the Teams
ot the botiv, as well as ihofc of the (licves, are button
holes, and two rows of buttons for ornament. In every
other p.articulir, people of fortune affea creat iTia-nifi
Voice, wearing the line It cloths or filk ftiiffs, and%erv
olten g(dd and lilver lilliies. '
I he ladies 1 1 ihe liilt rank wear on the upper part.; (,f
the body a Ihilt, iwi which is a loofe jacket laced ; and
over all a piece of bai/.e. Kvery part of their drefs'i, as
It were covcicd with lace ; and on days of ccrcmoiiv
they wear the riched duffs, with a profufion of omu
nunts. T'heir hair is generally made up in tiellls, which
they lorm into a kind of crofs on the nape of the neck
tying a rich ribbon twice round their heads, and formin *
the ends into a rofe at their temples. T'hofe rofcs a
terniixcd vyith diamonds and flowers, and have'a very
plealing effect. When thev go to church they fometinirj
wear a full pctti.oat ; but the molt ufual drefs on thefe
occafions is the veil.
T'he .Meltizos in general wear a blue cloth, mannfac-
turcd in this country ; but though the loweft clafs nf
Spaniards arc verv ambitious of diltincuiniing ihemfdvos
(roni them, cirher by the colour or f.ifhionol ihecloaths,
there appears but little difference between th^'m.
T'he IVlcdizo wonu-n alt'edl todiefs in the fame nrn-
ncr as thcSpanilh, ilioiij;h tlicy cannot equal the lalirs
in the richnefs of their dutis. 'T'he meaner fort wear no
fhoes ; but, like the men of the fame rank, go bare-
looted.
T'he drefs of the Indians ronfids of white cotton draw-
cr.s, which hang down to the calf of the leg, where they
are looie, and edged with a laco fu. table to The duff. T'he
ufeof a fliirt is lupplicd by a black cotton frock, made in
the form of a faek, with three Ojxninps m the boitom,
one in the middle for the head, and oth"er<- at the cor;-,ers'
for the aims j and thus covers their naked bodies down ;o
the knees. Over this is a fcrge clo.ik, with a hole in the
middle for putting the head through, and a h.it made by
the natives. This is their general drefs, which they never
lay afide, even while they deep ; and they have no addi-
tional cloathing for their 'legs or feet. T'he Indians who
have acquired tome lortune, particularly the barbers and
phlebotoniill--, didinjuilh themfelves from tlu ir countiv-
mcn by the lineiuls ol their drawers, and by wearin;: a
ftiirt, wliith, though without lleevcs, has a laec loiir~or
live fingers in breadth, l.iltened round like a kind of ruff
or band. T'bcy are lond of lilver or gold burkles to their
(hors, Ihniigh they we.ir no dockings ; and itid' ad o( i
mean (erge < lo.ik, w; ar ..ne of fine cloth, wh; h is often
adorned with gold or filvir Inee.
I here arc two kinc's of drilfis worn by the Indian wo-
men, maile in the famepiain marun'r with thofe worn by
the men in general, the wiiolc conlilling of a diort petti-
coat and a \til of Anieii- an bai/e. iiiit the drefs of th-
s
in-
Quito,
hew J. ti'.H-k, lirdwn, or
;()s n-.iclily apply them-
iirclhofe ol tlic cfrcatcll
inJ the lilic, in whicli
(.f tlu-in have arquiri'il
c works ot (.'iic (.(' tln'iu
I to Riiinc, wlicrc thcy
(Ills applaufc 1)1 the vir-
qiiifitc pLTrornvii'.rcs fti'.l
r the tools that mi^ht be
in with any tolirai'Ic de.
cxrcflTivcly iiuloleiit mi
re gciietally flioi-m.ikcrs,
ikr, are not moie indm'-
vc and tradlab'c are the
3 equal the molt expert
kers, on the othei- hand,
requcntlv nii oihir wjy
ive btfpi kv-, than to pur-
ip the InJiin till they ate
to the ciillom of p.iying
for when the Indian has
1 in chicha, a kind of ale
)bcr wh le it lafts, and he
; for whpt he has fpcnt.
the inhabit 'iits, the Spa-
, have under it a long coat
fiJc ; and along the feama
if the fltcvcs, are button
; for ornanit'iit. In every
tunc at}'eif> !;reat iTu;;nifi-
is or fi!k (uifFs, and very
,vcar on the upper parts of
a loofe iatki t laecd ; and
:rv part of their drefs ii as
nd on days of ceremony,
with a profulion of orna-
■ made up in tiellcs, which
i on the nape of thc^ neck,
id their heads, and forming
mplcs. 'I'hofe rofes a;c in-
flowcrs, and have a very
to church they foaietinicj
c moll ufual drcfs on thcfe
Vf I
ear a blue cloth, mnnufac-
ouMi the lowclt clafs of
diftincuifliini; themft-lvcs
or f.iihionof ihecloalhs,
e between ih'-ni.
o diefs ill the fame m^n-
cannnt equal the laiiis
The meaner fort wear I'o
f the fam:: rank, go barc-
iHfls of w'lite cotton draw-
calf of the !e^', where thev
fu. table tntlicftulf. 'I'he
'a'.k cotton frock, made in
ee openinps «t the bottom,
and others at the corners
their naked bodies down to
rf. cloak, with a hole in the
iroUi^h, and a hat ma !r bv
^■ral ilrtfs, which they :i''V'T
cp ; and they have no aJdl-
or feet, 't'he Indiaui v.ho
articularlv the baibers and
InlVlves from tlu ir countiy-
iiwers and by wearin; i
lleevcs, has a lace four or^
I round like a kind of rufl
i/er or pojd buckles to their
lo( kings ; anil inlt' -"' "' ^
fine tlo;h, wh; h is often
(Fis worn by the Indian wo-
manner with thofe worn by
e conhllinc of a fliort peiti-
aa;/.e. Uiit the drcfs of lb-
knv.'>
Quito.
lowefl clafs of Indian wnmcn is only a bag of the fame
make and tlurt'as that of the men, which they fallen on
their (lioulders with two larjjc pins ; it reaches down to
the calf of the leg, and Is faiteiicd round the wailt witii a
kind of girdle, liifliad of a veil, they wear abuut the
neck a piece of the lame coarfc UutF, dyed black ■, but their
arms and legs are naked. The caciquefles, or mdian
women, who are married to the alcaldes-majors, gover-
nors, and others, dilUnguifli thcmfclves by wearing a pet-
ticoat of baixe adorned with ribbons, over which they
have a fort of black mantle, open on one fide, plaited
frr.m top to bottom, and generally fallened round the
waill with a girdle. Inftead of the veil worn by the com-
mon Indian women, thcy have one much fuller plaited and
hanging down from the b.ick part of the head almoll to
the bottom of the petticoat. I his they fallen before with
a laige lilver bodkin. Their head-dicfs is a piee ■ "f hue
linen, curioufly plaited, wiih the end hanging down he-
hind, and they never appear abroad without their flioes.
The youth of family are here inltruiftcd in philofophy
and divinity ; and fome ftudy the civil law, which they
generally follow with rcluftance. In thefc fcicnces they
(hew a great deal of judgment and vivacity, but arc very
deficient in hiftorical and political knowledge, as well as
in other fciences. The only employment of perlons ot
rank, who arc not ccclclialtics, is vifiting their eflates,
where they refidc during the time of harvclli but tew ol
them spply themfelves to commerce, peimitting that
lucrative branch to be poirelTed entirely by the Europeans.
However, a few Creoles and Melliios keep Ciops in the
city.
The women of rank have a graceful carnage, and an
amiable temper ; qualities which are indeed common to
A M E R I C A.
75i
the whole fe'x in this part of America. Their children
tre always educated under their own eyes, though little
to their advantage, their extreme fondnefs preventing
their feeing thofe vices which fo often bring youth to ruin
and infamy ; they frequently endeavour to hide the vices
of the fon from the father ; and when he difcovers them,
interpofe paflionately in defence of their favourite, in or-
der to prtvent his being correfled.
The want of proper employments, and the great neg-
left of education in the common people, occalion their
balls and entertainments, of which they are extremely
fond, to be conduiled in the mofl licentious manner ; but
perfoiis of rank and charadler are never feen at thcfe
mertin.;s.
The people have didiei unknown in Europe ; but are
pjtticularly fond ofchiefc; and have alio excellent but-
ter in the neii^hbourhood of C^iito. Sweetmeats are more
admired here than in any other country, which nccef-
farily occafions a great confumption of honey and fugar.
One method of indulging this appetite is to fquetze the
juice out of the fugar-cancs, let it fettle, and curdle it ;
out of this curd they makelmal! cakei, called ralpaluras,
\\hich arc fo highly valued by the lower clafs, that with a
nice of it, and another of bread and chcefe, they nuke
as hearty a meal as the rich with ail their variety ot
dinie.s. '
Rum is commonly drank here by pcrfons of all ranks ;
but their favourite liquor is brandy. The difordcrs
arifin" from the exceflivc ufe of fpirituous liquors ate
chiefly feen among the Mcflitos ; and the lower clafs of
women, both among the Creoles and Melliios, are alio
extremely addicted to the fame fpecies of debauchery.
Another liquor much ufed in this country is mate,
which is made of an herb, known in all thefe parts of
America by the name of paraguay, as being the produce
of that country. Some of it is put into a calabafh tipped
with filyer, called here mate, with fugar and fome cold
water. After it has continued thus fome time, the cala-
bafh ii filled with boiling water, and thcy drink the liquor
through a pipe fixed in the calabafli. In this manner
the vcilel is filled feveral times with water, and freOi
fupplies of fugar, till more of the herb is wanting. It
is alfo ufual to fqueeze into the liquor a (mall quantity
of the juice of lemons or Seville oranges, mixed with
fome perfumes from odoriferous flowers. This is their
ufuai drink in the morning fafting, and many ufe it alfo
at their evening regale- The manner of drinkintr it ap-
pears very indelicate, the whole company drinking fuc-
ic6
celTiv?ly through the fame pipe, it beinp; carried fi:vcral
times round the com:' I'u' till all iic fatisfied. This a-
mong the Creoles is the hi^lielf enioyinent ; fothat when
tliey travel t.'n'y ncvev fail to carry vsith them a u.ficient
quantity of it, and till they have taken their dufe uf
male they never cat.
The vice ot gaming is here cirried to an extravagant
height, perl'ons of rank and opulence h.ivc led the way,
and their inferiors have almoll univirfiHy f illowcd their
ex.imple, to the ruin of many families, foaie lolln^; their
(locks in trade, others the very cloaths fiom their backs,
and aftcrwa'dH thofe bcloiiL'.ing to their wives, which
they hazard with the hopes ot by that means recovering
their own.
The common people, the Indians, and even the do-
meltks, are greatly addictsd to dealing. The iVIelfiEos,
though arrant cowards, do not want audacity in this
w.iy ; for though thcy will not venture to attack any one
in the (Ireet, it is a common pr.'.itice to (natch oil a per-
iijii's hat, and immediately feck 'heir fafely in flight.
Trifling as this acquifition may fcem, it is fometimes of
confiderahlc value ; the hais worn by pcrf )ns of rank,
and even by the wealthy citizens when drelFed, being of
white b.-a'. er, worth fifteen or twenty dollars, bt tides
the hatband of gnld or filvcr lace faftened with a gold
buckle, fct v/ith diamonds or enieruMs. However, rob-
beries on the high-way are feldom heard of.
In Q^iito, and in all the to'vns and villages of its pro-
vince, dil'l'ertiit dialedls are fpt.ken, SpanKh bcinj m^
lels common than the Inga, the language of the country.
The Creoles ufe the latter a much as the former, but
both arecoiiliderably adulterated by borrowed word< and
txprcflions. The firfl language generally fpoken by
cnilJren is the Inga ; fir the nurles being Indians, many
of them do lu t underftand a word of Spanifli, and thus
they afterwards learn a jargon compofed of both lan-
The fumptuous manner of perfonning the lall offices
of the dead dtmonftrates how far the power of habit is
capable of prevailing over rcafon and prudence ; fur their
oltentation is fo great in this particular, that many fami-
lies of credit are ruined by prepolli-r.iufly endeavouring
to excel ethers ; and the people hrre may be (aid to toil
and (cheme to lay up wealth to enable their luccellbrs
to lavifli honours upon a body in^cnll^lc of -W piijcnntry.
With refpCiTl to the commerce of the provinre of
Q^iito, the perfons who are the chief condu.5lor5 of it arc
the Europeans fettled here, and others coming occalion-
ally. The latter purchafe the country goods, and fell
thole of Europe. The manulai51ures of thi.< province are
only cottons, fome white and (Irip'.d b.iiz'' and clo;hs,
which meet with a good market at Lima, for ("upplyinc
the inward provinces of Peru. The rciiirns are made
partly in filver, and partly in frini-'.cs made of gold and
lilvt-r thread, with wine, brandy, o;l, copper, tin, lc.id,
and quiekfilvcr. On the arrival of the gillenns at Car-
thagena thefc trader,; i.:f.it thither to purchafe Euro-
pean goods, wliich, at their ruturn, they confign to
their coirtfpondcnts all over the prcivince. I'ho coaits
of New Spain fupply this province with inJigo, of which
there i.i a very large confumptinn at the maniifailorics,
blue being uhivcrlally the colour which this people alflct
in their apparel They alfo import, by way of Cju lyajjul,
iron and lleel both fium Europe ami the coalt of
Guatemala.
SECT. II.
Of thf feveral JurlfdiSiicns in ihe Pi evince of ^ilto ; a Dt-
Jlriptim ^ftbe Tctvii of Sijn AJi^tul lie Joarta, w^lii the
AJanney c/ lalihing wld Ajja j and a pdrluular Ataunt
of the C:chineal Infeit.
THE province of Quito is divided into nine jurifdic-
tions, which, beginning at the north, are San Mi-
guel dc Ibarra, Otabalo, the city of Quito, Latacunga,
Rio Bamba, Chimbo, or Guaranda, Guayaquil, Cuenca,
and Loja, of which we fhall only delciibc what iippcars
moft worthy of notice.
9 E Th?
if 1
i
.ji • "
i
II- ;
<\yn,
i »!
/a*
t/jfiitr/i
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
riie town of San Miguel Jc Ibcrra is fcateJ at tlicex-
tuiiiity of anexrcnfivc pl.iiii, at a (mall ilillaiRc trum a
cluin of moimtaiiis, and between two rivers, which [jivc
tilt- pl.un a ^jcrpetual VLiilure. It is of a niiJdllng liie,
With (Ir.ii^ht broad Urccts, and molb of the huufcs ot
ftcMic (ir unburnt biick, and all tikd. It is furroiindcd
wiih fiiburba inhabit'd by the Indians, whofc cottages
in. lice a mean appearance; but the houles in the town
rre neat and uniform, though they have only a ground-
lioor, c.xi-ept thul'c in the (ciiiare, which have one llory.
The piiiflicliuich is a lar^^e and elegant Itruiilure well
ornanT'iiteil. The town ha» convents of Francifcans,
Dr)ii)inicans, and the fathers of Mercy, with a college
of Jil'aitb, and a nunnery of the order of the Concep-
tion. I'h'i inhabilanii arc computed at ten or twelve
tho'ifaiiJ fouls.
In ti-.is juii Jiclion fugar-cancs ripen pretty early, and
yet niiy ai any tine be committed to the null, there be-
in,^ no ncc'ility for cutting them at any precile tune,
they retain. iig all their goodncfs even when fufteied to
flaiiJ two or three months after they arc ripe ; lo that
thcv nie cut every quarter, and the niilk kept at work
duiiii;j the whole year.
Wahin the Jiltrict of the village of Mira in this jurif-
diilton aie a gre.it number of wild afTes, which incrcaie
veiy fu.l, and arenot cjlily c.iught. The owners ot the
grounds wh?rc ihey breed allow all perfons, on paying
a I'lnall a.knowledgmcnt, lo t.ike as many as they can,
ill proportion to the numbi-r of days they employ in the
fjioit. The manner in which tlit-y arc taught is as tol-
lowj : fever.al pirlons go on horfeback, attended by In-
dians on foot, and on their arrival at a pn^per place torm
a circle in <iidcr to drive them into fonie valley, where,
ri.h'ng at full f,)ced,they tnrow a halter, the enJ of which
is formed into a nuofe, over their head^; ; tor thcfe crea-
tuics, on finding thrmfelvts enclofed, make furious eft or ts
to efcapc, and if nnlv one forces his way through, they
all fiillow with iirelilHblc impetuolity t but the hunters
having caught them in the nooie, throw them down,
feourc their legs, and leave them till the hunting is over,
when, in cidei to bring them away, they pair them with
tame be.ifls ; but thi> ib r.otcafily performed, they being
(o fi rcc .:» often to hurt the perfons who undertake to
mamge them. They havcall the fwiftnefsof horfes', and
neithrlK-ep afcent-, nor declivities retard them in their
f aresT ; and w^en attacked they delend themlelves with
then mouth and heels with fuch activity, that without
llackenini the:r pace they often maim their purluers ;
yet afier carryini: the firll load tiieir celerity leaves them,
their dangerous fciocitv is loft, and they foon contract
the ftupid Inok a;;d dullnefs peculiar to the reft of their
fpecies. It is .illb obfcrvable, that they will not permit
any horfc to live among them ; and if one happens to
fl.ayinto tiic places w.iere they feed, they all fall upon him
.iiid, v.-iihoiit giving him the liberty of flying from them,
bite and kick him till they leave him dead on the Ipot.
Th:v ire very troublefonie neighbours, for whenever one
t'T two of them begins to bray, they arc aniwered in the
fame vocif rous manner by all within the reach of the
found, V. hich is greatly increaled and prolonged by the
rcpercuflions of the valleys and cliffs of the mountaiiib.
In the jurifdictun of Loja is produced that famous
fpccific for intermitting fevers known by the name of
quinquina, or the Jeluits bark. The tree which pro-
fi.iec, it is about (even yards high, and the body and
branches of a proportionable thickncA. The Indian--,
!■! order to take oft the cortex, cut down the tree, bjrk
It, and dry the quinquina. Though there arc here large
.'orcfts of this tree, there is a fenfible diminution of
'..icm, occ.ifioned by the Indians not fowing the Iced,
•hijfe growing fpoir.ancoufly being by no means equal in
number to thofe cut down.
The juril'didion of Loja has alfo a very great advan-
tige from breeding the cochineal infeit, which is reckon-
ed ot equal goodnets with that of (Jaxaca in New Spain:
but the inhabitants are Co far from applying themlelves
t.ith.i bulinefs (o cftedu.illy as to fupply the demands
uf trade, that they breed no more than they imai;inc
will be I'lTdcient lor the dyers in that and the neighbour-
ing iurildiction of Cucnca. To thi» olcgant and lolling
Quito.
colour it is probably owing, that the carpets of LojaanJ
the baize of Cuenra are preferred to all others.
The cochineal infcd is bred on a plant called by the
name of nopal, or the Indian fig tree, in Latin opuntia
maxima. I'he method of planting it is by making rows
of holes about half a yard deep, and about two yardj
diftant from each other. In each of thefe hoks is placed
one or two leaves of the nopal in a flat pofitioii, and then
covered with earth. This leaf foon flionts up into a
Angle ftcm, which, during its growth, divides into feve-
ral branches, and thele lucccflivtly produce frcfli le.ives,
the largeft being nearcft the (tern, which is full of knots,
as are alio the branches, and from thefe the leaves have
their origin. The plant feldom exceeds three yards ia
height, its bloflom is finall, of a bright red, and in the
fliape of a bud, from the center of whrch proceeds the
fruit. When the fig is ripe the outward (kin becomes
white J but the pulp is fo fully impregnated with a deep
rcil, that it tinges the urine of thole who eat it ; yet few
fruita are more plcafant and wholefome. The cochineal
was formerly imagined to be a fruit or feed of Ibmc par-
t'cular plant j but it is now known to be infeits which
breed and arc nourifhed on thefe trees, where they place
their eggs among the leaves. The juice of the plant,
which IS their fole nourlfhmen', is converted into their
I'ubftance, which is thus rendered of a beautiiul ciimlbn
colour. When the infects are at ilicir full growth thcy
are gathered, and put into earthen pots ; but greai care
is neteliary to prevent their getting out, as in that cafe
great numbers woulil be loft. When they have been
lonfiiied tome time in thefe pot?, thcy are killed and put
in b.igs. The Indians have three methods of killinj
them, one by fire, another by the rays of the fun, and a
third by hot water j and to thefe are owing the feveral
gradations of the colour. The method of killing them
by file is to put them on (hovck> into an oven moderately
heated, the fine i]uality of the cochineal depending on its
not being over dried at the time of killing the iiifedls.
However, the beft method of dcflroying this valuable
creature l<:ems to be by the rays of the fun. It is re-
maikable that this infeiil does not in any vilible manner
injure the plant, but extracts its nouriihment from the
moll fucculent juice which it fucks by means of its pro-
bofcis through the fine teguments of the leaves.
SEC T. iir.
he GivtrtiKints of^lxoi, Afiicti:, ai:/i J,:i:n (U Bi\,\u
meros ; their Slluatisn, Climate, Extent, and Produa,
Ofth
BESIDKS the jurilJiclions we have mentioned, there
are five governments in the province of Qjiito ; one
of which is included in part of the province ot Popayan,
already defcribed ; we fhall begin with thofc of (^ixos,
Macas, and Jaen de Uracantoros.
The two former aie fcated on the call fide of the Cor-
dillera of the Andes. C^iixos, which lies on the north,
joins to the jurildiction ot I'opayan, to theeallward it ex-
tends to a river named Aguarico, and on the wcilwatd
it reaches to a part of the cordiUcras of the Andes. The
towns are here very fmall, and unv\'orthy of a particular
dcfcription : the principal arc the cities of Archidona and
Avila, whofe inhabitants arc obliged to be conllantly on
their guard againft the free Indians, by whom they aic
furrounded, who frequently commit depredations amon;
their houfes and plantations. They compole diiieient
nations, and are fo dilperfed all over the country, that
every village is under continual apprehenlions from thoic
that live in its neighbourhood.
The air of this country is hot and very moift, the
rains arc almoft continual, and the country is covered
with thick woods, in which are fonie trees of a prodi-
gious magnitude. In the I'outh and weft part of (.^lixos
is the cinnamon tree, a great quantity ot which is cut for
ufe in the province of Qiiito; but the cinnamon is infe-
rior tothat of the Laft Indies.
The government of Macas is bounded on the eaft by
the government of Maynas, on tlie fouthward by that ot
Uracamotos, and on the wcftward by the call Cordillera
8 of
%
Quito.
« the carpets of Loja aiij
:d to all others,
on a plant called by the
ig tree, In Latin opuntia
iiig it is by making rows
:p, anJ about two yards
li of thefc holts is placed
1 a flat polition, and then
: foon flioots up into a
"owth, divides into fevc-
cly produce frcfh leaves,
1, which is full of knots,
om thefe the leaves have
1 exceeds three yards ia
i bright red, and in the
:r of which proceeds the
e outward (kin becomes
impregnated with a deep
lolc who eat it ; yui few
)lefonic. The cochineal
Yuit or feed of fome par-
)wn to be infefts which
c trees, when; they place
The juice of the plant,
, is converted into their
ed of a bcautiiul crnnfon
it ihcir full growth they
icn poCi ; but greai care
ing out, as in that cafe
When they have been
, they are killed and put
hree methods of killing
he rays of the fun, and a
fe are owing the feveral
method of killing them
into an oven moderately
jchineal depending on its
nie of killing the infeds.
dcffroying this valuable
,vs of the fun. It is re-
ot in any vilible manner
ts nouriihnient from the
icks by means of its pro-
ts of the leaves.
in.
fiiLiii, ai:d y..vn de Biiun-
•, Lxleiit, and Produce.
ve have mentioned, there
» province of Qtiito ; one
the province ol Popayan,
;ii\ with thofc of Quixos,
IS.
n the caft fiJc of the cor-
wliich licb on tli^- north,
,'an, to theealtward it ex-
o, and on the wcllwanl
leras of the Andes. The
unworthy of a particular
ic cities of Archidona and
bligcd to be conllantly on
lians, by whom they aic
mniit di-predations amon^
Tht-y compofe dilreicnt
II over the country, iha:
apprchenlions from tholi;
hot and very moift, the
d the country is covered
irc fome trees of a prodi-
1 and weft part of C^iixos
lantity of which is cut for
but the cinnamon is infe-
s bounded on the eaft by
1 the fouthward by that ut
vard by the eaft Cordillera
8 cf
Qi'lTO.
A M E R I C A.
uf the Andes. The nearncf.i of Macas to thofo moun-
taiiib i.iules a (''iiliblc dilR-ieiue in the climate ; lor tlio'
it be alio a w()<uv country, the diverlity 'jetween the two
null .nltaiit leilons (if the ye.r is manile'.f. 'I'hui. winter
begins here in Apiil, and l.ilts till Septciiiber ; the atnio-
fpherc IS then v le.ii , the Ikj lercne, aiu the earth cloaihcd
wiih iia various be.iUiieii.
'I'lie country is very fruitful in corn ; but one of the
chitl eiii|)U)ynienti. of thr country people is the culture ot
tobacco, which, being ol an excellent kind, ii exported
in loilb all over I'eiu. ougar-taius and tottoii alio tliiive
well i but tne dread ot the free InJians, who have often
,av.i^;eJ cue couiuiy, difcouragci them from planting
nioic tiiaii 15 jult lutUcieiil lor preltiit ufe j they being
here ill liie lauie unnappy lituation as the people ot
Oiiixob, the villages l.aviiig iiltlieir neighbourniiod bands
ol liiJ aiib, who, when incy imaijine them to be farUielt
cfi, luiluinly aluult ;hem.
Among tne inliiiiie vai lety of trees in this country, one
ot tne molt lem.irkaule is iir-; Itorax, the gum of which
js ol a molt cx.ju. file fragrance i but is (caice, the ticta
growiiio 111 places at foiiu dataiice from the villages, and
U IS daiigeious going to thwiii, on account of tiie hatred
of the Itee Indians to all ihu Spaniards, and who lie in
wail lor tnein. The fame may be laid with rcfped to
ibnie mines of ultra marine, troin which very In ic is
brought, on ac omit of the danger, though a hiier colour
cannot beiinaLined. Tnis territory alio produces cin-
namon trees, wnich Ibme, who are allowed to be extreme-
ly well veiled in natural hilfoiy, manuain to be ol a lupe-
rior quality to that ot the illc of Ceylon. It vihbly dil-
fers from that of Qi^iixos ■, but is luppofed to owe us lu-
perior excellence to the trees being more fully expoied to
the rays of the fun, they not being here intercepted by
the foliage of any other trees. Great quantities ol (opal
are brought irom Macas, and alio wild wax; but the
latter is of little value.
The government, which on the fouth limits the jurif
didion of the audience of Q^iito, and tollows next to
Macas, is that of Jaende Hracamoros, whole inhabitants
amount to about three or four thoufand, who are lor the
molt part MelUzos, with fome Indians, and but very
few Spaniards.
The climate is like that of Qiiixos, only the rains are
neither fo lallmg nor lo violent. The fo,l is very truit-
ful in all the gram and products agreeable to the climate,
and the country full of wild trees, particularly tlu' cacao,
which is produced in the greatelf abundance ; but though
it is equal to that cultivated in plantations, it is of little
ule, lor want of confumption ; and the carriage to any
dilfant parts would be attended with fuch expence as
would prejudice tne fale. Thus the fruit rots on tho
trees, or is eaten by monkeys or other animals. There
are here produced valt quantities of tobacco, the inhabi-
tants being chiefly employed in its cultivation. It is pre-
pared by Iteeping it in hut mead, or decoilions ot fragrant
herbs, in order to improve its flavour ; and being made
into rolls, is lent all over Peru, and the kingdom ol
Chili. The country alio produces a great deal ot cotton,
and a prodigious number of nuiles. In the three govern-
ments jull mentioned are a great many wild beads, which
h.ive been already defcribcd ir treating of countries of a
like climate; but befidcs th'.fe are balfard lions, bears,
and the danta, an animal of the lize of a bullock, and very
(wilt ; Its colour is gencr.iUy white, and its ikin very much
valued for making buff' leather. It is remarkable, that in
the middle of i!s head is a horn bending inward. Thefe
three kinds of wild beafts are unknown in the other coun-
tries of the torrid zone, and their being known here, is
owin^ to the proximity of this government to the cordil-
lcr.rs of the .Andes ; lor in thole mountains they breed in
a cold climate adapted to their nature, and fiom thence
fomctimes come down into this country.
Anion"- the reptiles is the maca, a fnake that has a
fluning ipotted Ikin, like that of the tiger ; but entirely
covered with fcales. It makes a mod (rightful appear-
ance, its head being greatly larger than might be cxpeaed
from the thicknels ot its body, and has two rows of teeth
and fangs, like thole of a large dog. The tree Indians,
to exprels their intrepidity, and to give them a more ter-
rible appearance, piinton their targets the figure of this
fnake j the bite of which i.s incurable, and wherever it
has ieized, it never kts go its hold.
SECT. IV.
Of G U A Y A i;^U I I..
Iti SItunlion, Extent, and Climnte ; the fradigioui Numhtr of
Aliijhttics, and Rati, and the Difdijes it dcafimi. Among
its Prcduct are particularly ili-jWilied it i (jutir^, i/je I'ijahuat
and liejuco ; and amonj; the /fnimuli It a large Account of the
Alligator. The City of Guayrifiuil defcriitd, with the Man-
nets and Ciijtoms of the InkiOitanls.
WE fhall now defcrlbe the territory of Guayaquil,
the lalt we have to mention in the government of
Qiiito. It bei'ins at Cape FHilado, in the twenty-firft de- 2/; i
giee fouth latitude, about thirty miljs to the north of the
bay of Manta. From this Cape it extends alono- the
coaif, including the ifle of Puna, to the town of Macha-
1.1, on the Loati of Tumbez, where it is terminated by the
jurilJidion of Pinra; from whence it runs eaftvvard, and
is bounded hv that of Cuenca j then turning northward,
along the wclKrn fkirts of the Andes, it terminates on
the juriklicfion of liamba and Chimbo; extending about
lixty le.igiies from north to fouth, and forty or forty-five
fiom e.ilt to well. The whole country is one continued
plain, and in winter is entirelv ovtiflowcd. It is divided
into (even lieutenancies, for each of which the corregidor
appoints a lieutenant, who mull be confirmed by the au-
dience of (.J^iito.
Ihe rainy leal'on fets in duringthe month of December^
fomctimes at ihc beginning, lonietimes in the middle, and
in others not till t.ie end of that month, and lafts till
April or May. During this feafon the elements, the in-
lects and vermin, feem joined in a league to incommode
the human race. The heat is extreme, and the rains
continue day and night, accompanied with frequent and
dreadful tempcfts of thunder and lightning; the river of
Guiyaquil, and all thole that fall into it, overflow their
banks, and people are peftered with innumerable fwarma
of infects and vermin.
The fiKikec, vipers, fcorpions, and fcolopendra in this
feafon, find methods of getting into the houfcs, to the
deltru'^tion o( many o( the inhabitants ; though they are
not free from them the reft of the year, yet at this time
they are far more numerous and active ; fo that it is ne-
cefl'ary to examine carefully the beds, for fear they Ihould
conceal tnemfelves in them. To avoid beinij tortured by
the mulk^ttos, all pcrlbns, even the Indians and neg-ro
Haves, are obliged to have curtains to their beds : thofe
ufed by the lower clafs of people are made of cotton, and
others ufe white liiien. Indeed the inhabitarus are no
where I'o greatly incommoded with volatile infcdls, as
at the town of Guayaquil, where it is inipoflihleto keep a
candle burning, except in a lanthern, above three or four
minutes, numberlefs infeds living into the flame, and ex-
tiiiguifliin.; it ; and any perf in who is obliged to be near
any light, is foon driven au'ay bv the inlinite numbers
that hll his eyes, ears, and noftrils. " Ihefe infedts,
" fays Don Antonio Ulloa, were almoft infupportable to
'' us during the fliort clear intervals of fome nights,
" which we fpent in making obfervations on the heaven-
" ly boJies. Their flings were attended with great tor-
" turcs, and more than once obliged us to abandon our
" obfervations, being unable either to (ee or to breathe
" for their multitudes."
Another very great inconvenience attending the houfes
here, is the number of rats, every building being fo infeft-
ed with them, that in the evening they quit their holes,
and make fuch a noife in running along the ceiling, and
in clambering up and down the lidcs of the rooms and
tellers of the beds, as to difturb thofc who arc are not ac-
cuftomed to them, and they are lb little afraid of the hu-
man fpccies, that if a candle be fct down, without being
in a lanthern, they inrtantly carry it off; but as this
might be attended with dreadful confequences, they ate
feldom put to the trial, though they take advantage of
the leaft neglcit. All ibele inconveniences, which fectn
I
\ i.Si
/j6
A SYSTEM OF G F, O G R A P 11 V.
Qf
ITO.
,i,)
fVi}
iku
iMl
Hd)
MM
1 i:S'
\m ^■
infuppcrt.iHlf tn ftrjn(»eri, and fufficicnt to render iIk
country iininhahited, ha< little crt'ccfl on the n.itive?, who
have been iiied to them from their iiil.incy, am! .ire more
atFeflcJ with cold on the nmuntiiins, whuh is k.iicc (tit
by the Europeans, ih^a all thefe dil'.igrccablc cireum-
ftaiicc-,.
l>.e ilrv feafon is the lead trouhlcfomc, a'> then both
the number and ae');vity of th^'le vermin arc diniinifhed ;
the heat is then abated by the Ibiith-wcft and well fouili-
wt;i brr.'ezcs, which rmiltnntlv begin at noun, and con-
tinue to refrefli the -.-arth till five or fix m the mnriiirii;
of the following dav. I'lic Iky is then always iVrenc and
bright, and the grnttell fhowers are raitly known; but
the capital advantajy h the remarkable laluhriiv of the
air in that feafoii. The iiativen of the nei;jhl)o\niiu^
mountain'', who are iniiri-d lo a cooler cbmate, c.innot cn-
(iure the air ot Guayaquil, it having a natural tendency to
debil tate them, and by an intemperate u(e of its delicious
fruit', they throw iheinfelves into interinittin;; fevers :
thefe are common at iTiiayaqiiij diirins; the winter fca-
lon, and are here particularly paintui and darii^er'ni'^.
The black vomit is ahi> dangerous in this country. The
natives are likcv\'ire very lubjeft to catarads and other
difeales of the eye, which often r uife a total Mindiiel..
Among the ve;;etable produiilions, wc Hull meiaion
the canes, the vijabua, and the hejiuo.
The canes arc tenurkable both for their length, tb^ir
tbicknels, and the water contained in their tube'.. 1 heir
tifual length is between twelve and lixtcen y.nds, and
though there is forne ditferenee in their fize, the
larpell do not exceed i\x inches in diameter. The wood
or fide of the tube is about lix lines iii tbicknefs, I'o that
when the cane is opened, it is inade to form a board ne.ir
a foot and a half in breadth, and hence it is not tlranire
that houfi;i fhould be built ' f them, prom the time of
their firll appearance, till they attain their full pcrfciition,
many of the tubes contain a quantity of water, and what
isvetv remarkable, at full moon, they arc either quite or
very nearly full, .nnd with the dccreafc of the moon the
water ebbs. During the decreafe it appears turbid, and
at the full is as clear as crylf.il. The water is not found
in all the joints, one havini; water, and others not, al-
ternatelv. This water is faid to be an excellent prefers a-
five againft the ill conllquence of briiilei, and is there-
fore drank by thole who come from the mountains, where
luch .i.-eidtnts are in a manner unavoidable.
The canes being cut, are left to drv, whence they ac-
quire Inch a degree of ftiength, as to fer\e either for
rafters, beams, flooring, or even mafts (or vellll'-, tailed
balzas. Ships which load with cacao are alio ceiled with
them, to prclervc the timbers from the preat heat ot that
fruit. They alfo ftrvc as poles for litters, and lor an iii-
linitc number of other iiles.
'J'hevijahua is a leaf cencrally five feet in length, and
tJVO and a half in breadth ; growing wild, without any
Item. 1 he principal rib in the middle is near half an
inch broad j but all the other parts are perfedly loft and
fmooth. The under-fide is i^reen, and the upper while,
to\"ci«d with a fine white viftid down. It is commonly
ufed for eovfrinj; houfes ; and f< rves (or packing up fait,
tifl), and other i;oods, ftnt to the mountains, to lecure
them t'rom the rain.
I'he beiiicos are a kind of woody cordaee, of which
there are two forts ; one of which grows from the earth,
and twines round the trees ; the other ftrikcs its root into
certain trees, and from thence derives its nourifhmcnt.
lioih kind-., after growing to a great hcizht, incline
H'luin to the earth, on which they creep, till they meet
with another tree, to the top of which they climb as be-
fore, and then again renew their inclination towards the
earth, and thus form a labyrinth of ligatures. Some are
even fien extended, like a cord, from the top of one tree
to another. They are fo extraordinary flexible, that no
bendini' or twilling can break them. The flendereft of
them ate between a quarter and half an inch in diameter ;
but the m<>ll: common fizc is a little above half an inch :
Midced then- are others much thicker ; but thofe are of
li tie or no ufe, on account of the hardnels, contraiited
in their long grov^tli. They are chiefly uled for l.iflling,
tying, or lalteiiing ditCerent things together ; and by twilt-
ing fevcral of them in the manner of roprj, they make
cables and hawfers for balzas, and fmall vefleh ; and are
found by experience to laft a long time in the water.
Mere are thick forclls of various kinds of large treei
dilTerinp in foliage, the dilprdition of their brain h< ?, and
the fizc of their trunks. In the level part of this woody
extent are a great numbi-r of quadrupeds and birdt, and
among the latter arc vt'ild peacocks, bulbrds, phcalants,
and fomc others, which are here lo numerous, tli.it did
they not always rcit on the tops of the trees, where, from
their enormous height, or their being covered with leaves,
they arc fccurcd from danger, a traveller with a good
lowling-piecc might at any time procure himlcK an ele-
gant repall. Thefe forclls arc, however, terribly intelled
with fnaki'j. Among the monkcis is one Iptci^s lo veiy
large, that when ll.iiuling on their hind legs, they arc
little lels than fix feet high. They .iie black and in every
rclpet'l very ugly, but ate eafily tamed.
riie river CJiiayaquil abounds in fiOi of various kinds ;
but their increafc is greatly hindered by the pindigiou*
number of alliga'ors, amphibious animals that live both
ill the rivers and r. Ijacent plains, though lhi\ .ire ItMoin
known to go far from flu- i'anks of the river W'hi n tired
with firtiing, they leave the water to balk iliiinfelvcs in
the fun, and then appear rather like rotten woo.l thrown
a(hi"e by the current, than living creatuns; liut upon
perceiving any vefTel near them, they immediately throw
thcml'elves into the water. They are the largell .in.mals
of the lizard kind ; lome of them here are of lo monllrous
a fi/.e, as to e.\cced fifteen feet in length. '1 he hc,ul is
I'uig, turning up at the nole like the Inouc of a hog, and
furiiidicd with two row ; of Ihong pointed iceth iJurinp
the time they lie bulking on the Ihorc, they keep their
hii 'C mouths wide open, till filled with mulkettos, flic;,
and other infeiils, when, fuddenly Ihuttiiit.: their jiv.vs,
they I'wall'iw their prey. Tliey eencrally avoid a m.in,
.uul on the a|-proach of .my one, pluiiiic into the wstct.
The whole body of the alli/ator is covered witii fiaie.:,
ini|tenetrab!c to a niufket b.dl, unlefs it happens to hit
hiin in the belly, which is the only p.irt vuiiieiab!e. 'I'hij
is an oviparous animal.
The lemale makes a large hole in the faiid ne.ir the
brink ol a river, and in it de.^ol'its her e^igs, whuh .irc
almoll as laigc as thole of an ollrich, ami as white .ii
thofe of a hen ; but much more I'olid. Siie generally
lays about a hundred, coniinuing in the i'ame place till
they arc all depofi'ed, which is aS'i ut a d.iy or two. She
not only covers them with (and, but, the better to
conceal iheni, rolls herltlf over them, even to a confidti-
able dillarice, and then returns to th; water, till natural
inlliiu'l intornis her, t.iat it is time to deliver her younr
from their confiiiLiuciit. When fiie c^jmes to the (pot,
file is followed by the male j (he then tears up the (and,
and begins breaking the eggs, with luch cnre, ihat Itarcc
a fingle one is injured, and a whnli- iwarm (if little
alligators are fein crawling about. She ihen tkts tl-.tm
on her neck and back, to remove them into the water ;
but the watchful galliiiazos ftize llii< (^pporiuniiy todu-
privc her of |i>me ; and even the male alligator, which
indeed comes tor no other purpofe, devours what be can,
till the female lias reacbnl the water w.lh the few reni.iiii ■
ing i and then all that fall (rom hsi back, an.' do not
fwim, (he herlcif eats, whence of ihi. formidable brood
happily no more than four or five ifcanc.
'1 he ijallrnazos, which we have dilcribed in treating
of Carthagena, contribute greatly lo prevent the ini real;
of the alligators, they being e.xtremelv fond of their ri>gs,
in finding which they make iifc of extraordinary addrti,.
Thefe birds often make it their fide bufincfs to wntch th-'
females during the dry fealon, when they lay tlieir eggs,
the fides of the river not being then coveicd with water.
The gall inazo conceals itfelf among the bianchtu oflome
tree, where it filcntly watches the female allig.itnr, till
(he has laid her eggs and retires ; but (lie is no lofjiicr
under the water, than the galliiiii/o daits down on the
repofitory, and with its beak, claws, and wings, tc.rs iii>
the land, and devours the eggs, leaving only the (hells.
This banquet would lithly reward its long patience, did
not a multitude of gallmazos from all parts join the
fsrtunaiv di(ci?verer, and (harv' in the fpoil. Thefe c;.j«,
Vilwn
1^
Qi iro.
A M li R I C A.
70 j
Ql'ITO.
r of ropes, they make
fmall vfOfh j and are
time in the wattr.
i kinds cif l;irj;e trpps
ni their braiKhc?, and
vel part of this woody
Iriiprils and birdt, and
i, bMllards, phcalanfs,
(> niinicroiis, tlijt did
the tree'., where, from
ig covered with leaves,
traveller with a pood
rocure hiniIcK an elc-
A'cvcr, terribly inlclfed
s is one (pteii;s (o very
if hind U(;s, they arc
arc l)laclc and in every
ncd.
I fifli of various kinds ;
red by the piodijiouj
animals that live both
loii^^h tluv are (ildom
the liver Whin tired
to balk llumfclvib in
;e rottiii woo.l thrown
; creatiuts ; but irpou
ley iinmtdiattly throw
are the largcit .in.nials
ere arc «l lo monllrous
lenj^lh. 'I he head 13
\k Inovit of a ho;/, and
piiinled teeth Durinp,
Ihorc, ihcy keep their
1 with miillicttos, llic;,
ly fhuttiiiL: their y.v.vi,
icntrally avoid a in.:n,
pluiir.c into th:- w^nci.
is covered witil fial--,
lid's it happvrs to hit
part viiliieiable. 'l'hi»
'. in the faiid near the
3 her ei.!g3, whiih arc
Irlch, and ai, white .11
I'olid. She genrrallv
' in the i'anu- place till
icut 3 day Of two. She
J, bur, the better to
cm, even to a confuiti-
I th.; water, till natural
ne to deliver her viuinr
<!ie c.mics to the (pot,
then tears up the (and,
!i (iiih care, that (larcc
wholr iwarni of little
She then t 'kes tl.em
; them into the water ;
tlii'i opporiiiiiiiy to do-
: male alligatoi, which
', devours what he can,
:er w.th the (cw rcniiin ■
I hsi bark, an.' do not
f Ihi', tbrniidablc brood
(fiane.
e dclcribed in treating;
to prevent the im read:
mely fond of their ri?^'-,
f extraordinary addrtl,.
le bufincfs to wntth th-*
ben they lay tlieireggs,
leii loveicd with water,
ni; the biancht:i ol Ionic
!ie female alligator, tjU
i ; but flie is no fooncr
liizo daits down on the
iv.s, and wings, tc;Ts iij)
loavin;i; only the lliells.
rd its bing patience, niit
from all part.i join the
the Ipoil. Ihefe c; j',
whenfrefl), are alfo c it by the mrjlitlne.!. Thus Provi-
dence diniiiiilbes the numbrr of tlioleilellriiRivj animiU,
which would Toon iinieale Co Lift, thi; iiKiihi-'r the riier
nor the nei:',hbou;iii;^ fields wruiKI be fufli.ieiit to con
t.iin thcin ; for m it is, then luuiib^rs can haully be
inKi|;incd.
'V\y: a'.li;atori are not wantinc: in addrcl". in catching
the lilh, wiiich is their prineip..! lood : eight or ten, as
it were by aL'teeineiit, draw up at the mouth of a river or
creek, wiiil • others '.;o a coiifiderable diltance up the
river, and ch ice the lilti dov/iiwaids, by which iiou': of
any bil'.nels el'e.ipe t!iein. I'tK' .illi'Mt'Jfs b.'iiig unable lo
cat under watei, on fwizini; a lilli, rail': their head a-
bnvc the I'll! lace, and thua devoir them j and, alter
falisfyins; iheirappititc, utiie 1 1 rell on the banks. When
they cannot liul lilli, thev bei.ike tlK-nif.Ives to the mea-
dows on the billies of the river, and devour colts and
calves. Thi , 11. done in the ni.'Jit, that they m.iy fur-
piiic thcin in their llecp ; audit is obl'erved, tli.it thofe
alligators tha: luve onee laltj.l (!elh, lueome fo tond of
it, as never to lecd upon lilh, but in cafes o(' iieceflity.
Iheieare indej.l many nu|.im lioly lullanres of their de-
vouring the hum in fpeeiej, specially children who are
out of door, in the d.irk ; an J th.l'e voracious animals
havin' once I'ei/.efl them in their mouths, make furc of
their prey, a.;;iiiift that :i(Tiltance whirli the cries of the
viiilim conll..iKly briii,;, by h.ift:i:iii^ into the water,
where they imincdiaiely diown it, and then riling to the
furface devour it at leifure. Tlie bo.ltmeii, by ineonli
derately deeping with one of theii arms or legs over the
fide of a boat, hive been feiz.-d by thefe animals, and the
whole body drawn into the water. Thjl'e alligators who
have once fcalked on hum.in lleili, are known to be the
moH dangerous, and entertain an inl'atiable defile of re-
peating the fame delirious rep-ll.
'I'lic inhabitants of the places where they abound, .ire
very indullrious in deftri))iiig them. Th. ir ufual method
is by a piece of hard wood, (harpcned at both ends, and
baited with the lungs of lomc anim.il ; this they fallen to
athon"-, the rnd ot^wbich is litured on the (lioie. The
alligator, on f;(:ing the lungs floating on the water, fnaps
at the bait, and both points of the wood entering his jaws,
he is drasigcd on flinre with his mouth wide open : he
then cndeavouis violently to rcfcuc himl'elf, while th.-
Indians bait him, knowing the greateft dam.ige he could
do them is to throw down I'ueli as, for want of care or
agility, do not keep our of his reach.
"Wc (hall now deferibe the city of Giiay.i juil, which
is feated on the wJt bank of the river of th; (aine namf,
in the feeoiul d 'grce eljven minutes tv.-entv-one fcconjs
of Couth latitule. The old city is built on ili: fiJc of a
mountain, and the new attb; ddhnce of fcveral h'judr:;J
yards ■ and, ("or iirelerving a commuiiic.ition between
the,ii,'a brid.;e of timber liis b:eii erctted of about li\
hundred yards'in length. The city is of conliderable ex-
tent, it (tretc'.iing along the hank of the rivtr from t'.ie
liwcr part of iIilmiM town 10 tlic upp'r part of the r.ew,
i-.car a mdc and a halt 1 bat it is tint of a proportionable
brcidth, cverv perfon being fond of bavin,' a houfe near
the river ; both on account oftiie lelieflilng win. Is, which
in'thc rainy feal'on are more eagerly coveted, as they are
th.'n very rare, and for the amtifenvents the river alKords.
'I"he houl'es of both towns arc built of wo.iJ, and many
o, them covered with tiles, though the greateft part of
th.ife in the oKl tiuvn are only tlntched, The/ are, ho.v-
tver, large and h;;tidl'o;iie, and have one ftory above the
.•rnu'nd-floor. In the front are (hops of all kinds, and
before them are .j,cnerallv fpacious porticos, which, diir-
iii.r the r.iiny feaions, are the only places where you can
walk, the ftreets beiiv; utterly impatiablo. As a pre-
caution againlt lire th-; kitehens llmd twelve or hitcen
paces fiom the houfes, to which they are joined by along
open gallerv tilemblin.'; a bii.lgc; but fo (lightly built,
that it is inrtantW deniolilhed on the leall appearance ot
fire in the kitchen', by which in.ans the houfe is prel'crv-
cd. Pcifons of rank and (ortune live in the uppt-r apart-
ments, and the ground-tloor is let to llrangers who come
to trade, or pal- tluoiigh the city with their gondi:.
The ground on which the 11 'w city is built, and the
(wannahs in it- iiei.thbouibooJ, aie not to be travelled
over, cither on U-t ur on lioileback, duiing the rainy
10?
feafm i for it is not only of a fpingv chalk, but it every
where fj level, that iheie is no declivity lor c.itr)ing cdF
the water, hIi'ikcoh the full ruin it becoiii..-, one pc
ner.il llougli. In ili it feal'on the (Ircet.s of the city an:
(relied by very larue pl.mks but thefc fopii Lccotniii^
(lippery, orit.ilion I'lcqueiit f.illi into the water, wh'ch at
the return of the dry (iaion is foon exhale,!, unJ all th;
country rendereil fudieiciitly dry fur travelling.
The city is dejenJed by three forli, two on the river,
and otie behind it, all built after the modern methoj of
fortiiicition. Tiiefe forts are built of I irge pieces of a
vcty h.'rd wood, v/hi;h retaini it.-i (blidity i ithcr uildir
the water or ill the mill. All the china li . and con
vents are lil:ev/i('e ot'wooil, except that of M. Domini .>
in theol.l town, which is of lloiie; ihegieat fulidity o(
the ground in th.it p.'rt being fiilHcient to lupport heavv
buildings. Ueie is a paiidl-church, aiiallo a conveoi.
b; longing to the Augulliiic 1, and another to the br.iiicil .
cans, with acolleie ot Jel'uits ; but tiie monks are n it.
very iiumeroui on .tccount of the fnuliiieli of ihe.t re-
venues. IJeie is alio an hiifpital.
The city ,an I its iiiriflfUiun aro under a corregidor,
who is noii.in.itcd by the king, an I h^.Ms his od'uc dur-
ing five yeir.. 'I'lioiigh he i:. (ubor.liiiate to the prelidciif
and audniice of l^iiti), he appoints the ilepiitici in tin;
(ev"ral departt.i.nts under hi; juril iction ; and the jiolici;
and civil ■jovern.nent ate under ordinary alcaldes and re-
gidores. The levenue is under the 111 in igement of ,1
trealurer and .\\\ accompt.int, who receive tlie tributes of
the Indians, the ilutieion imports and exports, and the
taxes on the I ommoJiiifs either coiil'iimed in the citv or
carried tlitounh it. Th.- ect !eliifti.:.il g'Jvernment is lodg-
ed ill tile l)ini.i(> of Q^iito's vicar, who is g.ner.illy pri'.!!:
of the town.
C;uay.u]uil contains as many Inhibitants in prcp'irtionl
to its extent as anv Spinifii city in Americ.i ; the conti-
nual relort of ftrangers giea'ly incnnfe the number, which
is computed at twentv thouland. The inhabitants capa-
ble o( hearing arms aic divided into companies of militia
accordng to their r.ink and complexion, and arc com-
manded by oiTir rs chol'en by thcml'elvts, the conegidof
being commaiuler in chief.
'Chough the heat is here cipi.?! to that of Panama or
Carthagena, all the native-, except thofe born from a
mixture ot blool, arc frcOi-coloured, and are eilccmcil
the handfoincll people rot imly in the province of (.^lito,
but in all I'efi. It is remarkable that the natives, not-
withftjiuhng the heat of the climate, arc not tav/nv, and
that thatigh the Spaniar.ls have not niitiiially I'o fair 11
complexion an the northern naiions, their chilJren born
here of Spanilli women arc very fair ; .1 phanomenon
which has vet never been (uliv accounted for. To thef;
advantages it mult be aJde.l, that the inhabit.uits are
greatly diftinguilhed by their elegance and piditenet's.
In this city nccclTi'y h.as introduced feveral kinds of
biead, t.i fuppU- the .v.mt of wheat ; and the moll iifual
is unripe plant ines cut into dices, roafted, and ferved up
as bread, to which this is even prd'erred by the Euro-
peans themfelvcs, the whe.it-bread being here badly
made, and this is far from being urp;'.latable.
In the drv feafon good water is very fcarcc at Ouaya-
ipiil, there beinj; none at a lefs dillancc than four or live
leigucs up the liver. In drcfiing their foo.l they com-
monlv life bcel-t'uet inttcad of but'cr, bet it lias thefnicl!
and tnlle of tallow, which renders thcirdiflies extremely
naul'.'ous to ilanger- ; and, whit is little better, they are
all feaf.>ned with Guinea pepper, w'.ich thev think tlio
lineft ingredient in the worM for giving a reiifli to their
food, and ufe it in fuch ii'iantiiies as tti make the mouth
in a n.ime.
'I'he inhabitants of Ciuayaijuil affci'^ great fplen.bir in
their entertainments. To. (ir!l courfe coiilifts of di(Fer-
ent kinds of fweetmeats, the feiond of liigh-l'eafoned
raaouts, and thus thev continue to ferve up alternately
a fuccelfion of fwcct and liv;h feafiui'.d didlcs. The co.n-
mon drink on thefc occ.dions is brandy, cordials, and
wine, ol .ill which they diiiik freely during the enter-
tainment; but the Europeans ger.cra'ly prefer ulnc. The
i.ulbi'ii ofdiinking punch obiains greatly aniniig perlbns
of dillinet on, who generally drink a glal's of it at eleven,
arid anotner in the evening ; it iij; unlv allavint; th.-
F ■ ■ thiiil.
1. '* '
If
''t\
m
la..
■%
1:1'
11
^.■\WA
75!
A S Y S T 1 M o 1' (. i: i.« (J r< .\ I' II Y.
Qi'ji
tlii'lh liiit (.MrrcJlijij ill.' w.iti r, which, hlli,U^ the ilil'.
.igrce.iMi tjlli.' ( (PDiiiiMiiic.iicil 'n it hv i!k' Im it, iiroJimi
on'clTni' pi-rrpiritioii j .iiul tlii< cult hu (<i )iiwV.iiIj, iIui
even ih.' I.I 'i ■< |iiiii, lii..lly olilTvi; 11.
With iii'iK^^t ii> the coiiinicrci; cil (i 1 lyaijiiil, it niii)
be iliu.l.'.l iiii) tW) I' III.;, one iDiililliiu "I i"-' iifoiln-'s
aiul mamil.iiiiK'i of its juiilJi.tiiin, ,iiiJ lli • o:ln.r tiun-
flKirv ; ii3 ;i irt biinj; the pliic whiiu (he ;; nnl , lioiii ihc
prM\iiiccj of I'crii .iiul Tiii.! I'iim.i coiiii.;m I to the
niiniiit.iiiis arc l.iiulr,! ; ;ii),t, un ih'.-utluT h.inJ, ihnt't' t'ldii
cii(tj|'r», they ih irj^r thiir wiv(< tri Ciy 'Iwfthiy v,.> n f.
It hiiini'. SiiiiiiM iiic (Mil' null .il: 'hi .ii.il mi, 1 ih • t. (
I.i_l;i', thtf liitli.iii vvoiiM llill lu IhIc i tor li.niii», ip.
I'^iit hut wlui ci'iiui thrill:)) u hnli: in llirdoui, U;
coul.l lii/t bi- Jii'cov.'i.d ) .Mill lliiMilil tl'.t: lli.iii'.'i I II. a
KC ihc li.dian, inilhir iiiliijln.i iiu ijuji ',, woiiUI jiu'-
vjii 111! hini 10 llir ,1 tti|> witil hill.
Ill imki tlijt Itiry iii.iy |"Mliinii Ihr w.irks J(>'miiiiIi''I Iv
llu'ir ii'..iltci«, uil'l Inr »liiih Ihcy .iru p.iiil, ilijinliK.i
inirjulc til llt.-w lli':iii their t.ilk ; the iiu:l.r ii.ull r.^n;
ih • 11 'intjiiis Ji-fiiMK'il (vr th'.r.; praxliiLC* aic broiijjiii liu lyc ciiniini ally uikh iliun, l(.i li: iii :iMiiir luiii-
hiiluT, aiuMhi|)|icj tor tlu-ir r.rjic.'.livf jhirn. , hii hick than ihcylunc i,(t' \m.i;,iii ;, Tutv arcliuly
Cac.iii, one I I' its prim i|>.il pi.ilucls, i. Ji'illy expert- : unly in (.iiiiitj ot ploaliirc, rij<i;iiii|^i, 11 ttilainiiiciUi,
eil to I'.iii.iinj, New Spain, .iiul I'ciii. ■I'lii.hi.r, svliich | aiii) c:p(;i.ul:y ihiicii.' 1 liiit ill all thcl.; il..- lii,uor iiiiill
is cllcciiic.l the fccoiiJ article, ij chiefly fuit tu Call.ii). | circiil.itc hnlkly, i.iul they ci iiiiim.r iJiinkiiu', tiil thev au:
'I'hef- branchei of trad-' ait- of [;K'Jt .'.Ivaula;;; tueiiiiulyilepri.cj luith i.l leiifjanlimitii.il" 1 |-.cir'|iiii.
GiJ.iv.upiil, from the pri.lij;i..m ipuntilici exp.nteJ j ' pciility 10 imciupcrince is lo jjre.it, ti.it ifc ciciinie a.nl
aiiJ the ir.iJe of f.ilt is n. it iileiiiir to cither, t!uiii;;h the thw .ilcalj'.- n.'Vir tail t.) be ol tlie innip.iiiy at .ill mui,.
ptiiicip.il markets to which it i> fe:it are unl,' the inlavd taiiiiiiciu>, an. I driiil; liU; t:ie icll t.ll ipnte iivcix.inic l-y
tiiA'ns ill tho province of l^iito. '1 i. thelV m.iy be a.lJi:d , the ihicha.
cotton, lice, and hfli, b.ith falicJ .iml dri. .1, hoimd cat- j It is nni.iikablc that the liuliaii wi.iiiiii, whuhif
tie, mules and ci It--, ti.baiio, wax, i uiiici pep,' r, and 111, nds or ina.ried, an.l Indian \ounp, n.c.i bchii.' t..fv .ir-j
Ccibo wool, whiili il the r"'duce ol' a very lii^h tidt^d j oi an age in iiintraet m.iiiiniony, me i" ver ;j,ii li\ ot ilni
ttec'.^ I vice i II b-in^ a m.unn am in..- ihcin, t:ijt diuiikennil^ . 1
'i'llJ ;;ooils iiiipoitfd hither frjni Pern in ritmii for the the privilij;e of iioi.e but mailers ot familic, mIio, vvl.rii
above nuntidiicd conimo litics, ate win.', brandy, cil, lliey are una'.ile to lak; cure of tlumliln. , h.iv.-otheii
and dried fruits. From (^lito it receives bai/.e, fl;iiir, ; to tukc caie of them.
bacon, ham«, cheele, and other goo.ls ; from I'l
I
When thi
ate any folemnity. tli? perfou whii
Kuropcan ^oods punh.ifed at the fairs j from .Mexico 1 give) the ent.'ri.iinmi iit invites all lin aci]i 11,1: iiu
iron found in that country, but muili infeiior to that I vidmg tor ea.li a jiit; of cliicha, cont.iii! rj, tin
ot tuiop,-, iiaptha, tar, and Curda^c,
T
t.) ha
1V'»-
^ „ - .. - , loiij.
Ill tlie court i.l ti.e hoiife, if it be a 1 11 ;•• ..!,. 11, j: ht-fure
llli cottJj;!', il ilia village, a table ii (.a,ed,and i.'.n;d
with acirjiet ciily med on fuch fiilivals 1 and 11, ■! it
is placed a ili^ht icpalK Thewonun p;el'. 11! the c...clia
to their hulb.iii.ls in calah.,llus till llu-ir fpir.H arc raifed ;
then one plap on a pipe and labor, while otheis .1 mce.
.Some ot tlie bdt voices amoiu; the Iniiiii Women tin;;
I lon^i in their own laiigiiaurs, and tliofe who Jii iio'.
IIK dll'pofition of th: Indiiins in the provliire of daiiee fipiat down in ih-- iiiual pollure till it lonies to
Cii-ito is exticnuly lemaik.i'.-le, :iiid they appear their turn. When tire.l witli intimiKrance they all lii;
■ ■' ' iiole ' down tosciher, without niindini' wh. tht
SEC T. V.
Of tht Ciijhms ./•:,/ Miiwuri '/ //,• In.t'.iins l/.rm^hut ih
AuJiir.w cf Ji^iiii,
: pcopli
w!io liid difcovcrcd the country. The
tramiuillity i\.A to be Jilturbed ci.her by lortunate 1
ey at pi
lent poll'efs a i the wif.' i.l another, or their
I hele fell
filh
cy l:e n
d lugh
tcr
iviiics (imietinies coniimie three or foiii ilav<.
tiirtunale event?.
liith
eir mean appaic
thi
are as con-
piiell
comin;; among tl.em, thii.ws away nil
tented as a prinec clothed in the moil f; lendi I robii, j ihc chicha, and difpeifis the liiiliai
They flic'.v the fame difie/a-d fj lichcs, and even the j procure more,
aatl.oriiy ai d t;randeur within thtir reach is fo little ihe
jhicot ot iluir ambition, thu to all appearance it feems
.11 ill
Ihudd
to bi ill.- I.,
alcald:-
ulian, whether he be created an
ed to
pertoriii the il.T.e i
f a I
executioner. AnioniJ them a recipioc.il
. Ilcem is miiher
ircumit.incei
the fa
rcafed nor dimiiiilhed by fach .
moderaii in appeals in ihiir food, and tliey enjoy tiKir
e diet with the I
aine coni'licc
limp
will furnilhed t.ddes. Noth
tlicir m lid-
ency as others do iheir
can nioie them to
,dicr
I'll. ir funerals arc likcwife fo'cnir
with cxciflii
drinkinu;. The honfe i
the fo
fill-d
\V'i!i jii. 1 of chieh.i, for
.ice of the mourners and other vilitois ; ihe latter
/> out into the ltrett<, r.ii.l invite all oft eir r.aliiii
WHO happen to p.ifs by, to co
niuir ol th-' dece.il'cd. This
davs, an, I f
I.l dr.nk to the
„lis I.l
or 11'
inietin cs nioie,
(h
lupreme enj.n meiit.
lon^ luiuor Uein;
I'l
it beiii^ conim m lor them to decline a little cannot he cliai
Incy are fo additlc.l to intemperance, tlvy
ith
Tlu V leein t.) ha'.
a^l of luvice, though olFered a very conli,lera'-'l.' rcwjrd. ■ no iiulin.itioii d r plae, m r have ab
ear cannot
com)ii
ilil
th.?ni.
lel'pecb indue-, or puii.lliment . that is ol gnat aiili.|uitv Th
me kind, and
IS in me tr.e'
call
la, or
i'hey are indeed pr,)of a_;,iiiiU ev^ry ; a hundrel, as be who ;'; ft gets that number win;. The
- ' ■ ih te ■
CTi;-,! to roufe them fr.in their nal'ar,d indolence, in ] pi ly with two ii.llrimi'.nis, one a Ipical ea.^le of
wHch the-.' we.n to loid; 1
v.if.ft of
ri
( V
itals.
are in general irmail
ih contempt on the 1 wiih ten holes on each I'l.ie, ami pi^'s to fet up tju" game :
ing crrpcf:, curtains, i)uil''', an 1 1
acquMnted with any better method, in loMiiin.; th-; woof
(lew. Thus in weav-
llulF:, beillj; uii
th-; .
th>
■ the
paiiance every tone lo count the tuiea.ts one
by ore 1 Co iliat two or lliiei- yea
e rdjiiifue to limlh
'he oihir is a die of
Hine cut will lev.-n taec?, til." il
ur.vro.
vliich has a pirticular niaik, and is c.i'l'-'.l g
Five of trie oiheis tell according to their number, and tl c
lull is a llink. In plavio'' thev lol's up th-; de.
thii
la-ks on the u
pper liitlace arc hi
ly (;i nel ; but the
ayr
Inr ten, and th ■ like number ii loll if ll
a I'lnglc |.iccc. Their (loth is f.) great, t!iat I'caicely an, I olank hd: appears. T|-.i.( gjnie is peculiar to ibe liidian>
thino
iijcili'ary
c;.n induce them to woi
\VI
to b ;
til r,i(i
con; IS left t) th - l:i,!i 11 >vo;ii-. n, who
• ailiive
i.,t..vcr ilierckn ii ! but is liiilc ufed, except at thiir rev.ls.
Til,; h tlitaiioiu of thiie Indii
like ill'))"; of oth-ri
they fpin and ni.ike the hall Hurts
(IS which form the only .ip,).irel of their huf-
-k ihe
ri
:;riiid bailee, and luew
and
bands J they
tKe bte, lalle.l ihii
en hi.s hams, the ul'ual pollure of the Indians, looking at
ill
le liulbaiul
fits (1
jmellic f.'
f.ii bu(y wifv. The only domell
f lough ilieir little Ipot of land.
:e '.j.ey do, is to
is lowed bv the
Wlv.'n they ar: once fettled inli.eabov- polli
ife.
i-ixaul can niuuc
them to nil-, lutlii:il a tt.ivelhr
h.is 'oil i)i,s v.ay, and hjpp-.nj tj eoii.c tj on.- of llleir
vc h ive dt ferihcd, cj
nuldl
onlv of a iiul
e ec,tt,ii.(.' 1
11 lie
e (.1 which is their frre-place, litre both they ,11
the
lireed
live promilcuouil
he
a paitieul.ir londiicli for do^s, an I are nevi r v/iihout iluee
It f Air, a hog or iw.i, and a few pi
lultry.
Thefe
:ome earthen-waic, as pois i.iid jii:;s, with the cotton
which their wives fpin, conlliuie ilic wlicde invenio;'/
ll thc.r cHecIs, e\i.pt two or thiee llncp iTcins win. h
feive them for bt.
Tnc,
Ind
idii women ore
fowl and other doiiieiiij aiiiiii.
in tiicii toit.i
■1
I hey
*4i^,,
i'^
1 ■■ ■'"
•■r-:|
5'
.', :1'i
1
^' .a-
Qrj I It
r.iy '\\4> tin y ri' II ',
lit .iiiil (III. I ill ' t. I
Hit' ) lor hAUlO, IK'
nil' III llii' titioi , li ;
lUI ll'.r Iti.iii'.'i I 1 \. ,1
I iw'ts.ii 11 woiilil ^lu-
r w-irLs jpiMiiiiU'il hv
U p.iul, II |] tu llU. I
thi; iii.iil.r mult r.»>>^
'I llJ ll'l ilMllCr llllll!!
li. TiitV 4IC livily
n^i, II itiuiiiiiit.'iiu,
btU* tli ■' lii|ui<r unit!:
JiIii'aiiii', till thi-y au:
IllOlil'll I 1.1.11 |M>I.
(.lilt tic I'.H'iillU' .11. ll
uMiip.iny .It .ill viiii'i-
:.ll i|4iia' uvcr(,kiiiic l^y
■lii wi.mi-ii, whctl'ir
(', iiit'ii iatni .■ (..I'y .iru
itf I': viT ;;irlly ot lllii
n, tlui (I; uiikcniuls . i
: r.iiiullc', VI Iki, v.'I.cii
Liiiklve , li.iv; utlu'ii
IlitVi l!i ' |H'Illll\ V.'I'.ll
lU .ui]'i ii.r..iiii I-, (tfo-
unt.i:;! I 1, tui. ... loiu.
I 111 4.' J< ■ 11, J.- 'u-Ci^rL-
ii ( Ukcd, :linl ii'.iistl
t\ illV.lI'l \ Jllll II, I ic
111 :i [lit li 11: lin; i-...uli.i
tlu'ir I'lKi'.fi .irc r.iifcd ;
ir, while othc'n il iiuc,
lu 111 li 111 wiiiiicii liii.!;
iiiJ ihol'o whii Jo iM'.
ilturc uli it t(i:m;j to
:iiiiiKr.uii'i! ihty all li';
«'h ihtr tlity l-,e m.ir
I'll (ilhr or drjulitci'.
in: thrt'j or t'uui i!.iy<,
I'll', thu'ws .iw.iy nil
lians, l.ll ilr.y llivi.lJ
•nini'/.L'l willi cxcilIiiLr
ju. 1 ot' cliicli.i, liir
T lliitOI'i 1 llll.' Ijttcc
■ite all ot t L'ir i'..iti(i\
,iiil Jriiik to tlii.' 1.0 ■
IV l..lii l'');r or ti'.'i;
l; liHimr bi-iii^ tiKir
) liitoiTiperiiuc, til. y
'I'luv lei-ill t ) ll:l'. !
abov-' oim kiiul, aiul
111'.- ti'ii-y call p^f.!, or
iiumliLr will;. 'I'licy
Ipiciii c.icl: i.t' v.'ooi.!,
'., to iVt 111) ilu' gaiVit '.
1 ll'v.-ii t'ace?, l.ll." I I .
lit is c.iM'-'.l (jur.yro.
ilicir muiibcr, aiiJ tl.c
1 lip tlv; dx', ar.d tin;
. Miy |;i 11- 1 1 but (tu:
ii'inibtr ii loll if tl'.c
ciiliar t'j t'Je liiJuiii>;
,J.,'.
, liitL- ilioTj ofotllTi
a iiiilo ii'ii.i|!i;, ill ili;
ilint bolli tlu'y and
kuoiilly. 'I'lity li.ivi:
re iievi r v/illiout iliiei!
poultry. 'riR'H', wiili
with il.c ci'tton
-' iiic wlidlo inventor/
1.' llll t\) fKills wlili li
ii.-lidii women Im: '1
i:i tii'.ii tu'.tigc, ill-:/
11'.' Mr
it
( >u 1 10.
M I, R I L A.
7'yj
L'vtr c.it ilicm, aii.l rv.n roni''..n:
fill li
a loiulii'li lor
tlU'
(li.it tlit'v will iii'itticr kill iliL'iii witli llh'ir invii
h.iiid> nor l.ll itit
I lliat it .1 lli.iii;ji I, will) is obli <i'il
(11 pilj the iiii^lii ill Olio ol thru iott.i;.>^s, ol). rs Cl'cr (o
nuiih niorcy lor .ilowl, they icIiiIl' (opart witli it) and
he tiiils liiiiifi.lt liiidir tlii: iii'tilhiy of killiil^; the l.i.vl
hiinl.'ll, It which hii l.iiidtady lliruks, dill ilvci in le.iii,
Jill wtiiig' tier li.iiid. ; (ill at lall, (c:in;.; (Iifre ii no le-
mrjy for whM ii p.illi'd, the wipi'i tier lyes, and i|iiietly
( iLes what the ti.iveller (ilteu liei.
Many in t.uir j.i'iriu-'yi t.ke (hiir whole family with
them.
I
are In the inejii tunc Ihui iii<, a
there bi'in:; no v.iliiable ftirniiiire to 1. f:, a Itrn
lb
ir thou.'
sue T. VI.
0/ t'-i Co It I) 1 1. 1. Ill ,\-. if I'u Andi:'.
Th I'ltjl li/iiiirlil!.- ff thm nil!' iViju'l H thir f.'eijl a»d
I
■ t: ll'iir Ciinhit< : ii riii;u< Lihti Pl.fi-.'iun-,
Ilu
.ii.iriii'i fiuiiil ii[im li'i' .liiilci , ',lilh (I pDitidiiir Dcfiiip'
livt t/' ih ('.■»ii!:r: iIk- liiiJyi nyr I'u' Jiiutri m tlit
a'i:iI,i; iIi:.I iht Ri.iii Si:i'lh( AiiU'iliiiiii,
K now ennip to thp mofl r'ltiaikable iii^iintaini
w
and ikf.irts in the CinJilIc ai
till' And s 'I •"'
1,1 leather l.ovti foralo.k. If their j. mine/ i.tolillior ' (;u' i-oinuii.i l.ift d.ieiihcJ. It h.ii lejii obleucd, that
li'veral days ihey l.ke ther aiiiniah (o th.- eoiti^ie ot' I (he ileptii. knees ol the jiinfdiiil.ons of v^hiiti are fi ateil
(onic neighbour ^r acipi.iin
left
f otherwile ibi:n il'U'i ; lu-twren llii; two CouliUeras of the ■•\ii
^11 irilMiH o
f me whoK', an.l dilcli o .'e ihiir imlt
ind (ll.lt lll<!
With fikhcaie, lh.it tliey e/ill lly at any on.., exeept llie.r in
iiuiltirs, wh') otfeis t eonie to th..' cot'..i :■.'
feivable that dogs bred by the Spam irds uiil Mtlli,
have filth a hatied to (be Indians, that ifoiieol th-'
ir..' or leis Colli, and the ground barren, aiei .1-
\.', to the hi iL;ht of the niiHiiitaiiu. Tliili' b irrcil tiactj
11 ob- aie c.ill.'d di lart. J for, ih.uii'h all the Coiiblkras are
I inie aie much more Co thin others
id tl
ilry.
e cnntiii'jal
-! Iiio-vs and frods render fonie pirts ot ih' in w ithout a
proauhei .1 hoiife where li.- is not veiy x. 11 biiown, they ' |iii.;k' 1 laiit, and conleciiuiiily iiniiibabitibk' bv man or
fall . . '.■ . ■
1 hull, and, if not lalkdotl', ti.irliim to piete.i j j licalf
I'or they kiuw tliciii at a d.ll.uiee by iIkh I'vcr
iither hand, the doj;s of In
f t^cl'-' mountain':, wbirh .ippcir.i. if fo'iiidi-d
the lame ra(;e
they likcwil-' line
reed are .iinmitid wiih ' on nihiis, rife to a molt allondhini; h.i.'jit, and re.n.h
init the Spain. lids and .Melli/.o'., whom
'7-
iiti
be Ir
all oil
chci
luliani in the aiidi^iKe of Q^iito a.ft contrary to
ler iiitioiis ill thtir iiiirria 'OS ; |..r tbev ii-.'ver make
af
a woman who has not In en liiil known by
iitheis, wbieli they CDiilider as .1 cert. 1111 linn .if her havi
ill!; I..r ibove the climb-
here
the midit of the
ton id ■/.line covered with pirprtiial fiioiv. I'rom bin-
lueliie.il e>.|) rinu'nts mule on the mountain Cotop.iM,
it apiiears ih.it its fiiniiiiit is elevat.'il Us thoiilaiid tv/o ^HJU.'
hiiinbed .ind hi'ty-two v ifds above the I'urface of the I'e.i,
lonielhin.; above three geo:;rapbic.il niili-., wh ch jreatly
I'omethin : pkalin.; in her. After a youii^; man his alked I exetcds the height ot any oiher inoiint 'in in the kivjwa
the objcvit of his .liF'-lions of lur latlier, and obtained his world,
tonfuit, lliey iiiiiiiediat'.ly bL'.;iii to live to;;jther .is m.iii
and wife, and aflilt the fatlieriii-law in eiiltivatiin;
the
laud. At the end of tliree or four months, and fre-
(jucntly of a yc.ir, he leaves his bride without any ce
niony
and I
rha
c.xpollulaics with his father- in-law
for iiukavuiiiiin; to deceive him, by impofin:; upon him
his daui'hter, whom no bod
V ill.' bid ttioil'
■lit worthy
in-ikin;^ Ins b: dfellmv. l)ut if iioihin^ ol tiiis h.ippeiis,
after p iirnm three or four nioiuhs in Ibis commerce, which
the
marry
aman.iile, or
IIS Cllllulll i:
to hibituate oii'.'lelf, thev the
I'l
whole body ot the clergy h.iv
Itill
hiv
very coiniii'iii.
tlioiuh the
al'id all their endeav
to put a ll.ip to it. Aeci.'rdiiiLjIy they always ablolve them
of that fin, bcfoic tb.y give them the nuptial benedic-
tion.
'rii'.ir intrepi lit',' fli-.-ws itklf upon many occafrini,
the alitiity ind relolution with which
Cotop;
iirlt
;i\i becmie avnlc.ino at tbctimo of the Sn.ini.ird
artival 111 this couiiir
')■•
A ni.'W crinitioii li
vhich had b-.'iii for fome
b'f
.'lU'd
,il r.i'iibliii.; in its bowels ; a!;
ays prereile.l liy a
vhich
turo was ina le 111 1
the miildle of its dec
ts f
an ap'.r-
immit, as
alio three others near
at that
"Odi.'i
air.'S of Inovv. I'he igniti,.! fubllances i'jci\"
eil on that occafmn, mix-.-.l with a cunri.kribl.' i|ii.iiititv'
of liiQ.v and iic, meliiii:' amidll the tl.i
wi re cam il
down with
amr/.iiw lapi
lite, that in an inll.iiit the
pl.iiii from Callo to l.ata'.iiiiga was oveilloe.'i.d ; and, be-
kl..'S Its beann
'teat numbers
' down the houl'cs ol the
ot
pe.-pl
loll tluir Ir
p3ili.ul.iir
("ley halt' r a bull at lull fpee.l, and with the fame de.xtc-
hir a lin^le Indi.in,
'tbi
J cijoraii- iht y bunt the b-jai
v.'itli only a horle and Ins nnole, ii'.vcr tails ol gefm
l,atacunc';i was the cm il of this drc.i
taol'mall lor ri'ceiviii? th' iirodiiiiouj current, it
poo
I'nn
r ink:
Th
e river ot
till being
oversow-
(d th ; adj.icent country, carried H'-vav ail tlv; building!
wiiliin its ria li, and leiid'.-rrd thi! I oil near the town ot"
the f.imc n.ime like a v.u't lii
The iiih.ibit.ints ritiiej
bettei of all the eiiiiiiinu
id ra:;
>l triis fuii'His am
,'hi
)fe is
maile ol cow. hide, fi tliiii
to be
f'i/,.d by til'-' bejll'i
id at th;; f.une time llio 1;;
i>h not to be broke b\ the Itiuji'ks of the beir On
t'liii
th
IS aiiiin
■1 they diieiilv make towards
whilit Uc rears liimKlf u,> in or.ler to ki/.
the
h'lrle
Ittit th'.- Inli.in,
bci
111; ajvanee
i within a proper
dillaiicc, throws the iioolc abojt the creature', neck, .iiid
f.virting the other end two or thrci: times round the la I
die, he then with I'ui pri/.iu !; cilerity chips Ipur^ t.i Ir
hoile
to a fprit of higher groun.l behind tl-clr town ; tbola
pirts of whi, h that llond wiihiii tlie limits of the current
wereeiitirilv dcltroyid. During three d.ivs the vole-iii')
ciecled cindeis, while torrents of niclf.l ice and I'now
ired down its lide?. I'he I'.re l.ilted ("jvtr.il
d.ivs loiiier.
ill I v;ai accompanied wiili Icnib.c rnarin,;5 of the wind.
riiniiiu' thiouith the mouths of the vole.i
At lalt all
d luitb.er I'liuku nor fire v/cre to be feci).
WIS ipii t, an
llo.v,'ver, in May I".V|.i the IlimfS forced a pa
1 oth
,di levera
tiuit ill clear ni
:r pa
ts on the li Ics of the mountain i
'hts the fl,.
LflcLtid bv the
.'id lliii
1 1 lb ; bejr, iiii-.ble to keep pa.'e aI h the U<
liii'I to !'ct free, is clioake
I'his
itchici
It is lo( keJ up.iii as an admirable pi .1 e of courai'
Hid dextciitv ; an. I is comm.i
clil'ed ill the
o; .^'.iiiM, iii'.ir til
tut'is at o'.iii.l.
e eallein Cordillera, whiieili.
poviiice
■at part of the lultieilv
the
lis of I
Iiidi.
ill b,' imp lied to a want of cubiire 1 for thev wh.i
lone pai
hiv
b.ive cnjoy.d ihit advanta.
are tmind ti
irp.iK'iu ue, formed a very grand aii.l be.iuiiiul illiimi-
ioii. Ijut on the thirtecim of Niv
'.r fl
lowing
It ij'Chd luch prodigious i|iiantities of fiie and igivtej
I'libMinres, that an inundjiimi equal to ill.- firmer I'.ion
eiilued, an. I the iiinabitants of the town of Latacung.i
tor l.'iiielime L'ave them!c\cs over for loll.
1 he moll louthcin niouiit.iin of the Cordilleras is that
of Mei'.is, or Saiigay, which is of a proJit^ious height,
an. I the far iztcattll part of it covered with liiow ; yet
from its lummit ill'ues a continual lire, altende-l w;ith
I r.iiioiial faciillHs as otli:r iiil'ii ; and it they explolioii'- which are plainly heard at forty leagues dil'-
ilt think
t all ihe politeiie''s of civilizeil nation-;, ihey at tan
Th
pi'opt ily
ly. All tlie Indians brou
lilt u
e country a.j.icent to this vi
id.-.iiu:
entiiil
/
p to
haii!i(r,ilt tr.iks in cities and l.ir..;e 'oa'iis aie tir more
•■•c'lte
dii I II iilible ib.in I'luf; who
I'pent tin ii liies
III liiile V Ibuus, and mu.v of ih«le dillingmlll t'.cmr.lvib
by ibi
Jdiius and abilities
barren, it beini; covered with cin.lcrs ije;te.l from its
.ah. In this mountain riles ihe river Saiii-ay, whiiti
ny
line.) by the Upaiio f.i
.huh
the
irises iifeU into the .Mar.i
a la
111 ordir to convey an idea ol ihe clim. te on the top of
thel'e uiouiit-ins, we fhallgivc lomeacccunt of that 'vhirh
i
lilcd
tllM
i i
rCo
A S Y S T t M OF G r: O C; K A I' H V.
Affnr.
r.i.
\\y, 'I
|lr<
. I
f ili^i
It '.■■' \
^\'-
y.-,J ,
|ircvailcil nn Plklrii hi, wMca l)i>n (ii'or/f Juni Jii.l
l).m Antonio dtf Ull.u WJrc ll ilioiK-.l llieic pu oiilu lu
iii.iiiO iluii |ir ip'i olifcivallijin 111 rtlaiiiii id tliu ti viic
nt ilic laiili, wliJiiic a jiiJu'iKiic iiiiy U' IdiiikJ oi ilic
ii'lt i ihir iiulciiijMcy dC iIi! vviMtlitr Uin;j ill iiiojiji
tinii III tliu li'.-i ;;lit III tlic muuilt ilil%.
ricliiiuli.i, til vii,'Jjl'.iiii)UJ li>f iu|',n!.it ln:iglir,ii twelve
humlieJ i;nJ fcyuaV-e'^Jit yirds lower ili.m llic pv-ip. n-
(litulur licight ijl Cotopaxi, anJ wji formvrly ii viilt.iiin,
liut tlii: iiuiiitli Dii oMf ot' iti li.k'i ii IMW iiivtri.',! witt>
l.iivl anlc.ilci'icJ injiliT i fu tint a' prd'-'iit m itlici ('ninlir
or lire illii.'i lioiii it. Unr li.iiii.J .iiitti n lunml llii; i ulJ
on the l.ip iif'ilii) inoiiiit.iiii ixtniiuly iiittnk', tlic wiiiJ
viol.-itt, anJ tht/ vvcii; rti.i]uvmly imulvi:J iii I > (IiilIc a
fii,;, or, ii> oth.r woiJs, a cluml, lli.it an o'-y-l at li>>
oi li^litiaci-i di;laiuf w.ii. Kar^ily dif.'-Mnililt. I'hj air
gicWcK'ir by ih;; iKjuJ. Miovin^; iicarti to the I'liilacc ot
the earth, .111 J on all files runouilded the iiioiiiit.iui to
a vail dilt.iiue, r ■iirtfciiuiij; the (a with their loek It md-
fiij Hku 111 idiiid ill the ivnter. When ihi> hapii.ue.l,
they liiMid the Jn.i.lt'ul iiuifeil ihetcmp.lls that d;l«.li..ri{
ed ih.enirclvta on (4;nto, 1.11J the iKi^hhi.iiriiljj touiitiy.
'fhcy faw the li,;hiimi^ illue (rj.n ih.' i-luu.N, and he.ml
the tluiiuler mil (ai beiuatli tlum. Wh.lc the lowu
parts wcie involved in tinipclli ot tliiiiiJcr and rain, they
enjoyed a deli.'.-.tl'ul leuiiitx j the wind was. ah.iie I, tlie
iky clear, an I the enli< cniiig r.iy. <t the Inn niodtr.i:i;d
thel'iveriiv ot tlic col). But when the loud^ role ihiir
tliicknel'ii 'rendered re!|itra;i<m ililheult j fiiow and h.iil
till eiMilinually, and the win. I retunicd with all itn vio-
lence j I'o that It w.ii iini'i'lH'iK- (.iitiiely to overcome tiie
fear ot beiii^, together with their hut, blown down t.ie
preeipicc, en nho;e edge it was built, tr ol being huried
ill It by the daily accuinuLitioniol' ice and I'now. llitir
fears were likiwifc iiiCK-jfcd by the t..ll ot enormous
fr, _Miunis of roiki. 'I'hovitjh the fin.illill creviec uliblt
in their hut w.ii lli>pped, tlie wind w.is lo pi;ie:n,r, that
it penetrated through ; and though it waj linall, ciovvilcd
with inhabitants, and had fevcral lami'.s Ckjiiliaiitly burn-
ini;, the cold waj lii great, that every one ot them was
obtiijed to have a thahiig-dini cf coal-, and levtral men
were conlhntly ciiipliiyed every niotnin^ to remove the
fnow which fell in the nij^ht. By tht ,.(|ientic5 ot lucli
a climate their !eet weie fwelled, and lo tender, that
walkinj; was attended with txtreoie pain, their liandi
covered with el-.ilblains and their lips li) Iwelled and
chopt, thattvfiy nioli1.11 in fpeakin;; ditw blood.
" 'I'here ib in all thii, rangi; ot mouiitjiiis, as far as
«' 1 have travelled, fays M. Uouguer, who w.is tlij;aged
«' in the fame expedition as the ;.aiuleiiitii lall nicntioii-
«' cd, acunllaiu inferior boundaiy, beyond wIuc.t ilic
«' fnoA' neu:rn,eltsi this boundaiy, in the mid, i id the
»< toiiid zone, 1 found to be two thunlund tour hundred
" and thittyfo.;r fathoms above the l.^il ot the S,)uth
«' fea. The fnow indeed falls niiitll lower, but then it
«' ;j fubjeiil to be melted the very fame day ; whereas
«' above that it prefirves itielt,
*' The g.ither'd winter of a thoufand years."
Reforcwc conclude this article, it will beproper to men-
tion a phenomenon of a very extraordinary nature, whieh,
according to the author jull mentioiud, appears almoit
cvciy day on the top of thefe mountains 1 and thou >li it
is doubtlefs as ancient as the woild, it w..s pciliap> never
mentioned b' fore. The lirll time our .nit'.iors obleived
it was, when thiy were on the tii|i ol I'ambaiiioiea, a
mountain lei's high than I'ichincha. A cloud, in wniih
thcv were invoivcd at.:eak of day, diflipatini.', ihey
faw' the rd'ing-fun extremely Iplendid, and the cKiud palf-
cd on the other fideopp'ifite 10 the fun, where it appt.ued
very thin, and was aheiit twenty yrds diltaiu tioin llie
pl.ite where they were Itanditig, when ihey l.uv in it, as
ill a looking-gl.il', the image of eaeli ot iliem j and what
appeared dill moie extraordinaiy, the head was adorntil
with a glory like what is feeiv round tne heads ot taints
in pichires, each head beini; as it were ihi; center ot three
concciitne iiil'es, of very lively colours, and each with
the fime vaiittics ai a rainbow, the rcil being outward ;
the lalf or molt external colours (done touched the tird ot
a lourih anil, ci;titelv wlute. Thef- Wfre t'e'p""i'ieiilar
to tlic li.,ii/ Ml , mid ai ihtpcrfm movtj, tin- |iha!noinc.
nun moved alio, llui wh.it was molt riin.irk ildr, Ihou^li
there wile )ix or levcn peilom, ci li mill (e,; none In.t
111* own fhidow, becuul,' the cljudhiljii iintvfn (ui-
la.e. Ilie di.iiiief.f of the arche* (;radjillv ahriid with
the aUint of ihc fun ali ive the hori/. in, and the phsnn
meiiiin itUlf. alter conti.iuinu a long tunc, uiieiifibtj'
vjiiillied. J'.in Antonio L'lloa -ivc i a particular dcfctip".
tiin 1)1' th.s ph.iMioinen.in, and M, Houi;ucr, after dc ■
bribing if, fa>>, •' Ihii wai » kind . f a[utlieolis toeaili
" Ipfclatori and I c.inii't forbear inuitioiiing ajjaiii,
*' that caih iiiiuyeil ihe fecnt p'ealire ol feein;j hiinlili
'• adorned with nil theic cmwiis, without p rciimiir
" thole of Irs iiei:;hbi)Ut'», | nuilt t.bl-.rif, liowevf|-|
" tlut ihiJ ph;nioinenon doth not appear unlifj tile
'" aiiueoiis p.iitKlfs of ih: cloud ate Itn/.cn."
In tliole pjitiui the moiini.tiiii that ate not foliigh c.«
t.) expiile llieMi ti :mi itniiil tiidl, there :;roW> a kind ct
lufli, and lever il olher pl.uil., with a few tree:, of on'j
01 twoipecie:, whicl. ait tuj batten lo admit of cultii
\atioii.
rnoiijih the leveiity v( the air on ihcfe ilefarU i» f,i
great, that all aiifii.ils cannot live upon tiieiii, yet the>
.illoid many de r, which ti'cd on the draw or ruHu-.
pctiiliai to ih'.le I ,iits i and fome of them aic lo be nut
Willi on the liiji.id inountaini, vvhtre the mid is intolc-
lable to the human Ipecies. Amoii" 'he rulhcs arc alfj
bred a great luinibcr of rabbit,, and l,ime foxci.
'I'he only birds known in tli(,le rignroiii plaiTs art?
p.irltidge.», .ilii, h .ire (omiihing dilVeniit from thole of
huiope, and iii.iily lefemble the quail, with coiiduis
and hummers.
The tonJnr, which is the I .r 'fft bird in thrfe part%
refeiiibles in it.i colours and appe uaiue the i;atlini-xo,
al.cady deftiibe,!, and f inctimes fiars from the hij;hell
niouiit.iins fo as lo be a,;ir If out o! fight. From its be-
ing leldoin feen in 'owpla c, a liibtile air fecnis to .igrcc
bed with it 1 though fomc th..t have been tame.l when
young live in the villaprs an 1 pl.int.itions. Ihey ate
I extremely carnivorous, and ate i;/ ntly knowii to f i/e
and lly away with lambs that 'Ion the hcatl's up .;»
the li.lcjofihe moimt.iins. On., uliir coiilirm.s this hy
his own obl'ervat'on ; for lei iiig r>:' ., lull, aJj'^'i.in.' t,, one
0.1 v.'hicli he Ifiud, a llprk of fhi: • ) in gieal Ci.iiulioll,
he perceived acondor flyiM_' upwai.'s tiom it, wilii alainb
in IIS claws. When at lome h;ight h; dtrip,:ed it j but
tollowing it took it up, .ind let it 'all a fiv\.iid t'me ; «llJ
then winged its v\'ay out of light, I r IVar of th- Indians,
who, at the cry of the Imv and barking> ol tlie dogs,
VN'cre runnin'^ lowariU the place.
In fume delarts this bird is m.irc rnmmo;i, and as it
I'.revs on the flocks, the Inli.ins are "of nantiii'^ in their
endeavours to catch it. One of the e w.ivs is killing
an old cow, or fonie other he.id, and niSbing tlie flefh
with the juice of I'oire po:ent herbs, whi,.h tliev aftcr-
war.licairy away, otherwil'e the biid wool I 11 ii touch
the fldli; and farther, to take off the Inn II, bury the
llefli till it bero.Tics putrid, and then exji.iciij when
the con.iois, allured by the Imell of the c.ircafe, h ittcu
and feed on it greedily, till the herbs operating, thev be-
come fenlelels .'.iid incapable of m.ilion ; when tiie In-
dian;, leiitin:; this opportunity, dcflroy thcni. I iicy
likewife calch them with fpiings laid near lame (l.(h ;
but fuch is the dtength of this bird, that witM a dr ike
of iti wing it fnmctimcs knocks down the man \\U.> ;\p.
proailies it. Their wing alfo ferves them as a fhield, by
wliich they w.ird off blows, without receiving any vifi-
ble hurt.
I'roni mof} of thtfe mountiins flow riverj, wliicli
when too deep to be forded, biidges nic made .it the moll
l'rei|uented places. Of thele tlieraaretwo kin. Is, belides
thole of ibme, whieh are very few. The mod common
are of wood, and the reft of bejueo::, the plant we have
del.ribcd as ufed for all the puriioies of ropes. Vv'^iih re-
thi; following
and fioin io'.ne did.inie Irjm tli
II wai
ard to the tird, they choofe a
plac whoie the river
d li.is on each tide high rocks
iiele
very narrow, an
onlv ronlilt ot four K.itig beams laid
forming .1 path about a yard and a half in brcaritli,' jult
over tlie prccipic
I'ullieient I ii a ii;an to oaf, ov.r on horftback; and cult
\\
hat
Avntj.
• '.vcri' I'cip-nificiil.ir
'wej, till' |iha:ni)im"-
: ri'in.irkiMc, thuu^li
1 HI iM Ic." none bi.t
1 h.vl jii iiiicvrn (iii-
rai!ij;kllv ahriL'l wil'i
'.in, ami tliu phsBiin
ong timr, iiu'iiiifil'Iy
i a pai'ticiilar Jcfcriii •
. H'lijs^ucr, after ilc
I I J|iltlK'ulis tOCJt ll
r iniiitioiiiii;; ii^-liii,
! ue ol ffciii^ hiinldi
wittuiiic p rctiviir;
It (ihlvrvc, liowevfi,
<t ;ippf,ir unlilj t!i,-
c Iro/.cn."
!i.U :iie nut foliij^h c*
ihiTc ;;rovv» a kiiJ li
h a lew irct:, ot'inr;
;ii tu aJiuiC bl' ctilil.
on thefc ilcfarts ii fa
iipnii tli'.iii, yet thtv
I lie II raw ur rudu ■
i( tiicni aic til lit iiKt
K TC till.' mill is intole-
1 r he tiilhcii uru allj
l^ ("ini' Coxci.
11' tin'irdin pliUTt arc
lilTcKiit Cnmi tliiii'l- I'f
quail, witl) cuiiJuis
eft hirJ ill tlirlc pans,
iraiue llic i;atlin;ix(i,
fiiars from thi- lii[;lK'lt
it fight. From ill hc-
Tlilc air ftcius tu agree
.ivi! bti-n tanu'.l wlicii
.intations. I'hfy aic
['I -ntly knowii tu I' i/.c
I Oil the hrr.bi, u;i a
I !ili')r coiiliriii!. ihij hy
a liill,aJj'>iiiiii/ t" imc
:• ) ill jricai Oiiiuiiuii,
.'s troiii it, wiln .iLiiub
ht he itr(ip,:i(l It i but
all a r.-,\.iiJ tnic ; ailJ
I r (far of th- iiuliaii.<,
barkings 01 tlv.- Jogs,
tc rnmmri:i, aiiil as It
(• ii(ir 'laiitiii'^ ill their
f thi.vc wav" is killiiif;
and iiilU":!!;; ttii- flelh
rbs, whi Ji tii'jv aticr-
biid woiil I n it touch
F the (ini II, liiiry the
then exp.i c it j whui
of the cartalc, li I'.tcii
ihs operating, the;,' bc-
iiJtion ; when tiK- in-
ileftroy thcni. I iicy
laiJ near lome II .th ;
ird, that witli a (h iki;
ov/n the m;in i\h.> ap-
ves thcni as afhiuld, by
lout receiving any vifi-
ns flow riverj, w'lic'i
;es are made at the iiKjit
^arc two kinds, belidcs
V. The moll common
ICO."., the plant we have
iVs of ropes. With re-
lace where the river is
de high rocks. Tiiele
laid over the precipi-e,
.1 half in brcat!tli, jult
IvorlcUack ; and cultom
has
li'l
mi
p'l|; '
P
pi"
',f ^1
ijii ''
It'
1.:]
:■ I'v
n r
1
^; - ;i
iii a
Lima.
America;
'j5i
has rcndeicd ihclc fo familiar, that the people pafs them
without any apprcheiifions.
The bridges of bcjucos arc only uftd where the breadth
of the river will not admit nf beams being laid acrofs.
In their conftruilion fovcral btjucoi arc twilted together,
in order to form a large cable of the hngth rtiiuircd.
Six of thel'e are drawn from one llde of the river to the
other, two of which are conliJcrably higher than the
other four, and firvc for rails. Aerofs the latter are
wattled crofb (licks of bejiicos,and the whole refembles a
filhing-net, or Indian hannnock It'ctclu'd from one fiJe
of tlie river to the other. As the mefhcs of this net arc
very large, and the foot would be in danger of flipping
through, they take care to drew reeds at the bottom,
which ferve for a floor. The reader will eafily conceive,
fays our author, that the mere weight ot this kind of baf-
kct machine, and much more the veight of a man pafling
over, muft caufe it to make a jiroJi^'ious bend ; and if it
beconfideredthat the pafl'engcr, when he is in the miJft of
his courfe, efpecLilIy if there be a wind, is expol'ed to
vail fwingings from fide to fiJe, a bridge of this fort_, fome-
times more than ninety feet long, mud at fii (I fight be
extremely frightful ; yet the Indians p.d's over it running,
though loaded wit) the bagsage and pack-faddles of the
mules, and laugh to fee the Kuropcans hcfitate in ven-
turin '. Moll of (hefe bridges are only for men and wo-
men, the mules fwimming over the rivers ; for their
l.Muing being taken oft' they arcdiivcn into (lie water near
half aleague above the bridje, tliat they may reach the
oppolV.e Ihore near it, they^being carried fo far by the
rapidity of the ftream.
Some rivers, inflead of abcjuco bridge, arc pafled by
tncans of a tarabita, a fingle rope made of bejucos, or
tluings cut from tiie hide of an ox, and eonliltiiig ot fe-
veral llrands, about lix or eight inches in thickneis. J'liis
rope is extended from one lido of (lie river to the other,
and faftcned on each t.uik to Ihong polls. On one fide
it is fallencd to a wheel, tliat it may be ihjightened or
flaekencd to the degree required. From the tarabita
bail's a kind of leatliern hammock, capable of holding a
man, fufpcnJed by a clue at e.'.ch end. A rope is alfo
faflencd and extended to the lides cf the river, for draw-
ing the hammock to the fide intended, which w'th a
pulh at its lirll fetting off fends it quickly to the other
fiJe. This not only fervcs to cairy over peilons and
loads, but alfo the bealls ihenilelves, where the rapidity
of the ftream, and the prodigious ftones continually car-
ried along by it, i^-uder it impracticable lor them tolwim
over.
I'or carrying over the i lules two tarabitas are nccefliiryi
one for each fide of the rr.er, and the ropes are much
thicker and fl.icker. On this rope is only one clue,
which is of wood, and by this ihe bcalt is fufpended, he
beini'fecured witli girts round th ' belly and neck. When
this IS performed the eiealure islliovcdotf', and immediate-
ly landed on the opp.lite fide. Thofe that are accuftomed
to be conveyed over in this manner never make the lead
motion, but even cimiic of themfelves to have the girts
fallencd round them ; yet it is with great difliculty they
arc at fiift brought to fufter this to be done, and when
they find themfelves fufpended they kick and fling during
their (liort paflagc.
The roads over fome of thcfe mountains are not the
Icall of thofe extraordinary particulars relating to th:m.
Ill many places the mad is d) narrow that the mules have
fearce room to let their feet, and in orhcrs is a continued
ferics o( precipices. IJefides, th.'fe roads are full of holes
near three quarters of a yanl deep, in which tlie mules
put their fore and hind feet, \a that fometimes they draw
iiieir bellies and the rider's legs along the groinu:. In-
deed thcfe holes ferve as llcps, without ulneli the pre-
cipices would be in agreat meafurc impalfable ; but (liould
he happen to put his fool between two of thcfe holes, or
not place it nght, the rider falls, and, if on the fide of
the precipice, inevitably periflies.
But the manner of defcending feems flill more dan-
gerous. Onone fide are frequently lUep eminences, and
on the other frightful abyfles; and as they generally fol-
low the direclion of the mountain, the road, inlUad of
being on a level, forms fteep eminences and declivities.
The mules are fcnfible Of ihc caution requifitc in thcfe
107
defccnts, for coming (o the top of an eminence they {{oxi,
and having placed their fore- feet clof.; togi'ther, place their
hinder feet a little forwards, as if going to lie down.
Having in this attitude taken a furvey ot tlie road, they
Aide down with the fwiftnefs of a meteor. All the rider
has to do is to keep himfelf fall in the laddie, fur t!ic Icall:
motion is fuflicient to diforder the cquilibiiuiii of iliJ
mule, in which cafe they both unavoidably perifh. Hii
addrefs here is e;^tremely wonderful ; for in this rapid
motion, when he feems to have loll all govi riinicnt ot
himfelf, he follows exaclly the different wiiuliiigs of the
road, as if he had accurately fettled in his niiiKi the road
he was to follow, and taken every pre; aniion l^r b.ii
fafety. liut the longed practice of travdiing thefe roads
cannot entirely free the mules from a kind of dread, on
their arriving on the topof a deep deeliviiy ; for tlx-y net
only attentively view the rrx'd, but tieirible .Tiid friort -i'.
the danger, if the rider inadverteiuly endeavours to fpur
th;m on, they continue immoveable ; and it is really
wonderful to coniidcr hov.', after having overcome the fiid
emotions of their fear, they ftrctch out their foie-legs,
that by prcferving a proper equilibrium they may not fall,
yet make with their body that gentle inclination ncceHary
to follow the fevcral windings of the road, and after-
wards their addrefs in lloppiiig themfelves at the end of
their impetuous career.
SECT. VII.
Of til! jiuduiice «/■ L I M A.
//; Situation, Extent, and CHnuite, particularly ncnr the Ca-
pilul,uhere the Rain, Snow, Hdil,T/.'undi:r, anil Light-
WiWif are unknown ; hut is fui-jcft to EnrthquakiS, fome :f
wlhch are difcribid. Of the Soil and Produce. J parti-
cuhir Defription of the City cf Lima ; u-ilh the Drcjif
A/anncrs, Cujloms, and Trade of the Inhahilunti,
THE next divifion of Peru is the audience of Lima,
which is bounded on the north by Q^iito, on the
ead by the Cordillera of the Andes, on the fouth by the
audience of Los Charcas, and on the wed by the Pacific
ocean, it being about feven hundred and fevcnty miles ill
length from north to fouth, but of an unequal breadth.
Nothing can be imagined more various than the cli-
mate and foil of this country, which in fome places is
exceeding hot, in others infupportably cold, and in the
city of Lima, where it never rains, is always temperate.
The fcafons vary within the compafs of a few miles,
and in ccrt-in parts of the audience all the viciflltudes of
weather jic experienced in tvs'entv-four hours. What is
mod fingular is, that no rains fall or rivers flow on the
fea-coalls, though they are fupplied by thick fogs and
dark clouds, that never condenfe into fliowers. This
phrenomenon has exercifed the thoughts of many na-
turalifts.
Spring begins towards the clofe of the year, that is to-
wards the end of November or the bcpinning of Decem-
ber, when the vapours which fill the atmofphere during
the winter fubfide, and the fun to the great joy of the in-
habitants again appears, and the country now begins to
revive, which during the abfencc of his rays had continu-
ed in a date of languor. This is fucceeded by fummer,
which thougli hot, from the perpendicular direiition of the
fun's rays, is far from being infupportablc, the heat,
which indeed would othcrwife be exceflive, being mode-
rated by the fouth winds, which always blow at this
feafon, though with no great force. Winter begins at
the hatter end of June or the beginning of July, and
continues till November or December, when the fouth
winds begin to blow ttronger, and bring the cold with
them, not indeed equal to that in countries where ice
and fnow are known ; but fo keen that the light drefles
are laid by, and cloth or other warm duds worn. Dur-
ing the winter the earth is covered with fo thick a fog,
astotally to intercept the rays of the fun, and the winds,
by blowing under the flicker of this fog, retain the par-
ticles they contraflcd in the frozen zone. In this feafon
only the vapours diflblve into a very fmall dew, which
every where equally n'.oidens the earth, by which means
all the hills, which during the other parts of the year
9 Q iii\t
I; II
15 .al
\\'\
t>z
A SYSTEM OF G M O G K A P H Y,
J-I5IA,
U'{} V
I !''
liif
41,)^
I*..
mn-
Inj to the I'l-'ut but rocks anJ wades, are ^ <lc(lroyeJ, burying uiulcr t!ic:r ruins tliofi.- inli ibi
- , - . . i''!- iiili.ibiian'
eltHluJ Willi vctiUirc anJ cnarriHeJ \vitb flowers of llie : who li.iJ nut niajc Cuiricimt hallo into the (ir.cts au,<
inoft bf.iutihil coIduis. 'rhd'c (!c\vj never f.ll in futh | I'quares, the mily pl.iccs i>( fifcty. At L-n 'th the hor'
4]iiinntic3 as to ilainam' the roails, r,r incniinojc tlie I rible ilK, itsol' tlii, (urt llvi^lc ccjCmI ; but thc'tr.wKiiiillit,.
travelicr; a very thin (lntKwill not (oon be we: through ; i was ol lln.rt Jiirjlion, the c..:-.cui;iuiis Cwilt'y fucceoiin-
but the continuance of the mills during the wholo wn- ' each (.ih.r. The loit ol Cill.io alio lunk into ruins • b.u
ter, withi-.ut being exhaled hy tl>e fun, render the moll | what it lutiVred from the e iithquake in its b;iildin'>s w- ■
barren fiiots of this part of the country feiti'e. | incon!iderah!e whiri Cdrn,! red to tile drc.idful tat.irt.'o.
Lima is aj fre; from tempells as fi'um rain; fo that i phe wnieli foil. )wed ; for t u lea, as is uUiilon furh oc-
thole of the inhahitanls who have neither vllited the
niounlains, nor trav^lhd into other puts, are ahfolute
llran^ers to thunder and !i;j,htniii;;, aiul are thcixlore ex-
tremely terrified when th.y llrlt he.^r the former or fee
the latio
eahons, retcdin;^ lo a coi,|-derabIe dii'lanee, tcturn.J i,.
mountainous waves, foamin;.; with the vioKiu-o oftlir
agitat.on, an I liiddtiily tunuil Callaoand the iui^hb(.i;r-
. Thi-', however, w.i.s not perfefllv
ing counsry into ;i I
liut it is verv rcaiarkable, that what k here I performed hy the hrll fwell of the waves ; for the ft i i-'
H .. . . , . ■ l.r_- ,■ ., . , I,. II ^,.^. ^ ^ -
and i^iilier buildii-,"^ of the ill i,-c T
1 1- II i'"i^ ,
cntinly unknown (hould be lb common thirty leagues to , tiring taith^r, returiiul Hill with greater impeiuofitv ;;a '
lo that what Lun had ef.aped the liilV, was now totally
overwhelmed hv ihofo t.-rrihle niountaimi,-; waves,
rweniy-thiee Ihips and veli'.ls, great and fnt.iil
n'ert
the eall of Lima, it b-ing no futher to the mountains, eoveud boti' the
where vio'ent rains and temp-.i'.sof 'JiunJer and li^^ht-
iiing arc a^ frccpirnt as at Qm to.
lint though the eajiital is treed iVom the terror of thife
teni,el}s, it is fubject t.) what is nuieh moic dreadful then in the lu.ibour, ninelcen of which were funk, rnd
The earthquakes happen here fo iVcqu^-nily, that the in- ^ the other lour, among which vv.:s a fr'iMtc named Sr
liabitanis arc under coi.tiiuial appreheiiliims of being, | Fermin, earned by the for^e of the waves to a coiifider-
froni iheir fuddenncfs and violence, buried in the ruins , .ille diltaiice up the cuun'.ry. 'I'his te.tible iniindatior
ofthiir own houfes ; yet tlic'c earthquakes, though lb < extended toother parts on the coalK and fi.Aer.il town'
Jud.l. :i, havi'; their prefages, one of the prineip.d of underwent the fame fate as the ci:y of Lima, where the
whieh is a rumbling noife in tile bowels of the earth | numher of p;:fons who pcriflicd in the ruin of thattiiv
about a minute bcfoie the (liocks arc felt, that leems to j wiihin two day.-, after the cjrthijuakc began amounted
pcrva.le all the adjacent fubterraueou., parts. 'I'his is lob i ui.cording to the budits found, to thirtccir htm.lieil, h^.
lowe.l bv difnial bowlings of the dogs, whieh llem to , liJes the niamud and wounJe.l, many of wl.i^l; lived o:i!v
perctive thi; approaciiiiig dangir. The bealts ol bur hen , a Ihort lime in torture.
paHin..' the llieets liop, and by a natural inlHnct fpread j I'hough it mg.t naturally be e.vpci.^cd that a country
(ipn their legs, the better to fecure themfelves from | where rain is leidum or never known mult be entirely
f.i'lin:: On thcfe portents the tc.-rihed inh..biiants fly ; barren, yet th; country of Lima enjoys tjreat fertility i'-
fi.iiii t;ie;r houles into the ftreets with fuch precipita-
ti.iu, that if it happen.s in the night, they appear quite
naked ; fear and the urgency of the danger at once banilli
i.ig all fenfe of decency. 'J'hus the Iheets exhibit fudi
(.id and fingular figuris, as might afl'ord matter of diver-
llon, weie it poflible to be diverted in fo itrrible a mo-
picnt. This luJden loncourfe is accompanied with the
i-iies of children waked out of their flcep, blended with
the lamentations of the women, y.'liofe agonizing prayers I arc watered fpaeious liehls of h
I'.'odu'.iiig a!l kinds ot grain and a prodigious vaiiety of
fiuiti but here iiidullry and art fiipply that moilturu
v\h:ch the clouds withold. 'I'he ancient yncas of I'e.'i;
cau'.ed fiiiall canals to be formed, in order to conduJ:
the waters of the rivers to every purt of this country, and
render Urge t'lelds capable of producing -rain. ' The
paniards linding thele ufeful works .--e.idy executed t >
their hands, took care to keep them in order, and by iIkIc
large ineadov.-:.,
pl.intations, vuieyard^•, and g.irdens, all yielding un:o:r. .
mon plenty. Lima ditlcrs Irom (^lito, wiiere the fiuita
of the earth have no determined fcilbn ; for here the
harvell is gathered in, and the trees diop th-ir leaves li-
the proper feafui. I he blollbms have allb their refpec--
tiee tioies of blowing ; fo that this ceuiitry refembk;
thofe of the temperute zjnes.
'I'he fields in the neighbourhood of Lima arc chiell/
after Lima was a:;ain yil'itcd by another earthquake fo [ fowii with clover, on which feed an ineoaceiyable miin-
drcadfid, that it is itill I'o'emnly commemorated every , be ot mules and horfes. 'I'he other parts of the tountr,'
year, in i 'ico happened anotlicr, which overturned many i are taken up with plantations, amou:; which thofe of tho
liouf.s. On the twenty feveiKli of November, 1630, | fugar care yield an excillent kind of fuj:'.r. The oiivc
1 1 tae faints incrcafe the common fear and confulion.
The men ire alfo too much ad'.-eted to refrain from giving
vent to their terror ; fo that t:ie whole city exhibits .i
druidful fcene of conilcriution and horror. !
■J'he caitiiquakcs that have happene.l at the cap't.d arc '
fcry nun'.erous.
'I'he tirit llncc the elbiblilhment of the
Soaniar.ls was 111 15H2 ; but the damage was much lets
confide.Mble than in I'ome of the fuccccding : for lix jears
fuch pro ligious damage was done in the city by an e.irth
I'uake, that, in ackninyledjcment of its not having been
ctirely demolidled, afeftival on that day is annually ce-
lebrated. Twenty-four years after, on the third ol No-
vember, the molt Itately edifice;, in the city, and a great
number of houfes, were deftroyed by an earthquake , but
the inhabitants retiring, few of them perifhed. Another
dreadful one happened in i(>-H ; but one of the molt ter-
lihle wa. on the tv/cnty-cighth of Oiitober, iCH-. It
bfaii at four in the morning, with the deliruiftion of
many of the finelt public buildings and l.oufes, in whi. h
a ureat number of the inhabitants perilhed ; but this was
litll .' more than a prela^^e of what l.illowed ; tor two hou-s
after the (hock returned with fuch impetuous coneullions,
plantati'ii- appear like thick foielts, tor belides thehei.dir,
magniiude, and fullncfs of leaves of ihefe tree--, they
arc never pruned, by which means their branches become
fo interwoven, that the light cuinot penetrate th'rnu;;h
their loliagc. 'I hey produce an uncommon plenty of tin-
lined olive-, wliich are either committed to the prels lor
oil, or (lickkd, they bein particularly adapted to the l.t-
ter, (lii account of tiuir beauty, largencfs, and flavour ;
and their oil is much preferable to that of Spain. Ad
the fields and plmtations are cultivated by negro Haves
purchafi'd lor that purpofe.
The country contiguous to the city of Lima is rovere.l
with gardens that produce all the heibs and fruits know 11
in Spain, befides thole common to .America, all whicli
that :.!1 v.'as laid in ruiin, and the inhabitants began to I fl.iurilh heie in an uneo.iimon degree. The ciiy likevM
think themfelvci happy in being only fjieciators of th
eeneral devallation, and the lofs of all their projierly.
Dunn;', this fecond flv.ek the lea retiring conliderably, and
then returning in mounlamous waves, entiiely over-
whelmed C'allao and the adj.icent country, togeiher
with the milerable inhahit.mts. From that time tii
eirtbquakes hapiiencd at Luna before that ot l-;4(). This
lid was on the twenty elehih ot '■ (iSlober at hilt an hour
after ten at iiiiibt, wdun ilie con. uilions began with fuch
violence, that III little more than ihtic minutes ihe great-
•I'l purt, if nut all the buildings m the whole city vvcrc
l)»
enjoys another lingiil.ir advant.;ge, the whole year |v mg
as it were fiimmer, wiih regard to the plenty and Ireflliu Is
of the fruit, from the feafons of the year var\ iii'r alter-
nately in the diftrict called Vallcs and the mountains;
for when truit-time is over in \'alles, it bCi'ins on the
Ikiila ol ihe mountains ; and the dilt.mee from Lima iioi
exi ctdiiig twi nty live or thirty leagues, they are brouuht
thither, and by this means the city is condanlly fupplied
withliuii, except a lew, ak gr.ipes, melons, and w.iter-
nuli'ii-, Wiiieh requiring a hot climate do not come to
perfeMi'ii in the mountains. The grapts at Luna are o»
7 \d.l-Ji^r„
'%4;.
Li
XfA,
LlM.f.
A M li R I C A.
763
r ruins tlvifi.- inli ibU.int:
hall;: into the (Ir^tts aiu!
rcty. At Kii ;th the hor-
.•.il'.il ; but the tr.'.iniuillitv
rur.iuns ('u'lIVy fiicccciliiiL'-
.) iilCo I'lmk iiilii ruins ; but
iu.ikc in iti b.iilJiii:>s vv.'.3
I to tlii; i!tc.'.ill'ul c.niirtro-
;i, lis is iiui il on fucli oc-
ihlc iliiKuuc, ictiirn. J ip.
witli the vioKiiro ol'tlu-
C;il!;ioan,l the liei^hb'.iir-
Knvcver, wi.-i not p.LrlV-;!!!^-
,iie w.ives ; lor the I'l.i re--
U prc.iter iniptiiiofitv, ;;uJ
T builuir-gi of the pl.ii-c ;
the (iili, \v.i5 now tot.iIK
.)le niountaini ir; \r.iics.
h, jrcat ami I'nuil ^'ere
't which were Cunk, i-nd
v.'Js a iV'g.itc n;iini.\! Sr.
Fthc wavcj to a coiillJer-
This teaiblu iiuim'.'.tioi;
; coalK anJ fucral towuu
city of Lima, wbt-re the
:J in the ruin of that city
ihijuakc be^an aniountcJy
to thirteen hun.hej, be-
many of wi.i^h liveJ only
le evpcJtcil that a country
known mull be entirely
a enjoys ^reat fertiliiv, i':
ul a prodigious vaiiety ol-
art fupply that moiltutu
he ancient yncas of Peru
nc.i, in orjir to conJu^i:
y part of this country, anJ
f proJu'.ir.g ^rain. Ths
I works re'.Jy cxecuteJ t >
hem in oriicr, and by ihcfc
barley, larg-j incaJows,
dens, all yielding uncoir.--
II (j^iito, wherv the fruita
vd fcii'on ; for here the
trees tliop th'ir leaves in
have alfo their rcfpcc-
It this ccantry rcfcinbli.;
hooJ of Liir.a arc chieli/
d an inconceivable nuni-
thcr parts of the country
inion:; which thole of thi:
iiid of i'u.'::r. The olivf
Ih, for l)eliJes the height,
aves of thefe tree-', they
aiis their branches become
nnot penetrate th'roui^ll
1 uncouunon pleiuy of tne
oniniittcd to the prcis for
cularly adapted to the lat-
, lurgencfs, and Havour ;
e to that of Spain. All
ultivaieJ by ne^ro Havc^i
he citv of I.itna is covered
he Ik lbs and fruits knoivii
n to America, all wfiicti
Icgrec. The city likewilc
ugc, the whole year hi iiig
to the plenty and Iredliu Is
f the year varving allcr-
alles and the mountains j
Wilier, it bf.'ins on the
'le dillance from Lima niii
leagues, they are brout^ht
city IS condantly fupplicd
ipes, melons, and water-
t climate do not come to
The i^rapti at Lima are ot
• various kinds, and among th-m on; fpccics call, d the
Italian, are very large an. I delicious. 'I'hc vines extend
themfelvcs on the furface of the earth, which is either
llony ot lull of (and. Thefe vims aic pruned and water-
ed a: pioper tinr.s, and withcut any other care thrive
remarkably.
Helides the orchards, fields, and garoens, with which
the country is del ghtfiiily varie.-ited, there are o'li.r
parts wheie nature fpontaiuoullv lurnilhes beautiful pri-
i'|)eds for the inhabitantf, and pK'iilv of exc-llent looJ f ir
their cattle, particularly ihe liillsol iit. Chiillophcr and
Amanca s, vvhoic pcrpr.ual verdure, diVLtfilieil in fjiring
with elegant fl'nvers, leenis to inviie the neighbjiiiinj
inhabitanla to a nearer eniovmeiit uf the lieauues it pie-
i'eius at a dillance to their view, '/'he parts in the n-igh-
bourhood oi the city, to the extent tf fix or eight lea' uer-,
olfer the like cniertainiiienl, and aicordin^ly manv fami-
lies rcfort thitlici lor change of air and rurai aniul.m-nl.'.
After giving' this a' count of the climate and proJace o(
this coiMitry, it ought nut to be o.n:ttcd, that th')ij.;h the
fuminer here is pretty warm, yet venomous creaiuies are
unknown, uiul the fuv.c may be laid of tlie tciritory called
Valles, though hcic i;r.- lome poits -is I'umh'/. and
Piura, where the heat Is almolt .is great a' that of Guaya-
quil. I'his liiigulaiit/ cm th'.refore proceed from no
other caufe than the natural diought of iiie climate.
We Ilia I no.v ,;i,e a dei'criptioii '.f the c tv of Lima,
alfo tailed .'.n- Keyis, or ilie liiy of the Kings as it
appeared lief.)re ihe dreidlul c.ilaii.ity In 1 ■;4&. It is
,^ f.'a'cd in ih- :paei us and dtrlightful va!ley of Riiiiac, in
//■■^?'.'A the fvveluh ilcgn.e two minui-.:a iliitty one fecon.ls fouth
'•(i':i/)'flA latitude, and in the feveiry lixth degree welt longitude,
in o.ieoftlie ni.'d advantageous i'ltuatioiis that can be
im.igined ; for acii.g in ili- centCi- of th.-.t Ipacious valley,
it e:)mman.!s th.- whole without any difficulty, i he rivci
liiinac walhcs tiie wails if the city, an.l when not in-
ciealcj by the torienis frini the mountains, is ealily
forded ; but as it is at other tiiiies ceep and rapid, a very
cleg.-.nt a;id ^A' ions Hone bridge was b.n;t over i', havin.;
at one end a veiy fine gra c, whicli fjr.iied the entr..nc
into the city, \nd led to ih'- giand fquare, whih was
very large and t-.neiy ornamentci!, haviiu 111 the cm; ra
fountain, in wliicii uas a llalue of Fame in bronze, eject-
ing wa:er tiuough her trum;ie;, ,uid through the moiitlis
_pf eight lions furrour.dini; tn.; Itatue. Ire call tide i>l
the U|uare<oiit ■ins tliecatnedial and archi'pilcopal palace,
/rontc.J with free lluiie, and adorned wiih columns and
pllaflers. On tiie north lule vv.is the vi cioy''. palac-, in
which were the feveral co.ins of julfice, the 1 ffi cs of ih.
revenue, ami tl>e Hate p;i!on. Oi\ the weft iide of the
I'quarf, facing the cat.iedral, were the Cinincil-houle
and the >ity prifun, Tiie fouth Iide w.is hiled with
{irivate h lui'es, which, 1 ke the others in the city,
uid only one llury ; but the fronts being of flone, ih. 11
imifomiity, port. cos, and tb gancc, were great embel
lifliments to the fiiuare.
'I'he City was of a tiiangulai form ; the baij, extcn liiv;
along th.- baiik^of the river, wasab.mt two miles in length,
and Its grcatcfl breadth from norih to fouth, from Ihe
bridge to the oppufite angh-, a thoul'and and eighty fa-
thoms. It was fuirouiulcd witli a biick wall, ll.uiked
with ihiny-four ballions ; but without platforms and
cmbrafuits, and h.ul levcn gates and thret- pollern?.
On the ogpolite fide of the river was a fubuih called St
La^aro, all the Itr.cis of which were bioad, and ran
parallel I'lom north to fouth and from call to wefl, form-
ing fquarcs of hoiiles a huiulr.d and llfiy yards in front,
'i'fie lliccts were paved, and along theni ran llreains of
wafr condu^lled from the liver, a litile above the city ;
and, being arched over, coniribuied to its cleanlinefs.
'Ihe houlcs Wiie commodi.nis, and made a good appiar-
^ice ; but were for tne moll part low, that they might
bear the flioclc of c,irth(|uakes ; the piincipaj parts were
of wood mortif'ed into the rafirrs of the roof, and the
vvall.s lined both within and wiihout witli wild cane or
ofiers. Thefe lall were pl.illercd over with clay and
white walhed ; but the fronts were painted in imitatimi
of fice-llone. I hey had cornices and porticos alfo paint-
ed of a ilonc-colour. I'hc roots uc:e flat, and crnrrcd
only fo far.as wa^ neceflary to keep out the wind and in-
tcitept the rays of ^ht; luji, 4 ikinicr tovcnng, bdt luf-
firicnt in acountiy whi re there wa.s no danger of rain.
Within the walls viffre many fruit and kitchen-garden.,
and mod of the princip.i) houlcs had plealuicgaidjns be-
hind th'.m.
The city had five parifli -churches and two chapels of
cafe, with a pari(h ol Indians under the care of Jt-fuits
The c invents were very nunieioiis, there being Ijur i-f
l.)omiri' ans, three of Krancifcans, th.Ci of the ordtr of
.St. .Augiijtine, ihrc'j belonging to the order of Mercy,
an I the Jel'uits had li.K Colirges. 'I'here were likewil'e a
111 inafli IV of the ordc- of St. Iji-ne.lict, a convent called
Nuillra oeiiora de la liuena Muerte, and a convent of
St. Francis if; Paula ; with fourteen nunnerifs, twilve
hoipiiaN, an orphan houle, and other public buildings.
All the churches, both conventual and parochial, an;)
alfo the ch.ipels, were large ; they were hiiilt p:!it!y cf
llone, and adoriud wirh paiirings an I other dccorati;^;;!
of great value, particui.irly th.; catlicdrul and the church-, s
of tlie J fuits, the fathers of iMtrcy, St. Dominic, St.
Francis, and that of St. Augiftinc, w.rc (o fplLiuiid as to
fu;pjfs del'cription. I'he i.ches and pomp of the citv,
efpecially on lolemn fclliwil , were adoinfliin,;. The
altiis, lroii the very bales to the borders of the p.iintin.;s,
were covered witli mafi'y filvcr wrought in:o various or-
namin'.s. 'I'he wails of the churct-.cs v.'cre hung y. iih
velvet, or tapeftry of eq-ial value, adorned with gid.l uiid
lib-er fringes, all which in thi, country are remarkably
dear, and on thefe were fufpend^d pieces of pl.ite in va-
rious tig ires. If the eye was directed from the pillar-,,
walls, and ceiling to the Igwe'r part of thccliurih, ic
was eiiuillv daz-/,led with ylitte'ring object , among which
were canlK-tlicKS ot mafi'y filver, fix or levcn I'ect hi:;h,
placed in t.vo rows aleiig the n..vc of the church, crr,-
bolied tahl.-s of the fame metal, and inth.- intervals be-
tw-en tliem pedeftals, on which flood ll.itjes of an jcIs.
Such iniiiienf'e riches were beltowcd on the bi.dy of the
church ; but thole immediately ufed in Jivin; woifliip,
as llie facred vellels, the chalices, ofl-nforiums, &c.
weie iruch moie valuable, hnce an cmulati m between
the feviial church-.-s fu'.'fillcd, each endeavcuiring to pro-
cure the molt valuable. In thule the jold was c nered
with ciimoiuK, pearls, rubies, and lapphiies, fo as to
d iz-ile the eyes of the fpecl.'.tors. Tlie gold and filver
ilult's, fringes, la-res, 'ic. lor \cilinenis and other dc-
cor.-.iioiis were always the richclt and moll valuable of
rliol'c br'j'.ij,ht over by the t-eg'lljr fliip^, an.l every thing
empKiyed in ornamenting the chute hca was the richclt
.4 the kind po;lible to be procured.
I'hc principal convents were veiy large, with convc-
n-entand many apirtnicnts. The roofs ot many of the
churehes were arched; the froiuilpieces and principal
ga'cs had a majeftic appearance, and the cclamns, friezes,
Itatue-, and cornices were of wood finely carved, and
no: to be diltiivmiilhcd from llonc. The churches were
lecoraied with fir.all cupolas ; the lowers were of (lone
irum the found.tion to the height of about eight or ten
ice', and from thence to the roof of brick; but the re-
in -iiv.ier ot wo'd, painted of a free Hone colour, termi-
nating in a llat'.ie of the faint to which the church w.is
dedicated, .md thefe were hung with very tunable bells.
'Fhiis fplendid was the city of Lima before the l.dl
dieadlul eartluiuike, in which everv building was levelled
with ihe ^round ; andho.v far they have recovered from
that dicadful c.damuy it is impolTible t.j determine, fincc
the authors who have bell dcfcriued th.it country wrote at
the time of its delltuetion, and no later pen has given us
any account how far they have lecuvcreJ their former
Iplen.lor.
The uniieifity made a flately appearance, and hid a
large fiju.ire, encompalled by a handfnme pi.i/.?,!. There
the genius of tb.e p^-ople is cultivated in that fpccics of
duine and human knowledge in repute in Old Spain.
The Ariflotelian and old fchool philufii|)hy Hill maintain
their ground ; (o that the inhabitants are much more in-
debted to the kind gii'ts ot nature for any extraordin.ity
exertions of geniu^, than to culture and education ;
aiul their little progrefs in ulclul leainin^ appears to be
tiwiiig rather to the w.un of proper inlliuition ^.m ot
talents.
The viceroy of Linn iifually rcfides in that city ; hi-s
government is triennial ; he ctij'ws all the pomp and
pre-
-I!
7^4
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
Lima;
'i( ■ il
'I if
priio;;uives of roy;ihv, n;Hl is abfolute in all aftairs,
wiuti'.cr im'.ii.iry, civil, trimiiul, or relating to the re-
VLiiiic. L'nikr him arc ofltccrs and tribunals for cxecut-
in ; the R'ver.ii dc'|urtmcnl3 of gcivcmment, and he tills
llp^lll v.tcaiu piilh. For the fecurity of his perfon he-
has a body of guirds of a hundred and fixty horle, under
tho coiiimanil of acapt.iiii and lieutenant, all in a blue
tiiiilorni nclily l.ic.-d with tilver: a body of fifty halber-
diers who do duty in the looms leadint^to the royal au-
dience-chamber, who have wailkoats of erimfon velvet,
with a broad 5'old lace : befide' ihefe, there is another
guard within the palace, coiifiltini; ot a detachment from
the L'arrilon at Callao. All thiic arc occalionally cm-
ploved in cxecuiiiii; the viceroy's orders, and enforcing
the decrees of the tribunals, after their having received
his allent. 'The vicerov, befides aflilling at the courts
of juilico, and the couiuils relating to the finances and
war, eivcs daily audience to all ranks of people; lor
whieirpurpnle the palaee is fuii'ilhed with three very
grand and fpacimis rooms; in the full of which he re-
ceives deputaiions from the Indians and different calls ;
in tiie lecond he tiives audience to the Spaniards ; and in
the third receives all thole ladies who dcdre a private
aulien.c.
The vicc.-oy has an annual falary of feven thoufand one
hundred and lixiy-fevcn pounds Itcrling, befides his law-
ful perquilites, which amount to three times that funi. It
is l.iid that he can rails a hundred and twenty thoufand
hone and foot within his jurifdiilion ; but it is acknow-
leii'jed th.it he cannot arm a fifth part of the number.
The g.'rrilbn of Lima is conipoled of militia, fourteen
companies of which entirely confilf of Spanifii infantry,
ll'vui conipanitsof the corporation of (.ommcrce, eight
cnmpanies of Indians, and lix cnmpanies of mulattocs,
witii ten troops of Spandh horfe, all forming a body of
forty thoufand able bodied but ill-difciplincd troops.
'I he forms of govcrnnicnt are conducted with the
createlt rcfrularity^ and while eveiy thing appears to
be managed with the moll Rrupiilous jutlice, it flows en-
tirely from the pleafure ol the court. The affairs relative
to the cabiiKt arc difpatched by a I'ecrctary of flute, with
an afTiltant ; an<l from this office orders arc received for
paflports, which nuift be obtained from every corregidor
within his jurifdieli^n. The fecretary, with the vice-
roy's approbation, fills all juridical employments for the
let'm (f two vears.
Cauies reratin.j to equity arc tried in the court called
Audicr.ci.!, from t>,e decrees of which there is no appeal to
the council of the Indies except in cafes of the molt
notorious iniudicc. This tribunal, which is the fuprcme
court at Lim'a, is compofed of eight auditors, and a fifcal
for civil affairs. It is held in the viceroy's palace, in
three diHercnt faloons, the deliberations being held in
one, and the caufes tried cither publickly or privately in
ihe two others.
The next is s chamber of accomptt, which confills of
a commifTioner, five chief accominar.ts, and two doc-
tors, with inferior ofiiccrs belonging to each clals. Here
the correaidorsentrulled with the public revenue pafs their
accouni>r -'nd here alio the diliribution and niana^cinent
of the royal revenue arc regulated.
Withiii the palace is alfo the royal treafury, under
the directi(m of an accomptant and agent, who fuperin-
t^nd his mij liy's revenue v/ithin the jurildiition of the
auilience of Lima.
The magillracy confifts of regidors, or aldermen,
alfarez real, or flic'rifl"s, two alcaldes, or royal judg^« ; all
of whom are noblemen of the fitll dillinilion. Thefc
lip.ic the direc^liim of the police, and the ordinary adi.-.i-
iiiftration of iutlicc. The jurifdiction of the corregidor
here only extends to the Indians.
One of the moft ufeful inllitutions, when Juftly admi-
iiiHered, is the court for the effeds of dcceafed perfons,
vvhich takes charge of all the jfouds of people dying in-
teUate, and infpett^ the conduit of thole intrultcd with
the etVeilb of other perfons. It confills of a judge, a
C(-uiifellor, and an accomptant.
The next is the board of trade and commerce, com-
pofed of a piili.lent and two confuls, who prelide over
tvery thing relating to trade, decide all commercial de-
putes, and arc governed by the fame rules as the coii-
fulados at Cadiz and liilboa.
The tribunal of the inquifitinn is compofed of two in.
quifitors and a fifcal, who, like the fubordinate officers,
are notninated by the inquifilor-general, and in cifes of
a vacancy filled by the fuprcme council of the inquifition.
I'his court is only adapted to infpirc horror, and gain
univcrfal deteftation.
The inhabitants of Lima are compofed of Spaniards,
negroes, Indians, Mellizcs, and othercalisproccedingfron»
the mi:iture of all three. The Spanilh families are very
numerous ; Lima, according to the lowcil computation,
containing fixieen or eiijhteen thoufand whites. Among
thefe are reckoned a third or fourth part of the molt
dillinguiOied nobility of I'cru, in which number are in-
cluded no lefs than forty- five counts and marquifes. Th«
number of knights belonging to the feveral military or-
ders is alfo very confiderable. Befides thefc there arc
twenty four gentlemen of large eftates ; but without
titles, one of whom traces his defcent from the ancient
yncas of Peru, and to this family the kings of Spain have
been plcafed to grant f-iveral dilUnguilhed honours and
privileges.
Thofe who make the greateft figure have a multitude
cf ILvcs and other domcllics, and keep coaches; while
others are content with having a chaife, and thefe are fo
common that no family of any fuhdancc is without one.
Indeed they arc no where more necellary, tor the number-,
lels droves of mules continually palling through Lima,
cover the flreets witu their dung, which being foon
dried by the I'un and wind, turns to a naufeous dull fcarce
fupportabic to thofe who walk on foot. Thefe chaifes
which are drawn by a mule, and guided by a driver, have
oniy tvvo wheels, with two feats oppofite to each other;
fo that on occafion they will hold four perfons ; but tho*
they are very flight and airy, yet on account of the gild-
ings and other decorations, fometimes coll eight hundrcj
or a thoulaiul crovv'ns. The number of them is faid to
amount to five or fix thoufand.
Commerce is fo far from being confidcred ai) a difgrace
at Lima, that the greatell fortunes have been raifcd by
it; and thofe who have not a futficient eftate, ?ie here
defpifed, if through indolence or ncgleft they have not
recourfe to it for improving their fortunes ; for a royal
proclamation has removed all the prejudices of the Spa-
niards againft trade, by wifely declaring, that commerce
in the Indies fliould not exclude from nobility or the mi-
litary orders.
The negroes, mulattocs, and their defcendants, form
the principal part of the inhabitants, and of thefe aremort
of the mechanics ; though here the Europeans alfo follow
the ('.mc employments ; for gain being here the univerfal
paflion, the inhabitants purfue it by means of any trade,
none of which are here defpifed as at (4i'''o> "" account
of their being followed by mulattocs.
The third and laft clafs of inhabitants are the Indians
and Meftizos, who arc few in proportion to the largcncfj
of the .i' ', and the multitude of tlae fecond clafs. They
are chie.<)y employed in agriculture, in making cartheir
ware, and bringing all kinds of provifions to market j the
domeltic fervices being chiefly performed by negroes and
mulattocs.
The drefs of the men in general differs bt;t little from
that worn in Spain ; nor is there much dillimSion be-
tween the fevcial clafles ; for here every one is allowed to
wear whatever he can purchafe : fo that it is not uncom-
mon to fee a mulatto, or any other mechanic, drellcd in
a rich tilluc. They are all fond of fine cloaths ; and va-
nity and odcntation being under no reflraint, they arc ex-
tremely lavifh in this article : but the drefs of the men ia
greatly exceeded by that of the women, who in the choice
of their lacrs carry their tafte to a prodigious cxcefs} nor
is this confined to perfons of quality ; but has fprcad
through all ranks, except the lowell clafs of negroes.
Thefe laces mull be all made in Flanders, no woman of
tank condefcending to look on any other.
The drefs of the ladies confills of a pair of flioes, ftoclc-
ings, a fliift, a dimity-petticoat, an open petticoat, and a
jacket, which in fummcr is of linen, and in v inter of a
beautiful Huff. To this fume add a mantelet, that the
f'jrnicr
■•«»''
I, I MA.
A M E R I C
7<'^3
former may Ii^nj; '.-uic. 1 rom tlie uiiJcr-pctticoat, which
reaches no lo*tr th;iii the calf iil the leg, hangs a bonier
of very fine lace, tliruii;;ti wliiji the en. Is of tlic garteis
are dilcovcred,iiiiliioKltieJ with goUl or lilvcr, anil Cume-
tiiiies fet with pearls. The upper petiicoat, whieli is of
velvet, or Come rich (hilF, is fringed all rnund, an<l adurii-
di;.'iiilv in llitir eyes. Their pcrfonal rharms arc; falJ t'>
he hufjlutncj hy tiiofe of the niind ; for they have cle.ir
anil loniprilunhve intellects, an ealinels of behaviour I'j
well tiinperal, that while it invites h.ve, it commands
lefpcCt : the charms of their conveil iiion are beyond l.\-
I piedion J tlu-ir ideas juH, ar.d thiir manners ininiiclly
I [;r.ieerul. liut they are Id Lxcelli/ely lund of perfume--,
llecvcs, which are a yard and a hall in length, and two i that they alwavs c.irry ambi: j,rile ali mt them ; and not
content with the natural liajiancy of llowers, of which
they aro alio e.vtrenuly fond, they fealtrr p^rl'imus eviii
on their iioleuavs. 'I'he moll be.iiuitui i^l^^l■:^ ibey pl.He
cd all over wiih Iriiij
lae
or enibroid
ery.
The flnlt
in width, when worn for ornament, are cov.red with lace
in luch a manner as to render the whole tru!y elegant.
Over the fhdi lo worn the jacket, the fleeves of which
are cxceflively large, of a circular tigure, and conhll ol
rows of lace, or llips of cambric with lace dil'pofed be-
tween each. Ihe body of the jacket is tied on the
fliiiuldcrs with ribbons la'.tened to tlie back of the llavs
and its round fleeves, being tucked up to the flioulders
form, with thole of the fhift, what may be termed lour
\vin"«. If the jacket he iv<t butoned or elaljed before,
it is faflencd on their ihouldirs. In lunimer tl'.ey have a
kind of veil of ihe firell cimbiic or lawn, richly laced i
but in winter the veil worn in their lumfes is lA bai/.e,
which, when they go ..broad lull drelild, is adorned like
the fieeves. Over the p. tticoat ia an apron of the l.imc
in iheir hair, and oth/rs which are molt valuable lor tin if
odour, ihev (lick in their fleeves. Hence the ciliuvia id'u-
ing from tiiele ladies, it may be ealily imagined, leach to
no inci.nn.ieiable dillanee.
Trie lower cl.ll^ of women, even to the very npgroc,
endeavour, accordini; to iheir .ihiliiie.-;, to imitate thcir fu-
peiiors, not only in the lafhion ol the dref-, but in its
ricliiiefs. Tlielriimn Is always llarched to a great do-
giec, in onlir to dilplay thecol'.lv patterns of their lacesj
and thev '.live themlelves the pain of pinching up their
feet in little (lioes, in order to imitate the laiins in the
fmallnefs of their feet. Their next care, which is in-
nage iliift alone fieijumtly colls a ihoufand crowns, ami
fumctimes moic.
riie women value thcmfelvcs extremely on the fizc of
thcir feet, a finall foot bing elleemed one of their chief
beauties ; and thcicloie fiom their infancy thev are ac-
cuttomcd to wear llraight (lioes, ihat their feet may not
beluftireJ to grow beyond their proper I'l/.e : Ionic of
them do not e.\cced live laches and a half, or [',\ inches
Hurt' as the fleeves of the jacket, hanjiing down to the boi- | deed mecii mo'C commendable, is cleanliml's, which is
torn of it. In Hioit, fo expenfac are they, that the mar- j Wen in the unccmmon neatncfs of tlv. ir lioui'es.
I'hcv are naturally gay, I'prightly, and jocofe, witl'.cit
levity ; remarkably f'ond of m;ii'ic ; fu that even among
the lowefl you are ent' rtained with agreeable longs ; for
they have in general (rood voices. Ttiey are very fond of
balls, where they diflinguilh iheuifelves by the graccful-
iiefs and agility of their motions.
The manners and dilpofitions of the nobility corrcfpond
with their rank and fortune; they are extremely courteous
in length. Their Ihies have liulc or no fole, one piece I to (Irangers, who are charmed wiih their probity, their
ferviiig both for that and the upper leather, and aie of an i politencis, candour and magnificence. Though the nr.-
cqual breadth and roiindiiffs at the toe and heel, fo as to \ lives of an i;iferi"t rank have too great a fliare of pride,
form a long fig' .of eigb.t ; but tb.e foot not comtilying | they do not want docility ; they inllantly ftew their rc-
with this figure, brings It to a more natural fliape. Thefe ] luctance to a command given with haughtinefs ; but
(hoes arc always faflencd with diamond buckles, or fome- when deliveted with mildnefs and aflability, are equally
tiling very brilliai t in proportion to the ability of the j obfcqiious and fubmiflivc. 'I'hcy arc charmed with gni-
wcarer ; but thefe are worn kfs fur ui'e than tor orna- tlenefs of manners, and a few inllancis of kindnel's mal-.c
mem i for tin y are made in fiich a manner, that they , a lafling inipreflion on their minds; but the mulatto'.; ,
never luolen of themlelves, nor do the buckles prevent ; being h.k civili/.ed, are haughty, tuibu'ent, and ([uarrcU
their bc;n:- taken ott'. They are alio fond of white filk fome.
ey
llocking'.;, •.'.h:ch are made e.\tremely thin, the better to
Ihi'w the dupe of the leg, the greatcft part of which is
t.xpofed to v'.L.v.
The reader will conn ive a flill higher idea of their
magnificence, when he is informed of the ornamc'its wi;h
which they a.e adorned in thcir vilits, and upon public
occafions. Their hair, which is naturally black, and ca-
pable of reaching below the waill, they difpofe in a very
giaccful manner. They tie it up behind in fix braided
1 he difteinpcrs moft common at Lima, arc malignanf,
intermitting, and catarrhoiis fevers, pleuiilies, conllipa-
tions, and convuUions. '1 hefe lad are divided into two
kinds, common or partial, and malignant. They both
come when nature is llruggling in the crifis of fome acute
dillempcr; but thofc jfflided with the former often recover,
tho' the greater pait die on the third or fourth day; while
thofe who have tlic misfortune of being attacked by the
latter, fink under it in two or three days. Doth are attended
Jo.ks, through which is inferted a gold bodkin, a little | with infupportable pains ; fo that the groaning patient
bent, with a duller of diamoiuLs at each end, and on this
the locks are fufpcnded, fo as iiill to touch the fhoulders. j
Cin the front and upper-part of the head, they wear dia-
mond egrets, and the hair is funned into little curls hang-
ing from the fore-head to the middle of the ear, wr.h a
large black patch of velvet on each te;np!e. Tncir ear-
lings are of brilliants, intermixed with tufts of black hit
covered with pearls ; and bcfides their necklaces, they
alio wear about their neck rofaries, the beads of which
arc of pearls, either fcparate or fet in clufters, to the fize
of a large filbert.
ISefidcs their diamond rings necklaces, gir.llcs, and
tiracelets, all very cuiinus, boili with regard to water and
t"i/,e, many ladies wear a round jewel enriched wi;h dia-
monds fufpended from their girdle, and much more fu-
pcrb than their other ornaments. In fliort, a lady thus
covered with lace, inllcad of linen, and glittering from
head to foot with jewels, is fuppofe.i to be drcfl'ed at the
cxpcnce of no lei's than thirty or (.niy ihoufand crowns j
yel the fmall value they lee. a to fet upon them, by wear-
in , them in the moft carelets n.anner upon all occafions,
i.; really furpiifing, fince by tlos nuaiij ihey bring upon
themlelves trefli expences in ri pairing the old or pui-
chafing new jewels, efpeciaily pearls, which ate liable to
be damaged.
The women of Lima arc ccncrally of .i middling (la-
turc, h.indl'omc, gcntcd, and liavt a rcT.aikableluihi and
IC7
cannot be moved without inconceivable tortures, even
ficm one fide to the other. The throat is fo cont: •■ fled,
that nothing can be conveyed inio the (lomach The
j.iws are alio Cometimcs fo clofi ly fliut that it is ir. fTible
to open them. Thus the mil'crable patient lie- ihout
motion, and torture.l in every part of his bo> The
maliynant or arched fpafm is even in tl c Hrft il.i :^ fo vio-
lent as to caufe a contraction of the nerves of the vcrte-
br.T, from the biain downwards, which with all the
mtilcles become more and more contlricled all over the
body, till it is drawn backward in the form of an arch,
and all the joints ddlocated.
The women of Luna are fubjec'^ to a cancer in the
matiix, which is extremely painlul, very contagious, and
aln.oft incurable. Slow and heiflic fevers alio greatly
prevail here, and the vinercal dileal'e is as common as in
any other part of Spanilli America, few being entirely fiee
troiii it.
We fliall now confider the commerce of Lima, which
is the general emporium of trade of every kind, the cen-
ter of the products and rnanufaduris of other provinces,
together with thofe of Luropc imported by the galleons,
and the llajilc ol the whole kingdom. All the wealth of
the foulhern provinces pours intw this capital, and is dif-
chargid into the fleet, which fails with tlie galleons from
Callao to I'anama. At th' luad of this commerce is the
tribunal di 1 Confulado, alieady defcribcd, which appoints
(} H com-
•}\
I
^ ,! 4:
II '< !
! !',
>!<'
jM ,
1 1 ? !•
vt:: i
i >
.•i W
A SYSTEM OF G !•: U G K A i' H Y.
)(,6
commid'.irics to rcTulo iii tlif other cities of its ili'penJcncc
iiil (IV. r IVrii. VVIiPii comrroilities arrive at Liin.i, the
iiKi\h. lilts remit to thiir ii)rrti'|ioii!!eiils fiith gonJs ;is
hiiVL- hcvii h^-'Cpoko, rcferviiiir the relt in warj-hdiiKs ''>
dilpole ot' oil their own aidnmt to tlic ti.iilcr4 who thru
rclort to [,ima. Tlie pro.luec ot' the l.ile:; in the inteiior
coiiiiiiy ib Cent to Lima in h.ir., ol' filver, and a liinj iC
ani.il^iitia of nierctirv anil fiver iliiH, which is coiiieJ in
the mint of this city. 'I'lic lemitt.inccs fcnt to Linn
ilaiini; the interval between the flotillas, are cxpciulcil in
the maiuir.i^lurci of the country, {.'rcat i|iiantitics of which
tome fiom the province of ()^iito, ami the tonfiiniptinn 'v-
very large ; they bein^ worn hy all the lower clals <>t
ncople, who cannot aft'orJ to pinch.ife Knropcan Hiill^.
Liin.i h, IS alio its particular trade with the kingdoms toth
ol Noith and S[)u;h America. I he moll confulcrahle
tr-mmoditv imjuri.il fiom ihe former is fiiul}', brou;^ht
lidm ihe ll.iv.iniia to Mexico, fio.ii thence tr.mfpnrted to
Lima, and ditt'ulul hv the meichiMiis of this city all over
tiic province of Peru. Thole who ileal in this nur-
Lhaiidi/,c never cniragc in any fith^r hranch of commerce,
cxctpt in the f.dc of pcrfiimis, porcci lin, amberirrile, and
iiiulk. From New Spain, Lima receives t.ir, najjtl'.a, i;;-
di;;o, and iron j fiom Tirra Kirnia is imported Uaf to-
b.iccc, which is greatly iifed hy pnttin;; a I'mall roll in the
mouth called a linipian, hoth'by the"i>cntlemcn and la-
die.-, iis well a by the vulgar ; fiom Terra Kirma are alfo
inijorte.l pearls, and a tew oth.r articles. The timber
iiud in buildiiij; hoiifes, fliips, and hoit«, is brought from
(jii.u.iiHiil, to_;eih('r with cacao. 'I'he cojils of N.dca
i'.n 1 I'lfc.) lliid to Lu','..i railins, olives, wine, brandy, and
cii ; and tiie kingdom of Chili flour, wl-.cat, dried fiuit.s,
uiiie, j.irJ, le.ithcr, cordage, and I'onic j;old. Cojipcr
.ta,! tin aie brought irom Cnijuimbo ; and from the niuun-
taiiis oi" Caxanuica ai.d Chacap.'^va?, are brought a fort
i;l canvas made of cotton fur fails, he. Lroiii the fouthern
provinces are fcnt Vicuna wool fur making hats, and
loiiie (hiits of a peculiar linenefs J and laftly Irom Para
guay IS lent the herb called by that name, of which there
is an anijzing confumptirn.
'I'lius this city is the cmporiain to which people rcfort
ftuni all ((uarters, and trade is in a conftant ciiculalion.
'I'lie inhabitants of Lima arc even faid to have a natural
(lilpofiiivUi for Commerce, and the city may be confulcred
£s an a,adeiny to which great numbers rcfort to perfect
tliemkhcs in the various arts of tr'de, 'I'hey penetrate
into the deligns of the feller, and artluily draw the pur-
thufcr into iliiir own ^i•.•w^. They have betides a re-
inaik.iHc talent of pcrfuafion, at the (.imi; time th;it they
aie inc.ipable of being pctfuaded. They aft'tjt to flii>ht
uliat tluy are moll defirous of purchafinu, and by that
ineuii) f.a-quently make vcryadvantagcous bargains, which
none c in obtain from them. However, notwilhflandliifj
thele mean fincHls in buying and felling, for which they
are jiaiiicularly diftinguilhed, .'lone are lujre ouiiihial in
ii.ilorniing their coiitiail;.
s i: C T. VIIL
Of in; :t'ur prir.iitm'. Tmou in tl-c Jii.lit-ihe sf Lima, tmmr!y,
Cj'U), u'nixilh, (Ju^mri'r:!, CuJio,aiid /Ittquita.
("^ .XL r, A() is the port of I,ima, from which it ii- five
^ niiits diltaiue, anJ extends alont; the fca-coalt on a
loAf tlat pi. lilt of 1.11)1. 'I'll'.- SpamauL have no harbour
ci|ual to this in the tjouth-fea, tor beauty, fecunty, ami
toiucniencc; tor the largcit velR-'s irriiy lie with pcrfeift
fafctv in the road, tiic water be.ing extremely deep, ami
th? port ill ItrreJ iin the winds hyihe iflaiiJ of St. Lau-
usice, which alfo Uicaki the ('urges rolling Irom lh<: foutii-
(velK The.lown Irom clie lea ni.ikes a tolerable figure, it
I'.aving, I'everal |)ublic cdiiiccs j and bclides the chiiithes
there; are live monalKrie>:, thou.'.h according to fome an
ihor.i the inhaoitants do not exceed four or five hundred.
The govcrniiicni: h.is cxpcndd large (unis of moii' y in
givin:' th.s important harbour all the advantages ol
iircuL'th that it vnas thoujht art could b:l>ow. Ijence
ihiit tov/n i. tonfidercd in ^Sp.iin a:, alnioff iniprcgn.iblf,
ihou.'h in I 1^1 both the garril'oii and fortili.ations are u-ry
inconf.Jei'.ible. 'Ihe lattc conli!'.cJ ol an iiicl jI'uic on the
l.i:
land lide, fl.inkc.l by tm h.lli' ;s and letcr.i. rclans rnd
I'l.iin b.iltions on the eilge of tlie I'ea, with four llroiig leu
tciics to tonniian,! the port and road ; b.it theie beiiii' ni
a ni.mner demclilhed in the lalt gie it earth(iuake, hive
never lince been ttioiou'.',hlv re|).;ir,d, the moiiry appr.i
priated by the govt rnnu nt having been txpi iided inoLlu'.
pii''po.''e,i, more agreeable to the i ie( lov of IVru. It ij
.illo icp.ittcd, that his Catholic mielly is annually char?,
cd vMili large funis for the g.iiiilon, loiiilie.nlons, and the
men of \yar luppoled to lie in the haibour ; )et Inch is tl-.j
integrity of the royal ollicis there, that the fvMiers ;-.;i;
h.iidly lulficient to nunint guard ; the walls are in ni:,i:\
places in I iiiiis, and the lliips couki not be fitted fur fc: lii
the fp.ice of Icvcral months.
A judgment ni.iy be formed of the importance of this
haibuur lioiii what has been faid of tb.e rommcice ol
Lima chii .'U ciiriicd on by this chaniul. 'I'wo (lotib : i,.
nually f.iil lioni hence, one hir Arica, the otiier from I'a
nama ; the former about the dole of l''ebruary, which
having itcciyed the fiUer lent from IVtofi, returns in
.March. In the beginning of May the flota fads from
Panama with all the treafures of Potufi, the we.l.h of
Chill brought by the Valparaifo fleet, and the roy.il reye-
nuisand merchandize brought from the molt dilt.uit pins
of Peru and Los Ch.'.rcas. Uefides thefe fleets there an-
nually fail from hence two {hips from Acapiiico, freighted
wiili geld and filver, and the commodities they bring back
are lodged in the magazines here, and retailed to all the
fouthern [irovincesof America.
I his town and the city of Lima arc the principal places
ill the archb;(hopric of that name. 'I'he audience ui
Lima is alio divided into four bilhoprics, Truxillo, Gja«
inaiig.i, Cuico, anil Arequipa.
'1 he diocefe of Truxillo li s to the noith of the arciiie-
pifcopal diocefe of Lima, anl, like all the others, is di-
vided into fcvcral jurifdiiflions. ^
The city of Truxillo is fcated in the eigliili degree lix \:
minutes three fcconds, fouth latitude, in a plcufant litua-
tion, though in a fandy foil. It is lurrouiuled by a brick
will i and its circuit 'mitlcs it to b; clafi'ed among the
cities of the third order: it is fituated ahiu;t half a Icilmic
from the fea ; and fix miles to the norihward of it is i.'ie
port of Criianchaco, the cliaiiiiel cf i'.. nian'time com.
mere?. The hou'e--, which are moftly built of biick,
nuke a handfomc appearance, they being adorned with
(lately porticos a.id b.ilconiis ; but are low on account of
the ficquent tatliiiuakes, lew h -.viog fo much as o;;e
(lory. It is the refidencc of a billiop, who has a cb.ip-
ter, confifllng; of a dean, an arch-deacon, a clianlcr, four
canon?, and two prebendaries. Here is .dl'o an office of
reyriuie with convents of ("evcral ciders, a coll.'ge ui
Jefuits ail hr.fpital of the lady of Bethlehem, and ty/o
numieiics.
The inhabitants confifl of !>p."n!.irds, Indians, and all
the otiicr cads. Among the former are fiveral rich and
d;(f n guinird familie?, all in gencr.d civil, frieiKlly, and
regular in ihcir cnndiiiSf. The v.ome'i in their drel's and
lultonis r.dlow nearly thofe of Lima. A i-nat niinibcr ol
chail'cb aie f.'cn here; for as the fandy foil renders walk-
ing very tio.iblefumc, there are few families of .iiiv tieJit
without one.
The valley in whiih Truxillo is featcd Is cytrcmcly
fruitful, abounding with fugar-cancs, maiz,e, fiuit, and
plants proper for the kitchen, with vine y.irds and olive-
yards. The parts of the country nearefi ih'j mountain'-
produte wheat, barley, and other grain, wluncc the in-
habitants not only enjoy ]ilcnty of all kinds of prov ilioiis,
but export confiderable ijuantitics, cl))ecially of wheat
and fjg.ir to Panama. 'I'hi. rem.iik^ble fertility has been
improved f) as to i.nbcllifh the country. The city is
furrouiid.d by Cevetal groves .uid delightlul wa'ks of trees;
the gardens are al('o well cultiiatcd, and iii.'.kc a bciutiful
appe.ir.incc.
The iitv of (iiiaman;;a, the capital of the rc-"nl
diocefe, in the audience ol Lima, is lituated mi i!'..-,ie-
clivity of fume mountal:is not irmatkable for th''ii iitioht,
which cxtendirg foiithwaid inclo'e a fpacious plain to
th'-- ealfward of thj city, watered by a fmall llnam.
(5u.;nuiigi has at lead: twenty n^iblc families, who live
in the center ol tlie town in Ipicious lioufes of a coTi-
liJ.Tatlc height, bu'.'.t jiaitly of Uotic, and acca^iimodatej
with
i'f.'itj.
„J.',
I.l:....
Lima.
A M E r. I C A.
7C?
the importance of i!;;,
liJ of ll;o rommcicc ol
tiiiiiiul. Twu floiHi : n-
ric;i, llic (it'ur from I'j.
:)|i; of l''cl'ru3ry, wliiili
Vom I'otofi, returns in
il;iy the flota f.hls from
I'otofi, the wc.l.h of
icet, iinJ the roy.il reve-
3m the mod dilt.im p.uis
lib thcfe lUcis there ,m-
rom Acapiilco, freighted
moJitieb they briiiL; back
, aiiJ rttuilcd to all the
la arc the principal pl.iccj
me. 'l"he auili^-ncc ut
loprics, Truxillo, (jja>
) the noilh of thcarciiic-
]ke all the others, is ili-
in the cigluli ilcrrcc fix ('.
tiiile, ill a plcilJiit liluii-
is luiroumlcj by a brick
tob; cljfi'cj among the
jatttl about lialf a ie.iiMie
he nnrihwarj of it is ihe
:1 c:f '\'i maritime com.
mofily built of biick,
being adorned with
; are low (iii account ot
'.vio;.; fo niiicli as one
p, who lias a cha;>-
■ deacon, a rhaiuer, lour
Mere is .dfo an oflice of
oiders, a coll.'gc oi
f Bethlehem, and tv.v.
:ii.i:i!s, InJianr-, and all
:ner are fi veral rich and
i\ civil, friendly, and
mc\ in iluir drcls and
iia. A LTi-at number oi
fandy fod renders wallc-
\v families of anv cieJit
.'f.-i<.;.
th
is ft-atcd Is cxtrcmclv
nts, maize, fiuit, and
ine yards and olive-
ncared ih'; mountain',
grain, v, luncc the in-
dl kinds (if provilions,
:, eliipcially of wlie;u
k ible fertility has been
untry. The nty is
ghtlul vva'ks of trees j
d, and make a beautiful
[•.■|)ital <,f the '" r-^nj
is liluated ;; ,'. ■ ,je-
itkabk' for theii ntight,
o'e a fpacious plain to
I by a fmall (Ireani.
Ic tamilies, who live
Clous htjufcs of a ci)^-
jnc, and accu:iimodateJ
witll
with cxlenfivf i;irdcii: and ctch.iids. 'I'he cathedral i-
very fpk:idi), and its chaptr ciinlilli of a dean, an atch-
tle^cun, a chanter, two canons, and a penitenti iiy. It
has a ieminary lor the (ervice of the church, under the
title of St. Cnriltopher. Here are two parilh enuiches,
one for the Spaniards, and one for ilie liiui.ins, witn
four chapels. The city has allii an univcrlity, with pro-
fellors of philofophy, divinity, and l.iw ; and enjoys equal
privileges with that ol ijima, thiy beiii;; both loy il foun-
dations. Within the walls of tne city arc the convents
vt St. iJominic, St. I'ranei.v, the f.itlicrs of Mercy, ,St.
Aiigulline, St. Juan de Dios, a coiltge of Jeluits, ami an
holiiital of Si. i'raiicis de I'aula. 'Ilie nunneries are of
the orders ol St. Clare, the Carmelites, and a religious
lillcihood.
The large Indian fuburhs round the city aJd fjcatly
to its extent ; and the houfcs, though low, are diiilly
of Hone.
In thi.s dioceli is a rich iiuickfiKcr mine, from which
the inhabitiiitj of a ncighhouriiig town procuie their
whole fubliltence, the col Inefs ol the air in ti.at place
thcckin.; the ;;rowtli of all kinds of gr.iin and fruit i fo
that tnty are oliliged to pu'chafe thcin from their neigh-
bours. The quicKliUer mines wrought h.te fupply all
tlic lilver mines of l-'erii with that netell'ary mineral, and,
iiotwittillanding the prodigious quantities already extradl-
td, no diminuiion i. peiceived.
Cufco is tiie molt ancient city in Peru, it being of the
fame date witli the empiie of the yncas, and wa. tounded
by them as th: capital of the empire. It llan Is in a
very uneven lituation on the fides of the mountains, there
being no other near it more convenient. On a nu-untain
contiguous to the iioi th part of the city aic the ruins o( a
lamous fort built hy the yncas, from whence it appears
that their defigii was to indole tlie whole mountain with
a prodigio'us wail of lucli conltrui^lion, as to lender its
afcent abloluf.-ly niipraclicdiile to an enemy, in order tJ
prevent .ill a,)pioacn to the city. Tiiis wall was entirely
of free-llone an I lliongly built, Ibme of the Hones be-
ing ol a piodigious magnitude.
The city of Cul'co is nearly cqu il to that of [.ima.
The noith and well fides are furrounded hy tlie niount.iiu
of the Foitrefs, and on the foutb it borders on a plain in
which are le\eral beautiful walks. Moft of the houfes
are of Hone, covered with tiles of a lively red, that gives
the lioules an elet^ant appearance, 'i'he apartments arc
very fpacious, and as the inhabitants aie famous for their
elegant talle, they are lin.ly decoraied, the mouldings
of all the doors being gilt, and the other ornaments and
lurnilure very fplendid.
The cathedral nearly refembles tlut of Lima, though
it is much fmaller ; it is built entirely of itone, and the
nrchitecture io even thought to exceed it. Here are alio
light other pariilics, witti a convent of Dominicans, the
principal walls of which were f.jrmetly tliofe of tlu tem-
l)lc of the Sun, and the high altar Hands in the very place
where was once an image of gold of that imaginary
deity. There is alio a convent ot I'rancilcans, which is
the head of that order in this piovince. 'i'he convents
of St. AugiiHiiic and the fathers ot Mercy arc likcwife
the principal of their refpce^ive orders. The Jefuits have
alli>acollege here. The convent of St. Juan de Dios,
and that of the IJethlcheinites, which aieboth very large,
contain hofpitals for the lick ; the latter is particularly
appropriated to the Indians, who are ufed therewith gieat
care and tenderncfs.
The government of the city confiHs of a corrcgidor
placed at the head of the inagitlrates, who arc the chief
nobility ; and out of thcfe are annually chol'en two ordi-
nary alcaldes.
Here arc throe colleges: in the fuR^ called St. Anthony,
is a-feminary ioi' the llrvice of the eathedial, in which
are taught Latin, the fcicncc;, and divinity: the fecond
IS under the dircii^ion of the Jefuits, who inllrudt: youths
of fortune: the tliiid, called St. Krancis de i'orja, be-
longs alfo to the Jefuits, and is founded tor the ediica-
ii< <\ of the Ions of Indian princes. The two former
confer all degrees below that of doitor, and have been
ercflcd into univcrfitics, Here Is alio a court of iii-iui-
lition, and another of the croifadc,
In this bifliopric arc fccr.i! n.!nc5 of gold and I'llvcr,
that arc Citieiiiely rich.
I'he fourth dioccfeed the audience of Lima isArcqiiipa,
whieh cont.iins the city ot the fame iianic, one ol tin;
largell in all I'eru. It is deli ditluMy feaied in a pLin j
the houfes arc well built of lloiic, and' are gciicially Icdiy,
coinmodioiis, tiiielv decoi.ited on l!ie outl^'r, :inil neatly
lurniflied within. The temperatuie of the air is extreme-
ly agreeable, the C( Id bein:; never cxecflive, nor the heat
trouuleleime ; f.) lint the field-- arealw.us tloathed wall
verdure, and eninullcd with flivvers a. in a peipctual
fpring. The inhabitants enjoy an c.Ncmption fr -m m iny
dileal'es common in mis part of Anv-rica, whieh is fup-
liolld to be in a ;^re.it meafure owing to their cate in
kecpin ; the Hrc'ts cle:ui, by mcKlis of canal, which ex-
tend to a river ih.it runs near the ciiy, and by whieli all
its filth is I'wept ;iwav. Hut thcfe adv:inia;;?s arc all.iycd
by its being frcquentlv expofcd lo dreadful eartlu|u:i:-. s :
for by thele convullioiis of nature it has been four tim'.a
laid in ruiin. The city \i, however, ve;y populous.
its inhabitants arc many noble lami
and a;
grcatnumberofthc.il have lutled" here en accjiiiit i.i
t;ie goodiiefs of th • air, the fertilii}' of the fo I, and thv:
conveiiientc of coniTirceat the port of Aran'.e, at tivuity
leagues diltjiice. Tii;chap'er, bv fides the b;!hop, con-
fills of a dean, an archdeacon, a ch.intcr, a reetor, ar.d
treafurer, three caiian";, an.l two prebendaries : behiea
the facrilly, whieh is fcrved by two piieils for tr.e Spa-
iiKirds, the parifh ofS.iiit;i Mar. ha is appropriated to tliu
Indian inhjbitaiits. Here are two Krane I'cn convciit- ,
oneof JJominicans, anoth r of Aui^uilines, a monalle.y
of the fathers of Metcy, a college of Jeluits, and a con-
\eii! and hofpital of St. Juan de Dios, with tiir^e nun-
neries, and a Ieminary lor the feiviec of the eathedial.
The civil, political, and militaiy govcrmntnt of the city
ij executed by a corregidor, who is jdiceil at ;h; hc.'ul oi
t!ie regidorcs, from whom are annuallv chofen two ordi-
nary alcaldes. Here is likewile an oflice of the revenue
under the dircclion of a treafurer and accomptaiu, witlj
coinmiiraiies of the inquifition and croifades.
In thii bifh ipric are fcveral gold and filver mines, and
in foine parts are large vineyards, from «hu:h confider-
able quantities of wine and b.-andy are made. Among
the other proJuilions is Guinea pepper, in v^'hich theju-
rifdielinn d" Aricain this dioccfe carries on a very advan-
tageous trade, the annual produce of thefe plantation-i
bringing in no Icfs ih;iii fixty thoufand dollars per an-
num. The pods of this pepp'.r are about a quarter of a
yard in length, and when gathered are dried in the fun
and packed up in bags of nilhes, each bag containing an
aroba, or a cjuartcrof a hundred weight, and thus they
are exported to all parts. Oiher places of this jurifdic-
tion are famous for vaH quantities of large and excellent
olives, f:ir exceeding the tincH produced in Europe, they
being neatly as big as a hen'; eag.
SECT. IX.
0/"i/V Auiiieiice of Los Ch.\RCAs, or La Pl.\ta.
Ili Silunii'.n, Extent, nrJ Cliniat:. ^ p^rticuhv Aaoimt of
the famous MmnlMn cf Potjfi, and of the Lumps cf Silver
fuund VI the Provinee of Carangas : utih a Defcrtptioii ot'
the Cit)- cf PUita.
THE audience of Charcas, the laft divifion of Peru,
is equal in extuit to that of Lima; but many of
its parts are not fo well inhabited, fome being full of
vaH defarts and impenetrable forefts, while others have
extcnfive |)lains intercepted by the Hupendous height of
the Cordilleras j fo that it is inhabited only in thofe parts
that arc free from thofe inconvcniencics. it is bounded
on the north by the dioccfe of Cufco, and reaches fouth-
ward to IJuenos Ayrcs ; on the cartward it extends to
Bral'il j and on the weUward reaches to the South fea,
particularly at Atacama. 'I'he remainder of the province
borders on the kingdom of Chili.
'I'he climate of this country is various ; on the fhore it
is cxcelTive hot, and the inland parts of the country are
in fome places extremely cold: the foil is, however, gc-
jicrallv
•■; n .s
A S Y S T r. M O i- C. I. O G U A I' II V
Pr
ATA.
m
m
ncrally rniiiful in llic ciihlvntcd paitr, |i;i:ticiil.uly in the
v.illexs I'^tuctn iIk' miMint.iin.", wlurc it is w.itcrcd by
ini'rjj livers. \\ itli ]\i(K'ono its pioJiice, it is chi'.lly
lamous for iis gnlJ arul ril\ir.
I'liis ;iiuliiiicc ol Charc.is is iliviJeJ into tlicarili-
I'ifiiopiic oC l'l..:ii^ and five liilhoiuicks. \Vc (hall be-
gin v.ith tlic fuidici-,
'I hi- fanuiiis nioiinlain <if I'Dtcfi is known nil over thi:
rninivi(r\-i.il world lor tlic iinn'.cnt'e qiiaiiiiry ot (iUer it
has prmlucrd. 'I'he dilcuvcry I'f this ;\iiij/in;.; trcature
hniiiieni.d in tlie year 1545, by a roniiitoii:. aeculcnt. An
Ir.iinn, hy funu calleJ Ilu.nl(i.i, and bv others (lualca,
pinruiii".; Ii.mc wild goals ii|) ili s niuumain, and coming
to a Vf ry llccp-part, laid hidd vi a fliri;'.) in crJer to climb
it Willi gr'.atrr relcrity j bnt the Ihrub bcin^ unable to
fiinpoit bis weight, came up by the roots ''"d dilcover-
i"l a iiial^. ol' (in.- (iKer ; and at the lame tiine he louiul
fonie lum|i» of (he lame nutal anion.; the clods that ad-
hered to the n (lis. 'I his liulian, who lived at I'orco,
hall dhome wiih tlv. fe liill-iViiits ot' hii ililcovery, waftu'd
llu' (liver, and niadi iil'j ot it, repairing wbui his ilock
yvas near exhaufted tohis pcrpittial lund. At length an
ir.tlnute friend of his, named Ciuanca, obferving the
happy chan.;e in his circumllanc-s, longed to know the
caiile, <nd repeated his (]i:Lllions with fuh carnellnels,
ihat Giiali a ixvealed the llciet to him. I'or Ibme time
they retired in concert to the tiionntain for Infli fupplics
el lilvir, till Gua.'ca refiifm!; to difeover his method cf
piiriiMn^ ihe metal, Cjiiane.'i revealed the v.lu le lectct to
his n afier Villairoel, a tijviniaid, who alfo lived at I'oico;
and < n this information went, in April IJ45, to view
this lor!i;n„to bieach in the mountain, anJ llie mine was
inll.'.mlv worked w.th immenfc advantr^e.
Tile liiitmine was called the DilVoverer, from its dif-
ci)Vir;n.;, otliei foiirccs of riches, inclofid in ti'e bowels
o; tl.ia iiioiintain J for in a few days another was lound
equally rich, and called the 'I'm Mine : fuicc that ano-
tl'.er has been dil'covcred, and diliin^uidud by the name
ufli::a, or rich, it liiip.ifliiig all ihe rtlt. It was a:ter-
warJs fucceeded by one named the Mendicta. Thel'e are
tlie principal mines ot l'ot(il'ii but there aie leveral fmalier
cr(ini;ig the inoimiain on all llde;.
On .1 report ofthcl'e important difcovv rics people from all
p.iits r^pancd to I'otofi, particularly from the eiiy of I'lata,
wiiieli i^ fituatcd about I'eventy-fne miles from the moun-
tain ; (■) that at prcRnt the town of I'iitol'i is near (!x
ii.ilrs in circuit, and inh ibileil by many nob c families,
p.'it'- ulaily thole lonceiiud in the mines. Though the
air ( f ti.c niouiit,;in is fo extremely cold, as to reniler the
.ijjjcer.t country rcmaikably bairen,it producing neither
loin, i'luit, nor heibs; yet the town is fj pkiuifully
(■•ipplitil as to enjov an abundance of every kind, and
the trade for provifions is greater here than in any other
place except Lima. Some provinces lend the bell of
their c^rn and fruit, othus their catilc, others their ma-
•ij a^iu:e;,and tnol'e who tr.ide in European goods rcl'nrt
to Tot. ,11 1.1 to a market, where there is a great demand,
and no '.v..nt of filver to give in exhange. A Sp'inilh
aath.:r declares, from very food authority, that before
the year ibj^H it appeared by the public accounts, that
il.i produce of the filvcr amounted to three hundred
nincy five millions fix hundred an 1 nineteen thouland
dolhi's ; which, in ninety three years, the time it had
then been dif^overed, amounted to forty-one nii'lioiis two
j-.iindred fifiv five thouland and fur;y-three dollars per
ai num. Hence an idea may be formed ot the valt trade
which has for many years been cariied on in this town,
and i] Itill likely to continue for a long time, its whole
trade confift'iig in the filvcr extracted from this nioun-
t.iin ; and though fome diminution has been perceived
ill its produce, it is itill very confidcr.dile.
At a fniall dillancc from i'otofi are the hot medicinal
hatbs, called Don Diego, whither fome lefort for health,
an 1 others for diverfion.
In the province of C.;rangas, which is remarkably cold,
is a 'reat number of liUer mines, conllanily worked; a-
riorr; which one called Turco is very reiuaikable for a
l.,it of oie termed by miners maehacado, the fibres ol
thefilvcr firming anadmiiable intrrtixtiire with the lluius
in which iluy arc icniaincd. Mii.iS of this kind I'le
gem rally the r'.chelt. Brliilej tlicfe tlietc nic other) in
ihis iunldit'tion ; lor in the haitcn lamly del.itts extend.
in; towards the coalt ol the Smiih (ea arc lound, by
digging in the land, dei.ii lied lumps of lilver unmixed
w ith ail) ore or Itone, but what .-"dlierii to loinc parts ot
the metal. The lumps aie called pajias, fioiii then being
t.iken out of the giound in the lame manru-r as that roo .
I 111 le lumps ol liKei aie of a dilfcrent cnmpolltion Irorn
thole I'ouiiil ill tlie mines, having all the appearance of
melted filvcf. In them the lilver I.>riii3 a inafs, and th?
lurlace is covered over with black leriene pjilicles, tli;t
liave all the niaiki of caleinatiun ; but l\w or none of
them arc niixcil with the lilver. The fixe and figure of
thele lumps are very dilfercnt, foinc weighing about two
m.irks, or fixtien ounces, and fome above a hundred
m.ii ks. 'I'liele liiin]is of lilver are fo'iiid in different parts
of the fime ground, though not often near one anotlv.r.
Wcdi.iH now give a deleription of the city of Plata,
which rceeiiid its name from the fil"er nlincs in its
neigh'ji.inhood. It Hands in a frrall plain environed by
eniiiienees, that defend it from the winds. The tem-
perature of the air in the dry feafun is very mild j nor is
ihereany coiiful^table difference throughout the year ; but
in the winter, or raiher the lainy feaion, which begins
in September and continues till March, tcmptlls of
tliumler and lightning arc very comnion, and the rains
ot long continuance ; but, during all the otlur parts of
the year, the atmolphere is bright and ferenc. The luufes
both in the great Ujuarc and tliole adjoining t.) it have one
llory above Ihe giourul-tloor, and aic coveted with tiles.
'I hey are large and convenient, and have deligjitful gar-
denj planted with tlie I'ruits of Kuropc ; but water is lo
Icarce, iliit they has e hardly enough to lupply the ncctl-
lary purpofes of lile, the little they have being Ictched
Ironi fcver.il public fountains dilpeiled in dilfercnt parts
ot the city. The inhabitiiits, who conlilt of Spaniards
and Indians, aic laid to amount to about lour thouland.
The c.'tliedral islar^e ami divided into three ifles, and
is linely adorned with paintings and gildings. Itschaptir
coidilts of a dean, an archdeacon, chanter, treafurtr,aiij
icclor, five canons, lour prebendaries, and four minor
prebendaries. The archbilhop and his chancellor con-
llitute the ecclefiaftical tribunal. '1 he patilh of the ca-
thedral is ferved by two priells, one for the Spaniards,
and the other for the Indians. At the end of the city is
St. Seballian's church, which is appropriated folely to
the Indians living within its precinct, who .ire thought
to be about three ihoiifand. 'Ihe convents are tliofe of
the ,\ugultincs, Dominicans, I'rancifeans, the latlicrs of
.Merer, and a toll.ge of Jeluits, all fpacious buildings,
with Iplendid chuichcs. Hire is .dfo a conventual holpi-
tal ol St. Juan de Dios, the cxpenccs of which are de-
fraved by the king ; with two riuniiciies, one of the or-
der of St. Cl.irc, and the ether of St. Monica. Thecitv
of La I'lata has alfo an univcrfity dedicated t<j St. I'rari-
cis Xavier, the chairs ol which are tilled indill'ticntly either
by the fccular clergy, or by l.iymen ; but the rector is al-
w.ij:. a Jeluit. Here areaifo two other collrgce, in which
lectures are read : that of St. John is under the direction
of the Jel'uits i while the archbifliop nominates to that of
St. f Ihridf.phcr, whuh is a feminary.
The chief tribunal in I'lata is that of the audience,
whole ptcfident has the titles of governor and captain-
g' lural of the province, cxclufivc of the governments of
hinta Cruz dc la Sierra, I'ucuman, I'araguav, and
Buciu.s .^yics, which are independent, and in military
aliairs abfolute. It has alfo a hfcal, a protcctor-fifcal of
the Indians, and two fupernumerary auditors. The
niJgilltacy, or cerporation, as in all the other cities of
thi. (I'Uiitry, coiihlt ol legidnres, who arc perlbns of the
hill diHiiiiition, with the crregidor at their head j and
from them aie I'lmually cliolen two ordinary alcaldes
for maiii'aiiiing order and the police. Here is alio a tii-
buii.d of croiladc, with a commilTary, fubdilcgate, and
I'tber olRceis J a court of impiililion liibordiiiate to that
ol Lima ; and an office for taking c»re of the ettctils of
pel Ions "lying inledate.
Two leaguis from I'lata runs the tivcr Cachimayo,
wl.il h has on its banks leveral pleafunt feats of the iliiia-
biti.iiis ; an 1 abo'it fix leagiiia in tlic toad leading to
7 Poto'i
P' ATA.
■ tliMC ntc otiicri ii\
iiidy ilil.iits c-xcnid-
ill lea arc Iduinl, liy
<i ul liivcr iiniiiixcd
eris to Icmic parts ot
pas, fium tli'Mi being
nuiiiiKr M that ruo .
.lit ri'ni|)oliti<vn Iroin
all llic .ipprar.mcc of
riiia a iiLil's, and thi-
r;cnc parlitk's, tli:{
but liw or none of
lie fixe iiiid figure of
weighing about two
mc aliovc a hundred
)'mJ in dilFcrent parts
ften near one another.
of the city of Plata,
c fil"cr mines in its
ill plain environed by
le winds. 1 he tcni-
1 is viry mild j nor is
oughou't the year ; but
fcaion, which begins
March, teinpcKs of
Timon, and t!ic raina
all the othir parts of
id fercnc. The luule^
Ijoiiiiii;; t.i it have one
lie cincicd with tili's
d have delightful gar-
rope ; but water is lo
;h to fupply the ncttl-
ev have being leichtd
;ikd in dill'erent pans
conlilt of Spaniard:;
1 about four thoufaiid.
t'd into three ifles, and
d gildings. Its chapter
chanter, tieafurtr, and
arics, and four minor
id his chancellor con-
1 he paiifh of the ca-
oiic for the Spaniards,
; the end of the city is
appropriated folcly to
iiKt, who .ire thought
convents are thole ot
ncifcai.s, the lathers of
all fpacious buildings
ill'o a conventual holpi-
nccs of which are de-
niiciies, one of the or-
St. Monica. 'I'hccitv
dedicated to bt. I'raii-
!cd indiUacnllyiiihet
; but the rector is al-
ither CGllc;;Cf, in which
n is under the dirci'ion
op nominates to that of
ary.
that of the audience,
governor and captain-
of the governments of
:uman, I'ataguay, and
ndent, and in military
, a protcctor-filcal of
ncrary auditors. The
all the other cities of
who arc perfons of tin-
dor at their head ; and
two ordinary alcaldes
ice. Here is alfo a tii-
ilTary, fuhdilegate, and
iiion U:burdiiiatc to thar
g care of the etf'cdls of
s the river Cachiniayo,
eafant feats of the ililu-
1 the road leading to
P'otoft
La 1'az.
A M L U I c A.
)
Piitofi in the river I'iii'eom.iyf), which is paffed over by a
l.iri',' Ihin: bridfje. During (ome nMiiihs in the ye.ir
tills liver (urnilhes theci'y ol I'lata with jiieat pKniy ol
deheious filh: a iionL;thcl ■ nun- tailed the dorado, which
t.n-.crallv wei.'h^ between t'A'i i\t\ and twciii v-hve piiiiiul',,
'I'he other pi'ivifiun-, as I11..1I, llelh, and liuiis, arc
biou^lu troni ihc neii^libouiiii^ piuvmcis.
S 1: C T. X.
0/tb^ Dii:,f» of La r.iz in ihf ,l«li.iiu of Plain, lis Cli-
mate ami Produit; xii.li a J)i'ji:'i<<lii>l if ihe Lama, the
Guanaij, and I i<una, of the Lukt oj 'iiluuia, U'ld ihe Cily
cf La Puz,
WE now cnme to liic live iliocefes in the auihencc
ot Pliit.i, and ilull h.'J 11 wnh that of l.a I'.iz,
which IS divided into fix lurildietions. tireatpartot ihe
country is expoledto a cold air; lo that h.ird frolls, Inow,
and h..il, are not iineoin hoii ■, but the city ot l.a I a/,
IS lecured from them by its happy ruiMtioii. Other i>arts
are alio lo well llieitered tioni the piercing aii ot the
Andes, that they produce all the vegetables ot a hot
climate, as fugar canes, cacao, and the like. In the
niouiitainous parts arc large woods of valuable timber,
but intelted with lygeis, leopards, and bears : itiey have
who a lew deer, and a great number ol cattle of the KurO-
pean kinds, winch feed on the heaths \ as do alfo
giianaeos, vicunas, and lamas.
h will be proper here to diferibc the lail of tliefe ani-
mal;, and we (hall begin with the lama, which in lever.d
particulars refemhles the c.imel, as in the fliapc ol its
lie.id, neck, and fome other parts; hut ha; no bunch on
its back, iMi.l is much Imaller, cloven- fooled, and ol
a different ridour ; tor though mod of them are biown,
fome are black, others white, and others of dirferent
colouts. Its pace refemhles that of a camel, and its
height Is equal to that of an afs between one and two
years old. 'I'he Indians ;Mid Spaniaids life them as hcalts
of carriage, and they anfwer very well for any load un-
der a hundred wei.'ht. Anciently the Indians ii'.ed to
tat their Helh, as they flill do when they are palt their
labour, and fay there is no ditfercnce between it and
mutton, except its being fomething tweeter. It is a very
docile animal, cafily kept ; its whole defence is ejedling
from its noltrils a viicous matter, which is laid to give the
itch to any one cm whom it falls ; fo that the Indians,
who firmly believe this, are very caution, in provok-
ing it.
The guanaco and the vicuna arc but little different from
the lama. The gn.maro is lari'er, and its wool long and
hatfli 1 the vicuna, which is fmaller thin the lama, has
fliortcr and finer wool, and is brown all over thj body,
except the belly, which is whitilh. The lall arc of gnat
fcieicc in the mines, carrying metals in Inch rugged
roads, as wouhl be impallable lor any other bealls.
In the Cordillera near theciiy is a moiint.iin of remirk-
able height, called lilimani, which duubtkfs contains
immcnl'rViehes ; for n crag of it being fome years ago
fepirated Irom it by a tlafll of lightning, and falling on
a neighbouring mountain, fuch a quantity of gold was
fouiuHn the fragments, that for fome tune tiiat metal
was fold ;;t Paz at eight pieces of eight per ounce. IJut
its fummit being perpetually covered with ice and Inow,
no mine has been opened in the mountain.
In this diocefc is the lake of 'I'iticaca, which is fome-
wliat of an oval figure, and about eighty leagues in cir-
cumference, and tile water in fome p.nt. fevcntyor eigh-
ty fathoms deep. Ten or twelve large rivers, liefides a
..reat number of fmaller llrcams, empty themli.lves into
h. The water, though neither bitter nor braekifh, is
turbid, and its tatle fo naufeous, that it cannot be
drank. It contains fever.il id.mds, among whici', is one
(f aconliderablefr/,e, on which the yncas erciJUd a mag-
nificent tcmpU- to the fun, the walls of which v.'crc co-
vereil with plates of pold and filvcr ; but this immcnfe
mafs of riches the Indians, on feeing the rapacioufnefs of
liie Spaniards on their conquering the countiy, aic
li iiu.;ht to have thmwn into the lake, to prevent its
The ci-y .dl-il'a/, is t..'' a miJdIin; H/-, an. I fr:..ii it(
htiia'.iiin among the hieach.'S of tlie Coidill rJ, tie /uuiid
on which it lliiiil., isn it only unequal, but.dlo luirnnid-
ed by mouniains w thout aiiv'itlui piolp dl tli.iu ih t
ol tli..ie mi)uni..iiii .'.id tl.c eh inii'.;! ol ih; river. W'luii
this river is iiureafe I cither by tin: rains or thj nKlliiig
ol the (now (Ui the iiiiiiintaiiis, jrs eiirient fur.-is iJony
luge m dli's of mek. with fmne -'rains of i;(d.l, whidi aiu
found atti r the llond has fuhfided. Hence lome .d .1
m.iy be lotinej of the lielies inclolid in the b iw.l. of
thete mountains, a remaikiMe proof of wlii '1 .ipp .md
in the year 1730, when .111 Indian w.ifliie.g h .-. fed in lin;
river difcoveiej fo l.irge a lump of gold, that th.- ma-vpiis
de C.illel l''ueite gave twelve thoulaliil pieces of tight ior
it, .ind lent it .is a prefent to the king o; Spain.
'I'lie chapter ot tf-- cathedral coniKh of a dean, an
archdeacon, a chanter, f.mr -..inons and pielicnd.iiies.
llere are alio four parifhchuiches .md m malK-ri s of
Auguitines, Dominic.ms, Fiancifcans, fathers of Nbrcy,
a ctdlege of Jeluits, and a convent and holpital if bt.
Juan de I'i.'S, with a nunnery of the o'lhr of Ceuieep-
tion, and another of Santa Tcrefa. The city i- govern-
ed by a corregidor, under whom arc regiJores and urdi-
nar-/ alcildes, as in the oil.iir towns.
' .ilinj into their haiuls.
i;S
S 1; C T. XI.
Of ihc VAfn-.prus if Santa Ciu'z. ,U la S.'a ra n:i! Ta:r"i.:K,
III tic Prc-iiiuf if L:. Chauat : lihir Cinnate, S::l, fn-
i!:uc, and bihabilanis.
THE biftioprie of S,int\Cru7, dc !a Sierra Is a govern-
ment .'.mi eiiptain-i'cncralfliip, and though it jurif-
die'lion ii ol larie extcni, not many ;">paniards ;u e tound
in It ; and it-i few towns are in general miili uis, cjniprc-
heiided undei the name rf millions of Paragu.iy.
The wintet here is fevcre ; it begins in Miy, .u. I ends
in Augulf, during wliich the fouili wind blows Ir leveii
we; ks, and tlie rans oveifl vv great pait of the tou.i;ry ;
but the fuiiin-.er is i xceflive hot.
The foil abounds with I'everal kin !;■ I'f !'riiit. Ibre is
a fpecles o: palm tiee, I'lom the trunk of which they get
a l..rt of meal that is ve'y good fuod. Cirapcs, fig-, and
miiik-mclons, alio tiirive well here.
The city uf Santa Cm-/., the capit.il of this govern-
ment, ftands eighty or ninety leagues call of Pl.ita, but
is neither lai;;c nor wel! buili, nor has any thing aufwer-
able to the name if aeii,. 1 ;n- houfes are of lions
covered with palm leaves : there is one church, which is
the c iihcdral ; its chapter conlilK only of a bilho,', ile;iii,
and archdeacon; it having nei'.hcr canons, prebendaiies,
nor other ilignitaries.
The niiirijiis belonging to th.' Jefails in the parts de-
pendent on this billiopric are called Iii,'.i,)s (Jliiquitos, or
l.ittle Indi.iiis, a ii.mie they received from the Spaniards,
from thee\tre;\K- lmailner> of the d jors of their lioufes.
I'heir cou.iiry lies between S.mta Cur.', de la Si-.-ira and
the lake of X.iraycs, from wiience the river Paraguay has
its rife, aii.l being increafed by the conflux ot others,
forms the lamous river of Plata. About the clofe of the
lalt centiirv the Jefuits began preaihing in this nation,
and had fueli fuccefs, that in I 732 they had formed feeeii
towns, each conlilting of above iix hundred families, and
were then building others for alle-iiibluig under their laws
the i^reat number of Indians they bruught over to tlic
Rom i 111 church.
The Indioj Chiqiiitos are aclive and well made, and
their courage has been fr. quenily expeiienced be the
Portuguei'c, w ho ufed to m..k^ ineurfions into tneir coun-
try, in order to c.irry oft' ihe inhabitants for (lave- ; but
their valour has taught the.-n to keep within their own
limits. The arms ot tliefe Indi.ms are puifoned atio-.v^i,
mulkets, and labrcs. Though their langii.ige is ditl'crenC
liom that lit the other natimis of Paragu.iy, they have
nc.;rly the fame culb.ims. Near thele is another nation
of Iiulians, wl'.o have alw.iys ftrennoiilly refuted to lilfeii
to the mifllonaries, who K.uc been able to make very
lew enlivens among them.
The hidiopric or government <d" Tucuman lies in the
center uf this part of Ameri.a, beg'nning foutli of the
i( 1 river
rd
■1- 1
tH
,1
m
J 70
A SYSTEM O 1 G E O G R A I' 1 1 Y.
I'aKACL'AV.
,iif
j, ( i 1
i ' '
m
t s
m
riv.'rriitt b^ynnl llie »i>w;u of Cliicas, whkli tufililli
1.1 li.iiH lor ihc iiiiiioiil I'ntufi i (111 the i-.ill it boulcri oii
P.ir.ii;ii.iv .inJ Biuiioi Ayrci, tc.uliiiij; wilUv,\iJ to llic
kiii'.loin ol' Cliili, JiiJ (oulhw.irj lo tlic jilaiiij nl
M.i>'cllan.
The l.iridirii'sof this j;oviTMmfiit Jrc of Curh extent,
th.it they r.vuh abovi; two hniiilrc I '■.M^iics fuim i\'H'.\\
to iiiii'h, iiij m I'oiiic p.iri) little Ill's th.iii i luiiulitJ linn\
• 111 ir. wit i but all thf towiH .irf (iii.ill, .iii.l built wr.li-
O'lt oitlv'i .n>ler i-r fvmiiK'irv 'I'hc priiKtp.il p.iit nl iiu'
cni;li''V i» not h.ibit-ib!c, I'lthcr limn the WJiu of w.itir,
or th." imii.'iiclr.ibie f nclls with vvhicli it is luvcrcJ ; .iiul
t'"' S;iaiii.ii Is nri? prevented ('ii)in cxieiulir ; then latU-
ni nt» by the r,iv.iL;e'. of th.' free Imiiiiis tvho like all
oppirrtiimlK's ti) ilellroy them.
I h.ife piit< of lb" rmiiilry lb, it are w.itireJ by rivers
»rc 111 fertile, a.i to pr.i.bue eorn ami iViiil I'lifHeieiit l.ir
th.: cdiifiim; icn nf the inhibltants. I'be wooj, abuuiul
in wiKI b'liu'y .iiul wax, wliile llie hut parts pnuliue
fii-:ir .mil cotton; (he lall of wbieh is niaiiuf.icliiiei.1 in
the emintry, mil, with the wo.illeii (tiilFi all'.i wove by
the iiibabiiaius, (mm an aiKani.i^eoii.. biaiuli of tr.i.le.
}!iit its nr.-ai aniile conlilts in the mules buil in the
Iiivuriint pilhircs of its valleys ; ineuiieeivable drones
of thele animals are f.-nt to all parts of I'erii, they b.ing
f..niciij for exccedii'^ all others in llieii^thand docility.
S K C T. XII.
0/ I'
A R A I. 1' A V.
Ill Silii.1l::it, Ci'!m,7lf, ami Pit luct- ; with a pii'i'uiiLr Ai-
i u>:t of the Mi'liiiii of tlii-'Ji-fuils, iiml the UiMis, Hc-
^■i.'.ili:iii, an,l (j iici nii.tnt of tht Touins aii.1 J'iHiigtl U'ltier
/.' .')• .■Iiilhctliy.
Till', fouith bifliopric of the audience of Charcas is
I'.iraguay, 'vhich lies to the call of I'ueunian, and
is bounded on the north by Sjiita Cm/, dc la Sierra, on
llie foutli by liuenos .Nyrci, and on the well by liralil.
The air in general is nioill and temperate, though in
fome pljies it is rather cold. Ihe temperate parts abound
Wit'i all kinds (f provifions. Cotton is produced iiigieat
nuaiuities i and the iiuluftiious, in the mifTions of the
jefuits, are verv ingenious in weaving; it into Itulfs lor
exportation. It alio abounds in tobacco, and in thcva-
'lable herb called Paraguay ; with plenty of a variety ol
fiuits, .Tiul rich i)a(hircf, in wliieli arc bred vail herds of
I .mle.
'I'he only fcttlcments in this government arc the city
of .Miiimp.ion, \'ill.i Rica, and lome ollur tovvrs, whole
inhabitants are a mixture of Spaniards, Melliics, and
lome Indians ; but the greatdl part are ot the I'everal
calls. A', the citv Airuinption is but Imall .md irKjjular,
it cannot be evpciled that Villa Rica and the other towns
and vdlaiv-'! (hould be better. The houles of the cajiital
arc indeed ii'.tirmixed with gardens and plantations, but
without any fynimctry. It is, however, the rciiJencc of
the iTovcrn.-ir of the province, who had formerly under
bis jiirifdichnn part of the towns which compoled the
mifiion of P.iraL'uay ; but a few years fincc they wire |c-
p:'.r.itcd from it, and annexed to the government of JJuenos
Ayrcs. In the city of Adumptioii is a cathedral, wbofe
chapter, beli.ltfi the bilhop, coiililb. of a dean, an aicii-
deaeon, .1 trea'iircr, and two canons. Idle paiilhesof
the city of Villa Rica, and of the other towns depending
on this government, arc fervcd by the I'lancillaiis j but
in the miiriunary towns they are folely under the care of
the Jcluits; and thcfe eompofing niofl of the towns in
th's province, we Ih.ill tieat particularly of »! cm, in
which we fhall follow the account given by the learned
an.l inL^cnioiis .Antonio de Ulloa, and Muratori.
The milTi'.ns of Paraguay, bel'idcj thofe in the p.o-
vinre of that name, include a great many in Santa Cruz
dc la Sierra, Tucuman, and Huenos Ayrcs,
.Soon afier the city of Aflumption was founded, a few
Jcfai' entering Paraguay, brought over to the Romifli
church about fifty Indian families, who fooii induced
many others to fallow their example, on account of the
peace and tranquillity they enjived under the dire>:lion
of the fathers. They had lonij dil'dai;icd to fubmit to the
arms of the Spaniards an J Poitugucfe ; but became will,
ing converts to the religion, ttiieis pnipi.ied by tliu
Jiluiii, who. III order to lultivatc their miiuK ami gain
then atteilioiis, learned their l.inguage, and i.onli)ii'in.J
to their nianiietsi thus obl.i niiig an cmire alieiidant
over their alleilions, ihi-y eli,,ldillie.l the mull loiid an 1
ii.il .luih'irity, a dominion over ilie iniiid.
I hey beg.lii with allembling lluiii in towns, and loiin.
ing tlieni into lociclies, legul.iled by a v. ry t.\tiaurdi.
n.uyfyllini of uvil policy. 1 hi y en-,agid lo pioucl
tl.em .ig.iinll the infolence i f the Sj ,imlli luldieis ,iiid the
tyianin i.| t\v; goicinois, .iiid .nclii.dly kept tl. ir worj
with lelpeel to the I'urtuguele, agaiiilt wiu.iii they nb.
taimd leave lioiii the court ot Spain to ami tlien.itives.
The Portiigiiele, then only intent in the impioveiiicnt
of ihtir colonics, in \ lol.iiion ol the moll laeitU laws,
did not, even alter the conveilioii ol ilii-le people, i.e*|r
tiom making iniuihoiu, in ordir lo cairy oil' tiic young
iiili.ibit.mis a.. Haves l.ir their pi, iiiiaiion> ; lo that it bq.
cjine .iblohilely necillaiy, in older to pickive thele cun-
veits, to luiiove into l'.ii.igii.iy about twelve ihouiaiid of
all.igcs, ami alike number wtie biought honi otbct
place. I be Jel'uita let about dikiplining the Paiaguaiu,
taught them the ule ol Ine-ainis, and loun iciidc.-ei
them able to cope with then enemies, an,!, whin they
appe.ir d, to drive tbcmout ol the country. 'l"he miM.
iieis ol llie Cl.iillian yck^, the e.xeiiiptiun Ironr i.i.vts
and iiiaiki ol ieiviiiiJe, Kiid..'rcd ilicm i.\trenaly auaeli-
td lo tiie lathers i and at piekm above thic huiidrd .md
lorty ilHiuianU fan:, Ills aiefubjeet to the Jeluits, liuii'
II) ohedienec aiiu an awe boidi.iing upon adoration, ytt
piocured witnuut any violeiiic or coiiltiaiut.
I be Paragu.iy iniltimis aie .mall lutes tuminaled by
nations ot iilo.aLei,-., lome ol whuli, buwevir, live in
perleilt barmony willitlRin, while uiiieis mane lici|uLiit
iiicuilums into the couiuiy ; and among ine latl r liic
laiheis chiefly employ their zeal, in order to bniig -hem
over to tlieir religion and dilnp.ine ; and navi-., brought
overaimmber.il thele to their priiiLiples, lb ./ coii.luel
ibcm to the Cliiillian towns, wheie, after piouvi iiillme-
tions, they are admitted to baptifm.
I'here aie about threefcoie p.iriMies on the b.nks.if the
rivers Par.iguay and Pan.ima, at not above the ilntaiicc
of thirty miles lioin each other. In ea'.h of ihe.e is a
Jeluii, who IS fupreme in all caufes civil, military, and
eccleliallic i and ni.iy be regarded as a petty ptiiKe, wlio
governs not only Willi the autboiityof afovereigii, but
with the iiiliueiiec and reputation ol an oracle. 'Iheiin-
portant olbcc of goveinoi is, however, always filled by a
perlon cliofen by the Indi.uis, with tne approbation ol the
prielt. The alcaldes aie animally appointed by the re-
gidores, and the governo. j..intly wiib them attends t»
the maintenance ol good oider and traiuiuilliiy among the
inbabitants; but that thele officers, wno are feldoiii jiet-
fcns of dillinguinud abilities, may not abule iheir autho-
rity, and either through inteiell or paflion cairy their re-
venge too far againll the other Indians, they aie nut to
proceed to puiiiihment without ptevioully aciiuainiing
the pricll, ibat be may coiiip.ire theotleme With lhe;'Ln-
tence. Ihe pried, on finding the pcrli.n leally gu liy,
delivers him uji to be punilhed, which gineially coiiliiti
in imprifonnient lor a certain number ol days, and lonie-
times lalling is ad. J to ic j but ii ihe fault be very great,
the delimjuent is whipped, which is laid to be the moit
fevere punidliuent uled among iheni. The execuli.m
of the I'entencc is preceded by a dii'couil'e made by the
priell belorethe delinquent, in which he reprefenis, with
the gieatell inildnels, the nature and guilt of li.s crime, by
which means he is brought to acknowledge the julliccof
the lentence, and to receive it rather as a paternal cor-
rcclion, than a rigorous puniflimcnt ; and indeed tlicy
arc laid to have lo high an opinion of the Jefuits, tliat
theyaic more rea.ly to blame thenifcives, than to thinic
it pofliblc fur the priell to do wrong.
Kvcry town has a particular armoury, in which are
kept all the fire-arms, (words, and vve.ipons uled by the
militia when they take the Held, whether to re|icl the
infults of the Portuguefe, or any ol the Iri'C Indians in-
habitingtliLir lionticis ; and, that they may be dexterous in
.*bc management of them, they aie exerciled on the even-
ingot every holiday in the market-places yf the town.
8 All
"*M.u
»
Pakacl'av.
ugucli: ; but licciinic will.
tiiiL'i'< piD^itilcil l)y iliu
Mtu llicir iiiiiid-i aiitl ^:)iii
.iii^^iuj^i', aiitl t.iiiilijiiiii:J
iiiig ail enure alitiuliiK
lillii.l llic mull luikl ,ii< t
r i\\c tiiliiJ.
tluiii Ml i(iwn», iiiul loiiu.
.iiid liy a V. ry txliiorili.
1 III y CM '.ajaJ lo piouct
C b| .lllllll lilllllVIS .IIUI II.U
,n^l.i.ilU lii|it tl. u woij
L', againll wiU'in tlu'y oli-
Sp.iiii to uiiii ilic ii.itivt),
tent in the iiiipiDvciiicnt
1)1 tlv^ molt lauK'U lawi,
lion ol llicic (icdplc, tcilr
Kr lo cairyolt tiic youii^
|)l,iiitauiins i lu thai It bc-
iiiLT to pickivc tlulc ten-
,■ alioiii twelve llioulanJ ol
wcie biuu;'Jit Ironi ntlict
Jileipllniii^ llie i'aiaj^uaiij,
aims, and Inuii Kiiderci
enemies, aiiil, wlien tlicy
I llie tiiiMiliy. I'lie inilJ-
tlic txeiiiption liom ia\ts
lej tlieiii extremely atijeli-
iit above tliiee hiiiiJre.l .iiij
ijeCt lo llic JcUiils, luill^
l^iiii^', upon adoration, yet
: or eonltiaiiit.
^mall liJes leiminateil by
I whii.1), liuwevei, live in
vlule ouiiis iiiaite tienuiiU
and among ine lall :t tiie
al, in oruer lo bnng 'hem
ipiine i and havi-.', bruiignt
II pniieiplcj, ih.y conUiet
wlieie, alter JKOuVi llilliuc-
plil'm.
parishes on llie b iiiks dl the
at not above the did.inec
her. In ca'.h i>f the.e ii a
cauleb civil, military, aivi
rded as a petty ptinee, who
uiity ul a lovercigli, but
11 ol an oiacle. 1 heiiu-
wever, always filled by a
iih tiie approbation ot the
ually appointed by the re-
tly Willi them attend > to
nd traiKpnlliiy among the
cers, WHO are I'eldum per-
lay not ibule their autho-
ir partion eairy their re-
Indians, they arc not to
lit previoully aei(ua:iuin^
e the ot'teiiee with the lc[\-
tlie ptrloii leally guliy,
, vvhicti genelally eoiililti
jinber ol days, and loiiie-
t ii the lault be very f;re,it,
leli IS laid to be the inoit
ihcm. The execuliwiT
y a dit'eouile made by the
wliieli he reprel'ents, wit'i
e and guilt ol h.s crime, bv
acknowledge the judiccot
rather as a paternal eoi-
(hmcnt i and indeed they
opinion ul' the Jel'uits, that
themfclves, than to thiiiii.
wrong.
armoury, in which ne
, and we ipons ul'td bv the
eld, w.'ietlier to lepcl the
any of the Iree Indians in-
lat they may be dexterouiia
re exercikd nn the cvlii-
)i.irket-placc; ol' the town.
Ai;
I'.MlAfil'AV.
A M Ji l< 1 C A.
;;'
All piiloiis eap.ible (iT braiin)r armi nrr alio in every
town divuUd iiiro idmjMnH's iiii b r ilieir proper nlHteis,
who owe tins dillmclioii to til II milit.iry ipial li< ations.
'I'lieir uniloiiii is ikhlv laeid wi'h ^old or lilvi i , aiioid-
iii;; loiluii i,iiik, and unhioidiic I with adevucol then
towns. Ill ihele tlief alway> app ai on liolid.i) ■ .it the
times ol exeuile. i'he goveriii/', alcaldes, and re^i-
dore.s, h.ne ukewile my mai^nilieent habits ot cercmuiiy,
wIikIi thi ) wear on loleinn oeealions.
Ivciy town lias a I iiool tor teaihiiij; reaJliij;, writiii;^,
ilaiiein^, and inulic ^ and whatever the n.itives uiideiiake
they ^iiieially make a yieat pioheiency in j (or the in-
I'lin.ition aiul ^' nius ul everyone is laielully con!iilie.|,
beloie he is loiAvardeil in anv biaiieh id liKiKe. In one
ul I he couit.s id trie honle bel iii^ui^; to tia prieil ol each
town aie Wo;k homi's loi painters, I'eiilptors, f.Mlders,
liiver-^inilh', lock limlh-, carp. liters, weaver., wateli-
makers, and other meili.iiiie arts and trades, where the
In.uans work for the beiRlii oi the whole town, under
the Inrpeelion of the pmlb', co.idjutors j an.l boys are alio
inlliiu'ted III the aits or tiaJes tu which Ihi'y have the
greaielt inelination.
In each of the towns i,i a houle in which women of
ill fame are placed ; it alio lerveilor the retreat (d mar-
ried women who have no lamilies, duiiiig the ablence of
their hulband.s, I'or the liipport id tins houle, and alio
of orpiiaiis, and thole who by ai'C or any other cnciini-
llance are dilalibd Iroiii e.irning a livelihood, two days
in the week are let apail, in which the inhabitants of
every villa^'e arc obli|^ed to low an.l cultivate a piece id
ground, called Labor de l.i Comunulad, the l^abour ol
the Community, .ind the Uiiplus ol t'le produce lu ap-
plied to procure furniture and decorations for the chun li,
and to clothe the orphans, the a^ed and dilabled. Ily
this benevideni plan all diltrels is precluded, and the in-
habit.uits provided with every rieceirary ol lile.
Thai the Indians may never want materials for work,
it is one part of the pricll's care to have always in lea-
diiicfs a (toek of dilferent kinds of tools, (lull's, and other
goods ; fo that all who are in w.iiit rep.ilr tohiiii, biiiiM,-
ing, by way <d exchange, wax, of which here are j^re.it
quantities, and other pioduils. The lujods lecerved .ri
txchaiU'C are feiit by the priell to the I'upctior of die
niiirioiis, and with tin' pioluce aliefti Itock of goods is
lain ill. The priell likewile vllils perloiially the Indiiii
jilantaiions, in which he is remarkably fcdulous, inordcr
to prevent the indulgence of that llothlul dilpiilitioii na
tiiral to the native-;. H- alio attends at the llaujjhter-
houfcs where cattle arc daily killed, large herds ol which
are kept lor the public uli", and their llelh is diflributcd
liy the prielts in loi.s propoitioned to the number of pcr-
fons in eacl'. lamily. In lliort, he vifits the lick, to lee
that they arc duly attended and provided with every
thins nccelVary to their recovery.
The civil government of thefe towns feoms admira'.dy
c.ilculated lo pro.liKc happinefs ; .ind the eecleliallical
appears no lels extraordinary. The priell inllrucls the
Indiani in his dillridt, and iddiges tiKiii punclually to
ircoiient Divine lervice on Sunday. The children repair
Eveiy morning by break of day to the churchci, wheie
they take their place5 on oppohie fides, according f iieir
fex. 1 here tlicy recite alternately trie morning prayer
nrul ChrilHan ducliine, till fun-rile, when mals is ce-
lebrated, at which all the inhibiiants are obliged (o at-
tend, except they can tMve a liillicient reafon for their
ablence. Alter mals all go to work, and in the eveniiu;
the children aU'emble to be catcchifed, and the adults- t<i
pray. M.irriages are, for the greater folimnity, cele-
brated on Sunday j hiijh mals is then fun^;, and an ex..
hortation to the married pair is pronounced iroin the pul-
pit ; after which a lill is called over to fee who is ablent,
and penances aie impofed on all trelp.ill..b committed In
the parifli. This regularity is laid to |>roduce an allonilli-
iir"- cffei^ on the minds and morals of the Indians, who
are punilual in their religious iluties, faithful in their
(lcalin;s, charitable to the dillrefii;d, humble, obedient,
and iiulullriou.s, beyond what could be re.ilonably cxpeiit
ed from a people naturally indolent and flotblul.
The paiilhchurcbes in Paraguay are capacious, rreh,
elegant, and I'plendidly furniliied ; gilding and painting
attrad the eye, and on every lidc llukc ihe imagination ;
all the utciifils ufcJ in relifious woiftiip 4rc of gold an 1
lilvir, many of them luiioiilly cinbolli d and (i i with pre-
ciiius (loiiLj. Mjiiniljcent |' ilb in. j aie eieCled on ruic
lide the .iltar lor the tivil m.i'illiaies and on the ulhrr
lor llie military olli^er^, and all ihc vulgar .ire k.ited with
I'reat order on leals round the area. Kvery chunli has
lis band ol niiilic, coiililtiii!^ id a '_;reat number o( pcr-
(ornieis in vocal and inlliuiiiint.il niiilic, and Divine
(ervice is celebrated in them with all tin' pomp o( cathe-
drals, rile l.ime isobleivid in piiMn p ucillion', clpe-
cially on ilnt ol L'orpii Chiilli d.iy, at which lae govcf-
noi, ali.ildev, and ri'cidoies allill in the, r hatin (d cere-
mony, and Hie nnliii.i in lluir iiinlorins ; ihe ri.-ll ol iho
people eaiiy ll.imbeaux : thele pio.eflion^ air likewile ac-
comp.iiiud with dancing, and the peilormirs wear par-
ticular dielli s, extremely iiih.and .ul.ipted lo the clii-
racters repu killed. In lliort, the whole is conduitlcd
with the uliiiolt pomp and p.iiade, and every thing relat-
ing to rel(u;ion is c uiirived to lliike the leii'es and c.ipti-
vare ihe iio.igiiiation of the we.ik and lupeillitioiH.
I he hoiilooi rather p.ilaie ol li.e piielt, who may be
conlidercd .is a Ipiritiial prime wilhiii h'S jiirildniion,
is grand, Ipaiious, and conllruclid in the form id a
church. 111 Older to lliikc Ins lubj'iU with religi ms awe
and reverence: it coiilills of dilleaiit apartments, lumd
to the v.inous odices ol the (iriell, as a civil .m I eeebliil'-
tieal in i;olliate. Kvery mornin > alter prayers is devoted
to heaiiin the compl.iinis ai"' ledreHiii', the griev.uicci
ol thole who deni.ind an audience. At noon he hears
conledi.inj and gi.iiiis .dilolutioiis, in winch he is cx-
tiemely rigid and c.x.icl. In the afn riiion he Walks a-
broad, iiilpects the public and piivate allair , and fupcr-
inteiids the l.ibour of his parilllioners ; while the evening
IS devoted lo catechilirig and dili.ouiliiig on moral ami
leligioiis lub|eels.
I lie hollies of the Indians are built with that fymmetry
.ind comenierue, and lb compleally lurnilhed, as to ex-
cel thole ol the Spaniards in many towns in tin. part of
America. Moll ol them, however, have only mud walls ;
but lonie of them are of nnbuiiit biii k, and others of
Hone ; yet in general are covered with tile:;. All pr.vatc
lioules aie (aid to m.ike gun- powder, th.it a liiltieient
iiuantity may not be wanting, either on any exigency, or
loi hre-wurks rui holidays and anniverfary rejoicings.
Such at lealt is the idea conveyed of the behaviour of
the Jeuits here by Muratori and the learned Dun Anto-
nio Ulloa, who are undoubtedly the b-:ll wrner-. on the
(uhject. Indeed lome have treated lluir cb.iracters with
gieat leveiity, and they may jullly be acr ufed at ambl-
lion i but perhaps this paflion was never dirciited to more
noble and ufcful purpofes than inllrudling the ignorant,
promoting induflry, and inlpiring a loie of order, with
lemper.inec, frugality, and every other virtue that can
humanize the mind. It i] not Cuipri/.ing il the cxcertivi;
leverencc paid here to the Jeluits hlls them with pride, i'o
natural to an elevated llation. However, ills aiiiinied,
but with what jullice we Will not | reiend todelerniinr,
that they carry their authority to Inch an excels, as to
caafe even the magillrates lo be rorrecled beiore them
with llripes, and futfer pcrfons of the higheil .j.lt: n '.,oii
within their jurifdiilions to kifs tlie hcni rd' their gar-
ments ns the i'jeatell honour. It mult, howrver, be added,
th.it the utter a'l-olition f f all iduis ot property, which is
lerulered uleh Is by the general magazine^ and Uore-hnul'es,
d lubilef. c.. ntributes to ilic liappaieS el the people, fiiicf
they arc ccitaiii of never Wiiiiting, and .ire depined of the
very inclination id' committing the numerc^ui vices that
I'pring from fcll'dhnel's, avarice, and dili.ontent. i''rom thia
and other particulars one would imagiitc, tii.it they had
i.ikcii the gnural Ichenie of iheir government from Sir
Ihom.i. Moor's Utopia ; yet the pritlh themklves pofl'efs
luge properly, all inaniilaelures aic theirs, every natural
ctunmodity is bi ought t.) them, and li.e ticafures aniiu.dly
remitted to the fupeiior of ti.e order plainly evince that
zeal lor religion is not the only motive of tiieif forming
ill. I'.- niiilijiis
The millionarv fathers will not pcrmi- any of the in-
habitarus ol I'eiu, whither Spaniards, Mellizos,or even
likli.ins, to come within their mifli"iis in Paiagiiay. This,
their liiendi lay, is not with a view of coiicialing their
traiifactions liom the v\'yi:id, but to picvciu ihtir Indiaris
being
IT
77!
A S Y '. I I M " »• G 1. () G K A 1' n V.
IK jr. 01 Arvt:.
?,!'' :
h
■:ii -t;!
I) iii|; ci>f(uiiltvl liy llic cx.ini|ili- "I oili 1 1. I'Ik-/ anr
1,11 I t') Ik- .11 jdoiviit itraiitjirs tu U iiiinii, |Mi>k', iii.ilici-,
cii.), .iiul ii;nii |iiiiMiit >i (.ii.il Id liuiiiv i Lull wnc
llrjii^fiH ;<,ltiKi,il .iiii.'iii; llic.ii, thtir b^J tx.itii|i'ici
vviiulj loDii iculi t.u-iu wli.it at |ir,l.iie llity .iiv Ii.i|i|M )
i^ii .taiil oi. I'hL- n^iUiiCf ,iiiJ jc iloiily w!iii.li tiic 1.4-
tluM fXjiirn 111 ihii jurtuul.ir lui'- t'.'vtii I'H'li '" "'•'•>
unf.uoiit.ili I.- K-|i'iit>. It .1 Itr.iii^^'i, III liu'wi.t uil t;.>.ii
l'iri.,iijii..|i, (liiiiiKl iiiul his w.iy iiitit thicoiiiiiiy, lie i<
liiiin .lull ly Iciutfil py ttii: liipcilor ol tllf |i.inlli, .lUmil
alli'ii-'l turn, .ill I n cry l.iti»ucluiii i» cfiicioiiilv allowtd
liiiii, cA(n()t hi»l,lKit), li the l.itlur iho'jlJ |i.iiiiii iiiiii
til (i\.' tin- lo.Mi, II ij'.il*.iy» ill iii» own LMiiiii.»iiy, .«ii.l
aiitr iioti.L' li.is 111.'. II nivcii to tic iiiha'jitJiU" 111 Will'
iliil.' Ill irtcir liuiili;!, wlUTi; tliiy banuaili; tlKMiilcKc.
.!< It liny drcjilul ttie .illjiilt ol' a (uiwi'ilul (.iiciiy. A'
I'ooii us an (ijijioiiunily utters lor iin ciiibuikiiii;, at liiiciiii>
AyiL'i, the llrjiigcr is lent thitlur uiiilcr a ^i.irJ otlii-
iJi.iiiS wild an- i-iitirc llr.iiij; rs to inry Kuroiic-iii lall•
y i '. '- i wlu'iice It 19 itii|»illi'ile Im llicni to CDniniiiii.citi:
any t.iiii..', Willi ril'i'tcl tu tiu llaic m ilic tciuiiiry.
Iti.ujut nut tiibLoniitl.il, tiuit, buiiLs ilu jiioviiKial
poviriiiiicnt'., tlicic is a I'mitcnn; tuiiiuil, coiiipuX-.l ot an
Jliniul lilCfUll;; ol dll tilC l.lllli.T.», wlui.i.ljiilt lllf IllCtllO.l;.
IM.VI (III V Id bi-i xiculcJ lot |ironi.iling tlic roinniuin.oii •
ii-ias ut iliL- iniiliuii, I ir liaiiiiiiii new law., eoinCtm^ oi
abul.diiiu; old <-iks, and .idajitiiig every thing to tlic ,Jit-
kllE (.IKUIIllt.lllCCi,
It ti.is bcLii alicidy imiinatcd, tli.it the n.iiivcs arc
traiiii-ij up to tiic (.m-iciIl.' ot" .inns, aii.i the inil.taty ul I'a-
r.i.:uay<s at puleiu lo rarnilJable ab to raile theje-ilouly
ot .S|Uin and l'i.rtii;al, and is pruli.ibly aide to toil all tile
attempts o. the .'ortii^iirlf aiiii .Spini.n.stu rediiec tneni
to oUediciuc. Kvcn p.uilli Ills its body ot liLile and to'jt,
who arc duly cx.icded every SutK!.iy in th" manual e.\er-
Cile .iiid cvohitlulis, 111 tnc lame- ni.innci as the militia ul
bw.lleilaiul. 1 hii (orcc is l.iid to iie divided into regi-
nmits, tompDleil of lix conipunei ol lilty nien caeM.
'J lie nirieeis liul.l their conimilli'jiis of the lathers, and
;i:e lelected out ol the body ot the p.'.iplc lor thtir valour,
activity, .iiiJ obedience. The cu.iliy is on much the
fame looting as the inlaiitry, only the icgimeiits arc lets
numerous. It is even f.iid, that the Jeiuits tan raile
fevcnty or eighty thouland v^'ell diliipliiied troops, am.r/.-
ii'^ly expert in the iiCe of the fireluik and bayonet, and
that w'th their fliiij^s they can throw Ihines of tour or live
pounds Weight w th allonilliiiu; forte, and luch dexteii;y,
as I 1 h.t the I'm lilvlf mark at any piupolcd dillancc uitli-
ill the conipjii ol their llieiigth.
VVitli rilpect to th; trade of P-r.iguay, it confifts of
cotton Itutis, m.ide in the country , of tobacco, a great
ffc.il of which is pl.inted here i and of the herb called
P,iia.^ii.iv, which aluiie would b.; (ulHcieiu to form a
flijuridiiii:; commertc. Thcle '^ooJs are carried lor l.ile
to the Cities of Santa Fe and Kucno.^ .\\KS, where the
failuTi have faaors, who dif|iol'e ol what is coiuigneil to
tiem from Par.i>;uay, and lay out the money in I'lich
1 uropean goods .is the towns arc then in want ot, in or-
njiiieiits lor the chutches, and fur the priells whooihciatc
ill tiiem ; but the greatcit care is taken in diJuilinL; from
whit each town fends the amount of the tribute ol its In-
dian inhabitants, which is inimedi itcly remitted to the
oHicers of the revenue belongini^ to .he crown ot Spain.
S K C T. XIII.
0/ Buenos Aviitr, in.hiMng l'.\ t.'.govia.
//( Situation on I Pio.luc ; lath a parliculnr Aaiwit (f th
I. a ri.ita. Tlir Jifliiii'lioin Ictw.-Pti fiininirr mid winlrf
aie m.i very vilihle. In I uniur the cxnflive htal* nfe*
iiiiti|Mti-,l uy |,ciitle brit/"s, whiili cnnll.iitly Yi- >,\n .it
ci^ht or iiini' III the niorinn ', ,iiul in winter vloh nt trni'
pilts ot wiiiH iiid r.iin aie veiv frenuctit, ai lomp.uiie 1
uith liuli dicadlul tliniid.r an. I lightiini,; as till the in-
MabiMiii-, tliuui;h uUd lo tlieni, with tttror uiid lou-
Itcinaliuii,
I liiie ij no pl.ire ciilv r in A'lu lii a tir Knrnpe wheic
meat s bitter or vhcp.'i i it is alwaM tatniidMtv p.ila-
:.il>ie, i.iiil in fiul) pliiiii, th.it it is Taid the hides ul the
■ eill-, wiiith arc iimII \.iluil le, lire all that ii jiropcrly
hoiiL'li', the car>ale b'.iii • in i manner j>i»eii in the b.ir-
jain. I iic couiitiy to tiic wi ii, riorth, and I'oiith ol th«
lit/ ot lluenos .A;, res lalelv abuinded (o greatly ill eatt!*
.lilt lui, le-, th.it the whole (u I tnnliilc I in lakinj^ < f
lu'iii \ ,iiid even thi'M a In He was fold lui a dull ir, and
tlieulu.l piieefora beall ehn'.n o it of a herd ot two or
thief huiuticd V as inly tout nil';. At prcfent there i' m
iciicity i but they kee i at a j'n ,n. r difliince, and ■^rt
ni'ie ililiiiult to be titdnj, fuim tie p.-odigouj h..vork
ilia.le ot lliiiii by Itie Sp.illl.iri!" .ipd PiirtinsMeli', merely
loi the i.ikc of the r hides, the pnt.cipal branch ot th«
lonriii ICC nf llutiios Ayics.
I lioiigh the .Sp.iiii -rds c'aim the wluilc roiinf-y ji fir
a< the llrei;;:iib ol M 'ij II in, vet t!i • I ii^lu'mioll parr,
ily dill
by the n.'inc if i'atai.'ciiM, \i uii-
u'ith
Alttnner cf hutuinr, t'ft-HJ CullU f-.r thtir Hi Ut, in
ouli-r 11 tiih them itliVf; 'j:ilh u Difcii^ition of the Cil)-
of Suejhd icnora ilc hi Uuinoi Ajrts.
BUENOS Ayres, which is included by Ulloa within
thcjurifdiiftion of Los Charras, and termed the hitli
liilhopric of that .ludience, received its name from the ex-
traordinary fdliibrity of the air, .ind v:. extended lo all
that country from the ealKrn an. I (.nithern roalt of that
part of America as far as '7"uf uman on the welf vs'ar.l, on
the north t.) J'ara.;iiay, and on the fo'ith to Terra
Mag'^llanita. This country ii watered by the great river
6
p 11 lied by the Spaniaidi. 'I'his coiiitry in on the r.iil
li.le ixireiiiily lenaik.iMe fi r a pcuilin'ty not to be p.i-
r.ideled in any oth.-l pan of the kninvn iv.ni.l ; I'm lliuut'.tl
the wiiole teiniury lo the n irthwar.l ol tli- riv.r \'\ it.i it
luliot wood, and il md witli imnicii'.- i|'i.intltics ol 1 ir(;c
timber tree j ytt to the Iruthwaid ot the tiv"r no trees
ot .:ny kind are to be met with, cxci |it >• lew peaeh irecs,
lirK pl.inied by the Spaniar )•■. in the n ■iL''ibouilio<i I of
Hii 11 IS Ayres ; to that on llie wlv Ic e.dU'iii co.id of I'a-
t.i^oni.i, extending ne.ir four hundred I.M;Mies in length,
.iiid leaching aj fnr b.ii k as I'.iiv dil'coveiies have yet been
m.ul., n.i otncr wood has been (uuiid tli.iti .i tew nili^ni-
ticiiit Ihiubs.
Tliecountrv, however, abounds with nnfture j for the
land, appears in ;;eiieral to coiilitt ot a lijdit, dry, Tavelly
loil, and produces great qu iniii.ies of long roailc gr-nl'ii,
which priw.s in tufts, inteilp-rled with h'i:e baireii fpo's
ot giavel lietween them, ThiS jrafs feds imnieiil'e hird.s
ol cattle ; loi the bp.iiiiards at Uticiuo .■\\res li..vin;', f m.h
alter their lirlt fettling there, brought over a f.'w bl.ick
cattle Irom I'lnrope, they have thiivrn prodigiouflv by
the plenty of herbage ihey ni.-t Willi, and are ninv iii-
crealed to th.it degree, and are e.vtiiidd fo far into dil'-
tereiit p.irts ol Patagonia, that th.v aie ii it conii lend
as private pioperty ; but m inv tho ii'.indu have been aii-
iiu.illy ll.iughtercd by the huiueis, (Uily lor their liidc^
and t.illow.
rile manner of killing thi I'e cittle bei.Tg peculiar to thin
part of the woiM, delervcs a paiticiiiar defiription. 'I'hc
hunters be'ing all mnuntid on horfeb.ick, br.th the .'>'pa-
iiiards and Indians being e.veellent ho lemeii, arm tlum-
lelves with a kind of fpear, which at i's end ha-; its b.ada
li.xed a-crol's; v\ith this iiillrimi.iit they tide at the 'lealt,
and the hunter who comes behind him h.im-ltring> him.
As the bealf after this oper.ition foon falls, witlu ut beinji;
able to life, they leave him and purf le other-.-, whom tlicy
lerve in the fame manner. Somitinie'- .1 I'eicnd p.uty
attend the huiiier-;, to (kin the cattle as thev f.'.ll : but
It is (.lid, that at other tiir.es the hunti rs chooCe to let
them laiiMiifh in torn'ent till the nexrdi", fiom the opi-
nion that the iiiigiiilh the animal endures faeilit..tes thj
lep.ir.ition of ihe ikiii from the rarca'e: and thoiij,h their
priells h.ue ioudU' coiidenined thi- mod b.ubaroiis prar-
tiee, vet all their efi'orts to put an entire flop t lit hive
hitherto proved iiiett' ..iual.
Thcle c.ittle aie lUni^htercd, as hath been
,!y raid.
only frir their hides and t.dlow, t ) which ('•'iiictiiius arc
added their tongucn ; hut the relt of thcii flelh is left to
putrily, or to be devotire I by the birds and wild be:ill<;.
ol' which
rh?le an:
II
oiii the city of Huenos Ayi'-s, who, aHurcd bv the
uaiitity ol tariion, and t!ie lacilitv thev h.id by that
means
The
thcr :
fuppni
dog;
j-rcat
;r'.ate!l p,irt <d' it l.ills lo Ihe v.-iM ilu^
.lie immenfe numturs in th it country,
fed to have been originally pioduce.l by Fpiiufli
DUINOI AVHII.
A M I. II I C A.
77i
lJitP.oi AriTi.
iimmrr mul uliiin
C»(l flUl' (it .Itl tit
■oiill.iitiv ^'■ 'in at
VHitcr vliili ni trni-
iicnt, .11 iDinivinii i
\iM,; ill hll ilu in»
th ictroi' viivi loiw
.1 nr Kiimiie whfti:
( l.it and \tiv p.ilu-
ii.| i!k' I'i'U. oltho
.ill ih.it i;- iircipirly
r piviii ill llii; b.ir-
h, .iiul I'liitli III tha
(o I'rially in c*H'«
ilillr 1 in taltinj^ of
M loi a ilull ir, .ind
ol ;i hcril ol two or
t pn I'c-nt tlicrc i" nf>
: (liftnnrf, ami are
f ii.inli^ioui h.ivork
P,irtii;v""l'"« mcri'ly
.ci;).tl braiK'li ut tli*
/vlinlcr roiinry n t'lr
1- I'liiilH'rnioll pjrf,
it' l'.itaf!i n'.i, is un-
iiitry is on the fill
iliirity not t.) Ill' |i.i-
■n tt.iilJ i fill tliouf.lt
I (it th" riv^i- I'lii.i i»
(■ <|'i.intiti'» ul lirj!!;
at ihr liv^r no frws
pt •> It w pcu-li irii-5,
i(; n ij^libomlifxi'l ol'
? c.ilUin c<':i(t of I'a-
ill lM;:iies in Ilm;;!!),
in Clio h.ivc ytt liccn
il tlum a lew in(ii;ni-
with p:\ftiire ; for the
II lij'lu, ilry, ravtlly
(if liHi;^ roarli L'rnl',
itli h'!;c b-iiaii f|i"'i
, f Tils imniriili; h'-iiU
■, A\rc'. haviii", f i"ii
ht OUT a f''w bi.iclc
veil proilij^ioiilly I'/
1, iiiul .hi; now iii-
J >i To far inlo ilil-
.11 c iMt coiil'i 'crcj
''.inil-. h:u't' lu-ni an-
onlv lor thiir liiJii
mi-anf of fulifidiin', lit thiir llM[|#ri, niiil run v»iM jinmrr
the iiitlli; t •'' 'I' V '11' pi 'inly "I I'll iMtiil of ihr > nri
pi.,in <l'>;t'i aniirili not nii^inillv Imin,! in AiiiiIKM' I'hi
iliiiii)(n till fc iloLM an- (all) lo lie Inini' il.oiil mil . In 4 iiiin-
panyi Ihiy miiliir iliminilli imr pirwnt il . iiii.ri.if>.' ul
the caltlr, nut lining In utiiik llu' liorili nil :ki.i'<i.iiit ol
the nuinl>i''i wliiih titill.uiily UM lo'.pihiri l"ii con-
(tilting llimifilviH Willi ihi' ( . irii n Irli by III liiiiitiu.
As It •' oil nicvllary for i'"' itli» of .i|,',riLiiltiiifi ninl
f(ir othir put, ;, Id t\V ■ ihi c.itiU' ali-i.*, WiiIkhh
uniiii 'inn iheiM, ii.i^ it p rfnrn'c.l wiili .nliniiaMi.' il x-
i. illy by 'liriiw 11,4 a ilm,.;; :ii fveral lathn.ii. in leivtiii
Willi a mnniii;'; iiiiof<.i at m.L" en ', over ilio Iidiim of ihi;
lualf, I'lii. h III ilic lani' ni.iiuur a« wi* tuve alrcaily ile-
Itiilieil ill hiifiiiii/ the will! .il< anil othci aiiiiTiali. An
oilur linnlir wlm fullnvv. the jMnu', tlir.uvj annili r nii .f-
a'.iiiul one of il> liiii.l U';^«, ani a. ill" oiliir rr.il iifilKiuil
10 the (iiKlli' ol the riilii«, tin. 11 im fooiar ilmie, than ilic
hoilts who are tr.iinnl to ilu' piai'liec, tiiin ililtitnt
wayii bv which ini'nis the br.ilt 11 fion thrawii il.)i\'n i
tlii: hoif » then Itoppin:', k.ep their ihoiui iipuii ilic
Itn-tih, ami the hiiiilcn .ili^jliiiiv.;, fiiire thi; lu.ill 111
fuih a ni innci, ih.il Uiev aflciwar.l.'. calily eonviy hiin lo
whatever place they p!r,ii». Thiy in like manner iiuole
horfc«, anil it I1 laid ivni lv.{rri.
'f'he horlts whltli were lull lirovi::ht from Spain, anil
are lik'.wilV' pr<nli(;i(iii(ly hiircalld, run wild lo a miieh
Tn'iapiMl of th't fov.rnni III u fslleJ Nuriira S*-
nora «!■! Ilu ikm Ayn^. It wa. f..iiii.li' I 01 m^.oii ih*
luith III ■ of the r.vii I'lal.i, eh I by a Im 'II nv r.iii ill*
ihiny-luiirili iJe;rriT iliiriy fmr ininuiii cliifiv-ci'ht Ic-
win.N fiiilli liliiHili', and in He I'lMiHh de.i.e li»«
Itiiliil'i^ will liiir'iriiili fioin l.oll Ion. 1 llii iiiv.wiich
ii hiiill oil a 111;; ■ pi nil, ■•enlly rifl'in from ihe linlc rivcf,
iilir Irom b.ii'i.!; Iiii'l, it h.ivin.' at Icall ll'i thoij
lvidh.iil.il inhatJiifd by .Spjniaidi and iiiU'.'fLiit ejll».
Like mnlho.viH hatel nn riven, it i» inn' li li'ii,;a than
It 11 bni.id i lint the llri- « are Ihaight, .md ol a proper
breaillli. The pnneipil Iq i.iie i» very Iiik«i aiiil built
II. '-r Ilu liill-iurri ilu; iront anlwi iiiu '" )' heiii(«
eadi ■, in which tlu' i;overnor iiiiiltiiiliy ulidca, Mt'i,
wtih Ihr other fiii", hai a i;iriilon, with a ttiunund rc-
UnUr ir 1 fn I h • hmifiiS, whith w.r..- (oniieil/ "t
iiiiid iliiiehid with Ihaw, ,iiid viiy 'ow, arc now niiieli
inipiin.il, l.inie beint; of elulk, an.! oihem ol hncki
wi;h one ll.iry above the ^.Tiund-floor, and moll ol ihcm
tiled. Tlitf cathedial ii a Ipaiimii eli. ..iiit (Ituclnrc, and
IS the piiiihthiircli lor the i;reate(l put ol the inhabi-
t.inti I ihi'oth.'r at the Luther end ol the city hL'iii;; only
lor tlu- Ind iiH. The cha,ittri.onlilK of the hilhop, Jean,
land two canons. I'hue .iro alio Icvcral luiivcnii,
and a roy.il chapel in the calUc, where the (joveinor
' rcli.l.
are iik-wih' proiii(;ioiiny inireaieu, run wiui 10 a iiiuro 1 ^Vi|hin the (•ovornment of Buenos Ayrcs arc ihreo
j;reatir dill.iiKc than ill.' black c.illlc ; .Tiid thoiij/h many ; other cities n iiiu'd .Santa Kc, Las Corientca, and Monte
of I hem arc cxcellciil, vet their luinibcr lenders thcni of 1 Video. Santa I'e Iks about ninety leagues nortl.-well of
l..tl.. .. .I..» *k.. I. .1 ..1' .1...... k..... . »0«.i IV.I.I ... tVin lt..*.ll..o A..r..u k. •...«.... >U.. .:.... '"
(>■ lilV... ..IV V.«V«i.V..., 1 .- I 1.11 II .l..l....h. ■•..UK... *...-..■ •« .
very lillle value, the bi It of ihcni bcin,; olteii fold in the
111 ighbouiiiii; fetllemcnn, where money is plenty, lor not
more than a dollar a pice.'.
* - ■ "..w- V.^ .««^»«« --
Itiienoi Ayres, between the livers Plata and Salado,
whiih, afier running throiijfh the country of F'ucnman,
Joins the former. The eity ii but fniall and meanly
llHiie iii.iii .1 u. '11.11 .i-iiiv^». I i.'iii. ,111. i.'i.i
In .1II p.im of till;, rounlry arc a good number of vicu- < built, wliieh is in a t;reat mcalurc owin;; to the frequent
nas nr IViu; nn flieep i but thef^-, lioni their ftiynels and infults the inhabnaiif, have received Irom the free In-
.- ■I-..-..,. i.;o . 1 _. '.i, i:,v_ I. # \.. .1... _ .11-..- a I 1. ....:-:... _. - .. .
Iiviltncis, are killed with dilFieuliv. On the eadern coaft
are found iinineiile (|iiantitu "• of fcals, and a vail variety
of fca-(i>wl, .iniont; wliicr the moll remarkable are the
pen;;iiiiis, whidi in hie and (liapc relembic a |j;oole ;
but iiiftead of win^js have Ihort Humps like fin>i, which
nil' of no life to ihciii except in the water ; their
bills arc narrow, and they lland and walk in an vreiSt
polhire.
The iiiliahitant« of the caflcrn coart appear to be but
few, and r.Tri ly more than two or three at a time have
been f en by .my (liij's ihat have touched there. However,
tuwardi IJucnos Ayres they are fuflicicntly numerous,
1 I- I. ui..r. *-> *u* c i..-,i- 'I'L-r.,
• pciijjiit.
ilians in its ncighboii.'hood, who have Ibnictimcs pillaged
the f.ity and the a.: iccnt villagci. It is, however, the
channel of the commerce between Paraguay and Uuenosi
Ayrcs. T he city of l^as Corientcs, which is feated on
the eallcrii banks of the Plata, between it and the river
Parana, is about a hundred lea^ijues north of the city of
Santa Fe ; but is much inferior to it, and indeed has no
marks of a rity except the name. Montevideo, which
was lately built. Hands on the border of the bay from
whence it dcrivea its name, and, like the lorm'r, is of
little conlequencc. Each of thcic cities has its particu-
ar regidor, as lieutirnant nt the i;overnor, and its inha-
itry,
au
pel
luc-
•llli
I'ci.ie pciniliarto thin
ar delinption. 'I'l'iC
iMck, bf'th the S'pa-
m lem.n, arm thiiii-
• eni! has its b-uia
they iiJe nt the healf,
hini ham-llrin^" him.
s\ falls, v.'itlu lit btiii,;
:U' others whom tliey
■timci: a I'etoMil ji.itty
itile as they f'.M : but
h'in'rr< choole t;> let
:i liiy, (I'lni theopi-
Milurcs facilit..tes thi
a e : and tVionj,h th'-ir
niojl bail'.iroii'i prar-
:ntirc Hop 1 1 il h ivc
i.iih been alrr-.Tiiy faid,
which f'iri''timis are
uf thtii flelli is lift to
lirds and wild be ills.
V.ll 1 (I..;-,, of Ulllih
ti .Hitry. 'i h-l : ■>"■■
[.'.iducf.l by Fpiiiifll
-. who, alliired bv thi'.
I'jilitv ti'cv bad by tint
nicans
C H A P. XII.
Of CHILI, the Illiiiul'; of TERRA DEL FUEGO, JUAN TERNANDES, &c.
■,y.
:( -Hi
S !• C T. I.
(:f C II 1 L I.
h\ Siliialtot, Exliii!, Ciirnil,; cn.l ProJ^if : /''<• \ii»i!'t'r of
its hiKihilif.li, irJ l'<c ^lunii.n unu CitjLn.s (,/' ih,' fnt
Ini/iani.
TflK kisi'loni of Chili is very c\t"iiave, hut its
l.iiiits .iro not c^ncliv niVert.'.iiU'd ; lome eonliiie it
, vviiliin the Sp.ir.ilh jurilUiiilinii, others extend it fiom the
t'.V'.nty-ri.'Uh to ttie lo.tv-livtnlh dea,iec of loiith latif.i.le,
ami there arc tvcti fniio who include wirhiii its limits
Terra del l''ur',o .uid the v;ry extremity of Ciipe Horn.
V..- lliill, h'ivv'.vi.r, upon th.' I'd! autliorlty eoiiliiii' the
I .ime of Chill to tint tr,i;t of land I'ctwttn the tweiity-
li.'.th nr.d I'oriv iilili de;;reL' (>r ibutli latitude, and bciA'cen
the lort'.-levciith.i ikI ('IIv loiirthdr mcc ofwift longitude.
A;;reca'.)lo to which limits it is hounded by Peru on the
north, by the piovince of La Plata on the eafl, by Pata-
j^oiiia or Terr.! Ma:^ellanita on the foulh, anl by the
South fea or Pacihc ocean on the wcltj containing a
fpace of between tweKe and thirteen hundred miles ia
length, and about half as much in breadth, if we in-
clude the vail plains of Chicuito, which lieon the oppofite
fide ot the lofty ridi^c of the Andes, which are here of a
Itupen.lous height. The country iiuL-ed ftriiflly called
Chili lies between this chain of mountains on the South
lea, including only a fpace of about ninety miks in
breadth.
The feafons here are almofl oppofite to (hofe in the
n.irthern hc.-nifphere ; but the face of the country it
he.uitil'ul, and the climate wholelbinc. Mere is felt heat
and cold ill the ditlerent feafons. On the eaft the coun-
try is fcrecncd by the Amies ; while from the weft the
9 K air
'■L
; )i
,. ^r
^ -Mm -ii
:f^
7?+
A S Y S T F, M O 1- (; F CI G R A F II Y.
iiii.i,
air is r.V)!c.I liy the iivill ri-fr.-lliinL' iV'a-biCi zcs : yet iii . 'I'll Iii.li.ins in fivcr.il p.irts of Chili are not (Jovithi.I
fomc: p.irlN thi- |iii.uin^ vviiiJ'- wliicll ill wiiiUT lilnvv tiuiii I hy <.-.icii|ia,s likf llmrL' nf I'liii, thi' diily rulioiiliiiaiidii a-
llii-- inoiimaiiis art' cxiiTiliii^ lll.ir|). IKiwtvcr, tills cuuii- iiiiii);; iIr-iu In iiijr uiili Kj;aiii to aye j In that tlic oliluK
fry may in j;i'iii;r.il In; rlUi.iiK J oiu' ot the iikjII agictaljk' p iloii ol ilie laiiuly ih icl()idi.il as its L'.oVi riior. Tho! •
cliiii:itis ill ijoutli Aiiu-iiia. In winter a lij;lit mat ol I who iiihalMt the riutlRin pans of tin.- livcr Hmhio, aiul
fiuuv lalh upon the valK'ys ; but the iiioiintai'is arc co- thole who live iR-ar the CoiJilL-ra, have hitheito c lii,lc.|
viie.l with Inch (|iiaiiiiiies, as in I'nnKii.r lupply the all attenipts iiiaJc for leiliieiiij; them iiiuler the Suanilh
toiiiitiy with iiiMininr.ihle rivulet', wliu li proiliiee the , s.'ovcriinu nt ; for when (lionnly piidi ,1 they ''iaii.l(i,i
iiii'd extraonlinarv feniiily j lor here Inui.in ami I'.iiro- , their hrs, aiiJ utirc iiiio the moie Jiliiiit parts of the
i'ingihini, where, heiii,;joine>l hy other nalions, they rv-
IiiMi ill I'lich iiijiobers, that tlv y calily take poU'ellion i,f
their former h ihit.itions, the Spaiii.n.is beiiii; iiii.ihlj to
oppul'e them. If at that tune a few only eall for a w ,i
Ljainlt the Sp.iniirils, the flame inflanily fpie.ul;, ;nn|
pi.iii lorii, wiiK, anJ fiiiits, with all the neeellaiies ol
lile, arc piu-!iK\il in tlie mmoll abiiiulaiice anil per-
ledion
Anioii(; the corn gnat ipiantities ol cxeellent wheat are
proJiKcJ 1 the vines are of feveial kin .s, ami, with ri-
to the rie
hnel's ami flavour of their grapes, aic j tlieir meaUiies .lie t.ikcn with futh leereev, that the liiit
clkenicd he\on>l any pio.lneeil in I'eru. A lort of mul
railel IS iiiaile heie, whole llavoiu lar cxiccils any wine ol
the kiml maJe in Spain. i'he liiiits which niolily a-
biniml in Chili .-.re of the I'.inie kiml as thole known in
Kijiope i Its ehrrrks in p.iititul.ir aie lai^e jikI ol a line
tallc 'I'he Itrawbeiiici, like tlii'fe ol IVrii, areoftw)
kiiiJs ; and in the gaulcns of the clues neai ilic fea-coalls,
<'ian:;e tiees are kept covered with blolloms an.i liiiit all
the yen, and in the plains are a prodigious variety of
be.iiitiful II iwers without eiil.ivaiion.
/\iTioni; the rem.ii k:'.bie herns, many of whieh are mc
(liciiial, anil others applied to v.rinus ules, is the paii-
ipie. which is of great ;eivi..c in tauiiiij^ ol leathei.
ijoliiles the rich v.iricty of proJuclims U|:on the Uiifacc
of the earth, the country abounds wiih inin s ol ^'old and
I'lUei, copper, tin, and iron; and vvilli tpLiim s ol lapis-
l.i/u'. and luadiionc.
I'he chiel ule of the lieh lands is the faileni.i.; o: oxen,
goats, and Ih.ep, which i» the principal cinpKivnu at of
the greatell part of the inhabitants in ilie couniy. All
otlicr punllions arc in cipial plenty; turkevs, geeie, .oid
all kinds ol poultry are lold at a very low pr:ee. W'ljd-
lowl ate alio \ cry common, and are ol the lame loits as
thofe lound in the def.irts of Q^iito; as are likewil'e wood-
pi ;coiis, partridj^es, woodcocks, and liiipcs. Aiiion^ tiie
iit-^iiij^ birds is the ;;oljrineh, which relembles thole of
.■^jMin, except a fnia! variation in its plumage. There
arc befides others proper to the coiintiy, particulaily the
pltlic, which is fomething larger than a lp..irow, ot a
.i I lar.ition of it is by attai kin;', the iieighhouiin/ villa;, i-^.
\\ hen they are not alread) allemhled, the hill liij), wlieii
.1 war is .igKcd on, is to fummmi the nations, vN'hich iln y
term (liiiuiing the dart, (he fuinmoiij bein;; fent fr m
Village- to vill.i;:e with the utmolt (ilence aiil r.ipiditv,
Ipecilying the \ery ni.'ht when the iiiujitioii is to i,c
made ; and though .idvitc ot it is lent t,i the Indians who
uiide among the Spaniard^, iio^hnr; tMiifpirc; ; nor i-,
theie a hiigle inllance .iinong all the In irins th.it liav"
been t.ikeii up on fufpicion, that one ever made a dif-
c.ivery. Thus their defi^iis coiuinue impenetrable, inl
their execution witlidraws the veil.
The Indi.ins of the I'evcral nations bcint; affemhli d,
ehonfe a gineial ; and when tlie night fixed U|,nn hu
executing their defigns arrives, the Indi.uis \e!io live
nv.ic the Sp.mi.nds .iii.ick inem by fuipii/.e ; and h.i.inv
cut them olf, divnk into Imail pirtis, a d dedioj !!u-
leals, l.inn houl'es and vill.iges, guing no iin.irter, and
paying not the le.ilt legitil to youth or age. Tnef;; p.ir.
lies atterwards unite, and in a bo ' .mark the lars;ir
leiilen.eiits of tile Sp.in.ards, beliege ine lorts, and, by
ihe gre.ilnefs ol thi ir nuniber.'S, fie(|uenl!y carry all he-
lore them. Il .it any time the Spaniaids gain tlie fujie-
noiilv, tlie Indians retirefevei.il leagues, wbeiecoiRe.il-
i.ig thcmfelves .1 lew ilays they fuddenly attack a dilRr-
eiit p.irt Iroin i:.,it wivre they were eneaniped, and en-
deavour to cari) the place by a fuddei. allault, in v\diii h
they an. frrqucnily fiiecefsful, unlefs the cointnar.daiit'j
vigdanee has pnm icil againll a fudden liirpriy.e ; when,
by the advantage uf the .Sp.uiifll dil'cipline, they are ge-
biowil colour, fpotted with blaik, except the breall,
which is of a molt hcautilul led, and I'omc featheis of | neiaily npulfed with gre.i' ll.iughier.
the lame colours in the wing^ intermixed with others of a l Thclo wars againlt the .Spaniaids ufu.iUy continue foiiic
bii.-ht yellow. Though lome In.ikes are lound in the years, they being of little deinnient to the Indians; lui
lie'..l- and wood-, their bite is not dan.'.erous, neither are ; moll of thei; ori npaiieins ronfill of cn'tivatin.> a fmall
the country peafants under any appri henlion- from rave- I Ipot of ground, and weaving a little cotton cloth fur then
iinu'; bealK ; whence if this ci.untrv was not I'uhject to < iipparcl, and thefc are earned on by the women. Theii
tartbciuakes, iiatuie might be faid to pour hei tieal'iires | huis are built in a d.iy or two, and their food coiifilli ut
on this country, without blending them with the ufual roots, m.ii/.e, and other giain.
The lirlt adv
iiK'oiueiiience-..
The luimbir of inhabitants in thi-; r.Menfivc country
be.ii-, no piopoitiiJii to its extent. All the Spani.irds in
Chili are laid not to exceed twenty thoiifind, and thele
3'e iiifpcrled in Uieh a manner as hath given the tree
Indians the gieatcll adv.intagcs in all tlieir wars with
tlum. This was the great ovei.igat ol \'aldivia, the lirlt
invader of Chili, who, upon his difcoveiiiig gold, at-
s tow.inls .1 treaty of peace with thele
Imlians are generally made by the Spaniards, and as liion
as the propofals ,ue agreed to .i con, mi I's is held, at which
the governor, major |»ener.il of Chili, and the piincip.ii
officers, with the bi;li"p of Conception, .ind otiier p.'iiimj
' of eminence .'.(lilt. ( )n the part of the Indians, the ge-
' neial and cipt.iiii., of bis army, as nprelent itives nf the
comiiuinities, repair to ttie con-relii. Ilv.'ie lornjieli ■;
tempted to make to many efl.ihlifliment-, as t'urni()ied| -ire held wiih the Indians not only I' ir concluding a ue.u e,
the Indians whom he had treated very cruelly with .\n op- but on the aiiival ot a new prefi.lent, and the lame ei ir-
portunity of recovering their liberty ami expelling the
Spaniards out of tlic mountains. The Kuropcans,
Mclli/os mulattoes, and negio'js, .'.re reputed at .i hun-
dred and tittv thoufand ; but the Indians arc much more
nunvrous. Ihe fubjected Indians belong entirely lothe
FpaniarJs, live among them, and hue them in the fame
manner as the original natives ol I'eiu and Mexico. For I for the gieaier fpleiidor of the inteiview, beng ace.).i,|i.i
the bcttercftablinimcnt of good order and a regular police, I nicd with an elcort, conlilling of u leriaiii luiinlier pie.
they arc divided according to their habit.itioiia into fmall 1 viuufly agreed on. 'Flic (irelident and hiscomp y lod.'i
moniei are obferved in both, fo tli.it .in .iceount of 'iiie
will be liillicicnt to give a jiill idea of the otner.
On holding a cviigrels the pielident femK notice to tiie
trontiir Indians of the ilay and place, whither he repairs
with the perfons above-ment oned ; .iiul on the pan of
the Indians the he.iilsof their fcveial e'unmuniiies : In, Mi
Jfllip.', Il>'e.l commaiuleries.
'I'he Chilefians arc tall, lo'nill, active, and cour.ige-
ous. No other Indian people have coll the Spani.irds fo
much trouble ; for they arc dcxteroii- in the ufe of the
fword, pikes, bowr, and «• nvs j and their dil'cipline
more tegular and lafiunal. They fight in fquadrons,
retire when broke, rally, fortify thcmfelves with gre.it
aildrefi, and chool'e their ground eiilicr to eng.ige, attack,
or defend thcnileivcs, with admirable judgment.
full vilit ;-i the prelident, who drinks il
wine, and himfelf givei them the g .ll^ i
in t. Ills, and the Indians eiie.i'i'ii in th. ir huts ai .i Im.ill
diilaiicc. The elder:., or chief, of the In.li.ns, p.iy iii',-
neallh.s ill
ley inay
drink hi- ; he then makes tbeni a pre.. kiiive-,
leill'.r-, and fuch toys as they nuifl V. due. .' . nyof
pe.ice i- then bioiighl on the caipei, iiid ' . . of
ol.ferving the I'cieial nitiel.s i, let b. I ; ., . . v
leturn to their camp, and the pundent iii..r. . i!: i '. .
*. IIII.I.
il" Clilli arc not ^ovcnicl
t'u' iiiily liilH)iiliii,uiiu\ a-
ui^o i Ik that tliu olilcll:
1 .\s Its L'.i'v; riior. Tliof:
ol' tlu' tivcr liiiiliio, ;uij
.■r.i, liavf hiilicii.i i lii,!c,l
; tlicm iMiilir tlic Si).uiil!i
y (uilli ,1 they ''ijii.lua
iiori; ilil' lilt [Lirls <if tlic
ly (ittuT ii.ilioiis, tluy rv-
y cil'ily t.iki: (lonWliiiii df
lani.ii.ls bciiij; uii.ihlc to
, fc'w only call fi;r ,i w n
no inrtaiiily fjucul^, uml
ll(.l\ fciTOCV, tll.lt lllL' liilt
tliL- iicif^lilicnii ill,', i 111.^,1 1.
ii'iiK'il, thi.- Ill It litji, will, II
I the nations, which ilu y
iiii'.Kiiu luiin; k'lit 11 111
i.ill (iliiiiH.' an I tapMitv,
n the inijpsioii i . lu i,t-
s lout to the IiiJians who
oihiiv; ti.iiifiMrcs ; iu,r i-,
II tliL' Iii.il.ini ih.it linvc-
hat uiK- 1'vi.T mailc n dil"-
•iitiiiuv impenetrable, iiil
uil.
nations being afiLiiililci!,
le nirht ti.icJ ujiuii l.jr
, ilij Iiuli.ui-. "ho live
by luipii/.i.- ; an. I h.r. in;j
p.irti;S, a tl iJi.:lioy the
,, j;iviiiy no iiuartir, aiul
iitli or a;;e, 'I'lu.iv' p.ii-
a liii ' altar k the larjiir
efiCj;! i.ic Inrts, ami, l>y
, lietniciitly t.u'y all Inj-
Spaiiiau!.'! gain tlie liip,'-
li agues, wheic tuiiccil-
: luiKienly attack adilRr-
vveie encampcJ, ami cii-
I'uiKlii. allault, in wllich
uii!eis the comiiiaiidaiit's
I'lidili-ii liirpriKC ; when.
I ilil'cipliiie, they are ge-
liiir.
j ufu.illy cnntimic fomc
iHiit to the In.lians ) tui
II ol' cii!tivatiii;>, a Imall
itle cotton cloth fur then
'V llic wonu n. 'I liiii
aiul their lood coiifilU ot
treaty of peace with thcl'e
le Spaniards, and as Ibon
coii.Mt Is IS held, .w which
Cliili, aiHt the piiiieipal
cptioii, and otiier p.'iioiii
ol the liidiaiKs, till ^'e-
ai r. prelcr.t itivi> ril the
i_re!s. I 11 'le ioni.'reli ^
ly I'-r cniicliidiiit; a,ieaie,
ident, and the lame ei ic-
lo tli.it .111 aermiiu ol o;ic
idea ol the otiuT.
eliilent leiul> iioiiee to ti;e
pl.iee, whither lie repairs
iiiej ; and nil the pan .if
vei.il eoiiiiniinines ; h'.'h,
iteiview, lie'iiii act.ii.pa-
ol a eeciaiii luiinher pie-
.iit .iiid his comp y lod.M;
i.p 111 ih. II hui,^ ai .1 Iniall
■ ot the lii'I; 'lis, pay ino
lO drinks th ■ iiealilis in
I the j; .lis 1 icy may
Ml a prei' kiiive«,
r.olt v.diiL. ; .: ■. .iiy of
iipe!, iii'l ' . .1 • . of
!el I...I ... ..'11 y
eiideiit il...<.. . :ii ; i '. ,
CULI.
M
U 1
hiiii n qiiairi'y of iviiie luliii ieiii r.;r a mo-
carryiii;,; iv.!
di r.iic re.'.ile.
'I lie clii^ H of ill" comnniiiities who are not prel'eiit at
the full vilii now ij;o m a body to pay their relpecls to
the prefideiit, who at the iilin; ol ilie e.'uv^rel.. makes
i.ieli .1 (iii.iil preUiit o; wine, w.ii litiiev 111) r.illy re! mil
iiili'iiles, black (Ml lie, (-.live:.-, and f.nvlv. Alter which
Iviih pi'tie!. return to ihc'r telpeelive li.iin'anDns.
itini;lit not to be oiniiied, that the pieli,!eiit, in order
to 'jaiii MMie elleclii.illy ihe lieaiti ol II. e Indians, iiivitc,>
(i-veral (if them lo Ins i.ible, and, iliiiiii ■ the tarte or foiii
d.iy. of the toii^refs, iie|;le.-ts no nie.iii.i of injraiialm ;
hiiiilch iiro tlie eood [ti.iees of the whole bo ly. (.la
lli.'le occ.ilions a kind of fiir is held at Imlli camp-, great
niini'iers nl Spaniards repairing to the Indians with nicli
f»ciodb as they know will ple.ile them, and the liulans
I line with eolton iloih ,iiul c.illle to the Sp.iDilli e.imp.
IJolh p.irlics deal by Cichaiige, ami never fill of lei-
Imi; their whole llcnk, and of oblervin.; in iheir deal-
iie^b the moll ex.iil taiulor an. I n loilarity, as a I'lecimeii
ot tlie manner 111 whi:h their futme coinmerce is to be
coiidiu'ted.
Amidll: the ntmol} ra;;e of the Indi.nis in their hoiti-
litics a;;anilt the SpiiiianU, they jnMier.illy fpare the white
men, whom tliey carry to iluir huts, and iile as their
own i whence many liuli.uis of thole ii.ilion'. have the
complexion of the Spaniards born in tli.it couiitiy. In
time of pe.ice a iiuinbtr of them enter the Spanidi terri-
tories, liiiiii;; ihemlelves for a eeriain time to work at
the (arm hollies ; and at the expiration of the temi ret irn
home, alter laving out their wages in the purebale ol
fiich goods as arevdliH.l in their cmiiitrv.
Dining pe.ice the Spaniards fell ilie liee Indians hard-
ware, as bits, fpiirs, knives, and edge-tools, toys, and
fome wine. This is done by w.iy ot barter; tor though
the countiies iiih.ihite I by the Indians are not dellitiite ot
gold, yet knowing the loiulnefs ot tne Spiniarils lor that
metal, and the mifeiies it has oec.ilioned where it has
been found, they cannot be prev.iiled upon to open mines;
fo that the returns co lilt in horles, horned cattle, and
cotton clolli. The Sp.miaid begins his negociation with
ottering the eliici ol die nation a cup of wine, and tiieii
dilplays 111) wares, that the Indian may choofe what he
likes bell, meiiiioiiing at tile I'une time wiiat he exjieits
in return. If they agiec, the Spaniard makes him a pre-
fent of a lit'.le wine, and the chief infbrins the eomniu-
iiiiy that iliev are at liheity to trade with that Sp,iniard as
his friend. Relyingon his protection, the Spaniard goes
fr.nn hut to hut, rccomn, ending hmilell by giving the
head of every family a talte of his wine, alter wliicii they
enter upon Iniliiuts, and the Indian having taken what
he wants, the trader g.ies away v\'itliout receiving aii\
fiuiivalent, and vifits the other huts, as they lie dilpeiUil
over the country, till he has dilpoled ol all his lloek.
He then returns to the cottage ot the chief, calling on
his ciiftomcrs in his way, and acijuainting them tli.it he
is on bis return home. Upon this not one tails ot bring-
ing to the chiel's hut what had been agreed on. lleie
they tike their leave with all the appearance of a fiiiceie
friendfhip, and the chit ' even orders fome Indians to
cfcnrt him to the frontiers, and aflilt him in driMiig the
cattle he has received in exchange tor his goods. The
Spaniards acknowledge that the Indians ate remark.ible
fur the fairncfsof their dealings, thattheyare never known
to recede from what has been agreed on, and are very
punctual ill their payments.
SECT, ir,
0/tl'f DrAfioni of Chili ; uil/i a Drjl ipthn of the frinapal
Citifs, I'l St. fivo, Comepthn, Cjpuip}, Coijuimlii, I'at-
puriiiji, and Biihiivia ; with whtitcJcr ii miji rtnuirk.iblc
in Ciuh,
CHir.I is divided into fiuir governments, namely, the
maior gcneraUliip of the kingdom of Chili, Valpa-
raifo, Val.livii, and Chiloe. It is likewile tubdivided
into eleven jiirildictions ; the limits of which are not
c.\ai:llv afceitamcd by any of the Spaiiilh authors, and
we Ili.ill eoiiteiit oiirfelviM with givinj; our re-Jer.s .i de-
ibriptioii ol the priiicip il cities, .mdot whatever appe.irs to
us iiiott wofihy of notice.
'I'Ir.; city ol St. J 'go, or S.int Ia.;o, the capital of
Chili, w. Is founded b\ c.iptain I'e.lrodc V.ildivia m 15.(1
III the valley of M.ipocho, in the tliirty-thnd digiec
flirty minutes fouth lainu.le, and in the leventv feveiull
degiee well longitude, .ibout twenty league.-. Iioiii the
ha.lioiii ol V.ilp.iraii'o, liie ne.iull p.ii t to it in the I'a^ilic
oce.iii. Its litii.uion la one ot' the molt convenient aii.l
dell ;iit,'iil that can be iin.i.'ined, it Itinding in a beaulilul
p'am, li.vty miles in exlenr, tlowmg in ncMiiders through
■ihe middle of it, and called by the name ol Mapuciio.
I'liis river runs to iie.ir the citi, that water is conviyeJ
tiom it by conduits ibroiieh the ilreet,^; and it alio (iip-
plies tile g.iidens, whii h lew houlcs .ue wiihoiit. 'I'hj
city IS : .v.i thouland yards in leiigih fiom ealt to welt,
and twelve luindreo in brcidth from noith to foulli. (J.l
the opi'.c.liie tide of the river, which walhes the nurih
part ol it, IS a l.irge fuburb named Chiniba, anil on the
call li.le is a iiioiintain of a inideling h' il'Iu called Santa
l-ucia. All the tircet;; arc of a haiulliime bie.ulth, lli.iiglit,
and pave. I, running exadlly call and well, wliiK: they .ue
crolfci by otiiers at right an|^li:i, which run cx.ictiv iioitti
and loinli. Near the middle of the ciiy is a giami liiii.ire
eiicom|ialled with pi.i/.zas, with a very beatitilul loun-
taiii in the tenter. On the north tide aie the p.alaco of
the roy.il audience, where the prelideiit., have their apartr
ments, the town-houl'e, and ihe public piifon ; on the
welt tide is the cathedral and the bilh'ip's pd.ice ; the
foutli tide eoiifilts of lliops, e.icli decorated With an .iicli ;
and on the call is a row of private houl'is.
The hollies are in g-neial built ot unburnt brick, and
I veiy low, on account of the teriilde dev.i'laifin oecalioii-
; ed by tne earthquakes Willi which tins city has been often
I vilit d ; p.uticularly on the eighth ol July, 17JO, when
the greatelt (lari ot the city w.is dellrojed ; .mdtiiis calaf-
I iroplie was fucceedcd by an epidemical ddtemper, wliich
! Iwept away even gieaier numbeisthan had bebire periihcd
I by the eartliqu.ilte. lint liioiigh the houlcs are low they
' make a han.llome appearance, and are well coiilt.\ed 10
anUverthe purpoles of convenience and pleatiite. ISelidcii
the caiiie.lral, trie cha; ter of which, betides the bdliop,
conlitts ot .1 de.in, archdeacon, chanter, and four canons,
with otiii I liihordiiiate cccleliallics j here are the parilli-
chiirciusol .la.Mario, St. Anne, and .it. Iladoro; theie
arc ali'o threi. convents ot Francil'cans, two of Aiiguitines,
one ot Dominicans, one of the lathers of Mercy, one of
St. Juan de Dios, five college, of Jeluits, St. Diego, a
college tor Itudents, and without the city a convent of
l<ecolleels. Here are all'o two nunneries of St. Clare,
two ol Auguitincs, and one of Camiebtes ; and a reli-
gious lilterhood, under the rules of St, Augutline ; all
which have a great number of reclules, as is common
in all the cities of this part ot the world. Th" churches
ot the corrvents, behdes being very Ipacioils, are built
either with brick or ttone, and thnte of the Jeluits ars
ilillinguilhed by the beauty of their architecture. The
parilh-churches are in every refpcdt greatly in'erior tj
them, both within and without.
In this city is a royal audience, which confilts of a
pretideiit, four auditors, a lilcal, and a patron of the
Indians. The determinations of this court are without
appeal, c.\ce|)t to llie lupK.iic council ot the Indies, and
this only in matters of notorious injulticc or denial tf
redrefs. 'though the prefident is in tome particulau
l'ubordin.i:e to the viceroy of Lima, he is governor and
captain- general of the whole kingdom of Chili, and as
fuch ri fides one half of the year at Si. Jai'o and the other
at Conception. Duiiiig tiis abience Iroin St. Jago the
corre|»idor aits as his reprefentative, and his juriKlidtiun
on thisoccahon extends to all the other towns ol tne King-
dom of Chili, except the military governments.
The ofliee for tlie royal revenue is under the direflion
of a treabiier and accomptant. Here are paid the tributes
of the Indians, and other pans of the lovenue ; the la-
! laries of the oHuers within its departnitiit, and other
! alTigiiments, are likewile paid here.
I tleie ate alfo a tribunal of cioifadc, the members of
which ate a lubdclcgHtc coinniilVary, a ircaluVcr, and ar-
y ouniptant :
M
lEI'l
vieo-
^.
%%\
II
w i-. mil
.•.■^■v^.'.-»-
m-ni
] '^'
mm^^ \
W ii
'ill M
7;6
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAPHY.
comi>tjnt : llkcwifc a coinmiflloii of iiKiu fition, all thf
pfKctrs iM whlcnareappoiucj by the tribunal ot imjuili-
tion .It Liiini.
The iii.{ jiltracy of this city, at the licid of which is
the corif';! !iii', conlirts of rc(;iJorcs, aiij two onliiiaiy
alcald;.•:^ ' III thefc are Icidgci) the police and civil go-
vcrn:iiciu of th^' ciiy. During; the liiiie the prclidciit re-
iulta hire, th^- jiirifdiiSlion of mo corregldor is limited to
the libL-rrii"! o( St. J.igo.
The ciiftoin.s of the people diftcr but little from thofe
alreaJv nKiilioncd in large cities ; but, iiilleaj ot the
olK'niaii.ii .il !,iiii.i, drcfs with great deceiuy, without
fplen-lor i luit .ill the families who can atVoril it keep a
cal.ifh for driving .iboiit the city.
The men are robiift, of a proper ftature, well (haped,
and of a aood air. The women have all the charn)3 ol
thofe of I'eru, and are even more remark.ible for the de-
licicy of their features, and the fincnefs of their com-
plexions ! but they disliguic their natural beauty by paint-
ins; themfelves in fuch a prepoltcrous irijiiner, as not
on'ly fpoils the delicacy of tlicii (kins, butevtn theirtceth;
fothat itis very uncommon lofee awoman with a good fet.
The city of Conception ij feated in the thiity-fixth
degree forty-three minutes fifteen leconds louth laiiiu.ie.
It is built on the fjuth-eaft flioro of a beautiful bay, on
an uneven fandy ground, and on a fm.ill declivity, having
a little river running through it. 1 he deftrucfion it
fufil'red in the terrible earthquake of 173?, occafioncd all
the houfes to bo built low. This dreadful event happci-
ed on the eighth of July : the firll motions were telt at
one in the morning, and the concuffions incrcafing, the
fea, as ul'ual, retreated to a confidcrable diftanee ; but
foon returned fo impetuoufly, and with fuch a (well, that
it overflowed the whole city and the neighbouring coun-
tries. In this fudden calamity many of the inhabitants
found an afylum on the adjacent cmincncics. This in-
undation was foon fuccccdcd by three or four Ihocks,
and at about four in the morning, a little before break of
day, the concufTions returned wiUi the moft tremendous
violence, dcmoliihing the few buildings that remained.
The houfes have either mud walls, or are built with
unburnt brick, but arc covered with tiles. The churches
are fmall and mean, as ate aUothe Francifcan, Domini-
can, and Auguftine convents, as well as that belonging
to the fathers of .Mercy ; but the college of Jefuits is
well built.
The political government of this city confifts of a cor
Ciiii I.
manner that both their arms and whole body are at full
liht-rly, cither for hihour or divcrfion. Jliii i.s an uni-
vcrl.il garb among all ranks when they ri.L' on horfhit-k
Ihoign fo plain and uniform, it ferves to diltiiu;ui(h lie
ipialiry and rank of the wearer, fome wiiiin;. it only aj
a tovenng, and others for (how. Accordin;.ly tji.ji^. „|
the common people coil only four or Hve dullarv, while
others are worth a bundled and fifty or iv,o Jiii/i,lred,
Ibis diftercncc ariles partly from the tincncl's o( the (hitt
and partly from the laces and embroidery uith which
ihcy arc adorned. I'hey arc of a double wocdleu fluff
manufachired by the Indians, and gcntTally blui-.
The people here are excellent horfemen, and the wo-
men are particularly famous for their great Ikiil in horfe-
manfllip ; they are equally fkilled in throwiiu; the noofc
with the people of Patagonia, julldcf.rihed, in catcliin^
of wild bulls and other animals ; but this is ufcd here oji
many other occahons, particularly on private quarrels, in
which they ule an amazing addrefs in throAin^ the ikiu|..-
anJ in avoiding it with a lance. It is the (iiilv methoj
they uke to (atisfy their revenge, and in tiiis cali; (l,e
only refource in an open country is for a man to thiow
himfclf on ihc grouml, krej>ing his legs and arms .is cioij
to It as poilible. A peifun ni.iy alio lave himU-lf bv il.injl
irig dole to a tree, and if in the llreet by pl.icing Inmklf
againit a wall.
Having delcribed the two principal cities of Chill, vve
fhall proceed with the relt in the order in which thev
lituatcd, proceeding from north to fouth.
Copiapo, the tirlt port on this coalt, ftands in the
twenty- levenih degree fouth l.ititude. 'J'he harbour 13
indeed properly called Calderj, but it is commonly knnwii
by the lormer name, on account of its continuity. I in.
Irom its natural lituaticn, is improperly laid to be the rii !ult
town in the woild, it being feated on a gold mine •
which, however, u not wrought by the inh.ibitants, be-
caufe a dill richer mine of that metal ha^ been been dif-
covered at fix miles dilhince. The town is very irrr ^u-
larly built, and iis inhabitants amount to about fevcn
hundred ; but there are no lefs than a thoufand labour-
ers employed in the mines. There are twelve mills ciai-
ftantly employed, which extraft at the rate of a huiulnj
and fifty ounces one day with another. There .ire here
alfo other valuable articles of commerce ; falt-petre lies
on the ground in many places two feet deep, and unJer
any other government than the Spanifli would attract a
confiderable trade. To the fouth of the town are the
ey ai-
reijidor nominated by the king, who is at the head of the rich lead mines of Copiapo, which lie neglei^cd;
ordinary alcaldes and rcgidores. During the vacancy of
this pod the duty is perfori.ned by the prelidcnt of Chili,
who is governor and captain. general of the whole king-
dom, andprelident of the audience of St. Jago, on which
Conception is dependent. The prcfident is obliged to
refidc fix months in the year at Conception, in order to
attend to the military concerns of the frontiers, to fee
that the forts are in a good vendition, and the troops
well difciplined. Conception has all the courts and of-
fices ufual in the cities of South America.
As all the inhabitants of the towns, villages, and coun-
try within the jurifdi£lion of Conception form different
bodies of militia, fomeof which are in pay, and all muft
be ready on any fudden alarm ; there is, befides the corte-
j^idor, a camp-maftcr, who commands in all military
atlairs without the city.
The inhabitants confift of Spaniards and .Mcftizos,
which arc here hardly to be diilinguifticd by their com-
plexion i both being very fair, and fome have frclh com-
plexions. The goodnefs of the climate, together with
the fertility of the country, have drawn hither many
Creoles and Europeans, who live together in that har-
■lonv and friendfhip which (hould be an example to
the other parts of thefe provinces, where pri.le and jea-
loufy occafion frequent feuds. I he men, inllead of a
cloak, wear a poncho, which i< m.ule in the torin of a
quilt, about two yards and a half or three yards 111 l.ngih,
and two in breadth, having an opening in ilie middle
(utt fufficicnt to put their head through, the nit lungi.-g
down on all fides. Thi^ is their drefs in all weaurs,
whether walking or riding; and the pj^fanls iievir pnil
it olt'but when ihej jo lu relt, tuckm;; it up in iuJi a
- - „ yet
feveral intelligent writers arc of opinion they mi^;h: be
turned to more advantage than the gold, on acco'imt of
the gteat quantities of lapis lazuli found on the furface.
Coquimbo, or La Serena, is feated in the tuentv- vg:.u
ninth degree fifty-four minutes fouth latitude, about a
mile from the coalt of the Pacific ocean, in a molt de-
lightful fituation, having an cxtenfive profpcdt of the fea,
of a river, and the country, which prefents to the view
a pleafing variety of fields of diftercnt kinds of grain,
and woods of a very lively verduie. The town is pretty
large, but not proportionably peopled; the number of
families not amounting to above tour or five hundred,
confifting of Spaniards, Mcrtizos, and a few Indians. The
ftreets are ftraight and of a convenient breadth, interfect-
ing each other at right angles, fome extending from north
to fouth, and others from ealt to weft, forming Iquares
of buildings, as at St. Jago and other places of note in
this part of Amerira. Though the houfes have mud
walls, and are covered with leaves, none are without a
large garden planted wiih fruit-trees, and the el'culent
vegetables, both of America and Spain ; for the clim:ite
is happily a.lapted to a variety of both kinds the heat
not being exceilive, nor the cold levcrc ; lo that both in
the fertility of the earth, and the chearful appc.ranco of
thecountiy, the whole ycir wears an alpect of one pc-
petual Ipriiij. The (Ireet-, inough reguljr and corive-
ni:-!!., are iKrt eniiiely fumed by the houfes, a part of
tin interval bttwien 'he levcral Iquares of buddings be-
ing niird up wit.l ii^rdtns ; and n\.)ll ot them h.ive lb
a^.-cabic an ap^iro.-.'.ce, as to utoiie for the mean afpeift
01 t.ic ro.ii' s. v..<ir loe north fi.le of the town runs ihs
river, atici flowing in vaiious incanJeri, tllruu^;ll the whole
3 valley I
v,iiir.i.
1 wluile bddy are at (ull
rfioi). 1 iii» I!' an iiiii-
1 tlK-y ri.lc- on liorl.rh ick.
fcrvts ti> ililliii;;iiilh ih',-
fomc wi':uin;^ It oi;ly as
. Accmdini^ly tlvjic 1,1
lUr or live dullar*, whilt-
J tilty <ir tv,() iiiinilrt'il.
1 the fiiicncl's (it the lUili,
embroidery u Ith whicJ'.
a double wodllcn (lult
d geni.'r,illy blui'.
t hotllineii, and the wo-
iheir great Ikiil inhoili.--
:d in throwing the noolc
illdcLribed, 111 catciiin^
, but this is ulcd here on
ly on private quarrels, in
:fs in thrOAin^ the nouiV,
It is the oiilv methoj
ge, and in tliis cafe the
try is lor a man to tliuuv
his leLl,s an.l arms as ciolj
iH'o lave biniUdt by lland-
: llrcet by placing; hiinklf
ncipal cities of Chili, wo
le order in which they ai
1 to I'outb.
this coall, ftands in the
l.uitude. The harbour u r;y,
but It ij commonly known
It of its continuity. I'his,
opcrly faid to be the rii hill
feated on a gold mine ;
ht by the inhabitants, be-
t metal ha., been been dif-
The town is very irre^^u-
s amount to about (even
fs than a thoufand labour-
here arc twelve mills con-
i5l at the rate of a hundred
I another. There .ire here
commerce ; falt-petre lies
two feet deep, and under
e Spaniftl would attract a
uth of the town are tile
which lie negledcd; yet
of opinion they mi^;ht be
> the gold, on account of
uli found on the furt'aec.
is felted in the twenty- <;;
s fouth latitude, about a
Icific ocean, in a mofl de-
tenfive profpcft of the fea,
(Inch ptefents to the view
difl'cicnt kinds of grain,
Idiiie. The town is pretty
peopled; the number i;t
ovc four or five hundred,
bs.and a few Indians. The
venient breadth, interfect-
romc extending from north
to weft, forming fquarcs
id other places ot note in
gh the houfes have muJ
[aves, none are without a
.it- trees, and the efculent
id Spain i for the clim.ite
of both kuids the heat
Iild fevcre ; lo that both in
Ihe chearful appe.irance of
ears an afpiet of one pcr-
j.jugh regular and coiive-
Ihy the houfes, a part of
111 fquarcs of buddings be-
fnd nioli ot thtni have I'u
jtone for the mean afpeift
Ifi le <jf the town runs iha
IcanJeti thruughthe whole
valley »
Chili.
AMERICA.
valley J and thu:, by canals cut from it, furniflics the always a p-'rlon of quality ; but as he is promoted merely
town with water, one great ule ot whicn is to prel'eive to repair his l.jrluni', it is alio expeiUd that he flinulJ
■■'. V
.7'
r..
the beauty of their favourite gardens
Befides the parilh chinch here is an Aupullinc, a Do-
minican, and Iraneili ail convent, one btlonL'jnj; to tlie
fathers of Mercy, anatlr.r to tnc tirJer oi .':it. Ju.ui de
Dios, and a coUegj of Jel'uits. 'I'h,: churches ol tlicl'e
religious fraternities aie large and deccm. 'I'lie parilh-
church takes up part of one lide of the j,.e.it fqiiare, and
on thcoppofite fide is th;: town-hoult, wnere the aLulus
and tCf;idiires nictt, who, wuh a eorregi.ior, form t!ie
corporation.
'i'hc whole trade nf C'lqiiinibo cnnlills of I'l ndin.'; three
or four vclVels annually 10 l>inia, l.i-,l..n with wine, lloiir,
and other provilions ; in exch.in[i;e li-r which they receive
al! kinds of Euiojiean eonimodiiics, and thele are cani^d
from hence to all the otlu r towns ul Chili.
Valparaifo is leated in the thirty third degree two
niinutes thirty-lix fetonds north latiUide, and is at pre-
knt both large and populous, it h.aiiij; tlie iii.ili toii-
fiderable haven in th.'le fea:-, cdiill.iiitly tilLd w.th liii|Vi
from Callao and Panama ; wheiKC it would bellid larj;er
were it not lor its ineonvLnient fuu.itioii, it ll.indiiij; at
the loot of a inount.tin, and a great part ol the houks
being built on iis acclivity. The broadelf and rr.i/.t
toiuenient pait is tii.it alonj^ the coal! ; but this is wry
dilagreeable in winter, it h^in^ Co e.xpufed to the noitii
winds, that the waies beat aj^ainlf the walls ot the
houfes, fome of which aie built with unburnt biiel;.,
and fome of chalk and pebbles, li. fides its parlili-churi.h,
it has a convent of Aii^ullines, and anutiier ot I'raneil-
cans ; but they have le.v iiionk^, and the churche,; be-
longing to them are fiii.i.l and 11. tan. It ii inhabited by
Spaniard.s Mulattoes, and M.lli/.'ics. In its iiei^;liboiir-
hood are leveral villages, and tiie great nuitilier ot lai.i-
hoiifes ^ive the country a iliearlul apjiearanee.
Here is a military governor iioniiii.ited by the king,
who having the coiiimand of the eairifons 111 the ttveral
ports, and of llie militia of the town and its depende.i-
ces, is to take care that they are properly diijpliiied.
'rhe pro.\imity ot Valparailu t.) St. Ja^o has drawn
hither all the conimer.:e foimerly carried on at mat city,
and to this it owes its ("oun.lation, increaleand profperity.
The cargoes broiiglit hitiier by the Cail.10 ihips are 111-
ilcL'd but linall ; but they t.ike from Ikikc wheat, dried
t.uits, Coidovaii le.iiher, tallow, and cordage; and with
tlioie retuintoCailao. A (liip lias been kiunvii to in^ke
lluee vova-es in one fuuiiiier, lh.it is between N'oveinber
iiiid June ; dull. 1^ which the droves of mules and tar-
ri.iges from all ti-.e farms in the juiifdidlion ot St. Jago
bring frefli fup|)!ies to the wart-houles. Tnus tiie
luiiiiner leafon may bo tamed the fair of Valparaiso ;
but on tlie approa.ii of winter it becomes as remarltably
deiolatc, the crowd of trader.s repairing tc i. Jigo, and
none llaying that a;e able to remove.
'fhe truits tr.ai grow in the neighbourhood of this
t.iA'n are admirable lor then lize and beauty, p.ii tieularly
a fort of apples c.l^d q.i.llota, which gn-atly exceed the
l.irgclf in Spain ; and, behdcs their exquifue Havour, are
fvi i'uicy that they melt in the mouth. Anion.; tnc leveral
kiiul.sof g.ime, tliere are Iktc luch numbeis of p.irtridges
in their k'alon, which uegins in March, .iiid l.itfs live-
ral of the lolK wing month.-, that the muleteers knock
them down with their ilick^, without going out of the
road, and bring great nunibLis of them to \'a!paraifo :
but IVw of thele, or any ollur biids, are iecn very near
the town. It is t'.ie fame wuh rce.aid to tilli, very little
bein.' to be caught cither in the harbour or along the coalt,
H.ddivia, or Valdi.ia, .: c-lebtaied port, is feated at
the bottom of a hne Lav, in the thirty-ninth degiee li.\
miiiutis leuth latitude, and in the eightiiih degree wtit
lon"itude. It takes its name fioiu V'aldivi.i, ihebpanilh
-icnt-tal, who conquered the country. A tonlidcrable
fum is annually granted to keep the forlihc.iiions in re-
pair, which conlill of four llrong calfles, nmunting a-
bove a hundrid pieces of fine brafs cannon, for which,
however, it is fai.l, there is never n ftilheieiu number ot
gunneisand cariiai^es; nor ever a proper lupply of am-
munition; and the g.ur.fon ii chiilly compob d ot in.ik-
faitors tranfpurted Iroin Spain. 'I'hj ijovernor is iiidceJ
ic8
improve the ojiportunity. The inhabitants ariKUint to
about two thoufai d, who .nrc chiefly Spaiii .rJ; , Cieoles,
and .\'lellizos. It'i tr.ule is lei's eonlidcr.iblc ili..n f. rma-
ly, bccaule the gold mines in its neighbouri'.ooti ..le fliut
up ; yet ten large (hips aie employed in the tr.-.dc between
this port and l-iina, wiiieh cliielly ct.r.lKfs in coin, (alt
piovilions, gold, ai.d hide^, which aie exchanged for
Haves, t'ugar, chocolate, and European co:iimod;tic.s and
niaiiufai^tures.
'i'hc ill.tn! of ("hiloe, the iaflnfthe e,overnm-,nts, ex-
tend;, from the itv-lecon'l to the t(,rty-fo;irili dcjre-j of
fouth latitude, an. I is about a hundred and lifty miUs ia
length, aii.i feienteen in breadtli. 'I'he coalt is v.ry
lubjecl to (lornis, efpecial.v in Mrreh, when winter b:-
gins. 'I'he illaiiJ has a nidit.iry govern.ir, who rJides at
Cliacao, the principal harbour of the lil.md, which is
wed forti'.eJ, an.l capable of making a good delenre.
Helides Chae;..), wiiich has the title ot a city, is a town
called C.dbuco, whi^h is much laricr, and is the fi-fi-
den^e of a conegiJor, whj is nomin ited by the piefi ient
ot Chiii : it has alio regidores ..iid akaldes antiually
cliofen. It his a i)ar.lh church, a c<d!e;;e of Ji.fuits, a
convent of l^'ranulcan.-i, and another of tnc lathers of
Mercy. 1 he .ilinJ, which is exticmely I'lrtiie .'.;id pro-
duces a'.l tiie ntcell'iries of bte, is well peopled with
Spaniards, Mefli/,o>, and Chriitian Indiaiii.
S K C T. iir.
Of Tara M.rtlLinua., tht Ijhndi nf Tiira tU F.n-j':, a::.!
ai.ihii l.u'J.
.V.-i,'
If':
Tut;
ba\
coinitrv c.iUcd Terra .M.:gellaiiica is the lad we
ave ti) ucfcribe on the 1 ;;;itiiient ol America, h
takes its name t'roin Ferdinand M.igellan, a l\)!tiiguere,
who lint coadcd the country b.'l'orc Ite difcovered an.l
pail'edthc itreights at its fouthern extremity, whic-h bc.ir
his name, its northern p irt bordcis on Chill, the caft
and wtlt coalt arc wafhed by the Atlantic and I'acifi'
ocean, as it is imprcpeily called, and its Couthern extre-
mity is wallied by the ilreiglits of .Mageikn, tiie conti-
nent gradua'ly ielTeninT ti I it comes to tb.ol'e (tuij.hts, „ ^
wheie It IS veiy narrow, it extends fio.n ;h;- fort) (ilth J,j—yr'M
to the liity-levemh de;;ree thiity mtniites north laiitude,
and tioin the fcventictti totht: cigbty-iifth degree ol wcit y.-_- v_J .
loni'jiude.
l-'igafett.i, an Itali-ui, th-:; lyii;.; author of Ma^'.tllan'a
voyage, pretends that in the t. rty-ninth degree lliirty >,/.■/>/'.
minutes the\ f.nind people of luch a gigantic (lature, ilia:
a middle fued man could h.ir.tiy ic.ic.i their wa (I with
his he.d ; that they were clad w.th the Ikins of be.-.tts as
moiiltious as themlelvts, ..nd aiine.l witn huge b:.us and
arrows of a lliength proportiona'tde to their bulk ; and
that one of them devoured a whole balkvjt full ol bilic-.ts
every day with his filh and raw (lelh, and d.ank a pail
I'liil of wine or water at every meal. Later navigators
have, however, entirely overihr uvn lhi< improbable ac-
count : but few of the natives have ever b.en (ecu, r.nd
thele were of the common height ; indeed this country
appears to be but thinly peopled. We have tdready given
lomc account of it under the name of I'atagonia, by whieii
it is alto diUinguilhed, and fliall there lore now proceed ij
the iflands 'I'cira del l-'uego and Staten Land.
'1 he ill.itids that lie to the loiil'i of the Itreights rf .Ma-
gellan are commonly known by the name ot I'erra del
l''uego, and aie thus called Itom the fires and fmukc;
perceived by the (irlt dil'coverers of them, occafiojied by
a volcano in the largell illaiv.l, the flame of uliicb, tlio'
not fecn in the day-time, is viliblc .n a valt d Itance in
liie night, and lometinies throws up great quuntities of
llories and allies. 'I'hefc illaiul-, the far l.irgelt of which
is that properlv called 'i'eira del f'ucgo, extend along tho
Magellanic coalt tiom cad to welt about four hi;iuTcd
miles, and were thought vontiguous to the conliiieiu,
till Magellan difcovered and failed through the llriights
that part them liom it. 'I'hey Wereiikewile then thoiighi
to be one continued illanJ, 'till I'evernl navigators afier-
9 L "atds
I,
■■:i
I;h
M i
I'M 4iMf ''' f'
■■»■■! ■•■.
A S Y S T E M OF G F. O G K A 1' 1 1 Y,
J'
•J;R>J.i;
il.rv.'r.-J till
lll.lllllfis
I'cir.i
lie diviJ.'J by fcvcral ii.uro.v i cii:iipori;J of !vi;h crii^gy liills, manv <it tlicm iiiiiccc/lilil
lid r uci' i;i nil Itiv vltv moiintainoii-; niul io'jl'Ii
wirli .hi! (r.ps ot inc nio'imaiiis covcri-d wicti Trunv ;
i: I. i.iij to nave tiTtile valk-vs, pLiins,
pa
It LI
a iiHil itiLilL- ot' liiiL- fpriii^n that IId'.v
('u).ii tin; ini'jtnaiiis. Bciulcii the (;vii.il itlaiuh .iroca-
P.'
v,\ri'n-(l nv
P-'--
; Vav.-
il
i-hidi
Tl.. Iaii.l-
;iilil tij hi; ir
ar^-' Hti-'ts may ii>ii-" im
aro lai I to abnum
iv a pcoj:
.A. 'lis, wh', no vvithll.iiniiii;;
ih--
ot ilu' I iim.'.if,
ii..k>.'.l, aiiil
111 With woci.l aiiij
c as vvtlite as thi;
extreme levcrity
boilii
paijit tiiLir t)oilie.s ot lij
1 h-'
S ill!
hell
acquaiiiteil w;
111 Jihts ct .Vlagcll.iii, lay, that they are above a h
the
uiiilreii
iea'Mi.s lit
length f
calKiii I'luraiice, to th:
om tlie cape of t.ie Virgms at the
,>f D
en I.
he
u!th
efirc at the oppohte
I v^TV various, it beini; in Come [
wide, ail. I III otliers two or more ; there
harbi
ours nnmintj into the contiiieiir, with
ihmu'h i^enciallv covered with tre;
put 1'
lo loole and (hallow, that ver
I'he loil ol ihi'
y ].w^e trees nn the
iiairo'.v iiuraiu-'.-s, and hjys that extend ijiiitc oat ot liiht,
eiicompali'ed wiili high r.iooiitaiiib wliieh Ihelter the'U on
all lid.,, i I'll that (hies mav lalely ride in them upon the
le.ill anilior in niiv weaihcr.
On tiier.ill ChI' ot' the illands which form this ftrcight
h otiteii l.ani, in about the llftv-hlth degree of I'oiith
l,iti;ui!ei an I hetween it and ("erra del b'ucgo runs llieight
J.e M.iiie, waivh is about levcn or tiLht leagues in length.
'• i ...iiii.it but t.niail;, f.iy.s the aiitlinr of Lord Anion's
" \'ov ge, th.it though I'crra del Tuego had an afiieet
" e\[.-efiKly barren, vet tiiis idand of Staten Land far
" iiiipailes it, in tlie wildneN and horror of it^ .ippear •
" aiKC J it feeming to be entirely compofed clinacciili-
'• ble riieks, vvitliout the lealt mixture of cirth or mould
" bet. veeii them. 'I'hefe roelcs terminate in ,i valt nuni-
" i er ot ragged poiiit.s, wliieh Ipire up to a prodigious
" hoigiit, and are all of them covered with everLilling
'■ fiiua-j the points themfelvcs are on every lide lur-
" rounded witii Irighttul precipices, and often ovcr-h.ng
" in ;i nidt alljii.lhing manner; and the hills which
" be.ir t!;eni ate genirally feparated from eacli other bv
" r..iraivv clefts, whieh appear as il the country had been
" li..qi:jiuly rent by e.irthqualces ; fur thefe chafms
•' ar.' neatly perpendicular, and extend through the
•• fiibliaiice of the main rocks, almolt to their very bot-
•' t'lms ; fo tliat luthin:; can be imagined more lavage
'■ and g'ooniv than the whole al'pedt of this coall."
'J'iie pajl'ige into the South Sea, or I'acilic Ocean, is now
atner.illv peiforined by running through llieight I,c
Maire, by thefe inholpitable in.inds, and then doubling
Cape Hutu, the mofl fouihcrn pioinontory of Terra del
Fuego.
T h?re are fevtral other ifiands about thofe julf nuii-
tion-d ; but as they are of little conlequence, and none
iif tium plaiiteJ by anv European nation, wc (hall leave
this inln.fpitjlilc climate, and prjccid to the fm.ill but
tir.e itl.iiid ul Juan Fernaudes.
S K C T. IV.
0/ iht- Ijliiiul rf Juan Fkknwndfs.
!<■} .S',;,'. .;/)/, £*/»•«/, Soil, aiiit Pruhit- \ tic l\ue of lli
i'.Air.fi ; tl-t Coiini^c if ihi Gsuli, and a polhulnr /).■-
lai: ti ill of' t'l,- Sea -Lull: uj:lh a ioiulff /L^mnl r,f tit
/.■j/\r "fhtiti Fi-rnanilfs, it Mitfii lucre. L:iuluili>,j '.lith
ij;uc (tiiftrvuti^ns on Jrncica in general.
'T'^iiF. i.'elijbtful ifland of Juan Fernandes ii faid to
JL have received its name from a .'Spaniard who for-
me; ly proeurrd a grant of it, and refidcd there fame time
, with a view of fettling it, but afterwards changi; 1 his
', ni nd. It lies in the '.hirty-lhird degree forty minutes
i'outh latitude, a hun.'ted and ten leagues to the welt of
the cnntn.ent of Chili. The ifland i> of an irrei'iilar
fiirurc ; it« i^reateft extent does not c xee d (ilteen tnil .'s,
atui its i;rei!.(l breadth is fimewh.it Kfs than (i.x. The
oiily fjfe anchnrin'.; is on the north (lilc, where arc tliiee
bays; but t'-.e nv ii.-molf, known to the Knglilli by the
naiic of Cum'^ella]ul-blv, ijthewidilf, deipelf, an.! ill
all refj:e;.u the belt. The north part of the ifland fi
hills I'ocn pciiHi for want of rcot, arid aie iluii ealily
overiurned. Several of ilieic hills have a peculiar fort of
red earth excetdiiig verniiliiii in lolour, and |eih.i|,s on
examination might piove iikfii! lor m my puipolv«. '|'|,.j
trcesof the woods on the nnithern lide of tli: ilhiiul .ue
idt of them aromati
ami ol niiiny diltircnt ton ,
theic are none ol them fo la'ge as to yiild any ci iilid.-r-
ible timber
nt the
myr
tie- trees', whieh arc .h: t-.i
ell
on the idand ; but even tliofe
will not woric to a gie,.ter
leni'th than fatty feet. The ton of the myrtle i
and aiipei
I'
unilorm and regular as il it liad be, n
cli|-ped by art: it beats on its b.itk an e.xtiil'etn,.
mol's, which in talle and I'mell refembles the gaili
There is hue alio the pimento tree,
id the
bba;;
befides a great number of plants of vaiioii!: kinj.
and aliuolt all of thole which aic ul.ully ellieiiied
ed to the cure ot iho!-- f^^rbutic dilo
cularly aj
parti-
lers
t.iat are contiaCted I'y lalt diet and k iig voya_,is, parti-
cul.rlv great qu.mtities of watcr-crelles iiid puilLnn, wjiji
excellent wild I'o.-iel, and a vail pr.dulion ui turnips .md
-Sieilian r.ulidics. 1 here are likev.ile many aeus oi
ground covered with oils and clovu
'The face of the countrv, at kalt of the no'th part of
the ifland, is extremely lingular ; the woods that eovei
molt(if the Iteepell hills .ire free from Dullies and under-
wood, and art'oid an eji{v p.dlage thiuugh every p irt (.i
tlieiii, and the irregul.iri.us of tiie hilf. and i.reci;.i;, ,
trace out by their various combinations a i;reat irniib.r
of loni.intic valle\s ; moll of whieli h.ive j llicam of t'l;
clearelf water ruiinini^ through iliein, that f.il's iii calcad.j
Iromroek to roek, .is the b..ttom of the valley, by the
courl'o of the mi .'hboeriiig bills, is broken into a liidjiii
Ih.iip dcfcent. In thefe valleys are fume particular Ipji;,
where the (hade and Iragiance ot the coiuiguous woods,
the loltinefs of the over-h.inging rocks, and the tramp.;,
rcn.y and freiiucilt falls ol tlie n.dghbouiing llie.m--,
pieleiit Iccncs of luch el 'gance and dignity .is would
with diifieulty be rivalled in any oiher pait ot the globe ;
lor here the (iniple productions of unaliiited n.ituie may
be lai.l to excel all the IicIiiil.us ilci^iqitRns of the iiioit
animated imagination.
We cannot liere loibear del'i ribing the Ij ot where cot.-
inodore Anion | itche.l his tvnt, which we lli.ill take n-.-
batim Irom the account of his voyai^e publillied i.ndfril.e
name 1)1 his iliapl.dn. " Tneji te of ground win. h
" he chole was a Imnll lawn, th.it l.iv on a little alieiit,
" at the dillaiice of about half a mil • luan the fea. In
" tl'.e front of Ins tent there was a l.uge avenue cut thro'
" the woods to the fea-lide, which ll.'ping to the water
" with a .'entle delcent, ojien^d a piolptct of the bay
" and the (hips at anchor. 'I'his lawn wis fcreeiied bc-
" bind by a tall wood of myrtle facepiiig louiid r, in
" the form of a theatre, the flop,- i n winch tie w.ol
" Ibjod riling Willi a much ihirper at i tit than the lawn
" itfell, though not fo iiunh but ib..t the hi Is and [ire -
" cipiccs within land toweied u,) eoi.li lerabiy above riic
" tops of tlie trees, and a.K'c.l t> ilie gr.indeur of tli-
" vie.v. 'There v/tre befules two llreams ot tr\ll.d
'> w.i'.er, which tan on tlie lijht and leiiof ih leiK,
" within an hundred v.iids liiiUiiee, and weie (haded
" by the tiees which I'Kir: il;e l.iwn on either lide, .in.l
" completed tiiC Cynm.eliy of t^e whole "
Wall ufpciil to the aniinahniid p.ovilioiis to be foun.l
on this illaiid, ii has been re|-rcl'ented as aboui diiij wiih
avail number ol i;:>.i".i>, Wiiicli was doubtbls tiue, it
being the ul'ual haunt of the IJucrancers and |)riv.ite' r-,
who formerly freuuented tliofe IcJs. 'I here aic two in-
llanccs, one of a Mulqiiito Indi.m, .ind thcotlicr of AKx-
aiilcr Silkiik,a .Scotlman. wdio wcie leftbv thiir nlpre-
tiic (liips and lived f ii fomc yean alone upon tb? ifl.md.
and werr' con ei]ui.,niy no (irangerE t.) it.s produce, Sel -
k.tk, who was the lalt, and from whrm l.)aniel de ii e /VcT'i ■
tonk the hint of writing his Roldnlon Cr-af. e living aloi.o .yA\'i':ii
in .111 ilhind, fl.iid there between t'Mir and live year.', and, i'iu/'i>'-
ilur'iig his coirinuance, firipicntly liatching more goats
than he wanted, lomitimcs inaiked their cars and b C
them g''. This w:i' .'.bout thitty-tv.o years before com-
niuJcte
m
Jl'.'.M KliltV.IMll'.T.
iny "t them iiiiicccnililt-,
fcos. I hi' liiil 111 iliii
very l.ii^e trees i>n she
(It, atul uie ihiii cilily
Is hiivc A pcciili.ir Tun u(
ic)li)ur, and | cih.i|,b on
lit ni.iny purpol-.-^. 'I'Li:
.'111 fide (d' lli: illjiul .ui;
(' niiiiiy diinrciii Ion . ;
IS to yulJ any ci uliJ^-r-
is', v.'hiih arc .li.' l;ijj/.ilt
ill not worit ti) 3 gr!r_icr
I of the myrtle i!> cueii-
re[;iiljr i'.s it it h.id In-, n
;s Ivirk an cxciirciiKo
II rclViiil)!L-3 the gaili,.
.1 lri.e, and the i-abhai;!;
plir.ts ol vJMoiif: kiiiJ .,
i; ul.ully elUtiiied parti-
tlu)'..: K^rbutic dlUj.::er3
and 1> iij; voya is, p.irti-
crcllLS iiid pni 11.1111, with
; pr.dul'ion o; turnips .:ih1
likewite many aen.5 ot
level
leait id' the rnvth part uf
r : ihf woods that covei
; Irian uulhis and niider-
■ie thtuiijjh every put dS
tile h:lli and p'recipi^L.
binatioiis a i;reat iv.iinl-.i
hu'h have .< flieain nt' i!i;
i!u;in, that f'll's in calead.j
om ot' '.he valley, hy ti\e
^, is broken iiito a liidJm
ate lonie parlieuLir Ipjl;,
ui the coiuig'ious wood^,
g rocks, and the tran.p.;-
lie n.-igliboLiiinj; llce..:!i--,
cc and di;;iuty as wi uKl
y other pait ot the globe i
ot iiiialiided iiatuie may
IS delciiptiens ol' the mult
ribinf: the fj ot where roi;-
vihieil we lli.lll take ii- -
ya^e pi:blillied uiidrr lie
i j le of iMdUiid whi.h
hat l.iy on a little alieiit,
a mil • liom the fea. In
s a l.ii.'.e avenue cut thro"
lich i: 'pti'-.^ to the water
a pulptct of the bay
hi^ lawn Wis fcreciied bc-
tle faecpiii^ iiuiiul r, in
flop: 1 n wliieh ti e Wv'oJ
rpei al ir.t thjn the l.iw.i
Imt ihat the h: Is and pre
1 coidi lerably above tiv;
ti the I'.randeur of tl; •
two llreams ot irilt.d
hi and l-.it of ih :i'ii:,
liiiiaiiie, and weie (haded
( l.;wn on either Tide, and
.,■.' wl.o.e
r.iid [Loviliiiiis t.' be fo';: .1
?i".'nled ai aboiiiidiiij wi:h
■h wa.. doubth Is t'ue, it
l!:ei.incers and privatei f ,
lejs. 'I here aic two in ■
;:i, .iiid the other of AUx-
v.iie Icf-.by th'ir iilpri-
„i , alone ujion ibf ill.nul.
. r; I ) li.-. prodiiee. Sr!
Ir.jni wh^m Daniel de i'le /'/v ."•■/■
nbinlon Crufoc living aloi.e. .ylXt^yit
■en f'.iT and live ycarr, and, I'lufit'
ciitlv «atthiii,; more goat.
iiiaikcd their t.irs and ht
.■•v-tW'-i years before corn-
BiuJi-iie
M li: i< F
JuAM I'-EKN.AMDES.
modore Anfoii's arrival in the illaiid ; and it is remark
able, that the tirit goat that was killed liy his pe,.ple at
their landing, Iml liis ears Hit j wheiiee they toneluded,
that he had djubllef. been forii
under the power ot
fl
Selki'k. This was an animal ot a aiofl venerable alp.-el,
wi'.h an e.'cccedinj; m.ijeltic beard, and many other lyiiip-
ItMiis of antiquity. During tlieir It.iy in tlie iiU '.d, tliey
inet vv.ih
males belli
■ners marked iii the fame niaiinei.
11 th
diltii
every other tharaiiteiilUc of great ag
ilhed by an exuberance ol beaid,aiKl
77')
I tli^ i'ummcr, an.l coming
Ihore at the f-'tilns' in of the w iiler, where 'liey re-
and lea, coiitinuin^; at
lide durin:; th.i: whole fialoti. In this interval tli
gciiik-r, aa
J bi
irth th.ir v:
two at a bi.th, which th
liickl
e witli UKir
being at liill .iboe.t ilie fivi-- of a fii
rally
nii.k, thiy
V/hi
the fea- 1
ions coiitiime on
(hore they f.ed on the
.iiid verdure th.it qio'.vs near the hanlts o! tlr,- hi Ih- water
The
iber of uoat. ate now, however,
ill
greatly
tlydi.
id-
III
.111.1 wh.:ii not em|)lo)ed in
fiiJii
lb-
herds in the ir.ofc niuy places they can lind. As t^a-y U
r.iinllh.d; lor th.e Siianinds being inlormed ot t
vaiitai'^es Vr'incli the liuceaneeis and privateeis derived
Ir.jii; the goats H.-lh, with which they were hcie furnilh-
id, endc-voureil to deprive their enemies of this relief,
by extirp.iting the biced. For this purpofe they put on
fljotc great numbers of large dogs, who have iiuieafej
lo fait, that tiKy have delfioyed all the goats in the ae.
eiirnilc part id' the couiury j I'd that there now rem. an
only a lew among tlu crags and jiteeipiees, vvheie the
do. ;j. cannot lollow lliem. 'I'hefe aie divide I into lep.a..te
herds ot twenty or thirty eaeii, which inhabit dilliiut i ilt-
nelles, and never mingle with each other. 'J'ae autliar
of commodore Anion's voyage nuntions a lemarkable
difpute between a herd ot thcl'e animals an 1 a nuailKr i.l
do'S, whica we ciinot forbear rep-Mtiiig. G...ng in
then' boat into the ealtern bay, they perceived fonie dogs
luiining very eageilv upon the foot, and being willin;; to
dil'cover what gauie they were alter, they lay upon tluir
o.irs for fome time to vie* thein, .ind at lall faw them
take to a hill, whcie looking a little farther they obferved
iipoii the ridge of it an herd of goats, wliuh leeiiud
ilrawn up for their rcce|)iion. Theie was a vcryiiairow
p.it'a Ikirted on each liJe by precipices, oa which the
inall:r of the herd polt.'d himlelf fronting the enemy, the
lelt of the goats being all bUiinJ, w.iere the ground was
more open. As this Ipot was inaccellibie hy .my other
path, except v.'here tins champion had [diced hiinlell,
thedoi'S, thou'.',h they ran up hill with great alacrit;.',
yit when ihev dine within about twenty yards of liiai
did not dare to encounter li.m, as he would inlallibly
have driv:n them down the precipice; but giving over
tiic chace nuietly laid theml'elves down, p.inting at a great
rate. As at pie.eiit it is i,.re for goats to fall in their
way, they are luppofe.l to live piiiicipally upon youn^
leals. Upon this ill in 1 .ire found a gieat number of the
lall mentioiiej ampliiiious animals, whica mariners
nlually eat with plcal'ure,and compare their ll.fli to l.imb.
JJiit there is another animal of the lime amphibiou. km I,
(-.died a fe.i lioa, lli.it has fome rei.-mblancc t.) a leal, but
is macli larger, and its flcfll li.is fome releinblaii;e lo that
«)f liicf. They are in li.'.e, when full grown, Irom taelve
tn twenty feet in length, and liom eiglit to l'ii;een in cir-
«uir-.fere;Ke ; and aie lo extremely fat, that having cut
through the fkiii, which is about an inch in thicknel'>,
there 13 .it leall a foot of fat before you come at either
lean or bones. 'I'liey are likewil'e very full of bloo.l j Im
if they are d.'cplv wounded in a do7,.n places, there will
mll.intly gufli o it as many lountains ot bloo.l, Ipouting
to a c mli leraMe diltince. Their fkins are covered witii
fliort h.iir of ai'.tht dan cohuir j but tlioir tadi and thea
lias, which on lllorc I'erve taem for feet, ,ire aan.jR black:
t uir 111.':, or feet, are divided at the e.ids like fin/ers,
the web which joins tiiem not reaching to the extremi-
tie5, and each of thcl'e fingers is furnilli"d with a nail.
of a very
kth
,ir;fie I'.il' olit'.on, and are iiotea'.ly
■d pi.,
The head is fmall in proportion to the rUt of the bo.ly,
and tcrmiiut.s in a I'liout. They have a row ot lar
pointed teeth in e
eacli lura placis lome ol ir.eir males at a .l.ilaiu'c,
wdio never tail to alarm them, when any one atteiiij'ti tj
inolelf, or even to appro.ich thcai, which ih..'y .lo by
making a very I, aid nolle, foineti. les giunting li.:e hoi^,
and at others fnorting like horl'es in lull vigour. The
males have often tiirio.is batib. ., \vhen they gore
each other with ilitir teeth, and cover one am tiier with-
blooJ ; the author v;e have lalt quoted nier.ti.jn.s one
whom they naii.e.l the balhaw, who gjneially l.iy lur-
rounded with aleraglio of lemaK^, which no other ii.a'.e
dared to approach, and wlio lud not acquired th»t en-
vied pre eminence wiili.>ut inuny bIo.;dy eon'.elts, ot
which the m.ukj liill remained, in the iraaieious I'cars
tint weie vifible in every ptrt of his b.iJy.
There are but few birds, and tiiofj cliicHy hav.'ks,
blackbirds, owls, and hamminj liids. IJut the bay is
moft pleiuifullv lloied with the crcateli vaiiety ol nib,
particiil.irly cod o,'' a prodigious h'/.e, uliicll aie in n.iUij
plenty than on tlu baalitol Nev/;.!Uiidlaiid,all'o cavaliie",
gropcrs, large bnaav;, illver li(h, ni.acs, congers of a
peculi.ir kind, and abo\e all aii;.ick liih, much clKeni'.d,
called by fome a chimney-fweeper, in Ihape reh nibiing
a carp, bel'ides excellent cray hlh that genciily weigh
ei'jht or nine poun.ls, aad are of an exquihtc t.ille.
There are likewife a'.',reat quantity of dog-lilh, and larg'i
fharks.
'I'he Spaniards have generally mentione.l two i!l .'.ndj
under the nanu of Juan l'"i:riian.iei, Ityling thcr.i the
(iiealerand the Lels ; the Gicatcr being the iPi and jalt
del'cribed i and the l.,Js being llill moie dillant froaithe
continent, liasb;en alfoc.ill.d Mala I'liero, and isahL.iit.
twenty- two leagues Weil by fouth of the Greater Juan
Feriundcj. It is covered with tices, ai.d has I'evcral fine
falls of water pouring down its lijes into tile fea Tins
I'.l.ice liaa at pieUiUoiic advaiitJge beyv.nd the illan.l of
Ju.in Kem. ii'lcj ; fur it abouiiJs vviih goats who aro
far from being Ihy, an.l rcfile there in guat traia|uilli!y,
the Sp.iiiiaiils n.'t having- thought (he illan! conli.le/al lo
enough to be fiequented by their eneaii.s, and have not
theretore been lolicitous lo dellroy the provilicni up.jri ic>
rile illaiid alio ahoun Is uiib I'^a-lioiii .ind IV;.!.-'.
We have iio.v timlhi:d our del'eription of America i
in the parts fubji cl lo (jreat Kr:t in, to l-'rance, and to
the United Provinces, w-' h.ivc Ueiin.h pl.inta'.ioiij a-
bounJing with the niccliaiies and even l.u luxuric.i of
life, the fourcc of an imni.'ule cominace, fuini'Iiing
L^urop. with their luperibiities and valuiblr produClion>,
and eni, loying not only a prodir.iou.s n.niilitr of Idlips,
and taereby pioaiotai'; luiig.uion an.l giving e.npl..iy-
meiit to many t'loafiiid iiaads, but pro.l.un.g an ia'..-ii;nfi;
irade in the mother country's, by employing taere an
Inlinitj number of people in ciii'f.'ren: nianufaitarc?,
;o fupply America v/ith the goods of Llurope. 'I'inis
L'i\iiig life to tr.tde, and Ipirit to indultry, they pn dace
a circulation th it is of inliiiite advantage to bo;li the
ach
-tliii
of
wliicn ate in
lockets ; but the others.
beinir the moll liar.l
I I'olid,
without them. He has w'
iike
has fmall eyes and ca
and the m
very lai.i
lave .1 ili
ilanl
e the only part:; deltitute of I
.m
blance to an u\ .
bke thf.le ol a cat ;
lil.ils, wliieh are alfo
They
Teal, ihoutih
in fome ;iarticiii.i's there is
tli.'m, elpec ally in
the
a manifell liitt'etence between
ijs: ihcl'e have a large liiout
o.- trunk hanging down live fe.: fix inches below the
I'lul (d the upper |,iw, which the t'cniales have not;
this renders the I'.xes ealll, to bcdillingu'"
mo:h';r ccuiitiy aiul its lolonus, whue iiie;r
being reciprocal, ou^'ht to dr.iw clolely the knot i
terelt:
yhicii at luch a dilla
lubl'ilis becvet-n iliem.
On the oth.'r hand, I'oriug.d and .
ai
d parti
rly the l.itter, wiili coiiiiiiies iaimenf.ly rich, ext.n
and
of rendeiiiu tliol'e na
y
ions extieinciy
poweiful, have been far liom anf'.verin.' that puipo!
With rcl'peik lo Spaii
.11.1
filed fron
other; an.l, hvlide-., tS.- malej are of a muih larger h/.c.
Theic animals divide their time cqu.illy between the land
trary
pre
the
dil'covery o
whatever may '
f y\mv
that lo'i'd have I
llill to
lipp
s
rici was tne
:d : It h
to till
eatell ^li^for-
is dia'iied, and
vvhi
on cipaiii ol Its
moll
lii'j.'ul inaab
' the prcp.ilieious
conduct of that ccurt in
iitingtlu; people of other nation-, lively fettling
their Ameiican domitiijr.s, r.nJ th-i i:ii
;>; cf iiiunaf-
teii'.j
n:]]
li-l
,So
A SYSTEM OF G i: O G R A P H Y.
I'achic Oc-.as.
tcrics and nunticr:;<i in every city and every town pre-
vent tlio irKreiife ol their own, and muft reiidcr the re-
gions of Spanifh America thinly penpUil. lirilifli Ame-
rica has m.ide the manufactures of Great Uritaiii flourilh :
Spanilh America, with all its gold and filver, has rcn-
litrcd the Spaniards too proud to apply thtnifelves to
inunufafluici), and cuiifcquently poor.
CHAP. XIII.
or the New Difcoveries m;idc In the PACIFIC OCEAN.
mi
m
p'U''i.
! ;' f r
i HI -I
SECT. I.
yirlh ifnyridi /:!/•: i h the Rujjltmi to rxten.-iivi'fwiird ainiij}
f) thi Coij} of Tiirtiiry, // geiural Aicount of amthir
C.mtinent to tl'i S:ulh.
WE have nf)v.', arcording to the plan we propofed
ill the luiinning of this worlt, proceeded trom
nit to wcif, dif-ribcd the countries of Afia, Africa,
Europe, anil America, and have entered the South
Sc.1, or .'acific (>ccan, which is of .iiiia/.ing extent, it
btinc up'A.u.Is <>r ten thoufanJ miles in breadth, and
walliJS ..t tlis fanre time the coall of Peru and Chili,
and t'li.it ot Japan, China, and Tartary. It had its name
from btin.: riipp')fed free from lloi'ms and tcmpeHs ; but
very unjiiillv, for in particular fi-afons of the year they
are perhaps more violent in this fca th in in any other.
It is alfo called the South Sea from the Spaniards dil'cover-
infj; it by crolTm:; the ifthmus which diviJi's North and
South .'\merica, by pafliiig from north to foutli.
Thoufih ;hi'> fea, after its nrft difcovcry, was imajined
to extend from the north to the fouth pole, yet it has
been found that it is in a manner cncompafled by two
continent':, which were for a long time not known to
have any ixiilenre, bclules innumerable iflands. I'he
continent on the n irih is fuppof d to be that of America,
which cxten.S aliiioll as far to the weft as ICamtfchatka.
Hy the dilcovcrics made by the Ruffians, this country
has bc.ii coalk'd from the titiy-fecoinl to the fixtieth de-
rrte north lasiiu'li", anJ extends from the fouth-wcll to
tiie north call hde about thirty-feven dcjjrees in length ;
but wliv-ther it joins to the well Tide of North America,
or is fe|\:r.'.ted from it bv :» chanin.1, or by one crolling
th:ou'.ih it into Hii :!uii'sbjy, has not yet been deter-
mined.
I'hi.s part of Amciica enjoys a mu h better climate
than the coad ot the ii nt.i eaft fule of Afia, though
((pially mar the le.i, an.l every where full of high moun-
tain'i continuallv covered with fnow ; fi>r the moun-
tains on the ii.\-tii-ia(t of Alia aiL^ every where rocky and
rai'iztd, have rr) valuable metals H'r Icarcely any trees
or lii.rbs, except in the lalliys, where grows only fjme
linall {hrubbv v. ood and hardy plants. The American
mountaii-, on the contrary, in the neighbourho:)d of
Siberia are clnle, and tiicir i'urfate not like thole covered
v.'itli ninfi, but tliaJcd from the bottom to tiieir tops wr.li
thi.'k and fine woo.ls. In this ntw difcovercd part of
An;cri,a are found a fort of r;ifbcrrics of a very extraor-
ilinary (We .r.'i^ line talte, b lides honey-fuckles, cran-
berries, blackberries, and bilberries in great plenty ; but
as the coal! I. as only been vifitcJ, what fruits are to be
t'ouiul in the htart of the country is unknown. Among
the hirds have be( n difcovercd ten fpecies different from
llie I.uropean, beli les fv.ans, quails, plovers, Ci'recnland
pigeon?, crams, ka-gulls, and magpyes. 'I'he li(h enter
the river; of .America earlier than at Kamtfchatka, and
-reat plentv of them has been feen.
Tile n.tivcs wliohaic been diicovcred by the Ruffians
arc plump, bio.id Ihouldered, of a middling lize, with
itraiiht bi.i.k lia'i ili.u liangs loo!'e ; tluir faces are flat
aiiJ frt-irtliy, and they have black eyes and thick lips.
Thev w-Mf fliiiis whii.h hang below the knee, and are
-riided about the waiH with leather firings, and they
have tiu'.vliis made ol the (kins o( f.als. In ftiort, thcv
greatly lefeiiible the Kamtfchatdalcs; they ufe bows and
arrows, and have boai.s twelve feet long and two broad
llurp both at the head and Hern, anil are formed of a
frame of wood and (kins, which fcein to be thofe of feals
dyed of a cherry colour. They arc made much in the
fame mannei as thofe wc have defcribed in the treating
of Greenland and Hiidfon's-bay ; for the feat is round
two yards from the Hern, and fcwcd about with guts
which, with the help of leather thongs laced round the
edges, cat) be drawn together, and opened like a purfc.
The Anurican fitting in this place, (tretches out his
legs, and draws the (kin tight about his body. Thcfe
bo.its will live in the mod (lormy weather, though thcv
.".re I'o light thjt they may 'le cafi' carried by a fin"lc
peit'on. They receive (hangers very kindly, conyer(c°in
a liiendly niannci, with their eyes lixid upon tliom
treat thein with much civility, and make them prclcnts
of whales fat.
If'.:ncc it i. not impiobable, that tin' iinrtherii par'.s of
America were originally peopled from Siberia ; (or though
it (hould be granted that America and Alia were ikixt
joinej, yet thefe two parts of the gh)b" lie Co near each
other that the inijiollibility of the inhabitants of A(iai>o-
ing over to America, ef|.eci illy as tiiv imniber of id.inds
lying between them made tlie paflligc more e.ify, cannot
be maintained. Theruiious reader will loon lee ('u(H-
iient evidence of a loiithern continent dopin" away
from the Sp ce lllaiids towards the eontiniiu of South
.Aiiv rica, by which Mexieo, I'eru, and Cliili, miglit pro-
bably be hril peopled.
It has been cbferved by the judicious compiler of the
improved edition of llariis's colleilion ofX'oyai'cs, that
.Antony Van Deman's Land, New Holland, .iiid Carpen-
taria make one eoirinent, from which New Zealand ap-
pears to be feparated by a (Ireight, and is part of another
continent, ani'ueriiig to Alr.ca, as this ot which we are
now (peaking, plainly doib to America. This continent
reaches from the cquinoiiial to the forty fourth degree of
fouth latitude, and ("ixty-llx degiiis fro.n calf to we(t ;
whence the bulged day ill the molt northern p.irt mult
be twelve hours, and in the fjuthern about fifteen hours,
or fomething more ; extending fiom the firll to the (e\^ii;h
climate, winch fliews its fituation to be extremely hap-
py i and as to the produce and commoJities of this coun-
tiy in general, there is the greatell real'on in theworld to
believe that they arc txtie.iiely rich and valuable, be-
caufe the finelt and riehctt countries in the known woild
all lie Within the fame l.uiiuile, and indeed this is more
than conjedlure ; for Con.e part of it we n.e told by ihc
firlt difcoverers abound with gold, filver, pe.irl>, nutmegs,
m.ce, ginger, and fugar-canes of an extraordinary l;ze'.
It ought not to be omitted, that there are an infinite
number of illaiids near the continent, and others featter-
ed at a conliderable ddfance from it, many ol v/liicli arc
placed between that part which baa been dilcovercd and
America.
It will be proper jufl to ti'kc notice of the fevcral pans
of this country that li.ive been mcntioiie 1, i.nJ we (hall
begin with New Hrdlaiul, a very extenfivc trait of land,
which, as Dampicr obfervei, join:. iititl-.er to Alia, Africa,
nor Anieric.i, though it extendi from the ti-iiih to the
ihirty-fiid degree of (buth. latitude, or abc-.e twelve thott-
fand miles, and how u. i' a farther it I'retclus to the
fouth'Aard is not certainly knov.n. '1 i r- Dutch, who
ire
*.'-.!/,.
i-(^:.\-
/li — ,;/.
'I
'acific Oc7.AS.
inJ filvcr, has rcn-
ipply tlKnilllvcs to
PACIFIC OCEAN
73;
1 they ufc bows atiii
onii; and two bioad,
111 arc I'liimcd of a
1 to lie thofi; of I'cals,
: m;ulL' much In the
ribcJ ill the treatinsr
ir the feat is round',
lJ about with puts,
iigs hiced rcund tbi;
opened like a purfc.
:e, llrctches out his
jt his body, 'I'hcfi;
/eathcr, though they
carried by a fnigle
y kiiullv, ciinvcrfe in
:s fixtd upon ihcm,
nuke iheni prelcnts
tin' ntirthcrn pans of
Ti Siberia ; fur though
md Alia wci'e luver
]ti[M- lie fo near each
ihabitaiits of Afiago-
iv. number of illaiids
c more cafy, cannot
r will (oon fee fiilfi-
tiiK'iit floping away
toimniiu ot South
nd Cliili, iniglit pro-
ous compiler of the
n of \'oyag(F, that
11. mj, .iiid Carpen-
h New Zealand ap-
nd is |)art of another
his ot uhith we are
This continent ,
rty fourth degree of *■'--(',■
fio:n ealt to well ; <./■" ,< •
northern p.;rt nuilt
about fifteen JKiurs,
he I'.iU to the fe\^nth
be extremely h.ip-
noJitles of tliii coun-
cal'on in the world to
h and valuable, be-
in the known woiKl
indeed this is more
we iiie told by the
ver, pear].-, nutni'jg',
extraordinary l;'/.e.
there are an infinite
, and others I'eatter-
nijiiy 1^; whicii arc
been liileovcrcd and
: of the fevcral pnris
tioiiei, :.!;.l v/e ihall
:tcnlivc tr:idt of land,
itl-.cr to Afia, Al'tiea, ,
jm the t'liih to the /.»— ,v.
ir abii'. e twelve tliou-
ir I'retchjs to the
1 i ; Dutch, who
lie
.,5 ,
arc nnieh bettci acquainted with thefe countries thin any
other nation in Kurope, from their polIelTing the Spice
Ill.iiids in its neii;hbi.iiihond ; but have with grc.it cart
ciideavouied to concei'l their difcoveries, though they
h.ive given names to fevei d patt'i of the country. New
Holland has, however, been vifitcil by iVveral other
Kiiropeaiii, and particularly by l).ini|Mi:r, who obferves,
that pait which he fiw coiil'ilis of lo* even land, with
faiidy banks next the fei. In one part molt of the trees
art dragon-trcc'i, whici arc pretty large, the gumdilhlling
IVoin knots or tracks in the trunk. In in itlicr part were
various other forts of tree; ; but none of them above t.n
feet high, their bodes ah .iit three leet round, and live
iir fix leet before you come to the blanch ;i. Some of
the trees had a fiagraiu fiiell, and were red witliiil the
bark j moll of them had bloilonis or b.-rries, tiie former
of which were of (everal colour.i, a,, red, white, and
yellow ; but nioflly blue, and tli i'- had generally a very
fragrant fnull. I'lKre were likewife fluvn of ftver.d
kinds glowing on the ground, foinc ot uhich were very
bw-autitul, and of fucli kinds as he had neicr feen be-
fore.
The land-aniinals he law here were only a fort of
r.iconiij, dilFeiing fioni thofe of the Well Indies, and a
kind of guano; that were extremely ugly. Of the l.ind-
fowls he law none of the larger birds l^ut e.-rgk", and live
or fix forts of Im.ill birds, which lung with a great variety
of line Ihrill notes, 'I'hc water-fowl were lUitks, cur-
licus, cr.ih-catchers, pelicans, and fome whi^h our au-
thor never faw before. The natives, according to Dam-
pier, were tall, lhaii;ht-bodied, with fmall long limbs,
large heads, round foreheads, flat nofes, prttty full lips,
and wide mouths : their hair black, fltort and culled
like thofe of the negroes, and the colour of thir Ikins
very black : they had no fort of tloaths, but the rliiiid of
a tree tied like a g'rdle about their w.iift, and a bundle
of long grafs, or the bough of a tree full of leaves, talKncd
under their girdle to hivie thiir nakednefs. But the peo-
ple of dillaiit parts of the country are very ditFL-rcntly
jcfcribed.
V^an Diemcn's land is a very cxtenfivc country, difco-
verod by Abel Janfcn Tafman, of which we have no
Dtinr account worthy of notice but th^ extent of the
coaiU which he difcovercd in the forty- I'econd degree
twenty-five minutes fouth latitude, and in the hundred
and thirty third degree fifty minutes ealt from London ;
he fleered eafl-fouth-caft along the coall to the height
of forty four degrees fouth latitude, wdicrc the land runs
away ealt and afterwards north caft-by- north. In the
forty-third degree ten minutes fouth latitude, and in the
longitude of a hundred and thirty-feven de'recs fii'ty mi-
nutes eaft from London, he anchored in a bay to which
he gave the name of Frederick Henry. The trees in ih;s
country where he obfervcd them did not grow vuy clofe,
nor were incumbered with bufhes or under wood. I'lom
ihcfc trees he gathered fome gum and lac.
The land of .\u(tralia deile Spiiitu Santo lies in about
the fifteenth degree of fouth latitude, and according to
Pedro Fernandez de Q^iiros, by whom it was dil'covered,
extends from the hundred and fiftieth degree of longitude
call from London to the hundred and thirtieth degree of wefl
longitude from the fame meridian, which is eighty degrees,
or about four thoufand fix hundred miles. But withrefpeiit
to this extent he feems to fpeak moflly from conjecture,
he bavin" not actually difeoveted the whole coalt he men-
tions. In fevcral memorials heprcf'ented to his Catholic
majefly, he particularly def'cribes the plains, trees, bcalls,
birds, and fi(he^ of the country ; mentions its producing
a variety of fpiccs, and excellent fiigar-canes, with a
great deal of gold and lilver. He deferibes feveral com-
modious harbou. s, and extols the falubrity of the air,
which he declares to be fuch, that iMtwithflanding he
had a confidcrable body of men, who, like himfelf, were
ftrangers to the climate, yet though they were expjied
to continual Ubout in the open aij-, and often to the cold
109
dews while hot, none of ihem were ;akfn lick. As for
the n.itives, he found them itrong, htahhy, and many
of them Oi a great age.
New (.iiimea, the country We fh ill next deftiihe, ex-
tend.s fiom CapcM.ibo, in about fllty nimutes fouth l.itj-
tude, and a hund"\l .iiid fix d'.giees thirty minutes eall
longitude from London, to Ring William's C ipe, in
the lixth degree tinny minutes fouth latitude, and a-
bout a tiundred and forty-three degrees of longitude :
thus tilt co.ifl cxlinds from the north- well to the fouth-
eafl i but how far it reaches to the foiithward is Itill un-
known.
I his country, which was difcovercd in 1529 by
S.savcdi.i, received from him the lume of Terra dc Pa-
piias i but Van Schouten, the Dutch difcoveicr, gave it
tiic name of New (juinea. Some diilmguilh it into thre".
lift. lent pari.s i calling that whi' h lies from the hundiid
and forty-third to the huiidied and thirty-lii'tli degree of
1 mgitudi. New Ciiiinea : to a narrow flip of laud which
extends from thence to Cape Mabo, lluy give the name
of Terra de I'apos ; and that winch lies on the fouth ot
It, round a large giiU, betv^'een the eighth and hiteemh
degree of fouth latitude, they term Cirpent iria, or Car-
penter's Laud, friun a Dutch c.iptain by whom it was
difcovercd : but it is not certainly known whether what
is here called a gulf is not a ftreight.
Commodore Roggeweln obferves, that the continent
of New tiui'iea appeared to him very high land, cxtrc.iie ■
ly full of pl.iiits and trees i to that in falling fo^ir hundred
lca;;ue', along the coafl he did not obleive one barren
ipot; and from thence thinks it extremely probable, that
It abounds vv'ith many rich comniodiiies. tie adds, that
perfbii^ woithy of credit aflured him, that fome of the
tree burgilles in the Moluccas go annually to New
(luinca, where thev exchange fmall pieces of iron fof
nutmegs, IJut the heft account of New Guinea in ge-
neral is that publilhed by Dampier, who fiill difeoveied
it on New-year'a-day 1700, in between the third and
fourth degree.! of fouth l.ititudc, where it was liij^hevcn
land, well cloathed with till flourifhing trees that appear-
ed very green, and alVorded a pleafaiu profpect. in the
woods he found ftveral forts of fruit, fuch as he had
never feen before ; but he deferibes none of them, Ono
of his men fhot a IKuely fowl, as big as the largell dung-
hill cock, of a ll<y tidour, with a white fpot on the mid-
dle of each wing, about which were fpots of red ; its head
was crowned with a bunch of long feathers that appeared
very beautiful ; it had ftrong legs with reddifh claws, and
its crop was filled with fmall berries. Its ncit was in a
tree, where was found an egg as large as that of a hen.
The yawl, which was fVnt another v^■ay for water, return-
ed at nighi, and brought a wooden fifTgig, very ingeni-
oufly made : this thev found by a fmail barbecue, ufeJ
for drying fifh, where they alfo law a (battered canoe;
but faw none of the inhabitants,
A little to the northward tf this place captain Dampier
found a dream of good water, where a boat could come
up to ir, and a fliip might anchor dole to the fhore.
The captain going aftiorc here, found a fmall cove, wdierc
be beheld two barbecues, which appeared not 10 be a-
bovc two months ftanding ; and the fpars being cut
with fome fliarp inftrunicnt, it feemcd as if the natives
had iron,
Schouten, and other navig-'do, .,bo vifited different
parts of this continent, conceived very high ideas of it,
and have reprefented it as one of the richelt in the world:
but they were not able to penetrate far into it ; for they
found t.he couiurv extremely populous, and the inhabi-
tants of a martial dilpulition, and generally fpeaking,
well armed.
Thus impetfeel are the accounts <f liiit continent,
thoujh a iiiimbet of na\igatorb of different nations have
fallen in with it. We Ihall now conclude with men-
tioning fome of the iflands in the Pacific Ocean that
have been belt d.-fcribid.
<1
9 M
SECT.
•
7Si
A S Y S T E M OF G F O G R A P H Y. Nova Britannia, .V
s J-: c T, ir.
*i
liii;
Of tlu- nrfl rnii.n LibU of ih-f,- l/li'tili in tlf Pf.'ifo 0,;-n>i ll il
' hiivt l',,» rlijrcvfrttl h il'f I'.ursf'c-m!, p.mu-til ,i i\' I'djih
llhiii/l, Ncf.i IWilawri, (irrrnt Dniirt', ll!; /hitlnny
Vrvf's HI.iiil, Mi:i, Aiimf/7, iht Thjiilii'i'l Ijiinls^ the Ijlf
!>•' Ke.rr.il!"!, Il,n'mn>i'i Ijhimh, Mil.li.i'iui Ijhn'U the
7!".lh.ri,l/ji- Si//t>; Ciciii, l/'ff, niiJ Jli."i Ijlmdi : with
fomt Ai-au-it (■/ thiir Inluil/ilami.
, r).\SCH.\L, or r,.incr Iflaml,;sfi:ii;itf.l iiiilicfwjiity-
ii^'-'.^r , .1 (i ;1, ill ill Ljric thirty miautiT, iuimIi laMtu.ic, iuul ii
fuppoftil t;) lie ill about the hiiiulitil aii.l li'coml clc;',rcf
i)f welt liiii;!t»(lf troti) l.omloii i it ri'ceivcd it^ name
tVoin roni!iu);l(-rc Ro^iv-'wcin, whd ililcovt-rcd itoii Kallrr-
liay 1722. Thi' ciiniinoilorc, who had tluce iliii'.s wuh
hi;ii, Voat the Imallclt to i-xaniiii? the riiuntry, whiih
bioiight wcrJ that it (•.ciirJ vciy kitilc anil will iiiha-
lilted', and ihe next day an Indian cam- oiK to them in
hi. canne. Ti-.ty madi- figns to him to come on hoanl,
which he rc.-.dil; did, and was well reciivid ; Ivi ;.> he
VMi n.'ked, tliLi' gave him a piece ol eloth, pieces of
coral, beads and other toy:-, all which he huii.s about
his neck. Hii body was painted all over with a variety
ot li^inres i his natural complexion ; ppeared to be a dark
brown, ant hi< ears were excefTively iar;;f and long. He
V.MS tail, ndnid, and had an agreeable cinintenance : he
was brill:, aifUve, and liiely. 'J'liey gavehim a glaCs of wine
to drinlt, which lie threw away in a manner that (tir-
prizcd them. 'I'lity next cb'thed him from htad to foot,
with whxli lie w.is dilpUaled, and appeared aukward
and iincalV. They ;'avc him \ ictn.ils, hut he could nut
be prevailed mi t ) iile either a knife or (ork As they
found it impollible to come to an anchor that day, tluy
reliil-, ed to lend him afhorc, allowing him to keep
what he had got, in order to encourage otlicrs ; but
vhat is really furpriziiig, the poor creature had no
mind to go, and they had much ado to get him into Ins
canoe.
'Ihe next morning by break of day lliey entered a
■ gulph, and many thoufand of the inhabitant-s came down
to receive iheni, bringing with them vail quantities ol
fov, !s and loots, with which many came on board, while
the icll ran about on the Ihore. The next morning the
]3ir,e:i prepared to land, when the fri-iully Indian who
had beiii with ihrin before came on board a fecoiid time,
brinuiii" with him many of his countrymen, who, to
make ihemfeives welcome, had loaded tneir canoes with
pUn;y of live fowls, and roots drelTed after their man-
ner. AniJiig them was a man perlecUy white, in wiiol'e
tars hiin^ round white pendants as big as ou.'s hit. He
ha! :n air extiemely devout, and l:imid to be one of
their priells. An hiindied and tifty Dutch feameii now
l.indiiig, thefe innocent and inottViifivc pceple, probably
filled with euriolity, crowdeu thick upon them, and fome
of them took hold of their arms ; on which tne Dutch
ihinkinu tliemfi Ives obliged to make way by force, had
the rafhneiL: and cruelty "to fire upon them, by which
means ni.iiiv of them were killed, and a-f.oii^ them the
fiiendly Indian who had been f.vicc on board. 'I'liis
difperlcd the Indians, and frighted them almoft out o(
their wiib ; )et in a loiv minutes they rrcdvercd from
tlicir aftonifliinent and terror, and alilmblir,; again, did
r.ot approath nearer than ten yaids, where they probably
imaijined they might be lafe from the cfKifls of thai
thunder and liVhtning they had feen difehariied fiom the
inulkets i yel liowkd and made iJii'mal l.tmentatioiis.
' They now brought vail plenty of pravifion;, and that
thcv niii'ht leaie no nitans untried to pacify their iii-
■ vaders, we are told, that both the men, w;inien, and
chddreii foon came before them holding branches of
palm in lii;n of pca;e, and by the moll humble prdlures
txprelled their delirc of mollifying thefe ftrangers. 'I'hey
even (hewed them their women, and made thenj undcr-
liaiiJ that thev were at their dilpofal. 'I'ne Dutrh,
fottcned by theie tokens ot huniilitv and deep fuhmiffijli,
■ re|)en;ed th^ir raflinefs, and, inltead ol doing them any
firthcr hariT), nude them a prefeiU of a piece ot punted
cloth fixtv yards I'TJ ; and of nmiy beads, atiJ Imall
looking- gl.iflcs, with which they were extremelv pleafcd
.As the Indians fawthat the Dunh were now dilpofed to
treat them l.ke liiiii,:-, they brought thiin live hundred
live fowl at once, like tlie barn-door fowls of Kurope,
v^'ith a great quaiitiiy of red and white roots, and po-
tatoes, which thefe people ulc inlhad of bread. They
alio gave them fome liundrcd^ of I'ugar-caiRs, and a-
bundanccof Indian figs, the pulp of which was as fwect
as hi.ney. The Dutch I i.v in this iiland i.o other ani-
mals than birds of all f; rts ; but thought it probable
that in the heart ol the ecuntry weie catt'le and beafis of
Viirimu kinds; betaufe when ihej (hewed the Indians
fome hogs on board their (Irps, they let them know by
(igiis tli..t they h.i I (ecu I'm h .Tiiimals before.
Kvery tube or family kcmed to have a feparate village,
compodd of huts that were Irrm foity to i.bout fixty feet
long, m which they had ft w moveables, and thofc of no
^fiat value, except (o.iie rid and white coverlets that
lerved them when w.dking for eloaths, and when (leaping
for quilts : tiie (lu(F was as foft to the touch as filk, and
to all appearance was of their own manufafliire. They
make ule of e.irlhen put.-, todiefs their meat in, and have
round iheii vill.igis Utile |)lantatiuns ft.ikcd out, and very
neatly divided.
Nova IJrit.mnia, or New Hritain, was for fome tim?
thought to be coniiguous to New Guinea, till captain
Danipiir found it to be an ill.ui.l. It 1-es lutty miles to
the eafUvard o( the cadcriTioft part of New Guinea. The
iioithermoll point is in the fecoiul degree thirty minutes .
north latitude, and the louthiimoil in the fixth deg.'ce «
thiity minutcj fjuth latitude, and it extends about five
degrees fixtcen ir.inutcs in length ; appearing to be for
the moll part hi;;h land mixed with valleys, and every
where abounding with large and (lately trees. The
mountains and low lands aie plr.ilantly mixed with wood-
h.iids and favannas,and on the ("ides of the hills are many
large plantations of cleared lands. The country is well
inhabited by a llrong well-limbed people, of a very dark
complexion.
Round Nova Britannia arc fevcral fmaller idands, fome
of them full of cocoa-nut trees, pa.'ticularly on the north-
call hde ; among thefe arc Gerret Dennis's ille, which is
about fourteen or fifteen leagues round, high, mountain-
ous, and very woody ; but the (ides ot the hills arc
thick let \\ith plantation-, and the bays by the fea tide
Well llored vv.th cocoa-nut trees, intermixed with a lew
lioules.
I'his iflind is very populous, the natives arc like the
former, black, (Irong, well limbed, with large head?,
and their hair, which curls naturally, is (haved into fc-
ver.il forms, a; d -lyed of various colours. They di-figiirc
themlelves by i/ainting, and arc reprefcnted as deforming
their faces by thrulling (omtthing through the ntife,
which conie> out on each lide by the cheek-bone. They
have alfo great hole; in their eais, flretchcd open by th'-
lame prepolltu.us kinl of fancied ornament as that in
their nofes. Their weapons are chiefly lances, Iwoids,
llings, and fome bows and arrov^s. They ufc proa',
fomewhat refeinbling thole we have defcribed in treating
of the idandof Tinuii , hut the ends, which fervc for the
head and (lerii, aie higher than the reft, and carved
into many devices, as a fowl, a filh, or the head of
a man ; thefe they man.aga very dexteroudy with neat
paddles.
Antony Cove'j idand, as it is called in the Diit h
draughts, lies in the third degree twenty-five minutes
fouth latitude, and is ahigh land about four or tive leagues
round, very woody ; it is full of plantations upon the
f'lJes of the hills, and iicr the bays arc abundance 01
cocoa-nut trees. On the fouth-eall part of it are thr.r
or four fniall woody id.inds, one rifirg high, and other,
low and d.it, all covctid with cocoa nut trees, and other
wood. Thefe ate :ll well iiihabi'.,-d. On the north L
another ifiand of an indifierent hr.ght, and a little larger
than Anthonv Cov.:'s iflanl. .Some canoes from thi^
lall idand came aboard captain D.impi.'r'> fliip ; they had
proas made of one tree, the hollow part cat out, and
had out-laytrs on caih fide ; the (hore was covered wuh
men, who went along as he (Iceied by the coafh To
thre; of the natives who ca-.ne aboa.d he gave each
a kr.ife,
'J
'«fe!4L,;
I A Britannia, ice
vcro extremely pleafej
I were luiw (IilpiifrJ ti)
[^■Jit ihiiii live himdrej
ipcir fiiwls of Kuropr,
I white roots, and po-
itciul til bread. They
of rugAr-rams, and a-
< rt which W.15 as fweet
Ills ifland i.o other ani-
iit thoiijht it probable
■.Tie cattle and beads of
\t5 flu wed the lndiar<i
tlu y let ihem know by
uals before.
) luive a ftpar.ite village,
f(i;-ty to i.boiit fi.xty feet
veabie?, and ihofc of no
iiul white coverlets that
oaths and when (Ic-ping
to the touch as fillc, and
wn nianufaflme. They
s their meat in, and have
ionsftakcd out, and very
itain, was for fomc tim?
S'ew Guinea, till eaptiiii
1,!. It Tes lortv miles to
art of New Guinea. The ..
.'nil degree thirty minutes ...<.i
inioil in the fi.Mh degice t ;.'
md it extendi about five
7tb ; appearing to be for
ii with valleys, and every
and ftately trres. The
■.ifantly mixed with wood-
ridtsof the hilhare ni.my
nds. The country is wtil
bed people, of a very dark
L-vcral fmallcr idimds fom?
, particularly on the north-
?rret Denniv's iflc, which is
es round, high, mountain-
the fides ot the hills arc
d the bays by the lea-fiJi-
8, intermixed with a lew
the natives are like the
imbed, with large hcaJ-,
turally, is ftiavcd into k-
eolours. 'I'licy di-fi-iire
rtprefented as delormin.;
ithin" through the nok,
by the cheek bone. Thcv
;ais, ftretchcdopen by th-
(ancied ornan\cnt as that in
ire chiedy lances, i\\m<U,
irrows. Vhey ufe proas
, have deferib.'d in treating
;he ends which fervc for th.
than the reft, and carv..!
, a filh, or the head d
ry dexteroudy with n i;
is called in the Dut h ,
de-rcc twenty-five minutes ;J
miUbout four or five league .
uU of plantations upon the
the bays arc abundance o;
iiitheall part of it are thr.r
onerifii-.g hi^;h, and ovhci-
ih cocoa nut trees, and othtr
ihabi'.>'d. On the north i.
■litlK-i^ht, and a little large;
.S.)mc canoes from ihi-
inD.im,'.;-r--nj:;i; they had
lie ho'low part cat out, and
the Ihore was covered with
c deeied by the coal^ To
ca:ne aboa:d he (jave each
a kr.ite.
Boww vn's Islands, &:c. I' .A C I !• I C O C F. .\ N.
1 ,«(^
?SJ
a knife, a finall InoVing-glaf.s ..nd :i llrlii'.; r.f bjaJs,
He fhfv.vd thcni p.iiTipii.m and cocoa-nut Ih'.-lis, makinj^
fiyns to ilieni to Imih:.; fimie on li.ard, and they i^ave him
three rocoa nuts out (;l one ot the canoes, flelhew-
otlier with vifible marks of civility, dilcovciin;; nothiiij;
Wild 01 f.ivai',e in thi ii Inhavinur. Inltead of (iK'vvin!;
the marki o( teii.ir at the arrival of the Dutch, they cx-
priMld the utinolt ioy and fatisfaition, trea'in; them
fd thrill nutmegs, and by their (iijns he f;uelled they 'with a kindnefs and rcfpii'f not to be delciiheil ; they
even (hewed a deep toncern, when fhey p.reeived that
in lpi;;ht of all ther care to oblige .iiid ferve thole llrnn-
gi'is, they could not prevail on them to (lay ati.ong
them. Their bodies were not piinteil like thofi: of tliJ
other people the Dutch had feeii bcfnie ; but were hand-
IbnuK cloatlu'd fiom the i;iidle d.wirv .ird s with .i fort
ol lilk liinijes, neatlv (oKled. On their he.uls they Wnri:
hatsot a handi'ume fort of (hifF, v.l'.uh were very lari;e,
in order to keepolV the heat of the fun, and ab.mt tiieir
necks they had llrltu's of beautiliil (jdoriftrous dowers,
I'he land appeared cxqu'fitely charniiii;^ eveiy one of
the idandi b^'iilg agrerarly diverfiiied w.lh hiils .iiid val-
ley,*, and k-eined as l>eaiitiful as imaj;iiiaiion cm paint.
Some of ilule id.inds were ten, foinc fifteen, an! others
twent) niiles in compels. Each faniiiv, or tribe, fi-emcct
to have Its particular d ltri(il, and to (orni a (iparatc go-
vcrnmint. The land in each was laid out in ncit and re-
had fome oil the illaiij. lie ilfo (hevv.J th in iome
j:old dull, v/.iich ihey fecnu-d to be acijiiaintid wi'h,
calling out, iManctl, nianeel, and pijintuiT; toward the
land.
'I he id md . of Moa and Ariinoa lie In the third dcj'.ree
tl latitude. The latier is the bi.u'eil ot the two, hut
they are both very well peopled, and abound with coeoa-
lulti, Indian fi|;s, and vaiious kiiuli uf roots, Tlie in-
h.diit.ints have a piOilijiioiis number of canoes, and go
well aimed wilh bows and arrows ; and this is faid to be
the cafe even of the woiucn and childnii. Moa is iiotfo
p.ipulous as Aiii'ioa, though both illands are eciually
ple.if.iiit and fertile. .,
'I'o t'.'.e wf ll'v.ird of ih'.' idands l.id dcfcribed, the lea is
f.ivi'rylull ol illands, that comnindore RoiiL'ewcin and
his people fiiulin;; it ilitfii ult, if not im,Kiflible, to count
thini, ].ave tliini the n.uucof the 1 lumlaii I idjiids. The
inliahiiaiits are lULMoes, of alliori Upiat make, and their
heads C'ivtri d w.th thuk curled Inn. fliey -11 go naked,
except h«ving a kind of belt, adorned wiih wliat they
clleei'i onianiJiiis, lalltned round ihtir waill i only
fome ot them h.ive bracelets, and others wear on
their lua.'s a kind of light llr.iw-hats adorned with the
featluisof the birds of I'aradile, 'I'liey are reprefented
'.■' ''• ■
a
enth degrees of fouth V '•*
gular pl^intatiinj.
Uctu-eer the fiftecmh and
latitude arc fouridands, each of them f< ui or five U^rrucs
in compais, with a eontimied chain of lleep ri.el;s be-
tween them. 'I'hele idands are \'o clofe together, that
1 there is hardly room lor a (hip to p.ifs between them ;
and there one of commodore Rogsjeweia's (hips was loll »
by conuiiodorc Rog^ewein as bold, miiehievous, and un- i whence the idand on which it was wrecked was c.dled
ttail.ible. They .lie faid to have a bit of (lick ot the lize I Mifehievous idand j the two next to it weic named the
of a tobacro-pipe, and of the length (d' one's finger, j brothers, and the fourth the Siller. All four were covcr-
wliieh they luii throii!;h the giiltle of the nofe, and ; ed with a verdure iiuxpredibly charming, and abound
this they are t'aid to look upon as a means vi makin^
tlum app'u fiiice and terrible to llie.r enemies. I
Tlie .lie (d' R'creaiion is in the li.\teeirh degree of ;
fiiuth latitude, and about the hundred and forty-levcnth
degree of well long.itude. It is about twelve leagues in
extent, and extremely feitile, it producing great quanti-
ties of trees, but more efpccially palms, cocoai, and iion-
wood. The Dutch thought they had leafon to believe,
th It ill the heart of the country were rich mines. The
in'.iabit lilts are of a middle fize, robull, and active; they
:ire warlike, and have the charaifler of being very treacher-
ous, efpeei.dly the women ; for ki/.ing an opportunity,
they killed fevcral Dutchmen. Their hair is blaik, long,
and (hilling, which is chiedy owing to their anointing
it with the oil of cocoas. They paint their bodies, like
the natives of Patch idand, and ilie men l.ilU-n round the
waid a kind of net- work, v.'hiih they draw between their
li-gs, ar.d tuck up behind. Isut the women are coveie<l
with a kind (d iiuntlc of their own manufacture, which
neailv relcmbles lilk, and on their necks andwiilL they
wear lliings of pearls.
I'lownian's idands are fituated In the twelfth degree
fouth luitud •, and in the hundred and fifty-fecond de-
gree well longitude from London. 'I'hey appear very
beautiliil ataoiltance, arc well planted wilh fiuit trees
of all forts, and produ:e herb), corn, and roots m great
p'.Lnty ; the land towards thecoalt being laid out in l.irec
aid regular plantations. When com;nodore Ro.:gewein
11,-proached thcte idands, the Indians, on feeing the (hips,
cair.e in their bo.its, and brought them lifh, cocoa-nuts.
with fine tall trees, el'pceially cocoas. '1 he heibs were
(i) tclrelhing and falutary, that the fliip's crew, many
of whom were ill of the fcurvy, were liirprilingly re-
covered by them. They likewile found there a prodi-
gious plenty of cockles, mufcles, mother ofpeail, and
peail oyder.-.. Thi;le illands are extremely low, lo that
I'ome parts of them mull be freiiuentiv overflowed ; but
the inhabitants are well piovid.'d againlf fuch accidents,
fincc they have not onlv i^ood canoes, but If.iut barks,
with cables and fails. I'he natives aie laid to be of
an extraordinary (ize j then bodies arc painted of va-
rious toijurs, and they arc armed with long pikes or
lanccs.
Cocoa idand lies in the fixtcenth degree ten mlnutca /^ •'
fouth latitude, and had Its name from its abounding ex-
tremely in cocoa trees. It is properly a high mountain j
and two leauuci to the fouth of it is another l.ilig, but
low idand, to which Sthouten, from the tieacliery of the
inhabitant'^, gave the name of Traitors illand. Each of
them Icenis to be under the government of a particular
chief, or king. Hope idand is feated about fifty leaguer,
to the weft of thefe, and was thus called by the Dutch
from their hoping to get frefli water there : hut it being
cncompaded with rocks, ajainft which thr feu beats with
141e.it fury, they could not land there. It produces cocoa
and other trees. The idand is covered wilh hills, and
there were fecn a large village, with feveral houfes on the
coa;K ,
Hoorn Idands lie to the north-weft in about the four
teenth degree of fouth latitude. The inhabitants, who
rr.
II
ij, i)fl.
Jndi.m fi'.'.s, and other lerrelliments ; in return lor which ' are of a yellowifh brown complexion, are tall, luiiv,
the Dutch gave them, as ufual, fmall looking-gladc--, ] ftrong, well proportioned, Iwift of loot, and very expert
firings of beads, and other toys. 'They foon lound that at fwiniming and diving. 'They are very ingenious, and
thife idands werevery populous; for many thoufand men I t.ike a pride in adorning their hair. I he women are,
and women, the foimer ttenerally armed with bows and i however, very homely, ill-lhaped, and very (hort : their
arrows, came down to the Ihore t.i looic at them. Among | breafts are extremely dn'agrecable, and hang, like leathern
t'.ie red they law a niajeltie peilonage, who, Irom the I bags, down to their bellies ; yet they are eery lali ivious.
drcfs he woie, and the honours that were paid him, they I 'Thele people are goveincd by a king, or chief, to whom
ealily dil'coveieJ to be the fi'vereign of the nation. He I they fceni to pay veiy great i'eipedt. 'They h.ice no
iiepi'fd into a canoe, accomji.inied by aynung wom.in notion of tiade, ar.d though they gave the Uuteh in.iny
who I'.it clofe by his fide. His canoe was inltantly lur- hogs, and other provllions, it proceeded merely from
louiidcd by a vad number of other vcdels, that crowded 1 their humanity and gooJ-n.iture ; however, the Dutch
about it, and f<emed Intended for a gu.iid. All the in- | proportioned the pretents they made them to the pio
hibitanls of thtle idand.. arewllitc^, and of the I'.nTe
e"ii;pli-xion as the European'-, except their appearing
I n-inirnt. 'Thiy (eem to be a very innocent and hatm-
lels peoj'le J they iue brilk and lnJy, .'nJ tieat ea..li
vihons they received. 'Ihele people are l'.iid iiei: her to
till, fow, noi perform any other labour ; but gather only
what the CiCth lpontane.;)ully product.-, as coeoa-nuts,
and fame other Ituits.
1 Ecf,dc9
784
A SYSTEM OF GEOGRAFHY,
Pacific Ocean.
Bendes the iflanJs we have here mentioned, many
Others have beeiidifcovered, and a great number of them
are fcaKcred over the Pacific (Jccjn. To conclude, this
f,rcat continent thui imperl'cftly difcovered, and whofe
imiis arc unknown, with the numerous illands in this
remote part of the globe, will, perhaps, in future ages
become the fettlements of fome European or American
power i and probably may in part become fubjei^ to
opanifti America, if ever inat fliould be fcparated from
the dooiuiions of Spain. Whenever that event, or any
other of a like nature, takcf place, may the lives, ihe
liberties, the poilcflioiis, and the happinels of the pnor
inhabitants be fecurcd ; and thcfc now alinoli miknuwii
parts of the earth unacquainted with the rava^t-s, the
murders, and dcfulation that great part of Anu'rira has
fuffcred I Mean while ihiicuntincnt, and the luiincroui
iflands in the I'acihc Ocean, remain a fund of geogra-
phical knowledge and of natural hillory, concealcJ from
the view of Europe ; but which new and mute peilcdt
difcovcrici will at length reveal.
The END of tlic SECOND VOLUME.
I N n I-: X.
Pacific Oceam.
:e, may the lives, ihe
happinels of the pngr
now aliiKiK imkiiuwii
with the ruvanes, the
t part of AiiU'rira hat
i-nt, and the imnicroiH
tin a liiml of (;ci)Kr.i-
hillury, conccak'J Ijom
itcw and mure peilci^t
I
N
D
E
X
TO THE
SECOND
V O L U ME.
CONTAINING
EUROPE and AMERICA.
A.
ABANO, b«hi of, 356
AbbcTille, 46;
Aberconway, or Conway, sJt
Abcrifiwyth, 574
Aberdtcn, city of, 590
Aberdeenthirr, county of, ib.
Abergavenny, 53*
Abernethy, 590
Abingdon, 511
Abo, 87
Abruzzo Citra, 40;
Ultra, ib.
Acadia, or Nova Scoti« In general defcribed, 634
Acapuico, 734
Acerenza, 405
Acroteri ifland, 24
Aderholm ifland, 9J
Adllberg, i;4
Adrianople, 16
Adur or Seeding river, 509
iEgades, or VEgates, iflands of, 4 10
JEtnt, a defcription of that volcano, 40I
Agen, 474
Agnano, lalie of, 401
Aiehftadt, bifliopric of, tzj
— ^— — city of, ib,
Ailelbury, 537
Aire, 464
— — ihefhire of, in general, 586
. town of, ib.
Aix la Chapelle, 25^
Aix, capital of Provence, 454
— in Savoy, 33 j
Alaba, province of, 431
Alais, 472
Aland, 88
Alavanches, or mondrous fnow-ballt, 333
Albania, or Arnaut in general defcribed, 27
Albano, 394
Alban's, St. 54*
Albany, 653
Albigois, dilliift of, 472
Albourg, general government of, K2
. — its capital defcribed, ib.
Alby, 472
Alcant.ra, 433
Alderney, ifle of, 518
Alentfjo, province of, 44s
Alelfandria, 340
Alenio, 27
Algarve, province of, 441
A;i,aiit, 423
VaL.lI.
Alligators of Ouayaquit defcribed. with the manner of
their laying their eggs, &c. 7j6
Algeziras, 435
Alloa, or Alloway, 596
Alloway caftle defcribed, ib,
Alnwick, 56;
Alps defcribed, 299
Alface, country ot, 4;8
Alfen, ifland of, 123
town of, ib.
Altdorf, or Altorf, 21 j
Alftadt fuburb, 77
Altdorf, or Altorf, 309
Altena, 199
Altenburg, city of, 190 ,
——~— principality of, ib.'
Altendorf, 310
Altenkirchen, 260
Altorf, or Altdorf, 22 j
Allfohl, county of. 131
Altfletten, 316
Amal, 90
Amalfi, 40;
Amber of Pruflla, 75
Amberg, Z15
Amboife. 478
IAmbrun, 457
America in general defcribed, 62 j
difcovered to extend a-crofs the PacIAc Ocearj^
almoA to Afia, 780
Amersfort, 294
Amiens, 46;
Amorgo, ifland of, 23
Amflerdam, 290
Anclam, 185
Ancona, marqnifatc of, 381
city of, 382
Andalufla, province of, 434
New, 747
Andes, Cordilleras of, defcribed, 7r9
Andover, 517
Andra ifland, 2 1
Anjou, government of, 480
Andrew, St. lity of, 592
Andujar, or Anduxar, 436
Angerburg, 79
Angermanland, province of) 96
Angers, 480
Anglefey, ifle of, 57*
Angoultfine, 477
Angourtiois, government of, 476
Angra, 447
Aiiguilla, or Snake ifland, 6go
Angus, thefliircof, 592
1 pN
Anhilr,
i
1
N
D
X.
Aiihult, pririkiiJili-y of, i16
Anua, 4;
AiiiumUlc, fS;
Anii,i|i.ili,, ^^H
AiiiunluiK |>jUcf, 5 >
Anli'acli, 111
A 'ii( arm iiLinc' and in rcmiikabte grndo dercribci), aj
Aitt-I'var d.itiibcil, ; 18
Aiillioiii , Si. l.ii joiivtnf, 48
Aiiiij;ii.i, ir Aiil<(;o, ill.iiid ot', ^94
Aiiii(]iiiti(iof AtluiH, 1 1
— — — ot I'jro), I)
Aiiliiin, couniy n'', fii 5
tiinri it, ti'',
Annurp, a-.|
Apciifji'i', or Abcnruilf, ijj
<\l'|Hll7.cl, 3 16
— — — liuv^n of, \ij
■■ — city of, ilj.
Al>|i'clnv 5^7
Ajii^'li.!, or A(iu1!a, dilliiA of, 406
A(|'iJ I'liLU'iitc, 3D+
A'pnl.i, 407
AiaiiJKZ, (iiLirc of, 4:6
Arboil, 316
Aic.idi.i, II
AulKiiigil, ilio Eovcrninent of, and capital, 4^
Auliiiicijgo ifliinis ill gLHiral defiiibeJ, ao
AiliolV, 5,;;
Artqnij'.i, ■^d-'
Arliutf, |dvciiiiri(nt of, iit
Aili'.ifm, or Ailmfi', it).
Alii Ml, adefciijition of ilut fruit, 717
,\ig"<. It
A'{;oltiili, port of, ij
Ari;;.L-,i(Tinty ofdtfiiitied, 593
I'ii>|icr, dilliitl of, 5^4
Arlow, (ill .
ArKs, 45 5
ArnmdilK. iltfiiibid, 718
Ami ,','1, city of, 615
-■ - <ir Anlni.ijjli, county of, 614
Arm ' Mulil.ivia, jo
■ v,i WjUcliia, itj,
. of Uullia, 41
o( C^'Uiljiid, 69
uf I'riiiri.i, 76
ol S\»c(lcn, hO
ot Ci..ililaiid, 89
cf Ddiiiuik, 1 1 3
of lilt tmperor and empire of Germany, i+t
of Cariiic.la, 152
of I'jro!, 15;
__ — of fi,j!innia, 1 59
_ — • of .Saxony, 17 I
(if iiranilciibiirg, 17S
of Anlialt, 186
of icliwartzbii'-j'', mjo
of .Mansftld, 191
of the diil-.c of VVirtetnliiirg, 2(j;
. of ihc niaigr.natc of llaJiii, J67
._— of the Stales Gcntr.il, 236
■ „ ,. of St. G.1II, a;id whence ihfy carry a bear, 3a»
of t'v: bifliop of Cliur, 324
otitic Valais, 32?)
ol ilie liiiig of cJardiiii^, 3 55
cf l!;c great ilukt of Tuftany, 367
of Sjiaiii, 419
ofl'iMt-ga!, 441
of I'unte, 45.:
of t'ri;iand, 501
■ of Sienna, 371
/\riia, town and pen Jefciiljed, 2 1
Arnd il, 1 -i
Ambciin, 287
Ariilladt, 191
Aroe, illaiid of, 124
Arolfeii, 24s
Anagoii, province of, 42:
Arraii, ills of, 587
Arras, 4O!
ArtoN, ronnly of, 4^. j
Ariiba, iOaiid of, 714
Aiuiidcl, (la
Arvo river, 333
Aiiiii river, ;09
Alapli, St. dci'cribed, 57 r
Ailicllns or Amianthus dtfcrlbed, loi
Ali'hatKiihcrjj, a 30
Alliby dc la /ouchc, ;5i
Ai'inaiia, illc uf, 3 ) 1
Allen, »97
Aifei, wild ones the manner of catching thtm, tu
AHwil, dinriClol. if.jy ' "*
\llorg.i, 4(1
.'Mluriai, principality of, 431
.\ilicii«, 13
AtllhillC, (109
Aihol, 590
.Athoi, mount, 14
Attawiwa], Indian!, 639
.Aubiii, Si. 5 18
Aurh, 474
.Aniro, 44;
Avcrno, lake of, .^03
Auj'Iburg, billiopric of, 263
city of, ib.
Aiigiirta, 671
Aiigullinc, i)t. capital of Eaft Florida, Cj^t
.\ugufla, 66
Aiiguftus, Fort, J93
.\»ignon, city of, 45G
-— . flitc <if, it).
Avila, ill Old Cillile, 429
Aiinis, govcriiniem ol, 479
.\vi n liver, 5:6
.\iirlch, 25^)
.\iirillac, 475
.Audiij in (I'.ncr.il, 146
.Aiiftrijii rminlics In liwabia, 17 1
"landers, 277
Aiitiin, i\''-
\unigni, .17J
Auxei-re, 4(7
A^oic illaiiitj, 447
B.
p ACHMUT, 4j
iJ.iil.ijo/, 434
Baden, 150
margravatc of, t66
county of, 318
city of, ib.
ballu (if, ib.
Badiiioch, 5(^3
Kahama, or Lucay.in illands, CSi
Uahia, 719
Bahia de Carlos, or Charlcs's-bay, 676
Baia, ruins of Nero's palace, and bathi, 40}
Bakfliifarai, 32
Balilivia, 777
Balearic illands, 436
Ballylliannoii, 616
Balveny, 595
Bamberg, billiopric of, 218
city of, ib.
Banif, county of, 59 j
town of, ib.
Banbury, 537
Bangor in Ireland, 614
in Wales, 5/ a
Bantzen, or BudifTen, 211
Barbadocs, illand of, 697
Barliuda illand, (190
Barcelona, 421
Bar, dutcliy of, 4^ 1
Bar Ic Due, ib.
Bareltb, 221
Barri, or Bari, country of, 407
city of, ib.
Banier towns iiiriindei>, 281
Bjrs,
"'«-.a
N
D
X.
Birt, eniinly nf, i ^ t
Banliolomcw, illinJ of Si. JbV
ilufillurk, if>
Bilil, runlnri nT, f 1 1
—— ciiy 111, )ii
BiCilicatri 40;
UtOl't illjnil, sf
Bifi, illliKl uf, )82
CifreTiiif, 691
lljllic, \(>i
Dailii ol ISiilKiiia, 10 ,
I (it Cliiiiur^, 2D
— — ot Huinj.uy, ijrt, |}|
— _ r( Auflrij, 150
— — of Canililj, I ft
-— of llulicmij, iM
— — ct dial/, 170
— — of Uiilci), jiS
— i)f I.nitk, \i(>
— — ot AliJii", 3 j6
— — iif U.ii.ii 403
Mith, ^iO
Ujtis Ikilliil lilfcile", ; 1 +
Ihvaria, ciulc ul, il<
HajiuK, .|';.(
Ui)i'iia, 4\j
Bayocinc, 4;}
Bcair, $76
Bcarn, (irincipaltly of, 47;
Bears of t.'jii.id.i difcribcJ, 636
— — of V iifjiiin, C6j
Ileiitlicim, i-oiiiily ul, 2;8
— — — lawn of, ib.
Beaver, ili.it .mimal defiribcil^jS
— — — iIk' iruiiiKTof coiillruiliiig llitir houfef, ib.
Bcaujniis, 468
BrJiitort, 671
Biaiim.iris, 57 J ^
Bt.iiiv.'.is, 4(jo
B'll'inl, 549
I!' iltordlliiii.', ib,
IJ ciliiig, or Adur, 509
1; ill, 41*
liLii.!, (irovinccof, 44;
Bcjiico ilifcribed, 750
Iklcm, 4 14
MUl, 6 lb
iiilgradf, lO
—— — city ot', iH
Bella, 1 bcauiifiil iH.iiid, 54;
BelLuii, :i (licll fifli cillcd fci-(!itc«, 381
Bllilfle, illaiid of, 49a
BelLntz, nr U;Hin7.oiu, 320
Bclkniie, iii
Bellinzona, «r Pcllcnt7. 32a
Bclvcilcre, 1 1
-. — or the vi!!,a AldubraiiJini, ^94
Belvoir, 614
Beiwlcr, 3 1
Kciievento, 40;
BLiillicrg, 2;;
Kcrg, diitchy i.S, ^54
Bcryiimo, diftrirtof, 359
rity of, ib.
Bci;;cii, government of, io3
iis ciijiitjl ilefcribcd, ib.
ncrgcnOi>-zoom, 298
Bcrklliiie, 5 19
Btrkbiirf;, 246
Berlin, cily of, dtfcribcd, \io
Berniiida, ill nul of, defcribed, C8
Bern, canton of, 30;
city of, jof)
Bernard, mountain of St. 3:7
licrnburg, it!;
Bi-rri, country 1 f, 477
Berwick, 564
Berrtickfline, 579
BdT,ir.il>i:i T.iri.ir,., 3!
Bevcland, ilUnd of, ZJJ
Biil)ftoc, 65
Ilibirac, ifi^)
llieg, or Briig, )|6
liielcfcid, a;6
Uitlugiirod, fidirernmcnlor, 4;
• in ca|iiial, ill.
RIcllk, palatinate and .iiy of, C^
llilhiii, 4 JO
lliul catcbing |.erformed In Norwiy, 106
llirinlngliam, jji
llir, fill
lliorncborq;, Hit
llilliiy, province of, 430
ItUck and While Kljndi, ij
llUck-waier, river of, 604
lllatknefs, callle of, •;H()
Ulr(;nn, Valle di, po
lllckingcn, province of, 91
Uleiilk'lni houff, 5}d
Bluit, 4H1
Uuati ot l..ipland defcribed, 99
Uohcinii, kingdom ot in general, 158
HoliiM l.tlin, governmtnt of, 91
Boil le l)nc, 297
Uollo, a food uled to fupply the «ant of brMd, 741
Boliigna, city of, 376
Bil.igiiife, ib.
BoH'cnii, j86
Bol/.mo, village of, 157
Bcinjire, idand of, 714.
Dononi.in flonc ddcribtd, 376
Bofiiia, the country of, 28
town of, 6j
Bofton, 557
lloHon in New England, C50
Uolhnij, the province ot Kalf, 88
■■ the province of WiUj.gd
Borgn, 88
Borniio, or Wornn, country of, 315
liomhohn illand, 120
I'oiilognc, 466
lioufiuelin, a defciiptlon of, 336
Bouibon, 4.77
liourbonnois, government of, 477
Buiiideaux, 47]
liourgfs, A78
Box bill, ; 1 1
Boyle, 61 1
Bozen, 157
Br,ign, 4f6
Hraganzn, ib.
Braidalbin, $90
l!r.in(lciibnrg, marqnifaie of. In genera! defcribed, 178
— cily of defcribed, 181
—— Bartilb, principality of, JiO
■ ■ Anfpach, principality of, Z2Z
lirafil, 716
its ditlerent inhabitant*, their manner! and cuflomi,
719
its government, forces, and trade, 721
liralfj, fioi
llraunfberg, 74.
Ilraunfeis, 246
llread, a very remarkable kind innde in Sweden, 8)
how made in Iceland, 618
Uiecknockrtiirc in general, 576
Brccen, or Brecknock, ib.
Br^da, 298
lircmcn, dntchy of, joo
cily of, 201
Brcmgarlen, 319
litcnt rivLf, 526
Hrelan9on, 45S
Brefcia, 358
Brtllan, cr Breflaw, the principality of, 165
city of, ib.
Brcft, 451
Breton, illind of Cape, 632 '
Rriani-nn, 457
Bildgt formed by a petrifying fpring, 475
Biidgcnortb, 554
Bridges, remarkable ones in Peru, -6*
Bridge-
N D E X.
4': ■!■
.i;-ii'-.
>!' '11
i
'.'S:*
Bridge-towl), 701
Briilgewatcr, 52!)
Bricg, |iriiui)jiiliiy and capital, 1A6
Brindifi, 406
Brifjch, Old, z;i
Biifgow, ib,
BiiOul, 527
Hones, 534
Brittany, province of, 491
Bfive le Galliarde, 476
Brixcn, the bidiopric of and capital defcribed, 137
lirpclc, village of, igz
Brotvalla-heath famous for a battle fought there, 89
Brug, or Brieg, 326
Brugfs, 278
Brnnelle fort, 346
Brunn, or Biinn, 162
Bruiifwic Lunenburg, dutchy of, zo:
Lunenburg Hartz, 205
W^lfenbiittle, dctchy of, 2c6
city of, 207
BiulTcIs, 172
Burniillan, or Burnt Ifland, ^1
Bizetk, 67
Buchan, 59;
Buckeburg, 25S
Uuckertfl, 30
Buckingham, $37
Buckinghaindiire, ib.
Buda, 13 I
Budingcii, 2^0
BudilT^n, or Bautzen, zi I
Biiencs Ay res, 772
Bulgaria in general, 19
Bull feaHs of Spain, 41;
— Indians defcribed, 639
Buildings of RulTia, 36
Biirgamottree defciibtd, 69J
Burgof, 430
Burgundy, circle of, 272
or Franche Comic, earldom of, 458
— government of, 467
Burlington, 654
Buriit illand. Great and LefTer, 24
Bury St. Edmundf, 546
Bute, fhire of, defcribed, j8;
ill<- of, ib.
Buxton- wells, an account of lliofe waters, 560
/^Abhage-trff drfctibed, 675
^ Cahiera, inind of, 436
Cacio-trei-, 685
Cadi?, 4", 4
Caen, 494
CaerfiUy, or Caerphilly, 576
Caerm.rthen, 575
Cafrmartlieiilhire in general, ib.
Caernarvon, 572
Caernarvon Ihire in general, ib.
Caeiwi?, 571
Caffa, the Itreights of, 32
— — the town of, ib,
Cagliari, ^41
Calabria Citra, 40;
Ulira, ib.
Calabrian manna, ib.
Calais, 469
California, 729
Callao, 766
Calinbutg, or Kallundborg, 120
Caliiur, 89
— Sound, ib.
Calvary, mount in Stiria, 151
Cambray, 462
Camhrcfis, ib.
Cambf idge, anditsuniverfify, S46
Cambiidgcfliire, ib.
Cambridge in New England, 6;«
Cimmiit, ili;
Campagna di RoiTiana, j^^
Campbell, $94
Campeacliy, 73;
bay of, ib.
Campeii, 255
Campo Mjyor, 44a
Canada, or New France defcribed, 6}6
Canals of Prulfia, 79
Canal in France for joiniog the ocean to the Meditemnetn»
469
a curious account of one in LaneaOiire, 567
Candia iflands in general, 23
city of, 24
Canea, ib.
Canes remarkable of Guayaquil defcribed, 756
Canterbury, 50;
Cantyre, or Kintire, $94
Cape Breton, ifland of, 63 z
Francois, 707
Capitanata, or the Capilanate, 407
Capo d'lDria, 359
Capri, ifle of, 404
Caprorola, palace of, 387
Capua, 403
Caraccas, country of, 747
town of, ib.
Cauliff, or Cacidiff, 576
Cardigan, 574
Cardiganlbirc in general, ib.
Cardinals, their rife, 37 j
Carelia, the didriil of, 54
Carinihia, du'chy of, 151
CariHo, mountain of, zl
Cailingford, town and harbout of, £08
Cariifle, city of, 56J
Carlowitz, 135
Carlthadt, 160
Carlfberg, 242
Carlfcron, or Carlfcroon, 9a
Carlfruhe, 267
Carlftadi, 90
CarlOcin, citadel of, 161
Carniola, dutchy of, 152
Carnival and other diverfioni at Veiicc, 350
at Rome, 392
Caribbee iflands, 690
Carolina, North and South, defcribed, 666
manners and cuftomi of its inhabilaots> 66$
Carfe of Gowry, 590
Carrick, 6c8
Carrickfergus, Knockfergut, 616
Carthagena in Spain, 424
government or province of, 74a
city of, 745
dreft and manners of the inhabitants, ib.
Cafa del Campo, a royal fear, 426
Cafca del Marmore, 385
Caferta, 403
Cafliel, city of, 608
Caffal, 340
Cafl°ava root, the manner of making it into bread, 6t6
CalTel, 241
Caflbpo, 27
Caflel Noovo, 137
Roflb, 21
Caftile, province of, 42 J
New, 738
Caftri, I J
Caflro, dutchy of, *,86
Giovanni, 409
Catacombs of Naples, 401
Catalonia, province of, 420
CataraA, a reoiarkable one in the interior country of Aine«
rica, 641
a remarkable one in New Jerfey, 654
Catanea, 409
Catayud, 423
Caterloiigh, town of, 611
Catliariiiehoff palace, ja
i Udiherine, ifland of St. 721
I Catherlogh,
V I
I
N
X.
ng it into bread, 6t&
e interior country of Aine-
ew Jerfcy, 654
CilhcrlogVi, cr Citcrloiigh, county of, 6u
Cjvan, Cduiity and lowii of, 615
CaiiiJclitc, 4y3
Cave, a lemaikablc nnc in I,ancafliirt, 568
Cavern, a rcmaikablc one in ll.mgaiy dtUiibeJ, lii)
Caviar, how mule, ^g
Ciyenni?, illc of, 7 1 3
667
ncr iif travelling over it, 334
Cedar-tree ot Cajolina
Cclleifeld, 2o6
Cennis, Mmint, the n
Cei'lialonid, illand aii,i city, 26
Cerign illind, 14
Cliagre river, 759
ChaliUis, 466
Chaiiibcrry, 35;
Clianibord, 481
Clianiois goat deftribed, 300
Cham;iagne, govcrniiitnt of, 466
Chinncrey, 5^7
Ctiailes's bitb, 161
Charles- town dcftiiSeri, 6:1
in the ide ut Nevis, 69J
Chartres, ^St
Cliarybdis, wliiiliioul of, 408
Chatean Canibittis, 46^
Cliaihu;ii, 506
Chatfrtortli-houfe, 5^10
Chavei, or Cliavei, 446
Chcdder, a rtmarkable cavern near it, 526
CheUn^ford, 545
ClullVa and its liofiiital, 5f2
Chtpllow, 53;
Ciiuburg, 4()4
Ciierokte Indians, 64*, 679
Cherries of Viigiiiia, 65o
Cli-rfonefus, ptiiiiil'ula of, 17
Chi; 'ak-bay defciibid, 659
Chedii: ■'! general deiciibed, 569
Civ llti. ' ' of. '''•
CO,. ind town of, in Penfylvania, defcribed, 656
ChellerfieH, 5
Chtvi.it, nioiiiiijiii '>t, "6;
Cliiarcnzi, or Clarei'.. n 11
Cliiavenna, ccniniry iif, 325
city of, ib.
Chii'hellcr, 509
in l'enf>l>ac)ia, f^d
Chiukelaiv Indians, 643
Chicketaw Indians, 679
Chicti, 407
Chili in general, 773
Cliiloe, ilUiid of, 7-7
Chimera, 28
Chinch, that infcfl def..ribed, 1S64
Chirinioya fruit defcribed, 751
Chil"*ick, 544
Chot/.in, orCoc/im, 31
Chril)i:ina, govcrnmccir of, 107
Chiiltineaux Indians, 641
Chriltino, river of, ib.
Chriliianland, governmrnt of, 108
its cajiiial deleribed, ib.
Chridiunliddt, 91
Chrillo|iber, St. illind of, 691
Cliur, 323
Cinnamon, orivil.l cinnamon-lrce, 6^5
C nira, mountain if, 4.; 3
Ci'cleof the Lower Klnne in general, 228
Cireiicelltr, ^ ; ?
Cirkuiiz, the lake of, delVrihed, t53
Ciron, or Chpgoe, that inlia defcribed, C8G
Cltjililla, 437
Cuta VittoriolH, 41 .'-
Civita Callellana, 38')
Vccchia, ib.
Clackmanan, county of and capital, 596
Cl.tgenf.irl, 151
C:aim-cy, 477
Cliiifenbiirg, t33
Lloillnal, 2o'i
CUjr, Ca|it, idinJ of, 607
Vol., u.
Ciertnont, 475
Cleve, dutcby of, 252
city of, 253
Clinnwo, or Kliuno, 28
Clogher, 61;
Clonmcll, 6o3
Cloud, St. 489
Coal-mines of Catlifle defciibed, j66
Cobham, 51 1
Cobleniz, 232
Coburg, city of, 189
principaliiyof Saxe, 189
Coclieclia, 65 1
Cochineal infcft de'cribed, 754
Coikraw, mountain of, 583
Cod, (he manner of curing that filh in NewfouadUnili 63 1
Coesfeld, 248
Coffec-dirnb defcribed, 68 j
Coignac, or Cognac, 477
Coi.nbra, 44;
Colerain, 616
Ciile's Cave in Barbadoes defcribed, 698
Colleges of Ruflia, 42
Culouri ifland, 21
Coins of Ruflia, 40
of PrutTia, 75
—— of Denmark, in
of Hungary, 127
of the leveral Italian ftates, 332
of Spain, 418
of Germany, 139
of Portugal, 43y
of France, 450
of England, 499
of Jamaica, 686
Colberg, 185
Colchefter, 545
C oldingham, 580
Colmar, 460
Cologne, eleflorate of, 231
city of, 231
Comorra, 132
Conception, city of, in Chili, 776
Condor defcribed, 760
Conflans, 487
Connaught, province of, defcribed, 612
ConnedUcut colo.iy of, 651
Confcnze, 40;
Conlfance, bifliopric of, 261
— ^-^ — city of 262
lake of, ib.
Conftantinople defcribed, 17
Conftitution of Poland, 59
Convents of Ri'flia, 36
Convidfs, how treated in Carolina, 671
Copiapo, 776
Copenhagen, 116
Coquimbo, 776
Coial fnake defcribed, 744
Corbach, 242
Corby-caftle defcribed, 566
Cordova, province of, 436
city of, ib,
Corfu ifland and city, 17
Corinth, 12
Coik, city of, 607
Cornwall, 530
[nines of, ib.
Coron, 1 1
Cnrlica, illand of, 363
Corunna, 433
Corvo, illand of, 447
Collin, i8;
ColTacs of Ruflia, 44
Cothen, 187
Cotopaxi, volcano of defcribed, 759
Coventry, 551
Coverden, 297
Conrland in general, 67
Cowal, 594
Cowes, 517
90
Coy«,
' i '.
I "-^VA
\v
J:-!'
W p. '*
I N
Coy.i, or C lyh.i, a moll venomous infc£l, 748
C\iyt;ach, (lillrirt of, 597
Cijbla, mountain of, (117
Cracort, 64
Cran, i;i
CiaA-fdnl, fiyi
Cicik Fiidi.ins, 679, 645
C'iifi.!il, 255
Crfiiias, ys')
Cremado, ib.
Crciiinirz, 131
C'runona, 346
C'rtiiioiii'li-, ih,
Crimta, pojiinlula of, 31
Croatia in gem ral, 13;
C'roniany, county of, anil capital, 59;
C'ronbtrj;, or Kronhtrg, 2 jo
CroiU'hnrg, or 'I'aialilitus, 8S
C-onrtilils foit, ;i
Croi.ll.idt, ib.
C'rcniiailt, 1 54
Cr.'yilun, 51 j
Cruman, or Crumlow, 160
tuba, ilhind of, 723
Cina, a difcripiion of that valuable hcib, 7.18
Cujavia, ttie province of, 64
C'ul de Sac Robert, a bay of Martinicn, 7I1
Cultbiilla, or little fiiake, a reiiurksble dil'eafc, 744
Culm, 01 Ciielmiio, 72
CulnMcli, piiuiipaliiy of, z;o
Culinbacli, 2 it
Cumana, 747
Cumbtrland in general, 565
Cunfiingham, jSf)
Curafoe drfcrilicd, 733
Cuiifchc Haf, buy of, 7;
C'ufco, 767
Currants of Zaiilc, 26
Cyprtfs-tree ot Carolina defcribed, 667
C) r, St. 490
D.
■pxAI.AND, or Thailand, go
■*^ OaleCJtlia, province of, ^4
Dalkcitli, 582
Dalmatia, Turkilli, defcribed, 28
the kingdom cf in general, 135
• — Wnctian, 136
K,,g,,rjn, 137
Danes, a particular account of their furrcndcring up their
liberties, II2
Dani/.if, city of, 71
Danube liver 3[id bridge defcribed, 30
Dardanclls, two celebrated caflles, 17
Darking, 5 1 1
Dirmliadt, 242
Dartinou'h, 529
Date, or palm tree, 63o
David, St. that city defcribed, 575
Daiiphinc, province of, 456
DeliCn tivcr, 545
Dee liver defcribed, 58;
Dc£crby, or L')uifj, 8S
Delaware Indians, 643
live- of, 655
DelmenhorU, county ut, 258
Delo-, illand of, 22
Demaiica, 17
Deniikaipi, or lion Gate, 29
Duil'igli, 571
Denbigblhirc in gcneial, ib.
Dtiiis, St. 4^0
Deninaik, kingdom ofin gentral defcribed, IC9
Dcptfor.', 508
Ptrbv, n'li
Dtrbylliire in general, jfio
Dcroan, ;ij4
DclJits cf Servia, 29
Defrada, illand of, 708
J)eir.'U, 187
DetiiioUl, 260
6
D E X.
Devcnter, 29^
Devil-bird dtlcribcd, 701;
Devil's copper?, a cavern lb called,
Devizes, 523
Devoiilhirc, 528
Deuxpi nts, dutchy of, 245
city (if, ib.
','
Diamonds, how riifcovereJ in Bralil, 71 •
Dieppe, 493
Dierdort, 260
Diet cf the empire of Ucrnr.ny, 1.(3
Dijon, 467
Dillingui, 263
Di.lenbuig, 260
ninaiit, 149
Dingle, 608
Dingwcll, 597
Dinktllbulil, 269
Dil'coveries, new, in the Pacific ocean, -8 j
Diver, that bird dtfciibed, 104
DivifioMS(f New England defcribed, 64S
Doge of Venice, the ceremony of Lis niairying :he fci,
352
Dogs of Greei'l.uul dellribed, 621
• of NeulouiKiland, 0;i
Dola, 45 S
Dolgiliy, 573
DoiiRfiief. , promnnroiy of, 70
Don.ingo, St. or HiJiunioIa, 706
• city of, 7C7
Dominic, illand of, Oyo
Don CoH'acs, 44
the river ot, ',4
Donegal, tr 'ryiconntl, county of, 616
— — — town of, ib.
Donezan, diliiift of, 472
Dorcheller, 524
Dailiiigton, 563
Doinocb, 596
Dorpt, 50
Dorfctfl.ire, 523
Dort, 289
Douay, 402
Dover, 5./O
ill I'enfylvania, 656
Douglas, river of, 585
Down, county of, Oi 3
Downpatrick, 614
Dragontia, ill.ind, 436
Drenlhi, or J^reiit, county of, 29*
Dreiitliciiii, IC9
Oieldcn, 173
Drill, 2 i
Drobrudkh, dirtriilof, 20
Droghcda, tct)
Drcit.vich, 5s 3
Droiiinre, 614
Drntithcim, givtrnment of defcribed, 108
Dn,l)ti-, 192
Druml.iii'i •, 5S;
Dublin, county and city of, 609
Dukigii", 01 Doliigiio, 27
Duhvicb, and Cc'lKge, 513
Diinibaiion, 5H7
Duiiiliarionlhiie, or I.tnox in general defcribed, ib.
iJi.niliiis in general deliaibed, jbj
town cf, ib.
Diuiiblain, 590
Dun, 1! c lake of, 58^
Duna liver, 50
Dunald millliole, a rciiiaikable cave in Lancaftiire, 568
Dunb.ir, jtso
Duncaniioii, foit of, 611
Dundalk, 6cy
Dundee, 59J
Dungannon, 615
Duii;:arvaii, Cc3
Dunkeld, 5 89
Dunkirk, 462
Dunniow, 545
Dunnaiiuiiiile, loilificallun o*", jq
Duns.
N D
X.
riibed, 64S
/ ot l.ii iii.irryiiig ;lie fej, 352
Oil
efcribed, 108
ble cave in Lancafliiit,'! 568
Duns, 579
Diinliable, 541;
Uura/.zo, 27
Uurcii, 2;.).
Durham, bidiopric of, ;Cj
— ^— rity of, ib.
Duflcldorf, 253
Dulcli, tbcir manners and cuftoins, 283
American dominions, 713
Guiana, 7 i ^.
Dwina, the rivir of, 34.
D^alluw, 160
pAGLE, the white tailed, defcribed, C^z
■*-' liagles ot Norway, 104
lull Gothland, 89
i.atoir, or Eton, wiih its college, 537
Ebirdtin, county of, 271
Eccldialtical (late, or teiiitorits of the pope, 374
~~— its poverty, ib.
I'.dinburgb, city of, defcribed, 580
Egra, or Eger, 161
Ehrsnbreitltein, fortref? of, 23;
Eichsfeld, territory of, 230
Einbec, 205
Eifenach, prijuipality of, tii
Eidebcn, igi
Eillingen, 26S
Elhing, 74
Eleflion of the emperor of Germany, 1 40
Elcflorai Rhenifli circle, ziS
Elgin, coimiy ot, and cjpilal, 558
Elizabelh-lioff pal.ioe, ;2
Elks of Caniida, 656
—— of Viigiiiia, (162
EInbogen, 160
Elfinore, iiy
Elvas, 442
Elvers, a diminutive ed dtfcribed, 526
Ely, city and illand, 546
Embdcn, 258
I'^mbric, orEmmeric, 753
E^mbro, or Lcnibro illand, 21
Embrun, or AmbrUn, 457
Emeiic, or Embric, 253
Emperor of Germany, his title, 142
England, church of, 4^7
the tiilts ot the king, his arnu and forces by land
and fea, &c. 501
EngliDi, tlur manneis and difpufitioiis, 4i;6
tongue, in what manner it arrived at its prefcnt
degree of perfccliiin, Ib.
their leiigion':, .(07
thtir lc;i:ning, aits, fcieiiccs, manufadlures, trades,
and comrticiCi', 41)8
F.niiis, 612
Eiitie Douro c Miiilio, prjvince of, ^ ■/^
Epfom, 513
EcjuinoClial France, 712
Erbach, county of, 227
— — — town of, ib.
Erfu :, 23 I
lirlang, 221
Ernnland, province c f, 74
E.rmine of Norn.iy, 103
Erie, lake of, (140
E.rtzgebirfj, circle of, 176
Efcuriat palace and coiutiit, 426
Ellier, 512
Elkiniaux, or Elkimow Indians defciibtd, 650
I'.ll'en, 255
I'.lfex, county of, 544
Elfremadtira, province of, 433
■ • a province of I'ortugrl, 443
Klfrtlla, inount.iin of, 44;
IvJiremos, 442
Engia illand and town, 2 1
I'.iuiilkiUing, 61 5
Eunuchs ut Tuilcy, 8
Evora, 442
Euripus, ((reight of, 21
Europe In general, 3
Euftatia, illand of St. 713
Ex river, 528
Exeter, 529
— — — in New England, 65 j
r.
p.AENZA, 380
Eairford, 533
Falkirk, 589
Falkland, 592
Falmouth, 531
l''al(fer ilknd of, 121
Faltfliii, 31
Falun, 94
Fans, 381
Farnham, 5 14
Faro, 442
of Medina, 40S
Favorita. a line feat of the margrave of Baden, 267
F.iyal, illand of, 447
Ftmeren, illand ot, 1 24
Ftrirnnagh, county of, 61;
Ferrara, 379
Ferrarell', ib.
Fe till .in, 29
Fife, the county of, ^Cji
Fin lifli (lekribed, ''>2i
Fiidand Proper, the province of, 87
Fire riy, a remarkable infiif, 668
Fiihcries cfihe Dutch, 383
Filher's ifland, 653
Filli-wool ikfcribtO, 406
Five Indian naiions i'o called, 643
Fiiimc, 154
Flanders in general, 277
Flcnfburg, 124
Flenlbuigewitck, famous gulph of, 134
Flint, 571
Flintfliire in general, ib.
Floating ilLinds, 26, 464
Florence, 3fj7
FlorentiiRi. 370
Floreiiliiio, 367
Floris, illand of, 447
Florez, 468
FK.rida, Eali and Wert, 675
Flour, St. 47^
F.ulhing, 2<)3
Fly-catclui, a remarkable inftO, G93
Foiv, ^'('VLrnnieiit ot, 472
Fonlainble.iii, palace ot, 489
Fiintarabia, 43 1
Forbidden- fruii tree defcribed, 698
Forces, li'iA' railed, and by whom maintained in the Gei-
mill empire, 144
Foiell Laplanders defcribed, g8
Forfir, 592
Fotk-tree dtfcribod, 4()9
Foriiientera, ilbnd ot, 437
F'orres, 598
Fort I.ouis, 460
I'itt, 679
Royal, in Mutinico, 71 1
Trinity, in Marlinico, ib.
William, in New England, 650
Fillils ot Sweden, 82
of Ti:ol, I 55
ot Silciia, ib2
Fourdnn, or Mcirns, 590
Fowls bow caught in Norway, 10*1
France, kingdom of, 448
Francfort, 243
on the Oder, i9i
n
Franche Comte, caildom of, 458
Fiankcnhaufcn, 191
Franconia, circle of, »l8
Franftadt,
N D E
'Ail
W-i '
Frnnftaiit, 6j
Fraferburgh, 59
Krauenlcld, 316
Fredcricij, or Fredcrlcj, IJi
Fredcric(burg, caflle ot, 119
Fieilerukniill, ic8
Frcdfriciham, 5 +
Frederickftadt, 108
————— in Denmark, 124
Fret provinces fubjcft to the Siivifs cantons, 318
Frtjus, 456
Frcifach, 15Z
French, rlicir perrons, drefs, manneri, Sec. 44Q
— — American dominions, 705
' — Flanders, 461
— ^ — Hainault, ^tz
Frefcaii, 393
Freyberg, or Fridberg, 77
Frcyburg, in Swabia, 271
— — — canton of, 311
— — — city of, 313
Fricdburg, 245
Friedenlburg, palace of, lit)
Ftiedand, Eaft, in gcnfr;il, 257
province ot, 294
Fiifche-haff, bay of, 75
Fronligniac, 471
Frogs ot Virginia, 662
Froiim river, ^24
Fulda, bifhopric of, 240
city of, ib.
Fuligno, 384
F'unen, illand of, 1 20
Furflenburg, principality of, 270
/^ Ainfborough, 557
^-' Galicia, province of, 432
Gall, territory of the abbey of St. 320
city of St. 311
Gallican church, its privileges, 449
Gallinazo defcribed, 743
Gallipuli, 17
Gallipoli, 406
Gallway, county and town of, 61 1
Gamlas-Carleby, 88
Gamus, county of, 317
Gandetrtieiin, :o3
Gar-filh dtfciibcd, 735
Garioch, ;9i
Garonne river, 448
Gartina, 24
Gafcony, 474
Garter, or Gaftal, bailiwic of, 317
Gaftrickland, province of, 95
Gallc, ib.
Generalitc lands of the Stales General, 297
Geneva, republic of, 328
city of, ib.
lake of, ib.
Genoa, republic of, 359
city of, 361
George, on the lake, St. 221
George, St. 447
St. illand of, 680
Georgia, province of, 673
Gerdanen, 79
Gergenti, 410
Germain's, St. or St. Germain en Laye, 490
Germane, fudaloiies of St. 402
German town, 656
German empire in general, 138
Gcrona, 122
Ghent, 277
Giants caul'c-way defcfibcd, 615
Gibraltar, 455
Giengen, 270
GielTcn, 2*2
GUciercj, Of Iccv.llcys, 33?
GlarN, canton of, 310
city of, 311
Cil.ilgow, 584
Ulaltonbiiry, 52S
Glatz, county ol and capital, i6q
Glogau, principality of, 1(17
city of, ib,
(jiauche, 194
Gloucefter, 533
GloucelUrrtiire, 532
GUicklladr, 197
Glutton ol Norway, that animal defcribcct, loj
Gmund, or (jeinund, 269
Gntliia, 64
Gitat-i of Norway, 103
a rtinaikable inltance of their ronragr, irq
Gold how firlt difcovercd in Brafil, 717
tio.. .'bund by the Have* in Brafil, ib.
how eitrafled throughout the jurifdidion of Popavarj
748
and filver, the great quantity anaually produced by
Mexico and Peru, 731
C<.ldherg, 1(17
G.itdun carle ocfcribed, 59J
Gorliiz, 2 1 1
Gollar, 206
Gi fport, 5 17
(ioi'ia, piirjcipa'lly of Ssxe, 188
Gothard, bt. » remaik.ible road over that mountain, 308
Gothland, or Cjoiiland, illand of, 90
ill general, 89
Goltenbiirg, 1^0
(iottingcn, 204
Go'torp, or G.itiorf, the caflle of, 124
(io/o, ifland of, 412
Cjraciofa, illand o', 44'
Granada, or C^renadii, illand of, 704
■ — province of, 424
■ city of, ib.
New province of, 747
Gianadilla fruit dcfcnlicd, 751
Grand Chaitreufe, 457
Grantham, 557
Gratz, 151
firavtiines, 4')2
Giavcfend, 507
Gravofa, 1 37
Gray, 458
Great Biitain in general, 49;
Great Polniid, b}
Greenland in general defcribed, 620
Grecnlandcrs, their inaiinir ot catching fiOi, Cjz
— their noli. mi of tutiiiiry, (124
thtir geiiiui tor poctiy, ib.
Greenlaw, 580
Greenock, 5!i7
Greennicli, and itshofpital, 507
Giendcnz, 73
(iriiniiia, 176
(iriliiiib, county of, 322
Griniltlliill, in SwilftiUnd, 305
(iriii.lkiar fort, 89
Cirodno, 67
Groningen, province of, i(,0
city of, ib.
Cjrotto del Cani, 402
of Paiifilipo, ib.
. — of ihe (ii)ylCuiiiana,40j
Ofturo, 404
Guadalajara, aui'imce of, 733
city ut, ib.
GiHilaloupp, illand of, 708
Gnailiaiia, river of, 4I3
Gnaiiianga, 766
Guatiinala, audience of, 73;
New, 1 ity of, ib.
(iuanaco dcKribed, 769
Guano ilelcribed, 732
GualLilla, dutcny ot, 348
city ot, ib.
Guavii-
t
D
eir coiiragf, 179
.1, 717
kafil, lb.
le jurifdiC^ion of Popjyin,
ily anouallj' produced by
)vcr that mountain, 308
90
fJuava-trce dtfciibal, 651)
(...layarjnil, leriitory ol, 75-
it. '.
I he
57
e iiifiniti; miiiiber of inufKcilos and rats
this couiuiy, -izc
(Sullen, !. I 2
CucKlfrlaiid, 287
Crii-ie', 47')
(luernlfy, illand of, 518
fJditnnc and Cilcoiiy, 473
1 iitildtord, 5 I I
v;ni|Mil'co:i, 450
<'ulls, vtry tiiilchlcvous ill St. KiUii, 6oi
(iii:ribiiiiit.ii, 81
I iuimcrlliiiiy houfc, 544
II.
Il-tchviibiir^, 26:j
H
liiddiii^toii, or V.sH L.iilil.i;i in general, 583
liaJiiKi, ni- Ilaiiding'dn, ib,
Ji Icll'.lll, or lijlitlll, Jfcy
Hiiiiault, .Ai:rtti;in pnrt o(, ;8o
h'llluill.l;!!, prill..|,;|liiy cf, 20S
city ot, ib,
l!a;i, 156
ill Aligdcbiir:;. 154
ill bA.lbia, ;(iS
1 l.iihmd, province cil, ,ji
ll.illlf.lv. ;(ij
i.i Nova Scotia, ^54
ililfiiigland, jirovincc ot, 9.5
11.1111, 2^5
1 l.iiiibiir;;, 197
I i imt'!cn, 204
l.aiiiiliun, 5S4
H:i;ii(il!iirc, 1; 1 4
province rf N'cw, rtj I
lliitij'tcn, ill New tiijjiand, lb.
Hampton court palact, ^43
llaiiaii, county of, 245
city of, ib.
llinover, diitihy of, 2:; 2
city of, 204
jdiflviir, 4(;;
lia'jcd.utn, province uf, cG
i!.irKcii, 57-,
li irlcm, or Il.urlom, zi.)
I Iirlinjjf n, 29 j
i iirri-. ii] iihI, 507
I ' iitti'ril, 54S
!■ iriforddiire, or Ilerlfordfliire, ib.
i!iri:'., :cj
) l.ivaiKi ih, 724
lirlciry of, ib.
Ilaicbtrg, il-'3
i liverl'ind wtii, 575
Havre de ( Iiace, 4^5
Hirwiih, ?45
1; irtks of \ irginia, 6ij:
Hiy, 576
Heathcock, the brown f,io;tcJ of Amciica,
iledcniora, 94
Ji.idWbcrg, 2^7
i!c;!bron, 2!;;;
! l:ilij>cnliac!t, 230
il(i!ll)trg, -4
W'-ljjeland, illaiul of, 1 jj
IK!icr, St. 518
li'llhrnti, 218
ii -I'-kfttlps in Duiliam, an aicoiiiit of, ;-'-t
H-lmlbdf, 91
Mtiriiijlfors 88
I r.nnibcrg, county of, 227
liir.irlc;), I '1
)!■ iculanciim, its ruin', 403
I 111 fold, 256
i.'.-rvfi'rd, i;',4
Vo;.. II.
54»
E X.
Herefordrtiire, 534.
Hermanftadt, 134
ll-.rmitage, a remarkable one near Kreyburg, 313
cut in a rock near Nantz, 491
Ilernofand, 96
Heron, the cxtracdinary age of one, z 14
Hcrrenhaufcn, 204
Ilorrenhuth, 211
Hersfeld, principality cf, 246
— ■ to*n of, ib. '
Ilertforddiirc, or Hartfordniirc, 548
IItr7cgowiiia, 28
HlIIc Calltl, nates of, 241
■ Darmlladt, ib.
landgraviate of, 240
Hicrcs, 456
Iliidburghaufen, 189
Hildeflieim, bifliojiric of, 209
—■; city of, 210
Hillfljorougli, in Ireland, 614
Hirfchberg, principality and capital, 1G7
Hifpaniola, or St. Domingo, illand of, 706
Hillory of the Turks, 6
of Conilantinople, 17
of M.^ld.ivia, 30
of the Walachians, ib.
ot Crimea, 31
cl Livonia and Eflhonia, 49
of Com land, 67
of Samogitia, ib.
of Priill'ia, 76
of Sucdcn, 84
ot the Hunnaiians, 127
of Dalmatia, 135
of ibe (iornians, 140
of Silefia, 164
■ of Aiilialt, 1S6
of ilie United Netherlands, 285
— — cf .SwidVrland, 302
ot Ociioa, -/o
of Naples, 358
of Spain, 418 ■
of Portugal, 440
of Kiancc, 45 1
ofr.ngland, 300
ot Nova Scotia, '■it
ot ?N'tnv York, 653
ol New Jerfey, 655
ot il e firll fetllement of Penfylvania, 656
of Maryland, 658
of Virginia, 664
ot Caroli 13, 672
Ol Georgia, 674
of the fcttlement of the Bermudas, 681
of tlie Bahama illands, 6S2
ot Jamaica, 689
ot St. Chridophet's, 691
ot Antigua, 694
of the ille of Nevis, ib,
of Montfeirat, 695
ot St. Lucia, 696
ol nominica, ib.
of St. Vincent, 697
of liarbadoes, 703
of (Juai'.dupe, 709
— — ofMartinico, 711
ot liralll, 722
llochntt, 213
Hofiiiark I'lirth, 222
Hogs of Virginia, 66 f
Hohenlohe, county of, 226
Hohenz;dlern, piincipality of, 270
Holland in i'rullin, 80
province of, 2S8
Hollfein, dntcliy of, 196
Holywell, 571
Homburg, 242 ,
Honey-tiee deliribed, 661
Hotfes ot Nornay, an account of, toj
of Carolina dclcribcd, C68
9P .
iiii
li
#■
Horfes,
I
N
D
E
X.
Iloifti, ilip manner of hunting Ihe wild ones, 663
ll.ufli.mi, 5 fo
ll.iv.i, rminly of, J;6
lliiy, ill Hill iif, ;99
HinlliMi's-bay, an account of, 627
riiiT, 6^i
Hull, (M Kin(;(ti'ii upon Hull, 562
HiMiimiiig-hird, 66;
Hciiij;:ity, k iigdoni of in general, ii;
Hunjiary Proper, 1 2tj
L'pper, ib.
Lower, 130
Jlunlbcrt;, mountain of, 89
Huron, lake of, 640
Jliiiiiingtlcniniire, 549
Hutiiingilon, C50
>iuy, ut Hi.i, >94
r.
TAEN, 4,'-.
J Jagcrmlorf, principality of, l6g
-- — city of, ib.
|.i,,u, S:. 724
rlc tiiiiip.vfttlla, St. 43 J
i!f (iiaiiinita, St. 7^;
St. ilie cnpiial of Ctiili, 775
jani.iir.i, ill uiil uf in general, 683
|:init'S lo*ll, 664
J.uiill.iiul, province cf, qj
jjniin, llic aniitiit Thelfaly, 13
or jmnina, 14
J irc (law, (.6
JjlIV, ji
I . iitrcapit.il anil principality, i'j6
Iciland in general, 617
Ii!a mount, 23
IJri, or Yiira, 154
}lm\ I'le de Port, St. 473
Jcdliuigb, 5^13
Jiiia, 188
Jrnipal), a delcription of that fruit, 717
Jfrlcy, illind of, 517
[erleys, province of tlie two, 654
jtrfuitsbark-tree delcribed, 754
Icfuits, a particular account ot their miflionr in Paraguay,
770
Iglan, 162
Ilaiil7, 323
I'ay, or Ida idand, 594
lldcphonfo, palace ot 'M. 426
Illiiiiiis Indians, O78
Iniola, 3ao
li.dian li^', or prickly-pear, that plant defcribcd, 667
Indians inliabiiing the wttlern coall of Hudron'i-bay de-
fcrihtd, 628
of Canada, their ttianncr of hunting wild bears, 6 -,6
the ditFerent tribes of the interior country defcribed,
of Florida defcribed, 677
Jndigc, how made in Carolina, 670
Ingoilladt, 214
Ingiia, or lVtcifl)nrgh, province of, 51
Ink l:lli defcribed, 104
Inn, river of, difcribcd, 155
I:',ncil(ichy, InvirKichy, or Fort Willi.iin, 593
lii.piifition. its power limited in Spain, 414
Inlliiburg, 81
Inlprutk, t 56
ImcriiM country of North America defcribed, 639
liivtraiy, 594
Inverncis, ^95
Iiiverncfslliire, ib,
lohannelburg. Si
Johann Jb;rg, delart of, 70
J.ilm, the monartery of iliat Saint defcribed, 23
illand of St. 633
d'Angtii, St. 4j6
Jona, illand of, 594
Ionian illands in gtineral, z6
Junkiopin;;, 89
Ipfwich, 54(1
Ireland in general, 604
Iron- wood, 695
Irwin, ^H6
Ifchia, illand of, 404
Ifenburg, 192
Upper, 246
Iferlon, 2; 3
Iflandlholin idand, 9^
Ille of Anglefey, 572
of Man, 570
Ifny, 370
Ifola Bella, 342
Madre, ib.
lH'oudun, 478
lAria, peninl'ula of, 2^9
Italian hailiwics liihjert to the Swifs cantons, 319
Italians, their language, manners, &c. 331
Italy in general, 330
It/.ehoa, 197
Juan I'lirnandez, illand of, 778
Jucat.m, province of, 735
Judenburg, i;i
Ives, St. 5;o
Ivira, or Yvica, illand of, 437
Juliets, dutchy of, 254
city of, ib.
Jura, illand ot, ^94
Jutland in general, 12 1
K.
IZAminiac Podolfki, C6
Karafbazar, 32
K.ifinark, or Kefmark, 130
Kanlbeuren, 270
Kelfo, 583
Kvinpten, 270
Kendal, 567
Kenfington, its palace, 543
Kent, county of, 505
county of, in Penfylvania, 656
Kermes defcribed, 55
Kerry, county of, 608
Kerlli, 32
Kellel, 74
Kexholin,diftrift and town of, 54
Kidderminflei, 55J
Ki'.l, 197
Kievv, the government of, 44
Kilda, St. illand of, 601
Kildate, county of and capital, 610
Kiikenny, county and town of, 611
Kiljjlo, 6i2
Kiilclcagh, 6(4
Killogh, or Port St. Ann, ib.
Kincardinfliir-, or Mcariib, 51)0
Kincardin, town of, ib.
King's county defcribed, 6ro
Kinglton upon Thames, 51 1
in Jamaica, 688
KinCdle, 607
Kiovia, or Kiow, the palatinate of, 66
Kiow, or Kiew, city of, 4^
Kircudbright, or Lower Galloway, the ftewartry of, 585
town of, ib.
Kirkaldy, ;92
Kirkwall, 600
Knapdaie, 594
Kncili hot luburb, 77
Kolding, 122
Kongfberg, 107
K )iiigin|;ratz, 160
Konigfb-.rg, 77
Konigftein fort, 175
Konigltuhl, an antiijuily, 23$
Kodow, 31
Kremfier, 162
Kreul/, 13s
Kronberg,
N
D
Kioiilierg, 230
KiiHiiii, 182
Kyle, 586
L,
of, 66
3v, the ftewartry of, 585
103
T Abyiiiiih, a famuub one, 24
*-' LhI';;'!, ^ 10
l..uloj;,i, ilic laki- of, ^y
Laimiis, a niy rtin.irk,ible ;inim;il dtfcribal,
Lagi) M.i_i;;;i()rc, or Lx^- di l.oierno, 342
Lag.-s 4+ J
Lagu(i,i del Ef|Miitii, or llic lake of tlie Holy Ghoft,
l^ake Indians', ■ 39
I,alnnil, or I.olland idanil, 121
J.iMiia di'fnilnd, ;(,;
La M mill-, gnvciiiiiicnt of, 476
Laiiiiit-ili, ; 14
lj:i Miilhc, waiters of, 477
l.aiiiliaiihr, 15 j
Lancifliire in ^i-iieral, 567
Ijincilltr, lb.
l/anciino, 407
I.andJlf, 5-0
Lanl c:.;b. di'firibt'd, 653
Lander, diltiia 01, 1-0
Lander, ^80
Land pike dtfcribcd, 6()j
Lanilhnioii;.|i, 336, (09
Lancii:, 5S4
Langaiiici), 1 1
Langeland, illaiiJ of, I2I i
Lanj^tnaii, 30
Langeiilalza, 172
J^angutdiic, prurince of, 469
l.aon, 4go
Lrindlluir, J 14
Larilfd, or I.arf.), 14
Larneik, or Clydfale, in general, 584
Larta, 2i
Lafcland, yj
Las Blades ill.ind, 43^)
La I'az, diocefe of, 709
city of, ib.
La Serena, 776
Laval, 4H2
Lincnhnrg, or Lawpnbiirg, dulcliy of, 200
Lavie, that fowl delcribed, 602
Lauis, or Lugano, dillrift of, 320
[^annccllon, ^ ; 1
Lavora, teriiloryof, 358
Lawrence, St. river of, 63(1
Lead-mines of Caidiganlhire, 574
Leeds, 562
Legboin. 372
LeicelUrlbire in general, 555
Leinller, provime of in gciieial, 608
count) o', 611
Lcipfic, circle ol, i~t>
Lei-h, ;8 2
Leitli bill, the fine profficiil it affords, 511
LeiiiiMi, cnuniy and town of, 612
Lemberg, 66
Leinc;'.', 44?
Lerng >, 2'JU
Lc.'pane, 707
Lcominft r, or Leiii)>ftcr, 534
Leon, province of, 432
city, ib.
Lcnbcn, 151
l.tjianto, I 3
Leplina, ib.
Lerwick, 601
Leikarel, 531
L'.'iiik, 3-6
Levinia, 587
Leiukircb, 270
Liiitomerif^, 161
L-iiti'cban, 130
LewariUn, i<)\
L-.wes, 501;
676
Lewis ifland, 597
I.eydcn, zr^o
Liban, 69
Licliten'eig, 321
l.ick, 81
Lid river, 529
Liege, bidiopricof, 248
city of, 249
Lifl'ey liver, 604
Ligniiz capital and principality, 107
Lima, audience of, 7^10
city of, its extraordinary fplendor, 7^3
carth'iaakes at, ib.
the perfons, drefs, manners, difc^afcs, and trade of
the inbabitaitts, 762
I.itnburg, 276
Liinof.es, /)76
Limolin gonrnment, ib.
Lincoln, city of, 556
Lineolnlliire in general, ib.
Liiiilau, 269
Liiigeii, county of, 255
-; • city of, ib.
Lintz, 150
Linliihgoiv, or Weft Lothian in general, 589
town of, ib.
Liparean illands, 4 10
Lipari, or Lij.ara, illand of, ib.
Lippe, County of, 260
Lipto, county of, 130
Lilbon, 4.1 ■
great earthquake there, 444
Lille, 4(12
Lilniore, 608
Liffa, 64
LitchficM, 554
Lithuania in ge.icral, 66
Lithuania, Little, ?o
Little Poland, 64
LivaJia, or Greece Proper, 12,13
Liverpool, ;68
Livonia and KlUionia, provinces of, 48
— — — I'alalinate, 67
Lizardi, iroublefoine at Naples, 396
Lobel, inot}ntain of, 152
Lobenii-'ht, 77
Locarno, or Lugarus, 320
Lochaber, 5^3
Logan or rorking-f^one defcribed, 531
L gAood-cutters defcribed, 689
Londondeiry, or Colerain, county of, 616
city of, ib.
in New England, 651
London, 538
Longford, county and town of, O09
Long idand, 653
I.OEifdale, 567
Loretto, 382
Lome, divifions of, 594
IjOriaiii, dutchy of, 460
Los Angelos, or province of Tlafcala, 735
Los Charcas, or La Plata, audience of, 767
Loughborough, ^5(1
Lough-dirg, 616
Loughcrne, lake of, 615
Loughlene, lake of, ib.
Lough (willy, 616
Lough-neagb, lake of, 60;
Louifiana, 705
Louilbnrgb town and fort, 632
Louis, St. 707
Louvain, 272
Louer Auftria, 147
Carni,)la, 153
Hungary, 130
Rhine, circle of the, 228
Lowth, county of, 608
Lubbecke, 252
Lubec, 199
Lubiii, 167
6 Lublin,
N
D
E
X.
^>
Liibl'in, 65
I.'.icc.i, rfpiilillc of, 36}
cily nl, ib.
— — povtrnmcnt, il).
1,'icia, Si. ilUiiil ut, 0()(}
l.ticknw, 212
I.ncko, or I.uccoticn, fi6
LiictTii, canton of, 398
ciiy of, i'j.
Luciiiie l:ikf, 403
Liiillnw, 5;;
LuilwiglbiiiR, palace of, 26S
I.iK'g, citiulcl of, I ^4.
Lugano, or Lauis, diltrifl of, 3:0
Lngaro', or Locarno, 320
Liindeii, 91
Luiidy illaiul, 530
Ltineiil)iirg, lity of, 201
Liineiiburg Ztll, principality of, ib.
Lnncvillf, .((ii
Lufjiij in general, :io
Lyme, ;z;
Lynn- Regis, ;58
I/yonnoi":, gavcrnmcnt of, 468
Lyons, ib.
Luieiiihurg dntchy, 276
ci;y ot, 277
M.
AC.A, a frig'ilfiil fnake dtfciibcd, jjj
Micr., gouMnincnt of, 75.(.
M
Macclesfield, 561)
M.icaw dtfcribed, 732
M'lculoni.i in general, 14
M .(Ire, a beautiful illand, 342
M.iilri.l, 42 ^
ihf l-'rtnc!i king's palace of, 487
Madliiclit, 2y8
Malra, 444
Ma,;d.dcii's cave dcfcribed, 154.
M.ig<ltburg, duttliy of, 192
■ ciiy of, ig3
M 1 '.ic-dn:ni.s of LapUnJ, ico
M lidenbead, i;21
M lidltonc, 506
Maina, 12
province of, 482
ATjjorja, i'.land of, 4 -,6
ciiy of, ib.
Maize, or Indian co;n, 6)3
Malaga, 425
Malcr, lake of, 92
Malctr., St. 4f;2
Malta, ii!e of, 410
knights of, 41 1
tov\n of, 4 1 2
.M.ilvefia, illand of, 1 2
city of, ib.
M.in, ibe ille of, 570
Mancliancel-trec pailicuiailj dcfciibcd, C<'j')
Mancbefler, 568
M.iniVedonia, 407
Tvlahbeim, 236
Manna of I'mlHa, 75
Mails, 4S2
Minsfcld, county of, lyi
city of, 192
Mansfield, 5(0
Maniua, dnichy of, 346
city of, ib.
Maracalbo, 747
Mirdyke, 463
Margrabon'H, 81
Margarctta illand, 727
Maricnbiirg province, 73
city of, ib.
Marienlhall, 227
Mariinwerder, -9
Marigala'up, iflind of, jcS
Marino, Ih; lepiiblic ot it. 31'i;
Maik, county of, 253
Mailborongb, 523
Marly, palace ot, 487
Maniiuufet defciibed, 300
Maipiirg, 242
Maiiiilles, 435
Marten of Norway, 13
Marlins, illand ot St. 713
Martinico, 710
M.nyl)i!rnngli, or (jj^^een'-toKii, Ctt
Maryland, province of, 657
Mafovia, prnvinrc of, f ' 4
Mallacliufitsb.iy, inoviiitc of, ("jO
Matter, 28
Malcra, 40?)
Maiir de Folllz, St. 4S7
Masves, St. 5 ; 1
Miyenl'old, 324
MayenlbaLor N'alMaggia, (llflrit"^ of, 320
Mayo, county and Ioh.t of, 612
Mea'h, couniies of Laft and Well, 609
Miaux, 4(17
Micas, or Sangay, vilcano of dcfciibid, Tj-j
Mecbigan, lake of, 640
Mecblin, 276
MtckUnbnrg, diitcby of, 194
Mcdelpad, i)roviMee of, 5J
Medway liver, jcj
Mcgara, 1 5
Meinungcn, 227
Mcirttn, 173
Melida ifland, 137
Mcline, i6o
.Mellingen, 3ii_)
Melrofs or Mailrofs, 583
MeTcl, 80
Mcniniingcn, 169
Mondfis, bailivvic of, 320
Mcndip-hills, 523
Menleith, 590
Meniz, elcilorale of, 228
ciiy of, 2:9
Meran, 157
Metgcnllial, 227
.Mergaiitlitiir, ib.
Mcricalah, a dvftri) ti.in of tbc fruit, 7 17
Merionetblliiic ill gtncial, 573
Mcrlburgb diitrhy, 177
cily of, ib.
M.iIlMirg, 262
Millln, 461
Wtfiina, 4C9
Melz, 4f)i
bilhopric of, ib.
Mexicans, ditfertnt ranks of people amonp.ft them, 735
perfons, drefs, manners, cuftcnis, lioiilt<, tcfii-
vals, SiC. 736
Mexico, or New Spain, -31
New, 7;;;
city of, 733
Miik.Hider Indians, C)43
Middleburg, 293
Mi-.ldle Mark ol Ikandenburg, iSo
Mi.idlefex, county of, 538
Middlewich, 569
Mid-Lotbian, or IMInbiirgbflure in general, 580
Miguel, ifland of St. 447
Milan, dutcby o^ 341
city of, 3 15
Milford-haven, 573
Military government of ih? canton of Dtrn in SivilTttUnd,
306
Milo ifland, 22
Minden, principality of, 251
cily of, ill.
Miiideibtiiri, lonllhip of, 271
lily of, ib.
Minorca, illand ol, 41O
Mi'fV, Oy
Miranda df D' urn
Milauris, iiv>-r ol,
441
MifjJ
I
N
D
,3:0
lilt, 7 '7
pie amnn?,ft iVicm, 7K
rs, culicnis, lioultS tcfii-
in general, j8o
311 of Utni in SwUTtiUrxi,
Mifiuri Iiuliint, 6;]
Mifiiia, or MeiilUi, margi.iva'e of di.ri.ilbcil, 171
Miliira, II
M lie, that phni difciiljnl. S)
Miir.Hi|)l)i river jiul Liaik. kllkiiRiiti dtftiibeJ, tit
Miitaii, (i>)
Modeiia, iliiicli^ of, 3.^8
' lily of, ib.
Modoii, 1 1
Miickinj; hiid, 662, Cdq
Mch.twk linr, 65 J
Muliilow, 67
Muhuik lri(ll.nis, 64]
Mo!irungc;i, 80
M ildavia in ^uicral, Upper and Lower, 30
M.ilc or MoliVy river, 510
M.Mia, Mjcri, or M ion illaiid, i;o
Mi)naghan, cuiin' . town o(, 615
Monmouih, j-
Mjnmoutlilhii
Miin:, 280
Mr 'agnes Mf ;?, or Ciiiftd mjuntiinJ, 333
Mo.ilcallitT, ca'Or of, ly^
Moniargis, 431
Montauban, 474
Monle Fiafxinc, 386
Montgimury, 574
Montgoineiylliiie in general, 5^3
Montpcllitr, 471
Montrnfe, 593
Montlcrrat, ifl^nd r.f, ("gj
Montreal, ill-nil cif, byj
city cf, ib.
Moolc, tlui anim;il ilelcrihed, 648
Mopa-inopa, a ircc fioin whiiiU is preparetl an admirable
varnilh, 74S
Moravia, inar(|iiilale of, 161
Morca, the pcninlula of, 11
Morlachi.1, 136
More-park, ; 14
Mors, prlncijiiiliiy of, 255
Morfe, an amphibious animal dercrlbed, 621
Mortagne, 482
Mofcow, government of, 46
city of, ib.
Mofqiies of Adrianopic, 16
Monifeirat, dulcliy of, 340
Monlins, 477
Mountain Laplanders defcribed, 97
Mount Athoj, 14
Mifeiy, s rocky lilll fo called, Cji
Muddy river, 678
Mudon, palace of, 485
Moll, illand of, 594
Mullingar, 609
Munden, 146, 205
Munich, 213
Miinjjc, a bituminous fuhftance dug at Barbadoes, 63S
Munkals, callle of, 130
Munfter, bilhopric o*", 248
city of, ib.
province of in general, 607
Munfterbcrg, principality of, 168
city of, ib.
Miitlapha ballia Kiuptri, 16
Mu(k-rat of Canada, 636
Mulklierb, 695
Murder confideied in Italy as a very fmall crime, 338
Murcia, province of, 4:4
city of, ib.
Mycene, 1 2
Mycone iflaiul, 22
— city of, ib.
Mvrtle, the manner of making candles of the berry of that
Ihrub, tba
N.
Nairn, county of and capital, 595
Namur, county of, ib.
— lity ot, lb.
Nancv. 4^13
Nantwich, or Namplwicli, ^(nj
Naiiiz, or Naniti, 491
Naples, kingdom (i(, 393
city of, -yy,
catacombs o*, 40I
jNapoli di Komaniii, a
Nar bonne, 470
Narni, 38;
Narvj, 51
Narval, or fea-unicorn defcribed, 621
N;lV.o*, 121
N.iil'au-Diit!;, 24^,
.Njll'au Dillenbutg, principality of, 160
Nalfau bicgen, principality ot, ib.
Navaiino, 1 1
Navarre, province of, 450
governmeni ot fitnch, 47*
Navarreins, 473
Nauiiiburg, circle of, 177
city of, ib.
Neapolitan-, ilitir manners and cuftoms, 397
Neath, 575
Negroes how treated in Carolina, 671
cruelly treated at Jamaica, 687
their manners and cuftuma, ib.
NAAS, 610
Nadendahl, 83
Vol.. 11.
Ncgrnpont ilUnd, 2 i
lo»n ot, ib,
Neifs principality, 108
— city of, ib,
.N\mi.3, 12
Ncot>, St. 550
Neva liver, 52
Neuburp, dutchy of, 215
Neutnburg lake, 327
Never-, 477
Nericia, province of, 94
Neufchaiel, principality of, 317
— — city ot, 328
Nevis, ille of, 6g2
-^ — government and inhabitants, ib.
Neumarki, 194
Neufohl, 131
Neuitadt, i;o
Neultadt, circle of, 177
Newark, 559
Newburg, or Neuburg, zlj
Newbury, 521
Newcal>le under Line, 554.
—— upon Tyne, 564
New England, government of, 647
Newfoundland in general defcribed, 631
New Hamplhire, province of, 651
New Haven, town ot, in New England, 6ja
New Hollana, 780
New Mark of Brandenburg, 182
New Mexico, 729
New Tark, 513
Newport in Flanders, 2S0
—— in the ille of Wight, 517
— — — in New England, 65 z
Newry, 613
Newton, 517
New Yoik, government of, 65*
city of, 633
Nice in Piedmont, 34O
Nicopoli, 20
Nicopping, 121
Nieper, the river of, 34
Nightingale of Virginia, 66»
Nigua, a troublefome inftil, 750
Nikioping, 93
Nimeguen, 287
Nioit, 479
NippilTong Indians, 639
— ^_— lake of, ib,
9*i.
Nilhne]
Mifjjri
N
D
h
X.
II:; .j;
.i- , . .
Nirtinti Novngrod government, 45
■ cily of, ib.
Nil'ulji illiiid ol, 404
NiCiiies, 471
Niir.i. 19
Nithl(l:ilc, or Nidifdalf. 5«?
Nivcrnoif, 477
Nixiu iHand, 13
N'lgiy Tartan, 1 1
Normandy, province of, 45)
Nordcn, a 58
NorillKim, 205
Nordliiut ill general, 95
Ncirdlhigcn, ibi
Norfolk, 557
Noikiopiiig, 89
!Norlhaiii|iton, 550
Norlhampionlliiie, ib,
Nortli JiiiUnd, 1 21
— — J,ciili, sKi
Northumbcilarut, 564
Norlhwicli, 5^9
Nofrt-iy, kingdom of in general, 101
Norwich, ciiy of, 558
Nottingham, ^59
Novogrod, orNoivogrod, government and city
48
Novogrodec, 1^7
N' yon, 490
Nnrtnbtrg, nz
Nuovo Callcl, I 37
Nyboig, 120
Nyl-ind, province of, 83
N^llot, 5j
O Dei land, province of, -<)
Oclues ot Svinicrfcilliire, 5:6
Oczakow Tartars, 31
Odenfce, 1 zo
Oder river, 163
Oidfnburg, or Sopron, 13*
Otland, ill.ind of, 89
Otrls piincipalily, 168
Oefcl, province of, 51
Oeltingtn, county of, 270
city ( t", il'.
Olftnbacli en ihe Maine, 246
Ohio, r^^cr of, 679
Okeham, 5,-6
Okiy, or Wokcyhole, 525
Oldtnbnrg, 207
■ — county of, 258
■ city of, ib.
Old Mark in Brandenburg, iSj
Oleron, 473
ills of, 480
Oiika, 66
Oimutz, 1 52
Oil. a, a celebrated convent, 72
Oiivciiza, 442
0!vn:pu5 mount, 13
On ir'!, Sr. 464
Orcri, theljkf of, 34
Ontario, i.ike of, O41
Opp;;ln piincipality and capital defcribed, 168
Cl'C'tr, 446,
Opiill'uni, ihat animal defcribed, 662
Oanienbaum, 187
Oraiift', 433
Orf: L-lio, 374
Orebro, 94
Orkney, il'.cs of, 598
Origin of ih" TniKs, 6
Oringen, 226
Oricanoi'., 4S0
Oiitani, illf of, 705
Ori.ar.?, 4S1
.. -*- toieU of, ib.
defcribed,
Orvietann, territory of, 3S4
Orvlcio, ib.
urnahriig, bilhopric of, 250
city of, 25 I
Ollcnd, 279
OlteroHe, 205
Oltcrrode, 80
Ofvvego, river of, 64 r
Utranlo, country of, ,'■'''
city of, ib.
Oitofchai/, 136
Oviedo, 431
Overyllcl province, ii)^
Onfe, river in SulTex, 509
Owl, Ihe gnat horned defcribed, 644
Ojitord and its iiniverfity, 535
ill I'tiifylvania, 6j6
Oxfordftiire, 534
pACiriC ocean, a continent and many ii)undt there but
* litrlr known, 780
raciliciuoii^ of Ghtni, the princi^jal articict of ir, i;3
I'afla Coiivcnta, contents of, jc^
I'aderborn, bidiopiic of, i \-j
cily of, ib.
I'adiia, 35;
I'aduun, ib.
Palaliii.itc, Upprr, t\^
■ ol the Upper Rhine, 23 j
Palermo, 409
l*,ilnRto-tric, f)8o
Palmoil tree of Batbadoes defcribed, fyS
Pambaniorea, a vfry remarkable plwenumenon obfcrved up.
on that mountain, -jbj
Panipeluna, 430
Panama, 741
Panther defiribed, CCn
Paola, or Paula, 40;
Papan-lrce defiribed, 667
Paraguay, 770
Parakeer, that bitddefciibed, (j6d
Parchim, 195
Pardubice, 16a
I'aricliia, 23
Paris, 48: (
Parma, di:t:hy ot, 347
city of, 343
Pares illand, 22
Parrot river, 526
Partiidgcs of America defcribed, O4?.
PatUy, or Pallay, 587
Pall'ju, ;i6
Patagonia, and the inanner of hunting v.ilJ cattle for tliJr
hides, 77»
Palino, or Palmora illand, 23
Patrat, or Patrairr, 1 1
Pan. 473
Pavia, 34;
Peaches ot New F.ng'and, 6.\i
(if Virpinij, 060
Peak in Derbylliiie dtfcribecl, jCo
Pearl liniery, fo called, 742
Peccarec dcfcribid, 73;
Peeblertiire, 04 Twecdal in general defcribed, 583
IVlican of America defcribed, 642
Pembroke, 575
PcmhrokiffiirL- in general ilefcribcd, ib.
I'enman Mawr, a remarkable mountain, defcribed, 572
Penrith, or Ptrith, 566
Penfacola, 677 •
Penryn, 532
Penfylvania, 6j;
Ponzance, 532
Perche, province of, 481
Perckop, 31
Perlhcrg, 183
Perigutux, 474
■J Fexniu,
I
N
E X.
itit and witiif Ittunds there but
luinci^'til arllcici of ir, 2;S
• 5'>
lefcribcd, ^'yS
tabic phxiioinenon obftrved up-
bed, O + i
if hunting wild entile fortli.ii
■fcribcd, lb.
e mouutaiii, defcribcd, 57*
r«tn.ni, 5 1
rei|ijMiaii, 4^1
I'lTib l*iii|icr, c,A:}
Illin; I)' (I : filled, ib,
— — liiwn (it, ii,
— — Ambry, fi , ).
Peru, Indiiilip^ t^ito, Umj, ind Loj Charcai, 7411
I'lTiigin ', or icirhory of Perulb, 5S4.
I'tfaro, 1H1
IVt!, 131
PttaniMi, .T (Ierv.ii|ili()n of slut fiuit, 717
Poll il.'iroiifji, ;;o
I'cti rlieai!, 5^1
Petetluiff, tile |)ilat<; cif, j2
PctiT Ic Port, St. Jig
Petei's PjtriiniHi), bt. ]S6
Pftciv, St. 710
Pcttrfbiiri! iliMibid, ,-i
ill.ii.d .iiid (oil, 5 3
Si. i.-i lir.-.b.'Mi, 2(ji
IMiTi- inadiii, ijj
IV iriilc-iiiii loiiiu'in :irN :i|>lcs,3(y6
P^tP.icrlky, calilc ol, 45
Pt'junduit, 16 J
Pftffcis, 117
Pharo of Miiliin, 4CS
P.'ixiiiiiiicnni), a iciiiarkable one, 760
Plieal'inl illji" , .] 3 1
Pliil^diliiliia, cliy ol, 656
l'liili|>|ii, 15
Pliillppoli, 16
Phili|)!burg, in the biHiopric of Spires, 240
PhilipKown, vr Kiiigdnwn, 611
Pirarily, pioviiice ot, 464
Picliiucha, a particular dcfcription of the climate on tlut
iiioiint.iiii, -60
Piiii, illaiid of, 447
Pii'diiioiit, piimipaliiy of, 316
Piiis 131
Pillaii, 78
Piltcii, (liHiia of, 70
I'iminto-tiic ddWibid, CS;
I'liilli, 67
Piunibino, priiicip;diiy of, 374
■ Kmii of, ib.
Pipernn, 394.
PiM, 371
Pifano, ib,
Pitii, 96
I'ilidnirg, f.^"".
Pcdiil, 4?
Podflia, the ccnmiy of, C6
Pid.;!!V. Kimiiiiir, ib.
T'^g?'"' 370
Impciiale, 5S1
Pi-ititrs, 479
Pciti''!, yovtiiimcnt oT, 478
Poland in jjcri'Tal, 5 5
— — — Great, including Poland Proper, 63
Littli', 64
Policandro illaiiil, 23
I'o'iilb diet, (. I
■ I'lullia in general, -o
Poliiical ciiiiliitiitiiin of Poland. 59
couliiunion of iiAiHtilaiul, 30J
conliiimioii nfY'tnice, 351
Poloc, 67
Poiueraiiia, iliudiy of, 184.
•■ Ulttiior, ib.
— — — — Anterior, 185
Poniersfcldt, palace of, 219
Pomona, ilL.nd of, y^i)
Pons, 47(1
Ponta Dclgada, 447
Puiit dii (iiiarde, a valuable piece of Roman antiquity, 471
Pool, 52;
Popayaii, jjovtrnment of, 748
ciiy of, 740
Pope, his pr.rngiiives 37+ J
Pope, In what manner h« Ii chofcn, jji
I'opocco, ]H
I'nrcupinc of America, 64a
Porg, liver of, 154
PoiiIlI, 4r3
Polio, 44')
Porllanil, 514
I'oit Maliori, 4 J7 1
Porto litllo, 73y
ilie badnefs of ii« cliniaic, ib.
Portal ['.re, 442
Port pjtiitk, ssr,
Porio Uico, ifland of, 726
Port K( yal, bHi
Port St. Mary's in Spain, 454
Porilmouth, jif.
■■ — in New England, 65 1
I'ortngil, kingdom o(, 437
t'ortiigiicfi, iheir drcfj, manners, cufloms, &c. 43?
Porus illand, 32
Poferan, or Pofcii, 63
I'utoli m Hiiitain, the manner in which gold was (irft dif-
covei.d tlicrr, 7fjf!
Poiowiiiac, ri.cr of, 653
I'otfil.uii, iSi
Pottawatamics, C40
Placcntia, dutcliy of, 347
ciiy of, 34H
Placcntia, or Piazcncia, 433
Plata, or r,o5 Charcas, audience of, 707 •
I'laiiin, 177
I'loczk.i, 04
I'locn, ir;7
Plyiiiriiih, ^j(j
Prague, city of, jjj
Ptaiiilino, 370
Prenzlo, 18}
Prerogatives of the German empire, 143
Prtfbtjrg, coiiniy of, 130
city of, ib.
Picfidii, 374
Predaw, zo
Prelleign, 574
Pudon. 568
Procellion of penitent proftitutes at Naples, 398
Procita,, :!le of, 404
Procupia, 29
Provence, a dillrift of France, 454
i'rovideiicc, 652
Pruflla, the kingdom of in general, 75
Puclla lie los Angi-los, 735
Poena de Santa Maria, 434
Piiltowa, or Pultawa, 45
Purbec, 324
Piizzui'lo, 403
Pyrenees, or Pyrcnean mountains, 412
I'yrmont, county of, 257
citadel ot, ib.
QUAM defcribcd, 733
^ijoafli, an animal fo called defcribcd, 733
(^^leuec, city of dtlcribed, 637
befirged by the Englilh, ib,
. — taken by ca|)ilulation, 639
Qjcdlinburg, abbey of, 188
town of, ib
Qiieen'i-cyunty dcfcribed, 611
Qoeen's-fcrry, 589
Qncrlurf, lijo *
Quickfilver mines in Carniola, 154
(^liirac, 47 I
Q^iito, cuComs and manners of the Indians throughout ths
vvholc province, 758
— ^— province of in general, 749
city of, 751
the manners and cudoms of its inhabitants, ib.
f^.ixos, government of, 754
R. Raab,
N
F)
i:
X.
R.
;; • /i
M ..
m
■'hi I
^Mr ;f'
; . I; .'I
>6i
IJ \\n, 111
Rjtiimi <i( Vnglnij,
Kiilnor, 57 f
H idnorlliiri' In yrii'-i il, i'l.
Kiilniir, kil^ III III t'l Miyltaiiij, 6i6
K igtiiltciii, ur KciiilUliii ici^
Kjt;i>>>i Ki
l< ij[iirj, liiv of, 117
K.ii;ul4n D.ilxiiilii in g'-iieul, \H
K inrb^h girilcns, ^4:
K.i|i|ifrrcli*iil, J I 7
R.ill.nti, .-f.;
K.illriihi
iiriJ,
■i>
mi
R.iilitr)l,inii, iir K.itliiiii ill.iiul, ^14
K.iiili(ir, capiMl jiiil |iriiii.i|iiiliiy, idt
Kiiilhun, :i4
KutilC'iiuke (it Viigiiill dvrkiibcti, bOj
K iitlc-riiakr rnoi, 6ti|
Rjn-nna, 1-7
K.itenlbi'ig, ti>unly of, j;;
R.ivciilbiirj!, ihi;
K.ivct, ail I ItVi livi: iiir«A, 7C9
Re, illc iiC, 4H0
Rcailiiiy, 5;. I
Ri(l-hir(l» ol Ciii'liiu, din)
R.'dKuffi:! I'lMJHT, (.0
Rril wuiiiu, llut iiilict (Iclciibcil, 664
RtKRii). 141)
Rrggio (ii Cilihria, 405
Kcicliriuii ill III', 161
Rtich>.nhiih, |iiiiici|i.tlil)' aiitlcajiiul, iCfi
Kciihciiliiill, 214
Ri in deer of L.i|>land dcfcnbed, q8
of N'irwa)', loj
Reilciibiirg, So
Rendlburg, 197
Renfrew, or Reiiiffiw, tlie (hire of, 587
Renne?, 491
Retfcird, 560
Retimo, 14
Revil, or Reval, jirovince of, 51
• cliy of, ih.
Reiitlingen, it!J
Rheimn, 466
Rheinfclden, 271
Rhtiiiilul, bJilivnc of, 316
Rhenxa illand, 12
Rhine river, 300
RliDile Kljnd, culimy of, 6;i
RhiMie rivtr, 300, 4 fS
Rihar, a celtbraied village, 13'
Riic of Caruliiu dcftrihcd, 6(7
kichiniind, and iis iialate, 511
Riga, govcrnn;ent and cajiiKl, 50
Rimini, 5i'o
Kiniein, 256
Kiode la Hachj, city rf. 74",
■ province nl, ib.
Ripen, government of, 122
tiiy of, 1 2}
Riviera, dilhift of, 3:0
Rpthefttr, 506
Rorliefort, 479
Rochflle, ib.
Rocliliiz, lyfi
Rochweil, 269
Rocks of Norway Hefriib(d, 101
remarkable ones il. llnngaiy, iji
Roderigo, 43»
Rodofto, 16
Romaana, 379
Romania in general, 1 ;
Rome, J"?
Roncigli""* earldom, 387
ciiy of, il).
Rorfcbach, 321
Rolas, 01 Roles, 421
Rofcbilil, i|i;
Kofi niiiinmi taunt)!, fut
luwn o', iu.
Kiil<, ci'Unty of, ^(fi
— — ill Ireland, 01 1
Rullnvor, 61 j
R.ill'C, |.;j
Ko'eiihu'g, 1; I
Koiliiiibiig, ijX
H oilier livir, joy
R.iililay, 5J7
Kiiiiin, 41; J
Koiiililliin, county of, 471
K m'iui|i|i ill gtntial, ^ty
Riid il|'lir»eilii, Ij]
K<uKi|l).idt, I'^i
Km. I, 4H7
R'igi n, illand of, iSj
KiiiiK ofCandid, 24
R.i'ik^l. 260
Kmlii in g: iii'til, 1 )
Kiiili.iiii, iluir niJiiiK'r of invrlliiig, jj
fondnel, tor painliiijj, ib.
Riiilindlliiie in geiieial, jjCi
Riiihcii, 572
Ryt, 510
CAiI'VId, iga
Hnihiiuk, n6
S.ibi, dliiid of, 713
Sihiii I, province ul, j8;
S.i)!aii, ibii
S<inu«, 47<
S,iiiit"iii;ei, government of, ib,
Sjla, 01 Salbeig, 1^4
Silaiiianca, 431
Sale! no, 404
balines, 4jj
S.ilifbury, orNewSirum, 52J
SiMbiiry.pliiii, 522
S iliina, I 3
Saloniclii, I J
Silt miiK':, remaikahlf ones inPoI.in ', (4
— — of Chclhiif, t^f 1)
Salilbiig, arcliliilbiipiic ot, 210
ciiy «.t, 2 17
8 ilt/.dahlen, paUve of, 208
StI'/wedcl, 183
balvai'ur, Sf. 719
Sj!i:i, or Saliach, river of, 116
Samlaiid, province <>f, - H
S^mojiiiia in (;riural, 6/
S HI ondruliiil1.in(t, il
Saiiilo illaiul, I 20
Sanda, illand of, 600
Sindoinir, or Schdoiiiir, 6;
San Mi,;iitl de Iberra, 754
Sans Sulci, or Without i_aie, a cilcbtated palace in Bran-
denburg, 1S2
Sar: 1 Cala, or ifrly lloufe of Lorclto, pailiculatl/ dcfcrib-
ed, 182
Santa Ciii/, illand of, 7IJ
Santa Cm/, 724
Santa Ciuz de la Slern, 769
city of, ib.
Sanli Vv, 729
Santa I'e dr Brgala, 7.(7
Santa l''i.', province (t, in.
S^nta Marii ifland, 447
Santa Maritia, pr.ivincf of, 74^
. — — city of, ill.
Santa MiUira, illand ol, 27
i San'areni, 445
I Saniellana, 4 52
I San'oiiiii illiiid, 24
j ^a^>ie^.rr illj:.,!j, a")
• Sara'iulla, .i22
I Sardinia, llUnd nt. 340
I bate L1UI-, 4'^l
Sargant,
*«M,,
N
D
X.
3?
'.'♦
biatcd pilace in Bran-
>, i>auicuUil/ dcfcrib-
Saua:is,
8if|ini) coiinlrir of, )il(
... city of, ^17
Strkr, illarid (if, ;ig
Sairultai.ilul trcedt!.rib*d, f)(ff
S«vanna, ''71
Savtrnack lorcll, ; ] |
Saumiir, K«vi'riitn(iit of, 4S0
. dry 111, lb,
Saviiy, diildiy of, jji
Savoyaril*, llnir poverly and opptcllloni, JJ^
SawoU>, lliccoiiiilrv nf, tH
Saic-Lauciiliur^, aoo
Saaiiny in t;t.'iicrjl, 1 71)
Sayn, couiiiy of, 160
Scalloway, boi
Scanderbourg, pahce of, 11;
Scarborough, jftj
ticardoiia, li
ticavfl, 405
Stlidlthaiilai, cinlon nf, )I4
■ lily 111, ib.
Scluni^, ex Silieiiliii, J17
bchar/.lcU, ao5
bchaurnliurg, vouDly of, J56
Schcirnit/, i)l
Sclit'iinit, or !>cliaiii«, ]I7 ,
Schlullnj;<n, lij
Schlulltibiiig fort, ^\
Schmicdctici;;, 167
Scliodlkill, IT Sihiilkill, river cf.fijfi
Sclioncn, provlnci: of, 91
Scilly, rocks of, jjj
Sciro ilUnd, 21
ScUvonia ill general, 134
Scoloiiciidra deO;rihcd, 744
Scorpi[i|i5 of Ni| Us, 395, 397
Scotland in general dclctibtd, 577
Scots, II fcttlcinent of, attempted un the coaft of Datita,74t
Scutari, 17
Scliwabacb, 122
Scliwari/burg, principality of. 190
Schwartitcnbcrg, county of, 2/7
Schwatz, 156 '
Schvvcidniiz, piinclpalily of, iC'J
- city of, ib.
Sctmtiii!, canton of, 509
■ — city of, ib.
Sdiwerin, iji,
Sea-lion dclcribed, 779
Seals of Greenland tielcribcd, 6ji
Soa-urchin, a rcinaikable flicll-Glh dcfcribcd, io.f
Sebaflian, St. 4;!
iieed ticks defcnbed, 664
Segovia, 4>9
Segovian aqueduct, ib,
Seine river, 448
ijelivrca, port and town, 16
Selkirk, Ihire ot, 58}
town of, ib.
Senlis, 489
Sens, 467
Scrpa, 443
Servia, the country of, t8
— in Romagna, 380
Setubal, 445
Severin, 30
Severin river, 533
Seville, 434
Severus's or At'.'an's wall, an account of, 589
Shannon, river of, 604
Shark, an engagement between one and a brave Tailor, 700
Shawanec Indians, 643
Sheep of Iceland defcribed, 61S
— — of Carolina defcribed, 6^18
.. of the ille of Nevis, 693
Shetland, or Zealand, illes ot in general defcribed, 600
Slirevvlbury, 533
Shroplhirc, ciiunty of in general, 55 j
Shrunk, or pole cats of Canada, 636
Sicily, illand of, 407
sicyon, 11
Vol, JI.
.Sifgtn, iCo I
Siiniiii, 57J , ^
.Slldij, iiuichy of In gfneral, lAi
fiiliilri.i, 10 '
Silver iii!iicii f Cari'.igaiiniirt, {74 , ^
.Simmcn Vale defcrihtd, 305 , ^
Sipliaiiiii ilUnd, 11
.Sipn, cimniy ol, 1 ii) ^
SwilUiliind ill general, 199
.Sincton, 456
Skir, or Sky illand, (97
Ski'iiic'i, two fmill i'.laiidi, 60I
SUves in Rrafil employed in fearcliirig for gold, 717
Sledgri of I.apland defcribed, 9S
SIcftvic, diilchy of, 1 .■ 3
. or Si.liler*ic, city of, 114
Sllgn, county and lovtii nf, 61a
Sliiih, an animal fo called, 734
Sluyi, J99
SnialanJ, or Smoland, the country of defcribed, (9 ■
Sinalk:<l(l, 117 .
Smolciilk, government of, 4J , .
- ■■— city of, ib.
Siukc htwk ili-fc ibcd, 6^18
Snake-nuit of Vir^,„ia, 661
Snow, the manner in which Naples it furniAied with It, 401
Si>c/«Ka, 01 botlli.iwa, 3 1
Sodt, 254 ^^ _^,
Soill'uns, 450
Snkal, (A,
Solan geclc dcfciibed, 582
Solan geefe of St. Kildu, Ooa
Soldier-fnail defcribed, fjy3
Sjifalara, lake nf, 394
a rem;irkal)lc valley neat NapUt, 40a /'
Solins, county of. 246
Soliilhurn, canton of, 314
— city ot, ib.
Suraw 111 .
SuiiK-rfellhi e, 5a j
ijjnicrton, 528 . , •
Siindtrlliaulcii, 1^1
Sophi.i, 20 , <
Sora, 110 , ■ f
Sourfop, a dcfciiption of that fruit, 717
Snulhampton, 515
South jiiibnd, or thcdutchy of Slefwic in general, I23
South Gothland, gi
bcuihwark, 540
Spain impovcrillicd by the difcovery of America, 727, 718
kingdom of in general, 412
Spalairo, 136
Spaniards, iluir manners and cunoms, 413
their ill policy tuith regard to their American
dominions, 728
Spanilh theatre, 416
Spanidi American dominions, 723
Sjiaw, 250
Spiders of Carolina defcribed, 668
Spires, birtiopric of, 239
cily of, ib.
Spiilicad harbour, 516
SpoUtto, dnichy and city of, 384.
Springs fcvcral remaikable ones in Ireland, 61I
Squirreh of Virginia, 66z
Siadc, 200
Siaillhagen, 256
SiafToiil, 5;.).
Siaffordlhire in general, ib.
Stalimene, ifland of, the anticnt Lemnot, *l
Stalupehenen, 81 *
Siainibrd, 557 ^
Siandal, 1B3
Sianz, or Stans, 310
Stargard, 184
Staten, or Sircighten ifland, 653
Statcn Land, ifland of, 778
Statgard, 166
Stcinfurt, county of, zjS ^
town of, ib.
Sterling, town of, 588
9 R St«rlli;£fh!re,
t N D
X.
If
I
:. I
3!M
Sterlinglhlre, or Sttlveling, ib.
Stetiin, 185
Suyr, 151
Stibes, the anlient Thebes, 13
Stiria, or Steyermark, Upper and Lower, 151
Stockhotin, 92
Sronchenge dcfcribed, ;2i
Slonehivf, 550
Stourbridge, 546
Stourbridge, or Sturbiidgr, ;;]
Stour river, 524, 546
Stow, with the noble gardens of Earl Temple, 537
Stralfund in Pomcr.inia, 186
Stromboli, ifland of, 410
Strangford, lake of, 605
— town of, 614
Strafburg, 459
' ' - — birtiopric of, ib.
Strathbogy, 591
Sirathavin, jgj
Strathern, 590
Strathnover, 596
Stratbyla, 595
Strelenhoff palace, jt
Sudermanland province, 93
Suffolk, ;4;
Sugar-cane defcribed, 684
■ ■ — liow planted, 68;
— how made into fugar, ib.
Sugar-tree defcribed, 661
Sulmona, 407
Sulphur of Sweden, 94
Sultzbach, duichy of, 215
I town of, 216
Sumach tree, 66y
Sunderland, 563
SundTwall, 9;
Superga, a magnificent church on the top of a high moun-
tain, 339
Superior, lake of, 639
Surinam, 714
—— — city of, ib.
Surry, county of, 510
Sufa in Piedmont, 340
Sufqualianah, river of, 65 J
SufTcx county, 509
Sutherland, county of, 595
Swabia in general, 261
Swans of Carolina, 669
Swanfey, 577
Sweden, the kingdom of in general, 8z
Proper, 92
Swedilh Lapland, 96
Swiff, their manners and cufloms,
Snilfcrland in general, 299
,S«inna, two remarkable whirlpools in the Ide of Oikney fo
railed, .[99
Swordfilh, 621
Sylt, ifland of, 123
Syra, ifland and town, 22
Syracufe, 409
T.
TABAGQ, ifland of, 701
hiftorv of, ib.
300
Tabafco, province of, 735
Taclilali, 28
Tallow, fio8
Tamor river, Ji3
Tancfce, river, 679
Tar, how madf in Carolina, 670
Tarabiia, .i kind of rope for palling a river, 760
Tirantuli ioicribcd, 397
_ its bile cured by muflc, ib.
Tarragona, 421
Tarenio, 406
Tavartland, province of, 81
Tavira, 442
Taunton, 528
Tay, river of, 5S9
Tecklenbcrg, county of, t$S
Temefwaer, 130
Templin, 183
Tenen, 136
Tercrira, ifland of, 447
Tercciras, ib.
Tergovido, or Tervis, jo
Tcrni, 385
Ternowa, 20
Terouenne, mini of, 464.
Terra del Fuego, 777
Terra Urma, 738
Terra Magelianica, 777
Terra SigiUata, ceremonies ufcd in diggir^ it, jl
Teruel, or Ttrvcia, 422
Tefchen, capital and principality, 169
Tefe river, 515
Tewkfbury, 533
Thames river, 538
Thantt, ille of, 507
ThafTus illand, 2 1
Thtrmia ifland, 22
Thoinar, 445
Thomas, ifland of St, 71 j
Thomas-town, 61 1
Tliomond, or the county of Clare, 6it
Thorn, 72
Thuf river, 31;
Thurgaw, bailiwic of, 3 1 j
Thuringis, circle of, 172
Thurfo, 588
Thyne, 597
Tilfit, the county of, 80
city of, ib.
Tine illand, 22
Tipperary, 608
Tirano, 325
Tirol, >:ounty of defcribed, ijj
Titicaca, lake of, 769
Title of the emperor of Germany, 142
Titles of the Ruflian emperor oremprefs, 41
of the king of Sweden, 86
of the eledlor of Saxony, 171
of the eleflorof Biandenburp, 17S
of the princes of Anhalt, 186
of the king of Spain, 419
Tivoli, 394
Tlafcalj, or province of Los Angflos, 75 j
Trachcnberg, or Drachenberg, i6i
Trajanopolis, 17
Trajan's gate defcribed, jo ■
Tiailey, or Trally, 608
Tranfylvania in general, 133
Trani, 407
Trapani, 410
Trau, orTragurium, 136
Trazos Monies, provinces of, 445
Trimiti iflands, 407
Trent and Brixen, the bifhoprics of in general, 137
" river of defcribed, 559
— ^ the city of, 157
Trtniham, 55;
Treves, electorate of, 231
Trcvoux, 467
Trianon, palace of, 487
Tiicrt, or Trievcs, city of, 231
Tricrte, 154
Trcvigiana, 359
Trevijjic, or IVivifo, ib.
Tiim, 609
I'riiiidad, ifland of, 717
Trolhatta, the remarkable calara£> of, 90
Trnpea, 406
Troyts, 4')6
Truio, 532
Truxillj, 7')6
I'obacco, that plant defciibrd, 66*
Tokay, 130
Toledo, 428
Tolofa, 411
Tornea, y6
Torres Vedras, 444
Toriufa, 421
Tou).
'S \
^^'iiiL
I
N
iTediii digging it, Jl
ility, 169
riare, 611
SS
any, 14*
oremprefs, 4!
86
.', 171
nburjj, lyj
It, 186
19
ingflos, 73 J
B. 168
445
ies of in general, ij7
taraA of, 90
, 66*
Toul, 461
Toiili'is, earldom of, ib,
Toulon, 455
Xouloiiie, 470
Touraine, province of, 478
Tours, ib.
Tower, a remarkable one in Poland, 73
Tlherkrfflc, 45
Tiiam, 61 2
Tubingen, j66
Tucnniaii, 769
Ti:lcan, or preacher defcribed, 74 J
Tulle, 476
Tun, a remarkable one in Sa»ony, 175
Tiinbridge, and Its wells, 507
Tundern, ilie ptefeflure of, 123
Turcff, 595
Turin, 337
'J'nikilh lll)ricum, including Bofnia and Serviaj 28
Turks, ilie biftory of, 6
'J iirky in Europe, 4
Turpentine, how prepared, 67O
Tufcany in general, 366
Tutiner, a remarkable fowl defcribed, 6o»
Tybcin, or I)"in, 154
Tygeis of Carolina defcribed, 6C3
Tykoczin, 66
Tyrone, county of, 615
Twer, 48
V.
XrALAlS, 31;
~ Vache, or Cows ifland, 707
VaUli Compare ifland, 27
Vaitz, 131
Valtfians, 326
Valencitnncs, 462
Valladolid, 429
Vakncia, piovinre of, 423
■■ city of, ib.
Valence, 457
VjI Maggia, or Mayenthal, dirtrlft of, 320
V-iK-na, 28
Valp.iraifo, -77
Vili lino, cnnntiy of the, 324
Vau.vli.ill and gardens, 514
Ubcrln)j;tn, 268
T.'i kcr M.ii k of Brandenburg, 1 g .
Udinc, 35.;
VcU'lri, 394
Veneiian Ualmatia in general, 136, 137
Venetians, tlitir dre s, cuftoms, &c, 349
Venezuela, city of, 747
— province of, ib.
Venice, republic of, 349
city of, 354
Vcr? Cruz, 724, 735
Vera dc PIaz "'ia, diltria of, 4 ', 1
Verden, dutchy, if, 201
——^— town of, ib.
— dutchy of, jj2
— city of, ib.
Verdun, country of, 461
city of, ib.
Verona, 3,-7
Vfromfc, ib.
Verfailles, palace of, 4S7
Veliiviu?, mount, a delcr'ptiui of that volcano, 39;
\'i,ina, in I'urin^al, 446
Viccnza, or Vitcnlino, territory of, 357
Vienna, city ot delcribed, 147
Vienne, 457
Vijahua delcribed, 756
Vigo, 43 3
Viilj Aldo'irandini, 394
— — — Hot) liele, 393
— — Franca, 447
— — \'iciofa, 432, 44J
V'niingen, 271
Vinceniics, palace of, 487
E X.
Vincent, ifland of St. 697
Vincents, St. well, 534
Virginia, colony of, 659
Vilt fland, 601
Viter.'o, 386
V'iltotia, 431
Ukraine Coflacs, 44
Uladidaw, 64
UIca, or Ulaborg, 88
Ulm, 268
Ulller, province of, 613
Ulizen, 202
Umea, 96 ^
Underwald, canion of, 310 *
Unna, 253
United Netherlands in general, 282
Votgtiand, circle of, 177
Volcano, an illand fo called from iti burning mountain, 410
Volliinia, province of, 66
Vofge mountains, 458
Upland, province ot, 92
Upper Auftria, 146
Carniola, 153
Hungary, 129
Rhine, circle of, 238
Uppingham, 556
Upfal, 93 ^
Urach, ?,66
Urbino, dulchy of, 380
city of, 381
Uri, canton of, 308
Ufcocs, a people fo called, 136
Ufcup, or Scopia, 29
Ufedom, ifland of, 185
Ufli. river, 532
Ufleck, 13s
Ufting, 48
Utrecht, province of, 293
■ — ciiy iif, ib.
Uiznach, diltii^ oij 317
TXTAlachia in general, 29
•' WaMcc, county of, 242
Wales in general, 570
Wallingford, 521
Walton, 513
Wandle, 5 1 i
Wangen, 270
Waradin, 130
Wardin the I.elTer, 135
Ware, 548
Waree dcrorihcd, 732
Warehani, 52J
Warkvvorth, village of, 565
Warnieland, province of, 90
Varrington, 568
vV'arfaw, 64
Warwick, 5 ; 1
Warwicklliire, ib.
Wafgay mountains, 458
Waiertord, county ot, 607
cily of, 608
Waveny tivtr, 545
Waxluilin, the ciiadel of, 93
Wcathersfiv.-ld, 65 I
Wcik, or Cdiihncfj, flllre of, 588
Weil, 270
Weilburg, 246
Weimar, principality of Saxe, 1 88
WeillVniburg, or Catllliurg, 134
Wtilfenleli, 172
Wclau, 79
Wulfcnbullle, 208
Wclland river, 550
Wellingborough, ib.
Wells 527
Welfl)pool, 574
Wencr, or Vtuer, like of, 90
•*•
■#,*"'
Ween,
Toul.
I
N
D
: -
Ween, ifland of, 91
Wrniigcrude, county and capital, 191
Wenhc'im, county of, 226
— — city of, 227
Weriembcrg, dutchy of, 264
Wefel, 25 J
WelUrahs, 94 ■* "
Wefterburg, lordHiip of, 247
Weftern ilhnds in Scotland, 597
I' illands, not included in the Hiires of Scotlatid,
fcribed, 60 1
Weft Gothland, go
WefttPinUnd, province of, 94
Weftmlnfter, 541 "
Weftmoreland in general, 566
(Wellphalia, circle of in general, 247
VVetzlar, 24;
Wexford, 611-
Wexio, 89
Weymar, 188
Weymouth, 524
Wey river, 5 1 1
Whale, a particular defcription of that filh, 621
Whirlpool, a remarkable one in Norway, 109
Whitchurch, in Shroplhire, 554
Whitehaven, 565 " ; : •
White Indians, 678 . '
White mountains of New England, 651 '
Wibourg, government of, 122
■ — city of, ib. ' '
Wiburg, government of, 54
Wick, or Weik, 588
Wicklow county, ^1 1
. town of, ib. ' •
Wiclin, 20
Wied, county of, 260 .
Wigan, 568
Wight, ideof,' 517
Wigton, or Upper Galloway, 586
•^— — town of, ib.
Wilifka, 64
Williamfburg, 664
Willowfnake dcfcribed, 744
Wilmanftrand, 54
Wildungen, 242 *• "
Wilna, 67
Wilton, 522
Wilton-houfe defcribed, ib.
Wiltfliire, 521
Wimpfen, 270
Winander-meer, lake of, 567
Winchelfea, 510 ■ v
Winchefter, 515
Windfor and its caftie, 519
^—^— park, 5 20
Wirkfworth, 561
Wilbaden, 246
Wifty, 90
Wifmar, 19;
Witgenftein, county of, 246
. town of, ib.
Wittenberg, 172
Wittlefey-meer, 550
Woad, that plant defcribed, 469
Woburn, 549
Wokey, or Okey-hole, 525
Wolau, capital and priacipalityt
Wolga river, 34
de-
Wollin, illand of, 185
Wologda, 48 • ' '
Woodftock, 536
Woolwich, 507
Wolverene, that animal defcribed, C42
Wolverhampton, 555
Worcefter, 552
Worccfterfliire, 553
Worms, 238
or Bormio, country of, 325
town of, ib.
Worms, remarkable ones in Virginia, 664
Woronelli, government of 45
the city of, ib.
Wrexham, 571
Wurtzburg, bilhoprie of, ai9
— — — city of, ib.
Wurzen dillrif), 176
— — — town of, ib.
X.
AINTES, iflandsof, 709
167
X
VTAIK Coflacs, 44
* Vams defcribed, 686 .'. • '' ;
Yarmouth, 517, 558 '■ ' ■
Yell, ifland of, 601 . ,
Yepel, ifland of, ij* ""
York, city of, 562
county of in New England, 650
fort, on thecoafl of Hudfon't-bay defcribed, C29
government of New, 652
Yorkfliire in general, 561 ^ .
Ycughal, 607
Yvica, or Ivica, ifland of, 437
7ABERN, 460
" Zagrab, or Agran, ij$
Zamora, 43a
Zante ifland, 26
city of, ib. ' '
Zaporog Coflacs, 44
Zara, 136
Zaraw, 21 1
Zealand, the ifland of, It 6
— ^^ province of, 192
Zeitz, 177
Zcll, city of, 202
Zcngh, Segnia, or Senia, 1 3#
Zrrbfl, 188
Zeyton, 14
Zia, ifland of, 22
Zittaw, 211
Znain, or Znogma, 16}
Zoblitz, 177
Zug, canton of, 310
— — city of, ib.
Zurich, canton of, 304
— ^— city, ib,
lake, ib.
Zutphen, 287
Zwickaw, 177
Zwol, 196
F
N
'^
r'%_^
bed, G^t
>f. 32;
Virginia, 664
land, 650
iidfon'j-bay dcfcribed, 619
>52
17
l^'